,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,xxii4 ,,october1 #ahge1 ,,to ,,march1 #ahgf4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,house1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahgf4 ,,contents4 ,allegri's ,miserere1 #efb4 ,anglicans1 ,old ,catholics1 and the ,conference at ,bonn1 #ejb4 ,anti-,catholic ,movements in the ,united ,states1 #haj4 ,apostolic ,mission to ,chili1 ,the1 #edh4 ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 #ac1 #aid1 #cji1 #eij1 #gce4 ,basques1 ,the1 #fdf4 ,birth-,place of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul1 #fd4 ,castlehaven's ,memoirs1 #gh4 ,chapter1 ,a1 in the ,life of ,pius ,,ix41 #edh4 ,charities of ,rome1 ,the1 #bff4 ,christmas ,vigil1 ,a1 #eda4 ,colporteurs of ,bonn1 ,the1 #ij4 ,doctrinal ,authority of the ,syllabus1 #ca4 ,duration1 #aaa1 #bdd4 ,early ,persecutions of the ,christians1 #ajd4 ,eternal ,years1 ,the1 #fef1 #hda4 ,finding a ,lost ,church1 #bhb4 ,freemasonry1 #ade4 ,friends of ,education1 ,the1 #geh4 ,from ,cairo to ,jerusalem1 #ebi4 ,garcia ,moreno1 #fia4 ,gladstone ,controversy1 ,sequel of the1 #egg1 #gba4 ,grande ,chartreuse1 ,a ,night at the1 #gab4 ,historical ,romance1 ,a1 #dc1 #afb1 #cci1 #fad1 #ggb4 ,incident of the ,reign of ,terror1 ,an1 #bfj4 ,indian ,legend1 #bgg4 ,is ,she ,catholic8 #ahh4 ,king of ,metals1 ,the1 #dag4 ,law of ,god1 ,the1 and the ,regulations of ,society1 #bbc4 ,lord ,castlehaven's ,memoirs1 #gh4 ,lost ,church1 ,finding a1 #bhb4 ,louise ,lateau before the ,belgian ,royal ,academy of ,medicine1 #hbc4 ,madame's ,experiment1 #fcg4 ,message1 ,a1 #dde4 ,midnight ,mass in a ,convent1 #ebc4 ,missions in ,maine from #afac to #ahed1 #fff4 ,mr4 ,gladstone and ,maryland ,toleration1 #bhi4 ,nellie's ,dream on ,christmas ,eve1 #efj4 ,new ,hampshire1 ,village ,life in1 #ceh4 ,night at the ,grande ,chartreuse1 ,a1 #gab4 ,palatine ,prelates of ,rome1 #cgc4 ,pious ,pictures1 #dji4 ,power1 ,action1 and ,movement1 #cgi4 ,precursor of ,marco ,polo1 ,a4 #baj4 ,president's ,speech at ,des ,moines1 ,the1 #dcc4 ,president's ,message1 ,the1 #gjg4 ,primitive ,civilization1 #fbf4 ,progress versus ,grooves1 #bgf4 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church ,congress1 ,the1 #dgc4 ,prussia and the ,church1 #fgh1 #ghg4 ,queen ,mary1 #a4 ,questions ,concerning the ,syllabus1 #ca4 ,recollections of ,wordsworth1 #cbi4 ,reign of ,terror1 ,an ,incident of the1 #bfj4 ,revival in ,frogtown1 ,a1 #fii4 ,rome1 ,the ,charities of1 #bff4 ,rome1 ,the ,palatine ,prelates of1 #cgc4 ,s4 ,agnes' ,eve ,story1 ,a1 #fcg4 ,st4 ,jean de ,luz1 #hcc4 ,search for ,old ,lace in ,venice1 ,a1 #heb4 ,sequel of the ,gladstone ,controversy1 #egg1 #gba4 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 #dc1 #afb1 #cci1 #fad1 #ggb4 ,songs of the ,people1 #cie4 ,story of ,evangeline in ,prose1 ,the1 #fjd4 ,story with ,two ,versions1 ,a1 #hjj4 ,summary ,considerations on ,law1 #bbc4 ,traces of an ,indian ,legend1 #bgg4 ,tennyson's ,queen ,mary1 #a4 ,village ,life in ,new ,hampshire1 #ceh4 ,vincent de ,paul1 ,s41 ,birth-,place of1 #fd4 ,william ,tell and ,altorf1 #abg4 ,wordsworth1 ,recollections of1 #cbi4 ,year1 ,the1 of ,our ,lord #ahge1 #efe4 ,yule ,raps1 #dhd4 ,,poetry4 ,adelaide ,anne ,procter1 #hi4 schylus1 #bji4 ,christmas ,chimes1 #eja4 ,free ,will1 #eei4 ,not ,yet1 #cid4 8,o ,valde ,decora60 #ab4 ,paraphrase from the ,greek1 ,a1 #bbb4 ,patient ,church1 ,the1 #fac4 ,s4 ,philip's ,home1 #aci4 ,s4 ,louis' ,bell1 #ebg4 ,seven ,fridays in ,lent1 ,the1 #gcd4 ,sine ,labe ,concepta1 #ceg4 ,song1 #bge4 ,sonnets in ,memory of the late ,sir ,aubrey de ,vere1 #ddd4 ,stars1 ,the1 #abf4 ,suggested by a ,cascade at ,lake ,george1 #gga4 ,summer ,storms1 #daf4 ,sweet ,singer1 ,a1 #hi4 ,to-day and ,yesterday1 #efd4 ,unremembered ,mother1 ,the1 #aaj4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,acta et ,decreta ,concilii ,vaticani1 #gah4 ,alcott's ,eight ,cousins1 #dca4 ,allibert's ,life of ,s4 ,benedict1 #ege4 ,american ,state and ,american ,statesmen1 #gai4 ,allies' ,formation of ,christendom1 #heh4 ,american ,catholic ,quarterly ,review1 ,the1 #hei4 ,baunard's ,life of the ,apostle ,s4 ,john1 #egc4 ,bgin's ,le ,culte ,catholique1 #bhf4 ,bgin's ,the ,bible and the ,rule of ,faith1 #bhh4 ,birlinger's ,volksthmliches aus ,schwaben1 #gah4 ,boudon's ,holy ,ways of the ,cross1 #gag4 ,buckley's ,supposed ,miracles1 #hef4 ,calderon's ,groesste ,dramen religisen ,inhalts1 #gah4 ,clarke's ,mr4 ,gladstone and ,maryland ,toleration1 #ege4 ,coleridge's ,public ,life of ,our ,lord1 #gag4 ,constable and ,gillies1 ,personal ,reminiscences of1 #gbj4 ,cudmore's ,civil ,government of the ,states1 etc41 #dbi4 ,correction1 ,a1 #hfj4 ,dix's ,the ,american ,state and ,american ,statesmen1 #gai4 ,earle's ,light leading unto ,light1 #adc4 ,eight ,cousins1 #dca4 ,evidences of ,catholicity1 #egd4 ,exposition of the ,church1 ,an1 etc41 #dai4 ,exposition of the ,epistles of ,s4 ,paul1 etc41 #add4 ,first ,annual ,report of the ,chaplain of the ,albany ,penitentiary1 #add4 ,flowers from the ,garden of the ,visitation1 #bhg4 ,formation of ,christendom1 ,the1 #heh4 ,full ,course of ,instruction in ,explanation of the ,catechism1 #dcb4 ,garside's ,the ,sacrifice of the ,eucharist1 #gah4 ,historical ,scenes from the ,old ,jesuit ,missions1 #ege4 ,history of the ,protestant ,reformation1 #egd4 ,holland's ,sevenoaks1 #dcj4 ,holy ,ways of the ,cross1 etc41 #gag4 ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 #dcj4 ,indoors and ,out2 or1 ,views from the ,chimney ,corner1 #gbj4 ,jannet's ,les ,etats-,unis ,contemporains1 etc41 #gaf4 ,kavanagh's ,john ,dorrien1 #bhg4 ,kip's ,historical ,scenes1 #ege4 ,knight and ,raikes' ,personal ,reminiscences1 #bhh4 ,lamb1 ,hazlitt1 and ,others1 ,personal ,recollection of1 #dbh4 ,lehrbuch des ,katholischen und ,protestantischen ,kirchenrechts1 #gah4 ,lonormant's ,madame ,rcamier and her ,friends1 #dca4 ,life and ,letters of ,paul ,seigneret1 #egf4 ,life of ,s4 ,benedict1 #ege4 ,life of the ,apostle ,s4 ,john1 #egc4 ,light leading unto ,light1 #adc4 ,lynch's 7,bishop7 ,pastoral ,letter1 #egf4 ,mac,evilly's ,exposition of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles1 etc41 #add4 ,manual of the ,sisters of ,charity1 #dcb4 ,manual of ,catholic ,indian ,missionary ,associations1 #hei4 ,medulla ,theologi ,moralis1 #egd4 ,miller's ,ship in the ,desert1 #egc4 ,miscellanea1 #dcb4 ,mr4 ,gladstone and ,maryland ,toleration1 #ege4 ,moriarty's ,wayside ,pencillings1 #dca4 ,morris' ,the ,troubles of our ,catholic ,forefathers1 #ada4 ,noethen's ,report of the ,albany ,penitentiary1 #add4 ,noethen's ,thirteen ,sermons1 etc41 #add4 ,pastoral ,letter of ,bishop ,lynch1 #egf4 ,perry's ,full ,course of ,instruction1 etc41 #dcb4 ,persecutions of ,annam1 ,the1 #gai4 ,personal ,reminiscences by ,knight and ,raikes1 #bhh4 ,personal ,recollections of ,lamb1 ,hazlitt1 and ,others1 #dbh4 ,personal ,reminiscences by ,constable and ,gillies1 #gbj4 ,public ,life of ,our ,lord1 #gag4 ,rohling's ,medulla ,theologi ,moralis1 #egd4 ,sacrifice of the ,eucharist1 etc41 #gah4 ,sadlier's ,excelsior ,geography1 #dcj4 ,sevenoaks1 #dcj4 ,ship in the ,desert1 ,the1 #egc4 ,shortland's ,the ,persecutions of ,annam1 #gai4 ,spalding's ,miscellanea1 #dcb4 ,spalding's ,evidences of ,catholicity1 #egd4 ,spalding's ,history of the ,reformation1 #egd4 ,story of ,s4 ,peter1 #gah4 ,supposed ,miracles1 #hef4 ,thirteen ,sermons preached in the ,albany ,penitentiary1 #add4 ,three ,pearls1 ,the1 #egc4 ,troubles of our ,catholic ,forefathers1 ,the1 #ada4 ,vering's ,lehrbuch des ,katholischen und ,protestantischen ,kirchenrechts1 #gah4 ,volksthmliches aus ,schwaben1 #gah4 ,wayside ,pencillings1 etc41 #dca4 ,young ,catholic's ,illustrated ,table ,book1 etc41 #dcj4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxii41 ,no4 #abg4--,,october1 #ahge4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,mr4 ,,tennyson',s ,,queen ,,mary4#a ,mr4 ,tennyson has achieved a great reputation as a lyric poet4 ,he urges now a higher claim4 ,in the sunset of a not inglorious life1 when we should have expected his lute to warble with waning melodies and less impassioned strains1 he lays it aside as too feeble for his maturer inspirations1 and1 as though renewed with the fire of a second youth1 he draws to his bosom a nobler instrument1 and awakes the echoes of sublimer chords4 ,he has grown weary of the lyric 8hrentem multa cum laude coronam10 and with some confidence claims the dramatic bays4 ,nay1 he even invites a comparison with ,shakspere4 ,true to the temper of the times1 his prestige follows him in so hazardous a competition1 the accustomed wreaths are showered upon him with unreflecting haste1 and the facile representatives of the most incapable of critics--public opinion--have already offered him that homage as a dramatist which had already been too lavishly offered to his idyllic muse4 ,it is an ungrateful task to go against the popular current1 and it is an ungracious one to object to crowns which the multitude have decreed4 ,but there is no help for it1 unless we would stoop to that criticism of prestige which is so characteristic of the age1 and would follow in the wake of the literary rabble1 criticising the works by the author1 instead of the author by his works4 ,we may as well say1 at once1 that we have never felt it in our power to acknowledge the poetical supremacy of the ,english poet-laureate4#b ,it has always appeared to us that there is1 in his poetry1 a lack of inspiration4 ,to borrow a too familiar but expressive metaphor1 the coin is highly burnished1 glitters brightly1 and has the current stamp1 but one misses the ring of the genuine metal4 ,he sits patiently on the tripod1 dealing forth phrases as musical as ,anacreon's numbers1 and as polished as those of a ,greek sophist1 spiced with a refined humor1 which has a special charm of its own4 ,but his soul does not kindle at the sacred fire4 ,we miss the divine frenzy4 ,a passionateness of love of the beautiful does not appear to be the quickening inspiration of his creations4 ,all alike show signs of extreme care and preparation4 ,we do not forget the counsel of ,horace4 ,but that only refers to a distant revision of creations which an unchecked genius may have produced under the divine influence4 ,whereas1 ,mr4 ,tennyson's poetry bears evidence of infinite toil in production4 ,all his thoughts1 ideas1 and images1 down to words and phrases1 are too evidently1 instead of the happy inspirations of genius1 the labored workmanship of a polished1 refined1 and fastidious mind4 ,they something resemble the tout ensemble of a petit matre who has succeeded in conveying to his dress an appearance of such consummate simplicity and unexceptionable taste that every one notices the result of hours before the mirror4 ,his diction is pure and polished1 his phrases simple and nervous1 and the ,english language owes him much for what he has done towards neutralizing the injury inflicted on it by the gaudy phraseology of the 8correct0 poets1 and the antithetical sesquipedalianism of such prose writers as ,johnson and ,gibbon1 and for preserving it in its pure and nervous simplicity4 ,but his soul is dull to the poetic meanings of nature4 ,his natural scenery is rather descriptive than a creation1 much as artists1 of whom there are not a few1 who reproduce with consummate skill of imitation objects in detail1 and bestow infinite care upon color1 shade1 perspective1 grouping1 and all the other technical details of a picture1 whilst comparatively indifferent to the subject1 which ought to be the poetic meaning of creations of genius4 ,and what are they but only fruitful manifestations of the love of the beautiful1 and echoes of its creative word1 not the mere manipulations of an artificer8 ,mr4 ,tennyson's descriptions of nature owe their vividness to the brilliance of word-painting and a certain refined delicacy of touch2 sometimes1 even1 and indeed very often1 to a certain quaint humor which is inconsistent with the highest art--it is not a passionate love which regards the object beloved from a ridiculous point of view--as when he describes the willows living adown the banks of a streamlet as 8shock-headed pollards poussetting down the stream40 ,the sensations provoked by his poetry resemble those of one who has sauntered through a museum of precious stones of rare workmanship and purest water4 ,our sthetic taste has been pleased by the glitter and the color and the brilliance1 but our mind and heart have not been deeply moved4 ,his poems are ablaze with detached thoughts of lofty meaning1 and of a multitude of others whose meaning is not obvious1 all alike expressed in vivid imagery1 in the purest phraseology1 and in rare melody of rhythm4 ,but they are confused and cabalistic4 ,he seems to be always laboring to be incomprehensible4 ,he calls it 8the riddling of the bards40 ,and he succeeds4 ,the problem of the ,sphinx1 the emblematic warning sent by the ,scythians to their ,persian invader1 the mute counsel sent by the ,samian to the ,corinthian tyrant1 a ,delphic oracle1 all were clear and easy by comparison with ,mr4 ,tennyson's lyrics1 alike in detached passages and in entire poems4 ,none of woman born can fathom the meaning of the ,idylls of the ,king4 ,this defect alone is fatal to poetry4 ,so keenly did ,spenser feel it that although the meaning of his allegory1 ,the ,faerie ,queene1 is obvious enough to any ordinary intelligence1 he is careful to explain it in full in a letter dedicated to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,mr4 ,tennyson1 on the contrary1 involves himself in the thickest mystery he can contrive1 and expects his worshippers to take it for inspiration4 ,take the following1 for example1 from 8,the ,coming of ,arthur03 8,rain1 rain1 and sun1 a rainbow in the sky6 ,a young man will be wiser by-and-by1 ,an old man's wit may wander e'er he die4 8,rain1 rain1 and sun1 a rainbow on the lea6 ,and truth is this to me1 and that to thee ,and truth1 or clothed or naked1 let it be4 8,rain1 sun1 and rain6 and the free blossom blows1 ,sun1 rain1 and sun6 and where is he who knows8 ,from the great deep to the great deep he goes40 ,these are1 no doubt1 8riddling triplets10 as he himself calls them4 ,the riddling of ,shakspere's fools1 even the wanderings from the night of distraught ,ophelia's brain1 are light itself by the side of them4 ,we may well echo his invocation of 8,sun1 rain1 and sun6 and where is he who knows80 ,whatever inspiration may be evident here1 it is not that of the beautiful4 ,and yet even this has snatches of meaning which many passages we might adduce have not2 as the following1 from 8,gareth and ,lynette03 8,know ye not1 then1 the riddling of the bards8 ,confusion1 and illusion1 and relation4 ,elusion1 and occasion1 and evasion80 ,it is almost a pity that the bard did not complete his 8riddling0 while he was about it4 ,another couplet3 ,diffusion1 and ablution1 and abrasion4 ,ablution1 expectation1 botheration1 would have rendered still more impenetrable the bardic mystery4 ,there is no resemblance in this studied concealment of meaning1 if meaning there be1 to that 8,sacred madness of the bards ,when ,god makes music through them10 of which he sings4 ,it is more like the melodious confusion of the olian harp4 ,even if the poet have a definite meaning in his own mind1 if he so express it that ,i cannot even guess it1 to me it is nonsense2 and nonsense1 however melodious1 although it may enchant my sense1 cannot move my heart4 ,here and there1 however1 our poet sings snatches of real poetry1 as ,sir ,bedivere's answer to his king in 8,the ,coming of ,arthur03 8,i heard the water lapping on the craig ,and the long ripple washing in the reeds40 ,upon the whole1 ,mr4 ,tennyson excels in a certain underlying vein of exquisitely refined humor4 ,and when his subject admits of it1 he is unrivalled4 ,his is the poetry of humor4 ,we would name as examples 8,the ,northern ,farmer0 and the satirical poem1 8,locksley ,hall10 perhaps the most vigorous of all his productions2 and1 of his longer poems1 ,the ,princess4 ,it is for this reason we think he is more likely to excel1 as a dramatist1 in comedy than in tragedy4 ,if our readers would estimate the full force of our remarks1 we would invite them to read the works of any of the principal of our earlier lyrical poets1 as1 for example1 ,collins4 ,we name him because he too excels in that melody of versification for which ,mr4 ,tennyson is so distinguished4 ,at times1 as in his 8,sonnet on ,evening10 he surpasses the ,laureate in that respect1 although for sustained and unfailing rhythmical melody the latter bears away the palm from him1 and perhaps from every other rival4 ,but in profound sympathy with nature1 in the fidelity of his creations1 in the echoes of the beautiful which he provokes within the soul of the reader1 the ,poet-,laureate must yield to the ,demy of ,magdalen4 ,like ,shakspere1 he peopled inanimate nature with a fairy world1 and amongst elves and genii and other dainty spirits he abandoned himself to that power of impersonation which is almost an attribute of a true poet4 ,our space does not admit of illustrative quotations1 but we would refer the reader inclined to institute the comparison suggested to the elegy over ,fidele1 in the play of ,cymbeline1 and to his ,eclogues4 ,mr4 ,tennyson's poetry has beauties of its own peculiar kind of so remarkable and striking a description that we might have hesitated to take any exceptions whatsoever to his poetical genius4 ,but his new poem1 his first effort in dramatic poetry1 seems to us to set all doubt at rest4 ,it convinces us that1 for whatever reasons1 of the highest flights of poetic inspiration ,mr4 ,tennyson is incapable4 ,we are convinced that he lacks that which constitutes a great poet4 ,however beautiful his poetry1 we feel that it wants something which1 however keenly we may be sensible of it1 it is not easy either to analyze or explain4 ,for what is the inspiration of poetry but the echoes of the beautiful within the soul of man8 ,the universe of things is the visible word of ,god4 ,it is his essential beauty projected by an energy of creative love--the quickening spirit opening his wings over chaos--into an objective existence1 on which its generator looked with complacency as 8very good10 and which he generated in order that his creature1 whom he had made in his own image1 might1 with himself1 rejoice in its contemplation4 ,he did not1 at first1 endow him with the power of beholding himself 8face to face10 but only his reflex4 ,we have the right to believe that1 whilst in union with his ,maker1 he read at a glance the meaning of the word1 he felt instantaneously the beauty of the image4 ,his nature1 into which no discord had as yet been introduced1 uncondemned to the judgment of painful toil1 did not acquire charity and knowledge by long and laborious processes1 disciplinary and ratiocinative1 but by intuition4 ,incapable as yet of the ,beatific ,vision1 he comprehended the whole of the divine beauty as revealed in creation1 and the comprehension itself was a transport of love4 ,he saw1 and knew1 and loved1 and the three were one simultaneous energy of the sonship of his nature4 ,but1 as now1 8the greatest of these was charity40 ,it was the result and sum and end of the sight and knowledge4 ,it was the feeling they inevitably and unremittingly occasioned4 ,to speak as we can only speak in our actual condition1 it was as those thuds of loving admiration with which our hearts throb when we look upon some surpassing embodiment of innocent and modest female loveliness4 ,when the mind1 jealous of pre-eminence1 led captive1 so to speak1 the heart in revolt against the revealed law1 the human being was no longer in union with himself1 a war of impulses and of energies was set up within him1 the image of ,god was defaced1 his perception of created beauty became more and more obscure as he went further away from his original abode of innocence1 until1 finally1 it was all but lost4 ,the emotion1 if we may describe it as such1 which it was of its nature to suggest1 could not perish1 for it is imperishable4 ,but it had lost its true object1 and surveyed knowledge in a form more or less degraded4 ,now out of this very faint and rapid sketch of a psychological theory which would require a volume for its development1 we hope to be able to convey some idea1 however vague1 of the nature of the poetic spirit4 ,it is certain that the remains of the divine image have not since been alike and equal in all the individuals of the race4 ,it may be asserted1 on the contrary1 that there are no two human microcosms in which the elements of the confusion introduced into them by the original infidelity exist in the same proportion4 ,those in whom the intelligence is the quickest to see1 and the mind1 heart1 and soul to love in unison1 the image of divine beauty revealed in creation--those1 that is1 in whom the divine image remains the most pronouncedly--are the truest poets4 ,when this echo of the soul to the beautiful does not go beyond the physical creation1 the inspirations of love express themselves in lyric or idyllic poetry4 ,the poet imitates the divine ,creator in reproducing1 even creating1 images of his lower creation so faithful and suggestive that they who look upon them experience similar sensations and emotions to those provoked within them by the divine creation itself1 nay1 not unseldom1 even profounder ones4 ,he reveals the beautiful in similar images to those in which ,the ,beautiful revealed himself to his creature2 he is thus himself a 1 or creator1 and his work is a 1 or creation4 ,when his forms derive their inspiration only from the inferior creation1 they are exclusively some form of idyls or lyrics4 ,but when1 soaring above the grosser medium of the merely material universe1 and poising himself on wings tremulous with reverent joy at the confines of the invisible1 his soul echoes the music of the beautiful issuing from that invisible creation2 and that imitative energy which is of its essence1 inspired by these reawakening inspirations1 calls into being psychical individualities with their precise bodily expression and proper destinies--that is to say1 with all the causes and results1 ebb and flow1 action and reaction1 in human affairs1 of every volition and energy1 he reproduces the highest energy of the divine creative power1 he evokes into sensible existence whole multitudes of fresh creatures made in the image of ,god1 and1 what is even yet more sublime1 he evokes into equally sensible being the particular providence which overrules each and all--the one difference between the two creations being that one is original1 the other imitative2 one imaginary--that is1 merely sensible2 the other1 not only sensible1 but real also1 and essential4 ,yet are the accidents of the former produced occasionally with such extraordinary fidelity that they have sometimes1 as in the creations of ,shakspere1 for example1 the same effect upon those who become acquainted with them as if they were in truth the latter4 ,who that has ever studied the creations of that immortal dramatist has not them all1 from high to low1 treasured within his inner being as vividly as any other of his absent acquaintances1 whom he has met in society1 to whom he has been formally introduced1 with whom he has eaten1 drank1 laughed1 wept1 walked1 and conversed8 ,has not that remarkable genius transgressed even the imitative faculty--imitative1 that is1 of all the original creative energy that is known--produced original creations1 and peopled the preter- rather than supernatural with beings which have no known existence1 but whom nevertheless he surrounds with a distinct verisimilitude which ensures them easy admission into our minds and hearts1 which presents them to our senses as concrete beings with as much positiveness1 and even as clearly defined individuality1 as if they were solid creatures of flesh and bone1 and which makes us feel that if such beings did really exist1 they would be none other than precisely those he has represented8 ,of such sort1 we take it1 is the highest1 or dramatic1 poetry4 ,and of it there is a manifest deficiency in this work1 which its author terms1 indeed1 a drama1 but which is in fact a tragedy4 ,mr4 ,tennyson has not enough of the divine afflatus to write tragedy4 ,if he has not sufficient love of the beautiful in inanimate nature for his soul to echo to it1 and his heart to throb with the sense of it1 with the rapidity of an intuition1 so as to make unattainable to him the highest excellence in lyric poetry1 how much more out of his reach must be a first rank in the tragic drama2 where1 if anywhere1 an intuition of the beautiful amounting to an inspiration is demanded in that supreme creation of ,god which1 as the consummation of his 8work0 and word1 he has embodied in his own substance6 ,in that profound and intuitive perception of the workings of man's inner being1 of the passions1 emotions1 feelings1 appetites1 their action and reaction1 ebb and flow2 of the struggle of the two natures1 its infinite variety and play of life1 under all conceivable conditions and vicissitudes1 with much more than can be detailed here included in these1 ,mr4 ,tennyson is strikingly deficient4 ,in the tragedies of ,shakspere1 as in all his dramas1 the distinct personality of every one of the characters1 high and low1 is impressed upon us with vivid distinctness4 ,but the principal personages in the tragedies dilate before us in heroic proportions as the portentous struggle progresses4 ,whether it be ,king ,lear1 or ,king ,john1 or ,king ,richard1 or ,othello1 or ,lady ,macbeth1 or ,lady ,constance1 or the widowed ,princess of ,wales1 or ,ophelia1 or whoever else1 we look on with bated breath1 as did the spectators of the boat-race with which neas celebrated the suicide of his regal paramour1 and we come away at its close a prey to the storm of emotions which the magic art of the island sorcerer has conjured up within us4 ,but the drama1 or tragedy1 as we prefer to call it1 we read with but languid interest4 ,the psychical struggle is neither very obvious nor very critical1 there is no very striking revelation of the sublime beauty or tragic overthrow of human nature1 and although the canvas is crowded with figures1 not one of them impresses any very distinct image of his or her individuality on our mind and heart4 ,instead of1 as ,shakspere's creations1 retaining every one of them as a distinct and intimate acquaintance1 whom we may summon into our company at will1 we rise from the perusal of ,queen ,mary without having received any very definite impression of any1 even the principal1 personages1 and we forget all about them almost as soon as we have read the play4 ,this vital defect in a drama the author has rendered doubly fatal through his having carried his imitation of ,shakspere to the extent of adopting his simplicity of plot4 ,shakspere could afford to do this4 ,the inspired verisimilitude of the struggle of the two natures in every one of his human creations1 the profoundness of his development of the innermost working of the human microcosm1 often by a few master-touches1 surround every one of his dramatis person with all the rapt suspense and sustained interest of a plot4 ,every one of his characters is1 as it were1 a plot in itself4 ,but it is quite certain that ,mr4 ,tennyson--and it is no depreciation of him--has not this power4 ,he has1 therefore1 every right to call to his aid the interest of an elaborate plot1 which itself would also1 we think1 cause him to develop more vividly his characters4 ,it is in this the late ,lord ,lytton1 whose poetical pretensions are very much below ,mr4 ,tennyson's1 achieved whatever success he had as a dramatist4 ,mr4 ,tennyson has not to depend on this solely1 as was very nearly the case with ,lord ,lytton1 but it would contribute very much to a higher success4 ,the great dramatist he is unwise enough so avowedly to imitate peoples the simplest plot with a whole world of stirring destinies4 ,he moves his quickening wand1 and lo6 as by the master-will of a creator1 appear a ,hamlet or a ,malvolio1 a ,lady ,macbeth or a ,goneril or ,miranda1 an ,ariel or a ,caliban1 contribute their precise share to the history1 which would not have been complete without them1 and then disappear from the scene1 but never from our memory4 ,a magic word or two has smitten them into it1 and they live for aye in our mind and heart4 ,his heroes and his heroines he clothes with such a majesty of poetry that we watch anxiously with bated breath their every gesture1 word1 or look2 we cannot bear their absence1 until1 entranced into their destiny1 and half unconscious1 we watch them disappear in the catastrophe1 our ears are blank1 all voices mute1 the brilliant theatre is the chamber of death1 and they who1 to us1 were but now living flesh and blood1 in whose destinies our innermost soul was rapt1 have passed away1 amidst a tempest of emotions1 and are no more4 ,but ,thucydides' ,history of the ,peloponnesian ,war1 either of the two great classic epics1 or any striking historic passage in even so ungraphic a writer as ,lingard1 is more dramatic than this drama4 ,the feeble plot gives birth to feebler impersonations4 ,they come and go without making any deep impression upon us1 or seizing our attention by any striking originality4 ,their features are indistinct1 their actions insignificant4 ,they are bloodless and colorless4 ,they are ghosts1 things of air1 whom a feeble incantation has summoned from their slumber1 who mutter a few laborious ,spartanisms in a renewed life in which they seem to have no concern1 and vanish without provoking a regret1 nor even an emotion4 ,we observe in them such an absence of verisimilitude1 so marked a want of truth to nature1 as very much to weaken1 when it does not entirely destroy1 the dramatic illusion4 ,nowhere is this more observable than where he intends most manifestly a rivalry of ,shakspere4 ,shakspere not unseldom introduces the multitude into his poetic history4 ,but when he does so1 it seizes our interest as forcibly as his more important personages4 ,with a few rapid touches he dashes in a few typical individuals1 who reveal to us vividly what the whole kind of thing is of which they are prominent units4 ,they are the mob of the very time and place to which they belong4 ,whether at ,rome in the time of ,julius ,csar1 or at ,mantua or ,verona in the ,middle ,ages1 or in ,england during the time of the ,tudors1 we feel that they act and speak just as then and there they might have said and done4 ,every one1 too1 has his or her distinct individuality4 ,and such a verisimilitude have they that even an occasional anachronism1 such as1 in ,troilus and ,cressida1 making a ,trojan servant talk of being in the state of grace1 does not dispel the charm4 ,but ,mr4 ,tennyson's mob-types have no more striking features to seize our interest than his more exalted creations1 whilst his anachronisms are of a kind which send all verisimilitude to the winds4 ,joan and ,tib1 and the four or five citizens1 have nothing in them for which they should be singled out of the very ordinary condition of life to which they belong4 ,and we are tempted to sneer when we hear an ,elizabethan mob talking like ,hampshire or ,yorkshire peasants of the present day4 ,for all that1 ,mr4 ,tennyson's cockneys and rustics are not his most ineffective portraiture4 ,we experience a slight sensation of their having been lugged in1 perhaps because of the inevitable comparison with ,shakspere they provoke1 and we feel them to be too modern2 but the poet's sense of humor here serves him in good stead1 and although1 in this respect1 immeasurably below ,shakspere1 he gives a kind of raciness to his plebeians which saves them from being an absolute failure4 ,it is1 however1 in the principal personages of the drama that we most miss the ,promethean fire1 and pre-eminently in the hero1 if ,cranmer is intended for such a dignity1 and the heroine4 ,amongst these1 the most lifelike are ,courtenay and ,sir ,thomas ,wyatt2 because1 in their creation1 the peculiar vein of quaint irony and exceedingly refined humor1 which is ,mr4 ,tennyson's most eminent distinction1 comes to his aid4 ,for the rest1 up to the heroine herself and the canting and recanting ,cranmer1 they are colorless and bloodless4 ,we scarcely know one from the other4 ,and we do not care to4 ,noailles and ,renard are but poor specimens of diplomatists4 ,their sovereigns1 were the time the present1 might pick up a dozen such any day in ,wall ,street4 ,if the poet could embody no greater conception of two such men as ,bonner and ,gardiner than a couple of vulgar1 self-seeking1 blood-thirsty knaves1 he should have dispensed altogether with their presence4 ,he should have given to them some elevation1 whatever history may say about it4 ,a drama is a poem1 not a history2 and the poet may take the names of historic personages and1 within certain limits1 fit to them creations of his own4 ,in ,cardinal ,pole he had an opportunity for a noble ideal4 ,but all we have is an amiable dummy1 an old gentleman1 as ordinary and ineffective as the rest4 ,facts have been so distorted by the influence which for so long had sole possession of literature1 that there is plenty of room for taking great liberties with history4 ,mr4 ,tennyson has slightly availed himself of this1 but in the wrong direction4 ,shakspere himself could not have made a saint of ,cranmer4 ,for poetry1 there was nothing for it but to make him a more splendid sinner4 ,to retain all his littlenesses and to array them in seductive virtues1 is to present us with some such figure as the dusky chieftains decked in gaudy tinsel that solicit our admiration in front of the tobacconists' shops4 ,to attempt to give heroic proportions to a man whose profession of faith followed subserviently his self-interest until no hope remained1 and then place in the hands of the burning criminal the palm of martyrdom1 is to invite the love within us of the beautiful and the true to echo to a psychical impossibility1 and that without an element of greatness4 ,yet had the front figure of the history been a noble conception grandly executed all this might have been condoned4 ,one might well have looked at them as a few rough accessories to heighten by their contrast the beauty of the central form4 ,there was place for a splendid creation4 ,no more favorable material for a tragic heroine exists than ,mary ,tudor--with the single exception of that other ,mary who fell beneath the ,puritans like a lily before the scythe of the destroyer4 ,around her history and person circle all the elements of the tenderest pathos1 which is of the very essence of tragedy4 ,that ,shakspere did not use them is a proof he thought so4 ,for 8the fair vestal throned in the west0 would have resented such a creation as his quickening genius would have called to life4 ,a queen of noble nature gradually swept away by a resistless current of untoward circumstances1 is a history capable of the sublimity of a ,greek catastrophe1 with the added pathos of ,christian suffering4 ,but who have we here8 ,a silly woman1 devoutly pious1 and endowed with a conspicuous share of the family courage4 ,but she is so weak that her piety has the appearance of superstition1 and her fits of courage lose their royalty and fail to rescue her from contempt4 ,unattractive in person1 she falls desperately in love with a man much younger than herself1 and her woman's love1 ordinarily so quick to detect coldness in a lover1 is blind to the grossest neglect2 and yet not so blind but that a few words scrawled on a rag of paper1 dropped in her way1 could open her eyes on the spot4 ,the tenderness of her love and the importunity of cruel-minded men1 transform her almost suddenly from a gentle-natured woman to an unrelenting human tigress4 ,and she1 who would not allow the law to take its course on her most dangerous enemies1 can exclaim of her sister ,elizabeth1 8,to the ,tower with her6 ,my foes are at my feet1 and ,i am queen40 ,afterwards of ,guilford ,dudley1 the ,duke of ,suffolk1 and ,lady ,jane ,grey-- 8,they shall die40 ,and again of her sister-- 8,she shall die4 ,my foes are at my feet1 and ,philip king40 ,this is not the grandness of crime1 as in ,richard ,,iii41 or even in ,lady ,macbeth4 ,it is the petty despotism of a weak and silly woman4 ,there is no greatness of any kind about it4 ,it is the mere triumphant chuckle of an amorous queen1 wooing a more than indifferent husband4 ,it is little--little enough for a comedy4 ,there is something approaching the tragic in the desolation of her last moments4 ,calais is lost1 her husband hates her1 her people hate her4 ,but the poet has already robbed her of the dignity of her position4 ,she has forfeited our esteem4 ,we experience an ordinary sympathy with her4 ,but her fate is only what was to be expected4 ,and the highest pathos is out of the question4 ,when1 following the example of her injured mother in the play of ,henry ,,viii41 she betakes herself to lute and song1 the author insists on a comparison with ,shakspere1 and beside the full notes of the ,bard of ,avon the petty treble of the ,laureate pipe shrinks to mediocrity4 ,but the most unpardonable of ,mr4 ,tennyson's imitations of ,shakspere are those in which he rings the changes on the celebrated passage about 8no ,italian priest shall tithe nor toll in our dominions10 which inevitably provokes the applause of those amongst a theatrical audience who do not know what it means--unpardonable1 because it makes even ,shakspere himself as ridiculous as a poor travesty cannot fail to do4 ,he was content with one such passage throughout his many plays4 ,if ,terence had filtered the noble sentiment of his celebrated passage1 8,ego homo sum1 et nihil humanum a me alienum10 through a variety of forms1 it would have excited the laughter instead of the plaudits of the ,roman 8gods40 ,but the author of ,queen ,mary is not afraid to pose his sentiment1 itself borrowed in no less than three different attitudes in one play2 committing the additional absurdity of thrusting it1 like a quid of tobacco1 into the cheek of two different personages4 ,gardiner uses it twice1 ,elizabeth once3 8,yet ,i know well says the former ,your people ''' ,will brook nor ,pope nor ,spaniard here to play ,the tyrant1 or in commonwealth or church02 and again1 with questionable taste3 8,and see you1 we shall have to dodge again1 ,and let the ,pope trample our rights1 and plunge ,his foreign fist into our island church1 ,to plump the leaner pouch of ,italy02 whilst ,elizabeth is made to vulgarize it beyond hope of redemption into a mere petty ebullition of splenetic womanly vanity3 8,then1 ,queen indeed6 ,no foreign prince or priest ,should fill my throne1 myself upon the steps40 ,it must be owned1 indeed1 that this play lacks the highest poetry in its expression as much as in its conception4 ,we occasionally come across passages of vivid and vigorous limning1 as ,count ,feria's reply to ,elizabeth towards the end of the play1 and ,howard's description to the ,lord ,mayor of the state of mind of the citizens4 ,but even the force of this latter passage is not dramatic4 ,there is none of the rush and movement of an excited populace4 ,there are a few striking groups4 ,but they are inactive4 ,theirs is a kind of dead life1 if we may be pardoned such an expression4 ,rather1 they are mere tableaux vivants4 ,they inspire us with no fear for ,mary's throne4 ,more near to dramatic power and beauty is ,elizabeth's soliloquy at ,woodstock1 suddenly lowered in the midst of its poetry1 even to nursery familiarity1 by the introduction of such a phrase as 8catch me who can40 ,but for one single effort of the highest poetic flight we look in vain4 ,even the few snatches of his lyre which he introduces fail to woo us4 ,they are not natural4 ,if they are poetry1 it is poetry in a court-dress4 ,it is rich with brocade1 and the jewels glitter bravely2 it treads delicately1 but its movements are artificial and constrained4 ,compare1 for example1 the song of the ,woodstock milkmaid1 wherein labor is visible in every line1 with those gushes of nature with which the poet's soul would seem to be bubbling over the brim of the visible in the various lyrical snatches of ,ariel or with the song of ,spring at the end of ,love's ,labor ,lost4 ,but what has more surprised us than the lack of the poetic inspiration in this drama is the occasional want of correct taste in a writer of such exceeding polish as ,mr4 ,tennyson4 ,such a speech as 8,and ,god hath blest or cursed me with a nose-- ,your boots are from the horses10 should not have been put in the mouth of a lady1 still less a lady of the rank of ,elizabeth1 and that the less when she appeals to our sympathies from a kind of honorable imprisonment4 ,lady ,magdalen ,dacres may have beat ,king ,philip with a staff for insulting her1 and have remained a lady1 but we do not want to be told1 in the midst of dramatic pathos1 8,but by ,god's providence a good stout staff ,lay near me2 and you know me strong of arm2 ,i do believe ,i lamed his ,majesty's40 ,is our poet1 again1 so barren of invention that he could find no other way of portraying ,philip's indifference to his ,queen than the following3 8,by ,s4 ,james1 ,i do protest1 ,upon the faith and honor of a ,spaniard1 ,i am vastly grieved to leave your ,majesty4 ,simon1 is supper ready80 8,,renard--,ay1 my liege1 ,i saw the covers laying40 8,,philip--,let's have it40 ,whatever may be the character he may have wished to depict in ,philip1 we expect a ,spanish king to be a gentleman4 ,and such an ending of a scene susceptible of the tenderest pathos1 where the heroine and another of the principal personages of the drama are in presence1 argues a wonderful dulness of perception of the beautiful4 ,worse than all1 however1 is his treatment of ,cardinal ,pole4 ,shakspere puts a few words of ,latin into the mouth of ,cardinal ,wolsey in a scene in ,henry ,,viii41 in which he and ,cardinal ,campeggio are endeavoring to bend the queen to the king's will4 ,but it is a wonderful touch of nature4 ,it is one of those profound intuitions for which the great dramatist is so distinguished4 ,so seemingly simple an incident reveals1 at a touch1 as it were1 the preoccupation of ,wolsey's mind1 and the hollowness at once and difficulty of the duty he had suffered to be imposed upon him4 ,they had paid her ostensibly a private visit1 as friends4 ,but ,wolsey1 oppressed with the difficulty of his undertaking1 and meditating how he should set about it1 forgets himself1 the old habit crops up1 and he begins as if he were beginning a formal ecclesiastical document3 8,tanta est erga te mentis integritas1 regina serenissima40 ,it is a slip4 ,the queen stops him4 ,he recollects himself1 and we hear no more ,latin4 ,but in this drama the poet literally makes a cardinal1 and such a cardinal as ,pole1 address ,queen ,mary with the angelic salutation to the ,blessed ,virgin1 and in ,latin3 8,ave ,maria1 gratia plena1 benedicta tu in mulieribus60 ,upon the whole1 the defects of this drama are so many and so serious1 so radical and fundamental1 that no competent criticism can pronounce it other than a failure2 and a failure more complete than would have been thought possible to a poet of so great a reputation as ,mr4 ,tennyson4#c 8,o ,,valde ,,decora60 ,could ,i but see thee1 dear my love6 ,that face--but once6 ,not dazzling bright-- ,not as the blest above ,behold it in ,god's light-- ,but as it look'd at ,la ,salette2 ,or when1 in ,pyrenean wild1 ,it beam'd on ,bernadette1 ,the favor'd peasant child4 ,once seen--a moment--it would blind ,these eyes to beauty less than thine3 ,and where could poet find ,such theme for song as mine8 ,but if ,i ask what may not be1 ,so spell me with thy pictur'd face ,that haunting looks from thee ,may hold me like a grace4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,and now a new life began for ,franceline4 8,you must fly from idleness as from sin10 ,father ,henwick said2 8you must never let a regret settle on your mind for an instant4 ,it will often be hard work to resist them2 but we are here to fight4 ,you must shut the door in the face of idle thoughts by activity and usefulness4 ,i will help you in this4 ,you must set to work amongst the poor2 not so as to fatigue yourself1 or interfere with your duties and occupations at home1 but enough to keep you busy and interested4 ,at first it will be irksome enough1 ,i dare say2 but never mind that4 ,by and by the effort will bring its own reward1 and be a pleasure as well as a duty40 ,he sat down and wrote out a time-table for her which filled up every hour of the day1 and left not one moment for brooding4 ,there were visits to the cottages and a class for children in the morning2 the afternoon hours were to be devoted to helping her father1 writing and copying for him1 sometimes copying ,,mss4 for ,father ,henwick1 with no other purpose than to keep her mind and her fingers occupied4 ,but when the excitement caused by this change in her daily routine subsided1 something of the first heart-sinking returned4 ,do what she would1 thought would not be dumb4 ,the external activity could not silence the busy tongues of her brain or deafen her to their ceaseless whisperings4 ,it was weary work staggering on under her load1 while memory tugged at her heart-strings and dragged its longings the other way4 ,it was hard not to yield to the temptation now and then of sitting down by the wayside to rest and look back towards the ,egypt that was for ever out of sight4 ,but ,franceline very seldom yielded to the treacherous allurement4 ,when she caught herself lapsing into dreams1 she would rise up with a resolute effort1 and shake off the torpor1 and set to work at something4 ,when the torpor changed to a sting of anguish1 she would steep her soul in prayer--that unfailing opiate of the suffering spirit1 its chloroform in pain4 ,one day1 about three weeks after ,father ,henwick's return1 she was coming home through the wood after her morning's round amongst the cottages4 ,she was very tired in mind and body4 ,it was dull work dinning the multiplication-table into ,bessy ,bing's thick skull1 and teaching her unnimble fingers to turn the heel of a stocking2 to listen to the widow's endless lamentations over 8the dear departed0 and the good old times when they killed a pig every year1 and always had a bit of bacon on the rack4 ,franceline came to the old spot where she used to sit and listen to the concert of the grove4 ,the songsters were nearly all silent now1 for the green was turning gold2 but the felled tree was lying in the same place1 and tempted her to rest a moment and watch the sun shooting his golden shafts through the wilderness of stems all round4 ,another moment1 and she was in dreamland2 but the spell had scarcely fallen on her when it was broken by the sound of footfalls crushing the yellow leaves that made a carpet on every path4 ,she started to her feet1 and walked on4 ,a few steps brought her face to face with ,father ,henwick4 ,he greeted her with a joyous exclamation4 8,here comes my little missionary6 ,what has she been doing to-day80 8,she has achieved a great conquest2 she has arrived at making ,bessy ,bing apprehend the problem that seven times nine and nine times seven produce one and the same total10 replied ,franceline with mock gravity4 ,father ,henwick laughed2 but the tired expression of her face did not escape him4 8,i am afraid you will be growing too conceited if this sort of thing goes on10 he said4 8,but you must not overdo it1 my dear child2 it won't do to wear yourself out in gaining arithmetical triumphs40 8,better wear out than rust out40 ,and ,franceline shrugged her shoulders2 she had learned the expressive ,french trick from her father4 ,the priest bent his clear eyes on her for a second without speaking4 ,she read1 disappointment1 and perhaps mild reproach1 in them4 8,i am sorry ,i said that1 father2 ,i did not mean to complain40 8,why are you sorry80 8,because it was cowardly and ungrateful40 8,to whom80 8,to you1 who are so kind and so patient with me60 8,and who bids me be kind8 ,who teaches me to be patient with you8--poor little bruised lamb60 8,i know it1 father2 ,i feel it in the bottom of my heart2 but one can't always be remembering40 ,there was the slightest touch of impatience in her tone4 8,how if ,god were some day to grow tired of remembering us1 and bearing with us1 and forgiving us80 8,i know4 ,but ,i am not rebelling2 only sickening and suffering4 ,you have told me there was no sin in that80 ,the words came tremulous1 as if through rising tears2 but ,franceline raised her head with a defiant movement1 and forced the briny drops down4 8,i cannot help it60 she continued impetuously2 8,i have tried my best1 and ,i cannot help it60 ,father ,henwick heaved an almost inaudible sigh before he said3 8,what cannot you help1 ,franceline8 ,suffering80 8,no6 ,i don't care about that6 ,remembering ,i cannot forget40 8,my poor child6 would to ,god ,i could help you6 ,i would suffer willingly in your place60 ,the words came like a gush from his inmost heart4 ,they broke down the sufferer's proud resistance and let the tears have vent4 ,he turned to walk back with her4 ,for some time neither spoke2 only the soft sobs that came unchecked from ,franceline broke the temple-like stillness of the wood4 ,suddenly she cried out in a tone of passionate desperation3 8,o father6 it is dreadful4 ,it will kill me if it lasts much longer6 ,the humiliation is more than ,i can bear6 ,to feel that ,i am harboring a feeling that my whole soul rebels against1 that is revolting in the eyes of ,god and of my conscience6 ,and ,i cannot master it60 8,you will never master it by pride1 ,franceline2 that very pride is your greatest hindrance in setting your heart free4 ,try and think more of ,god and less of yourself4 ,there is no sin1 as you say1 in the suffering1 any more than1 if you strayed to the edge of a precipice in the dark1 and fell over and were killed1 you would be guilty of suicide4 ,the sinfulness now is in your rebellion against the suffering simply because it wounds your pride40 8,it is not all pride1 father10 she said meekly4 ,presently she turned and looked up at him through wet lashes4 8,father1 ,i must tell you something10 she said1 speaking with a sort of timidity that was unusual with her towards him--8a thought that came to me this morning that never came to me before4'''0 8,what was it80 8,if his wife should die ''' he would be free80 ,a dark shadow fell now on ,father ,henwick's large1 smooth brow4 ,franceline read his answer in the frown and the averted gaze2 but he spoke soon1 though he did not look at her4 8,that was a sinful thought6 ,you should have cast it behind you with contempt4 ,has it come to that with you1 that you could look forward to the death of any one as a thing to be longed for80 8,i did not long for it4 ,the thought came to me40 8,you should have hunted it out of your mind like an evil spirit1 as it was4 ,you must never let it near you again4 ,he should be to you as if he were already dead4 ,whether his wife dies or not should not1 and does not1 concern you4 ,besides1 how do you know whether she is not as young as yourself1 and stronger8 ,my child1 such a thought as that would lead you to the brink of an abyss1 if you listened to it40 8,i never will again1 father10 she answered promptly4 8,i hardly know now whether ,i listened to it or not2 only ,i could not help telling you40 8,you were right to tell me2 and now banish it1 and never let it approach you again40 ,after a pause he resumed3 8,you are sure that silence is best with ,m4 de la ,bourbonais80 8,oh6 yes4 ,how can you ask me1 father80 ,and ,franceline looked up in surprise4 8,yet it cannot remain a secret from him for ever2 he is almost certain to hear of it sooner or later1 and it might save him a severe shock if he heard it from you4 ,it would set his mind at rest about you80 8,it is quite at rest at present on that score4 ,he has no idea that the discovery would be likely to affect me40 8,you are better able to judge of that1 of course1 than ,i am4 ,but it grieves me to see you have a secret from your father2 ,i wish it could be avoided40 8,but it cannot2 indeed it cannot60 she repeated emphatically4 8,you may trust me to speak1 if ,i thought it could be done without injury to both of us4 ,it is much better to wait2 perhaps by the time it comes to his ears ,i may be able to hear him speak of it without betraying myself and paining him40 ,father ,henwick acquiesced1 but reluctantly4 ,he hoped she was right in supposing ,m4 de la ,bourbonais quite blind to what had been so palpable to a casual observer4 ,but1 making even the fullest allowance for the absent-minded habits of the studious man1 this seemed scarcely probable4 ,franceline had affirmed it herself more confidently1 perhaps1 than was warranted4 ,she had1 however1 succeeded in lulling her father into forgetfulness of his former conjectures and impressions2 she was certain of this4 ,it had been done at a terrible price of endurance and self-control2 but she had succeeded1 and it would be doubly cruel now to revive his suspicions and let him know the truth4 8,i will trust you10 said ,father ,henwick2 8it is indeed a mercy that he is not called upon to bear such a trial while he is yet so unprepared40 ,there was an earnestness about him as he said this that would have caused ,franceline a deeper emotion than curiosity if her mind were not fixed wide of the mark4 ,she replied after a moment's reflection3 8,if anything should occur to make it necessary to tell him1 will you break it to him1 father80 8,i will10 said the priest simply4 ,franceline had not the least fear of ,father ,henwick4 ,the severity of his passionless brow did not frighten her2 it never checked the outflow of the thoughts and emotions that came surging up from her own perturbed heart4 ,he seemed too far removed from strife himself to be affected by it1 except as a pitying angel might1 looking down from his calm heaven on poor mortals struggling and striving in the smoke and din of their earthly battle-field4 8,father10 said ,franceline suddenly1 8,i wish ,i cared more for the poor6 ,i wish ,i could love them and pity them as you do2 but ,i don't4 ,i'm so shy of going amongst them4 ,i'm sure ,i don't do them any good1 and they don't do me any good1 they're so prosy and egotistical--most of them1 at least40 ,he turned an amused1 indulgent smile on her4 8,there was a time when ,i thought so too2 but persevere1 and the love will come after a little while4 ,all that is worth having is bought with sacrifice4 ,oh6 if we could only understand the blessedness of sacrifice6 ,then we should find the peace passing all understanding that comes of passion overcome1 of sorrow generously accepted60 ,he held out his hand to say good-by4 ,franceline laid hers in it2 but did not remove it at once4 8,father10 she said1 with her eyes lifted in childlike fearlessness to his1 8one would think1 to hear you speak of passion overcome and sorrow accepted1 that you knew something about them6 ,i sometimes wish you did4 ,it would make it easier to me to believe in the possibility of overcoming and accepting40 ,a change came over ,father ,henwick's face for one moment2 it was not a cloud nor a tremor1 but the shadow of some deep emotion that must pass away before he could answer4 ,then the words came with grave simplicity1 and low1 as if they were a prayer3 8,believe1 then1 my child1 and take courage2 ,i have gone through it all60 ,he turned and walked back into the wood4 ,franceline stood looking after him through gathering tear-drops4 ,never had he seemed so far above her1 so removed from human weakness1 as at this moment1 when he so humbly acknowledged kindred with it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a pleasant surprise met ,franceline on her return home4 ,sir ,simon was at ,the ,lilies1 and loudly expressing his indignation at not finding her there to greet him4 ,she arrived1 however1 before he had quite divested himself of a cargo of small boxes which he had carried down himself in order to have the delight of witnessing her curiosity and pleasure in their contents4 ,there was hardly any event which could have given her so much pleasure in her present frame of mind as the sight of her kind old friend2 and she satisfied him to the full by her affectionate welcome and her delight in all his presents4 ,he had not forgotten her favorite friandise--chocolate bonbons--and she set to nibbling them at once1 in spite of ,anglique's protest against such a proceeding close on dinner-time4 8,va1 petite gourmande60 exclaimed the bonne1 tramping off to her kitchen1 in high glee to see ,franceline's gayety and innocent greediness over the dainty4 ,sir ,simon was1 if possible1 in brighter spirits than ever2 like ,job's friends1 he was 8full of discourse10 so that there was nothing to do but listen and laugh as the current rippled on4 ,he had a deal to tell about his rambles in the ,pyrenees1 and a whole budget of adventures to retail1 and anecdotes about odd people he had come across in all sorts of out-of-the-way places4 ,nothing checked the pleasant flow until ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had the unlucky inspiration to inquire for ,lady ,rebecca's health2 whereupon the baronet raised his right hand and let it fall again with an emphatic gesture1 shook his head1 and compressed his lips in ominous silence4 ,raymond1 who held the key of the pantomime1 gathered therefrom that ,lady ,rebecca had for the six-and-thirtieth time rallied from the jaws of death1 and plunged her long-suffering heir once more into dejection and disappointment4 ,he knew what was in store for his private ear1 and heaved a sigh4 8,but the present hour shall be a respite10 ,sir ,simon seemed to say2 and he quitted the subject abruptly1 and proceeded to catechise ,franceline on her behavior since his departure4 ,he was surprised and annoyed to find that she had been to no parties2 that nothing more exciting than that short visit to ,rydal had come of his deep-laid scheme with the dowager2 and that there had been no rivalry of gallant suitors attacking the citadel of ,the ,lilies4 ,he had been rather nervous before meeting her2 for1 though it had been made quite clear to him by ,raymond's letters that he had received no crushing blow of any description1 ,sir ,simon had a lurking fear that recent events might have left a deeper shadow on his daughter's existence than he was conscious of4 ,her aspect1 however1 set him at ease on this score4 ,he could hardly have lighted on a more favorable moment for the confirmation of his sanguine hopes regarding ,franceline's heart-wholeness4 ,true1 she had been crying1 only half an hour ago1 bitter1 burning tears enough2 but her face retained no trace of them1 and it still held the glow of inward triumph that ,father ,henwick's last words had called up into her eyes1 and her cheeks had got a faint color from the rapid walking4 ,sir ,simon breathed freely as he took note of these outward signs2 he could indulge in a little chaffing without remorse or arrire-pense4 ,he wanted to know1 merely as a matter of curiosity1 how many hearts she had broken in his absence--how many unfortunates had been mortally struck as they passed within reach of her arrows on the wayside4 ,franceline protested that she carried no quiver1 and had not inflicted a scratch on any one4 ,humph6 ,sir ,simon invited her to convey that answer to the marines4 8,and how about ,ponsonby ,anwyll8 ,has he been here lately80 8,no2 he called twice1 but papa and ,i were out40 8,poor devil6 so much the better for him6 ,but he won't have the sense to keep out of harm's way2 he'll be at it again before long40 ,franceline gave one of her merry laughs--she was in a mood to enjoy the absurdity of the joke--and went to take off her things2 for ,anglique put in her head to say that dinner was ready4 ,things fell quickly into their old course at the ,court4 ,there was a procession of morning callers every day1 and pleasant friendly dinners1 and a few men down in relays to shoot4 ,sir ,simon insisted on ,m4 de la ,bourbonais coming to join them frequently1 and bringing ,franceline2 he had established a precedent1 and he was not going to let it drop4 ,franceline1 on the whole1 was glad of the excitement2 she was determined to use everything that could help her good resolutions2 and the necessity for seeming to enjoy soon led to her doing so in reality4 ,after the stillness of her little home-life1 filled as it was with restless voices audible to no ear but hers1 the gay stir of the ,court was welcome4 ,it was a pleasurable sensation1 too1 to feel herself the object of admiring attentions from a number of agreeable gentlemen1 to be deferred to and made much of1 as if she were a little queen amongst them all4 ,sir ,simon was more indulgent than ever1 and spoiled her to his heart's content4 ,father ,henwick1 who was kept au courant of what was going on1 could not find it in his heart to oppose what seemed to be an innocent diversion of her thoughts4 ,it was1 therefore1 anything but a welcome break when ,lady ,anwyll came down one morning1 accompanied by ,sir ,simon1 to announce her intention of carrying off her friend the next day to ,rydal4 ,franceline fought off while she could1 but ,sir ,simon pooh-poohed her excuses about not liking to leave her father1 and so forth2 he was there now to look after him1 and she must go4 ,so she went4 ,rydal had a dreadful association in her mind1 and she shrank from going there as from revisiting the scene of some horrible tragedy4 ,she shrank1 too1 from leaving her father4 ,of late they had been more bound up in their daily life than ever2 she had coaxed him into accepting her services as an amanuensis1 and he had quickly grown so used to them that he was sure to miss her greatly at his work4 ,there was nothing1 moreover1 in the inmates of ,rydal to compensate her for the sacrifice2 they were not the least interesting4 ,it was always the same good-natured petting from ,lady ,anwyll1 as if she were a kitten or a baby4 ,she knew exactly what the conversation would be--gossip about local trifles1 about the family1 especially ,ponce1 his boots1 his eccentricities1 his pet dishes1 his pranks in the regiment2 the old tune played over and over again on the same string4 ,as to ,ponce himself1 ,franceline knew the big hussar already by heart2 he would do his best to be entertaining1 and would only be awkward and commonplace4 ,nothing at ,rydal1 in fact1 rose above the dead-level of ,dullerton4 ,the dowager had some few young people in for a carpet-dance1 in which ,franceline had to take her part1 and did without any repugnance4 ,dancing brought back certain memories that pierced her like steel blades2 but her heart was proof against the thrusts1 and she defied them to wound her4 ,lord ,roxham was invited1 and showed himself cordial and friendly1 but nothing more4 ,he said he had been called away to ,london soon after they last met1 or else he would have profited by ,m4 de la ,bourbonais' permission to call at ,the ,lilies2 he hoped that the authorization might still hold good4 8,oh6 yes2 do come4 ,i shall be so glad to see you10 was the frank and unaffected reply4 ,lady ,anwyll had meantime felt rather aggrieved at ,lord ,roxham's behavior4 ,her little scheme had gone off so swimmingly at first she could not understand why it had suddenly collapsed in its prosperous course1 and come to a dead halt4 ,at any rate1 she would give him one more chance4 ,the young legislator seemed in no violent hurry to improve it4 ,he danced a couple of times with ,franceline1 and once with two other young girls1 and then subsided to dummy whist with the rector of ,rydal and his wife1 leaving ,franceline to the combined fascinations of ,mr4 ,charlton and ,ponce1 who usurped her between them4 ,the latter bestowed such an unequal share of a host's courtesy on the young ,french girl1 indeed1 that his mother felt it incumbent on her to explain to the other young ladies that ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais was a foreigner2 therefore ,ponce1 being so good-natured1 paid her particular attention4 ,and he certainly did--not only on that occasion1 but while she remained4 ,he was continually hovering about her like a huge overshadowing bird whose wings were always in the way of its movements4 ,he tripped over footstools in attempting to place them under her feet2 but then he was always so thankful that it was himself1 not her1 he nearly upset6 ,he spilt several cups of tea in handing them to her1 and was nearly overcome with gratitude when he saw the carpet had got the contents1 and that her pretty muslin frock was safe6 ,he would hold an umbrella open over her because it looked so uncommonly like rain2 and it was such a mercy to have only spoiled her bonnet and made a hole in her veil1 when he might so easily have run the point into her eye4 ,ponce1 like many wiser men1 had endless satisfaction in the contemplation of the blunders he might have committed and did not4 ,yet1 with all his boyish awkwardness1 ,franceline was growing very fond of him4 ,he was so thoroughly kind-hearted1 and so free from the taint of conceit2 and then there was an undeniable enjoyment in the sense of being cared for1 and thought of1 and watched over2 and it was all done in a nave1 boyish way1 and with a brotherly absence of compliment or constraint that left her free to accept it without any sense of undue obligation1 or the fear of being called upon to repay it except by being pleased and grateful4 ,when he followed her into the conservatory with a shawl and wrapped it round her unceremoniously1 she looked up at his fresh1 honest face1 and said1 almost as if he had been a woman3 8,i wish ,i had you for a brother1 ,captain ,anwyll60 ,he got very red1 and was fumbling somewhere in his mind for an answer1 when his mother called to him for the watering-pot2 ,ponce seized it1 and1 dashing out a sudden shower-bath upon the dowager's dress1 narrowly escaped drenching ,franceline's4 ,but it did escape4 ,what a lucky dog he was6 ,how pleasant it was riding home in the fresh afternoon6 ,lady ,anwyll came in the carriage1 while ,franceline and ,capt4 ,anwyll cantered on before4 ,nothing was likely to have happened at ,the ,lilies during her absence2 but as they drew near she grew impatient and rode at a pace1 as if she expected wonderful tidings at the ride's end4 ,the air was so clear that ,dullerton1 yet a mile off1 sent its hum of life towards the riders with sharp distinctness4 ,the panting of the train1 as it moved out of the station1 sounded close by2 every street cry and tinkling cart-bell rang out like a chime4 ,soon the soft cooing of the doves came wafted above the distant voice of the town2 and when the travellers came within sight of ,the ,lilies1 the flock flew to greet ,franceline1 wheeling round high up in the air several times before alighting on her shoulders and outstretched wrist4 ,then came her father's delighted exclamation1 as he hurried down the little garden-walk1 and ,anglique's affectionate embrace4 ,and once more the small1 still home-life1 that was so sweet and so rich in a restored joy1 recommenced4 ,franceline devoted hours every day now to working with her father1 and soon she became almost as much absorbed in the work as he was4 ,sometimes1 indeed1 she hindered rather than helped1 stopping him in the midst of his dictation to demand an explanation2 but ,raymond never chided her or grudged the delay4 ,her fresh young eyesight and diligent1 nimble hand were invaluable to him1 and he wondered how he had got on so long without them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lord ,roxham redeemed his promise of calling at ,the ,lilies4 ,he talked a good deal to ,raymond about politics and current events1 saying very little to ,franceline1 who sat by1 stitching away at some bit of plain sewing4 ,this was just what she liked4 ,her father was entertained and interested4 ,a breeze from the outer world always refreshed him1 though he was hardly conscious of it1 still less of needing any such reviving incident in his quiet1 monotonous existence2 but ,franceline always hailed it with thankfulness for him1 and was well content to remain in the shade now while the visitor devoted himself to amusing her father4 ,was it fancy1 or did she1 on glancing up suddenly from her needle-work1 detect an expression1 half compassionate1 half searching1 in ,lord ,roxham's face1 as he looked fixedly at her8 ,whether it was fancy or not1 her eyes fell at once1 and the blood mantled her cheek2 she did not venture to let her gaze light on him again1 and it was with a sense of shyness that she shook hands with him at parting4 ,ponsonby ,anwyll was now a frequent visitor at ,the ,lilies1 sometimes coming alone1 sometimes with ,sir ,simon2 and it was a curious coincidence1 if quite accidental1 that he generally made his appearance as ,franceline was on the point of starting for her ride2 and as he was always on horseback1 there was no conceivable reason why he should not join the party4 ,the burly hussar was a safer companion in the saddle than in the drawing-room2 he rode with the masterly ease of a cavalryman1 and1 the road being free from the disturbing influence of tea-trays and chairs1 he spilt nothing and upset nobody1 and ,franceline was always glad of his company4 ,she was too inexperienced and too much absorbed in other thoughts to forecast any possible results from this state of things4 ,ponsonby continued the same familiar1 kind1 brother-like manner to her2 was mightily concerned in keeping her out of the bad bits of road1 and out of the way of the cattle that might be tramping to market and prove offensive to her mettlesome pony4 ,he never aimed at making himself agreeable1 only useful4 ,but the eyes of ,dullerton looked on at all this brotherly attention1 and drew its own conclusion4 ,the ,langrove young ladies1 of whom somehow she had of late seen less than ever1 grew excited to the highest pitch about it1 and were already discussing how many of them would be bridemaids at the wedding1 if bridemaids there were4 ,most likely ,sir ,simon would settle that and probably give the dresses4 ,even discreet ,miss ,merrywig could not forbear shaking her finger and her barrel curls at ,franceline one day when the latter hurried off to get ready for her ride1 with the excuse that ,sir ,simon and ,capt4 ,anwyll were due at three o'clock4 ,but ,franceline knew by this time what ,dullerton was1 and what it could achieve in the way of gossip2 spinning a yarn a mile long out of a thread the length of your finger4 ,she only laughed1 and mentally remarked how little people knew4 ,they would be marrying her to ,sir ,simon next1 when ,ponsonby rejoined his regiment and was seen no more at her saddle-bow4 ,the three had set out for a ride one afternoon1 when1 as they were dashing along at full tilt1 ,sir ,simon pulled up with a strong formula of exclamation4 8,what's the matter80 cried ,sir ,ponsonby1 plunging back heavily1 while ,franceline reined in ,rosebud1 and turned in some alarm to see what had occurred4 8,if ,i have not actually forgotten all about ,simpson1 who comes down from ,london by appointment this afternoon6 ,i dare say he's waiting for me by this1 and he must return by the #e3bj4 ,i must leave you1 and post home as quick as ,nero will carry me40 ,and with a 8by-by0 to ,franceline and a nod to ,capt4 ,anwyll1 coupled with an injunction not to let her ride too fast and to keep her out of mischief1 the baronet turned his horse's head and galloped away1 desiring the groom to follow on with the others4 ,they went on at a good pace until they reached the foot of a gentle ascent1 when both of one accord fell into a walk4 ,for the first time in their intercourse ,franceline was conscious of a certain vague awkwardness with ,capt4 ,anwyll2 of casting about for something to say1 and not finding anything4 ,the place was perfectly solitary1 the woods on one side1 the fields sloping down to the river on the other4 ,the groom lagged respectfully a long way behind1 quite out of ear-shot1 often out of sight2 for the road curved and wheeled abruptly every now and then1 and hid the foremost riders from his view4 ,ponsonby broke the silence3 8,miss ,franceline0--he would call her ,miss ,franceline1 because it was easier and shorter--8,i have something on my mind that ,i want badly to say to you4 ,i've been wanting to say it for some time4 ,i hope it won't make you angry80 8,i can't say till ,i hear it2 but if you are in doubt about it1 perhaps it would be safer not to say it10 remarked ,franceline1 beginning to tremble ominously4 8,i wouldn't vex you for anything in the world6 ',pon my honor ,i wouldn't60 protested ,ponce warmly4 8,but1 you see1 ,i don't know whether what ,i'm going to say will vex you or not40 8,then don't say it2 you are sure not to vex me then10 was the encouraging advice1 and she devoutly hoped he would take it4 ,but he was not so minded4 8,that's true10 he assented2 8but then1 you see1 it might please you4 ,i'm half afraid it won't1 though1 only ,i can't be sure till ,i try40 ,after musing a moment1 in obvious perplexity1 he resumed1 speaking rapidly1 as if he had made up his mind to bolt it all out and take the consequences4 8,i'm not a puppy--my worst enemy won't accuse me of that2 but ,i'm not a bad fellow either1 as my mother and all the fellows in the ,tenth will tell you2 and the fact is1 ,i've grown very fond of you1 ,miss ,franceline1 and if you'll take me as ,i am ,i'll do my best to be a good husband to you and to make you happy40 ,he said it quickly1 as if he were reciting a lesson got by heart1 and then came to a dead halt and 8paused for a reply40 ,he might have paused long enough1 if he had not at last turned round and read his fate in ,franceline's scared1 white face and undisguised agitation4 8,oh6 now1 don't say no before you think it over60 entreated the young man4 8,i know you're ten times too good for me2 but1 for that matter1 you're too good for the best fellow that ever lived4 ,i said so myself to ,sir ,simon only this morning4 ,but ,i do love you with all my heart1 ,franceline2 and if only you could care for me ever so little to begin with1 ,i'd be satisfied1 and you'd make me the happiest man alive60 ,franceline had now recovered her self-possession1 and was able to speak1 though she still trembled4 8,i am so sorry60 she exclaimed4 8,i never dreamed of this2 indeed ,i did not6 ,i dare say ,i have been very selfish1 very thoughtless2 but it was not wilful4 ,i am very unhappy to have given you pain60 8,oh6 don't say that4 ,you'll make me miserable if you say that60 pleaded ,ponsonby4 8,of course you never thought of it4 ,it's great impudence of me to think of it1 ,i have so little to offer you6 ,but if you don't quite hate the sight of me1 ,i'm sure ,i could make you a devoted husband1 and love you better than many a cleverer fellow4 ,i've been fond of you from the first1 and so has my mother40 8,you are both very good to me2 ,i am very1 very grateful60 ,the tears rose to her eyes1 and with a frank1 impulsive movement she held out her hand to him4 ,ponsonby bent from the saddle and raised it to his lips1 although it was gloved4 ,if he had not been over-sanguine at heart and a trifle stupid1 poor fellow1 he would have felt that it was all over with him4 ,the little hand lay with cold1 sisterly kindness in his grasp1 and ,franceline looked at him with eyes that were too kind and pitying to promise anything more than sisterly pity and gratitude4 8,i cannot1 ,i cannot4 ,you must never think of it any more4 ,do you not see that it is impossible8 ,i am a ,catholic60 8,pshaw6 as if that mattered a whit6 ,i mean as if it need make any difference between us6 ,i don't mind it a pin--'pon my honor ,i don't6 ,i said so to the count4 ,we've settled all that1 in fact1 and if he's satisfied to trust me why will not you80 8,then you have spoken to my father80 8,oh6 yes2 that was the right thing1 ,sir ,simon told me1 as he was a ,frenchman40 8,and what did he say to you80 8,he said that if you said yes1 he was quite willing to give you to me4 ,i wanted to come to settlements at once--,i only wish ,i was ten times better off6--but he would not hear a word about that until ,i had consulted you4 ,only1 he said he would be glad to receive me as his son2 he did indeed1 ,franceline60 ,she was looking straight before her1 her eyes dilated1 her whole face aglow with some strong emotion that his words seemed to have stirred in her4 8,you remember10 continued ,ponsonby1 8that you said to me once you would like to have me for a brother8 ,well1 it will be nearly the same thing4 ,you would get used to me as a husband after a while2 you would1 ,franceline60 8,never1 never1 never60 she repeated1 not passionately1 but with a calm emphasis that made ,ponsonby's heart die within him4 ,he could not find a word to oppose to the strong1 quiet protest4 8,no1 it is all a mistake10 said ,franceline4 8,i don't know who is to blame--,i suppose ,i am4 ,i should not have let you come so often2 but you were so kind1 and ,i have so few people to care for me2 and when one is sad at heart1 kindness is so welcome6 ,but ,i should have thought of you2 ,i have been selfish60 8,no1 no1 you have not been selfish at all2 it's all my doing and my fault10 affirmed the young man4 8,i wish ,i had held my tongue a little longer4 ,my mother will come and see you to-morrow2 she will explain it all1 and how it sha'n't make any trouble to you1 my being a ,protestant40 8,she must not come10 said ,franceline with decision2 8there is nothing to explain4 ,i am sincerely grateful to her and to you2 but ,i have only gratitude to give you4 ,i hope with all my heart that you may soon forget me and any pain ,i am causing you1 and that you may meet with a wife who will make you happier than ,i could have done40 ,ponsonby was silent for a few moments1 and then he said1 speaking with a certain hesitation and diffidence3 8,i could be satisfied to wait and to go on hoping1 if ,i were sure of one thing3''' that you did not care for anybody else4 ,do you80 ,she flashed a glance of indignant pride at him4 8,what right have you to put such a question to me8 ,i tell you ,i do not care for you1 and that ,i will never marry you6 ,you have no right to ask me any more40 ,ponsonby recoiled as if a flash of lightning had forked out of the cold1 gray sky4 8,good heavens6 ,i did not mean to offend you4 ,i declare solemnly ,i did not60 ,but he had touched a vibrating chord unawares1 and set every fibre in her heart thrilling and every pulse throbbing2 and the disturbance was not to be laid by any words that he could utter4 ,franceline turned homewards1 and they did not exchange a word until they reached ,the ,lilies and ,ponsonby was assisting her to alight4 8,say you forgive me60 he said1 speaking very low and penitently4 ,she had already forgiven him but not herself4 8,i do1 and ,i am sorry for being so impetuous4 ,good-by60 8,and my mother may come and see you to-morrow80 8,no1 no6 ,it is no use2 it is no use6 ,i say again ,i wish you were my brother1 ,sir ,ponsonby1 but1 as you care to remain my friend1 never speak to me again of this40 ,he pressed the hand she held out to him2 the groom backed up to take the reins of her horse1 and ,ponsonby rode away with a thorn in his honest heart4 ,miss ,merrywig was within1 chatting and laughing away with the count4 ,franceline was not in a mood to meet the garrulous old lady or anybody2 so she went straight to her room1 and only came down when the visitor was gone4 8,father10 she said1 going up behind him and laying a hand on each shoulder1 8what is this ,sir ,ponsonby tells me8 ,that you are tired of your clair-de-lune1 and want to get rid of her80 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais drew down the two trembling hands1 and clasped them on his breast1 and lifted his head as if he would look at her4 8,it would not be losing her1 but gaining a son1 who would take care of her when ,i am gone6 ,she has not thought of that60 8,no2 and she does not wish to think of it6 ,i will live with you while ,i live4 ,i don't care to look beyond that2 nor must you1 petit pre4 ,but ,i am very sorry for ,sir ,ponsonby4 ,you must write and tell him so1 and that he must not come any more--until he has forgotten me2 that you cannot give me up40 8,my cherished one6 ,let us talk about this matter2 it is very serious4 ,we must not do anything rashly40 ,he tried to unclasp her hands and draw her to his side2 but she locked them tighter1 and laid her cheek on his head4 8,petit pre1 there is nothing to talk about2 ,i will never marry him or anybody60 8,my child1 thou speakest without reflection4 ,captain ,anwyll is a good1 honorable man1 and he loves thee1 and it would be a great comfort to me to see thee married to him1 and not to leave thee friendless and almost penniless whenever ,god calls me away4 ,i understand it has taken thee by surprise1 and that thou canst not accept the idea without some delay and getting used to it2 but we must not decide so important a matter hastily4 ,come1 sit down1 and let us discuss it40 8,no1 father10 she answered in a tone of determination that was quite foreign to her now1 and reminded him of the wilful child of long ago2 8there is no use in discussing what is already decided4 ,i will never marry ,ponsonby--or anybody4 ,why1 petit pre1 do you forget that he is a ,protestant80 8,nay1 ,i have forgotten nothing2 that has been all arranged4 ,he is most liberal about it2 consents to leave you to ''' to have everything your own way in that respect1 and assures me that it shall make no difference whatever to you1 his not being of your religion40 8,no difference1 father6 ,no difference to a wife that her husband should be a heretic6 ,you cannot be in earnest4 ,what blessing could there be on such a marriage80 8,but you would soon convert him1 my little one2 you would make a good ,catholic of him before the year was out10 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 8,think of that60 8,and suppose it were the other way1 and that he made a good ,protestant of me8 ,it is no more than ,i should deserve for my presumption4 ,you know what happens to those who seek the danger4'''0 8,oh6 that is a different thing2 that warning applies to those who seek it rashly1 from vain or selfish motives10 protested ,raymond1 moving his spectacles1 as he always did instinctively when his argument was weak2 and he knew right well that now it was slipping into sophistry4 8,i cannot see anything but a selfish motive in marrying against the express prohibition of the church and without any affection for the person1 but simply because he could give you a position and the good things of this life10 said ,franceline4 8,the prohibition is conditional10 persisted ,raymond1 8and those conditions would be scrupulously fulfilled2 and as to there not being the necessary affection1 there is enough on his side for both1 and his love would soon beget thine40 8,father1 it is no use4 ,i am grieved to contradict you2 but ,i cannot1 cannot do this to please you4 ,you must write and say so to ,capt4 ,anwyll2 you must indeed40 ,raymond heaved a sigh4 ,he felt as powerless as an infant before this new wilfulness of his clair-de-lune2 it was foolish as well as imprudent to yield1 but he did not know how to deal with it4 ,there was honest truth on her side2 no subterfuges could baffle the instinctive logic of her childlike faith4 8,we will let things remain as they are for a few days1 and then1 if thou dost still insist1 ,i will write and refuse the offer10 he said1 seeking a last chance in temporizing4 8,no1 petit pre2 if you love me1 write at once4 ,it is only fair to ,sir ,ponsonby1 and it will set my mind at rest4 ,here1 let me find you a pen60 ,she chose one out of a number of inky goose-quills on the little ,japan tray1 and thrust it playfully between his fingers4 ,the letter was written1 and ,anglique was forthwith despatched with it to the pillar at the park gate4 ,during the remainder of the afternoon ,franceline worked away diligently at the ,causes of the ,french ,revolution1 and spent the evening reading aloud4 ,but ,m4 de la ,bourbonais could not so lightly dismiss the day's incident from his thoughts4 ,he had experienced a moment of pure joy and unutterable thankfulness when ,ponsonby had come in and stammered out his honest confession of love1 and pleaded so humbly with the father to 8take his part with ,miss ,franceline40 ,the pleasure was all the greater for being a complete surprise4 ,sir ,simon had cautiously resolved to have no hand in negotiating between the parties2 he had let things take their course from the first1 determined not to interfere1 but clearly foreseeing the issue4 ,raymond was bewildered by ,franceline's rejection of the proposed marriage4 ,he did not try much to explain it to himself2 it was a puzzle that did not come within the rule and compass of his philosophy--a young girl refusing to be married when an eligible husband presented himself for her father's acceptance4 ,he heaved many a deep sigh over it1 as his anxious gaze rested on the golden-haired young head bent over the desk4 ,but he did not ask any questions4 ,sir ,simon came down next morning in high displeasure4 ,he was angry1 disappointed1 aggrieved4 ,here he had been at considerable pains of ingenuity and forethought to provide a model husband for ,franceline1 a young fellow whom any girl ought to jump at--high-principled1 unencumbered rent-roll1 good-looking1 good-tempered--and the little minx turns up her nose at him1 and sends him to the right-about6 ,such perverseness and folly were not to be tolerated4 ,what did she mean by it8 ,what did she see amiss in ,anwyll8 ,sir ,simon was for having her up for a round lecture4 ,but ,raymond would not allow this4 ,he might groan in his inmost heart over ,franceline's refusal1 but he was not going to let her be bullied by anybody2 not even by ,sir ,simon4 ,he stood up for his child1 and defended her as if he had fully approved of her conduct4 8,i'll tell you what it is1 ,bourbonais1 you're just as great a fool as she is2 only she is a child1 and knows nothing of life1 and can't see the madness of what she is doing4 ,but you ought to know better4 ,i have no patience with you4 ,when one thinks of what this marriage would do for both of you--lifting you out of penury1 restoring your daughter to her proper position in the world1 and securing her future1 so that1 if you were called away to-morrow1 you need have no care or anxiety about her6 ,and to think of your backing her up in rejecting it all60 8,i did not back her up in it4 ,i deplore her having done so10 replied ,raymond4 8,but ,i will not coerce her2 her happiness is dearer to me than her interest or my own40 8,what tomfoolery6 ,as if her interest and her happiness were not identical in this case6 ,a man who is fond of her1 and rich enough to give her everything in life a girl could wish for6 ,what does she want besides80 demanded ,sir ,simon angrily4 8,i believe she wants nothing1 except to be left with her old father4 ,she does not care for ,capt4 ,anwyll10 said ,raymond2 but his ,french mind felt this was very weak argument4 8,the devil she doesn't6 ,who does she care for80 retorted the baronet4 ,but he had no sooner uttered the words than he regretted them2 they seemed to recoil on him like a stone flung too near4 ,he seized his hat1 and1 muttering impatiently something about the nonsense of giving into childish fancies1 etc41 strode out of the cottage1 and did not show himself there for several days4 ,he was pursued by that question of his own1 8,who did ,franceline care for80 and made uncomfortable by the persistency with which it kept dinning in his ears4 ,he had made up his mind long ago that the failure of his first matrimonial plot had had no serious effect on her heart or spirits4 ,she was looking very delicate when he came back1 but that was the dulness of the life she had been leading during his absence4 ,she had picked up considerably since then4 ,it was plain to everybody she had2 her spirits were better4 ,there was certainly nothing wrong in that direction4 ,how could there be when he1 ,sir ,simon1 so thoroughly desired the contrary1 and did so much to cheer up the child--and himself into the bargain--and make her forget any impression that unlucky ,clide might have made8 ,still1 no matter how emphatically he answered it1 the tiresome question kept sounding in his ears day after day4 ,he could stand it no longer4 ,he must go and see them at ,the ,lilies--see ,franceline1 and read on her innocent young face that all was peace within1 and cheer up his own depressed spirits by a talk with ,raymond4 ,nobody listened to him and sympathized with him as ,raymond did4 ,he had no worries of his own to distract him1 for one thing2 and if he had1 he was such a philosophical being he would carry them to the moon and leave them there4 ,sir ,simon was blessed with no such happy faculty4 ,he could forget his troubles for a while under the stimulating balm of cheerful society and generous wine2 but as soon as he was alone they were down on him like an army of ants1 stinging and goading him4 ,things were very gloomy just now1 and he could less than ever dispense with the opiate of sympathetic companionship4 ,lady ,rebecca had taken a fresh start1 and was less likely to depart than she had been for the last ten years4 ,the duns1 who watched her ladyship's fluctuations between life and death with almost as sincere and breathless an interest as her heir1 had got wind of this1 and were up and at him again1 hunting him like a hare--the low1 grasping1 insolent hounds6 ,his revived money annoyances made him the more irascible with ,franceline for throwing away her chance of being for ever saved and protected from the like4 ,but he would harp no more on that string4 ,he had been into ,dullerton on horseback1 and1 overtaking the postman on his way home1 he stopped to take his letters1 and then asked if there were any for ,the ,lilies4 ,he was going there1 and would save the postman the walk that far4 8,thank you1 sir6 ,there is one for the count40 ,and the man held up a large blue envelope1 like a lawyer's letter1 which ,sir ,simon thrust into his pocket4 ,he left his horse at the ,court1 and walked on through the park1 reading his letters as he went4 ,their contents were not of the most agreeable1 to judge by the peevish and angry ejaculations that the reader emitted in the course of their perusal4 ,he had not done when he reached the cottage4 8,here's a letter for you1 ,bourbonais2 ,i'll finish mine while you're reading it40 ,he handed the blue envelope to his friend1 and1 flinging himself into a chair1 became again absorbed and ejaculatory4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 meanwhile1 proceeded to open his official-looking communication4 ,he surveyed it with uplifted eyebrows1 examined well the large red seal1 and scrutinized the handwriting of the address1 before he tore it open4 ,his eye ran quickly over the page4 ,a nervous twitch contracted his features2 his hand shook as if a string at his elbow had been rudely pulled2 but he controlled all further sign of emotion1 and1 after reading the contents twice over1 silently folded the letter and replaced it in the envelope4 ,sir ,simon had seen nothing2 he was deep in suppressed denunciations of some rascally dun4 8,hang me if ,i know what's to be the end of it1 or the end of me--an ounce of lead in my skull1 most likely60 he burst out1 ramming the bundle of offending documents into his coat-pocket4 8,the brutes are in league to drive me mad60 8,has anything new happened80 inquired the count anxiously4 8,i hoped things had arranged themselves of late80 8,not they6 ,how can they when these vampires are sucking the blood of one8 ,it's pretty much like sucking a corpse60 he laughed sardonically4 8,the fools6 ,if they would but have sense to see that it is their own interest not to drive me to desperation6 ,but they will goad me to do something that will make an end of their chance of ever being paid60 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais ought to have been hardened to this sort of thing2 but he was not4 ,the vague threats and dark innuendoes always alarmed him4 ,he never knew but that each crisis which called them out might be the supreme one that would bring about their fulfilment4 ,at such moments he had not the heart to rebuke ,sir ,simon and add the bitterness of self-reproach to his excited feelings4 ,his look of keen distress struck ,sir ,simon with compunction4 8,oh6 it will blow off1 as it has done so often before1 ,i suppose10 he said1 tossing his head4 8,here's a letter from ,l---- to say he is coming down next week with a whole houseful of men to shoot4 ,i've not seen ,l---- for an age4 ,he's a delightful fellow2 he'll cheer one up40 ,and the baronet heaved a sigh from the very depths of his afflicted spirit4 8,mon cher1 is it wise to be asking down crowds of people in this way80 asked ,raymond dubiously4 8,i did not ask them6 ,don't ,i tell you they have written to invite themselves80 ,it was true2 but ,sir ,simon forgot how often he had besought his friends to do just what they were now doing--to write and say when they could come1 and to bring as many as they liked with them4 ,that had always been the way at the ,court2 and he was not the man to belie its old traditions4 ,but ,raymond1 who had also his class of noble traditions1 could not see it4 8,why not write frankly1 and1 without explaining the precise motive1 say that you cannot at present receive any one80 ,sir ,simon gave an impatient pshaw6 8,nonsense1 my dear ,bourbonais1 nonsense6 ,as if a few fellows more or less signified that0--snapping his fingers--8at the end of the year6 ,besides1 what the deuce is the good of having a place at all1 if one can't have one's friends about one in it8 ,better shut up at once4 ,it's the only compensation a man has2 the only thing that pulls him through4 ,and then the pheasants are there1 and must be shot4 ,i can't shoot them all4 ,but it's no use trying to make you take an ,englishman's view of the case4 ,you simply can't do it40 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais agreed1 and inwardly hoped he never might come to see the case as his friend did4 ,but1 notwithstanding this1 ,sir ,simon went on discussing his own misfortunes1 denouncing the rascality and rapacity of the modern tradesman1 and bemoaning the good old times when the world was a fit place for a gentleman to live in4 ,when he had sufficiently relieved his mind on the subject1 and drew breath1 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais poured what oil of comfort he could on his friend's wounds4 ,he spoke confidently of the ultimate demise of ,lady ,rebecca1 and expressed equal trust in the powers of ,mr4 ,simpson to perform once again the meteorological feat known to ,sir ,simon as 8raising the wind40 ,under the influence of these soothing abstractions the baronet cheered up1 and before long ,richard was himself again4 ,he overhauled ,raymond's latest work2 read aloud some notes on ,mirabeau which ,franceline had taken down at his dictation the previous evening1 and worked himself into a frenzy of indignation at the historian's partiality for that thundering demagogue4 ,raymond waxed warm in defence of his hero2 maintained that at heart ,mirabeau had wished to save the king2 and almost lost his philosophical self-control when ,sir ,simon called him the master-knave of the ,revolution1 a traitor and a bully1 and other hard names to the same effect4 8,i wash my hands of you1 if you are going to play panegyrist to that pock-marked ruffian60 was the baronet's concluding remark2 and he flung out his hands1 as if he were shaking the contamination from his fingers4 ,suddenly his eye fell upon the great blue letter1 and1 abruptly dismissing ,mirabeau1 he said3 8,by the way1 what a formidable document that is that ,i brought you just now6 ,has it anything to do with the ,revolution80 ,raymond shook his head and smothered a rising sigh4 8,it has been as good as a revolution to me1 at any rate40 8,my dear ,bourbonais1 what is it8 ,nothing seriously amiss1 ,i hope80 exclaimed ,sir ,simon1 full of alarmed interest4 ,the count took up the letter and handed it to him4 8,good heavens6 ,bankrupt6 ,can pay nothing6 ,how much had you in it80 8,nearly two hundred--the savings of the last fourteen years10 replied ,m4 de la ,bourbonais calmly4 8,my dear fellow1 ,i'm heartily sorry60 exclaimed his friend in an accent of sincere distress2 8with all my heart ,i'm sorry6 ,and to think of you having read this and said nothing1 and ,i raving away about my own troubles like a selfish dog as ,i am6 ,why did you not tell me at once80 8,what good would it have done80 ,raymond shrugged his shoulders1 and with another involuntary sigh threw the letter on the table4 8,it's hard1 though4 ,i was so little prepared for it2 the house bore such a good name4'''0 8,i should have said it was the safest bank in the country4 ,so it was1 very likely2 only one did not reckon with the dishonesty of this scheming villain of a partner--if it be true that he is the cause of it40 8,no doubt it is2 why should they tell lies about it8 ,the whole affair will be in the papers one of these days1 ,i suppose40 8,and you can stand there and not curse the villain60 8,what good would cursing him do8 ,it would not bring back my poor scrapings40 ,raymond laughed gently4 8,i dare say his own conscience will curse him before long--the unhappy man6 ,but who knows what terrible temptation may have driven him to the deed8 ,perhaps he got into some difficulty that nothing else could extricate him from1 and he may have had a wife and children pulling at his conscience by his heart-strings6 ,libera nos a malo1 ,domine60 ,and looking upwards1 ,raymond sighed again4 8,what a strange being you are1 ,raymond60 exclaimed ,sir ,simon1 eyeing him curiously4 8,verily1 ,i believe your philosophy is worth something after all40 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais laughed outright4 8,well1 it's worth nearly the money to have brought you to that60 8,to see you stand there coolly and philosophize about the motives that may possibly have led an unprincipled scoundrel to rob you of every penny you possessed6 ,many a man has got a fit from less40 8,many a fool1 perhaps2 but it would be a poor sort of man that such a blow would send into a fit60 returned the count with mild contempt4 8,but ,i must not be forgetful of the difference of conditions10 he added quickly4 8,it all depends on what the money is worth to one1 and what its loss involves4 ,i don't want it at present4 ,it was a little hoard for the rainy day2 and--qui sait8--the rainy day may never come60 8,no2 ,franceline may marry a rich man10 suggested the baronet1 not with any intent to wound4 8,just so6 ,i may never want the money1 and so never be the poorer for losing it40 8,and supposing there was at this moment some pressing necessity for it--that your child was in absolute need of it for some reason or other--what then80 queried ,sir ,simon4 ,raymond winced and started imperceptibly1 as if a pain went through him4 8,thank heaven there is no necessity to answer that10 he said4 8,we were taught to pray to be delivered from temptation2 let us be thankful when we are1 and not set imaginary traps for ourselves40 8,some men are1 ,i believe1 born proof against temptation2 ,i should say you are one of them1 ,bourbonais10 said his friend1 looking steadily at him4 8,you are mistaken10 replied ,raymond quietly4 8,i don't know whether any human being may be born with that sort of fire-proof covering2 but ,i know for certain that ,i was not40 8,can you1 then1 conceive yourself under a pressure of temptation so strong as that your principles1 your conscience1 would give way8 ,can you imagine yourself telling a deliberate lie1 for instance1 or doing a deliberate wrong to some one1 in order to save yourself--or1 better1 your child--from some grievous harm80 ,raymond thought for a moment1 as if he were poising a balance in his mind before he answered2 then he said1 speaking with slow emphasis1 as if every word was being weighed in the scales3 8,yes1 ,i can fancy myself giving way1 if1 at such a crisis as you describe1 ,i were left to myself1 with only my own strength to lean on2 but ,i hope ,i should not be left to it4 ,i hope ,i should ask to be delivered from it40 ,the humility of the avowal went further to deepen ,sir ,simon's faith in his friend's integrity and in the strength of his principles than the boldest self-assertion could have done4 ,it informed him1 too1 of the existence of a certain ingredient in ,raymond's philosophy which the careless and light-hearted man of the world had not till then suspected4 8,one thing ,i know10 he said1 taking up his hat1 and extending a hand to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais3 8if your conscience were ever to play you false1 it would make an end of my faith in all mankind--and in something more40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,questions ,,concerning ,,the ,,syllabus4 ,,doctrinal ,,authority ,,of ,,the ,,syllabus4 ,,from ,,les ,,etudes ,,religieuses1 ,,etc4 ,we enter on a work whose practical usefulness no one1 we suspect1 will dispute1 since it concerns perhaps the most memorable act of the reign of ,pius ,,ix4--the ,syllabus4 ,there has been a great deal of discussion about the ,syllabus--much has been written on it in the way both of attack and defence--but it is remarkable that it has scarcely been studied at all4 ,the remark was made by one of the editors of this review1 ,father ,marquigny1 in the ,general ,congress of ,catholic ,committees at ,paris2 and1 so true was it felt to be1 that it provoked the approving laughter of the whole assembly4 ,but to pass by those who busy themselves about this document without having read it1 how many are there1 even among ,catholics1 who1 after having read it1 have only the most vague and confused notions about it--how many who1 if they were asked1 8,what does the ,syllabus teach you2 what does it make obligatory on you80 would not know what to answer6 ,thus is man constituted4 ,he skims willingly over the surface of things2 but he has no fancy for stopping awhile and digging underneath4 ,if he is pleased with looking at a great many things1 he does not equally concern himself to gain knowledge2 because there is no true science without labor1 and labor is troublesome4 ,yet nothing could be more desirable for him than to come by this luminous entrance from the knowledge to the possession of truth4 ,christian faith1 when it is living and active1 necessarily experiences the desire of it2 for1 according to the beautiful saying of ,s4 ,anselm1 it is1 by its very nature1 a seeker of science--of knowing3 ,fides qurens intellectum4 ,but1 not to delay ourselves by these considerations1 is it possible to exaggerate the importance of the study of the ,syllabus in the critical circumstances in which we are placed8 ,the uncertainty of the future2 the impossibility of discovering a satisfactory course in the midst of the shadows which surround us2 the need of knowing what to seize a firm hold of in the formidable problems whose obscurity agitates1 in these days1 the strongest minds2 above all1 the furious assaults of the enemies of the church1 and the authority belonging to a solemn admonition coming to us from the chair of truth--all these things teach us plainly enough how culpable it must be for us to remain indifferent and to neglect the illumination offered to us4 ,the teachings of the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ deserve to be meditated on at leisure4 ,it is this which inspires us with a hope that our work will be favorably received4 ,truth1 moreover1 claims the services of all1 even of the feeblest1 and we must not desert her cause for fear our ability may not suffice for her defence4 ,certainly1 no one will expect us1 here1 to give an analytical exposition of the eighty propositions condemned by ,pius ,,ix4 ,several numbers of the ,etudes would scarcely suffice for that4 ,general questions dominate all others2 it is to the careful solution of these that we shall devote ourselves4 ,they have always appeared to us to need clear and decisive explanation4 ,often they are incorrectly proposed1 oftener still they are ill-defined4 ,the object of our efforts will be to point out with precision the limits within which they must be restrained1 the sense in which they must be accepted1 and their necessary import2 then1 to give them1 as clearly as we are able1 a solution the most sure and the most conformable to first principles4 ,if it should be objected that in this we are entering on a wide theological field1 we shall not deny it4 ,proudhon1 who desired anarchy in things1 in principles--everywhere1 in fact1 except in reasoning--averred that rigorous syllogism lands us inevitably at theology4 ,how1 then1 would it be possible not to find it in the ,syllabus8 ,they1 on the other hand1 who are unceasing in their violent attacks on this pontifical act1 are they not the first to provoke theological discussions8 ,we are compelled to take their ground4 ,as ,mgr4 ,dupanloup judiciously observed1 in his pamphlet on the ,encyclical of the #hth ,december3 8,it is needful to recur to first principles in a time when thousands of men1 and of women even1 in ,france talk theology from morning to night without knowing much about it40 ,the first and fundamental question to be determined is3 ,what is the precise weight to be ascribed to the ,syllabus1 or1 rather1 what is its doctrinal authority8 ,on the manner in which we reply to this depends the solution of numerous practical difficulties which interest consciences1 and which have more than once been the subject of the polemic of the journals themselves4 ,for example1 are the decisions of the ,syllabus unchangeable2 is it not possible that they should be modified some day2 is it certain they will never be withdrawn2 are ,catholics obliged to accept them as an absolute rule of their beliefs1 or may they content themselves with doing nothing exteriorly in opposition to them8 ,it is understood1 in fact1 that if we are in presence of an act wherein the successor of ,s4 ,peter exercises his sovereign and infallible authority1 the doctrine is irrevocably1 eternally1 fixed without possible recall2 and1 by an inevitable corollary1 the most complete submission1 not of the heart only1 but also of the intelligence1 becomes an obligation binding on the conscience of the ,catholic which admits of no reserve or subterfuge4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the step taken by the ,pope is merely an act of good administration or discipline1 the door remains open for hopes of future changes1 the constraint imposed on the minds of men in the interior forum is much less rigorous2 a caviller would remain in ,catholic unity provided that1 with the respectful silence so dear to the ,jansenists1 he should also practise proper obedience4 ,now1 the question1 in the terms in which we have stated it1 although treated of at various times by writers of merit1 has not always been handled in a complete manner4 ,writers have been too often contented with generalities1 with approaching only the question1 and nothing has been precisely determined4 ,some have asserted1 with much energy1 the necessity of this submission1 but they have not sufficiently defined its extent and nature4 ,others have dwelt upon the deference and profound respect with which every word of the ,holy ,father should be received1 but1 not having given any further explanation1 they have left us without the necessary means for ascertaining what precisely they intended4 ,others have ventured to insinuate that the ,syllabus was perhaps merely an admonition1 a paternal advice benevolently given to some rash children1 to which such as are docile are happy to conform1 without feeling themselves under the absolute necessity of adopting it4 ,others1 more adventurous still1 have been unwilling to see more in it than a mere piece of information1 an indication4 ,according to these1 ,pius ,,ix41 wishing to notify to all the bishops of ,christendom his principal authoritative acts since the commencement of his pontificate1 had caused a list of them to be drawn out1 and to be forwarded to them4 ,the ,syllabus was this illustrious catalogue1 neither more nor less4 ,is there any excuse to be found for this indecision on one hand1 presumption on the other8 ,we do not think so2 but they do1 we must confess1 admit of a plausible explanation4 ,and here1 let it be observed1 we come to the very marrow of the difficulty4 ,the ,syllabus was drawn out in an unusual form4 ,it resembles no pontifical documents hitherto published4 ,when1 in other times1 the sovereign pontiffs wished to stigmatize erroneous propositions1 they did not content themselves with reproducing the terms of them1 in order to mark them out for the reprobation of the people4 ,they were always careful to explain the motives of the judgment they delivered1 and above all to formulate with clearness and precision the judgment itself4 ,invariably1 the texts they singled out for condemnation were preceded by grave and weighty words1 wherein were explained the reasons for and the nature of the condemnation4 ,in the ,syllabus1 there is nothing of the kind4 ,the propositions1 stated without commentary1 are classified and distributed under general titles2 at the end of each of them we read the indication of the ,encyclical ,letter1 or pontifical ,allocution1 in which it had been previously rebuked4 ,for the rest1 there is no preamble1 no conclusion1 no discourse revealing the mind or intention of the pontiff1 unless it be the following words1 inscribed at the head of the document1 and which we here give both in the ,latin and in ,english3 ,syllabus complectens prcipuos nostr tatis errores1 qui notantur in ,allocutionibus consistorialibus1 in ,encyclicis1 aliisque ,apostolicis ,litteris sanctissimi ,domini ,pap ,pii ,,ix4--,table1 or synopsis1 containing the principal errors of our epoch1 noted in the consistorial ,allocutions1 the ,encyclicals1 and other ,apostolic ,letters of our most ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,we may add1 that nowhere does the ,pope formally express an intention of connecting the ,syllabus with the bull ,quanta cura1 although he issued them both on the same day1 at the same hour1 under the same circumstances1 and upon the same subjects4 ,he left it to the public common sense and to the faith of ,christians to decide whether these two acts are to be taken together1 or whether they are to be considered as isolated acts having no common tie between them4 ,such are the facts4 ,minds1 either troubled or prejudiced1 or1 may be1 too astute1 have drawn from them consequences which1 if we lay aside accessory details of not much importance here1 we may reduce to two principal ones4 ,it has been stated--and they who hold this language form1 as it were1 the extreme group of opposers--that the ,apostolic ,letters mentioned in the ,syllabus are the only documents which have authoritative force2 that the latter1 on the contrary1 has no proper weight of its own--absolutely none1 whether as a dogmatic definition1 or as a disciplinary measure1 or even as a moral and intellectual direction4 ,to these assertions1 not a little hazardous1 have been added others whose rashness would fain be hidden under the veil of rhetorical artifices4 ,we will lift the veil1 and expose the naked assertions4 ,the meaning of the ,syllabus1 it is stated1 must not be looked for in the ,syllabus1 but in the pontifical letters whence it is drawn4 ,the study of the letters may be useful2 not only is that of the ,syllabus not so1 but it is dangerous1 because it often leads to lamentable exaggerations4 ,to know the true doctrines of ,rome1 we must search the letters for them1 not the ,syllabus4 ,in fact1 to sum up all in a few words1 as a condemnation of error and a manifestation of truth1 the letters are all1 the ,syllabus nothing4 ,the other group1 which we may describe as the moderates1 knows how to guard itself against excess4 ,it does not diminish the authority of the ,syllabus to the extent of annihilation4 ,very far from it--it recognizes it and proclaims it aloud2 but1 struck with the peculiar form given to the act1 it asserts that it is impossible to discover in it the marks of a dogmatic definition1 and1 to borrow a stock expression1 of a definition ex cathedra4 ,the ,syllabus1 it is said1 is undoubtedly something by itself--to deny it would be ridiculous and absurd4 ,it has a weight of its own2 who would venture to dispute it8 ,it may be termed1 if you please1 an universal law of the church1 so only that its pretensions be not carried further1 and that it does not claim to be considered an infallible decision of the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ4 ,what1 then1 have we to do but to demonstrate that the ,syllabus is by itself1 and independently of the pontifical acts which supply the matter of it1 a veritable teaching2 that this teaching obliges consciences because it issues from the infallible authority of the head of the church8 ,we shall not have omitted1 it seems to us1 any of the considerations calculated to throw light on this important subject if1 after having thus followed it through all its windings and discussed all its difficulties1 we succeed in illustrating the triple character of the pontifical act--its doctrinal character1 its obligatory character1 and its character of infallibility4 ,to assert that ,pius ,,ix41 when he denounced with so much firmness to the ,christian world the errors of our time1 did not propose to teach us anything1 that he had no intention of instructing us1 was1 even at the time of the appearance of the ,syllabus1 to advance a sufficiently hardy paradox2 but to state it1 to maintain it1 at this time of day1 when we are the fortunate witnesses of the effects produced by that immortal act1 is to speak against evidence4 ,undoubtedly--we stated it at the commencement--the ,syllabus is not sufficiently known nor sufficiently studied4 ,little known as it may be1 however1 it cannot be denied that it has already set right many ideas1 and corrected and enlightened many minds4 ,thanks to it1 not learned men only and those who are close observers of events1 but ,catholics generally1 perceive more clearly the dangers with which certain doctrines threaten their faith4 ,they have been warned1 they keep themselves on their guard1 they see more distinctly the course they must follow and the shoals they must avoid4 ,pius ,,ix4 has lighted a torch and placed it in their hands4 ,that being the case1 what is the use of playing with words1 as if vain subtleties could destroy the striking evidence of this fact8 ,let them say1 as often as they please1 8,the ,syllabus is only a list1 a catalogue1 a table of contents1 a memorial of previously condemned propositions0--what good will they have done8 ,what matter these denominations1 more or less disrespectful1 if it be otherwise demonstrated that this list1 catalogue1 or table of contents explains to us exactly what we must believe or reject1 and is imposed upon us as a rule to which we owe subjection4 ,the imprudent persons who speak thus would seem never to have studied the monuments of our beliefs4 ,had they considered their nature more attentively1 would they have allowed themselves to indulge in such intemperance of language8 ,if they would more closely examine them1 their illusions would soon be dissipated4 ,are not all the series of propositions condemned by the ,popes1 veritable lists8 ,did not ,martin ,v4 and the ,council of ,constance1 ,leo ,x4 and ,s4 ,pius ,v41 when they smote with their anathemas the errors of ,wycliffe1 ,john ,huss1 ,luther1 ,baus1 draw out catalogues8 ,are not the canons of our councils tables in which are inscribed an abridgment1 summary1 or epitome of the impious doctrines of heretics8 ,is not every solemn definition1 every symbol of the faith1 a memorial designed to remind the ,christian what he is obliged to believe8 ,it is1 then1 useless to shelter one's self behind words of doubtful meaning1 and which can only perplex the mind without enlightening it4 ,it is to assume gratuitously the air of men who wish to deceive others and to deceive themselves4 ,what is the use of it8 ,they are much mistaken who imagine themselves to be proposing a serious difficulty when they demand how the ,syllabus1 which1 before its publication1 existed already in the letters of the ,holy ,father1 can possibly teach us anything new8 ,let us1 for the sake of argument1 since they ask it1 reduce it to the humble rle of echo or reverberator1 if we may be pardoned such expressions4 ,let us suppose that its whole action consists in repeating what has been already said4 ,we ask if an echo does not often convey to the ear a sound which1 without it1 would not have been heard--if it does not sometimes send back the sound stronger1 more resounding1 and even more distinct than the original voice8 ,it is not a new voice it brings to us4 ,be it so4 ,but it does bring it to us in fact1 and is able to give it to us again fuller and more sonorous4 ,comparison1 it is true1 is not reason4 ,we will therefore abandon the redundancy of figurative language1 and reply directly to the question put to us4 ,what is wanted is to know what the ,syllabus is in itself1 independently of the pontifical letters which are its original sources4 ,it is as follows3 ,it is1 at least1 a new promulgation1 more universal1 more authentic1 and therefore more efficacious1 of previous condemnations4 ,now1 it is well known1 it is a maxim of law1 that a second promulgation powerfully confirms and1 in case of need1 supersedes the first4 ,the history of human legislation is full of instances of this4 ,when1 by reason of the negligence of men1 of the difficulty of the times1 of the inconstancy or waywardness of peoples1 a law has fallen into partial neglect and oblivion1 they in whom the sovereign power resides re-establish its failing authority by promulgating it anew4 ,it revives thus1 and if it has been defunct it receives a second life4 ,what can the greater number of ,christians know of so many scattered condemnations1 buried1 one may say1 in the voluminous collection of pontifical encyclicals1 if the ,syllabus had not revealed them8 ,how could they respect them1 how obey them8 ,it was necessary that they should hear them resound1 in a manner1 a second time1 in the utterance of the great ,pontiff1 in order to be able to submit anew to their authority1 and to resume a yoke of which many of them did not know the very existence4 ,the salvation of the church required this4 ,the ,syllabus is1 however1 not only a new promulgation1 it is often a luminous interpretation of the original documents to which it relates2 an interpretation at times so necessary that1 should it disappear1 from that moment the meaning of those documents would become1 on many points1 obscure or at least doubtful4 ,it is worthy of remark that in order to deny the doctrinal value of the ,syllabus the following fact is relied on--that it is unaccompanied with any explanation1 with any reflections4 8,it is a dry nomenclature10 it has been said1 8of which we cannot determine either the character or the end40 ,now1 it happens to be exactly here that brevity has brought forth light4 ,the eighty-four propositions1 in fact1 isolated from their context1 appear to us more exact1 in stronger relief1 more decidedly drawn4 ,one may perceive that in the bulls their forms were1 as yet1 slightly indistinct2 here they detach themselves vividly1 and with remarkable vigor4 ,and we wish that all our readers were able to judge of this for themselves4 ,they would better understand1 possibly1 wherefore certain men insist with so much energy on our abandoning the ,syllabus and applying ourselves exclusively to the sources--an excellent mode of preventing certain questions from becoming too clear4 ,we will cite a few examples in illustration of our argument4 ,the second paragraph of the ,syllabus has for its object the condemnation of moderate rationalism4 ,some of the seven propositions contained in it reproduce the doctrine of a man little known in ,france1 but much thought of in ,germany--a kind of independent ,catholic1 who1 before he opposed himself to the church1 from which he is now1 we believe1 quite separated1 having transferred his allegiance to the pastoral staff of the aged ,reinkens1 wrote some works destined to sow among the students of the university of ,munich the damaged grain of infidel science4 ,we allude to ,m4 ,froschammer1 a canon who has lost his hood1 professor of misty philosophy1 as befits a doctor on the other side of the ,rhine4 ,pius ,,ix4 rebuked his errors in a letter addressed to the ,archbishop of ,munich the #abth ,december1 #ahfb4 ,we will lay aside the ,syllabus1 and take merely the letter4 ,we shall find in it only the condemnation of ,m4 ,froschammer and his works2 nothing whatever else4 ,but who1 in this our country1 ,france1 has ever opened the works of ,m4 ,froschammer8 ,the ,catholic ,frenchman who might read the letter of ,pius ,,ix4 knowing nothing of the condemned works1 would say to himself3 8,this ,munich professor has doubtless written according to his own fancy2 he must have been rash1 as every good ,german is bound to be who loses himself in the shadowy mazes of metaphysics4 ,after all1 there is nothing to show that he has written exactly my opinions4 ,why should ,i trouble myself about the letter of ,pius ,,ix48 ,it does not concern me40 ,another example4 ,in ,paragraph ,x4 we find the same principle of modern liberalism enunciated in the following manner3 8,in this our age1 it is no longer expedient that the ,catholic religion should be considered as the only religion of the state1 to the exclusion of all others40 8tate hac nostra1 non amplius expedit religionem ,catholicam haberi1 tanquam unicam status religionem1 cteris quibuscumque cultibus exclusis40 ,the document to which we refer is a consistorial ,allocution pronounced the #bfth ,july1 #ahee1 and it commences with these words1 ,nemo vestrum4 ,what is this ,allocution8 ,a solemn protest against the criminality of the ,spanish government1 which1 in contempt of its word and oath1 of the rights of the church and the eternal laws of justice1 had dared to perjure itself by abrogating1 of its own single authority1 the first and second articles of the concordat4 ,pius ,,ix41 full of grief1 speaks in these terms3 8,you know1 venerable brethren1 how1 in this convention1 amongst all the decisions relative to the interests of the ,catholic religion1 we have1 above all1 established that this holy religion should continue to be the only religion of the ,spanish nation1 to the exclusion of every other worship40 ,the proposition of the ,syllabus is not expressed in any other way in the ,allocution4 ,a man of great ability1 or a scientific man1 taking into account the facts1 and weighing carefully the expressions of the ,pontiff1 might perhaps detect it therein4 ,but how many others would it wholly escape6 ,how many would not perceive it1 or1 if they should chance to catch sight of it1 would remain in suspense1 uncertain which was rebuked1 the application of the doctrine or the doctrine itself6 ,how many1 in short1 would be unwilling to recognize1 in these words1 aught but the sorrowful complaint of the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ outraged in his dearest rights6 ,return1 however1 to the ,syllabus1 and that which was obscure comes to light and manifests itself clearly4 ,the two propositions we have cited do not appear1 in it1 confused or uncertain4 ,detached1 on the contrary1 from the particular circumstances which were calculated to weaken their meaning1 and clad in a form more lofty1 more universal1 more abstract1 they receive an unspeakable signification4 ,no hesitation is possible4 ,it is no longer the doctrine of ,m4 ,froschammer1 nor the sacrilegious usurpations of the ,spanish government1 which are rebuked2 it is but the doctrine considered in itself and in its substance4 ,and since the ,roman ,pontiff1 after having isolated it1 fixes on it a mark of reprobation by declaring it erroneous1 he denounces it to all ages and all people as deserving the everlasting censure of the church4 ,it is for this reason1 as far as ourselves1 at least1 are concerned1 we shall never accept without restriction a phrase which we find1 under one form or other1 in all directions1 even from the pen of writers for whom we entertain1 in other respects1 the highest esteem3 8,the ,syllabus has only a relative value1 a value subordinate to that of the pontifical documents of which it is the epitome40 ,no6 ,we are unable to admit an appreciation of it1 in our opinion1 so full of danger4 ,we must not allow ourselves to weaken truth if we would maintain its salutary dominion over souls4 ,they talk of the value of the ,syllabus4 ,what is meant by this8 ,its authority8 ,it derives that most undoubtedly from itself1 and from the sovereign power of him who published it4 ,it is as much an act of that supreme authority as the letters or encyclicals to which it alludes4 ,the meaning of the propositions it contains8 ,doubtless many of these1 if we thus refer to their origin1 will receive from it a certain illustration4 ,others1 and they are not the fewest1 will either lose there their precision1 or will rather shed more light upon it than they receive from it4 ,between the two assertions--,the pontifical letters explain the ,syllabus1 and1 ,the ,syllabus explains the pontifical letters--the second is1 with a few exceptions1 the most rigorously true4 ,a very simple argument demonstrates it4 ,suppose that1 by accident or an unforeseen catastrophe1 one or other of these documents were to perish and not leave any trace of its existence1 which is the one whose preservation we should most have desired1 in order that the mind of ,pius ,,ix4 and the judgment of the church concerning the errors of our age might be transmitted more surely to future generations8 ,most fertile in subtleties is the mind of man when he wishes to escape from a duty that molests him4 ,we must not1 consequently1 be astonished if many opponents of the ,syllabus have lighted on ingenious distinctions which allow of their almost admitting1 in theory1 the doctrines we have just explained1 whilst contriving to elude their practical consequences4 ,for that1 what have they done8 ,they have acknowledged the real authority of this grand act in so far as it is a doctrinal declaration1 or1 if it is preferred1 a manifestation of doctrine2 adding1 nevertheless1 that the ,pope has not imposed it on us in the way of obligation1 but only in the way of guidance4 ,the expression1 only in the way of guidance1 would have been a happy enough invention1 had it been possible1 in matter so important1 and in an act so solemn1 to imagine a guidance truly efficacious--such1 for instance1 as the ,pope could not but wish it to be--which would not be an obligation4 ,but we ourselves must avoid reasoning with too much subtlety1 and content ourselves with opposing a difficulty more specious than solid with a few positive proofs4 ,we interpose1 in the first place1 the very title of the ,syllabus3 8,table1 or abridgment1 of the principal errors of our time1 pointed out in consistorial ,allocutions10 etc4 ,to which we add the titles of various paragraphs3 8,errors in relation to the church02 8,errors in relation to civil society02 8,errors concerning natural and ,christian morals10 etc4 ,for the ,pope1 the guardian and protector of truth1 obliged by the duty of his office to hinder the church from suffering any decline or any alteration1 to denounce to the ,christian world a doctrine by inflicting on it the brand of error1 is evidently to forbid the employment of it1 and to command all the faithful to eschew it4 ,what communion is there between light and darkness1 between life and death8 ,there can be no question about guidance or counsel when the supreme interest is at stake4 ,the duty speaks for itself4 ,it is imposed by the nature of things4 ,when ,pius ,,ix4 placed at the head of his ,syllabus the word 8error10 and intensified it by adding words even more significant1 when he expressed himself thus1 8,principal errors of this our age10 he as good as said1 8,here is death6 ,avoid it40 ,and if1 in order still to escape from the consequences1 a distinction is attempted to be drawn between an obligation created by the force of circumstances and an obligation imposed by the legislator1 we would wish it to be remembered that the same ,pius ,,ix4 uttered1 in reference to the ,syllabus1 the following memorable sentence3 8,when the ,pope speaks in a solemn act1 it is to be taken literally2 what he has said1 he intended to say40 ,for our part1 we would say1 8,what the ,pope has done1 he intended to do40 ,but what need is there of so much discussion8 ,the proof of what we have urged is written in express terms in the letter accompanying the ,syllabus--a letter signed by his eminence ,cardinal ,antonelli1 secretary of state1 and intended to make known to the bishops the will of ,his ,holiness4 ,it is sufficient to quote this decisive document1 which we do in full1 on account of its importance3 8,,most ,,reverend ,,excellency3 8,our ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 profoundly solicitous for the safety of souls and of holy doctrine1 has never ceased1 since the commencement of his pontificate1 to proscribe and to condemn by his encyclicals1 his consistorial ,allocutions1 and other apostolic letters already published1 the most important errors and false doctrines1 above all1 those of our unhappy times4 ,but since it may come to pass that all the political acts reach not every one of the ordinaries1 it has seemed good to the same sovereign ,pontiff that a ,syllabus should be drawn out of these same errors1 to be sent to all the bishops of the ,catholic world1 in order that these same bishops may have before their eyes all the errors and pernicious doctrines which have been reproved and condemned by him4 ,he has therefore commanded me to see that this printed ,syllabus be sent to your most reverend excellency1 on this occasion1 and at this time4 ,when the same sovereign ,pontiff1 in consequence of his great solicitude for the safety and well-being of the ,catholic ,church1 and of the whole flock which has been divinely committed to him by the ,lord1 has thought it expedient to write another encyclical letter to all the ,catholic bishops1 thus executing1 as is my duty1 with all befitting zeal and respect1 the orders of the same ,pontiff1 ,i hasten to send to your excellency this ,syllabus with this letter40 ,this ,syllabus1 placed by the order of the ,holy ,father 8before the eyes of all the bishops10 what else is it1 we ask1 than the text of the law brought under the observation of the judges charged with the duty of causing it to be executed8 ,what is it except a rule to which they owe allegiance1 and from which they must not swerve8 ,they must not lose sight of it4 ,wherefore8 ,because it is their duty to be careful to promulgate its doctrine in their own teaching1 because it is their duty to repress every rash opinion which should dare to raise itself against and contradict it4 ,it is thus that all have understood the commandment given to them4 ,the fidelity and unconquerable courage of their obedience prove it4 ,what has taken place in ,france8 ,in the midst of the universal emotion produced by the appearance of the ,syllabus1 the government1 abusing its power1 had the sad audacity to constitute itself judge of it4 ,through the instrumentality of the keeper of the seals1 minister of justice and of public worship1 it forbade the publication of the pontifical document in any pastoral instruction1 alleging that 8it contained propositions contrary to the principles on which the constitution of the empire rests40 ,what was the unanimous voice of the episcopate8 ,eighty-four letters of bishops are in existence to bear witness to it4 ,all1 united in the same mind1 opposed to the ministerial letter the invincible word of the apostles1 ,non possumus4 ,all declared that they must obey ,god rather then man2 and two amongst them1 ascending courageously their cathedral thrones1 braved the menaces of a susceptible government by reading before the assembled people that which they had been forbidden to print4 ,could they have acted all alike with this power truly episcopal1 if they had not been inspired by the conviction that they were fulfilling a duty1 and putting into practice the adage of the ,christian knights1 8,i do my duty1 happen what may08 ,we will insist no further on this point4 ,we approach1 lastly1 the question which might well supersede all the others4 ,let us enquire whether the ,syllabus is an infallible decision of the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ4 ,it appears to us that1 in reality1 we have already settled this question4 ,can a definition ex cathedra be anything else than an instruction concerning faith and morals addressed to1 and imposed on1 the whole church by her visible head upon earth8 ,how can we recognize it except by this mark1 and is not that the idea given to us of it by the ,council of the ,vatican8 ,read over the words1 so weighty and selected with so much care by the fathers of that august assembly1 and you will find that nothing could express more accurately the exact and precise notion of it4 ,after that1 all doubts ought to disappear4 ,the ,syllabus emanates from him who is the master and sovereign doctor of ,catholic truth4 ,it belongs exclusively to faith and morals by the nature of the subjects of which it treats4 ,it has received from the circumstances which have accompanied its publication the manifest character of an universal law of the church4 ,what is wanting to it to be an irreformable decision1 an act without appeal1 of the infallible authority of ,peter8 ,we know the objection with which we shall be met4 ,peter may speak1 it will be urged1 and not wish to exert the plenitude of his doctrinal power4 ,yes2 but when he restrains thus within voluntary limits the exercise of his authority1 he gives us to understand it clearly4 ,he is careful1 in order not to overtax our weakness1 to apprise us that1 notwithstanding the obligation with which he binds consciences1 it is not in his mind1 as yet1 to deliver a definitive sentence upon the doctrine4 ,frankly1 does the ,syllabus offer to us an indication1 however faint1 of any such reserve8 ,what more definitive than a judgment formulated in these terms3 8,this is error1 that is truth08 ,is any revision possible of such a judgment8 ,is it possible to be revoked or abrogated8 ,does it not settle us necessarily in an absolute conclusion which excludes all possibility of diminution or of change8 ,in a word1 can the assertion be ever permissible--8,error in these days1 truth in others08 ,it may be added that1 by the admission of all1 friends and enemies--an admission confirmed by the declaration of the cardinal secretary of state1 the ,syllabus is an appendix to1 and as it were a continuation of1 the bull ,quanta cura1 to which no one can reasonably refuse the character of a definitive and irreformable decree2 and it will be understood how unreasonable it would be to despise the evidence of facts1 in order to cling to an objection without consistency1 and which falls of itself for want of a solid foundation4 ,for the rest1 the mind of the ,holy ,father is not concealed1 as has been at times suggested1 under impenetrable veils4 ,it appears the moment we look for it2 and we find it1 for example1 in the preparation of the ,syllabus4 ,it should be known that the ,syllabus was not the work of a day4 ,pius ,,ix4 has often asserted this4 ,he had early resolved to strike a signal blow1 and to destroy from top to bottom the monstrous edifice of revolutionary doctrines4 ,to this end1 immediately after the proclamation of the dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception1 he transformed the congregation of cardinals and theologians who had aided him in the accomplishment of that work into a congregation charged with the duty of singling out for the ,apostolic ,see the new errors which1 for a century1 had been ravaging the church of ,god4 ,ten years passed away2 encyclicals were published1 allocutions pronounced2 the theologians multiplied their labors4 ,at length1 on the #hth of ,december1 #ahfd1 the moment of action appearing to have arrived1 ,pius ,,ix4 addressed to the world that utterance whose prolonged echoes we all have heard4 ,the bull ,quanta cura and the ,syllabus were promulgated4 ,it is obvious that an act so long prepared1 and with so much anxiety1 cannot be likened to an ordinary act4 ,the object of the ,pontiff was not simply to check the evil--it was to uproot it4 ,the object of such efforts could not have been to determine nothing4 ,who is there1 then1 who will venture to assert that the whole thought of an entire reign1 and of such a reign as that of ,pius ,,ix41 should miserably collapse in a measure without authority and without effectiveness8 ,to believe it would be an outrage2 to affirm it would be an insult to the wisdom and prudence of the most glorious of pontiffs4 ,but what need is there for searching for proofs8 ,a single reflection banishes every difficulty4 ,we have in the church two means for ascertaining whether a pontifical act is1 or is not1 a sovereign definition1 an infallible decision4 ,we have to enquire of the pontiff who is the author of it1 or the people who subordinate themselves to his teaching4 ,neither one nor the other can deceive us in the answer they give4 ,the divine promise continues equally assured in both3 in the former1 when he teaches2 in the latter1 when they listen and obey4 ,it is what the theologians call active and passive infallibility4 ,admit that ,pius ,,ix4 had left us in ignorance2 that he published the ,syllabus1 but did not tell us what amount of assent he required of us4 ,well1 none of us are in any doubt as to that4 ,how many times has not this people said1 how many times has it not repeated with an enthusiasm inspired by love1 that this ,syllabus1 despised1 insulted by the enemies of the church1 they accept as the rule of their beliefs1 as the very word of ,peter1 as the word of life come down from heaven to save us4 ,is it not thus that have spoken1 one after the other1 bishops1 theologians1 the learned and the ignorant1 the mighty and the humble8 ,who amongst us has not heard this language8 ,a celebrated doctor1 ,tanner1 has said that in order to distinguish amongst the teachings of the church those which belong to its infallible authority1 we must listen to the judgment of wise men1 and above all consult the universal sentiment of ,christians4 ,if we adhere to this decision1 it reveals to us our duties in regard to the sovereign act by which ,pius ,,ix4 has withdrawn the world from the shadow in which it was losing its way1 and has prepared for it a future of better destinies4 ,we have the more reason for acting thus as hell1 by its furious hatred1 gives us1 for its part1 a similar warning1 and proclaims1 after its fashion1 the imperishable grandeur of the ,syllabus4 ,neither has it1 nor have those who serve it1 ever been under any illusion in this respect4 ,they have often revealed their mind both by act and word4 ,what implacable indignation6 what torrents of insults6 what clamor without truce or mercy6 ,and when importunate conciliators interfered to tell them they were mistaken1 that the ,syllabus was nothing or next to nothing1 and need not provoke so much anger1 how well they knew how to reply to them and to bury them under the weight of their contempt6 ,at the end of #ahfd1 at the moment when the struggle occasioned by the promulgation of the ,encyclical and ,syllabus was the most furious1 an agency of ,parisian publicity1 the agency ,bullier1 could insert the following notice3 8,the ,encyclical is not a dogmatic bull1 but only a doctrinal letter4 ,it is observable that the ,syllabus does not bear the signature of the ,pope4 ,this ,syllabus has besides been published in a manner to allow us to believe that the ,holy ,father did not intend to assign to it a great importance4 ,one may conclude1 therefore1 that the propositions which do not attack either the dogma or morals of ,catholics1 and do not at all impeach faith1 are not condemned1 but merely blamed40 ,to these words1 poor in sense1 but crafty and treacherous in expression1 the journal ,le ,sicle replied as follows3 8,there are now people who tell us that the ,encyclical is not a dogmatic bull1 but a doctrinal letter2 that the eighty propositions are not condemned1 because they do not figure in the ,encyclical1 but only in the ,syllabus2 that this ,syllabus does not bear the signature of the ,pope2 that it has been composed only by a commission of theologians1 etc4 ,these people would do better to be silent4 ,encyclical or ,syllabus1 the fact is that the theocracy has just hurled as haughty a defiance against modern ideas as it was possible for it to do4 ,we shall soon see what will be the result40 ,we will leave them to settle their quarrels between themselves4 ,for ourselves1 listening to these voices of heaven and of hell1 of the church and of the world1 which coincide in exalting the work eternally blessed by ,pius ,,ix41 we repeat with profounder conviction than ever3 8,yes1 the ,syllabus is the infallible word of ,peter2 and if our modern society is within the reach of cure1 it is by the ,syllabus that it is to be saved60 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,i4 ,in a sumptuous apartment1 whose magnificent furniture and costly adornings announced it as the abode of kings1 in a large ,gothic arm-chair--whose massive sides were decorated with carvings in ebony and ivory of exquisite delicacy1 and which was in itself1 altogether1 a model of the most skilful workmanship--there reclined the form of a stately and elegant woman4 ,her small feet1 but half-concealed beneath the heavy folds of a rich blue velvet robe1 rested on a footstool covered with crimson brocade1 embroidered with golden stars4 ,bands of pearls adorned her beautiful neck1 contrasted with its dazzling whiteness1 and were profusely twined amid the raven tresses of her luxuriant hair4 ,an expression of profound melancholy was imprinted upon her noble features2 her eyes were cast down1 and the long1 drooping lashes were heavy with tears which she seemed vainly endeavoring to repress1 as she sat absorbed in thought1 and nervously entwining her snowy fingers with the silk and jewelled cord which1 according to the fashion of that day1 she wore fastened at her girdle and hanging to her feet4 ,this royal personage was ,catherine of ,aragon1 daughter of ,ferdinand and ,isabella of ,spain1 wife of ,henry ,,viii41 and queen of ,england4 ,the king himself was hurriedly pacing to and fro in the apartment1 with contracted brow1 a deeply troubled expression gleaming from his dark eyes and obscuring1 with a shade of gloomy fierceness1 the naturally fine features of his face4 ,the ordinary grace of his carriage had disappeared2 his step was hurried and irregular2 and every movement denoted a man laboring under some violent excitement4 ,from time to time he approached the window1 and gazed abstractedly into the distance2 then1 returning to ,catherine1 he would address her abruptly1 with a sharp expression or hurried interrogation1 neither waiting for nor seeming to desire a reply4 ,while this strange scene was being enacted within the palace at ,greenwich1 one of an entirely different nature was occurring in the courtyard4 ,from the road leading from ,greenwich a cavalcade approached1 headed by a personage invested with the ,roman purple1 and apparently entitled to and surrounded by all the 8pomp and circumstance0 of royalty4 ,he was mounted on a richly caparisoned mule with silver-plated harness1 adorned with silver bells and tufted with knots of crimson silk4 ,this distinguished personage was no other than the ,archbishop of ,york1 the potent minister1 who united in his person all the dignities both of church and state--the ,cardinal ,legate1 the king's acknowledged favorite1 ,wolsey4 ,to increase his already princely possessions1 to extend his influence and authority1 had been this man's constant endeavor1 and the sole aim of his life4 ,and so complete had been his success that he was now regarded by all as an object of admiration and envy4 ,but how greatly mistaken was the world in its opinion6 ,in his heart1 ,wolsey suffered the constant agony of a profound humiliation4 ,compelled to yield in all things1 and bow with servile submission to the haughty will of his exacting and imperious master--who by a word1 and in a moment1 could deprive him of his dignities and temporalities--he lived in a state of constant dread1 fearing to lose the patronage and favor to secure which he had sacrificed both his honor and his conscience4 ,he was accompanied on this journey by a numerous retinue1 composed of gentlemen attached to his household and young pages carrying his standard1 all of whom were eagerly pressing upon him the most obsequious attentions4 ,they assisted him to dismount1 and as he approached the palace the guards saluted and received him with the utmost military deference and respect2 and with an air of grave dignity ,wolsey passed on1 and disappeared beneath the arch of the grand stairway4 ,let us again return to the royal apartments4 ,the king1 seeing ,wolsey arrive1 immediately turned from the window and1 confronting ,catherine1 abruptly exclaimed3 8,come1 madam1 ,i wish you to retire2 the affairs of my kingdom demand instantly all my time and attention40 ,and hastily turning to the window1 he looked eagerly into the courtyard4 ,catherine arose without uttering a word1 and approaching the centre of the apartment she took from the table a small silver bell1 and rang it twice4 ,on this table was a magnificent cloth cover that she had embroidered with her own hands4 ,the design represented a tournament1 in which ,henry1 who was devoted to chivalrous amusements1 had borne off the prize over all his competitors4 ,in those days her husband received such presents with grateful affection and sincere appreciation1 and1 as the souvenir recalled to her mind the joy and happiness of the past1 tears of bitterness flowed afresh from the eyes of the unhappy princess4 ,in answer to her signal1 the door soon opened1 the queen's ladies in waiting appeared1 and1 arranging themselves on either side1 stood in readiness to follow their royal mistress4 ,she passed out1 and was slowly walking in silence through the vast gallery leading to the king's apartments1 when ,wolsey appeared1 advancing from the opposite end of the gallery1 followed by his brilliant retinue4 ,catherine1 then1 instantly understood why the king had so abruptly commanded her to retire4 ,suddenly pausing1 she stood transfixed and immovable1 her soul overwhelmed with anguish2 but1 with a countenance calm and impassible1 she awaited the approach of the cardinal1 who advanced to salute her4 ,in spite of all her efforts1 however1 she could no longer control her feelings4 8,my lord cardinal10 she exclaimed in a low voice1 trembling with emotion1 8go1 the king waits for you60 ,and as she uttered these words1 the unhappy woman fell senseless to the floor4 ,the hardened soul of the ambitious ,wolsey was moved to its very depths with compassion as he silently gazed on the noble woman before him1 who possessed the unbounded love and grateful esteem of all her household1 not only as their sovereign1 but also as their beneficent mother4 ,the cloud of ambition that forever surrounded him1 darkening his soul and obscuring his perceptions1 was for the moment illuminated1 and for the first time he realized the enormity of ,henry's proceedings against the queen4 ,as this sudden light flashed on him1 he felt remorse for having encouraged the divorce1 and resolved that henceforward all his influence should be used to dissuade his sovereign from it4 ,at the approach of the royal favorite the ushers hastily made their salutations 7although the queen had been permitted to pass them with scarcely the slightest mark of respect71 and seemed to consider the most humble and servile attitude they could assume before him as only sufficiently respectful4 ,they hastened to throw open the doors before him as he advanced1 and ,wolsey soon found himself in the presence of the king1 who awaited his arrival in a state of almost angry impatience4 8,well6 what do you come to tell me80 he cried4 8,do you bring me good news80 ,wolsey1 whose opinions had so recently undergone a very great change1 for a moment hesitated4 8,sire10 he at length replied1 8,campeggio1 the cardinal legate1 has arrived40 8,has he indeed80 said ,henry1 with an ironical smile4 8,after so many unsuccessful applications1 we have then1 at last1 obtained this favor4 ,well1 ,i hope now this affair will proceed more rapidly2 and1 ,wolsey1 remember that it is your business so entirely to compromise and surround this man1 that he shall not be able even to think without my consent and sanction4 ,and1 above all1 beware of the intrigues of the queen4 ,catherine is a ,spaniard1 with an artful1 unyielding nature and fierce1 indomitable will4 ,she will1 without doubt1 make the most determined and desperate effort to enlist the legate in favor of her cause40 8,is the decision of your majesty irrevocable on the subject of this divorce80 replied ,wolsey1 in a hesitating and embarrassed manner4 8,the farther we advance1 the more formidable the accumulating difficulties become4 ,i must acknowledge1 sire1 ,i begin myself to doubt of success4 ,campeggio has already declared that1 if the queen appeals to ,rome1 he will not refuse to present her petition1 and defend her cause2 that he himself will decide nothing1 and will yield to nothing he cannot conscientiously approve40 ,on hearing ,wolsey express these sentiments1 ,henry's face flushed with rage1 and a menacing scowl contracted his brow4 8,can it be possible10 he cried1 8that you dare address me in this manner8 ,i will castigate the ,pope himself if he refuses his sanction4 ,he shall measure his power with mine6 ,he trembles because ,charles ,v4 is already on his frontier4 ,i will make him tremble now1 in my turn6 ,i will marry ,anne ,boleyn--yes1 ,i will marry her before the eyes of the whole world60 8,what do you say1 sire8 ,anne ,boleyn60 cried ,wolsey4 8,yes1 ,anne ,boleyn60 replied the king1 regarding ,wolsey with his usual haughty and contemptuous expression4 8,you know her well4 ,she is attached to the service of ,catherine40 8,lady ,anne ,boleyn60 again cried ,wolsey after a moment's silence1 for astonishment had almost for the time rendered him speechless and breathless4 8,lady ,anne ,boleyn6 ,the ,king of ,england1 the great ,henry1 wishes1 then1 to marry ,anne ,boleyn6 ,why1 if contemplating such a marriage as that1 did you send me to seek the alliance of ,france1 and to offer the hand of your daughter in marriage to the ,duke of ,orleans8 ,and why did you instruct me to declare to ,francis ,i4 that your desire was to place on the throne of ,england a princess of his blood8 ,it was only by these representations and promises that ,i succeeded in inducing him to sign the treaty which deprived ,catherine of all assistance4 ,you have assured me of your entire approval of these negotiations4 ,this alliance with ,france was the only means by which to secure for yourself any real defence against the ,pope and the ,emperor4 ,do you suppose that ,charles ,v4 will quietly permit you to deprive his aunt of her position and title as queen of ,england80 ,here ,wolsey paused1 wholly transported with indignation4 8,charles60 replied the king1 8,charles8 ,i can easily manage and pacify him by fine promises and long negotiations4 ,as to our ,holy ,father1 ,i will stir up strife enough to fill his hands so full that he will not be able to attend to anything else4 ,the quarrels of ,austria and ,france always end by recoiling on his head1 and ,i imagine he will not soon forget the sacking ,rome and his former imprisonment40 8,yes1 but you forget10 said ,wolsey1 8that the ,king of ,france will accuse you of flagrant bad faith3 and will you bring on yourself their abhorrence in order to espouse ,anne ,boleyn80 ,the minister pronounced these last words with an expression and in a tone of such contemptuous scorn as to arouse in a fearful degree the indignation of the king1 accustomed only to the flattery and servile adulation of his courtiers4 ,at the same time1 he was compelled to feel the force of the cardinal's reasoning1 although the truth only served still more to irritate and enrage him4 8,cease1 ,wolsey60 cried ,henry1 fixing his flashing eyes fiercely upon him2 8,i am not here to listen to your complaints4 ,i shall marry whom ,i please2 and your head shall answer for the fidelity with which you assist me in executing my will40 8,my head1 sire10 replied ,wolsey courageously1 8has long belonged to you2 my entire life has been devoted to your service2 and yet ,i shall most probably1 in the end1 have bitter cause to repent having always made myself subservient to your wishes4 ,but your majesty will surely reflect more seriously on the dishonor you will necessarily incur by such a choice as this4 ,the queen's party will grow stronger and stronger1 and ,i tell you frankly1 ,i fear lest the legate be inflexible40 8,wolsey10 cried ,henry1 elevating his voice in a threatening manner1 8,i have already declared my intentions--is that not sufficient8 ,as to the legate1 ,i repeat1 he must be gained over to my cause4 ,gold and flattery will soon secure to us that tender conscience whose scruples you now so sorely apprehend4 ,bring him to me to-morrow40 8,he is suffering too much1 sire4 ,the cardinal is aged and very infirm2 ,i have no idea he will be in a condition to see your majesty for several days yet40 8,too long1 entirely too long to wait60 replied the king4 8,i must see him this very day2 he shall be compelled to make his appearance4 ,i wish you to be present also1 as we shall discuss affairs of importance1 and then ,i shall depart40 ,with these words ,henry withdrew and went to look for a casket1 of which he alone carried the key1 and in which he usually kept his most valuable and important papers4 ,during his absence1 ,wolsey remained leaning on the table1 before which he was seated1 absorbed in deep and painful reflections4 ,he feared ,henry too much to oppose him long in any of his designs2 besides1 he saw no possible means to induce him to change his resolution4 ,he had felt1 as we have seen1 a momentary compassion for the misfortunes of the queen1 but that impression had been speedily effaced by considerations of far greater moment to himself4 ,as a shrewd diplomatist1 he regretted the alliance with ,france2 besides1 he was really too much interested in the welfare of the king not to deplore his determination to contract such a marriage4 ,but the cause of his deepest anxiety was the knowledge he possessed of ,anne's great dislike for him1 and the consciousness that her family and counsellors were his rivals and enemies2 in consequence of which he clearly foresaw they would induce her to use all the influence she possessed with the king in order to deprive him of ,henry's favor and patronage4 ,he was suffering this mental conflict when the king reappeared1 bearing a bronze casket carved with rare perfection4 ,placing it on the table1 he unlocked it4 ,among a great many papers which it contained was a very handsome book1 the printing beautifully executed1 and every page ornamented with arabesques exquisitely tinted and shaded4 ,the cover1 formed of two metal plates1 represented in bass-relief the figures of ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity as young virgins1 bearing in their hands and on their foreheads the allegorical emblems of those sublime ,christian virtues4 ,emeralds of immense value1 surrounded by heavy gold settings1 adorned the massive gold clasps1 and also served to hold them firmly in their places4 ,on the back of this book1 deeply engraven in the metal1 were the following words3 ,the ,seven ,sacraments4 ,henry had written this work in defence of the ancient dogmas of the ,catholic ,church1 when first attacked by the violent doctrines of a monk named ,luther4 ,whether the king had really composed it himself1 or whether he had caused it to be secretly done by another1 and wished to enjoy the reputation of being the author1 he certainly attached great importance to the work4 ,not only had he distributed it throughout his own kingdom1 but had sent it to the ,pope and to all the ,german princes1 through the ,dean of ,windsor1 whom he instructed to say that he was ready to defend the faith1 not only with his pen but1 if need be1 with his sword also4 ,it was at that time that he asked and obtained from the court of ,rome the title of 8,defender of the ,faith40 ,now he was constantly busy with a manuscript1 which he took from the mysterious casket1 containing a ,treatise on ,divorce1 and to which he every day devoted several hours4 ,greatly pleased with a number of arguments he had just found1 he came to communicate them to ,wolsey4 ,the latter1 after urging several objections1 at length reminded him of the fraudulent and persistent means that had been employed to extract from the ,university of ,oxford an opinion favorable to divorce4 8,and yet10 added the cardinal1 8it has been found impossible to prevent them from increasing the number of most important restrictions1 and thus rendering your case exceedingly difficult1 if not entirely hopeless40 8,what60 said the king1 8after the good example of the ,university of ,cambridge1 are we still to encounter scruples8 ,consider it well1 cardinal1 in order not to forget the recompense1 and1 above all1 the punishment1 for that is the true secret of success6 ,you will also take care to write to the ,elector ,frederick1 and say that ,i wait to receive the humble apologies of that man ,luther1 whom he has taken so entirely under his protection40 8,sire10 replied the cardinal1 8,i have received frequent intelligence with regard to that matter which ,i have scarcely dared communicate to you40 8,and why not80 demanded the king4 8,do you presume1 my lord cardinal1 that the abuse of an obscure and turbulent monk can affect me8 ,and besides1 to tell you the truth1 ,i do not know but this man may1 after all1 be useful to me4 ,he has attracted the attention of the court of ,rome1 and may yet have to crave my protection40 8,well1 sire1 since you compel me to speak1 ,i will tell you that1 far from making humble apologies1 his violence against you has redoubled4 ,i have just received a tract he has recently published4 ,in it ,i find many passages where1 in speaking of you1 he employs the most abusive epithets and expressions4 ,for instance1 he repeatedly declares that your majesty #8is a fool1 an ass1 and a madman1' that you are #8coarser than a hog1 and more stupid than a jackass4' ,he speaks with equal scurrility of our ,holy ,father the ,pope1 addressing him1 in terms of the most unparalleled effrontery1 this pretended warning1 which is of course intended simply as an insult3 #8,my petit ,paul1 my petit ,pope1 my young ass1 walk carefully--it is very slippery--you may fall and break your legs4 ,you will surely hurt yourself1 and then people will say1 8,what the devil does this mean8 ,the petit ,pope has hurt himself40' ,further on1 ,i find this ridiculous comparison1 which could only emanate from a vile and shameless pen3 #8,the ass knows that he is an ass1 the stone knows that it is a stone1 but these asses of popes are unable to recognize themselves as asses4' ,he concludes at length with these words1 which fill the measure of his impiety and degradation3 #8,if ,i were ruler of an empire1 ,i would make a bundle of the ,pope and his cardinals1 and throw them altogether into that little pond1 the ,tuscan ,sea4 ,i pledge my word that such a bath would restore their health1 and ,i pledge ,jesus ,christ as my security6'0 8,what fearful blasphemy60 cried ,henry4 8,could a ,christian possibly be supposed to utter such absurd1 blasphemous vulgarities8 ,i trow not6 ,this pretended #8reformer' of the #8discipline and abuses of the church' seems to possess any other than an evangelical character4 ,no one can doubt his divine mission and his ,christian charity6 ,a man who employs arguments like these is too vile and too contemptible to be again mentioned in my presence4 ,let me hear no more of this intolerable apostate6 ,proceed now with business40 8,sire10 then continued the cardinal1 presenting a list to the king1 8here are the names of several candidates ,i wish you to consider for the purpose of appointing a treasurer of the exchequer4 ,thomas ,more has already filled1 most honorably1 a number of offices of public trust1 and is also a man of equal ability and integrity4 ,i recommend him to your majesty for this office40 8,i approve your selection most unhesitatingly10 replied the king4 8,i am extremely fond of ,more1 and perfectly satisfied with the manner in which he has performed his official duties heretofore4 ,you will so inform him from me4 ,what next80 8,i would also petition your majesty that ,cromwell be confirmed as intendant-general of the monasteries latterly transformed into colleges40 8,who is this ,cromwell80 inquired ,henry4 8,i have no recollection of him40 8,sire10 replied ,wolsey1 8he is of obscure birth1 the son of a fuller of this city4 ,he served in the ,italian wars in his youth2 afterwards he applied himself to the study of law4 ,his energies and abilities are such as to entitle him to the favorable consideration of your majesty40 8,let him be confirmed as you desire10 replied the king very graciously1 as he proceeded to sign the different commissions intended for the newly appointed officials4 8,i wish10 he added1 regarding ,wolsey with a keen1 searching glance1 8that you would find some position for a young ecclesiastic called ,cranmer1 who has been strongly recommended to me for office40 ,the brow of the cardinal contracted into a heavy frown as he heard the name of a man but too well known to him4 ,he immediately divined that it was from ,anne ,boleyn alone the king had received this recommendation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the meantime1 the queen had been carried to her apartments4 ,the devoted efforts of the ladies of her household1 who surrounded her with the tenderest ministrations1 soon recalled her to the consciousness and full realization of her misery4 ,now the night has come1 and found ,catherine still seated before the grate1 absorbed in deep thought4 ,born under the soft skies of ,spain1 she had never become acclimated1 nor accustomed to the humid1 foggy atmosphere of ,england4 ,like a delicate plant torn from its native soil1 she sighed unceasingly for the balmy air and the golden sunlight of her own genial southern clime4 ,such regrets1 added to the sorrows she had experienced1 had thrown her into a state of habitual melancholy1 from which nothing could arouse her1 and which the slightest occurrence sufficed to augment4 ,for a long time her firmness of character had sustained her2 but her health beginning to fail1 and no longer able to arouse the energy and courage which had before raised her above misfortune1 she sank beneath the burden and abandoned herself to hopeless sorrow4 ,as she sat all alone in her chamber1 she held in her hand a letter but recently received from her native country4 ,reading it slowly1 she mused1 dreaming of the days of her happy childhood1 when suddenly the door was opened1 and a young girl1 apparently ten or twelve years of age1 ran in and threw her arms around the neck of the queen4 ,the figure of the child was slight and graceful2 around her waist was tied a broad sash of rose-colored ribbon1 with long ends floating over her white muslin dress2 her beautiful blonde hair was drawn back from her forehead and fastened with bows of ribbon1 leaving exposed a lovely little face glowing with animation and spirit1 and a frank1 ingenuous expression1 at once prepossessing and charming4 ,this was the ,princess ,mary1 the daughter of ,henry1 the future consort of a ,spanish prince1 to whom the shrewd diplomatist ,wolsey had promised her hand1 in order to deprive the unfortunate mother of this her only remaining consolation4 8,why is it1 my dearest mamma10 she exclaimed1 8that you are again in tears80 ,and1 laughingly1 she took the handkerchief from the queen and put it to her own eyes1 pretending to weep4 8,see now1 this is the way ,i shall do when ,i am grown up1 for it seems to me grown-up people are always weeping4 ,oh6 ,i wish ,i could always remain a child1 and then ,i should never be miserable6 ,listen1 my dear mamma10 she continued1 again twining her arms around her mother's neck1 8why is it that you are always weeping and so sad8 ,it must surely do you harm4 ,everybody is not like you1 constantly sighing and in tears1 ,i do assure you4 ,only this morning1 ,i was at ,st4 ,james' ,park with ,alice1 and there ,i met ,lady ,anne ,boleyn2 she was laughing gaily as she promenaded with a number of her friends4 ,i ran immediately to her to say good morning1 for ,i was really very glad to see her4 ,how is it1 mamma--,i thought you told me she had gone to ,kent to visit her father80 8,my child10 replied the queen1 her tears flowing afresh1 8what ,i told you was true2 but she has since returned without my being informed40 8,but1 mamma1 since this is your own house1 why has she not yet presented herself8 ,i am very sorry she has acted so1 for ,i love her better than any of the other ladies4 ,she told me all she saw in ,france when she travelled with my aunt1 the ,duchess of ,suffolk4 ,oh6 how ,i would love to see ,france4 ,lady ,anne says it is a most beautiful country4 ,she has described to me all the magnificent entertainments that ,king ,louis ,,xii4 gave in honor of my aunt4 ,mamma1 when ,i marry1 ,i want the ,king of ,france to be my husband40 8,and you--you also love ,anne ,boleyn80 replied the queen4 8,oh6 yes1 mamma1 very much1 very much indeed60 innocently answered the child4 8,i am very sorry she is no longer to be here1 she is so amiable1 and when she plays with me she always amuses me so much60 8,well1 my dear child10 replied the queen1 8,i will tell you now why people weep when they are grown up1 as you say3 it is because they very often love persons who no longer return their affection40 8,and do you believe she no longer loves me80 replied the impulsive little ,mary with a thoughtful expression4 8,and yet1 mamma1 ,i kissed her this morning and embraced her with all my heart4 ,however1 ,i now remember that she scarcely spoke a word to me2 but ,i had not thought of it before4 ,she seemed to be very much embarrassed4 ,but why should she no longer love me when ,i still love her so dearly80 ,as ,mary uttered these words1 a woman entered the room and1 whispering a moment in the ear of the queen1 placed a note in her hand4 ,catherine arose and approached the light2 after reading the note1 she called the young princess and requested her to retire to her chamber1 as she had something to write immediately that was very important4 ,mary ran gaily to her mother1 and1 after kissing and embracing her fondly and tenderly again and again1 she at last bade her good-night1 and with a smiling face bounded from the room in the same light and buoyant manner that she had entered it4 8,leonora10 said the queen1 8my dear child1 you have left for my sake our beautiful ,spain1 and have ever served me with faithful devotion4 ,listen1 now1 to the request ,i shall make--go bring me immediately the dress and outer apparel belonging to one of the servant women40 8,why so1 my lady80 8,ask no questions--,i have use for them2 you will accompany me2 ,i must go to ,london this night40 8,good heaven6 my dear mistress1 what are you saying80 cried ,leonora in great alarm4 8,go to ,london to-night8 ,it is five miles2 you will never be able to walk it1 and you well know it would be impossible to attempt the journey in any other way--they would detect us40 8,leonora10 answered the queen1 8,i am resolved to go4 ,faithful friends inform me that the legate has arrived4 ,henry will now redouble his vigilance4 ,i have but one day--if ,i lose this opportunity1 ,i shall never succeed4 ,my last remaining hope rests upon this4 ,if you refuse to accompany me1 ,i shall go alone40 8,alone6--oh6 my beloved mistress10 cried ,leonora1 her hands clasped and her eyes streaming tears1 8you can never do this6 ,think of what you are going to undertake6 ,if you were recognized1 the king would be at once informed1 and we would both be lost40 8,even so1 ,leonora2 but what have ,i to lose8 ,is it possible for me to be made more wretched8 ,shall ,i abandon this1 my last hope8 ,no1 no1 ,leonora2 ,i am accountable to my children for the honor of their birth4 ,go now1 my good girl6 fly--there is not a moment to lose4 ,fear nothing2 ,god will protect us60 ,leonora1 shrewd and adroit like the women of her country1 was very soon in possession of the desired habiliments4 ,her actions might have excited suspicion1 perhaps2 but entirely devoted to the queen as she was she felt no fear1 and would1 without hesitation1 have exposed herself to even greater danger1 had it been necessary1 in the execution of her mistress' wishes4 ,catherine feigned to retire2 and1 after her attendants had been dismissed1 she left the palace1 closely enveloped in a long brown cloak1 such as was habitually worn by the working-women of that period4 ,the faithful ,leonora tremblingly followed the footsteps of her mistress4 ,they breathed more freely when they found themselves at last beyond the limits of the castle4 ,leonora1 however1 when they entered the road leading to ,london1 anxiously reflected on the danger of meeting some one who would probably recognize them4 ,her excited imagination even began to conjure up vague apprehensions of the dead1 to blend with her fears of the living4 ,she also dreaded lest the strength of the queen should prove unequal to the journey--in fine1 she feared everything4 ,the sighing winds1 the rustling leaves1 the sound of her own footsteps as she walked over the stones1 startled and filled her with apprehension4 ,very soon there was another cause for alarm4 ,the wind suddenly arose with violence2 dark clouds overspread the heavens2 the moon disappeared2 large drops of rain began to fall1 and soon poured in torrents1 deluging the earth and drenching their garments4 ,in vain they increased their speed2 the storm raged with such fury they were compelled to take refuge under a tree by the roadside4 8,my poor ,leonora10 said the queen1 supporting herself against the trunk of the tree1 whose wide-spread branches were being lashed and bent by the fury of the storm1 8,i regret now having brought you with me4 ,i am already sufficiently miserable without the additional pain of seeing my burdens laid upon others40 8,my beloved lady and mistress10 cried ,leonora1 8,i am not half so unhappy at this moment as ,i was when ,i feared my brothers would prevent me from following you to ,england4 ,it seems to me ,i can see the vessel now1 with its white sails unfurled1 bearing you away1 whilst ,i1 standing on the shore1 with frantic cries1 entreated them to let me rejoin you4 ,that night1 ,i remember1 being unable to sleep1 ,i went down into the orange-grove1 the perfume of whose fruits and flowers embalmed the air of the palace gardens4 ,wiping away the sad tears1 ,i fixed my eyes upon your windows1 which the light of our beautiful skies rendered distinctly visible even at night4 ,in ,spain1 at that hour1 we can walk by the light of the stars2 but in this land of mud and water1 this horrid ,england1 one has to be wrapped to the ears in furs all the year round1 or shiver with cold from morning till night4 ,this is doubtless the reason why the ,english are so dull and so tiresome to others4 ,in what a condition is this light mantle that covers our heads60 said ,leonora1 shaking the coarse woollen cloak dripping with water1 that enveloped ,catherine4 8,these ,englishwomen10 she resumed1 8know no more about the sound of a guitar than they do about the rays of the sun2 they are all just as melancholy as moles4 ,there is not one of them1 except the ,princess ,mary1 who seems to have the slightest idea of our beautiful ,spain40 8,ah60 sighed the queen1 8she is just as ,i was at her age4 ,god forbid that her future should resemble that of her mother60 ,in the meantime the storm had gradually abated2 time pressed1 and ,catherine again resumed her journey with renewed courage and accelerated speed4 ,in spite of the mud1 in which she sank at every step1 she redoubled her efforts4 ,for what cannot the strong human will accomplish1 when opposed to feeble1 physical strength alone1 or even when the obstacles interposed proceed from the elements themselves8 ,she at length arrived at the gate of the palace of ,lambeth1 situated on the banks of the ,thames1 where the cardinal ,campeggio1 according to the intelligence conveyed to her1 would hold his court4 ,the courtyards1 the doors1 the ante-chambers1 were thronged with servants and attendants1 eager and active in the performance of their duties1 for ,henry had ordered that the cardinal should be entertained in a style of princely munificence1 and entirely free from personal expense4 ,all these valets1 being strangers to their new masters1 and unaccustomed to their new employments1 permitted the queen to pass without question or detention1 not1 however1 without a stare of stupid curiosity at her muddy boots and draggled garments4 ,catherine1 being perfectly familiar with the interior of the palace1 had no difficulty in finding the legate's cabinet4 ,the venerable prelate was slightly lame1 and in a feeble and precarious state of health4 ,she found him seated before the fire in a large velvet arm-chair1 engaged in reading his ,breviary4 ,his face was pale and emaciated2 a few thin locks of snow-white hair hung about his temples4 ,hearing the door open1 he rested the book on his knee1 casting upon the queen1 as she entered1 a keen1 penetrating glance4 ,without hesitation1 ,catherine advanced towards him4 8,my lord cardinal10 she exclaimed1 removing the hood from her face1 8you see before you the queen of ,england1 the legitimate spouse of ,henry ,,viii40 ,hearing these words1 ,campeggio was unable to suppress an exclamation of surprise4 ,he arose at once to his feet1 and1 perceiving the extraordinary costume in which ,catherine was arrayed1 he cast upon her a look of incredulous astonishment4 ,he was about to speak when she1 with great vehemence1 interrupted him4 8,yes10 she cried1 raising her hands towards heaven1 8,i call upon ,god to witness the truth of what ,i say--,i am ,queen ,catherine6 ,you are astonished to see me here at this hour1 and in this disguise4 ,know1 then1 that ,i am a prisoner in my own palace2 my cruel husband would have prevented me from coming to you4 ,they tell me you are sent to sit in judgment on my case4 ,surely1 then1 you should be made acquainted with my bitter woes and grievances4 ,lend not your aid to the cause of injustice and wrong1 but be the strength of the weak1 the defence of the innocent4 ,a stranger in this country1 ,i have no friends2 fear of the king drives them all from me4 ,i cannot doubt it--no1 you will not refuse to hear my appeal4 ,you will defend the cause of an injured mother and her helpless children4 ,what6 would you be willing to condemn me without first hearing my cause--,i1 the daughter of kings8 ,have ,i been induced to marry ,henry of ,lancaster to enjoy the honors of royalty1 when all such honors belong to me by my birthright8 ,catherine of ,aragon has never been unfaithful to her husband2 but to-day1 misled by a criminal passion1 he wishes to place upon the throne of ,england a shameless woman1 to deny his own blood1 and brand his own children with the stigma of illegitimacy6 ,yes1 ,i solemnly declare to you that nothing can shake my resolution or divert me from my purpose6 ,strong in my innocence and in the justice of my cause1 ,i will appeal to the whole world--aye1 even to ,god himself60 ,the cardinal stood motionless1 regarding ,catherine with reverence1 as an expression of haughty indignation lighted up her noble features4 ,he was struck with admiration at her courage and filled with compassion for her woes4 8,no1 madam10 he replied1 8,i am not to be your judge4 ,i know that it is but too true that you are surrounded by enemies4 ,but let me assure you that in me1 at least1 you will not find another4 ,i shall esteem myself most happy if1 by my counsel or influence1 ,i may be of service to your cause1 and it is from the depths of my heart that ,i beg you to rely upon this assurance40 ,catherine would have thanked him1 but a noise was that moment heard of the ushers throwing the doors violently open and announcing1 in a loud voice1 8,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,wolsey60 8,merciful heaven60 cried ,catherine1 8must this odious man pursue me for ever80 ,she hurriedly lowered her veil1 and took her place at the left of the door1 and the moment he entered passed out behind him4 ,wolsey glanced at her sharply1 the appearance of a woman arousing instantly a suspicion in his mind1 but1 being compelled to respond with politeness to the legate's salutations1 he had no time to scrutinize1 and ,catherine escaped without being recognized4 ,wolsey was passionately fond of pomp and pageant4 ,the principal positions in his house were filled by barons and chevaliers4 ,among these attendants were numbered the sons of some of the most distinguished families1 who1 under his protection and by the aid of his all-powerful patronage and influence1 aspired to civil or military preferment4 ,on this occasion1 he considered it necessary to make an unusual display of luxurious magnificence4 ,it was with great difficulty and trepidation that the queen threaded her way through the crowd of prelates1 noblemen1 and young gentlemen who awaited in the ante-chambers the honor of being presented by the king's favorite to the cardinal-legate4 ,the courtyard was filled with their brilliant equipages1 conspicuous among which were observed a great number of mules1 richly caparisoned1 and carrying on their backs immense chests1 covered with crimson cloth1 trimmed with fringe and embroidered with gold4 ,a crowd of idle valets were engaged in conversation at the foot of the stairs4 ,the queen1 in passing them1 attracted their attention1 exciting their ridicule and coarse gibes1 and she heard them also indulge in the most insolent conjectures regarding her4 8,who is that woman80 said one4 8,see how dirty she is40 8,she looks like a beggar1 indeed10 cried another1 addressing himself to one of the new-comers engaged to attend the legate4 8,your master receives strange visitors2 we1 on the contrary1 have nothing to do with people like that1 except quickly to show them the door40 8,ha6 ha6 you will have your hands full10 exclaimed the most insolent of the crowd1 8if your master gives audience to such rabble as that40 ,emboldened by these remarks1 one of the porters approached the queen1 and1 rudely pushing her1 exclaimed with an oath3 8,well1 beldame1 what brought you here8 ,take yourself off quickly4 ,my lord is rich1 but his crowns were not made for such as you40 ,these words excited the loudest applause from the whole crowd1 who clapped their hands and cheered vociferously4 ,catherine trembled with mortification4 8,it is thus10 she mentally exclaimed1 8that the poor are received in the palaces of the rich4 ,and ,i myself have probably more than once1 without knowing it1 permitted them to sigh in vain at the gates of my own palace--mothers weeping for their children1 or men1 old and helpless1 making a last appeal for assistance40 ,the queen1 entirely absorbed in these reflections1 together with the impression made upon her by the appearance of the venerable legate1 the sudden apparition of ,wolsey1 the snares that had been laid for her1 and the temptations with which they had surrounded her1 mechanically followed ,leonora1 to whom the fear that her mistress might be pursued and arrested seemed to have given wings4 8,leonora10 at length cried the queen1 8,i feel that ,i can go no farther4 ,stop1 and let us rest for a moment2 you walk too quickly40 ,exhausted with fatigue1 she seated herself on a rock by the roadside4 ,she had scarcely rested a moment when a magnificent carriage passed4 ,the silken curtains were drawn back1 and the flaming torches1 carried by couriers1 who surrounded the carriage1 completely illuminated the interior4 ,seated in this princely equipage was a young girl1 brilliant in her youthful beauty and the splendor of her elegant dress and jewelled adornings4 ,at a glance1 ,catherine recognized ,anne ,boleyn1 who was returning from a grand entertainment given her by the ,lord ,mayor of ,london4 ,she passed like the light2 the carriage rapidly whirling through the mud and water1 that flew from the wheels and covered anew the already soiled garments of the hapless queen4 ,catherine1 completely overcome by painful emotions1 felt as though she were dying4 8,leonora1 listen60 she said in a faint voice1 scarcely audible--8,leonora1 come near me--give me your hand2 ,i feel that ,i am dying6 ,you will carry to my daughter my last benediction60 ,she sought in the darkness the hand of ,leonora2 the film of death seemed gathering over her eyes2 she did not speak1 her head sank on her shoulder1 and poor ,leonora thought the queen had ceased to breathe4 ,she at first held her in her arms2 but at length1 overcome by fatigue1 she sank upon the earth as she vainly endeavored to revive her by breathing into her mouth her own life-breath4 ,but seeing all her efforts to restore animation useless1 she came to the terrible conclusion that ,catherine was indeed dead4 8,my dear mistress10 she cried wildly1 wringing her hands1 8my good mistress is dead6 ,what will become of me8 ,it is my fault3 ,i should have prevented her from going4 ,ah6 how miserable ,i am60 ,and her tears and cries redoubled4 ,at length she heard in the distance the sound of approaching footsteps1 and was soon able to distinguish a litter1 borne by a number of men4 8,help60 she cried1 her hopes reviving at the sight1 and very soon they were near her--8help6 come to my assistance2 my mistress is dying60 ,seeing two women1 one lying on the ground supported in the arms of another1 who appeared half-deranged1 the person who occupied the litter commanded the men to stop immediately1 and he quickly alighted4 ,it was the king6 ,he also was going to ,london to see the legate2 to prevent his anxious haste from being known1 and commented on1 he had adopted this secret conveyance4 ,when she saw him1 ,leonora was paralyzed with apprehension and alarm4 ,the king instantly recognized the queen and the unhappy ,leonora4 ,in a furious voice1 he demanded what she was doing there and where she had been4 ,but in vain she endeavored to reply--her tongue clove to the roof of her mouth--she was unable to articulate a word4 ,transported with rage at her silence1 and by what he suspected1 he immediately had the queen placed in the litter1 and ordering the men to walk slowly1 he followed them on foot to the palace4 ,catherine was carried to her own apartment1 and soon restored to consciousness2 but on opening her eyes she looked around1 vainly hoping to behold her faithful ,leonora4 ,she never saw her again6 ,she had been taken away1 and the punishment that was meted out to her1 or the fate that befel the unfortunate girl1 was for ever involved in mystery4 ,while discord filled the royal palace with perplexity and sorrow a statesman1 simple and peaceful1 awaited1 with happiness mingled with impatience1 the arrival of a friend4 ,in his house1 all around him seemed possessed of redoubled activity4 ,the family table was more elegantly spread1 fresh flowers decorated all the apartments1 the children ran to and fro in the very excess of their joy and delight1 until at length1 in every direction1 the glad announcement was heard1 8,he has come6 he has come60 ,the entire family eagerly descended to the court-yard to meet and welcome the visitor1 and ,sir ,thomas1 with feelings of inexpressible joy1 folded in his embrace the ,bishop of ,rochester1 the wise and virtuous ,fisher1 whom he loved with the purest and tenderest sentiments of friendship4 8,at last you are here10 he exclaimed2 8how happy ,i am to see you once more60 ,while the good bishop was ascending the stairs1 surrounded by a troop of ,sir ,thomas' youngest children1 ,margaret1 the eldest daughter1 came forward and saluted him1 accompanied by ,lady ,more1 her step-mother1 and young ,william ,roper1 her affianced husband4 ,they all entered the drawing-room together1 and1 after engaging a short time in general conversation1 ,sir ,thomas bade the children retire1 that he might converse with more freedom4 8,my dear friend10 he exclaimed1 taking the bishop's hand again in his own1 8,i cannot express the joy ,i feel at your return4 ,i have been so long deprived of your presence1 and ,i have so many things to say to you4 ,but my heart is too full at this moment to permit me to express all ,i feel or would say6 ,but why have you not answered my letters80 8,your letters60 replied the bishop4 8,why1 it has been more than a month since ,i received one from you40 8,how can that be possible unless they have been intercepted80 replied ,more4 8,the king every day becomes more and more suspicious4 ,if this continues1 it will soon be considered high treason for a man to think40 8,i cannot tell what has become of your letters4 ,i only know ,i have not received them1 and it has caused me a great deal of anxiety and apprehension4 ,but my friend1 since ,i find you full of life and health1 ,i am quite satisfied and happy4 ,now1 let me hear all that has happened at court2 but let me begin by first telling you that the king has sent me1 through ,cardinal ,wolsey1 a document he has written on the subject of divorce1 asking my opinion and advice4 ,i have answered him with all frankness and candor1 expressing myself strongly against his views4 ,certainly1 there is nothing more absurd than the idea of the king's wishing to repudiate1 after so many years of marriage1 a princess so virtuous and irreproachable1 to whom he can find no other objection than that she was betrothed to his brother1 ,prince ,arthur4 ,besides1 a dispensation was obtained on that account at the time of his marriage1 therefore it would seem his conscience ought to be perfectly satisfied40 8,yes1 yes1 his conscience should be entirely at rest10 replied ,sir ,thomas4 8,and if he sincerely believes the marriage has been void until this time1 why does he not make the effort to have it rendered legitimate1 instead of endeavoring to annul it entirely8 ,it is because he wishes to marry one of the queen's ladies--the young ,anne ,boleyn60 8,oh6 horrible10 cried ,fisher4 8,are you sure1 my friend1 of what you say8 ,gracious heaven6 ,if ,i had only suspected it6 ,but ,i assure you ,i have had entire confidence in him4 ,i have1 therefore1 examined the subject conscientiously and with the greatest possible diligence before giving him my reply4 ,had ,i suspected any such scheme as this1 ,i should never have had the patience to consider the arguments he has presented with so much duplicity40 8,well1 my dear ,fisher10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 8such is the sad truth1 and such are the #8scruples' that disturb the tender conscience of the king4 ,to repudiate the queen and the ,princess ,mary1 his daughter1 is his sole aim1 his only desire4 ,i also have received an order to read and give my opinion on the divorce question2 but ,i have asked to be excused1 on the ground of my very limited knowledge of theological matters4 ,moreover1 all these debates and hypocritical petitions for advice are entirely absurd and unnecessary4 ,cardinal ,campeggio1 the ,pope's legate1 has already arrived from ,rome1 and the queen will appear before a court composed of the legate and ,wolsey1 together with several other cardinals40 8,the queen brought to trial60 cried the ,bishop of ,rochester4 8,the queen arraigned to hear her honor and her rank disputed8 ,what a shame upon ,england6 ,who will speak for her8 ,i would give my life to be called to defend her6 ,but how is it that ,wolsey--the all-powerful ,wolsey--has not diverted the king from his unworthy purpose80 8,he is said to have tried2 but he stands in awe of the king4 ,you know an ambitious man never opposes him to whom he owes his power4 ,nevertheless10 added ,more1 8,i cannot believe he will dare to pronounce the ,princess ,mary illegitimate4 ,for1 all laws aside1 supposing even that the marriage were annulled1 the good faith in which it was contracted invests her birth with an inalienable right40 8,i hope it may be so10 said ,fisher2 8but what immense calamities this question will bring on our unhappy country60 8,i fear so1 my friend10 replied ,more4 8,at present1 the people are pledged to the queen's cause2 it could not be otherwise1 she is so much beloved and esteemed2 and they declare1 if the king does succeed in repudiating ,catherine1 that he will find it impossible to deprive his daughter of her right to reign over them40 8,and ,wolsey10 replied the bishop thoughtfully1 8will be called to sit in judgment on his sovereign6 ,he will be against her6 ,and this ,campeggio--what says he in the matter80 8,we believe10 replied ,more1 8that he will sustain the queen2 he seems to possess great firmness and integrity of character4 ,his first interview with the king gave us great hopes4 ,henry has overwhelmed him with protestations of his entire submission1 but all his artifices have been frustrated by the discernment and prudence of the ,italian cardinal4 ,his impenetrable silence on the subject of his own personal opinions has plunged the king into despair4 ,since that day he has honored him with incessant visits1 has offered him the rich bishopric of ,durham1 and worked unceasingly to corrupt his integrity by promises and flattery40 8,how keenly the queen must suffer10 said ,fisher--8she that ,i saw1 at the time of her arrival in the kingdom1 so young1 so beautiful1 and so idolized by ,henry60 8,alas6 ,i think so10 said ,more4 8,for some time ,i have found it impossible to approach her4 ,however1 she appears in public as usual1 always gracious and affable2 there is no change in her appearance4 ,the queen is truly a most admirable woman4 ,during your absence1 an epidemic made its appearance called the #8sweating sickness1' which made terrible ravages4 ,wolsey fled from his palace1 several noblemen belonging to his household having died very suddenly of the disease4 ,the king was greatly alarmed2 he never left the queen for a moment1 and united with her in constant prayers to ,god1 firmly believing that her petitions would avail to stay the pestilence4 ,he immediately despatched ,anne ,boleyn to her father1 where she was attacked by the disease1 and truly we would have felt no regret at her loss if the ,lord in taking her had only deigned to show mercy to her soul4 ,at one time we believed the king had entirely reformed1 but1 alas6 the danger had scarcely passed when he recalled ,anne ,boleyn1 and is again estranged from the queen40 8,death gives us terrible lessons10 replied the ,bishop of ,rochester4 8,in his presence we judge of all things wisely4 ,the illusions of time are dissipated1 to give place to the realities of eternity60 ,as the bishop said these words1 several persons who had called to see ,sir ,thomas entered the room4 ,conspicuous among them was ,cromwell1 the protg of ,wolsey4 ,this man was both false and sinister1 who made use of any means that led to the acquisition of fortune4 ,he possessed the arts of intrigue and flattery4 ,to a profound dissimulation he added an air of politeness and a knowledge of the world that1 in general1 caused him to be well received in society4 ,a close scrutiny of his character1 however1 made it evident that there was something in the depths of this man's soul rendering him unworthy of any confidence4 ,to him1 vice and virtue were words devoid of any meaning4 ,when he found a man was no longer necessary to his designs1 or that he could not in some manner use him1 he made no further effort to conciliate or retain his friendship4 ,he saluted ,sir ,thomas and the ,bishop of ,rochester with a quiet ease1 and seated himself beside young ,cranmer--8with whom ,i am very well acquainted10 he remarked4 ,for ,cromwell1 like all other intriguers1 assumed intimacy with all the world4 ,scarcely had he uttered the words when a ,mr4 ,williamson was ushered in1 who had returned to ,london a few days before1 after a long absence on the ,continent4 8,and so you are back1 ,mr4 ,williamson10 cried ,more1 taking his hand4 8,you are just from ,germany1 ,i believe8 ,well1 do tell us how matters stand in that country4 ,it seems1 from what we hear1 everything is in commotion there40 8,your supposition is quite correct1 sir10 replied ,williamson in a half-serious1 half-jesting manner4 8,the emperor is furious against our king1 and has sent ambassadors to ,rome to oppose the divorce4 ,but the empire is greatly disturbed by religious dissensions1 therefore ,i doubt if he will be able to give the subject as much attention as he desires4 ,new reformers are every day springing up4 ,the foremost now is ,bacer1 a ,dominican monk2 then comes ,zwingle1 the curate of ,zrich--where he endeavored to abolish the ,mass1 to the great scandal of the people--and there is still another1 named colampadius1 who has joined ,zwingle4 ,but strangest of all is that these reformers1 among themselves1 agree in nothing4 ,the one admits a dogma1 the other rejects it2 to-day they think this1 to-morrow that4 ,every day some new doctrine is promulgated4 ,luther has a horror of ,zwingle1 and they mutually damn each other4 ,the devil is no longer able to recognize himself4 ,they occasionally try to patch up a reconciliation1 and agree altogether to believe a certain doctrine1 but the compact is scarcely drawn up before the whole affair is upset again40 ,cranmer1 while listening to this discourse1 moved uneasily in his chair1 until at length1 unable to restrain himself longer1 he interrupted ,williamson in a sharp1 cutting manner that he endeavored to soften4 8,in truth1 sir1 you speak very slightingly of these learned and distinguished men4 ,and only1 it seems1 because they demand a reform in the morals of the clergy1 and preach against and denounce the abuses of the church in the matter of indulgences40 8,beautiful reformers60 cried ,williamson4 8,they protest to-day against an abuse which they alone have felt as such1 and that but for a very short time4 ,and permit me to insist on your observing a fact1 which it is by no means necessary or expedient to forget1 that this quarrel originated in the displeasure felt by ,luther because it was not to his own order1 but to that of the ,dominicans1 to whom the distribution of indulgences was entrusted40 8,that may be possible1 sir10 interrupted ,cranmer1 8but at least you will not deny that the immorality of the ,german clergy imperatively demanded a thorough reformation40 8,it is quite possible1 my dear sir1 that ,i may not be ready at once to agree with you in your opinions4 ,but if the ,german church has become relaxed in morals1 it is the fault of those only who before their elevation to the holy office had not1 as they were bound to have1 the true spirit of their vocation4 ,but ,i pray you1 on this point of morals1 it will not do to boast of the severity of these new apostles4 ,the disciples of ,christ left their wives1 when called to #8go into all the world and preach the ,gospel1' but these men begin by taking wives4 ,luther has married a young and beautiful nun1 an act that has almost driven his followers to despair1 and scandalized and excited the ridicule of the whole city4 ,as to ,bucer1 he is already married to his second wife60 8,what60 cried the bishop1 8these men marry6 ,marry--in the face of the holy church6 ,do they forget the solemn vows of chastity they have made8--for they are all either priests or monks40 8,their vows6 ,oh6 they retract their vows1 they say4 ,these #8vows' are what they call abuses2 and the priests of this so severely reformed church will hereafter enjoy the inestimable privilege of marrying40 ,whilst this conversation had been going on1 ,sir ,thomas kept his eyes closely fixed on ,cranmer1 trying to discover1 from the expression of his pale1 meagre face1 the impression made on him by the conversation4 ,he was well convinced that latterly ,cranmer1 although he had already taken orders1 maintained the new doctrines with all the influence he possessed4 ,and the reason why he had so thoroughly espoused them was because of a violent passion conceived for the daughter of ,osiander1 one of the chief reformers4 ,born of a poor and obscure family1 he had embraced the ecclesiastical state entirely from motives of interest and ambition1 and without the slightest vocation1 his sole aim being to advance his own interests and fortunes by every possible means1 and he had already succeeded in ingratiating himself with the ,earl of ,wiltshire1 who1 together with all the family of ,anne ,boleyn1 were his devoted patrons and friends4 ,it was by these means that he was afterwards elevated to the archiepiscopal see of ,canterbury1 where we will find him servilely devoting himself to the interests of ,henry ,,viii41 and at last dying the death of a traitor4 ,influenced by such motives1 ,cranmer warmly defended the new doctrines1 bringing forward every available argument1 and ended by declaring he thought it infinitely better that the priests should be allowed to marry than be exposed to commit sin4 8,nothing obliges them to commit sin10 cried the ,bishop of ,rochester1 who was no longer able to maintain silence4 8,on the contrary1 sir1 every law and regulation of the discipline and canons of the church tends to inspire and promote the most immaculate purity of morals4 ,these rules may seem hard to those who have embraced the ecclesiastical state from motives of pride and an ambitious self-interest1 and without having received from ,god the graces necessary for the performance of the duties of so exalted and holy a ministry4 ,this is why we so often have to grieve over the misconduct of so many of the clergy4 ,but if they complain of their condition now1 what will it be when they have wives and families to increase their cares and add to their responsibilities8 ,the priest60 continued the bishop1 seeming to penetrate the very depths of ,cranmer's narrow1 contracted soul1 8have you ever reflected upon the sublimity of his vocation8 ,the priest is the father of the orphan1 the brother of the poor1 the consoler of the dying1 the spiritual support of the criminal on the scaffold1 the merciful judge of the assassin in his dungeon4 ,say1 do you not think the entire human race a family sufficiently large1 its duties sufficiently extended1 its responsibilities1 wants1 and cares sufficiently arduous and pressing8 ,how could a priest do more1 when his duty now requires him to devote1 and give himself entirely to1 each and every one of the human family8 ,no2 a priest is a man who has made a solemn vow to become an angel4 ,if he does not intend to fulfil that vow1 then let him never pronounce it60 8,o ,rochester60 cried ,sir ,thomas ,more1 greatly moved1 8how ,i delight to hear you express yourself in this manner60 ,and ,sir ,thomas spoke with all sincerity1 for the bishop1 without being conscious of it1 had faithfully described his own life and character1 and those who knew and loved him found no difficulty in recognizing the portrait4 ,as ,sir ,thomas spoke1 the door again opened1 and all arose respectfully on seeing the ,duke of ,norfolk appear--that valiant captain1 to whom ,england was indebted for her victory gained on the field of ,flodden4 ,he was accompanied by the youngest and best-beloved of his sons1 the young ,henry1 ,earl of ,surrey4 ,even at his very tender age1 the artless simplicity and graceful manners of this beautiful child commanded the admiration of all1 while his brilliant intellect and lively imagination announced him as the future favorite and cherished poet of the age4 ,alas6 how rapidly fled those golden years of peace and happiness4 ,later1 and ,norfolk1 this proud father1 so happy in being the parent of such a son1 lived to behold the head of that noble boy fall upon the scaffold6 ,the crime of which ,henry ,,viii4 will accuse him will be that of having united his arms with those of ,edward the ,confessor1 whose royal blood mingled with that which flowed in his own veins4 ,sir ,thomas approached the duke and saluted him with great deference4 ,the ,bishop of ,rochester insisted on resigning him his chair1 but the duke declined1 and seated himself in the midst of the company4 8,i was not aware10 said he1 turning graciously towards the bishop1 8that ,sir ,thomas was enjoying such good company4 ,i congratulate myself on the return of my ,lord of ,rochester4 ,he will listen1 ,i am sure1 with lively interest to the recital ,i have come to make2 for ,i must inform you1 gentlemen1 ,i am just from ,blackfriars1 where the king summoned me this morning in great haste1 to assist1 with some of the highest dignitaries of the kingdom1 at the examination of the queen before the assembly of cardinals40 ,he had scarcely uttered these words when an expression of profound amazement overspread the features of all present4 ,more was by no means the least affected4 8,the queen60 he cried4 8,has she then appeared in person8 ,and so unexpectedly and rudely summoned6 ,they have done this in order that she might not be prepared with her defence60 8,i know not10 replied the duke2 8but ,i shall never be able to forget the sad and imposing scene4 ,when we entered1 the cardinals and the two legates were seated on a platform covered with purple cloth2 the king seated at their right4 ,we were arranged behind his chair in perfect silence4 ,very soon the queen entered1 dressed in the deepest mourning4 ,she took her seat on the left of the platform1 facing the king4 ,when the king's name was called he arose1 and remained standing and in silence4 ,but when the queen was in her turn summoned1 she arose1 and replied1 with great dignity1 that she boldly protested against her judges for three important reasons3 first1 because she was a stranger2 secondly1 because they were all in possession of royal benefices1 which had been bestowed on them by her adversary2 and1 thirdly1 that she had grave and all-important reasons for believing that she would not obtain justice from a tribunal so constituted4 ,she added that she had already appealed to the ,pope1 and would not submit to the judgment of this court4 ,having said these words1 she stood in silence1 but when she heard them declare her appeal should not be submitted to the ,pope1 she passed before the cardinals1 and1 walking proudly across the entire hall1 she threw herself at the feet of the king4 8,it would be impossible10 continued ,norfolk1 8to describe the emotion excited by this movement4 8#8,sire1' she cried1 with a respectful but firm and decided tone1 #8,i beg you to regard me with compassion4 ,pity me as a woman1 as a stranger without friends on whom ,i can rely1 without a single disinterested adviser to whom ,i can turn for counsel6 ,i call upon ,god to witness1' she continued1 raising her expressive eyes towards heaven1 #8that ,i have always been to you a loyal1 faithful wife1 and have made it my constant duty to conform in all things to your will2 that ,i have loved those whom you have loved1 whether ,i knew them to be my enemies or my friends4 ,for many years ,i have been your wife2 ,i am the mother of your children4 ,god knows1 when ,i married you1 ,i was an unsullied virgin1 and since that time ,i have never brought reproach on the sanctity of my marriage vows4 ,your own conscience bears witness to the truth of what ,i say4 ,if you can find a single fault with which to reproach me1 then will ,i pledge you my word to bow my head in shame1 and at once leave your presence2 but1 if not1 ,i pray you in ,god's holy name to render me justice4' 8,while she was speaking1 a low murmur of approbation was heard throughout the assembly1 followed by a long1 unbroken silence4 ,the king grew deadly pale1 but made no reply to the queen1 who arose1 and was leaving the hall1 when ,henry made a signal to the ,duke of ,suffolk to detain her4 ,he followed her1 and made every effort to induce her to return1 but in vain4 ,turning haughtily round1 she said1 in a tone sufficiently distinct to be heard by the entire assembly3 8#8,go1 tell the king1 your master1 that until this hour ,i have never disobeyed him1 and that ,i regret being compelled to do so now4' 8,saying these words1 she immediately turned and left the hall1 followed by her ladies in waiting4 8,her refusal to remain longer in the presence of her judges1 and the touching1 unstudied eloquence of the appeal she had made1 cast the tribunal into a state of great embarrassment1 and the honorable judges seemed to wish most heartily they had some one else to decide for them2 when suddenly the king arose1 and1 turning haughtily towards them1 spoke3 8#8,sirs1' he said1 #8most cheerfully and with perfect confidence do ,i present my testimony1 bearing witness to the spotless virtue and unsullied integrity of the queen4 ,her character1 her conduct1 in every particular1 has been above reproach4 ,but it is impossible for me to live in the state of constant anxiety this union causes me to suffer4 ,my conscience keeps me in continual dread because of having married this woman1 who was the betrothed wife of my own brother4 ,i will use no dissimulation1 my lords2 ,i know very well that many of you believe ,i have been persuaded by the ,cardinal of ,york to make this appeal for a divorce4 ,but ,i declare in your presence this day1 this is an entirely false impression1 and that1 on the contrary1 the cardinal has earnestly contended against the scruples which have disturbed my soul4 ,but1 ,i declare1 against my own will1 and in spite of all my regrets1 his opinions have not been able to restore to me the tranquillity of a heart without reproach4 ,i have1 in consequence1 found it necessary to confer again with the ,bishop of ,tarbes1 who has1 unhappily1 only confirmed the fears ,i already entertain4 ,i have consulted my confessor and many other prelates1 who have all advised me to submit this question to the tribunal of our ,holy ,father1 the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,to this end1 my lords1 you have been invested by him with his own supreme authority and spiritual power4 ,i will listen to you as ,i would listen to him--that is to say1 with the most entire submission4 ,i wish1 however1 to remind you again that my duty towards my subjects requires me to prevent whatever might have the effect in the future of disturbing their tranquillity2 and1 unfortunately1 ,i have but too strong reasons for fearing that1 at some future day1 the legitimacy of the right of the ,princess ,mary to the throne may be disputed4 ,it is with entire confidence that ,i await your solution of a question so important to the happiness of my subjects and the peace of my kingdom4 ,i have no doubt that you will be able to remove all the obstacles placed in my way4' 8,saying these words1 the king retired1 and started instantly for his palace at ,greenwich4 ,the noblemen generally followed him1 but ,i remained to witness the end of what proved to be a tumultuous and stormy debate4 ,nevertheless1 after a long discussion1 they decided to go on with the investigation1 to hear the advocates of the queen1 and continue the proceedings in spite of her protest40 8,who is the queen's advocate80 demanded the ,bishop of ,rochester4 8,he has not yet been appointed10 replied ,norfolk4 8,it seems to me it would only be just to let the queen select her own counsel40 8,but she will refuse1 without a doubt10 replied ,cromwell1 8after the manner she has adopted to defend herself40 ,they continued to converse for a long time on this subject1 which filled with anxious apprehension the heart of ,sir ,thomas1 as well as that of his faithful friend1 the good ,bishop of ,rochester4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,birth-,,place ,,of ,s4 ,,vincent ,,de ,,paul 8,i love all waste ,and solitary places where we taste ,the pleasure of believing what we see ,is boundless as we wish our souls to be3 ,and such was this wide ocean and the shore ,more barren than its billows40 --,shelley4 ,the ,landes--that long1 desolate tract on the western coast of ,france between the ,gironde and the ,adour1 with its vast forests of melancholy pines1 its lone moors and solitary deserts1 its broad marshes1 and its dunes of sand that creep relentlessly on as if they had life--appeal wonderfully to the imagination1 that folle du logis1 as ,montaigne calls it1 but which1 in spite of him1 we love to feed4 ,one may travel for hours through these vast steppes covered with heather without discovering the smoke of a single chimney1 or anything to relieve the monotonous horizon1 unless a long line of low sand-hills that look like billows swayed to and fro in the wind2 or some low tree standing out against the cloudless heavens1 perhaps half buried in the treacherous sands2 or a gaunt peasant1 the very silhouette of a man1 on his stilts1 8five feet above contradiction10 like ,voltaire's preacher1 perhaps with his knitting-work in his hands1 or a distaff under his arm1 as if fresh from the feet of ,omphale1 driving his flock before him--all birds of one feather1 or sheep of one wool2 for he is clad in a shaggy sheepskin coat1 and looks as if he needed shearing as much as any of them4 ,or perhaps this ,knight of the ,sable ,fleece--for the sheep of the ,landes are mostly black--is on one of the small1 light horses peculiar to the region1 said to have an infusion of ,arabian blood--thanks to the ,saracen invaders--which are well adapted to picking their way over quaking bogs and moving sands1 but unfortunately are fast degenerating from lack of care in maintaining the purity of the breed4 ,during the winter season these extensive heaths are converted by the prolonged rains into immense marshes1 as the impermeable alios within six inches of the surface prevents the absorption of moisture4 ,the peasant is then obliged to shut himself up with his beasts in his low1 damp cottage1 with peat for his fuel1 a pine torch for his candle1 brackish water relieved by a dash of vinegar for drink1 meagre broth1 corn bread1 and perhaps salt fish for his dinner4 ,whole generations are said to live under one roof in the ,landes1 so thoroughly are the people imbued with the patriarchal spirit4 ,woman has her rights here--at least in the house4 ,the old dauna 7from domina1 perhaps7 rules the little kingdom with a high hand1 including her sons and her sons' wives down to the remotest generation1 with undisputed sway4 ,it is the very paradise of mothers-in-law4 ,the paterfamilias seldom interferes if his soup is ready at due time and she makes both ends meet at the end of the year1 with a trifle over for a barrel of pique-pout to be indulged in on extraordinary occasions4 ,from ,la ,teste to the valley of the ,gave this old house-mother is queen of the hive1 active1 thrifty1 keen of eye1 and sharp of tongue4 ,the slightest murmur is frozen into silence beneath the arctic ray of her ,poyser-like glance4 ,she is a hawk by day and an owl by night4 ,she directs the spinning and weaving of the wool and flax1 orders the meals1 and superintends the wardrobe of the whole colony4 ,the land is so poor that it is seldom divided among the children4 ,the oldest heir becomes head of the family1 and they all fare better by sharing in the general income4 ,in unity there is safety--and economy4 ,at every door is the clumsy machine for breaking the flax that is spun during the long winter evenings for the sail-makers of ,bayonne or the weavers of ,barn1 whose linen1 if not equal to that of ,flanders1 is as good as that of ,normandy4 ,before every house is also the huge oven where the bread is baked for general consumption4 ,flocks of geese paddle from pool to pool in the marshes1 and wild ducks breed undisturbed in the fens4 ,in the villages on the borders of the ,landes you hear in the morning a sharp whistle that might serve for a locomotive4 ,it is the swineherd summoning his charge1 which issue in a gallop1 two or three from each house1 to seek their food in the moors4 ,they all come back in the evening1 and go to their own pens to get the bucket of bran that awaits them4 ,feeding thus in the wild1 their meat acquires a peculiar flavor4 ,most of these animals go into the market4 ,the hams of ,bayonne have always been famous4 ,we might say they are historic1 for ,strabo speaks of them4 ,when the rainy season is at an end1 these bogs and stagnant pools give out a deadly miasma in the burning sun1 engendering fevers1 dysentery1 and the fatal pellagra4 ,the system is rapidly undermined1 and the peasant seldom attains to an advanced age4 ,he marries at twenty and is old at forty4 ,a kind of awe comes over the soul in traversing this region1 and yet it has a certain mysterious attraction which draws us on and on1 as if nature had some marvellous secret in store for us4 ,the atmosphere is charged with a thin vapor that quivers in the blazing sun4 ,strange insects are in the air4 ,a sense of the infinite1 such as we feel in the midst of the ocean1 comes over us4 ,we grow breathless as the air--grow silent as the light that gilds the vast landscape before us4 ,one of the greatest of the sons of the ,landes--the ,pre de ,ravignan--says3 8,solitude is the patrie des forts3 silence is their prayer40 ,one feels how true it is in these boundless moors4 ,it is the only prayer fit for this realm of silence1 where one is brought closer and closer to the heart of nature1 and restored1 as it were1 at least in a degree1 to the primeval relation of man with his ,creator4 ,carlyle says the finest nations in the world1 the ,english and the ,american1 are all going away into wind and tongue4 ,we recommend a season in the ,landes1 where one becomes speedily impressed that 8silence is the eternal duty of man40 ,we wonder such a region should be inhabited4 ,the daunas1 we hope1 never have courage enough to raise their still voices in the open air4 ,we fancy wooing carried on in true ,shaksperian style3 8,o ,imogen6 ,i'll speak to thee in silence40 --8,what should ,cordelia do8 ,love and be silent40 ,however this may be1 the ,landes are peopled1 though thinly4 ,here and there at immense distances we come to a cottage4 ,the men are shepherds1 fishermen1 or rsiniers1 as the turpentine-producers are called4 ,pliny1 ,dioscorides1 and other ancient writers speak of the inhabitants as collecting the yellow amber thrown up by the sea1 and trafficking in beeswax1 resin1 and pitch4 ,the ,phnicians and ,carthaginians initiated them into the mysteries of mining and forging4 ,the ,moors taught them the value of their cork-trees4 ,they still keep bees that feed on the purple bells of the heather1 and sell vast quantities of wax for the candles used in the churches of ,france--cierges1 as they are called1 from cire vierge--virgin wax1 wrought by chaste bees1 and alone fit for the sacred altars of ,jesus and ,mary4 ,ausonius thus speaks of the pursuits of the people3 8,mercatus ne agitas leviore numismate captans1 ,insanis quod mox pretiis gravis auctio vendat1 ,albentisque sevi globulos et pinguia cer ,pondera1 ,naryciamque picem1 scissamque papyrum ,fumantesque olidum paganica lumina tdas40 ,they are devoting more and more attention to the production of turpentine by planting the maritime pine which grew here in the days of ,strabo1 and thereby reclaiming the vast tracts of sand thrown up by the sea4 ,a priest1 the ,abb ,desbiez1 and his brother are said to have first conceived the idea of reclaiming their native deserts and staying the progress of the quicksands which had buried so many places1 and were moving unceasingly on at the rate of about twenty-five yards a year1 threatening the destruction of many more4 ,that was about a hundred years ago4 ,a few years after ,m4 ,brmontier1 a ,french engineer1 tested the plan by planting1 as far as his means allowed1 the maritime pine1 the strong1 fibrous roots of which take tenacious hold of the slightest crevice in the rock1 and absorb the least nutriment in the soil4 ,but this experiment was slow to lead to any important result1 as the pinada1 or pine plantations1 involve an outlay that makes no return for years4 ,it was not till ,louis ,philippe's time that the work was carried on with any great activity4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 also greatly extended the plantations--the importance of which became generally acknowledged--not only to arrest the progress of the sands1 but to meet the want of turpentine in the market1 so long dependent on imports4 ,in ten years the trees begin to yield an income4 ,each acre then furnishes twelve or fifteen thousand poles for vineyards or the coalman4 ,the prudent owner does not tap his trees till they are twenty-five years old4 ,by that time they are four feet in circumference and yield turpentine to the value of fifty or sixty francs a year4 ,then the rsinier comes with his hatchet and makes an incision low down in the trunk1 from which the resin flows into an earthern jar or a hollow in the ground4 ,these jars are emptied at due intervals1 and the incision from time to time is widened4 ,later1 others are made parallel to it4 ,these are finally extended around the tree4 ,with prudence this treatment may be continued a century2 for this species of pine is very hardy if not exhausted4 ,when the poor tree is near its end1 it is hacked without any mercy and bled to death4 ,then it is only fit for the sawmill1 wood-pile1 or coal-pit4 ,poor and desolate as the ,landes are1 they have had their share of great men4 8,every path on the globe may lead to the door of a hero10 says some one4 ,we have spoken of ,la ,teste4 ,this was the stronghold of the stout old ,captals de ,buch1#d belonging to the ,de ,graillys1 one of the historic families of the country4 ,no truer specimen of the lords of the ,landes could be found than these old captals1 who1 poor1 proud1 and adventurous1 entered the service of the ,english1 to whom they remained faithful as long as that nation had a foothold in the land4 ,their name and deeds are familiar to every reader of ,froissart4 ,the nearness of ,bordeaux1 and the numerous privileges and exemptions granted the foresters and herdsmen of the ,landes1 explain the strong attachment of the people to the ,english crown4 ,the ,de ,graillys endeavored by alliances to aggrandize their family1 and finally became loyal subjects of ,france under ,louis ,,xi4 ,they intermarried with the ,counts of ,foix and ,barn1 and their vast landed possessions were at length united with those of the house of ,albret4 ,where would the latter have been without them8 ,and without the ,albrets1 where the ,bourbons8 ,and this reminds us of the ,sires of ,albret1 another and still more renowned family of the ,landes4 ,near the source of the ,midou1 among the pine forests of ,maremsin1 you come to a village of a thousand people called ,labrit1 the ancient ,leporetum1 or country of hares1 whence ,lebret1 ,labrit1 and ,albret4 ,here rose the house of ,albret from obscurity to reign at last over ,navarre and unite the most of ancient ,aquitaine to the crown of ,france4 ,the history of these lords of the heather is a marvel of wit and good-luck4 ,great hunters of hares and seekers of heiresses1 they were always on the scent for advantageous alliances1 not too particular about the age or face of the lady1 provided they won broad lands or a fat barony4 ,once in their clutches1 they seldom let go4 ,they never allowed a daughter to succeed to any inheritance belonging to the seigneurie of ,albret as long as there was a male descendant4 ,always receive1 and never give1 was their motto4 ,their daughters had their wealth of beauty for a dowry1 with a little money or a troublesome fief liable to reversion4 ,the ,albrets are first heard of in the ,x,ith century1 when the ,benedictine abbot of ,s4 ,pierre at ,condom1 alarmed for the safety of ,nrac1 one of the abbatial possessions1 called upon his brother1 ,amanieu d',albret1 for aid4 ,the better to defend the monk's property1 the ,sire of ,albret built a castle on the left bank of the ,base1 and played the rle of protector so well that at last his descendants are found sole lords of ,nrac1 on the public square of which now stands the statue of ,henry ,,iv41 the most glorious of the race4 ,the second ,amanieu went to the ,crusades under the banner of ,raymond of ,st4 ,gilles1 and entered ,jerusalem next to ,godfrey of ,bouillon1 to whom an old historian makes him related1 nobody knows how4 ,oihenard says the ,albrets descended from the old kings of ,navarre1 and a ,,ms4 of the ,x,i,vth century links them with the ,counts of ,bigorre2 but this was probably to flatter the pride of the house after it rose to importance4 ,we find a lord of ,albret in the service of the ,black ,prince with a thousand lances 7five thousand men71 and owner of ,casteljaloux1 ,lavazan1 and somehow of the abbey of ,sauve-,majour2 but not finding the ,english service sufficiently lucrative1 he passed over to the enemy4 ,charles d',albret was so able a captain that he quartered the lilies of ,france on his shield1 and held the constable's sword till the fatal battle of ,agincourt4 ,alain d',albret made a fine point in the game by marrying ,franoise de ,bretagne1 who1 though ugly1 was the niece and only heiress of ,jean de ,blois1 lord of ,prigord and ,limoges4 ,his son had still better luck4 ,he married ,catherine of ,navarre4 ,if he lost his possessions beyond the ,pyrenees1 he kept the county of ,foix1 and soon added the lands of ,astarac4 ,henry ,i4 of ,navarre1 by marrying ,margaret of ,valois1 acquired all the spoils of the house of ,armagnac4 ,thus the princely house of ,navarre1 under their daughter ,jeanne1 who married ,antoine de ,bourbon1 was owner of all ,gascony and part of ,guienne4 ,it was ,henry ,,iv4 of ,france who finally realized the expression of the blind faith of the house of ,albret in its fortune1 expressed in the prophetic device graven on the ,chteau de ,coarraze1 where he passed his boyhood3 8,lo que ha de ser no puede faltar0--,that which must be will be6 ,but we have not yet come to the door of our hero4 ,there is another native of the ,landes whose fame has gone out through the whole earth--whose whole life and aim were in utter contrast with the spirit of these old lords of the heather4 ,the only armor he ever put on was that of righteousness2 the only sword1 that of the truth2 the only jewel1 that which the old rabbis say ,abraham wore1 the light of which raised up the bowed down and healed the sick1 and1 after his death1 was placed among the stars6 ,it need not be said we refer to ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul1 the great initiator of public charity in ,france1 who by his benevolence perhaps effected as much for the good of the kingdom as ,richelieu with his political genius4 ,he was born during the religious conflicts of the ,x,v,ith century1 in the little hamlet of ,ranquine1 in the parish of ,pouy1 on the border of the ,landes1 a few miles from ,dax4 ,it must not be supposed the particule in his name is indicative of nobility4 ,in former times people who had no name but that given them at the baptismal font often added the place of their birth to prevent confusion4 ,s4 ,vincent was the son of a peasant1 and spent his childhood in watching his father's scanty flock among the moors4 ,the poor cottage in which he was born is still standing1 and near it the gigantic old oak to the hollow of which he used to retire to pray1 both of which are objects of veneration to the pious pilgrim of all ranks and all lands4 ,somewhere in these vast solitudes--whether among the ruins of ,notre ,dame de ,buglose1 destroyed a little before by the ,huguenots1 or in his secret oratory in the oak1 we cannot say--he heard the mysterious voice which once whispered to ,joan of ,arc among the forests of ,lorraine--a voice difficult to resist1 which decided his vocation in life4 ,he resolved to enter the priesthood4 ,the ,franciscans of ,dax lent him books and a cell1 and gave him a pittance for the love of ,god2 but he finished his studies and took his degree at ,toulouse1 as was only discovered by papers found after his death1 so unostentatious was his life4 ,he partly defrayed his expenses at ,toulouse by becoming the tutor of some young noblemen of ,buzet4 ,near the latter place was a solitary mountain chapel in the woods1 not far from the banks of the ,tarn1 called ,notre ,dame de ,grce4 ,its secluded position1 the simplicity of its decorations1 and the devotion he experienced in this quiet oratory1 attracted the pious student1 and he often retired there to pray before the altar of ,our ,lady of ,grace4 ,it was there he found strength to take upon himself the yoke of the priesthood--a yoke angels might fear to bear4 ,it was there1 in solitude and silence1 assisted by a priest and a clerk1 that he offered his first ,mass2 for1 so terrified was he by the importance and sublimity of this divine function1 he had not the courage to celebrate it in public4 ,this chapel is still standing1 and is annually crowded with pilgrims on the festival of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul4 ,it is good to kneel on the worn flag-stones where the saint once prayed1 and pour out one's soul before the altar that witnessed the fervor of his first ,mass4 ,the superior-general of the ,lazarists visited this interesting chapel in #ahea1 accompanied by nearly fifty ,sisters of ,charity4 ,they brought a relic of the saint1 a chalice and some vestments for the use of the chaplain1 and a bust of ,s4 ,vincent for the new altar to his memory4 ,every step in ,s4 ,vincent's life is marked by the unmistakable hand of divine ,providence4 ,captured in a voyage by ,algerine pirates1 he is sold in the market-place of ,tunis1 that he might learn to sympathize with those who are in bonds2 he falls into the hands of a renegade1 who1 with his whole family1 is soon converted and makes his escape from the country4 ,s4 ,vincent presents them to the papal legate at ,avignon1 and goes to ,rome1 whence he returns1 charged with a confidential mission by ,cardinal d',ossat4 ,he afterwards becomes a tutor in the family of the ,comte de ,gondi--another providential event4 ,the count is governor-general of the galleys1 and the owner of vast possessions in ,normandy4 ,s4 ,vincent labors among the convicts1 and1 if he cannot release them from their bonds1 he teaches them to bear their sufferings in a spirit of expiation4 ,he establishes rural missions in ,normandy1 and founds the ,college of ,bons-,enfants and the house of ,s4 ,lazare at ,paris4 ,a holy widow1 ,mme4 ,legros1 falls under his influence1 and charitable organizations of ladies are formed1 and sisters for the special service of the sick are established at ,s4 ,nicolas du ,chardonnet4 ,little children1 abandoned by unnatural mothers1 are dying of cold and hunger in the streets2 ,s4 ,vincent opens a foundling asylum1 and during the cold winter nights he goes alone through the most dangerous quarters of old ,paris in search of these poor waifs of humanity4#e ,clerical instruction is needed1 and ,richelieu1 at his instance1 endows the first ecclesiastical seminary4 ,the moral condition of the army excites the saint's compassion1 and the cardinal authorizes missionaries among the soldiers4 ,the province of ,lorraine is suffering from famine4 ,mothers even devour their own children4 ,in a short time ,s4 ,vincent collects sixteen hundred thousand livres for their relief4 ,under the regency of ,anne of ,austria he becomes a member of the ,council of ,ecclesiastical ,affairs4 ,in the wars of the ,fronde he is for peace1 and negotiates between the queen and the parliament4 ,the foundation of a hospital for old men marks the end of his noble1 unselfish life4 ,the jewel of charity never ceases to glow in his breast4 ,it is his great bequest to his spiritual children4 ,how potent it has been is proved by the incalculable good effected to this day by the ,lazarists1 ,sisters of ,charity1 and ,society of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul--beautiful constellations in the firmament of the church6 ,in the midst of his honors ,s4 ,vincent never forgot his humble origin1 but often referred to it with the true spirit of ama nesciri et pro nihilo reputari4 ,not that he was inaccessible to human weakness1 but he knew how to resist it4 ,we read in his interesting ,life by ,abb ,maynard that the porter of the ,college of ,bons-,enfants informed the superior one day that a poorly-clad peasant1 styling himself his nephew1 was at the door4 ,s4 ,vincent blushed and ordered him to be taken up to his room4 ,then he blushed for having blushed1 and1 going down into the street1 embraced his nephew and led him into the court1 where1 summoning all the professors of the college1 he presented the confused youth3 8,gentlemen1 this is the most respectable of my family40 ,and he continued1 during the remainder of his visit1 to introduce him to visitors of every rank as if he were some great lord1 in order to avenge his first movement of pride4 ,and when1 not long after1 he made a retreat1 he publicly humbled himself before his associates3 8,brethren1 pray for one who through pride wished to take his nephew secretly to his room because he was a peasant and poorly dressed40 ,s4 ,vincent returned only once to his native place after he began his apostolic career4 ,this was at the close of a mission among the convicts of ,bordeaux4 ,during his visit he solemnly renewed his baptismal vows in the village church where he had been baptized and made his ,first ,communion1 and on the day of his departure he went with bare feet on a pilgrimage to ,notre ,dame de ,buglose1 among whose ruins he had so often prayed in his childhood1 but which was now rebuilt4 ,he was accompanied1 not only by his relatives1 but by all the villagers1 who were justly proud of their countryman4 ,he sang a solemn ,mass at the altar of ,our ,lady1 and afterwards assembled the whole family around the table for a modest repast1 at the end of which he rose to take leave of them4 ,they all fell at his feet and implored his blessing4 8,yes1 ,i give you my blessing10 replied he1 much affected1 8but ,i bless you poor and humble1 and beg our ,lord to continue among you the grace of holy poverty4 ,never abandon the condition in which you were born4 ,this is my earnest recommendation1 which ,i beg you to transmit as a heritage to your children4 ,farewell for ever60 ,his advice was religiously kept4 ,by mutual assistance his family might have risen above its original obscurity4 ,some of his mother's family were advocates at the parliament of ,bordeaux1 and it would have been easy to obtain offices that would have given them1 at least1 prominence in their own village2 but they clung to their rural pursuits4 ,the advice of their sainted relative was too precious a legacy to be renounced4 ,not that ,s4 ,vincent was insensible to their condition or unambitious by nature1 but he knew the value of the hidden life and the perils of worldly ambition4 ,we have on this occasion another glimpse of his struggles with nature4 ,hardly had he left his relatives before he gave vent to his emotion in a flood of tears1 and he almost reproached himself for leaving them in their poverty4 ,but let us quote his own words3 8,the day ,i left home ,i was so filled with sorrow at separating from my poor relatives that ,i wept as ,i went along--wept almost incessantly4 ,then came the thought of aiding them and bettering their condition2 of giving so much to this one1 and so much to that4 ,while my heart thus melted within me1 ,i divided all ,i had with them4 ,yes1 even what ,i had not2 and ,i say this to my confusion1 for ,god perhaps permitted it to make me comprehend the value of the evangelical counsel4 ,for three months ,i felt this importunate longing to promote the interests of my brothers and sisters4 ,it constantly weighed on my poor heart4 ,during this time1 when ,i felt a little relieved1 ,i prayed ,god to deliver me from this temptation1 and persevered so long in my prayer that at length he had pity on me and took away this excessive tenderness for my relations2 and though they have been needy1 and still are1 the good ,god has given me the grace to commit them to his ,providence1 and to regard them as better off than if they were in an easier condition40 ,s4 ,vincent was equally rigid as to his own personal necessities1 as may be seen by the following words from his own lips3 8,when ,i put a morsel of bread to my mouth1 ,i say to myself3 ,wretched man1 hast thou earned the bread thou art going to eat--the bread that comes from the labor of the poor80 ,such is the spirit of the saints4 ,in these days1 when most people are struggling to rise in the world1 many by undue means1 and to an unlawful height1 it is well to recall this holy example2 it is good to get a glimpse into the heart of a saint1 and to remember there are still many in the world and in the cloister who strive to counterbalance all this ambition and love of display by their humility and self-denial4 ,immediately after ,s4 ,vincent's canonization1 in #agcg1 the inhabitants of ,pouy1 desirous of testifying their veneration for his memory1 removed the house where he was born a short distance from its original place1 without changing its primitive form in the least1 and erected a small chapel on the site1 till means could be obtained for building a church4 ,the great ,revolution put a stop to the plan4 ,in #ahba a new effort was made1 a committee appointed1 and a subscription begun which soon amounted to thirty thousand francs2 but at the revolution of #ahcj material interests prevailed1 and the funds were appropriated to the construction of roads4 ,the ecclesiastical authorities at length took the matter in hand1 and formed the plan1 not only of building a church1 but surrounding it with the various charitable institutions founded by ,s4 ,vincent--a hospital for the aged1 asylums for orphans and foundlings1 and perhaps a ferme modle in the ,landes4 ,in #ahej the ,bishop of ,aire appealed to the ,catholic world for aid4 ,pius ,,ix4 blessed the undertaking4 ,on the ,festival of the ,transfiguration1 #ahea1 the corner-stone was laid by the bishop1 assisted by ,pre ,etienne1 the superior-general of the ,lazarists4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 and the ,empress ,eugnie largely contributed to the work1 and in a few years the church and hospice were completed4 ,the consecration took place ,april #bd1 #ahfd1 in the presence of an immense multitude from all parts of the country4 ,from three o'clock in the morning there were ,masses at a dozen altars1 and the hands of the priests were fatigued in administering the holy ,eucharist4 ,among the communicants were eight hundred members of the ,society of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul1 from ,bordeaux1 who manifested their joy by enthusiastic hymns4 ,at eight in the forenoon ,pre ,etienne1 surrounded by ,lazarists and ,sisters of ,charity1 celebrated the ,holy ,sacrifice at the newly-consecrated high altar1 and several novices made their vows1 among whom was a young ,african1 a cousin of ,abdel ,kader4 ,a chsse containing relics of ,s4 ,vincent was brought in solemn procession from the parish church of ,pouy1 where he had been held at the font and received the divine ,guest in his heart for the first time4 ,the road was strewn with flowers and green leaves4 ,the weather was delightful and the heavens radiant4 ,at the head of the procession was borne a banner1 on which ,s4 ,vincent was represented as a shepherd1 followed by all the orphans of the new asylum and the old men of the hospice4 ,then came a long line of ,enfants de ,marie dressed in white1 carrying oriflammes1 followed by the students of the colleges of ,aire and ,dax4 ,behind were fifteen hundred members of the ,society of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul1 and a file of sisters of various orders1 including eight hundred ,sisters of ,charity1 with a great number of ,lazarists in the rear4 ,then came thirty relatives of ,s4 ,vincent1 wearing the peasant's costume of the district1 heirs of his virtues and simplicity--,noblesse oblige4 ,then the ,polish ,lazarists with the flag of their nation1 beloved by ,s4 ,vincent1 and after them the clergy of the diocese and a great number from foreign parts1 among whom was ,m4 ,eugne ,bor1 of ,constantinople1 now superior-general of the two orders founded by the saint4 ,the shrine came next1 surrounded by ,lazarists and ,sisters of ,charity4 ,behind the canons and other dignitaries came eight bishops1 four archbishops1 and ,cardinal ,donnet of ,bordeaux1 followed by the civil authorities and an immense multitude of people nearly two miles in extent1 with banners bearing touching devices4 ,this grand procession of more than thirty thousand people proceeded with the utmost order1 to the sound of chants1 instrumental music1 and salutes from cannon from time to time1 to the square in front of the new church1 where1 before an altar erected at the foot of ,s4 ,vincent's oak1 they were addressed by ,pre ,etienne in an eloquent1 thrilling discourse1 admirable in style and glowing with imagery1 suited to the fervid nature of this southern region4 ,he spoke of ,s4 ,vincent1 not only as the man of his age with a providential mission1 but of a type suited to all ages4 ,the man who loved his brethren1 reconciled enemies1 brought the rich and poor into one common field imbued with a common idea of sacrifice and devotion1 fed the orphan1 aided the needy1 and wiped away the tears of the sufferer1 is the man of all times1 and especially of an age marked by the fomentation of political passions4 ,the old oak was gay with streamers1 the hollow was fitted up as an oratory1 before which ,cardinal ,donnet said ,mass in the open air1 after which thousands of voices joined in the solemn ,te ,deum ,laudamus1 and the thirteen prelates terminated the grand ceremony by giving their united benediction to the kneeling crowd4 ,a whole flock of ,sisters of ,charity1 with their dove-like plumage of white and gray1 took the same train as ourselves the pleasant ,september morning we left ,bayonne for the birth-place of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul4 ,they seemed like birds of good omen4 ,they were also going to the ,berceau 7cradle71 as they called it1 not on a mere pilgrimage1 but to make their annual retreat4 ,what for1 the saints alone know2 for they looked like the personification of every amiable virtue1 and quite ready to spread their white wings and take flight for heaven4 ,it was refreshing to watch their gentle1 unaffected ways1 wholly devoid of those demure airs of superior sanctity and repulsive austerity so exasperating to us worldly-minded people4 ,they all made the sign of the cross as the train moved out of the station--and a good honest one it was1 as if they loved the sign of the ,son of ,man1 and delighted in wearing it on their breast4 ,some had come from ,st4 ,sebastian1 others from ,st4 ,jean de ,luz1 and several from ,bayonne2 but they mingled like sisters of one great family of charity4 ,some chatted1 some took out their rosaries and went to praying with the most cheerful air imaginable1 as if it were a new refreshment just allowed them1 instead of being the daily food of their souls2 and others seemed to be studying with interest the peculiar region we were now entering4 ,for we were now in the ,landes--low1 level1 monotonous1 and melancholy4 ,the railway lay through vast forests of dusky-pines1 varied by willows and cork-trees1 with here and there1 at long distances1 an open tract where ripened scanty fields of corn and millet around the low cottages of the peasants4 ,the sides of the road were purple with heather4 ,the air was full of aromatic odors4 ,each pine had its broad gash cut by some merciless hand1 and its life-blood was slowly trickling down its side4 ,passing through this sad forest1 one could not help thinking of the drear1 mystic wood in ,dante's ,inferno1 where every tree encloses a human soul with infinite capacity of suffering1 and at every gash cut1 every branch lopped off1 utters a despairing cry3 8,why pluck'st thou me8 ,then1 as the dark blood trickled down its side1 ,these words it added3 ,wherefore tear'st me thus8 ,is there no touch of mercy in thy breast8 ,men once were we that now are rooted here40 ,though the sun was hot1 the pine needles seemed to shiver1 the branches swayed to and fro in the air1 and gave out a kind of sigh which sometimes increased into an inarticulate wail4 ,we look up1 almost expecting to see the harpies sitting 8,each on the wild thorn of his wretched shade40 ,could we stop1 we might question these maimed trees and learn some fearful tragedy from the imprisoned spirits4 ,perhaps they recount them to each other in the wild winter nights when the peasants1 listening with a kind of fear in their lone huts1 start up from their beds and say it is ,rey ,artus--,king ,arthur--who is passing by with his long train of dogs1 horses1 and huntsmen1 from an old legend of the time of the ,english occupation which says that ,king ,arthur1 as he was hearing ,mass on ,easter-day1 attracted by the cries of his hounds attacking their prey1 went out at the elevation of the ,host4 ,a whirlwind carried him into the clouds1 where he has hunted ever since1 and will1 without cessation or repose1 till the day of judgment1 only taking a fly every seven years4 ,the popular belief that he is passing with a great noise through space when the winds sweep across the vast moors on stormy nights probably embodies the old tradition of some powerful lord whose hounds and huntsmen ruined the crops of the poor1 who1 in their wrath1 consigned them to endless barren hunting-fields in the spirit-land--a legend which reminds us of the ,aasgaardsreja of whom ,miss ,bremer tells us--spirits not good enough to merit heaven1 and yet not bad enough to deserve hell1 and are therefore doomed to ride about till the end of the world1 carrying fear and disaster in their train4 ,in a little over an hour we arrived at ,dax1 a pleasant town on the banks of the ,adour1 with long lines of sycamores1 behind which is a hill crowned with an old chteau1 now belonging to the ,lazarists4 ,the place is renowned for its thermal springs and mud-baths1 known to the ,romans before its conquest by the ,csars4 ,it was from ,aqu ,august1 the capital of the ancient ,tarbelli 7called in the ,middle ,ages the ville d',acqs1 or d',acs1 whence ,dax71 that the name of ,aquitaine is supposed to be derived4 ,pliny1 the naturalist1 speaking of the ,aquenses1 says3 ,aquitani ind nomen provinci4 ,the ,bay of ,biscay was once known by the name of ,sinus ,tarbellicus1 from the ancient ,tarbelli4 ,lucan says3 8,tunc rura ,nemossi ,qui tenet et ripas ,aturri1 quo littore curvo ,molliter admissum claudit ,tarbellicus quor40 ,s4 ,vincent of ,saintonge was the first apostle of the region1 and fell a martyr to his zeal4 ,dax formed part of the dowry of the daughter of ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england when she married ,alfonso of ,castile1 but it returned to the ,plantagenets in the time of ,edward ,,iii4 ,the city was an episcopal see before the revolution of #agic4 ,franois de ,noailles1 one of the most distinguished of its bishops1 was famous as a diplomatist in the ,x,v,ith century4 ,he was sent to ,england on several important missions1 and finally appointed ambassador to that country in the reign of ,mary ,tudor4 ,recalled when ,philip ,,ii4 induced her to declare war against ,france1 he landed at ,calais1 and1 carefully examining the fortifications1 his keen1 observant eye soon discovered the weak point1 to which1 at his arrival in court1 he at once directed the king's attention1 declaring it would not be a difficult matter to take the place4 ,his statements made such an impression on ,king ,henry1 who had always found him as judicious as he was devoted to the interests of the crown1 that he resolved to lay siege to ,calais1 notwithstanding the opposition of his ministers1 and the ,duke of ,guise began the attack ,january #a1 #aeeh4 ,the place was taken in a week4 ,it had cost the ,english a year's siege two hundred and ten years before4 ,three weeks after its surrender ,cardinal ,hippolyte de ,ferrara1 ,archbishop of ,auch 7the son of ,lucretia ,borgia1 who married ,alphonso d',este1 ,duke of ,ferrara7 wrote ,franois de ,noailles as follows3 8,no one can help acknowledging the great hand you had in the taking of ,calais1 as it was actually taken at the very place you pointed out40 ,french historians have been too forgetful of the hand the ,bishop of ,dax had in the taking of a place so important to the interests of the nation1 which added so much to the glory of the ,french arms1 and was so humiliating to ,england1 whose anguish was echoed by the queen when she exclaimed that if her heart could be opened the very name of ,calais would be found written therein6 ,this great churchman was no less successful in his embassy to ,venice1 where he triumphed over the haughty pretensions of ,philip ,,ii41 and1 as ,brantme says1 8won great honor and affection40 ,after five years in ,italy he returned to ,dax1 where he devoted most of his revenues to relieve the misery that prevailed at that fearful time of religious war4 ,dax1 as he said1 was 8the poorest see in ,france40 ,in #aega he was appointed ambassador to ,constantinople by ,charles ,,ix4 ,florimond de ,raymond1 an old writer of that day1 tells us the bishop was at first troubled as to his presentation to the sultan1 who only regarded the highest dignitaries as the dust of his feet1 and exacted ceremonies which the ambassador considered beneath the dignity of a bishop and a representative of ,france4 ,he resolved not to submit to them1 and1 thanks to his pleasing address1 and handsome person dressed for the occasion in red cramoisie and cloth of gold1 he was not subjected to them4 ,moreover1 by his fascinating manners and agreeable conversation1 he became a great favorite of the sultan1 and took so judicious a course that his embassy ended by rendering ,france mistress of the commerce of the ,mediterranean1 and giving her a pre-eminence in the ,east which she has never lost4 ,it was after his return from the ,levant that1 in an interview with ,henry ,,iii41 the sagacious bishop urged the king to declare war against ,spain1 as the best means of delivering ,france from the horrors of a civil war4 ,de ,thou says the king seemed to listen favorably to the suggestion2 but it was opposed by the council1 and it was not till ten years later that ,henry ,,iv4 declared war against that country1 as ,duruy states1 8the better to end the civil war40 ,the ,bishop of ,dax seems to have been poorly remunerated for his eminent services4 ,like ,frederick the ,great's father1 he said kings were always hard of hearing when there was a question of money1 and complained that1 notwithstanding his long services abroad1 he had never received either honors or profit4 ,even his appointments as ambassador to ,venice1 amounting to more than thirty thousand livres1 were still due4 ,many of his letters to the king and to ,marie de ,mdicis have been preserved1 which show his elevation of mind1 and his broad political and religious views1 which give him a right to be numbered among the great churchmen of the ,x,v,ith century4 ,at ,dax we took a carriage to the ,berceau of ,s4 ,vincent1 and1 after half an hour's drive along a level road bordered with trees1 we came in sight of the great dome of the church rising up amid a group of fine buildings4 ,driving up to the door1 the first thing we observed was the benign statue of the saint standing on the gable against the clear1 blue sky1 with arms wide-spread1 smiling on the pilgrim a very balm of peace4 ,before the church there is a broad green1 at the right of which is the venerable old oak2 at the left1 the cottage of the ,de ,pauls2 and in the rear of the church1 the asylums and hospice--fine establishments one is surprised to find in this remote region4 ,we at once entered the church1 which is in the style of the ,renaissance4 ,it consists of a nave without aisles1 a circular apsis1 and transepts which form the arms of the cross1 in the centre of which rises the dome1 lined with an indifferent fresco representing ,s4 ,vincent borne to heaven by the angels4 ,directly beneath is the high altar where are enshrined relics of the saint4 ,around it1 at the four angles of the cross1 are statues of four ,s4 ,vincents--of ,xaintes1 of ,saragossa1 of ,lerins1 and ,s4 ,vincent ,ferrer4 ,the whole life of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul is depicted in the stained-glass windows4 ,and on the walls of the nave are four paintings1 one representing him as a boy1 praying before ,our ,lady of ,buglose2 the second1 his first ,mass in the chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,grce2 in the third he is redeeming captives1 and in the fourth giving alms to the poor4 ,we next visited the asylums1 admiring the clean1 airy rooms1 the intelligent1 happy faces of the orphans1 and the graceful cordiality of the sister who was at the head of the establishment--a lady of fortune who has devoted her all to the work4 ,at length we came to the cottage--the door of the true hero to which our path had led4 ,the broad1 one-story house in which ,s4 ,vincent was born is now a mere skeleton within1 the framework of the partitions alone remaining1 so one can take in the whole at a glance4 ,there is the kitchen1 with the huge1 old-fashioned chimney1 around which the family used to gather--so enormous that in looking up one sees a vast extent of blue sky4 ,saint's house though it was1 we could not help thinking--,heaven forgive us the profane thought6--it must have been very much like the squire's chimney in ,tylney ,hall1 the draught of which1 like the ,polish game of draughts1 was apt to take backwards and discharge all the smoke into his sitting-room6 ,the second room at the left1 where the saint was born1 is an oratory containing an altar1 the crucifix he used to pray before1 some of the garments he wore1 shoes broad and much-enduring as his own nature1 and many other precious relics4 ,not only this1 but every room has an altar4 ,we counted seven1 all of the simplest construction1 for the convenience of the pilgrims who come here with their curs at certain seasons of the year to honor their sainted countryman who in his youth here led a simple1 laborious life like themselves4 ,we found several persons at prayer in the various compartments1 all of which showed the primitive habits and limited resources of the family1 though not absolute poverty4 ,the floor was of earth1 the walls and great rafters only polished with time and the kisses of the pilgrims1 and above the rude stairway1 a mere loft where perchance the saint slept in his boyhood4 ,everything in this cottage1 where a great heart was cradled1 was from its very simplicity extremely touching4 ,it seemed the very place to meditate on the mysterious ways of divine ,providence--mysterious as the wind that bloweth where it listeth--the very place to chant the ,suscitans terr inopem3 et de stercore erigens pauperem2 ut collocet eum cum principibus1 cum principibus populi sui4 ,s4 ,vincent's oak1 on the opposite side of the green1 looks old enough to have witnessed the mysterious rites of the ,druids4 ,it is surrounded by a railing to protect it from the pious depredations of the pilgrim4 ,it still spreads broad its branches covered with verdure1 though the trunk is so hollowed by decay that one side is entirely gone1 and in the heart1 where young ,vincent used to pray1 stands a wooden pillar on which is a statue of the ,virgin1 pure and white1 beneath the green bower4 ,a crowd of artists1 savants1 soldiers1 and princes have bent before this venerable tree4 ,in #ahbc the public authorities of the commune received the ,duchess of ,angoulme at its foot4 ,the learned and pious ,ozanam1 one of the founders of the ,society of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul1 came here in his last days to offer a prayer4 ,on the list of foreign visitors is the name of the late venerable ,bishop ,flaget of ,kentucky1 of whom it is recorded that he kissed the tree with love and veneration1 and plucked1 as every pilgrim does1 a leaf from its branches4 ,there is an herb1 says ,pliny1 found on ,mt4 ,atlas2 they who gather it see more clearly4 ,there is something of this virtue in the oak of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul4 ,one sees more clearly than ever at its foot the infinite moral superiority of a nature like his to the worldly ambition of the old lords of the ,landes4 ,famous as the latter were in their day1 who thinks of them now8 ,who cares for the lords of ,castelnau1 the ,seigneurs of ,juliac1 or even for the ,sires of ,albret1 whose ancient castle at ,labrit is now razed to the ground1 and1 while we write1 its last traces obliterated for ever8 ,the shepherd whistles idly among the ruins of their once strong holds1 the ploughman drives thoughtlessly over the place where they once held proud sway1 as indifferent as the beasts themselves2 but there is not a peasant in the ,landes who does not cherish the memory of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul1 or a noble who does not respect his name2 and thousands annually visit the poor house where he was born and look with veneration at the oak where he prayed4 ,charity is the great means of making the poor forget the fearful inequality of worldly riches1 and its obligation reminds the wealthy they are only part of a great brotherhood4 ,its exercise softens the heart and averts the woe pronounced on the rich4 ,s4 ,john of ,god1 wishing to found a hospital at ,granada1 and without a ducat in the world1 walked slowly through the streets and squares with a hod on his back and two great kettles at his side1 crying with a loud voice3 8,who wishes to do good to himself8 ,ah6 my brethren1 for the love of ,god1 do good to yourselves60 ,and alms flowed in from every side4 ,it was these appeals in the divine name that gave him his appellation4 8,what is your name80 asked ,don ,ramirez1 ,bishop of ,tuy4 8,john10 was the reply4 8,henceforth you shall be called ,john of ,god10 said the bishop4 ,and so1 that we may all become the sons of ,god1 let us here1 at the foot of ,s4 ,vincent's oak1 echo the words that in life were so often on his lips3 ,,caritatem1 ,,propter ,,deum6 ,,lord ,,castlehaven',s ,,memoirs4#f ,in the year #afch the ,earl of ,castlehaven1 then a young man1 made the ,grand ,tour1 as became a nobleman of his family in that age4 ,being at ,rome1 whither the duty of paying his respects to the ,holy ,father had carried him--for this lord was the head of one of those grand old families which had declined to forswear its faith at the behest of ,henry or ,elizabeth--he received a letter from ,king ,charles ,i41 requiring him to attend the king in his expedition against the ,scots1 then revolted and in arms4 ,with that instant loyalty which was the return made by those proscribed families to an ungrateful court from the ,armada down1 ,lord ,castlehaven1 two days after the messenger had placed the royal missive in his hands1 took post for ,england4 ,near ,turin he fell in with an army commanded by the ,marquis de ,leganes1 ,governor of ,milan for the ,king of ,spain1 who was marching to besiege the ,savoy capital4 ,but the siege was soon raised1 and ,lord ,castlehaven entered the town4 ,there he found her ,royal ,highness the ,duchess of ,savoy in great confusion1 as if she had got no rest for many nights1 so much had she been occupied with the conduct of the defence2 for even the wives of this warlike and rapacious family soon learned to defend their own by the strong hand1 and could stretch it out to grasp still more when occasion served4 ,but as yet the ambition of the ,house of ,savoy stopped short of sacrilege--or stooped to it like a hawk on short flights--nor dreamed of aggrandizing itself with the spoils of the whole territory of the church4 ,when ,lord ,castlehaven came to take leave of the duchess1 her royal highness gave him a musket-bullet1 much battered1 which had come in at her window and missed her narrowly1 charging him to deliver it safely to her sister1 the ,queen of ,england--as it proved1 a present of ill omen2 for of musket-balls1 in a little time1 the ,english sister had more than enough4 ,arriving in ,london1 ,lord ,castlehaven followed the king to ,berwick1 where he found the royal army encamped1 with the ,tweed before it1 and the ,scotch1 under ,gen4 ,leslie1 lying at some distance4 ,a pacification was soon effected1 and both armies partially disbanded4 ,after this the earl passed his time 8as well as he could0 at home till #afdj4 ,in that year the ,king of ,france besieged ,arras1 and ,lord ,castlehaven set out to witness the siege4 ,within was a stout garrison under ,owen ,roe ,o',neal1 commanding for the ,prince ,cardinal1 ,governor of the ,low ,countries4 ,this was the first meeting of ,castlehaven with the future victor of ,benburb1 with whom he was afterwards brought into closer relations in the ,irish ,rebellion4 ,the ,french pressed ,arras close1 and the confederates being defeated1 and the hope of the siege being raised grown desperate1 the town was surrendered on honorable terms4 ,this action over1 ,lord ,castlehaven returned to ,england and sat in ,parliament till the attainder of the ,earl of ,strafford4 ,when that great nobleman fell1 deserted by his wavering royal master1 and the king's friends were beginning to turn about--they scarce knew whither--to prepare for the storm that all men saw was coming1 ,lord ,castlehaven went to ,ireland1 where he had some estate and three married sisters4 ,while there the ,rebellion of #afda broke out4 ,although innocent of any complicity in the outbreak1 his faith made him suspected1 and he was imprisoned on a slight pretext by the lords-justices4 ,escaping1 his first design was to get into ,france1 and thence to ,england to join the king at ,york1 and petition for a trial by his peers4 ,but coming to ,kilkenny1 he found there the ,supreme ,council of the ,confederate ,catholics just assembled--many of them being of his acquaintance--and was persuaded by them to throw in his lot with theirs1 seeing1 as they truly told him1 that they were all persecuted on the same score1 and ruined so that they had nothing more to lose but their lives4 ,from that time till the peace of #afdf he was engaged in the war of the ,confederate ,catholics1 holding important commands in the field under the ,supreme ,council4 ,his ,memoirs is the history of this war4 ,after the peace of #afdf1 concluded with the ,marquis of ,ormond1 the king's lord-lieutenant1 but which shortly fell through1 ,lord ,castlehaven retired to ,france1 and served as a volunteer under ,prince ,rupert at the siege of ,landrecies4 ,then1 returning to ,paris1 he remained in attendance on the ,queen of ,england and the ,prince of ,wales 7,charles ,,ii47 at ,st4 ,germain till #afdh4 ,in that year he returned to ,ireland with the lord-lieutenant1 the ,marquis of ,ormond1 and served the royal cause in that kingdom against the parliamentary forces under ,ireton and ,cromwell4 ,the battle of ,worcester being lost1 and ,cromwell the undisputed master of the three kingdoms1 ,castlehaven again followed the clouded fortunes of ,charles ,,ii4 to ,france4 ,there he obtained permission to join the ,great ,cond4 ,in the campaigns under that prince he had the command of eight or nine regiments of ,irish troops1 making altogether a force of #e1jjj men4 ,thus we find the ,irish refugees already consolidated into a brigade some years before the ,treaty of ,limerick expatriated those soldiers whose valor is more commonly identified with that title4 ,lord ,castlehaven returned to ,england at the ,restoration4 ,in the war with ,holland he served as a volunteer in some of the naval engagements4 ,in #affg1 the ,french having invaded ,flanders1 he was ordered there with #b1djj men to recruit the 8,old ,english ,regiment10 of which he was made colonel4 ,the peace of ,aix-la-,chapelle ended this war4 ,peace reigned in the ,low ,countries till the breaking out1 in #afgc1 of the long and bloody contest between the ,prince of ,orange and the confederate ,spaniards and ,imperialists on the one side1 and ,louis ,,xiv4 on the other4 ,this was the age of grand campaigns1 conducted upon principles of mathematical precision by the great captains formed in the school of ,m4 ,turenne1 before the 8little ,marquis of ,brandenburg0#g and the 8,corsican corporal0 in turn revolutionized the art of war4 ,castlehaven entered the ,spanish service1 and shared the checkered but generally disastrous fortunes of the ,duke of ,villahermosa and the ,prince of ,orange 7,william ,,iii47 against ,cond and ,luxembourg1 till the peace of ,nymegen put an end to the war in #afgh4 ,then1 after forty years' hard service1 this veteran retired from the field1 and returning to ,england1 like another ,csar1 set about writing his commentaries on the wars4 ,thus he spent his remaining years4 ,first he published1 but without acknowledging the authorship1 his ,memoirs of the ,irish ,wars4 ,this first edition was suppressed4 ,then1 in #afhd1 appeared the second edition1 containing1 besides the ,memoirs1 his 8,appendix0--being an account of his ,continental service--his 8,observations0 on confederate armies and the conduct of war1 and a 8,postscript10 which is a reply to the ,earl of ,anglesey4 ,and right well has the modern reader reason to be thankful for his lordship's literary spirit4 ,his ,memoirs is one of the most authentic and trustworthy accounts we have of that vexed passage of ,irish history--the ,rebellion of #afda4 ,its blunt frankness is its greatest charm2 it has the value of an account by an actor in the scenes described2 and it possesses that merit of impartiality which comes of being written by an ,englishman who1 connected with the ,irish leaders by the ties of faith1 family1 and property1 and sympathizing fully with their efforts to obtain redress for flagrant wrongs was yet not blind to their mistakes and indefensible actions4 ,castlehaven1 neglected for more than a century1 has received more justice at the hands of later historians4 ,he is frequently referred to by ,lingard1 and his work will be found an admirable commentary on ,carte's ,life of ,ormond4 ,there is a notice of him in ,horace ,walpole's ,catalogue of ,royal and ,noble ,authors 7vol4 iii47 8,if this lord10 says ,walpole1 8who led a very martial life1 had not taken the pains to record his own actions 7which1 however1 he has done with great frankness and ingenuity71 we should know little of his story1 our historians scarce mentioning him1 and even our writers of anecdotes1 as ,burnet1 or of tales and circumstances1 as ,roger ,north1 not giving any account of a court quarrel occasioned by his lordship's ,memoirs4 ,anthony ,wood alone has preserved this event1 but has not made it intelligible4 ''' ,the earl had been much censured for his share in the ,irish ,rebellion1 and wrote the ,memoirs to explain his conduct rather than to excuse it2 for he freely confesses his faults1 and imputes them to provocations from the government of that kingdom1 to whose rashness and cruelty1 conjointly with the votes and resolutions of the ,english ,parliament1 he ascribes the massacre4 ,there are no dates nor method1 and less style1 in these ,memoirs--defects atoned for in some measure by a martial honesty4 ,soon after their publication the ,earl of ,anglesey wrote to ask a copy4 ,lord ,castlehaven sent him one1 but denying the work as his4 ,anglesey1 who had been a commissioner in ,ireland for the ,parliament1 published ,castlehaven's letter1 with observations and reflections very abusive of the ,duke of ,ormond1 which occasioned first a printed controversy1 and this a trial before the ,privy ,council2 the event of which was that ,anglesey's first letter was voted a scandalous libel1 and himself removed from the custody of the ,privy ,seal2 and that the ,earl of ,castlehaven's ,memoirs1 on which he was several times examined1 and which he owned1 was declared a scandalous libel on the government--a censure that seems very little founded2 there is not a word that can authorize that sentence from the ,council of ,charles ,,ii4 but the imputation on the lords-justices of ,charles ,i42 for ,i suppose the ,privy ,council did not pique themselves on vindicating the honor of the republican ,parliament6 ,bishop ,morley wrote ,a ,true ,account of the ,whole ,proceeding between ,james1 ,duke of ,ormond1 and ,arthur1 ,earl of ,anglesey40 ,immediately after the ,restoration1 as it is well known1 an act was passed1 commonly called in that age 8the ,act of ,oblivion10 by which all penalties 7except certain specified ones7 incurred in the late troublous and rebellious times were forgiven4 ,so superfine would have been the net which the law of treason would have drawn around the three kingdoms1 had its strict construction been enforced1 that it was quite cut loose1 a few only of the greatest criminals and regicides being held in its meshes4 ,so harsh had been ,cromwell's iron rule that there were few counties of ,england in which the stoutest squires1 and even the most loyal1 might not have trembled had the king's commission inquired too closely into the legal question of connivance at the late tyrant's rule4 ,and in the great cities1 ,london especially1 the tide of enthusiasm which now ran so strongly for the king could not hide the memory of those days when the same fierce crowds had clamored for the head of the 8royal martyr40 ,prudent it was1 as well as benign1 therefore1 for the 8merry monarch0 to let time roll smoothly over past transgressions4 ,but though the law might grant oblivion1 and even punish the revival of controversies1 the old rancor between individuals and even parties was not so easily appeased after the first joyful outburst4 ,books and pamphlets by the hundred brought charges and counter charges4 ,but these 8authors of slander and lyes10 as ,castlehaven calls them1 outdid themselves in their tragical stories of the ,irish ,rebellion of #afda4 ,nor have imitators been wanting in this age1 as rancorous and more skilful1 in the production of 8fictions and invectives to traduce a whole nation40 ,to answer those calumnies by 8setting forth the truth of his story in a brief and plain method0 was the design of ,castlehaven's work4 ,then1 as now1 it was the aim of the libellers of the ,irish people to make the whole nation accountable for the 8massacre10 so called1 of #afda1 and to confound the war of the ,confederate ,catholics and the later loyal resistance to ,cromwell in one common denunciation with the first sanguinary and criminal outbreak4 ,lord ,castlehaven's narrative effectually disposes of this charge4 ,in a singularly clear and candid manner he narrates the rise and progress of the insurrection1 and shows the wide difference between the aims and motives of those who planned the uprising of ,october #bc1 #afda1 and of those who afterwards carried on the war under the title of the ,confederate ,catholics of ,ireland4 ,the former he does not hesitate to denounce as a 8barbarous and inhumane0 conspiracy1 but the responsibility for it he fixes in the right quarter--the malevolent character of the ,irish government and the atrocious spirit of the ,english ,puritan ,parliament1 which1 abandoning all the duties of protection1 kept only one object in view--the extirpation of the native ,irish4 ,with the successful example of the ,scotch ,rebellion immediately before them1 it was a matter of little wonder to observant and impartial minds in that age that the ,irish should have seized upon the occasion of the growing quarrel between the king and ,parliament as the opportune moment for the redress of their grievances4 ,for in the year #afdj1 two years after the pacification of ,berwick1 the ,scotch ,rebellion1 primarily instigated by the same cause as the ,irish--religious differences--broke out with greater violence than ever4 ,the ,scots' army invaded ,england1 defeated the king's troops at ,newburn1 and took ,newcastle4 ,then1 driven to extremity by those ,scotch rebels1 as mercenary as they were fanatical1#h and his strength paralyzed by the growing ,english sedition1 ,charles ,i4 called together 8that unfortunate ,parliament0 which1 proceeding from one violence to another1 first destroyed its master1 and then was in turn destroyed by its own servant4 ,far from voting the ,scotch army rebels and traitors1 the ,parliament at once styled them 8dear brethren0 and voted them #cjj1jjj for their kindness4 ,mr4 ,gervase ,holles was expelled from the ,house for saying in the course of debate 8that the best way of paying them was by arms to expel them out of the kingdom40 ,the quarrel between ,king and ,commons grew hotter1 until finally it became evident that1 notwithstanding ,charles' concessions1 a violent rupture could not be long delayed4 ,no fairer opportunity could be hoped for by the ,irish leaders1 dissatisfied with their own condition1 and spurred on by the hope of winning as good measure of success as the ,scotch4 ,the plan to surprise the ,castle of ,dublin and the other ,english garrisons was quickly matured2 but failing1 some of the conspirators were taken and executed1 and the rest forced to retire to the woods and mountains4 ,but the flame thus lighted soon spread over the whole kingdom1 and occasioned a war which lasted without intermission for ten years4 ,the following reasons are declared by ,castlehaven to have been afterwards offered to him by the ,irish as the explanation of this insurrection3 ,first1 that1 being constantly looked upon by the ,english government as a conquered nation1 and never treated as natural or free-born subjects1 they considered themselves entitled to regain their liberty whenever they believed it to be in their power to do so4 ,secondly1 that in the ,north1 where the insurrection broke out with the greatest violence1 six whole counties had been escheated to the crown at one blow1 on account of ,tyrone's rebellion2 and although it was shown that a large portion of the population of those counties was innocent of complicity in that rising1 nothing had ever been restored1 but the whole bestowed by ,james ,i4 upon his countrymen4 ,to us1 who live at the distance of two centuries and a half from those days of wholesale rapine1 these confiscations still seem the most gigantic instance of ,english wrong2 but who shall tell their maddening effect upon those who suffered from them in person in that age--the men flying to the mountains1 the women perishing in the fields1 the children crying for food they could not get8 ,thirdly1 the popular alarm was heightened by the reports1 current during ,strafford's government in ,ireland1 that the counties of ,roscommon1 ,mayo1 ,galway1 and ,cork1 and parts of ,tipperary1 ,limerick1 and ,wicklow1 were to share the fate of the ,ulster counties4 ,it hardly needs the example of our own ,revolution to prove the truth of ,castlehaven's observation upon this project3 8,that experience tells us where the people's property is like to be invaded1 neither religion nor loyalty is able to keep them within bounds if they find themselves in a condition to make any considerable opposition40 ,and this brings to his mind the story related by ,livy of those resolute ambassadors of the ,privernates1 who1 being reduced to such extremities that they were obliged to beg peace of the ,roman ,senate1 yet1 being asked what peace should the ,romans expect from them1 who had broken it so often1 they boldly answered--which made the ,senate accept their proposals--8,if a good one1 it shall be faithful and lasting2 but if bad1 it shall not hold very long4 ,for think not10 said they1 8that any people1 or even any man1 will continue in that condition whereof they are weary any longer than of necessity they must40 ,fourthly1 it was notorious that from the moment ,parliament was convened it had urged the greatest severities against the ,english ,roman ,catholics4 ,the king was compelled to revive the penalties of the worst days of ,edward and ,elizabeth against them4 ,his own consort was scarce safe from the violence of those hideous wretches who concealed the vilest crimes under the garb of ,puritan godliness4 ,readers even of such a common and one-sided book as ,forster's ,life of ,sir ,john ,eliot will be surprised to find the prominence and space the 8,popish0 resolutions and debates occupied in the sittings of ,parliament4 ,the popular leaders divided their time nearly equally between the persecution of the ,catholics and assaults upon the prerogative4 ,the same severities were now threatened against the ,irish ,catholics4 8,both ,houses10 says ,castlehaven1 8solicited1 by several petitions out of ,ireland1 to have those of that kingdom treated with the like rigor1 which1 to a people so fond of their religion as the ,irish1 was no small inducement to make them1 while there was an opportunity offered1 to stand upon their guard40 ,fifthly1 the precedent of the ,scotch ,rebellion1 and its successful results--pecuniarily1 politically1 and religiously--encouraged the ,irish so much at that time that they offered it to ,owen ,o',conally as their chief motive for rising in rebellion2 8which10 says he 7quoted by ,castlehaven71 8they engaged in to be rid of the tyrannical government that was over them1 and to imitate ,scotland1 who by that course had enlarged their privileges0 7,o',conally's ,exam41 ,october #bb1 #afda2 ,borlace's ,history of the ,irish ,rebellion1 p4 #ba74 ,to the same purpose ,lord ,castlehaven quotes ,mr4 ,howell in his ,mercurius ,hibernicus in the year #afdc2 8whose words1 because an impartial author and a known ,protestant1 ,i will here transcribe in confirmation of what ,i have said and for the reader's further satisfaction03 8,moreover10 says ,mr4 ,howell1 8they the ,irish entered into consideration that they had sundry grievances and grounds of complaint1 both touching their estates and consciences1 which they pretended to be far greater than those of the ,scots4 ,for they fell to think that if the ,scot was suffered to introduce a new religion1 it was reason they should not be punished in the exercise of their old1 which they glory never to have altered2 and for temporal matters1 wherein the ,scot had no grievance at all to speak of1 the new plantations which had been lately afoot to be made in ,connaught and other places2 the concealed lands and defective titles which were daily found out2 the new customs which were enforced2 and the incapacity they had to any preferment or office in church or state1 with other things1 they considered to be grievances of a far greater nature1 and that deserved redress much more than any the ,scot had4 ,to this end they sent over commissioners to attend this ,parliament in ,england with certain propositions2 but they were dismissed hence with a short and unsavory answer1 which bred worse blood in the nation than was formerly gathered4 ,and this1 with that leading case of the ,scot1 may be said to be the first incitements that made them rise4''' ,lastly1 that army of #h1jjj men which the ,earl of ,strafford had raised to be transported into ,england for suppressing the ,scot1 being by the advice of our ,parliament here disbanded1 the country was annoyed by some of those straggling soldiers4 ,therefore the ambassadors from ,spain having propounded to have some numbers of those disbanded soldiers for the service of their master1 his majesty1 by the mature advice of his ,privy ,council1 to occur the mischiefs that might arise to his kingdom of ,ireland from those loose cashiered soldiers1 yielded to the ambassadors' motion4 ,but as they were in the height of that work 7providing transports71 there was a sudden stop made of those promised troops2 and this was the last1 though not the least1 fatal cause of that horrid insurrection4 8,out of these premises it is easy for any common understanding1 not transported with passion or private interest1 to draw this conclusion3 ,that they who complied with the ,scot in his insurrection2 they who dismissed the ,irish commissioners with such a short1 impolitic answer2 they who took off the ,earl of ,strafford's head1 and afterwards delayed the despatching of the ,earl of ,leicester2 they who hindered those disbanded troops in ,ireland to go for ,spain1 may be justly said to have been the true causes of the late insurrection of the ,irish4 8,thus10 continues ,castlehaven1 8concludes this learned and ingenious gentleman1 who1 as being then his majesty's historiographer1 was as likely as any man to know the transactions of those times1 and1 as an ,englishman and a loyal ,protestant1 was beyond all exception of partiality or favor of the ,papists of ,ireland1 and therefore could have no other reason but the love of truth and justice to give this account of the ,irish ,rebellion1 or make the ,scotch and their wicked brethren in the ,parliament of ,england the main occasion of that horrid insurrection40 ,as for the 8massacre10 so called1 that ensued1 ,lord ,castlehaven speaks of it with the abhorrence it deserves4 ,but this very term 8massacre0 is a misnomer plausibly affixed to the uprising by ,english ingenuity4 ,in a country such as ,ireland then was--in which1 though nominally conquered1 few ,english lived outside the walled towns--an intermittent state of war was chronic2 and therefore there was none of that unpreparedness for attack or absence of means of defence on the part of the ,english settlers which1 in other well-known historical cases1 has rightfully given the name of 8massacre0 to a premeditated murderous attack upon defenceless and surprised victims4 ,to hold the ,english as such will be regarded with contemptuous ridicule by every one acquainted with the system of ,english and ,scotch colonization in ,ireland in that age4 ,the truth is1 the cruelties on both sides were very bloody1 8and though some10 says ,lord ,castlehaven1 8will throw all upon the ,irish1 yet 'tis well known who they were that used to give orders to their parties sent into the enemies' quarters to spare neither man1 woman1 nor child40 ,and as to the preposterous muster-rolls of ,sir ,john ,temple--from whom the subsequent scribblers borrowed all their catalogues--giving fifty thousand 767 ,british natives as the number killed1 ,lord ,castlehaven's testimony is to the effect that there was not one-tenth--or scarcely five thousand--of that number of ,british natives then living in ,ireland outside of the cities and walled towns where no 8massacre0 was committed4 ,lord ,castlehaven also shows that there were not #ej1jjj persons to be found even in ,temple's catalogue1 although it was then a matter of common notoriety that he repeats the same people and the same circumstances twice or thrice1 and mentions hundreds as then murdered who lived many years afterwards4 ,some of ,temple's1 not the ,irish1 victims were alive when ,castlehaven wrote4 ,but the true test of the character of this insurrection is to be found1 not in the exaggerated calumnies of ,english libellers writing after the event1 but in the testimony of the ,english settlers themselves when in a position where lies would have been of no avail4 ,we will therefore give here1 though somewhat out of the course of our narrative1 an incident related by ,castlehaven to that effect4 ,shortly after he had been appointed ,general of the ,horse under ,preston1 ,commander-in-,chief of the ,confederate ,catholics in ,leinster1 that general took1 among other places1 ,birr1 in ,king's ,county4 ,here ,castlehaven had the good fortune1 as he says1 to begin his command with an act of charity4 ,for1 going to see this garrison before it marched out1 he came into a large room where he found many people of quality1 both men and women4 ,they no sooner saw him but1 with tears in their eyes1 they fell on their knees1 desiring him to save their lives4 8,i was astonished10 says ,castlehaven1 8at their posture and petition1 and1 having made them rise1 asked what the matter was8 ,they answered that from the first day of the war there had been continued action and bloodshed between them and their ,irish neighbors1 and little quarter on either side2 and therefore1 understanding that ,i was an ,englishman1 begged ,i would take them into my protection40 ,it is enough to say that ,lord ,castlehaven1 with some difficulty1 and by personally taking command of a strong convoy1 obtained for them the protection they prayed for from the exasperated and outraged population around them4 ,but what we wish to point out is this3 that here are those victims of ,sir ,john ,temple's 8massacre0--not the garrison of the fort1 observe1 but the ,english settlers driven in by the approach of ,preston's army1 after terrorizing the country for months--now1 with the fear of death before them1 confessing on their knees that from the first day of the war they had arms in their hands1 and that little quarter was given on either side6 ,how well the ,english were able to take care of themselves at this time1 and what their 8massacres0 were like1 are shown by the following extract from a letter of ,colonel the ,hon4 ,mervin ,touchett to his brother1 ,lord ,castlehaven4 ,col4 ,touchett is describing a raid made by ,sir ,arthur ,loffens1 ,governor of ,naas1 with a party of horse and dragoons1 killing such of the ,irish as they met1 to punish an attack upon an ,english party a few days before3 8,but the most considerable slaughter was in a great strength of furze1 scattered on a hill1 where the people of several villages 7taking the alarm7 had sheltered themselves4 ,now1 ,sir ,arthur1 having invested the hill1 set the furze on fire on all sides1 where the people1 being a considerable number1 were all burned or killed1 men1 women1 and children4 ,i saw the bodies and the furze still burning40 ,we remember the horror-stricken denunciations of the ,english press some years ago when it was stated1 without much authentication1 that some of the ,french commanders in the ,algerine campaigns had smoked some ,arabs to death in caves4 ,but it would seem from ,col4 ,touchett's narrative that the ,english troopers would have been able to give their ,french comrades lessons in the culinary art of war some centuries ago4 ,a grilled ,irishman is surely as savory an object for the contemplation of humanity as a smoked ,arab6 ,but whatever the atrocities on the ,english side1 we will not say that the cruelties committed by the ,irish were not deserving of man's reprobation and ,god's anger4 ,only this is to be observed3 that whereas the 8massacres0 by the ,irish were confined to the rabble and ,strafford's disbanded soldiers1 those committed by the ,english side were shared in1 as the narratives of the day show1 by the persons highest in position and authority4 ,they made part of the ,english system of government of that day4 ,on the other hand1 the leading men of the ,irish ,catholic body not only endeavored to stay those murders1 but sought to induce the government to bring the authors of them on both sides to punishment4 ,but in vain6 ,on the #agth of ,march1 #afdb1 ,viscount ,gormanstown and ,sir ,robert ,talbot1 on behalf of the nobility and gentry of the nation1 presented a remonstrance1 praying 8that the murders on both sides committed should be strictly examined1 and the authors of them punished according to the utmost severity of the law40 ,which proposal1 ,castlehaven shrewdly remarks1 would never have been rejected by their adversaries1 8but that they were conscious of being deeper in the mire than they would have the world believe40 ,so far the 8massacre0 and first uprising4 ,now1 as to the inception of the war of the ,confederate ,catholics1 and its objects1 ,lord ,castlehaven's narrative is equally convincing and clear4 ,parliament met in the ,castle of ,dublin1 ,nov4 #af1 #afda4 ,the ,rebellion was laid before both ,houses by the lords-justices1 ,sir ,william ,parsons and ,sir ,john ,borlace4 ,concurrent resolutions were adopted1 without a dissenting voice1 by the two ,houses1 declaring their abhorrence of the ,rebellion1 and pledging their lives and fortunes to suppress it4 ,castlehaven had a seat in the ,irish ,house of ,lords as an ,irish peer1 and being then in ,ireland1 as before related1 took his seat at the meeting of ,parliament4 ,besides ,castlehaven1 most of the leaders of the war that ensued were members of the ,irish ,house of ,lords4 ,these ,catholic peers were not less earnest than the rest in their unanimous intention to put down the ,rebellion4 ,both ,houses thereupon began to deliberate upon the most effectual means for its suppression4 8,but this way of proceeding10 says ,castlehaven1 8did not1 it seems1 square with the lords-justices' designs1 who were often heard to say that #8the more were in rebellion1 the more lands should be forfeit to them4'0 ,therefore1 in the midst of the deliberations of ,parliament on the subject1 a prorogation was determined on4 ,the lords1 understanding this1 sent ,castlehaven and ,viscount ,castelloe to join a deputation from the commons to the lords-justices1 praying them not to prorogue1 at least till the rebels--then few in number--were reduced to obedience4 ,but the address was slighted1 and ,parliament prorogued the next day1 to the great surprise of both ,houses and the 8general dislike10 says ,castlehaven1 8of all honest and knowing men40 ,the result was1 as the lords-justices no doubt intended1 that the rebels were greatly encouraged1 and at once began to show themselves in quarters hitherto peaceful4 ,the members of ,parliament retired to their country-houses in much anxiety after the prorogation4 ,lord ,castlehaven went to his seat at ,maddingstown4 ,there he received a letter1 signed by the ,viscounts of ,gormanstown and ,netterville1 and by the ,barons of ,slane1 ,lowth1 and ,dunsany1 containing an enclosure to the lords-justices which those noblemen desired him to forward to them1 and1 if possible1 obtain an answer4 ,this letter to the lords-justices1 ,castlehaven says1 was very humble and submissive1 asking only permission to send their petitions into ,england to represent their grievances to the king4 ,the only reply of the lords-justices was a warning to ,castlehaven to receive no more letters from them4 ,meanwhile1 parties were sent out from ,dublin and the various garrisons throughout the kingdom to 8kill and destroy the rebels40 ,but those parties took little pains to distinguish rebels from loyal subjects1 provided they were only ,catholics1 killing promiscuously men1 women1 and children4 ,reprisals followed on the part of the rebels4 ,the nobility and gentry were between two fires4 ,a contribution was levied upon them by the rebels1 after the manner of the ,scots in the ,north of ,england in #afdj4 ,but although to pay that contribution in ,england passed without reproach1 in ,ireland it was denounced by the lords-justices as treason4 ,the ,english troopers insulted and openly threatened the most distinguished ,irish families as favorers of the ,rebellion4 8,this10 says ,castlehaven1 8and the sight of their tenants1 the harmless country people1 without respect to age or sex1 thus barbarously murdered1 made the ,catholic nobility and gentry at last resolved to stand upon their guard40 ,nevertheless1 before openly raising the standard of revolt against the ,irish government1 which refused to protect them1 they made several efforts to get their petitions before ,charles ,i4 ,sir ,john ,read1 a ,scotchman1 then going to ,england1 undertook to forward petitions to the king2 but1 being arrested on suspicion at ,drogheda1 was taken to ,dublin1 and there put upon the rack by the lords-justices to endeavor to wring from him a confession of ,charles ,i4's complicity in the ,rebellion4 ,this ,col4 ,mervin ,touchett heard from ,sir ,john ,read himself as he was brought out of the room where he was racked4 ,but that unfortunate monarch knew not how to choose his friends or to be faithful to them when he found them4 ,he referred the whole conduct of ,irish affairs to the ,english ,parliament1 thus increasing the discontent to the last pitch by making it plain to the whole ,irish people that he abandoned the duty of protecting them1 and had handed them over to the mercy of their worst enemies--the ,english ,parliament4 ,that ,parliament at once passed a succession of wild votes and ordinances1 indicating their intention of stopping short at nothing less than utter extirpation of the native race4 ,dec4 #h1 #afda1 they declared they would never give consent to any toleration of the ,popish religion in ,ireland4 ,in ,february following1 when few of any estate were as yet engaged in the ,rebellion1 they passed an act assigning two million five hundred thousand acres of cultivated land1 besides immense tracts of bogs1 woods1 and mountains1 to ,english and ,scotch adventurers for a small proportion of money on the grant4 ,this money1 the act stated1 was to go to the reduction of the rebels2 but1 with a fine irony of providence upon the king's weak compliance1 every penny of it was afterwards used to raise armies by the ,english rebels against him4 8,but the greatest discontent of all10 says ,castlehaven1 8was about the lords-justices proroguing the ,parliament--the only way the nation had to express its loyalty and prevent their being misrepresented to their sovereign1 which1 had it been permitted to sit for any reasonable time1 would in all likelihood1 without any great charge or trouble1 have brought the rebels to justice40 ,thus all hopes of redress or safety being at an end--a villanous government in ,dublin intent only upon confiscation1 a furious ,parliament in ,london breathing vengeance against the whole ,irish race1 and a king so embroiled in his ,english quarrels that he could do nothing to help his ,irish subjects1 even had he wished it--what was left those loyal1 gallant1 and devoted men but to draw the sword for their own safety8 ,the ,rebellion by degrees spread over the whole kingdom4 8,and now10 says ,castlehaven1 8there's no more looking back2 for all were in arms and full of indignation40 ,a council of the leading ,catholic nobles1 military officers1 and gentry met at ,kilkenny1 and formed themselves into an association under the title of the ,confederate ,catholics of ,ireland4 ,four generals were appointed for the respective provinces of the kingdom--,preston for ,leinster1 ,barry for ,munster1 ,owen ,roe ,o',neale for ,ulster1 and ,burke for ,connaught4 ,thus war was declared4 ,when the ,rebellion first broke out in the ,north1 ,lord ,castlehaven had immediately repaired to ,dublin and offered his services to the lords-justices4 ,they were declined with the reply that 8his religion was an obstacle40 ,after the prorogation of ,parliament1 as we have seen1 he retired to his house in the country4 ,then1 coming again to ,dublin to meet a charge of corresponding with the rebels which had been brought against him1 he was arrested by order of the lords-justices1 and1 after twenty weeks of imprisonment in the sheriff's house1 was committed to the ,castle4 8,this startled me a little10 says ,castlehaven--as it well might do2 for the state prisoner's exit from the ,castle in ,dublin in those days was usually made in the same way as from the ,tower in ,london1 namely1 by the block--8and brought into my thoughts the proceedings against the ,earl of ,strafford1 who1 confiding in his own innocence1 was voted out of his life by an unprecedented bill of attainder40 ,therefore1 hearing nothing while in prison but rejoicings at the king's misfortunes1 who at last had been forced to take up arms by the ,english rebels1 and knowing the lords-justices to be of the ,parliament faction1 and the lord-lieutenant1 the ,marquis of ,ormond1 being desperately sick of a fever1 not without suspicion of poison1 and his petition to be sent to ,england1 to be tried there by his peers1 being refused1 he determined to make his escape1 shrewdly concluding1 as he says1 that 8innocence was a scurvy plea in an angry time40 ,arriving at ,kilkenny1 he joined the confederacy1 as has been related4 ,from this time the war of the ,confederate ,catholics was carried on with varying success until the cessation of #afdf1 and then until the peace of #afdh1 when the ,confederates united1 but too late1 with the ,marquis of ,ormond to stop the march of ,cromwell4 ,a ,,sweet ,,singer3 ,,adelaide ,,anne ,,procter4 ,she sang of ,love--the love whose fires ,burn with a pure and gentle flame1 ,no passion lights of wild desires ,red with the lurid glow of shame4 ,she sang of angels1 and their wings ,seemed rustling through each soft refrain2 ,gladness and sorrow1 kindred things ,she wove in many a tender strain4 ,she sang of ,heaven and of ,god1 ,of ,bethlehem's star and ,calvary's way1 ,gethsemane--the bloody sod1 ,death1 darkness1 resurrection-day4 ,she sang of ,mary--,mother blest1 ,her sweetest carols were of thee6 ,close folded to thy loving breast ,how fair her home in heaven must be6 ,,the ,,colporteurs ,,of ,,bonn4 ,i was very stupid in my youth1 and am still far from being sharp4 ,i could not master knotty questions like other boys2 so this natural deficiency had to be supplemented by some plan that would facilitate the acquisition of knowledge4 ,the advantage to be derived from a garrulous preceptor1 whose mind was stored with all sorts of learning without dogmatism or hard formularies1 were fully appreciated by my parents4 ,john ,o',neil was a very old man when ,i was a boy1 and he was just the person qualified to impart an astonishing quantity of all sorts of facts1 and perhaps fancies4 ,i hold him in affectionate remembrance though he be dead over twenty-five years1 and rests near the remains of his favorite hero1 ,o',connell1 in ,glasnevin ,cemetery4 ,when he became the chief architect of my intellectual structure1 ,i thought him the most learned man in the world4 ,on account of my dulness1 he adopted the method of sermonizing to me instead of giving me unintelligible lessons to be learned out of books4 ,i took a great fancy to him1 because ,i found him exceedingly interesting1 and he evinced a strong liking for me because ,i was docile4 ,we became inseparable companions1 notwithstanding the great discrepancy in our years4 ,his tall1 erect1 lank figure and lantern jaw were to me the physiological signs of profundity1 firmness1 and power1 and his white head was the symbol of wisdom4 ,our tastes--well1 ,i had no tastes save such as he chose to awaken in me1 and hence there came to be very soon a great similitude in our respective inclinations4 ,i was like a ball of wax1 a sheet of paper1 or any other original impressionable thing you may name1 in his hands for ten years1 after which very probably ,i began to harden1 though ,i was not conscious of the process4 ,however1 the large fund of knowledge that he imparted to me crystallized1 as it were1 and became fixed in my possession as firmly as if it had been elaborately achieved by a severe mental training4 ,after ,i went to college he was still my friend1 and rejoiced in my subsequent successes1 and followed me with a jealous eye and a sort of parental anxiety in my foreign travels1 and even in death he did not forget me1 for he made me the custodian of his great heaps of literary productions1 all in manuscript1 embracing sketches1 diaries1 notes of travel1 learned fragments on scientific and scholastic topics1 essays1 tales1 letters1 the beginnings and the endings and the middles of books on history1 politics1 and polemics1 pieces of pamphlets and speeches1 with a miscellaneous lot of poetry in all measures4 ,he was a great1 good man1 who never had what is called an aim in life1 but he certainly had an aim after life2 and yet no one could esteem the importance of this pilgrimage more than he did4 ,he would frequently boast of being heterodox on that point4 8,you will hear10 he would remark1 8people depreciating this life as a matter of little concern4 ,don't allow their sophistry to have much weight with you4 ,the prevalent opinions which are flippantly spoken thereon will not stand the test of sound ,christian reasoning4 ,that part of human existence which finds its scene and scope of exertion in this life is filled with eternal potentialities4 ,you have heard it said that man wants but little here below4 ,where else does he want it8 ,here is where he wants everything4 ,then do not hesitate to ask1 but be careful not to ask amiss4 ,when the battle is over1 it will be too late to make requisitions for auxiliaries4 ,if you conquer1 assistance will not be wanted2 if you are defeated1 assistance cannot reach you4 ,the fight cannot be renewed2 the victory or defeat will be final4 ,this life is immense4 ,you cannot think too much of it1 cannot estimate it too highly4 ,a minute has almost an infinite value4 ,man wants much here1 and wants it all the time40 ,i thought his language at that time fantastical2 now ,i regard it as profound4 ,from a survey of his own aimless career1 it is evident he did not reduce the good of earthly existence of which he spoke to any sort of money value4 ,those elements and forces of life to which he attached such deep significance and importance could not have their equivalent in currency1 nor in comforts1 nor in real estate1 nor even in fame4 ,my old preceptor had spent most of his youth in travelling1 and the picturesque meanderings of the ,rhine furnished subjects for many of his later recollections4 ,i recall now with a melancholy regret the many pleasant evenings ,i enjoyed listening to his narratives of travel on that historic river1 and in imagination sat with him on the ,drachenfels' crest1 looking down upon scenes made memorable by the lives and struggles of countless heroes and the crowds of humanity that came and went through the course of a hundred generations--some leaving their mark1 and others erasing it again2 some leaving a smile behind them on the face of the country1 and others a scar4 ,he loved to talk about the beautiful city of ,bonn1 where he had spent some years1 it being the most attractive place1 he said1 from ,strasbourg to the sea--for learning was cheap there1 and so were victuals--the only things he found indispensable to a happy life4 ,he would glide into a monologue of dramatic glow and fervor in reciting how he procured access to the extensive library of its new university1 and1 crawling up a step-ladder1 would perch himself on top like a ,hun1 who1 after a sleep of a thousand years1 had resurrected himself1 gathered his bones from the plains of ,chalons1 and having procured a second-hand suit of modern clothes from a ,jew in ,cologne1 traced with eager avidity the vicissitudes of war and empire since the days of ,attila4 ,it was there1 no doubt1 he discovered the materials of this curious paper1 which ,i found among his literary remains4 ,whether he gathered the materials himself1 or merely transcribed the work of some previous writer1 ,i am unable to determine4 ,without laying any claim to critical acumen1 ,i must confess it appears to me to be a meritorious piece1 and ,i picked it out1 because ,i thought it unique and brief1 for submission to the more extensive experience and more impartial judgment of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world',s readers4 ,having entire control of these productions of my friend and preceptor1 ,i took the liberty of substituting modern phraseology for what was antique1 and of putting the sketch in such style that the most superficial reader will have no difficulty in running it over4 ,objection may be raised to the title on the score of fitness4 ,i did not feel authorized to change it1 believing the one chosen by the judgment of my old friend as suitable as any ,i could substitute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the year #abej the mind of man was as restless and impatient of restraint as now1 and some people in ,bonn1 under a quiet exterior1 nursed in their bosoms latent volcanoes of passion1 and indulged the waywardness of rebellious fancy to a degree that would have proved calamitous to the placid flow of life and thought could instrumentality for action have been found4 ,there is indubitable proof that the principle of the ,reformation1 which three hundred years later burst through the environment of dogma and spread like a flood of lava over ,europe1 existed actively in ,bonn in the year named1 and would have arrived at mature strength if nature had not interposed an impassable barrier to the proceeding4 ,it is hard to rebel against nature1 and it is madness to expect success in such a revolt4 ,fourteen men1 whose names have come down to us1 gave body and tone1 and a not very clearly defined purpose1 to this untimely uprising against the inevitable in ,bonn4 ,how many others were in sympathy or in active affiliation with them is not shown4 ,those fourteen were bold spirits1 who labored under the misfortune of having come into the world three or four centuries too soon4 ,they were great men out of place4 ,there is an element of rebellion in great spirits which only finds its proper antidote in the stronger and more harmonious principle of obedience4 ,obedience is the first condition of creatures4 ,those fourteen grew weary of listening to the ,gospel preached every ,sunday from the pulpit of ,s4 ,remigius1 when they attended ,mass with the thousands of their townsmen4 ,the ,scriptures1 both ,new and ,old1 were given out in small doses1 with an abundant mixture of explanation and homily and salutary exhortation4 ,their appetites craved a larger supply of ,scripture1 and indeed some of them were so unreasonable as to desire the reading of the whole book1 from ,genesis to ,revelations1 at one service4 8,let us10 said ,giestfacher1 8have it all4 ,no one is authorized to give a selection from the ,bible and hold back the rest4 ,it is our feast1 and we have a right to the full enjoyment thereof40 8,well10 said ,heuck1 his neighbor1 to whom he addressed the remonstrance2 8go to the scrivener's and purchase a copy and send your ass to carry it home4 ,our friend ,schwartz finished a fine one last week4 ,it can be had for sixteen hundred dollars4 ,when you have it safe at home1 employ a reader1 who will be able to mouth it all off for you in fifty hours1 allowing a few intervals for refreshment1 but none for sleep40 ,and ,heuck laughed1 or rather sneered1 at ,giestfacher as he walked away4 ,giestfacher was a reformer1 however1 and was not to be put down in that frivolous manner4 ,he had been a student himself with the view of entering the ministry1 but1 being maliciously charged with certain grave irregularities1 his prospects in that direction were seriously clouded1 and in a moment of grand though passionate self-assertion he threw up his expectations and abandoned the idea of entering the church1 but instead took to the world4 ,he was a reformer from his infancy1 and continually quarrelled with his family about the humdrum state of things at home2 was at enmity with the system of municipal government at ,bonn2 and held very animated controversies with the physicians of the place on the system of therapeutics then pursued1 insisting strongly that all diseases arose from bad blood1 and that a vivisection with warm wine would prove a remedy for everything4 ,he lacked professional skill to attempt an experiment in the medical reforms he advocated2 besides1 that department would not admit of bungling with impunity4 ,for municipal reforms he failed in power1 and the reward in fame or popular applause that might follow successful operations in that limited sphere of action was not deemed equivalent to the labor4 ,but in the field of religion there was ample room for all sorts of tentative processes without danger2 and1 in addition to security1 notoriety might be obtained by being simply outr4 ,he had settled upon religious reform1 and his enthusiasm nullified the cautionary suggestions of his reason1 and reduced mountains of difficulty to the insignificant magnitude of molehills2 even ,heuck could be induced to adopt his views by cogent reasoning and much persuasion4 ,enthusiasm is allied to madness--a splendid help1 but a dangerous guide4 ,giestfacher used his tongue1 and in the course of a year had made twelve or fourteen proselytes4 ,those who cannot enjoy the monotony of life and the spells of ennui that attack the best-regulated temperaments1 fly to novelty for relief4 ,the fearful prospect of an unknown and nameless grave and an oblivious future drives many restless spirits into experiments in morals and in politics as well as in natural philosophy1 in the vain hope of rescuing their names from the 8gulf of nothingness0 that awaits mediocrity4 ,the new reformers1 zealous men and bold1 met in ,giestfacher's house on ,corpus ,christi in #abea1 the minutes of which meeting are still extant2 and from that record ,i learn there were present ,stein the wheelwright1 ,lullman the baker1 ,schwartz the scrivener1 ,heuck the armorer1 ,giestfacher the cloth merchant1 ,braunn1 another scrivener1 ,hartzwein the vintner1 ,blum the advocate1 ,werner1 another scrivener1 ,reudlehuber1 another scrivener1 ,andersen1 a stationer1 ,esch the architect1 ,dusch the monk1 discarded by his brethren for violations of discipline1 and ,wagner the potter4 ,blum was appointed to take an account of the proceedings1 and ,giestfacher was made president of the society4 8,we are all agreed10 said ,giestfacher1 8that the ,scriptures ought to be given to the people4 ,from these divine writings we learn a time shall come when wars shall cease1 and the ,alemanni and the ,frank and the ,tartar may eat from the same plate and drink out of the same cup in peace and fraternity1 and wear cloth caps instead of brass helmets1 and plough the fields with their spears instead of letting daylight through each other therewith1 and the shepherds shall tend their flocks with a crook and not with a bow to keep off the enemy4 ,how can that time come unless the people be made acquainted with those promises8 ,i believe we1 who1 like the apostles1 number fourteen1 are divinely commissioned to change things for the better1 and initiate the great movements which will bring about the millennium4 ,let us rise up to the dignity of our position4 ,let us prove equal to the inspiration of the occasion4 ,we are called together by heaven for a new purpose4 ,the time is approaching when universal light will dispel the gloom1 and peace succeed to all disturbance4 ,let us give the ,scriptures to the people4 ,they are the words of ,god1 that carry healing on their wings4 ,they are the dove that was sent out from the ark4 ,they are the pillar of light in the desert4 ,they are the sword of ,joshua1 the sling of ,david1 the rod of ,moses4 ,let us fourteen give them to the people1 and start out anew1 like the apostles from ,jerusalem1 to overturn the idols of the times and emancipate the nations4 ,we have piled up heaps of stones in every town and monuments of brass1 and still men are not changed4 ,we see them still lying1 warring1 hoarding riches1 and making gods of their bellies--all of which is condemned by the word of ,god4 ,what will change all this8 ,i say1 let the piles of stone and the monuments of brass slide1 and give the ,scriptures a chance4 ,let us give them to the people1 and the reign of brotherhood and peace will commence1 wars shall cease1 nation will no longer rise up against nation1 rebellion will erect its horrid front no more4 ,men will cease hoarding riches and oppressing the poor4 ,there will be no more robbing rings in corporate towns1 and men in power will not blacken their character and imperil the safety of the state by nepotism4 ,the whole world will become pure4 ,no scandals will arise in the church1 and there will be no blasphemy or false swearing1 and ,christian brethren shall not conspire for each other's ruin40 8,we see10 remarked ,heuck1 8that those who have the ,scriptures are no better than other people4 ,they too are given to lying1 hoarding riches1 warring one against another1 and making gods of their bellies4 ,how is that80 8,yes10 said ,blum1 8,i know three scriveners of this town who boast of having transcribed twenty ,bibles each1 and they get drunk thrice a week and quarrel with their wives2 and there's ,giebricht1 the one-legged soldier1 who can repeat the ,scriptures until you sleep listening to him1 says he killed nine men in battle and wounded twenty others4 ,the ,scriptures did not make him very peaceful4 ,the loss of a leg had a more quieting effect on him than all his memorizing of the sacred books40 8,we did not get together10 said ,werner1 8to discuss that phase of the subject4 ,it was well understood1 and thereunto agreed a month ago1 that the spread of the ,scriptures was desirable2 and to this end we met1 that means wise and effective may be devised whereby we can supply every one with the word of ,god1 that all may search therein for the correct and approved way of salvation40 8,so be it10 said ,dusch the monk4 8,hear1 hear60 said ,schwartz4 8,let us agree like brethren10 said ,braunn4 8,we are subject to one spirit10 said ,hartzwein the vintner1 8and all moved by the same inspiration4 ,discord is unseemly4 ,we must not dispute on the subject of drunkenness4 ,let us have the mature views of ,brother ,giestfacher1 and his plans4 ,the end is already clear if the means be of approved piety and really orthodox4 ,in addition to the ,scriptures1 ,i would rejoice very much to see prayer more generally practised4 ,we ought to do nothing without prayer4 ,let us first of all consult the ,lord4 ,what says ,brother ,blum80 ,blum rose and said it was a purely business meeting4 ,he had no doubt it ought to have been opened with prayer4 ,it was an old and salutary practice that came down from the days of the apostles1 and ,paul recommended it4 ,but as they were now in the midst of business1 he thought it would be as wise and as conformable with ancient ,christian and saintly practice to go on with their work1 and rest satisfied with mental ejaculation1 as to inaugurate a formal prayer-meeting4 ,esch thought differently2 he held that prayer was always in season4 ,reudlehuber meekly said that the ,scriptures showed there was a time for everything1 whence it was plain that prayer might be out of place as well as penitential tears on some occasions4 ,it would not look well for a man to rise up in the midst of a marriage feast and1 beating his breast1 cry out ,mea culpa4 8,we have too many prayers in the church10 said ,giestfacher1 8and not enough of ,scripture2 that is the trouble with us4 ,brethren must rise above the weaknesses of the mere pietist4 ,moses was no pietist2 he was a great big1 leonine character4 ,we must be broad and liberal in our views2 not given to fault-finding nor complaining4 ,pray whenever you feel like it1 and drink when you have a mind to4 ,noah got drunk4 ,i'd rather be the prodigal son1 and indulge in a hearty natural appetite for awhile1 than be his cautious1 speculating1 avaricious brother1 who had not soul enough most likely to treat his acquaintances to a pint of wine once in his lifetime4 ,great men get tipsy4 ,great nations are bibulous4 ,we are not here to make war on those who drink wine and cultivate the grape1 nor are we authorized in making war on weavers because ,dives was damned for wearing fine linen4 ,it is our mission to spread the ,scriptures4 ,the world wants light4 ,he is a benefactor of mankind who puts two rays where there was only one before40 8,let us hear your plans1 ,brother ,giestfacher10 cried out a number of voices simultaneously4 ,in response1 ,brother ,giestfacher stated that there were no plans necessary4 ,all that was to be done was to circulate the ,scriptures4 ,let us get one hundred thousand sheets of vellum to begin with1 and set a hundred scriveners to work transcribing copies of the ,bible1 and then distribute these copies among the people4 ,the plan was plain and simple and magnificent1 ,braunn thought1 but there were not ten thousand sheets of vellum in the town nor in the whole district1 and much of that would be required for civil uses2 besides1 the number of sheep in the neighborhood had been so reduced by the recent war that vellum would be scarce and costly for ten years to come4 ,werner lamented the irremediable condition of the world when the free circulation of the word of ,god depended on the number of sheep1 and the number of sheep was regulated by war1 and war by the ambition1 jealousy1 or pride of princes4 8,it is painfully true10 said ,heuck1 8that the world stands in sad need of reform1 if souls are to be rescued from their spiritual perils only by the means proposed in the magnificent sheep-skin scheme of ,brother ,giestfacher40 ,it was horrible to think that the immortal part of man was doomed to perish1 to be snuffed out1 as it were1 in eternal darkness1 because soldiers had an unholy appetite for mutton4 ,braunn said the work could be started on three or four thousand hides1 and ere they were used up a new supply might arrive from some unexpected quarter4 ,esch said that they ought to have faith2 the ,hand that fed the patriarch in the desert would provide vellum if he was prayerfully besought for assistance4 ,he would be willing to commence on one sheet1 feeling convinced there would be more than enough in the end4 ,blum did not take altogether so sanguine a view of things as ,brother ,esch4 ,he was especially dubious about that vellum supply2 not that he questioned the power of ,providence at all1 but it struck him that it would be just as well and as easy for the society to prayerfully ask for an ample supply of ready-made ,bibles as to expect a miracle in prepared sheep-skin2 and he was still further persuaded that if the books were absolutely necessary to one's salvation1 they would be miraculously given4 ,but he did not put the movement on that ground4 ,it is very easy for men1 and particularly idiotic men1 to convince themselves that ,god will answer all their whims and caprices by the performance of a miracle4 ,we are going upon the theory that the work is good1 just as it is good to feed the hungry and clothe the naked4 ,we expect to find favor in heaven because we endeavor to do a work of charity according to our honest impression4 8,how many persons10 inquired ,heuck1 8do you propose to supply with complete copies of the ,scriptures80 8,every one in the district10 replied ,giestfacher4 8,brother ,dusch10 continued ,heuck1 8how many heads of families are there in the district8 ,your abbot had the census taken a few month's ago1 while you were yet in grace and favor at the monastery40 ,brother ,dusch said he heard there were twenty-two thousand from the ,drachenfels to within six miles of ,cologne1 but all of them could not read4 8,we will send out10 said ,giestfacher enthusiastically1 8an army of colporteurs1 who will distribute and read at the same time40 8,i perceive10 said ,blum1 8that this discussion will never stop4 ,new avenues of thought and new mountains of objection are coming to view at every advance in the debate4 ,let us do something first1 and talk afterwards4 ,to supply twenty-two thousand persons with expensive volumes will require considerably more than mere resolves and enthusiasm4 ,i propose that we buy up all the vellum in the city to-day1 and that we all go security for the payment4 ,i propose also that we employ ,brothers ,braunn1 ,schwartz1 ,werner1 and ,reudlehuber to commence transcribing1 and that we all go security for their pay4 ,unless we begin somewhere1 we can never have anything done4 ,what says ,brother ,giestfacher80 ,giestfacher said it did not become men of action1 reformers who proposed to turn over the world and inaugurate a new era and a new life and a new law1 to stop at trifles or to consider petty difficulties4 ,the design that had been developed at that meeting contemplated a sweeping change4 ,instead of having a few books1 here and there1 at every church1 cathedral1 monastery1 and market-place1 learnedly and laboriously expounded by saints of a thousand austerities and of penitential garb1 every house would be supplied1 and there should be no more destitution in the land4 ,the prophecies and the gospels and the mysteries of revelation would be on the lips of sucking babes1 and the people who stood at the street-corners and at the marts of trade1 the tiller of the soil1 the pedler1 the sailor1 the old soldier1 and the liberated prisoner1 together with the man who sold fish and the woman who sold buttermilk1 would stand up and preach the ,gospel and display a mission1 schoolboys would discuss the contents of that book freely1 and even the inmates of lunatic asylums would expound it with luminous aptitude and startling fancy4 ,the proposition of ,brother ,blum met his entire approval4 ,he would pledge everything he had1 and risk even life itself1 to start the new principle1 so that the world might bask in sunshine and not in shadow4 ,it was about time that men had their intellects brightened up some4 ,even in the days of the apostles those pious men did not do their whole duty4 ,they labored with much assiduity and conscientiousness1 but they neglected to adopt measures looking to the spread of the ,scriptures4 ,he had no doubt but they fell a long way short of their mission1 and were now enduring the pangs of a peck of purgatorial coal for their remissness4 ,there were good men who perhaps found heaven without interesting themselves in the multiplication of copies of the ,bible4 ,they were not called to that work2 but what was to be thought of those who had the call1 the power1 the skill1 and yet neglected to spread the word4 ,he believed ,,ss4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 ,athanasius1 ,jerome1 ,chrysostom1 ,augustine1 and others of those early doctors of the church1 had a fearful account to render for having neglected the ,scriptures4 ,s4 ,paul1 too1 was not free from censure4 ,it was true he wrote a few things1 but he took no thought of multiplying copies of his epistles4 8,how many copies10 inquired ,heuck1 8do you think ,s4 ,paul ought to have written of his letters before you would consider him blameless80 8,he ought10 said ,giestfacher1 8to have written all the time instead of making tents4 #8,how many copies' is a professional question which ,i will leave the scriveners to answer4 ,i may remark that it would evidently be unprofitable for us to enter on a minute and detailed discussion on that point here4 ,it is our duty to supplement the shortcomings of those early workers in the field1 and finish what they failed to accomplish4 ,they were bound to give the new principle a fair start4 ,the plan suggested was the best1 simplest1 and clearest1 and he hoped every one of the brethren would give it a hearty and cordial support40 ,the principle of communism1 or the right of communities to govern themselves in certain affairs and to carry on free trade with certain other communities1 had been granted the previous century1 and ,bonn was one of the towns that enjoyed the privilege2 but the people still respected religion and did no trafficking on holydays4 ,giestfacher could not therefore purchase the vellum on ,corpus ,christi1 but had to wait till next day1 at which time he could not conveniently find the other members of the new ,bible society1 and1 fearing that news of their project would get abroad and raise the price of the article he wanted1 he hastened to the various places where it was kept for sale1 and bought all of it up in the course of two hours1 paying his own money in part and giving his bond for the balance4 ,the parchment was delivered to the four scriveners1 who gathered their families about them1 and all the assistants 7journeymen7 that could be found in the town1 and proceeded with the transcribing of the ,bible4 ,at the next meeting each scrivener reported that he had about half a book ready1 that the work was going rapidly and smoothly forward1 and that the scribes were enthusiastic at the prospect of brisk business and good pay4 ,the report was deemed very encouraging4 ,it went to show that the society could have four ,bibles every two weeks1 or about one hundred a year1 and that in the course of two hundred and twenty years every head of a family in the district could be provided with a ,bible of his own4 ,the scriveners stated1 moreover1 that they had neglected their profane business1 for which they could have got cash1 to proceed in the sacred work1 and as there were several people depending on them for means of living1 a little money would be absolutely necessary with the grace of ,god4 ,giestfacher also stated that he spent all the money he had in part payment for the parchment1 and pledged his property for the balance4 ,his business was somewhat crippled already in consequence of the outlay1 and he expected to have part of the burden assumed by every one of the society4 ,werner said he had fifteen transcribers working for him1 and each one agreed to let one-third of the market value of his work remain in the hands of the society as a subscription to the good work1 but the other two-thirds would have to be paid weekly1 as they could not live without means4 ,they were all poor1 and depending solely on their skill in transcribing for a living4 ,the debate was long1 earnest1 eloquent1 and more or less pious4 ,blum made a motion that the bishop of the diocese and the ,pope be made honorary members of the society4 ,giestfacher opposed this with eloquent acrimony1 saying it was a movement outside of all sorts of church patronage2 that it was designed to supersede churches and preaching2 for when every man had the ,bible he would be a church unto himself1 and would not need any more teaching4 ,he also had a resolution adopted pledging each and every member to constitute himself a colporteur of the ,bible1 and to read and peddle it in sun and rain2 and it was finally settled that a subscription should be taken up2 that each member of the society be constituted a collector1 and proceed at once to every man who loved the ,lord and gloried in the ,gospel to get his contribution4 ,at the next meeting the brethren were all present except ,dusch1 who was reported as an absconder with the funds he had collected1 and was said to be at that moment in ,cologne1 drunk perhaps4 ,four complete ,bibles were presented as the result of two weeks' hard labor and pious effort and the aggregate production of forty-five writers4 ,the financial reports on the whole were favorable2 and the scriveners were provided with sufficient means and encouragement to begin another set of four ,bibles4 ,brother ,giestfacher was partially secured in his venture for the parchment1 while it was said that the article had doubled in price during the past fortnight1 and very little of it could be got from ,cologne1 as there was a scarcity of it there also1 coupled with an extraordinary demand4 ,it was also stated that the monks at the monastery had to erase the works of ,virgil in order to find material for making a copy of the homilies of ,s4 ,john ,chrysostom which was wanted for the ,bishop of ,metz4 ,in like manner1 it was decided to erase the histories of ,labanius and ,zozirnus1 as being cheaper than procuring original parchment on which to transcribe a fine ,greek copy of the whole ,bible1 to take the place of one destroyed by the late war4 ,the heavy purchase that ,brother ,giestfacher had made created a panic in the vellum market that was already felt in the heart of ,burgundy4 ,the scriveners' business had also experienced a revulsion4 ,people of the world who wanted testamentary and legal documents1 deeds1 contracts1 and the like properly engrossed1 were offering fabulous sums to have the work done1 as most of the professionals of that class were now engaged by the society1 and had no time to do any other sort of writing4 ,a debate sprung up as to the proper disposition to be made of the four ,bibles on hand1 and also as to the manner of beginning and conducting the distribution4 ,in view of the demand for the written word1 and of the scarcity of copies and the high price of parchment1 it was suggested by ,heuck to sell them1 and divide the proceeds among the poor and the cripples left after the late war4 ,five hundred dollars each could be readily got for the books1 he said1 and it was extremely doubtful whether those who would get them as gifts from the society would resist the temptation of selling them to the first purchaser that came along4 ,in addition to this heavy reason in favor of his line of policy1 ,heuck suggested the possibility of trouble arising when they should come to grapple with the huge difficulties of actual distribution2 to give one of those volumes1 he said1 would be like giving an estate and making a man wealthy for life4 ,giestfacher said it would be impracticable to make any private distribution among the destitute for some time4 ,the guilds of coopers1 tailors1 shoemakers1 armorers1 fullers1 tanners1 masons1 artificers1 and others should be first supplied2 and in addition to the ,bible kept chained in the market-place for all who wished to read1 he would have one placed at the town-pump and one at the town-house1 so that the thirsty might also drink the waters of life1 and those who were seeking justice at the court might ascertain the law of ,god before going in4 ,blum said another collection would have to be raised to erect a shed over the ,bibles that were proposed to be placed at the town-pump and at the town-house and to pay for suitable chains and clasps to secure them from the depredations of the pilfering4 ,esch was of opinion that another subscription could not be successfully taken up until their work had produced manifest fruit for good4 ,the people have much faith1 but when they find salt mixed with their drink instead of honey1 credulity is turned into disgust4 ,a ,bible chained to the town-pump will be a sad realization of their extravagant hopes4 ,every man who subscribed five dollars expects to get a book worth five hundred1 an illuminated ,bible fit for a cathedral church4 ,he warned them that they were getting into a labyrinth1 and that they would have to resort to prayer yet to carry them through in safety4 ,werner thought it would be wisest to pursue a quiescent policy for some time1 and to forego the indulgence of their anxious desire for palpable results until they should be in a condition to make an impression4 ,he advocated the wisdom of delay4 ,they also serve1 he said1 who only stand and wait1 and it might prove an unwise proceeding to come out with their public exhibition just then4 ,in a few months1 when thirty or forty ,bibles would be on hand1 a larger number than could be found in any library in the world1 they might hope1 by the show of so much labor1 to create enthusiasm4 8,but still10 urged ,heuck1 8you will have the difficulty to contend with--who is to get them80 8,there will10 remarked ,blum1 8be a greater difficulty to contend with about that time3 the settlement of obligations for parchment and the pay of the scriveners who are employed in transcribing4 ,our means at present1 even if we pay the scriveners but one-third their wages1 will not suffice to bring out twenty volumes4 ,so we are just in this difficulty3 in order to do something1 we must have means1 and in order to get means1 we must do something4 ,it is a sort of vicious circle projected from logic into finance4 ,it will take the keen-edged genius of ,brother ,giestfacher to cut this knot40 8,the work10 said ,giestfacher1 8in which we are engaged is of such merit that it will stand of itself4 ,i have no fears of ultimate triumph4 ,if you all fail1 ,god and ,i will carry it on4 ,heaven is in it4 ,i am in it4 ,it must succeed4 ,i am a little oldish1 ,i confess1 but there is twenty years of work in me still4 ,i feel my foot sufficiently sure to tread the perilous path of this adventure to the goal40 8,let us10 interposed ,schwartz1 8stop this profitless debate1 and give a cheer to ,brother ,giestfacher4 ,he is the blood and the bone of this movement4 ,we are in with him4 ,we are all in the same boat4 ,if we have discovered a pusillanimous simpleton among us1 it is not too late to cast him out4 ,i feel my gorge and my strength rise together1 and ,i swear to you by ,s4 ,remigius1 brethren1 that ,i am prepared to sink or swim1 and whoever attempts to scuttle the ship shall himself perish first40 ,two or three other brethren1 feeling the peculiar inspiration of the moment1 rose up and1 stamping their feet on the floor1 proclaimed their adherence to the principles of the society1 and vowed to see it through to the end4 ,this meeting then adjourned4 ,there is no minute of any subsequent meeting to be found among the manuscripts that ,i have consulted1 but ,i discovered a statement made by ,heuck1 dated six months later1 who1 being called before the municipal authorities to testify what he knew about certain transactions of a number of men that had banded themselves together secretly for the purpose of creating a panic in the vellum market1 and of disturbing the business of the scriveners1 said he was one of fourteen citizens interested in the promulgation of the ,gospel free to the poor4 ,that1 after five or six meetings1 he left the society in company with two others2 that two of the members became obnoxious1 and were expelled--the one1 ,dusch1 for embezzling money collected for ,scripture-writing and ,scripture-diffusing purposes1 the other1 ,werner1 for having retained one of their volumes1 and disposed of it to the lord of ,drachenfels for four hundred dollars2 that they did not pursue and prosecute these delinquents for fear of bringing reproach on the project2 and then he went on to state3 8,i left the society voluntarily and in disgust4 ,we had fourteen ,bibles on hand1 but could not agree about their distribution4 ,they were too valuable to give away for nothing1 and it was discovered that they were all written in ,latin1 and not in the vernacular1 and they would prove of as little value to the great mass of people for whom they were originally designed as if they had been written in ,hebrew4 ,in addition to this ,i found1 for ,i understand the language perfectly1 that no two of them were alike1 and1 in conjunction with scrivener ,schwartz1 ,i minutely examined one taken at random from the pile1 and compared it with the volume at the ,cathedral4 ,we found fifteen hundred discrepancies4 ,in some places whole sentences were left out4 ,in others1 words were made to express a different sense from the original4 ,in others1 letters were omitted or put in redundantly1 in such a way as to change the meaning2 and the grammatical structure was villanously bad4 ,seeing that the volumes were of no use as a representation of the word of ,god1 and being conscientiously convinced that the books contained poison for the people instead of medicine1 ,i made a motion in meeting to have them all burned4 ,schwartz opposed it on the ground that they were innoxious anyhow1 there being none of the common people capable of understanding the language in which they were written1 and1 though they were a failure as ,bibles1 the vellum might be again used2 and as the scriveners were not paid for their labor1 they had a claim upon the volumes4 ,the scriveners got the books1 to which1 in my opinion1 they had no just claim1 for the villanous1 bad work they did on them deserved censure and not pay4 ,i have heard since that some of those scriveners made wealth by selling the books to ,englishmen for genuine and carefully prepared transcripts from authorized texts4 ,the president and founder of the society1 ,giestfacher1 is now in jail for debt1 he having failed to meet his obligations for the vellum he purchased when he took it into his head to enlighten mankind--more especially that portion of it that dwells on the ,rhine adjacent to the city of ,bonn--by distributing corrupt copies of ,latin ,bibles to poor people who are not well able to read their own language4 ,the #8good work' still occupies the brains and energies of three or four enthusiasts1 who have already arrived at the conclusion that the apostles were in league with hell to keep the people ignorant1 because they did not give every man a copy of the ,bible4 ,the founder sent me a letter two days ago1 in which he complains of being deserted by his companions in his extremity4 ,his creditors have seized on all his goods1 and there is a considerable sum yet unpaid4 ,he blames the ,pope and the bishop in unmeasured terms for this2 says it is a conspiracy to keep the ,bible from the people4 ,he sees no prospect of being released unless the members of the society come to his speedy relief4 ,the principles1 he says1 for which he suffers will yet triumph4 ,the time will come when ,bibles will be multiplied by some cheap and easy process4 ,until then1 the common run of humanity must be satisfied to be damned1 drawing what little consolation they may from the expectation that their descendants a few centuries hence will enjoy the slim privilege of reading ,bibles prepared with as little regard to accuracy as these were4 ,i am sorry to see such a noble intellect as ,giestfacher undoubtedly possesses show signs of aberration4 ,the entire failure of his project was more than he could bear4 ,he had centred his hopes upon it4 ,he indulged dreams of fame and greatness arising out of the triumph of his idea4 ,esch has become an atheist4 ,he says the ,christian's ,god would not have given a book to be the guide and dependence of man for salvation1 and yet allow nature1 an inferior creation1 to interpose insuperable barriers to its promulgation4 ,every time a sheep-skin is destroyed1 says ,esch1 a community is damned4 ,the dearness and scarcity of parchment keep the world in ignorance4 ,braunn says the world cannot be saved except by a special revelation to every individual1 for there is hardly a copy of the ,bible without errors1 so that whether every human creature got one or not1 they would be still unsafe4 ,one of the common herd must learn ,latin and ,greek and ,hebrew well1 and then spend a lifetime tracing up1 through all its changes1 transcriptions1 and corruptions of idiom1 one chapter1 or at most one book1 and die before he be fully assured of the soundness of one text1 a paragraph1 a line1 a word4 ,in fact1 says ,braunn1 there can be no certainty about anything4 ,language may have had altogether a different meaning twelve hundred years ago to what it has now4 ,braunn and ,schwartz and myself wanted to have a committee of five of our number appointed to revise and correct the text of each book that was produced by comparing it with such ,greek and ,hebrew copies as were represented of sound and correct authority2 but ,giestfacher laughed at us1 saying we knew nothing of ,greek or ,hebrew2 that we would have to hire some monks to do the job for us1 which would be going back again to the very places and principles and practices against which we had revolted and protested4 ,moreover1 continued ,giestfacher1 we cannot tell whether the oldest1 most original copies that can be found are true in every particular4 ,how can we know from any sort of mere human testimony that this copy or that is in accordance with what the prophets and apostles wrote4 ,the whole ,bible may be wrong as far as our knowledge1 as such1 is able to testify4 ,we are reduced to faith in this connection and must rest on that alone4 8,i thought1 and so did ,schwartz1 that the faith of ,giestfacher must be peculiar when it could accept copies as good enough and true enough after we had discovered hundreds of palpable and grievous errors in them4 ,a book of romance would do a person of ,giestfacher's temper as well as the ,bible--faith being capable of making up for all deficiencies4 ,i saw that an extravagance of credulity1 called faith1 on the part of ,giestfacher1 led to monomania2 and a predominance of irrational reason on the part of ,esch had led to utter negation4 ,i did not covet either condition1 and ,i concluded to remain safe at anchor where ,i had been before1 rather than longer follow those adventurers in a wild career after a fancied good--a mere phantom of their own creation4 ,i lost twenty-five dollars by the temporary madness4 ,that cannot be recalled4 ,i rejoice that ,i lost no more1 and ,i am grateful that the hallucination which lasted nearly a year has passed away without any permanent injury40 ,the remainder of ,heuck's statement had partially faded from the parchment by time and dampness1 and could not be accurately made out4 ,sufficient was left visible1 however1 to show that he expressed a desire to be held excusable for whatever injuries to souls might result from the grave errors that existed in the ,bibles disseminated by the cupidity of the scriveners with the guilty knowledge of such errors4 ,i interested myself in rescuing from oblivion such parts of the record of those curious medival transactions as served to show to the people of later times what extraordinary mental and religious activity existed in those ages1 when it was foolishly and stupidly thought there were but henchmen and slaves on the one side1 and bloody mailed despots on the other4 ,the arrogance of more favored epochs has characterized those days by the epithet of 8dark40 ,pride is apt to be blind4 ,the characterization is unjust4 ,all the lights of science could not come in one blaze4 ,the people of those days looked back upon a period anterior to their own as 8dark10 and those looked still further backward upon greater obscurity1 as they thought4 ,the universal boastfulness of man accounts for this increasing obscurity as we reach back into antiquity4 ,philosophers and poets and men of learning1 thinking themselves1 and wishing to have other people think them1 above personal egotism1 adopted the method of praising their age1 and thus indirectly eulogizing1 themselves2 and as they could not compare their times with the future of which they knew nothing1 they naturally fell into the unfilial crime of drawing disparaging comparisons with their fathers4 ,there is an inclination1 too1 in the imperfection of human nature to belittle what is remote and magnify what is near at hand4 ,even now1 men as enthusiastic and conscientious and religious as ,heuck and ,giestfacher and ,schwartz find themselves surrounded by the same difficulties1 and as deeply at a loss to advance a valid reason for their revolt and their protest4 ,,early ,,persecutions ,,of ,,the ,,christians4 ,in one of his bold ,apologies#i the great ,african writer ,tertullian said to the rulers of the ,roman ,empire that 8it was one and the same thing for the truth of ,christianity to be announced to the world1 and for the world to hate and persecute it40 ,this persecution of the church began on the very spot that was her birth-place2 for soon after the ascension of our ,lord the wicked ,jews tried by every means to crush her4 8,from the days of the apostles10 wrote ,tertullian in the ,i,i,id century1 8the synagogue has been a source of persecutions40 ,at first the church was attacked by words only2 but these were soon replaced by weapons1 when ,stephen was stoned1 the apostles were thrown into prison and scourged1 and all the ,east had risen in commotion against the ,christians4 ,the ,gentiles soon followed the example of the ,jews1 and those persecutions which bore an official character throughout the ,roman ,empire1 and lasted for three centuries1 are commonly called the ,ten ,general ,persecutions4 ,besides these1 there were partial persecutions at all times in some part or other of the empire4 ,nero1 whose name is synonymous with cruelty1 was the first emperor to begin a general persecution of the ,christians2 and ,tertullian made a strong point in his favor when he cried out to the people 7,apol4 v471 saying1 8,that our troubles began at such a source1 we glory2 for whoever has studied his nature knows well that nothing but what is good and great was ever condemned by ,nero40 ,this persecution began in the year #fd1 and lasted four years4 ,its pretext was the burning of ,rome1 the work of the emperor himself1 who ambitiously desired1 when he would have rebuilt the city and made it still more grand1 to call it by his own name2 but the plan not succeeding1 he tried to avert the odium of the deed from his own person1 and accused the ,christians4 ,their extermination was decreed4 ,the pagan historian ,tacitus has mentioned1 in his ,annals 7xv4 #dd71 some of the principal torments inflicted on the ,christians4 ,he says that they were covered with the skins of wild beasts and torn to pieces by savage hounds1 were crucified1 were burned alive1 and that some1 being coated with resinous substances1 were put up in the imperial garden at night to serve as human torches4 ,the ,roman ,martyrology makes a special commemoration1 on the #bdth of ,june1 of these martyrs for having all been disciples of the apostles and the firstlings of the ,christian flock which the church in ,rome presented to the ,lord4 ,in this persecution ,s4 ,peter was crucified with his head downwards2 ,s4 ,paul was beheaded2 and among the other more illustrious victims we find ,s4 ,mark the ,evangelist1 ,s4 ,thecla1 the first martyr of her sex1 ,,ss4 ,gervase and ,protase at ,milan1 ,s4 ,vitalis at ,ravenna1 and ,s4 ,polycetus at ,saragossa in ,spain4 ,the number of the slain1 and the hitherto unheard-of cruelties practised upon them1 moved to pity many of the heathen1 and the sight of so much fortitude for a principle of religion was the means1 through divine grace1 of many conversions4 ,after this1 as after every succeeding persecution1 the great truth spoken by ,tertullian was exemplified3 that the blood of the martyrs was the seed of ,christians4 ,by a law of the empire1 which was not revoked until nearly three hundred years afterwards1 under ,constantine1 the profession of the ,christian religion was made a capital offence4 ,this law1 it is true1 was not enforced at all times1 especially under benign or indifferent rulers2 but it hung continually suspended over the heads of the ,christians like a sword of ,damocles4 ,the second persecution was that of ,domitian1 from #id to #if4 ,tertullian calls him 8a portion of ,nero by his cruelty40 ,at first he only imposed heavy fines upon the wealthy ,christians2 but1 thirsting for blood1 he soon published more cruel edicts against them4 ,among his noblest victims were his cousin-german1 ,flavius ,clemens1 a man of consular dignity2 ,john the ,evangelist1 who was thrown into a caldron of boiling oil 7from which1 however1 he miraculously escaped unhurt72 ,andrew the ,apostle1 ,dionysius the ,areopagite1 and ,onesimus1 ,s4 ,paul's convert4 ,hegesippus1 quoted by ,eusebius in his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 has recorded a very interesting fact about the children of ,jude1 surnamed ,thaddeus in the ,gospel1 telling us that1 having confessed the faith under this reign1 they were always honored in the church of ,jerusalem1 not alone as martyrs1 but as relatives of ,jesus ,christ according to the flesh4 ,the third persecution was ,trajan's1 from #ig to #aaf4 ,in answer to a letter from his friend ,pliny the ,younger1 who had command in ,asia ,minor1 the emperor ordered that the ,christians were not to be sought out1 but that1 if accused1 and they remained obstinate in their faith1 they were to be put to death4 ,under an appearance of mercy a large field was opened for the cruelty and exactions of ,roman officials1 which they were not slow to work4 ,a single circumstance attests the severity of the persecution4 ,this was that the ,tiberian governor of ,palestine wrote to the emperor complaining of the odious duty imposed upon him1 since the ,christians were forthcoming in greater numbers than he could1 without tiring1 have executed4 ,the persecution was particularly severe in the ,east4 ,simeon1 bishop of ,jerusalem1 ,ignatius of ,antioch1 and the virgin ,domitilla1 who was related to three emperors1 are among the more illustrious martyrs of the period4 ,next came the persecution of ,hadrian1 lasting from #aah to about #abi4 ,we have the authority of ,s4 ,jerome for saying that it was very violent4 ,this emperor was a coward and1 perhaps as a consequence1 intensely superstitious4 ,one of his particular grievances against the ,christians was that they professed a religion in which he had no share4 ,under him perished1 with countless others1 ,pope ,alexander ,i4 and his priests1 ,eventius and ,theodulus2 ,eustace1 a celebrated general1 with his wife and little children2 ,symphorosa and her seven sons2 ,zoe1 with her husband and two children4 ,the fifth was the persecution of ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,although he was by nature well inclined1 he was certainly the author of much innocent bloodshed1 which may be in part ascribed to the powerful influence of the so-called philosophers whose company and tone he affected4 ,the persecution raged most severely among the ,gauls2 and elsewhere we find the illustrious names of ,justin the great ,apologist1 ,polycarp1 bishop of ,smyrna1 and ,felicitas and her seven children4 ,followed the persecution of ,septimius ,severus1 which lasted from #bjj to #baa1 and was so extremely violent that many ,christians believed ,antichrist had come4 ,it reaped from the church such distinguished persons as ,pope ,victor at ,rome2 ,leonidas1 father of the great ,origen1 at ,alexandria2 ,irenus and companions at ,lyons2 ,perpetua and ,felicitas in ,mauritania4 ,egypt was particularly rich in holy martyrs4 ,after this one came the persecution of ,maximinus1 from #bce to #bcg4 ,it was in the beginning more especially directed against the sacred ministers of the church4 ,several popes were put to death2 and among the inferior clergy we find the deacon ,ambrose1 who was the bosom friend of ,origen and one of his principal assistants in his work on the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,the persecution of ,decius lasted from #bdi to #bea4 ,the ,christians1 in spite of all repressive measures1 had steadily increased in numbers2 but this emperor thought to do what his predecessors had failed in1 and was hardly seated on the throne before he published most cruel edicts against them4 ,among the more celebrated names of this persecution are those of ,popes ,fabian and ,cornelius2 ,saturninus1 first bishop of ,toulouse2 ,babylas1 bishop of ,antioch2 the famous ,christopher in ,lycia1 about whom there is a beautiful legend2 and the noble virgin ,agatha in ,sicily4 ,the great scholar ,origen was put to the torture during this persecution1 but escaped death4 ,like ,maximinus1 this emperor singled out the heads of the various local churches1 the most active and learned ministers1 the highest of both sexes in the social scale1 aiming less at the death than the apostasy of ,christians1 hoping in this way to destroy the faith2 whence ,s4 ,cyprian laments in one of his epistles that the ,christians suffer atrocious torments without the final consolation of martyrdom4 ,one effect of this persecution was of immense benefit to the church in the ,east2 for ,s4 ,paul1 surnamed ,first ,hermit1 took refuge from the storm in ,upper ,egypt1 where he peopled by his example the region around ,thebes with those holy anchorites since called the ,fathers of the ,desert4 ,the ninth persecution was that of ,valerian1 who1 although at first favorable to the ,christians1 became one of their greatest opposers at the instigation of their sworn enemy1 ,marcian4 ,at this date we find upon the list of martyrs the eminent names of ,popes ,stephen and ,sixtus ,,ii41 ,lawrence the ,roman deacon1 and ,cyprian1 the great convert and bishop of ,carthage4 ,the persecution of ,diocletian was the last and the bloodiest of all4 ,it raged from #cjc to #caj4 ,maximian1 the emperor's colleague1 had already put to death many ,christians1 and among others1 on the #bb;d of ,september1 #bhf1 ,maurice and his ,theban legion1 before the persecution became general throughout the ,roman ,empire4 ,it began in this form at ,nicomedia on occasion of a fire that consumed a part of the imperial palace1 and which was maliciously ascribed to the ,christians2 and it is remarkable that the two extreme persecutions of the early church should both have begun with a false charge of incendiarism4 ,diocletian used to sit upon his throne at ,nicomedia1 watching the death-pangs of his ,christian subjects who were being burned1 not singly1 but in great crowds4 ,many officers and servants of his household perished1 and1 to distinguish them from the rest1 they were dropped into the sea with large stones fastened about their necks4 ,a special object of the persecutors was to destroy the churches and tombs of earlier martyrs1 to seize the vessels used in the ,holy ,sacrifice1 and to burn the liturgical books and the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,the ,roman ,martyrology makes a particular mention on the #b;d of ,january of those who suffered death rather than deliver up these books to the tyrant4 ,although innumerable copies of the ,scriptures perished1 not a few were saved1 and new copies multiplied either by favor of the less stringent executors of the law1 or because the privilege was bought by the faithful at a great price4 ,some years ago the ,german ,biblical critic ,tischendorf discovered on ,mount ,sinai a ,greek codex of extraordinary antiquity and only two removes from an original of ,origen4 ,it is connected with one of the celebrated martyrs of this persecution1 and bears upon what we have just said of the ,sacred ,scriptures4 ,in this codex1 at the end of the ,book of ,esther1 there is a note attesting that the copy was collated with a very ancient manuscript that had itself been corrected by the hand of the blessed martyr ,pamphilus1 priest of ,csarea in ,palestine1 while in prison1 assisted by ,antoninus1 his fellow-prisoner1 who read for him from a copy of the ,hexapla of ,origen1 which had been revised by that author himself4 ,the touching spectacle of these two men1 both of whom gave their blood for the faith1 occupied1 in the midst of the inconveniences1 pain1 and weariness of captivity1 in transcribing good copies of the ,bible1 is one of the many instances1 discovered in every age1 showing the care that the church has had to multiply and guard from error the holy written ,word of ,god4 ,among the petty sources of annoyance during this persecution1 was the difficulty of procuring food1 drink1 or raiment that had not been offered to idols2 for the pagan priests had set up statues of their divinities in all the market-places1 hostelries1 and shops1 and at the private and public fountains4 ,they used also to go around city and country sprinkling with superstitious lustral water the gardens1 vineyards1 orchards1 and fields1 so as to put the ,christians to the greatest straits to obtain anything that had not been polluted in this manner4 ,we learn from the ,acts of ,s4 ,theodotus1 a ,christian tradesman of ,ancyra1 the obstacles he had to surmount at this time to procure pure bread and wine to be used by the priests in the ,mass4 ,we can appreciate the intense severity of this persecution in many ways2 but one of the most singular proofs of it is that pagans in ,spain inscribed upon a marble monument1 erected in ,diocletian's honor1 that he had abolished the very name of ,christian4 ,this emperor had also the rare but unenviable privilege of giving his name to a new chronological period1 called by the pagans1 in compliment to his bloody zeal for their rites1 the ,era of ,diocletian2 but the ,christians called it the ,era of the ,martyrs4 ,it began on the #bith of ,august1 #bhd1 and was long in use in ,egypt and ,abyssinia4 ,some of the more renowned victims of this persecution are ,sebastian1 an imperial officer2 ,agnes1 a ,roman virgin2 ,lucy1 a virgin of ,syracuse1 and the ,forty ,martyrs of ,sebaste4 ,it may be interesting to note briefly the chief causes of so much cruel bloodshed1 even under princes of undoubted moderation in the general government of affairs1 as were ,trajan1 ,marcus ,aurelius1 ,antoninus the ,pious1 and a few others4 ,the most continual1 if not the deepest1 source of persecution were the passions of the populace4 ,calumny of the subtlest and most popular kind1 and pressed at all times with patient effort1 had so inflamed the minds of the brutal lower classes that only a word or a sign was required to set them upon the ,christians4 ,these were called disloyal to the empire1 unfriendly to the princes1 of a foreign religion1 people who refused to fall into the ways of the majority1 and enemies of the human race4 ,from the remains of ancient histories1 from the ,acts of martyrs1 from pagan inscriptions1 and from other sources1 more than fifty-seven different opprobrious qualifications1 applied to the ,christians as a body1 have been counted up4 ,but when particular calumnies became any way stale1 the ,christians could always be accused as the cause of every calamity that befell the state2 so that1 in the words of ,tertullian 7,apol4 xl471 8,if the ,tiber exceeded its limits1 if the ,nile did not rise to irrigate the fields1 if the rain failed to fall1 if the earth quaked1 if famine or pestilence scourged the land1 at once the cry was raised1 ,christians to the lions60 ,the next most constant source of trouble was the pernicious influence of the ,philosophers--a set of men who pretended to be seekers after wisdom1 and distinguished themselves from the vulgar by a certain style of dress4 ,puffed up as they were with their own knowledge1 nothing irritated their pride so much as that men of the despised ,christian class should presume to dispute their doctrines and teach that profane philosophy was naught1 since man could not be made perfect by human wisdom1 but only by the testimony of ,christ who was crucified4 ,among the ,christians1 too1 a special order of men whom we call ,apologists1 and among whom we count ,justin1 ,tertullian1 ,tatian1 ,arnobius1 ,minutius ,felix1 ,origen1 ,aristides1 ,quadratus1 ,athenagoras1 and ,miltiades the chief1 exposed in their eloquent writings the vanity1 contradictions1 and vices of their opponents1 succeeding sometimes in silencing false accusations1 and even in arresting the course of persecution4 ,their apologies and memorials form one of the most instructive branches of early ,christian literature1 and are a considerable compensation for the loss of so many ,acts of martyrs and other venerable documents destroyed by the pagans or which have otherwise perished4 ,the third great cause of persecution was found 7to use a comparatively modern word7 in the ,erastianism of the ,roman ,empire4 ,the emperor was1 by right of the purple1 high-pontiff1 and no religion was recognized that did not profess its existence and authority dependent upon the state4 ,naturally1 a religion whose followers would reply to every iniquitous command1 8,we ought to obey ,god rather than men10 could expect no mercy1 but only continual war4 ,sometimes the ,christians were put to death in the same manner as the common malefactors1 such as by decapitation1 crucifixion1 or scourging2 sometimes in the manner reserved for particular classes of criminals1 as being hurled down a precipice1 drowned1 devoured by wild beasts1 left to starve4 ,but sometimes1 also1 the exquisite cruelty of the persecutors delighted to feed upon the sufferings of its victims1 and make dying as long and painful as possible4 ,thus1 there are innumerable examples of ,christians being flayed alive1 the skin being neatly cut off in long strips1 and pepper or vinegar rubbed into the raw flesh2 or slowly crushed between two large stones2 or having molten lead poured down the throat4 ,some ,christians were tied to stakes in the ground and gored to death by wild bulls1 or thinly smeared with honey and exposed under a broiling sun to the insects which would be attracted2 some were tied to the tails of vicious horses and dragged to pieces some were sewed up in sacks with vipers1 scorpions1 or other venomous things1 and thrown into the water2 some had their members violently torn from the trunk of the body2 some were tortured by fire in ways almost unknown to the most savage ,indians of ,america2 some were slowly scourged to death with whips made of several bronze chainlets1 at the extremity of each of which was a jagged bullet2 while jerking out of the teeth in slow succession2 cutting off the nose1 ears1 lips1 and breasts2 tearing of the flesh with hot pincers2 sticking sharp sticks up under the finger-nails2 being held suspended1 head downward1 over a smoking fire2 stretching upon a rack1 and breaking upon the wheel1 were some only of the commonest tortures that preceded the final death-stroke by sword or lance4 ,many instruments used in tormenting the martyrs have been found at different times1 and are now carefully preserved in collections of ,christian antiquities2 and from these1 from early-written descriptions1 and from the rude representations on the tombs of martyrs in the ,catacombs1 it is known positively that over one hundred different modes of torture were used upon the ,christians4 ,from the earliest period particular pains were taken by the pastors of the church to have the remains of the martyrs collected and some account of their sufferings consigned to letters2 and ,pope ,s4 ,clement1 a disciple of the ,apostle ,peter1 instituted a college of notaries1 one for each of the seven ecclesiastical districts into which he had divided ,rome1 with the special charge of collecting with diligence all the information possible about the martyrs4 ,they were not to pass over even the minutest circumstances of their confession of faith and death4 ,this attendance on the last moments of the martyrs was often accompanied by great personal risk1 or at least a heavy expense in the way of buying the good-will of venal officers2 but it was a thing of the utmost importance1 in view of the church's doctrine concerning the veneration and invocation of saints1 that nothing should be left undone which prudence would suggest to leave it beyond a doubt that the martyrs had confessed the true faith1 and had suffered death for the faith4 ,the pagans soon discovered the value that was set upon such documents1 and very many of them were seized and destroyed4 ,the fact that the ,act of the martyrs were objects of careful search is so well attested--as is also the other fact1 that an immense number perished--that it is a wonder and a grace of divine ,providence how any1 however few comparatively1 have come down to us4 ,it has been calculated that at least five million ,christians--men1 women1 and children--were put to death for the faith during the first three centuries of the church4 ,the ,french historian ,ampre has very justly remarked that amidst the moral decay of the ,roman ,empire1 when all else was lust and despotism1 the ,christians alone saved the dignity of human nature2 and the ,spaniard ,balmes1 when treating of the progress of individuality under the influence of ,catholicity 7,european ,civilization1 ch4 xxiii471 remarks that it was the martyrs who first gave the great example of proclaiming that 8the individual should cease to acknowledge power when power exacts from him what he believes to be contrary to his conscience40 ,the patience of the martyrs rebuked the sensualism of the pagans2 and their fearless assertions that matters of conscience are beyond the jurisdiction of any civil ruler proved them to be the best friends of human liberty2 while their constancy and number during three hundred years of persecution1 that only ceased with their triumph1 is one of the solid arguments to prove that the ,catholic ,church has a divine origin1 and a sustaining divinity within her4 8,a milk-white ,hind1 immortal and unchang'd1 ,fed on the lawns1 and in the forest rang'd2 ,without unspotted1 innocent within1 ,she fear'd no danger1 for she knew no sin3 ,yet had she oft been chas'd with horns and hounds1 ,and ,scythian shafts1 and many wingd wounds ,aim'd at her heart2 was often forc'd to fly1 ,and doom'd to death1 tho' fated not to die40 --,,dryden4 ,,the ,,unremembered ,,mother4 ,unknown1 beloved1 thou whose shadow lies ,across the sunny threshold of my years2 ,whom memory with never-resting eyes ,seeks thro' the past1 but cannot find for tears2 ,how bitter is the thought that ,i1 thy child1 ,remember not the touch1 the look1 the tone1 ,which made my young life thrill--that ,i alone ,forget the face that o'er my cradle smil'd6 ,and yet ,i know that if a sudden light ,reveal'd thy living likeness1 ,i should find ,that my poor heart hath pictur'd thee aright4 ,so ,i will wait1 nor think the lot unkind ,that hides thee from me1 till ,i know by sight ,the perfect face thro' love on earth divin'd4 ,,duration4 ,time and duration are usually considered synonymous1 as no duration is perceived by us1 except the duration of movement1 or of such things as are subject to movement2 and such duration is time4 ,but1 rigorously speaking1 time and duration are not synonymous2 for they are to one another in the same relation as place and space4 ,as no place is possible without real absolute space1 so no time is possible without real absolute duration2 and as place consists of intervals in space1 so time consists of intervals in duration4 ,yet there may be duration independently of time1 just as there may be space independent of places2 and for this reason the nature of duration must be determined apart from the nature of time4 ,in treating of this subject we shall have to answer a series of questions altogether similar to those which we have answered in treating of space and place4 ,hence we shall follow the same order and method in our present treatise which we have followed in our articles on space1 with this difference1 however3 that1 to avoid useless repetitions1 we will omit the development of some of those reasonings which the reader himself can easily transfer from space to duration4 ,duration is commonly defined as 8the permanence of a being in its actuality0--,permanentia rei in esse4 ,the duration of a being which perseveres in existence without any intrinsic change is called 8standing duration0--,duratio stans4 ,the duration of a being which is actually subject to intrinsic mutations is called 8flowing duration0--,duratio fluens4 ,flowing duration evidently implies succession1 and succession involves time2 for succession is a relation between something which follows and something which precedes4 ,on the other hand1 time also involves succession2 whence it would seem that neither time nor succession can be defined apart from one another1 the definition of the latter presupposing that of the former1 and that of the former presupposing the notion of the latter4 ,although we need not be anxious about this point 7for time and succession really involve one another1 and therefore may well be included under the same definition71 we must observe that the notion of succession1 though ordinarily applied to duration1 extends to other things also whenever they follow one another in a certain order4 ,thus the crust of the earth is formed by a succession of strata1 the ,alps by a succession of mountains1 the streets of the city by a succession of houses1 etc4 ,hence the notion of succession is more general than the notion of time1 and consequently there must be some means of defining it independently of the consideration of time4 ,balmes explains succession1 without mentioning time1 in the following manner3 8,there are things which exclude one another from the same subject1 and there are other things which do not exclude one another from the same subject4 ,the existence of those things which exclude one another implies succession4 ,take a line ,,abc4 ,a body placed in ,a cannot pass over to the place ,b without ceasing to be in ,a1 because the situation ,b excludes the situation ,a1 and in a similar manner the situation ,c excludes the situation ,b4 ,if1 then1 notwithstanding this mutual exclusion1 the three places are really occupied by the same body1 there is succession4 ,this shows that succession is really nothing else than the existence of such things as exclude one another4 ,hence succession implies the existence of the thing that excludes1 and the non-existence of the things that are excluded4 ,all variations involve some such exclusion2 hence all variations involve succession4''' ,to perceive the existence of things which exclude one another is to perceive succession and time2 to measure it is to measure time40 ,thus far ,balmes4#aj ,but1 if the flowing duration can be easily conceived as the existence of such things as exclude one another1 the case is very different with regard to standing duration4 ,for1 since we measure all duration by time or by successive intervals1 we can scarcely conceive that there may be duration without succession4 ,even the word 8permanence0 which we employ in the definition of duration1 and which seems to exclude all notion of change1 is always associated in our thought with succession and time4 ,the difficulty we experience in forming a concept of standing duration is as great at least as that which we find in conceiving absolute space without formal extension and parts4 ,in fact1 formal extension is to absolute space what formal succession is to absolute standing duration4 ,to get over this difficulty we shall have to show that there is a duration altogether independent of contingent changes1 as there is a space altogether independent of existing bodies1 and that the succession which we observe in the duration of created things is not to be found in the fundamental reason of its existence1 as our imagination suggests1 but only in the changes themselves which we witness in created things4 ,the following questions are to be answered3 ,is there any standing duration8 and if so1 is it an objective reality1 or a mere negation of movement8 ,is standing duration anything created8 ,what sort of reality is it8 ,is it modified by the existence of creatures8 ,what is a term of duration8 ,what is relative duration8 ,what is an interval of duration1 and how is it measured8 ,these questions are all parallel to those which we have answered in our first and second articles on space1 and they admit of a similar solution4 ,first question4--8,is there any duration absolutely standing80 ,certainly4 ,for if there is a being whose entity remains always the same without any intrinsic change1 its duration will be absolutely standing4 ,but there is such a being4 ,for there is1 as we have proved1 an infinite reality absolutely immovable and unchangeable--that is1 absolute space4 ,its permanence is therefore altogether exempt from succession2 and consequently its duration is absolutely standing4 ,again3 ,as there is no movement in space without immovable space1 so there is no flowing in duration without standing duration4 ,for as a thing cannot change its ubication in space unless there be a field for real ubications between the initial and the final term of the movement1 so a thing cannot change its mode of being 7the when7 in duration1 unless there be a field for real modes of being between the initial and the final term of its duration4 ,now1 this real field1 owing to the fact that it is1 in both cases1 prerequired for the possibility of the respective changes1 is something necessarily anterior to1 and independent of1 any of such changes4 ,therefore1 as the field of all local movements is anterior to all movements and excludes movement from itself1 so also the field of all successive durations is anterior to all successivity and therefore excludes succession4 ,although these two arguments suffice to establish our conclusion1 what we have to say concerning the next question will furnish additional evidence in its support4 ,second question4--8,is standing duration an objective reality or a mere abstract conception80 ,we answer that standing duration is an objective reality as much as absolute space4 ,for1 as movement cannot extend in space1 if space is nothing real1 so movement cannot extend in duration1 if the field of its extension is nothing real4 ,but we have just seen that the field through which the duration of movement extends is standing duration4 ,therefore standing duration is an objective reality4 ,secondly1 a mere nothing1 or a mere fiction1 cannot be the foundation of real relations4 ,but standing duration is the foundation of all intervals of real succession1 which are real relations4 ,therefore standing duration is not a fiction1 but an objective reality4 ,the major of this argument is well known4 ,the minor is proved thus3 ,in all real relations the terms must communicate with each other through one and the same reality2 and therefore the foundation of a real relation must reach by one and the same reality the terms related4 ,but the terms of successive duration are before and after4 ,therefore the foundation of their relation must reach both before and after with one and the same reality1 and therefore it has neither before nor after in itself4 ,had it before and after in itself1 its after would not be its before2 and thus the reality by which it would reach the terms of succession would not be the same4 ,it is therefore manifest that the foundation of all real intervals of succession is a reality whose duration ranges above succession4 ,this proof may be presented more concisely as follows3 ,succession is a relation between two terms1 as past and present4 ,its foundation must therefore reach all the past as it reaches the present4 ,but what reaches the past as well as the present1 is always present2 for if it were past1 it would be no more1 and thus it could not reach the past and the present4 ,therefore the foundation of succession has no past1 but only an invariable present4 ,therefore there is a real standing duration1 a real field1 over which successive duration extends4 ,thirdly1 in all intervals of succession the before is connected with the after through real duration4 ,but this real duration has in itself neither before nor after4 ,for if it had before and after1 it would fall under the very genus of relation of which it is the foundation2 which is evidently impossible1 because it would then be the foundation of its own entity4 ,it is therefore plain that the real connection between the before and the after is made by a reality which transcends all before and all after1 and which is nothing else than absolute standing duration4 ,fourthly1 if standing duration were not an objective reality1 but a mere fiction or a mere negation of movement1 there would be no real length of duration4 ,for the terms of successive duration are indivisible1 and consequently they cannot give rise to any continuous quantity of duration1 unless something lies between them which affords a real ground for continuous extension4 ,that the terms of successive duration are indivisible is evident1 because the same term cannot be before itself nor after itself1 but is wholly confined to an indivisible instant4 ,now1 that according to which an interval of successive duration can be extended from one of these terms to another1 is nothing but absolute and standing duration4 ,for1 if it were flowing1 it would pass away with the passing terms1 and thus it would not lie between them1 as is necessary in order to supply a ground for the extension of the interval intercepted4 ,in the same manner1 therefore1 as there cannot be distance between two ubicated points without real absolute space1 there cannot be an interval between two terms in succession without real absolute duration4 ,a fifth proof of the same truth may be drawn from the reality of the past4 ,historical facts are real facts1 although they are all past4 ,there really was a man called ,solomon1 who really reigned in ,jerusalem2 there really was a philosopher called ,plato1 whose sublime doctrines deserved for him the surname of ,divine2 there really was a man called ,attila1 surnamed the ,scourge of ,god4 ,these men existed in different intervals of duration1 and they are no more2 but their past existence and their distinct duration constitute three distinct facts1 which are real facts even to the present day1 and such will remain for ever4 ,now1 how can we admit that what has wholly ceased to exist in successive duration is still a real and indelible fact1 unless we admit that there is an absolute duration which is1 even now1 as truly united with the past as it is with the present1 and to which the past is not past1 but perpetually present8 ,if there is no such duration1 then all the past must have been obliterated and buried in absolute nothingness2 for if the succession of past things extended upon itself alone1 without any distinct ground upon which its flowing could be registered1 none of past things could have left behind a real mark of their existence4 ,against this conclusion some will object that the relation between before and after may be explained by a mere negation of simultaneous existence4 ,but the objection is futile4 ,for the intervals of successive duration can be greater or less1 whilst no negation can be greater or less2 which shows that the negation of simultaneous existence must not be confounded with the intervals of succession4 ,the following objection is more plausible4 ,the duration of movement suffices to fill up the whole interval of succession and to measure its extent2 and therefore the reality which connects the before with the after is movement itself1 not standing duration4 ,to this we answer that the duration of movement is essentially successive and relative2 and therefore it requires a real foundation in something standing and absolute4 ,in fact1 although every movement formally extends and measures its own duration1 nevertheless it does not extend it upon itself1 but upon a field extrinsic to itself2 and this field is permanently the same4 ,it is plain that the beginning and the end of movement cannot be connected in mutual relation through movement alone1 because movement is always in fieri1 and when it passes through one term of its duration it loses the actuality it had in the preceding term2 so that1 when it reaches its last term1 it has nothing left of what it possessed in its initial term or in any other subsequent term4 ,this suffices to show that1 although the duration of the movement fills up the whole interval1 yet1 owing to its very successivity1 it cannot be assumed as the ground of the relation intervening between its successive terms4 ,third question4--8,is absolute and standing duration a created or an uncreated reality80 ,this question is easily answered2 for1 in the first place1 standing duration is the duration of a being altogether unchangeable2 and nothing unchangeable is created4 ,hence standing duration is an uncreated reality4 ,on the other hand1 all that is created is changeable and constantly subject to movement2 hence all created 7that is1 contingent7 duration implies succession4 ,therefore standing duration is not to be found among created realities4 ,lastly1 standing duration1 as involving in itself all conceivable past and all possible future1 is infinite1 and1 as forming the ground of all contingent actualities1 is nothing less than the formal possibility of infinite terms of real successive duration4 ,but such a possibility can be found in ,god alone4 ,therefore the reality of standing duration is in ,god alone2 and we need not add that it must be uncreated4 ,fourth question4--8,what reality1 then1 is absolute standing duration80 ,we answer that this duration is the infinite virtuality or extrinsic terminability of ,god's eternity4 ,for nowhere but in ,god's eternity can we find the reason of the possibility of infinite terms and intervals of duration4 ,of course1 ,god's eternity1 considered absolutely ad intra1 is nothing else than the immobility of ,god's existence2 but its virtual comprehension of all possible terms of successive duration constitutes the absolute duration of ,god's existence1 inasmuch as the word 8duration0 expresses a virtual extent corresponding to all possible contingent duration2 for ,god's duration1 though formally simultaneous1 virtually extends beyond all imaginable terms and intervals of contingent duration4 ,hence standing duration is the duration of ,god's eternity1 the first and fundamental ground of flowing duration1 the infinite range through which the duration of changeable things extend4 ,in other words1 the infinite virtuality of ,god's eternity1 as equivalent to an infinite length of time1 is duration2 and as excluding from itself all intrinsic change1 is standing duration4 ,this virtuality of ,god's eternity is really nothing else than its extrinsic terminability2 for eternity is conceived to correspond to all possible differences of time only inasmuch as it can be compared with the contingent terms by which it can be extrinsically terminated4 ,secondly1 if nothing had been created1 there would have been no extrinsic terms capable of extending successive duration2 but1 since ,god would have remained in his eternity1 there would have remained the reality in which all extrinsic terms of duration have their virtual being2 and thus there would have remained1 eminently and without formal succession1 in ,god himself the duration of all the beings possible outside of ,god4 ,for he would certainly not have ceased to exist in all the instants of duration in which creatures have existed2 the only change would have been this3 that those instants1 owing to a total absence of creatures1 would have lacked their formal denomination of instants1 and their formal successivity4 ,hence1 if nothing had been created1 there would have remained infinite real duration without succession1 simply because the virtuality of ,god's eternity would have remained in all its perfection4 ,it is therefore this virtuality that formally constitutes standing duration4 ,from this the reader will easily understand that in the concept of standing duration two notions are involved1 viz43 that of eternity1 as expressing the standing1 and that of its virtuality1 as connoting virtual extent4 ,in fact1 ,god's eternity1 absolutely considered1 is simply the actuality of ,god's substance1 and1 as such1 does not connote duration2 for ,god's substance is not said to endure1 but simply to be4 ,the formal reason of duration is derived from the extrinsic terminability of ,god's eternity2 for the word 8duration0 conveys the idea of continuation1 and continuation implies succession4 ,hence it is on account of its extrinsic terminability to successive terms of duration that ,god's eternity is conceived as equivalent to infinite succession2 for what virtually contains in itself all possible terms and intervals of succession virtually contains in itself all succession1 and can co exist1 without intrinsic change1 with all the changes of contingent duration4 ,balmes1 after defining succession as the existence of such things as exclude one another1 very properly remarks3 8,if there were a being which neither excluded any other being nor were excluded by any of them1 that being would co-exist with all beings4 ,now1 one such being exists1 viz43 ,god1 and ,god alone4 ,hence theologians do but express a great and profound truth when they say 7though not all1 perhaps1 fully understand what they say7 that ,god is present to all times2 that to him there is no succession1 no before or after2 that to him everything is present1 is ,now40#aa ,we conclude that standing duration is infinite1 all-simultaneous1 independent of all contingent things1 indivisible1 immovable1 formally simple and unextended1 but equivalent to infinite intervals of successive duration1 and virtually extending through infinite lengths4 ,this duration is absolute4 ,fifth question4--8,does the creation of a contingent being in absolute duration cause any intrinsic change in standing duration80 ,the answer is not doubtful2 for we have already seen that standing duration is incapable of intrinsic modifications4 ,nevertheless1 it will not be superfluous to remark1 for the better understanding of this answer1 that the 8when0 7the quando7 of a contingent being has the same relation to the virtuality of ,god's eternity as has its 8where0 7the ubi7 to the virtuality of ,god's immensity4 ,for1 as the 8where0 of every possible creature is virtually precontained in absolute space1 so is the 8when0 of all creatures virtually precontained in absolute duration4 ,hence the creation of any number of contingent beings in duration implies nothing but the extrinsic termination of absolute duration1 which accordingly remains altogether unaffected by the existence in it of any number of extrinsic terms4 ,the 8when0 of a contingent being1 as contained in absolute duration1 is virtual2 it does not become formal except in the contingent being itself--that is1 by extrinsic termination4 ,thus the subject of the contingent 8when0 is not the virtuality of ,god's eternity any more than the subject of the contingent 8where0 is the virtuality of ,god's immensity4 ,this shows that the formal 8when0 of a contingent being is a mere relativity1 or a respectus4 ,the formal reason1 or the foundation1 of this relativity is the reality through which the contingent being communicates with absolute standing duration1 viz43 the real instant 7quando7 which is common to both1 although not in the same manner2 for it is virtual in standing duration1 whilst it is formal in the extrinsic term4 ,hence a contingent being1 inasmuch as it has existence in standing duration1 is nothing but a term related by its 8when0 to divine eternity as existing in a more perfect manner in the same 8when40 ,but1 since the contingent 8when0 of the creature exclusively belongs to the creature itself1 ,god's standing duration receives nothing from it except a relative extrinsic denomination4 ,the relation resulting from the existence of a created term in standing duration consists in this3 that the created term by its formal 8when0 really imitates the eminent mode of being of ,god himself in the same 8when40 ,this relation is called simultaneousness4 ,simultaneousness is often confounded with presence and with co-existence4 ,but these three notions1 rigorously speaking1 differ from one another4 ,presence refers to terms in space2 simultaneousness to terms in duration2 co-existence to terms both present and simultaneous4 ,thus presence and simultaneousness are the constituents of co-existence4 ,presence is to be considered as the material constituent1 because it depends on the 8where10 which belongs to the thing on account of its matter or potency2 simultaneousness must be considered as the formal constituent1 because it depends on the 8when10 which belongs to the thing on account of its act or of its resulting actuality4 ,before we proceed further1 we must yet remark that in the same manner as the infinite virtuality of divine immensity receives distinct extrinsic denominations from the contingent terms existing in space1 and is thus said to imply distinct virtualities1 so also the infinite virtuality of ,god's eternity can be said to imply distinct virtualities1 owing to the distinct denominations it receives from distinct terms of contingent duration4 ,it is for this reason that we can speak of virtualities of eternity in the plural4 ,thus when we point out the first instant of any movement as distinct from any following instant1 we consider the flowing of the contingent 8when0 from before to after as a passage from one to another virtuality of standing duration4 ,these virtualities1 however1 are not distinct as to their absolute beings1 but only as to their extrinsic termination and denomination2 and therefore they are really but one infinite virtuality4 ,as all that we have said of the virtualities of absolute space in one of our past articles equally applies to the virtualities of absolute duration1 we need not dwell here any longer on this point4 ,sixth question4--8,in what does the #8when' of a contingent being precisely consist80 ,from the preceding considerations it is evident that the 8when0 of a contingent being may be understood in two manners1 viz41 either objectively or subjectively4 ,objectively considered1 the 8when0 is nothing else than a simple and indivisible term in duration formally marked out in it by the actuality of the contingent being4 ,we say a simple and indivisible term1 because the actuality of the contingent being by which it is determined involves neither past nor future1 neither before nor after1 but only its present existence1 which1 as such1 is confined to an indivisible ,now4 ,hence we do not agree with those philosophers who confound the quando with the tempus--that is1 the 8when0 with the extent of flowing duration4 ,we admit with these philosophers that the 8when0 of contingent things extends through movement from before to after1 and draws1 so to say1 a continuous line in duration2 but we must remind them that the before and the after are distinct modes of being in duration1 and that every term of duration designable between them is a distinct 8when0 independent of every other 8when10 either preceding or following2 which shows that the tempus implies an uninterrupted series of distinct 8whens10 and therefore cannot be considered as synonymous with quando4 ,if the 8when0 is considered subjectively--that is1 as an appurtenance of the subject of which it is predicated--it may be defined as the mode of being of a contingent thing in duration4 ,this mode consists of a mere relativity2 for it results from the extrinsic termination of absolute duration1 as already explained4 ,hence the 8when0 is not received in the subject of which it is predicated1 and does not inhere in it1 but1 like all other relativities and connotations1 simply connects it with its correlative1 and intervenes or lies between the one and the other4 ,but1 although it consists of a mere relativity1 the 8when0 still admits of being divided into absolute and relative1 according as it is conceived absolutely as something real in nature1 or compared with some other 8when02 for1 as we have already explained when treating of ubications1 relative entities may be considered both as to what they are in themselves1 and as to what they are to one another4 ,if the 8when0 is considered simply as a termination of standing duration1 without regard for anything else1 it is called absolute1 and is defined as the mode of being of a thing in absolute duration4 ,this absolute 8when0 is an essential mode of the contingent being no less than its dependence from the first cause1 and is altogether immutable so long as the contingent being exists2 for1 on the one hand1 the contingent being cannot exist but within the domain of divine eternity1 and1 on the other1 it cannot have different modes of being with regard to it1 as the standing duration of eternity is all uniform in its infinite virtual extension1 and the contingent being1 however much we may try to vary its place in duration1 must always be in the very middle of eternity4 ,hence the absolute 8when0 is altogether unchangeable4 ,if the 8when0 of a contingent being is compared with that of another contingent being in order to ascertain their mutual relation1 then the 8when0 is called relative1 and1 as such1 it may be defined as the mode of terminating a relation in duration4 ,this 8when0 is changeable1 not in its intrinsic entity1 but in its relative formality2 and it is only under this formality that the 8when0 7quando7 can be ranked among the predicamental accidents2 for this changeable formality is the only thing in it which bears the stamp of an accidental entity4 ,the before and the after of the same contingent being are considered as two distinct relative terms1 because the being to which they refer1 when existing in the after1 excludes the before2 though the absolute 8when0 of one and the same being is one term only4 ,but of this we shall treat more fully in the sequel4 ,seventh question4--8,what is relative duration80 ,here we meet again the same difficulty which we have encountered in explaining relative space2 for in the same manner as relations in space are usually confounded with space itself1 so are the intervals in duration confounded with the duration which is the ground of their extension4 ,but1 as the reasonings by which we have established the precise notion of relative space can be easily brought to bear on the present subject by the reader himself1 we think we must confine ourselves to a brief and clear statement of the conclusions drawn from those reasonings1 as applied to duration4 ,relative duration is the duration through which any movement extends2 that is1 the duration through which the 8when0 of anything in movement glides from before to after1 and by which the before and the after are linked in mutual relation4 ,now1 the duration through which movement extends is not exactly the duration of the movement itself1 but the ground upon which the movement extends its own duration2 because movement has nothing actual but a flowing instant1 and therefore it has no duration within itself except by reference to an extrinsic ground through which it successively extends4 ,this ground1 as we have already shown1 is standing duration4 ,and therefore relative duration is nothing else than standing duration as extrinsically terminated by distinct terms1 or1 what amounts to the same terminated by one term which1 owing to any kind of movement1 acquires distinct and opposite formalities4 ,this conclusion is based on the principle that the foundation of all relations between before and after must be something absolute1 having in itself neither before nor after1 and therefore absolutely standing4 ,this principle is obviously true4 ,the popular notion1 on the contrary1 that relative duration is the duration of movement1 is based on the assumption that movement itself engenders duration--which assumption is false2 for we cannot even conceive movement without presupposing the absolute duration upon which the movement has to trace the line of its flowing existence4 ,thus relative duration is called relative1 not because it is itself related1 but because it is the ground through which the extrinsic terms are related4 ,it is actively1 not passively1 relative2 it is the ratio1 not the rationatum1 the foundation1 not the result1 of the relativities4 ,in other terms1 relative duration is absolute as to its entity1 and relative as to the extrinsic denomination derived from the relations of which it is the formal reason4 ,duration1 as absolute1 may be styled 8the region of all possible whens10 just as absolute space is styled 8the region of all possible ubications02 and1 as relative1 it may be styled 8the region of all possible succession10 just as relative space is styled 8the region of all local movements40 ,absolute standing duration and absolute space are the ground of the here and now as statical terms4 ,relative standing duration and relative space are the ground of the here and now as gliding--that is1 as dynamically considered4 ,eighth question4--8,what is an interval of duration80 ,it is a relation existing between two opposite terms of succession--that is1 between before and after4 ,an interval of duration is commonly considered as a continuous extension2 yet it is primarily a simple relation by which the extension of the flowing from before to after is formally determined4 ,nevertheless1 since the 8when0 cannot acquire the opposite formalities1 before and after1 without continuous movement1 all interval of duration implies movement1 and therefore may be considered also as a continuous quantity4 ,under this last aspect1 the interval of duration is nothing else than the duration of the movement from before to after4 ,we have already noticed that the duration of movement1 or the interval of duration1 is not to be confounded with the duration through which the movement extends4 ,but as1 in the popular language1 the one as well as the other is termed 8relative duration10 we would suggest that the duration through which the movement extends might be called fundamental relative duration1 whilst the relation which constitutes an interval between before and after might be called resultant relative duration4 ,the philosophical necessity of this distinction is obvious1 first1 because the standing duration1 through which movement extends1 must not be confounded with the flowing duration of movement2 secondly1 because the relation and its foundation are not the same thing1 and1 as we have explained at length when treating of relative space1 to confound the one with the other leads to ,pantheism4 ,intervals of relation are not parts of absolute duration1 though they are so conceived by many1 but they are mere relations1 as we have stated4 ,absolute duration is all standing1 it has no parts1 and it cannot be divided into parts4 ,what is called an interval of duration should rather be called an interval in duration2 for it is not a portion of standing duration1 but an extrinsic result2 it is not a length of absolute duration1 but the length of the movement extending through that duration2 it is not a divisible extension1 but the ground on which movement acquires its divisible extension from before to after4 ,in the smallest conceivable interval of duration there is ,god1 with all his eternity4 ,to affirm that intervals of duration are distinct durations would be to cut ,god's eternity to pieces by giving it a distinct being in really distinct intervals4 ,hence it is necessary to concede that1 whilst the intervals are distinct1 the duration on which they have their foundation is one and the same4 ,the only duration which can be safely confounded with those intervals is the flowing duration of the movement by which they are measured4 ,this is the duration which can be considered as a continuous quantity divisible into parts2 and this is the duration which we should style 8resultant relative duration10 to avoid all danger of error or equivocation4 ,the objections which can be made against this manner of viewing things do not much differ from those which we have solved in our second article on space2 and therefore we do not think it necessary to make a new answer to them4 ,the reader himself will be able to see what the objections are1 and how they can be solved1 by simply substituting the words 8eternity10 8duration10 etc41 for the words 8immensity10 8space10 etc41 in the article referred to4 ,yet a special objection can be made against the preceding doctrine about the duration of movement1 independently of those which regard relations in space4 ,it may be presented under this form4 8,the foundation of the relation between before and after is nothing else than movement itself4 ,it is therefore unnecessary and unphilosophical to trace the duration of movement to the virtuality of ,god's eternity as its extrinsic foundation40 ,the antecedent of this argument may be proved thus3 8,that thing is the foundation of the relation which gives to its terms their relative being--that is1 in our case1 their opposite formalities1 before and after4 ,but movement alone gives to the when these opposite formalities4 ,therefore movement alone is the foundation of successive duration40 ,we answer that the antecedent of the first argument is absolutely false4 ,as to the syllogism which comes next1 we concede the major1 but we deny the minor4 ,for it is plain that movement cannot give to the absolute when the relative formalities before and after1 except by flowing through absolute duration1 without which it is impossible for the movement to have its successive duration4 ,and surely1 if the movement has no duration but that which it borrows from the absolute duration through which it extends1 the foundation of its duration from before to after can be nothing else than the same absolute duration through which the movement acquires its before and after4 ,now1 this absolute duration is the virtuality of ,god's eternity1 as we have proved4 ,it is therefore both philosophical and necessary to trace the duration of movement to the virtuality of ,god's eternity1 as its extrinsic foundation4 ,that movement is also necessary to constitute the relation between before and after1 we fully admit2 for there cannot be before and after without movement4 ,but it does not follow from this that movement is the foundation of the relation2 it merely follows that movement is a condition necessary to give to the absolute when two distinct actualities1 according to which it may be compared with itself on the ground of standing duration4 ,for1 as every relation demands two opposite terms1 the same absolute when must acquire two opposite formalities1 that it may be related to itself4 ,the only other objection which may perhaps be made against our conclusions is the following3 ,the foundation of a real relation is that reality through which the terms related communicate with one another4 ,now1 evidently1 the before and the after1 which are the terms of the relation in question1 communicate with one another through the same absolute when2 for they are the same absolute when under two opposite formalities4 ,hence it follows that the foundation of the relation between before and after is nothing else than the absolute when of a moving being4 ,to this we answer that the foundation of the relation is not all reality through which the terms related communicate with one another1 but only that reality by the common termination of which they become formally related to one another4 ,hence1 since the before and the after do not receive their relative formalities from the absolute when1 it is idle to pretend that the absolute when is the foundation of the interval of duration4 ,the before and the after communicate with the same absolute when not as a formal1 but as a material1 cause of their existence--that is1 inasmuch as the same when is the subject1 not the reason1 of both formalities4 ,the only relation to which the absolute when can give a foundation is one of identity with itself in all the extent of its flowing duration4 ,but such a relation presupposes1 instead of constituting1 an interval in duration4 ,and therefore it is manifest that the absolute when is not the foundation of the relation between before and after4 ,having thus answered the questions proposed1 and given the solution of the few difficulties objected1 we must now say a few words about the division and measurement of relative duration1 whether fundamental or resultant4 ,fundamental or standing duration is divided into real and imaginary4 ,this division cannot regard the entity of standing duration1 which is unquestionably real1 as we have proved4 ,it regards the reality or the unreality of the extrinsic terms conceived as having a relation in duration4 ,the true notion of real1 contrasted with imaginary1 duration1 is the following3 ,standing duration is called real when it is really relative1 viz41 when it is extrinsically terminated by real terms between which it founds a real relation2 on the contrary1 it is called imaginary when the extrinsic terms do not exist in nature1 but only in our imagination2 for1 in such a case1 standing duration is not really terminated and does not found real relations1 but both the terminations and the relations are simply a figment of our imagination4 ,thus standing duration1 as containing none but imaginary relations1 may justly be called 8imaginary10 though in an absolute sense it is intrinsically real4 ,accordingly1 the indefinite duration which we imagine when we carry our thought beyond the creation of the world1 and which is also called 8imaginary10 is not absolute but relative duration1 and is not imaginary in itself1 but only as to its denomination of relative1 because1 in the absence of all real terms1 there can be none but imaginary relations4 ,it is therefore unphilosophical to confound imaginary and indefinite duration with absolute and infinite duration4 ,this latter is not an object of imagination1 but of the intellect alone4 ,imagination cannot conceive duration1 except in connection with some movement from before to after2 hence absolute and infinite duration1 which has no before and no after1 is altogether beyond the reach of imagination4 ,indeed1 our intellectual conception of infinite standing duration is always accompanied in our minds by a representation of indefinite time2 but this depends1 as we have stated in speaking of space1 on the well-known connection of our imaginative and intellectual operations1 inasmuch as our imagination strives to follow the intellect1 and to represent after its own manner what the intellect conceives in a totally different manner4 ,it was by confounding the objective notion of duration with our subjective manner of imagining it that ,kant came to the conclusion that duration was nothing but a subjective form or a subjective condition1 under which all intuitions are possible in us4 ,this conclusion is evidently false2 but its refutation1 to be successful1 must be based on the objectivity of absolute standing duration1 without which1 as we have shown1 there can be no field for real and objective succession4 ,resultant relative duration--that is1 an interval of flowing duration--admits of the same division into real and imaginary4 ,it is real when a real continuous flowing connects the before with the after2 in all other suppositions it will be imaginary4 ,it may be remarked that the 8real continuous flowing0 may be either intrinsic or extrinsic4 ,thus1 if ,god had created nothing but a simple angel1 there would have been no other flowing duration than a continuous succession of intellectual operations connecting the before with the after in the angel himself1 and thus his duration would have been measured by a series of intrinsic changes4 ,it is evident that in this case one absolute when suffices to extend the interval of duration2 for by its gliding from before to after it acquires opposite formalities through which it can be relatively opposed to itself as the subject and the term of the relation4 ,if1 on the contrary1 we consider the interval of duration between two distinct beings--say ,csar and ,napoleon--then the real continuous flowing by which such an interval is measured is extrinsic to the terms compared2 for the when of ,csar is distinct from1 and does not reach1 that of ,napoleon2 which shows that their respective whens have no intrinsic connection1 and that the succession comprised between those whens must have consisted of a series of changes extrinsic to the terms compared4 ,it may seem difficult to conceive how an interval of continuous succession can result between two terms of which the one does not attain to the other2 for1 as a line in space must be drawn by the movement of a single point1 so it seems that a length in duration must be extended by the flowing of a single when from before to after4 ,the truth is that the interval between the whens of two distinct beings is not obtained by comparing the when of the one with that of the other1 but by resorting to the when of some other being which has extended its continuous succession from the one to the other4 ,thus1 when ,csar died1 the earth was revolving on its axis1 and it continued to revolve without interruption up to the existence of ,napoleon1 thus extending the duration of its movement from a when corresponding to ,csar's death to a when corresponding to ,napoleon's birth2 and this duration1 wholly extrinsic to ,csar and ,napoleon1 measures the interval between them4 ,as all intervals of duration extend from before to after1 there can be no interval between co-existent beings1 as is evident4 ,in the same manner as two beings whose ubications coincide cannot be distant in space1 so two beings whose whens are simultaneous cannot form an interval of duration4 ,all real intervals of duration regard the past2 for in the past alone can we find a real before and a real after4 ,the present gives no interval1 as we have just stated1 but only simultaneousness4 ,the future is real only potentially--that is1 it will be real1 but it is not yet4 ,what has never been1 and never will be1 is merely imaginary4 ,to this last class belong all the intervals of duration corresponding to those conditional events which did not happen1 owing to the non-fulfilment of the conditions on which their reality depended4 ,as to the measurement of flowing duration a few words will suffice4 ,the when considered absolutely is incapable of measuring an interval of duration1 for the reason that the when is unextended1 and therefore unproportionate to the mensuration of a continuous interval2 for the measure must be of the same kind with the thing to be measured4 ,just as a continuous line cannot be made up of unextended points1 so cannot a continuous interval be made up of indivisible instants2 hence1 as a line is divisible only into smaller and smaller lines1 by which it can be measured1 so also an interval of duration is divisible only into smaller and smaller intervals1 and is measured by the same4 ,these smaller intervals1 being continuous1 are themselves divisible and mensurable by other intervals of less duration1 and these other intervals are again divisible and mensurable2 so that1 from the nature of the thing1 it is impossible to reach an absolute measure of duration1 and we must rest satisfied with a relative one1 just as in the case of a line and of any other continuous quantity4 ,the smallest unit or measure of duration commonly used is the second1 or sixtieth part of a minute4 ,but1 since continuous quantities are divisible in infinitum1 it may be asked1 what prevents us from considering a finite interval of duration as containing an infinite multitude of infinitesimal units of duration8 ,if nothing prevents us1 then in the infinitesimal unit we shall have the true and absolute measure of duration4 ,we answer that nothing prevents such a conception2 but the mensuration of a finite interval by infinitesimal units would never supply us the means of determining the relative lengths of two intervals of duration4 ,for1 if every interval is a sum of infinite terms1 and is so represented1 how can we decide which of those intervals is the greater1 since we cannot count the infinite8 ,mathematicians1 in all dynamical questions1 express the conditions of the movement in terms of infinitesimal quantities1 and consider every actual instant which connects the before with the after as an infinitesimal interval of duration in the same manner as they consider every shifting ubication as an infinitesimal interval of space4 ,but when they pass from infinitesimal to finite quantities by integration between determinate limits1 they do not express the finite intervals in infinitesimal terms1 but in terms of a finite unit1 viz41 a second of time2 and this shows that1 even in high mathematics1 the infinitesimal is not taken as the measure of the finite4 ,since infinitesimals are considered as evanescent quantities1 the question may be asked whether they are still conceivable as quantities4 ,we have no intention of discussing here the philosophical grounds of infinitesimal calculus1 as we may have hereafter a better opportunity of examining such an interesting subject2 but1 so far as infinitesimals of duration are concerned1 we answer that they are still quantities1 though they bear no comparison with finite duration4 ,what mathematicians call an infinitesimal of time is nothing else rigorously than the flowing of an actual 8when0 from before to after4 ,the 8when0 as such is no quantity1 but its flowing is4 ,however narrow the compass within which it may be reduced1 the flowing implies a relation between before and after2 hence every instant of successive duration1 inasmuch as it actually links its immediate before with its immediate after1 partakes of the nature of successive duration1 and therefore of continuous quantity4 ,nor does it matter that infinitesimals are called evanescent quantities4 ,they indeed vanish1 as compared with finite quantities2 but the very fact of their vanishing proves that they are still something when they are in the act of vanishing4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 after saying in his ,principia that he intends to reduce the demonstration of a series of propositions to the first and last sums and ratios of nascent and evanescent quantities1 propounds and solves this very difficulty as follows3 8,perhaps it may be objected that there is no ultimate proportion of evanescent quantities2 because the proportion1 before the quantities have vanished1 is not the ultimate1 and1 when they are vanished1 is none4 ,but by the same argument it may be alleged that a body arriving at a certain place1 and there stopping1 has no ultimate velocity2 because the velocity1 before the body comes to the place1 is not its ultimate velocity2 when it has arrived1 is none4 ,but the answer is easy2 for by the ultimate velocity is meant that with which the body is moved1 neither before it arrives at its last place and the motion ceases1 nor after1 but at the very instant it arrives2 that is1 the velocity with which the body arrives at its last place1 and with which the motion ceases4 ,and in like manner1 by the ultimate ratio of evanescent quantities is to be understood the ratio of the quantities1 not before they vanish1 not afterwards1 but with which they vanish4 ,in like manner1 the first ratio of nascent quantities is that with which they begin to be40 ,from this answer1 which is so clear and so deep1 it is manifest that infinitesimals are real quantities4 ,whence we infer that every instant of duration which actually flows from before to after marks out a real infinitesimal interval of duration that might serve as a unit of measure for the mensuration of all finite intervals of succession1 were it not that we cannot reckon up to infinity4 ,nevertheless1 it does not follow that an infinitesimal duration is an absolute unit of duration2 for it is still continuous1 even in its infinite smallness2 and accordingly it is still divisible and mensurable by other units of a lower standard4 ,thus it is clear that the measurement of flowing duration1 and indeed of all other continuous quantity1 cannot be made except by some arbitrary and conventional unit4 ,,the ,,stars4 ,as ,i gaze in silent wonder ,on the countless stars of night1 ,looking down in mystic stillness ,with their soft and magic light ,seem they from my eyes retreating ,with their vast and bright array1 ,till they into endless distance ,almost seem to fade away4 ,and my thoughts are carried with them ,to their far-off realms of light2 ,yet they seem retreating ever1 ,ever into endless night4 ,whither leads that silent army1 ,with its noiseless tread and slow8 ,and those glittering bands1 who are they8 ,thus my thoughts essay to know4 ,but my heart the secret telleth ,that to thee1 my ,god1 they guide2 ,that they are thy gleaming watchmen1 ,guarding round thy palace wide4 ,then1 when shall those gates be opened ,to receive my yearning soul1 ,where its home shall be for ever1 ,while the countless ages roll8 ,thou alone1 ,o ,god6 canst know it3 ,till then doth my spirit pine4 ,father6 keep thy child from falling1 ,till for ever ,i am thine4 ,,william ,,tell ,,and ,,altorf4 ,brunnen1 the 8fort of ,schwytz10 standing at that angle of the lake of ,lucerne where it turns abruptly towards the very heart of the ,alps1 has always been a central halting-place for travellers2 but since the erection of its large hotel the attraction has greatly increased4 ,we found the ,waldsttterhof full to overflowing1 and rejoiced that1 as usual1 we had wisely ordered our rooms beforehand4 ,our surprise was great1 as we threaded the mazes of the table-d'hte room1 to see ,herr ,h---- come forward and greet us cordially4 ,we expected1 it is true1 to meet him here1 but not until the eve of the feast at ,einsiedeln1 whither he had promised to accompany us4 ,an unforeseen event1 however1 had brought him up the lake sooner1 and he therefore came on to ,brunnen1 in the hope of finding us4 ,a few minutes sufficed to make him quit his place at the centre table and join us at a small one1 where supper had been prepared for our party1 and allow us to begin a description of our wanderings since we parted from him on the quay at ,lucerne4 ,yes1 8begin0 is the proper word2 for before long the harmony was marred by ,george1 who1 with his usual impetuosity1 and in spite of ,caroline's warning frowns and ,anna's and my appealing looks1 betrayed our disappointment at having missed the ,hermitage at ,ranft1 and the reproaches we had heaped on ,herr ,h----'s head for having mismanaged the programme in that particular4 ,the cheery little man1 whose eyes had just begun to glisten with delight1 grew troubled4 8,i am so sorry60 he exclaimed4 8,but the ladies were not so enthusiastic about ,blessed ,nicholas when ,i saw them4 ,and as for you1 ,mr4 ,george1 ,i never could have dreamt you would have cared for the ,hermit40 8,oh6 but he is a real historical character1 you see1 about whom there can be no doubt--very unlike your sun-god1 your mythical hero1 ,william ,tell60 replied ,george4 8,take care6 take care6 young gentleman10 said ,herr ,h----1 laughing4 8,remember you are now in ,tell's territory1 and he may make you rue the consequences of deriding him6 ,don't imagine1 either1 that your modern historical critics have left even ,blessed ,nicholas alone6 ,oh6 dear1 no40 8,but he is vouched for by documents10 retorted ,george48,no one can doubt them40 8,your critics of this age would turn and twist and doubt anything10 said ,herr ,h----4 8,they cannot deny his existence nor the main features of his life2 yet some have gone so far as to pretend to doubt the most authentic fact in it--his presence at the ,diet of ,stanz--saying that probably he never went there1 but only wrote a letter to the deputies4 ,so much for their criticism and researches6 ,after that specimen you need not wonder that ,i have no respect for them4 ,but ,i am in an unusually patriotic mood to-day2 for ,i have just come from a meeting at ,beckenried1 on the opposite shore1 in ,unterwalden4 ,it was that which brought me here before my appointment with you4 ,it was a meeting of one of our ,catholic societies in these cantons1 which assembled to protest against the revision of the constitution contemplated next spring4 ,before separating it was suggested that they should call a larger one at the ,rtli1 to evoke the memories of the past and conform themselves to the pattern of our forefathers40 8,why do you so much object to a revision80 inquired ,mr4 ,c----4 8,surely reform must sometimes be necessary40 8,sometimes1 of course1 but not at present1 my dear sir4 #8,revision' nowadays simply means radicalism and the suppression of our religion and our religious rights and privileges4 ,it is a word which1 for that reason alone1 is at all times distasteful to these cantons4 ,moreover1 it savors too much of ,french ideas and doctrines1 thoroughly antagonistic to all our principles and feelings4 ,everything ,french is loathed in these parts1 especially in ,unterwalden1 in spite of--or ,i should perhaps rather say in consequence of--all they suffered from that nation in #agih40 8,i can understand that10 said ,mr4 ,c----1 8with the memory of the massacre in the church at ,stanz always in their minds40 8,well1 yes2 but that was only one act in the tragedy4 ,the desolation they caused in that part of the country was fearful4 ,above all1 their total want of religion at that period can never be forgotten40 8,as for myself10 remarked ,mr4 ,c----1 8though not a ,catholic1 ,i confess that ,i should much rather rely on the upright instincts of this pious population than on the crooked teachings of our modern philosophers4 ,i have always noticed in every great political crisis that the instincts of the pure and simple-minded have something of an inspiration about them2 they go straight to the true principles where a ,macchiavelli is often at fault40 ,herr ,h---- completely agreed with him1 and the conversation soon became a deep and serious discussion on the tendencies of modern politics in general1 so that it was late that evening before our party separated4 ,the first sound that fell upon my ear next morning was the splashing of a steamer hard by4 ,it had been so dark upon our arrival the night before that we had not altogether realized the close proximity of the hotel to the lake1 and it was an unexpected pleasure to find my balcony almost directly over the water1 like the stern gallery of a ship of war4 ,a small steamer certainly was approaching from the upper end of the lake1 with a time-honored old diligence in the bows and a few travellers1 tired-looking and dust-stained1 scattered on the deck1 very unlike the brilliant throngs that pass to and fro during the late hours of the day4 ,but this early morning performance was one of real business1 and the magical words 8,post0 and 8,st4 ,gothard10 which stood out in large letters on the yellow panels of the diligence1 told at once of more than mere pleasure-seeking4 ,what joy or grief1 happiness or despair1 might not this old-fashioned vehicle be at this moment conveying to unknown thousands6 ,it was an abrupt transition1 too1 to be thus brought from pastoral ,sarnen and ,sachslen into immediate contact with the mighty ,alps4 ,of their grandeur1 however1 nothing could be seen2 for1 without rain or wind1 a thick cloud lay low upon the lake1 more like a large flat ceiling than aught else4 ,yet1 for us1 it had its own peculiar interest1 being nothing more nor less than the great1 heavy1 soft mass which we had noticed hanging over the lake every morning when looking down from ,kaltbad1 whilst we1 revelling in sunshine and brightness above1 were pitying the poor inhabitants along the shore beneath4 ,there was a kind of superiority1 therefore1 in knowing what it meant1 and in feeling confident that it would not last long4 ,and1 as we expected1 it did clear away whilst we sat at our little breakfast-table in the window1 revealing in all its magnificence the glorious view from this point up the ,bay of ,uri1 which we have elsewhere described4 ,huge mountains seemed to rise vertically up out of the green waters2 verdant patches were dotted here and there on their rugged sides2 and1 overtopping all1 shone the glacier of the ,urirothstock1 more dazzlingly white and transparent than we had ever yet beheld it4 8,now1 ladies60 exclaimed ,herr ,h----1 8,i hope you have your ,schiller ready2 for the ,rtli is yonder1 though you will see it better by and by40 8,why1 ,i thought you disapproved of ,schiller10 retorted the irrepressibly argumentative ,george4 8,to a certain degree1 no doubt10 replied ,herr ,h----4 8,but nothing can be finer than his ,william ,tell as a whole4 ,my quarrel with it is that the real ,william ,tell would have fared much better were it not for this play1 and especially for the opera4 ,they have both made the subject so common--so banale1 as the ,french say--that the world has grown tired of it1 and for this reason alone is predisposed to reject our hero4 ,besides1 the real history of the ,revolution is so fine that ,i prefer it in its simplicity4 ,schiller is certainly true to its spirit1 but details are frequently different4 ,for instance1 the taking of the ,castle of the ,rossberg1 which you passed on the lake of ,alpnach3 ,schiller has converted that into a most sensational scene1 whereas the true story is far more characteristic4 ,that was the place where a young girl admitted her betrothed and his twelve ,confederate friends by a rope-ladder at night1 which enabled them to seize the castle and imprison the garrison 8without shedding a drop of blood or injuring the property of the ,habsburgs10 in exact conformity with their oath on the ,rtli4 ,you will often read of the loves of ,jgeli and ,ameli in ,swiss poetry4 ,they are great favorites1 and1 in my opinion1 far more beautiful than the fictitious romance of ,rudenz and ,bertha4 ,and so in many other cases4 ,but every one does not object to ,schiller as ,i do2 for in #ahei1 when his centenary was celebrated in ,germany1 the ,swiss held a festival here on the ,rtli1 and subsequently erected a tablet on that large natural pyramidal rock you see at the corner opposite4 ,it is called the ,wytenstein1 and you can read the large gilt words with a glass4 ,it is laconic enough1 too2 see3 #8,to ,frederick ,schiller--,the ,singer of ,tell--,the ,urcantone4' ,the original cantons6 ,miss ,caroline6 let me congratulate you on being at last in the #8,urschweiz'--the cradle of ,switzerland10 continued ,herr ,h----1 as we sauntered out on the quay1 pointing at the same time to some bad frescos of ,swen and ,suiter on a warehouse close by4 ,stauffacher1 ,frst1 and ,van der ,halden also figured on the walls--the presiding geniuses of this region4 8,brunnen is in no way to be despised1 ,i assure you1 ladies2 you are treading on venerated soil4 ,this is the very spot that witnessed the foundation of the ,confederacy1 where the oath was taken by the representatives of ,uri1 ,schwytz1 and ,unterwalden the day after the battle of ,morgarten4 ,they swore #8to die1 each for all and all for each'--the oath which made ,switzerland renowned1 and gave the name of #8,ridsgenossen1' or #8oath-participators1' to its inhabitants4 ,the document is still kept in the archives at ,schwytz1 with another dated ,august #a1 #abia4 ,aloys von ,reding raised his standard against the ,french here in #agih2 and he was quite right in beginning his resistance to them at ,brunnen4 ,it is full of memories to us ,swiss1 and is a most central point1 as you may see1 between all these cantons4 ,the increase in the hotels tells what a favorite region it also is with tourists40 ,on this point ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c----'s astonishment was unbounded4 ,they had passed a fortnight at ,brunnen in #ahfa1 at a small inn with scanty accommodation1 now replaced by the large and comfortable ,waldsttterhof1 situated in one of the most lovely spots imaginable1 at the angle of the lake1 one side fronting the ,bay of ,uri and the other looking up towards ,mount ,pilatus4 ,the pension of ,seelisberg existed on the heights opposite even then--only1 however1 as a small house1 instead of the present extensive establishment1 with its pretty woods and walks2 but ,axenstein and the second large hotel now building near it1 with the splendid road leading up to them1 had not been thought of4 ,the only communication by land between ,schwytz and ,fluelen1 in those days1 was a mule-path along the hills1 precipitous and dangerous in many parts4 ,the now famed ,axenstrasse was not undertaken until #ahfb2 and is said to have been suggested by the ,french war in ,italy4 ,with the old ,swiss dread of the ,french still at heart1 the ,federal government took alarm at that first military undertaking on the part of ,napoleon ,,iii41 and1 seeing the evil of having no communication between these cantons in case of attack1 at once took the matter seriously in hand4 ,this great engineering achievement was opened to the public in #ahfh4 ,it looked most inviting to-day1 and we quickly decided to make use of it by driving along it to ,fluelen1 and thence to ,altorf1 returning in the evening by the steamer4 ,some were anxious to visit the ,rtli2 but ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c---- had been there before1 and knew that it was more than an hour's expedition by boat1 so that the two excursions on the same day would be quite impossible2 consequently1 we chose the longer one4 ,it was just ten o'clock when we started2 ,mrs4 ,c----1 ,caroline1 ,herr ,h----1 and myself in one carriage1 with ,george on the box1 the others following us in a second vehicle4 ,we had not proceeded far when ,herr ,h---- made us halt to look at the ,rtli1 on the shore right opposite4 ,we distinctly saw that it was a small meadow1 formed by earth fallen from above on a ledge of rock under the precipitous heights of ,seelisberg1 and now enclosed by some fine chestnut and walnut trees4 ,truly1 it was a spot fitted for the famous scene4 ,so unapproachable is it1 except by water1 that even that most enterprising race--,swiss hotel-keepers--have hitherto failed to destroy it4 ,some years ago1 however1 it narrowly escaped this fate2 for ,herr ,mller1 of ,seelisberg1 is said to have been on the point of building a pension on the great meadow4 ,but no sooner did this become known than a national subscription was at once raised1 the government purchased it1 and now it has become inalienable national property for ever4 8,you may well be proud of your country1 ,herr ,h----10 exclaimed ,mr4 ,c---- from the other carriage4 8,i always look on that tiny spot with deep reverence as the true cradle of freedom4 ,look at it well1 ,george6 ,it witnessed that wonderful oath by which these mountaineers bound themselves #8to be faithful to each other1 just and merciful to their oppressors'--the only known example of men--and these men peasants1 too--binding themselves1 in the excitement of revolt1 not to take revenge on their oppressors40 8,quite sublime60 ejaculated ,george4 8,well1 it has borne good fruit10 returned ,herr ,h---- in gleeful tones2 8for here we are still free6 ,except on the one occasion of the ,french in '#ih1 no foreign troops have ever invaded this part of ,switzerland since those days4 ,yes1 there are three springs at the ,rtli1 supposed to have jutted forth where the three heroes stood2 but ,i do not pledge my word for that10 he answered smilingly to ,caroline1 8nor for the legend which says that their spirits sleep in the rocky vale under ,seelisberg1 ready to come forth and lead the people in moments of danger40 8,i hope their slumbers may never be disturbed10 she replied2 8but ,i wish some one would prevent these cattle from frightening the horses10 as a large drove swept past our carriages1 making our steeds nervous4 ,splendid animals they were1 with beautiful heads1 straight backs1 light limbs1 and of a grayish mouse color4 8,all of the celebrated ,schwytz breed10 said ,herr ,h----4 8,this part of the country is renowned for its cattle4 ,each of these probably cost from five to six hundred francs4 ,the ,italians take great advantage of this new road1 and come in numbers to buy them at this season1 when the cattle are returning from the mountains4 ,these are going across the ,st4 ,gothard to ,lombardy4 ,those of ,einsiedeln are still considered the best4 ,do you remember1 ,miss ,caroline1 that the first mention of ,german authority in this land was occasioned by a dispute between the shepherds of ,schwytz and the abbots of ,einsiedeln about their pasturage--the emperor having given a grant of land to the abbey1 while the ,schwytzers had never heard of his existence even1 and refused to obey his majesty's orders80 8,ah6 what historical animals3 that quite reconciles me to them10 she answered1 as we drove on again amongst a group that seemed very uneasy under their new masters1 whose sweet language ,george averred had no power over them4 ,who can describe the exquisite beauty of our drive8--winding in and out1 sometimes through a tunnel2 at others along the edge of the high precipice from which a low parapet alone separated us2 at another passing through the village of ,sisikon1 which years ago suffered severely from a fragment of rock fallen from the ,frohnalp above4 ,time flew rapidly1 and one hour and a half had glided by1 without our perceiving it1 when we drew up before the beautiful little inn of 8,tell's ,platte40 8,but there is no ,platform here10 cried ,george4 8,we are hundreds of feet above the lake4 ,the critics are right1 ,herr ,h----1 decidedly right6 ,i knew it from the beginning4 ,how can you deny it80 8,wait1 my young friend6 ,don't be so impatient4 ,just come into the inn first--,i should like you to see the lovely view from it2 and then we can look for the ,platform40 ,saying which1 he led us upstairs1 on through the salon to its balcony on the first floor4 ,this is one of the smaller inns of that olden type which boast the enthusiastic attachment of regular customers1 and display with pride that old institution--the 8strangers' book0--which has completely vanished from the monster hotels4 ,it lay open on the table as we passed1 and every one instinctively stopped to examine it4 8,the dear old books60 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,c----4 8,how they used to amuse me in ,switzerland6 ,i have missed them so much this time4 ,their running fire of notes1 their polyglot verses--a sort of album and scrap-book combined1 full1 too1 of praise or abuse of the last hotel1 as the humor might be40 8,yes10 said ,mr4 ,c----1 8,i shall never forget the preface to one--an imprecation on whoever might be tempted to let his pen go beyond bounds4 ,i learned it by rote3 8,may the mountain spirits disturb his slumbers2 ,may his limbs be weary1 and his feet sore2 ,may the innkeepers give him tough mutton and ,sour wine1 and charge him for it as though he were ,lord ,sir ,john1 ,m4,p460 8,how very amusing6--a perfect gem in its way10 cried ,anna4 8,lord ,sir ,john1 ,m4,p41 must have been the model of large-pursed ,britons in his time40 ,here1 however1 everything seemed to be couleur de rose4 ,the book's only fault was its monotony of praise4 ,two sisters keep the hotel1 and 8nowhere10 said its devoted friends1 8could one find better fare1 better attendance1 and greater happiness than at ,tell's ,platform40 ,the testimony of a young couple confessedly on their bridal tour had no weight4 ,we know how1 at that moment1 a barren rock transforms itself into a paradise for them2 but three maiden ladies had passed six weeks of unalloyed enjoyment here once upon a time1 and had returned often since2 ,english clergymen and their families found no words of praise too strong2 while ,german students and professors indulged in rhapsodical language not to be equalled out of fatherland4 ,duchesses1 princesses1 and ,lords ,sir ,john1 ,m4,p41 were alone wanting amongst the present guests4 8,but they come10 said ,herr ,h----1 8by the mid-day steamers1 dine and rest here awhile1 and return in the evenings to the larger hotels in other places40 ,and standing on the balcony of the salon1 facing all the grand mountains1 with the green lake beneath1 it truly seemed a spot made for brides and bridegrooms1 for love and friendship4 ,so absorbed were we in admiration of the enchanting view that we did not at first notice two little maidens sitting at the far end4 ,they were pretty children1 of nine and thirteen1 daughters of an ,english family stopping here1 and their countenances brightened as they heard our exclamation of delight2 for ,tell's ,platte was to them a paradise4 ,like true ,britons1 however1 they said nothing until ,george and ,caroline commenced disputing about the scenery4 ,comment then was irresistible4 8,no10 said the youngest1 8that is the ,isenthal10 pointing to a valley beneath the hills opposite2 8and that the ,urirothstock1 with its glacier above1 and the ,gtschen4 ,those straight walls of rock below are the ,teufel's-,mnster40 8,don't you remember where ,schiller says3 #8,the blast1 rebounding from the ,devil's ,minster1 ,has driven them back on the great ,axenberg'8 ,that is it1 and this here is the ,axenberg10 said ,emily1 the elder girl4 8,but ,i see no ,platform here10 remarked ,george with mischief in his eye1 as he quickly detected the young girl's faith in the hero4 8,it would be impossible to see it10 she rejoined1 8as it is three hundred feet below this house40 8,but we can show you the way1 if you will come10 continued the younger child1 taking ,george's hand1 who1 partly from surprise and partly amusement1 allowed himself to be led like a lamb across the road and through the garden to the pathway winding down the cliff1 followed by us1 under guidance of the elder sister1 ,emily4 8,yes10 the children answered1 8they had spent the last two years in ,france and ,germany40 ,and certainly they spoke both languages like natives4 ,emily was even translating ,william ,tell into ,english blank verse4 8,heigho60 sighed ,mr4 ,c----1 8for this precocious age40 ,but the lake of the ,forest ,cantons was dearer to them than all else4 ,they had climbed one thousand feet up the side of the ,frohnalpstock that very morning with their father2 knew every peak and valley1 far and near1 with all their legends and histories2 even the ranz des vaches and the differences between them--the shepherds' calls to the cows and the goats4 ,annie1 our smaller friend1 entertained ,george with all their varieties1 as she tripped daintily along1 like a little fairy1 with her tiny alpenstock4 ,very different was she from continental children1 who rarely1 if ever1 take interest in either pastoral or literary matters4 ,she knew the way to the platform well2 for did she not go up and down it many times a day8 ,a difficult descent it was1 too--almost perpendicular--notwithstanding the well-kept pathway2 but not dangerous until we reached the bottom1 when each one in turn had to jump on to a jutting piece of rock1 in order to get round the corner into the chapel4 ,most truly it stands on a small ledge1 with no inch of room for aught but the small building raised over it4 ,the water close up to the shore is said to be eight hundred feet deep1 and it made one shudder to hear ,herr ,h----'s story of an artist who a few years ago fell into the lake while sketching on the cliffs above4 ,poor man6 forgetful of the precipice1 he had thoughtlessly stepped back a few steps to look at his painting1 fell over1 and was never seen again4 ,his easel and painting alone remained to give pathetic warning to other rash spirits4 ,the chapel1 open on the side next the water1 is covered with faded frescos of ,tell's history1 which our little friends quaintly described2 and it contains1 besides1 an altar and a small pulpit4 ,here ,mass is said once a year on the ,friday after the ,ascension1 when all the people of the neighborhood come hither1 and from their boats1 grouped outside1 hear ,mass and the sermon preached to them from the railing in front4 ,this was the feast which my ,weggis guide so much desired to see4 ,it is unique in every particular1 and ,herr ,h---- was eloquent on the beauty and impressiveness of the scene1 at which he had once been present1 and which it was easy to understand amidst these magnificent surroundings4 ,nor is it a common gathering of peasants1 but a solemn celebration1 to which the authorities of ,uri come in state with the standard of ,uri--the renowned ,uri ox--floating at the bows4 ,as may be supposed1 the sermon is always national1 touching on all those points of faith1 honor1 and dignity which constitute true patriotism4 ,mr4 ,c---- had ,murray's guide-book in his hand1 and would not allow us to say another word until he read aloud ,sir ,james ,macintosh's remarks on this portion of the lake1 which there occur as follows3 8,the combination of what is grandest in nature with whatever is pure and sublime in human conduct affected me in this passage 7along the lake7 more powerfully than any scene which ,i had ever seen4 ,perhaps neither ,greece nor ,rome would have had such power over me4 ,they are dead4 ,the present inhabitants are a new race1 who regard with little or no feeling the memorials of former ages4 ,this is1 perhaps1 the only place on the globe where deeds of pure virtue1 ancient enough to be venerable1 are consecrated by the religion of the people1 and continue to command interest and reverence4 ,no local superstition so beautiful and so moral anywhere exists4 ,the inhabitants of ,thermopyl or ,marathon know no more of these famous spots than that they are so many square feet of earth4 ,england is too extensive a country to make ,runnymede an object of national affection4 ,in countries of industry and wealth the stream of events sweeps away these old remembrances4 ,the solitude of the ,alps is a sanctuary destined for the monuments of ancient virtue2 ,grtli and ,tell's chapel are as much reverenced by the ,alpine peasants as ,mecca by a devout ,mussulman2 and the deputies of the three ancient cantons met1 so late as the year #agae1 to renew their allegiance and their oaths of eternal union40 8,all very well10 said ,george1 8if there really had been a ,tell2 but this seems to me a body without a soul4 ,why1 this very chapel is in the ,italian style1 and never could have been founded by the one hundred and twenty contemporaries who are said to have known ,tell and to have been present at its consecration40 8,i never heard that any one insisted on this being the original building10 said ,herr ,h----4 8,it is probably an improvement on it2 but it was not the fashion in those times--for people were not then incredulous--to put up tablets recording changes and renovations1 as nowadays at ,kaltbad and ,klsterle1 for instance4 ,but speaking dispassionately1 ,mr4 ,george1 it seems to me quite impossible that the introduction of any legend from ,denmark or elsewhere could have taken such strong hold of a people like these mountaineers without some solid foundation1 especially here1 where every inhabitant is known to the other1 and the same families have lived on in the same spots for centuries4 ,why is it not just as likely that the same sort of event should have occurred in more than one place8 ,and as to its not being mentioned in the local documents1 that is not conclusive either2 for we all know how careless in these respects were the men of the middle ages1 above all in a rude mountain canton of this kind4 ,transmission by word of mouth and by religious celebrations is much more in character with those times4 ,i go heart and hand with your own ,buckle1 who places so much reliance on local traditions4 ,the main argument used against the truth of the story is1 you know1 that it was first related in detail by an old chronicler called gidius ,tschudi1 a couple of hundred years after the event4 ,but ,i see nothing singular in that2 for most probably he merely committed to writing1 with all the freshness of simplicity1 the story which1 for the previous two hundred years1 had been in the hearts and on the lips of the peasants of this region4 ,no invention of any writer could have founded chapels or have become ingrained in the hearts of the locality itself in the manner this story has done4 ,it was never doubted until the end of the last century1 when a ,prof4 ,freudenberger1 of ,bern1 wrote a pamphlet entitled ,william ,tell3 a ,danish ,fable40 8,yes10 broke in little ,emily1 latest translator of ,schiller1 and who had been listening attentively to our discussion1 8and the people of the forest cantons were so indignant that the authorities of ,uri had the pamphlet burned by the common hangman1 and then they solemnly proclaimed its author an outlaw40 8,i told you1 ,mr4 ,george1 that you were on dangerous ground here10 said ,herr ,h----1 laughing4 8,i must make him kiss this earth before he leaves10 said ,mrs4 ,c----1 8as ,i read lately of a mother making her little son do when passing here early in this century1 regarding it as a spot sacred to liberty4 ,she little thought a sceptic like you would so soon follow40 8,well6 ,i am almost converted10 he answered1 smiling1 8but ,i wish ,miss ,emily would tell us the story of ,tell's jumping on shore here10 trying to draw out the enthusiastic little prodigy4 8,oh6 don't you remember that magnificent passage in ,schiller where1 after the scene of shooting at the apple1 ,gessler asked ,tell why he put the second arrow into his quiver1 and then1 promising to spare his life if he revealed its object1 evades his promise the instant he hears that it was destined to kill him if ,tell had struck his son instead of the apple8 ,he then ordered him to be bound and taken on board his vessel at ,fluelen4 ,the boat had no sooner left ,fluelen than one of those sudden storms sprang up so common hereabouts4 ,there was one two days ago4 ,annie and ,i tried to come down here1 but it was impossible--the wind and waves were so high we could not venture1 so we sat on the pathway and read out ,schiller4 ,oh6 he is a great genius4 ,he never was in ,switzerland4 ,yes6 just fancy that2 and yet he describes everything to perfection4 ,well6 ,tell was as good a pilot as a marksman1 and ,gessler1 in his fright1 again promised to take off his fetters if he would steer the vessel safely4 ,he did1 but steered them straight towards this ledge of rock1 sprang out upon it1 climbed up the cliff1 and1 rushing through the country1 arrived at the ,hohle-,gasse near ,kssnacht before the tyrant had reached it40 8,schiller decidedly has his merit1 it must be confessed1 when he can get such ardent admirers as these pretty children10 said ,herr ,h---- when we bade farewell to our dear little friends4 8,yes10 answered the incorrigible ,george from the box seat1 8poetry1 poetry6--an excellent mode of transmitting traditions1 making them indelible on young minds2 but ,i am so far converted1 ,herr ,h----10 continued he1 laughing1 8that ,i am sorry the doubts were ever raised about the ,tell history4 ,it is in wonderful keeping with the place and people1 and it will be a great pity if they give it up4 #8,se non vero1 ben trovato1'#ab at least40 ,hence onwards to ,fluelen is the finest portion of the ,axenstrasse1 and the opening views of the valley of the ,reuss and the ,bristenstock1 through the arches of the galleries or tunnels1 every minute increased in beauty4 ,several of us got out the better to enjoy them1 sending the carriages on ahead4 ,the ,schwytz cattle had quite escaped our memories1 when suddenly a bell sounded round a sharp angle of the road and a large drove instantly followed4 ,a panic seized us ladies4 ,the cliff rose vertically on the inner side1 without allowing us the possibility of a clamber1 and in our fright1 before the gentlemen could prevent us1 we leaped over a low railing1 which there served as a parapet1 on to a ledge of rock1 a few yards square1 rising straight up from the lake hundreds of feet below4 ,all recollection of their historical interest vanished from our minds2 for1 as the cattle danced along1 they looked as scared and wild as ourselves1 and it was not until they had passed without noticing us1 and that their dark-eyed masters had spoken some soft ,italian words to us1 that we fully realized the extent of our imprudence4 ,had any one of these animals jumped up over the railing1 as we afterwards heard they have sometimes done1 who can say what might not have happened8 ,fortunately1 no harm ensued beyond a flutter of nerves1 which betrayed itself by ,anna's turning round to a set of handsome goats that soon followed the cattle1 crying out to them in her own peculiar ,german3 8,nix kommen6 nix kommen60 ,fluelen has nothing to show beyond the picturesqueness of a village situated in such scenery and a collection of lumbering diligences and countless carriages1 awaiting the hourly arrival of the steamers from ,lucerne4 ,the knell of these old diligences1 however1 has tolled1 for the ,st4 ,gothard ,railway tunnel has been commenced near ,arnsty1 and though it may require years to finish it1 its 8opening day0 will surely come4 ,half an hour's drive up the lovely valley brought us to ,altorf1 at the foot of the ,grnwald1 which1 in accord with its name1 is clothed with a virgin forest1 now called the 8,bann forest10 because so useful is it in protecting the town from avalanches and landslips that the ,uri government never permits it to be touched4 ,altorf1 like so many of the capitals in these forest cantons1 has a small population1 #b1gjj inhabitants only1 but it has many good houses1 for it was burnt down in #agii and rebuilt in a better manner4 ,tell's story forms its chief interest1 and certainly did so in our eyes4 ,we rushed at once to the square1 where one fountain is said to mark the spot where ,tell took aim1 and another that upon which his boy stood4 ,tradition says that the latter one replaced the lime-tree against which the son leant1 portions of which existed until #aefg4 ,a paltry plaster statue of the hero is in the same square1 but the most remarkable relic of antiquity is an old tower close by1 which ,herr ,h---- assured us is proved by documents to have been built before #acjg1 the date of ,tell's history4 ,had the young friends we left at 8,tell's ,platform0 accompanied us hither1 ,emily might have quoted ,schiller to us at length4 ,but ,george1 having recently bought a ,tauchnitz edition of ,freeman's ,growth of the ,english ,constitution1 which opens with a fine description of the annual elections of this canton1 he earnestly pleaded a prolongation of our drive to the spot where this takes place1 three miles further inland4 ,accordingly1 after ordering dinner to be ready on our return at a hotel which was filled with ,tell pictures1 and an excellent one of the festival at the ,platform1 we left the town and proceeded up the valley4 ,soon we crossed a stream1 the same1 ,herr ,h---- told us1 in which ,tell is said to have been drowned while endeavoring to save a child who had fallen into it4 ,he also pointed out to us ,brglen1 his home1 and an old tower believed to have been his house1 attached to which there is now a small ivy-clad chapel4 ,it stands at the opening of the ,schchen valley1 celebrated to this day for its fine race of men--likewise corresponding in this respect with the old tradition4 ,but more modern interest attaches to this valley1 for it was along its craggy sides and precipices that ,suwarow's army made its way across the ,kinzig-,kulm to the ,muotta4 ,the whole of this region was the scene of fearful fighting--first between the ,french and the ,austrians1 who were assisted by the natives of ,uri1 in #agii1 and then1 a month later1 between the ,russians coming up from ,lombardy and the ,french4 8,that was the age of real fighting10 said ,herr ,h----1 8hand-to-hand fighting1 without mitrailleuses or long ranges4 ,but the misery it brought this quarter was not recovered from for years after4 ,altorf was burnt down at that time1 and everything laid waste4 ,the memory of the trouble lingers about here even yet4 ,what wonder6 ,certainly1 in all ,europe no more difficult fighting ground could have been found4 ,in the end1 the ,french ,general ,lecourbe was all but cut off1 for he had destroyed every boat on the lake2 in those days a most serious matter1 as neither steamers nor ,axenstrasse existed4 ,when he therefore wished to pursue the ,russians1 who by going up this ,schchen valley intended to join their own corps1 supposed to be at ,zrich1 he too was obliged to make a bold manuvre4 ,and then it was that he led his army by torchlight along the dangerous mule-path on the ,axenberg6 ,sad and dreadful times they were for these poor cantons40 ,herr ,h---- showed us ,attinghausen1 the birth-place of ,walter ,frst1 and the ruins of a castle near1 which is the locality of a fine scene in ,schiller1 but the last owner of which died in #aceg1 and is known to have been buried in his helmet and spurs4 ,shortly after1 about three miles from ,altorf1 we reached the noted field1 and ,george1 opening ,freeman1 read us the following passage aloud3 8,year by year1 on certain spots among the dales and the mountain-sides of ,switzerland1 the traveller who is daring enough to wander out of beaten tracks and to make his journey at unusual seasons1 may look on a sight such as no other corner of the earth can any longer set before him4 ,he may there gaze and feel1 what none can feel but those who have seen with their own eyes1 what none can feel in its fulness more than once in a lifetime--the thrill of looking for the first time face to face on freedom in its purest and most ancient form4 ,he is there in a land where the oldest institutions of our race--institutions which may be traced up to the earliest times of which history or legend gives us any glimmering--still live on in their primeval freshness4 ,he is in a land where an immemorial freedom1 a freedom only less eternal than the rocks that guard it1 puts to shame the boasted antiquity of kingly dynasties1 which1 by its side1 seem but as innovations of yesterday4 ,there1 year by year1 on some bright morning of the springtide1 the sovereign people1 not entrusting its rights to a few of its own number1 but discharging them itself in the majesty of its corporate person1 meets1 in the open market-place or in the green meadow at the mountain's foot1 to frame the laws to which it yields obedience as its own work1 to choose the rulers whom it can afford to greet with reverence as drawing their commission from itself4 ,such a sight there are but few ,englishmen who have seen2 to be among these few ,i reckon among the highest privileges of my life4 ,let me ask you to follow me in spirit to the very home and birth-place of freedom1 to the land where we need not myth and fable to add aught to the fresh and gladdening feeling with which we for the first time tread the soil and drink in the air of the immemorial democracy of ,uri4 ,it is one of the opening days of ,may2 it is the morning of ,sunday2 for men there deem that the better the day the better the deed2 they deem that the ,creator cannot be more truly honored than in using in his fear and in his presence the highest of the gifts which he has bestowed on man4 ,but deem not that1 because the day of ,christian worship is chosen for the great yearly assembly of a ,christian commonwealth1 the more directly sacred duties of the day are forgotten4 ,before we1 in our luxurious island1 have lifted ourselves from our beds1 the men of the mountains1 ,catholics and ,protestants alike1 have already paid the morning's worship in ,god's temple4 ,they have heard the ,mass of the priest or they have listened to the sermon of the pastor1 before some of us have awakened to the fact that the morn of the holy day has come4 ,and when ,i saw men thronging the crowded church1 or kneeling1 for want of space within1 on the bare ground beside the open door1 when ,i saw them marching thence to do the highest duties of men and citizens1 ,i could hardly forbear thinking of the saying of ,holy ,writ1 that #8where the spirit of the ,lord is1 there is liberty4' ,from the market-place of ,altorf1 the little capital of the canton1 the procession makes its way to the place of meeting at ,bzlingen4 ,first marches the little army of the canton1 an army whose weapons never can be used save to drive back an invader from their land4 ,over their heads floats the banner1 the bull's-head of ,uri1 the ensign which led men to victory on the fields of ,sempach and ,morgarten4 ,and before them all1 on the shoulders of men clad in a garb of ages past1 are borne the famous horns1 the spoils of the wild bull of ancient days1 the very horns whose blast struck such dread into the fearless heart of ,charles of ,burgundy4 ,then1 with their lictors before them1 come the magistrates of the commonwealth on horseback1 the chief-magistrate1 the ,landamman1 with his sword by his side4 ,the people follow the chiefs whom they have chosen to the place of meeting1 a circle in a green meadow1 with a pine forest rising above their heads1 and a mighty spur of the mountain range facing them on the other side of the valley4 ,the multitude of freemen take their seats around the chief ruler of the commonwealth1 whose term of office comes that day to an end4 ,the assembly opens2 a short space is given to prayer--silent prayer offered up by each man in the temple of ,god's own rearing4 ,then comes the business of the day4 ,if changes in the law are demanded1 they are then laid before the vote of the assembly1 in which each citizen of full age has an equal vote and an equal right of speech4 ,the yearly magistrates have now discharged all their duties2 their term of office is at an end2 the trust that has been placed in their hands falls back into the hands of those by whom it was given--into the hands of the sovereign people4 ,the chief of the commonwealth1 now such no longer1 leaves his seat of office1 and takes his place as a simple citizen in the ranks of his fellows4 ,it rests with the free-will of the assembly to call him back to his chair of office1 or to set another there in his stead4 ,men who have neither looked into the history of the past1 nor yet troubled themselves to learn what happens year by year in their own age1 are fond of declaiming against the caprice and ingratitude of the people1 and of telling us that under a democratic government neither men nor measures can remain for an hour unchanged4 ,the witness alike of the present and of the past is an answer to baseless theories like these4 ,the spirit which made democratic ,athens year by year bestow her highest offices on the patrician ,pericles and the reactionary ,phocion1 still lives in the democracies of ,switzerland1 alike in the ,landesgemeinde of ,uri and in the ,federal ,assembly at ,bern4 ,the ministers of kings1 whether despotic or constitutional1 may vainly envy the sure tenure of office which falls to the lot of those who are chosen to rule by the voice of the people4 ,alike in the whole confederation and in the single canton1 re-election is the rule2 the rejection of the outgoing magistrate is the rare exception4 ,the ,landamman of ,uri1 whom his countrymen have raised to the seat of honor1 and who has done nothing to lose their confidence1 need not fear that when he has gone to the place of meeting in the pomp of office1 his place in the march homeward will be transferred to another against his will40 ,the grand forms of the ,windglle1 the ,bristenstock1 and the other mighty mountains1 surrounded us as we stood in deep silence on this high green meadow1 profoundly impressed by this eloquent tribute to a devout and liberty-loving people1 all the more remarkable as coming from a ,protestant writer4 ,there was little to add to it1 for ,herr ,h----'s experience could only confirm it in every point4 ,dinner had to be got through rapidly on our return to ,altorf1 as we wished to catch the steamer leaving ,fluelen at five o'clock4 ,like all these vessels1 it touched at the landing-place beside ,tell's ,platform1 whence our young friends of the morning1 who had been watching for our return1 waved us a greeting4 ,thence we sat on deck1 tracing ,lecourbe's mule-path march of torch-light memory along the ,axenberg precipices1 and finally reached the ,waldsttterhof at ,brunnen in time to see the sun sink behind ,mont ,pilatus1 and leave the varied outlines clearly defined against a deep-red sky4 ,s4 ,,philip',s ,,home4#ac ,o ,mary1 ,mother ,mary6 our tears are flowing fast1 ,for mighty ,rome1 ,s4 ,philip's home1 is desolate and waste3 ,there are wild beasts in her palaces1 far fiercer and more bold ,than those that licked the martyrs' feet in heathen days of old4 ,o ,mary1 ,mother ,mary6 that dear city was thine own1 ,and brightly once a thousand lamps before thine altars shone2 ,at the corners of the streets thy ,child's sweet face and thine ,charmed evil out of many hearts and darkness out of mine4 ,by ,peter's cross and ,paul's sharp sword1 dear ,mother ,mary1 pray6 ,by the dungeon deep where thy ,s4 ,luke in weary durance lay2 ,and by the church thou know'st so well1 beside the ,latin ,gate1 ,for love of ,john1 dear ,mother1 stay the hapless city's fate4 ,for the exiled ,pontiffs sake1 our ,father and our ,lord1 ,o ,mother6 bid the angel sheathe his keen avenging sword2 ,for the ,vicar of thy ,son1 poor exile though he be1 ,is busied with thy honor now by that sweet southern sea4 ,oh6 by the joy thou hadst in ,rome1 when every street and square ,burned with the fire of holy love that ,philip kindled there1 ,and by that throbbing heart of his1 which thou didst keep at ,rome1 ,let not the spoiler waste dear ,father ,philip's ,home6 ,oh6 by the dread basilicas1 the pilgrim's gates to heaven1 ,by all the shrines and relics ,god to ,christian ,rome hath given1 ,by the countless ,ave ,marias that have rung from out its towers1 ,by ,peter's threshold1 ,mother6 save this pilgrim land of ours4 ,by all the words of peace and power that from ,s4 ,peter's chair ,have stilled the angry world so oft1 this glorious city spare6 ,by the lowliness of ,him whose gentle-hearted sway ,a thousand lands are blessing now1 dear ,mother ,mary1 pray4 ,by the pageants bright1 whose golden light hath flashed through street and square1 ,and by the long processions that have borne thy ,jesus there2 ,by the glories of the saints2 by the honors that were thine2 ,by all the worship ,god hath got from many a blazing shrine2 ,by all heroic deeds of saints that ,rome hath ever seen2 ,by all the times her multitudes have crowned thee for their queen2 ,by all the glory ,god hath gained from out that wondrous place1 ,o ,mary1 ,mother ,mary6 pray thy strongest prayer for grace4 ,o ,mary1 ,mother ,mary6 thou wilt pray for ,philip's ,home1 ,thou wilt turn the heart of him who turned ,s4 ,peter back to ,rome4 ,oh6 thou wilt pray thy prayer1 and the battle will be won1 ,and the ,saviour's sinless ,mother save the city of her ,son4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,troubles ,,of ,,our ,,catholic ,,forefathers1 ,,related ,,by ,,themselves4 ,second ,series4 ,edited by ,john ,morris1 ,s4 ,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,whilst our ears are deafened and our feelings shocked by the calumnies and lying vituperation heaped upon all that is most worthy of love and veneration upon earth by the ,satanic societies which the ,popes have smitten with repeated excommunications1 it is consoling to be supplied--by limners1 too1 who are themselves no mean exemplars of the noble development which the ,church can give to virtue when it follows her counsels--with lifelike portraits of ,christian athletes in times gone by4 ,we do not know how soon our courage1 patience1 and charity may be put to a similar test4 ,multitudes of our fellow-,catholics are already subjected to every suffering but the martyrdom of death2 and this seed of the ,church our enemies1 more wily than the sanguinary heretics of the age of ,elizabeth1 seem to be unwilling to sow4 ,but they will not long be able to restrain their passion4 ,the word of persecution has gone forth2 and so bitter is the hatred of the very name of ,christ1 that before very long nothing but the blood of ,christians will satiate its instincts4 ,the persecution of the ,church in ,england in the time of ,elizabeth resembled the persecution which is now raging against it1 in the political complexion given to it4 ,but there were far stronger grounds for it then than now4 ,the superior claims of ,mary to the throne1 her virtues1 and her surpassing beauty1 were a just subject of jealousy and uneasiness to ,elizabeth1 and she might very naturally suppose that her ,catholic subjects were not likely to regard with any fondness the usurpation of an illegitimate daughter of her apostate and tyrannical father4 ,in the present persecutions there is no political pretext1 but one is made under cover of which to extirpate from among mankind the religion and very name of ,christ4 ,this volume is the second of a series which promises to supply us with a whole gallery of ,christian heroes1 which we of this age of worldliness1 cowardice1 and self-seeking will do well to study attentively4 ,as is often the case1 it is to the untiring zeal of the ,society of ,jesus we owe so interesting as well as edifying a work4 ,father ,morris1 formerly ,secretary to ,cardinal ,wiseman1 but who joined the ,society after the death of that eminent prelate1 is its author1 and he appears to us to have executed his task with rare judgment4 ,by allowing his characters to speak in great part for themselves1 the biographies and relations he presents us with have a dramatic interest which is greatly increased by the quaint and nervous style of the time in which they express themselves4 ,we feel1 too1 that it is the very innermost soul and mind of the individual that is being revealed to us2 and certainly in most of them the revelation is so beautiful that we should possibly have ascribed something of this to the partiality of a panegyrist1 or to his descriptive skill1 if the picture had been sketched by the pen of any other biographer than themselves4 ,it is1 indeed1 the mean opinion they evidently have of themselves1 and the nave and modest manner in which they relate incidents evoking heroic virtue1 their absolute unconsciousness of aught more than the most ordinary qualities1 which fascinate us4 ,it bears an impress of genuineness impossible to any description by the most impartial of historians4 ,they express a beauty which could no more be communicated in any other way than can the odor of the flower or the music of the streams be conveyed by any touch1 how ever magic1 of the painter4 ,the present volume of the series contains the 8,life of ,father ,william ,weston1 ,s4,j410 and 8,the ,fall of ,anthony ,tyrrell10 by ,father ,persons2 for 8our wish is10 says ,father ,morris1 8to learn not only what was done by the strong and brave1 but also by the weak and cowardly40 ,we are much struck in this history with the resemblance between those times and the present in the unsparing calumny of which the purest and the holiest men were made the victims4 ,for confirmation of these remarks1 we refer the reader to the book itself4 ,but we cannot refrain from quoting1 in spite of its length1 the following incident related by ,father ,weston4 ,it is a remarkable example of the salutary effect of the ,sacrament of ,penance3 8,for there lay in a certain heretical house a ,catholic who1 with the consent of his keeper1 had come to ,london for the completion of some urgent business4 ,he had been committed to a prison in the country1 a good way out of ,london4 ,he was seized1 however1 and overpowered by a long sickness which brought him near to death4 ,the woman who nursed him1 being a ,catholic1 had diligently searched the whole city through to find a priest1 but in vain4 ,she then sent word to me of the peril of that person1 and entreated me1 if it could be contrived1 to come to his assistance1 as he was almost giving up the ghost4 ,i went to him when the little piece of gold obtained for me the liberty to do so4 ,i explained that ,i was a priest1 for ,i was dressed like a layman1 and that ,i had come to hear his confession4 #8,if that is the reason why you have come1 it is in vain1' he said2 #8the time for it is passed away4' ,i said to him3 #8,what6 are you not a ,catholic8 ,if you are1 you know what you have to do4 ,this hour1 which seems to be your last1 has been given you that by making a good and sincere confession you may1 while there is time1 wash away the stains of your past life1 whatever they are4' ,he answered3 #8,i tell you that you have come too late3 that time has gone by4 ,the judgment is decided2 the sentence has been pronounced2 ,i am condemned1 and given up to the enemy4 ,i cannot hope for pardon4' #8,that is false1' ,i answered1 #8and it is a most fearful error to imagine that a man still in life can assert that he is already deprived of ,god's goodness and abandoned by his grace1 in such a way that even when he desires and implores mercy it should be denied him4 ,since your faith teaches you that ,god is infinitely merciful1 you are to believe with all certitude that there is no bond so straitly fastened but the grace of ,god can unloose it1 no obstacle but grace has power to surmount it4' #8,but do you not see1' he asked me1 #8how full of evil spirits this place is where we are8 ,there is no corner or crevice in the walls where there are not more than a thousand of the most dark and frightful demons1 who1 with their fierce faces1 horrid looks1 and atrocious words threaten perpetually that they are just going to carry me into the abyss of misery4 ,why1 even my very body and entrails are filled with these hateful guests1 who are lacerating my body and torturing my soul with such dreadful cruelty and anguish that it seems as if ,i were not so much on the point merely of going there1 as that ,i am already devoted and made over to the flames and agonies of hell4 ,wherefore1 it is clear that ,god has abandoned me for ever1 and has cast me away from all hope of pardon4' 8,when ,i had listened in trembling to all these things1 and to much more of a similar kind1 and saw at the same time that death was coming fast upon him1 and that he would not admit of any advice or persuasion1 ,i began to think within myself1 in silence and anxiety1 what would be the wisest course to choose4 ,there entered into my mind1 through the inspiration1 doubtless1 of ,god1 the following most useful plan and method of dealing with him3 #8,well1 then1' ,i said1 #8if you are going to be lost1 ,i do not require a confession from you2 nevertheless1 recollect yourself just for a moment1 and1 with a quiet mind1 answer me1 in a few words1 either yes or no to the questions that ,i put to you2 ,i ask for nothing else1 and put upon you no other burden4' ,then ,i began to question him1 and to follow the order of the ,commandments4 ,first1 whether he had denied his faith4 #8,see1' ,i said1 #8do not worry yourself2 say just those simple words1 yes or no4' ,as soon as he had finished either affirming or denying anything1 ,i proceeded through four or five ,commandments--whether he had killed any one1 stolen anything1 etc4 ,when he had answered with tolerable calmness1 ,i said to him1 #8,what are the devils doing now8 ,what do you feel or suffer from them8' ,he replied3 #8,they are quieter with me2 they do not seem to be so furious as they were before4' #8,lift up your soul to ,god1' ,i said1 #8and let us go on to the rest4' ,in the same fashion and order ,i continued to question him about other things4 ,then ,i enquired again1 saying1 #8,how is it now8' ,he replied2 #8,within ,i am not tormented4 ,the devils stand at a distance2 they throw stones2 they make dreadful faces at me1 and threaten me horribly4 ,i do not think that ,i shall escape4' ,going forward as before1 ,i allured and encouraged the man by degrees1 till every moment he became more reasonable1 and at last made an entire confession of all his sins1 after which ,i gave him absolution1 and asked him what he was suffering from his cruel and harassing enemies4 #8,nothing1' he said2 #8they have all vanished4 ,there is not a trace of them1 thanks be to ,god4' ,then ,i went away1 after strengthening him by a few words1 and encouraging him beforehand against temptations which might return4 ,i promised1 at the same time1 that ,i would be with him on the morrow1 and meant to bring the most ,sacred ,body of ,christ with me1 and warned him to prepare himself diligently for the receiving of so excellent a banquet4 ,the whole following night he passed without molestation from the enemy1 and on the next day he received with great tranquillity of mind the most ,holy ,sacrament1 after which1 at an interval of a few hours without disturbance1 he breathed forth his soul1 and quietly gave it up to ,god4 ,before he died1 ,i asked the man what cause had driven him into such desperation of mind4 ,he answered me thus3 #8,i was detained in prison many years for the ,catholic faith4 ,nevertheless1 ,i did not cease to sin1 and to conceal my sins from my confessor1 being persuaded by the devil that pardon must be sought for from ,god1 rather by penances and severity of life1 than by confession4 ,hence ,i either neglected my confessions altogether1 or else made insincere ones2 and so ,i fell into that melancholy of mind and that state of tribulation which has been my punishment4'0 ,,light ,,leading ,,unto ,,light3 ,a ,series of ,sonnets and ,poems4 ,by ,john ,charles ,earle1 ,b4,a4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 ,mr4 ,earle has undoubtedly a facility in writing sonnets2 and a good sonnet has been well called 8a whole poem in itself40 ,it is also1 we think1 peculiarly suitable for didactic poetry4 ,the present sonnets are in advance1 we consider1 of those we first saw from ,mr4 ,earle's pen4 ,but we still observe faults1 both of diction and of verse1 which he should have learnt to avoid4 ,his model seems to be ,wordsworth--the greatest sonneteer in our language2 but1 like him1 he has too much of the prosaic and the artificial4 ,we wish we could bestow unqualified praise upon the ideas throughout these sonnets4 ,and were there nothing for criticism but what may be called poetic subtleties--such as the ,german notion of an 8ether body10 developed during life1 and hatched at death1 for our intermediate state of being--we should have no quarrel with ,mr4 ,earle4 ,but when we meet two sonnets 7,,xlviii4 and ,,xlix47 headed 8,matter ,non-,existent10 and 8,matter ,non-,substantial10 we have a philosophical error serious in its consequences1 and are not surprised to find the two following sonnets teach ,pantheism4 ,in ,sonnet ,,xlviii4 the author's excellent intention is to refute materialism3 8#8,thought is1' you say1 #8a function of the brain1 ,and matter all that we can ever know2 ''' 8#8,from it we came2 to it at last we go1 ,and all beyond it is a phantom vain1' etc4 ''' 8,i answer3 #8,matter is a form of mind1 ,so far as it is aught4 ,it has no base1 ,save in the self-existent4'0 ,sonnet ,l4 is headed1 8,as the ,soul in the ,body1 so is ,god in the ,universe40 ,surely1 this is the old 8,anima ,mundi0 theory6 ,then1 in ,sonnet ,,li41 the poet says of nature1 and addressing ,god3 8,she cannot live detached from thee4 ,her heart ,is beating with thy pulse4 ,i cannot tell ,how far she is or is not of thee part2 ,how far in her thou dost or dost not dwell2 ,that thou her only base and substance art1 ,this--this at least--,i know and feel full well40 ,now1 of course1 ,mr4 ,earle is unconscious that this is rank ,pantheism4 ,he has a way of explaining it to himself which makes it sound perfectly orthodox4 ,but we do call such a blunder inexcusable in a ,catholic writer of ,mr4 ,earle's pretensions4 ,the title of his volume1 8,light leading unto ,light10 has little to do with the contents1 as far as we can see2 and1 certainly1 there are passages which would more fitly be headed 8,darkness leading unto ,darkness40 ,we are sorry to have had to make these strictures4 ,the great bulk of the sonnets1 together with the remaining poems1 are very pleasant reading1 and cannot fail to do good4 ,,first ,,annual ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,rev4 ,,theodore ,,noethen1 ,,first ,,catholic ,,chaplain ,,of ,,the ,,albany ,,penitentiary1 ,,to ,,the ,,inspectors4 ,april #f1 #ahge4 ,albany3 ,j4 ,munsell4 #ahge4 ,,thirteen ,,sermons ,,preached ,,in ,,the ,,albany ,,county ,,penitentiary4 ,by the ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen4 ,published under the auspices of the ,society of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,albany3 ,van ,benthuysen ,printing ,house4 #ahge4 ,we are glad to see ,father ,noethen's familiar hand thus charitably and characteristically engaged4 ,these are the first documents of the kind we have observed under the improving state of things in this country1 in which the priest of the ,church is seen occupied in one of his most important duties--reclaiming the erring2 and in doing this the means which he employs will doubtless be found more efficacious than any the state has at its command4 ,did the state fully appreciate its highest interest as well as duty1 it would afford the ,church every facility1 not only in reclaiming such of her children as have fallen into the temptations by which they are surrounded1 but also in the use of those preventive measures involved in parish schools1 which would save multitudes from penitentiaries and houses of correction4 ,our over-zealous ,protestant friends throw every obstacle in the way of the adequate moral and religious training of the class most exposed to the temptations arising from poverty and lack of employment1 and then blame the ,church for the result4 ,we heartily welcome these signs of a better time coming4 ,,an ,,exposition ,,of ,,the ,,epistles ,,of ,s4 ,,paul ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,epistles2 consisting of an ,introduction to each ,epistle1 an ,analysis of each ,chapter1 a ,paraphrase of the ,sacred ,text1 and a ,commentary1 embracing ,notes1 ,critical1 ,explanatory1 and ,dogmatical1 interspersed with ,moral ,reflections4 ,by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,john ,mac,evilly1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,galway4 ,third edition1 enlarged4 ,dublin3 ,w4 ,b4 ,kelly4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,after quoting this full1 descriptive title-page1 it will suffice to say that the notes which form the commentary have in the present edition been considerably enlarged4 ,the work was originally published under the approbation of the ,holy ,father1 the late ,cardinals ,barnabo and ,wiseman1 and the present venerable ,archbishop of ,tuam4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,from ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,personal ,reminiscences4 ,by ,o',keefe1 ,kelly1 and ,taylor4 ,edited by ,r4 ,h4 ,stoddard 7,bric--,brac ,series1 ,no4 ,,viii7 ,from the ,author3 ,an ,address on ,woman's ,work in the ,church before the ,presbytery of ,new ,albany4 ,by ,geo4 ,c4 ,heckman1 ,d4,d4 ,paper1 #hvo1 pp4 #bh4 ,from ,wm4 ,dennis1 ,g4,w4,s43 ,journal of ,proceedings of the ,ninth ,annual ,session of the ,grand ,lodge of ,nova ,scotia4 ,paper1 #hvo1 pp4 #gc4 ,from the ,author3 ,the ,battle of ,life3 ,an ,address4 ,by ,d4 ,s4 ,troy1 ,montgomery1 ,alabama4 ,paper1 #hvo1 pp4 #ad4 ,from ,ginn ,brothers1 ,boston3 ,latin ,composition3 ,an ,elementary ,guide to ,writing in ,latin4 ,part ,i4--,constructions4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,allen and ,j4 ,b4 ,greenough4 #abmo1 pp4 vi41 #aag4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxii41 ,no4 #abh4--,,november1 #ahge4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,freemasonry4#ad ,the saints have all1 whilst yet in the flesh1 foretastes of heavenly bliss4 ,but in these the closing days of time all the elect have a presentiment of coming judgment4 ,and that presentiment is strong in proportion to their faith2 stronger still in proportion to their charity4 ,let our readers be assured at the outset4 ,we are not about to imitate the irreverence of the ,scotch ,presbyterian minister who1 some few years ago1 pretended that he had discovered in the prophetic visions of ,s4 ,john the year in which will come to pass that event of stupendous awfulness1 of which ,he1 before whom all mankind will then be judged1 said3 8,of that day or hour no one knows1 neither the angels in heaven1 nor the ,son1 but the ,father only40 ,one fearful catastrophe1 however1 to befall mankind before the general judgment is insisted on so often and with such solemn emphasis by the ,holy ,spirit that the love of ,god seems to be1 as it were1 trembling for his redeemed creature1 and longing to reveal to him more than is consistent with his own designs in the trial of his faith4 ,for it must be remembered that faith is a merit1 and the absolutely indispensable condition of our receiving the benefits of the divine atonement4 ,although the gift of ,god1 it is the part we ourselves1 by co-operating with the gift1 contribute towards our own salvation4 ,and what we are required to believe is so beautiful and ennobling to the moral sense1 and so satisfying to the reason1 that1 supported as it is by the historical evidence of the divinity of ,christ and of his church1 no one can refuse to believe but those who deliberately choose darkness rather than light1 sin rather than virtue1 ,satan rather than ,god4 ,yet so formidable was to be that last trial of the faith of ,christians1 so crucial that conclusive test of their charity1 which was to 8deceive1 if it were possible1 even the very elect10#ae that the ,spirit of ,love1 yearning for the safety of his regenerate ones1 and compassionating the weakness of human nature1 revealed its marks and signs in the fullest and most circumstantial detail2 so that1 warned of the danger1 and recognizing it when it arrived1 they might pass through it unhurt1 whilst those who succumbed to it might be without excuse before the divine justice4 ,it is the yearning of the heart of ,christ towards his children1 whom he foresees will fail by thousands in that decisive trial1 which prompts the ejaculation that sounds almost like a lament over his own inability to put any pressure on their free-will3 8,when the ,son of man cometh1 will he find faith on the earth80 ,it is his anxiety1 as it were1 about the fate of his elect amidst the seductions of that appalling apostasy1 which urged him1 after he had indicated the signs that would accompany it1 to be on the perpetual1 sleepless lookout for them4 8,be ever on the alert4 ,lo6 ,i have foretold you all40#af 8,be ever on the alert1 watch and pray4 ,for you do not know when the time may be40#ag 8,watch1 then1 lest when he 7the head of the family7 shall have come on a sudden1 you be found sleeping40#ah 8,moreover1 what ,i say to you ,i say to all3 ,watch60#ai ,throughout all the ages that have elapsed since those words of solemn import fell from the lips of ,jesus ,christ it has been the plain duty of all ,christians--nay1 of all to whose knowledge they were brought--to narrowly scrutinize events1 to keep their attention fixed upon them1 watching for the signs he foretold1 lest they should appear unheeded1 and they be seduced from the faith2 or be the cause1 through their indifference1 of others being carried away in the great misleading4 ,but who now can be insensible to the predicted portents8 ,so notorious are they1 and so exactly do they answer to the description of them handed down to us from the beginning1 that they rudely arouse us from sleep2 that they force our attention1 however indifferent to them we may be1 however dull our faith or cold our charity4 ,and when we see a vast organization advancing its forces in one united movement throughout the entire globe in an avowed attack1 as insidious as it is formidable1 upon altars1 thrones1 social order1 ,christianity1 ,christ1 and ,god himself1 where is the heart that can be insensible to the touching evidence of loving solicitude which urged ,him whom surging multitudes of his false creatures were deliberately to reject in favor of a fouler being than ,barabbas1 to iterate so often the warning admonition1 8,be ever on the watch08 ,to study1 therefore1 the signs of the times1 cannot be without profit to all1 but especially to us who have but scant respect for the spirit of the age1 who are not sufficiently enlightened by it to look upon ,christ as nothing more than a remarkable man1 the sublime morality he taught and set an example of as a nuisance1 and his church as the enemy of mankind1 to be extirpated from their midst1 because it forbids their enjoying the illumination of the dagger-guarded secrets of the craft of ,freemasonry4 ,to fix the date of the ,dies ir is completely out of our power4 ,it is irreverent1 if not blasphemous1 to attempt it4 ,it is of the counsels of ,god that it should come with the swiftness of 8lightning0 and the unexpectedness of 8a thief in the night02 and that expressly that we may be ever on the watch4 ,but the signs of its approach are given to us in order to help those who do not abandon 8watching0 in indifference1 to escape the great delusion--the imposition of ,antichrist--which is to immediately precede it4 ,it is these signs we propose to study in the following pages4 ,the predictions of ,christ himself on this subject are far more obscure than those subsequently given to us by his apostles4 ,but this has always been ,god's way of revelation to his creature4 ,to ,moses alone1 in the mount1 he revealed the moral law and that wondrous theocratic polity which remained even after the perversity of his people had given it a monarchical form2 and ,moses communicated it to the people4 ,to the people ,christ spoke in parables1 8and without a parable spake he not unto them4 ,but when he was alone with them1 he explained all to his disciples40#bj 8,to you10 he said1 8it is given to have known the mystery of the kingdom of ,god2 but to those without everything is a parable40#ba ,the apostles themselves1 who were to declare the revelation1 in order to increase the merit of their faith1 were not fully illuminated before the coming down of the ,holy ,spirit4 8,you do not know this parable80 he said2 8and how are you going to understand all parables80#bb ,to their utterances1 therefore1 it is we shall confine ourselves1 as shedding as much light as it has seemed good to the ,holy ,ghost to disclose to us upon the profounder and more oracular predictions of ,god himself in the flesh4 ,besides ,,ss4 ,peter1 ,paul1 and ,john1 ,s4 ,jude is the only other apostle1 we believe1 who has bequeathed to the church predictions of the terrible apostasy of ,antichrist which is to consummate the trial of the faith of the saints under the very shadow of the coming judgment4 ,we will take them in the order in which they occur4 ,the first is in a letter of ,s4 ,paul to the church at ,thessalonica1 where1 exhorting them not to 8be terrified as if the day of the ,lord were at hand10 he assures them that it will not come 8before there shall have first happened an apostasy1 and the man of sin shall have been revealed1 the son of perdition--he who opposes himself to1 and raises himself above1 all that is called ,god1 or that is held in honor1 so that he may sit in the temple of ,god1 showing himself as if he were ,god4''' ,and you know what now is hindering his being revealed in his own time4 ,for the mystery of iniquity is already working2 only so that he who is now keeping it in check will keep it in check until he be moved out of its way4 ,and then will the lawless one be revealed1 whom the ,lord ,jesus will slay with the breath of his mouth1 and destroy with the illumination of his coming2 whose coming is after the manner of working of ,satan1 with all strength and symbols1 and lying absurdities1 and in every enticement of iniquity in those who perish2 for the reason that they did not receive the love of the truth that they might be saved4 ,so ,god will send them the working of error1 that they may believe falsehood2 that all may be judged who have not believed the truth1 but have consented to iniquity40#bc ,in a letter to ,timothy1 ,bishop of ,ephesus1 ,s4 ,paul writes3 8,now1 the ,spirit says expressly that1 in the last times1 some shall apostatize from the faith1 giving heed to spirits of error and to doctrines of demons1 speaking falsehood in hypocrisy1 and having their own conscience seared40#bd ,in a second letter to the same bishop he writes3 8,know this1 moreover3 that in the last days there will be a pressure of perilous times2 men will be self-lovers1 covetous1 lifted up1 proud1 blasphemous1 disobedient to parents1 ungrateful1 malicious1 without affection1 discontented1 calumniators1 incontinent1 hard1 unamiable1 traitors1 froward1 fearful1 and lovers of pleasures more than lovers of ,god1 having indeed a form of piety1 but denying its power40#be ,s4 ,peter writes that 8there will come in the last days mockers in deception1 walking according to their own lusts40#bf ,s4 ,jude describes them as 8mockers1 walking in impieties according to their own desires4 ,these are they who separate themselves--animals1 not having the ,spirit40#bg ,it would seem from the expressions of ,s4 ,john-who of all the apostles appears to have had most pre-eminently the gift of prophecy--as well as from the manner in which the last days of ,jerusalem and the last days of the world appear to be mingled together in the fore-announcement of ,christ1 that powerful manifestations of ,antichrist were to precede both events2 although the apostasy was to be far more extensive and destructive before the latter4 8,little children10 writes the favorite apostle1 8it is the last time2 and as you have heard that ,antichrist comes1 so now many have become ,antichrists2 whence we know that it is the last time4''' ,he is ,antichrist who denies the ,father and the ,son40#bh 8,every spirit who abolishes ,jesus is not of ,god4 ,and he is ,antichrist about whom we have heard that he is coming1 and is even now in the world40#bi ,we believe that these are the only passages wherein the ,holy ,ghost has vouchsafed to give us distinct and definite information as to the marks and evidences by which we are to know that there is amongst us that ,antichrist whose disastrous although short-lived triumph is to precede by only a short space the end of time and the eternal enfranchisement of good from evil4 ,the prophetic utterances on this subject in the revelations of ,s4 ,john are veiled in such exceedingly obscure imagery that we do not propose to attempt any investigation of their meaning in this article4 ,it is our object to influence the minds of such ,protestants as believe in ,god the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit1 and of ,catholics whose faith is so dull and whose charity is so cold that they can listen to the blasphemies of ,antichrist without emotion4 ,we may remark here1 however1 that if we succeed in supplying solid reasons for believing that ,antichrist is already amongst us1 and that his dismal career of desolating victory has already begun1 the duty of studying those utterances of the ,holy ,ghost1 so darkly veiled that the faith of those who stand firm may have more merit in the trial of that great tribulation1 will have assumed a position of importance impossible to be overrated4 ,that they are to be understood1 the ,holy ,ghost himself implies4 ,he intimates that their meaning is accessible to the spiritually minded1 and would even seem to make dulness of apprehension of it a reproach1 a lack of spiritual discernment4 8,if any one has the ear1 let him hear10#cj he writes4 ,and again3 8,this is wisdom4 ,let him who has understanding reckon the number of the beast40#ca ,it is not necessary to the object we have in view that we should identify 8the beast0 of the ,apocalypse1 seven-headed and having ten horns crowned with diadems1 with ,antichrist4 ,the question we propose to answer is simply1 8,are there under our eyes at this moment evidences of a present ,antichrist1 or of his being close at hand80 ,in other words1 8,is what is called #8the spirit of the age' the spirit of ,antichrist80 ,for us1 that we may be on our guard against his wiles1 and armed to the teeth to fight against him to the death1 it is comparatively unimportant whether we decide him to be actually amongst us or only just about to appear4 ,his marks and characteristics1 his badges or decorations--these are all we require4 ,if the ,antichrist of the prophecies is a single1 separate impersonation of the demoniac attributes described by the ,holy ,ghost--if1 in short1 he is an individual man1 then he has not yet been revealed4 ,in that case1 our identification of ,antichrist will only have exposed that temper and spirit with which 8the red dragon0--8the devil0--8,satan0--8the ancient serpent0--has possessed such vast multitudes of the human race throughout the entire globe as to afford ground for calling it 8the spirit of the age10 and which is to culminate in some terrible personal embodiment--a typical personage1 as men speak4 ,but if the prophecies do not designate an individual man1 but only the impersonation of a multitude of individuals organized into a unity and animated with the same spirit1 then we think we shall be able to point the finger of horror and loathing at the very ,antichrist at present amongst us1 and in the midst of victory1 as decisively and as clearly as the prophet of penance pointed the finger of adoring love towards the ,lamb of ,god4 ,we incline1 and strongly1 to the latter view4 ,we must withhold our reasons1 partly because1 as we have said1 our object is equally subserved by either view2 but more because to do so would leave us too little space for treating the main subject4 ,we will content ourselves with stating that those reasons are founded on the internal evidence supplied by the several predictions2 and also on our aversion to admit the possibility of a more depraved individual impersonation of evil than that unhappy man whom ,god in human flesh pronounced a devil6 ,whether1 however1 ,antichrist be or not an individual man1 one thing is certain3 that if we can point out an immense army of men1 co-extensive with the globe1 highly organized1 animated with the same spirit1 and acting with as much unity of purpose as if their movements were directed by one head1 who exhibit precisely those marks and characteristics described in the predictions of ,antichrist1 we may expect even on the supposition that they are to have a visible head1 an individual leader1 who has yet to make his appearance2 and that they are his hosts1 who have already achieved a great part of his victories4 ,what is first noticeable is that the stigma which is to be deeply branded on the front of the ,antichristian manifestation which is to precede the close of time is 8,apostasy04 ,the day of the ,lord will not come1 8nisi venerit discessio primum2 ,spiritus dicit quia in novissimis temporibus quidam a fide discedunt40 ,there can be no need of dwelling on this4 ,it is sufficiently obvious that the great apostasy inaugurated by ,luther was the first outbreak of ,antichristian victory4 ,the success of that movement assured the spirit of error of a career of victory4 ,he was lurking in the fold1 watching for his opportunity1 and snatching away stray souls1 as ,s4 ,john tells us1 in the time of the apostles4 ,for a millennium and a half has he been preparing his manifestation4 ,he inspired ,julian1 he inspired the ,arians1 he inspired all the heresies against which the definitions of the faith were decreed4 ,but when he had seduced men away from the church1 whole nations at a time1 8dominationem contemnentes0 7#b ,s4 ,peter ii4 #aj71 and captivated them to the irrational opinion that there is no higher authority for the obligatory dogmas of the ,christian ,church than the conviction of every individual1 solvere ,jesum1 and then ,god1 was merely a matter of time4 ,what human passion had begun human reason would complete4 ,the life of faith could not be annihilated at a blow4 ,it has taken three centuries for the sap of charity to wither away in the cut-off branches4 ,but sooner or later the green wood could not but become dry2 and reason1 void of charity1 would be forced to acknowledge that if the ,bible has no definite meaning other than what appears to be its meaning to every individual1 practically it has no definite meaning at all2 that ,god cannot have revealed any truth at all1 if we have no means of ascertaining what it is beyond our own private opinions2 that a book the text of which admits of as many interpretations as there are sects cannot1 without an authoritative living expositor1 reveal truths which it is necessary to believe in order to escape eternal punishment4 ,the claim of the ,catholic ,church to this authority having been pronounced an usurpation1 the progress1 although slow1 was sure and easy towards pronouncing ,christianity itself an usurpation4 ,god himself cannot survive ,christianity4 ,and we have now literally 8progressed0 to so triumphant a manifestation of ,antichrist that the work of persecution of ,god's ,church has set in with a vengeance1 and men hear on all sides of them the existence of ,god denied without horror1 even without surprise4 ,the first mark of a present ,antichrist we propose to signalize is that distinctly assigned to him by ,s4 ,paul-- 4 ,this epithet is but feebly rendered by the ,latin ille iniquus1 or the ,english 8that wicked one40 8,the lawless one0 better conveys the force of the ,greek4 ,for the root includes in its meaning not only enacted law of all kinds1 but whatever has become1 as it were1 a law by custom2 or a law of nature1 as it were1 by the universal observance of mankind4 ,the first marked sequel of the apostasy1 the first outbreak of success of ,antichrist in the political order1 was the first ,french ,revolution1 during which a harlot was placed for worship upon the altar of ,notre ,dame4 ,that fearful outbreak may have sat for its portrait to ,s4 ,peter in the following description of the members of the ,antichrist of the 8last times03 8,who walk after the flesh in the lust of concupiscence1 and despise authority2 ''' irrational beasts1 following only their own brute impulses1 made only to be caught and slain2 ''' having eyes full of adultery and of ceaseless sin2 ''' speaking proud things of vanity1 enticing1 through the desires of the luxury of the flesh1 those who by degrees go away from the truth1 who become habituated to error2 promising them liberty1 whereas they themselves are the slaves of corruption0 7#b ,pet4 ii4 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #ah1 #ai74 ,that saturnalia of lawlessness1 which ,freemason writers have ever since dared to approve1 was the work of the 8craft0 of ,freemasonry1 to whose organization and plan of action does indeed1 in an especial sense1 apply ,s4 ,paul's designation of 8the mystery of lawlessness40 ,mirabeau1 ,sieys1 ,grgoire1 ,robespierre1 ,condorcet1 ,fauchet1 ,guillotine1 ,bonneville1 ,volney1 8,philippe ,egalit10 etc41 had all been initiated into the higher grades4 ,louis ,blanc1 himself a ,freemason1 writes thus3 8,it is necessary to conduct the reader to the opening of the subterranean mine laid at that time beneath thrones and altars by revolutionists1 differing greatly1 both in their theory and their practice1 from the ,encyclopedists4 ,an association had been formed of men of every land1 every religion1 and every class1 bound together by mysterious signs agreed upon amongst themselves1 pledged by a solemn oath to observe inviolable secrecy as to the existence of this hidden bond1 and tested by proofs of a terrible description4''' ,thus we find ,freemasonry to have been widely diffused immediately before the outbreak of the ,revolution4 ,spreading over the whole face of ,europe1 it poisoned the thinking minds of ,germany1 and secretly stirred up rebellion in ,france1 showing itself everywhere in the light of an association resting upon principles diametrically opposed to those which govern civil society4''' ,the ordinances of ,freemasonry did indeed make great outward display of obedience to law1 of respect to the outward forms and usages of profane society1 and of reverence towards rulers2 at their banquets the ,masons did indeed drink the health of kings in the days of monarchy1 and of presidents in the time of republics1 such prudent circumspection being indispensable on the part of an association which threatened the existence of the very governments under whose eyes it was compelled to work1 and whose suspicion it had already aroused4 ,this1 nevertheless1 did not suffice to counteract the radically revolutionary influence continually exercised by the craft1 even while it professed nothing but peaceful intentions40#cb ,in the work from which the above and the greater part of our materials in this article are borrowed1 we read as follows3 8,it was precisely these revolutionary designs of the secret society which induced its ,provincial ,grand ,master1 the ,prussian ,minister ,count von ,haugwitz1 to leave it4 ,in the memorial presented by him to the ,congress of ,monarchs at ,verona1 in #ahcj1 he bids the rulers of ,europe to be on their guard against the hydra4 #8,i feel at this moment firmly persuaded1' writes the ex-grand master1 #8that the ,french ,revolution1 which had its first commencement in #aghh1 and broke out soon after1 attended with all the horrors of regicide1 existed heaven knows how long before1 having been planned1 and having had the way prepared for it1 by associations and secret oaths4'0#cc ,and the following3 8,after the events of ,february1 #ahdh1 the #8craft' sang songs of triumph at the open success of its secret endeavors4 ,a ,belgian brother1 ,van der ,heym1 spoke thus3 #8,on the day following the revolution of ,february a whole nation rose as one man1 overturned the throne1 and wrote over the frontal of the royal palace the words ,liberty1 ,fraternity1 ,equality1 all the citizens having adopted as their own this fundamental principle of ,freemasonry4 ,the combatants had not to battle long before the victory over their oppressors was gained--that freedom won which for centuries had formed the theme of ,masonic discourses4 ,we1 the apostles of fraternity1 aid the foundation-stone of the ,republic4'0#cd ,and another master of the ,freemasons1 one ,peign1 said about the same time3 8,in our glorious ,revolution of #agib the ,lodge of the ,nine ,sisters gave to the world such men as ,garat1 ,brissot1 ,bailly1 ,camille ,desmoulins1 ,condorcet1 ,champfort1 ,petion2 the ,lodge of the ,iron ,mouth gave to it ,fauchet1 ,goupil de ,prefeln1 ,sieys2 the ,lodge of ,candor1 ,custine1 the two ,lameths1 and ,lafayette40 ,the horrors of that ,revolution occasioned a temporary reaction and checked the triumphs of the ,freemasons4 ,but well they know how to repair their broken fortunes1 bide their time1 and reappear with renewed force4 ,barruel1 who was an eye-witness of the events of the period1 and also himself intimately acquainted with many ,freemasons in ,paris1 relates that the brethren1 considering that the time had come when they were free to publish the secret they had sworn to keep1 shouted aloud3 8,at last our goal is reached2 from this day ,france will be one vast lodge1 and all ,frenchmen ,freemasons40 ,a strong reaction of disgust and terror at the satanic orgies of ,freemasonry in the ascendant1 moderated for a while this shout of triumph4 ,but in the disasters inflicted on ,france by the conquering ,germans1 the 8craft0 thought to find a recurring opportunity4 ,if the ,communist attempt at ,paris in #ahga was not originally planned by the ,freemasons1 they openly and officially joined it4 8,a procession composed of at least five thousand persons1 in which members of all the grades took part1 wearing their insignia1 and in which one hundred and fifty lodges of ,france were represented1 wended its way to the town hall of ,paris4 ,maillet1 bearing the red flag as a token of universal peace1 headed the band1 and openly proclaimed1 in a speech which met with the approval of all present1 that the new ,commune was the antitype of ,solomon's temple and the corner-stone of the social fabric about to be raised by the efforts of the craft4 ,the negotiations carried on with the government of ,versailles on behalf of the socialists1 and the way in which they planted the banners of the craft on the walls of the capital1 accompanying this action with a threat of instantly joining the ranks of the combatants if a single shot were fired at one of those banners 7of which a graphic account appeared in the ,figaro at the time71 was all of a piece with the sentiments they expressed0 7,the ,secret ,warfare of ,freemasonry1 p4 #agb74 ,figaro closed its account of these strange events with the following reflections3 8,but when posterity shall be informed that in the middle of the ,x,i,xth century1 in the midst of an unbelieving generation1 which openly denied ,god and his ,christ1 under the very guns of an enemy in possession of all the ,french fortresses1 hostilities were all at once suspended1 and the course of a portentous and calamitous civil war interrupted because1 forsooth1 ,brother ,thirifoque1 accompanied by two ,knights ,kadosch1 went to offer to ,m4 ,thiers' acceptance the golden mallet of supreme command 7in the craft7--when1 ,i say1 this story is told to those who come after us1 it will sound in their ears as a nursery tale1 utterly unworthy of credence40#ce ,in ,rvlations d'un ,franc-maon au lit de mort1 pice authentique1 public1 par ,m4 de ,hallet 7,courtrai1 #ahbf1 p4 #aj71 we find the following3 8,we must restore man to his primeval rights1 no longer recognizing rank and dignity--two things the mere sight of which offends the eye of man and wounds his self-love4 ,obedience is a mere chimera1 and has no place in the wise plans of ,providence40 ,in the ,astra1 ,taschenbuch fr ,freimaurer1 von ,bruder ,sydow 7#ahde71 an orator thus speaks3 8,that which is destined to destruction must in the course of things be destroyed2 and if human powers resist this law1 at the behest of fate1 a stronger power will appear upon the scene to carry out the eternal decrees of ,providence4 ,the ,reformation of the church1 as well as the ,french ,revolution1 proves the existence of this law4''' ,revolution is a crisis necessary to development40 ,the ,rvlations says3 8,the poison must be neutralized by means of its antidote1 revolution must succeed to obedience1 vengeance follow upon effeminacy1 power must grapple with power1 and the reign of superstition yield before that of the one true natural religion40 ,barruel1 who had been a master ,mason1 states that the oath administered to him was3 8,my brother1 are you prepared to execute every command you may receive from the ,grand ,master1 even should contrary orders be laid on you by king or emperor1 or any other ruler whatever80 8,the grade of ,kadosch0--the thirtieth grade--writes ,barruel 7p4 #bbb71 8is the soul of ,freemasonry1 and the final object of its plots is the reintroduction of absolute liberty and equality through the destruction of all royalty and the abrogation of all religious worship40 8,socialism1 ,freemasonry1 and communism have1 after all1 a common origin0 7,the ,latomia--an organ of the craft--vol4 xii4 p4 #bcg74 ,le ,libertaire1 a ,masonic journal published in this city1 had the following in #aheh3 8,the ,libertaire knows no country but that which is common to all4 ,he is a sworn foe to restraints of every kind4 ,he hates the boundaries of countries2 he hates the boundaries of fields1 houses1 workshops2 he hates the boundaries of family40 ,is it within the power of the human mind to conceive of any possible individual or spiritual incarnation more deeply1 vividly1 and distinctly branded with the note-mark or sign of ,antichrist1 given to us by the ,holy ,spirit some two thousand years ago1 by which we might recognize him when he appeared--8the lawless one10 8spurning authority0-- 1 qui contemnunt dominationem8 ,and when we add to this1 the one special and most wicked and lawless characteristic of the 8craft0--its portentous mystery--to our thinking1 they must willingly1 and of set purpose1 close their eyes who fail to detect in it the very ,antichrist whom the apostle declares shall be manifested in the last days1 after the apostasy1 and whom he designates by the epithet --8the mystery of lawlessness0--which he tells us had even then1 at the very cradle of the church1 begun to put in movement its long conspiracy against the salvation of mankind3 --8for the mystery of lawlessness is even now already working40 ,no sooner was ,christ born than his infant life was sought2 no sooner did he begin to teach than 8the ancient serpent0 sought his ruin2 just before the triumph of his resurrection the enemy of mankind seemed to have finally and completely triumphed in his crucifixion2 no sooner had his church1 brought to life by his resurrection1 begun her work of saving mankind than the devil was at work with his 8mystery of lawlessness0 for her destruction4 ,all along it is ,antichrist dogging the steps of ,christ2 before the second coming of ,christ there is to be the second coming of ,antichrist2 before the final triumph over evil and revelation of the sons of ,god1 ,antichrist is to have that his last open and avowed manifestation----and success1 which the craft of ,freemasonry is already so far on the road to compassing4 ,whether or no he is to receive a serious check before that terrific triumph over all but the few remaining elect we know not4 ,but so unmistakable is his present manifestation that it is woe to those who blink their eyes and follow in his wake6 ,woe to those whose judicial blindness causes them to 8believe a lie06 ,woe to those who are caught napping6 ,the next of the indications given us by the ,holy ,spirit of the ,antichrist is his modus operandi--his method--the way in which he will effect his purposes1 8whose coming is according to the way of working of ,satan0--cujus est adventus secundum operationem ,satan4 ,the beast with seven heads and ten horns crowned with diadems described in the ,apocalypse is1 we are there told1 fully commissioned with his own power by the red dragon1 whom we are distinctly informed is the old serpent1 who is called the devil 71 or slanderer71 8,satan1 who deceives the whole world40 ,now1 ,satan is designated as 8the prince of darkness0 in opposition to ,christ1 8who is the true light1 enlightening every one that cometh into the world02 he is the father of those who 8hate the light because their deeds are evil40 ,when he would destroy ,christ1 8night was his hour and the power of darkness40 ,but in taking a survey of the craft of ,freemasonry1 what first seizes our attention8 ,is it not the profound darkness in which all its operations are veiled8 ,those terrible oaths of secrecy1 made under the assured menace of assassination1 attended with all that sanguinary gibberish1 the lie involved in which is not known until the 8seared conscience0 is already in the chains of hell--surely1 if anything is1 these are 8secundum operationem ,satan40 ,in the ,vienna ,freemason's ,journal1 ,,mss4 for circulation in the craft1 second year of issue1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ff1 is the following3 8,we wander amidst our adversaries1 shrouded in threefold darkness4 ,their passions serve as wires1 whereby1 unknown to themselves1 we set them in motion and compel them unwittingly to work in union with us40 ,in a work written in ,high-,german1 the authorship of which is ascribed to a ,prof4 ,hoffman of ,vienna1 the contents of which are supported by documentary evidence1 and of which a ,dutch translation was published in ,amsterdam in #agib1 which was reprinted at the ,hague in #ahbf1 the method of working of this 8mystery of lawlessness0 is thus summed up3 8#b4 ,to effect this1 a literary association must be formed to promote the circulation of our writings1 and suppress1 as far as possible1 those of our opponents4 8#c4 ,for this end we must contrive to have in our pay the publishers of the leading literary journals of the day1 in order that they may turn into ridicule and heap contempt on everything written in a contrary interest to our own4 8#d4 #8,he that is not with us is against us4' ,therefore we may persecute1 calumniate1 and tread down such an one without scruple2 individuals like this are noxious insects which one shakes from the blossoming tree and crushes beneath one's foot4 8#e4 ,very few can bear to be made to look ridiculous2 let ridicule1 therefore1 be the weapon employed against persons who1 though by no means devoid of sense1 show themselves hostile to our schemes4 8#f4 ,in order the more quickly to attain our end1 the middle classes of society must be thoroughly imbued with our principles2 the lower orders and the mass of the population are of little importance1 as they may easily be moulded to our will4 ,the middle classes are the principal supporters of the government2 to gain them we must work on their passions1 and1 above all1 bring up the rising generation in our ideas1 as in a few years they will be in their turn masters of the situation4 8#g4 ,license in morals will be the best means of enabling us to provide ourselves with patrons at court--persons who are nevertheless totally ignorant of the importance of our cause4 ,it will suffice for our purpose if we make them absolutely indifferent to the ,christian religion4 ,they are for the most part careless enough without us4 8#h4 ,if our aims are to be pursued with vigor1 it is of absolute necessity to regard as enemies of enlightenment and of philosophy all those who cling in any way to religious or civil prejudices1 and exhibit this attachment in their writings4 ,they must be viewed as beings whose influence is highly prejudicial to the human race1 and a great obstacle to its well-being and progress4 ,on this account it becomes the duty of each one of us to impede their action in all matters of consequence1 and to seize the first suitable opportunity which may present itself of putting them entirely hors du combat4 8#i4 ,we must ever be on the watch to make all changes in the state serve our own ends2 political parties1 cabals1 brotherhoods1 and unions--in short1 everything that affords an opportunity of creating disturbances must be an instrument in our hands4 ,for it is only on the ruins of society as it exists at present that we can hope to erect a solid structure on the natural system1 and ensure to the worshippers of nature the free exercise of their rights40 ,if this method of working1 operatio1 is not secundum adventum ,satan1 we should be glad to know what is4 ,herein we find every feature of ,antichrist and his hosts which the ,holy ,ghost has drawn for our warning4 ,they are heaped together in such hideous combination throughout this summary as scarcely to need particularizing4 ,our readers may not1 however1 be unwilling that we should single them out one by one as they appear more or less prominently in the several paragraphs2 premising that throughout one characteristic reigns and prevails1 and1 indeed1 lends its color to all the rest1 that special attribute of 8the father of lies0--falsehood6 ,we will take the paragraphs in order1 and photograph their most prominent ,antichristian features4 ,the first4--,spurning authority4 ,giving ear to spirits of error and doctrines of demons4 ,speaking lies in hypocrisy1 having a conscience seared4 ,blasphemers4 ,mockers1 walking according to their own desires2 animals1 not having the ,spirit4 ,mockers in deception1 walking according to their own lusts4 ,the second and third4--,lovers of themselves1 lawless1 proud1 malicious1 traitors1 froward1 discourteous1 fearful1 mockers in deception4 ,the fourth4--,calumniators1 cruel1 traitors4 ,the fifth4--,mockers in deception4 ,the sixth4--,traitors1 without affection1 without peace4 ,the seventh4--,traitors1 walking in impieties1 walking according to their own lusts1 incontinent4 ,the eighth4--,having their conscience seared1 without peace1 cruel4 ,the ninth4--,spurning authority1 traitors1 lawless1 without peace4 ,it must be borne in mind1 moreover1 that these are not merely repulsive infirmities of individuals1 but the essential and inevitable characteristics deliberately adopted by the craft of ,freemasons1 and which it cannot be without1 if they are the brand which the finger of ,god has marked upon the loathsome brow of the ,antichrist of 8the last time40#cf ,in illustration of the former of these we quote the words of ,brother ,gotthold ,salomon1 ,d4,ph41 preacher at the new ,synagogue at ,hamburg1 member of the lodge entitled 8,the ,dawn in the ,east10 in ,frankfort-on-,main1 who thus writes in his ,stimmen aus ,osten1 ,,mss4 for the brethren3 8,why is there not a trace of anything appertaining to the ,christian ,church to be found in the whole ritual of ,freemasonry8 ,why is not the name of ,jesus once mentioned1 either in the oath administered1 or in the prayers on the opening of the lodges1 or at the ,masonic banquets8 ,why do ,masons reckon time1 not from the birth of ,christ1 but from the creation of the world1 as do the ,jews8 ,why does not ,freemasonry make use of a single ,christian symbol8 ,why have we the compasses1 the triangle1 the hydrometer1 instead of the cross and other emblems of the ,passion8 ,why have wisdom1 beauty1 and strength superseded the ,christian triad of faith1 hope1 and charity80#cg ,brother ,jochmus ,mller1 president of the late ,german-,catholic ,church at ,berlin1 says in his ,kirchenreform 7vol4 iii4 p4 #bbh73 8,we have more in common with a free-thinking1 honest paganism than with a narrow-minded ,christianity40#ch ,in the ,waarscherwing 7vol4 xi4 ,nos4 #b and #h7 we find the following3 8,the laws of the ,mosaic and ,christian religions are the contemptible inventions of petty minds bent on deceiving others2 they are the most extravagant aberrations of the human intellect4 8,the selfishness of priests and the despotism of the great have for centuries upheld this system 7,christianity71 since it enabled them to rule mankind with a rod of iron by means of its rigid code of morality1 and to confirm their power over weak minds by means of certain oracular utterances1 in reality the product of their own invention1 but palmed off on the world as the words of revelation40#ci ,in a review of ,kirchenlehre and ,ketzerglaube by ,dr4 ,a4 ,drechsler in vol4 iv4 of the ,latomia1 we find3 8,the last efforts made to uphold ecclesiastical ,christianity occasioned its complete expulsion from the realm of reason2 for they proved but too plainly that all negotiations for peace must result in failure4 ,human reason became aware of the irreconcilable enmity existing between its own teachings and the dogmas of the church40 ,at a congress of ,masons held at a villa near ,locarno1 in the district of ,novara1 preparatory to a socialistic demonstration to be held in the ,colosseum at ,rome1 in answer to the sapient question1 8,what new form of worship is to supersede ,catholicism80 the equally sapient answer was returned1 8,communist principles with a new religious ideal40 ,from a document published1 the author of ,secret ,warfare of ,freemasonry tells us1#dj by the ,orient of ,brussels1 8to the greater glory of the ,supreme ,architect of the world1 in the year of true light #ehch0 7#ahch71 we quote the following3 8#a4 ,that at the head of every document issued by the brethren1 in an individual or corporate capacity1 should stand a profession of faith in our lawgiver ,jesus1 the son of ,mary ,amram 7the ,josue of the ,old ,testament71 the invariable formula to be employed being1 #8,to the glory of the ,great ,architect of the ,universe1' ''' to expose and oppose the errors of pope and priest1 who commence everything in the name of their ,trinity4 ''' 8#c4 ,that in remembrance of the ,last ,supper or ,christian love-feast of ,jesus1 the ,son of ,mary ,amram1 an account of which is given in the ,arabic traditions and in the ,koran1 a solemn festival should be held1 accompanied by a distribution of bread1 in commemoration of an ancient custom observed by the slaves of eating bread together1 and of their deliverance by means of the liberator 7,josue74 ,the distribution is to be accompanied by these memorable words3 #8,this is the bread of misery and oppression which our fathers were forced to eat under the ,pharaos1 the priests of ,juda2 whosoever hungers1 let him come and eat2 this is the ,paschal sacrifice2 come unto us1 all you who are oppressed2 yet this one year more in ,babylon1 and the next year shall see us free men6' ,this instructive1 and at the same time commemorative1 supper of the ,rosicrucians is the counterpart of the ,supper of the ,papists40 ,dr4 ,dupuy1 indeed1 informs us of the corrupt portion of the ,order of ,templars1 that 8,receptores dicebant illis quos recipiebant1 ,christum non esse verum ,deum1 et ipsum fuisse falsum1 non fuisse passum pro redemptione humani generis1 sed pro sceleribus suis0--8,they who received said to those whom they received that ,christ was not really ,god2 that he was himself false1 and did not suffer for the redemption of the human race1 but for his own crimes40 ,in harmony with all this was the offensively blasphemous utterance of ,mr4 ,frothingham at the ,masonic hall in this city some weeks ago1 at which the ,new ,york ,tablet expressed a just indignation--an indignation which must have been shared by all who believe1 in any way or form1 in ,jesus ,christ1 ,redeemer of the world3 8,tom ,paine has keyed my moral being up to a higher note than the ,jesus of ,nazareth40 ,the argument we have advanced seems to us to be convincing enough as it stands4 ,could we have taken a historical survey of the in the two hemispheres from the 8apostasy0 up to the present time1 but especially during the last fifteen years1 it would have acquired the force of a logical demonstration4 ,the limits to which we are necessarily restrained in a monthly periodical put this completely out of our power4 ,whoever he may be who has intelligently appreciated the political events of the latter period will be able to supply the deficiency for himself4 ,merely hinting1 therefore1 at the impossibility of getting anti-,freemason appreciations of contemporary events before the public--well known to all whose position has invited them to that duty--as an illustration of the plan of action laid down in the second clause of the above summary2 at the recent unconcealed advocacy of the 8craft0 by the ,new ,york ,herald1 and the more cautious conversion of the ,london ,times1#da of that in the third2 at the ribaldry of the press under ,freemason influence directed against the bishops1 clergy1 and prominent laymen1 as well as against the ,pope2 the nicknames they are for ever coining1 such as 8clericals10 8ultramontanes10 8retrogrades10 8reactionists02 their blasphemous travesties of the solemnities of religion in theatres and places of public resort1 and so on1 of that in the fourth and fifth2 at the world-wide effort to induce states to exclude religious influences from the education of youth1 of that of the sixth2 at ,victor ,emanuel1 the ,prince of ,wales1 etc41 of that of the seventh2 at the assassination of ,count ,rossi at the beginning of the present ,pope's reign1 the quite recent assassination of the ,president of ,ecuador1 the repeated attempts at assassination of ,napoleon ,,iii41 the deposition of so many sovereigns1 even of the ,pope himself--so far as it was in their power to depose him--of that of the eighth2 and at the whole area of ,europe strewn with the wreck of revolution1 of that of the ninth2 we pass on to the last two marks of ,antichrist with which we brand the ,freemason confraternity--,qui solvit ,jesum 7,who abolishes ,christ7 and ,qui adversatur et extollitur supra omne quod dicitur ,deus1 aut quod colitur1 ita ut in templo ,dei sedeat ostendens se tanquam sit ,deus 7,who opposes himself to1 and raises himself above1 all that is called ,god1 or is worshipped1 so that he may sit in the temple of ,god1 making himself out to be1 as it were1 ,god74 ,barruel1 who was completely versed in ,freemasonry1 and who had been himself a ,mason1 states 7p4 #bbb7 that 8the grade of ,kadosch is the soul of ,freemasonry1 and the final object of its plots is the reintroduction of absolute liberty and equality through the destruction of all royalty and the abrogation of all religious worship40 ,and he backs this statement by a tragic incident in the history of a friend of his1 who1 because he was a ,rosicrucian1 fancied himself to be 8in possession of the entire secret of ,freemasonry40 ,it is too long to admit of our quoting it4 ,the reader anxious for information we refer to ,the ,secret ,warfare of ,freemasonry 7pp4 #adb-add74 ,le ,libertaire1 a ,new ,york paper1 in the interests of ,freemasonry1 about the year #aheh had the following3 8,as far as religion is concerned1 the ,libertaire has none at all2 he protests against every creed2 he is an atheist and materialist1 openly denying the existence of ,god and of the soul40 ,in #agic belief in ,god was a crime prohibited in ,france under pain of death4 ,those of our readers who have some acquaintance with modern philosophy we need here only remind of the natura naturans and natura naturata of ,spinoza1 born a ,jew1 but expelled from the synagogue for his advocacy of these principles of ,freemasonry3 8,the desire to find truth is a noble impulse1 the search after it a sacred avocation2 and ample field for this is offered by both the mysterious rites peculiar to the craft and those of the ,goddess ,isis1 adored in our temples as the wisest and fairest of deities40--,vienna ,freemason's ,journal 7#c;d year1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #gh et seq47 ,in the ,rappel1 a ,french organ of ,freemasonry1 was the following passage a few weeks ago3 8,god is nothing but a creation of the human mind4 ,in a word1 ,god is the ideal4 ,if ,i am accused of being an atheist1 ,i should reply ,i prefer to be an atheist1 and have of ,god an idea worthy of him1 to being a spiritualist and make of ,god a being impossible and absurd40 ,in short1 the craft is so far advanced in its course of triumph as to have at length succeeded in familiarizing the public ear with the denial of the existence of a ,god2 so that it is now admitted as one amongst the 8open questions0 of philosophy4 ,our illustration of the crowning indications of the satanic mark of ,antichrist afforded by the ,freemasons--the sitting in the temple of ,god1 so as to make himself out to be1 as it were1 ,god--will be short but decisive4 ,the well-known passage in the last work of the late ,dr4 ,strauss1 to the effect that any worship paid to a supposed divine being is an outrage on the dignity of human nature1 goes far enough1 we should have thought1 in this direction2 but they go beyond even this4 ,a ,dutch ,mason1 ,n4 ,j4 ,mouthan1 in a work entitled ,naa een werknur in't ,middenvertrek ,losse ,bladzijde2 ,zaarboekje voor ,nederlandsche ,vrijmetselaren 7#ehgb1 p4 #ahg et seq471 says3 8,the spirit which animates us is an eternal spirit2 it knows no division of time or individual existence4 ,a sacred unity pervades the wide firmament of heaven2 it is our one calling1 our one duty1 our one ,god4 ,yes1 we are ,god6 ,we ourselves are ,god60 ,in the ,freemasons' periodical 8for circulation amongst the brethren0 7,altenberg1 #ahbc1 vol4 i41 ,no4 #a7 is the following3 8,the idea of religion indirectly includes all men as men2 but in order to comprehend this aright1 a certain degree of education is necessary1 and unfortunately the overweening egoism of the educated classes prevents their taking in so sublime a conception of mankind4 ,for this reason our temples consecrated to the worship of humanity can as yet be opened only to a few4#db ,we should1 indeed1 expose ourselves to a charge of idolatry1 were we to attempt to personify the moral idea of humanity in the way in which divinity is usually personified4''' ,on this account1 therefore1 it is advisable not to reveal the cultus of humanity to the eyes of the uninitiated1 until at length the time shall come when1 from east to west1 this lofty conception of humanity shall find a place in every breast1 this worship shall alone prevail1 and all mankind shall be gathered into one fold and one family40 ,the principles of this united family1 8seated in the temple of ,god10 the ,masonic philosopher ,helvetius expounds to us2 from whom we learn that 8whatever is beneficial to all in general may be called virtue2 what is prejudicial1 vice and sin4 ,here the voice of interest has alone to speak4''' ,passions are only the intensified expression of self-interest in the individual2 witness the ,dutch people1 who1 when hatred and revenge urged them to action1 achieved great triumphs1 and made their country a powerful and glorious name4 ,and as sensual love is universally acknowledged to afford happiness1 purity must be condemned as pernicious1 the marriage bond done away with1 and children declared to be the property of the state40#dc ,the father of such a 8one fold and one family0 no one not himself signed with the 8mark of the beast0 could hesitate to point out4 ,the consummation above anticipated we are bid to expect4 ,nor is it now far off4 ,they who are not 8deceived0 have1 however1 the consoling assurance that our ,lord will 8slay him with the spirit of his mouth1 and destroy him with the illumination of his coming40 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,ii4 8,you understand1 ,m4 de ,soria10 said ,wolsey to one of his secretaries1 in whom he placed the greatest confidence4 8,as soon as you see him1 present yourself before him1 give the usual password1 and then conduct him through the subterranean passage that leads to the banks of the ,thames4 ,bring him here by the secret stairway4 ,he will be dressed in a cloak and suit of brown clothes1 wearing a black felt hat tied round with a red ribbon40 8,my lord1 you may feel perfectly satisfied10 replied the secretary with a self-sufficient air1 8that all your orders will be punctually executed4 ,but he cannot possibly arrive for an hour yet2 ,i will vouch for that1 my lord40 8,go1 however1 sir10 replied the minister1 impatiently2 8,i fear being taken by surprise4 ,have less confidence in your own calculations1 sir1 and be more prompt in your actions40 ,and saying this he made a sign for him to go at once4 ,the door had scarcely closed on ,soria1 when the cardinal1 who sat writing in silence1 heard in the court of the chancellor's palace an unusual noise4 ,for some time he continued his work2 but the tumult increasing1 and hearing loud bursts of laughter1 he arose1 opened the window and went out on a high balcony1 whence he had a view of all that was passing in the principal court4 ,there a crowd of servants had assembled1 and formed a circle around an old woman who was apparently the object of their ridicule4 ,her large felt hat1 around which was tied a band of red ribbon1 had fallen to the ground leaving uncovered1 not the head of an old woman1 as they had supposed1 but one thickly covered with short hair1 black and curling4 ,on seeing this head-dress the crowd redoubled their cries1 and one of them advancing suddenly1 raised the mask concealing the features4 ,what was their surprise to find under that disguise a great rubicund face1 the nose and cheeks of which were reddened with the glow that wine and strong drink alone produce1 and giving sufficient evidence of the sex to which it belonged4 ,the man1 seeing he was discovered1 defended himself with vigor1 and1 dealing sharp blows with his feet and hands1 endeavored to escape from his tormentors2 but he was unable to resist their superior numbers4 ,they threw themselves upon him1 tearing off his brown cloak1 and one of his blue cotton petticoats4 ,the wretched creature cried out vociferously1 loudly threatening them with the indignation of the cardinal2 but the valets heard nothing1 vain were all his efforts to escape them4 ,nevertheless1 being exceedingly robust1 he at length succeeded in overthrowing two of his antagonists1 and then1 dashing across the courtyard1 he sprang quickly into the second court1 where1 finding a ladder placed at the window of a granary1 he clambered up with all the dexterity of a frightened cat1 and hid himself under a quantity of straw which had been stored there4 ,in the meantime1 the cardinal had recognized from his elevated position on the balcony the red ribbon that announced the messenger for whom he awaited with so much anxiety4 ,greatly enraged at the scene before him1 and forgetting his dignity1 he hurried from the balcony1 rushing through the apartments that led from his own room 7in which were seated the numerous secretaries of state1 engaged in the work of the government74 ,without addressing a word to them1 he descended the stairs so rapidly that in another instant he stood in the midst of his servants1 who were stupefied at finding themselves in the presence of their master1 all out of breath1 bareheaded1 and almost suffocated with indignation4 ,he commanded them in the most emphatic terms to get out of his sight1 which they did without waiting for a repetition of the order4 ,from every direction the pages and secretaries had assembled1 among them being ,m4 de ,soria1 who was in great trepidation1 fearing some accident had happened to the individual whom he had been instructed to introduce with such great secrecy into the palace4 ,his fears were more than realized on seeing the cardinal1 who cast on him a glance of intense anger1 and in a loud voice exclaimed3 8,go1 sir1 to the assistance of this unfortunate man who is being subjected to such outrages in my own house4 ,not a few of those who have attempted to drive him off shall themselves be sent away60 ,then the cardinal1 giving an authoritative signal1 those around him understood that their presence was no longer desired1 and immediately ascended the stairs and returned to their work4 ,wolsey himself quickly followed them2 and ,m4 de ,soria1 greatly confused1 in a short time appeared and ushered into the minister's cabinet the messenger1 who was still suffering from the effects of the contest in which he had been compelled to engage4 8,your letters6 your letters60 said ,wolsey eagerly1 as soon as they were alone4 8,all is right1 ,wilson4 ,i am satisfied4 ,i see that you are no coward1 and all that you have just now suffered will be turned to your advantage4 ,nevertheless1 it is quite fortunate that ,i came to your rescue when ,i did1 for ,i really do not know what those knaves might have done to you40 8,they would have thrown me into the water1 ,i believe1 like a dog10 said ,wilson1 laughing4 8,oh6 that was nothing though4 ,i have been through worse than that in my life4 ,all ,i was afraid of was1 that they might discover the package of letters and the money40 ,as he said this1 the courier proceeded to unfasten the buckles of an undervest1 made of chamois leather1 that he wore closely strapped around his body4 ,after he had taken off the vest he unfastened a number of bands of woollen cloth which were crossed on his breast4 ,in each one of these bands was folded a great number of letters1 of different forms and sizes4 ,then he unstrapped from his waist and laid on the table a belt that contained quite a large sum of money in gold coin1 that ,francis ,i4 had sent to the minister4 ,the avarice of ,wolsey was so well understood by the different princes and sovereigns of ,europe that they were accustomed to send him valuable presents1 or to confer on him rich annuities1 whenever they wished to gain him over to their interests4 ,wolsey had for a long time been engaged in a correspondence with ,france4 ,he carried it on with the utmost secrecy1 for he well understood if discovered by ,henry he would never be pardoned4 ,his apprehensions were still greater1 now that he was endeavoring to direct the influence of his political schemes1 and that of the paid agents whom he had at the different courts of ,europe1 towards bringing about a reconciliation between the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 and the ,king of ,france2 hoping by such an alliance to prevent the marriage of the king with ,anne ,boleyn1 and thus to destroy the hopes of that ambitious family4 ,he saw with intense satisfaction his intrigues succeeding far beyond his most sanguine expectations4 ,francis ,i4 anxiously entreated him to use his influence with the ,king of ,england1 in order to dispose him favorably toward the treaty of peace which he was determined to make with ,charles ,v4 8,i assure you10 he wrote1 8that ,i have so great a desire to see my children1 held so long now as hostages1 that ,i would without hesitation willingly give the half of my kingdom to ensure that happiness4 ,if you will aid me in removing the obstacles that ,henry may interpose to the accomplishment of this purpose1 you may count on my gratitude4 ,the place of meeting is already arranged2 we have chosen the city of ,cambrai2 and ,i have felt great pleasure in the assurance that you prefer1 above all other places1 that the conference should be held in that city40 ,charmed with his success1 the cardinal sent immediately in quest of ,cromwell1 whom he found every day becoming more and more indispensable to him1 and to whom he wished to communicate the happiness he experienced in receiving this joyful intelligence2 but1 at the same time1 closely concealing the manner in which he had obtained the information4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on a terrace of ,windsor ,castle a tent had been erected of heavy ,persian cloth interwoven with silk and gold4 ,voluminous curtains of royal purple1 artistically looped on each side with heavy silk cords1 descended in innumerable folds of most graceful drapery4 ,rare flowers embalmed the air in every direction with exquisite perfumes1 which penetrated into an apartment of the royal palace1 through the open windows of which were seen the richness and elegance of the interior4 ,in this apartment were seated three persons apparently engaged in an animated conversation4 8,so there is yet another difficulty60 cried a young girl1 a charming and beautiful blonde1 who seemed at this moment in an extremely impatient and excited mood4 8,but what say you80 she added presently1 addressing herself with vivacity to a gentleman seated immediately in front of her2 8speak now1 ,sir ,cromwell2 say1 what would you do in this desperate situation8 ,is there no way in which we can prevent this treaty from being concluded80 8,well truly1 madam10 he replied1 8it will be useless to attempt it4 ,the ,duchess of ,angoulme has at this moment1 perhaps1 already arrived at ,cambrai1 for the purpose of signing the treaty2 and we cannot reasonably hope that the ,archduchess ,margaret1 who accompanies her1 will not agree with her on every point1 since the preliminaries have already been secretly concluded between the ,emperor and the ,king of ,france40 8,well1 my dear ,cromwell10 she replied1 in a familiar and angry tone1 8what shall we do then80 8,if ,i have any counsel to give you1 madam10 answered ,cromwell1 with an air of importance1 8it is to begin by preventing the king from consenting to the departure of ,cardinal ,wolsey2 because his greatest desire now is to be sent as envoy to the congress at ,cambrai1 and you may be well assured1 if he wishes to go there1 it is certainly not with the intention of being useful to you1 but1 on the contrary1 to injure you40 8,do you think so80 replied ,lady ,anne4 8,then ,i shall most certainly endeavor to prevent him from making his appearance there4 ,but has he told you nothing about the letter ,i wrote him the other day80 8,excuse me1 madam10 replied ,cromwell1 8he has shown me the letter2 in fact1 he conceals nothing from me40 8,well6 and did it not give him pleasure8 ,it seemed to me it ought to please him1 for ,i made protestations of friendship sufficient to reassure him1 and remove all apprehensions he may have felt that ,i would injure him in the estimation of the king40 8,he has said nothing to me on the subject10 replied ,cromwell1 8but ,i remarked that he read the letter over several times1 and when he handed it to me it was with a very ominous shake of the head4 ,understanding so well his every gesture and thought1 ,i comprehended perfectly he was but little convinced of what you had written1 and that he has no confidence in it4 ,moreover1 madam1 it is necessary that you should know that ,wolsey has been most active in his endeavors to forward the divorce so long as he believed the king would espouse a princess of the house of ,france2 but since he knows it is you he has chosen1 his mind is entirely changed1 and he tries in every possible manner to retard the decision and render success impossible40 8,it is clear as day1 my dear sister60 exclaimed ,lord ,rochford1 earnestly interrupting ,cromwell4 8,you know nothing about the affairs you are trying to manage2 therefore you will never be able to rid yourself of this imperious minister4 ,i have already told you that all your efforts to flatter or appease him will be in vain4 ,he believes you fear him1 and he likes you no better on that account4 ,what ,cromwell says is but too true1 and is verified by the fact that nothing advances in this affair4 ,every day some new formalities are introduced1 or advantages claimed1 or they wait for new instructions and powers4 ,they tell us constantly that ,campeggio is inflexible2 that nothing will induce him to deviate from his instructions and the usages of the court of ,rome4 ,but whom has he chosen--with whom has he conferred8 ,is it not ,wolsey8 ,and he has certainly prevented us from obtaining anything but what he himself designed to accomplish40 8,you are right1 brother60 cried ,anne ,boleyn1 with a sudden gesture of displeasure4 8,it is necessary to have this haughty and jealous minister removed4 ,henceforth all my efforts shall be directed to this end4 ,it may1 perhaps1 be less difficult than we suppose4 ,the king has been violently opposed to this treaty1 which ,wolsey has so earnestly labored to bring about--or at least the king suspects him of it--and he told me yesterday that it was vain for the king of ,france to address him as #8his good brother and perpetual ally1' for he regarded as enemies all who presumed to oppose his will4 #8,because1' he added1 #8,i understand very well1 beforehand1 what their terms will be4 ,once become the ally of ,charles ,v41 ,francis will use all his efforts to prevent the repudiation of his aunt2 but nothing under heaven shall divert me from my purpose4 ,i will resist all the counsels he may give me6'0 8,he is much disappointed10 said ,lord ,rochford1 8that the ,pope should have been raised1 as it were1 from the dead4 ,his death would have greatly lessened these difficulties2 for he holds firmly to his opinions4 ,i am much deceived1 or the commission of legates will pass all their time1 and a very long time too1 without coming to any decision40 ,as ,lord ,rochford made this remark1 his wife1 the sister-in-law of ,anne ,boleyn1 entered the apartment1 accompanied by the young wife of ,lord ,dacre4 ,now1 as ,lady ,rochford belonged entirely to the queen's adherents1 and ,lady ,anne was very much in fear of her1 the tone of conversation was immediately changed1 becoming at once general and indifferent4 8,the ,bishop of ,rochester has returned to ,london10 carelessly remarked ,anne ,boleyn1 as she stooped to pick up a little embroidered glove4 8,yes1 madam10 replied ,cromwell4 8,i have seen him1 and ,i find him looking quite old and feeble40 8,ah6 ,i am truly sorry to hear it10 replied ,lady ,anne2 8the king is very much attached to him4 ,i have often heard him say he regarded him as the most learned and remarkable man in ,england1 and that he congratulated himself on possessing in his kingdom a prelate so wise1 virtuous1 and accomplished40 8,what would you wish1 madam80 replied ,cromwell1 who never could suffer any one to be eulogized in his presence2 8all these old men should give place to us--it is but just2 they have had their time40 8,ah6 ,sir ,cromwell10 replied ,lady ,boleyn1 smiling1 8you have no desire1 ,i am sure1 to be made bishop2 therefore1 the place he will leave vacant will not be the one for you40 8,you have decided that question very hastily1 madam4 ,who knows8 ,i may one day1 perhaps1 be a curate4 ,it has been predicted of me40 8,oh6 that would indeed be a very strange sight10 she replied1 laughing aloud4 8,you certainly have neither the turn nor the taste for the office4 ,how would you ever manage to leave off the habit of frequenting our drawing-rooms8 ,truly we could not afford to lose you1 and would certainly get up a general revolt1 opposing your ordination1 rather than be deprived of your invaluable society40 8,you are very kind1 madam10 said ,cromwell2 8but ,i should perhaps not be so ridiculous as you imagine4 ,i should wear a grave and severe countenance and an air of the greatest austerity40 8,oh6 ,i understand you now10 she replied2 8you would not be converted2 you would only become a hypocrite60 8,i have a horror of hypocrites60 said ,cromwell scornfully4 8,i wonder what you are1 then80 thought ,lady ,rochford4 8,and ,i also10 replied ,lady ,anne4 8,i have a perfect detestation of hypocrites2 it is better to be bad out and out60 8,is it true there has been a riot in the city80 asked ,lady ,rochford4 8,yes1 madam10 replied ,cromwell2 8but it was suppressed on the spot4 ,it was only a hundred wool-spinners1 carders1 and drapers1 who declared they were no longer able to live since the market of the ,netherlands has been closed1 and that they would soon starve if their old communications were not re-established4 ,the most mutinous were arrested1 the others were frightened and quickly dispersed40 8,oh60 said ,lord ,rochford1 8there is nothing to fear from such a rabble as that2 they are too much afraid of their necks4 ,let them clamor1 and let us give ourselves no uneasiness on the subject4 ,i met ,sir ,thomas ,more this morning going to the king with a petition which they had addressed to him yesterday40 8,why was he charged with the commission80 asked young ,lady ,dacre4 8,in virtue of his office as sheriff of the city10 replied ,cromwell4 8,he constitutes1 then1 part of our city council80 she replied4 8,he is a man ,i have the greatest desire to know2 they say such marvellous things of him1 and ,i find his poetry full of charming and noble thoughts40 8,i see10 replied ,cromwell1 8you have not read the spirited satire just written by ,germain de ,brie8 ,it points out the perfectly prodigious faults of ,more's productions4 ,it is certainly an anti-,morus60 8,i am inclined to think your opinion is prompted by a spirit of jealousy1 ,sir ,cromwell10 answered ,lady ,rochford1 sharply4 8,read1 madam10 she continued1 addressing young ,lady ,sophia ,dacre1 8his ,history of ,richard ,,iii42 ,i suppose ,sir ,cromwell will1 at least1 accord some merit to that work80 8,entirely too light1 and superficial indeed1 madam10 said ,cromwell2 8the author has confined himself wholly to a recital of the crimes which conducted the prince to the throne4 ,the style of that history is very negligent1 but1 at the same time1 very far above that of his other works1 and particularly of his ,utopia1 which is a work so extravagant1 a political system so impracticable1 that ,i regard the book simply as a wonderful fable1 agreeable enough to listen to1 but at which one is obliged to laugh afterwards when thinking of the absurdities it contains40 8,your judgment is as invidious as it is false60 exclaimed ,lady ,rochford1 who always expressed her opinions bluntly1 and without dissimulation4 8,if it is true10 she continued1 8that this philosophical dream can never be realized1 yet it is nevertheless impossible not to admire the wise and virtuous maxims it contains4 ,above all others there is one ,i have found so just1 and so beautifully conceived1 ,i could wish every young girl capable of teaching it to her future husband4 #8,how can it be supposed1' says the author1 #8that any man of honor and refinement could resolve to abandon a virtuous woman1 who had been the companion of his bosom1 and in whose society he had passed so many days of happiness2 only because time1 at whose touch all things fade1 had laid his destroying hand upon the lovely features of that gentle wife1 once so cherished and adored8 ,because age1 which has been the first and most incurable of all the infirmities she has been compelled to drag after her1 had forcibly despoiled her of the charming freshness of her youth8 ,has that husband not enjoyed the flower of her beauty and garnered in the most beautiful days of her life1 and will he forsake his wife now because she has become feeble1 delicate1 and suffering8 ,shall he become inconstant and perjured at the very moment when her sad condition demands of him a thousand sacrifices1 and claims a return to the faithful devotion and vows of his early youth8 ,ah6 into such a depth of unworthiness and degradation we will not presume it possible for any man to descend6 ,it was thus the people of the ,utopian ,isle reasoned1 declaring it would be the height of injustice and barbarity to abandon one whom we had loved and cherished1 and who had been so devoted to us1 at the moment when suffering and affliction demanded of us renewed sympathy and a generous increase of our tenderest care and consolations6'#dd ,and now1 my dear sister10 she added1 fixing her eyes steadfastly on ,lady ,boleyn1 8what do you think of that passage8 ,are you not forcibly struck by the truth and justice of the sentiment8 ,let me advise you when you marry to be well satisfied beforehand that your husband entertains the same opinions40 ,as she heard these last words the beautiful face of ,anne ,boleyn became suddenly suffused with a deep crimson1 and for some moments not a word was uttered by any one around her4 ,they understood perfectly well that ,lady ,rochford's remarks were intended to condemn in the most pointed manner the king's conduct towards the queen1 whose failing health was entirely attributable to the mortification and suffering she endured on account of her husband's ingratitude and ill-treatment4 ,in the meantime1 the silence becoming every moment more and more embarrassing1 ,anne ,boleyn1 forcibly assuming an air of gayety1 declared her sister was disposed to look very far into the future2 8but10 she added1 8happily1 my dear sister1 neither you nor ,i are in a condition to demand all those tender cares due to age and infirmity40 8,come1 ladies1 let us go10 said ,cromwell in a jesting tone1 hoping to render himself agreeable to ,lady ,anne by relieving the embarrassment the conversation had caused her4 8,i am unable to express my admiration for ,lady ,rochford4 ,she understands too well the practice of the ,utopian laws not to wish for the position of ,dean of the ,doctors of the ,university of ,oxford40 8,you are very complimentary and jocose1 sir10 replied ,lady ,rochford2 8and if you wish it1 ,i will introduce you to one who will be personally necessary if you should ever aspire to fill a position in that kingdom4 ,you must know1 however1 that their wise law-giver1 ,utopia1 while he accorded to each one liberty of conscience1 confined that liberty within legitimate and righteous bounds1 in order to prevent the promulgation of the pernicious doctrines of pretended philosophers1 who endeavor to debase the dignity of our exalted human nature2 he also severely condemned every opinion tending to degenerate into pure materialism1 or1 what is more deplorable still1 veritable atheism4 ,the ,utopians were taught to believe in the reality of a future state1 and in future rewards and punishments4 ,they detested and denounced all who presumed to deny these truths1 and1 far from admitting them to the rank of citizens1 they refused even to class among men those who debased themselves to the abject condition of vile animals4 #8,what1' they asked1 #8can be done with a creature devoid of principle and without faith1 whose only restraint is fear of punishment1 who without that fear would violate every law and trample under foot those wise rules and regulations which alone constitute the bulwark of social order and happiness8 ,what confidence can be reposed in an individual purely sensual1 living without morals and without hope1 recognizing no obligation but to himself alone2 who limits his happiness to the present moment2 whose ,god is his body2 whose law1 his own pleasures and passions1 in the gratification of which he is at all times ready to proceed to the extremity of crime1 provided he can find means of escaping the vigilant eye of justice1 and be a villain with impunity8 ,such infamous characters are of course excluded from all participation in municipal affairs1 and all positions of honor and public trust2 they are veritable automatons1 abandoned to the 8error of their ways10 wretched1 wandering 8cumberers of the earth0 on which they live6' ,you perceive1 ,sir ,cromwell10 continued ,lady ,rochford ironically1 8that my profound knowledge and retentive memory may prove very useful to you1 should you ever arrive at the ,utopian ,isle1 for you must be convinced that your own opinions would meet with very little favor in that country40 ,cromwell1 humiliated to the last degree1 vainly endeavored to reply with his usual audacity and spirit4 ,finding all efforts to recover his self-possession impossible1 he stammered forth a few incoherent words1 and hastily took his leave4 ,the desire of winning the approbation of ,anne ,boleyn at the expense of her sister-in-law had caused him to commit a great blunder1 and he received nothing in return to remove the caustic arrows from his humiliated and deeply wounded spirit4 ,extremely brilliant and animated in conversation1 ,lady ,rochford was accustomed to 8having the laugh entirely on her own side10 which1 knowing so very well1 ,anne had pretended not to understand the conversation1 although the remarks had been so very piquant4 ,as soon as he had retired ,cromwell became the subject of conversation1 and ,anne timidly1 and with no little hesitation1 ventured to remonstrate with her sister-in-law1 expressing her regret that the conversation should have been made so personal1 as she liked ,cromwell very much4 8,and that is just what you are wrong in doing10 replied ,lady ,rochford2 8for he is a deceitful and dangerous man6 ,he pretends to be extremely devoted to you1 but it is only because he believes he can make you useful to himself2 and he is full of avarice and ambition4 ,this you will discover when it is perhaps too late1 and ,i advise you to reflect seriously on the subject4 ,it is so cruel to be mistaken in the choice of a friend that1 truly1 the surer and better way would seem to be1 to form no friendships at all6 ,there are so few1 so very few1 whose affections are pure and disinterested1 that they scarcely ever withstand the ordeal of misfortune1 or the loss of those extraneous advantages with which they found us surrounded40 8,you speak like a book1 my dear sister10 cried ,lady ,boleyn1 laughing aloud2 8just like a book that has been sent me from ,france1 with such beautiful silver clasps40 ,saying this1 she ran to fetch the book1 which she had opened that evening in the middle1 not having sufficient curiosity to examine the title or inquire the name of the author of the volume4 ,she opened it naturally at the same place1 and read what follows1 which was1 as far as could be discovered1 the fragment of a letter3 8,you ask me for the definition of a friend6 ,in reply1 ,i am compelled to declare that the term has become so vague and so obscure1 it has been used in so many senses1 and applied to so many persons1 ,i shall first be obliged to give you a description of what is called a friend in the world--a title equivalent1 in my estimation1 to the most complete indifference1 intermingled at the same time with no insignificant degree of envy and jealousy4 ,for instance1 ,i hear ,m4 de ,clves speaking of his friend ,m4 ,joyeuse1 and he remarks simply3 #8,i know more about him than anybody else2 ,i have been his most intimate friend for a great many years2 he is meanly avaricious--,i have reproached him for it a hundred times4' ,a little further on1 and ,i hear the great ,prof4 de ,chaumont exclaim1 #8,valentino d',alsinois is a most charming woman2 everybody is devoted to her4 ,but this popularity cannot last long--she is full of vanity2 intolerably conceited and silly2 it really amuses me6' ,i go on still further1 and meet a friend who takes me enthusiastically by both hands3 #8,oh6 ,i expected a visit from you yesterday1 and was quite in despair that you did not come6 ,you know how delighted ,i always am to see you1 and how highly ,i appreciate your visits6' ,but ,i happen to have very keen eyes1 and an ear extremely acute and delicate2 and ,i distinctly heard her whisper to her friend as ,i approached them1 #8,how fortunate ,i have been to escape this visit6' ,what a change6 ,i did not think it could last long4 ,well1 with friends like these you will find the world crowded2 they will obstruct1 so to speak1 every hour of your life2 but it is rare indeed to encounter one who is true and loyal1 a friend of the heart6 ,a man truly virtuous3 and sincerely religious is alone capable of comprehending and loving with pure and exalted friendship4 ,a man of the world1 on the contrary1 accustomed to refer everything to himself1 and consulting his own desires1 becomes his own idol1 and on the altar of self offers up the only sincere worship of which his sordid soul is capable4 ,and you will find he will always end by sacrificing to his own interests and passions the dearest interests of the being who confided in his friendship4 8,but with the sincere and earnest friend1 love and gratitude are necessities of his nature2 they constitute the unbroken chain which links all pure and reasonable friendship4 ,he will assist his friend in all emergencies1 for he has assumed in a manner even his responsibilities4 ,he will never flatter2 his counsel and advice1 on the contrary1 may be severely administered1 because it is impossible to be happy without being virtuous1 and the happiness of his friend is as dear to him as his own4 ,he is ready to sacrifice his own interests to those of his friend1 and none would dare attack his friend's reputation in his presence2 for they know he will defend and sustain him under all circumstances1 sympathizing in his misfortunes1 mingling tears with his tears--in a word1 that it is another self whom they would presume to attack4 8,death itself cannot dissolve the ties of such an affection--the soul1 nearer to ,god1 will continue to implore unceasingly for him the divine benediction4 ,oh6 what joy1 what happiness1 to participate in a friendship so pure and exalted6 ,he who can claim one such friend possesses a source of unbounded joy1 and an inexhaustible consolation of which cruel adversity can never deprive him4 ,if prosperity dazzles him with its dangerous splendor1 if sorrow pierce him with her dart1 if melancholy annihilate the life of his soul1 then ever near him abides this friend1 like a precious gift which ,god alone had power to bestow60 99 99 99 99 99 ,queen ,catherine was walking in that portion of the vast grounds of ,greenwich called the ,queen's ,garden1 which in happier days had often been her favorite retreat4 ,jets of limpid water 7conveyed by means of pipes through the grounds7 burst in every direction1 and then fell in silvery showers among the lovely parterres of flowers1 and covered the green velvet turf with a glittering veil of diamond-like spray4 ,on the bosom of the murmuring waters floated myriads of leaves and flowers1 flung with gentle hand by the wooing breeze1 while thousands of gold fishes sported amid their crystal depths4 ,the eye of the stranger was at once arrested and ravished by these marvels of nature and art1 admiring the power and riches thus united2 but the queen1 with slow and painful steps1 only sought this solitude for liberty there to indulge her tears in silence and oblivion4 ,at no great distance ,mary1 full of joy1 engaged in the sportive plays of the ladies of the queen4 ,a golden insect or a brilliant butterfly was the only conquest to which she aspired4 ,gaily flitting from place to place1 with step so light that her little feet scarcely impressed the delicate white sand covering the walks1 her shouts of expectation and happiness were still powerless to rejoice the maternal heart4 ,catherine hastily withdrew from the scene4 ,fatigued and worn with suffering1 she regarded with painful indifference all that surrounded her4 ,in the meantime one of the gardeners advanced towards her and presented a bouquet4 8,give it10 said she1 8to one of my ladies40 ,and she turned away2 but the gardener would not withdraw4 8,the queen does not recognize me10 he said at length in a low voice4 8,ah6 ,more10 exclaimed ,catherine1 greatly agitated4 8,friend always faithful6 ,but why expose yourself thus to serve me8 ,go on4 ,i will follow60 ,and ,catherine continued her walk until she reached a wide and extended avenue planted with venerable old lindens4 8,more10 she exclaimed1 trembling with fear1 yet still indulging a slight hope1 8what have you to tell me8 ,speak1 oh6 speak quickly6 ,i fear we may be observed2 every step of mine is watched40 8,madam10 cried ,more1 8a general peace has been concluded4 ,the emperor's difficulty with the ,holy ,see is ended2 he consents to surrender all the conquered territory originally belonging to the ,ecclesiastical ,states4 ,he binds himself to re-establish the dominion of the ,medici in ,florence2 he abandons ,sforza1 leaving the ,pope absolute master of the destiny of that prince and the sovereignty of the ,milanese4 ,urged on by these concessions1 the two princesses cut short their negotiations1 and the treaty between ,france and ,austria was concluded immediately4 ,your appeal and protestation have been despatched1 and conveyed safely out of the kingdom4 ,the messenger to whom they were entrusted was most rigorously searched1 but the papers were so securely and adroitly concealed they were not discovered4 ,they were carried to ,antwerp by ,peter ,gilles1 the #8friend of my heart1' and from thence he despatched them to ,rome4 ,hope1 therefore hope2 let us all hope60 8,ah6 ,more10 replied the queen1 who had listened with deep anxiety1 8would that ,i were able to acknowledge your services as ,i appreciate them4 ,your friendship has been my only consolation4 ,but ,i know not why it is1 hope every day grows more and more faint in my heart4 ,and so utterly insensible to joy have ,i become that it seems now ,i am incapable of aught but suffering1 and that for me ,i fear greater sorrow is to be added40 8,what do you say1 madam80 replied ,more4 8,how sadly discouraging and painful to your servants to hear such reflections from you at the very moment when everything becomes favorable to your cause4 ,the emperor will use his influence at the court of ,rome1 and ,francis1 between the two allies1 will at least be forced to remain neutral40 8,what were the conditions of the ,treaty of ,cambrai80 asked the queen4 8,they were very hard and exacting10 replied ,more4 8,the king of ,france entirely renounces his pretensions to ,burgundy and ,italy2 thus nine years of war1 the battle of ,pavia1 and a humiliating captivity1 become of no avail4 ,he sacrifices all1 even his allies4 ,fearing to add to these harsh conditions the reconciliation of their interests1 he abandoned to the mercy of the emperor1 without the slightest stipulation1 the ,venetians1 the ,florentines1 the ,duke of ,ferrara1 and the ,neapolitan barons who were attached to his arms40 8,what a cruel error60 exclaimed the queen4 8,the prince has surely forgotten that even in political and state affairs1 he who once sacrifices his friends cannot hope to recall them ever again to his support4 ,it is very evident that he has not more prudent nor wise counsellors in his cabinet than skilful and accomplished generals in the field4 ,who now among them all can be compared with ,pescaire1 ,anthony de ,lve1 or the ,prince of ,orange80 8,he might have had them1 madam1 if his own negligence and the wickedness of his courtiers had not alienated and driven them away4 ,the ,constable of ,bourbon1 ,moran1 and ,doria would have powerfully counterbalanced the talents and influence of the chiefs you have just named1 had the king of ,france engaged them in his own cause1 instead of having to encounter them in the ranks of his enemies4 ,his undaunted courage and personal valor1 however1 have alone caused the unequal and hopeless contest to be so long continued40 8,and what does your king say of these affairs80 asked the queen1 anxiously4 8,alas6 madam1 he seems but little satisfied10 responded ,more1 hesitating4 8,that is just as ,i suspected10 replied the queen4 8,yes1 it is because he foresees new obstacles to the unjust divorce he is prosecuting with so much ardor4 ,o ,more60 she continued1 bursting into tears1 8what have ,i done to merit such cruel treatment8 ,when ,i look back on the happy years of my youth1 the years when he loved me so tenderly2 when ,i recall the devoted and affectionate demonstrations of those days1 and compare them with the actual rudeness and severity of the present1 my bleeding heart is crushed by this sorrow6 ,what have ,i done1 ,more1 to lose thus so suddenly and entirely my husband's affection8 ,it is true1 the freshness of my early youth has faded1 but was it to such ephemeral advantages alone ,i owed his devotion8 ,can a marriage be contracted by a man with the intention of dissolving it as soon as the personal attractions1 the youthful charms1 of his wife have faded8 ,oh6 it seems to me it should be just the contrary1 and that the hour of affliction should only call forth deeper proofs of affection4 ,no1 ,more1 no6 neither you nor any other of my friends will be able to accomplish anything for me4 ,i feel that my life is rapidly ebbing away2 that my spirit is crushed and broken for ever4 ,for admitting1 even1 that ,henry will not be successful in his attempt to sever the sacred bonds of our union1 what happiness could ,i ever hope to enjoy near one to whom ,i had become an object of aversion--who would behold in me only an invincible obstacle to his will and the gratification of his criminal and disorderly passions80 8,alas6 madam10 replied ,more1 8we are all grieved at the contemplation of the great affliction by which you are overwhelmed1 and how much do we wish the expression of our sympathy and devotion had power to relieve you4 ,but remember the ,princess of ,wales--you will surely never cease to defend her rights40 8,never1 never60 exclaimed the queen passionately4 8,that is the sole inducement ,i have once more to arouse myself--it sustains my courage and animates my resolution1 when health and spirits both fail4 ,o ,more6 could you but know all that passes in the depths of my soul2 could you but realize1 for one moment1 the anguish and agony1 the deep interior humiliation1 into which ,i am plunged6 ,oh6 fatal and for ever unfortunate day when ,i left my country and the royal house of my father6 ,why was ,i not born in obscurity8 ,would not my life then have passed quietly and without regret8 ,far from the tumult of the world and the clat of thrones1 ,i should have been extremely happy4 ,now ,i am dying broken-hearted and unknown40 8,is it really yourself1 madam10 answered ,more1 8who thus gives way to such weakness8 ,truly1 it is unworthy of your rank1 and still more of your virtues4 ,when adversity overtakes us1 we should summon all our courage and resolution4 ,you are our queen1 and you should remember your daughter is born sovereign of this realm1 beneath whose soil our buried forefathers sleep4 ,no1 no6 ,heaven will never permit the blood of such a race to be sullied by that of an ambitious and degraded woman4 ,that noble race will triumph1 be assured of it2 and in that triumph the honor of our country will shine forth with renewed glory and splendor4 ,i swear it by my head1 and hope it in my heart60 ,as he said these words1 footsteps were heard1 and ,catherine perceived the king coming towards them4 ,she turned instantly pale1 but1 remaining calm in the dangerous crisis1 made a sign for ,more to withdraw4 ,the king immediately approached her1 and1 observing with heartless indifference the traces of recent tears on her cheek1 exclaimed3 8,always in tears60 ,then1 assuming a playful manner1 he continued3 8,come1 ,kate1 you must confess that you are always singularly sad and depressed1 and the walls of a convent would suit you much better than this beautiful garden4 ,you have in your hand a fine bouquet2 ,i see at least you still love flowers40 8,i do indeed10 replied the queen1 with a deep sigh4 8,well10 said ,henry1 8,i do not mean to reproach you1 but it would be advisable not to hold those roses so close to your cheek2 the contrast might be unfavorable--is it not so1 my old ,kate8 ,have you seen the falcons just sent me from ,scotland8 ,they are of a very rare species1 and trained to perfection4 ,i am going out now to try them40 8,i wish your majesty a pleasant morning10 answered the queen4 8,adieu1 ,kate10 he continued1 proceeding on his way1 and giving in the exuberance of his spirits a flourish with his trumpet4 ,very soon the notes of the hunting-horns announced his arrival in the outer courtyard4 ,he found there assembled a crowd of lords and pages1 followed by falconers1 carrying the new birds on their wrists4 ,these birds were fettered1 and wore on their heads little leathern hoods1 which were to be removed at the moment they mounted in the air in search of their accustomed prey4 ,in a very short time the party rode off1 and ,catherine thoughtfully entered the palace1 thinking it was a long time since the king had shown himself so indulgent and gracious towards her4 99 99 99 99 99 8,are you well assured of the truth of these statements80 said the king1 returning ,cromwell a letter he had just read4 8,no6 ,i will not believe it10 he cried1 stamping his foot violently on the richly-tessellated floor of his cabinet4 8,i certainly hoped to have gained the legate over40 8,but your majesty may no longer indulge in this illusion10 replied ,cromwell1 who stood before the king in an attitude the most humble and servile possible to assume4 8,you are furnished with incontrovertible proof2 ,campeggio1 in order to escape your imperious commands1 urges the ,pope to evoke the trial to his own tribunal4 ,of this there is no doubt1 for this copy of his letter ,i received from the hand of his confidential secretary40 8,you are very adroit1 sir10 replied the king1 haughtily4 8,later1 ,i will consider the manner of rewarding you4 ,but ,i declare to you your patron is on the brink of ruin4 ,i shall never pardon him for permitting that protest and appeal of the queen to reach ,rome40 8,that was truly an unfortunate affair10 replied ,cromwell2 8but it was perhaps not the fault of my lord1 ,cardinal ,wolsey40 8,whose fault was it then80 demanded ,henry in the imperious tone he used to disconcert this spy whenever his reports displeased him4 8,the queen has friends10 replied ,cromwell1 whilst on his thin1 colorless lips hovered a false and treacherous smile1 worthy of the wicked instinct that prompted and directed all his suspicions1 and made him foresee the surest plan of injuring those whom he envied or destroying those whose reputation he intended to attack4 8,and who are they80 demanded the king1 his ill-humor increasing with the reflection4 8,why do you not name them1 sir80 8,well1 for instance1 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 whom your ,majesty loads with favors and distinctions1 the ,bishop of ,rochester1 the ,duke of ,norfolk1 and the4'''0 8,you will soon accuse my entire court1 and each one of my servants in particular10 cried the king2 8and in order still more to exasperate and astound me1 you have taken particular pains to select and name those whom ,i most esteem1 and who have always given me the sincerest proofs of their devoted affection4 ,go60 he suddenly cried in a furious tone2 and he fell into one of those wild transports of rage that frequently attacked him when his will clashed against obstacles which he foresaw he could neither surmount nor destroy4 ,he often passed entire days absorbed in these moods of violence1 shut up in his own apartments1 suffering none to speak to or approach him nor on any account to attempt to divert him4 ,abashed and alarmed1 ,cromwell hastily withdrew1 stammering the most humble apologies1 none of which1 however1 reached the ear of ,henry ,,viii41 who1 on returning to his chamber1 raving in a demoniacal manner1 exclaimed3 8,vile slaves6 you shall be taught to know and to respect my power4 ,i will make you sorely repent the hour you have dared to oppose me60 ,just as he had uttered this threatening exclamation1 ,cardinal ,wolsey appeared4 ,he could not have chosen a more inauspicious moment4 ,the instant he beheld him1 the king1 glaring on him with flashing eyes1 cried out3 8,traitor6 what has brought you here8 ,do you know the ambassadors of ,charles and ,ferdinand1 fortified by the queen's appeal and protest1 have overthrown all ,i had accomplished at ,rome with so much precaution and difficulty8 ,why have you not foreseen these contingencies1 and known that the ,pope would prove inflexible8 ,why have you not advised me against undertaking an almost impossible thing1 which will sully the honor of my name and obscure for all time the glory of my reign40 8,stop1 sire10 replied ,wolsey2 8,i do not deserve these cruel reproaches4 ,you can readily recall how earnestly ,i endeavored to dissuade you from your purpose1 but all my efforts were vain40 8,it is false60 cried the king1 giving vent to his rage in the most shocking and violent expressions he could command1 to inflict upon his minister4 8,and now10 he continued1 8remember well1 if you fail to extort from your legate such a decision as ,i require1 you shall speedily be taught what it is to deride my commands40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sun had scarcely risen above the horizon when already ,cardinal ,campeggio 7whose age and infirmities had not changed the long habits of an austere and laborious life7 was silently kneeling in the midst of the choir of the palace chapel4 ,the velvet cushions of his prie-dieu protected him from the cold marble of the sacred pavement1 while the rays of the rising sun1 descending in luminous jets through the arches of the antique windows1 fell on the head of the venerable old man1 giving him the appearance of being surrounded by a halo of celestial light4 ,his eyes were cast down1 and he seemed to be entirely absorbed in pious and profound meditation4 ,other thoughts1 however1 intruded on his agitated mind1 and filled him with anxious apprehension4 8,the hour rapidly approaches10 he mentally exclaimed--8the hour when it will be essential to come to a decision4 ,i have still hoped to receive a reply--it has not yet arrived4 ,i alone am made responsible1 and doubtless the wrath of the king will burst upon my head4 ,his vengeance will be terrible4 ,more than once already he has taken occasion to manifest it4 ,what cruel incertitude6 ,what dreadful suspense6 ,yet what shall be done8 ,speak6 ,o my conscience60 he exclaimed1 8let me listen1 and be guided by thy voice alone60 8,despise the power of the king who demands of thee an injustice10 immediately replied that faithful monitor whose stern and inflexible voice will be summoned to testify against us at the last judgment4 8,sayest thou1 thou art afraid8 ,then thou hast forgotten that the last even of those gray hairs still remaining to thee cannot fall without the permission of him who created the universe4 ,know that the anger of man is but as a vain report--a sound that vanishes in space2 and that ,god permits thee not to hesitate for one instant1 ,o judge6 when the cause of the feeble and the innocent claims all the strength of thy protection40 ,irrevocably decided1 ,campeggio continued his prayer1 and waited without further apprehension the decisive moment1 so rapidly approaching4 ,in the meantime1 another cardinal1 ,wolsey1 in great anguish of mind1 contemplated with terror the approaching day when he would be compelled to decide the fate of the queen4 ,weary after passing a sleepless night1 spent in reflecting on the punishment threatening him if the will of the king was not accomplished1 he had scarcely closed his eyes when a troop of valets entered the chamber to assist at his toilet4 ,they brought his richest vestments1 with all the insignia of his elevated rank4 ,wolsey regarded them with a feeling of terror4 ,and when they presented him the ivory rod which the high-chancellor is alone empowered to carry1 he seized it with convulsive eagerness1 grasping it in his hand1 as though he feared they would tear it from him2 and with that fear the reflection overshadowed his soul that yesterday he had made a last effort to ascertain and influence the decision of the legate1 without being able to succeed6 ,followed by his pages and gentlemen1 and still harassed by these misgivings1 he arrived at ,blackfriars1 where the court awaited him4 ,the assembly of cardinals arose deferentially as he entered1 though all remarked with astonishment the pallor of his countenance and his extreme embarrassment of manner1 so invariably composed and assured4 ,a portion of this visible restraint was communicated to the assembly1 on learning that the king himself had arrived1 and was resolved to sit in the adjoining apartment1 where he could see and hear the entire proceedings4 ,dr4 ,bell1 his advocate1 after a long preamble1 began a discourse1 and during its delivery hurried exclamations and hasty comments were constantly indulged in by the excited assembly1 so different in their hopes1 desires1 and opinions4 8,o ,rochester10 cried ,more1 invested with the grand official robes of the king's exchequer1 8do you think this man will succeed with his arguments in carrying the crown by storm80 8,no1 no10 replied ,rochester1 8and especially as he wishes to place it upon such a head40 8,but listen1 listen60 exclaimed ,more1 8he declares the brief of dispensation to have been a fraud40 8,ah6 what notorious bad faith60 murmured the bishop4 8,what answer can they make to that80 said ,viscount ,rochford1 in another part of the hall1 addressing the lords belonging to ,anne ,boleyn's party4 8,it is certainly encouraging2 we cannot doubt of our success now40 ,but at length the arguments1 principally dictated by ,henry himself1 were closed2 his advocate demanding1 in the most haughty and authoritative manner1 that a decision should at once be rendered1 and that it should be as favorable as it was prompt4 ,the king during this time1 in a state of great excitement1 paced to and fro before the entrance of the hall1 the door being left open by every one in passing1 as if he were afraid to close it behind him4 ,he surveyed from time to time1 with a glance of stern1 penetrating scrutiny1 the assembly before him1 each member of which tried to conceal his true sentiments--some because they were secretly attached to the queen1 others through fear that the cause of ,anne ,boleyn might ultimately triumph4 ,when the advocate had finished his discourse1 each one sat in breathless suspense anxiously waiting the queen's reply2 but not recognizing the authority or legality of the tribunal1 she had refused to accept counsel1 and no one consequently appeared to defend her4 ,profound silence reigned throughout the assembly1 and all eyes were turned toward ,campeggio1 who arose and stood ready to speak4 ,the venerable old man1 calm and dignified1 in a mild but firm and decided tone began3 8,you ask1 or rather you demand10 he said1 8that we pronounce a decision which it would be impossible for us in justice to render40 ,here1 on seeing the king turn abruptly around and confront him1 he paused1 looking steadily at him4 8,knowing that the defendant hath challenged this court1 and refused to recognize in our persons loyal and disinterested judges1 ,i have considered it my duty1 in order to avoid error1 to submit every part of the proceedings of this council to the tribunal of the ,sovereign ,pontiff2 and we shall be compelled to await his decision before rendering judgment or proceeding further4 ,for myself individually1 ,i will furthermore affirm1 that ,i am here to render justice--strict1 entire1 and impartial justice1 and no earthly power can induce me to deviate from the course ,i have adopted or the resolutions ,i have taken2 and ,i boldly declare that ,i am too old1 too feeble1 and too ill to desire the favor or fear the resentment of any living being40 ,here he sat down1 visibly agitated4 ,had a thunderbolt fallen in the midst of the assembly1 the tumult and astonishment could not have been greater4 ,anger1 joy1 fear1 hope--all hearts were agitated by the most contradictory emotions2 while nothing was heard but the deep murmur of voices1 the noise of unintelligible words1 as they crossed and clashed in an endless diversity of tones4 ,the ,duke of ,suffolk1 brother-in-law of the king1 cried out1 beating his fists violently on the table before him1 with the gross impetuosity of an upstart soldier1 that the old adage had again been verified2 8,never did a cardinal do any good in ,england40 ,and with flashing eyes and furious gestures he pointed to ,cardinal ,wolsey4 ,the cardinal at once comprehended his danger1 but found it impossible not to resent the insult4 ,he arose1 pale with anger1 and with forced calmness replied that the duke1 of all living men1 had the least cause to depreciate cardinals4 ,for1 notwithstanding he had himself been a very insignificant cardinal1 yet1 if he had not held the office1 the ,duke of ,suffolk would not this day actually carry his head on big shoulders4 8,and you would not now10 he added1 8be here to exhibit the ostentatious disdain you have manifested toward those who have never given you cause of offence4 ,if you were1 my lord1 an ambassador of the king to some foreign power1 you would surely not venture to decide important questions without first consulting your sovereign4 ,we also are commissioners1 and we have no power to pronounce judgment1 without first consulting those from whom we derive our authority2 we can do neither more nor less than our commissions permit4 ,calm yourself1 then1 my lord1 and no more address1 in this insulting manner1 your best friend4 ,you very well know all ,i have done for you1 and you must also acknowledge that on no occasion have ,i ever referred to your obligations before40 ,but the ,duke of ,suffolk heard nothing of the last words uttered by ,wolsey4 ,exasperated beyond measure1 he abruptly turned his back on the cardinal and went to join the king in the next apartment4 ,he found the latter in the act of retiring1 being no longer able to restrain his wrath within bounds2 and as his courtiers entered and stood regarding him with a look of hesitation he went out1 commanding them in a fierce tone and with an imperious gesture to follow him immediately4 ,meanwhile1 in the council chamber the utmost confusion prevailed4 8,god be praised60 cried ,sir ,thomas ,more1 who in the simplicity of his heart and the excess of his joy was incapable of dissimulation or concealment4 8,god be praised6 ,our queen is still queen2 and may she ever triumph thus over all her enemies60 ,ensconced in the deep embrasure of a window stood ,cromwell1 a silent observer of the scene2 not permitting a word to escape him1 but gathering up every sentence with keen avidity1 and cherishing it in his envious and malicious memory4 ,he found himself1 nevertheless1 in a precarious and embarrassing situation4 ,foreseeing the downfall and disgrace of ,wolsey1 he had sought to make friends by betraying his benefactor4 ,but the king treated him with indignant scorn1 ,viscount ,rochford with supreme contempt1 and he strongly suspected he had prejudiced his sister1 ,anne ,boleyn1 also against him4 ,anxious and alarmed1 he at once determined to begin weaving a new web of intrigue1 and instantly cast about him to discover what hope remained1 or what results the future might possibly bring forth from the discord and difficulties reigning in the present4 ,when selfish1 corrupt creatures like ,cromwell find themselves surrounded by great and important events1 they at once assume to become identified with the dearest interests of the community in which they live1 without however in reality being in the slightest degree affected1 unless through their own interests--seeking always themselves1 and themselves alone4 ,thus this heartless man1 this shameful leprosy of the social body that had nurtured him1 regarding the whole world entirely with reference to his own selfish designs1 coolly speculated upon his premeditated crimes1 revolving in his mind a thousand projects of aggrandizement1 which he ultimately succeeded in bringing to a culpable but thoroughly successful termination4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the night had already come1 yet all were in a state of commotion in the household of the ,french ambassador1 in consequence of ,william du ,bellay1 his brother1 having at a late hour received a few hasty lines from the bishop1 written in the midst of the assembly at ,blackfriars1 commanding him to hold himself in readiness to depart4 ,the young envoy1 at once obeying orders1 assumed his travelling costume1 and had scarcely more than attended to the last instructions of his brother when the latter made his appearance4 8,well1 brother10 he exclaimed on entering the chamber1 8all is over4 ,are you ready to set out80 he continued1 hurriedly surveying his brother's travelling attire4 8,the king is furiously enraged--first against the legate1 then against ,wolsey4 ,but ,campeggio has displayed an extraordinary degree of firmness and courage4 ,after he had refused to pronounce the decision1 and just as the king was retiring1 the expected courier arrived with instructions from ,rome4 ,the queen's protestation has been received1 and the ,pope1 dissolving the council1 revokes the commissioners' authority1 and requires the case to be brought before his own tribunal4 ,the adherents of ,catherine1 as you may suppose1 are wild with delight--the people throng the streets1 shouting #8,long live the queen6' ,our gracious king1 ,francis ,i41 will be in despair40 8,well10 replied ,william1 8,i am satisfied1 for ,i am in favor of the queen4 ,and now1 between ourselves1 my dear brother1 laying all diplomacy aside--for we are alone1 and these walls have no ears--,i know as well as you that it matters not to our king whether the wife of ,henry ,,viii4 be named ,anne or ,catherine4 8,and yet1 after all1 it may be the name of this new ,helen will become the signal for war10 replied the bishop4 8,you forget that in marrying ,anne ,boleyn ,henry will be compelled to seek an alliance with ,france1 in order to resist the opposition of the ,emperor ,charles ,v42 and as for ourselves1 we have use for the five thousand crowns he has promised to assist us in paying the ransom of the children of ,france4 ,this family quarrel can be arranged so entirely to our advantage that it would really be a misfortune should it come to a sudden termination4 ,i hope1 however1 such may not be the result40 8,you are right1 brother10 said ,du ,bellay1 laughing4 8,i see ,i have too much heart to make a skilful diplomatist4 ,i have already let myself become ensnared1 you perceive1 and drawn over to the cause of this ,queen ,catherine4 ,but it is nevertheless a veritable fact1 while families are engaged in disputing among themselves1 they generally leave their neighbors in peace4 ,it would seem1 however1 the king must have become a madman or a fool1 thus to ignore kindred1 allies1 fortune1 and kingdom--all for this ,lady ,anne40 8,yes1 much more than a madman10 replied his brother1 phlegmatically2 8after he has married her1 he will be cured of his insanity4 ,but come1 now1 let us leave ,lady ,anne and her affairs4 ,you must know that immediately after the adjournment of the cardinals1 the king sent for me4 ,i found him terribly excited1 walking rapidly up and down the great hall formerly used as a chapter-room by the monks4 ,wolsey alone was with him1 standing near the abbot's great arm-chair1 and wearing an air of consternation4 ,the instant he saw me approaching1 he cried out1 #8,come1 come1 my lord1 the king wishes to have your advice on the subject we are now discussing4' ,and ,i at once perceived my presence was a great relief to him4 8,the king spoke immediately1 while his eyes flashed fire4 #8,m4 du ,bellay1' he exclaimed1 #8,campeggio shall be punished6--yes1 punished6 ,parliament shall bring him to trial6 ,i will never submit to defeat in this matter4 ,i will show the ,pope that he has underrated both my will and my power4' 8#8,sire1' ,i answered1 #8after mature reflection1 it seems to me it would be a mistaken policy in your majesty to resort to such violent measures4 ,nothing has yet been decided1 and the case is by no means hopeless2 the wisest course would therefore be to restrain all manifestation of displeasure toward ,campeggio4 ,what advantage could you possibly gain by insulting or ill-treating an old man whom you have invited into your kingdom1 or how could you then expect to obtain a favorable decision from the ,holy ,see8' 8,delighted to hear me express such opinions1 ,wolsey eagerly caught at my words1 declaring he agreed with me entirely4 ,he also advised that the doctors of the ,french and ,german universities should be consulted1 opinions favorable to the divorce obtained from them1 and afterwards this high authority brought to bear upon the decision of the court of ,rome4 8#8,what do you think of that8' demanded the king of me4 #8,as for ,his ,eminence ,monseigneur ,wolsey1' he added1 in a tone of cruel contempt1 his counsels have already led me into so many difficulties1 or proved so worthless1 ,i shall not trouble him for any further advice4' ,and he abruptly turned his back on the cardinal4 8,a tear rolled slowly down ,wolsey's hollow cheek1 but he made no reply4 ,i at once assured the king that ,i thought1 on the contrary1 the cardinal's advice was most excellent1 and doubted not our king1 and his honored mother1 ,madame ,louise1 might be induced to use their influence in order to secure him the suffrages of the ,university of ,paris4 ,whereupon he appeared very much pleased with me1 and bowed me out in the most gracious manner imaginable4 8,report all these things faithfully to your master2 tell him ,i fear the downfall of ,wolsey is inevitable2 he is equally disliked by the queen's adherents and those of ,anne ,boleyn1 and ,i have every reason for believing he will never again be reinstated in the king's favor4 ,you will also say to him he need not be astonished that ,i so often send him despatches by express1 as ,cardinal ,wolsey informs me confidentially that the ,duke of ,suffolk has his emissaries bribed to open all packages of letters sent by post1 and that one addressed to me has been miscarried2 which circumstance troubles me very much40 8,i will also inform my master10 replied ,william1 8that the ,picardy routes are so badly managed1 the gentlemen and couriers he sends are constantly detained and kept a considerable time on the journey4 ,i have complained recently to the authorities themselves1 who assure me that their salaries are not paid1 and consequently they are unable to keep the routes in better condition40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sun descended toward the horizon4 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 seated on a terrace of his mansion at ,chelsea1 sought temporary quiet and repose from the oppressive burdens of a life every hour of which was devoted to the service of his king and country4 ,his young children formed a joyous group around him1 their flaxen heads crowned with blades of wheat and wild flowers they had gathered in the fields1 for it was the golden time of harvest4 ,margaret1 assisted by ,william ,roper1 directed their games1 and was now trying to teach them a ,scotch dance1 marking the wild1 fantastical rhythm with the notes of her sweet1 melodious voice4 ,sir ,thomas himself had joined in their play1 when suddenly the king made his appearance4 ,he had many times already honored them with such visits since ,sir ,thomas became a member of the council1 having apparently conceived a great affection for him1 and every day seeming to become more and more pleased with his conversation4 8,i know not why it is10 he would often say1 8but when ,i have been for any length of time in conversation with ,more ,i experience a singular tranquillity of soul1 and indeed feel almost happy4 ,his presence has the magical effect of lulling my cares to sleep and calming my anxieties40 ,on seeing the king1 ,more immediately advanced with great deference to receive him1 while the children at once left off their sports4 8,why1 what is this80 he exclaimed2 8,i did not come to interrupt your amusements1 but on the contrary to enjoy them with you40 ,but the wild mirth and abandon of the children had fled at the approach of royalty1 and1 in spite of these kind assurances1 they withdrew in rapid succession1 too glad to recover their liberty1 and their father was thus left alone with the king4 8,who is the young man ,i see here80 inquired the sovereign4 8,he is the affianced husband of my daughter1 sire2 his name is ,william ,roper10 answered ,more4 8,what6 is she affianced already80 said the king4 8,yes1 sire2 the family of ,roper has for many years been united to ours by the sincerest ties of friendship1 and1 strengthening these by ties of blood1 we hope greatly to increase our mutual happiness40 8,that is so10 replied the king4 8,and they will doubtless be happy4 ,in your families you preserve liberty of choice1 while we princes1 born to thrones1 sacrifice our interior happiness to those political combinations demanded by the interests of our subjects40 8,but10 replied ,sir ,thomas--who understood at once the king's intention was to introduce the subject of his divorce1 a topic he especially wished to avoid--8,i believe that happiness depends on ourselves1 on our dispositions1 and the manner in which we conduct our affairs1 a great deal more than on circumstances1 or the social position in which we chance to be born4 ,there are some who1 possessing every advantage in life1 are still unable to enjoy it4 ,we would suppose them to be perfectly happy1 and they really should be so2 but true happiness consists alone in tranquillity of soul1 which is attained by always doing good to others1 and suffering with patient submission the trials and afflictions with which life is inevitably beset4 ,such1 it seems to me1 is the circumscribed circle in which man is confined2 it is well with him so long as he accommodates himself to its legitimate limits1 but all is lost the moment he endeavors to venture beyond it40 8,i am every day more entirely convinced that this figure of the circle is a painful reality10 replied the king1 with ill-concealed impatience4 8,i have always hoped to find happiness in the pursuit of pleasure--in the gratification of every desire--and believed it might thus be attained1 but never yet have ,i been able to grasp it40 8,which means1 your majesty expected to pass through the world without trials--a thing utterly impossible10 added ,more1 smiling4 8,it is that which makes me despair1 my dear ,thomas4 ,reflecting on the bitter disappointments ,i have experienced1 ,i am often almost transported with rage4 ,no1 ,more1 you can never understand me4 ,you are always equally calm and joyous4 ,your desires are so happily directed that you can feel well assured of a peaceful1 quiet future awaiting you40 8,your majesty is entirely mistaken10 replied ,more1 8if you believe ,i have never entertained other desires than those ,i have been able to accomplish4 ,the only secret ,i possess1 in that respect1 is1 ,i compel my inclinations to obey me1 instead of making my will subservient to them4 ,nevertheless1 they oftentimes rebel and contend bitterly for supremacy1 but then1 it is only necessary to command silence1 and not be disturbed by their cries and lamentations4 ,ultimately1 they become like refractory children1 who1 constantly punished and severely beaten1 at last are made to tremble at the very thought of the chastisement1 and no longer dare to revolt40 8,this explanation of your system of self-government is very ingenious10 replied the king2 8and hearing you speak in this quiet manner one would be induced to believe it were the easiest thing imaginable to accomplish1 rather than the most difficult4 ,ah60 he continued with a deep sigh1 8,i understand but too well how difficult40 8,it is true10 replied ,more with earnest simplicity1 8and ,i would not deny that1 far from being agreeable1 it is often1 on the contrary1 exceedingly painful and difficult for a man to impose these violent restraints upon his inclinations4 ,but if he who hesitates on all occasions in the practice of virtue to do this necessary violence to himself and remain faithful to the requirements of duty1 would reflect but for a single instant1 he will find that although at first he may escape suffering and privation by voluntarily abandoning himself to his passions1 yet1 later1 he will inevitably be made to endure a far more bitter humiliation in the torturing reproaches of conscience2 the shame he will suffer in the loss of self-respect and the respect of others2 and1 in the inevitable course of events1 he will at last discover that his passions have carried him far beyond the power of self-control or reformation60 8,let us banish these reflections1 my dear ,more10 exclaimed the king in a petulant tone1 passing his hand across his forehead2 8they distress me1 and ,i prefer a change of subject40 ,saying this he arose1 and1 putting his arm around ,sir ,thomas' neck1 they walked on together toward the extremity of the garden1 which terminated in an extensive and beautiful terrace1 at the foot of which flowed the waters of the ,thames4 ,the view was an extended one1 and the king amused himself watching the rapid movements of the little boats1 filled with fishermen1 rowing in every direction1 drawing in the nets1 which had been spread to dry on the reeds covering the banks of the river4 ,quantities of water-lilies1 blue flowers1 floating on their large brilliant green leaves1 intermingled with the dark bending heads of the reeds1 presenting to the distant observer the appearance of a beautiful variegated carpet of flowers4 8,what a charming scene60 said the king1 gazing at the prospect1 and pointing to a boat just approaching the opposite side of the river to land a troop of young villagers1 who with their bright steel sickles in hand were returning from the harvest fields4 8,and the graceful spire of your ,chelsea belfry1 gleaming in the distance through the light silvery clouds1 completes this charming landscape10 he added4 8,would it were possible to transport this view to the end of one of my drives in ,st4 ,james' ,park10 continued the king4 8,will it be very soon completed80 asked ,sir ,thomas1 at a loss what to say to his royal visitor4 8,i hope so10 replied ,henry languidly1 8but these architects are so very slow4 ,before going to ,grafton1 ,i gave them numerous orders on the subject40 8,your majesty has been quite pleased with your journey1 ,i believe10 replied ,sir ,thomas1 instantly reflecting what he should say next4 8,i should have been extremely well pleased10 he answered1 with a sudden impatience of manner1 8had ,wolsey not persisted so obstinately in following me4 ,i have been much too indulgent10 he continued sharply1 8infinitely too indulgent towards him1 and am now well convinced of the mistake ,i have made in retaining the slightest affection for a man who has so miserably deceived me4 ,what would you think1 ,more10 he continued1 his manner suddenly changing1 8if ,i appointed you in his place as lord chancellor80 ,and1 turning towards ,sir ,thomas1 he gazed fixedly in his eyes1 as if to read the inmost emotions of his soul4 8,what would ,i think80 answered ,more1 calmly--then adding with a careless smile1 8,i should think your majesty had done a very wrong thing1 and made a very bad choice40 8,well1 ,i believe ,i could not possibly make a better10 said the king1 emphasizing the last words4 8,but ,i have not come here to discuss business matters2 rather1 on the contrary1 to get rid of them4 ,come1 then1 entertain me with something more agreeable40 ,but the words designedly 7though with seeming unconcern7 uttered by the king cast a sudden gloom over the spirit of ,sir ,thomas he vainly endeavored to dispel4 8,sire1 your majesty is greatly mistaken in entertaining such an idea10 he said1 stammering and confused2 for1 with his sincere and truthful nature1 ,more under all circumstances resolutely looked to the end of everything in which he suspected the least dissimulation4 ,the king whirled round on his heel1 pretending not to hear him4 8,this is a beautiful rose10 he said1 stooping down1 8a very beautiful variety--come from the seed1 no doubt8 ,are you a gardener8 ,i am very fond of flowers4 ,oh6 my garden will be superb40 8,sire10 said ,more1 still pursuing his subject4 8,i must have a cutting of that rose--do you hear me1 ,more80 ,as he ran on in this manner1 to prevent ,sir ,thomas from speaking1 the silvery notes of a bell were heard1 filling the air with a sweet and prolonged vibrating sound4 8,what bell is that80 asked the king4 8,the bell of our chapel1 sire10 replied ,more1 8summoning us to evening prayers1 which we usually prefer saying all together4 ,but to-day1 your majesty having honored us with a visit1 there will be no obligation to answer the call40 8,by all means10 replied ,henry4 8,let me interfere with nothing4 ,it is almost night3 come4 ,we will return1 and ,i will join in your devotions40 ,sir ,thomas conducted him through the shrubbery towards the chapel1 a venerable structure in the ,anglo-,saxon style of architecture4 ,a thick undergrowth of briers1 brambles1 and wild shrubbery was matted and interlaced around the foundation of the building2 running vines clambered over the heavy arches of the antique windows1 and fell back in waving garlands upon the climbing branches from which they had sprung4 ,the walls1 of rough unhewn stone1 were thickly covered with moss and ivy1 giving the little structure an appearance of such antiquity that the most scrupulous antiquarian would have unhesitatingly referred its foundation to the time of ,king ,athelstan or his brother ,edmund4 ,the interior was adorned with extreme care and taste4 ,a bronze lamp1 suspended before the altar1 illuminated a statue of the ,holy ,virgin placed above it4 ,the children of ,sir ,thomas1 with the servants of his household1 were ranged in respectful silence behind the arm-chair of his aged father4 ,margaret knelt beside him with her prayer-book1 waiting to begin the devotions4 ,the touching voice of this young girl as she slowly repeated the sublime words--8,our ,father who art in heaven0--those words which men may so joyfully pronounce1 which teach us the exalted dignity of our being1 the grandeur of our origin and destiny--those sublime words penetrated the soul of the king with a profound and singular emotion4 8,what a happy family60 he exclaimed1 mentally4 8,nothing disturbs their harmony2 day after day passes without leaving a regret behind it4 ,why can ,i not join in this sweet prayer--why1 ,o my soul1 hast thou banished and forgotten it80 ,he turned from the contemplation of these youthful heads bowed before the ,mother of ,god1 and a wave of bitter remorse swept once again over his hardened1 hypocritical soul4 ,after the king had returned to his royal palace and the evening repast was ended1 ,william ,roper approached ,sir ,thomas and said3 8,you must consider yourself most fortunate1 my dear father1 in enjoying so intimately the favor of his majesty--why1 even ,cardinal ,wolsey cannot boast of being honored with such a degree of friendship and familiarity40 ,with a sad smile ,more1 taking the young man's hand1 replied3 8,know1 my son1 ,i can never be elated by it4 ,if this head1 around which he passed his royal arm so affectionately this evening1 could in falling pay the price of but one single inch of ,french territory1 he would1 without a moment's hesitation1 deliver it up to the executioner40 99 99 99 99 99 8,what acknowledgments do ,i not owe you1 madam10 said ,sir ,thomas ,cheney to ,lady ,anne ,boleyn1 8for the services you have rendered me4 ,but dare ,i hope for a full pardon from the king80 8,feel perfectly secure on that point10 replied ,lady ,anne4 8,he is convinced that ,wolsey had you banished from court because of your disagreement with ,cardinal ,campeggio1 and he considers you now one of his most faithful adherents40 8,and ,i hope1 madam1 to have the happiness of proving to you that ,i am none the less faithfully your servant10 replied ,sir ,thomas ,cheney4 8,you must admit now10 said ,lady ,anne1 addressing her father and brother1 the ,earl of ,wiltshire and the ,viscount ,rochford1 who were both present1 8that ,i succeed in doing what ,i undertake40 8,you succeed in what you undertake10 replied her father humorously1 8but you are a long time in deciding what to do4 ,for instance1 ,cardinal ,wolsey finds himself to-day occupying a position in which he has no right to be40 8,ah6 well1 he will not remain in it very long10 replied ,anne ,boleyn1 petulantly4 8,this morning the king told me the ladies would attend the chase to see the new falcons the king of ,france has sent him by ,monsieur de ,sansac4 ,i will talk to him1 and insist on his having nothing more to do with this horrid cardinal1 or ,i shall at once quit the court4 ,but10 she added1 pausing suddenly with an expression of extreme embarrassment1 8how should ,i answer were he to demand what his eminence ,monseigneur ,wolsey had ever done to me80 8,here1 sister1 here is your answer10 replied ,viscount ,rochford1 taking a large manuscript book from his father's portfolio4 8,take it and read for yourself2 you will find here all you would need for a reply40 8,that great book60 cried ,anne1 strongly opposed to this new commission1 and pouting like a spoilt child4 ,taking the book1 she read--skipping a great deal1 however--a minutely detailed statement1 formally accusing ,wolsey of having engaged in a secret correspondence with ,france1 and with the most adroit malice misrepresenting every act of his administration as well as of his private life4 8,what6 can all this be true80 cried ,anne ,boleyn1 closing the book4 8,certainly true10 replied ,rochford4 8,and furthermore1 you should know1 the cardinal1 in order to reward ,campeggio for the good services he has rendered you1 has persuaded the king to send him home loaded with rich presents1 to conciliate the ,pope1 he says1 by his filial submission and pious dispositions1 and incline him to a favorable decision4 ,that is the way he manages10 continued ,rochford1 shrugging his shoulders1 8and keeps you in the most humiliating position ever occupied by a woman40 ,hearing her brother speak thus1 the beautiful face of ,anne ,boleyn became instantly suffused with a deep crimson4 8,oh6 that odious man10 she cried passionately4 8,i shall no longer submit to it4 ,it is to insult me he makes such gracious acknowledgments to that old cardinal4 ,i will complain to the king4 ,oh6 how annoying all this is1 though10 and she turned the book over and over in her white hands4 8,but see1 it is time to start10 she added1 pointing to a great clock standing in one corner of the apartment4 8,good-by2 ,i must go60 ,and ,anne1 attired in an elegant riding-habit1 abruptly turning to a mirror1 proceeded to adjust her black velvet riding-cap1 when1 observing a small plume in her hat that was not arranged to her taste1 she exclaimed1 violently stamping her little foot3 8,how many contradictions shall ,i meet this day8 ,i cannot endure it6 ,all those horrid affairs to think of1 to talk about and explain2 all your recommendations to follow in the midst of a delightful hunting party2 and then1 after all1 this hat which so provokes me6 ,no2 ,i can never fix it40 ,and she hurried away to find a woman skilled in the arts of the toilet4 ,but after making her sew and rip out again1 bend the plume and straighten it1 place it forward and then back1 she did not succeed in fixing it to suit the fancy of ,anne ,boleyn1 who1 seeing the time flying rapidly1 ended by cutting off the plume with the scissors1 throwing it angrily on the floor and stamping it1 putting the offending cap on her head without a plume2 then mounting her horse she rode off1 accompanied by ,sir ,thomas ,cheney1 who escorted her1 knowing she was to join the king on the road4 8,how impulsive and thoughtless your sister is10 said ,earl ,wiltshire to his son1 after ,anne had left them1 looking gloomily at the plume1 still lying on the floor where she had thrown it4 8,she wants to be queen6 ,do you understand how much is comprised in that word8 ,well1 she would accept a crown and fix it on her head with the same eager interest that she would order a new bonnet from her milliner4 ,yet ,i firmly believe1 before accepting it1 she would have to be well assured by her mirror that it was becoming to her style of beauty40 8,i cannot comprehend her10 responded ,rochford4 8,her good sense and judgment sometimes astonish me2 then suddenly a ball1 a dress1 a new fashion has sufficed to make her forget the most important matter that might be under discussion4 ,i am oftentimes led to wonder whence comes this singular mixture of frivolity and good sense in women4 ,is it a peculiarity of their nature or the result of education80 8,it is entirely the fault of education1 my son1 and not of their weakness4 ,from infancy they are taught to look upon ribbons1 laces1 frivolities1 and fashions as the most precious and desirable things4 ,in fact1 they attach to these miserable trifles the same value that young men place on a brilliant armor or the success of a glorious action40 8,it may be so10 replied ,rochford1 8but ,i think they are generally found as incompetent for business as incapable of managing affairs of state40 8,while very young1 perhaps not10 answered ,wiltshire2 8proud and impulsive1 they are neither capable of nor inclined to dissimulation2 but later in life they develop a subtle ingenuity and an extreme degree of penetration1 that enable them to succeed most admirably40 8,ah6 well1 if the truth might be frankly expressed1 ,i greatly fear that all this will turn out badly4 ,should we not succeed in espousing my sister to the king1 she will be irretrievably compromised2 and then you will deeply regret having broken off her marriage with ,lord ,percy40 8,you talk like an idiot10 replied the ,earl of ,wiltshire4 8,your sister shall reign1 or ,i perish4 ,why should my house not give a queen to the throne of ,england8 ,would it not be far better if our kings should select wives from the nobility of their country instead of marrying foreign princesses--strangers alike to the manners and customs as well as to the interests of the people over whom they are destined to reign80 8,you would probably be right10 replied ,viscount ,rochford1 8if the king were not already married2 but the clergy will always oppose this second marriage4 ,they do not dare to express themselves openly because they fear the king1 but in the end they will certainly preserve the nation in this sentiment4 ,i fear that ,anne will yet be very unhappy1 and ,i am truly sorry now she cannot be made ,countess of ,northumberland40 8,hold your tongue1 my son10 cried ,wiltshire1 frantic with rage2 8will you repeat these things to your sister1 and renew her imaginary regrets also8 ,as to these churchmen over whom you make so great an ado10 he continued with a menacing gesture1 8,i hope soon we shall be able to relieve them of the fortunes with which they are encumbered1 and compel them to disgorge in our favor4 ,you say that women are weak and fickle6 ,if so1 you certainly resemble them in both respects--the least difficulty frightens you into changing your opinions1 and you hesitate in the midst of an undertaking that has been planned with the greatest ability1 and which1 without you1 ,i confidently believe ,i shall be able to accomplish40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,is ,,she ,,catholic8 ,the claim put forth by the ,episcopal ,church--or1 to use her full and legal title1 ,the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of the ,united ,slates of ,america--of being the ,holy ,catholic ,church--,holy1 ,catholic1 and ,apostolic--and the acceptance of her theory by a small portion of the ,christian world1 makes her and her theory1 for a little time1 worthy our attention4 ,she is accustomed to use the formula1 8,i believe in the ,holy ,catholic ,church40 ,it is but natural to infer that she considers herself to be at least an integral part of that church4 ,we have examined the question1 and thus present our convictions as to her status4 ,we note1 in the first place1 that her bishops possess no power4 ,they are bishops but in name4 ,there is not one of them1 no matter how eminent he may be1 who can say to a clergyman in his diocese3 8,here is an important parish vacant2 occupy it40 ,he would be met with the polite remark from some member of the parish1 8,we are very much obliged to you1 bishop1 but you have nothing to say about it4 ,mr4 ,m4 is the warden40 ,mr4 ,m41 the warden1 may be1 and in many instances is1 a man who cares so little about the church that he has never yet been baptized1 much less is he a communicant4 ,he and his brother vestrymen1 whether baptized or not1 may1 if the bishop claims an authority by virtue of his office1 meet him at the church door1 and tell him he cannot come in unless he will pledge himself to do as they wish2 and the bishop may write a note of protest1 and leave it behind him for them to tear up1 as was done in ,chicago with ,bishop ,whitehouse4 ,some local regulations have occasionally varied the above1 but in the majority of parishes the authority is vested as we have stated4 ,the bishop's power of appointing extends to none but feeble missionary stations2 and even these put on1 at their earliest convenience1 the airs of full-grown parishes4 ,we note an instance where a bishop wrote to a lady in a remote missionary station1 and asked regarding some funds which had been placed in her hands by parties interested in the growth of the church in that place4 ,it had been specified that the money was to be used for whatever purpose was deemed most necessary4 ,the bishop requested that the money be paid to the missionary toward his salary4 ,the lady declined on the ground that she did not like the missionary4 ,another request in courteous language1 as was befitting a bishop4 ,he also stated his intention of visiting the place shortly in his official character4 ,the lady's reply equalled his own in courteous phraseology2 but the money was refused and the bishop informed that he 8need not trouble himself about making a visitation1 as there was no class to be confirmed2 besides1 the church had been closed for repairs1 and would not be open for some months1 at least not until a new minister was settled40 ,to the bishop's positive knowledge1 no repairs were needed2 but he deemed it wise to stay away1 and no further steps were taken4 ,with the clergy in his diocese the case is not very different4 ,if a presbyter of any diocese chooses for any reason to go from one parish to another for the purpose of taking up a permanent abode1 he can do so with or without consulting his bishop4 ,in fact1 the bishop has nothing to do with it4 ,should the presbyter desire to remove to another diocese1 it is requisite that he obtain letters dimissory from the bishop1 and the bishop is obliged to give them4 ,so also is the bishop in the diocese to which he goes obliged to receive them1 unless they contain grave criminal charges4 ,there is1 in reality1 but one thing the bishop of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church can do1 and that is make an appointment once in three years to confirm4 ,so insignificant is his power in any other direction that certain persons1 ill-natured or otherwise1 have fastened upon him1 whether deserved or undeserved1 the name of 8confirming machine40 ,certain it is that1 were the power of confirming in any degree vested in the 8priests0 of the church1 the office of bishop might easily be dispensed with4 ,he would appear only as the ornamental portion of a few occasional services4 ,for he cannot authoritatively visit any parish1 vacant or otherwise1 except on a confirmation tour2 and should this be too frequent in the estimation of the vestry1 the doors of the church could be shut against him on any plea the vestry should choose to advance4 #b4 ,he cannot increase the number of his clergy1 except as parishes choose4 #c4 ,he cannot prevent a man fixing himself in the diocese if a congregation choose to 8call0 him1 no matter how worthy or unworthy the man may be4 #d4 ,he cannot call a clergyman into his diocese1 though every parish were empty4 #e4 ,he cannot officiate in any church without invitation4 #f4 ,he has no church of his own1 except as he officiates as rector2 and unless invited to some place1 he is forced1 although a bishop1 to sit in the congregation as a layman1 if he do not stay at home4 ,and1 lastly1 he cannot on any account visit a parish unless the vestry of that parish is willing4 ,we sum up3 ,that so far as the bishops of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of the ,united ,states of ,america are concerned1 they are simply figure-heads1 ornaments possessing the minimum of authority--in point of fact1 no authority at all4 ,their own convention addresses are a virtual confession of the condition of affairs as above laid down4 ,to every one who has ever heard an ,episcopal bishop's address1 as delivered before the annual convention of clergymen and laymen1 the following sample will not appear as in the least overdrawn3 ,july #aj4--,visited the parish of ,s4 ,john1 ,oakdale1 and confirmed three4 ,july #ag4--,visited the parish of ,longwood1 and preached and confirmed one4 ,july #bd4--,visited ,s4 ,paul's1 and preached and confirmed two in the forenoon4 ,preached also in the afternoon4 ,this is a very large and thriving parish4 ,july #bf4--;,at ,montrose ,i visited and confirmed one at the evening service4 ,july #bi4--,took a private conveyance to ,hillstown1 and preached in the evening2 confirmed one4 ,the rector of this parish is very energetic4 ,aug4 #b4--;,attended the burial of a dear friend4 ,aug4 #g4--;,attended the consecration of ,s4 ,mark's ,church in ,hyde ,park4 ,it is hoped that the difficulties in this parish are settled4 ,the ,rev4 ,john ,waters has resigned and gone to ,omaha4 ,mr4 ,william ,steuben is the senior warden4 ,may the ,lord prosper him and his estimable lady6 ,to continue the list would cause a tear1 and we do not wish to weep4 ,the address each year of a ,protestant ,episcopal bishop is thoroughly exemplified in the foregoing specimen4 ,it is the same endless list of enteuthen exelauneis1 varied only by the number of parasangas4 ,to the lazy grammar-boy it is a most fascinating chapter of ancient history when he reaches the enteuthen section in the ,anabasis4 ,there is an immense list of them1 and the lesson for that day is easy4 ,when the first phrase is mastered1 he knows all the rest1 except the occasional figures4 ,we once saw a reporter for a prominent ,daily making a short-hand report of an address before an illustrious diocesan gathering4 ,having had some experience in the matter1 he came to the meeting with his tablets prepared4 ,they were as follows3 ,,visited ,,at ,,and ,,confirmed4 ,three-quarters of the address was thus prepared beforehand1 it only being necessary to leave the lines sufficiently far apart to permit the insertion of occasional notes4 ,by his extra care he was enabled to present the most complete report of any paper in the city4 ,the specimen we have given is a fair average4 ,in future generations1 when a classical student is given a bishop's address to read1 his labor for that day will be easy4 ,almost any bishop's address will substantiate the statements we have made4 ,we refer to them freely1 without wasting time in selection4 ,we begin a new paragraph3 ,the system of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is eminently congregational4 ,if a parish chooses to 8call0 a given man1 he is 8called40 ,should the bishop 8interfere0 and recommend him1 the recommendation1 without an exception that has ever come to our knowledge1 militates against the proposed 8call40 ,should a parish desire to get rid of a pastor1 it does so with or without the consent of the bishop1 as happens1 in the estimation of the wardens1 to be most convenient4 ,the officers may consult the bishop1 and1 if he agree with them1 well and good4 ,the words of the diocesan are quoted from ,dan to ,beersheba1 and the pastor is made to feel the lack of sympathy--8,even his bishop is against him10 is whispered by young and old4 ,if the bishop does not agree with them1 they do not consult him again4 ,they proceed to accomplish what they desire as if he had no existence1 and--they always succeed4 ,there is a farcical canon of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church which says1 if a parish dismiss its rector without concurrence1 it shall not be admitted into convention until it has apologized4 ,it is a very easy thing for the wardens and vestrymen to address the convention1 after they have accomplished their ends1 with 8,your honorable body thinks we have done wrong1 and--we are sorry for it10 or something else equally ambiguous and absurd4 ,the officers of the parish and the laymen of the congregation have done what they wished1 and are content4 ,as the convention is composed principally of laymen1 the sympathy is naturally with the laymen's side of the question4 ,the rector is hurriedly passed over1 his clerical brethren looking helplessly on4 ,to get a new parish the dismissed rector must 8candidate0--a feature of clerical life most revolting to any man with a spark of manhood in him4 ,we note1 in the next place1 an utter want of unity in the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,there are ,high-,church and ,low-,church bookstores1 where the publications of the one are discarded by the other4 ,there are ,high-,church and ,low-,church seminaries1 where a man1 to graduate from the one1 will be looked upon inimically1 at least with suspicion1 by the other4 ,there is a ,high-,church 8,society for the ,increase of the ,ministry10 where the principal thing accomplished is the maintenance of the secretary of the said society in a large brick house in a fashionable city1 while he claims to support a few students on two meals a day2 and a ,low-,church ,evangelical ,society1 where they require the beneficiary to subscribe to certain articles of ,low-,churchism before they will receive him4 ,the one society is thoroughly hostile to the other1 and1 in point of fact1 the latter was created in opposition to the former4 ,there is but one thing in common between the two1 and that is cold-shoulderism4 ,there are ,high-,church and ,low-,church newspapers1 in which the epithets used by the one toward the other do not indicate even respect4 ,some of the 8church's0 ministers would no more enter a 8denominational0 place of worship than they would put their hand in the fire4 ,others will fraternize with everything and everybody1 and when ,sunday comes will close their eyes--sometimes they roll them upward--and pray publicly3 8,from heresy and schism good ,lord deliver us40 ,it may be necessary that there should be wranglings and bickerings within her fold1 in order to constitute her the church militant2 but we cannot forgive hypocrisy4 ,with some of her ministers the grand object of existence seems to be to prove 8,popery0 an emanation from hell4 ,with others the effort is equally great to prove the ,episcopal ,church as a 8co-ordinate0 branch with the ,roman ,church1 and entitled to the same consideration as is paid by the devotees of ,rome to its hierarchy4 ,in both instances--viz41 ,high ,church and ,low ,church--history records failure4 ,we notice next the relation which the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church holds to the ,church of ,england4 ,the ,english ,church evidently regards the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of the ,united ,states of ,america as a weaker sister1 and not to be admitted to doubtful disputations4 ,she is courteous toward her1 and accepts her present of a gold alms-basin from an unrobed representative with a certain amount of ceremony4 ,she invites her bishops to the ,lambeth ,conference1 and they pay their own fare across the ,atlantic2 but they confer about nothing4 ,it is true the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church approved the action of the ,english ,church in condemning ,colenso2 but this was a safe thing for the ,english ,church to present4 ,it would have been hardly complimentary to have their guests go home without doing something1 especially as they were not to be invited into ,westminster ,abbey1 and were to have nothing to do with the coming ,bible revision4 ,the bishops of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of the ,united ,states of ,america were invited to the ,english conference very much as country cousins are invited to tea1 and that was all4 ,by way of asserting her right to a recognition as an equal with the ,church of ,england1 she--the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of the ,united ,states of ,america--has established1 or rather individuals have established and the act has received the sanction of the ,general ,convention1 certain rival congregations in a few foreign cities where the ,english service was already established4 ,if she be of the same ,catholic mould as the ,church of ,england1 why does she thus in a foreign city attempt to maintain an opposition service8 ,the variations in the ,prayer-,book are no answer to the question4 ,if the ,english ,church be ,holy1 ,catholic1 and ,apostolic1 and the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church be ,holy1 ,catholic1 and ,apostolic1 the two are therefore one2 for they both claim that there is but one ,holy1 ,catholic1 and ,apostolic church4 ,she is in this case unmistakably uncatholic1 or else the ,english ,church is4 ,in either case she falls to the ground4 ,our attention is directed again to the many laws enacted against her bishops as compared with the laws enacted against the other members of the church4 ,if ,mosheim were to be restored to the flesh1 and were to write the history of the ,episcopal ,church1 and used as an authority the ,digest of ,canons1 as he has been accustomed in his ,ecclesiastical ,history to use ecclesiastical documents generally1 he would style the bishops of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church a set of criminals of the deepest dye1 and the priests and deacons not much better4 ,the laity would be regarded as all that could be desired in lofty integrity and spotless morality4 ,for why8 ,a glance at their vade-mecum of law--the ,digest of ,canons--shows an immense bulk of its space to be devoted 8to the trial of a bishop40 ,the laity go scot-free4 ,we question the propriety1 as well as the ,catholicity1 of covering the higher clergy with laws till they are helpless1 while the laity revel in a freedom that amounts1 when they choose1 to mob-license2 but it is done1 and the ,episcopal ,church is degraded to a level lower than any of the denominations around her4 ,with other bodies who call themselves ,christian there is a certain amount of consistency4 ,their rulers are from among their own members4 ,with the church under consideration1 her rulers1 in many cases1 are any unbaptized heathen who may choose to work themselves into a temporary favor with the pew-holders4 ,it is not necessary that they should even have ever attended church4 ,we note an instance where the chief man of a small parish was a druggist1 and kept in the rear of his drug-store a low drinking-room2 and this man was elected treasurer year after year by a handful of interested parties1 and1 when elected1 he managed all the finances of the parish according to his own notions of propriety4 ,it was his habit to go to the church near the close of the sermon1 and go away immediately after the collection4 ,we note another instance where a warden visited the rector of his parish1 and threatened1 with a polite oath1 to give him something hotter than a section of the day of judgment if he did not ask his 7the warden's7 advice a little more on parish matters4 ,the parish grew so warm that at the end of three weeks the rector was candidating for another4 ,we note another instance where a warden was so overjoyed at having settled a rector according to his own liking that1 on the arrival of the new incumbent1 he not only did not go to hear him preach1 but stayed at home with certain friends1 and enjoyed1 to use his own expression1 a 8dooced big drunk40 ,out of consideration for the feelings of his family we use the word 8dooced0 instead of his stronger expression4 ,the rector of this happily-ruled parish was imprudent enough to incur the displeasure of his warden after a few months of arduous labor4 ,he received a note while sitting at the bedside of his sick wife1 saying that after the following ,sunday his services would be dispensed with2 that if he attempted to stay1 the church would be closed for repairs4 ,we are well acquainted with a parish where a congregation wished to displace both the senior and junior wardens4 ,these two gentlemen had been shrewd enough to foresee the event4 ,they succeeded1 by calculating management1 in having vested in themselves the right of selling pews4 ,when ,easter ,monday came1 they sold for a dollar a pew to loafers on the streets1 and swarmed the election with men who never had entered the place before4 ,the laws of the parish were such that there was no redress4 ,as a matter of course1 the rector was soon candidating4 ,during the earliest portion of the official life of one of the oldest and most eminent bishops1 he was called on to officiate at the institution of a ,low-,church rector4 ,at the morning service the bishop took occasion to congratulate the congregation on the assumed fact that they had now 8an altar1 a priest1 and a sacrifice10 and went on to enlarge on that idea4 ,in the evening of the same day the instituted minister1 in addressing the congregation1 said3 8,my brethren1 so help me ,god6 if the doctrines you heard this morning are the doctrines of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 then ,i am no ,protestant ,episcopalian2 but they are not such0--and essayed substantiating the assertion4 ,all that came of the affair was the publication1 on the part of each1 of their respective discourses4 ,on the supposition of the bishop's having any foundation for his ecclesiastical character and for the doctrines he taught1 would that have been the end of the matter8 ,can it be that the ,episcopal ,church is ,catholic8 ,is it possible that she is part of the grand structure portrayed by prophets and sung in the matchless words of inspiration as that against which the gates of hell shall not prevail8 ,rather1 we are forced to class her as a 8sister0 among the very 8heretics0 from whom in her litany she prays1 8,good ,lord deliver us40 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,alarming ,,symptoms4 ,november had come1 and was gathering up the last tints and blossoms of autumn4 ,one by one the garden lights were being put out2 the tall archangel lilies drooped their snow and gold cups languidly2 the jasmine1 that only the other day twinkled its silver stars amidst the purple bells of the clematis1 now trailed wearily down the trellis of the porch2 the hardy geraniums made a stand for it yet1 but their petals dropped off at every puff of wind1 and powdered the gravel with a scarlet ring round their six big red pots that flanked the walk from the gate to the cottage door2 the red roses held out like a forlorn hope1 defying the approach of the conqueror1 and staying to say a last good-by to sweet ,mother ,summer1 ere she passed away4 ,it was too chilly to sit out of doors late of afternoons now1 and night fell quickly4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had collapsed into his brown den2 but the window stood open1 and let the faint incense of the garden steal in to him1 as he bent over his desk with his shaded lamp beside him4 ,franceline had found it cold1 and had slipt away1 without saying why1 to her own room upstairs4 ,she was sitting on the floor with her hands in her lap1 and her head pressed against the latticed window1 watching the scarlet geraniums as they shivered in the evening breeze and dropped into their moist autumn tomb4 ,a large crystal moon was rising above the woods beyond the river1 and a few stars were coming out4 ,she counted them1 and listened to the wood-pigeon cooing in the park1 and to the solitary note of an owl that answered from some distant grove4 ,but the voices of wood and field were not to her now what they once had been4 ,there was something in her that responded to them still1 but not in the old way2 she had drifted somewhere beyond their reach2 she was hearkening for other voices1 since one had touched her with a power these had never possessed1 and whose echoing sweetness had converted the sounds that had till then been her only music into a blank and aching silence4 ,other pulses had been stirred1 other chords struck within her1 so strong and deep1 and unlike the old childish ones1 that these had become to her what the memory of the joys of childhood are to the full-grown man--a sweet shadow that lingers when the substance has fled2 part of a life that has been lived1 that can never be quickened again1 but is enshrined in memory4 ,she was very pale1 almost like a shadow herself1 as she sat there in the silver gloom4 ,mothers who met her in her walks about the neighborhood looked wistfully after the gentle young face1 and said with a sigh3 8,what a pity6 ,and so young too60 ,yet ,franceline was not ill2 not even ailing2 she never complained even of fatigue1 and when her father tapped the pale cheek and asked how his ,clair-de-lune was1 she would answer brightly that she had never been better in her life1 and as she had no cough1 he believed her4 ,a cough was ,raymond's single diagnosis of disease and death2 he had a vague but deep-seated belief that nobody1 no young person certainly1 ever died a natural death without this fatal premonitory symptom4 ,and yet he could not help following ,franceline with an anxious eye as he saw her walking listlessly about the garden1 or sitting with a book in her hand that she let drop every now and then to look dreamily out of the window1 and only resumed with an evident effort4 ,sometimes she would go and lean her arms on the rail at the end of the garden1 and stand there for an hour together gazing at the familiar landscape as if she were discovering some new feature in it1 or straining her eyes to see some distant object4 ,he could not lay his finger on any particular symptom that justified anxiety1 and still he was anxious2 a change of some sort had come over the child2 she grew more and more like her mother1 and it was not until ,armengarde was several years older than ,franceline that the disease which had been germinating in her system from childhood developed itself and proved fatal4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais never alluded to ,franceline's refusal of ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll1 but he had not forgotten it4 ,in his dreamy mind he cogitated on the possibility of the offer being renewed1 and her accepting it4 ,as to ,clide de ,winton1 he had quite ceased to think of him1 and never for an instant coupled him in his thoughts with ,franceline4 ,it did not strike him as significant that ,sir ,simon had avoided mentioning the young man since his return4 ,after the conversation that ,clide had once been the subject of between them1 this reticence was natural enough4 ,the failure of his wild1 affectionate scheme placed him in a somewhat ridiculous position towards ,raymond1 and it was no wonder that he shrank from alluding to it4 ,sir ,ponsonby had left ,rydal immediately after the eventful ride we know of4 ,he could not remain in ,franceline's neighborhood without seeing her1 and he had sense enough to feel that he would injure rather than serve his cause by forcing his society on her after what had passed4 ,this is as good as admitting that he did not look upon his cause as lost4 ,what man in love for the first time would give up after one refusal1 if his love was worth the name8 ,ponsonby was not one of the faint-hearted tribe4 ,he combined real modesty as to his own worth and pretensions with unbounded faith in the power of his love and its ultimate success4 ,the infallibility of hope and perseverance was an essential part of his lover's creed4 ,he did not apply the tenet with any special sense of its fitness to ,franceline in particular4 ,he was no analyzer of character2 he did not discriminate nicely between the wants and attributes of one woman and another2 he blended them all in a theoretical worship1 and included all womankind in his notions as to how they were individually to be wooed and won4 ,he would let them have their own way1 allow them unlimited pin-money1 cover them with trinkets1 and gratify all their little whims4 ,if a girl were ever so beautiful and ever so good1 no man could do more for her than this2 and any man who was able and willing to do it1 ought to be able to win her4 ,ponsonby took heart1 and trusted to his uniform good luck not to miss the prize he had set his heart on4 ,he would rejoin his regiment for the present1 and see what a month's absence would do for him4 ,he had one certain ground of hope3 ,franceline did not dislike him1 and1 as far as he could learn or guess1 she cared for no one else4 ,sir ,simon was his ally1 and would keep a sharp lookout for him1 and keep the little spark alive--if spark there were--by singing his praises judiciously in the ear of the cruel fair one4 ,she1 meanwhile1 went on in her usual quiet routine1 tending the sick1 teaching some little children1 and working with her father1 who grew daily more enamored of her tender and intelligent co-operation4 ,lady ,anwyll called soon after ,ponsonby's departure1 and was just as kind and unconstrained as if nothing had happened4 ,she did not press ,franceline to go and stay at ,rydal1 but hoped she would ride over there occasionally with ,sir ,simon to lunch4 ,her duties as secretary to ,raymond made the sacrifice of a whole afternoon repugnant to her2 but she did go once1 just to show the old lady that she retained the same kind feeling towards her as before anything had occurred to make a break in their intimacy4 ,it was delightful when she came home to find that her father had been utterly at sea without her1 mooning about in a helpless way amongst the notes and papers that under her management had passed from confusion and chaos into order and sequence4 ,while everything was in confusion he could find his way through the maze1 but he had no key to this new order of things4 ,franceline declared she must never leave him so long again2 he had put everything topsy-turvy1 he was not to be trusted4 ,the discovery of his dependence on her in a sphere where she had till lately been as useless to him as ,anglique or ,miss ,merrywig was a source of infinite enjoyment to her1 and she threw herself into her daily task with an energy that lightened the labor immensely to her father1 without1 as far as ,franceline could say1 fatiguing herself4 ,but fatigue for being unconscious is sometimes none the less real4 ,it may be that this sustained application was straining a system already severely tried by mental pressure4 ,she was one day writing away as usual1 while ,raymond1 with a bookful of notes in his hand1 stood on the hearth-rug dictating4 ,suddenly she was seized with a fit of coughing1 and1 putting her handkerchief quickly to her mouth1 she drew it away stained with crimson4 ,she stifled a cry of terror that rose to her lips1 and hurried out of the room4 ,her father had seen nothing1 but her abrupt departure startled him2 he hastened after her1 and found her in the kitchen holding the handkerchief up to ,anglique1 who was looking at the fatal stain with a face rather stupefied than terrified4 8,my ,god1 have pity upon me6 ,my child6 ,my child60 he cried1 clasping his hands and abandoning himself to his distress with the impassioned demonstrativeness of a ,frenchman4 ,woman1 it is said truly1 is more courageous at bearing physical pain than man2 it is true also that she has more self-command in controlling the expression of mental pain4 ,her instinct is surer too in guiding her how to save others from suffering2 let her be ever so untutored1 she will prove herself shrewder than the cleverest man on occasions like the present4 ,anglique's womanly instinct told her at once that it was essential not to frighten ,franceline3 that the nervous shock would infallibly aggravate the evil1 wherever the cause lay1 and that the best thing to do now was to soothe and allay her fears4 8,bless me6 what is there to make a row about80 she cried with an angry chuckle1 crushing the handkerchief in her fingers and darting a look on her master which1 if eyes could knock down1 must have laid him prostrate on the spot2 8the child has an indigestion and has thrown up a mouthful of bread from her stomach4 ,hein60 8,how do you know it is from the stomach and not from the lungs80 he asked1 already reassured by her confidence1 and still more by her incivility4 8,how do ,i know8 ,am ,i a fool8 ,would it be that color if it was from the lungs8 ,i say it is from the stomach1 and it is a good business4 ,but we must not have too much of it4 ,it would weaken the child2 we must stop it40 8,i will run for the doctor at once60 exclaimed ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 still trembling and excited4 8,or stay6--no6--,i will fly to the ,court and they will despatch a man on horseback60 ,he was hurrying away when ,anglique literally shouted at him3 8,wilt thou be quiet with thy doctor and thy man on horseback6 ,i tell thee it is from the stomach2 ,i know what ,i am about4 ,i want neither man nor horse4 ,it is from the stomach6 ,dost thou take me for a fool at this time of my life80 ,raymond stood still like a chidden child while the old servant poured this volley at him4 ,franceline stared at her aghast4 ,in her angry excitement the grenadier had broken through not only all barriers of rank1 but all the common rules of civility--she who was such a strict observer of both that they seemed a very part of herself4 ,this ought to have opened their eyes1 if nothing else did2 but ,franceline was only bewildered1 ,raymond was cowed and perplexed4 8,if thou art indeed quite sure10 he said1 falling into the familiar 8thee and thou0 by which she addressed him1 and which on her deferential lips sounded so outrageous and unnatural--8if thou art indeed certain ,i will be satisfied2 but1 my good ,anglique1 would it not be a wise precaution to have a medical man8--only just1 as thou sayest well1 to prevent its going too far40 8,well1 well1 if ,monsieur le ,comte wishes1 let it be2 let the doctor come2 for me1 ,i care not for him2 they are an ignorant lot1 pulling long faces to make long bills2 but if it pleases ,monsieur le ,comte1 let him have one to see the child40 ,she nodded her flaps at him1 as if to say1 8,be off then at once and leave us in peace60 ,he was leaving the room1 when1 turning round suddenly1 he came close up to ,franceline4 8,dost thou feel a pain1 my child80 he said1 peering anxiously into her face4 8,no1 father1 not the least pain4 ,i am sure ,anglique is right2 ,i feel nothing here10 putting her hand to her chest4 8,god is good6 ,god is good60 muttered the father half audibly1 and1 stroking her cheek gently1 he went4 8,let not ,monsieur le ,comte go rushing off himself2 let him send one of those thirty-six lackeys at the ,court60 cried ,anglique1 calling after him through the kitchen window4 ,in her heart and soul ,anglique was terrified4 ,she had thrown out quite at random1 with the instinct of desperation1 that confident assurance as to the color of the stain4 ,her first impulse was to save ,franceline from the shock1 but it had fallen full upon herself4 ,this accident sounded like the first stroke of the death-knell4 ,no one would have supposed it to look at her4 ,she set her arms akimbo and laughed till she shook at her own impudence to ,m4 le ,comte1 and how meekly ,m4 le ,comte had borne it1 and how scared his face was1 and what a joke the business was altogether4 ,to see him stand there wringing his hands1 and making such a wailing about nothing6 ,but when ,franceline was going to answer and reproach her old bonne with this inopportune mirth1 she laid her hand on the young girl's mouth and bade her peremptorily be silent4 8,if you go talking and scolding1 child1 there is no knowing what mischief you may do4 ,come and lie down1 and keep perfectly quiet40 ,franceline obeyed willingly enough4 ,she was weak and tired1 and glad to be alone awhile4 ,anglique placed a cold1 wet cloth on her chest1 and made her some cold lemonade to drink4 ,it was making a fuss about nothing1 to be sure2 but it would please ,m4 le ,comte4 ,he was never happier than when people were making a fuss over his ,clair-de-lune4 ,it was not long before the count returned1 accompanied by ,sir ,simon4 ,anglique saw at a glance that the baronet understood how things were4 ,he talked very big about his confidence that ,anglique was right2 that it was an accident of no serious import whatever2 but he exchanged a furtive glance with the old woman that sufficiently belied all this confident talk4 ,he was for going up to see ,franceline with ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 but ,anglique would not allow this4 ,m4 le ,comte might go1 if he liked1 provided he did not make her speak2 but nobody else must go2 the room was too small1 and it would excite the child to see people about her4 ,so ,raymond went up alone4 ,as soon as his back was turned1 ,anglique threw up her hands with a gesture too significant for any words4 ,sir ,simon closed the door gently4 8,i am not duped any more than you10 he said4 8,it is sure to be very serious1 even if it is not fatal4 ,tell me what you really think40 8,i saw her mother go through it all4 ,it began like this4 ,only ,madame la ,comtesse had a cough2 the petite has never had one4 ,that is the only thing that gives me a bit of hope2 the petite has never coughed4 ,o ,monsieur ,simon6 it is terrible4 ,it will kill us all three2 ,i know it will40 8,tut1 tut6 don't give up in this way1 ,anglique10 said the baronet kindly1 and turning aside2 8that will mend nothing2 it is the very worst thing you could do4 ,i agree with you that it is very serious2 not so much the accident itself1 perhaps--we know nothing about that yet--but on account of the hereditary taint in the constitution4 ,however1 there has been no cough undermining it so far1 and with care--,i promise you she shall have the best--there is every reason to hope the child will weather it4 ,at her age one weathers everything10 he added1 cheerfully4 8,come now1 don't despond2 a great deal depends on your keeping a cheerful countenance40 8,i know it1 monsieur1 and ,i will do my best4 ,but ,i hear steps6 ,could it be the doctor already8 ,for goodness' sake run out and meet him1 and tell him1 as he hopes to save us all1 not to let ,monsieur le ,comte know there is any danger6 ,it is all up with us if he does4 ,monsieur le ,comte could no more hide it than a baby could hide a pin in its clothes40 ,she opened the door and almost pushed ,sir ,simon out1 in her terror lest the doctor should walk in without being warned4 ,sir ,simon met him at the back of the cottage4 ,a few words were exchanged1 and they came in together4 ,raymond met them on the stairs4 ,the medical man preferred seeing his patient alone2 the nurse might be present1 but he could have no one else4 ,in a very few minutes he came down1 and a glance at his face set the father's heart almost completely at rest4 8,dear me1 ,sir ,simon1 you would never do for a sick nurse4 ,you prepared me for a very dangerous case by your message2 it is a mere trifle2 hardly worth the hard ride ,i've had to perform in twenty minutes40 8,then there is nothing amiss with the lungs80 8,would you like to sound them yourself1 count8 ,pray do6 ,it will be more satisfactory to you40 ,and he handed his stethoscope to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais--not mockingly1 but quite gravely and kindly4 ,that provincial doctor missed his vocation4 ,he ought to have been a diplomatist4 ,instead of the proffered stethoscope1 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais grasped his hand4 ,his heart was too full for speech4 ,the reaction of security after the brief interval of agony and suspense unnerved him4 ,he sat down without speaking1 and wiped the great drops from his forehead4 ,the medical man addressed himself to ,sir ,simon and ,anglique4 ,there was nothing whatever to be alarmed at2 but there was occasion for care and certain preventive measures4 ,the young lady must have perfect rest and quiet2 there must be no talking for some time2 no excitement of any sort4 ,he gave sundry directions about diet1 etc41 and wrote a prescription which was to be sent to the chemist at once4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais accompanied him to the door with a lightened heart1 and bade him au revoir with a warm pressure of the hand4 8,now1 let me hear the truth10 said ,sir ,simon1 as soon as they entered the park4 8,you have heard the truth--though only in a negative form4 ,if you noticed1 we did not commit ourselves to any opinion of the case2 we only prescribed for it4 ,this was the only way in which we could honestly follow your instructions10 observed the doctor1 who always used the royal 8we0 of authorship when speaking professionally4 8,you showed great tact and prudence2 but there is no need for either now4 ,tell me exactly what you think40 8,it will be more to the purpose to tell you what we know10 rejoined the medical man4 8,there is a blood-vessel broken2 not a large one1 happily1 and if the hemorrhage does not increase and continue1 it may prove of no really serious consequence4 ,but then we must remember the question of inheritance4 ,that is what makes a symptom in itself trifling assume a grave--we refrain from saying fatal--character40 8,you are convinced that this is but the beginning of the end--am ,i to understand that80 asked ,sir ,simon4 ,he was used to the doctor's pompous way1 and knew him to be both clever and conscientious1 at least towards his patients4 8,it would be precipitating an opinion to say so much4 ,we are on the whole inclined to take a more sanguine view4 ,we consider the hitherto unimpaired health of the patient1 and her extreme youth1 fair grounds for hope4 ,but great care must be taken2 all excitement must be avoided40 8,you may count on your orders being strictly carried out10 said ,sir ,simon4 ,they walked on a few yards without further speech4 ,sir ,simon was busy with anxious and affectionate thoughts4 8,i should fancy a warm climate would be the best cure for a case of this kind10 he observed1 answering his own reflections1 rather than speaking to his companion4 8,no doubt1 no doubt10 assented ,dr4 ,blink1 8if the patient was in a position to authorize her medical attendant in ordering such a measure40 8,monsieur de la ,bourbonais is in that position10 replied ,sir ,simon1 quietly4 8,ah6 ,i am glad to know it4 ,i may act on the information one of these days4 ,the young lady could not bear the fatigue of a journey to the south just now2 the general health is a good deal below par2 the nervous system wants toning2 it is unstrung40 ,sir ,simon made no comment--not at least in words--but it set his mind on painful conjecture4 ,perhaps the electric chain passed from him to his companion1 for the latter said irrelevantly but with a significant expression1 as he turned his glance full upon ,sir ,simon3 8,we medical men are trusted with many secrets--secrets of the heart as well as of the body4 ,we ask you frankly1 as a friend of our patient1 is there any moral cause at work--any disappointed affection that may have preyed on the mind and fostered the inherited germs of disease80 8,i cannot answer that question10 replied the baronet after a moment's hesitation4 8,you cannot1 or you will not8 ,excuse my pertinacity2 it is professional and necessary40 ,sir ,simon hesitated again before he answered4 8,i cannot even give a decided answer to that4 ,i had some time ago feared there existed something of the sort1 but of late those apprehensions had entirely disappeared4 ,if you had put the question to me yesterday1 ,i should have said emphatically there is nothing to fear on that score2 the child is perfectly happy and quite heart-whole40 8,and to-day you are not prepared to say as much10 persisted ,dr4 ,blink4 8,something has occurred to modify this change of opinion80 8,nothing1 except the accident that you know of and your question now4 ,these suggest to me that ,i may have been right in the first instance40 8,is it in your power or within the power of circumstances to set the wrong right--to remove the cause of anxiety--assuming that it actually exists80 8,no1 it is not2 nothing can remove it40 8,and she is aware of this80 8,i fear not40 8,say rather that you hope not4 ,in such cases hope is the best physician2 let nothing be done1 as far as you can prevent it1 to destroy this hope in the patient's mind2 ,i would even venture to urge that you should do anything in your power to feed and stimulate it40 8,that is impossible2 quite impossible10 said ,sir ,simon emphatically4 ,the doctor's words fell on him like a sting1 and this very feeling increased to conviction what had1 at the beginning of the conversation1 been only a vague misgiving4 99 99 99 99 99 ,franceline rallied quickly1 and with her returning strength ,sir ,simon's fears were allayed4 ,he had not been able to follow the doctor's advice as to keeping alive any soothing delusions that might exist in her mind1 but he succeeded1 by dint of continually dinning it into his ears that there was no danger1 in convincing her father that there was not2 and the cheerfulness and security that radiated from him acted beneficially on her1 and proved of great help to the medical treatment4 ,and was ,dr4 ,blink right in his surmise that a moral cause had been at work and contributed to the bursting of the blood-vessel8 ,if ,franceline had been asked she would have denied it2 if any one had said to her that the accident had been brought on by mental suffering1 or insinuated that she was still at heart pining for a lost love1 she would have answered with proud sincerity3 8,it is false2 ,i am not pining4 ,i have ceased to think of ,clide de ,winton2 ,i have ceased to love him40 ,but which of us can answer truly for our own hearts8 ,we do not want to idealize ,franceline4 ,we wish to describe her as she was1 the good with the evil2 the struggle and the victory as they alternated in her life2 her heart fluctuating1 but never consciously disloyal4 ,there must be flaws in every picture taken from life4 ,perfection is not to be found in nature1 except when seen through a poet's eyes4 ,perhaps it was true that ,franceline had ceased to love ,clide4 ,when our will is firmly set upon self-conquest we are apt to fancy it achieved4 ,but conquest does not of necessity bring joy1 or even peace4 ,nothing is so terrible as a victory1 except a defeat1 was a great captain's cry on surveying the bloody field of yesterday's battle4 ,the frantic effort1 the bleeding trophies may inflict a death-wound on the conqueror as fatal1 in one sense1 as defeat4 ,we see the 8good fight0 every day leading to such issues4 ,brave souls fight and carry the day1 and then go to reap their laurels where 8beyond these voices there is peace40 ,franceline had gained a victory1 but there was no rejoicing in the triumph4 ,her heart plained still of its wounds2 if she did not hear it1 it was because she would not2 it still bemoaned its hard fate1 its broken cup of happiness4 ,she rose up from this illness1 however1 happier than she had been for months4 ,it was difficult to believe that the period which had worked such changes to her inward life counted only a few months2 it seemed like years1 like a lifetime1 since she had first met ,clide de ,winton4 ,she resumed her calmly busy little life as before the break had come that suspended its active routine4 ,by ,dr4 ,blink's desire the teaching class was suppressed1 and the necessity of guarding against cold prevented her doing much amongst the sick2 but this extra leisure in one way enabled her to increase her work in another2 she devoted it to writing with her father2 this never tired her1 she affirmed--it only interested and amused her4 ,the advisability of a trip to some southern spot in ,france or ,italy had been suggested by ,dr4 ,blink2 but the proposal was rejected by his patient in such a strenuous and excited manner that he forebore to press it4 ,he noticed also an expression of sudden pain on ,m4 de la ,bourbonais' countenance1 accompanied by an involuntary deep-drawn sigh1 that led him to believe there must be pecuniary impediments in the way of the scheme1 notwithstanding ,sir ,simon's assurance to the contrary4 ,the migr was universally looked upon as a poor man4 ,who else would live as he did8 ,still ,sir ,simon must have known what he was saying4 ,however1 as it happened1 the cold weather1 which was now setting in pretty sharp1 was by no means favorable to travelling1 so the doctor consented willingly enough to abide by the patient's circumstances and wishes4 ,a long journey in winter is always a high price for an invalid to pay for the benefit of a warm climate4 ,in the first days of ,december1 ,sir ,simon took flight from ,dullerton to ,nice4 ,lady ,rebecca was spending the winter at ,cannes1 and as ,mr4 ,simpson reported that 8her ladyship's health had declined visibly within the last month10 it was natural that her dutiful step-son should desire to be within call in case of any painful eventuality4 ,if the climate of the sunny ,mediterranean town happened to be a very congenial winter residence to him1 so much the better4 ,it is only fair that a man should have some compensation for doing his duty4 ,the day before he started ,sir ,simon came down to ,the ,lilies4 8,raymond10 he said1 8you have sustained a loss lately2 you must be in want of money2 now is the time to prove yourself a ,christian1 and let others do unto you as you would do unto them4 ,you offered me money once when ,i did not want it2 ,i offer it to you now that you do40 ,and he pressed a bundle of notes into the count's hands4 ,but ,raymond crushed them back into his4 8,mon cher ,simon6 ,i do not thank you4 ,that would be ungrateful2 it would look as if ,i were surprised1 whereas ,i have long since come to take brotherly kindness as a matter of course from you4 ,but in truth ,i do not want this money2 ,i give you my word ,i don't60 8,if you pledge your word1 ,i must believe you1 ,i suppose10 returned the baronet2 8but promise me one thing--if you should want it1 you will let me know80 8,i promise you ,i will40 ,sir ,simon with a sigh1 which ,raymond took for reluctance1 but which was really one of relief1 replaced the notes in his waistcoat pocket4 8,i had better leave you a blank check all the same10 he said2 8you might happen to want it1 and not be able to get a letter to me at once4 ,there is no knowing where the vagabond spirit may lead me1 once ,i am on the move4 ,give me a pen40 ,and he seated himself at the desk4 ,raymond protested2 but it was no use1 ,sir ,simon would have his own way2 he wrote the blank check and saw it locked up in the count's private drawer4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais argued from this reckless committal of his signature that the baronet's finances were in a flourishing condition1 and was greatly rejoiced4 ,alas6 if the truth were known1 they had never been in a sorrier plight4 ,he had offered the bank-notes in all sincerity1 but if ,raymond had accepted it1 ,sir ,simon would have been at his wit's end to find the ready money for his journey4 ,but he kept this dark1 and rather led his friend to suppose him flush of money2 it was the only chance of getting him to accept his generosity4 8,mind you keep me constantly informed how ,franceline gets on10 were his parting words2 and ,m4 de la ,bourbonais promised4 ,she got on in pretty much the same way for some time4 ,languid and pale1 but not suffering2 and she had no cough1 and no return of the symptoms that had alarmed them all so much4 ,anglique watched her as a cat watches a mouse1 but even her practised eye could detect no definite cause for anxiety4 ,one morning1 about a fortnight after ,sir ,simon's departure1 ,franceline was alone in the little sitting-room--her father had gone to do some shopping for her in the town1 as it was too cold for her to venture out--when ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll called4 ,the moment she saw him she flushed up1 partly with surprise1 partly with pleasure4 ,a casual observer would have concluded this to be a good sign for the visitor2 a male friend would have unhesitatingly pronounced him a lucky dog4 ,ponsonby himself felt slightly elated4 8,i heard you were ill10 he said1 8and as ,i am at home on leave for a few days1 ,i could not resist coming to inquire for you4 ,you are not displeased with me for coming80 8,no1 indeed2 it is very kind of you4 ,i am glad to see you10 ,franceline replied with bright1 grateful eyes4 ,hope bounded up high in ,ponsonby4 8,they told me you had been very ill4 ,i hope it is not true4 ,you don't look it10 he said anxiously4 8,i have been frightening them a little more than it was worth2 but ,i am quite well now4 ,how is ,lady ,anwyll80 8,thank you1 she's just as usual2 in very good health and a tremendous bustle4 ,you know ,i always put the house topsy-turvy when ,i come down4 ,not that ,i mean to do it2 it seems to come of itself as a natural consequence of my being there10 he explained1 laughing4 8,is ,m4 de la ,bourbonais quite well80 8,quite well4 ,he will be in presently2 he is only gone to make a few purchases for me40 8,how anxious he must have been while you were ill60 8,dear papa6 yes he was40 8,do you ride much now80 8,not at all4 ,i am forbidden to take any violent exercise for the present40 ,all obvious subjects being now exhausted1 there ensued a pause4 ,ponsonby was the first to break it4 8,have you forgiven me1 ,franceline80 he said1 looking at her tenderly1 and with a sort of sheepish timidity4 8,indeed ,i have2 forgiven and forgotten10 she replied2 and then blushing very red1 and correcting herself quickly3 8,i mean there was nothing to forgive40 8,that's not the sort of forgiveness ,i want10 said ,ponsonby1 growing courageous in proportion as she grew embarrassed4 8,franceline1 why can you not like me a little8 ,i love you so much2 no one will ever love you better1 or as well60 ,she shook her head1 but said nothing1 only rose and went to the window4 ,he followed her4 8,you are angry with me again60 he exclaimed1 and was going to break out in entreaties to be forgiven2 when stooping forward he caught sight of her face4 ,it was streaming with tears6 8,there1 the very mention of it sets you crying6 ,why do you hate me so80 8,i do not hate you4 ,i never hated you6 ,i wish with all my heart ,i could love you6 ,but ,i cannot1 ,i cannot6 ,and you would not have me marry you if ,i did not love you8 ,it would be false and selfish to accept your love1 with all it would bring me1 and give so little in return80 ,she turned her dark eyes on him1 still full of tears1 but unabashed and innocent1 as if he had been a brother asking her to do something unreasonable4 8,so little60 he cried1 and seizing her hand he pressed it to his lips2 8if you knew how thankful ,i would be for that little6 ,what am ,i but an awkward lout at best6 ,but ,i will make you happy1 ,franceline2 ,i swear to you ,i will6 ,and your father too4 ,i will be as good as a son to him40 ,she made no answer but the same negative movement of her head4 ,she looked out over the winter fields with a dreamy expression1 as if she only half heard him1 while her hand lay passively in his4 8,say you will be my wife6 ,accept me1 ,franceline60 pleaded the young man1 and he passed his arm around her4 ,the action roused her2 she snatched away her hand and started from him4 ,it was not aversion or antipathy1 it was terror that dictated the movement4 ,something within her cried out and forbade her to listen4 ,she could no more control the sudden recoil than she could control the tears that gushed out afresh1 this time with loud sobs that shook her from head to foot4 8,good heavens6 what have ,i done80 exclaimed ,ponsonby1 helpless and dismayed4 8,shall ,i go away8 shall ,i leave you80 8,oh6 it is nothing4 ,it is over now10 said ,franceline1 her agitation quieted instantaneously by the sight of his4 ,she dashed the tears from her cheeks impatiently2 she was vexed with herself for giving way so before him4 8,sit down2 you are trembling all over10 said the young man2 and he gently forced her into a chair4 8,i am sorry ,i said anything2 ,i will never mention the subject again without your permission4 ,shall ,i go away80 8,it would be very ungracious to say #8yes1'0 she replied1 trying to smile through the tears that hung like raindrops on her long lashes2 8but you see how weak and foolish ,i am40 8,my poor darling6 ,i will go and leave you4 ,i have been too much for you4 ,only tell me1 may ,i come soon again--just to ask how you are80 ,she hesitated4 ,to say yes would be tacitly to accept him2 yet it was odious to turn him off like this without a word of kindly explanation to soften the pang4 ,ponsonby could not read these thoughts1 so he construed her hesitation according to the immemorial logic of lovers4 8,well1 never mind answering now10 he said2 8,i won't bother you any more to-day4 ,you will present my respects to the count1 and say how sorry ,i was not to see him40 ,he held out his hand for good-by4 8,you will meet him on the road1 ,i dare say10 said ,franceline1 extending hers4 8,you will not tell him how ,i have misbehaved to you80 ,the shy smile that accompanied the request emboldened ,ponsonby to raise the soft1 white hand to his lips4 ,then turning away he overturned a little wicker flower-stand1 happily with no injury to the sturdy green plant1 but with considerable damage to the dignity of his exit4 ,perhaps you will say that ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais behaved like a flirt in parting with a discarded lover in this fashion4 ,it is easy for you to say so4 ,it is not so easy for a woman with a heart to inflict unmitigated pain on a man who loves her1 and whose love she at least requites with gratitude1 esteem1 and sisterly regard4 ,sir ,ponsonby met the count on the road2 he made sure of the encounter by walking his horse up and down the green lane which commanded the road from ,dullerton to ,the ,lilies4 ,what passed between them remained the secret of themselves and the winter thrush that perched on the brown hedge close by and sang out lustily to the trees and fields while they conversed4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais made no comment on his daughter's tear-stained cheeks when he came home2 but taking her face between his hands1 as he was fond of doing1 he gave one wistful look1 kissed it1 and let it go4 8,how long you have been away1 petit pre6 ,shall we go to our writing now80 she inquired cheerfully4 8,art thou not tired1 my child80 8,tired6 ,what have ,i done to tire me80 ,she sat down at his desk1 and nothing was said of ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll's visit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the excitement of that day's interview told1 nevertheless1 on ,franceline4 ,it left her nervous1 and weaker than she had been since her recovery4 ,these symptoms escaped her father's notice1 and they would have escaped ,anglique's1 owing to ,franceline's strenuous efforts to conceal them1 if a slight cough had not come to put her on the qui vive more than ever4 ,it was very slight indeed1 only attacking her in the morning when she awoke1 and quite ceasing by the time she was dressed and down-stairs4 ,franceline's room was at one end of the cottage2 ,anglique slept next to her2 and at the other end1 with the stairs intervening1 was the count's room4 ,he was thus out of ear-shot of the sound1 which1 however rare and seemingly unimportant1 would have filled him with alarm4 ,franceline treated it as a trifle not worth mentioning2 but when her old bonne insisted on taking her discreetly to ,dr4 ,blink and having his opinion about it1 she gave in to humor her4 ,the doctor once more applied his stethoscope1 and then1 smiling that grim1 satisfied smile of his that was so reassuring to patients till they had seen it practised on others and found out it was a fallacy1 remarked3 8,we are glad to be able to assure you again that there is nothing to be frightened at2 no mischief that cannot be forestalled by care1 and docility to our instructions10 he added emphatically4 8,we must order you some tonics1 and you must take them regularly4 ,how is the appetite80 turning to ,anglique1 who stood by devouring the oracle's words and watching every line of his features with a shrewd1 almost vicious expression of mistrust on her brown face4 8,ah6 the appetite4 ,she will not be eating many2 she will be wanting dainty plates which ,i cannot make10 explained the ,frenchwoman1 sticking pertinaciously to the future tense1 as usual when she spoke ,english4 8,invalids are liable to those caprices of the palate10 remarked ,dr4 ,blink blandly2 8but ,miss ,franceline will be brave and overcome them4 ,dainty dishes are not always the most nourishing1 and nourishment is necessary for her2 it is essential40 8,that is what ,i will be telling mamselle10 assented ,anglique2 8but she will not be believing me4 ,i will be telling her every day the strength is in the bouillon2 but she will be making a grimace and saying #8,pshaw6'0 ,the last word was uttered with a grimace so expressive that ,franceline burst out laughing1 and the pompous little doctor joined in it in spite of his dignity4 ,she promised to do her best to obey him and overcome her dislike to the bouillon1 ,anglique's native panacea1 and to other substantial food4 ,but she found it very hard to keep the promise4 ,it required something savory to tempt her weak appetite4 ,anglique saw she was doing her best1 and never pressed the poor child needlessly2 but she would groan over the plate as she removed it1 sometimes untouched4 8,i used to think myself a #8blue ribbon' until now10 she said once to ,franceline1 with an impatient sigh2 8but ,i am at the end of my talent2 ,i can do nothing to please mamselle40 ,and then she would long for ,sir ,simon to come home4 ,it happened unluckily that the professed artist who presided over the kitchen at the ,court was taking a holiday during his master's absence4 ,anglique would have scorned to invoke the skill of the subaltern who replaced him1 but she had a profound admiration for the chef himself1 and1 though an ,englishman1 she bowed unreservedly to his superior talents4 ,the belief was current that ,sir ,simon would spend the ,christmas at ,dullerton2 he always did when not at too great a distance at that time4 ,it was the right thing for an ,english gentleman to do1 and his bitterest foe would not accuse the baronet of failing to act up to that standard4 ,this year1 however1 it was not possible4 ,the weather was glorious at ,nice and it was anything but that at ,dullerton1 and the long journey in the cold was not attractive4 ,he wrote home desiring the usual festivities to be arranged according to the old custom of the place2 coals and clothing were to be distributed ad libitum2 the fatted calf was to be killed for the tenantry1 and everybody was enjoined to eat1 drink1 and be merry in spite of the host's absence4 ,they conscientiously followed these hospitable injunctions1 but it was a grievous disappointment that ,sir ,simon was not in their midst to stimulate the conviviality by his kindly and genial presence4 ,pretty presents came to ,the ,lilies1 but they did not bring strength to ,franceline4 ,she grew more transparent1 more fragile-looking1 as the days went on4 ,anglique held private conferences with ,miss ,merrywig1 and that lady suggested that any of the large houses in the neighborhood would be only too delighted to be of any use in sending jellies flavored with good strong wine4 ,there was nothing so nourishing for an invalid2 ,miss ,merrywig would speak to one where there was a capital cook4 ,but ,anglique would not hear of it4 ,no1 no6 ,much as she longed for the jelly she dared not get it in this way4 ,m4 le ,comte would never forgive her4 8,he will be so proud1 ,m4 le ,comte6 ,he will be a ,scotchman6 ,he will not be confessing even to me that he wants nothing4 ,but ,monsieur ,simon will be coming2 he will be coming soon1 and then he will be making little plates for mamselle every day40 ,meantime she and ,franceline did their best to hide from ,raymond this particular reason for desiring their friend's return4 ,but he noticed that she ate next to nothing1 and that she often signed to ,anglique to remove her plate on which the food remained untasted4 ,once he could not forbear exclaiming3 8,ah6 if we were in ,paris ,i could get some friandise to tempt thee60 ,in the middle of ,january one morning a letter came from ,sir ,simon1 bearing the ,london postmark4 ,he had been obliged to come to ,england on pressing business of a harassing nature4 8,is ,sir ,simon coming home1 petit pre80 inquired ,franceline eagerly1 as her father opened the letter4 8,yes2 but only for a day4 ,he will be here after to-morrow1 and fly away to ,nice the next day40 8,how tiresome of him6 ,but it is better to see him for a day than not at all4 ,does he say what hour he arrives8 ,we will go and meet him40 8,it will be too late for thee to be out1 my child4 ,he comes by the late afternoon train1 just in time to dress for dinner and receive us all4 ,he has invited several friends in the neighborhood to dine40 8,what a funny idea6 ,and he is only coming for the day80 8,only for the day40 ,raymond's eyebrows closed like a horseshoe over his meditative eyes as he folded the baronet's letter and laid it aside4 ,there was more in it than he communicated to ,franceline4 ,it was the old story2 money tight1 bills falling due1 and no means of meeting them4 ,lady ,rebecca had taken a fresh start1 thanks to an ,italian quack who had been up from ,naples and worked wonders with some diabolical elixir--diabolical beyond a doubt1 for nothing but the black-art could explain the sudden and extraordinary rally2 she was all but dead when the quack arrived--so ,mr4 ,simpson heard from one of her ladyship's attendants4 ,simpson himself was terribly put out by the news2 it overturned all his immediate plans2 he saw no possibility of any longer avoiding extremities4 ,extremities meant that the principal creditor1 a ,jew who had lent a sum of thirty thousand pounds on ,sir ,simon's life-interest in ,dullerton1 at the rate of twenty per cent1 was now determined to wait no longer for his arrears of twenty per cent1 but turn the baronet out of possession and sell his life-interest in the estate4 ,this sword of ,damocles had been hanging over his debtor's head for the last ten years4 ,it was to meet this usurious interest periodically that ,sir ,simon was driven to such close quarters4 ,he had up to this time contrived to answer the demand--,heaven and ,mr4 ,simpson alone knew at what sacrifices4 ,but now he had come to a point beyond which even he declared he could not possibly carry his client4 ,he had tried to negotiate post-obit bills on ,lady ,rebecca's fifty thousand pounds1 but the ,jews were too sharp for that4 ,lady ,rebecca was sole master of her fifty thousand pounds1 and might leave it to whom she liked4 ,she had made her will bequeathing it to her step-son1 and he was morally as certain of ultimately possessing the money as if it were entailed2 but moral security is no security at all to a money-lender4 ,the money was not entailed2 ,lady ,rebecca might take it into her head to alter her will2 she might leave it to a quack doctor1 or to some clever sycophant of an attendant4 ,there is no saying what an old lady of seventy-five may not do with fifty thousand pounds4 ,sir ,simon pshawed and pooh-poohed contemptuously when ,simpson enumerated these arguments against the negotiation of the much-needed ,p4 ,o4 bills2 but it was no use4 ,israel was inexorable4 ,and now one particular member of the tribe called ,moses to witness that if he were not paid his 8twenty per shent0 on the first of ,february1 he would seize upon the life-interest of ,dullerton ,court and make its present owner a bankrupt4 ,he could sell nothing1 either in the house or on the estate2 the plate and pictures and furniture were entailed4 ,if this were not the case1 things need not have come to this with ,sir ,simon4 ,two of those ,raphaels in the great gallery would have paid the ,jew principal and interest together2 but not a spoon or a hearth-brush in the ,court could be touched2 everything belonged to the heir4 ,no mention has hitherto been made of that important person1 because he in no way concerns this story1 except by the fact of his existence4 ,he was a distant kinsman of the present baronet1 who had never seen him4 ,he was in diplomacy1 and so lived always abroad4 ,people are said to dislike their heirs4 ,if ,sir ,simon disliked any human being1 it was his4 ,he did not dislike ,lady ,rebecca2 he was only out of patience with her2 she certainly was an aggravating old woman--living on to no purpose1 that he could see1 except to frustrate and harass him4 ,yet he had kindly thoughts of her2 he had only cold aversion towards the man who was waiting for his own death to come and rule in his stead4 ,he had never spoken of him to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais except to inform him that he existed1 and that he stood in his way on many occasions4 ,in the letter of this morning he spoke of him once more4 ,the letter was a long one1 and calmer than any previous effusion of the kind that ,raymond remembered4 ,there was very little vituperation of the duns1 or even of the chief scoundrel who was about to tear away the veil that had hitherto concealed the sores and flaws in the popular landlord's life4 ,this was what he felt most deeply in it all2 the disgrace of being shown up as a sham--a man who had lived like a prince while he had been in reality a beggar1 in debt up to his ears1 and who was now about to be made a bankrupt4 ,raymond had never before understood the real nature of his friend's embarrassment2 he was shocked and distressed more than he could express4 ,it was not the moment to judge him2 to remember the reckless extravagance1 the criminal want of prudence1 of conscience1 that had brought him to this pass4 ,he only thought of the friend of his youth1 the kind1 faithful1 delightful companion who had never failed in friendship1 whatever his other sins may have been4 ,and now he was ruined1 disgraced before the world1 going to be driven forth from his ancestral home branded as a life-long sham4 ,raymond could have wept for pity4 ,then it occurred to him with a strange pang that he was to dine with ,sir ,simon the next day2 the head cook had been telegraphed for to prepare the dinner2 there was to be a jovial gathering of friends to 8cheer him up40 ,what a mystery it was1 this craving for being cheered up1 as if the process were a substantial remedy that in some way helped to pay debts1 or postpone payment6 ,the count was too sad at heart to smile4 ,he rose from the breakfast-table with a sigh1 and was leaving the room when ,franceline linked her hands on his arm1 and said1 looking up with an anxious face3 8,it is a long letter1 petit pre2 is there any bad news80 8,there is hardly any news at all10 he replied evasively4 ,in truth there was not4 8,then why do you look so sad80 8,why dost thou look so pale80 was the reply4 ,and he smiled tenderly and sighed again as he kissed her forehead4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,schylus4 ,a sea-cliff carved into a bas-relief6 ,art1 rough from ,nature's hand2 by brooding ,nature ,wrought out in spasms to shapes of ,titan stature2 ,emblems of ,fate1 and ,change1 ,revenge1 and ,grief1 ,and ,death1 and ,life2 in giant hieroglyph ,confronting still with thunder-blasted frieze ,all stress of years1 and winds1 and wasting seas-- ,the stranger nears it in his western skiff1 ,and hides his eyes4 ,few1 few shall dare1 great ,bard1 ,thy watery portals6 ,entering1 fewer yet ,shall pierce thy music's meaning1 deep and hard6 ,but these shall owe to thee an endless debt2 ,the ,eleusinian caverns they shall tread ,that wind beneath man's heart2 and wisdom learn with dread4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,a ,,precursor ,,of ,,marco ,,polo4 ,the merchants and missionaries who were the first travellers and ambassadors of ,christian times little thought1 absorbed as they were in the object of their quest1 how large a share of interest in the eyes of posterity would centre in the quaint observations1 descriptions1 and drawings which they were able incidentally to gather or make4 ,marco ,polo's name1 and even those of his father and uncle1 ,niccolo and ,matteo ,polo1 are well known1 and are associated with all that barbaric magnificence the memory of which had a great share in keeping alive the perseverance of subsequent explorers4 ,it was fitting that traders in jewels should reach the more civilized and splendid ,tartars1 and no doubt their store of rich presents1 and their garments of ample dimensions as well as fine texture1 would prove a passport through tribes so passionately acquisitive as the ,tartars seem to have been4 ,nomads are not always simple-minded or unambitious4 ,the ,franciscan whose travels come just between the expedition of the elder ,polo and the more famous ,marco--,friar ,william ,rubruquis--did not have the good-luck to see the wonders his successor described2 but he mentions repeatedly that his entertainers made reiterated and minute inquiries as to the abundance of flocks and herds in the country he came from1 and that they wondered--rather contemptuously--at the presents of sweet wine1 dried fruits1 and delicate cakes which were all he had to offer their great princes4 ,rubruquis was traveller1 missionary1 and ambassador1 but in the two pursuits denoted by the last-mentioned titles his success was but small4 ,as a traveller1 however1 he was hardy1 persevering1 and observant4 ,though not bred a horseman1 he often rode thirty leagues a day1 and half the time at full gallop1 he says4 ,his companions1 monks like himself1 could not stand the fatigue1 and both1 at different intervals1 parted company from him4 ,but ,rubruquis was young and strong1 though1 as he himself says1 corpulent and heavy2 and1 above all1 he was enterprising4 ,he was not more than five-and-twenty when he started on his quest of the ,christian monarch whom all the rulers of ,europe firmly believed in1 and whose name has come down to us as ,prester ,john4 ,born in #abcj1 he devoted himself early to the church1 and during the ,fourth ,crusade went on a pilgrimage to the ,holy ,land4 ,his real name was ,ruysbroek1 but1 according to the unpatriotic fashion of the times1 he ,latinized it into ,rubruquis4 ,s4 ,louis1 ,king of ,france1 eager for the ,christian alliance which the supposed ,prester ,john would be able to enter into with him1 had once already sent an embassy of monks to seek him2 but they had failed to perform a sixth part of the journey set down for them1 and had heard no tidings of a monarch answering to the description4 ,the king1 nothing daunted1 determined to send another embassy on a voyage of discovery ,vague news of a ,christian ,tartar chief1 by name ,sartach1 had come to him2 probably the toleration extended by the ,tartars to ,christians--a contrast to the behavior of most ,saracenic chiefs--led to this obstinate belief in a remote ,christian empire of the ,east4 ,william de ,rubruquis1 ,bartholomew of ,cremona1 and a companion named ,andrew1 all ,franciscan friars1 were chosen for this new expedition4 ,on the #gth of ,may1 #abec 7says his narrative1 though it has since been calculated that1 as ,s4 ,louis was a captive at the time1 the date #abee is more likely to be correct71 the travellers1 having crossed the ,black ,sea from ,constantinople1 landed at ,soldaia1 near ,cherson4 ,the king1 somewhat unwisely as it proved1 had told his envoy to represent himself as a private individual travelling on his own account4 ,but the ,tartars were acute and jealous of foreigners2 they knew that travelling entailed too much fatigue and danger to be undertaken simply for pleasure1 and they had small regard for any stranger1 unless the representative of a prince4 ,they guessed his mission1 and taxed him with it1 till he was obliged to acknowledge that he was the bearer of letters from the ,christian ,king of ,france to the mighty khan1 ,sartach4 ,but though the people do not seem to have taken him for a private person1 they were puzzled by the poverty of his dress and the scantiness of the presents he offered them4 ,even small dignitaries expected to be royally propitiated4 ,he explained his vow of poverty to them1 but this did not impress the ,tartars as favorably as he wished4 ,still1 he met with nothing but civility and hospitality4 ,rubruquis says that ,soldaia was a great mart for furs1 which the ,russians exchanged with the merchants of ,constantinople for silks1 cotton1 spices1 etc4 ,the third day after his departure he met a wandering tribe1 8among whom being entered10 he says1 8methought ,i was come into a new world40 ,he goes on to describe their houses on wheels1 no despicable or narrow habitations1 even according to modern ideas3 8,their houses1 in which they sleep1 they raise upon a round foundation of wickers artificially wrought and compacted together1 the roof consisting of wickers also meeting above in one little roundel1 out of which there rises upwards a neck like a chimney1 which they cover with white felt2 and often they lay mortar or white earth upon the felt with the powder of bones1 that it may shine and look white2 sometimes1 also1 they cover their houses with black felt4 ,this cupola ''' they adorn with a variety of pictures4 ,before the door they hang a felt curiously painted over2 for they spend all their colored felt in painting vines1 trees1 birds1 and beasts thereupon4 ,these houses they make so large that they contain thirty feet in breadth2 for1 measuring once the breadth between the wheel-ruts1 ''' ,i found it to be twenty feet over1 and when the house was upon the cart it stretched over the wheels on each side five feet at least4 ,i told two-and-twenty oxen in one draught1 drawing an house upon a cart1 and eleven more on the other side4 7,two rows1 one in front of the other1 we suppose47 ''' ,a fellow stood in the door of the house1 driving the oxen40 ,sometimes a woman drove1 or walked at the head of the leaders to guide them4 8,one woman will guide twenty or thirty carts at once2 for their country is very flat1 and they fasten the carts with camels or oxen one behind another4 ,a girl sits in the foremost cart1 driving the oxen1 and all the rest of themselves follow at a like pace4 ,when they come to a place which is a bad passage1 they loose them1 and guide them one by one4'''0 ,the baggage was so arranged as to be taken through the smaller rivers of ,asia without being injured or wetted4 ,it consisted of square chests of wicker-work1 with a hollow lid or cover of the same1 8covered with black felt1 rubbed over with tallow or sheep's milk to keep the rain from soaking through1 which they also adorn with painting or white feathers40 ,these were placed on carts with very high wheels1 and drawn by camels instead of oxen4 ,the encampment was like a large village1 well defended by palisades formed of the carts off which the houses had been taken1 and which were drawn up in two compact lines1 one in front and one in the rear of the dwellings1 8as it were between two walls10 says our traveller4 ,a rich ,tartar commonly had one hundred1 or even two hundred1 such cart-houses4 ,each house had several small houses belonging to it1 placed behind it1 serving as closets1 store-rooms1 and sleeping chambers1 and often as many as two hundred chests and their necessary carts4 ,this made immense numbers of camels and oxen for draught necessary2 and1 besides1 there were the animals for food and milk1 and the horses for the men4 ,they had cow's milk and mare's milk1 two species of food which they used very differently1 and even made of social and religious importance4 ,only the men were allowed to milk the mares1 while the women attended to the cows2 and any interchange of these offices would have been deemed1 in a man1 unpardonable effeminacy1 and in a woman indelicacy4 ,at the door of the houses stood two tutelary deities1 monsters of both sexes4 ,the cow's milk served for the food of women and children1 while the mare's milk was made into a fermented liquor called cosmos4 ,this was supposed to make a heathen of the man who drank it2 for the ,nestorian ,christians found among them1 8who keep their own laws very strictly1 will not drink thereof2 they account themselves no ,christians after they have once drunk of it2 and their priests reconcile them to the church as if they had renounced the ,christian faith40 ,this cosmos was made thus3 ,the milk was poured into a large skin bag1 and the bag beaten with a wooden club until the milk began to ferment and turn sour4 ,the bag was then shaken and cudgelled again until most of it turned to butter2 after which the liquid was supposed to be fit for drinking4 ,rubruquis evidently liked it2 says it was exhilarating to the spirits1 and even intoxicating to weak heads2 pungent to the taste1 8like raspberry wine10 but left a flavor on the palate 8like almond-milk40 ,cara-cosmos1 a rarer quality of the same1 and reserved for the chiefs only1 was produced by prolonging the beating of the bag until the coagulated portions subsided to the bottom4 ,these drinks were received as tribute or taxes4 ,baatu1 a chief with sixteen wives1 received the produce of three thousand mares daily1 besides a quantity of common cosmos1 a bowl of which almost always stood on the threshold of every rich man's house4 ,the ,tartars often drank of it to excess1 and their banquets were relieved by music4 ,at these feasts1 in which both sexes participated1 the guests clapped their hands and danced to the music1 the men before their host1 the women before his principal wife4 ,the host always drank first4 ,the moment he put his lips to the bowl of cosmos1 his cup-bearer cried aloud 8,ha60 and the musicians struck up4 ,this almost sounds like a medival ,twelfth-night banquet1 when all the guests rose and shouted1 8,the king drinks60 and then drained their goblets in imitation of the monarch of the night4 ,the ,tartars respectfully waited till the lord of the feast had finished his draught1 when the cup-bearer again cried 8,ha60 and the music ceased4 ,after a pause1 the guests1 male and female1 drank round in turns1 each one to the sound of music1 with a pause and silence before the next person took up the cup4 ,this fashion of drinking continued unchanged for many centuries1 and later travellers1 amid the increased pomp of the court of the ,tartar emperors of ,china1 found it still in force--music1 cries1 pauses1 and all4 ,we have also seen1 not many years ago1 on the occasion of the marriage of the late young emperor of ,china1 illustrations of the wedding procession1 representing immensely wide carts1 drawn by eleven oxen abreast1 laden with costly state furniture2 and if we take away the pomp and gilding1 the picture is not unlike that of the ,tartar camp-carts seen by our traveller4 ,rubruquis hints that the ,tartars were not a temperate people2 they drank much and not cleanly1 and the way of 8inviting0 a person to drink was to seize his ears and pull them forcibly4 ,the sweet wine1 of which the monk had a small supply1 pleased them very well1 but they thought him not lavish enough in his hospitality2 for once1 on his offering the master of the house one flagon of this wine1 the man gravely drained it and asked for another1 saying that 8a man does not go into a house with one foot40 ,in return1 however1 they did not give him much to eat2 but perhaps he suffered hunger rather from his prejudice to the meat they ate than from their niggardliness in giving4 ,he at last learned to eat horse-flesh1 but was disgusted at his friends' eating the bodies of animals that had died of disease4 ,the ,tartars were honest enough1 and1 never even took things by force2 but they begged for everything that took their fancy as unblushingly as some of ,paul ,du ,chaillu's negroes in ,africa4 ,it surprised them to be refused anything--knives1 gloves1 purses1 etc4--and1 when gratified1 never thought it necessary to thank their guests4 ,after a while ,rubruquis met the carts of ,zagatai1 one of the chieftains1 to whom he brought a letter from the ,emperor of ,constantinople4 ,here the ,tartars asked 8what we had in our carts--whether it were gold1 or silver1 or rich garments02 and both ,zagatai and his interpreter were haughtily discontented at finding that at least some garment of value was not forthcoming4 ,this is not wonderful1 considering the wealth of their own great khans1 of whom a later one1 ,kooblai1 so celebrated in ,marco ,polo's travels1 gave his twelve lords1 twelve times in the year1 robes of gold-colored silk1 embroidered with gold and precious stones4 ,zagatai1 however1 received the ambassador graciously4 8,he sat on his bed10#de says ,rubruquis1 8holding a musical instrument in his hand1 and his wife sat by him1 who1 in my opinion1 had cut and pared her nose between the eyes1 that she might seem to be more flat-nosed2 for she had left herself no nose at all in that place1 having anointed the very scar with black ointment1 as she also did her eyebrows1 which sight seemed to me most ugly4''' ,i besought him that he would accept this small gift at our hands1 excusing myself that ,i was a monk1 and that it was against our profession to possess gold1 silver1 or precious garments1 and therefore that ,i had not any such thing to give him1 unless he would receive some part of our victuals instead of a blessing40 ,the ,tartars were always eager to receive a blessing over and above any present4 ,he was constantly asked to make over them the sign of the cross2 but it is to be feared that they looked upon it as a charm1 and of charms they couldn't have too many4 ,from ,zagatai1 ,rubruquis went to ,sartach1 who said he had no power of treating with him1 and sent him on to his father-in-law1 ,baatu1 the patriarch with sixteen wives and several hundred houses4 ,losing his ox-wagons and baggage on the way--for the independent tribes did not scruple to exact tribute from a traveller1 even if he was a friend of their neighbors--he never lost his courage and his determination to sow the seeds of truth in ,tartary4 ,he did not know the language at first1 and only learnt it very imperfectly at the last4 ,here and there a captive ,christian1 mostly ,hungarians1 or a ,tartar who had learnt the rudiments of ,christianity during an invasion of his tribe into ,europe1 acted as interpreter4 ,all were uniformly kind to him4 ,one of them1 who understood ,latin and psalmody1 was in great request at all the funerals of his neighborhood2 but the 8,christianity0 of the natives was but a shred of ,nestorianism worked into a web of paganism1 so that1 the farther he advanced1 the farther the great1 powerful1 united ,christian community headed by ,prester ,john seemed to recede4 ,the people took kindly to ,christian usages1 and had some respect for the forms and ceremonies which the monk and his companions endeavored to keep up2 but when it came to doctrine and morality1 they grew impatient and unresponsive4 ,one of ,rubruquis' interpreters often refused to do his office4 8,and thus10 says the traveller1 8it caused me great chagrin when ,i wished to address to them a few words of edification2 for he would say to me1 #8,you shall not make me preach to-day2 ,i understand nothing of all you tell me4' ''' ,and then he spoke the truth2 for afterwards1 as ,i began to understand a little of their tongue1 ,i perceived that when ,i told him one thing he repeated another1 just according to his fancy4 ,therefore1 seeing it was no use to talk or preach1 ,i held my tongue40 ,hard riding was not the only thing that distressed the ambassador of the ,king of ,france4 ,his companions gave him meat that was less than half-cooked1 and sometimes positively raw4 ,then the cold began to be severe1 and still there were at least four months' travel before him4 ,the ,tartars were kind to him in their rough way1 and gave him some of their thick sheepskins and hide shoes4 ,he had insisted on journeying most of the time in his ,franciscan sandals1 and1 full of ardor for his rule1 had constantly refused gifts of costly garments4 ,this the ,tartars never quite understood1 but they respected the principle which caused him to make so many sacrifices for the sake and furtherance of his religion4 ,wherever he passed1 he and his companions endeared themselves to the inhabitants by many little services 7doubtless also by cures wrought by simple remedies71 and generally by their gentle1 unselfish conduct towards all men4 ,rubruquis observed everything minutely as he passed4 ,the manners and customs of the people interested him1 and perhaps he did not consider them quite such barbarians as we of later days are apt to do4 ,when we read the accounts of domestic life among the majority of people in medival times1 and see that refinement of manner was less thought of than costliness of apparel and wealth of plate and cattle1 the difference between such manners and those of the ,tartars is not appreciable4 ,few in those days were learned1 and learning it is that has always made the real difference between a gentleman and a boor4 ,the marauding chieftains of feudal times were only romantic and titled highwaymen after all4 ,so were the wandering ,tartars4 ,the difference that has since sprung up between the descendants of the marauding barons and those of the ,tartar chiefs is mainly one of race4 ,the former are of an enterprising1 improving race1 the latter of a stagnant one2 and while the ,european nations that then trembled before the invading hordes of ,jengis-,khan have now developed into intellectual superiority over every other race in the world1 the ,tartar is still1 socially and intellectually1 on the same old level1 and his political advantages have vanished with his rude warlike superiority before the diplomacy and the military organization of his former victims4 ,rubruquis noticed that among the superstitions common in ,tartary was a belief that it was unlucky for a visitor to touch the threshold of a ,tartar's door4 ,modern travellers assert the same of the ,chinese4 ,whenever our envoy paid a visit1 he deferred to this belief by carefully stepping across the threshold of the house or tent1 without letting any part of his person or dress come in contact with it4 ,their dress1 on festive occasions1 was rich2 for they traded with ,china1 ,persia1 and other southern and eastern countries for 8stuffs of silk1 cloths of gold1 and cotton cloths1 which they wear in time of summer2 but out of ,russia1 ,bulgaria1 ,hungaria1 and out of ,chersis 7all which are northern regions and full of woods71 ''' the inhabitants bring them rich and costly skins and furs of divers sorts1 which ,i never saw in our countries1 wherewithal they are clad in winter40 ,the rough sheepskin coats had their place also in their toilet1 and a material made of two-thirds wool and one-third horsehair furnished them with caps1 saddle-cloths1 and felt for covering their wagons4 ,the women's dress was distinguished from the men's simply by its greater length1 and they often rode1 like the men1 astride their horses1 their faces protected by a white veil1 crossing the nose just below the eyes and descending to the breast4 ,immense size and flat noses were the great desiderata among them4 ,marriage was a mere bargain1 and daughters were generally sold to the highest bidder4 ,though expert hunters1 the ,tartars were scarcely what we should call sportsmen4 ,they hunted on the battue system1 spreading themselves in a wide circle1 and gradually contracting this as they drove the game before them1 until the unfortunate animals being penned in in a small space1 they were easily shot down by wholesale4 ,hawking was also in vogue among the ,tartars1 and was reduced as much to a science as in ,europe4 ,they strenuously punished great crimes with death1 as1 for instance1 murder1 theft1 adultery1 and even minor offences against chastity4 ,this1 however1 was less the consequence of a regard for virtue per se than of a vivid perception of the rights of property4 ,no code but the ,jewish and the ,christian ever protected the honor of women for its own sake4 ,in mourning for the dead it is strange that violent howling and lamentation1 even on the part of those not personally concerned1 should be a form common to almost all nations1 not only of different religions1 but of various and widely-separated races4 ,the ,tartars1 as well as the ,celts1 practised it4 ,rubruquis mentions that they made various monuments over the graves of their dead1 sometimes mere mounds or barrows of earth1 or towers of brick and even of stone--though no stone was to be found near the spot--and sometimes large open spaces1 paved with stone1 with four large stones placed upright at the corners1 always facing the four cardinal points4 ,it was during winter that the envoy arrived at the court or encampment of ,mandchu-,khan4 ,he says that it was at the distance of twenty days' journey from ,cataya1 or ,cathay 7,china71 but it is difficult to say exactly where that was4 ,here ,rubruquis found a number of ,nestorian priests peacefully living under the khan's protection1 and among them one who had only arrived a month before the ,franciscan friar1 and said he had come1 in consequence of a vision1 to convert the khan and his people4 ,he was an ,armenian from the ,holy ,land4 ,our missionary describes him thus in his terse1 direct way1 which has this advantage over the long-winded and minute descriptions of our day1 that we seem to see the man before us3 8,he was a monk1 somewhat black and lean1 clad with a rough hair-coat to the knees1 having over it a black cloak of bristles1 furred with spotted skins1 girt with iron under his hair-cloth40 ,mandchu-,khan was tolerant and liberal1 and rather well disposed than otherwise to the ,christian religion4 ,his favorite wife1 whom he had lately lost1 had been a ,christian1 and so was his first secretary1 but both ,nestorian ,christians4 ,the khan1 or his servants--who doubtless expected to be propitiated with the usual gifts if they could only succeed in wearying out the patience of the new-comers--made the envoy wait nine days for an audience4 ,the ,tartars thought it strange that a king's ambassador should come to court bare-foot2 but a boy1 a ,hungarian captive1 again gave the required and often-repeated explanation4 ,before entering the large hall1 whose entrance was closed by curtains of gayly-painted felt1 the monks were searched1 to see if they carried any concealed arms2 and then the procession formed1 the ,christian missionaries entering the khan's presence singing the hymn ,a ,solis ortus cardine4 ,the khan1 like the lesser chieftains ,rubruquis had already met1 was seated on a 8bed0 or divan1 dressed 8in a spotted skin or fur1 bright and shining40 ,the multitudinous bowings and prostrations in use at the ,chinese court were very likely exacted1 though the envoy says in general terms that 8he had to bend the knee40 ,such simplicity is1 however1 very far from the ceremonious ,oriental ideal of homage1 and it was not then1 as it is now1 esteemed an honor to receive ,frankish envoys in the ,frankish manner4 ,mandchu first offered his guests a drink of fermented milk1 of which they partook sparingly1 not to offend him2 but the interpreter soon made himself unfit for his office by his indulgence in his favorite beverage4 ,rubruquis stated his mission with modest simplicity4 ,in his quality of ambassador he might have resented the delay in receiving him2 he might have complained of the familiarity and want of respect with which he had been often treated1 and of the advantage taken of his gentleness and ignorance of the language to plunder him2 but he was more than a king's messenger4 ,he was intent upon preaching the 8good tidings0 to the ,tartars1 and only used human means to compass a divine end4 ,he acknowledged that he had no rich presents nor temporal goods to offer1 but only spiritual benefits to impart4 ,his practice certainly did not belie his theory4 ,the people never disbelieved him1 nor suspected him of being a political emissary4 ,but still1 he was unsuccessful4 ,he soon perceived that his interpreter was blundering1 and says3 8,i easily found he was drunk1 and ,mandchu-,khan himself was drunk also1 as ,i thought40 ,all he could obtain was leave to remain in the country during the cold season4 ,inquiries met him on all sides as to the wealth and state of ,europe2 but of religion1 beyond the few forms that pleased their eye1 the people did not seem to think4 ,they looked down with lofty indifference on the faith of those various adventurers whom their sovereign kindly sheltered1 and ranked the ,christian priests they already knew in the same category with conjurers and quack doctors4 ,the ,christianity of these ,nestorians was even more imperfect than that of the ,abyssinians at the time of the late ,english invasion of the unlucky ,king ,theodore's dominions4 ,rubruquis was horrified to find in these priests mere superstitious mountebanks4 ,they mingled ,tartar rites with corrupt ceremonies of the ,catholic ,church1 and practised all manner of deceptions1 mixing rhubarb with holy water as a medicinal drink1 and carrying to the bedside of the sick lances and swords half-drawn from their sheaths along with the crucifix4 ,upon these grounds they pretended to the power of working miracles and curing the sick by spiritual means alone4 ,the ,franciscan zealously tried to reform these abuses and to convert the ,nestorians before he undertook to preach to the ,tartars2 but here again he was unsuccessful4 ,the self-interest of these debased men was in question1 and truth was little to them in comparison with the comfort and consideration they enjoyed as leeches4 ,a curious scene occurred while at this encampment of the khan4 ,there were many ,mahometans in the country1 and the sovereign1 with impartial tolerance1 protected them and their commerce as he did the person and property of other refugees4 ,they1 the ,christians1 and some representative ,tartars were all assembled one day1 by order of ,mandchu1 to discuss in public the merits of their respective faiths4 ,but even on this occasion no bitterness was evinced1 and the meeting1 though it turned out useless in a spiritual sense1 ended in a friendly banquet4 ,rubruquis did his best to improve this opportunity of teaching the truth2 but the hour of successful evangelization had not yet struck1 and much of the indifference of the ,tartars is to be attributed to the culpable practices of the ,nestorians1 whose behavior was enough to discredit the religion they pretended to profess4 ,but if the missionary1 notwithstanding all his zeal1 was unable to convert the heathens1 he at least comforted and strengthened many captive ,christians4 ,we have already mentioned a few of these1 and in ,mandchu's camp he met with another1 a woman from ,metz in ,lorraine1 who had been taken prisoner in ,hungary1 and been carried back into their own country by the invaders4 ,she had at first suffered many hardships1 but ended by marrying a young ,russian1 a captive like herself1 who was skilful in the art of building wooden houses4 ,the ,tartars prized this kind of knowledge1 and were kind to the young couple1 who were now leading a tolerably comfortable life1 and had a family of three children4 ,to fancy their joy at seeing a genuine ,christian missionary is almost out of our power in these days of swift communication1 when nothing is any longer a marvel2 but if we could put ourselves in their place1 we might paint a wonderful picture of thankfulness1 surprise1 and simple1 rock-like faith4 ,the latter part of ,lent was spent in travelling1 as the khan broke up his encampment1 and went on across a chain of mountains to a great city1 ,karakorum1 or ,karakm1 on the river ,orchon4 ,every vestige of such a city has disappeared centuries ago1 but ,marco ,polo mentions it and describes its streets1 situation1 defences1 etc4 ,he arrived there nearly twenty years later1 and noticed that it was surrounded by a strong rampart of earth1 there being no good supply of stone in those parts4 ,the passage of the ,changai ,mountains was a terrible undertaking2 the cold was intense and the weather stormy1 and the khan1 with his usual bland eclecticism1 begged ,rubruquis to 8pray to ,god in his own fashion0 for milder weather1 chiefly for the sake of the cattle4 ,on ,palm ,sunday the envoy blessed the willow-boughs he saw on his way1 though he says there were no buds on them yet2 but they were near the city now1 and the weather had become more promising4 ,rubruquis had his eyes wide open as he came to the first organized city of the ,tartars1 as ,marco ,polo affirms this to have been4 ,it had scarcely been built twenty years when our monk visited it1 and owed its origin to the son and successor of ,jengis-,khan4 8,there were two grand streets in it10 says ,rubruquis1 8one of the ,saracens1 where the fairs are kept 7held71 and many merchants resort thither1 and one other street of the ,cathayans 7,chinese71 who are all artificers40 ,many of the latter were captives1 or at least subjects1 of the khan2 for the ,tartars had already conquered the greater part of ,northern ,china4 ,the khan lived in a castle or palace outside the earthen rampart4 ,in ,karakorum1 again1 the monk found many ,christians1 ,armenian1 ,georgian1 ,hungarian1 and even of ,western ,european origin4 ,among others he mentions an ,englishman--whom he calls ,basilicus1 and who had been born in ,hungary--and a few ,germans4 ,but the most important personage of foreign birth was a ,french goldsmith1 ,william ,bouchier1 whose wife was a ,hungarian1 but of ,mahometan parentage4 ,this ,benvenuto ,cellini of the ,east was rich and liberal1 an excellent interpreter1 thoroughly at home in the ,tartar dialects1 a skilful artist1 and in high favor at court4 ,he had just finished a masterpiece of mechanism and beauty which ,rubruquis thus minutely describes3 8,in the khan's palace1 because it was unseemly to carry about bottles of milk and other drinks there1 ,master ,william made him a great silver tree1 at the root whereof were four silver lions1 having each one pipe1 through which flowed pure cow's milk2 and four other pipes were conveyed within the body of the tree unto the top thereof1 and the tops spread back again downwards1 and upon every one of them was a golden serpent1 whose tails twined about the body of the tree4 ,and one of these pipes ran with wine1 another with cara-cosmos1 another with ball--a drink made of honey--and another with a drink made of rice4 ,between the pipes1 at the top of the tree1 he made an angel holding a trumpet1 and under the tree a hollow vault1 wherein a man might be hid2 and a pipe ascended from this vault through the tree to the angel4 ,he first made bellows1 but they gave not wind enough4 ,without the palace walls there was a chamber wherein the several drinks were brought2 and there were servants there ready to pour them out when they heard the angel sounding his trumpet4 ,and the boughs of the tree were of silver1 and the leaves and the fruit4 ,when1 therefore1 they want drink1 the master-butler crieth to the angel that he sound the trumpet4 ,then he hearing 7who is hid in the vault71 bloweth the pipe1 which goeth to the angel1 and the angel sets his trumpet to his mouth1 and the trumpet soundeth very shrill4 ,then the servants which are in the chamber hearing1 each of them poureth forth his drink into its proper pipe1 and all the pipes pour them forth from above1 and they are received below in vessels prepared for that purpose40 ,this elaborate piece of plate makes one think rather of the ,x,v,ith century banquets of the ,medici and the ,este than of feastings given by a nomad ,tartar in the wilds of ,central ,asia4 ,the goldsmith was not unknown to fame even in ,europe1 where he was called ,william of ,paris4 ,several old chroniclers speak of him1 and his brother ,roger was well known as a goldsmith 8living upon the great bridge at ,paris40 ,this clever artist very nearly fell a victim to the quackery of a ,nestorian monk1 whereupon ,rubruquis significantly comments thus3 8,he entreated him to proceed either as an apostle doing miracles indeed1 by virtue of prayer1 or to administer his potion as a physician1 according to the art of medicine40 ,besides the ,tartars and their ,christian captives1 ,rubruquis had opportunities of observing the numerous ,chinese1 or ,cathayans1 as they were called1 who have been mentioned as the artificers of the town4 ,there were also knots of ,siberians1 ,kamtchatkans1 and even inhabitants of the islands between the extremities of ,asia and ,america1 where at times the sea was frozen over4 ,rubruquis picked up a good deal of miscellaneous information1 chiefly about the ,chinese4 ,he mentions their paper currency--a fact which ,marco ,polo subsequently verified--and their mode of writing2 i4e41 with small paint-brushes1 and each character or figure signifying a whole word4 ,the standard of value of the ,russians1 he says1 consisted in spotted furs--a currency which still exists in the remoter parts of ,siberia4 ,it was not without good reason1 no doubt1 that the monk-envoy made up his mind to leave the country he had hoped either to evangelize or to find already as orthodox as his own1 and ruled by a great ,christian potentate4 ,such perseverance as he showed throughout his journey was not likely to be daunted by slight obstacles2 but finding the object of his mission as far from attainment as when he first entered ,tartary1 he at last reluctantly left the field4 ,only one ,european besides himself had ventured so far--,friar ,bartholomew of ,cremona2 but even he shrank before a renewal of the hardships of mountain and desert travel1 and chose rather to stay behind with ,master ,william1 the hospitable goldsmith1 till some more convenient opportunity should present itself of returning to his own country4 ,rubruquis accordingly started alone1 with a servant1 an interpreter1 and a guide2 but though he had asked for leave to go on ,whitsunday1 the permission was delayed till the festival of ,s4 ,john ,baptist1 the #bdth of ,june4 ,the khan made him a few trifling presents1 and gave him a complimentary letter to the ,king of ,france2 but no definite results were obtained4 ,the homeward journey was long and tedious1 and the only provision made for the sustenance of the party was a permission from the khan to take a sheep 8once in four days1 wherever they could find it40 ,sometimes they had nothing to eat for three days together1 and only a little cosmos to drink1 and more than once1 having missed the stations of the wandering tribes whom they had reckoned on meeting1 even the supply of cosmos was exhausted4 ,about two months after his departure from ,karakorum1 ,rubruquis met ,sartach1 the great chief who had sheltered him for some time on his way to the river ,don4 ,some belongings of the mission having been left in ,sartach's care1 the envoy asked him to return them1 but was told they were in charge of ,baatu1 ,rubruquis' other friend and protector4 ,sartach was on his way to join ,mandchu-,khan1 and was of course surrounded by the two hundred houses and innumerable chests which belonged to the establishment of a ,tartar patriarch4 ,if this was not exactly civilization1 it was companionship1 and the envoy must have been glad of a meeting which replenished his exhausted stores and suggested domestic comfort and abundance4 ,more rough travelling on horseback1 more experiences of hunger and cold 7for the autumn was already coming on71 more fording of rivers1 and the monk found himself at ,baatu's court4 ,it was the #afth of ,september--a year after he had left the chieftain to push on to the court of the ,grand-,khan4 ,here he was joyfully and courteously received1 and recovered nearly all his property2 but as the ,tartars had concluded that the whole embassy must have perished long ago1 they had allowed some ,nestorian priest1 a wanderer under the protection now of ,sartach1 now of ,baatu and other khans1 to appropriate various ,psalters1 books1 and ecclesiastical vestments4 ,three young men1 ,europeans1 whom ,rubruquis had left behind1 had nearly been reduced to bondage under the same pretext1 but they had not suffered personal ill-treatment4 ,the kind offices of some influential ,armenians had staved off the evil day1 and the timely arrival of the long-missing envoy secured them their freedom4 ,rubruquis now joined ,baatu's court1 which was journeying westward to a town called ,sarai1 on the eastern bank of the ,volga2 but the progress of the encumbered ,tartars was so slow that he left them after a month's companionship1 and pushed on with his party1 till he reached ,sarai on the feast of ,all ,saints4 ,after this the country was almost an unbroken desert2 but our traveller once more fell in with one of his ,tartar friends1 a son of ,sartach1 who was out upon a hawking expedition1 and gave him a guard to protect him from various fierce ,mahometan tribes that infested the neighborhood4 ,here ended his travels in ,tartary proper2 but his hardships were far from ended yet4 ,through ,armenia and the territories of ,turkish and ,koordish princes he journeyed slowly and uncomfortably1 in dread of the violence of his own guides and guards1 as well as of the insults of the populations whose country he traversed4 ,he says these delays 8arose in part from the difficulty of procuring horses1 but chiefly because the guide chose to stop1 often for three days together1 in one place1 for his own business2 and1 though much dissatisfied1 ,i durst not complain1 as he might have slain me and those with me1 or sold us all for slaves1 and there was none to hinder it40 ,journeying across ,asia ,minor and over ,mount ,taurus1 he took ship at last for ,cyprus4 ,here he learnt that ,s4 ,louis1 who had been in the ,holy ,land at the time of his departure1 had gone back to ,france4 ,he would very much have wished to deliver his letters and presents of silk pelisses and furs to the king in person2 but this was not granted him4 ,the provincial of his order1 whom he met at ,cyprus1 desired him to write his account and send his gifts to the king2 and as in those days there was creeping in among the monks a habit of restless wandering1 his superior1 who was1 it seems1 a reformer and strict disciplinarian1 tried the obedience and humility of the famous traveller by sending him to his convent at ,acre1 whence1 by the king's order1 he had started4 ,rubruquis stood the test1 but could not forbear imploring the king1 by writing1 to use his influence with the provincial to allow him a short stay in ,france and one audience of his royal master4 ,little is known of the great traveller and pioneer after this2 and whether he ever got leave to see the king is doubtful4 ,he fell back into obscurity1 and it is presumed that ,marco ,polo did not even know of his previous travels over the same ground as the ,polos explored4 ,no record of his embassy remained but the ,latin letter addressed to ,s4 ,louis1 and even in ,france his fame was unknown for many centuries4 ,it was not till after the invention of printing that his adventures became fairly known to the literary world1 although ,roger ,bacon1 one of his own order1 had given a spirited abstract of his travels in one of his works4 ,this1 too1 was in ,latin1 and after a time became a sealed book to the vulgar2 so that it was not at least till the year #afjj that the old traveller's name was again known4 ,hakluyt's ,collection of ,voyages and ,travels contains an ,english translation of ,rubruquis' letter1 and twenty-five years later ,purchas reproduced it in toto from a copy found in a college library at ,cambridge4 ,bergeron1 a ,french priest1 put it into ,french1 not from the original1 but from ,purchas' ,english version4 ,since then ,rubruquis has taken his place among the few famous voyagers of olden times2 but from the vagueness of his language1 the lack of geographical science in his day1 and perhaps also the mistakes of careless copyists1 it is not easy to trace his course upon the map4 ,one fact1 however1 he ascertained and insisted upon1 which a geographical society1 had it existed in his time1 would have been glad to register1 together with an honorable mention of the discoverer--i4e41 the nature of the great lake called the ,caspian ,sea4 ,the old ,greeks had correctly called it an inland sea1 but an idea had since prevailed that it possessed some communication with the ,northern ,ocean4 ,rubruquis proved the contrary1 but no attention was paid to his single assertion1 and books of geography1 compiled at home from ancient maps and ,,mss41 without a reference1 however distant1 to the facts recorded by adventurous men who had seen foreign shores with their eyes1 calmly continued to propagate the old error4 ,a ,,paraphrase1 ,,from ,,the ,,greek4 1 1 4 4 4--,greek ,anthology4 ,prot1 thou didst not die1 ,but thou didst fly1 ,when we saw thee no more1 to a sunnier clime2 ,in the isles of the blest1 ,in the golden west1 ,where thy spirit let loose springs joyous and light ,o'er the verdurous floor1 ,that is strewn evermore ,with blossoms that fade not1 nor droop from their prime4 ,thou hast made thee a home ,where no sorrow shall come1 ,no cloud overshadow thy noon of delight2 ,cold or heat shall not vex thee1 ,nor sickness perplex thee1 ,nor hunger1 nor thirst2 no touch of regret ,for the things thou hast cherished1 ,the forms that have perished1 ,for lover or kindred1 thy fancy shall fret2 ,but thy joy hath no stain1 ,thy remembrance no pain1 ,and the heights that we guess at thy sunshine makes plain4 ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,god ,,and ,,the ,,regulations ,,of ,,society4 ,,summary ,,considerations ,,on ,,law4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,comte ,,de ,,breda4 8,there are laws for the society of ants and of bees2 how could any one suppose that there are none for human society1 and that it is left to the chance of inventing them80--,de ,bonald4 ,i4--,,the ,,modern ,,state4 ,never before was liberty so much talked about2 never before was the very idea of it so utterly lost4 ,tyrants have been destroyed1 it is said4 ,this is a false assertion it may be 7or rather1 is it not certain87 that it has become more difficult for a sovereign to govern tyrannically1 but tyranny is not dead--quite the contrary4 ,all unlimited power is1 of its own nature1 tyrannical4 ,now1 it is such a power that the modern state desires to wield4 ,the state is held up to us as the supreme arbiter of good and evil2 and1 if we believe its defenders1 it cannot err1 its laws being in every case1 and at all times1 binding4 ,people have banished ,god from the government of human society2 but they have made to themselves a new god1 despotic and blind1 without hearing and without voice1 whose power knows how to reach its slaves as well in the temple as in the public places1 as well in the palace as in the humblest cot4 ,what is there1 indeed1 more divine than not to do wrong8 ,god alone1 speaking to the human conscience1 either directly or by his representatives1 is the infallible judge of good and evil4 ,no human power whatsoever can declare all that emanates from it to be necessarily right without usurping the place of ,god1 and declaring itself the sovereign master of the soul as well as of the body4 ,the last refuge of the slaves of antiquity--the human conscience--would no longer exist for the people of modern times1 if it were true that every law is binding from the mere fact of its promulgation4 ,hence the modern state1 but lately so boastful1 has begun to waver and to doubt its own powers4 ,it encounters two principal obstacles1 as unlike in their form as in their origin4 ,on one hand it beholds ,catholics1 sustained by their knowledge of law1 its origin and its essence1 resisting passively1 and preparing themselves to submit to persecutions without even shrinking4 ,on the other it meets1 in these our days1 the most formidable insurrections4 ,there are multitudes1 blind as the state representatives--but excusable1 inasmuch as their rebellion is against an authority which owes its sway only to caprice or theory--who reply thus to power3 8,we are as good as you2 you have no right over us other than that of brute force2 we will endeavor to oppose you with a strength equal to yours2 and when we shall have gained the victory1 we will make new laws and new constitutions1 wherein all that you call lawful shall be called unlawful1 and all that you consider crime shall be deemed virtue40 ,if it were true that law could spring only from the human will1 these madmen would be reasonable in the extreme4 ,thus the state is powerless against them4 ,it drags on an uncertain existence1 constantly threatened with the most terrible social wars1 and enjoying a momentary peace only on condition of never laying down arms4 ,modern armies are standing ones2 the modern police have become veritable armies1 and they sleep neither day nor night4 ,at this price do our states exist1 trade1 grow rich1 and become satisfied with themselves4 ,these constant commotions are not alone the vengeance of the living ,god disowned and outraged2 they are also the inevitable consequence of that extremity of pride and folly which has induced human assemblies to believe that it belongs to them to decide finally between right and wrong4 ,in truth1 8if ,god is not the author of law1 there is no law really binding40 ,we may1 for the love of ,god1 obey existing powers1 even though they be illegitimate2 but this submission has its limits4 ,it must cease the moment that the human law prescribes anything contrary to the law of ,god4 ,as for people without faith1 we would in vain seek for a motive powerful enough to induce them to submit to anything displeasing to them4 ,,ii4--,,modern ,,liberty4 ,the people of our generation consider themselves more free1 more unrestrained1 than those who have gone before them4 ,it is not to our generation1 however1 that the glory accrues of having first thrown off the yoke4 ,our moderns themselves acknowledge that they have had predecessors1 and they agree with us in declaring that 8the new spirit0 made its appearance in the world about the ,x,v,ith century4#df ,in truth1 the only yoke which has been cast off since then is that of ,god1 which seemed too heavy4 ,all at once thought pronounced itself freed from the shackles of ecclesiastical authority2 but1 at the outset1 it was far from intended to deny the idea of a divine right superior to all human right4 ,despite the historical falsehoods which have found utterance in our day1 it was chiefly princes who propagated ,protestantism2 and1 most often1 they attained their end only by violence4 ,when successful1 they added to their temporal title a religious one2 they made themselves bishops or popes1 and thus became all the more powerful over their subjects4 ,there was no longer any refuge from the abuse of power of the rulers of this world2 for it was the interest of these despots to call themselves the representatives of ,god4 ,by means of this title they secularized dioceses1 convents1 the goods of the church1 and even the ministers of their new religion4 ,this term was then used to express in polite language an idea of spoliation and of hypocritical and uncurbed tyranny4 ,the moderns have gone farther3 they have attempted to secularize law itself4 ,this time1 again1 the word hides a thought which1 if it were openly expressed1 would shock2 the law has become atheistical1 and not all the opposition which the harshness of this statement has aroused can prevent it from still expressing a truth4 ,the inexorable logic of facts leads directly from the ,reformation to the ,revolution4 ,princes themselves sowed the seeds of revolt which will yet despoil them of their power and their thrones2 while as for the people1 they have gained nothing4 ,they are constantly tyrannized over2 but their real masters are unknown1 and their only resource against the encroachments or the abuse of power is an appeal to arms4 ,it is not1 then1 true that liberty finds greater space in the modern world than in the ancient ,christian world4 ,to prove this1 ,i need but a single fact which has direct relation with my subject4 ,while ,europe was still enveloped in 8the darkness of the ,middle ,ages10 ,catholic theologians freely taught1 from all their chairs1 that 8an unjust law is no law0--8,lex injusta non est lex40 ,now1 are there1 at the present day1 many pulpits from which this principle1 the safeguard of all liberty and of all independence1 the protector of all rights1 and the defence of the helpless1 might be proclaimed with impunity8 ,do we not see the prohibitions1 the lawsuits1 the appels comme d'abus which the boldness of such a maxim would call forth8 ,human governments have changed in form1 but their tyranny has not ceased to grow2 and the free men of the olden society have become the slaves in a new order of things--they have even reached a point at which they know not even in what liberty consists4 ,,iii4--,,divine ,,origin ,,of ,,law4 ,i know1 and ,i hear beforehand1 the response which the doctors of modern rights will here give me 8,yes10 say they1 8it is very true that the ,catholic ,church has always claimed the right of judging laws and of refusing obedience to such as displeased her2 but in this is precisely the worst abuse4 ,that which would domineer over human reason1 the sovereign of the world1 is tyranny par excellence2 this1 in truth1 is the special mark of ,catholicity1 and it is this which has ever made it the religion of the ignorant and the cowardly40 ,is1 then1 the maxim ,i have just recalled the invention of ,catholic theologians8 ,is it true that the teachers of the ultramontane doctrine alone have contended that the intrinsic worth of a law must be sought beyond and above them1 beyond and above the human power which proclaims it8 ,not only has this elementary principle not been devised by our theologians1 but even the pagan philosophers themselves had reached it4 ,cicero but summed up the teaching universally received by philosophers worthy of the name1 when he said that the science of law should not be sought in the edicts of the pretor1 nor even in the laws of the twelve tables2 and that the most profound philosophy alone could aid in judging laws and teaching us their value4#dg ,this is not to degrade reason1 which this same ,cicero has defined1 or rather described1 in admirable language4 ,he found therein something grand1 something sublime2 he declared that it is more fit to command than to obey2 that it values little what is merely human2 that it is gifted with a peculiar elevation which nothing daunts1 which yields to no one1 and which is unconquerable4#dh ,but remark1 it is only with regard to human powers and allurements that reason shows itself so exalted and haughty4 ,it requires something greater than man to make it submit2 and it obeys only ,god or his delegates4 8,stranger10 said ,plato to ,clinias the ,cretan1 8whom do you consider the first author of your laws8 ,is it a god8 ,is it a man80 8,stranger10 replied ,clinias1 8it is a god2 we could not rightly accord this title to any other40#di ,so1 also1 tradition tells us that ,minos went1 every ninth day1 to consult ,jupiter1 his father1 whose replies he committed to writing4 ,lycurgus wished to have his laws confirmed by the ,delphian ,apollo1 and this god replied that he would dictate them himself4 ,at ,rome the nymph ,egeria played the same rle with ,numa4 ,everywhere is felt the necessity of seeking above man the title in virtue of which he may command his fellow-men4 ,if we turn now from the fabulous traditions of the ancient world1 we still find an absolute truth proclaimed by its sages2 one that affirms the existence of an eternal law--quiddam ternum--which was called the natural law1 and which serves as a criterion whereby to judge the worth of the laws promulgated by man4 ,cicero declares it absurd to consider right everything set down in the constitutions or the laws4#ej ,and he is careful to add that neither is public opinion any more competent to determine the right4#ea ,the sovereign law1 therefore--that which no human law may violate without the penalty of becoming void--has ,god himself for its author4 ,the laws of states may be unjust and abominable1 and1 by consequence1 bind no one4 ,there is1 on the other hand1 a natural law1 the source and measure of other laws1 originating before all ages1 before any law had been written or any city built4#eb ,this doctrine1 to support which ,i have designedly cited only pagan authors1 is also that of ,catholic theologians2 for example1 ,s4 ,thomas and ,suarez4 ,but the philosophical school of the last century has so perverted the meaning of the term nature--law of nature1 that certain ,catholic authors 7,m4 de ,bonald1 for instance7 have scrupled to use the consecrated term4 ,it is necessary1 then1 to explain its true sense4 ,,iv4--,,natural ,,law ,,according ,,to ,,pagan ,,philosophers4 ,the nature of a being is that which constitutes its fitness to attain its end4 ,the idea1 therefore1 which a person has of the nature of man1 by consequence determines that which he will have of his end1 and hence of the rule which should govern his actions4 ,the materialists1 for example1 who deny the immortality of the soul1 and whose horizon is bounded by the limits of the present life1 are able to teach only a purely epicurean or utilitarian morality4 ,they cannot consistently plead a motive higher than an immediate1 or at least a proximate1 well-being2 for1 what is more uncertain than the duration of our life8 ,in the strikingly anti-philosophic language of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century1 the state of nature was a hypothetical state1 at once innocent and barbarous1 anterior to all society4 ,it is to society that this theory attributes the disorders of man and the loss of certain primitive and inalienable rights which the sect of pseudo-philosophers boasted of having regained1 and by the conquest whereof the corrupted and doting ,france of #aghi was prostrated4 ,the philosophers of antiquity1 on the contrary1 notwithstanding their numerous errors1 and despite the polytheism which they exteriorly professed1 had arrived at so profound a knowledge of man and his nature that the fathers and doctors of the church have often spoken of the discoveries of their intellect as a kind of natural revelation made to them by ,god4#ec ,we have already heard ,cicero say that the natural law is eternal1 and superior to all human laws4 ,i shall continue to quote him1 because of his clearness1 and because he admirably sums up the teaching of the philosophers who preceded him4#ed ,the sound philosophy which should guide us--according to him1 the science of law--teaches us that it is far more sublime to submit to the divine mind1 to the all-powerful ,god1 than to the emperors and mighty ones of this earth2 for it is a kind of partnership between ,god and man4 ,right reason 7ratio recta7 is the same for the one and the other2 and law being nothing else than right reason1 it may be said that one same law links us with the gods4 ,now1 the common law is also the common right1 and when people have a common right they belong1 in some manner1 to the same country4 ,we must1 then1 consider this world as a country common to the gods and to men4 ,man is1 in truth1 like to ,god4 ,and for what end has ,god created and gifted man like to himself8 ,that he may arrive at justice4 ,human society is bound by one same right1 and law is the same for all4 ,this law is the just motive 7the right reason1 ratio recta7 of all precepts and prohibitions2 he who is ignorant of it1 whether written or not1 knows not justice4 ,if uprightness consisted in submission to the written laws and constitutions of nations1 and if1 as some pretend1 utility could be the measure of good1 he who expected to profit thereby would be justified in neglecting or violating the laws4 ,this remark is peculiarly applicable to the present time4 ,it is precisely utility and the increase of wealth or of comforts--in a word1 material interests--which the greater number of modern legislators have had chiefly in view2 the result is that society scarcely has the right to feel indignant against those who may deem it to their advantage to disturb it4 ,religion1 say they1 has nothing in common with politics2 the state1 inasmuch as it is a state1 need not trouble itself about ,god2 the things of this world should be regulated with regard to this world1 and without reference to the supernatural4 ,suppose it so2 but then1 in virtue of what authority will you impose your laws8 ,there is no human power able to bend or to conquer one human will which does not acknowledge it4#ee ,the basis of right is the natural love of our fellow-beings which nature has planted within us4 ,nature also commands us to honor ,god4 ,it is not fear which renders worship necessary2 it is the bond which exists between ,god and man4 ,if popular or royal decrees could determine right1 a whim of the multitude might render lawful theft1 adultery1 or forgery4 ,if it be true that a proclamation dictated by fools can change the order of nature1 why may not evil become1 one day1 good8 ,but the sages teach that the human mind did not invent law2 it has its birth-place in the bosom of ,god1 and is co-eternal with him2 it is nothing else than the unerring reason of ,jupiter himself2 it is reflected in the mind of the wise man2 it can never be repealed4 ,this 8right reason which comes to us from the gods0 7recta et a numine deorum tracta ratio7 is what is usually termed the natural law2 and the beautiful language of ,cicero recalls this magnificent verse of the ,i,vth ,psalm3 8,quis ostendit nobis bona8 ,signatum est super nos lumen vultus tui1 ,domine40 ,v4--,,influence ,,of ,,pantheism ,,on ,,modern ,,law4 ,pagan teaching1 how elevated soever it may be1 is always incomplete2 and this is evident even from the words of ,cicero4 ,since law comes from ,god1 it is very clear that it will be known more or less correctly according as our idea of ,god is more or less correct4 ,this it is that gives so great a superiority1 first1 to the law of ,moses1 before the coming of ,jesus ,christ1 and to all ,christian legislation since4 ,the ,jews had not merely a vague knowledge of the precepts of the divine law4 ,this law1 in its principal provisions1 had been directly revealed to them4 ,christians have something better still1 since the ,eternal ,word was made man1 and the ,word is precisely 8the true light which enlighteneth every man coming into this world40#ef ,the philosophers of antiquity saw this light from afar off2 we have beheld that of which they merely affirmed the existence2 the ,jews contemplated it as through a veil1 and awaited its coming4 ,,it was made flesh2 it brought us life2 8it shone in the darkness1 but the darkness did not comprehend it40#eg ,it is not the fault of the ,word or of his manifestation1 says ,s4 ,thomas on this subject1 if there are minds who see not this light4 ,there is here1 not darkness1 but closed eyes4#eh ,it is ,god himself1 therefore1 whom man refuses to acknowledge when he rejects the fundamental law1 which alone deserves the name of law4 ,human pride and insolence go beyond forgetfulness or simple negation when they have the audacity to put a human law in the place of and above the divine law2 which last crime is nothing less than the deification of man4 ,this philosophic consequence of the secularization of the law was inevitable1 and is openly displayed in modern doctrines4 ,atheists1 properly so called1 are rare2 but the present generation is infected with ,pantheism4 ,now1 ,pantheism proclaims1 without disguise and without shame1 the divinity of man4 ,let us add that this error is the only foundation upon which man may logically rest to defend modern rights4 ,it produces1 with regard to constitutions and laws1 two principal effects1 which it suffices but to indicate1 that every honest mind may at once recognize their existence and their lamentable consequences4 ,pantheism1 firstly1 destroys individualities1 or1 as the ,germans call them1 subjectivities2 it sweeps them away1 and causes them to disappear in the ,great ,whole4 ,do we not likewise see personality1 simple or associated--that is to say1 individual liberty1 associations1 and corporations--little by little reduced to annihilation by the modern idea of the state8 ,does not modern theory make also of the state another grand whole1 beside which nothing private can exist8 ,to reach this result1 they represent the state as expressing the aggregate of all the particular wills1 and they seek1 in a pretended 8general will10 the supreme and infallible source of law4 ,but even were this will as general as theory desires1 it would not be the less human1 or1 by consequence1 the less subject to error4 ,whence comes it1 then1 that they make it the sovereign arbiter of good and evil1 of truth and falsehood1 of justice and injustice8 ,the ,pantheists reply that 8,god is in man and in the world2 that he is one and the same thing with the world2 that he is identical with the nature of things1 and consequently subject to change40 ,the general will1 the expression of the universal conscience1 is then a manifestation of the divine will2 and this would allow it to change without ever erring4 ,this answers all1 in truth2 but it may lead us too far4 ,if1 as says ,hegel1 ,god is subjective--that is to say1 if ,he is in man1 or1 more exactly still1 if ,he is man himself and the substance of nature--neither right1 nor law1 nor justice could remain objective4 ,in other words1 if man is ,god1 there is no longer any possible distinction between good and evil4 ,and this conclusion has been drawn by the learned ,german socialist1 ,lassalle4 ,he denies the notion of an immutable right2 he is unwilling that we should any longer speak of the family1 property1 justice1 etc41 in absolute terms4 ,according to him1 these are but abstract and unreal generalities4 ,there have been1 on all these subjects1 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,german1 etc41 ideas2 but these are only historical recollections4 ,ideas change1 some even disappear2 and if1 some day1 the universal conscience should decide that the idea of proprietorship has had its day1 then would commence a new era in history1 during which there could be no longer either property or proprietors without incurring the guilt of injustice4#ei ,from the stand-point of ,pantheism1 this reasoning is irrefutable2 and1 on the other hand1 we have just seen that ,pantheism alone could justify the modern theory of the general will1 the supreme arbiter of law4 ,,vi4--,,has ,,the ,,general ,,will ,,ruled ,,since #aghi8 ,i have just quoted a socialist whose works1 though little known in ,france1 are of extreme importance4 ,ferdinand ,lassalle1 a ,jew by birth1 by nationality a ,prussian1 is possessed of extensive knowledge1 critical genius of the highest order1 and unsparing logic4 ,we have seen him draw the theoretical consequences of ,pantheism applied to law2 and it will not be without interest to know how he judges the practical results of the modern theory of rights1 as shown in the ,french ,revolution4 ,the socialists have a special authority for speaking of 8immortal principles02 for they admit them without hesitation1 and their teaching proved that they comprehend them wonderfully4 ,the ,declaration of the ,rights of ,man is the most authentic summing up of these famous principles2 and it is therein that the modern theory of law will be found most clearly stated4 8,law10 says ,art4 #f1 8is the expression of the general will4 ,every citizen has the right of co-operating in its formation1 either personally or by his representatives40 ,it would seem1 from this solemn proclamation1 that since then1 or at least in the first fervor of this 8glorious0 revolution1 the majority of the 8sovereign people0 should have been called to 8form the laws40 ,this has been said2 it has even been supported at the mouth of the cannon--for1 as has been wittily remarked by ,m4 de ,maistre1 8the masters of these poor people have had recourse even to artillery while deriding them4 ,they said to them3 #8,you think you do not will this law2 but1 be assured1 you do will it4 ,if you dare to refuse it1 we will pour upon you a shower of shot1 to punish you for not willing what you do will4' ,and it was done40#fj ,what then took place1 and how did it happen that the general will1 which had undertaken to make fundamental and irrevocable laws1 should have accepted1 in the first five years of its freedom1 three different constitutions and a rgime like that of the ,reign of ,terror8 ,lassalle replies that it is not at all the people who made the revolution1 and that the general will was not even asked to manifest itself4 ,he recalls the famous pamphlet of ,sieys1 and corrects its title4 ,it is not true1 says he1 that the ,tiers tat was then nothing2 the increase of personal property has1 since then1 brought about a rvolution conomique1 thanks to which the tiers tat was1 in truth1 all4 ,but legally it was nothing1 which was not much to its liking2 for the former ranks of society still existed by right1 although their real strength was not in keeping with their legal condition4 ,the work of the ,french ,revolution was1 therefore1 to give to the tiers tat a legal position suitable to its actual importance4 ,now1 the tiers1 first and foremost1 assumed itself to be the equivalent of the entire people4 8,it considered that its cause was the cause of humanity40 ,thus the attraction was real and powerful4 ,the voices raised to protest were unable to make themselves heard4 ,our author cites1 on this subject1 a curious instance of clear-sightedness4 ,an anti-revolutionary journal1 ,the ,friend of the ,king1 exclaimed1 8,who shall say whether or not the despotism of the bourgeoisie shall not succeed the pretended aristocracy of the nobility80 ,it is this1 indeed1 which has come to pass1 continues ,lassalle2 the tiers tat has become1 in its turn1 the privileged class4 ,the proof is that the wealth of the citizen became immediately the legal condition of power in the state4 ,since #agia1 in the constitution of ,sept4 #c we find 7chap4 i41 sects4 #a and #b7 a distinction established between active citizens and passive citizens4 ,the former are those who pay a certain quota of direct contribution2 and they alone possess the right of voting4 ,moreover1 all hired laborers were declared not active2 and this excluded workmen from the right of voting4 ,it matters little that the tax was small2 the principle was laid down requiring some amount of fortune in order to exercise a political right4 8,the wealth of the citizen had become the condition necessary for obtaining power in the state1 as nobility or landed property had been in the ,middle ,ages40 ,the principle of the vote-tax held sway until the recent introduction of universal suffrage4 ,our socialist1 proceeding directly to the question of taxes1 proves that the bourgeoisie moderne1 without inventing indirect taxation1 has nevertheless made it the basis of an entire system1 and has settled upon it all the expenses of state4 ,now1 indirect taxes are such as are levied beforehand upon all necessaries1 as salt1 corn1 beer1 meat1 fuel1 or1 still more1 upon what we need for our protection--the expenses of the administration of justice1 stamped paper1 etc4 ,generally1 in making a purchase1 the buyer pays the tax1 without perceiving that it is that which increases the price4 ,now1 it is clear that because an individual is twenty1 fifty1 or a hundred times richer1 it does not follow that he will1 on that account1 consume twenty1 fifty1 or a hundred times more salt1 bread1 meat1 etc41 than a workman or a person of humble condition4 ,thus it happens that the great body of indirect taxes is paid by the poorest classes 7from the single fact that they are the most numerous74 ,thus is it brought about1 in a hidden way1 that the tiers tat pay relatively less taxes than the quatrime tat4 ,concerning the instruction of adults1 ,lassalle says that1 instead of being left to the clergy as heretofore1 it now in fact belongs to the daily press4 ,but securities1 stamps1 and advertisements give to journalism another privilege of capital4#fa ,this sketch suffices2 and ,i deem it needless to add that ,i am far from concluding with the socialists4 ,i am so much the more free to disagree with them as ,i do not by any means admit the 8immortal principles10 but it seems to me to follow evidently from the preceding observations that it is not true1 in fact1 that the general will has made the laws since #aghi4 ,,vii4--,,does ,,universal ,,suffrage ,,express ,,the ,,general ,,will8 ,has the introduction of universal suffrage modified1 in any great degree1 this state of things8 ,is it any more certain since #ahdh1 than before1 that the nation is governed by the general will8 ,we may content ourselves here by appealing to the testimony of honest men4 ,if the general will were truly the master of all the powers in ,france1 our country1 which to-day1 so it is said1 has only the government that it desires1 would be a model of union and concord2 there could be in the opposition party only an exceedingly small minority 7otherwise the term general would be unjustifiable71 and we would follow peacefully the ways most pleasing to us4 ,this would not be saying--mark it well6--that those ways are good4 ,that is another question1 to which we will return2 but now we are dealing with the question1 ,are our laws to-day formed or not formed by the general will1 according to the formula which ,i have quoted from the ,declaration of the ,rights of ,man8 ,notwithstanding the evidence for the negative1 ,i think it well here to analyze hastily that which ,m4 ,taine has just given in a little pamphlet containing many truths4#fb ,m4 ,taine1 being a free-thinker and a man of the times1 cannot be suspected of taking an ultramontane or clerical view of the case4 ,m4 ,taine is far from demanding the abolition of universal suffrage4 ,he believes it in conformity with justice2 for he does not admit that his money can be demanded or he himself sent to the frontier without his own consent1 either expressed or tacit4 ,his only wish is that the right of suffrage be not illusory1 and that the electoral law be adapted 8to the ,french of #agia1 to the peasant1 the workman1 etc410 be he 8stupid1 ignorant1 or ill-informed40 ,from this ,m4 ,taine proves at the outset that the ballot-roll is a humbug2 and ,i believe that no person of sense will contest the point4 ,he immediately enters upon a statistical examination of the composition of the elective world in ,france2 and he arrives at the following result3 8,of twenty voters1 ten are peasants1 four workmen1 three demi-bourgeois1 three educated men1 comfortable or rich4 ,now1 the electoral law1 as all law1 should have regard to the majority1 to the first fourteen40 ,it behooves us1 then1 to know who these fourteen are who are called to frame the law2 that is to say1 to decide1 by their representatives it is true1 but sovereignly1 on good and evil1 justice and injustice1 and1 necessarily1 the fate of the country4 ,m4 ,taine1 in this connection1 makes some new calculations which may be thus summed up3 ,the rural population embraces seventy out of one hundred of the entire population1 hence fourteen voters out of twenty4 ,now1 in ,france1 there are thirty-nine illiterate out of every hundred males1 almost all belonging to the classes which ,m4 ,taine numbers among the rural population2 which enables him to find that seven out of every fourteen rural voters cannot even read4 ,i may observe1 in passing1 that a peasant who cannot read1 but who knows his catechism1 may be of a much sounder morality than ,m4 ,taine himself2 but ,i willingly proclaim that the seven electors in question could and should have a mediocre political intelligence4 ,this agreeable writer recounts1 in a spicy way1 a number of anecdotes which prove 8the ignorance and credulity0 of the rural populations on similar matters2 and he thence concludes that the peasants 8are still subjects1 but under a nameless master40 ,this is precisely what ,i said at the beginning1 not only of peasants1 but of all modern people in general4 ,be there a king on the throne or not1 somebody decrees this1 somebody decrees that2 and the subject depends1 in a hundred ways1 on this abstract and undetermined somebody--8,through the collector1 through the mayor1 through the sub-inspector of forests1 through the commissary of police1 through the field-keeper1 through the clerks of justice1 for making a door1 for felling a tree1 building a shed1 opening a stall1 transporting a cask of wine1 etc41 etc40 ,all this expresses well and depicts admirably the ways of modern liberty2 and ,i cannot refrain from citing this last sketch1 equally amusing and true3 8,the mayor knows that in town1 in an elegant apartment1 is a worthy gentleman1 attired in broidered gown1 who receives him two or three times a year1 speaks to him with authority and condescension1 and often puts to him embarrassing questions4 ,but when this gentleman goes away1 another takes his place quite similar and in the same garb1 and the mayor1 on his return home1 says with satisfaction3 #8,monsieur the prefect always preserves his good will towards me1 although he has been changed many times4'0 ,the plbiscite1 the appeal to the people1 the invitation to vote on the form of government1 addressed to this kind of electors--is it not all a cunning trick8 ,m4 ,taine thinks so1 and many others with him2 but he supposes that this same elector will be1 at least1 capable of 8choosing the particular man in whom he has most confidence40 ,it is with him1 says he1 in the choice of one who shall make the laws1 as in the choice of the physician or the lawyer whom one may prefer4 ,although it is not my intention to discuss here the opinions of this author1 ,i beg him to remark that his comparison is strikingly faulty2 we cannot choose whom we please for our physician or for our lawyer4 ,the former is obliged to go through a course of studies in order to merit his diploma2 the latter must fulfil the conditions necessary to be admitted to the bar4 ,to frame the laws is another thing2 not the slightest preparation is exacted from those eligible to this duty4 ,apparently it is not considered worth the trouble4 ,the ballot-roll and plbiscite being disposed of1 ,m4 ,taine returns to figures1 to study what transpires when the electors are called upon to choose a deputy by district4 ,this gives1 says he1 one deputy for twenty thousand voters spread over a surface of one thousand kilometres square1 etc4 ,of the twenty thousand voters1 how many will have a definite opinion of the candidate presented to them8 ,scarcely one in ten beyond the outskirts of the town2 scarcely one in four or five in the whole district4 ,there remains the resource of advice2 but 8the spirit of equality is all-powerful1 and the hierarchy is wanting40 ,we touch here the most sorrowful wound of our social state2 and this term even1 is it not misapplied8--for we have no longer any order1 or1 by consequence1 any social state4 8,as a general rule10 continues ,m4 ,taine1 8the country people receive counsel only from their equals40 ,therefore it is easy to employ evil means4 ,these evil means may be summed up1 according to the same author1 in the abuse of governmental influence1 and in a corruption whose form varies1 but which makes the affair of an election an affair of money4 ,there should be1 and ,i have alluded to it in passing1 many exceptions made with regard to what ,m4 ,taine says concerning the rural population4 ,he believes them manifestly less able to vote than the city populations1 while ,i am of quite the contrary opinion2 but it still remains true that direct universal suffrage1 such as we have1 does not allow a person to choose from a knowledge of the case1 and that1 in reality1 the general will has not1 up to the present day1 been able to find its true expression4 ,this is all that ,i need prove for the present4 ,,viii4--,,is ,,the ,,general ,,will ,,competent ,,to ,,make ,,laws8 ,this is a still higher question1 and one which we must now approach4 ,admitting that the general will could make itself known1 is it an authority competent to make laws8 ,but before starting let us lay down a first principle which1 quite elementary as it is1 seems to be as much forgotten as the others3 if the natural law exist not anteriorly to enjoin respect for human laws1 human power would have no other ground of existence1 no other support than force4 ,without a divine lawgiver1 there is1 in truth1 no moral obligation4#fc ,the hypothesis of a previous agreement among the members of society would not resolve the difficulty2 for an agreement would not be able to bind any one1 at least if there were no higher authority to secure it4#fd ,whatever may be the immediate origin of law--be it promulgated by a sovereign1 enacted by an assembly1 or directly willed by the multitude--it would still be unable to rule1 if we do not suppose a law anterior and1 as ,cicero says1 eternal1 which1 in the first place1 prescribes obedience to subjects1 and1 in the second1 fidelity to reciprocal engagements1 promises1 and oaths4 ,this superior law being the natural law1 it is always1 and in every case1 impossible to suppress or to elude it4 ,meanwhile1 what is understood by the general will8 ,is it the unanimity of wills8 ,no one1 so far as ,i know1 has ever exacted this condition4 ,the question is1 then1 taking things at their best1 of the will of the majority4 ,people grant this1 and often give to our modern governments the name of governments of the majority4 ,they deduce then from this principle1 that in a population of thirty millions of men1 for example1 it is lawful that the will of the twenty millions should rule over that of the remaining ten millions4 ,if the constitution of a kingdom1 says ,burke1 is an arithmetical problem1 the calculation is just2 but if the minority refuse to submit1 the majority will be able to govern only by the aid of la lanterne4#fe ,scaffolds1 shootings1 exile1 prison--such are1 in truth1 the institutions which have chiefly flourished since the famous ,declaration of the ,rights of ,man4 ,in the eyes of a man who knows how to reason1 continues the ,english orator1 this opinion is ridiculous4 ,it could not be justified1 unless it were well proved that the majority of men are enlightened1 virtuous1 wise1 self-sacrificing1 and incapable of preferring their own interest to that of others4 ,no one has ever dared to say that legislators should make laws for the sake of making them1 and without troubling themselves concerning the welfare of those for whom the laws are made4 ,now1 the laws being made for all1 the majority1 if it had the qualities necessary for legislating1 should concern itself still more about the minority than about itself4 ,the ,comte de la ,marck#ff relates that when ,mirabeau became too much excited concerning the rights and privileges of man1 it happened sometimes that he amused himself by curtailing his accounts4 ,he cut off first women1 children1 the ignorant1 the vicious1 etc4 ,once1 the nation being thus reduced to the little portion whose moral qualities it became necessary to estimate1 8,i began10 says he1 8to deduct those who lack reason1 those who have false notions1 those who value their own interests above everything1 those who lack education and knowledge matured by reflection2 and ,i then asked him if the men who merit to be spoken of with dignity and respect would not find themselves reduced to a number infinitely small4 ,now1 according to my principle1 ,i maintained that the government should act for the people1 and not by them--that is to say1 not by the opinion of the multitude2 and ,i proved1 by historical extracts and by examples which we had unfortunately under our eyes1 that reason and good sense fly from men in proportion as they are gathered together in greater numbers40 ,mirabeau contented himself with replying that one must flatter the people in order to govern them1 which amounts to saying that one must cheat them4 ,for the rest1 this same ,mirabeau acknowledged that equality1 in the revolutionary sense1 is absurd1 and the passion which some have for it he called a violent paroxysm4 ,it is he who best characterized the true result of the destruction of all social order4 ,he called it 8vanity's upsetting40 ,he could not have spoken better2 and the vanity which goes so low could have no other result than that which we behold--the premeditated absence or suppression of all true superiority4 ,this episode on equality is not a digression1 for the system of majorities supposes it4 ,now1 it is absolutely anti-natural4 ,according to the beautiful idea of ,aristotle3#fg there is in man himself a soul and a body2 the one predominating and made to command1 the other to obey2 the equality or the shifting of power between these two elements would be equally fatal to them4 ,it is the same between man and the other animals1 between tame animals and wild4 ,the harmony of sex is analogous1 and we even find some traces of this principle in inanimate objects2 as1 for example1 in the harmony of sounds4 ,therefore ,s4 ,augustine defines order thus3 8,such a disposition of things similar and dissimilar as shall give to each what is proper to it0--,ordo est parium dispariumque rerum sua cuique tribuens dispositio2#fh and ,s4 ,thomas hence concludes that order supposes inequality3 ,nomen ordinis inqualitatem importat4#fi ,but the 8immortal principles0 have changed all that1 according to ,sganarelle2 so their work1 in its final analysis1 results in a disorder without name4 ,the external disorder is visible and pretty generally acknowledged2 but the moral disorder passes unperceived4 ,by means of equality on the one hand1 and of the secularization of the law on the other1 they arrive at this frightful result3 for example1 that regicide and parricide are1 in justice1 but ordinary crimes2 if1 moreover1 regicide profits the people1 it is worthy of eulogy4 ,sacrilege is nothing more than a superstitious fiction4 ,in fine1 respect being no longer possible nor even reasonable1 according to the prediction of ,burke1#gj 8the laws have no other guardian than terror1 ''' and in perspective1 from our point of view1 we see but scaffolds10 or courts-martial1 which amount to the same thing4 ,,ix4--,,consequences ,,of ,,the ,,secularization ,,of ,,law4 ,how often do we not hear it said that almost all our misfortunes1 and1 above all1 our inability to repair our losses1 come from the little respect we have for the law6 ,this statement1 which has become almost trite1 indicates most frequently a strange wandering4 ,after having destroyed respect for persons1 is it not absurd to claim it for their works8 ,but they have done more3 they have denied the mission of a legislator4 ,the secularization of the law--that is to say1 the denial of a divine sanction applied to law--has no other meaning4 ,legislators being no longer the mandataries of ,god1 or not wishing to be such1 now speak only in virtue of their own lights1 and have no real commission4 ,by what title1 then1 would you have us respect them8 ,every one is at liberty to prefer his own lights and to believe that he would have done better4 ,i hear the reply3 8,it is to the interest of all that order should reign1 were it but materially1 and the law is the principal means of maintaining order40 ,you may hence conclude that it would be more advantageous to see the laws obeyed2 but a motive of interest is not a motive of respect1 and there is a certain class of individuals who may gain by the disorder4 ,no1 you will have the right to claim respect for the law only when you shall have rendered the law truly respectable2 and to do this you must prove that you have the mission to make the law1 even were you the lite of our statesmen and doctors of the law1 and much more if you are but a collection of the most uncultivated tax-payers in the world4 ,knowledge is something2 it is something also to represent real and considerable interests2 and ,i do not deny the relative importance of the elements of which legislative bodies are composed4 ,but nothing of all this can supply the place of a commission2 and you will have that only when you shall have consented1 as legislators1 to acknowledge the existence of ,god1 to submit yourselves to his laws1 and to conform your own thereto4 ,people have but a very inadequate idea of the disastrous consequences which1 one day or other1 may ensue from the secularization of law4 ,until now the only danger of which they have dreamed is that with which extreme revolution menaces us4 ,this is a danger so imminent1 so undisguised1 that every one sees it2 and some have ended by understanding that without a return to ,god society is destined to fall4 ,nay1 more1 the ,assembly now sitting at ,versailles has made an act of faith by ordering public prayers2 and this first step has caused hope to revive in the hearts of men of good-will4 ,but it is not1 perhaps1 inopportune to draw the attention of serious men to another phase of the question4 ,what would happen if modern law should go so far as to enjoin a crime upon ,christians8 ,the hypothesis is not purely imaginary2 and although1 happily1 thanks to ,heaven1 it has not yet come to pass1 there is a whole party which threatens to reach this extreme4 ,in other countries there has been something like a beginning of its realization4 ,i would like to speak of the school law and the avowed project of imposing a compulsory and lay education4 ,we know what is meant by lay in such a case2 and experience proves that the state schools are often entrusted to men whose avowed intention is to bring up the children in infidelity4 ,what would happen if such a law were passed1 which supposes that everywhere1 at the same time1 parents would be compelled to put their children in imminent danger of losing their faith8 ,the ,catholic ,church is very explicit in her doctrine on the obligation of obeying even a bad government2 she orders that useless1 unjust1 and even culpable laws be borne with1 so long as this can be done without exposing one's self to commit a sin4 ,neither plunder nor the danger of death excuses revolt in her eyes4 ,but in this case do we understand to what we would be reduced8 ,to resist passively1 and to allow one's self to be punished by fines1 by prison1 by torture1 or by death1 would not remedy the evil2 the soul of the child remains without defence1 and the father is responsible for it4 ,this kind of persecution is1 then1 more serious in its consequences1 and may lead to deeper troubles1 than even the direct persecution1 which might consist1 for example1 in exacting apostasy from adults4 ,in this last case the martyr bears all1 and the first ,christians have shown us the way2 but here the torments of the parents cannot save the children1 and the parents cannot abandon them2 whatever becomes of the body1 the soul must be guarded until death4 ,it belongs not to me to decide2 for in this case1 as in all those of a similar kind1 the line of conduct to be followed ought to be traced by the only competent authority2 but the problem is worth proposing1 and by it alone it is already easy to throw great light on the abysses to which the atheism of the law is leading the people by rapid strides4 ,x4--,,christian ,,definition ,,of ,,natural ,,law4 ,it remains to explain in a few words the great principles which should form the basis of law1 and which were never completely ignored until these days of aberration and wretchedness4 ,i could not expect to give here1 in these few pages1 a course of natural law1 nor even to trace its outline2 but there are some perfectly incontestable truths which it is very necessary to recall since people have forgotten them4 ,when one has no personal authority1 he feels a certain timidity in broaching so grave a subject1 and in speaking of it as if he aspired to enlighten his kind2 and meanwhile error is insinuated1 preached1 disseminated1 commanded1 with a skill so infernal and a success so great that ignorance of truth is almost unbounded4 ,of such elementary rules we often find influential persons1 and sometimes persons of real merit1 totally ignorant4 ,in other days they would have known them on leaving school1 or even from their catechism4 ,let us go back1 then1 to the definition of the word nature1 and it will serve as a starting-point from which to treat of what the laws destined to govern man should be4 ,the nature of a being is that which renders it capable of attaining its end4 ,this is true of a plant or an animal as well as of man2 but there are two kinds of ends subordinate one to the other4 ,the end for which ,god created the world could be no other than ,god himself4#ga ,the ,creator could only propose to himself an end worthy of himself1 and1 he alone being perfect1 he could not find outside himself an end proportioned to his greatness4 ,god is1 then1 the last end of all creatures4 ,but there are particular ends2 and it is in their subordination that the order of the world consists4 ,the primary ends are1 in a certain sense1 but a means for arriving at the last end4 ,but ,god being unable to add anything to his infinite perfection1 the end which he proposed to himself could not be to render himself more perfect2 hence he could seek only an exterior glory1 which consists in manifesting himself to his creatures4 ,for this it was necessary that some of these creatures should be capable of knowing him4 ,these reasonable creatures are superior to the others and are their primary end2 therefore it is that theologians call man a microcosm1 a compendium of the universe1 and king of the world4 ,man is placed in creation to admire it1 and by means of it to render homage to ,god2 for1 in his quality of a creature gifted with reason1 he knows his end1 which is ,god1 and the essential characteristic of his nature is the ability to attain this end4 ,he is1 moreover1 endowed with an admirable prerogative--liberty1 or free-will2 that is to say1 he is called on to will this end2 and ,god1 in his infinite bounty1 will recompense him for having willed his own good4 ,but man has need of an effort to will good2 for his primitive nature has been corrupted by the original fall4 ,he has1 therefore1 an inclination to evil1 against which he must incessantly struggle2 and the greatest number of political and social errors have their source in ignorance or forgetfulness of this perversion of human nature4 ,this granted1 the natural law comprises the obligations imposed on man in order that he may reach his end1 together with the prohibition of all that could turn him away from it4 ,this law obliges all men1 even those who have no knowledge of the positive divine law--that is to say1 the revealed law4 ,behold how ,gerson has defined it3 8,the natural law is a sign imprinted upon the heart of every man enjoying the right use of reason1 and which makes known to him the divine will1 in virtue of which the human creature is required to do certain things and to avoid certain others1 in order to reach his end40 ,among the precepts which ,god has engraved upon the hearts of all men is found1 in the first rank1 that which obliges them to refer themselves to ,god as to their last end4 ,from this it follows that every law which tends to hinder or prevent the progress of men toward ,god is a law against nature1 and consequently null 7lex injusta non est lex72 for no human law can change or abrogate the natural law4 ,,xi4--,,continuation3 ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,society ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,natural ,,law4 ,the considerations of the preceding chapter have reference to man considered abstractly from society4 ,but man cannot exist alone4 ,for life and subsistence1 during his early childhood1 he has need of his kind2 so that1 from the first moment of his existence1 he forms part of a domestic society--the family4 ,the family being certainly of divine institution1 and the duties which it imposes being of the number of those which the natural law commands1 we find therein the first elements of all society3 authority1 hierarchy1 consequently inequality1 mutual love1 and protection--in a word1 varied and reciprocal duties4 ,but the family suffices not for man's social cravings4 ,man naturally longs after his like2 he possesses the marvellous gift of speech for communication with his fellows2 he bears engraven on his heart the first precept of his duty towards them3 8,do unto others that which you would have others do unto you2 and do not unto them that which you would not that they do to you40 ,the existence of society is1 therefore1 still a law of nature4 ,once formed1 society itself has its duties2 it has its proper end1 which not only should not be opposed to the end of man considered singly1 but should moreover contribute to facilitate the attainment of that end4 ,the end of man being ,god1 and this end being attainable only by virtue1 the principal end of society will necessarily be to aid men in the practice of virtue2 and1 that ,i may not be accused of depending exclusively on theology1 ,i will adduce what ,aristotle has said on this subject3 8,the most perfect state is evidently that in which each citizen1 whoever he may be1 may1 by favor of the laws1 best practise virtue and be most secure of happiness40#gb ,and what is happiness1 according to ,aristotle8 8,we consider it a point perfectly established that happiness is always in proportion to wisdom2 ''' for the soul1 speaking absolutely and even relatively to us1 is more precious than wealth and the body4''' ,following the laws of nature1 all exterior goods are desirable only insomuch as they serve the soul1 and wise men should not desire them except for this end2 whereas the soul should never be placed in comparison with them40#gc ,we are assuredly far off from this pagan1 and he goes still further even than the foregoing2 for he lays down as incontestable a principle which is the formal condemnation of the secularization of the law4 8,the elements of happiness10 says he1 8are the same for the individual and for the city40#gd ,we have just seen what he understands by happiness2 but he adds1 in order that he may be the better comprehended1 that if the felicity of the individual consisted in wealth1 it would be the same for the city4 ,according to ,aristotle1 therefore1 the moral law obliges society as it does the individual4 ,now1 it is precisely this which the partisans of atheistical or merely secular law deny4 ,,xii4--,,christian ,,law4 ,i have designedly quoted the ancient philosophers1 because certain diseased minds who shrink from the authority of the sacred books accept more willingly that of the learned2 but ,i believe that from what precedes one could easily infer the true rule of the relations between church and state4 ,i will not undertake it now2 nevertheless1 as ,i address myself1 by preference1 to those who profess the same faith as myself1 ,i will take the liberty to point out to them some inevitable corollaries of the principles ,i have just recalled4 ,the natural law1 properly so called1 has been confirmed and completed by revelation4 ,although the precepts whose observance is indispensable to man to reach his end are engraven in the depths of his heart1 the blindness and the evil propensities which are the consequences of his fall render him but too forgetful of his duties4 ,besides1 ,god1 having resolved to save man1 chose to himself a privileged people1 that from it he might cause the ,messias to be born2 and for the accomplishment of his merciful designs he guided this people and made it the guardian of his law1 even to the day on which the promises were fulfilled4 ,to this end ,god charged ,moses with the promulgation of a positive divine law which contained moral precepts--precepts relating to the ceremonies of the ancient worship--and political precepts2 that is to say1 precepts relating to the civil government of the ,jewish people4 ,the last two classes of precepts no longer oblige2 but those which concern morals--that is to say1 those of the ,decalogue--retain all their force1 because they are the precepts of the natural law4 ,but it is no longer by virtue of the promulgation of ,moses that we are bound by the moral obligations contained in the old law4 ,he who is our ,judge1 our ,legislator1 our ,king1#ge has come himself to give us a more perfect law3 8,mandatum novum do vobis0 7,joan4 #ac74 ,according to the expression of ,suarez1 ,jesus ,christ has made known more perfectly the natural law in completing it by new precepts4 ,jesus ,christ has done still more3 he has founded a new kingdom--the church1 the mystical body1 of which he is the head4 ,he has1 therefore1 appointed interpreters and guardians of his law1 who have the mission to proclaim it to those who know it not2 to pardon in his name those who1 having violated it1 confess and repent2 and1 finally1 to distribute the numberless succors of divine grace--all which have for their object to help us to observe the law as perfectly as possible1 and consequently to enable us ourselves to approach perfection4 ,the new precepts added by ,christ to those of the natural law are those which enjoin upon us the use of the sacraments and which determine their form2 these articles of the new law--if we may be allowed so to term them--are all as obligatory as those of the natural law1 because they have ,god himself for their author4 ,behold how ,s4 ,thomas sums up the whole of the new law1 or the law of grace1 which ,christ came to bring us3 8,it comprises10 says he1 8the precepts of the natural law1 the articles of faith1 and the sacraments of grace40 ,one of the most remarkable characteristics of the ,christian law is that it was not written4 ,jesus ,christ spoke his commandments1 and1 his word being divine1 it engraved them upon the hearts of his apostles and disciples2#gf but the ,incarnate ,word had nothing written during the time he spent upon earth4 ,the first ,gospel appeared at least eight years after the death of ,jesus ,christ4 ,if to this observation we add the common belief of theologians1 according to which it was only from the coming of the ,holy ,ghost--that is to say1 from the day of ,pentecost and after the ,ascension--that the law of ,christ became obligatory1 we arrive at this conclusion3 that the means of oral teaching was expressly chosen by the ,word for the transmission of his law and his will4 ,nothing throws greater light upon the sovereign importance of the church and its hierarchy2 nothing manifests better the extreme necessity of a permanent infallibility residing somewhere in the mystical body of ,christ4 ,the ,council of the ,vatican1 conformably to the tradition of all ,christian ages1 has defined that 8the ,roman ,pontiff enjoys the plenitude of that infallibility with which it was necessary for the church to be provided in defining doctrine touching faith or morals40 ,these last words show that the ,pope is the unfailing interpreter of the natural law1 and the judge1 from whom there is no appeal of its violations4 ,the decisions given by the ,sovereign ,pontiff upon human laws are not recognized at the present day by the powers of the earth4 ,but neither is ,god recognized2 and thus it is that1 little by little violence has overrun the world and law has vanished4 ,europe is returning to a worse than primitive barbarism2 and ,catholics are no longer alone in saying it4 ,at the epoch at which the bishops were gathered together at ,rome for the last council1 a publicist of great merit1 an ,englishman and a ,protestant1 speaking in the name of his co-religionists1 addressed an appeal to the ,pope entreating him to labor for the re-establishment of the rights of the people4 ,the rights of the people1 or the law of nature1 said ,mr4 ,urquhart1 is the ,ten ,commandments applied to society4 ,after having cited ,lord ,mansfield1 who says that this right 8is considered to form part of the ,english law10 and that 8the acts of the government cannot alter it10 ,mr4 ,urquhart fears not to add 8that it is against their governments that nations should protect this right40 ,and why did this ,protestant appeal to ,rome8 ,because1 in sight of the unjust wars which ravage ,europe1 he hoped that the ,ecumenical ,council 8would lay down a rule enabling ,catholics to distinguish the just from the unjust2 so that the ,pope might afterwards exercise juridical power over communities1 nations1 and their sovereigns40#gg ,the rule exists2 for the natural or divine law engraven by ,god from the beginning upon the hearts of all men1 and more expressly revealed in the ,decalogue1 was the subject of the teaching of ,christ4 ,the juridical power and the tribunal from which there is no appeal equally exist2 but the voice of the judge is no longer listened to by those who govern human society4 ,but it is not this which is important1 and ,mr4 ,urquhart is right--it is the nations which should invoke against their new tyrants the only efficacious protection2 it is the people who should first bend before the beneficent authority of the infallible master of the moral law2 there would then be no further need of the consent of governments4 ,,xiii4--,,conclusion4 ,i said1 in beginning the last paragraph1 that it was addressed to ,catholics by right of corollary from the preceding considerations4 ,it is certain1 indeed1 that if all ,catholics were truly instructed and well convinced of the truths that ,i have endeavored to set forth as briefly and clearly as ,i could1 a great step in the right path would already have been taken4 ,but there is a much-used1 widely-spread1 and very convenient objection which many excellent men fail not to proffer in such a case4 8,it is true10 say they1 8that if human discussions and quarrels could be referred to the highest moral authority on earth1 it would afford great advantages2 but this is not practicable4 ,times have changed1 and it is impossible to hope that this authority can ever recover the influence it would require in order to act efficaciously40 ,if good men adhere to the fatal habit they have acquired of renouncing beforehand all effort1 for fear it will not be successful1 nothing can be done2 and there remains to us nothing but to veil our faces while awaiting the destruction of our country and of all organized society4 ,but even were we reduced to despair1 we never have the right of renouncing our convictions nor of ceasing to act personally according to the prescriptions of our faith4 ,before concerning ourselves about the doings of others1 and without needing to count on success1 we must begin by conforming ourselves to the teachings of truth1 which is by its nature unchangeable2 for there is no progress or civilization which can alter one iota of the divine laws4 ,moreover1 he is very bold who would dare to predict what ,europe will or will not be several years hence4 ,either it is condemned--and then1 for his own peace of mind1 a man should allow himself to be guided by his conscience with the full certainty of not doing wrong--or ,god wills to save ,europe still another time2 and this can never be1 save by truth4 ,with regard to practical means1 of which they make so much at the present day1 ,i see no one who proposes them inspiring any confidence4 ,every one hesitates1 gropes1 and most often acknowledges that he can only invent4 ,the present hour is favorable to good1 in this sense3 that the greater number of practical errors no longer exercise the same seduction as at the beginning of the century4 ,evil presses us on all sides1 and1 according to the expression of one of our most distinguished publicists1 8#aghi has failed40#gh ,after #aghi there is no middle way between social war and the return to good4 ,we meet at every step upright minds who break their idols2 there are too many who know not yet with what to replace them1 but it is still much to have seen one's error4 ,furthermore1 there are untiring seekers1 some of whom have found the whole truth1 and others who find but the fragments2 all help to prepare the way for the reconstruction of the social edifice4 ,he to whom ,i have dedicated this work#gi will pardon me1 ,i hope1 if ,i quote from him4 ,i do not believe that there is another example of an equal influence so rapidly exercised by a book so serious1 so grave in matter1 so little attractive to the frivolous reader1 as that which he has written upon ,social ,reform4 ,to rediscover social truth by the method of observation and analysis was already a phenomenon which ,i consider unique of its kind2 to cause it to be adopted by so great a number of minds biassed and filled with hostile prejudices1 and most frequently badly prepared by their previous studies1 is a fact still more astonishing4 ,thus1 as ,i said in my dedicatory epistle1 it is impossible for me not to see herein one of the most consoling signs of our age4 ,the scientific processes of ,m4 ,le ,play were1 perhaps1 the only ones which would find favor with a generation so dialectical and so enamored with the exact sciences as ours4 ,notwithstanding the sorrows which oppress us1 we must not despair2 and1 above all1 we must not trouble ourselves too much concerning the errors of what people agree to call public opinion4 ,the errors regarding the general will reproduce themselves1 under another form1 in the uneasiness which this self-styled queen of the world instils into the minds of men of good-will4 ,if we consider closely what the elements of opinion are1 we very quickly perceive that1 in general1 it merits the name of public only because it proclaims itself very loudly and makes itself known in all the public squares4 ,in reality1 a party much less considerable than we suppose announces to the world1 and imagines1 most frequently in good faith1 that it alone is enlightened4 ,its boldness inspires awe1 and by degrees those who compose it succeed in persuading the multitude1 and in persuading themselves that they represent the only opinion worthy of note4 ,and who are these8 ,financiers and journalists who carry on business in common2 loud-voiced lawyers2 professors much tainted themselves2 officers occupying a position1 and others wishing to obtain one from them2 the idle pleasure-seeking men and women4 ,is it1 then1 true that these represent the nation8 ,eager for their own interest or for that of others1 these pretended echoes of public opinion are wont to say 8,the people believe1 the people wish1 the people will never consent1 it does not suit the people1 etc4 ,what a pity6 ,the people are nothing in revolutions in which they are but passive instruments4 ,france no longer ardently desires anything except repose4 ,at first sight this proposition would seem true--the previous consent of the ,french is necessary for the re-establishment of the monarchy4 ,nothing is more false4 ,the multitude never obtains what it wills2 it always accepts1 it never chooses4 ,we may even notice an affectation of ,providence 7if ,i may be allowed the expression71 inasmuch as the efforts of the people to attain an object are the very means which it makes use of to withdraw them from it4 8,in the ,french ,revolution the people were constantly chained1 outraged1 ruined1 torn by factions2 and the factions1 in their turn1 the sport of one another1 constantly drifted 7notwithstanding all their efforts71 only to be dashed against the rock which awaited them4''' ,in the establishment and the overthrow of sovereignties ''' the mass of the people enter only as the wood and the cord employed by a machinist4 ,their chiefs even are such only to strangers2 in reality1 they are led as they lead the people4 ,when the proper moment shall arrive1 the ,supreme ,ruler of empires will chase away these noisy insects4 ,then we shall be astonished at the profound nothingness of these men4 8,do people imagine that the political world goes on by chance1 and that it is not organized1 directed1 animated1 by the same wisdom which shines in the physical world8 ,great malefactors who overthrow the state necessarily produce melancholy1 internal dismemberments ''' but when man labors to re-establish order1 he associates himself with the ,author of order1 he is favored by nature--that is to say1 by the aggregate of secondary causes which are the instruments of the ,divinity4 ,his action has something divine2 it is at once gentle and powerful2 it forces nothing and nothing resists it40#hj ,these beautiful words are as true to-day as in #agig4 ,,duration4 ,,ii ,all change implies succession4 ,hence the duration of contingent beings1 inasmuch as they are subject to actual change1 involves succession4 ,the duration of the changes brought about by purely spiritual operations transcends our experience2 for we are not pure spirits4 ,hence we have no means of measuring such changes by their intrinsic measure4 ,but the duration of the changes which occur in the material world through local movements lies within the range of our apprehensive faculty1 and can be measured by us2 for we find in nature many movements which1 by their constant recurrence and their uniformity1 are calculated to serve as terms of comparison for measuring the length of successive duration4 ,definitions of time4--,the duration of local movement1 which we measure by a given standard1 is called 8time40 ,and therefore time may be properly and adequately defined as the duration of local movement3 ,duratio motus4 ,from this definition it immediately follows that where there is no movement there can be no time4 ,accordingly1 there was no time before creation1 as there was no movement4 ,it follows also that the duration of created things1 inasmuch as it expresses the permanence of those things in their own being1 is not time2 for it is of the essence of time to be successive1 and there is no succession where there is no change1 and no change without movement4 ,hence1 when we say that contingent beings exist in time1 we do not refer to their essence or substance as such1 but to their successive modes of being1 by which their duration acquires its accidental successivity4 ,were the whole world reduced to perfect stillness by impeding or suspending the actions and movements of all creatures1 time would at the same instant cease to flow2 for time is not the duration of things1 but the duration of movement4 ,time may be considered either as a relation or as a quantity4 ,in fact1 intervals of successive duration are1 like distances1 real relations2 but when we think of the greater or less extent of space which can be measured with a given velocity between two correlated terms of time1 these same intervals exhibit themselves under the form of continuous quantities4 ,time1 as a relation1 is defined by ,s4 ,thomas and by all the ancients as ,ratio prioris et posterioris motus--that is1 as the link between the 8before0 and the 8after0 of any movement2 and1 as a quantity1 it is defined as ,numerus motus--that is1 as a number arising from the mensuration of the movement4 ,this movement is always local1 as we have already intimated2 for we cannot measure successive duration by any other kind of movement4 ,hence it is that the duration which is predicated of spiritual substances and of their operations differs in kind from our time4 ,for1 since such substances are not subjected to local movements1 their duration cannot be measured in terms of space and velocity1 as our time1 but only in terms of intellectual movements1 which have nothing common with the periodical revolutions from which we desume the measure of our days1 years1 and centuries4 ,when we say that angels have existed for centuries1 we measure the duration of their existence by a measure which is altogether extrinsic to them2 and in the same manner we measure the duration of our own intellectual operations by a measure extrinsic to them--that is1 by comparing it with the duration of some movement occurring in our bodies or in the surrounding world4 ,since time is the duration of movement1 it is plain that when we perceive movement we immediately perceive time2 and since movement implies a continuous change1 it is plain also that the greater the number of changes we can distinctly perceive in a given succession1 the better we realize the flowing of time4 ,it is for this reason that time seems longer in sickness or in a sleepless night than in good health and in a pleasurable occupation2 for gladness and amusement distract our minds1 and do not allow us to reflect enough on what is going on around us2 whilst anything which affects us painfully calls our attention to ourselves and to our sensations1 and thus causes us to reflect on a great number of movements to which in other circumstances we would pay no attention at all4 ,it is for this reason1 also1 that when we are fast asleep we have no perception of the flowing of time4 ,the moment one falls asleep he ceases to perceive the succession of changes1 both interior and exterior1 from the consideration of which time should be estimated2 hence1 when he awakes1 he instinctively unites the present now with that in which he fell asleep1 as if there had been no intermediate time4 ,thus1 in the same manner as there is no time without movement1 there is no actual perception of time without the actual perception of movement4 ,measure of time4--,we have said that time1 as a quantity1 is measured by movement4 ,the sense of this proposition is that a body moving with uniform velocity describes spaces proportional to the times employed2 and therefore1 if we assume as a unit of measure the time employed in describing a certain unit of space with a given velocity1 the duration of the movement will contain as many units of time as there are units of space measured by that velocity4 ,thus1 if the revolution of the earth around its axis is taken as the unit of movement1 and its duration1 or the day1 as the unit of time1 the number of days will increase at the same rate as the number of revolutions4 ,speaking in general1 if the time employed in describing uniformly a space v be taken as a unit of time1 and t be the time employed in describing uniformly a space s with the same constant velocity1 we have the proportion-- s3v33t3#a4 ,the unit of time is necessarily arbitrary or conventional4 ,for there is no natural unit of measure in continuous quantities whose divisibility has no end1 as we have explained in a preceding article4 ,the space v uniformly described in the unit of time represents the velocity of the movement2 and therefore the duration of the movement comprises as many units of time as there are units in the ratio of the space to the constant velocity with which it is measured4 ,in other terms1 time is the ratio of the space described to the velocity with which it is described4 ,we often hear it said that as time is measured by movement1 so also movement is measured by time4 ,but this needs explanation4 ,when we say that time is measured by movement1 we mean that time is represented by the ratio of the space to the velocity with which it is described1 or by the ratio of the material extension to the formal extending of the movement2 for the proportion above deduced gives t s_/v1 where s represents the length of the movement in space 7which length is its material constituent7 and v represents its intensity 7which is its formal constituent74 ,on the other hand1 when we say that movement is measured by time1 we either mean that the ratio of the space to the velocity is represented by the time employed in the movement1 and thus we merely interchange the members of our equation1 by which no new conclusion can be reached2 or we mean that the length and the velocity of the movement are measured by time4 ,but this cannot be2 for our equation gives for the length of the movement s vt2 and this shows that time alone cannot measure the length of the space described4 ,on the other hand1 the same equation gives for the velocity v s_/t2 and this shows that time is not the measure of velocity1 as the one diminishes when the other increases4 ,this suffices to show that the phrase 8movement is measured by time0 must be interpreted in a very limited sense1 as simply meaning that between movement and time there is a necessary connection1 and that1 all other things remaining equal1 the length of the movement is proportional to the length of the time employed4 ,yet this does not mean that the length of the movement depends entirely on the time employed1 for the same length may be described in different times2 but it means that the time employed depends on the material and formal extent of the movement1 as above explained2 for1 according as we take different velocities1 different lengths will be described in equal time1 and equal lengths in different times4 ,it is not the time that extends the movement1 but it is the movement that by its extension extends its own time4 ,the true measure of movement is its velocity2 for the measure of any given quantity is a unit of the same kind1 and velocity is the unit of movement4 ,time1 as measured by us1 is a number which arises from the mensuration of the movement by its velocity2 and therefore time results from the movement as already measured4 ,this shows again that time is not the measure of the extent of the movement4 ,we have seen1 also1 that time is not the measure of the intensity of the movement4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that the quantity of movement is not measured by time4 ,time1 being the ratio of two quantities mathematically homogeneous1 is represented by an abstract number4 ,yet the same time may be expressed by different numbers1 according as we measure it by different units1 as days1 hours1 minutes1 etc4 ,these numbers1 however1 are only virtually discrete1 as time cannot be discontinued4 ,balmes from the equation v s_/t deduces the consequence that 8the velocity is essentially a relation2 for it cannot be otherwise expressed than by the ratio of the space to the time40#ha ,we think that this conclusion is faulty4 ,space and time are not homogeneous quantities2 hence the mathematical ratio of space to time is not an abstract but a concrete number1 and therefore it represents an absolute quantity4 ,space divided by time is a length divided into equal parts2 hence the quotient--viz41 the velocity--represents the length of the movement made in the unit of time4 ,and since ,balmes admits that the length of the movement is a quantity having a determinate value1 we do not see how he can escape the consequence that velocity1 too1 is a quantity of the same kind1 and not a mere relation4 8,in the expression of velocity10 says ,balmes1 8two terms enter--space and time4 ,viewing the former in the real order1 abstraction made of that of phenomena1 we more easily come to regard it as something fixed2 and we comprehend it in a given case without any relation4 ,a foot is at all times a foot1 and a yard a yard4 ,these are quantities existing in reality1 and if we refer them to other quantities it is only to make sure that they are so1 not because their reality depends upon the relation4 ,a cubic foot of water is not a cubic foot because the measure so says1 but1 on the contrary1 the measure so says because there is a cubic foot4 ,the measure itself is also an absolute quantity2 and in general all extensions are absolute1 for otherwise we should be obliged to seek measure of measure1 and so on to infinity0 7loc4 cit47 ,this passage shows that a length described in space is1 according to ,balmes1 an absolute quantity4 ,and since the mathematical value of velocity represents a length described in space1 as we have just proved1 it follows that velocity has an absolute value4 ,but leaving aside all mathematical considerations1 we may show that velocity has an absolute value by reference to metaphysical data4 ,what is velocity but the development in extension of the intensity of the momentum impressed on a material point8 ,now1 the intensity of the momentum is an absolute quantity1 equal to the quantity of the action by which it is produced4 ,hence it is evident that1 as the action has an absolute value1 greater or less1 according to circumstances1 so also the momentum impressed has an absolute value2 and consequently the velocity also1 which is nothing else than the momentum itself as developing its intensity into extension1 has an absolute value1 and is an absolute quantity4 ,balmes thought the contrary1 for the following reason3 8,if the denominator1 in the expression of velocity1 were a quantity of the same kind as space--that is1 having determinate values1 existing and conceivable by themselves alone--the velocity1 although still a relation might also have determinate values1 not indeed wholly absolute1 but only in the supposition that the two terms s and t1 having fixed values1 are compared4''' ,but from the difficulties which we have1 on the one hand1 seen presented to the consideration of time as an absolute thing1 and from the fact that1 on the other hand1 no solid proof can be adduced to show such a property to have any foundation1 it follows that we know not how to consider velocity as absolute1 even in the sense above explained0 7loc4 cit47 ,this reason proves the contrary of what the author intends to establish4 ,in fact1 if the denominator were of the same kind as the numerator1 the quotient would be an abstract number1 as we know from mathematics2 and such a number would exhibit nothing more than the relation of the two homogeneous terms--that is1 how many times the one is contained in the other4 ,it is precisely because the denominator is not of the same kind as the numerator that the quotient must be of the same kind as the numerator4 ,and since the numerator represents space1 which1 according to ,balmes1 is an absolute quantity1 it follows that the quotient--that is1 the number by which we express the velocity--exhibits a quantity of the same nature3 a conclusion in which all mathematicians agree4 ,when a man walks a mile1 with the velocity of one yard per second1 he measures the whole mile yard by yard1 with his velocity4 ,if the velocity were not a quantity of the same kind with the space measured1 how could it measure it8 ,true it is that velocity1 when considered in its metaphysical aspect1 is not a length of space1 but the intensity of the act by which matter is carried through such a length4 ,yet1 since ,balmes argues here from a mathematical equation1 we must surmise or presume that he considers velocity as a length measured in space in the unit of time1 as mathematicians consider it2 for he cannot argue from mathematical expressions with logical consistency1 if he puts upon them construction of an unmathematical character4 ,after all1 it remains true that the velocity or intensity of the movement is always to be measured by the extension of the movement in the unit of time2 and thus it is necessary to admit that velocity exhibits an absolute intensive quantity measured by the extension which it evolves4 ,we therefore 8know how to consider velocity as absolute10 though its mathematical expression is drawn from a relation of space to time4 ,the measure of any quantity is always found by comparing the quantity with some unit of measure2 hence all quantity1 inasmuch as measured1 exhibits itself under a relative form as ratio mensurati ad suam mensuram2 and it is only under such a form that it can be expressed in numbers4 ,but this relativity does not constitute the nature of quantity1 because it presupposes it1 and has the whole reason of its being in the process of mensuration4 ,we have insisted on this point because the confusion of the absolute value of velocity with its relative mathematical expression would lead us into a labyrinth of difficulties with regard to time4 ,balmes1 having overlooked the distinction between the mathematical expression and the metaphysical character of velocity1 comes to the striking consequence that 8if the whole machine of the universe1 not excluding the operations of our soul1 were accelerated or retarded1 an impossibility would be realized2 for the relation of the terms would have to be changed without undergoing any change4 ,if the velocity be only the relation of space to time1 and time only the relation of spaces traversed1 it is the same thing to change them all in the same proportion1 and not to change them at all4 ,it is to leave every thing as it is0 7loc4 cit47 ,the author is quite mistaken4 ,the very equation t s_/v1 on which he grounds his argument1 suffices to show that if the velocity increases1 the time employed in measuring the space s diminishes2 and if the velocity diminishes1 the time increases4 ,this being the case1 it is evident that an acceleration of the movements in the whole machine of the universe would be a real acceleration1 since the same movements would be performed in less time2 and a retardation would be a real retardation1 since the same movements would require more time4 ,we are therefore far from realizing an impossibility when we admit that1 in the hypothesis of the author1 time would vary in the inverse ratio of the velocity of the universal movement4 ,division of time4--,philosophers divide time into real and imaginary4 ,we have already explained this division when speaking of flowing duration4 ,the reality of time evidently depends on the reality of movement2 hence any time to which no real movement corresponds is imaginary4 ,thus if you dream that you are running1 the time of your running is imaginary1 because your running1 too1 is imaginary4 ,in such a case the real time corresponds to your real movements--say1 to your breathing1 pulse1 etc4--while the dream continues4 ,imaginary time is often called also ideal time1 but this last epithet is not correct2 for1 as time is the duration of local movement1 it is in the nature of time to be an object of the imagination4 ,and for this reason the duration of the intellectual movements and operations of pure spirits is called time only by analogy1 as we have above stated4 ,however1 we are wont to think of such a duration as if it were homogeneous with our own time2 for we cannot measure it except by reference to the duration of the movements we witness in the material world4 ,time is also divided into past1 present1 and future4 ,the past corresponds to a movement already made1 the future to a movement which will be made1 and the present to a movement which is actually going on4 ,but some will ask3 ,is there really any present time8 ,does not the now1 to which the present is confined1 exclude all before and all after1 and therefore all succession1 without which it is impossible to conceive time8 ,we concede that the now1 as such--that is1 considered in its absolute reality--is not time1 just as a point is not a line2 for1 as the point has no length1 so the now has no extension4 ,yet1 as a point in motion describes a line1 so also the now1 by its flowing from before to after1 extends time4 ,hence1 although the now1 as such1 is not time1 its flowing from before to after is time4 ,if1 then1 we consider the present as the link of the immediate past with the immediate future--that is1 if we consider the now not statically1 but dynamically--we shall see at once that its actual flowing from before to after implies succession1 and constitutes an infinitesimal interval of time4 ,this may also be shown by reference to the nature of uniform local movement4 ,when a material point describes a line with uniform velocity1 its movement being continuous1 its duration is continuous2 and therefore every flowing instant of its duration is continuous1 as no discontinuous parts can ever be reached in the division of continuum4 ,hence every flowing instant has still the nature of time4 ,this conclusion is mathematically evident from the equation t s_/v1 for1 v being supposed constant1 we cannot assume t #j unless we also assume s #j4 ,but this latter assumption would imply rest instead of movement1 and therefore it is out of the question4 ,accordingly1 at no instant of the movement can we assume t #j2 or1 which is the same1 every flowing instant partakes the nature of time4 ,the same conclusion can be established1 even more evidently1 by the consideration of accelerated or retarded movements4 ,when a stone is thrown upwards1 the velocity of its ascent suffers a continuous diminution till at last it becomes #j2 and at the very instant it becomes #j an opposite velocity begins to urge the stone down1 and increases continually so long as the stone does not reach the ground or any other obstacle4 ,now1 a continuous increase or decrease of the velocity means that there are not two consecutive moments of time in which the stone moves at exactly the same rate2 and hence nothing but an instant corresponds to each successive degree of velocity4 ,but since the duration of the movement is made up of nothing but such instants1 it is clear that the succession of such instants constitutes time2 and consequently1 as time is continuous1 those instants1 though infinitesimal1 are themselves continuous2 and thus every flowing instant is really time4 ,from this it is plain1 first1 that although the now1 as such1 is not time1 yet its actual flowing is time4 ,secondly1 it follows that infinitesimals of time1 as employed in dynamics1 are not mathematical figments1 but realities1 for time flows only through infinitesimal instants2 and therefore to deny the reality of such infinitesimals would be to deny the reality of time4 ,thirdly1 we gather that the absolute now differs from an actual infinitesimal of time2 because the former1 as such1 is only a term of time1 whereas the latter is the flowing of that term from its immediate before to its immediate after4 ,hence an infinitesimal of time is infinitely less than any designable duration4 ,in fact1 its before and its after are so immediately connected with the same absolute now that there is no room for any designable length of duration between them4 ,fourthly1 whilst the absolute now is no quantity1 the infinitesimal of time is a real quantity2 for it implies real succession4 ,this quantity1 however1 is nascent1 or in fieri only2 for the now1 which alone is intercepted between the immediate before and the immediate after1 has no formal extension4 ,fifthly1 the infinitesimal of time corresponds to a movement by which an infinitesimal of space is described4 ,and thus infinitesimals of space1 as considered in dynamics1 are real quantities4 ,to deny that such infinitesimals are real quantities would be the same1 in fact1 as to deny the real extension of local movement2 for this movement flows and acquires its extension through such infinitesimals only4 ,and the same is true of the infinitesimal actions by which the rate of local movement is continually modified4 ,these latter infinitesimals are evidently real quantities1 though infinitely less than any designable quantity4 ,they have an infinitesimal intensity1 and they cause an infinitesimal change in the rate of the movement in an infinitesimal of time4 ,evolution of time4--,the preceding considerations lead us to understand how it is that in any interval of time there is but one absolute now always the same secundum rem1 but changing1 and therefore manifold secundum rationem4 ,s4 ,thomas1 in his opuscule ,de ,instantibus1 c4 ii41 explains this truth in the following words3 8,as a point to the line1 so is the now to the time4 ,if we imagine a point at rest1 we shall not be able to find in it the causality of any line2 but if we imagine that point to be in movement1 then1 although it has no dimensions1 and consequently no divisibility in itself1 it will nevertheless1 from the nature of its movement1 mark out a divisible line4''' ,the point1 however1 does in no way belong to the essence of the line2 for one and the same real term1 absolutely indivisible1 cannot be at the same time in different parts of the same permanent continuum4''' ,hence the mathematical point which by its movement draws a line is neither the line nor any part of the line2 but1 remaining one and the same in itself1 it acquires different modes of being4 ,these different modes of being1 which must be traced to its movement1 are really in the line1 whilst the point1 as such1 has no place in it4 ,in the same manner1 an instant1 which is the measure of a thing movable1 and adheres to it permanently1 is one and the same as to its absolute reality so long as the substance of the thing remains unimpaired1 for the instant is the inseparable measure of its being2 but the same instant becomes manifold inasmuch as it is diversified by its modes of being2 and it is this its diversity that constitutes the essence of time40#hb ,from this explanation we may infer that1 as each point1 or primitive element1 of matter has its own now1 one in its absolute reality1 but manifold in its mode of being1 there are in nature as many nows describing distinct lines of time as there are material points in movement4 ,accordingly1 there are as many particular times as there are elements moving in space4 ,the proposition that in time there is only unum instans in re is1 therefore1 to be limited to the particular time of one and the same subject of motion4 ,s4 ,thomas did not think of this limitation1 because he believed1 according to the old astronomical theory1 that the movement of the primum mobile--that is1 of the supreme sphere--was the natural measure of time2 and for this reason he thought that1 as the first movement was one1 time also was one1 and constituted the common measure of all simultaneous movements4#hc ,but the truth is that there must be as many distinct particular times as there are things actually moving4 ,this is a manifest consequence of the doctrine which assimilates a flowing now to a point describing a line4 ,for as every point in movement describes a distinct line in space1 so also must the absolute now of every distinct being describe by its flowing a distinct line of time4 ,the general time1 which we regard as one successive duration1 is the duration of the movement from the beginning of the world to our day1 conceived in the abstract--that is1 without reference to the particular beings concerned in the movement4 ,time1 when thus conceived1 is a mere abstraction2 whereas the particular times of particular movements are concrete in their continuous extension1 notwithstanding their being represented by abstract numbers4 ,if we knew of any special body created and put in movement before any other body1 we might regard it as primum mobile1 and take its movement1 if uniform1 as the natural measure or standard of general time2 but as we know of no such particular body1 and as we have reason to believe that the creation of all matter was made in one and the same moment1 we are led to admit an exceedingly great multitude of prima mobilia1 every one of which was from the beginning of time the subject of duration4 ,it is clear that we cannot reduce their distinct durations to one general duration1 except by making abstraction of all particular subjects1 and considering movement in the abstract4 ,nevertheless1 as we inhabit the earth1 we usually restrict our consideration of time to those periodical intervals of duration which correspond to the periodical movements we witness in1 or from1 our planet2 and thus we take the duration of the diurnal or of the orbital movement of the earth as our standard for the measure of time4 ,if other planets are inhabited by rational beings1 it is obvious that their time will be measured by other standards1 as their diurnal and orbital movements differ from those of our earth4 ,to the doctrine that time is evolved by the flowing of a single instant1 ,s4 ,thomas adds an important remark to the effect that the now of contingent things should not be confounded with the now of eternity4 ,he proposes to himself the following objection3 8,to stand and to move are not essential differences1 but only different manners of being4 ,but the now of eternity is standing1 and the now of time is moving4 ,the one1 therefore1 seems to differ from the other in nothing but in the manner of being4 ,hence the now of time would be substantially the same as the now of eternity1 which is absurd40#hd ,s4 ,thomas replies3 8,this cannot be true1 according to our doctrine2 for we have seen that eternity and time differ essentially4 ,moreover1 when of two things the one depends on the other as an effect from a cause1 the two things essentially differ2 but the now of eternity 7which does not really differ from eternity itself7 is the cause of time and of the now of time2 therefore the now of time and the now of eternity are essentially different4 ,furthermore1 the now of time unites the past with the future1 which the now of eternity does not do2 for in eternity there is no past and no future1 because eternity is all together4 ,nor has the objection any force4 ,that to stand and to move do not constitute an essential difference is true of those things which are liable both to stand and to move2 but that which always stands without possibility of moving differs essentially from that which always moves without the possibility of standing4 ,and this is the case with the now of eternity on the one hand1 and the now of time on the other40#he ,beginning of time4--,here the question arises whether time must have had a beginning4 ,those who believe that the world could have been created ab terno will answer that time could have existed without a beginning4 ,but we are convinced that the world could not be created ab terno2 and therefore we maintain that time must have begun4 ,our argument is drawn from the contingency of all things created4 ,the duration of a contingent being cannot be without a beginning2 for the contingent being itself must have had a beginning4 ,in fact1 as that cannot be annihilated which has never been in existence1 so that cannot be educed from nothing which has never been nothing4 ,it is therefore necessary to admit that every creature had a beginning of its existence1 and consequently of its duration also2 for nothing endures but inasmuch as it exists4 ,nor can this argument be evaded by saying that a contingent being may have initium natur1 without having initium temporis4 ,this distinction1 though suggested and employed by ,s4 ,thomas1 has no foundation1 because the beginning of the created nature is the beginning also of its duration2 and he who concedes that there must be an initium natur cannot consistently deny the initium temporis4 ,in fact1 no contingent being can be said to have been created1 if there was no instant in which it was created2 in other terms1 every creature must be traced to the now of its creation4 ,but the now of its creation is the beginning of its duration no less than of its existence4 ,surely1 whatever has a first now has a beginning of duration2 but every creature has its first now--viz41 the now of its creation2 therefore every creature has a beginning of duration4 ,that the now of creation is the first now is self-evident2 for the now of creation is that point of duration in which the passage is made from not being to being2 and therefore it marks the beginning of the existence of the created being4 ,and since we cannot say that the duration of the created being preceded its existence1 we are bound to conclude that the now of its creation is the beginning of its duration as well as of its existence4 ,some will object that we assume what is to be proved--viz41 the very now of creation4 ,for1 if the world had been created ab terno1 no now of creation could be pointed out4 ,to this we answer that the now of creation1 whether we can point it out determinately or not1 must always be admitted4 ,to suppress it1 is to suppress creation4 ,for1 if we assume that a thing had no now of creation1 we are compelled to deny that such a thing has ever been created4 ,in other terms1 if anything has no beginning of duration1 it was always in act1 it never lacked actual existence1 and it never passed from non-existence to actual existence--that is1 it is no creature at all2 for to be a creature is to have passed from non-existence to actual existence4 ,and thus we must conclude that to create is to make a beginning of time4 ,the impossibility of a world created ab terno has also been argued from the impossibility of an infinite ascending series4 ,the force of this proof does not1 however1 lie in the absurdity of an infinite series--for such an absurdity1 as ,s4 ,thomas remarks1 has never been demonstrated--but it lies in the necessity of granting a beginning to every term of the series itself2 for1 if every term of the series has a beginning1 the whole series must have a beginning4 ,s4 ,thomas1 as we have just stated1 teaches that an infinite ascending series is not to be judged impossible1 8even if it were a series of efficient causes10 provided it depend on an extrinsic cause3 ,in infinitum procedere in causis agentibus non reputatur impossibile4#hf ,this doctrine is universally rejected1 and was fiercely attacked even in the time of the holy doctor2 but he persisted in maintaining it against all1 and wrote a special treatise to defend it contra murmurantes4 ,the reason why ,s4 ,thomas embraced this doctrine seems to have been that the creation of the world in the beginning of time was an article of faith2 and the saint believed that articles of faith are proved only by authority1 and not by natural reason4 ,he was therefore obliged to maintain that the beginning of time could not be demonstrated by reason alone4 8,the newness of the world10 says he1 8cannot be demonstrated from the consideration of the world itself1 because the principle of demonstration is the quiddity of things4 ,now1 things1 when considered as to their quiddity or species1 do not involve the hic et nunc2 and for this reason the universals are said to be everywhere and in all time4 ,hence it cannot be demonstrated that man or any other thing did not always exist40#hg ,to this argument we respectfully reply that1 when the necessary conditions of a contingent fact are to be demonstrated1 the principle of demonstration is not the abstract quiddity1 or intelligible essence1 of the things1 but the contingency of their actual existence4 ,but it is evident that whatever exists contingently has been educed out of nothing4 ,it is therefore necessary to conclude that all contingent things have had a first moment of existence and of duration4 ,the ,angelic ,doctor refers also to a similitude by which some philosophers mentioned by ,s4 ,augustine undertook to explain the creation ab terno4 ,if a foot had been ab terno pressed on the dust1 the impression made by it would be ab terno4 ,in the same manner the world might have been ab terno3 for ,god1 its maker1 is eternal4#hh ,but we humbly reply that the impression of the foot on the dust cannot be ab terno if it is contingent4 ,for1 if it is contingent1 it has necessarily a beginning of its existence1 and therefore of its duration also1 as we have already shown4 ,whatever is made has a beginning of duration4 ,hence the fathers of the church1 to prove that the divine ,word was not made1 thought it sufficient to point out the fact that he was ab terno like his ,father4 ,s4 ,thomas1 after stating his conclusion that the temporal beginning of the world is not demonstrable1 but simply credible1 remarks as follows3 8,and this should be kept in mind1 lest1 by presuming to demonstrate what is matter of faith by insufficient proofs1 we be laughed at by the infidels1 who may think that on the strength of such proofs we believe our articles of faith40#hi ,this advice is good4 ,but we need not tell our readers that what we hold as of faith we hold on divine authority1 irrespective of our philosophical reasons4 ,perpetuity of time4--,that time may go on without end is an evident truth4 ,but will it go on for ever1 or will it cease at last8 ,to this question we answer that time will for ever continue4 ,as long as there will be movement there will be time4 ,there will ever be movement2 therefore there will ever be time4 ,the major of this syllogism needs no explanation2 for time is nothing but the duration of movement4 ,the minor is quite certain4 ,for not only the rational creatures1 but the earth itself and other corporeal things1 will last for ever1 as is the common doctrine of philosophers1 who hold that ,god will never destroy what he has created4 ,these material things will therefore continue to celebrate ,god's glory for ever--that is1 will continue to exert their motive power and to bring about divers movements2 for such is their nature1 and such their manner of chanting the praises of their ,creator4 ,moreover1 we know by faith that we shall rise from death and live for ever1 and that the glorious bodies of the saints will possess1 besides other privileges1 the gift of agility1 which would evidently be of no use if there were to be no local movement and no succession of time4 ,hence it follows that time will last for ever4 ,and let no one say that the ,sacred ,scriptures teach the contrary4 ,for wherever the ,sacred ,scriptures mention the end of time1 they speak1 not absolutely and universally1 but only with reference to certain particular periods or epochs of time characterized by some special events or manifestation of divine ,providence4 ,thus we read in the ,apocalypse that 8there will be time no more0--,tempus non erit amplius--and yet we find that after the end of that time there will be a thousand years2 which shows that the phrase 8there will be time no more0 refers to the time of mercy and conversion4 ,thus also we read in ,daniel that 8time has its end0--,quoniam habet tempus finem suum--but we see by the context that he speaks there of the ,antichristian epoch1 which of course must have an end4 ,and the like is to be said of other similar passages4 ,the most we can admit in regard to the cessation of time is that1 owing to the great catastrophe and the wonderful changes which the consummation of the present epoch shall bring about1 the diurnal and the annual revolutions1 which serve now as measures of time1 may be so modified as to give rise to a new order of things1 in which time shall be measured by a different standard4 ,this seems to be the opinion of many interpreters of the ,sacred ,scriptures2 though some of them speak as if after the consummation of the present things there were to be time no more1 but only eternity4 ,this manner of speaking1 however1 is no proof against the continuance of time2 for the word 8eternity10 when applied to the duration of creatures1 means nothing else than sempiternity--that is1 time without end1 according to the scriptural phrase3 ,annos ternos in mente habui4 ,we learn from ,s4 ,thomas that the word 8eternity0 is used in three different senses3 ,first1 we call eternity the measure of the duration of a thing which is always invariably the same1 which acquires nothing from the future1 and loses nothing from the past4 ,and this is the most proper meaning of the word 8eternity40 ,secondly1 we call eternity the measure of the duration of a thing which has a fixed and perpetual being1 which1 however1 is subject to accidental changes in its operations4 ,eternity1 when thus interpreted1 means what we should call vum properly2 for the vum is the measure of those things whose being lasts for ever1 but which admit of succession in their operations1 as is the case with pure intelligences4 ,thirdly1 we call eternity the measure of a successive duration1 which has before and after without beginning and without end1 or simply without end1 though it have a beginning2 and in this sense the world has been said to be eternal1 although it is really temporal4 ,this is the most improper meaning of the word 8eternity02 for the true concept of eternity excludes before and after4#ij ,thus far ,s4 ,thomas4 ,we may be allowed to remark on this passage that1 according to the principles which we have established in our articles on ,substantial ,generations1#ia not only the pure intelligences1 but all primitive and elementary substances are substantially incorruptible1 and have a fixed and permanent being4 ,hence the distinction made by the holy doctor between vum and endless time ceases to have a foundation1 and the whole difference between the endless duration of spiritual and of material changes will be reduced to this3 that the movements of spiritual substances are intellectual1 whereas those of the material elements are local4 ,the phrase 8before creation40--,we often hear of such expressions as these3 8,before creation there was ,god alone10 8,before creation there was no time10 etc42 and since such expressions seem to involve a contradiction in terms1 we think it will not be superfluous to give their rational explanation4 ,of course1 if the words 8before creation0 be understood absolutely--that is1 excluding any creation either made or imagined--those words will be contradictory4 ,for the preposition before is relative1 and implies succession2 and it is contradictory to suppose succession without anything capable of succession4 ,when no creature existed there could be nothing flowing from before to after1 because there was no movement1 there being nothing movable4 ,nor can it be said that the now of divine eternity gives us a sufficient ground for imagining any before and after without referring to something exterior to ,god himself4 ,the now of eternity has in itself neither before nor after2 and when we say that it is equivalent to all imaginable time1 we do not affirm that it implies succession1 but only acknowledge that it is the supreme reason of the possibility of succession in created things4 ,hence1 when we use the phrase 8,before creation0 in an absolute sense1 we in fact take away all real before and all real after2 and thus the words 8,before creation10 taken absolutely1 involve a contradiction4 ,they affirm explicitly what they implicitly deny4 ,the truth is that1 when we use the phrase in question1 we express what is in our imagination1 and not in our intellect4 ,we imagine that before time there was eternity because we cannot picture to ourselves eternity1 except by the phantasm of infinite time4 ,it is for this reason that in speaking of eternity we use the terms by which we are accustomed to express the relations of time4 ,the words 8,before creation0 are therefore to be understood of a time which was possible in connection with some possible anterior creation1 but which has never existed4 ,this amounts to saying that the before which we conceive has no existence except in our imagination4 ,s4 ,thomas proposes to himself the question whether1 when we say that ,god was before the world1 the term 8before0 is to be interpreted of a priority of nature or of a priority of duration4 ,it might seem1 says he1 that neither interpretation is admissible4 ,for if ,god is before the world only by priority of nature1 then it follows that1 since ,god is ab terno1 the world too is ab terno4 ,if1 on the contrary1 ,god is before the world by priority of duration1 then1 since priority and posteriority of duration constitute time1 it follows that there was time before the creation of the world2 which is impossible4#ib ,in answer to this difficulty the holy doctor says that ,god is before the world by priority of duration1 but that the preposition 8before0 designates here the priority1 not of time1 but of eternity4 ,or else we must answer1 he adds1 that the word 8before0 designates a priority1 not of real1 but of imaginary1 time1 just as the word 8above0 in the phrase 8above the heavens there is nothing0 designates an imaginary space which we may conceive by thinking of some imaginary dimensions superadded to the dimensions of the heavens4#ic ,it strikes us that the first of these two answers does not really solve the difficulty4 ,for the priority of eternity cannot mean but a priority of nature and of pre-eminence1 by which ,god's permanent duration infinitely excels1 rather than precedes1 all duration of creatures4 ,in accordance with this1 the objector might still urge on his conclusion that1 if ,god does not precede the world1 the world is ab terno like ,god himself4 ,the second answer agrees with what we ourselves have hitherto said4 ,but as regards the objection proposed1 it leaves the difficulty entire4 ,for1 if ,god was before the world by a priority1 not of real1 but of imaginary time1 that 8before0 is imaginary1 and not real4 ,and the consequence will be that ,god was not really 8before0 the world1 but we imagine him to have been so4 ,we must own that with our imperfect language1 mostly fashioned by imagination1 it is not easy to give a clear and popular solution of the objection4 ,perhaps the most summary manner of dealing with it would be to deny the inference in the first horn of the dilemma--viz41 that if ,god is before the world by priority of nature only1 then the world will be ab terno as much as ,god himself4 ,this inference1 we say1 is to be denied2 for it involves the false supposition that a thing is ab terno if there is no time before it2 whereas that only is ab terno which has no beginning of duration4 ,thus there is no need of saying that ,god precedes the world in duration2 for it suffices to admit that he was before the world by priority of nature and of causality4 ,the duration of eternity has no 8before0 and no 8after10 though we depict it to ourselves as extending into indefinite time4 ,even the verb was should not be predicated of ,god2 for ,god1 strictly speaking1 neither was1 nor will be1 but permanently is4 ,hence it seems to us that it would be a contradiction to affirm that ,god was before the world by the duration of his eternity1 while we acknowledge that in his eternity there is no 8before40 ,but enough about this question4 ,the duration of rest4--,supposing that a body1 or an element of matter1 is perfectly at rest1 it may be asked how the duration of this rest can be ascertained and measured4 ,shall we answer that it is measured by time8 ,but if so1 our reader will immediately conclude that time is not merely the duration of movement1 as we have defined it1 but also the duration of rest4 ,on the other hand1 how can we deny that rest is measured by time1 when we often speak of the rest of a few minutes or of a few hours8 ,we might evade the question by answering that nothing in creation lies in absolute rest1 but everything is acting and acted upon without interruption1 so that its movement is never suspended4 ,but we answer directly that1 if there were absolute rest anywhere in the world1 the duration of that rest should be measured by the duration of exterior movements4 ,in fact1 rest has no before and after in itself1 because it is immovable1 but only outside of itself4 ,it cannot therefore have an intrinsic measure of its duration1 but it must borrow it from the before and after of exterior movement4 ,in other words1 the thing which is in perfect rest draws no line of time2 it has only a statical now which is a mere term of duration2 and if everything in the world were in absolute rest1 time would cease altogether4 ,hence what we call the duration of rest is simply the duration of a movement exterior to the thing which is at rest4 ,this will be easily understood by considering that between a flowing and a standing now there is the same relation as between a moving and a standing point4 ,now1 to change the relation of distance between two points in space1 it suffices that one of them move while the other stands still4 ,this change of distance is measured by the movement of the first point2 and thus the point which is at rest undergoes1 without moving1 a continuous change in its relation to the moving point4 ,in a similar manner1 two nows being given1 the one flowing and the other standing1 the time extended by the flowing of the first measures the change of its relation to the second1 and consequently1 also1 the change of the relation of the second to the first4 ,this shows that the time by which we measure the duration of rest is nothing but the duration of the movement extrinsic to the thing at rest4 ,but1 as we have said1 nothing in creation is in absolute rest2 and therefore what we consider as resting has really some movement imperceptible to our senses--as1 v4g41 molecular vibrations--by which the duration of its supposed rest is intrinsically measured4 ,in ,god's eternity alone there is perfect immobility2 but its duration cannot be measured by time1 even as an extrinsic measure1 because the standing duration of eternity has nothing common with the flowing duration of creatures4 ,as local movement cannot measure divine immensity1 so flowing duration cannot measure divine eternity2 because1 as the ubi of a creature never changes its relation to ,god's immensity1 so the quando of a creature never changes its relation to ,god's eternity4 ,continuity of time4--,we will conclude with a few remarks on the continuity of time4 ,that time is essentially continuous is evident2 but the question has been proposed3 ,what if ,god were to annihilate all existing creatures1 and to make a new creation8 ,would the instant of annihilation be immediately followed by the instant of the new creation1 or could there be an interval of time between them8 ,the right answer to this question is that between the annihilation and the new creation there would be no time3 because there cannot be time without succession1 and no succession without creatures4 ,yet1 it would not follow that the instant of the annihilation should be immediately united with the instant of the new creation2 in other words1 the duration of the new world would not be a continuation of the duration of the world annihilated4 ,the reason of this is that there cannot be a continuation of time1 unless the same now continues to flow4 ,for when one flowing now ceases to be1 and another begins1 the line of time drawn by the first comes to an end1 and another line1 altogether distinct1 begins1 and this latter cannot be a continuation of the former4 ,if the ,english mail1 for instance1 reaches ,new ,york at a given instant1 and the ,french mail at the same instant starts from ,paris1 no one will say that the movement of the ,french mail is a continuation of the movement of the ,english mail4 ,hence the duration of the movement of the one is not the continuation of that of the other4 ,moreover1 from what we have seen about the distinct lines of time described by distinct subjects of flowing duration1 it is plain that even the durations of simultaneous movements are always distinct from one another1 as belonging to distinct subjects2 and accordingly1 when one of the said movements ceases1 the continuation of the others cannot be looked upon as its continuation4 ,hence1 if the present world were annihilated1 its duration would cease altogether2 and the duration of a newly-created world would draw a new line of time quite distinct from that of the present world1 though between the end of the one and the beginning of the other there would be no time4 8,the two worlds in question10 as ,balmes remarks1 8would have no mutual relation2 consequently there would be neither distance nor immediateness between them40#id ,time is formally continuous4 ,formal continuity we call that of which all the constituent elements have their own formal and distinct existence in nature4 ,in time such elements are those flowing instants which unite the immediate past with the immediate future4 ,this continuity is essentially successive4 ,it is owing to its successivity that time1 as well as movement1 can be1 and is1 formally continuous4 ,for no formal continuum can be simultaneous1 as we have shown where we refuted the hypothesis of continuous matter4#ie ,but let this suffice about time4 ,,an ,,incident ,,of ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,terror4 ,the close of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century found the good people of these ,united ,states in a most amiable mood4 ,the consciousness of all they had achieved1 by sustaining their ,declaration of ,independence in the face of overwhelming difficulties1 produced a glow of national self-complacency that has thrown its glamour over the first page of our public annals1 which--as history counts her pages by centuries--we are only now preparing to turn4 ,not until we were drawing near its close was the light of that agreeable illusion obscured by the shadow of a question whether the 8glorious ,fourth0 was not like to prove1 after all1 a most inglorious failure4 ,self-complacency is never an elevating sentiment1 and seldom sustained by the merits upon the assumed possession of which it is based4 ,but our people had many substantial virtues1 sufficient to atone abundantly for their indulgence in a pleasant foible4 ,among these was the principle of gratitude1 to which none but truly noble natures are subject4 ,that they possessed it was proved by their promptness in hastening to relieve and comfort the ,french refugees whom the ,reign of ,terror had driven to our shores when it was devastating that fair realm across the ,atlantic which had been the first to extend assistance and sympathy to us in the hour of need4 ,we have vivid recollections of sitting for hours--patchwork in hand--at the feet of a dear relative in the pleasant home of our childhood1 listening to thrilling tales of those times1 many of them connected with the ,french emigrants--of the cordial hospitality with which all the homes of her native city of ,hartford1 ,conn41 were thrown open to receive these interesting exiles2 of the shifts the inhabitants devised and the discomforts they endured in order to provide comfortable shelter and sustenance for so many from means already impoverished by the drain of the conflict through which we ourselves had but just passed4 ,now1 this dear relative was the possessor of a small gold locket of antique fashion and exquisite workmanship1 which was an object of unceasing admiration to our childish fancy4 ,in form it was an oblong octagon4 ,the border was a graceful tiny pattern in mosaic-gold inlaid with amethyst and pearl4 ,in the centre were two miniatures painted on glass with marvellous distinctness and accuracy3 the one a likeness of that most unfortunate queen1 ,marie ,antoinette1 the other of her beloved sister-in-law1 the amiable ,princess ,elizabeth4 ,a heavy pebble crystal1 perfectly transparent1 covered the pictures without in the least obscuring their delicate tints4 ,in the back of the locket was an open space1 within which1 our relative said1 was once laid1 upon the ground of dark satin that still remained1 a knot formed by two small locks of glossy1 silken hair1 one a light rose-tinged auburn1 the other flaxen with a golden sheen4 ,a glass covered these also4 ,after much persuasion our relative related to us the following ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,locket4 ,my father was an officer in the ,continental army1 and1 soon after the war of our ,revolution closed1 returned to his former home in the city of ,hartford1 ,conn41 where he accepted an office of high municipal trust4 ,he was moved by the generous impulses of his nature to a life of active benevolence2 and when1 in #agib-c1 the ,revolution in ,france drove thousands of her citizens to take refuge in our republic1 none were more zealous and untiring than he in seeking out and providing for the unfortunate strangers4 ,every apartment in our spacious house was soon filled4 ,rooms were prepared in the carriage-house and barns for my brothers and the domestics of the household1 while my sisters and myself took possession of a small room in the attic which had been a repository for the spare bedding1 now called into use4 ,among our guests was one lady who was distinguished by having a spacious room set apart for her sole use1 and who seldom left it or mingled with her companions in misfortune and exile4 ,upon the rare occasions when she did appear briefly in their circle1 it was striking to observe the ceremonious deference1 amounting almost to veneration1 with which she was received4 ,where or how my father found her ,i never knew2 but his manner towards her was so profoundly respectful as to impress us all with feelings akin to fear in her presence4 ,yet these impressions were produced by the demeanor of others only2 for on her own part there was not the slightest self-assertion or assumption of stateliness4 ,simple and unobtrusive as a child in her manners1 she was indescribably affable to all2 but her countenance wore an expression which1 when once seen1 could never be forgotten4 ,more forcibly and clearly than words did it convey the story that some overwhelming deluge of calamity had swept from her life every vestige of earthly hope and joy4 ,by no outward token did she parade her griefs4 ,her dress1 plain1 even severe1 in its perfect neatness and simplicity1 displayed no mourning-badge1 but her very smile was an intimate revelation of sorrow4 ,she was known by the title of 8,madame10 though some of our guests would now and then add1 when speaking of her in an undertone--not lost upon a small listener like myself--8la ,comtesse40 ,her waiting-maid1 ,celeste1 was entirely devoted to her1 and always served her slight and simple meals to her in her own room4 ,soon after her arrival ,i was sent on some errand to madame's apartment1 and her agitation upon seeing me was a thing to be remembered for a lifetime4 ,she drew me to her bosom1 caressing me with many tears1 suppressed sobs1 and rapid exclamations in her own language4 ,i learned afterwards from ,celeste that ,i was of the same age and bore a striking resemblance in form and face to her daughter1 who had been torn from her in the storm and turmoil of their escape4 ,they had been rescued by a faithful servant1 and hurried off1 more dead than alive1 in the fright1 confusion1 and uproar of a terrible outbreak in ,paris1 and had discovered1 when too late1 that her daughter had been separated from them and was missing4 ,their deliverer promised to make every possible effort to find the child1 but ,celeste had little hope2 for she had heard from the servant of another lady1 who escaped later--but had never told her mistress--that one of the women who daily watched the carts which conveyed the victims to the guillotine had averred that she was sure she saw the child among their number4 ,from the first ,i was a welcome visitor in the lady's room4 ,she encouraged me to pass all the time with her which could be spared from household duties2 for in those days every child was required to perform a portion of these4 ,the schools in ,hartford were1 for the most part1 closed during that period1 that the buildings might be devoted to the accommodation of the strangers1 who requited the kindness by teaching the children of each household where they were entertained1 daily4 ,i was the chosen pupil of madame4 ,she soon imparted sufficient knowledge of the ,french to give her instructions in her own language4 ,never was child blest with a more gentle and painstaking teacher6 ,to a thorough course in the simple branches of study she added many delicate accomplishments then unknown in our country1 and the most patient training in all matters connected with dress and deportment4 ,after lessons she would hold long conversations with me1 more profitable than the lessons themselves1 awakening interest by suggestions and inquiries tending to form habits of thinking1 as well as of acquiring knowledge4 ,then such wonderful fairy tales as she would relate6 ,i used to listen perfectly entranced4 ,never have ,i heard in ,english any fairy lore that would compare with it4 ,translations we may have1 but the fairy charm of the original is lost4 ,at that time the spirit of infidelity and atheism which laid the train for the horrors of the ,french ,revolution prevailed widely in our own country4 ,when too young to comprehend their import1 ,i had often listened to warm discussions between my father1 who was strongly tinctured with those opinions--while in politics he was an ultra-democrat--and my maternal grandfather1 a ,high-,churchman and ,tory4 ,the latter always insisted--and it was all ,i understood of their conversations--that it was impossible for a government founded upon popular unbelief and insubordination to stand4 ,he was utterly hopeless for ours1 not because it was democratic in form1 but because the people no longer reverenced authority1 had ceased to be imbued with the first principle of loyalty to ,god as ,supreme ,ruler1 and to the 8powers that be0 as his appointed instruments4 ,these subjects were themes of constant debate1 and were treated with a warmth that commanded even the notice of children4 ,some of our guests affected a gay and careless indifference to the claims of ,god and man that amounted to a rejection of both2 others vehemently denounced all religion as a figment of priest-craft2 while still another class met such questions with the solemnity arising from a conviction of the tremendous temporal and eternal interests which they involved4 ,it was refreshing to steal away from these evening debates in the drawing-room to the peaceful atmosphere of madame's apartment4 ,i frequently found her saying her beads1 of which ,i knew nothing1 only that they were exceedingly beautiful to the sight1 and composed of very costly materials4 ,i used to enter her room very quietly1 and take my accustomed seat in silence1 until her devotions were closed4 ,of her religion ,i knew no more than the name2 but its evident influence upon every action of her life left an indelible impression upon my mind that it was a power above and beyond any of the prevailing forms around us4 ,she never spoke expressly of her religion to me1 but the purely ,christian tone of her instructions upon all the duties of life1 social and domestic1 exemplified by her own conduct1 proved abundantly that it was more than a mere sentiment or a name4 ,i was too young at that time to reason upon these things1 but1 as ,i have said1 they left an indelible impression1 and1 as life advanced1 furnished food for many reveries which at length ripened into serious thought4 ,how the weary months must have dragged along for those exiled unfortunates6 ,yet the cheerfulness1 even gayety1 with which they endured their misfortunes and the torturing suspense of their position1 was a matter of constant marvel to their ,new ,england friends4 ,they watched the arrival of every ship from ,france with intense anxiety1 and a renewal of grief and mourning was sure to follow the tidings it brought4 ,yet the polite amenities and courtesies of their daily life1 which seemed a part of their nature1 were never for a moment abated1 and in the wildest storm of grief even the women never lost that exquisite sense of propriety which distinguishes their nation4 ,and so the time wore on until a certain memorable night in ,september1 #agid4 ,my father's residence was situated upon an elevated street which commanded a wide view of the city and its environs4 ,how well ,i remember standing with my sisters by the window of our attic dormitory1 looking out upon the quiet city sleeping under the calm light of the harvest moon1 on that never-to-be-forgotten night6 ,the contemplation of the scene was too pleasant to be easily relinquished1 and it was late before we could turn away from its fascinations to our rest4 ,we were scarcely lost in sleep when we were awakened suddenly by a thrilling shout in the street1 accompanied by the wild huzzahs of an excited multitude4 ,we hastened to the lower rooms1 where we found the strangers gathered around the open windows1 from which they were waving handkerchiefs1 hats1 and scarfs1 and mingling their shouts with those of the throng outside4 ,in the street the city crier moved along in advance of the crowd1 mounted on a tall white horse1 and waving an immense banner4 ,at every crossing he would pause and shout through a speaking-trumpet1 8,rejoice6 rejoice6 ,robespierre1 the tyrant1 has fallen6 has fallen60 ,then followed the jubilant cheers of the rapidly-increasing crowd4 ,and so they passed on through every street in the city4 ,i sought madame's apartment1 and found her kneeling in the same reverent attitude of humble devotion with which ,i had so long been familiar4 ,strange to say1 my first thought upon hearing the news so joyful to others was one of dismal apprehension1 and my first emotion one of ineffable sadness6 ,quick as thought came the painful assurance to my heart that this was the signal for my final separation from the loving friend1 the gentle teacher1 to whom ,i had become inexpressibly attached4 ,as she arose and extended her arms towards me1 ,i threw myself into them1 and1 hiding my face in her bosom1 gave way to a burst of uncontrollable grief4 ,words were not necessary to explain its cause4 ,understanding it at a glance1 she caressed and soothed me with assurances of her undying love1 and that she could never forget or cease to pray for the child whom heaven had appointed to be her dearest consolation under her great afflictions4 ,my apprehensions proved well founded4 ,the same ship which brought tidings of the tyrant's fall brought letters also to madame from faithful friends1 urging her immediate return to ,france4 ,my father accompanied her to ,boston1 in order to make needful preparation for her departure on the next outward-bound vessel4 ,i was thrown into such an agony of grief at the thought of parting with her that madame begged ,i might be permitted to go with them1 urging that the change of scene and a visit to relatives in ,boston might divert my thoughts and soothe the bitter anguish of my young heart4 ,he consented1 and1 when we reached the city1 he left us at the house of his sister1 where ,i found my cousins all engaged preparing for an examination and exhibition which was to take place the next day to close the term of the school they were attending1 on the same street and near by4 ,they insisted that ,i should go with them1 and madame dressed me in a white muslin with a blue sash4 ,she then hung the locket you so much admire1 suspended from a delicate gold chain1 around my neck1 and ,i set off with my cousins4 ,we found the girls grouped together in great glee1 awaiting the opening exercises4 ,in the centre of the group was a fair and graceful girl1 near my own age and size1 with a large basket containing bouquets of flowers arranged with admirable taste1 which the girls were purchasing for themselves and to decorate the school-room4 ,my cousins replied to my questions about the young stranger3 8,oh6 we call her the little flower girl4 ,she lives with a farmer just out of the city4 ,the family are very fond of her1 and he gives her a little place in the garden to cultivate flowers1 and lets her come with him on market days to sell them for herself in the city4 ,she heard of what was going on here1 and thought this would be a good market for her bouquets2 and so it has been1 for she has sold them all40 ,for some reason ,i could not turn my eyes from the child4 ,there seemed to be a mutual fascination which drew us together1 and ,i observed she was looking intently and with much emotion at the locket ,i wore4 ,i asked her why she was so much interested in it4 ,she answered with a slight ,french accent3 8,my mamma had such a locket1 and all the ladies of the queen's household wore them40 8,and where is your mamma80 ,i inquired4 8,alas6 ,i do not know if she is living4 ,i lost her in a great crowd in the streets of ,paris1 and was so frightened at the horrors around me that ,i remember nothing until ,i found myself on board the ship which brought me here4 ,how ,i came there ,i never knew4 ,the kind-hearted farmer with whom ,i live was on the wharf when we landed1 and1 in great pity for my bewildering loneliness and grief1 took me to his home1 where ,i have since received every attention and sympathy40 ,almost sinking under agitation1 ,i turned to my cousins1 who had been too much occupied with their own affairs to notice us1 and faintly gasped3 8,she is1 she must be1 the daughter for whom madame mourns60 ,at the bare suggestion all else was forgotten6 ,there was an impetuous huddling of our electrified companions around the bewildered little stranger1 and a petition that the school exercises might be delayed until they could escort her to my aunt and learn whether my conjecture was true4 ,so great was their excitement that it was useless to deny the request1 and we led our heroine off with hasty steps4 ,on the way we decided that my aunt should break the matter gently to madame1 and introduce the child to her in her room4 ,there was no need of an introduction6 ,the moment their eyes met the exclamations 8,antoinette60 8,mamma60 burst from their lips1 and my aunt left them locked in a close embrace4 ,the scene was too sacred for intrusion6 ,the news flew with the speed of the wind1 and there were great rejoicings far and near over the timely discovery brought about by means of the locket1 which madame bestowed upon me 7after removing the knot of hair1 too precious1 as a relic of her lamented queen and the ,princess ,elizabeth1 to be relinquished7 in memory of this joyful event1 and as a souvenir of the beloved friend and teacher with whom ,i had passed so many happy and profitable hours4 ,soon after the reunion of the mother and child they sailed for ,france1 and ,i returned with my father to a home which was now bereft of a charm that could never be replaced or restored4 ,but my sympathy with their joy was too sincere to be chilled by selfish regrets4 ,during my father's stay in ,boston he made some final arrangements connected with a large territory of wild lands which he had received from the government in partial requital of his services in the army4 ,to that distant wilderness he removed his family immediately after our return4 ,the absence of mail communication with such remote districts1 in those days1 was doubtless the reason why we never received further tidings from one who had placed us among the favored few that 8have entertained angels unawares40 ,in the loneliness of my forest home1 and through a long life marked by many changes and sorrows1 ,i have cherished grateful memories of the early lessons ,i received from her lips1 and they have proved1 through their influence upon my religious and moral being1 a legacy far more precious than a thousand caskets of gold and precious stones4 ,,the ,,charities ,,of ,,rome4 ,the present sacrilegious invaders of ,rome have done much to change the religious aspect of the city1 and obliterate every trace of the influence of the popes upon the charities once so liberally thrown open to the people of every clime and color4 ,in the true spirit of modern 8progress10 philanthropy has usurped the place of charity1 and the state1 taking possession of institutions founded and hitherto directed in many points by the church1 banishes her as far from them as possible4 ,it may be interesting to pass in review some of those magnificent charities which sprang up and flourished so long under pontifical protection1 but which have lately either been violently suppressed or are fast disappearing under the difficulties of the political situation4 ,we will write of these charities as they existed in #ahfi1 which was the last year during the whole of which the papal government had control of them4 ,in that year an ,english ,protestant writer1 long resident in ,rome1 was obliged by the clearness of facts to tell his readers that 8few cities in ,europe are so distinguished for their institutions of public charity as ,rome1 and in none are the hospitals more magnificently lodged or endowed with more princely liberality4 ,the annual endowments of these establishments are no less than #beh1cij scudi1 derived from lands and houses1 from grants1 and from the papal treasury40 ,when ,s4 ,peter entered ,rome for the first time1 and looked upon the miserable condition of those to whom the favors of fortune were denied1 he recalled to mind the words addressed to his forefathers about to enter into the promised land3 8,there shall be no poor nor beggar among you3 that the ,lord thy ,god may bless thee in the land which he giveth thee to possess0 7,deut4 xv4 #d71 and saw before him one of the greatest obstacles to be overcome--involving a change of what was second nature to the ,romans 7hardness of heart71 they being1 as ,s4 ,paul wrote 7,rom4 i4 #ca71 8without affection1 without mercy0--but knowing that it was also said in the same holy text 8,poor will not be wanting in the land3 therefore ,i command thee to open thy hand to thy needy and poor brother10 and having heard the blessed ,lord ,jesus say of the new dispensation1 8,the poor ye have always with you10 he understood that ,god's object was not to forbid mendicity1 but to leave no room for it4 ,therefore to the rich and powerful1 when brought by grace to his apostolic feet1 he enjoined3 8,deal thy bread to the hungry1 and bring the needy and the harborless into thy house0 7,isaias lviii4 #g74 ,the faith of the ,roman ,christians was illustrious throughout the world1 and so was their charity4 ,from the days of ,s4 ,peter it had been customary to take up collections on ,sundays in all the congregations of the city for the relief of the confessors condemned to labor in the public mines and other works1 or languishing in prison1 or wandering in exile2 and ,eusebius has preserved in his ,ecclesiastical ,history 7lib4 iv4 cap4 #bc7 the testimony of ,dionysius1 ,bishop of ,corinth 7#afa-aib71 in favor of the long-established charitable institutions of the ,romans1 and in praise1 at the same time1 of the piety of his contemporary1 ,pope ,s4 ,soter1 who not only retained these customs of his people1 but surpassed them in sending money to the ,christians of other parts of the world1 and in receiving1 as though they were his own children1 all faithful pilgrims to ,rome4 ,in the year #bcf ,pope ,s4 ,fabian gave charge of the poor of ,rome to seven deacons each of whom superintended two of the fourteen civil divisions or regions1 whence they were called regionary deacons4 ,a memorial of their occupation still remains in the dalmatic1 or deacon's vestment1 the wide sleeves of which served originally for pockets2 and ,pope ,innocent ,,iii41 in his treatise on the ,mass1 remarks that this kind of dress is attributed to deacons because1 in the first institution of their order1 the distribution of alms was assigned to them4 ,a council of the ,i,vth century1 held under ,pope ,sylvester1 decreed that one-fourth part of the church revenues should be set apart for the poor4 ,s4 ,jerome attests in one of his letters that a noble matron named ,fabiola erected a hospital in the year #djj2 and about the same time ,s4 ,gallicanus1 a man of consular dignity1 who had also been honored with a triumph1 becoming a ,christian1 founded a similar institution at the mouth of the ,tiber for the accommodation of pilgrims and of the sick4 ,he waited upon them in person4 ,in #ahfi ,rome had a population of about #bbj1jjj inhabitants1 and1 although the climate is not unhealthy1 it is hardly one of the most salubrious in the world4 ,the low land upon which a great part of the modern city is built2 the turbid ,tiber1 which1 passing through it in a winding course1 is apt to overflow its banks2 the open position of the city1 which is exposed1 according to the season1 either to the sultry ,african wind or to the piercing blasts from the neighboring mountains2 and the large floating population1 which is everywhere a likely subject of disease1 combine to make it desirable that ,rome should be well provided with institutions of succor and relief4 ,while under papal rule1 she was not wanting in this respect1 but was even abundantly and excellently supplied4 ,man1 being composed of spirit and matter1 having consequently a soul and a body to look after1 has wants of two kinds1 corresponding to the twofold claims of his nature4 ,we should therefore divide the charities man is capable of receiving into two classes4 ,he received them in ,rome with a generous hand4 ,the first class comprehended relief to the indigent1 the sick1 the destitute1 the insane1 the convalescent2 possessed hospitals and asylums1 brought aid into private families1 opened nocturnal retreats1 offered work to the honest needy1 gave marriage portions to the nubile1 shielded widows1 protected orphans1 advanced money on the easiest terms4 ,these were charities of subsistence4 ,the second class embraced poor schools and other establishments for gratuitous education in trades1 arts1 and sciences1 conservatories for the exposed1 hospices for the reformed1 and made provision for the legal defence of the weak4 ,these were called charities of education4 ,there were two institutions in ,rome that assisted the poor before they had fallen into misery or become destitute4 ,these were the ,monte di ,piet and the savings-bank4 ,the first was a bank of loan and deposit4 ,the idea of such an institution was suggested by a pious and shrewd ,franciscan1 named ,barnabas of ,terni1 who was painfully struck1 during a mission he was giving in ,perugia in the year #adfb1 by the enormous usury 7a crime then practised almost exclusively by ,jews7 which the poor were forced to pay for any advance of money they might need4 ,this practical friar prevailed upon several wealthy persons to mass sums of money into one fund1 out of which to lend to the poor at a reasonable 7and in some cases merely nominal7 rate of interest4 ,hence the distinctive name of ,monte di ,piet1 which means literally mountain of mercy4 ,the ,roman ,monte was the third institution of the sort that was opened4 ,this was in the year #aeci4 ,it was to lend money up to a certain amount without taking interest2 above this amount for a very small interest4 ,it was to take articles on pawn1 and give the appraised value1 less one-third4 ,over #ajj1jjj used1 under the papal government1 to be annually loaned out on pawns or otherwise without one cent of interest4 ,this establishment occupied a superb public building1 and was under the control of the ,minister of ,finance4 ,honest visitors were freely admitted into every part of it2 and we have heard many 7even hard-fisted7 ,english and ,americans express themselves surprised1 if not satisfied1 with this reasonable and conscientious manner of saving the poor from the gripe of usurers and pawn-brokers1 while imposing enough restraint to discourage improvidence4 ,no hope was held out of indiscriminate relief4 ,looking at the ,monte in an antiquarian light1 it was a perfect museum of modern life1 and to go through it was as good as visiting a hundred consolidated old curiosity-shops4 ,its administration employed1 including a detachment of the ,swiss ,guard1 one hundred persons4 ,the capital1 which consisted of every kind of property that at various periods and from many benefactors had come to it1 was about three million dollars4 ,the most orthodox political economists acknowledge that institutions of this sort were devised only as a lesser evil2 and consequently the ,roman government was glad to see the business of the ,monte fall away considerably after the opening of the savings-bank in #ahcf4 ,this was a charitable institution1 because it was governed gratuitously by an administration of eleven honest and intelligent men1 among whom were some of the first nobility1 who thus gave a portion of their time and talents to the poor4 ,the cashier1 ,prince ,borghese1 gave1 besides his services1 a part of his magnificent palace to be turned into offices for the business transactions of the bank4 ,the ,apostolic ,almonry in the ,vatican next claimed our attention in the quiet days of the ,pope4 ,from the earliest period the vicars of ,christ have made it a practice to visit in person the poor1 and distribute alms with their own hands1 in love and imitation of ,him who 8went about doing good40 ,as the wealth of the church in ,rome increased1 it was found necessary for the better ordering of things to have some administrative assistance in the distribution of these private charities4 ,s4 ,conon ,i41 in the ,v,i,ith century1 employed the arch-priest ,paschal to dispense the bounty of the privy purse2 and in the year #abga ,blessed ,gregory ,x4 created the perpetual office of grand almoner in the papal court4 ,this officer is always an archbishop in partibus1 and lives under the same roof as the ,holy ,father1 in order to be ready at all times to receive his commands4 ,besides the many standing largitions issued from the ,grand ,almonry1 there were occasional ones1 such as the largess of #cjj which was distributed in the great court-yard of ,belvidere on each anniversary of the ,pope's coronation4 ,this sum was doubled the first year4 ,on each of the following civil or religious festivals1 ,christmas1 ,easter1 and ,coronation day1 #afe were divided among a certain number of the best-behaved prisoners confined in ,rome4 ,about #fej a month were paid out either at the word of the sovereign or on his order2 while a sum of #b1jjj was annually divided among one hundred poor families4 ,besides this1 the ,grand ,almonry supported a number of free schools1 dispensed food and medicines1 and performed many acts of more secret charity4 ,a memorial of the earlier personal distribution of alms by the popes is retained in the ,succinctorium1 which they wear in solemn pontificals4 ,it is an ornament of silk of the color of the feast1 fringed with gold1 and suspended down the left side from the girdle4 ,on ,good ,friday the succinctory is not worn1 in execration of the evil use ,judas ,iscariot made of the purse when he betrayed our ,lord for thirty pieces of silver4 ,another of the great charities of ,rome was the ,commission of ,subsidies established by ,pope ,leo ,,xii41 in #ahbf1 to give assistance and employment to poor but honest people1 willing to help themselves if they could find the opportunity4 ,the whole tendency of ,roman charities under the popes was to frown upon sloth and vagrancy1 and encourage self-reliance and mutual support2 for ,s4 ,paul wrote to the ,thessalonians 7#b1 iii4 #aj73 8,if any man will not work1 neither let him eat40 ,the commission received a yearly subsidy from government of #hh1ejj4 ,in each of the fourteen rioni or wards of the city a physician1 surgeon1 pharmacist1 and midwife rendered gratuitous services under its control4 ,it was by the judicious employment of such men1 thrown on the hands of the commission1 that within the last thirty years so much was done in making excavations in and about ,rome in search of antiquities and in studying its ancient topography4 ,we have sometimes heard ,english and ,american sight-seers make brutal remarks about 8those dirty1 lazy ,romans10 as they would stop a moment to look at some party of these poor fellows taking their work so easily in the ,forum1 on the ,palatine1 or elsewhere2 but we should rather applaud the paternal government that refrained from calling poverty a crime or driving the poor and weak to their work like galley-slaves2 and while contributing a generous support1 gave them enough to do to save their self-respect4 ,no such thing as work-houses1 in the ,english sense1 have ever been maintained where ,catholic influences have predominated2 and for this we may thank ,god4 ,another category of ,roman charities comprised the confraternities4 ,these associations for purposes of piety and mutual help convey in their name the idea of brotherliness and union4 ,there were no fewer than ninety-one confraternities in ,rome under the popes4 ,the oldest and most famous of these was the ,annunciation1 which was founded in #adfj by the ,dominican ,cardinal ,john ,torquemada1 in ,santa ,maria-in-,minerva1 the head church of his order in ,rome4#if ,its particular object was to give portions to poor but virtuous young females1 that they might either marry or enter a religious house if they had a vocation4 ,on the #beth of ,march1 ,lady-day1 the pope1 cardinals1 and prelates1 with the rest of the court1 used to assist at ,mass in that church1 and preside at the distribution of dowers which followed immediately4 ,the girls were always dressed in plain white2 such as had signified their choice of the heavenly ,spouse being distinguished by a wreath on the head4 ,on this occasion the pontiff gave one hundred golden scudi1 and each cardinal present gave one1 to the funds of the confraternity4 ,there were fourteen other confraternities that had the same object1 although carried out with less solemnity4 ,in this way #db1jjj used to be expended annually4 ,the ,confraternity of the ,twelve ,apostles made it a special point to find out and relieve in a delicate manner those who1 having known better days1 were fallen into reduced circumstances4 ,the ,confraternity of ,prayer and ,death buried the dead2 and if an accident in or about ,rome was reported in which life was lost1 a party was detailed to go and bring the body in decently for ,christian burial4 ,sometimes a poor herdsman on the ,campagna had been gored by an ox1 or some fellow had been swept away and drowned in the ,tiber1 or perhaps a reaper been prostrated by the heat2 at whatever hour of the day or night1 and at all seasons1 a band of this confraternity went out1 and returned carrying the unfortunate person on a stretcher upon their shoulders4 ,it must be remarked in this connection that the members of the confraternity always observed the laws concerning deaths of this kind1 not interfering with1 but merely placing themselves at the disposal of1 the officers of justice1 to give a body burial at their own expense and in consecrated ground4 ,the ,confraternity of ,pity for ,prisoners was founded in #aege by ,father ,john ,tallier1 a ,french ,jesuit4 ,it provided religious instruction for prisoners1 distributed objects of piety among them1 looked after their families if destitute1 and assisted them to pay their debts and fines if they had any4 ,the ,confraternity of ,s4 ,john ,baptist was composed exclusively of ,florentines and the descendants of ,florentines4 ,its object was to comfort and assist to the last1 criminals condemned to death4 ,as decapitation was the mode of judicial punishment1 ,s4 ,john ,baptist1 who was slain by ,herod1 was their patron1 and his head on a charger the arms of the confraternity4 ,although there were so many confraternities and other pious associations in ,rome1 connected by their object with institutions of every kind1 sanitary1 corrective1 etc41 they were very careful never to interfere with the regulations of such establishments2 and consequently1 by minding their own business1 they were not in the way of the officials1 but1 on the contrary1 were looked upon as valuable assistants4 ,the ,society of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul was started in ,rome in #ahdb by the late venerable ,father de ,ravignan1 ,s4,j4 ,it counted twenty-eight conferences and one thousand active members1 clergy and laymen1 titled folks and trades-people all working harmoniously together4 ,about #b1ajj was annually dispensed by the society4 ,the ,congregation of ,ladies was founded in #ahec by ,monsignor--now ,cardinal--,borromeo to give work1 especially needle-work1 to young women out of employment4 ,a great many ecclesiastical vestments were thus made under the direction of the ladies1 and either sent as presents to poor missions1 or sold1 for what they would bring1 at the annual fair held for the purpose of disposing of them4 ,there were seven public hospitals in ,rome1 under the immediate direction of a general board of administration composed of twelve members1 of whom three belonged to the clergy and the rest to the laity4 ,the oldest1 largest1 and best-appointed institution of this kind was ,santo ,spirito1 situated in the ,leonine quarter of the city1 on the border of the ,tiber4 ,its site has been occupied by a charitable institution ever since ,a4,d4 #gbh2 the earliest building having been founded there for his countrymen by ,ina1 ,king of ,wessex4 ,for this reason the whole pile of buildings is called ,santo ,spirito in ,saxia--i4e41 in the quarter of the 7,west7 ,saxons4 ,there are three distinct establishments under the administration of ,santo ,spirito--viz41 the hospital itself1 the ,foundling ,hospital1 and the ,lunatic ,asylum4 ,the first was founded by ,pope ,innocent ,,iii4 in #aaih1 the ,saxons having abandoned this locality for a more central position--the present ,s4 ,thomas-of-the-,english4 ,it has received since then many additions1 until it has assumed the enormous proportions that we now admire4 ,every improvement was made to keep pace with the advance of hygienic knowledge4 ,this hospital was for men only4 ,it had #a1faf beds and an annual average of #ad1jjj patients4 ,the wards were twelve in number1 in which the cleanliness was refreshing1 the ventilation excellent1 and the water-supply pure and abundant4 ,the principal parts of the exterior1 and some of the interior parts of the building1 were by distinguished architects2 while some of the wards had their ceilings and upper walls painted in fresco with scenes from ,sacred ,scripture1 such as the sufferings of ,job and the miraculous cures made by our ,lord4 ,not only the eye but the ear too of the poor patients was pleased2 for three times a week they were entertained with organ music from a lofty choir erected at one end of the largest wards4 ,the spiritual care of the sick was perfect2 it was impossible for any one to die without the rites of the church4 ,in the centre of every ward there was a fixed altar1 upon which ,mass was said daily4 ,the ,confraternity of ,santo ,spirito1 composed of clergy and laymen1 assisted the regular ministers of religion in attendance day and night4 ,these volunteers brought flowers to the patients1 read to them1 prepared them for confession and other sacraments1 and disposed them to die a good death1 besides performing for them the most menial services4 ,we remember to have read a letter addressed to the ,new ,york ,post by an eminent ,protestant clergyman of ,new ,york1 in which1 after describing this institution 7then under papal rule71 he said that he could not speak too highly of the excellent attendance the patients received from the kind-hearted religious who were stationed there1 and added that if ever he had to come to a hospital1 he hoped it would be ,santo ,spirito4 ,the ,foundling ,hospital was opened by ,pope ,innocent ,,iii42 and the ,lunatic ,asylum1 for both sexes1 was founded in #aedh by three ,spaniards1 a priest and two laymen4 ,it was called the ,house of ,our ,lady of ,mercy4 ,a fine garden on the ,janiculum ,hill was attached to it for the recreation of the patients4 ,we do not know how it is conducted since it has changed hands1 but formerly it was managed on the system of kindness towards even the fiercest madmen1 using only so much restraint as was positively necessary4 ,it was then under the care of religious4 ,the ,hospital of the ,santissimo ,salvatore1 near ,st4 ,john of ,lateran1 was founded in #abcf by a ,cardinal ,colonna4 ,it was for women only4 ,another ,cardinal ,colonna founded the ,hospital of ,s4 ,james1 for incurables1 in #acci4 ,our ,lady of ,consolation was a fine hospital near the ,forum for the maimed and wounded2 while ,san ,gallicano1 on the other side of the river1 was for fevers and skin-diseases4 ,san ,rocco was a small lying-in hospital1 with accommodation for #bf women4 ,it was founded at the beginning of the ,x,v,i,ith century by a ,cardinal ,salviati4 ,the most delicate precautions were always used there to save any sense of honor that might still cling to a victim of frailty4 ,guilt could at least blush unnoticed4 ,the ,santissima ,trinit was founded by ,s4 ,philip ,neri for convalescents of both sexes and for poor pilgrims4 ,it could lodge #dhh patients1 had beds for #ejj pilgrims1 and table-room for #ijj4 ,in the great refectory of this building the members of the confraternity came on every ,holy ,thursday evening to wash the feet of the pilgrims and wait on them at table4 ,of course the two sexes were in different parts of the building1 and each was attended by its own4 ,we remember the delightful ardor with which the late ,cardinal ,barnabo on such occasions would turn up his sleeves1 twitch his apron1 and1 going down on his knees1 give some poor man's feet a better washing than they had had before in a year4 ,there was much raising of soap-suds in that wooden tub1 and a real1 earnest kiss on one foot when the washing was over4 ,the ,hospital of ,s4 ,john ,calabyta was so called from a ,spaniard1 the founder of the ,brothers of ,charity 7commonly called the ,benfratelli71 who attended it4 ,it was opened in #aeha1 on the island of the ,tiber2 and by a coincidence then perhaps unknown1 but since fully brought to light1 it stood on the very site of an asclepium which the priests of ,esculapius kept near their god's temple two thousand years ago4 ,the ,hospital of ,santa ,galla was founded in #afej by the princely ,odescalchi family4 ,it gave a night asylum to homeless men4 ,there were #bbd beds1 distributed through nine dormitories4 ,another night refuge1 called ,s4 ,aloysius1 was founded about the year #agcj by ,father ,galluzzi1 a ,florentine ,jesuit4 ,it is for women4 ,we can get some idea of the great charity such refuges are when we know that during the year ending ,december1 #ahfi1 no less than #ace1jjj persons sought a resting-place at night in the station-houses of ,new ,york4 ,besides these public hospitals1 almost every ,catholic country had a private national one4 ,one of the picturesque and not least of the ,roman charities used to be the daily distribution of food at the gates of monasteries1 convents1 and nunneries1 the portals of palaces1 and the doors of seminaries1 colleges1 and boarding-schools4 ,with all this liberality1 there was still some room for hand-alms4 ,there used to be beggars in ,rome2 assassins have taken their place4 ,under the papal government a limit was put to beggary1 and we have never seen the sturdy beggar who figures so maliciously in some ,protestant books about ,rome4 ,beggary may become an evil2 it is not a crime4 ,we confess to liking beggars if they are not too numerous and importunate4 ,few scenes have seemed to us more venerable1 picturesque1 and ,christian than the double row of beggars1 with their sores and crippled limbs1 their sticks and battered hats and outstretched hands1 imploring per amore di ,dio1 as we pass between them to the church or cemetery or other holy place on feast-day afternoons in ,rome4 ,the ,hospice of ,san ,michele was founded in #afhf by a ,cardinal ,odescalchi4 ,in this asylum nearly #hjj persons used to be received4 ,they were divided into four classes--old men1 old women1 boys1 and girls4 ,the institution had an annual endowment of #eb1jjj2 but some years ago the aged of both sexes were removed elsewhere1 and their part of the building was converted into a house of correction for women and juvenile offenders4 ,the hospice1 in its strict sense1 now consists of a ,house of ,industry for children of both sexes1 and a gratuitous school of the industrial and fine arts4 ,the carping author of ,murray's ,hand-book 7#ahfi71 although he acknowledges that this school of arts has produced some eminent men1 says that 8the education of the boys might be turned1 perhaps1 to more practically useful objects60 ,as if1 forsooth1 it were a lesser charity1 in the great home of the arts that ,rome is1 to help a poor lad of talent to become an architect1 for instance1 than to make him a tailor6 ,the orphan asylum of ,saint ,mary of the ,angels was near the ,baths of ,diocletian4 ,the boys numbered #dej1 under the care of male religious1 and the girls #ejj1 under that of female religious4 ,the institution received annually #ch1jjj from the ,commission of ,subsidies4 ,in the same quarter of the city is the ,deaf and ,dumb ,asylum4 ,it was opened in #agid by ,father ,silvestri1 who had been sent to ,paris by ,pope ,pius ,,vi4 to receive instruction from the celebrated ,abb de l',epe in the art of teaching this class of unfortunates4 ,visitors to the house are made welcome1 and are often invited to test the knowledge of the pupils by asking them questions on the blackboard4 ,the first time we called there was in #ahfb1 and1 having asked one of the boys1 taken at hazard1 who was the first ,president of the ,united ,states1 we were a little surprised 7having thought to puzzle him7 to have the correct answer at once4 ,the ,house of ,converts was an establishment where persons who wished to become ,catholics were received for a time and instructed in the faith4 ,it was founded in #afjj by a priest of the ,oratory4 ,other interesting hospices were the ,widows' ,home and the ,house for ,aged ,priests1 where the veterans of the ,roman clergy could end their days in honorable comfort4 ,a peculiar class of ,roman charities were the conservatories4 ,they were twenty-three in number4 ,some of them were for penance1 others for change of life1 and others again to shield unprotected virtue4 ,the ,infant ,asylum was a flourishing institution directed by female religious4 ,even fashion was made to do something for it1 since a noble lady years ago suggested that the members of good society in ,rome should dispense with their mutual ,new ,year visits on condition of giving three pauls 7a small sum of money7 to the asylum1 and having their names published in the official journal4 ,the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,faith was established at ,rome in #ahcd4 ,no city of the size and population of ,rome was better supplied with free schools of every description4 ,the night-schools were first opened in #ahai4 ,in connection with studies we should mention the liberal presents of books1 vestments1 and liturgical articles made to young missionaries by the ,propaganda1 and the books on learned subjects1 which1 being printed at government expense1 were sold at a reduced price to students of every nation on showing a certificate from one of their professors4 ,it is written 7,matthew iv4 #d71 8,man liveth not by bread alone02 and consequently ,rome multiplied those pious houses of retreat in which the soul could rest for a time from the cares of life4 ,there were five such establishments in the city4 ,another great ,roman charity was the missions preached by the ,jesuits and ,franciscans in and around the city1 thus bringing the truths of the ,gospel constantly before the people4 ,we have given but a brief sketch of our subject4 ,it has been treated in a complete manner by ,cardinal ,morichini in a new and revised edition of his interesting work entitled ,degl' ,istituti di ,pubblica ,carit ed istruzione primaria e delle prigioni in ,roma4 ,,song4 ,i4 ,when in the long and lonely night ,that brings no slumber to mine eyes1 ,through dark returns the vision bright1 ,the face and form that day denies1 ,and1 like a solitary star ,revealed above a stormy sea1 ,thy spirit soothes me from afar1 ,i mourn thee not1 nor weep for thee4 ,,ii4 ,and when ,i watch the dawn afar ,awake her sleeping sister night1 ,and overhead the dying star ,return into her parent light1 ,and in the breaking day discern ,the glimmer of eternity1 ,the goal1 the peace1 for which ,i yearn1 ,i mourn thee not1 nor weep for thee4 ,,iii4 ,and when the melancholy eve ,brings back the hour akin to tears1 ,and through the twilight ,i perceive ,the settled1 strong1 abiding spheres1 ,and gently on my heart opprest ,like dew descending silently1 ,there falls a portion of thy rest1 ,i mourn thee not1 nor weep for thee4 ,,iv4 ,but when once more the stir of life ,makes all these busy highways loud1 ,and fretted by the jarring strife1 ,the noisy humors of the crowd1 ,the subtle1 sweet suggestions born ,of silence fail1 and memory ,consoles no more1 ,i mourn1 ,i mourn ,that thou art not1 and weep for thee4 ,,progress ,,versus ,,grooves4 8,how do you like your new minister1 ,mrs4 ,b480 8,very much indeed6 ,he is progressive--is not fixed in any of the old grooves4 ,his mind does not run in those ancient ruts that forbid advance and baffle modern thought40 ,how strangely this colloquy between a ,methodist and ,congregationalist fell upon the ,catholic ear of their mutual friend6 ,comment1 however1 was discreetly forborne4 ,that friend had learned in the very infancy of a ,catholic life1 beginning at the mature age of thirty-five by the register1 the futility of controversy1 and that the pearls of truth are too precious to be carelessly thrown away4 ,strangely enough these expressions affected one whose habits of thought and conduct had been silently forming in accordance with that life for twenty-five years6 8,old grooves0 indeed6 ,lucifer found them utterly irreconcilable with his 8advanced ideas0 in heaven4 ,confessedly1 the success of his progressive enterprise was not encouraging2 but the battle and its results established his unquestionable claim as captain and leader of the sons and daughters of progress for all time4 8,modern thought60 ,so far as we can discover1 the best it has done for its disciples is to prove to them beyond a doubt that their dear grandpapa of eld was an ape1 and that they1 when they shake off this mortal coil1 will be gathered to their ancestors in common with their brethren1 the modern monkeys6 ,we1 who believe the authentic history of the past1 can see in this boasted new railroad1 upon which the freight of modern science and advanced civilization is borne1 a pathway as old as the time when our dear1 credulous old grandmamma received a morning call in ,eden from the oldest brother of these scientific gentlemen1 who convinced her in the course of their pleasant chat that poor deluded ,adam and herself were fastened in the most irrational rut--a perfect outrage upon common sense--and that a very slight repast upon 8advanced ideas0 would lift them out of it1 emancipate thought1 and make them as 8gods knowing good and evil40 ,we all know how well they succeeded in their first step on the highway of progress4 ,they lost a beautiful garden1 it is true1 of limited dimensions1 but they gained a world of boundless space1 and a freedom of thought and action which was first successfully and completely illustrated by their first-born son when he murmured1 8,why80 and killed his brother1 who was evidently attached to grooves4 ,they left the heritage thus gained to a large proportion of their descendants4 ,a minority of them1 it is true1 prefer to 8seek out the old paths0 of obedience to the commands of ,god1 8and walk therein0--to shun the 8broad road0 along which modern civilization is rolling its countless throngs1 and to 8enter in at the strait gate0 which leadeth to life eternal1 to the great disgust of the disciples of modern thought1 who spare no effort to prove their exceeding liberality by persecuting such with derision1 calumny1 chains1 imprisonment1 and death6 ,thank ,god this is all they can do6 ,rage they never so furiously1 ,he that sitteth in the heavens laughs them to scorn4 ,he will defend and preserve his anointed against all the combined hosts of ,bismarcks1 kaisers1 and robber princes1 who illustrate the liberal ideas that govern the march of modern civilization4 ,,traces ,,of ,,an ,,indian ,,legend4 ,it has been said of our energetic republic that it had no infancy2 that it sprang into a vigorous and complete existence at a bound4 ,however true this may be with respect to its material structure in the hands of the remarkable men who first planted colonies on ,american soil1 there is another view of the picture which presents widely different features4 ,to the eye of the ,christian philosopher the religious and moral aspects of our country to this day afford subjects for anything but satisfactory reflection4 ,the pioneers of civilization along the northeastern borders of our territory were--whatever their professions to the contrary may have been--worshippers of material prosperity4 ,the worship of ,god and the claims of religion were indeed important and proper in their place for a portion of the seventh part of each week1 but the moment they came in conflict with ,mammon there was little question which should yield4 ,it was not to be expected that the saints whom the ,lord had specially chosen1 and unto whom 8,he had given the earth10 should be diverted from their pursuit of the great 8main chance0 by precepts which were applicable only to ordinary and less favored mortals4 ,whatever progress the church has yet achieved in this region is the result of appalling labors and sacrifices4 ,the foundation was laid in sufferings1 fatigues1 and perils1 from the contemplation of which the self-indulgent ,christians of our day would shrink aghast2 laid long before the so-called ,pilgrim fathers landed at ,plymouth1 while the savage still roamed through the unbroken forests of ,new ,england1 and disputed dominion with wild beasts hardly more dangerous than himself to the messengers of the ,gospel of peace4 ,amid the wonderful beauty and variety of the panorama which her mountains1 lakes1 and valleys unfold to the tourists and pleasure-seekers of to-day1 there is scarcely a scene that has not been traversed in weariness1 in hunger1 and cold by those dauntless servants of ,god who first proclaimed the tidings of salvation to the wild children of the forest4 ,futile1 and even foolish1 as the toils of these early fathers may appear to the materialist and utilitarian of this day1 because of their tardy and apparently inadequate fruits1 the designs of ,heaven have not been frustrated1 and its light reveals a very different history4 ,we read therein how ,he who causes 8the weak and foolish things of this world to confound the wise0 and to proclaim his praise1 sent his ministering angels to hover over the pathway moistened with the tears and blood of his servants1 to note each footprint through the dreary wilderness1 to gather the incense of each prayer1 and to mark each pain and peril of their sacrificial march for record in the archives of eternity1 as an earnest for future good to those regions1 and as enduring testimony before the high court of heaven to their fitness for the crown--far surpassing in glory all earthly crowns--which they won by their burning zeal and unwavering patience4 ,nor were their efforts in the field of their earthly labors so vain as some of our modern historians would have us suppose4 ,prayer and exertion in the service of ,god are never fruitless4 ,if it is true--as the great ,champlain was wont to say--8that one soul gained for heaven was of more value than the conquest of an empire for ,france10 they gained from the roving tribes of the desert many sincere and steadfast adherents to the faith--whose names are recorded in the book of life--and scattered benedictions along their painful pathway which have shed their beneficent influences over the scenes they traversed down to the present day4 ,we hope to illustrate and sustain this assertion in the following sketch1 drawn from our memory1 of traditions--preserved among the ,indians of ,st4 ,regis--to which we listened many years ago4 ,scattered along the southern shores of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 from the foot of ,lake ,ontario to the village of ,st4 ,regis--while ,st4 ,lawrence ,county1 ,n4,y41 was yet for the most part covered with primitive forests--were many encampments of these ,indians4 ,that whole region abounded in game and furnished favorite hunting-grounds1 to which they claimed a right in connection with their special reservation in the more immediate neighborhood of ,st4 ,regis4 ,at each of these encampments an aged ,indian was sure to be found1 who1 without the title of chief1 was a kind of patriarch among his younger brethren1 exercised great influence in their affairs1 and was treated with profound respect by them4 ,he was their umpire in all disputes1 their adviser in doubtful matters1 and the 8leader of prayer0 in his lodge--always the largest and most commodious of the wigwams1 and the one in which they assembled for their devotions4 ,one of the oldest of these sages--called 8,captain ,simon0--must have been much more than a hundred years of age1 judging from the dates of events of which he retained a distinct remembrance as an eye-witness1 and which occurred in the course of the ,french and ,indian wars1 over a century previous to the time when we listened to his recital4 ,his head was an inexhaustible store-house of traditions and legends1 many of them relating to the discovery and settlement of ,canada and the labors of the first missionaries4 ,he was very fond of young people1 and1 gathering the children of the white settlers around him1 he would hold them spell-bound for hours while he related stories of those early days in his peculiarly impressive and figurative language4 ,he claimed that his grandfather was one of the party who accompanied ,champlain on his first voyage through the lake which bears his name1 and that he afterwards acted as guide and interpreter to the first priest who visited the valley of ,lake ,champlain4 ,when he heard that we were from ,vermont1 he asked for a piece of chalk1 and1 marking on the floor an outline of the lake and the course of the ,richelieu ,river1 he proceeded to narrate the voyage of ,champlain and his party in the summer of #afji4 ,embosomed within the placid waters of ,lake ,champlain1 near its northern extremity1 is a lovely island1 of which ,vermonters boast as the 8,gem of the ,lake10 so remarkable is it for beauty and fertility4 ,here the party landed1 and ,champlain1 erecting a cross1 claimed the lake--to which he gave his own name--its islands and shores1 for ,france and for ,christianity4 ,half a century later one ,la ,motte built a fort upon this island1 which he named ,st4 ,anne1 giving the island his own name2 and it is called the ,isle ,la ,motte to this day4 ,champlain explored the lake as far as ,crown ,point1 where they encountered and defeated a band of ,iroquois ,indians2 but not deeming it wise to adventure further at that time so near such powerful foes1 they returned down the lake without delay4 ,this encounter was the first act of that savage drama which so long desolated ,new ,france1 and threatened it with entire destruction4 ,six years later1 in the summer of #afae1 another party landed on the ,isle ,la ,motte4 ,it was made up of a missionary of the ,recollect ,order and his escort of ,indians in two bark canoes4 ,the grandfather of our narrator was one of these4 ,they remained a day or two on the island1 and the missionary offered the ,christian sacrifice for the first time within the territory now embraced by the ,state of ,vermont4#ig ,the object of his journey was to visit scattered bands of hunters who were encamped along the eastern shore of the lake and its vicinity1 at different points in the valley of ,lake ,champlain4 ,leaving the ,isle ,la ,motte1 they steered for the mouth of the ,missisque ,river1 which they navigated up to the first falls1 where the village of ,swanton now stands4 ,here they found a flourishing encampment1 and remained some days for the purpose of instructing the ,indians in the truths of ,christianity4 ,the missionary found that some dim reports of the ,christian teachers had preceded him1 and prepared the way for his work1 the success of which encouraged and consoled him4 ,from that place they proceeded on foot for some miles to the base of a line of hills1 sketched by the narrator1 and corresponding to those east of ,st4 ,alban's4 ,here they also remained several days1 the reverend father toiling early and late in the duties of his vocation4 ,he was now surrounded by a crowd of eager listeners2 for not only did his former audience accompany him1 but a goodly number from the surrounding hills and from ,bellamaqueau and ,maquam ,bays--distant three and five miles respectively--flocked to hear his instructions and to be taught 8,the ,prayer0 revealed to them by the ,great ,spirit through his servant4 ,here they brought to him also the beautiful ,indian maiden1 of whom her race cherish the legend that her declining health led her people to bring her to these hills1 hoping the change from the low lands and damp atmosphere of her home to the bracing mountain air might prove beneficial4 ,instead of finding relief1 she only declined the more rapidly1 so that she was soon unable to be carried back4 ,she1 too1 had heard whispers of holy men who had come to teach her race the path of heaven1 and wistfully she had sighed daily1 as she repeated the yearning aspiration3 8,oh6 if the ,great ,spirit would but let me see and listen to his messenger1 ,i could die in peace60 ,the ,indians1 to this day1 tell with what joy she listened to his words2 how eagerly she prayed that she might receive the regenerating waters2 how1 when they were poured upon her head1 her countenance became bright with the light of heaven2 and how her departure soon after was full of joy and peace4 ,her burial-place was made on one of those eastern hills4 ,it was the first ,christian burial for one of her race in ,vermont1 and her people thought her intercessions would not fail to bring down blessings upon all that region4 ,pursuing their journey by the trail of those who had preceded them through the dense wilderness--for our aborigines were skilled in tracing lines of communication between their different camps with extreme directness by aid of their close observations of nature--the party arrived at another camp on the bank of a river discovered by ,champlain1 and named by him the ,lamoille4 ,at this place an ,indian youth came to the missionary in great distress4 ,his young squaw was lying at the point of death1 and the medicine men and women could do nothing more for her4 ,would not 8,the ,prayer0 restore her8 ,oh6 if it would give her back to him1 he1 with all his family1 would gratefully embrace it6 ,the reverend father went to her1 and1 when he found she desired it1 baptized her and her new-born infant in preparation for the death which seemed inevitable4 ,contrary to all expectation1 she recovered4 ,her husband and his family1 together with her father's family1 afterwards became joyful believers4 ,after some days the ,indians of that place accompanied the party in canoes to the lake and along its shores to the mouth of the ,winooski ,river1 which they ascended as far as the first falls4 ,here they remained many days1 during which time the missionary visited the present site of ,burlington1 and held two missions there--one at a camp on the summit of a hill overlooking the valley of the ,winooski as it approaches the lake1 and one near the lake shore4 ,if ,vermonters who are familiar with the magnificent scenery which surrounds the 8queen city0 of their ,state never visit the place without being filled with new admiration at the infinite variety and beauty of the pictures it unfolds from every changing point of view1 we may imagine how strangers must be impressed who gaze upon them for the first time4 ,not less picturesque1 and if possible even more striking1 were its features when1 crowned by luxuriant native forests and fanned by gentle breezes from the lake1 it reposed within the embrace of that glorious amphitheatre of hills1 in the undisturbed tranquillity of nature4 ,it was not strange that the natives were drawn by its unparalleled attractions to congregate there in such numbers as to require from their reverend visitor a longer time than he gave to any other place in this series of missions4 ,in the course of three months the party had traversed the eastern border of the lake to the last encampment near its southern extremity4 ,this was merely a summer camp1 as the vicinity of the ,iroquois made it unsafe to remain there longer than through that portion of the season when the ,mohawks and their confederates were too busy with their own pursuits among the hills of the ,adirondacks to give much heed to their neighbors4 ,at the close of the mission this camp was broken up for that season1 and its occupants joined the reverend father and his party in canoes as far as the mouth of the ,winooski ,river1 whence men were sent to convey them to the starting-point at ,swanton1 where their own canoes were left4 ,on their way thither they lingered for some days on ,grand ,isle1 then1 as now1 a vision of loveliness to all admirers of the beautiful1 and a favorite annual resort of the natives for the period during which they were safe from the attacks of their merciless foes4 ,at every mission thus opened the missionary promised to return himself1 or send one of his associates1 to renew his instructions and minister to the spiritual wants of his converts4 ,this promise was fulfilled as far as the limited number of laborers in this vineyard permitted4 ,the brave and untiring sons of ,loyola afterwards entered the field1 and proved worthy successors of the zealous ,recollects who first announced the ,gospel message in those wilds4 ,our ,indian narrator1 when he had finished his recital of missionary labors in this and other regions1 would always add with marked emphasis3 8,and it is firmly believed by our people1 among all their tribes1 that upon every spot where the ,christian sacrifice was first offered a ,catholic church will one day be placed40 ,there seemed to his ,protestant listeners but slight probability of this prediction ever being fulfilled in ,vermont--settled for the most part by the straitest sect of the ,puritans--as there was not then1 or until twenty years from that time1 a ,catholic priest or church in the ,state4 ,yet at this writing--and the fact has presented itself before us with startling effect while tracing these imperfect reminiscences--there is at every point indicated in his narrative a fine church1 and in many places flourishing ,catholic schools4 ,the labors of an eminent servant of ,god--to whom ,vermont cannot be too grateful--have been particularly blessed on the ,isle ,la ,motte1 where the banner of the cross was first unfurled within her territory4 ,a beautiful church has been erected there with a thriving congregation and school4 ,much as remains to be accomplished in this field1 when we reflect upon all that has been done since the first quarter of this ,x,i,xth century1 we can see great cause for encouragement and gratitude to ,almighty ,god1 who has not withheld his blessing from the work of his servants of the earliest and the latest times4 8,going on their way1 they went and wept1 scattering the seed10 the fruits of which we are now gathering into sheaves with great joy4 ,,finding ,a ,,lost ,,church4 ,the present age is pre-eminently one of discovery4 ,in spite of the wise man's saying1 8,nothing under the sun is new10 mankind1 wiser in its own conceit than the wise man1 insists upon the newness of its every production4 ,in ,rome a different spirit prevails4 ,while the new is not entirely neglected1 the great delight of many ,romans is to find something old--the older the better4 ,they live so much in the past that they follow with an eager interest the various steps taken to enlighten them on the lives and deeds of the men of old1 their ancestors on the soil and in the faith which they profess4 ,foremost in the pursuit and discovery of ,christian antiquities stands the ,commendatore de ,rossi4 ,it has been said that poets are born1 not made3 ,de ,rossi's ability as a ,christian archologist seems to be more the gift of nature than the result of study4 ,with unwearied industry1 with profound knowledge1 with an almost unerring judgment1 he finds out and illustrates the remains of ,christian antiquity scattered around ,rome--not on the surface1 but in the deeps of the earth4 ,the latest and one of the most important discoveries he has made forms the subject of the present paper4 ,tor ,marancia is a name not much known out of ,rome1 yet it designates a place which was of some importance in its day4 ,the traveller who contemplates the works of ancient art collected in the ,vatican ,museum cannot fail to be interested in two very beautiful black and white mosaics which form the floor of the gallery known as the ,braccio ,nuovo4 ,mythological fables and ,homeric legends are represented in these pavements1 and they come from ,tor ,marancia4 ,in the ,gallery of the ,candelabra1 and in the library of the same museum1 a collection of frescos1 busts1 statues1 and mosaics of excellent workmanship and of great interest1 likewise discovered at ,tor ,marancia1 are exhibited4 ,all these objects were found at that place in the course of excavations made there in the reign of ,pope ,pius ,,vi4 ,in ancient times a villa stood at ,tor ,marancia1 of which these formed the decorations4 ,at this spot also is found the entrance to a very extensive catacomb which contains three floors1 and diverges in long1 winding ways under the soil of the ,campagna4 ,the catacomb has been called by the name of ,s4 ,domitilla1 on evidence found during the excavations made there4 ,this lady was a member of the ,flavian family1 which gave three occupants to the imperial throne--,vespasian1 ,titus1 and ,domitian4 ,it is a well-known fact that those early ,christians who were blessed with wealth were in the habit of interring the bodies of their brethren1 of saints1 and of martyrs within the enclosure of their villas4 ,such villas were situated outside the limits of the city2 and hence we find the entrance to every catacomb beyond the city walls1 with the solitary exception of the catacomb or grottos of the ,vatican1 and the entrances to all of them are found in sites ascertained to have been the property of ,christians4 ,it might be easy to multiply instances of this1 taking the facts from the ,acts of the ,martyrs1 wherein the places of sepulture are indicated1 and the names of those who bestowed the last rites upon the dead recorded4 ,domitilla1 or ,flavia ,domitilla1 as she is sometimes termed1 was a niece of the consul ,flavius ,clemens1 who was cousin of the ,emperor ,domitian4 ,she was a ,christian1 having been baptized by ,s4 ,peter2 and1 after a life spent in charitable works1 amongst which was the burial of the martyrs 8in a catacomb near the ,ardeatine ,way10 the same of which we write1 she also suffered martyrdom4 ,her two servants1 ,nereus and ,achilleus1 were put to death previously1 and their bodies were placed in this catacomb by ,domitilla4 ,in #ahed1 while ,de ,rossi was pursuing his researches in the catacomb of ,s4 ,domitilla1 he came upon the foundations of a building which pierced the second floor of the subterranean cemetery4 ,this was a most unusual occurrence1 and the eminent archologist eagerly followed up his discovery4 ,he found a marble slab which recorded the giving up of a space for burial 8,ex indulgentia ,flavi ,domitill0--a confirmation of the proprietorship of the place4 ,de ,rossi naturally concluded that the building thus incorporated in the ,christian cemetery was of great importance4 ,the loculi1 or resting-places of the dead1 were very large1 which indicates great antiquity2 the inscriptions likewise were of a very early date2 and sarcophagi adorned with lions' heads1 marble columns overturned1 and other signs1 led the discoverer to the conclusion that he had come upon the foundations of a church constructed within this cemetery4 ,in the course of his excavations he had penetrated into the open air1 and found himself in a hollow depression formed by the falling in of the surface4 ,amongst other objects discovered were four marble slabs containing epitaphs furnished with consular dates of the years #cce1 #chj1 #cii1 and #djf2 and also a form of contract by which the right of burial in the edifice was sold4 ,the proprietor of the land above the cemetery opposed the continuance of the excavations1 and the discoverer1 obliged to withdraw1 covered up the materials already found with earth1 and turned his attention to other recently-discovered objects in another place4 ,twenty years after1 in #ahgd1 ,monsignor de ,merode purchased the land overlying the catacomb and church1 and the excavations were again undertaken under most favorable circumstances4 ,in vain did the ,commission of ,sacred ,archology1 under ,de ,rossi's guidance1 seek for the four marble columns and the two beautiful sarcophagi that had been seen there twenty years before4 ,the proprietor is supposed to have carried them away4 ,but they found instead the floor of the church or basilica1 with its three naves1 the bases of the four columns1 the apse1 the place where the altar stood1 and the space occupied by the episcopal chair behind the altar4 ,the basilica is as large as that of ,san ,lorenzo beyond the walls4 ,the left aisle is sixty feet long by thirteen broad2 the central nave is twenty-four feet broad2 and the right aisle1 which is not yet entirely unearthed1 is considered to be of the same breadth as the first mentioned2 the greatest depth of the apse is fifteen feet4 8,the church10 says ,de ,rossi1 8is of gigantic proportions for an edifice constructed in the bowels of the earth and at the deep level of the second floor of a subterranean cemetery40 ,here1 then1 was a basilica or church discovered in the midst of a catacomb4 ,that the latter belonged to ,flavia ,domitilla was well known2 and yet another proof1 which illustrates archological difficulties and the method of overcoming them1 was found here4 ,it was a broken slab of marble containing a portion of an inscription3 444444,,rvm 44444,,orvm 7997 and having the image of an anchor at the point79974 ,it was concluded that the anchor was placed at an equal distance from both ends of the inscription1 and the discoverer1 with the knowledge he already has of the place1 supplied the letters which he considered wanting to the completion of the inscription1 and thus produced the words1 ,,sepvlcrvm ,,flaviorvm 99 7sepulchre of the ,flavii74 ,this reading is very probably the right one1 and its probability is greatly strengthened by the position of the anchor1 since the full inscription1 as here shown1 leaves that sign still in the centre4 ,but to find the name borne by these ruins when the building of which they are the sole remnants was fresh and new presented a task to their discoverer4 ,it was necessary to seek in ancient works--pontifical books and codices--for some account of a basilica on the ,ardeatine ,way4 ,in the life of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great it is related that this pontiff delivered one of his homilies 8in the cemetery of ,s4 ,domitilla on the ,ardeatine ,way1 at the ,church of ,s4 ,petronilla40 ,the pontifical books and codices1 although they differ in details--some saying in the cemetery of ,domitilla1 and others in that of ,nereus and ,archilleus1 which is the same place under another name--agree in the principal fact4 ,on the small remnant of plaster remaining on the wall of the apse an unskilled hand had traced a graffito1 or drawing scratched on the plaster with a pointed instrument1 somewhat resembling those found on the walls of ,pompeii4 ,this graffito represents a bishop1 vested in episcopal robes1 seated in a chair1 in the act of delivering a discourse4 ,this rude sketch of a bishop so occupied1 taken in conjunction with the fact that ,s4 ,gregory did here deliver one of his homilies1 is a link in the chain of evidence which identifies the ruin with the ancient basilica of ,s4 ,petronilla4 ,but a still more convincing testimony was forthcoming4 ,a large fragment of marble1 containing a portion of what appeared to have been a long inscription1 was found in the apse4 ,there were but few complete words in this fragment1 and these were chiefly the termination of lines in what seemed to have been a metrical composition4 ,odd words1 selected at random from a poem1 standing alone1 devoid of preceding or succeeding words1 might not seem to furnish very rich materials even to an archologist4 ,these wandering words were1 however1 recognized to be the terminal words of a poem or eulogium written by ,pope ,damasus in honor of the martyrs ,nereus and ,achilleus4 ,now the connection between this metrical eulogium and the basilica was to be sought for4 ,in the ,einsiedeln ,codex the place where this poem was to be seen is stated to have been the sepulchre of ,,ss4 ,nereus and ,achilleus1 on the ,appian ,way1 at ,s4 ,petronilla4 ,the poem1 or rather this fragment of it1 being found at this sepulchre1 it was natural to conclude that the church was that of ,s4 ,petronilla4 ,the ,appian ,way is the great high-road from which the ,ardeatine ,way branches off near this spot4 ,again1 the basilica of ,s4 ,petronilla was frequented by pilgrims from many nations in the ,v,i,ith century4 ,among these were ,gauls1 ,germans1 and ,britons4 ,in their itineraries of the martyrs' sepulchres in ,rome1 and in the collection of the metrical epigraphs written at these places1 it is proved that the original name of this church was that of ,s4 ,petronilla4 8,near the ,ardeatine ,way is the ,church of ,s4 ,petronilla10 say these old documents1 and they likewise inform us that ,s4 ,nereus and ,s4 ,achilleus and ,s4 ,petronilla herself are buried there3 8,juxta viam ,ardeatinam ecclesia est ,s4 ,petronill2 ibi quoque ,s4 ,nereus et ,s4 ,achilleus sunt et ipsa ,petronilla sepulti40 ,a second fragment of the slab containing the metrical composition of ,pope ,damasus has since been found1 and this goes to confirm the testimony furnished by the former fragment4 ,in the following copy of the inscription the capital letters on the right-hand side are those on the fragment first discovered2 those on the left belong to the recently-discovered portion3 8,,nereus ,,et ,,achilleus ,,martyres4 8,militi nomen dederant svum,q gerebant ,officium pariter spectantes juss,a ,t,y,ranni ,prceptis pulsante metu servi,r,e ,p,a,rati ,mira fides rerum subito posue,r,e ,f,v,r,o,rem ,c,onversi fugiunt ducis impia castr,a ,,relinqvvnt ,p,r,oiiciunt clypeos faleras tel,a,q4 ,,crventa ,c,o,n,f,essi gaudent ,christi porta,r,e ,,trivmfos ,c,r,e,d,i,te per ,damasum possit quid ,,gloria ,,christi40 ,the date of the church was likewise ascertained4 ,it is known that ,pope ,damasus1 the great preserver of the martyrs' graves1 would never allow the ,christian cemeteries to be disturbed for the purpose of building a church therein2 and although he himself strongly desired that his remains should repose in one of these sacred places by the side of his predecessors1 he abandoned this desire rather than remove the sacred ashes of the dead4 ,it may naturally be concluded1 then1 that this church was built after his day--he died in #chd--;as were the churches of ,s4 ,agnes1 ,s4 ,lawrence1 and ,s4 ,alexander1 all of which are beyond the city walls and built in catacombs4 ,the catacombs under the ,church of ,s4 ,petronilla showed an inscription bearing the date of #cij1 and in the church itself a monumental slab with the date of #cie has been found4 ,it is thus almost certain that between the highest date found under1 and the lowest date found in1 the church--that is1 between the years #cij and #cie--the basilica of ,s4 ,petronilla was constructed4 ,for about three centuries and a half this church was well frequented4 ,we have records of gifts sent to it1 precious vestments1 etc41 by ,pope ,gregory ,,iii41 who reigned from #gae to #gda4 ,but in #gee the ,longobards came down upon ,rome2 they desecrated the churches and cemeteries around the city1 and then began the siege of ,rome4 ,after peace was made1 the pontiff of the period1 ,paul ,i41 transferred the relics and remains of the saints to safer custody1 and the ,church of ,s4 ,petronilla became deserted4 ,from unmistakable signs it seems that this desertion was conducted in a most regular manner1 and that it was closed and despoiled of its precious objects4 ,the door which entered the left aisle was found walled up2 the altar1 the seats of the choir1 the episcopal chair1 and the ambons or marble pulpits ware all removed and transported elsewhere4 ,the floor of the church1 so far below the level of the surrounding soil1 formed a resting-place for the water which drained through the neighboring lands after rains had fallen1 and this undoubtedly formed the strongest reason for the abandonment of ,s4 ,petronilla4 ,nothing was left in it but sarcophagi and sepulchres1 the pavements with their marble epitaphs--so valuable to-day in revealing history--some columns with their beautifully-carved capitals1 which time or an earthquake has overturned and hidden within the dark bosom of the earth for more than a thousand years4 ,the hundred pilgrims who came from ,america1 with a hundred new-found friends1 assembled on the #adth of ,june1 #ahgd1 to pray in that disentombed old church4 ,they had come from a world unknown and undreamt of by the pilgrims who had formerly knelt within these walls2 and as they looked around on the wide and desolate ,campagna1 and on the monument of ,cecilia ,metella shining in the distance white and perfect1 in spite of the nineteen centuries that have passed away since it received its inmate1 and at the blue1 changeless sky overhead1 and then turned their eyes upon the church1 decorated that morning with festoons of green branches and gay flowers1 the same as it may have been on other festive occasions a thousand years ago1 they may have felt that time has effected almost as little change in the works of man as in those of nature1 and that all things in ,rome partake of ,rome's eternity4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,le ,,culte ,,catholique ,,ou ,,exposition ,,de ,,la ,,foi ,,de ,l',,eglise ,,romaine ,,sur ,,le ,,culte ,,du ,,aux ,,saints ,,et ,a ,,leurs ,,reliques1 ,a ,,la ,,bienheureuse ,,vierge ,,marie1 ,,aux ,,images1 etc41 en rponse aux objections du ,protestantisme1 suivie d'une dissertation historique et critique sur le celibat du clerg4 ,par l',abb ,louis-,nazaire ,bgin1 ,docteur en ,thologie1 ,professor la ,facult de ,thologie de l',universit ,laval4 ,quebec3 ,typographie d',augustin ,cote et ,cie4 #ahge4 ,le ,culte ,catholique is another valuable addition to controversial literature1 by the author of ,the ,bible and the ,rule of ,faith4 ,it is true that the days of controversy seem to be drawing to a close4 ,the ,greek schism still holds itself aloof in sullen isolation2 but the controversy is exhausted1 and all that is left of a church has become the mere unfruitful appanage of a northern despotism4 ,as to ,protestantism1 it never had any positive existence as a confession4 ,three hundred years have exhausted its theological pretensions4 ,as a religion it has ceased to exist1 and it lies buried beneath the weight of its own negations4 ,the only formidable enemies of the church now are the disowners both of ,christ and ,god1 and they seek her destruction because they know that she alone offers an insuperable obstacle to the universal atheism which they hope to bring about4 ,under such circumstances works like ,dr4 ,bgin's are chiefly useful for the information of ,catholics1 and for the support they render to their faith4 ,le ,culte ,catholique is1 the writer tells us1 8an exposition of the faith of the ,roman ,church in the matters of the worship of the saints and of their relics1 of the blessed ,virgin ,mary1 of images1 etc41 in reply to the objections of ,protestantism1 followed by a historical and critical dissertation on the celibacy of the clergy40 ,on these trite subjects little that is new can be said4 ,but the work before us is a terse and lucid summary of ,catholic teaching on the above points4 ,it is the object of the society of ,freemasons to effect the universal deification1 the rejection1 that is1 of the belief in any existence higher than the human being1 and in any superiority of one man over another4 ,for this they find it convenient to support the foolish ,protestant objection to a splendid ritual and costly churches1 on the ground that 8,god is a spirit1 and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth40 ,dr4 ,bgin quotes the following telling passage from a contemporary writer in answer to this frivolous objection3 8,i know the old tirades about the temple of nature4 ,no doubt the starry vault of heaven is a sublime dome2 but no worship exists which is celebrated in the open air4 ,a special place of meeting is required for collective adoration1 because our religious sociability urges us to gather together for prayer1 as it were to make a common stock of our joys and griefs4 ,besides1 should the time come when we shall have nothing but the cupola of heaven to shelter our religious assemblies1 it would require a considerable amount of courage to betake ourselves thither1 especially in winter4 ,and the philosophers who find our cathedrals so damp would not be the most intrepid against the inclemency of the sanctuary of nature4 ,thus do great errors touch on the ridiculous4 ,reasoning begins their refutation2 a smile ends it40 ,the second chapter is an admirable exposition of the special worship 7hyperdulia7 paid to the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 in the course of which he shows triumphantly that the definition of her ,immaculate ,conception was no new doctrine1 but a mere definite and dogmatic statement of a doctrine which had been all along held implicitly in the church4 ,the following simile1 illustrative of this argument1 appears to us to be worth quoting3 8,modern science1 which is daily making such extraordinary progress1 discovers1 ever and anon1 fresh stars1 which seem to float in the most distant depths of space1 which become more bright as they are more attentively observed1 and which end by becoming stars of continually-increasing splendor4 ,these stars are not of recent date2 they are not new2 they are only perceived4 ,something analogous takes place in the heavens of the church on the subject of certain truths of our faith4 ,their light reveals itself and develops by degrees4 ,sometimes the shock of controversy illuminates them4 ,then comes a definition to invest them with fresh splendor4 ,but in receiving this supplement of light1 destined to make them better understood by the faithful1 they lose nothing of their proper nature2 their essence is not in the slightest degree changed2 only our minds appropriate them with more facility40 ,,flowers ,,from ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,the ,,visitation2 or1 ,lives of ,several ,religious of that ,order4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahge4 ,to those who have attempted to form an adequate conception of the charitable and ascetic spirit1 the simple record of these saintly lives must have a wonderful fascination4 ,to those1 even1 who are wholly absorbed in a life of pleasure it will at least possess the merit of a new sensation1 if they can forget the silent reproof which such examples convey4 ,it affords matter of encouragement in these days of combined luxury and destitution to look over the history of those--many of whom were delicately reared--who left all for ,god1 content to do whatsoever he appointed them to do1 and to submit to extraordinary mortifications for his sake4 ,the work embraces six brief biographies of ,visitation ,nuns eminent for their self-sacrificing labors for the moral and intellectual education of their charges1 and in other good and charitable offices4 ,their names1 even1 may be quite new to ,english-speaking readers1 but that fact is all the more in keeping with their hidden lives4 ,we have said enough to indicate the general character of the volume4 ,,john ,,dorrien3 ,a novel4 ,by ,julia ,kavanagh4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahge4 ,the writer succeeds1 in the very opening chapter1 in so portraying the character of a child as to make it a living breathing reality to the reader4 ,the story of his humble life in childhood and his struggles and trials in later years is told without any attempt at fine writing--indeed1 all the characters are simply and well drawn1 and retain their individuality to the end4 ,the heroine1 neglected in childhood1 and without any guide in matters of faith1 is easily persuaded by a suitor that religion is contrary to reason2 and thus1 left to her own unaided judgment1 and notwithstanding her innate love of truth1 soon finds herself entangled in a web of deceit and hypocrisy4 ,she only escapes the unhappiness which such a course entails by forsaking it4 ,the moral of the tale 7if that is not an obsolete term7 is what the reader would naturally infer--the necessity of early religious instruction1 and the advantage1 even in this life1 of a belief in revealed truth4 ,we are glad to note the absence of the faults which disfigure much of the imaginative literature of the day1 not excepting1 we are sorry to say1 that which emanates from the writer's own sex4 ,we see no attempt to give false views of life1 or to undermine the moral and religious principles of the reader2 on the contrary1 there is reason to infer much that is positively good1 though not so definitely stated as we should have liked4 ,,the ,,bible ,,and ,,the ,,rule ,,of ,,faith4 ,by the ,abb ,louis-,nazaire ,bgin1 ,doctor of ,theology1 ,theological ,professor in the ,university of ,laval4 ,translated from the ,french by ,g4 ,m4 ,ward ,mrs4 ,penne4 ,protestantism is well-nigh defunct4 ,it is in its last throes4 ,it has not sufficient vitality left to care for its own doctrines1 such as they are4 ,as a religion it has almost ceased to exist4 ,disobedience to the faith has been succeeded by indifference2 indifference by the hatred of ,christ4 ,its rickety old doctrines1 whose folly has been exposed over and over again thousands of times1 have quietly tumbled out of existence4 ,protestants themselves have almost forgotten them1 and certainly do not care enough about them to defend them4 ,paganism has returned--paganism in its last stage of sceptical development4 ,we have to contend now for the divinity of ,christ and the existence of a ,god4 ,the ,bible and the rule of faith are up amongst the lumber4 ,yet it may be--as the writer of this work asserts2 we much doubt it1 however--that there are still 8many poor souls in the bosom of ,protestantism a prey to the anguish of doubt40 ,to such the ,abb ,bgin's treatise on the rule of faith may be of the utmost service4 ,the argument is extremely terse and lucid4 ,in short1 were the minds of ,protestant fanatics open to reason1 it could not fail to convince them of the unreasoning folly of their notions about the ,bible being the one only rule of faith4 ,the first part of this work treats of the rule of faith in general1 and proves1 amongst other things1 that such a rule must be sure1 efficient1 and perpetual to put an end to controversies4 ,the second part exhibits the logical impossibility of the ,protestant rule of faith1 remote and proximate4 ,that is to say1 that it is impossible for the unexplained text of the ,bible to be a sure1 efficient1 and perpetual rule of faith1 and for an immediate inspiration of its meaning to individuals by the ,holy ,ghost to be its means of explanation4 ,the third part proves very exhaustively that the ,catholic rule of faith is the only possible sure1 efficient1 and perpetual one2 namely1 ,holy ,scripture1 the remote rule1 and the teaching church1 the proximate one4 ,to any souls 8in the bosom of ,protestism0 who are 8a prey to the anguish of doubt10 if indeed there be such1 we cordially recommend this treatise4 ,its tone is kind and gentle1 its reasoning irresistible1 and1 with the blessing of ,god1 is able to put an end to all their doubts on the fundamental question as to the true rule of faith4 ,,personal ,,reminiscences4 ,by ,cornelia ,knight and ,thomas ,raikes4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahge4 ,this is another of the pleasant 8,bric--,brac series10 edited by ,richard ,henry ,stoddard4 ,miss ,knight was that nondescript kind of being known as a 8lady companion0 to the ,princess ,charlotte of ,wales4 ,her position gave her peculiar facilities for enjoying the privilege1 so dear to certain hearts1 of a peep behind the scenes of a royal household4 ,never having been married1 she had plenty of time for jotting down her notes and observations on men1 women1 and things4 ,many of the men and women she met were famous in their way and in their time4 ,as might be expected1 there is much nonsense in her observations1 mingled with pleasant glimpses of a kind of life that has now passed away4 ,mr4 ,raikes' journal is similar in character to that of ,miss ,knight1 with the advantage or disadvantage1 as may be considered1 of having been written by a man4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxii41 ,no4 #abi4--;,,december1 #ahge4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,mr4 ,,gladstone ,,and ,,maryland ,,toleration4 ,it was supposed that ,mr4 ,gladstone had been so triumphantly refuted1 as a polemic1 that he would take a prudent refuge in silence4 ,at a moment when neighboring nations were rent with religious dissensions1 and when ,england needed repose from1 rather than fuel added to1 her internal agitations1 a statesman and ex-premier of the ,british ,empire assumes the rle of a religious agitator and accuser1 and startles1 as well as offends1 the public sense of appropriateness by his useless and baseless indictment against the ,catholic ,church1 to which ,england owes all that is glorious in her constitution and in her history2 against ,english ,catholics in particular1 his fellow-subjects1 who of all others1 by their loyalty and ,christian faith and virtues1 can preserve the liberties and the institutions of their country1 now threatened alike by infidel corruption1 ,protestant indifference1 and communistic malice2 and against that saintly and illustrious pontiff whose hand is only raised to bless1 whose lips breathe unfaltering prayer1 and whose voice and pen have never ceased to announce and defend the eternal truths of religion1 to uphold morality1 and to refute the crying errors and evils of our times4 ,the unanswerable refutations which ,mr4 ,gladstone's attacks elicited from ,cardinal ,manning1 ,bishops ,ullathorne and ,vaughan1 ,drs4 ,newman and ,capel1 and ,canon ,neville1 not to speak of the ,italian work of ,mgr4 ,nardi and the rebukes administered by the periodical press1 had1 it was believed1 even by impartial ,protestants1 effectually driven this new champion of the old ,no-popery party in ,england from the field of polemics4 ,but1 like all new recruits1 the ex-premier seems incapable of realizing defeat1 or perhaps is anxious1 at least1 to retire with the honors of war4 ,not content with the serial publication of his three tracts1 he has just now republished them in one volume1 with a ,preface1 under the title of ,rome and the ,newest ,fashions in ,religion--a title as unbecoming the gravity of his subjects as it is unsupported by the contents of the work4 ,the preface to the republication not only reiterates his accusations on all points1 but the author1 not satisfied with his new part as theologian1 essays the rle of historical critic1 and thus gives prominence to a historical question of deep interest and of especial importance to the ,catholics of this country4 ,the same animus which inspired ,mr4 ,gladstone's attacks against the church1 against his ,catholic fellow-countrymen1 and against the most august and venerable personage in ,christendom1 has also induced him to deny to the ,catholic founders of ,maryland the honorable renown1 accorded to them heretofore by historians with singular unanimity1 of having1 when in power1 practised religious toleration towards all ,christian sects1 and secured freedom of conscience1 not only by their unwavering action and practice1 but also by giving it the stability and sanctions of statute law4 ,this is certainly the only phase in this celebrated controversy upon which it remains for ,mr4 ,gladstone to be answered4 ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,manning1 in ,the ,vatican ,decrees in their bearing on ,civil ,allegiance1 at page #hh 7,new ,york edition71 writes3 8,for the same reasons ,i deplore the haste1 ,i must say the passion1 which carried away so large a mind to affirm or to imply that the church of this day would1 if she could1 use torture1 and force1 and coercion in matters of religious belief4''' ,in the year #ahcj the ,catholics of ,belgium were in a vast majority1 but they did not use their political power to constrain the faith or conscience of any man4 ,the #8,four ,liberties' of ,belgium were the work of ,catholics4 ,this is the most recent example of what ,catholics would do if they were in possession of power4 ,but there is one more ancient and more homely for us ,englishmen4 ,it is found at a date when the old traditions of the ,catholic ,church were still vigorous in the minds of men4''' ,if the modern spirit had any share in producing the constitution of ,belgium1 it certainly had no share in producing the constitution of ,maryland4 ,lord ,baltimore1 who had been ,secretary of ,state under ,james ,i41 in #afcc emigrated to the ,american plantations1 where1 through ,lord ,stafford's influence1 he had obtained a grant of land4''' ,they named their new country ,maryland1 and there they settled4 ,the oath of the governor was in these terms3 #8,i will not1 by myself or any other1 directly or indirectly1 molest any person professing to believe in ,jesus ,christ1 for or in respect of religion4' ,lord ,baltimore invited the ,puritans of ,massachusetts--who1 like himself1 had renounced their country for conscience' sake--to come into ,maryland4 ,in #afdi1 when active persecution had sprung up again in ,england1 the ,council of ,maryland1 on the #bast of ,april1 passed this statute2 #8,and whereas the forcing of the conscience in matters of religion hath frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence in the commonwealth where it has been practised1 and for the more quiet and peaceable government of the province1 and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants1 no person within the province professing to believe in ,jesus ,christ shall be anyways troubled1 molested1 or discountenanced for his or her religion1 or in the free exercise thereof4' ,the ,episcopalians and ,protestants fled from ,virginia into ,maryland4 ,such was the commonwealth founded by a ,catholic upon the broad moral law ,i have here laid down--that faith is an act of the will1 and that to force men to profess what they do not believe is contrary to the law of ,god1 and that to generate faith by force is morally impossible40 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 in his ,vaticanism1 page #if1 replies to the above as follows3 8,it appears to me that ,archbishop ,manning has completely misapprehended the history of the settlement of ,maryland and the establishment of toleration there for all believers in the ,holy ,trinity4 ,it was a wise measure1 for which the two ,lords ,baltimore1 father and son1 deserve the highest honor4 ,but the measure was really defensive2 and its main and very legitimate purpose plainly was to secure the free exercise of the ,roman ,catholic religion4 ,immigration into the colony was by the charter free2 and only by this and other popular provisions could the territory have been extricated from the grasp of its neighbors in ,virginia1 who claimed it as their own4 ,it was apprehended that the ,puritans would flood it1 as they did2 and it seemed certain that but for this excellent provision the handful of ,roman ,catholic founders would have been unable to hold their ground4 ,the facts are given in ,bancroft's ,history of the ,united ,states1 vol4 i41 chap4 vii40 ,again1 in his ,preface to ,rome and the ,newest ,fashions in ,religion1 page viii41 ,mr4 ,gladstone writes3 8,it has long been customary to quote the case of ,maryland in proof that1 more than two centuries ago1 the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 where power was in its hands1 could use it for the purposes of toleration4 ,archbishop ,manning has repeated the boast1 and with very large exaggeration4 8,i have already shown from ,bancroft's ,history that in the case of ,maryland there was no question of a merciful use of power towards others1 but simply of a wise and defensive prudence with respect to themselves--that is to say1 so far as the tolerant legislation of the colony was the work of ,roman ,catholics4 ,but it does not appear to have been their work4 ,by the fourth article of the charter we find that no church could be consecrated there except according to the laws of the church at home4 ,the tenth article guaranteed to the colonists generally #8all privileges1 franchises1 and liberties of this our kingdom of ,england4' ,it was in #afdi that the ,maryland ,act of ,toleration was passed1 which1 however1 prescribed the punishment of death for any one who denied the ,trinity4 ,of the small legislative body which passed it1 two-thirds appear to have been ,protestant1 the recorded numbers being sixteen and eight respectively4 ,the colony was open to the immigration of ,puritans and all ,protestants1 and any permanent and successful oppression by a handful of ,roman ,catholics was altogether impossible4 ,but the colonial act seems to have been an echo of the order of the ,house of ,commons at home1 on the #bgth of ,october1 #afde1 that the inhabitants of the ,summer ,islands1 and such others as shall join themselves to them1 #8shall without any molestation or trouble have and enjoy the liberty of their consciences in matters of ,god's worship'2 and of a ,british ordinance of #afdg4 8,upon the whole1 then1 the picture of ,maryland legislation is a gratifying one2 but the historic theory which assigns the credit of it to the ,roman ,church has little foundation in fact40 ,let us first test ,mr4 ,gladstone's accuracy and consistency as a historical critic4 ,he begins by alleging that the ,maryland ,toleration ,act was a measure of defensive prudence in the interests of the ,catholics themselves1 and that 8its main and very legitimate purpose plainly was to secure the free exercise of the ,roman ,catholic religion40 ,he then asserts that this act of toleration was not the work of the ,catholics at all1 but of a ,protestant majority in the legislature which passed it4 ,we have1 then1 here presented the extraordinary picture of an alleged ,protestant legislature passing a law which was really intended to protect ,catholics against ,protestant ascendency and apprehended ,protestant persecution1 and whose 8main and very legitimate purpose was to secure the free exercise of the ,roman ,catholic religion40 ,surely1 the ,protestants of that day were liberal and generous1 especially as it was an age of persecution1 when not only were ,catholics hunted down both in ,england and her ,virginia and ,new ,england colonies1 but even ,protestants of different sects were relentlessly persecuting each other4 ,and in what proper sense can they be said to have been ,protestants with whom it was 8a very legitimate purpose0 to legislate in the express interests of ,roman ,catholics8 ,mr4 ,gladstone also states that the ,toleration ,act was passed in the apprehension of an influx of ,puritans1 and to protect the colony 8from the grasp of its neighbors in ,virginia02 whereas his favorite author1 ,mr4 ,bancroft1 informs ,mr4 ,gladstone that ,lord ,baltimore invited both the ,episcopalians of ,virginia and the ,puritans of ,new ,england into his domains1 offering a gift of lands as an inducement2 and it is a historical fact that numbers of them accepted the invitation4 ,again1 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 while apparently treating the ,toleration ,act as a ,catholic measure1 animadverts with evident disapproval on that feature in it which 8prescribed the punishment of death for any one who denied the ,trinity10 and then immediately he claims that the legislature which passed the act was a ,protestant body--8two-thirds10 he writes1 8appear to have been ,protestants0--thus imposing upon his ,protestant friends the odium of inflicting death for the exercise of conscience and religious belief2 and that1 too1 not upon ,papists1 as they were not included in the punishment4 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 in ,the ,vatican ,decrees in their bearing on ,civil ,allegiance 7page #hc71 expressing no doubt the common sentiments of ,protestants since the time of ,luther and ,henry ,,viii41 uses these irreverent words in regard to the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 that peerless and immaculate ,lady whom four-fifths of the ,christian world venerate as the ,mother of ,god3 8,the sinlessness of the ,virgin ,mary and the personal infallibility of the ,pope are the characteristic dogmas of modern ,romanism4''' ,both rest on pious fiction and fraud2 both present a refined idolatry by clothing a pure humble woman and a mortal sinful man with divine attributes4 ,the dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception1 which exempts the ,virgin ,mary from sin and guilt1 perverts ,christianism into ,marianism4''' ,the worship of a woman is virtually substituted for the worship of ,christ40 ,and yet with such sentiments1 in which doubtless the ,protestants of ,maryland in #afdi concurred1 he attributes to1 and claims for1 those ,protestants who1 he says1 constituted two-thirds of the ,maryland ,colonial ,legislature in #afdi1 the passage of a law which enacted 8that whosoever shall use or utter any reproachful words or speeches concerning the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 the ,mother of our ,saviour1 ''' shall for the first offence forfeit five pounds sterling1 or1 if not able to pay1 be publicly whipped and imprisoned during pleasure1 etc42 for the second offence1 ten pounds1 etc42 and for the third shall forfeit all his lands and goods1 and be banished from the province40 ,the following anecdote1 related by the ,protestant ,bozman1#ih is quite pertinent to our subject and to our cause3 8,and in the time of the ,long ,parliament when the differences between the ,lord ,baltimore and ,colonell ,samuel ,matthews1 as agent for the colony of ,virginia1 were depending before a committee of that parliament for the navy1 that clause in the sayd law1 concerning the ,virgin ,mary1 was at that committee objected as an exception against his lordship2 whereupon a worthy member of the sayd committee stood up and sayd1 that he wondered that any such exception should be taken against his lordship2 for 7says hee7 doth not the ,scripture say1 that all generations shall call her blessed8 7,the author here cites in the margin1 #8,lu4 i4 #dh4'7 ,and the committee insisted no more on that exception40 ,the authorities relied upon by ,mr4 ,gladstone1 besides ,bancroft1 whom we shall presently refer to1 are ,maryland ,toleration1 by the ,rev4 ,ethan ,allen1 and ,maryland not a ,catholic ,colony1 by ,e4 ,d4 ,n4 ,the former is a pamphlet of sixty-four pages addressed by the author1 a ,protestant minister1 to his brethren in the ministry in #ahee1 is purely a sectarian tract1 hostile to every ,catholic view and interest1 and partisan in spirit and in matter4 ,the latter is a few pages of printed matter1 consisting of three newspaper articles published last year in the ,daily ,pioneer of ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota1 and recently reprinted in the ,north-,western ,chronicle of the same place1 the editor of which states that the author of the letters is the ,rev4 ,edward ,d4 ,neill1 also a ,protestant minister1 and president of ,macalester ,college4 ,the letters of 8,e4 ,d4 ,n40 were sharply and ably replied to by ,mr4 ,william ,markoe1 formerly an ,episcopal minister1 now a member of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the letters of 8,e4 ,d4 ,n40 are more sectarian than historical1 and cannot be quoted in a controversy in which such names as ,chalmers1 ,bancroft1 ,mc,sherry1 ,bozman1 etc41 figure4 ,the attack of 8,e4 ,d4 ,n40 on the personal character of ,lord ,baltimore is enough to condemn his effort4 ,but ,mr4 ,gladstone's principal author is ,bancroft1 from whose pages he claims to have shown that 8in the case of ,maryland there was no question of a merciful use of power towards others1 but simply of a wise and defensive prudence with respect to themselves40 ,motives of self-interest are thus substituted for those of benevolence and mercy4 ,if this were correctly stated1 why does ,mr4 ,gladstone state that the ,act of ,toleration was a measure 8for which the two ,lords ,baltimore1 father and son1 deserve the highest honor08 ,but our task is now to inquire how far his author sustains ,mr4 ,gladstone in denying to the ,catholics of ,maryland1 who enacted religious toleration1 all motives of benevolence and mercy4 ,mr4 ,bancroft1 on the contrary1 asserts that the 8new government of ,maryland was erected on a foundation as extraordinary as its results were benevolent40#ii ,in speaking of ,lord ,baltimore1 the founder of ,maryland1 its chief statesman and law-giver1 he extols his moderation1 sincerity of character1 and disinterestedness1#ajj and proceeds to say3 8,calvert deserves to be ranked among the most wise and benevolent law-givers of all ages4 ,he was the first in the history of the ,christian world to seek for religious security and peace by the practice of justice1 and not by the exercise of power2 to plan the establishment of popular institutions with the enjoyment of liberty of conscience2 to advance the career of civilization by recognizing the rightful equality of all ,christian sects4 ,the asylum of ,papists was the spot where1 in a remote corner of the world1 on the banks of rivers which1 as yet1 had hardly been explored1 the mild forbearance of a proprietary adopted religious freedom as the basis of the state40#aja ,referring to the act of taking possession of their new homes in ,maryland by the ,catholic pilgrims1 the same author says1 thereby 8religious liberty obtained a home1 its only home in the wide world1 at the humble village which bore the name of ,st4 ,mary's40#ajb ,and speaking of the progress of the colony1 he further says3 8,under the mild institutions and munificence of ,baltimore the dreary wilderness soon bloomed with swarming life and activity of prosperous settlements2 the ,roman ,catholics who were oppressed by the laws of ,england were sure to find a peaceful asylum in the quiet harbors of the ,chesapeake2 and there1 too1 ,protestants were sheltered against ,protestant intolerance40#ajc ,such1 in fine1 is the repeated language of an author whom ,mr4 ,gladstone refers to in proof of his assertion that toleration in ,maryland was simply a measure of self-defence4 ,chalmers bears the following testimony to the same point3 8,he0 7,lord ,baltimore7 8laid the foundation of his province upon the broad basis of security to property and of freedom of religion1 granting1 in absolute fee1 fifty acres of land to every emigrant2 establishing ,christianity according to the old common law1 of which it is a part1 without allowing pre-eminence to any particular sect4 ,the wisdom of his choice soon converted a dreary wilderness into a prosperous colony40#ajd ,and ,judge ,story1 with the history of the colony from its beginning and the charter before him1 adds the weight of judicial approval in the following words3 8,it is certainly very honorable to the liberality and public spirit of the proprietary that he should have introduced into his fundamental policy the doctrine of general toleration and equality among ,christian sects 7for he does not appear to have gone further71 and have thus given the earliest example of a legislator inviting his subjects to the free indulgence of religious opinion4 ,this was anterior to the settlement of ,rhode ,island1 and therefore merits the enviable rank of being the first recognition among the colonists of the glorious and indefeasible rights of conscience40#aje ,but there is another view1 clearly sustained by an important and certain chain of facts1 which has never occurred to the historical writers on ,maryland toleration1 at least in this connection1 though they give the facts upon which the view is based1 and which wholly destroys the theory of ,mr4 ,gladstone and his authorities4 ,the latter may dispute in regard to the merits and motives of the statute of #afdi1 but they do not touch the real question4 ,it is an incontestable fact that the religious toleration which historians have so much extolled in the ,catholic colonists and founders of ,maryland did not originate with1 or derive its existence from1 that law of #afdi1 but1 on the contrary1 it existed long anterior to1 and independent of1 it4 ,this great feature in the ,catholic government of ,maryland had been established by the ,catholic lord-proprietary1 his lieutenant-governor1 agents1 and colonists1 and faithfully practised for fifteen years prior to the ,toleration ,act of #afdi4 ,from #afcd to #afdi it had been enforced with unwavering firmness and protected with exalted benevolence4 ,this important fact is utterly ignored by ,mr4 ,gladstone and his authors1 the ,rev4 ,ethan ,allen and the ,rev4 ,edward ,d4 ,neill1 but the facts related by ,bancroft1 and indeed by all historians1 prove it beyond a question4 ,bancroft records that the very 8foundations0 of the colony were laid upon the 8basis0 of religious toleration1 and throughout the eulogiums pronounced by him on the religious toleration of ,maryland1 which we have quoted above1 refers entirely to the period of the fifteen years preceding the passage of the act of #afdi4 ,the ,toleration ,act was nothing else than the declaration of the existing state of things and of the long and cherished policy and practice of the colony--a formal sanction and statutory enactment of the existing common law of the province4 ,before proceeding to demonstrate this fact1 we will briefly examine how far ,mr4 ,bancroft sustains the theory or views of ,mr4 ,gladstone in regard to the act itself4 ,after extolling the motives and conduct of the ,catholics of ,maryland in establishing religious toleration1 as we have remarked above1 during the fifteen years preceding the passage of the act1 ,mr4 ,bancroft refers to that statute in terms of highest praise4 ,he barely hints at the possibility that a foresight1 on the part of the colonists1 of impending dangers to themselves from threatened or apprehended ,protestant ascendency and persecution1 might have entered among the motives which induced them to pass that act2 but he nowhere asserts the fact1 nor does he allege anything beyond conjecture for the possibility of the motive4 ,indeed1 his mode of expressing himself indicates that1 though he thought it possible1 his own impression was that such motive did not suggest in part even the passage of the act2 for he writes3 8,as if1 with a foresight of impending danger and an earnest desire to stay its approach1 the ,roman ,catholics of ,maryland1 with the earnest concurrence of their governor and of the proprietary1 determined to place upon their statute-book an act for the religious freedom which had ever been sacred on their soil40 ,compare this with the language of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 who excludes every motive but that of self-interest1 and refers to ,bancroft in support of his view1 but does not quote his language4 ,mr4 ,bancroft1 on the other hand1 after quoting from the statute1 exclaims1 such was 8its sublime tenor40 ,mr4 ,griffith does not agree with the suggestion that a sense of fear or apprehension entered into the motives of the ,maryland lawgivers1 and says3 8,that this liberty did not proceed from fear of others1 on the one hand1 or licentious dispositions in the government1 on the other1 is sufficiently evident from the penalties prescribed against blasphemy1 swearing1 drunkenness1 and ,sabbath-breaking1 by the preceding sections of the act1 and proviso1 at the end1 that such exercise of religion did not molest or conspire against the proprietary or his government40#ajf ,let us now proceed to examine still further whether ,maryland was a ,catholic colony1 whether it was by ,catholics that religious toleration was established there1 and whether it had its origin in the act of #afdi or in the long previous practice and persistent generosity and mercy of the ,catholic rulers of the province4 ,it is true that while the territory afterwards granted to ,lord ,baltimore was subject to the ,virginia charter1 a settlement of ,episcopalians was made on ,kent ,island2 but they were very few in numbers1 always adhered to ,virginia rather than to ,maryland in their sympathies1 were so turbulent and disloyal that ,governor ,calvert had to reduce them by force of arms1 and no one has ever pretended that they founded a ,state4 ,we will show what relation they had in point of numbers and political influence to the colony1 and that they did not form even the slightest element of power in the founding of the province4 ,maryland was founded alone by the ,catholic ,lord ,baltimore and his colonists4 ,such is the voice of history4 ,it is rather disingenuous in the reverend authors of the pamphlets mentioned by ,mr4 ,gladstone that upon so flimsy a circumstance they assert that ,maryland was not settled first by ,catholics4 ,their voices are drowned by the concurrent voice of tradition and of history4 ,it is only the reassertion of the pretensions of these zealous sectarians by so respectable a person as ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and that1 too1 in one of the most remarkable controversies of the age1 that renders a recurrence to the historical authorities and their results at all desirable or necessary4 ,the colony of ,maryland was conceived in the spirit of liberty4 ,it was the flight of ,english ,catholics from ,protestant persecution in their native country4 ,the state of the penal laws in ,england against ,catholics at this period is too well known4 ,the zealous ,protestant ,bozman writes that they 8contained severities enough to keep them the ,catholics in all due subjection40 ,it was at this hour of their extremest suffering that the ,catholics of ,england found a friend and leader in ,sir ,george ,calvert1 who held important trusts under the governments of ,james and ,charles1 and enjoyed the confidence of his sovereigns and of his country4 8,in an age when religious controversy still continued to be active1 when increasing divisions among ,protestants were spreading a general alarm1 his mind sought relief from controversy in the bosom of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 and1 preferring the avowal of his opinions to the emoluments of office1 he resigned his place and openly professed his conversion40#ajg ,even after this he was advanced to the peerage under the title of ,lord ,baltimore--an ,irish title--and was appointed one of the principal secretaries under ,james ,i4 ,his positions in the government gave him not only an acquaintance with ,american colonization1 but an official connection with it4 ,of these he now availed himself to provide an asylum abroad for his fellow-,catholics from the relentless persecution they were suffering at home4 ,his first effort was to found a ,catholic colony on the shores of ,newfoundland4 ,a settlement was begun4 ,avalon was the name it received1 and twice did ,lord ,baltimore cross the ocean to visit his cherished cradle of liberty4 ,baffled by political difficulties1 the severity of the climate1 and an ungenerous soil1 he abandoned the endeavor4 ,that his motive all along was to found a place of refuge for ,catholics from persecution is certain from the time and circumstances under which the enterprise was undertaken1 as well as from the testimony of historians4 ,oldmixon says3 8,this gentleman ,lord ,baltimore1 being of the ,romish religion1 was uneasy at home1 and had the same reason to leave the kingdom as those gentlemen had who went to ,new ,england1 to enjoy the liberty of his conscience40#ajh ,bozman writes that 8by their the ,puritans' clamors for a vigorous execution of the laws against ,papists1 it became now necessary for them the ,catholics also to look about for a place of refuge40#aji ,the same writer also refers to a ,,ms4 in the ,british ,museum1 written by ,lord ,baltimore himself1 in which this motive is mentioned4 ,driven from ,avalon by the hardness of the climate1 he visited ,virginia with the same view2 but hence again he was driven by religious bigotry and the presentation of an anti-popery oath from a colony 8from which the careful exclusion of ,roman ,catholics had been originally avowed as a special object40 ,his mind1 filled with the thought of founding a place of refuge for ,catholics1 next turned to the country beyond the ,potomac1 which had been embraced originally in the ,virginia charter1 but which1 upon the cancellation of that charter1 had reverted to the crown4 ,he obtained a grant and charter from the king1 so liberal in its terms that1 ,griffith says1 it became the model for future grants4 ,the name was changed from ,crescentia to that of ,maryland1 in honor of the ,catholic queen of ,charles2 but the devout ,catholics of the expedition1 in their piety1 extended the term ,terra ,mari1 the ,land of ,mary1 into an act of devotion and honor to ,mary1 the ,queen of ,heaven4 ,the first ,lord ,baltimore did not live to see his project carried into effect2 he died on the #beth of ,april1 #afcb1 was succeeded by his son ,cecilius1 second ,lord ,baltimore1 who1 as ,bancroft says1 was the heir of his intentions no less than of his fortunes2 to him was issued the charter negotiated by his father1 bearing date the #aeth of ,june1 #afcb4 ,founded by a ,catholic1 designed as an asylum for persecuted ,catholics1 is it to be supposed that ,lord ,baltimore and his brother1 ,governor ,leonard ,calvert1 who organized and led forth the pilgrims1 would be so inconsistent at this moment of their success as to lose sight of the main object of the movement1 and carry ,protestant colonists with whom to found a ,catholic colony8 ,if1 as ,rev4 ,edward ,d4 ,neill1 author of ,maryland not a ,catholic ,colony1 says1 there were only twenty ,catholic gentlemen in the ship1 and three hundred servants1 mostly ,protestants1 would it have been deemed necessary to carry two ,catholic priests and their assistants along to administer to the souls of so small a number8 ,in point of fact1 the ,protestants were so few that they brought no minister with them1 and it was several years before their entire numbers justified their having either a minister or a place of worship4 ,the voyage on the ,ark and ,dove was more like a ,catholic pilgrimage than a secular expedition4 ,the principal parts of the ship 7the ,ark71 says ,father ,white in his ,narrative1 were committed to the protection of ,god especially1 and to his ,most ,holy ,mother1 and ,s4 ,ignatius1 and all the guardian angels of ,maryland4 ,the vessel was a floating chapel1 an ocean shrine of ,catholic faith and devotion1 consecrated by the unbloody sacrifice1 and resounding with ,latin litanies2 its safety from many a threatened disaster was attributed to the intercession of the ,blessed ,virgin and the saints1 whose mediation was propitiated by votive offerings promised and promptly rendered after their safe arrival at ,st4 ,mary's4 ,the festivals of the saints were faithfully observed throughout the voyage1 the feast of the ,annunciation of the ,blessed ,virgin was selected for landing1 and the solemn act of taking possession was according to the ,catholic form4 ,father ,white thus describes the scene3 8,on the day of the ,annunciation of the ,most ,holy ,virgin ,mary 7,march #be71 in the year #afcd1 we celebrated the ,mass for the first time on this island ,st4 ,clement's4 ,this had never been done before in this part of the world4 ,after we had completed the sacrifice1 we took upon our shoulders a great cross which we had hewn out of a tree1 and advancing in order to the appointed place1 with the assistance of the governor and his associates1 and the other ,catholics1 we erected a trophy to ,christ the ,saviour1 humbly reciting on our bended knees the ,litanies of the ,sacred ,cross with great emotion40#aaj ,they founded a city1 the capital of the colony1 and called it ,st4 ,mary's4 ,a ,catholic chapel was subsequently erected there2 and this too was dedicated to ,s4 ,mary4 ,the city has passed away1 but the little chapel still stands1 preserved alike by ,catholic and ,protestant hands1 as a monument of the faith and zeal of the ,catholic pilgrims of ,maryland4 ,mr4 ,griffith1 the historian1 uniting his voice to that of ,bancroft and other writers1 speaking of the object which inspired the settlement from its inception by ,lord ,baltimore in ,england1 says3 8,out of respect for their religion they planted the cross1 and1 after fortifying themselves1 plainly and openly set about to obtain1 by the fairest means in their power1 other property and homes1 where they should escape the persecutions of the religious and political reformers of their native country at that time40#aaa ,the church and parish of ,s4 ,mary were for many years the headquarters of the ,jesuit missions of ,maryland4 ,during the succeeding years prior to #afdi there was a steady influx of ,catholics into the colony from ,england1 as is evident by the land records and other official documents1 and by the fact that the number of ,catholic priests required for the settlement increased from two in #afcd to four priests and one coadjutor prior to #afdd4 ,the ,catholic strength was also increased by numerous conversions1 as is shown by ,father ,white's ,narrative1 in which1 at page #ef1 he relates that1 8among the ,protestants1 nearly all who came over from ,england1 in this year #afch1 and many others1 have been converted to the faith1 together with four servants ''' and five mechanics whom we ''' have in the meantime won to ,god40 ,so numerous were these conversions1 and they created so great a sensation in ,england1 that measures were taken there to check them4 ,that the colony was ,catholic in its origin1 and so continued until after the year #afdi1 when the ,toleration ,act was passed1 has never been denied1 according to our researches1 except by ,mr4 ,gladstone and the two ,protestant ministers whom he quotes4 ,bancroft1 writing of the religious toleration which prevailed in ,maryland during this period1 always speaks of it as the work of ,catholics4 ,in referring to the original colonists he adds1 8most of them ,roman ,catholic gentlemen and their servants40 ,even so unfriendly a writer as ,bozman says3 8,the most1 if not all1 of them were ,catholics40 ,chancellor ,kent speaks of the colony as 8the ,catholic planters of ,maryland10 and ,judge ,story says they were 8chiefly ,roman ,catholics40 ,father ,white1 in his ,narrative1 speaks of the few ,protestants on board the ,ark as individuals1 and not as a class4 ,bozman1 alluding to the year #afci1 and to 8those in whose hands the government of the province was10 says3 8,a majority of whom were1 without doubt1 ,catholics1 as well as much the greater number of the colonists40 ,mr4 ,davis1 a ,protestant1 who drew his information from the official documents of the colony and ,state1 gives unanswerable proofs of the fact for which we are contending4 ,we give a single passage from his work on this point3 8,st4 ,mary's was the home--the chosen home--of the disciples of the ,roman ,church4 ,the fact has been generally received4 ,it is sustained by the tradition of two hundred years and by volumes of unwritten testimony2 by the records of the courts2 by the proceedings of the privy council2 by the trial of law-cases2 by the wills and inventories2 by the land-records and rent-rolls2 and by the very names originally given to the towns and hundreds1 to the creeks and rivulets1 to the tracts and manors of the county4 ,the state itself bears the name of a ,roman ,catholic queen4 ,of the six hundreds of this small county1 in #afej1 five had the prefix of ,st4 ,sixty tracts and manors1 most of them taken up at a very early period1 bear the same ,roman ,catholic mark4 ,the creeks and villages1 to this day1 attest the widespread prevalence of the same tastes1 sentiments1 and sympathies4 ,not long after the passage of the act relating to #8religion1' the ,protestants1 it is admitted1 outgrew their ,roman ,catholic brethren1 and in #afhi succeeded very easily in their attempt to overthrow the proprietary4 ,but judging from the composition of the juries in #afee1 we see no reason to believe that they then had a majority40#aab ,mr4 ,gladstone seems to favor the view that religious toleration in ,maryland was derived from the charter4 ,we are surprised at this1 since 8,e4 ,d4 ,n40 7,rev4 ,edward ,d4 ,neill71 whose pamphlet has furnished the substance of the entire passage we have quoted from ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,preface1 says in his ,maryland not a ,roman ,catholic ,colony1 8,the charter of ,maryland granted to ,lord ,baltimore was not a charter of religious liberty1 but the very opposite40 ,mc,sherry1 a ,catholic historian1 says that 8the ecclesiastical laws of ,england1 so far as related to the consecration and presentation of churches and chapels1 were extended to the colony1 but the question of state religion was left untouched1 and therefore within the legislative power of the colonists themselves40#aac ,and ,bozman1 a ,protestant historian1 adopts the same view of the charter1 for he regards the 8,act for ,church ,liberties0 passed in #afci1 enacting that 8,holy ,church within this province shall have all her rights and privileges10 as an attempt to exercise a control of religion1 and says3 8,we cannot but suppose that it was the intention of the ,catholic government to erect a hierarchy1 with an ecclesiastical jurisdiction1 similar to the ancient ,church of ,england before the ,reformation1 and to invest it with all its rights1 liberties1 and immunities40#aad ,the same views are expressed by the same author at pages #fh and #cej of his history4 ,while civil liberty was guaranteed by the charter to all within the province1 we find no mention of religious toleration in its provisions4 ,nor do we find that immigration was made free by the charter1 as alleged by ,mr4 ,gladstone2 the provision to which he refers simply assures to the subjects of ,england1 8transported or to be transported into the province1 all privileges1 franchises1 and liberties of this our kingdom of ,england10 but the decision of the point as to who should be transplanted or admitted to settle there was left to the lord proprietary and the provincial legislature4 ,the grant by the king to ,lord ,baltimore of all the lands of the province in itself gave him the full control over immigration1 by enabling him to fix the conditions to the grants of land to colonists1 which would have kept out all except such as the lord proprietary wished to enter4 ,we think we have shown that the ,catholics were in the majority during the whole period covered by our discussion1 and that the charter left them free to protect themselves from intrusion2 that they were1 consequently1 all-powerful to perpetuate their numerical preponderance and control of the government4 ,why had they not the same motives for practising intolerance as the ,puritans8 ,their positions1 respectively and relatively1 were the same in this particular1 and the same reasons apply to both4 ,no1 they were actuated by a different spirit1 and guided by different traditions4 ,they possessed the power1 and used it with mercy and benevolence2 not only permitting but inviting ,christians of every shade of opinion to settle in the province1 but also offering grants of land on easy terms1 and protecting the settlers from molestation on account of their religion4 ,if they had not the power to proscribe1 why should ,bancroft1 ,griffith1 ,chambers1 ,kent1 ,story1 and nearly all writers on the subject1 have bestowed such encomiums on them for doing what they could not have refrained from doing8 ,why extol the toleration enjoined by ,lord ,baltimore and proclaimed by ,governor ,leonard ,calvert1 and the subsequently enacted ,toleration ,act of #afdi1 if the liberty it enacts was already secured by the charter of #afcb8 ,it is not necessary for us to go further into this question1 since in either event the honor and credit of religious toleration in ,maryland is due to a ,catholic source4 ,if the charter secured it1 our answer is that the charter itself was the work of a ,catholic1 for ,lord ,baltimore is the acknowledged author of that document4 8,the nature of the document itself10 says ,bancroft1 8and concurrent opinion1 leave no doubt that it was penned by the first ,lord ,baltimore himself1 although it was finally issued for the benefit of his son40#aae 8,it was prepared by ,lord ,baltimore himself10 says ,mc,sherry1 8but before it was finally executed that truly great and good man died1 and the patent was delivered to his son1 ,cecilius1 who succeeded as well to his noble designs as to his titles and estates40#aaf ,it will be more than sufficient to add here that both ,mr4 ,bozman and the ,rev4 ,ethan ,allen concede that ,lord ,baltimore was the author of the charter4 ,we propose now to show that the religious toleration which prevailed in ,maryland had its origin in the good-will1 generosity1 and mercy of the ,catholic lord proprietary and his ,catholic government and colony of ,maryland2 was practised from the very beginning of the settlement1 and that we are not indebted for it to the ,toleration ,act of #afdi1 except perhaps as a measure by which its provisions were prolonged4 ,toleration was the course adopted in organizing the ,maryland colony1 even in ,england and before the landing of the pilgrims4 ,thus we find that some ,protestants were permitted to accompany the colonists and share equal rights and protection with their ,catholic associates4 ,father ,white speaks of them on board the ,ark and ,dove4 ,the author of ,maryland not a ,catholic ,colony refers to the fact that 8,thomas ,cornwallis and ,jerome ,hawley1 who went out as councillors of the colony1 were adherents of the ,church of ,england10 as evidence in part that ,maryland was 8not a ,catholic colony40 ,we take the same fact to show that not only were ,protestants tolerated in the colony from its inception1 but were liberally and generously given a share in its government4 ,the ,rev4 ,ethan ,allen relates a succession of proofs of this fact1 though not for that purpose1 in the following passage3 8,witness the fact of so large a portion of the first colonists being ,protestants2 his invitation to ,capt4 ,fleet2 his invitation to the ,puritan colonists of ,massachusetts to come and reside in the colony in #afdc2 his constituting ,col4 ,stone his governor in #afdh1 who was a ,protestant1 and was to bring five hundred colonists2 his admitting the ,puritans of ,virginia in the same year2 and in the year following erecting a new county for ,robert ,brooke1 a ,puritan1 and his colonists40#aag ,mc,sherry says1 speaking of the act of possession on landing in #afcd3 8,around the rough-hewn cross1 on the island of ,st4 ,clement's1 gathered the ,catholic and the ,protestant1 hand in hand1 friends and brothers1 equal in civil rights1 and secure alike in the free and full enjoyment of either creed4 ,it was a day whose memory should make the ,maryland heart bound with pride and pleasure40#aah ,the same author says that the ,toleration ,act of #afdi was passed 8to give additional security to the safeguards which ,lord ,baltimore had already provided40 ,bancroft makes religious toleration commence from the first landing 8when the ,catholics took possession10 and extend throughout the fourteen years up to the passage of the act of #afdi4 ,he says that 8the apologist of ,lord ,baltimore could assert that his government1 in conformity with his strict and repeated injunctions1 had never given disturbance to any person in ,maryland for matter of religion40#aai ,the ,rev4 ,ethan ,allen relates that the ,protestants in the colony were allowed to have their own chapel and to conduct therein the ,protestant service4 ,he cites a case in which a ,catholic was severely punished for abusive language towards some ,protestant servants in respect to their religion1 and remarks that 8the settling of the case was unquestionably creditable and honorable to the ,catholic governor and council40#abj ,mr4 ,davis1 a ,protestant1 says3 8,a freedom1 however1 of a wider sort springs forth at the birth of the colony--not demanded by that instrument the charter1 but permitted by it--not graven upon the tables of stone1 nor written upon the paper of the statute-books1 but conceived in the very bosom of the proprietary and of the original pilgrims--not a formal or constructive kind1 but a living freedom1 a freedom of the most practical sort4 ,it is the freedom which it remained for them1 and for them alone1 either to grant or deny--a freedom embracing within its range1 and protecting under its banner1 all those who were believers in ,jesus ,christ40#aba ,again1 the same author writes3 8,the records have been carefully searched4 ,no case of persecution occurred1 during the administration of ,gov4 ,leonard ,calvert1 from the foundation of the settlement at ,st4 ,mary's to the year #afdg40abb ,langford1 a writer contemporaneous with the period of which we are treating1 in his ,refutation of ,babylon's ,fall1 #afee1 confirms the result of ,mr4 ,davis' investigation of the records4 ,the ,protestants of the colony themselves1 in a declaration1 of which we will speak again1 attribute the religious toleration they enjoyed not solely to the ,toleration ,act1 but also to 8several other strict injunctions and declarations of his said lordship for that purpose made and provided40 ,gov4 ,leonard ,calvert also enjoined the same by a proclamation1 which is mentioned by numerous historians4 ,a case arising under this proclamation is given by ,bozman and others in #afch1 eleven years before the passage of the ,toleration ,act4 ,capt4 ,cornwallis' servants1 who were ,protestants1 were lodged under the same roof with ,william ,lewis1 a zealous ,catholic1 who was also placed in charge of the servants4 ,entering one day the room where the servants were reading aloud from a ,protestant book--,mr4 ,smith's ,sermons--at the very moment the ,protestants were reading aloud a passage to the effect 8that the pope was ,antichrist1 and the ,jesuits were anti-,christian ministers10 supposing that the passage was read aloud especially for him to hear1 he ordered them with great warmth not to read that book1 saying that 8it was a falsehood1 and came from the devil1 as all lies did2 and that he that writ it was an instrument of the devil1 and he would prove it2 and that all ,protestant ministers were ministers of the devil40 ,all the parties were tried before the governor and his council2 the case against the servants was postponed for further testimony1 but ,mr4 ,lewis1 the ,catholic1 was condemned to pay a fine of five hundred pounds of tobacco 7then the currency of the colony71 and to remain in the sheriff's custody until he found sufficient sureties in the future4 ,bozman thus remarks upon this decision3 8,as these proceedings took place before the highest tribunal of the province1 composed of the three first officers in the government1 they amply develop the course of conduct with respect to religion which those in whose hands the government of the province was placed1 had resolved to pursue40#abc ,not only did the ,catholic lord proprietary1 in #afdh1 appoint ,mr4 ,stone1 a ,protestant1 to be the governor of the province1 but also he at the same time appointed a majority of the privy councillors from the same faith4 ,we will close our testimony on this point with the official oath which ,lord ,baltimore required the governor and the privy councillors to take2 it was substantially as follows3 8,i will not by myself nor any person1 directly or indirectly1 trouble1 molest1 or discountenance any person whatsoever in said province professing to believe in ,jesus ,christ1 for or in respect to his or her religion1 nor in his or her free exercise thereof40 ,we cannot determine when this oath began to be used4 ,bancroft places it between #afcf and #afci4 ,chalmers1 ,dr4 ,hawks1 and others give the time as between #afcg and #afeg4 ,it is certain that this oath was prescribed prior to the passage of the ,toleration ,act2 for ,governor ,stone and the councillors took the oath in #afdh1 and there is reason to believe that it was in use at a much earlier period4 ,referring to the period anterior to the passage of the ,toleration ,act1 ,bancroft says3 8,maryland at that day was unsurpassed for happiness and liberty4 ,conscience was without restraint40#abd ,mr4 ,davis1 in reference to this subject1 writes3 8,the toleration which prevailed from the first1 and for fifteen years later1 was formally ratified by the voice of the people0 7in #afdi74 ,mr4 ,gladstone's view of the subject is evidently superficial2 it relates exclusively to the passage of the ,toleration ,act1 and was conceived and published without the knowledge of the fact1 which we have demonstrated1 that the toleration for which the ,catholics of ,maryland have been so much praised had been practised for fifteen years before the passage of that act4 ,surely1 there can be no rival claim set forth in behalf of ,protestants for the period we have mentioned4 ,mr4 ,gladstone sets up his claim for the ,protestants under that act4 ,we cannot admit the justice or truth of the pretension4 ,let us examine it4 ,this law enacted that 8no one professing to believe in ,jesus ,christ shall be troubled1 molested1 or discountenanced for his religion1 or the free exercise thereof1 nor compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion against his consent40 ,now here1 too1 the claim set up by ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and by the authors of the pamphlets he quotes1 is met by stern facts4 ,in the first place1 the ,toleration ,act of #afdi was the work of a ,catholic4 ,it was prepared in ,england by ,lord ,baltimore himself1 and sent over to the ,assembly with other proposed laws for their action4 ,this fact is related by nearly all writers on ,maryland history1 including those consulted by ,mr4 ,gladstone1 except the writer of ,maryland not a ,roman ,catholic ,colony1 who does not refer to the subject1 except to claim that it was but the echo of a previous and similar order of the ,english ,house of ,commons in #afde and of a statute passed by it in #afdg4 ,the last-named writer even intimates that the ,rev4 ,thomas ,harrison1 the former pastor of the ,puritans at ,providence1 afterward ,annapolis1 in ,maryland1 suggested the whole matter to ,lord ,baltimore4 ,we might even admit this pretension without impairing the ,catholic claim4 ,it does not destroy the credit due to the ,catholics of ,maryland in passing the ,toleration ,act to show that others1 even ,puritans1 entertained in one or two instances similar views and enacted similar measures4 ,we know that the ,puritans in ,england were proscriptive1 and that in ,new ,england they did not practise the toleration of ,maryland4 ,even if ,lord ,baltimore had the measure suggested to him by the ,puritan ,harrison1 the act itself1 when adopted by him and put in practice1 is still his act and that of the ,assembly which passed it4 ,it remains their free and voluntary performance4 ,the merit which attaches to the good deeds of men is not destroyed by having been suggested by others4 ,a ,puritan might even share in the act without appropriating the whole credit to himself4 ,but whatever merit is claimed for the ,puritans in these measures--which we cannot perceive--is lost by their subsequent conduct4 ,they overturned the government of ,lord ,baltimore in ,maryland1 and under their ascendency ,catholics were persecuted in the very home of liberty to which ,catholics had invited the ,puritans4 ,but of the existence of the ,english toleration acts mentioned by the writer referred to and by ,mr4 ,gladstone1 we have been supplied with no proof4 ,that the ,puritan ,harrison suggested the measure to ,lord ,baltimore is hinted at1 not roundly asserted1 certainly not sustained by proof4 ,but public facts give the negative to these pretensions4 ,the ,toleration ,act of #afdi was the immediate echo of the actual toleration which1 under the injunctions of ,lord ,baltimore1 the proclamation of ,governor ,calvert1 and the uniform practice of the colonists1 had long become the common law of the colony4 ,why seek1 in the turbulent and confused proceedings of the ,long ,parliament1 a model or example for the ,maryland law1 when such exemplar is supplied nearer home by the colony itself from its first inception8 ,to the people of ,maryland1 in #afdi1 the ,toleration ,act was nothing new2 it was readily and unanimously received2 it produced no change in the constitution of the province4 ,toleration was not the law or the practice of that day1 either in ,england or her colonies2 the echo was too remote and too readily drowned by the din of persecution and of strife4 ,but the ,maryland ,toleration ,act contains intrinsic evidence of a purely ,catholic origin4 ,the clause enforcing the honor and respect due to 8the blessed ,virgin ,mary1 the ,mother of our ,saviour10 which we have already quoted1 gives a ,catholic flavor to the whole statute1 and excludes the theory of parliamentary or puritanical influence in originating the measure4 ,the claim thus set up is also against the concurrent voice of history1 which1 with great accord1 gives the authorship of the law to ,lord ,baltimore1 who1 as he had enjoined and enforced its provisions on the colony for fifteen years1 needed no assistance in reducing them to the form of a statute1 which we are informed he did4 ,but who were the lawgivers of #afdi1 and what was their religion8 ,by the charter the law-making power was vested in ,lord ,baltimore and the ,assembly4 ,it was for some years a matter of contest between them which possessed the right to initiate laws4 ,the lord proprietary1 however1 finally conceded this privilege to the ,assembly4 ,it was not uncommon for the ,assembly to reject the laws first sent over by the lord proprietary1 and afterwards to bring them forward themselves and pass them4 ,but in #afdh1 when ,governor ,stone was appointed1 the ,toleration ,act was among the measures sent by ,lord ,baltimore1 for the action of the ,assembly4 ,the government1 then1 consisted of ,cecilius1 ,lord ,baltimore1 a ,catholic1 without whose sanction no law could be enacted1 and whose signature to the measure in question was given the following year4 ,the journal of the ,maryland legislature was lost or destroyed1 but fortunately a fragment of it is preserved1 consisting of a report from the financial committee of the ,assembly1 and the action of that body on the bill of charges4 ,with this document1 and the aid of the historical facts recorded by ,bozman and other historians1 we are enabled to ascertain the names of the members of the ,assembly in #afdi4 ,gov4 ,stone was lieutenant-governor and president of the council1 which was composed of ,thomas ,green1 ,john ,price1 ,john ,pile1 and ,robert ,vaughan1 commissioned by the lord proprietary2 and the remaining councillors were ,robert ,clarke1 surveyor-general1 and ,thomas ,hatton1 secretary of the colony1 ex-officio members of the council4 ,the other members of the ,assembly were the representatives of the freemen1 or burgesses1 as follows3 ,cuthbert ,fenwick1 ,philip ,conner1 ,william ,bretton1 ,richard ,browne1 ,george ,manners1 ,richard ,banks1 ,john ,maunsell1 ,thomas ,thornborough1 and ,walter ,peake1 nine in number4 ,the governor1 councillors1 and burgesses made sixteen in all2 but as ,messrs4 ,pile and ,hatton1 one ,catholic and one ,protestant1 were absent1 the votes actually cast were fourteen4 ,on the memorable occasion in question the councillors and burgesses sat in one 8house10 and as such passed the ,toleration ,act4 ,of the fourteen thus voting1 ,messrs4 ,green1 ,clarke1 ,fenwick1 ,bretton1 ,manners1 ,maunsell1 ,peake1 and ,thornborough were ,catholics1 and ,messrs4 ,stone1 ,price1 ,vaughan1 ,conner1 ,banks1 and ,browne were ,protestants4 ,the ,catholics were eight to six ,protestants4 ,but the ,assembly was not the only law-making branch of the government4 ,the executive1 or lord proprietary1 was a co-ordinate branch1 and without his co-operation no law could pass4 ,now1 the executive was a ,catholic1 and a majority of the ,assembly were ,catholics2 so that we have it as a historical fact that in a government composed of two co-ordinate branches1 both branches of the law-making power which enacted the ,toleration ,act were ,catholic4 ,it is an important fact that if all the ,protestant members of the ,assembly had voted against the law1 the ,catholic majority could and would have passed it1 and the ,catholic executive was only too ready to sanction his own measure4 ,it cannot1 therefore1 be said that the ,catholics could not have passed the law without the ,protestant votes2 for we have seen that both of the co-ordinate branches of the government were in the hands of the ,catholics4 ,waiving1 however1 the division of the government into two co-ordinate branches1 by which method we have the entire government ,catholic2 and regarding the lord proprietary merely as individual1 computing the lawgivers of #afdi simply numerically1 we have the following result3 ,,lawgivers ,,of #afdi4 ,catholics4 ,protestants4 ,lord ,baltimore4 ,lt4-,gov4 ,stone4 ,mr4 ,green4 ,mr4 ,price4 ,mr4 ,clarke4 ,mr4 ,vaughan4 ,mr4 ,fenwick4 ,mr4 ,conner4 ,mr4 ,bretton4 ,mr4 ,banks4 ,mr4 ,manners4 ,mr4 ,browne--#f4 ,mr4 ,maunsell4 ,mr4 ,peake4 ,mr4 ,thornborough--#i4 ,as ,catholics we would be quite content with this showing2 but we are indebted to several ,protestant authors--more impartial than ,messrs4 ,gladstone1 ,allen1 and ,neill1 who write solely in the interests of sect--for a computation of the respective ,catholic and ,protestant votes in the ,assembly in #afdi1 which1 leaving out ,lord ,baltimore1 and making the number of votes fourteen1 gives1 according to their just and strictly legal computation1 eleven ,catholic votes and three ,protestant votes for the ,act of ,toleration4 ,mr4 ,davis1 in his ,day-,star of ,american ,freedom1 and ,mr4 ,william ,meade ,addison1 in his ,religious ,toleration in ,america1 both ,protestant authors1 take this view1 and enforce it with strong facts and cogent reasonings4 ,we will quote a passage1 however1 from only one of these works1 the former1 showing their views and the method by which they arrive at the respective numbers eleven and three4 ,mr4 ,davis writes3 8,the privy councillors were all of them1 as well as the governor1 the special representatives of the ,roman ,catholic proprietary--under an express pledge1 imposed by him shortly before the meeting of the ,assembly 7as may be seen by the official oath71 to do nothing at variance with the religious freedom of any believer in ,christianity--and removable any moment at his pleasure4 ,it would be fairer1 therefore1 to place the governor and the four privy councillors on the same side as the six ,roman ,catholic burgesses4 ,giving ,mr4 ,browne to the other side1 we have eleven ,roman ,catholic against three ,protestant votes40#abe ,we think1 however1 that if the computation is to be made by numbers1 ,lord ,baltimore must be included1 as the act received his executive approval1 and could never have become a law without it4 ,thus1 according to the views of ,messrs4 ,davis and ,addison1 with this amendment by us1 the numbers would stand twelve ,catholic against three ,protestant votes4 ,but we prefer taking our own two several methods of computation1 viz41 by co-ordinate branches of the government1 showing-- ,catholic4 ,protestant4 ,the executive1 ,lord ,baltimore1 ,none4 ,the ,assembly1 #b4 --and that estimated by numbers1 counting ,lord ,baltimore as one1 showing-- ,catholics1 #i4 ,protestants1 #f4 ,this surely is a very different result from that announced by ,mr4 ,gladstone1 following the author of ,maryland not a ,roman ,catholic ,colony--viz41 sixteen ,protestant against eight ,catholic votes4 ,so far the numbers given by ,mr4 ,gladstone and the writer he follows are mere assertion1 unsupported by authority1 either as to the composition of the ,assembly or the respective religious beliefs of the members4 ,mr4 ,davis1 however1 gives in detail every member's name1 and refers to the proof by which he arrives at their names and number2 and the same testimony is open1 we presume1 to the examination of all4 ,in order that there may be no lack of proof as to the religious faiths they professed1 he gives a personal sketch of each member of the ,assembly in #afdi1 and proves from their public acts1 their deeds of conveyance1 their land patents1 their last wills and testaments1 the records of the courts1 etc41 that those named by him as ,catholics were incontestably of that faith4 ,the population of the colony in #afdi was also largely ,catholic beyond dispute4 ,we have already shown that it was ,catholic by a large majority during the fifteen years preceding and up to that time4 ,the above computations1 showing a majority of the legislature to be ,catholic1 strongly indicates the complexion of the religious faith of their constituents4 ,up to #afdi ,st4 ,mary's1 the ,catholic county1 was the only county in the ,state1 and ,kent1 the seat of the ,protestant population1 was only a hundred of ,st4 ,mary's4 ,kent was not erected into a county until the year the ,toleration ,act was passed4 ,while ,st4 ,mary's was populous and ,catholic1 ,kent was ,protestant and thinly settled4 ,there were six hundreds in ,st4 ,mary's1 all ,catholic except perhaps one1 and of that one it is uncertain whether the majority was ,catholic or ,protestant4 8,but the population of ,kent10 says ,davis1 8was small4 ,in #afci1 if not many years later1 she was but a hundred of ,st4 ,mary's county4#abf ,in #afdh she paid a fifth part only of the tax1 and did not hold in the ,assembly of that year a larger ratio of political power4 ,that also was before the return1 we may suppose1 of all the ,roman ,catholics who had been expelled or exported from ,st4 ,mary's by ,capt4 ,ingle and the other enemies of the proprietary4 ,in #afdi she had but one delegate1 while ,st4 ,mary's was represented by eight4 ,and this year she paid but a sixth part of the tax1 and for many years after as well as before this ,assembly there is no evidence whatever of a division of the island 7of ,kent7 or the county1 even into hundreds4 ,its population did not1 in #afdh1 exceed the fifth1 nor in #afdi the sixth1 part of the whole number of free white persons in the province40#abg ,after a thorough examination of the records1 ,mr4 ,davis arrives at the conclusion that the ,protestants constituted only one-fourth of the population of ,maryland at the time of the passage of the ,toleration ,act1 in #afdi4 ,his investigations must have been careful and thorough1 for he gives the sources of his information1 refers to liber and folio1 and cites copiously from the public records4 ,he thinks that for twenty years after the first settlement--to wit1 about the year #afed--the ,catholics were in the majority4 ,he concludes his chapter on this subject with the following passage3 8,looking1 then1 at the question under both its aspects--regarding the faith either of the delegates or of those whom they substantially represented--we cannot but award the chief honor to the members of the ,roman ,church4 ,to the ,roman ,catholic freemen of ,maryland is justly due the main credit arising from the establishment1 by a solemn legislative act1 of religious freedom for all believers in ,christianity40#abh ,but1 fortunately1 we have another document at hand1 signed in the most solemn manner by those who certainly must have known the truth of the case1 as they were the contemporaries1 witnesses of1 and participators in1 the very events of which we are treating4 ,this is what is usually known as the ,protestant ,declaration1 made the year after the passage of the ,toleration ,act1 and shortly after it was known that ,lord ,baltimore had signed the act and made it the law of the land4 ,this important document is an outpouring of gratitude from the ,protestants of the colony to the ,catholic proprietary for the religious toleration they enjoyed under his government4 ,it is signed by ,gov4 ,stone1 the privy councillors ,price1 ,vaughan1 and ,hatton--all of whom were members of the ,assembly that passed the ,toleration ,act--by all the ,protestant burgesses in the ,assembly of #afej1 and by a great number of the leading ,protestants of the colony4 ,they address ,lord ,baltimore in these words3 8,we1 the said lieutenant1 council1 burgesses1 and other ,protestant inhabitants above mentioned1 whose names are hereunto subscribed1 do declare and certify to all persons whom it may concern that1 according to an act of ,assembly here1 and several other strict injunctions and declarations by his said lordship1 we do here enjoy all fitting and convenient freedom and liberty in the exercise of our religion1 under his lordship's government and interest2 and that none of us are anyways troubled or molested1 for or by reason thereof1 within his lordship's said province40#abi ,this important document is dated the #agth of ,april1 #afej4 ,it proves that the religious toleration they enjoyed was not due alone to the act of #afdi1 but to the uniform policy of ,lord ,baltimore and his government2 and that even for the ,toleration ,act itself1 which had recently become a law by his signature1 they were indebted to a ,catholic4 ,comment on such testimony is unnecessary4 ,chancellor ,kent1 with the charter1 the public policy of ,lord ,baltimore1 of his colonial officers and colonists1 and the ,toleration ,act of #afdi1 all submitted to his broad and profound judicial inquiry and judgment1 has rendered the following opinion and tribute to the ,catholic lawgivers of ,maryland1 to whom he attributes the merit of the generous policy we are considering3 8,the legislature had already1 in #afdi1 declared by law that no persons professing to believe in ,jesus ,christ should be molested in respect to their religion1 or in the free exercise thereof1 or compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion against their consent4 ,thus1 in the words of a learned and liberal historian 7,grahame's ,history of the ,rise and ,progress of the ,united ,states71 the ,catholic planters of ,maryland won for their adopted country the distinguished praise of being the first of ,american ,states in which toleration was established by law1 and while the ,puritans were persecuting their ,protestant brethren in ,new ,england1 and ,episcopalians retorting the same severity on the ,puritans in ,virginia1 the ,catholics1 against whom the others were combined1 formed in ,maryland a sanctuary where all might worship and none might oppress1 and where even ,protestants sought refuge from ,protestant intolerance40#acj ,catholics have written comparatively little upon this subject4 ,the historians of ,maryland have been chiefly ,protestants4 ,as long as ,protestants so unanimously accorded to the ,catholic founders of ,maryland the chief credit of this great event1 it was unnecessary for ,catholics to speak in their own behalf4 ,it has remained for ,mr4 ,gladstone and the two sectarian ministers he follows to attempt to mar the harmony of that grateful and honorable accord of the ,protestant world1 by which ,catholic ,maryland received from the united voice of ,protestant history the enviable title of 8,the ,land of the ,sanctuary40 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,a ,,dinner ,,at ,,the ,,court1 ,,with ,,an ,,episode4 ,crossing from the station to his brougham1 ,sir ,simon saw ,mr4 ,langrove issuing from a cottage on the road4 ,the vicar had been detained later than he foresaw on a sick-call1 and was hurrying home to dress for dinner4 ,it was raining sharply4 ,sir ,simon hailed him3 8,shall ,i give you a lift1 ,langrove80 8,thank you2 ,i shall be very glad4 ,i am rather late as it is40 ,and they got into the brougham together4 8,and how wags the world with you1 my reverend friend8 ,souls being saved in great numbers1 eh80 inquired the baronet when they had exchanged their friendly greetings4 8,humph6 ,i am thankful not to have the counting of them10 was the reply1 with a shake of the head that boded ill for the sanctification of ,dullerton4 8,that's it1 is it8 ,well1 we are all going down the hill together2 there is some comfort in that4 ,but how about ,miss ,bulpit8 ,don't her port wine and tracts snatch a few brands from the burning80 8,for the love of heaven don't speak to me of her6 ,don't1 ,i beg of you60 entreated the vicar1 throwing up his hands deprecatingly1 and moved from the placid propriety that seemed a law of nature to him4 8,suppose ,i had good news to report of her80 8,how so80 cried ,mr4 ,langrove with sudden vivacity4 8,she's not going to marry ,sparks1 is she80 8,not just yet2 but the next best thing to that4 ,she is going to leave the neighborhood40 8,you don't mean it60 8,i do indeed4 ,how is it you've not heard of it before8 ,she's been pestering ,anwyll these two years about some repairs or improvements she wants done in her house--crotchets1 ,i dare say1 that would have to be pulled to pieces for the next tenant4 ,he has always politely referred her to his agent1 which means showing her to the door2 but at last she threatened to leave if he did not give in and do what she wants40 8,oh6 is that all80 exclaimed the vicar1 crestfallen4 8,i might have waited a little before ,i hallooed2 we are not out of the woods yet4 ,anwyll is sure to give in rather than let her go40 8,nothing of the sort4 ,he dislikes the old lady1 and so does his mother1 and so particularly does your venerable confrre of ,rydal ,rectory4 ,i met ,anwyll this morning at the club1 and he told me he had made up his mind to let her go4 ,it happens--luckily for you1 ,i suspect--that he has a tenant in view to take her place4 ,come1 now1 cheer up6 ,is not that good news80 8,most excellent60 said the vicar emphatically4 8,i wonder where she will move to80 8,perhaps ,i could tell you that too4 ,she is in treaty with ,charlton for a dilapidated old hunting lodge of his in the middle of a fir-wood the other side of ,axmut ,common1 about twenty miles the other side of ,moorlands2 it is as good as settled1 ,i believe1 and if so we are all safe from her40 8,well1 you do surprise me60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,langrove1 his countenance expanding into a breadth of satisfaction that was absolutely radiant4 8,who is the incumbent of ,axmut1 let me see80 he said1 musing4 8,there is as good as none2 it is a lonely spot1 with no church within ten miles1 ,i believe4 ,i shrewdly suspect this was the main attraction2 for the life of him1 ,charlton says1 he can't see any other4 ,it is a tumble-down1 fag-end-of-the-world-looking place as you would find in all ,england4 ,it must be the clear coast for #8dealing with souls1' as she calls it1 that baited her4 ,there is a community of over a hundred poor people1 something of the gypsy sort1 scattered over the common and in a miserable little hamlet they call the village2 so she may preach away to her heart's content1 and no one to compete or interfere with her but the blacksmith1 who rants every ,sunday under a wooden shed1 or on a tub on the common1 according to the state of the weather40 8,capital6 ,that's just the place for her60 was the vicar's jubilant remark4 ,in spite of the pleasure that lit up his features1 usually so mild and inexpressive1 ,sir ,simon1 looking closely at the vicar1 thought him worn and aged4 8,you look tired1 ,langrove4 ,you are overworked1 or else ,miss ,bulpit has been too much for you2 which is it80 he said kindly4 8,a little of both1 perhaps10 the vicar laughed4 8,i have felt the recent cold a good deal2 the cold always pulls me down4 ,i'll be all right when the spring comes round and hunts the rheumatism out of my bones10 he added1 moving his arm uncomfortably4 8,you ought to do like the swallow--migrate to a warm climate before the cold sets in10 observed ,sir ,simon2 8nothing else dislodges rheumatism40 8,that's just what ,blink was saying to me this morning4 ,he urged me very strongly to go away for a couple of months now to get out of the way of the east winds4 ,he wants me to take a trip to the ,south of ,france40 ,mr4 ,langrove laughed gently as he said this4 8,and why don't you80 8,because ,i can't afford it40 8,nonsense1 nonsense6 ,take it first1 and afford it afterwards4 ,that's my maxim40 8,a very convenient maxim for you1 but not so practicable for an incumbent with a large family and a short income as for the landlord of ,dullerton10 said ,mr4 ,langrove good-humoredly4 ,the baronet winced4 8,prudence and economy are all very well10 he replied1 8but they may be carried too far2 your health is worth more to you than any amount of money4 ,if you want the change1 you should take it and pay the price40 8,i suppose we might have most things1 if we choose to take them on those terms10 remarked the vicar4 8#8,take it and pay the price6' says the poet2 but some prices are too high for any value4 ,who would do my work while ,i was off looking after my health8 ,is that ,bourbonais hurrying up the hill8 ,he will get drenched2 he has no umbrella40 8,like him to go out a day like this without one10 said ,sir ,simon in an accent of fond petulance4 8,how is he8 ,how is ,franceline8 ,how does she look80 8,poorly enough4 ,if she were my child1 ,i should be very uneasy about her40 8,ha6 does ,bourbonais seem uneasy8 ,do you see much of him80 8,no2 not through my fault1 nor indeed through his4 ,we have each our separate work1 and these winter days are short4 ,i met him this morning coming out of ,blink's as ,i went in4 ,i did not like his look2 he had his hat pulled over his eyes1 and when ,i spoke to him he answered me as if he hardly knew who ,i was or what he was saying40 8,and you did not ask if there was anything amiss80 said ,sir ,simon in a tone of reproach4 8,i did1 but not him4 ,i asked ,blink40 8,ha6 what did he say80 ,and the baronet bent forward for the answer with an eager look4 8,nothing very definite--you know his grandiloquent1 vague talk--but he said something about hereditary taint on the lungs2 and ,i gathered that he thought it was a mistake not having taken her to a warm climate immediately after that accident to her chest2 but whether the mistake was his or the count's ,i could not quite see4 ,i imagine from what he said that there was a money difficulty in the way1 or he thought there was1 and did not1 perhaps1 urge the point as strongly as he otherwise would40 ,sir ,simon fell back on the cushions1 muttering some impatient exclamation4 8,that was perhaps a case where the maxim of #8take it first and afford it afterwards' would seem justifiable10 observed ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,of course it was6 ,but ,bourbonais is such an unmanageable fellow in those things4 ,the strongest necessity will never extract one iota of a sacrifice of principle from him2 you might as well try to bend steel40 8,he has always given me the idea of a man of a very high sense of honor1 very scrupulous in doing what he considers his duty10 said ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,he is1 he is10 assented the baronet warmly2 8he is the very ideal and epitome of honor and high principle4 ,not to save his life would he swerve one inch from the straight road2 but to save ,franceline ,i fancied he might have been less rigid40 ,he heaved a sigh1 and they said no more until the brougham let ,sir ,simon down at his own door1 and then drove on to take ,mr4 ,langrove to the vicarage4 ,a well-known place never appears so attractive as when we look at it for the last time4 ,an indifferent acquaintance becomes pathetic when seen through the softening medium of a last look4 ,it is like breaking off a fraction of our lives1 snapping a link that can never be joined again4 ,a sea-side lodging1 if it can claim one sweet or sad memory with our passing sojourn there1 wears a touching aspect when we come to say 8good-by10 with the certainty that we shall never see the place again4 ,but how if the spot has been the cradle of our childhood1 the home of our fathers for generations1 where every stone is like a monument inscribed with sacred and dear memories8 ,sir ,simon was not a sentimental man2 but all the tenderness common to good1 affectionate1 cultivated natures had its place in his heart4 ,he had always loved the old home4 ,he was proud of it as one of the finest and most ancient houses of his class in ,england2 he admired its grand and noble proportions1 its architectural strength and beauty2 and he had the reverence for it that every well-born man feels for the place where his fathers were born1 and where they have lived and died4 ,but never had the lordly ,gothic mansion looked to him so home-like as on this cold ,january evening when he entered it1 in all human probability1 for the last time4 ,it was brilliantly lighted up to welcome him4 ,the servants1 men and women1 were assembled in the hall to meet him4 ,it was one of those old-fashioned patriarchal customs that were kept up at the ,court1 where so many other old customs survived1 unhappily less harmless than this4 ,as ,sir ,simon passed through the two rows of glad1 respectful faces1 he had a pleasant word for all1 as if his heart were free from care4 ,the hall was a sombre1 cathedral-like apartment that needed floods of light to dispel its oppressive solemnity4 ,to-night it was filled with a festal breadth of light2 the great chandelier that hung from the groined roof was in a blaze1 while the bronze figures all around supported clusters of lamps that gleamed like silver balls against the dark wainscoting4 ,the dining-room and library1 which opened to the right1 stood open1 and displayed a brilliant illumination of lamps and wax-lights4 ,huge fires burned hospitably on all the hearths4 ,the table was ready spread2 silver and crystal shone and sparkled on the snowy damask2 flowers scented the air as in a garden4 ,sir ,simon glanced at it all as he passed4 ,could it be that he was going to leave all this1 never to behold it again8 ,it seemed impossible that it could be true4 ,as he stood once more in the midst of his household gods1 those familiar divinities whose gentle power he had never fully recognized until now1 it seemed to him that he was safe4 ,there was an unaccountable sense of security in their mere presence2 they smiled on him1 and seemed to promise protection for their shrine and their votary4 ,the baronet went straight to his room1 made a hasty toilet1 and came down to the library to await his guests4 ,he was in hopes that ,raymond would have come before the others1 and that they might have a little talk together4 ,but ,raymond was behind them all4 ,everybody was assembled1 the dinner was waiting1 and he had not yet arrived4 ,it was a mere chance that he came at all4 ,nothing1 in fact1 but the dread of awakening ,franceline's suspicions had withheld him from sending an excuse at the last moment2 but that dread1 which so controlled his life in every act1 almost in every thought1 compelling him to hide his feelings under a mask of cheerfulness when his heart was breaking1 drove him out to join the merry-makers4 ,it was all true what ,mr4 ,langrove had said4 ,there had been a return of the spitting of blood that morning1 very slight1 but enough to frighten ,anglique and hurry her off with her charge to the doctor4 ,he had talked vaguely about debility--nervous system unstrung--no vital mischief so far2 the lungs were safe4 ,the old woman was soothed1 and went home resolved to do what was to be done without alarming her master or telling him what had occurred4 ,she counted1 however1 without ,miss ,merrywig4 ,that pleasant old lady happened from the distance to see them coming from the doctor's house1 and1 on meeting the count next morning1 asked what report there was of ,franceline4 ,raymond went straight to ,blink's4 8,i ask you as a man of honor to tell me the truth10 he said2 8it is a matter of life and death to me to know it40 ,the medical man answered his question by another3 8,tell me frankly1 are you in a position to take her immediately to a warm climate8 ,i should prefer ,cairo2 but if that is impossible1 can you take her to the ,south of ,france80 ,raymond's heart stood still4 ,cairo6 ,it had come to this1 then4 8,i can take her to ,cairo10 he said1 speaking deliberately after a moment's silence4 8,i will take her at once40 ,he thought of ,sir ,simon's blank check4 ,he would make use of it4 ,he would save his child2 at least he would keep her with him a few years longer4 8,why did you not tell me this sooner80 he asked in a tone of quick resentment4 8,i did not believe it to be essential4 ,i thought from the first it would have been desirable2 but you may recollect1 when ,i suggested taking her even to the ,south of ,france1 your daughter opposed the idea with great warmth1 and you were silent4 ,i inferred that there was some insuperable obstacle in the way1 and that it would have been cruel as well as useless to press the matter40 8,and you say it is not too late80 8,no4 ,i give you my word1 as far as ,i can see1 it is not4 ,the return of the spitting of blood is a serious symptom1 but the lungs as yet are perfectly sound40 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais went home1 and opened the drawer where he kept the blank check2 not with the idea of filling it up there and then--he must consider many things first--but he wanted to see it1 to make sure it was not a dream4 ,he examined it attentively1 and replaced it in the drawer4 ,a gleam of satisfaction broke out on the worn1 anxious face4 ,but it vanished quickly4 ,his eye fell on ,sir ,simon's letter of the day before4 ,he snatched it up and read it through again4 ,a new and horrible light was breaking on him4 ,sir ,simon was a ruined man2 he was going to be turned out of house and home2 he was a bankrupt4 ,what was his signature worth8 ,so much waste paper4 ,he could not have a sixpence at his bankers' or anywhere else2 if he had1 it was in the hands of the creditors who were to seize his house and lands4 8,why did he give it to me8 ,he must have known it was worth nothing60 thought ,raymond1 his eyes wandering over the letter with a gaze of bewildered misery4 ,but ,sir ,simon had not known it4 ,it was not the first time he had overdrawn his account with his bankers2 but they were an old-fashioned firm1 good ,tories like himself4 ,the ,harnesses had banked with them from time immemorial1 and there existed between them and their clients of this type a sort of adoption4 ,if ,sir ,simon was in temporary want of ready money1 it was their pleasure as much as their business to accommodate him2 the family acres were broad and fat4 ,sir ,simon was on friendly but not on confidential terms with his bankers2 they knew nothing of the swarm of leeches that were fattening on those family acres1 so there was no fear in their minds as to the security of whatever accommodation he might ask at their hands4 ,when ,sir ,simon signed the check he felt certain it would be honored for any amount that ,raymond was likely to fill it up for4 ,but since then things had come to a crisis2 his signature was now worth nothing4 ,lady ,rebecca1 on whose timely departure from this world of care he had counted so securely as the means of staving off a catastrophe1 had again disappointed him1 and the evil hour so long dreaded and so often postponed had come4 ,little as ,raymond knew of financial mysteries1 he was too intelligent not to guess that a man on the eve of being made a bankrupt could have no current account at his bankers'4 ,dr4 ,blink's decree was1 then1 the death-warrant of his child6 ,raymond buried his face in his hands in an agony too deep for tears4 ,but the sound of ,franceline's step on the stairs roused him4 ,for her sake he must even now look cheerful2 love is a tyrant that allows no quarter to self4 ,she came in and found her father busy1 writing away as if absorbed in his work4 ,she knew his moods4 ,evidently he did not want her just now2 she would not disturb him1 but drew her little stool to the chimney corner and began to read4 ,an hour passed4 ,it was time for her father to dress for dinner2 but still the sound of the pen scratching the paper went on diligently4 8,petit pre1 it is half-past six1 do you know80 said the bright1 silvery voice1 and ,raymond started as if he had been stung4 8,so late1 is it8 ,then ,i must be off at once40 ,and he hurried away to dress1 and only looked in to kiss her as he ran down-stairs1 and was off4 8,loiterer60 exclaimed ,sir ,simon1 stretching out both hands and clasping his friend's cordially4 8,i have kept you waiting1 ,i fear4 ,the fact is1 ,i got writing and forgot the hour10 said the count apologetically4 ,dinner was announced immediately1 and the company went into the dining-room4 ,they were a snug number1 seven in all2 the only stranger amongst them being a ,mr4 ,plover1 who happened to be staying at ,moorlands4 ,he was an unprepossessing-looking man1 sallow1 keen-eyed1 and with a mouth that superficial observers would have called firm1 but which a physiognomist might have described as cruel4 ,his hair was dyed1 his teeth were false--a shrunken1 shrivelled-looking creature1 whose original sap and verdure1 if he ever had any1 had been parched up by the fire of tropical suns4 ,he had spent many years in ,india1 and was now only just returned from ,palestine4 ,what he had been doing there nobody particularly understood4 ,he talked of his studies in geology1 but they seemed to have been chiefly confined to the study of such stones as had a value in the general market2 he had a large collection of rubies1 sapphires1 and diamonds1 some of which he had shown to ,mr4 ,charlton1 and excited his wonder as to the length of the purse that could afford to collect such costly souvenirs of foreign lands simply as souvenirs4 ,mr4 ,plover had met his host accidentally a week ago1 and discovered that he and the father of the latter had been school-fellows4 ,the son was not in a position either to verify or disprove the assertion1 but ,mr4 ,plover was so fresh in his affectionate recollection of his old form-fellow that young ,charlton's heart warmed to him1 and he then and there invited him down to ,moorlands4 ,he could not do otherwise than ask ,sir ,simon to include him in his invitation to the ,court this evening2 but he did it reluctantly4 ,he was rather ashamed of his pompous1 self-sufficient friend1 whose transparent faith in the power and value of money gave a dash of vulgarity to his manners1 which was heightened by contrast with the well-bred simplicity of the rest of the company4 ,he had not been ten minutes in the room when he informed them that he meant to buy an estate if he could find an eligible one in this neighborhood2 if not1 he would rent the first that was to be had on a long lease4 ,he wanted to be near his young friend ,charlton4 ,sir ,simon was extremely civil to him--surprisingly so4 ,the other faces we know3 ,mr4 ,langrove1 bland1 serious1 mildly exhilarated just now1 like a man suddenly relieved of a toothache--,miss ,bulpit was going from the parish2 ,mr4 ,charlton running his turquois ring through his curly light hair1 and agreeing with everybody all round2 ,lord ,roxham1 well-bred and lively2 ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll1 a pleasant sample of the ,english squire1 blond-visaged1 good-tempered1 burly-limbed1 and displaying a vast amount of shirt-front2 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 a distinct foreign type1 amidst these familiar ,english ones1 the face furrowed with deep lines of study1 of care too1 unmistakably1 the forehead moulded to noble thought1 the eyes deep-set under strong projecting black brows1 their latent fire flashing out through the habitually gentle expression when he grew animated4 ,he was never a talkative man in society1 and to-night he was more silent than usual2 but no one noticed this1 not even ,sir ,simon4 ,he was too much absorbed in his own preoccupation4 ,raymond sat opposite him as his alter ego1 doing the honors of one side of the hospitable round table4 ,the conversation turned at first on generalities and current events2 the presence of ,mr4 ,plover1 instead of feeding it with a fresh stream1 seemed to check the flow and prevent its becoming intimate and personal4 ,sir ,simon felt this1 and took it in his own hands and kept it going1 so that1 if not as lively as usual1 it did not flag4 ,raymond looked on and listened in amazement4 ,was yesterday's letter a dream1 and would this supreme crisis vanish as lesser ones had so often done8 ,was it possible that a man could be so gay--so1 to all appearance1 contented and unconcerned1 on the very brink of ruin1 disgrace1 beggary1 banishment--all1 in a word1 that to a man of the baronet's character and position constitute existence8 ,he was not in high spirits4 ,raymond would not so much have wondered at that4 ,high spirits are sometimes artificial2 people get them up by stimulants as a cloak for intense depression4 ,no1 it was real cheerfulness and gayety4 ,was there any secret hope bearing him up to account for the strange anomaly8 ,raymond could speculate on this in the midst of his own burning anxiety2 but for the first time in his life bitterness mingled with his sympathy for the baronet4 ,was it not all his own doing1 this disgrace that had overtaken him8 ,he had been an unprincipled spendthrift all his life1 and now the punishment had come1 and was swallowing up others in its ruin4 ,if he had not been the reckless1 extravagant man that he was1 he might at this moment be a harbor of refuge to ,raymond1 and save his child from a premature death4 ,but he was powerless to help any one4 ,this is what his slavish human respect had brought himself and others to4 ,a few hundred pounds might save1 or at any rate prolong for perhaps many years1 the life of the child he professed to love as his own1 and he had not them to give2 he had squandered his splendid patrimony in the most contemptible vanity1 in selfish indulgence and unprofitable show4 ,and there he sat1 a piece of tinsel glittering like true gold1 affable1 jovial1 as if care were a hundred miles away from him4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais felt as if he were in a dream1 as if everything were unreal--everything except the vulture that was gnawing silently at his own heart4 ,the conversation grew livelier as the wine went round4 ,mr4 ,plover was attending carefully to his dinner1 and was content to let others do the most of the talking4 ,a discussion arose as to a case of something very like perjury that a magistrate of the next county had been involved in4 ,some were warmly defending1 while others as warmly condemned1 him4 ,mr4 ,plover suspended the diligence of his knife and fork to join with the latter2 he was almost aggressive in his manner of contradicting the other side4 ,the story was this3 ,a magistrate had to judge a case of libel where the accused was a friend of his own1 who had saved him from being made a bankrupt some years before by lending him a large sum of money without interest or security4 ,the evidence broke down1 and the man was acquitted4 ,it transpired1 however1 a few days later1 that the magistrate had in his possession at the time of the trial proof positive of his friend's guilt4 ,in answer to this charge he replied that the evidence in question had come to his knowledge under the seal of confidence2 that he was therefore bound in honor not only not to divulge it1 but to ignore its existence in forming his judgment on the case4 ,the statement was denied1 and it was affirmed that the only seal which bound him was one of gratitude1 and that he was otherwise perfectly free to make use of his information to condemn the accused4 ,the dispute as to the right and the wrong of the question was growing hot1 when ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll1 who noticed how silent ,raymond was1 called out to him across the table3 8,and what do you say1 count80 8,i should say that gratitude in such a case might stand in the place of a verbal promise and compel the judge to be silent10 replied ,raymond4 8,the temptation to silence was very strong1 no doubt1 but would it justify him in pronouncing an acquittal against his conscience80 asked ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,it was not against his conscience10 replied the count2 8on the contrary1 it was in accordance with it1 since it was on the side of mercy40 8,quite a ,french view of the subject60 said ,mr4 ,plover superciliously1 showing his shining teeth through his coal-black moustache4 8,if ,i were a criminal1 commend me to a ,french jury2 but if innocent1 give me an ,english one60 8,mercy has perhaps too much the upper hand with our tender-hearted neighbors10 observed ,sir ,simon2 8but justice is none the worse for being tempered with it40 8,that is neither here nor there10 said ,mr4 ,plover4 8,justice is justice1 and law is law2 and it strikes me this ,mr4 ,x---- has tampered with both1 and it's a very strange thing if he is not tabooed as a perjurer who has dodged the letter of the law and escaped the hulks1 but whom no gentleman ought from this out to associate with40 8,come1 come1 that is rather strong language10 said ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,we must not outlaw on mere inferential evidence a man who has borne all his life a most honorable name2 and if worse comes to worst1 we must remember it would go hard with the best of us to put a social brand on a friend that we were deeply indebted to1 if we could by any possibility find a loophole of escape for him4 ,a man may remain strictly honest in the main1 and yet not be heroic enough not to save a friend on a quibble40 8,why1 to be sure2 there are honest men and honest men10 assented ,plover4 8,i've known some whose moral capacity expanded to camels when expediency demanded the feat and it could be done discreetly4 ,it's astounding what some of these honest men can swallow40 ,sir ,simon felt what this speech implied of impertinence to ,mr4 ,langrove1 and1 indeed1 to everybody present4 8,roxham10 he said irrelevantly1 8why is your glass empty8 ,bourbonais1 are you passing those delectable little pats de foie gras80 ,raymond helped himself mechanically1 as the servant presented again the rejected dish4 8,it would be a nice thing to define exactly the theory of truth and its precise limits10 observed ,mr4 ,langrove in his serious1 sententious way1 addressing himself to no one in particular4 8,one should begin by defining the nature of truth1 ,i suppose10 said ,mr4 ,plover4 8,let us have a definition from our host60 8,oh6 if you are going in for metaphysics1 ,i hand you over to ,bourbonais60 said ,sir ,simon good-humoredly4 8,take the pair of them in hand1 ,raymond1 and run them through the body for our edification40 ,raymond smiled4 8,i should very much like to have the count's opinion on this particular point of metaphysics or morals1 whichever it may be10 said ,mr4 ,plover4 8,do you believe it possible for a man to effect such a compromise with his conscience1 and yet be1 as our reverend friend describes him1 a blameless and upright man80 8,i do10 answered ,m4 de la ,bourbonais with quiet emphasis4 8,i doubt if any simple incident can with safety be taken as the key of a man's character4 ,one fault1 for instance1 may stand out in his life and color it with dishonor1 and yet be a far less trustworthy index to his real nature than1 a very slight fault committed deliberately and involving no consequences4 ,we are more deliberate in little misdeeds than in great ones4 ,when a man commits a crime1 he is not always a free agent as regards the command of his moral forces2 there are generally a horde of external influences at work overpowering his choice1 which is in reality his individual self4 ,when he succumbs to this pressure from without1 we cannot therefore logically consider him as the sole and deliberate architect of his sin2 hard necessity1 fear of disgrace1 love of life1 nay1 some generous feeling1 such as gratitude or pity1 may hurry a man into a criminal action as completely at variance with the whole of his previous and subsequent life as would be the act of a ,christian flinging himself out of the window in a fit of temporary insanity40 8,subtly put10 sneered ,mr4 ,plover4 8,if we were to follow up that theory1 we might find it necessary on investigation to raise statues to our forgers and murderers1 instead of sending them to the hulks and the gallows40 8,it opens a curious train of thought1 nevertheless10 remarked ,lord ,roxham4 8,i don't fancy it would be a very profitable one to pursue10 said ,plover4 8,i have sometimes considered whether it may not on given occasions be justifiable to do evil2 ,i mean technically evil1 as we class things10 said ,lord ,roxham4 8,for instance80 said ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,well1 for instance--,i'll put it mildly--to convey a false idea of facts1 as your friend ,x---- seems to have done in this libel business4 ,i suppose there are cases where it would be morally justifiable80 8,to tell a lie1 you mean8 ,that is a startling proposition10 said the vicar1 smiling4 8,it has the merit of originality1 at least10 observed ,mr4 ,plover1 helping himself to a tumblerful of claret4 8,i'm afraid it can't boast even that10 said ,lord ,roxham2 8it is only an old sophism rather bluntly put40 8,i should like to hear the ,count de la ,bourbonais' opinion on it10 said ,mr4 ,plover1 rolling the decanter across to his self-elected antagonist4 ,raymond had feigned unconsciousness of the stranger's insolent tone thus far1 though he had detected it from the first1 and was only too deeply possessed by other thoughts to resent it or to care a straw for what this stranger or any human being thought of him or said to him4 ,but the persistency of the attack forced him to notice it at last1 if not to repel it2 he was not sufficiently interested in the thing for that4 ,but he was roused from the kind of stinging lethargy in which he had hitherto sat there1 nibbling at one thing or another1 oftener playing with his knife and fork1 and touching nothing4 ,he laid them down now1 and pushed aside his glass1 which had been emptied to-night oftener than was his wont4 8,you mean to ask10 he said1 8if1 according to our low ,french code of morals1 we consider it justifiable to commit a crime for the sake of some good to ourselves or others80 8,i don't go quite that length10 replied ,mr4 ,plover2 8but ,i assume from what you have already said that you look on it as permissible to--tell a lie1 for example1 under given circumstances40 8,i do10 said ,raymond4 ,there was a murmur of surprise and dissent4 8,my dear ,bourbonais6 you are joking1 or talking for the mere sake of argument10 cried ,sir ,simon1 forcing a laugh2 but he looked vexed and astonished4 8,i am not joking1 nor am ,i arguing for argument's sake10 protested ,raymond with rising warmth4 8,i say1 and ,i am prepared to prove it1 that under given circumstances we are justified in withholding the truth--in telling a lie1 if you like that way of putting it better40 8,what are they80 8,prove it60 8,let us hear60 ,several spoke together1 excited and surprised1 and every head was bent towards ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 ,raymond moved his spectacles1 and1 fixing his dark gray eyes on ,mr4 ,plover as the one who had directly challenged him1 he said3 8,let us take an illustration4 ,suppose you entrust me with that costly diamond ring upon your finger1 ,i having promised on my oath to carry it to a certain person and to keep its possession a secret4 ,we will suppose that your life and your honor depend on its being delivered at its destination by me and at a given time4 ,on my way thither ,i meet an assassin1 who puts his pistol to my breast and says1 #8,deliver up your purse and a diamond which ,i understand you have on your person1 or ,i shoot you and take them2 but if you give me your word that you have not got it1 ,i will believe you and let you go4' ,am ,i not justified1 in order to save your honor and life and my own in answering1 #8,no1 ,i have not got the diamond'80 8,certainly not60 cried ,plover emphatically1 bringing his jewelled hand down on the table with a crash4 8,my dear sir6'''0 began some one2 but ,raymond echoed sharply3 8#8,certainly not6' ,just so4 ,but suppose ,i draw my pistol and shoot the robber dead on the spot8 ,god and the law absolve me2 ,i have a right to kill any man who threatens my life or my property1 or that of my neighbor40 8,you have6 ,undoubtedly you have60 said two or three1 speaking together4 8,and yet homicide is a greater sin than a lie60 cried ,raymond4 ,he was flushed and excited2 his eye sparkled and his hand trembled as he pushed the glasses farther away1 and leaned on the table1 surveying the company with a glance that had something of triumph and something of defiance in it4 8,well done1 ,bourbonais60 cried ,sir ,simon4 8,you've not left ,plover an inch of ground to stand on60 8,closely reasoned10 said ,mr4 ,langrove1 with a dubious movement of the head2 8but4'''0 8,sophistry6 a very specious bit of sophistry60 said ,mr4 ,plover in a loud voice1 drowning everybody else's4 8,comte and ,rousseau and the rest of them in a nutshell40 8,crack it1 then1 and let's have the kernel60 said ,lord ,roxham4 ,he was growing out of patience with the dictatorial tone of this vulgar man4 8,just so60 chimed in ,mr4 ,charlton1 airing a snowy hand and signet gem1 and falling back in his chair with the air of a man wearied with hard thinking4 8,it's too preposterous to answer10 was ,plover's evasive taunt2 8it's mere casuistry40 8,a very compact bit of casuistry1 at any rate10 said ,sir ,simon1 with friendly pride in ,raymond's manifest superiority over his assembled guests2 8it strikes me it would take more than our combined wits to answer it40 8,egad6 ,i'd eat my head before ,i'd answer it60 confessed ,ponsonby ,anwyll1 who shared the baronet's personal complacency in the count's superior brain4 ,but ,raymond had lapsed into his previous silent mood1 and sat absently toying with a plate of bonbons before him1 and apparently deaf to the clashing of tongues that he had provoked4 ,there was something very touching in his look1 in the air of gentle dejection that pervaded him1 and which contrasted strikingly with the transient warmth he had displayed while speaking4 ,sir ,simon noticed it1 and it smote him to the heart4 ,for the first time this evening he bethought him how his own cheerfulness must strike ,raymond1 and how he must be puzzled to account for it4 ,he promised himself the pleasure of explaining it to his satisfaction before they parted to-night2 but meanwhile it gave him a pang to think of the iron that was in his friend's soul1 though it was part of his pleasant expectation that he would be able to draw it out and pour some healing balm on the wound to-morrow4 ,he would show him why he had borne so patiently with the vulgar pedagogue who had permitted himself to fail1 at least by insinuation1 in respect to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 ,the pedagogue meanwhile seemed bent on making himself disagreeable to the inoffensive foreigner4 8,it is a pity ,x---- was not able to secure ,count de la ,bourbonais as counsel10 he began again4 8,in the hands of so skilful a casuist his backsliding might have come out quite in a heroic light4 ,it would have been traced to his poverty1 which engendered his gratitude1 and so on until we had a verdict that would have been virtually a glorification of impecuniosity4 ,it is a pity we have missed the treat40 8,poverty is no doubt responsible for many backslidings10 said ,raymond1 bridling imperceptibly4 ,he felt the sting of the remark as addressed to him by the rich man1 or he fancied he did4 8,the world would no doubt be better as well as happier if riches were more equally divided2 but there are worse things in the world than poverty1 for all that40 8,there is the excess of riches1 which is infinitely worse--a more unmitigated source of evil1 taking it all in all10 said ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,well said for a professional1 my dear sir10 laughed ,mr4 ,plover2 8but you won't find many outsiders to agree with you1 ,i suspect40 8,if by outsiders you mean ,turks1 ,jews1 and ,hottentots1 ,i daresay you are right10 said the vicar good-temperedly4 8,i mean every sensible man who is not bound by his cloth to talk cant--no offence2 ,i use the word technically--you won't find one such out of a thousand to deny that riches are the best gift of heaven1 the one that can buy every other worth having--love and devotion into the bargain40 8,what rank heresy you are propounding1 my dear sir60 exclaimed ,sir ,simon1 taking a pinch from his enamelled snuff-box1 and passing it on4 8,you will not find one sane man in a thousand to agree with you60 8,won't ,i though8 ,what do you say1 count80 8,i agree with you1 monsieur10 said ,raymond with a certain asperity2 8money can purchase most things worth having1 but ,i deny that it can always pay for them40 8,ha6 there we have the sophist again4 ,it can buy1 and yet it can't pay4 ,pray explain60 8,what do you mean1 ,raymond80 said ,sir ,simon1 darting a curious1 puzzled look at his friend4 8,it is very simple4 ,i mean that money may sometimes enable us to confer an obligation which no money can repay4 ,we may1 for instance1 do a service or avert a sorrow by means of a sum of money1 and thus purchase love and gratitude--things which ,mr4 ,plover has included in those worth having1 and which money cannot pay for1 though it may be the means of buying them40 ,the look that accompanied the answer said more to ,sir ,simon than the words conveyed to any one else4 ,he averted his eyes quickly1 and was all at once horrified to discover several empty glasses round the table4 ,they were at dessert now4 8,charlton1 have you tried that ,madeira8 ,help yourself again1 and pass it on here1 will you8 ,i shall have to play ,ganymede1 and go round pouring out the nectar to you like so many gods1 if you don't bestir yourselves40 ,and then there was a clinking of glasses1 as the amber and ruby liquid was poured from many a curious flagon into the glistening crystal cups4 8,talking of gods1 that's a god's eye that you see there on ,plover's finger10 observed ,mr4 ,charlton1 whose azure gem was quite eclipsed by the flashing jewel that had suggested ,m4 de la ,bourbonais' illustration4 8,it was set in the forehead of an ,indian idol4 ,just let ,sir ,simon look at it2 he's a judge of precious stones10 said the young man1 who felt that his feeble personality gained something from the proximity of so big a personage1 and was anxious to show him off4 ,the latter complacently drew the ring from his finger and tossed it over to his host4 ,it was a large white diamond of the purest water1 without the shadow of a flaw4 8,it is a beauty60 exclaimed ,sir ,simon with the enthusiasm of a connoisseur2 8only it's too good to be worn by a man4 ,it ought to have gone to a beautiful woman when it left the god4 ,i suppose it will soon1 eh1 ,plover80 ,mr4 ,plover laughed4 ,he was not a marrying man1 he said1 but he would make no rash vows4 ,then he went on to tell about other precious stones in his possession4 ,he had some amazingly sensational stories to relate concerning them and how he became possessed of them4 ,we generally interest others when we get on a subject that thoroughly interests ourselves and that we thoroughly understand4 ,mr4 ,plover understood a great deal about these legendary gems1 and the celebrated idols in which they had figured2 he had1 moreover1 imbibed a certain tinge of ,oriental superstition concerning the talismanic properties of precious gems1 and invested them1 perhaps half unconsciously1 with that kind of prestige that is not very far off from worship4 ,this flavor of superstition pierced unawares through his discourse on the qualities and adventures of various rubies and sapphires that had played stirring parts in the destinies of particular gods1 and were universally believed to influence for good or evil the lives of mortals who became possessed of them4 ,the company began to find him less disagreeable as he went on4 ,they did not quite believe in him2 but when a story-teller amuses us1 we are not apt to quarrel with him for using a traveller's privilege and drawing the long bow4 ,by the time this vein was exhausted the party had quite forgiven the obnoxious guest1 and admitted him within the sympathetic ring of good-fellowship and conviviality4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had become unusually talkative1 and contributed his full share to the ebb and flow of lively repartee4 ,he was generally as abstemious as an anchorite2 but to-night he broke through his ascetic habits1 and filled and refilled his glass many times4 ,it was deep drinking for him1 though for any one else it would have been reckoned moderate4 ,before the dessert was long on the table the effect of the wine was visible in his excited manner and the shrill tone of his voice1 that rose high and sharp above the others in a way that was quite foreign to his gentleness4 ,sir ,simon saw this1 and at once divined the cause4 ,it gave him a new pang4 ,poor ,raymond6 ,driven to this to keep his misery from bursting out and overwhelming him6 8,shall we finish our cigars here or in the library80 asked the baronet when his own tired limbs suggested that a change of posture might be generally agreeable4 ,as by tacit consent1 the chairs were all pushed back and everybody rose4 ,the clock in the hall was striking ten4 8,do you know ,i think ,i must be going80 said ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,time slips quickly by in pleasant company2 ,i had no idea it was so late60 8,nonsense6 you are not going to leave us yet60 protested ,sir ,simon4 8,don't mind the clocks here2 they're on wheels40 8,are they80 said the vicar1 and innocently pulled out his watch to compare it with the loud chime that was still trembling in the air4 8,humph6 ,i see your wheels are five minutes slower than mine60 he said1 with a nod and a laugh at his prevaricating host4 8,come1 now1 ,langrove1 never mind the time4 #8,hours were made for slaves1' you know4 ,come in and have another cigar10 urged ,sir ,simon4 ,but the vicar was firm4 8,then ,i may as well go with you10 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais2 8it's late already for me to be out40 ,sir ,simon was beginning to protest1 when his attention was called away by ,lord ,roxham4 8,have you that diamond ring1 ,harness80 8,what ring8 ,plover's8 ,no2 ,i passed it to you to look at1 and it didn't come round to me again4 ,can it not be found80 8,oh6 it's sure to turn up in a minute60 said ,mr4 ,plover4 8,it has slipped under the edge of a plate1 very likely60 ,and he went to the table and began to look for it4 8,come1 let us be going1 as we are going10 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais to the vicar1 and he went towards the door4 8,wait a bit10 replied ,mr4 ,langrove--8wait a moment1 ,bourbonais2 we must see the end of this40 8,what have we to see in it8 ,it is no concern of ours10 was the slightly impatient rejoinder4 ,raymond was in that state of unnatural excitement when the least trifle that crosses us chafes and irritates4 ,he had nothing for it1 however1 but to comply with the vicar's fancy and wait4 8,most extraordinary60 ,sir ,simon exclaimed1 as crystal dishes and porcelain plates were lifted and moved1 and silver filigree baskets overturned and their delicate fruits sent rolling in every direction4 8,it must have dropped2 stand aside1 everybody1 while ,i look under the table40 ,every one drew off4 ,sir ,simon flung up the ends of the snowy cloth1 and1 taking a chandelier with several lights1 set it on the floor and began carefully to examine the carpet2 but the ring was nowhere to be seen4 8,if it is here1 it is certain to be seen10 he said1 still bent down4 8,look out1 all of you1 as you stand2 you may see it flash better in the distance40 ,but no flash was anywhere visible4 ,the wax-lights discovered nothing brighter than the subdued colors of the rich ,persian carpet4 ,sir ,simon went round to the other side of the table1 and searched with the same care and the same result4 8,you are not an absent man1 are you80 he said1 lifting the chandelier from the ground1 and addressing the owner of the missing ring4 8,you are not capable of slipping it into your pocket unawares80 8,i never did such a thing in my life2 but that is no reason why ,i may not have done it now4 ,old wine sometimes plays the deuce with one10 said ,mr4 ,plover1 and he began to rummage his pockets and turn their contents on to the table-cloth4 ,its whiteness threw every article into vivid relief2 but there was no ring4 8,this is very singular1 very extraordinary indeed60 said ,sir ,simon in a sharp tone of annoyance4 8,is any one hoaxing8 ,charlton1 you're not playing a trick on us1 are you80 8,what should ,i play such a stupid trick as that for80 demanded the young man4 8,i'm not such an idiot2 but here goes6 ,let us have my pockets on the table too60 ,and following his friend's example1 he turned them inside out1 coat1 waistcoat1 and trousers pockets in succession2 but no ring appeared4 8,it is time we all followed suit10 said ,sir ,simon1 and he cleared a larger space by sweeping away plates and glasses4 8,i am given to absence of mind myself1 and1 as you say1 ,i may have taken a glass more than was good for me40 ,as he spoke he turned out one pocket after another1 with no other result than to show the solidity and unblemished freshness of the linings2 there was not a slit or the sign of one anywhere where a diamond ring1 or a diamond without a ring1 could have slipped through4 8,well1 gentlemen1 ,i invite you all to follow my example60 said the host1 stepping back from the table1 and motioning for any one that liked to advance4 ,his voice had a ring of command in it that would have compelled obedience if that had been necessary2 but it did not seem to be so4 ,one after another the guests came up and repeated the operation1 while the owner of the ring watched them with a face that grew darker with every disappointment4 ,mr4 ,langrove and ,m4 de la ,bourbonais were standing somewhat apart from the rest near the door1 and were now the only two that remained4 ,the vicar came first4 ,he submitted his pockets to the same rigorous scrutiny1 and with the same result4 ,a strange gleam passed over ,mr4 ,plover's features1 as he turned his sallow face in the direction of ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 ,suspicion and hope had now narrowed to this last trial4 ,raymond did not move4 8,come on1 ,bourbonais2 ,i have done60 said ,mr4 ,langrove1 consigning his spectacles and his handkerchief to his last pocket4 ,but ,raymond remained immovable1 as if he were glued to the carpet4 8,come1 my dear friend1 come60 ,sir ,simon called out1 in a voice that was meant only to be kind and encouraging1 but in which those who knew its tones detected a nervous note4 8,i will not60 said the count in a sharp1 high key4 8,i will not submit to such an indignity2 it has been got up for the purpose of insulting me4 ,i refuse to submit to it60 ,he turned to leave the room4 8,raymond1 you are mad6 ,you must do it60 cried ,sir ,simon imperatively4 8,i am not mad6 ,i am poor60 retorted the count1 facing round and darting eyes of defiance at ,sir ,simon4 8,this person1 who calls himself a gentleman1 has insulted me from the moment ,i sat down to table with him1 and you allowed him to do it4 ,he taunted me with my poverty2 he would make out now that because ,i am poor ,i am a thief6 ,i have borne with him so far because ,i was at your table2 but there is a limit to what ,i will bear4 ,i will not submit to the outrage he wants to put upon me40 ,again he turned towards the door4 8,you shall hand out my ring before you stir from here1 my fine sir60 cried ,mr4 ,plover1 taking a stride after him1 and stretching out an arm as if to clutch him2 but ,sir ,simon quick as thought intercepted him by laying a hand on the outstretched arm1 while ,ponsonby ,anwyll stepped forward and placed his tall1 broad figure like a bulwark between ,raymond and his assailant4 8,let me go60 said the latter1 shaking himself to get free from the baronet's clasp2 but the long1 firm fingers closed on him like grim death4 8,you shall not touch ,m4 de la ,bourbonais in my presence10 he said2 8you have insulted him1 as he says1 already4 ,if ,i had seen that he detected what was offensive in your tone and manner1 ,i would not have suffered it to pass4 ,stand back1 and leave me to deal with him60 8,confound the beggar6 ,let him give me my ring6 ,i don't want to touch him2 but as ,i live he doesn't stir from this room till ,i've seen his breeches pocket turned wrong-side out60 ,the man had been drinking heavily1 and1 though he was still to all intents and purposes sober1 this excitement1 added to that caused by the wine1 heated his blood to boiling-point4 ,he looked as if he would have flown at ,raymond2 but cowed by ,sir ,simon's cool self-command and determined will1 he fell back a step1 fastening his eyes on ,raymond with a savage glare4 ,raymond meantime continued obstinate and impracticable4 ,mr4 ,langrove took his hand in both his1 and in the gentlest way entreated him to desist from his suicidal folly2 assuring him that he was the last man present whom any one in his senses would dream of suspecting of a theft1 of the faintest approach to anything dishonorable1 but that it was sheer madness to refuse to clear himself in the eyes of this stranger4 ,it was a mere form1 and meant no more for him than for the rest of them4 ,but ,raymond turned a deaf ear to his pleading4 8,let me go6 ,i will not do it6 ,he has been insulting me from the beginning4 ,i will not submit to this10 he repeated1 and shook himself free from ,mr4 ,langrove's friendly grasp4 ,sir ,simon came close up to him4 ,he was pale and agitated in spite of his affected coolness1 and his hand shook as he laid it on ,raymond's shoulder4 8,raymond1 for my sake1 for ,god's sake60 he muttered4 ,but ,raymond thrust away his hand1 and said with bitter scorn3 8,ha6 ,i am a beggar1 and so ,i must be a thief6 ,no1 ,i will not clear myself6 ,let this rich man go and proclaim me a thief60 ,and breaking away from them all1 he dashed out of the room4 8,hold6 ,stop him1 or by ---- ,i'll make hot work of it for you60 shouted ,mr4 ,plover1 making for the door2 but ,ponsonby ,anwyll set his back to it1 and defied him to pass4 ,if the other had been brave enough to try1 it would have been a hopeless attempt2 his attenuated body was no match for the stalwart limbs of the young squire4 ,he involuntarily recoiled as if ,ponsonby's arms1 stoutly crossed on his breast1 had dealt him a blow4 ,lord ,roxham and ,mr4 ,charlton pressed round him1 expostulating and trying to calm him4 ,this was no easy task1 and they knew it4 ,they were terribly shaken themselves1 and they felt that it was absurd to expect this stranger1 fuming for his diamond1 to believe that ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had not taken it4 8,no one but a madman would have done such a thing1 when it's as certain as death to be found out10 said ,sir ,ponsonby1 whose faith in ,raymond was sustained by another faith4 8,besides1 we all know he's no more capable of it than we are ourselves60 8,very fine talk1 but where is the ring8 ,who has taken it1 if not this ,frenchman8 ,i tell you what1 he will be making out that it was his right and his duty to steal from a rich man to help a poor one4 ,perhaps he's hard up just now1 and he blesses ,providence for the opportunity40 8,remember1 sir1 that you are speaking of a gentleman who is my friend1 and whom ,i know to be incapable of an unworthy action10 said ,sir ,simon in a stern and haughty tone4 8,i compliment you on your friends2 it sha'n't be my fault if you don't see this one at the hulks before long4 ,but curse me6 now ,i think of it1 ,i'm at your mercy1 all of you4 ,i have to depend on you as witnesses1 and it seems the fashion in these parts for gentlemen to perjure themselves to screen a friend2 you will most likely refuse to swear to facts--if you don't swear against them1 eh80 8,you must be drunk2 you don't know what you're talking about10 said ,mr4 ,charlton1 forgetting to drawl1 and speaking quickly like a sensible man4 8,it is as premature as it is absurd to imagine the ring is stolen2 it must be in the room1 and it must be found40 8,in the room or out of it1 it must and it shall be found60 echoed ,mr4 ,plover1 8or if not4'''0 8,if not1 it shall be paid for10 added ,mr4 ,charlton2 8it shall be replaced40 8,replaced6 ,all you're worth could not buy a stone like that one60 8,not its duplicate as a god's eye invested with magical virtue10 said ,mr4 ,charlton ironically2 8but its value in the market can be paid1 ,i suppose4 ,what price do you put on it80 8,as a mere stone it is worth five hundred pounds to any jeweller in ,london40 8,five hundred pounds60 repeated several in chorus with ,mr4 ,charlton4 ,sir ,simon said nothing4 ,a mist came before his eyes4 ,he saw ,raymond in the grip of this cruel man1 and he was powerless to release him4 ,if the dread was an act of disloyalty to ,raymond1 ,sir ,simon was scarcely to blame4 ,he would have signed away five years of his life that moment to see ,m4 de la ,bourbonais cleared of the suspicion that he had so insanely fastened on himself2 but how could he help doubting8 ,he knew as no one else knew what the power of the temptation was which had--had it8--goaded him to the mad act4 ,its madness was the strongest argument against its possibility4 ,to pocket a ring worth five hundred pounds--worth five pounds--in the very teeth of the person it belonged to1 and with the clear certainty of being immediately detected--no one in his right mind would have done such a thing4 ,but was ,raymond in his right mind when he did it8 ,had he been in his right mind since he entered the house to-night8 ,there is such a thing as delirium of the heart from sorrow or despair4 ,then he had been drinking a great deal more than usual1 and wine beguiles men to acts of frenzy unawares4 ,if ,sir ,simon could even say to this man1 8,i will pay you the five hundred pounds02 but he had not as many pence to call his own4 ,there had been a momentary silence after the exclamation of surprise that followed the announcement of the value of the diamond4 ,would ,mr4 ,charlton not ratify his offer to pay for it8 ,and if he did not1 what could save ,raymond8 8,five hundred pounds6 ,you are joking60 said the young man4 8,we'll see whether ,i am or not6 ,i had the diamond valued with several others at ,vienna1 where it was set10 said ,mr4 ,plover4 8,consider me your debtor for the amount10 said ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll1 stepping forward2 8if the ring is not found to-night1 ,i will sign you a check for five hundred pounds40 8,let us begin and look for it in good earnest10 said ,lord ,roxham4 8,we will divide2 two will go at each side of the table and hunt for it thoroughly4 ,it must have rolled somewhere into a crevice or a corner40 8,i don't see how a ring was likely to roll on this10 said ,mr4 ,plover1 scratching the thick pile of the carpet with the tip of his patent-leather boot4 8,some of us may have kicked it to a distance in pushing back our chairs10 suggested ,mr4 ,langrove2 8let us set the lights on the floor1 and divide as ,lord ,roxham proposes40 ,every one seized a chandelier or a lamp and set it on the floor1 and began to prosecute the search4 ,they had hardly been two minutes thus engaged when a loud ring was heard1 and after a momentary delay the door opened and ,m4 de la ,bourbonais walked in4 8,good heavens1 ,bourbonais6 is it you80 cried ,sir ,simon1 rising from his knees and hastening to meet him4 ,but ,raymond1 with a haughty gesture1 waved him off4 ,they were all on their feet in a moment1 full of wonder and expectation4 8,i made a mistake in refusing to submit to the examination you asked of me10 said the count1 addressing himself to all collectively4 8,i was wrong to listen only to personal indignation in the matter2 ,i saw only a poor man insulted by a rich one4 ,i have come back to repair my mistake4 ,see now for yourselves1 and1 if you like1 examine every corner of my clothes40 ,he advanced to the table1 intending to suit the action to the words1 when a burst of derisive laughter was heard at the other end of the room4 ,it was from ,mr4 ,plover4 ,the others were looking on silent and confounded4 8,do you take us all for so many born fools80 cried ,mr4 ,plover1 and he laughed again a short1 contemptuous laugh that went through ,raymond's veins4 ,he stood there1 his right hand plunged into his pocket in the act of drawing out its contents1 but arrested by the sound of that mocking laugh1 and by the chill silence that followed4 ,he cast a quick1 questioning glance at the surrounding faces2 pity1 surprise1 regret1 were variously depicted there1 but neither confidence nor congratulation were visible anywhere4 ,a gleam of light shot suddenly through his mind4 ,he drew out his hand and passed it slowly over his forehead4 8,my ,god1 have pity on me60 he murmured almost inaudibly1 and turned away4 8,raymond6 listen to me40 ,sir ,simon hurried after him4 ,but the door was closed4 ,raymond was gone4 ,sir ,simon followed into the hall1 but he did not overtake him2 the great door closed with a bang1 and the friend he loved best on earth was beyond his hearing1 rushing wildly on in the darkness and under the rain1 that was falling in torrents4 ,the apparition had come and gone so quickly that the spectators might have doubted whether they had not dreamt it or seen a ghost4 ,no one spoke1 until ,mr4 ,plover broke out with a hoarse laugh and an oath3 8,if the fellow has not half convinced me of his innocence6 ,he's too great a fool to be a thief60 8,until he has been proved a thief1 you will be good enough not to apply the term to ,monsieur de la ,bourbonais under my roof10 said ,sir ,simon4 8,now1 gentlemen1 we will resume our search40 ,they did1 and prosecuted it with the utmost care and patience for more than an hour2 but the only effect was to fasten suspicion more closely on the absent4 ,mr4 ,plover was so triumphant one would have fancied the justification of his vindictive suspicion was a compensation for the loss of his gem4 8,have you a pen and ink here1 or shall ,i go into the library8 ,i want to write the check10 said ,ponsonby4 8,you will find everything you want in the library10 said ,sir ,simon1 and ,ponsonby went in4 ,some one rang1 and the carriages and horses were ordered4 ,in a few minutes ,ponsonby returned with the check1 which he handed to ,mr4 ,plover4 8,if you require any one to attest my solvency1 ,i dare say ,charlton1 whom you can trust1 will have no objection to do it10 he remarked4 8,certainly not60 said ,mr4 ,charlton promptly4 8,oh6 it's not necessary2 ,i'm quite satisfied with ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll's signature10 ,mr4 ,plover replied4 ,and as he pocketed the check he went to the window and raised the curtain to see if ,mr4 ,charlton's brougham had come round4 ,the rest of the company were saying good-by1 cordial but sad4 ,sir ,simon and the young squire of ,rydal stood apart1 conversing in an earnest1 subdued voice4 8,have you a trap waiting1 or shall ,i drop you at the vicarage80 inquired ,lord ,roxham of ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,thank you6 ,i shall be very glad10 said the vicar4 8,the night promised to be so fine ,i said ,i would walk home40 8,you will have a wet ride of it1 ,anwyll2 is not that your horse ,i see80 cried ,mr4 ,charlton from the window1 where he had followed his ill-omened friend4 8,had you not better leave him here for the night1 and let me give you a lift home80 8,oh6 thank you1 no2 ,i don't mind a drenching1 and it would take you too far out of your way40 ,mr4 ,plover and ,mr4 ,charlton were leaving the room when ,sir ,simon's voice arrested them4 8,one moment1 ,charlton6 ,mr4 ,plover1 pray wait a second4 ,i need not assure any one present how deeply distressed ,i am by what has occurred to-night--distressed on behalf of every one concerned4 ,i know you all share this feeling with me1 and ,i trust you will not refuse me the only alleviation in your power40 ,he stopped for a moment1 while his hearers turned eager1 responsive faces towards him4 8,i ask you as a proof of friendship1 of personal regard and kindness to myself1 to be silent concerning what has happened under my roof to-night2 to let it remain buried here amongst ourselves4 ,will you grant me this1 probably the last favor ,i shall ever ask of you80 ,his voice trembled a little2 and his friends were touched1 though they did not see where the last words pointed4 ,there was a murmur of assent from all1 with one exception4 8,plover1 ,i hope ,i may include your promise with that of my older friends80 continued the baronet1 his voice still betraying emotion4 8,i have no right1 it is true1 to claim such an act of self-denial at your hands2 ,i know10 he added with a faint laugh that was not ironical1 only sad--8,i know that it is a comfort to us all to talk of our misfortunes and complain of them to sympathizing acquaintances2 but ,i appeal to you as a gentleman to forego that satisfaction1 in order to save me from a bitter mortification40 ,as he spoke1 he held out his fine1 high-bred hand to his guest4 ,sir ,simon did not profess to be a very deep reader of human nature1 but the most accomplished ,macchiavellist could not have divined and touched the right chords in his listener's spirit with a surer hand than he had just done4 ,mr4 ,plover laid his shrivelled fingers in the baronet's extended hand1 and said with awkward bluntness3 8,as a proof of personal regard for you1 ,i promise to hold my tongue in private life2 but you can't expect me not to take steps for the recovery of the stone40 8,how so80 ,sir ,simon started4 8,it is pretty certain to get into the diamond market before long1 and1 unless the police are put on the watch1 it will slip out of the country most likely1 and for ever beyond my reach1 and ,i would give double the money to get it back again4 ,but ,i pledge myself not to mention the affair except to the officers40 ,he bowed another good-night to the company1 and was gone4 ,the rest quickly followed1 and soon the noise of wheels crushing the wet gravel died away1 and ,sir ,simon ,harness was left alone to meditate on the events of the evening and many other unpleasant things4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,recollections ,,of ,,wordsworth4#aca ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere1 ,,esq4 ,,part ,i4 ,it was about eight years before his death that ,i had the happiness of making acquaintance with ,wordsworth4 ,during the next four years ,i saw a good deal of him1 chiefly among his own mountains1 and1 besides many delightful walks with him1 ,i had the great honor of passing some days under his roof4 ,the strongest of my impressions respecting him was that made by the manly simplicity and lofty rectitude which characterized him4 ,in one of his later sonnets he writes of himself thus3 8,as a true man who long had served the lyre02 it was because he was a true man that he was a true poet2 and it was impossible to know him without being reminded of this4 ,in any case he must have been recognized as a man of original and energetic genius2 but it was his strong and truthful moral nature1 his intellectual sincerity1 the abiding conscientiousness of his imagination1 so to speak1 which enabled that genius to do its great work1 and bequeath to the ,england of the future the most solid mass of deep-hearted and authentic poetry which has been the gift to her of any poet since the ,elizabethan age4 ,there was in his nature a veracity which1 had it not been combined with an idealizing imagination not less remarkable1 would to many have appeared prosaic2 yet1 had he not possessed that characteristic1 the products of his imagination would have lacked reality4 ,they might still have enunciated a deep and sound philosophy2 but they would have been divested of that human interest which belongs to them in a yet higher degree4 ,all the little incidents of the neighborhood were to him important4 ,the veracity and the ideality which are so signally combined in ,wordsworth's poetic descriptions of nature made themselves1 at least1 as much felt whenever nature was the theme of his discourse4 ,in his intense reverence for nature he regarded all poetical delineations of her with an exacting severity2 and if the descriptions were not true1 and true in a twofold sense1 the more skilfully executed they were the more was his indignation roused by what he deemed a pretence and a deceit4 ,an untrue description of nature was to him a profaneness1 a heavenly message sophisticated and falsely delivered4 ,he expatiated much to me one day1 as we walked among the hills above ,grasmere1 on the mode in which nature had been described by one of the most justly popular of ,england's modern poets--one for whom he preserved a high and affectionate respect4 8,he took pains10 ,wordsworth said2 8he went out with his pencil and note-book1 and jotted down whatever struck him most--a river rippling over the sands1 a ruined tower on a rock above it1 a promontory1 and a mountain ash waving its red berries4 ,he went home1 and wove the whole together into a poetical description40 ,after a pause ,wordsworth resumed with a flashing eye and impassioned voice3 8,but nature does not permit an inventory to be made of her charms6 ,he should have left his pencil and note-book at home2 fixed his eye1 as he walked1 with a reverent attention on all that surrounded him1 and taken all into a heart that could understand and enjoy4 ,then1 after several days had passed by1 he should have interrogated his memory as to the scene4 ,he would have discovered that while much of what he had admired was preserved to him1 much was also most wisely obliterated4 ,that which remained--the picture surviving in his mind--would have presented the ideal and essential truth of the scene1 and done so1 in a large part1 by discarding much which1 though in itself striking1 was not characteristic4 ,in every scene many of the most brilliant details are but accidental4 ,a true eye for nature does not note them1 or at least does not dwell on them40 ,on the same occasion he remarked3 8,scott misquoted in one of his novels my lines on ,yarrow4 ,he makes me write1 8#8,the swans on sweet ,st4 ,mary's lake ,float double1 swans and shadow4' but ,i wrote1 8#8,the swan on still ,st4 ,mary's lake4' 8,never could ,i have written #8swans' in the plural4 ,the scene when ,i saw it1 with its still and dim lake1 under the dusky hills1 was one of utter loneliness2 there was one swan1 and one only1 stemming the water1 and the pathetic loneliness of the region gave importance to the one companion of that swan--its own white image in the water4 ,it was for that reason that ,i recorded the swan and the shadow4 ,had there been many swans and many shadows1 they would have implied nothing as regards the character of the scene1 and ,i should have said nothing about them40 ,he proceeded to remark that many who could descant with eloquence on nature cared little for her1 and that many more who truly loved her had yet no eye to discern her--which he regarded as a sort of 8spiritual discernment40 ,he continued3 8,indeed1 ,i have hardly ever known any one but myself who had a true eye for nature--one that thoroughly understood her meanings and her teachings--except0 7here he interrupted himself7 8one person4 ,there was a young clergyman called ,frederick ,faber1#acb who resided at ,ambleside4 ,he had not only as good an eye for nature as ,i have1 but even a better one1 and sometimes pointed out to me on the mountains effects which1 with all my great experience1 ,i had never detected40 ,truth1 he used to say--that is1 truth in its largest sense1 as a thing at once real and ideal1 a truth including exact and accurate detail1 and yet everywhere subordinating mere detail to the spirit of the whole1--this1 he affirmed1 was the soul and essence not only of descriptive poetry1 but of all poetry4 ,he had often1 he told me1 intended to write an essay on poetry1 setting forth this principle1 and illustrating it by references to the chief representatives of poetry in its various departments4 ,it was this twofold truth which made ,shakspere the greatest of all poets4 8,it was well for ,shakspere10 he remarked1 8that he gave himself to the drama4 ,it was that which forced him to be sufficiently human4 ,his poems would otherwise1 from the extraordinarily metaphysical character of his genius1 have been too recondite to be understood4 ,his youthful poems1 in spite of their unfortunate and unworthy subjects1 and his sonnets also1 reveal this tendency4 ,nothing can surpass the greatness of ,shakspere where he is at his greatest2 but it is wrong to speak of him as if even he were perfect4 ,he had serious defects1 and not those only proceeding from carelessness4 ,for instance1 in his delineations of character he does not assign as large a place to religious sentiment as enters into the constitution of human nature under normal circumstances4 ,if his dramas had more religion in them1 they would be truer representations of man1 as well as more elevated and of a more searching interest40 ,wordsworth used to warn young poets against writing poetry remote from human interest4 ,dante he admitted to be an exception2 but he considered that ,shelley1 and almost all others who had endeavored to outsoar the humanities1 had suffered deplorably from the attempt4 ,i once heard him say3 8,i have often been asked for advice by young poets4 ,all the advice ,i can give may be expressed in two counsels4 ,first1 let nature be your habitual and pleasurable study--human nature and material nature2 secondly1 study carefully those first-class poets whose fame is universal1 not local1 and learn from them2 learn from them especially how to observe and how to interpret nature40 ,those who knew ,wordsworth only from his poetry might have supposed that he dwelt ever in a region too serene to admit of human agitations4 ,this was not the fact4 ,there was in his being a region of tumult as well a higher region of calm1 though it was almost wholly in the latter that his poetry lived4 ,it turned aside from mere personal excitements2 and for that reason1 doubtless1 it developed more deeply those special ardors which belong at once to the higher imagination and to the moral being4 ,the passion which was suppressed elsewhere burned in his 8,sonnets to ,liberty10 and added a deeper sadness to the 8,yew-trees of ,borrowdale40 ,but his heart1 as well as his imagination1 was ardent4 ,when it spoke most powerfully in his poetry1 it spoke with a stern brevity unusual in that poetry1 as in the poem1 8,there is a change1 and ,i am poor10 and the still more remarkable one1 8,a slumber did my spirit seal0--a poem impassioned beyond the comprehension of those who fancy that ,wordsworth lacks passion1 merely because in him passion is neither declamatory nor1 latently1 sensual4 ,he was a man of strong affections--strong enough on one sorrowful occasion to withdraw him for a time from poetry4#acc ,referring once to two young children of his who had died about forty years previously1 he described the details of their illnesses with an exactness and an impetuosity of troubled excitement such as might have been expected if the bereavement had taken place but a few weeks before4 ,the lapse of time appeared to have left the sorrow submerged indeed1 but still in all its first freshness4 ,yet ,i afterwards heard that at the time of the illness1 at least in the case of one of the two children1 it was impossible to rouse his attention to the danger4 ,he chanced to be then under the immediate spell of one of those fits of poetic inspiration which descended on him like a cloud4 ,till the cloud had drifted he could see nothing beyond4 ,under the level of the calm there was1 however1 the precinct of the storm4 ,it expressed itself rarely but vehemently1 partaking sometimes of the character both of indignation and sorrow4 ,all at once the trouble would pass away and his countenance bask in its habitual calm1 like a cloudless summer sky4 ,his indignation flamed out vehemently when he heard of a base action4 8,i could kick such a man across ,england with my naked foot10 ,i heard him exclaim on such an occasion4 ,the more impassioned part of his nature connected itself especially with his political feelings4 ,he regarded his own intellect as one which united some of the faculties which belong to the statesman with those which belong to the poet2 and public affairs interested him not less deeply than poetry4 ,it was as patriot1 not poet1 that he ventured to claim fellowship with ,dante4#acd ,he did not accept the term 8reformer10 because it implied an organic change in our institutions1 and this he deemed both needless and dangerous2 but he used to say that1 while he was a decided conservative1 he remembered that to preserve our institutions we must be ever improving them4 ,he was1 indeed1 from first to last1 pre-eminently a patriot--an impassioned as well as a thoughtful one4 ,yet his political sympathies were not with his own country only1 but with the progress of humanity4 ,till disenchanted by the excesses and follies of the first ,french ,revolution1 his hopes and sympathies associated themselves ardently with the new order of things created by it2 and ,i have heard him say that he did not know how any generous-minded young man1 entering on life at the time of that great uprising1 could have escaped the illusion4 ,to the end his sympathies were ever with the cottage hearth far more than with the palace4 ,if he became a strong supporter of what has been called 8the hierarchy of society10 it was chiefly because he believed the principle of 8equality0 to be fatal to the well-being and the true dignity of the poor4 ,moreover1 in siding politically with the crown and the coronets1 he considered himself to be siding with the weaker party in our democratic days4 ,the absence of love-poetry in ,wordsworth's works has often been remarked upon1 and indeed brought as a charge against them4 ,he once told me that if he had avoided that form of composition1 it was by no means because the theme did not interest him1 but because1 treated as it commonly has been1 it tends rather to disturb and lower the reader's moral and imaginative being than to elevate it4 ,he feared to handle it amiss4 ,he seemed to think that the subject had been so long vulgarized that few poets had a right to assume that they could treat it worthily1 especially as the theme1 when treated unworthily1 was such an easy and cheap way of winning applause4 ,it has been observed also that the religion of ,wordsworth's poetry1 at least of his earlier poetry1 is not as distinctly 8revealed religion0 as might have been expected from this poet's well-known adherence to what he has called emphatically 8,the lord1 and mighty paramount of truths40 ,he once remarked to me himself on this circumstance1 and explained it by stating that when in youth his imagination was shaping for itself the channel in which it was to flow1 his religious convictions were less definite and less strong than they had become on more mature thought2 and that1 when his poetic mind and manner had once been formed1 he feared that he might1 in attempting to modify them1 have become constrained4 ,he added that on such matters he ever wrote with great diffidence1 remembering that if there were many subjects too low for song1 there were some too high4 ,wordsworth's general confidence in his own powers1 which was strong1 though far from exaggerated1 rendered more striking and more touching his humility in all that concerned religion4 ,it used to remind me of what ,i once heard ,mr4 ,rogers say1 viz43 8,there is a special character of greatness about humility2 for it implies that a man can1 in an unusual degree1 estimate the greatness of what is above us40 ,fortunately1 his diffidence did not keep ,wordsworth silent on sacred themes4 ,his later poems include an unequivocal as well as beautiful confession of ,christian faith2 and one of them1 8,the ,primrose of the ,rock10 is as distinctly ,wordsworthian in its inspiration as it is ,christian in its doctrine4 ,wordsworth was a 8,high-,churchman10 and also1 in his prose mind1 strongly anti-,roman ,catholic1 partly on political grounds2 but that it was otherwise as regards his mind poetic is obvious from many passages in his ,christian poetry1 especially those which refer to the monastic system and the ,schoolmen1 and his sonnet on the ,blessed ,virgin1 whom he addresses as 8,our tainted nature's solitary boast40 ,he used to say that the idea of one who was both ,virgin and ,mother had sunk so deep into the heart of humanity that there it must ever remain4 ,wordsworth's estimate of his contemporaries was not generally high4 ,i remember his once saying to me3 8,i have known many that might be called very clever men1 and a good many of real and vigorous abilities1 but few of genius2 and only one whom ,i should call #8wonderful4' ,that one was ,coleridge4 ,at any hour of the day or night he would talk by the hour1 if there chanced to be any sympathetic listener1 and talk better than the best page of his writings2 for a pen half paralyzed his genius4 ,a child would sit quietly at his feet and wonder1 till the torrent had passed by4 ,the only man like ,coleridge whom ,i have known is ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,astronomer ,royal of ,dublin40 ,i remember1 however1 that when ,i recited by his fireside ,alfred ,tennyson's two political poems1 8,you ask me why1 though ill at ease10 and 8,of old sat ,freedom on the heights10 the old bard listened with a deepening attention1 and1 when ,i had ended1 said after a pause1 8,i must acknowledge that those two poems are very solid and noble in thought4 ,their diction also seems singularly stately40 ,he was a great admirer of ,philip van ,artevelde4 ,in the case of a certain poet since dead1 and little popular1 he said to me3 8,i consider his sonnets to be certainly the best of modern times02 adding1 8,of course ,i am not including my own in any comparison with those of others40 ,he was not sanguine as to the future of ,english poetry4 ,he thought that there was much to be supplied in other departments of our literature1 and especially he desired a really great history of ,england2 but he was disposed to regard the roll of ,english poetry as made up1 and as leaving place for little more except what was likely to be eccentric or imitational4 ,in his younger days ,wordsworth had had to fight a great battle in poetry2 for both his subjects and his mode of treating them were antagonistic to the maxims then current4 ,it was fortunate for posterity1 no doubt1 that his long 8militant estate0 was animated by some mingling of personal ambition with his love of poetry4 ,speaking in an early sonnet of 8,the poets1 who on earth have made us heirs ,of truth1 and pure delight1 by heavenly lays10 he concludes3 8,oh6 might my name be numbered among theirs1 ,then gladly would ,i end my mortal days40 ,he died at eighty1 and general fame did not come to him till about fifteen years before his death4 ,this might perhaps have been fifteen years too soon1 if he had set any inordinate value on it4 ,but it was not so4 ,shelley tells us that 8,fame is love disguised02 and it was intellectual sympathy that ,wordsworth had always valued far more than reputation4 8,give me thy love2 ,i claim no other fee10 had been his demand on his reader4 ,when fame had laid her tardy garland at his feet1 he found on it no fresher green than his 8,rydalian laurels0 had always worn4 ,once he said to me3 8,it is indeed a deep satisfaction to hope and believe that my poetry will be1 while it lasts1 a help to the cause of virtue and truth1 especially among the young4 ,as for myself1 it seems now of little moment how long ,i may be remembered4 ,when a man pushes off in his little boat into the great seas of ,infinity and ,eternity1 it surely signifies little how long he is kept in sight by watchers from the shore40 ,such are my chief recollections of the great poet1 whom ,i knew but in his old age1 but whose heart retained its youth till his daughter ,dora's death4 ,he seemed to me one who from boyhood had been faithful to a high vocation2 one who had esteemed it his office to minister1 in an age of conventional civilization1 at nature's altar1 and who had in his later life explained and vindicated such lifelong ministration1 even while he seemed to apologize for it1 in the memorable confession1 8,but who is innocent8 ,by grace divine1 ,not otherwise1 ,o ,nature6 are we thine40#ace ,it was to nature as first created1 not to nature as corrupted by 8disnatured0 passions1 that his song had attributed such high and healing powers4 ,in singing her praise he had chosen a theme loftier than most of his readers knew--loftier1 as he perhaps eventually discovered1 than he had at first supposed it to be4 ,utterly without ,shakspere's dramatic faculty1 he was richer and wider in the humanities than any poet since ,shakspere4 ,wholly unlike ,milton in character and in opinions1 he abounds in passages to be paralleled only by ,milton in solemn and spiritual sublimity1 and not even by ,milton in pathos4 ,it was plain to those who knew ,wordsworth that he had kept his great gift pure1 and used it honestly and thoroughly for that purpose for which it had been bestowed4 ,he had ever written with a conscientious reverence for that gift2 but he had also written spontaneously4 ,he had composed with care--not the exaggerated solicitude which is prompted by vanity1 and which frets itself to unite incompatible excellences1 but the diligence which shrinks from no toil while eradicating blemishes that confuse a poem's meaning and frustrate its purpose4 ,he regarded poetry as an art2 but he also regarded art1 not as the compeer of nature1 much less her superior1 but as her servant and interpreter4 ,he wrote poetry likewise1 no doubt1 in a large measure1 because self-utterance was an essential law of his nature4 ,if he had a companion1 he discoursed like one whose thoughts must needs run on in audible current2 if he walked alone among his mountains1 he murmured old songs4 ,he was like a pine-grove1 vocal as well as visible4 ,but to poetry he had dedicated himself as to the utterance of the highest truths brought within the range of his life's experience2 and if his poetry has been accused of egotism1 the charge has come from those who did not perceive that it was with a human1 not a mere personal1 interest that he habitually watched the processes of his own mind4 ,he drew from the fountain that was nearest at hand what he hoped might be a refreshment to those far off4 ,he once said1 speaking of a departed man of genius1 who had lived an unhappy life and deplorably abused his powers1 to the lasting calamity of his country3 8,a great poet must be a great man2 and a great man must be a good man2 and a good man ought to be a happy man40 ,to know ,wordsworth was to feel sure that if he had been a great poet1 it was not merely because he had been endowed with a great imagination1 but because he had been a good man1 a great man1 and a man whose poetry had1 in an especial sense1 been the expression of a healthily happy moral being4 ,p4,s4--,wordsworth was by no means without humor4 ,when the ,queen1 on one occasion1 gave a masked ball1 some one said that a certain youthful poet1 who has since reached a deservedly high place both in the literary and political world1 but who was then known chiefly as an accomplished and amusing young man of society1 was to attend it dressed in the character of the father of ,english poetry--grave old ,chaucer4 8,what60 said ,wordsworth1 8,m---- go as ,chaucer6 ,then it only remains for me to go as ,m----60 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,sonnet--,,rydal ,,with ,,wordsworth4 ,,by ,,the ,,late ,,sir ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 8,what we beheld scarce can ,i now recall ,in one connected picture2 images ,hurrying so swiftly their fresh witcheries ,o'er the mind's mirror1 that the several ,seems lost1 or blended in the mighty all4 ,lone lakes2 rills gushing through rock-rooted trees2 ,peaked mountains shadowing vales of peacefulness2 ,glens echoing to the flashing waterfall4 ,then that sweet twilight isle6 with friends delayed ,beside a ferny bank 'neath oaks and yews2 ,the moon between two mountain peaks embayed2 ,heaven and the waters dyed with sunset hues3 ,and he1 the poet of the age and land1 ,discoursing as we wandered hand in hand40 ,the above-written sonnet is the record of a delightful day spent by my father in #ahcc with ,wordsworth at ,rydal1 to which he went from the still more beautiful shores of ,ulswater1 where he had been sojourning at ,halsteads4 ,he had been one of ,wordsworth's warmest admirers when their number was small1 and in #ahdb he dedicated a volume of poems to him4#acf ,he taught me when a boy of eighteen years old to admire the great bard4 ,i had been very enthusiastically praising ,lord ,byron's poetry4 ,my father calmly replied3 8,wordsworth is the great poet of modern times40 ,much surprised1 ,i asked3 8,and what may his special merits be80 ,the answer was1 8,they are very various2 as1 for instance1 depth1 largeness1 elevation1 and1 what is rare in modern poetry1 an entire purity4 ,in his noble #8,laodamia' they are chiefly majesty and pathos40 ,a few weeks afterwards ,i chanced to take from the library shelves a volume of ,wordsworth1 and it opened on 8,laodamia40 ,some strong1 calm hand seemed to have been laid on my head1 and bound me to the spot till ,i had come to the end4 ,as ,i read1 a new world1 hitherto unimagined1 opened itself out1 stretching far away into serene infinitudes4 ,the region was one to me unknown1 but the harmony of the picture attested its reality4 ,above and around were indeed 8,an ampler ether1 a diviner air1 ,and fields invested with purpureal gleams02 and when ,i reached the line1 8,calm pleasures there abide--majestic pains10 ,i felt that no tenants less stately could walk in so lordly a precinct4 ,i had been translated into another planet of song--one with larger movements and a longer year4 ,a wider conception of poetry had become mine1 and the ,byronian enthusiasm fell from me like a bond that is broken by being outgrown4 ,the incident illustrates poetry in one of its many characters--that of the 8deliverer40 ,the ready sympathies and inexperienced imagination of youth make it surrender itself easily despite its better aspirations1 or in consequence of them1 to a false greatness2 and the true greatness1 once revealed1 sets it free4 ,as early as #ahbd ,walter ,savage ,landor1 in his 8,imaginary ,conversation0 between ,southey and ,porson1 had pronounced ,wordsworth's 8,laodamia0 to be 8a composition such as ,sophocles might have exulted to own1 and a part of which might have been heard with shouts of rapture in the regions he describes0--the ,elysian ,fields4 ,wordsworth frequently spoke of death1 as if it were the taking of a new degree in the ,university of ,life4 8,i should like10 he remarked to a young lady1 8to visit ,italy again before ,i move to another planet40 ,he sometimes made a mistake in assuming that others were equally philosophical4 ,we were once breakfasting at the house of ,mr4 ,rogers1 when ,wordsworth1 after gazing attentively round the room with a benignant and complacent expression1 turned to our host1 and1 wishing to compliment him1 said3 8,mr4 ,rogers1 ,i never see this house1 so perfect in its taste1 so exquisite in all its arrangements1 and decorated with such well-chosen pictures1 without fancying it the very house imaged to himself by the ,roman poet when1 in illustration of man's mortality1 he says3 #8,linquenda est domus4'0 8,what is that you're saying80 replied ,mr4 ,rogers1 whose years between eighty and ninety1 had not improved his hearing4 8,i was remarking that your house10 replied ,wordsworth1 8always reminds me of the ode 7more properly called an elegy1 though doubtless the lyrical measure not unnaturally causes it to be included among ,horace's odes7 in which the ,roman poet writes3 #8,linquenda est domus'2 that is1 since1 ladies being present1 a translation may be deemed desirable1 ,the house is1 or has to be1 left2 and again1'et placens uxor'--and the pleasing wife2 though1 as we must all regret1 that part of the quotation is not applicable on the present occasion40 ,the ,town ,bard1 on whom 8no angle smiled0 more than the end of ,st4 ,james' ,place1 did not enter into the views of the ,bard of the ,mountains4 ,his answer was what children call 8making a great face10 and the ejaculation1 8,don't talk ,latin in the society of ladies40 ,when ,i was going away1 he remarked1 8,what a stimulus the mountain air has on the appetite6 ,i made a sign to ,edmund to hand him the cutlets a second time4 ,i was afraid he would stick his fork into that beautiful woman who sat next him40 ,wordsworth never resented a jest at his own expense4 ,once when we had knocked three times in vain at the door of a ,london house1 ,i exclaimed1 quoting his sonnet written on ,westminster ,bridge1 8,dear ,god1 the very houses seem asleep40 ,he laughed heartily1 then smiled gravely1 and lastly recounted the occasion and described the early morning on which that sonnet was written4 ,he did not recite more than a part of it1 to the accompaniment of distant cab and carriage2 and ,i thought that the door was opened too soon4 ,wordsworth1 despite his dislike to great cities1 was attracted occasionally in his later years 8,to the proud margin of the ,thames ,and ,lambeth's venerable towers10 where his society was courted by persons of the most different character4 ,but he complained bitterly of the great city4 ,it was next to impossible1 he remarked1 to tell the truth in it4 8,yesterday ,i was at ,s---- ,house2 the ,duchess of ,s----1 showing me the pictures1 observed3 #8,this is the portrait of my brother' 7naming him71 #8and it is considered very like4' ,to this ,i assented1 partly perhaps in absence of mind1 but partly1 ,i think1 with an impression that her grace's brother was probably a person whose face every one knew or was expected to know2 so that1 as ,i had never met him1 my answer was in fact a lie6 ,it is too bad that1 when more than seventy years old1 ,i should be drawn from the mountains to ,london in order to tell a lie60 ,he made his complaint wherever he went1 laying the blame1 however1 not so much on himself or on the duchess as on the corrupt city2 and some of those who learned how the most truthful man in ,england had thus quickly been subverted by metropolitan snares came to the conclusion that within a few years more no virtue would be left extant in the land4 ,he was likewise maltreated in lesser ways4 8,this morning ,i was compelled by my engagements to eat three breakfasts--one with an aged and excellent gentleman1 who may justly be esteemed an accomplished man of letters1 although ,i cannot honestly concede to him the title of a poet2 one at a fashionable party2 and one with an old friend whom no pressure would induce me to neglect1 although for this1 my first breakfast to-day1 ,i was obliged to name the early hour of seven o'clock1 as he lives in a remote part of ,london40 ,but it was only among his own mountains that ,wordsworth could be understood4 ,he walked among them not so much to admire them as to converse with them4 ,they exchanged thoughts with him1 in sunshine or flying shadow1 giving him their own and accepting his4 ,day and night1 at all hours1 and in all weathers1 he would face them4 ,if it rained1 he might fling his plaid over him1 but would take no admonition4 ,he must have his way4 ,on such occasions1 dutiful as he was in higher matters1 he remained incurably wayward4 ,in vain one reminded him that a letter needed an answer or that the storm would soon be over4 ,it was very necessary for him to do what he liked2 and one of his dearest friends said to me1 with a smile of the most affectionate humor3 8,he wrote his #8,ode to ,duty1' and then he had done with that matter40 ,this very innocent form of lawlessness1 corresponding with the classic expression1 8,indulge genio10 seemed to belong to his genius1 not less than the sympathetic reverence with which he looked up to the higher and universal laws4 ,sometimes there was a battle between his reverence for nature and his reverence for other things4 ,the friend already alluded to was once remarking on his varying expressions of countenance3 8,that rough old face is capable of high and real beauty2 ,i have seen in it an expression quite of heavenly peace and contemplative delight1 as the ,may breeze came over him from the woods while he was slowly walking out of church on a ,sunday morning1 and when he had half emerged from the shadow40 ,a flippant person present inquired3 8,did you ever chance1 ,miss ,f----1 to observe that heavenly expression on his countenance as he was walking into church on a fine ,may morning80 ,a laugh was the reply4 ,the ways of nature harmonized with his feelings in age as well as in youth4 ,he could understand no estrangement4 ,gathering a wreath of white thorn on one occasion1 he murmured1 as he slipped it into the ribbon which bound the golden tresses of his youthful companion1 8,and what if ,i enwreathed my own8 ',twere no offence to reason2 ,the sober hills thus deck their brows ,to meet the wintry season40 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,iii4 8,ah6 well1 and so you are going to carry the ,french birds back60 exclaimed the old keeper ,jack1 with a loud1 coarse laugh1 as he leaned against one of the century-old trees in ,windsor forest4 8,well1 well1 so be it1 my friends2 but give us a little drop to drink10 he added in a jocular but self-important tone4 ,as he said these words1 he familiarly slapped the shoulder of one of the falconers1 who was engaged in fastening the chains again to the feet of the tiercelets1 whilst his comrades cut off the heads of the game taken1 and threw them as a reward to the cruel birds1 who devoured them with avidity4 8,after a while10 replied the falconer a little impatiently4 8,wait till our work is done1 father ,jack2 you are always in a hurry--to drink4 ,we will take our glass together now directly4 ,see that troop of birds6 ,they must first be chained and put with the others40 8,well1 well60 replied ,jack1 8provided we lose nothing by waiting4 ,these are beautiful birds1 if they do come from ,france40 8,no1 no1 you shall lose nothing by waiting10 cried the second falconer4 8,come here2 ,i will let you taste a liquid that these birds have brought over under their wings1 and we will see then if you have ever drunk anything equal to it since you drew on your boots in the service of his majesty40 ,and he poured out of a canteen that hung from his shoulder-belt a very acid gin1 filling1 until it foamed over1 a large pewter cup1 which he handed to father ,jack4 ,it was swallowed at one draught4 8,oh6 superb1 superb60 cried the old keeper1 returning the cup and smacking his lips4 8,during the five-and-forty years past that ,i have had the honor of keeping ,windsor1 ,i have drunk nothing better4 ,let's go6 ,that strengthens a man's courage and warms up his old blood6 ,i believe the deer will give us a hard drive to-day2 ,i have seen the tracks of fourteen or fifteen at least40 ,and saying this1 he remounted his old wind-broken mare4 8,wait1 father ,jack1 wait for us6 ,we will all go together10 exclaimed the gens de l'equipage2 for ,jack contributed much to their amusement4 ,when they had mounted their horses1 they followed the keeper1 getting off a hundred jokes on the old mare1 to which he was much attached4 ,they very soon passed by two young lords who had halted near the verge of the forest1 and were engaged in conversation4 ,one of them held in leash four beautiful greyhounds1 especial favorites of the king because of their great sagacity and swiftness in the chase4 ,their keeper1 however1 was obliged to use the lash1 in order to stop their clamorous baying4 8,you have seen her1 then80 he remarked to his companion4 8,yes1 ,i have seen her down yonder4 ,she crossed the road with all of her ladies10 replied the latter1 who belonged to ,wolsey's household and wore his livery4 8,she was dressed in a black velvet cap and green riding-habit and she is really charming60 8,well1 my poor friend10 replied the other1 8but do you know ,i have serious fears that your cardinal will soon fall into disfavor8 ,but a moment ago1 as they passed by here1 ,i heard the ,duke of ,norfolk remark to a lady that the red cloak was decidedly out of style1 and altogether it was at this time so completely used up that he did not think it could ever again be mended4 ,the lady smiled maliciously1 and said he was right--she believed the green mantle would eventually end by tearing the red to pieces6 ,and pointing to the young ,anne ,boleyn1 who was not far off1 she made a sign that left no doubt on my mind it was that lady she meant to designate as the destroyer40 8,truly10 replied the young domestic1#acg 8what you tell me is anything but encouraging4 ,and so our dear duke must have his finger in the pie6 ,i shall be very sorry for all this if it happens1 because my own clothes1 are made of scarlet1 you see2 and when one has succeeded1 in the course of time1 in getting a suit well made up1 he doesn't like the trouble of having to commence again and make it over40 ,as he said this a cloud of dust arose1 and a troop of horsemen passed at full gallop and with a terrible hue and cry4 8,my dogs6 my dogs60 cried the king in the midst of the crowd4 8,let loose my dogs6 ,the deer makes for the ponds4 ,let them hasten to tell the ladies1 that they may be in at the death40 ,he disappeared like a flash of lightning1 of which we obtain but a glimpse ere it is gone4 ,the shrill notes of the hunter's horn resounded from afar1 awaking countless echoes through the forest4 8,let us go10 exclaimed the two young men simultaneously4 8,we will then get rid of these accursed hounds40 8,to the ponds6 ,to the ponds60 they cried4 8,the ladies1 to the ponds6 ,the ladies1 to the ponds60 ,and they started on1 laughing and shouting4 8,what is that you are shouting down there80 cried a huntsman from a distance1 whose horse had just made him roll in the dust4 8,to the ponds6 ,my lord1 to the ponds60 they cried4 ,the retinue surrounding the ,duke of ,suffolk put whip to their horses and followed in a sweeping gallop4 ,from every side of the hills surrounding these ponds there appeared1 at the same moment1 troops of eager hunters1 panting and covered with dust4 ,the different roads traversing the forest in every direction converged and met on the banks of the ponds that slept in the basin thus formed4 ,the ladies had already assembled1 and nothing could have been more entertaining than the rapid and eager movements of the remainder of the hunters as they came galloping up4 ,the king arrived before any of the others4 ,he excelled in exercises of this kind1 and took great delight in ending the chase in a brilliant manner by shooting the deer himself4 ,on this occasion he had decided that1 contrary to the usual custom1 it should be taken alive2 consequently1 they hastened to spread in every direction the nets and fillets4 ,in this case the skill of the hunters consisted in driving the game into the snare4 ,very soon the deer made his appearance1 followed by a multitude of hounds1 who pursued him so furiously1 and crowded so closely one against the other1 that1 to use a familiar expression of the hunters1 they could have been covered with a table-cloth4 ,at sight of the nets the beautiful animal paused for an instant4 ,he shook his horns menacingly1 and stamped the ground with his feet2 then suddenly1 feeling already the scorching breath of the infuriated pack of hounds about to seize him1 he made a desperate effort1 and1 leaping at a single bound the entire height of the fillets1 threw himself into the lake4 ,instantly a loud and deafening shout arose1 while the furious hounds1 arrested in their course by the nets1 uttered the most frightful howlings on seeing their prey escape4 8,my cross-bow60 cried the king4 8,quick6 my cross-bow60 and he drew it so skilfully that at the first shot he pierced the flank of the poor animal1 who immediately ceased to swim4 ,satisfied with his brilliant success1 the king1 after having heard the plaudits of the ladies and received the congratulations of the hunters1 proceeded to the pavilion1 constructed of evergreens and foliage1 as elegant as it was spacious1 which he had had erected in the midst of the forest1 in order to dine under cover4 ,the ,duchess of ,suffolk did the honors of the festival1 taking the place of ,queen ,catherine1 who1 under the pretext of bad health1 declined appearing at these hunting parties1 the noisy sports having become insupportable to her4 ,meanwhile the courtiers were greatly excited by observing a roll of paper the extremity of which projected from the right pocket of the king's hunting-jacket2 on one of the leaves1 a corner of which was turned down1 two words were visible--the name of 8,wolsey0 and that of 8traitor40 ,each one sought to approach the king or pass behind him in order to assure himself of the astonishing fact1 of which they had the temerity to whisper mysteriously together4 ,but in spite of all their efforts1 they were unable to discover anything more2 the day and the festival ended with numerous conjectures--the fears and hopes excited in the minds of that court where for so long the learned favorite had ruled with as much authority as the king himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at daybreak on the morning succeeding the festival the gates were thrown open1 and a carriage1 bearing the royal arms and colors1 drove from the great courtyard of ,windsor ,palace4 ,while the postilion trotted leisurely along1 looking around from time to time as he wonderingly reflected why the horse on his right grew constantly lean in spite of the generous addition he had made to his rations1 the two occupants of the carriage engaged in the following conversation3 8,it is cold this morning10 said one of them1 wrapping his cloak more closely about him4 8,yes2 and how this fog and the heavy dew covering the earth remind one of the bivouac60 8,it does indeed10 responded ,norfolk to his companion2 8but such souvenirs are always agreeable1 and carry us back to the happiest days of life--years spent amid the tumult and vicissitudes of the camp4 ,eighteen6 that impulsive1 impetuous age1 when presumptuous courage rushes headlong into danger1 comprehending nothing of death2 when reckless intrepidity permits not a moment's reflection or hesitation1 transported by the ardent desire of acquiring glory2 the intoxicating happiness of a first success--such are the thrilling emotions1 the brilliant illusions of youth1 which we shall experience no more60 ,and the old warrior sorrowfully bowed his head4 8,ah6 well1 others replace them10 replied ,suffolk4 8,yes1 to be displaced and disappear in their turn10 answered the duke1 brushing back the white locks the wind had blown over his forehead1 on which appeared a deep scar4 8,well1 my lord10 exclaimed the ,duke of ,suffolk1 8do not spoil1 by your philosophic reflections1 all the pleasure we ought to enjoy in the thought that1 thanks to the influence and good management of your charming niece1 we are now going to inform ,monseigneur ,wolsey that the time has at last arrived for him to abdicate his portion of the crown40 8,yes1 perhaps so10 replied the duke4 8,and yet ,i don't know4 ,yesterday1 even1 ,i detested this man1 and desired most ardently his ruin2 to-day--no1 no2 an enemy vanquished and prostrate at my feet inspires only compassion4 ,now ,i almost regret the injury my niece has done him and the blow she has struck40 8,come1 come1 my lord1 do you not know that an excess of generosity becomes a fault8 ,we have nothing to regret10 continued ,suffolk1 with an exulting laugh4 8,i only hope he may not be acquitted 7and thus be able to settle the scores with us afterwards72 that ,parliament will show him no mercy4 ,death alone can effectually remove him4 ,the little memorandum you have there contains enough to hang all the chancellors in the world40 8,it is very certain10 replied the ,duke of ,norfolk1 abstractedly turning the leaves of the book he held in his hand 7the same that had excited such eager curiosity among the courtiers7--8it is certain this book contains grave accusations4 ,nevertheless1 ,i do not think it has entirely accomplished the end proposed by the author40 8,in truth1 no10 answered ,suffolk2 8for ,wiltshire counted very certainly on replacing ,wolsey4 ,he will be astounded when he learns of the choice of the king40 8,although ,wiltshire is a relative of mine10 replied the duke1 8,i am compelled to acknowledge that it would have been impossible for the king to have made a better selection or avoided a worse one4 ,wiltshire is both ignorant and ambitious1 while ,thomas ,more has no superior in learning and merit4 ,i knew him when quite a child1 living with the distinguished ,cardinal ,morton1 who was particularly attached to him4 ,i remember very often at table ,morton speaking of him to us1 and always saying3 #8,this young boy will make an extraordinary man4 ,you will see it4 ,i shall not be living1 but you will then recall the prediction of an old man4'0 8,extraordinary60 replied ,suffolk in his habitual tone of raillery2 8most extraordinary6 ,we are promised1 then1 a chancellor of a peculiar species6 ,i suppose he will not be the least astonished at receiving so high and singular a favor4 ,but1 the devil6 he will need to be a wonderful man4 ,if he sustains himself on the throne ministerial1 he will find a superior degree of wisdom necessary4 ,between the king1 the queen1 the council1 ,wiltshire1 the ,parliament1 the clergy1 and the people1 ,i would not risk my little finger1 brother-in-law of his majesty although ,i have the honor to be40 ,and he began laughing as he looked at ,norfolk1 although1 out of deference to him1 he had not included in the list of difficulties the most formidable of all1 and the one that carried all others in its train--his niece1 ,mlle4 ,anne4 8,in the sense you use the word10 the duke answered coldly1 8,i believe1 on the contrary1 he is by no means an astute man4 ,the intrigues of court will be altogether foreign to his character2 but otherwise1 in science and learning1 he has no equal4 ,he is in possession of all that a man is capable of acquiring in that direction1 and no man has made a more profound study of the common law and the statutes of the kingdom4 ,morton placed him at ,oxford1 then at the ,chancellors' ,college at ,lincoln1 and he achieved the most brilliant success40 8,admirable60 exclaimed ,suffolk1 laughing4 8,since that time10 pursued the ,duke of ,norfolk1 8his reputation has continued to increase4 ,when he lectured in ,s4 ,lawrence's ,church1 the celebrated ,dr4 ,grocyn and all of our ,london savants crowded eagerly to hear him40 8,well6 well6 ,i knew nothing of these most agreeable particulars10 said ,suffolk2 8,i only knew that it was he who induced ,parliament to refuse the subsidy demanded for the ,queen of ,scots4 ,if he continues to repeat such exploits as that1 ,i venture to predict he will not be chancellor very long40 8,oh6 as to that10 replied the duke1 8he is a man who will never compromise his conscience4 ,yes1 yes1 ,i recall distinctly the enraged expression of the present king's father when ,mr4 ,tyler came to inform him that the ,house of ,commons had rejected his demand1 and a beardless youth had been the cause of it4 ,i have not forgotten1 either1 that ,henry ,,vii41 of happy memory1 well knew how to avenge himself by having an enormous fine imposed on ,sir ,thomas' father40 8,well10 replied ,suffolk1 8but it was not always expedient for the ,house of ,commons to raise money in that way40 ,the conversation was continued in this manner1 as the hours glided by1 until at length the glittering spires of the ,london churches appeared in the distance1 and very soon the carriage had entered the narrow1 gloomy streets of that great city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,just at this time the soul of ,wolsey was replenished with an inexpressible quietude and contentment4 8,at last10 he said to himself1 8my enemies have all been confounded4 ,i can no longer entertain a doubt respecting my power1 after the most gracious manner in which the king has treated me at ,grafton4 ,i trust the influence of ,anne ,boleyn has diminished in the same proportion that mine has increased4 ,now she wants ,sir ,thomas ,cheney recalled2 but ,i shall not consent to that4 ,campeggio goes loaded with honorable presents4 ,the influence of the mistress will soon cease1 and that ambitious fool ,wiltshire will lose the fruit of his intrigues4'''0 ,as the ,cardinal of ,york consoled himself with these agreeable reflections1 the arrival of the ,venetian ambassador was announced4 8,ah6 so he presents himself at last10 ,wolsey exclaimed4 8,he has been a long time demanding an audience60 ,and he ordered him to be introduced4 ,wolsey received him in the most gracious manner4 ,after the usual compliments were exchanged1 he proposed showing him the honors of the palace4 ,he had spent his life in embellishing and adorning it with wonderful treasures of industry and art1 of which he was the enlightened and generous protector1 bestowing on them from his own purse the most liberal encouragement4 ,numerous galleries1 in which an exquisite taste had evidently directed even the most trivial ornamentation1 were filled with paintings1 statues1 and precious antique vases4 ,superb ,flanders tapestries gleamed on all sides1 covered the panels1 were disposed around the windows1 and fell in heavy drapery before the openings of the doors to conceal the entrance4 ,these precious cloths1 then of inestimable value1 were only found in the palaces of kings4 ,they usually represented some historical or poetical subject2 and sometimes landscapes and the rarest flowers were wrought and tinted with reflections of gold4 ,finally1 ,wolsey took occasion to point out1 among all these treasures1 the presents he had received at different times from the various princes of ,europe who had sought to secure his influence4 ,charmed with the order1 taste1 and beauty that reigned throughout the palace1 the ,italian admired everything1 surprised to find in this foreign clime a condition of luxury that recalled the memory1 always pleasing1 yet sometimes sad1 of his own country4 8,alas60 he exclaimed at length1 8we also were rich and happy1 and reposed in peace and security in our palaces1 before this war in which we have been so unfortunate as to rely on the ,king of ,france for assistance4 ,he has abandoned us2 and now1 compelled to pay an enormous tribute1 the republic finds itself humiliated in the dust beneath the sceptre of the haughty emperor60 8,such is the right of the conqueror10 replied ,wolsey4 8,you are fortunate1 inasmuch as he is forced to use that right with moderation40 8,it seems a heavy burden to us1 this moderation60 replied the ambassador4 8,he not only exacts immense sums of money1 but compels us to surrender territory we have conquered with our blood4 ,florence is placed under the dominion of the ,medici1 and all of our ,italian princes are reduced to a condition of entire dependence40 8,which1 of course1 they will shake off at the first opportunity10 interrupted ,wolsey4 8,charles ,v4 is too shrewd not to foresee that4 ,be assured he will endeavor to secure your good-will1 because your support is indispensable to enable him to resist the formidable power of the ,sultan ,soliman1 and the invasions of the barbarians subject to his authority40 8,in that we have placed our last hope4 ,if our services can be made available1 then from vanquished enemies we may become united allies4 ,already the emperor foresees it2 for he overwhelms ,andrew ,doria and the republic of ,genoa with favors4 ,he seems to have forgotten the injuries he suffered from ,sforza2 he received him most affably at court1 and promised him the ,princess of ,denmark1 his niece1 in marriage40 8,i am informed10 said ,wolsey1 8that he is deeply afflicted by the death of the ,prince of ,orange40 8,very much10 replied the ambassador4 8,the prince was a valiant captain4 ,he leaves no children2 his titles and landed property will descend to the children of his sister ,rne1 the ,countess of ,nassau40 8,and they are all ,german princes who have thrown themselves headlong into the ,lutheran heresy4 ,they will endeavor to cast off the yoke of the emperor1 and become altogether independent40 8,they have no other intention10 replied the ambassador2 8and by separating from the ,church of ,rome they hope more surely to effect their purpose4 ,however1 the decree laid before the diet against the religious innovations has passed by a large majority40 8,yes10 replied ,wolsey2 8but you see the ,elector of ,saxony1 the ,marquis of ,brandenburg1 the ,landgrave of ,hesse1 the ,dukes of ,luneburg1 and the ,prince d',anhalt are all leagued against the church1 with the deputies of fourteen imperial cities1 and are designated by no other name than that of ,protestant40 8,i am aware of that10 replied the ambassador4 8,it will greatly increase the difficulties in carrying out the emperor's secret project10 he continued after a moment's silence4 8,perhaps1 however1 he may succeed in making the crown hereditary in his family40 8,that is what we shall have to prevent60 cried ,wolsey vehemently1 who1 at the words of the ambassador1 felt all his old hatred toward ,charles ,v4 revive4 8,we will never suffer it1 neither will ,france4 ,no1 no2 ,i am very certain ,france will never permit it40 8,ah60 replied the ambassador1 shaking his head with a doubtful air1 either because he was not convinced1 but more probably because he was well pleased to arouse against the conqueror of ,venice the animosity of ,england 7still1 as he considered1 entirely governed by the will of the minister who stood before him74 8,i assure you of it most positively10 answered ,wolsey2 8and ,i wish you to bear it in mind40 ,and he regarded him with an expression of perfect confidence and authority4 8,i hope it may be so10 said the ambassador in an abstracted manner4 8,we certainly desire nothing more40 8,ah6 if he had only you to oppose him10 answered ,wolsey1 resuming his usual haughtiness1 8,i should doubt of success4 ,see where you stand10 he continued1 with the secret satisfaction of national pride4 8,invaded on all sides1 ,italy can oppose but a feeble barrier to the power of two such bold and daring pirates4 ,is it not a shame1 then1 to see these obscure and cruel robbers1 sons of a ,lesbian potter--two barbarians1 in fact--reigning sovereigns of the kingdom of ,algiers1 which they have seized1 and from whence they fearlessly go forth to destroy the ,christian fleets on every sea8 ,when would you be able to conquer these ocean pirates--you1 who have but a gibbet for your couch and a halter for your vestment8 ,justice would be kept a long time waiting60 ,the ,italian reddened and bit his lip4 ,he vainly sought words in which to reply1 and was relieved of his embarrassment when the door opened and admitted the ,dukes of ,norfolk and ,suffolk4 ,they entered without the usual ceremonies or salutations1 and ,wolsey1 surprised at seeing ,suffolk1 whom he had not met since the altercation at ,blackfriars1 regarded them with astonishment4 ,he arose1 however1 and advanced toward them4 ,suffolk1 with a disdainful gesture1 referred him to the ,duke of ,norfolk4 ,astonished at the coldness of the one1 the brusque impoliteness of the other1 and embarrassed by the presence of the ambassador1 the cardinal stood motionless1 undecided what to think or say4 8,my lords10 he at length exclaimed1 8what do you desire of me80 8,we want you to deliver up the seal of state10 replied ,norfolk1 without changing countenance4 8,what do you say1 my lord80 cried ,wolsey1 stupefied with astonishment4 8,the king has ordered it10 continued the duke with the same imperturbable manner4 8,the king6 ,can it be possible80 said ,wolsey1 dismayed1 and in a voice almost inaudible4 8,the seal of state6 ,and what have ,i done8 ,what8 ,can this be true8 ,no1 my lord1 no10 he suddenly exclaimed with an expression of indescribable terror2 8it cannot be true6 ,you have mistaken the king2 ,i do not deserve any such treatment4 ,i pray you let me see him2 let me speak to him for a moment--one single moment4 ,alas6 alas60 ,and he glanced at the ambassador1 who1 astounded himself at first1 and feeling himself out of place in the presence of this mighty downfall1 had involuntarily withdrawn towards the door4 8,it is no longer a question to be submitted to the king10 cried ,suffolk in a threatening and defiant manner2 8it is only necessary now to obey him1 and he orders you instantly to deliver up the seal40 8,the order is imperative10 added ,norfolk in a cold and serious manner4 8,i regret being charged with a commission which to you1 my lord1 must be so painful40 ,he said no more4 ,but ,suffolk1 base and jealous in his nature1 was not ashamed to add to the humiliation of the unfortunate cardinal4 8,come1 my good friend10 he said in an ironical voice1 8why do you beg so imploringly8 ,one would suppose we had demanded the apple of your eye4 ,you have been putting the seal so long now on our purses and tongues1 you ought not to be surprised nor annoyed that we feel like using it awhile ourselves40 ,this cowardly insult exasperated ,wolsey1 but his courage was roused with his indignation4 8,my ,lord ,suffolk10 he answered with dignity1 8,i am sorry for you and for the prompt manner in which you seem to forget in their misfortune those who in days of prosperity were always found ready to come to your assistance4 ,i hope you may never experience how painful it is to endure a similar cruel ingratitude40 ,he immediately withdrew1 and returned with the richly-adorned casket containing the great seal of state4 ,holding it in his trembling hand1 he avoided ,suffolk1 and1 advancing rapidly toward the ,duke of ,norfolk1 handed it to him4 8,my lord10 he said1 8here are the seals of the kingdom of ,england4 ,let the king's will be done4 ,since ,i received them from his hand1 fifteen years ago1 ,i am conscious of having done nothing to merit his displeasure4 ,i trust he will one day deign to render me full justice1 for ,i have never proved myself unworthy of his favor40 ,as he uttered the last words1 he was unable to restrain the tears which involuntarily arose to his eyes4 ,although the cardinal was by no means a favorite with the ,duke of ,norfolk1 he was moved with compassion1 and sadly reflected that he had still more painful intelligence to communicate4 ,he glanced at his companion1 but1 fearing the bitter and poignant irony in which ,suffolk never failed to indulge1 he hastened to prevent it in order to spare ,wolsey4 8,my lord cardinal10 he said1 8you ought to reflect that the king is too just and impartial to withdraw the favor he has so long bestowed on you without having weighed well the reasons and necessities requiring such a course4 ,nevertheless1 his goodness has not abandoned you2 he permits you to select such counsel as you may desire to defend you against the accusations presented against you to ,parliament40 8,to ,parliament60 murmured ,wolsey1 terror-stricken2 for the duke's last words suddenly disclosed the depth of the abyss into which he had fallen4 8,to ,parliament60 he repeated4 ,the shock he had experienced was so violent that his pride of character1 the sense of personal dignity1 the presence of his enemies1 were all forgotten in a moment1 and he abandoned himself to despair4 ,unable longer to sustain himself1 he sank on his knees4 8,i am lost60 he cried1 weeping and extending his hands toward his persecutors4 8,have pity on me1 my ,lord ,norfolk6 ,i give up all to the king6 ,let him do with me what he will6 ,since he says ,i am culpable1 although ,i have never had the intention1 yet ,i will acknowledge that ,i am4 ,but1 alas6 of what do they accuse me80 8,of having violated the statutes of prmunire10 replied ,norfolk4 8,and betraying your country10 continued ,suffolk1 8by carrying on a secret correspondence with the ,king of ,france4 ,you well remember that it was you who had me recalled at the moment when1 having become master of ,artois and ,picardy1 ,i had the ,parisians trembling within their walls8 ,will you dare deny that you were the cause of it1 and that it was the prire d'argent of ,mme4 ,louise#ach induced you to give the order for me to retire8 ,the king has been already long enough your dupe1 and our duty was to enlighten him4 ,as to the rest1 my lord cardinal1 you understand the proceedings2 your advocate ought to be here1 and you should immediately confer with him with regard to the other charges herein contained40 ,as he said this1 he threw on the cardinal's table the bill of presentment1 which contained no less than forty-four chief accusations4 ,they then took possession of all the papers they could find1 carrying away the seal of state1 and left ,wolsey in a condition deserving pity4 ,as they retired1 they proposed sending in the advocate1 who was waiting in an adjoining apartment conversing with ,cromwell4 8,ha6 ha6 you are here1 then1 ,sir ,cromwell10 said the ,duke of ,suffolk1 laughing4 8,go in1 go in there at once10 he cried1 pointing to the door of ,wolsey's cabinet4 8,the cardinal needs you2 ,i fear he will be hard to console40 ,cromwell watched with great anxiety the course of events1 and1 not knowing to which side to turn1 determined at least to secure for himself the appearance and merit of fidelity to his benefactor4 ,without reflecting on the consequences1 he hastily replied that he would not leave ,wolsey1 would never abandon him1 but follow him to the end4 8,you will follow him to the end1 eh80 replied ,suffolk4 8,when you know his intended destination1 ,i doubt very much if you will then ask to follow him40 ,as he said this1 he made a gesture giving ,cromwell to understand that his master1 besides losing place and power1 was also in danger of losing his head4 8,high treason1 my dear sir1 high treason60 cried ,suffolk4 8,do you hear me80 8,high treason80 repeated ,cromwell slowly4 8,ah6 my lord duke1 how could he be guilty80 ,he hastened to rejoin ,wolsey1 whom he found bathed in tears and endeavoring to decipher the act of presentment4 8,ah6 ,cromwell10 exclaimed the unhappy cardinal on seeing him1 8my dear friend1 you have not then forsaken me6 ,but1 alas6 ,i am lost4 ,read here for yourself--read it aloud to me2 for my sight is failing40 ,cromwell seized the paper and commenced reading the accusation4 ,on hearing that it was based principally on the violation of the statutes of prmunire1#aci ,wolsey was unable to control his indignation4 8,how10 he cried1 8can the king be induced to sanction such unparalleled injustice8 ,it is true that in receiving from the pope the title of legate1 and exercising throughout the kingdom the authority conferred by that title1 ,i have been brought in opposition to the precautionary statutes of ,king ,richard2 but still ,i have not violated them1 since the king himself has sanctioned that power and recognized it by appearing in his own person before the court4 ,is he not more to blame1 then1 who desired and ordered it1 than ,i1 who have simply been made a party to it8 ,i can prove this10 he cried--8yes1 ,i can prove it2 for ,i have still the letters-patent1 signed by his own hand1 and which he furnished me to that effect4 ,cromwell1 look in my secretary2 you will find them there40 ,cromwell opened the secretary1 but found nothing4 8,there is not a single paper here10 he said4 8,where could you have placed them80 8,indeed60 exclaimed the cardinal4 8,then they have all been carried away6 ,all60 he repeated4 8,i have no longer any means of defence2 ,i am lost6 ,they are all arrayed against me2 they have resolved upon my death4 ,o ,henry6 ,o my king6 is it thus you forget in one moment the services ,i have rendered you8 ,cromwell10 he continued in a low voice and gloomy1 abstracted manner--8,cromwell1 ,i am lost60 ,the same evening another messenger came to inform the unhappy cardinal the king wished to occupy1 during the session of ,parliament he was about to convene1 his palace of ,york 7the object of his care and pride71 and that in leaving it he could retire to1 and have at his disposal1 a house about eight leagues from ,london1 entirely abandoned1 and belonging to the bishopric of ,winchester4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the night1 already far advanced1 found ,sir ,thomas ,more still seated in his cabinet1 conversing with the ,bishop of ,rochester1 who had arrived at ,chelsea very late that morning4 ,a light was burning on a long table encumbered with books and papers2 several high-backed chairs1 covered with black morocco1 cast their shadows on the walls2 a capacious rug of white sheep-skin was spread before the hearth1 where the remains of a fire still burned in the grate4 ,such was the simplicity of the home of ,sir ,thomas ,more4 8,and why1 my dear friend10 asked the ,bishop of ,rochester1 8will you consent to take upon your shoulders so terrible a responsibility8 ,once become chancellor1 have you fully considered that you will be surrounded by enemies1 who will watch your every movement and pursue you even to your death8 ,have you reflected well that you acknowledge no other laws than those of your own conscience1 and feel no remorse unless for not having spoken your views with sufficient candor8 ,is it thus you hope to resist--thus you hope to escape the snares that will continually surround you80 8,i fear nothing10 replied ,more2 8for ,i believe in ,god6 ,and you yourself--would you not blame such weakness8 ,in refusing the king ,i refuse the queen4 ,would not ,catherine then declare that the trusted servant1 even he who had been called her friend1 had sacrificed her interests to his love of ease8 ,he had declared his life should be devoted to her cause1 and now had abandoned and deprived her of the only hope of relief ,providence seemed to have left her6 ,no1 ,fisher1 friendship has rights too sacred for me not to respect them40 8,then10 cried the bishop1 8if you respect the rights of friendship1 listen to my appeal6 ,i ask you to decline a dignity that will prove destructive to you4 ,in the name of all that you hold most dear1 in the name of all that is good and beautiful in nature1 in the entire universe1 ,i conjure you to refuse this fatal honor6 ,it is more than probable the very seal they wish now to place in your hands will be very soon affixed to your death-warrant6 ,believe me1 my friend1 all will unite against you4 ,a deep conviction has taken possession of my soul1 and ,i see1 ,i feel1 the wrath of this prince1 as violent as he is cruel1 ready to fall upon your devoted head4 ,you will be crushed in this struggle1 too unequal to admit for an instant the hope of escape40 8,ah6 well10 replied ,more laughingly1 8instead1 then1 of simply inscribing on my tombstone #8,here lies ,thomas ,more1' there will appear in pompous style the inscription1 #8,here lies the ,lord ,high ,chancellor of ,england4' ,assuredly1 ,i think that would sound much better1 and ,i shall take care to bequeath my first quarter's salary to defray the expense of so elegant an inscription40 8,more60 cried the ,bishop of ,rochester with impatience1 8,i cannot suffer you to jest on a subject of such grave importance4 ,do you1 then1 desire to die8 ,would you ruin yourself8 ,trust to my experience4 ,i know the heart of ,henry thoroughly2 your attempt to save the queen will be vain1 and you will inevitably be involved in her ruin4 ,i conjure you1 then1 accept not this office4 ,i will myself carry your refusal to the king40 8,no1 no60 exclaimed ,more4 8,i have decided--decided irrevocably40 8,irrevocably80 repeated ,rochester1 whom the thought reduced almost to despair4 8,more1 ,i see it4 ,you have become ambitious2 the vainglory of the world1 the fatal infatuation of its honors1 have taken possession even of the soul of ,thomas ,more6 ,your heart no longer responds to mine2 your ear remains deaf to all my solicitations6 ,ah6 well1 since the desire of being honored among men1 and to have them grovel at your feet1 has made even you despise my counsel and advice1 then listen1 listen well1 and ,god grant that ,i may be able to destroy in your heart the poison that pride has poured into it6 ,you are willing to sacrifice to your vanity all the happiness1 all the quiet and peace1 of your future2 know1 then1 what recompense will be meted out to you4 ,yesterday ,wolsey was in a manner driven from his palace1 and descended the ,thames in a common boat1 ,cromwell alone accompanying him2 for all have deserted him except his enemies1 who1 in order to enjoy his calamities1 crowded the river in boats and followed after him4 ,they hoped to see him arrested and carried to the ,tower1 the report having been circulated that he would be taken there4 ,wolsey--he whom you have so often seen make his appearance in ,parliament1 surrounded by an almost royal pomp and splendor--is now a fugitive1 alone1 abandoned1 without defence1 of the clamorous insults and bitter scorn of a populace always eager to feast their eyes on the ruins of fallen greatness4 ,the air around him resounded with their maledictions4 #8,here is the man who fattened on the blood of the poor1' they cried4 #8,the taxes will be reduced now1' exclaimed others1 #8since he will have no farther use for palaces and gardens'2 and all1 in their ignorance1 abused him as the cause of the wrongs and oppressions which it was probably not in his power to have averted4 ,at length1 overwhelmed with insults and outrages1 he was landed at ,pultney1 and1 in order to escape the mob1 was hurriedly conducted to his house at ,asher1 where he has been banished4 ,such is the reward you will receive in the service of an avaricious prince and a blind infatuated multitude60 ,he paused1 overcome by anxiety and excitement4 8,my dear ,fisher10 responded ,more1 deeply moved1 8our hearts and thoughts are always in unison2 you have only represented to me a second time the picture ,i had already painted myself40 8,indeed60 cried ,rochester2 8and do you still hesitate80 8,what60 replied ,more1 resolutely1 8and does it require so much hesitation to sacrifice one's self8 ,i would not wish to live dishonored2 and ,i should consider myself guilty if ,i forgot my duty toward my sovereign and the honor of ,england60 8,so you are resolved6 ,ah6 well1 let your sacrifice be accomplished10 said the saintly bishop2 8but then may ,god1 whose goodness is infinite1 hear my vows and grant my prayer3 may the same dangers unite us2 side by side with you may my last sigh be breathed out with yours2 and if the life of the aged man is not extinguished before that of the man in his prime1 then may the stroke of death cut us down at the same moment60 8,my dear friend10 cried ,more1 8the many years that have passed over your head and blanched your locks have not yet ripened your judgment1 since you can believe it possible that the king's anger1 although it may one day fall on me1 could ever be permitted to overtake you1 the counsellor of his youth1 whom he has so often called his father6 ,no1 ,i can conceive of no such fearful possibility2 the wise1 the virtuous ,bishop of ,rochester can never be involved in the misfortune that would crush ,thomas ,more40 8,ah60 replied ,fisher1 8but ,i shall understand how to call down on my head the vengeance with which he may hesitate to strike me4 ,believe me1 ,more1 a man scarcely reaches the prime of life before he feels himself1 as it were1 daily beginning to fail4 ,just as in the autumn days the sun's light rapidly diminishes1 so the passing years despoil his body of physical strength and beauty2 but it has no effect upon his soul4 ,the heart--no1 the heart never grows old6 ,it loves1 it suffers1 as in the early morning of life2 and when at last it has reached the age when wisdom and experience have destroyed the illusions of the passions1 friendship1 strengthened by so many blessed memories1 reigns there alone and entire1 like a magnificent flower that has been sheltered and preserved from the destroying worm4 8,having almost arrived at the end of his career1 he often takes a survey of the road he has passed over4 ,he loves to recall his joys and his sorrows1 and to weep again for the friends he has lost4 ,i know that presumptuous youth imagines that the prudence he refuses to obey is the only good that remains after the labors of life have been terminated by time4 8,your feelings are not in unison with those of an old man4 ,it is because you do not understand them4 ,he lives in memory1 and you in hope4 ,you pursue a phantom1 a chimera1 the nothingness of which he has already experienced2 you accuse him1 he complains of you1 and often you do not deign to regard the last bitter tear that is drawn from him at the sight of the tomb into which he must soon descend40 8,oh60 exclaimed ,more1 8you whom ,i venerate as a father and love as a friend--can you doubt for one moment the truth of a heart entirely devoted to you8 ,confirmed by your example1 guided and sustained by your counsels1 what have ,i to fear8 ,banish from your mind these sad presentiments4 ,why should this dread of the future1 that perhaps after all is only chimerical1 destroy the extreme happiness ,i enjoy in seeing you80 ,for a long time they continued to converse1 until the light of early morning at length succeeded the uncertain glimmer of the candle1 now flickering in its socket4 8,my friend1 ,i must leave you10 said ,rochester4 8,the day already dawns4 ,god grant the sun may not this morning arise on the beginning of your misfortunes60 8,oh6 no10 replied ,more1 8this is my fte to-day4 ,s4 ,thomas will pray for and protect us40 ,the good bishop then descended to the courtyard and mounted his mule2 but ,more1 unwilling to give him up1 walked on by his side as far as the road followed the course of the river4 ,when they reached the cross-road where the bishop turned off1 ,more shook his hand and bade him farewell4 ,a great wooden cross stood near the roadside1 on which was suspended a wreath of withered leaves2 and ,more1 seating himself on one of the stone steps upon which the cross was elevated1 followed the good bishop with his eyes until he had disappeared in the distance4 ,he then rested his head sadly on his hands1 and recalled to mind all this venerable friend had said to him4 8,he is right60 he mentally exclaimed4 8,how clear-sighted his friendship renders him6 ,into what a sea of agitation1 malignity1 and hatred ,i shall be plunged6 ,and all for what8 ,in order that ,i may be lord chancellor of the kingdom through which this road passes4 ,behold1 then1 beside the highway10 he added1 looking around him1 8my lord the great high chancellor1 shivering in the cold morning air just as any other man would do who had gone out at this hour without putting on his cloak6''' ,yes1 ,i can understand how social distinctions might cause us to scorn other men1 if they exempted us from the inconveniences of life4 ,we might then perhaps believe that we had different natures4 ,but let us change our garments1 and we fall at once1 and are immediately confounded with the common herd40 ,while making these sad reflections upon the follies of human nature1 ,more arose and returned to the house1 where his wife and children and his aged father--simple and peaceable old man1 happy in the favor of the king and the virtues of his son--were all wrapped in profound slumber4 ,in a spacious apartment1 of which the dark and worm-eaten ceiling1 ragged tapestry1 and dilapidated windows presented the appearance of a desolate and abandoned edifice1 a fragment of broken furniture still remained1 upon which was placed a small piece of bread4 ,numberless crumbs strewed the dusty floor and were eagerly devoured by a little mouse1 but recently the only inhabitant of the place4 ,to-day1 however1 he had the company of a man whose extraordinary mind had conceived vast projects and executed great and useful enterprises--the ,archbishop of ,york1 ,cardinal ,wolsey4 ,seated upon the edge of a wooden stool which he had placed in the embrasure of a window1 he held his hands crossed one upon the other1 and bitterly reflected upon his unhappy destiny4 ,regrets1 of which he felt all the impotency1 pressed upon his agitated soul4 ,it seemed to him that he still heard the cries and menaces of the furious populace that exulted in his distress1 and to which perhaps1 alas6 he would again be subjected4 ,at one time filled with courage and resolution1 at another humble and cast down1 the anxieties of his mind seemed wholly without measure4 ,his eyes1 wearied with straying listlessly over the plain which extended before him1 beheld only a single laborer ploughing the field4 8,man is small10 said he1 8in presence of immensity2 the point which he forms in space is imperceptible4 ,entire generations have passed away1 have gathered the fruits of the earth1 and now sleep in their native dust4 ,my name has been unknown to them4 ,millions of creatures suffer1 where ,i exist free from pain4 ,coming up from the lowest ranks of society1 ,i have endeavored to elevate myself above them4 ,and what has my existence signified to them8 ,has not each one considered himself the common centre around which all the others must revolve80 ,here ,wolsey1 impelled by extreme hunger1 approached the little worm-eaten table1 and took up the morsel of dry bread left from his repast the evening before4 ,just as he was raising it to his mouth a man entered1 dressed in the most scrupulous manner1 and enveloped in an ample cloak of the finest material4 ,wolsey was startled1 and gazed at him in astonishment4 8,what6 ,arundel10 he exclaimed at last1 8what could have brought you to this place80 8,yourself10 replied ,arundel1 in a frank1 abrupt manner4 8,you have lost everything1 and have never informed me by a word6 ,do you think1 then1 ,i have forgotten all you have done for me80 8,the favors ,i have conferred on you were so slight10 replied ,wolsey1 8that it would have been natural you should have no longer remembered them1 especially since many who owe their wealth1 and perhaps their lives1 to me have so completely forgotten it40 8,i have never learned how to flatter nor to wear velvet gloves10 replied ,arundel2 8but ,i am still more ignorant of the art of forgetting past favors4 ,no1 it has never been my custom to act thus2 and you have offended me more than you imagine by proving you believed me capable of such baseness40 ,as he said this1 ,arundel took from his bosom an immense purse of red satin1 filled with gold1 and laid it on the dilapidated table beside a package of clothing which he had thoughtfully added to his gift4 8,there are no acknowledgments to be made10 he remarked2 8it is essential first of all that you be made comfortable4 ,you can return this when it suits your convenience4 ,now let us say no more about it40 8,alas60 cried ,wolsey1 8are you not aware1 then1 that ,i may never be able to return it8 ,they will divide my ecclesiastical benefices among them4 ,the ,duke of ,norfolk and the ,earl of ,wiltshire have already been put in possession of the revenue from my bishopric of ,winchester4 ,this is the only food ,i have had since ,i came here10 he added1 showing him the bread he still held in his hand4 8,indeed6 ,it is not very delicate10 replied ,arundel2 8but it is your own fault4 ,when one has friends1 he should not neglect them1 and that is just what you have done40 8,misfortune often renders us unjust10 answered the cardinal1 deeply moved by the generous frankness and brusque proceedings of ,arundel1 whom he had always1 until now1 regarded as being haughty and ungrateful1 because he had never observed him among his crowd of fawning courtiers4 8,i must confess that ,i could not endure the thought of being repulsed by those for whom ,i have done everything4 ,i do not believe that among the immense number of those who daily wearied me with protestations of their ostentatious regard there is to-day one who has condescended to think of me in my misfortunes4 ,you only have thought to succor me in my distress--you1 who1 without my being aware of it1 have doubtless been all the while the most sincere among them all40 8,i cannot believe10 replied ,arundel1 without appearing to notice the acknowledgments with which ,wolsey continued to overwhelm him1 8that they would all thus have abandoned you had they known the extreme severity with which you have been treated2 it would be too foul a blot upon the name of humanity4 ,notwithstanding they laugh at our misfortunes1 ,i think it appears worse to us than it really is4 ,no1 be assured you will find some faithful friends who will defend you4 ,for instance1 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 your successor1 whose fortune you have made1 cannot fail to use his influence in your favor40 8,more owes me nothing10 replied the cardinal4 8,i have not made his fortune2 when ,i proposed him to the king as ,treasurer of the ,exchequer1 he had for a long time been acquainted with his rare merits4 ,knowing that the appointment would prove both useful and agreeable to the king1 ,i recommended him to make it2 but really it was more for the king's benefit than ,more's4 ,besides1 ,i am aware that ,more is one of the most zealous partisans of ,catherine4 ,thus1 you see1 there exists no reason why he should feel inclined to assist me4 ,i am only surprised that a man of his exalted integrity should accept a position where he will necessarily be compelled to act in opposition to his convictions40 8,it is with the eager desire of ultimately being able to convert all the world and to correct all consciences10 replied ,arundel with a smile of derision2 for he never lost an occasion of ridiculing the importance which many attach to political intrigues1 and1 as they say1 to the public good1 in whose management they pretend to take a hand1 in order to win admiration at any cost for their talents4 8,and verily1 he will find it difficult to sustain his position1 unless he becomes the very humble servant of my ,lady ,anne1 regent of the kingdom2 for nothing is done but what she ordains1 and her uncle1 whom she has appointed chief of the council1 executes the orders which the king claims the honor of communicating to him4 ,oh60 continued ,arundel in the same ironical tone1 and without perceiving the painful effect his words produced on the unhappy cardinal1 8truly it is a very great advantage1 and above all highly honorable for ,england1 to see her king put in tutelage to the caprices of a woman as weak and vain as she is arrogant4 ,if he was absolutely determined to go into leading-strings1 why did he not beseech the good ,queen ,catherine to take charge of him8 ,she1 at least1 would have been careful to hold the reins equally on both sides1 so that the swaddling could have been made to walk straight40 8,a swaddling10 repeated ,wolsey1 8''' who devoured his nurse60 8,hold1 my dear lord10 continued ,arundel2 8it cannot be denied that you have made a great mistake in encouraging the king in his divorce project--yes1 a great mistake1 which they now begin to discover4 ,but ,i do wrong1 perhaps1 to reproach you1 since you are the first to be punished for your manner of seeing things4 ,but listen to me2 as for myself1 if1 in order to avoid dying of starvation1 or being compelled to subsist on just such bread as you have there1 ,i had been obliged to accept the place of lord chancellor1 on the day when ,i found myself relieved of so burdensome and exacting an office ,i should have cried aloud3 #8,thank heaven that ,i am again seated by my own fireside1 where in peace and quiet ,i can get up at my leisure and contemplate passing events4' ,for myself1 these are my principles3 to have nothing to do is the first essential to happiness2 nothing to lose1 the second2 nothing to disturb or annoy1 the third2 and upon these rest all the others4 ,such is my system--the best of all systems1 the only4'''0 ,arundel would have still continued explaining the numerous theories he had originated for securing happiness for an indefinite length of time1 perhaps1 but he suddenly perceived that ,wolsey no longer heard him1 but1 with his head sunk on his breast1 seemed absorbed in thought4 8,well1 my lord10 said ,arundel1 8you are not listening to me1 it seems8 ,really1 it is not worth while to explain to you the true method of being happy40 8,ah6 my dear ,arundel10 replied ,wolsey1 aroused by the exclamation of his visitor1 8how could you expect me to think of profiting by your lessons1 or to make an application of your theories of happiness1 when at this very moment1 perhaps1 ,i have been condemned to death by ,parliament80 8,there is no proof of that10 replied ,arundel4 8,sufficient unto the day is the evil--gloomy apprehensions profit us nothing2 they do not delay the progress of events2 on the contrary1 they send them on us in advance1 and only serve to aggravate the consequences4 ,moreover1 ,i must not forget to suggest that if it would be more agreeable for you to be with your friends1 there are many who will be happy to receive you1 and offer you a mansion as commodious1 although less sumptuously furnished1 than your palace of ,york or that of ,hampton ,court1 the latter of which ,i have never liked since you added the gallery40 8,what is that gallery to me now8 ,i surrender it up to you10 said the cardinal4 ,the endless arguments of ,arundel began to weary him exceedingly4 ,in spite of the extreme gratitude he felt for his sincere and generous offers1 ,wolsey could not divest himself of the conviction that ,arundel belonged to that class who1 while in other respects full of good impulses and laudable intentions1 are so entirely wanting in tact and delicacy1 and contend so urgently for their own opinions1 that the consolations they would force you to adopt1 far from alleviating your sufferings1 only augment them and render their sympathy irksome and oppressive4 ,this feeling was experienced by ,wolsey1 uncertain as he was what fate was reserved for him1 trembling even for his life1 while ,arundel endeavored to paint for him a minute picture of the happiness and tranquillity enjoyed by a man living in peace and quiet1 with nothing to disturb him in the enjoyment of his possessions4 8,alas60 he exclaimed at length impatiently1 8why has not kind ,providence blessed me with a nature like yours8 ,i should be less unhappy1 nor every instant see yawning before me the terrible depths of the precipice on which ,i now stand4 ,i could catch1 at least1 at the branches of absurdity1 until the moment when ,i should be dashed to pieces6 ,but no1 ,i cannot2 ,i am too well acquainted with men and things to expect the slightest assistance4 ,they are always ready to strike those who are falling1 but never attempt to raise them up4 ,yesterday1 only yesterday1 the commissioners of ,parliament demanded of me the letters-patent ,i had received from the king in order to exercise my authority as legate1 although every one knew that1 as he had given them to me1 it was his right alone to take them away again4 ,ah6 well1 they have persisted in their demand1 and have refused to believe me on oath6 ,no1 ,i will indulge in no more illusions2 my enemies have sworn my death1 and they will obtain it6 ,and the king1 the king my master1 after fifteen years of the most faithful service1 he delivers me up1 helpless and defenceless1 to all the cruelties their hatred may inspire2 and yet you1 ,arundel1 think that ,i should still indulge in hope80 8,but all this will be arranged1 ,i tell you10 replied ,arundel with an imperturbable coolness4 8,you should not trouble yourself in advance1 because1 if the worst should happen1 it will change nothing2 and if it does not1 your present suffering will have been needless40 ,as ,arundel finished this wise reasoning1 ,cromwell appeared4 ,he came from ,london1 where he had been1 he said1 to defend ,wolsey before the ,parliament4 ,on seeing him enter the cardinal was seized with an uncontrollable alarm1 thinking his fate had been decided4 8,cromwell60 he cried1 and could say no more4 8,ah60 replied ,cromwell1 8you should not thus give way to your apprehensions1 although4'''0 ,he paused on seeing the cardinal grow deadly pale4 8,you need have no uneasiness1 because the king has sent ,norris to bid me assure you he would take you under his protection40 8,i have been condemned1 then60 cried the unhappy ,wolsey4 8,speak1 ,cromwell1 speak2 conceal nothing from me4 ,i am not a child10 he added with firmness4 8,you have been condemned by the ,star ,chamber1 but the king says he will have the bill rejected in the ,house of ,commons10 replied ,cromwell4 8,he will not do it60 cried ,wolsey1 the tears coursing rapidly down his cheeks4 8,he will sacrifice me1 ,cromwell1 ,i know it2 he has no longer any use for me1 and my past services have left no impression on his mind4 ,but how far has their rage carried them8 ,to what have they condemned me80 8,you have been placed beyond the protection of the king1 and all your property confiscated40 8,the king's protection is already recovered10 gently interrupted ,arundel1 who had listened until this time in silence4 8,as for the confiscation1 that will be more difficult1 inasmuch as they are generally more ready to take than to give4 ,however1 my dear cardinal1 you should despair of nothing2 then let us try and console you4 ,they cannot confiscate me1 who have never had anything to do with the gentlemen of the council4 ,i have a good house1 an excellent cook2 you will come home with me1 and1 my word for it1 you shall want for nothing40 8,arundel10 interrupted the cardinal1 8,i am deeply grateful for your kind offer2 but believe me1 they will not leave me the choice of profiting by it40 8,why not8 why not80 exclaimed ,arundel4 8,the devil6 ,why1 these gentlemen of the council are not wild beasts6 ,a little avaricious1 a little ambitious1 a little envious1 and slightly selfish1 but they are at least as accommodating as the devil60 8,no60 replied ,wolsey4 8,i assure you1 before receiving the king's message10 said ,cromwell1 8,i was in despair1 for they spoke of having you arrested and immediately urging the accusation of high treason2 but since the king has declared you under his protection1 ,i do not believe that all is entirely lost4 ,norris has repeated to me twenty times3 #8,say positively to the cardinal that the king advises him not to be troubled1 and to remember that he can give him1 any moment he pleases1 far more than they can take away4'0 8,i hope ,i may be mistaken1 dear ,cromwell10 replied the cardinal with a sombre air2 8but ,i fear a momentary compassion only has excited the king to say what you tell me1 and it will not be long before that wicked night-bird#adj will again have possession of his ear4 ,she will not fail to use her influence in defaming me and blackening anew all my actions1 until the king will cease to oppose the wicked designs they have conceived against me40 ,saying this1 he buried his face in his hands and sank into a state of despondency impossible to describe4 ,cromwell made no reply1 and ,arundel silently took his leave1 inwardly congratulating himself1 as he returned home1 upon the tranquil and happy life he knew so well how to lead1 and censuring those who would not imitate his example2 without once reflecting that few were in a position so agreeable or independent as his1 and consequently were not able to enjoy themselves equally nor after his own deliberate fashion4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,sine ,,labe ,,concepta ,predestined second ,eve4 ,for this conceiv'd ,immaculate--not lower than the first4 ,chosen beginner in the loss reversed1 ,and mediatress in the gain achieved1 ,when1 the new angel1 as the old1 believed1 ,thy hearkening should bless whom ,eve's had curst4 ,and therefore we1 whose bondage thou hast burst1 ,grateful for our inheritance retrieved1 ,must deem this jewel in thy diadem ,the brightest--hailing thee alone 8all fair10 ,nor ever soil'd with the original stain3 ,alone1 save ,him whose heart-blood bought the gem ,with peerless grace preventive none might share-- ,redemption's perfect end1 all else tho' vain4 ,,village ,,life ,,in ,,new ,,hampshire4 8,i think ,i shall start for ,new ,hampshire to-morrow10 ,i said4 8,do you know anything about ,l----1 in ,cheshire ,county80 ,jones1 who had been meditatively examining the coloring of a richly-tinted meerschaum1 sat up erect at this question1 with a sudden access of vigor4 8,l----80 he said4 8,by ,george6 there's where ,agnes ,cortland lives now in the summer40 ,it was the middle week of ,july4 ,aspirations for one whiff of the breeze among the hills had become irresistible4 ,we were sitting together1 ,jones and ,i1 in my room up-town after luncheon4 ,jones was a young ,new ,york artist in his first season after his return from ,italy the previous autumn4 ,he1 too1 was about to start on a sketching tour through ,vermont1 in which ,state his people lived4 ,he was late leaving town1 but money was not easy with him--a handsome young fellow of that golden age between twenty-three and twenty-four1 when one is apt to think he needs only a very short-handled lever to move the world4 ,he was of medium height1 but squarely and powerfully built2 with a face good-natured1 but very resolute1 in expression4 ,a stranger would not be likely to take a liberty with him4 ,i had a strong notion that ,jones would make a better soldier than artist1 if there were any question of blows being struck for the country1 which happily there is not4 ,but hitherto ,i had shrewdly kept that opinion to myself4 ,considerably older than he was1 and engaged in another occupation1 circumstances had thrown us a good deal together4 ,intimacy had brought confidence1 and confidence1 at his age1 meant--nothing more nor less than it always does under such circumstances--the unbosoming of his love affairs4 ,how few there are who have not found themselves in the same position1 either as actors or sympathetic chorus1 or in time as both6 ,what countless dramas of passion are continually being put upon the private stage before this limited audience6 ,now1 it is not the purpose of this paper to pursue the history of ,jones' captivity at the hands of the tender goddess through all the infinitesimal and transcendental chapters a first romance runs into4 ,more placid emotions and observations1 befitting the serenity of approaching middle age1 are in store for the reader4 ,and in fact the history of ,jones' passion is still incomplete4 ,but so much of it may be given as fell within the purview of our ,new ,hampshire observations4 ,jones was poor--prosaic fact1 which robs life of so many compensations as we grow old4 ,but at twenty-three we spurn the mastery of the glittering dross--that is1 if ,congress gives us any to spurn6 ,let us say rather of the flimsy paper4 ,at that age of our flowing life we coin money at our own mint2 or1 more truly1 draw limitless drafts on the ,bank of the ,future4 ,happy the man who meets them when they fall due6 ,jones1 at least1 had no doubts as to his future solvency4 ,but his plans were vague--very6 ,agnes ,cortland was the daughter of a railroad director--or two or three directors rolled into one--and had the world1 or at least the ,new ,york world1 to choose from4 ,poor ,jones6 his story might almost be predicted from the start4 ,yet this inheritor of the 7latent7 genius of any half-dozen masters1 ancient or modern1 you choose to name1 believed1 perhaps with some reason1 that this daughter of ,dives liked him2 and as for himself1 he vowed with hyperbole that he adored her4 ,they had frequently met--their families then being neighbors in the country--before he went to ,italy1 where he had spent two years studying and wandering about4 ,no avowal of affection had been made between them1 but he had gone away with the consciousness many little signs and tokens give that he was not disliked4 ,since his return a year ago some meetings had taken place--at rarer intervals--in society4 ,at an evening party some months before she had given him1 he said1 a slight but unmistakable opportunity of declaring himself1 if he had wished to do so4 8,but ,i did not take it10 said ,jones1 who1 spite of his being in love1 was as manly a young fellow as one could meet4 8,she knows ,i am poor2 and ,i don't want to be thought a fortune-hunter40 ,i laughed at this quixotic declaration4 8,my dear fellow10 ,i said1 8you fly at high game4 ,but ,i should not let the auri sacra fames interfere1 one way or the other1 with my tender emotions4 ,if ,i did so at all1 ,plutus would have his due weight in the scale1 believe me60 8,what would you do80 said ,jones4 ,this was in one of those 8tobacco parliaments0 in early spring--if so they might be called1 where one1 only1 smoked1 and the other looked on with sympathy2 for ,i had abandoned the 8weed0 some years before--hardly of such profundity1 nor yet so silent1 as those ,mr4 ,carlyle speaks of4 ,jones had recurred to his usual topic of hopes and perplexities4 8,do80 ,i answered1 looking at him retrospectively1 as it were1 as if contemplating my own departed youth1 as he sat there in his favorite attitude after dinner1 gracefully balancing one leg over the arm of my chintz-covered easy-chair1 while ,i was stretched out on the sofa4 8,ah6 that is an easy question to propound1 but not so easy to answer4 ,at your age ,i should not think you would need much prompting4 ,but if you ask me1 ,i would say1 leave it alone6 ,love is a luxury for the rich or the evenly-mated poor4 ,but you are not likely to take that advice4 ,a good deal would depend on the reinforcements she might bring to the struggle4 ,a woman is not always a passive instrument in those affairs1 but sometimes has a will of her own4 ,i have never seen your fair one1 and know nothing about her4 ,but if she be a girl of some strength of character1 and her love do not prove a mere school-girl's fancy1 she might possibly gain her father's consent4 ,but it is not a promising adventure1 at the best2 and ,i would not recommend you to embark your hopes in it4 ,keep clear of serious entanglements until you see your way before you4 ,above all1 avoid anything like a clandestine engagement4 ,it will not add to your happiness or hers4 ,i don't suppose you will think this a very encouraging opinion4 ,but there may be circumstances in your favor ,i know nothing of4 ,marry her1 if you can1 and can get the father's consent2 and go into 8railroading0 with him in his office4 ,you will make more money at that than you are ever likely to do sticking little dabs of color on a piece of canvas40 ,i saw ,jones wince at this mercenary view of his art4 ,but he bore it like a man1 and continued silent4 ,the suggestion of such a change of vocation did not appear to surprise him1 though it was plain no active intention of throwing up his art had yet entered his mind4 ,the fact is1 ,jones is one of those young men--not inconsiderable in numbers in the profession--who 8have a studio10 but are not likely ever to send many master-pieces out of it4 ,developing some precocious talent for drawing when they are boys1 and seizing with boyish eagerness upon the suggestion of being 8an artist10 they are offered by fond but undiscerning parents upon the altar of art4 ,but they never advance beyond a mechanical dexterity in putting conventional scenes upon canvas4 ,they haven't a spark of that genius that is often observed where other pursuits have prevented a devotion to the profession4 ,eventually they abandon altogether the study or practice of their art1 or sink into drudges for the picture or chromo dealers1 or grind out a living as drawing-masters1 or--,heaven knows how4 ,i will not say that ,jones was altogether deficient in talent1 but the talent that makes an agreeable accomplishment for the rich amateur is a different thing from that which will pay the piper or win eminence in the art4 ,jones painted his pictures for the autumn and spring exhibitions1 and had one or two on view in one of the up-town windows4 ,but at ,du ,vernet's big sale ,i know that a clever little bit of coloring on which he had spent some time was knocked down to a chromo-dealer for sixteen dollars6 ,how was he going to live on such prices8 ,and as for marrying ,agnes ,cortland--it was simply preposterous to think of it4 ,nor is this redundancy of young native artists on whom neither genius nor fashion smiles confined to ,new ,york alone4 ,in ,boston1 which is the only other city boasting of a native school of art1 the same low prices prevail4 ,it is disheartening2 but a more disheartening thing still is that those prices often represented the actual value of the picture4 ,jones was imperfectly educated1 though his continental travel had made him a fair linguist4 ,he certainly drew very little inspiration from the antique1 for he knew next to nothing about it2 nor had he much of that sympathy with the undercurrent of life1 and its relations with nature1 which gives significance to common things4 ,he had a fondness for pleasure which1 of course1 did not contribute to his success4 ,yet he was one of those young fellows whom it is impossible to meet without liking4 ,he was frank1 honorable1 and spirited1 and had a robust shrewdness about him in dealing with men and things that made him a pleasant companion4 ,that he would eventually choose a more active kind of life--and probably succeed in it--,i was half-convinced1 and my advice about 8railroading10 though spoken partly in jest1 was inwardly meant in good faith4 ,on this particular ,july evening on which our paper opens ,jones followed up the announcement of my proposed trip to ,l---- by expressing a wish that he were going there too1 so that he might come to a definite understanding with ,agnes ,cortland2 and the wish was soon followed by the determination to act on it4 8,how long do you intend to stay there80 he asked4 8,till the first week in ,september10 ,i said4 8,then ,i will come back that way1 and join you for a few days about the first of ,september4 ,the ,cortlands don't leave there till ,october4 ,we can come back to ,new ,york together40 ,it would have been ungracious on my part to have objected to this proposal1 though ,i had a good many doubts about its wisdom4 ,so it happened that my little excursion to ,l----1 which ,i had innocently designed to be a season of simple lotus-eating such as ,mr4 ,tennyson ascribes to his ,olympian deities1 8reclined upon the hills together1 careless of mankind10 was complicated by a subordinate interest in a comedy from real life which had that quiet village for a stage4 ,the next day ,i started1 taking ,boston en route4 ,that staid1 quiet1 cleanly city seems always to be1 compared with ,new ,york1 like a good school-boy by the side of a big1 blustering brother fonder of a street row than his books4 ,then to ,fitchburg1 where ,i stopped over night1 as some stage travelling was to be done from our 8jumping-off0 place1 and riding over the country roads in the morning was more promising than on a dark and cloudy night4 ,in the morning the ,fitchburg ,railroad again1 and one of its branches to ,l----4 ,the unwonted coolness of the morning breeze1 as the train entered the ,new ,hampshire hills1 already began to refresh mind and body alike4 ,the pines and hemlocks extending back into deep1 dim recesses carpeted with moss and ferns2 the cattle moving slowly over the pastures in the distance2 the pastures themselves stretching up the sides of the highest hills1 still of the freshest green1 without a hint of the yellow undertone that ,i watched gradually overspread them as the summer ripened into autumn2 a lake in the foreground1 silent1 unvisited1 its clear waters unpolluted by the dregs of commerce or the drainage of a vast metropolis2 even the caw6 caw6 of the ravens flying off from the tops of the pine stumps1 send a novel and delicious feeling of freedom through the breast of the city traveller who has put care and work behind him for a season4 ,nor is this feeling altogether evanescent4 ,even now1 as winter approaches and the north winds from the same hills come sweeping down over the great city1 sending us chattering and freezing to our cosey firesides1 the glory of the ,july foliage moves our memory like a far-off dream of youth4 ,yet1 after all1 it may be doubted whether the charm of country scenes is not due in great part to their novelty and the feeling that we are not bound to them longer than we please4 ,of all that has been written in praise of country life1 how much is the work of the city resident2 how little1 comparatively speaking1 springs from the country itself6 ,there drudgery too often takes the place of sentiment4 ,it is the ,epicurean poet1 ,horace1 satiated with the noise of the ,forum and the gossip of the baths1 who sings sweetest of rural contentment1 of the 8lowing herds10 the 8mellow fruits of autumn10 and the 8brooks murmuring over stony beds40 ,but when he gives play to his satiric vein1 none pictures more truthfully than the ,venusian the grumbling of the husbandman1 who 8turns the heavy clay with the hard plough40 ,embowered in some shady arbor on the windings of the ,digentia through his ,sabine farm1 or doing a little amateur farming1 to the amusement1 as he confesses1 of his blunt country neighbors1 who laughed at the dandy poet with a hoe in his hand1 it was easy for ,horace to chant the smooth and sunny side of country life4 ,but the eight laborers on his estate1 chained literally to the soil1 as many a ,new ,england farmer morally is by the burden of debt or family1 no doubt saw things differently4 ,and the bailiff of his woodlands we know to have despised those 8desert and inhospitable wilds10 and to have longed for the streets and shows of ,rome4 ,it is amazing upon what inattentive ears the music of our wild birds falls in a secluded farm-house4 ,often it seems absolutely unheard2 while the clatter of the long street of the country town that the farmer visits once a month is for ever in his mind4 ,but we delay too long at the way station at ,l----4 ,let us onwards4 ,the carrier of the ,united ,states mail1 who is at the same time the ,jehu of the passenger stage1 slings our impedimenta up behind with an energy to be envied by a veteran 8baggage-smasher0 at some of our big depots1 straps it down1 and jumps upon the box4 ,we mount more slowly beside him1 disdaining to be shut up in the close interior1 and intent upon looking at the country we pass through this lovely morning4 ,the two stout grays breast the hill leading to ,l---- ,centre1 eight miles distant4 ,the surface of the country is hilly and broken2 as we approach ,l----1 mountainous4 ,mounting the crest of the first steep hill1 a beautiful natural panorama spreads out before us3 long1 narrow1 intersecting lines of timber1 like giant hedges1 dividing the hill farms from each other4 ,a rolling country spreads toward the east1 bounded on the horizon by a low range of mountains wooded to the summit1 and with a white steeple flashing out here and there among the trees at their base4 ,the effects of light and shade1 caused by the clouds on a brilliant day1 on one of those white steeples1 standing out solitarily against the side of a mountain eight or ten miles distant1 are peculiar4 ,sometimes it becomes invisible1 as the circle of the shadow is projected upon that area of the mountain which includes it4 ,then1 as the dark veil moves slowly1 with a sliding motion1 up the side and over the crest of the mountain1 the white spire flashes out from the obscure background of the forest with a sudden brilliancy4 ,on this side patches of blue water among the trees in the hollows revealed the presence of numerous ponds1 as the small lakes1 and some of the large ones1 are universally called in ,new ,england4 ,to the northwest what seemed to be a level plain from the height over which we rode1 but which was in reality broken and undulating ground1 stretched beneath us for ten or twelve miles to the base of ,mt4 ,monadnock4 ,the mountain1 grand1 massive1 and still veiled by a thin mist1 rose boldly from the low country at its foot to a height of nearly four thousand feet4 ,a ride of an hour and a half brought us to the top of the hill on the side of which stands ,l----4 ,a dozen scattered houses flank the broad village green1 and a ,congregational meeting-house1 with white belfry tower and green blinds1 stands half-way down the incline4 ,the post-office and country store combined is at the cross-roads as you drive down the hill1 and some ancient elms on the green seem to nod at the stranger with a friendly air as he enters the village4 8,here10 said ,i to myself1 8is rural quiet and simplicity4 ,farewell for many slumberous weeks the busy haunts of men40 ,l---- is quite out of the beaten track of summer travel1 and had been recommended me by a friend who had spent some seasons there1 on the ground of economy1 charming scenery1 good fishing1 and repose4 ,nor did ,i find any reason to regret having listened to him4 ,a country tavern offers entertainment to man and beast1 and is resorted to by the drummers and sample men who invade ,l----1 as elsewhere1 with their goods4 ,but ,i was not forced to be dependent on it1 as a letter from my friend opened to me the hospitable doors of the comfortable farm-house where he had boarded two years before4 ,here let it be said at the outset that whatever the other drawbacks of village life in ,new ,hampshire1 there is among the farming class a natural courtesy1 and1 among the women1 even an inherited refinement of manner1 especially in their treatment of strangers1 which speaks well for the native stock4 ,prejudices there are among both men and women--deep-rooted1 as we shall see--and narrow-minded opinions in plenty2 but even these are concealed where to manifest them might give offence4 ,the family in which ,i was domiciled consisted of ,mr4 ,allen and his wife1 their married daughter--who1 together with her husband1 resided with them--an unmarried daughter1 and a pretty little girl1 the grandchild4 ,mr4 ,allen kept a country store--for ,l---- boasted of two--and traded also in cattle with ,canada1 making a journey sometimes as far as ,montreal in the spring to buy stock1 which he fattened on his pastures through the summer and autumn1 and sold in the early part of the winter4 ,these various ventures1 which were on the whole successful--as the command of a little ready money enabled him to take his time and buy and sell to advantage--had made him more 8forehanded0 than most of his neighbors4 ,he was one of the selectmen of ,l----4 ,his dwelling-house1 a large1 white1 well-kept two-story edifice1 with a garden-plot facing the village street1 a piazza on the sunny side1 and two beautiful maples dividing the carriage yard from the road1 was one of the handsomest in ,l----4 ,mrs4 ,allen was one of those energetic housewives whose sound sense and domestic capacity had evidently contributed not a little to her husband's present prosperity4 ,they were a sturdy couple1 intelligent1 honest1 and knowing what was due to themselves and others2 now going down the hill together with mutual dependence and confidence in each other4 ,i consider them a good example of the best type of the ,new ,hampshire farming class4 ,the married daughter did not compare favorably with the mother4 ,one could not say of her in any sense3 8,o matre pulchra filia pulchrior60 for1 as to the question of female beauty1 ,i will not say1 as far as my observations extend1 that the ,new ,hampshire1 or indeed the ,new ,england women generally1 outside the radius of ,boston and some of the large towns1 are very generously endowed by nature with that gracious but dangerous gift4 ,the lines of the face are too strongly marked2 they are sallow1 the form angular2 or1 where the figure is fuller1 it is apt to be as redundant as the old ,flemish painters make the women at a village fair4 ,but this absence of feminine beauty is not universal4 ,i have seen a young mother with her babe in her lap--a visitor sitting in ,mrs4 ,allen's parlor--who made a picture of beautiful maternity as dignified and simple as ,murillo ever painted4 ,as for that more lasting moral beauty which1 where it is feminine1 puts on its most delightful and engaging charm1 ,mrs4 ,harley1 the married daughter1 was too much engaged with her own little cares and gossip--poor woman6--to think much of so intangible a possession4 ,brought up1 probably1 in habits of more leisure and pleasure-seeking than her mother1 who still took all the household work upon herself1 she was a victim of ennui and of that blight of too many ,american homes--only one child to care for4 ,her health was delicate and uncertain1 and she bade fair to sink eventually into that class of invalid wives which forms such an unhappily large percentage of ,american women4 ,how often have ,i heard her complain of the dreadful dulness of the day6 8,but10 ,i asked1 8what will you do in the winter1 if you find the summer so unbearable80 ,her answer was that they generally enjoyed themselves enough in the summer-time to be able to get through the winter4 ,i don't know whether this was a covert thrust at my lack of entertaining power2 but ,i laughed at the stroke of satire at my expense1 innocent or intended4 ,that long dreary1 snow-shrouded ,new ,hampshire winter--it demanded indeed a stout heart to face it in one of those isolated villages4 ,mrs4 ,harley had given up her music when she married2 the piano stood idle in the best room4 ,she read nothing--unless looking at the fashion-plates in a ladies' magazine be considered reading4 ,a ,sunday-school picnic1 a day's shopping in the nearest country town1 were white days in her calendar4 ,is such a picture of life cheerless8 ,yet too many women are forced to endure it elsewhere4 ,happy they if the abounding resources of the faith and its literature come to their aid6 ,mrs4 ,harley was a kind woman withal1 if her attention were drawn for a moment from herself2 and an affectionate and anxious wife4 ,this and her love for her child--fretful and over-indulgent as the latter sentiment was apt to be--were her redeeming qualities4 ,placed in a large city1 with means equal in proportion to those within her reach in ,l----1 she would have made a more agreeable woman1 and would have been tenfold happier herself4 ,the influence of semi-solitary life--where a religious vocation does not exalt and sanctify it--is more unfavorable in its effects upon women than upon men4 ,the latter commonly have work to do which keeps their faculties from rusting4 ,woman's nature is essentially social4 ,mr4 ,harley assisted his father-in-law in the store--a tall1 handsome young man with a city air1 who1 at that season1 sat in the store the whole afternoon with perhaps one customer4 ,such a life for youth1 with its superabundant energies ready to pour like a torrent into any channel1 is stagnation4 ,the highest of man's natural powers rust and decay4 ,but natural forces have their sway in the great majority of such cases1 and force an outlet for themselves4 ,the youth of these villages leave their homes for the great cities1 or take ,horace ,greeley's advice and 8go ,west40 ,life is hard1 and it is monotonous1 which adds a new slavery to hardship4 ,the exodus is constant4 ,l---- has less population and fewer inhabited houses now than it had forty years ago4 ,the same is true of other villages--a striking fact in a comparatively new country4 ,one rambles along some by-road overgrown with grass1 and presently comes upon a deserted and ruined house and barn1 the rafters only standing1 or perhaps nothing more than a heap of bricks in the cellar4 ,he asks about the people1 and is told that they have 8gone away40 ,the answer is vague and uncertain as their fate4 ,i spoke to an old man of eighty-seven1 seated in the shade on the long bench before the country store1 where he could hear the news in the morning4 ,he remembered with distinctness the events of the war of #ahab4 ,he spoke with regret of the flourishing times of his youth in ,l---- and its dulness to-day4 ,this roving disposition of the ,american youth is the result of immense elbow-room1 and has been providential in building up new ,states and subduing the virgin wilderness4 ,the manufacturing cities of ,new ,hampshire also gain yearly at the expense of the small villages4 ,the township--or town1 as it is most commonly called--embraces three or four of such villages1 and is subject to the same reciprocal movement4 ,comparatively few new farms have been broken in during the last twenty or thirty years2 and too rarely it happens on the old farms that fresh ground is taken in from the pasture for cultivation4 ,the son tills what his father or grandfather cleared4 ,the first few days in ,l---- ,i spent rambling about the pastures--some of them literally red with the raspberry1 which1 though it has not the delicacy or fragrance of the wild strawberry1 is not to be disdained by the city palate--or climbing to the tops of the highest neighboring hills4 ,what a sense of elastic joy and freedom to me1 who had not spent a summer in the country for three years1 to lie stretched at full length on the top of a new-mown hill1 and let the eye wander over the valley beneath1 with its intervening woods and ponds1 till it rested upon the distant mountains1 the cloud-shadows chasing each other over their sides and summits6 ,if this were not in truth an ,arcadia to those who lived and died there1 and were buried in the white-stoned churchyard among the elms--if to them life brought its cares1 its jealousies1 and sorrows--to the stranger who sought nothing more than to enjoy its natural beauties it renewed all the associations of rural happiness and simplicity4 ,not that one might hope to see a ,corydon and ,phillis issue from the ,new ,hampshire woods--for there is a sternness among those northern scenes1 even in the brightest bloom of summer1 foreign to the poetry of the ,south--but that in its dark pine groves and on its windy hills fancy might picture an eclogue or a romance not less sweet and tender because more real4 ,l---- is on the height of land between the valleys of the ,connecticut and ,merrimac1 between twenty and thirty miles distant from each4 ,it is from one thousand to one thousand three hundred feet above the sea level4 ,it is said of the rain that falls on the roof of the village church that part of it eventually runs into the ,connecticut1 part into the ,merrimac1 so evenly does its roof-tree divide the water-shed of those rivers4 ,but as the same story is told of other churches in the central belt of ,cheshire ,county1 it may be regarded rather in the light of a rhetorical illustration than as a fact of physical geography4 ,the scenery is not of the grand or sublime order to be seen further north among the ,white ,mountains1 except where ,mt4 ,monadnock raises its dark and solemn front above the surrounding landscape2 but it is beautiful and picturesque4 ,its greatest charm is its variety4 ,in the morning1 when the sun was well towards the zenith--for the fresh air of those hills made the day at all hours delightful--,i would stroll out over the pastures to a hill a quarter of a mile distant from the farm-house4 ,there would ,i seat myself1 protected from the sun's ardent rays1 under a young maple bush1 the elastic branches of which1 with the sloping ground thick with ferns1 made a natural easy-chair4 ,the valley is below me1 the farms stretch along the nearer hills1 and in the further distance the blue-veiled mountains define the skyline4 ,i bend down a branch of the maple1 and before me is the upper half of ,mt4 ,monadnock1 a thin gray mist still enveloping it4 ,the base of the mountain is hidden by an intervening hill4 ,leaving this pasture1 and walking a few hundred rods further on1 ,i enter a field where the hay has just been cut1 and which is now as smooth as a croquet lawn1 but not so level2 for it is the crest of one of the highest hills4 ,here a new scene awaits me4 ,to the north and west the hill has the shape almost of a perfect dome4 ,stretched on the top1 ,i cannot see the declivities of the sides1 but only the tops of the trees at some distance4 ,one has the sensation of being on the roof of a high building with a deep drop between him and the surrounding country4 ,the view is superb4 ,the whole mass of ,mt4 ,monadnock1 from its base to the highest elevation1 rises from the valley ten miles distant4 ,at its foot is the village of ,west ,jaffrey1 a fashionable watering place4 ,the white spire of the church is conspicuous among the trees4 ,further south is ,gap ,mountain and ,attleborough ,mountain2 and sweeping round to the east1 the view stretches along the ,new ,ipswich ,mountains to ,watatick ,hill4 ,the circuit extends about twenty or thirty miles1 making a picture of great natural beauty4 ,the ,english hay1 as the timothy and red clover are generally called1 was still standing in many of the fields1 but here and there the whirr of the mowing-machine could be heard1 and the eye1 following the direction of the sound1 could discern the mower in his shirt-sleeves driving his pair of horses in the distant field4 ,the meadow-grass of the lowlands was still in most places untouched4 ,on the sides of the hills the scattered fields of wheat1 barley1 and oats1 still green1 made darker patches of verdure on the yellowish ground-color4 ,but the view ,i most preferred was from a hill a little to the south of the village near some deserted buildings4 ,here the scene was wilder and more extensive4 ,to the west ,mt4 ,monadnock could be seen through a gorge between two hills2 to the east was a wild and broken country2 while to the south the woods seemed to extend as far as the eye could reach1 and over the furthest range of hills the great dome of ,mt4 ,wachusett in ,massachusetts1 nearly thirty miles distant1 was plainly seen1 gray and massive1 with the naked eye4 ,it was only when one turned to ,mt4 ,monadnock1 ten miles distant1 and observed how plainly he could distinguish the different colors of the mountain--the dark woods1 the brown1 bare surfaces1 and the slate-colored rocks--that1 looking at ,mt4 ,wachusett1 and noting its uniform pale gray outline1 he was able to estimate the real distance of the latter1 so comparatively close at hand did it appear4 ,seated at ease on the smooth turf on the summit of this 8heaven-kissing0 hill1 and looking at this wide and beautiful prospect1 one might repeat to himself ,mr4 ,longfellow's lines3 8,pleasant it was1 when woods were green ,and winds were soft and low1 ,to lie amid some sylvan scene1 ,where1 the long1 drooping boughs between1 ,shadows dark and sunlight sheen ,alternate come and go20 substituting only for 8drooping boughs0 the irregular ranges of hills4 ,but descriptions of natural scenery1 if long continued1 are wearisome4 ,even a ,ruskin is read best in snatches4 ,the mind otherwise becomes clogged with images4 ,let us return1 therefore1 to animated life4 ,as ,sunday approached1 ,i made inquiries about the nearest ,catholic church4 ,i found it was at ,w----1 eight or nine miles distant4 ,i had no means of getting there the first ,sunday4 ,i retired to my room and read some chapters of that sublime and affecting work1 the ,imitation of ,christ1 the gift of a good and beloved mother4 ,a ,catholic is still almost a being from another moral world in some of the isolated ,new ,hampshire villages4 ,nowhere are the traditions of ,puritanism more zealously or rigidly maintained4 ,these good folk seem hardly yet to have emerged from a fog of wild amazement that 8popish0 priests and their followers should be tolerated by the selectmen4 ,not that any overt or offensive change of manner follows the announcement that one is a ,catholic--as ,i have elsewhere said1 there is a natural or inherited vein of good manners among the people that forbids it--but a momentary silence reveals to the speaker that he has stated something strange and unlooked for4 ,there is an unmistakable tone of intolerance manifest1 however1 in any allusion to the poorer class of ,irish and ,french that congregate in the larger towns1 and are sometimes found in the villages in a wooden-ware factory1 or cutting wood or hemlock-bark1 or doing an odd job of haymaking4 ,they are looked upon with dislike and distrust1 mixed with a feeling of contempt4 ,curious it is that the native-born ,new ,englander1 with his mind saturated with hereditary theories of personal liberty1 equality1 and fraternity1 should yet evince a more unconquerable aversion to the foreign element1 which has contributed so largely to the greatness of the country1 than is shown in ,european countries to men of a different race1 unless war has temporarily embittered national feeling4 ,yet the explanation is not hard to find4 ,this descendant of the ,puritan1 chained to the rocky and ungrateful soil his forefathers won from the ,indians and the wilderness1 sees with sullen indignation and jealousy the same rights and privileges which he enjoys under our free institutions extended so largely to those of a different nationality and religion4 ,in revenge he draws himself more jealously into his shell4 ,nor is this feeling confined to the rich and refined2 it penetrates the mass of the native-born ,new ,england population4 ,to speak of lighter things4 ,society in ,l---- is eminently aristocratic4 ,better1 perhaps1 it would be to say that the lines of society are very strongly marked1 and that the aristocratic element is essentially conservative4 ,mrs4 ,cortland1 the wife of the ,new ,york capitalist1 who resides there three months in the summer1 a stout1 refined1 tight-gloved1 graciously condescending lady1 gives a metropolitan tone to ,l---- society4 ,mr4 ,cortland1 an easy-going1 easy-tempered man in private life1 but reported to be hard as flint in business matters1 seldom finds time to leave ,new ,york1 and his visits to ,l---- are uncertain4 ,his country house1 a large1 handsome mansion with well-kept grounds1 croquet-lawn1 coach-house1 and stables1 is on the highest ground in the village2 and ,mrs4 ,cortland occupies without dispute the highest ground socially4 ,it is an imperial elevation1 after the manner of the saying attributed to ,csar4 ,a call on ,mrs4 ,cortland is the event of a week1 and a return call from her is a matter not to be lightly treated4 ,how have ,i seen this good ,mrs4 ,allen1 my landlady1 prepare her best room for the grand occasion1 and ,mrs4 ,harley speculate about it with well-assumed indifference a whole afternoon4 ,one or two other magnates from ,boston1 scattered through ,l---- and adjacent townships1 save ,mrs4 ,cortland from complete exhaustion by contact with the village people during the summer4 ,then there is the local aristocracy1 consisting of the wife of the ,congregational pastor ex-officio1 and ,mrs4 ,parsons1 the wife of 8,squire0 ,parsons1 who owns a small bucket-factory near ,l----4 ,these two ladies maintain a strict alliance1 offensive and defensive1 with ,mrs4 ,cortland during the summer4 ,then come the middle classes1 comprising ,mrs4 ,allen and ,mrs4 ,harley1 the young doctor's wife--a stranger and somewhat snubbed by the autochthonous lite--and the well-to-do farmers' wives4 ,finally1 we have the profanum vulgus1 the tail of ,l---- society1 or1 to speak more correctly1 those whom society does not recognize--some farmers' wives whose husbands were too much in debt to allow them to keep up appearances2 one or two hapless women who sold milk in a wagon to the neighboring towns1 and drove the wagon themselves2 and the village washerwoman1 who went around doing 8chores40 ,i think ,i have exhausted the classification of the social strata of ,l----4 ,i observed that the men eschewed as much as possible the aristocratic distinctions made by their wives1 and were apt to resent by silence or the assumption of an unwonted bluntness the empty airs and loud voice with which some vulgar rich man from a neighboring large town would sometimes stride through the village4 ,wanderers and waifs1 destined apparently to be at some time drawn into the great caldron of city life--perhaps to their own destruction--were not wanting in ,l----4 ,i have said that the women were not remarkable for beauty4 ,but there was one exception4 ,a girl belonging to one of the most destitute families in the village1 by one of those whims of nature which are not uncommon1 was gifted with a face and figure to attract even an unobservant eye1 and which seemed out of place in that quiet and homely neighborhood4 ,the mother1 a poor1 struggling woman with a growing-up family of all ages1 managed to live somehow by the days' work and occasional assistance given her by the well-to-do families4 ,the father was living1 but spent most of his time in the county jail for drunkenness4 ,the daughter of whom ,i speak was about nineteen or twenty years of age2 tall1 of fair complexion1 with a naturally elegant carriage and a proud and almost defiant air1 as if she resented the caprice of fortune which had placed her in that lowly station4 ,she had the art of dressing well with limited means1 which some women possess to the envy of others4 ,on ,sundays and at picnics she outshone the more expensively-dressed daughters of the farmers4 ,she had been1 and perhaps still is1 the maid at the village inn4 ,it may be imagined that gossip was not idle about this poor girl1 thus singularly placed and dangerously gifted4 ,dreadful quarrels had taken place between the father and mother about the girl's staying at the hotel2 the drunken father1 with a true sense of what was becoming1 insisting that she should leave1 the mother as strenuously maintaining that she should remain4 ,the beauty of the girl herself was not of that domestic type ,i have elsewhere noticed in the mother and her babe ,i saw in ,mrs4 ,allen's parlor1 but of that showy1 restless1 naturally haughty stamp which presaged storm1 perhaps disaster4 ,it is this class misfortune follows and the great cities sweep into their net4 ,poverty often makes vice of that which1 under happier fortunes1 might have been attractive virtue4 ,absit omen4 ,may this rustic beauty find a happier1 if more homely1 destiny as the wife of some honest farmer in ,l----6 ,the summer passed1 week after week4 ,i fished1 ,i walked1 ,i rode1 ,i read1 ,i loitered4 ,the barley ripened on the hill behind the farm-house1 and a golden tint began to spread over the distant fields4 ,the apples grew large and ruddy on one side where the sun struck the laden branch in the orchard4 ,the tassels of the corn showed purple4 ,august blazed4 ,the doves flew thirstily to the large blue pump1 and perched on the edges of the horse-trough after the farmer watered his horse at mid-day4 ,the bees hummed three at a time in the big yellow cups of the squash-vines4 ,have you ever observed of that homely vegetable how ingeniously and dexterously it fastens its daring and aggressive vines to the ground as it shoots out over the close-cut grass8 ,stoop down among the after-math1 or rowen1 as it is called in ,new ,hampshire1 and you will see that at the inosculation of each successive joint of the vine1 where it throws out its tendrils and blossoms1 it also thrusts forth slender1 white1 curling ligaments that twist1 each of them1 tightly around a tiny tuft of the short grass4 ,thus it moors itself1 as if by so many delicate living cables1 to the bosom of the life-giving earth4 ,i might1 if space allowed1 tell of my fishing ventures1 and how one glorious morning we rode out of ,l---- in a big yellow wagon with three horses--a party of seven of us1 ladies and gentlemen1 from the village--to make the ascent of ,mt4 ,monadnock4 ,this is the lion of all the country round4 ,parties are made up every week to climb its rugged summit4 ,over the hills and rolling ground we gaily rattled4 ,through the sandy country roads1 where the branches of the trees met overhead and made dim aisles of verdure1 we smoothly sped4 ,and then what panting1 laughing1 climbing1 shrill screaming1 as we toiled up the winding path from the half-way house to the top of the mountain6 ,what a magnificent1 boundless view repaid us6 ,the day was clear4 ,to the north1 ,mt4 ,kearsarge and rolling ranges of mountains2 to the southeast1 a diversified surface of country spreading onwards far as the eye could reach towards the unseen ocean2 to the south1 ,mt4 ,wachusett2 below us woods1 valleys1 and lakes4 ,a feeling of awe creeps over one in these mountain solitudes4 ,as to the fishing1 ,i will confess that to me1 who had thrown a fly over more than one ,canadian river1 and had killed my twenty-pound salmon on the ,nipisiquit1 loafing with a pole in a boat over a lily-covered pond for a half-pound pickerel was not tremendously exciting sport4 ,but what mattered it8 ,the mornings were soft and wooing2 the woods were full of mysterious shadows2 the water was limpid as if ,diana and her nymphs bathed there in the spectral moonlight4 ,life passed smoothly and agreeably4 ,i sought no more4 ,the blackberries began to ripen1 first one by one and then in sable clusters1 in the pastures4 ,the days were growing shorter4 ,the twilight sank more quickly into night4 ,september approached1 and ,i began to look for the appearance of my friend ,jones4 ,i had seen ,miss ,cortland two or three times coming from or going to the meeting-house on ,sunday mornings1 when all the beauty and fashion of ,l---- for miles around rode up in buggies1 carryalls1 or open wagons2 but ,i had never met her to be introduced to her--a little imperial beauty1 with a fresh and rosy color1 and a mouth shaped like ,cupid's bow1 that needed only to smile to conquer4 ,on a bright ,september morning1 when the surrounding atmosphere was clear as a bell1 but a thin haze still clung about ,mt4 ,monadnock and the far-off mountains1 ,jones rode over on the stage-coach from the railroad station and joined me at ,l----4 ,he asked eagerly about ,miss ,cortland4 ,was she in the village8 ,yes4 ,had ,i met her8 ,no2 but ,i had seen her two or three times4 ,what did ,i think of her8 ,well1 ,i thought her pretty enough to excuse a little wildness of imagination on his part4 ,he would be a lucky fellow if he got her and some of her father's money or a position in his business6 ,did ,i think he would give up his ,art so easily8 8,my dear ,jones10 ,i replied1 8,i don't want to appear cold-blooded1 or to dash your enthusiasm for your art in the least2 but1 to speak candidly1 ,i should not be surprised if you did some day under sufficient temptation--the prospect of marrying ,miss ,cortland1 for example40 ,jones declared his intention of calling on ,miss ,cortland that very day4 ,he had a sketch-book full of studies1 spirited1 but many of them mere hints4 ,he came back before dinner1 full of life1 and proposing a score of schemes for to-morrow4 ,he made a sort of small whirlwind in my quiet life4 ,mrs4 ,cortland had received him civilly1 but he thought a little coolly4 ,but he had seen ,agnes1 and had spoken a few words to her that might mean much or little as they were taken1 and he was happy--rather boisterously happy1 perhaps1 as a young fellow will be at such times--full of jokes1 and refusing to see a cloud on his horizon4 ,jones fell easily into our farm-house ways1 though he was apt to steal off in the mornings to play croquet on the ,cortlands' lawn with ,miss ,cortland and ,miss ,parsons1 and any other friend they could get to join them4 ,one afternoon1 when the sun was getting low and a southerly wind blowing1 we started to try for some fish at a pond about half an hour's walk from the house4 ,as we turned off the highway into a by-road covered with grass that led to the pond1 ,i saw ,miss ,cortland standing on the rising ground some distance before us4 ,she was looking from us towards the sinking sun1 now veiled in quick-drifting clouds4 ,her dog1 a large1 powerful animal1 a cross between a ,newfoundland and ,mount ,st4 ,bernard1 was crouched at her feet4 ,some vague thoughts about ,una and her lion flitted through my mind4 ,but ,i was more struck by the way the light touched her figure1 standing out motionless against the gray sky4 ,it reminded me very much of the general effect of a painting by a foreign artist--,kammerer1 ,i think it was--that ,i saw at the exhibition of the ,boston ,art ,club last year4 ,it was the picture of a girl standing on a pier on the ,french coast1 looking out to sea4 ,her golden hair was slightly stirred by the breeze1 her lips a little parted1 and there was a far-away look in her eyes1 as if she may have expected a lover to be coming over the sea in one of the yachts that lined the horizon4 ,the dress of the girl and the stone-work of the pier were both white4 ,it was a good example of the striking effects produced by the free use of a great deal of almost staring white1 which is a favorite device of the latest school of ,french art4 ,as we advanced1 the dog growled and rose1 but1 recognizing ,jones1 wagged his tail inoffensively as we drew nearer4 ,miss ,cortland turned towards us4 8,shall ,i introduce you80 said ,jones4 8,no10 ,i said4 8,i'll go on to the pond4 ,i'll see you to-night40 ,jones advanced1 hat in hand4 8,what happy fortune10 he said1 addressing her1 8has led me to meet the goddess of these woods80 ,then1 altering his tone1 he added in a bantering way3 8,i see you have been poaching on our preserves1 ,miss ,cortland4 ,but ,i do wonder at your taste1 fishing for eels60 pointing to a small basket on her arm from which hung some of the long stems of the pond-lily4 ,this he said to vex her1 knowing her horror of those creatures4 8,eels80 she exclaimed indignantly1 with a tone and gesture of aversion at the thought4 8,they are pond-lilies40 8,oh6 that is very well to say10 replied ,jones1 8when you have the lid of the basket down to hide them2 but ,i insist upon their being eels unless you show them to me40 ,by this time ,i was out of hearing4 ,i left them together1 and kept on down the road to the pond4 ,that night ,jones came into my room with a quieter manner than usual4 ,he was evidently very happy1 but his happiness had a sobering effect upon him4 ,he told me that he had made a plain avowal of his feelings to ,agnes ,cortland as they walked home together1 and that he had won from her the confession that she loved him and had not been indifferent to him before he left for ,europe4 ,i wished him joy of his good-fortune1 though ,i could foresee plainly enough that his difficulties had only begun4 ,for a little time these two innocent young souls--for ,jones ,i knew to be singularly unsullied by the world for a man of his age--would enjoy their paradise undisturbed together4 ,then would come maternal explanations1 and the father's authority would be invoked4 ,a solemn promise would be exacted from her to see him no more4 ,miss ,cortland was much attached to her parents1 who would be sincerely anxious for her welfare4 ,she would not make much resistance4 ,some day there would come a storm of tears1 and poor ,jones's letters and the ring he gave her would be returned to him by a faithful messenger1 and a little note1 blotted with tears1 asking him to forgive her and praying for his happiness4 ,this must be the end4 ,a year or two of separation and a summer and winter in ,europe with her parents would leave nothing more than a little sad memory of her brief ,new ,hampshire romance2 and in five years she would be married to some foreigner of distinction or successful man of business1 and would be a happy wife and mother4 ,as for poor ,jones1 he would probably be heard of at rare intervals for a year or two as a trader on the ,pacific coast or prospecting a claim in ,nevada4 ,but men like him1 vigorous1 powerful1 well equipped in body and temper for the struggle with the world1 are not kept down long by such disappointments4 ,the storm is fierce1 and leaves its scars after it2 but the man rises above it1 and is more closely knit thereafter4 ,jones will make his mark in the world of business1 if not of art4 ,no unwelcome prophecies of mine1 however1 disturbed his happiness for those few days4 ,i let events take their course4 ,why should ,i interrupt his dream by ,cassandra-like anticipations of woe1 which would have been resented as a reflection upon the constancy of his idol8 ,i know that they met frequently for the following three or four days4 ,then came the packing up for departure4 ,my long holiday was over4 ,on a foggy morning in ,september we steamed up the ,sound on a ,fall ,river boat4 ,through ,hell ,gate the stately boat sped on her way1 past ,blackwell's ,island1 and across the bows of the ,brooklyn ferry-boats1 crowded with passengers for the city in the early morning4 ,around the ,battery we swept1 into the ,north ,river1 and slowly swung alongside of ,pier #bh4 ,then the hackmen yelled at us2 our coach stuck at the corner of the street2 a jam followed2 the drivers swore2 the policemen shouted and threatened2 the small boys grinned and dodged between the horses2 and a ward politician1 with a ruby nose1 looked on complacently from the steps of a corner 8sample0 room4 ,in one word1 we were in ,new ,york1 and our village life in ,hampshire was a thing of the past4 ,,the ,,palatine ,,prelates ,,of ,,rome4 ,whatever is connected with our ,holy ,father must have an interest for ,catholics2 and at the present time especially it would seem desirable to know something about the origin and functions of those faithful prelates of whom this article treats1 and with some of whom ,american visitors to ,rome may be likely to have relations4 ,they are called palatine prelates because lodged in the same palace as the sovereign1 and in these days of trouble are the nearest to his most sacred ,majesty in his solitude and sufferings4 ,they are four in number1 and belong to the pope's intimate court and confidence1 their names being registered in the ,roman ,notizie immediately after those of the palatine cardinals among the members of the pontifical family4 ,,maggiordomo4 ,the majordomo1 called in good ,latin1 the official language of the church1 ,magister ,domus ,pap1 is the first of these prelates and one of the highest dignitaries of the ,holy ,see4 ,the chief of the royal palace has had in all countries immense influence and power2 and in ,france and ,scotland1 at least1 the ,maires du palais and stewards succeeded in mounting the throne4 ,this officer1 who1 like the other three1 is always a clergyman1 is the high steward of his ,holiness and master of his household1 remaining day and night conveniently near to the ,pope's person1 of which he has the special care1 and for the safety of which he is responsible to the ,sacred ,college4 ,until the present reign he was supreme under the sovereign1 in the civil1 military1 and ecclesiastical affairs of the court1 having his own tribunal of civil and criminal jurisdiction4#ada ,some years ago1 however1 a part of the prerogatives of this office was transferred to the ,cardinal ,secretary of ,state2 but even now the majordomo is at the head of the administration of the palace in which the ,pope may reside for the time being1 and on a vacancy of the see is ex-officio1 by a decree of ,clement ,,xii4 in #agcb1 governor of the conclave4#adb ,in this latter capacity1 by a natural order of things which cannot be long delayed 7yet ,god grant it may671 he will have to act a part during one of the most critical periods in the history of ,christian ,rome4 ,he has the privilege#adc for life of using the pope's arms with his own1 and consequently retains this heraldic distinction even after he has been promoted to the cardinalate to which his office surely leads1 sooner or later1 according to a court custom that began in the middle of the ,x,v,i,ith century4#add ,the origin of this office is involved in some doubt1 owing to its antiquity4 ,it must have been that1 in the palace given to ,pope ,melchiades by the ,emperor ,constantine1 some person conspicuous for piety and prudence was appointed to keep the members of a large and constantly-increasing court in mutual harmony and subjection to authority1 while relieving the pontiff of the immediate superintendence of his household1 and leaving him free to give his precious time to public and more important matters4 ,at all events1 at a very early period after this there is mentioned among the officers attached to the ,patriarchium ,lateranense--as the old des ,lateran were then called--a ,vice-dominus1 who was chosen from the ,roman clergy1 and was often1 as the more modern prelates have been1 invested with the episcopal dignity4 ,he was answerable for the good order and harmonious administration of the palace2 and the extent of that portion of it in which he dwelt and had his offices1 as well as held his court of jurisdiction over the papal domestics1#ade must have been large1 since it was called the vicedominium2 and although his successor fifteen hundred years later has not the same ample powers that he enjoyed1 he is still a personage so considerable that the part of the ,vatican in which he resides is known officially as the ,maggiordomato4 ,the earliest name 7not title7 of such an officer which has come down to us is that of a certain priest ,ampliatus1 who is mentioned in the year #edd as having accompanied ,pope ,vigilius to ,constantinople for the affair of the ,three ,chapters1 and being detached from the pontiff's suite at ,sicily on their way back1 with orders to hurry on to ,rome1 where the concerns of the ,lateran seem to have suffered by his absence4 ,anatolius1 a deacon1 held the office under ,s4 ,gregory the ,great1 who was very particular to have only virtuous and learned men about him2 and in #gdb ,benedict1 a bishop1 held it under ,s4 ,zachary1 who sent him on a mission to ,luitprand1 ,king of the ,lombards4 ,this officer is mentioned for the last time in history as ,vice-dominus in the year #ajdd1 when an archdeacon ,benedict served under ,benedict ,,ix4 ,after this period1 those who held the analogous position were styled chamberlains of the ,holy ,roman ,church until #acje1 when1 the court being at ,avignon1 a large share of their duties and privileges was given to a nobleman of high standing1 who was called ,maestro del sacro ,ospizio4#adf ,under ,alexander ,v41 in #adji1 the ,holy ,father having returned to ,rome1 mention is made for the first time1 in a paper drawn up for the guidance of the court1 of a prefect of the apostolic palace--,magister domus pontifici--who was the same as the later majordomo1 the name only having been changed by ,urban ,,viii4 in #afbf4 ,the series of these high prelates1 to the number of #ii--;belonging generally to the very first nobility of ,italy1 and showing such illustrious names as ,colonna1 ,gonzaga1 ,farnese1 ,frangipani1 ,visconti1 ,acquaviva1 ,cybo1 ,cenci1 ,caraffa1 ,pico della ,mirandola1 ,piccolomini1 ,borghese1 ,borromeo1 etc4--begins with ,alexander ,mirabelli1 a ,neapolitan1 who was named to the office by ,pius ,,ii4 in the month of ,august1 #adeh4 ,,maestro ,,di ,,camera4 ,this officer1 whose official title in ,latin is ,prefectus cubiculi ,sanctitatis su1 is the second palatine prelate4 ,he is the grand chamberlain of his ,holiness1 carries out the entire court ceremonial1 and has the supervision of all audiences1 as well as admittances of whatever kind to the presence of the ,pope4 ,how important and confidential is this post which he holds at the door of the papal chambers may best be judged from the single fact that no one can approach the sovereign without his knowledge in all and his consent#adg in most cases4 ,he has sometimes the episcopal character--in truth1 was usually in times past an archbishop in partibus2 but it is now more customary for him to be simply in priest's orders4 ,if1 however1 he be not already a prelate of high rank1 he is always1 immediately after his nomination to the office1 made an apostolic prothonotary1 with precedence over all his brethren in that ancient and honorable college4 ,like his immediate superior1 he has the privilege of quartering the ,pope's arms with his own4 ,he is the keeper of the ,fisherman's ring1 and at the ,pope's death delivers it up to the cardinal chamberlain of the ,holy ,roman ,college1 who gives him a notarial receipt for it4 ,this celebrated ring is the official one of the popes1 and gets its name from having the figure of ,s4 ,peter in a bark and casting his net into the sea engraved upon it4 ,above this figure is cut the name of the reigning pontiff4 ,it is the first among the rings1 but the second in the class of seals1 since it only serves as the privy seal or signet used on apostolic briefs and matters of subordinate consequence1#adh whereas the ,great ,seal is used to impress the heads of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul in lead 7sometimes1 but rarely1 in gold7 on papal bulls4 ,at first this ring was a private and not an official one of the pope2 for in a letter from ,perugia of ,march #g1 #abfe1 addressed by ,clement ,,iv4 to his nephew ,peter ,le ,gros1 he says that he writes to him and to his other relatives1 not sub bulla1 sed sub piscatoris sigillo1 quo ,romani ,pontifices in suis secretis utuntur2 from which we gather that the ring was in use some time before1 but by whom introduced is unknown1 as is also the precise period when it became official1 although this happened during one or other of the ,x,vth century pontificates4 ,perhaps the first time that the now familiar expression1 8,given under the ,fisherman's ring10 is met with in the manner of a formal statement or curial formula1 such as it has been ever since retained1 is in a document of ,nicholas ,v4 dated from ,rome--,datum ,rom--on the #aeth of ,april1 #addh4 ,the institution of this office is extremely ancient1 but1 like most others of the court1 it has had different names and increased or diminished attributions at various periods4 ,the modern ,romans take a legitimate pride in being able to deduce many of their great court offices from the corresponding ones of the ,csars1 to whom their sovereign has succeeded4 ,thus this officer is sometimes called in classical ,latin ,magister admissionum1 such an one being mentioned by the historian ,ammianus ,marcellinus 7xv4 #e72 and his office ,officium admissionis1 which is found in ,suetonius' ,life of ,vespasian 7xiv47 ,among the members of the household of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great in the year #fja there was a certain 7,s47 ,paterius1 ,secundicerius of the ,holy ,see 7corresponding to the modern sub-dean of the apostolic prothonotaries1 the dean being ,primicerius74 ,he had to make known to the pope the names of those who solicited the favor of an interview2 and it is probable that he also gave 7as is now given7 along with the name some account of the quality and business of the visitor1 for fear that the pontiff should be unnecessarily intruded upon or brought in contact with unworthy and perhaps dangerous characters4 ,investigators into the origin of the offices of the ,holy ,see have fixed upon this person as the remote predecessor of the present ,maestro di ,camera2 but all the charges of the palace having been remodelled and placed nearly on their present footing about four hundred and fifty years ago1 and many of the court records having been lost or stolen during the disturbed era between the pontificates of ,clement ,v4 7#acje7 and ,martin ,v4 7#adag7--which includes the periods of ,avignon and the schism--the authentic roll of the holders of these high offices of state rarely begins earlier than the ,x,vth century4 ,thus the first grand chamberlain of the modern series is ,bindaccio ,ricasoli of ,florence1 who was ,magister aul palatii to ,john ,,xxiii4 in #adaj4 ,the present one is ,monsignor ,ricci-,paracciani1 a ,roman1 who1 however1 has become majordomo by ,monsignor ,pacca's promotion4 ,the ,maestro di ,camera1 being constantly in company with exalted personages who seek an audience of the ,holy ,father and wait their turn in1 or at all events pass through1 the ,anticamera nobile1 which opens immediately into the ,pope's reception-room1 must be distinguished for good breeding and courtliness1 and serve as a model to his subordinates in that august apartment1 lest it be said of him3 8,his manners had not the repose ,that marks the caste of ,vere de ,vere40 ,hence we are prepared to find the noblest families of ,italy represented in the office1 and notice such patrician names as ,odescalchi1 ,altieri1 ,fieschi1 ,ruffo1 ,doria1 ,massimo1 ,pignatelli1 ,caracciolo1 ,barberini1 ,riario-,sforza1 etc4 ,,uditore4 ,the auditor of his ,holiness--,auditor ,pap--is the agent-general1 most intimate privy councillor1 and canonist of the ,pope4 ,he is third in rank of the palatine prelates1 and lived in the ,quirinal1 where his offices and the archives were situated1 until the present iniquitous occupation1 since which they have been removed to the ,torlonia palace1 near the ,vatican4 ,this office was instituted by ,paul ,,ii4 7#adfd-adga71 and the first to hold it was the renowned ,j4 ,b4 ,millini1 a ,roman1 who was at the same time ,bishop of ,urbino 7which was administered by some one else in his name72 he later became a cardinal under ,sixtus ,,iv41 in #adgf4 ,his successor at the present time is ,monsignor ,sagretti4 ,up to this century the power and general influence of the auditor were extraordinary1 since he had a court of justice and ample jurisdiction1 even exercising in the name of the ,pope the supremacy of appeal in many matters4 ,for this reason the great epigraphist ,morcelli1 who wrote before these judicial functions were abolished1 called him ,judex sacrarum cognitionum4 ,formerly he gave audience to all comers about matters of equity and appeal on ,tuesdays1 in his apartment at the ,quirinal1 standing in his prelatic robes behind a low-backed throne supposed by a sort of fiction to be then occupied by the ,pope2#adi hence he was called in choice ,latin ,cognoscens vice sacr--i4e41 in lieu of his ,holiness4 ,the common ,italian appellation ,uditore ,santissimo is only a corrupt rendering of the ,latin ,auditor ,sanctissimi4 ,this post has always been occupied by one of the ablest jurists in ,italy2 and even now the auditor must be both very learned and most incorruptible1 from the part that he takes officially in filling vacant sees and making other important nominations4 ,,maestro ,,del ,,sacro ,,palazzo4 ,the ,master of the ,holy ,apostolic ,palace--,magister ,sacri ,palatii ,apostolici--is one of the most distinguished members for piety and doctrine of the ,dominican ,order4 ,he is the ,pope's official theologian1 and usually a consultor of several ,roman congregations1 more nearly concerned with matters of faith and morals1 as the ,inquisition1 ,indulgences and ,relics1 ,index1 etc4 ,he ranks fourth among the palatine prelates1 and resided until the late invasion in the ,quirinal ,palace with his 8companion0 and two lay brothers of his order4 ,he is considered an honorary auditor of the ,rota1 and as such has a place with the prelates of this class in the papal chapels and reunions4 ,he retains the habit of his order1 but wears on his hat a black prelatical band4 ,he is ex-officio president of the ,theological ,faculty in the ,roman ,university1 and the person to whom was entrusted the censorship of the press4 ,the origin of this office dates from the year #abah1 when ,s4 ,dominic1 who established the ,order of ,friars ,preachers1 suggested to ,honorius ,,iii4 that it would be proper if some one were charged to give religious instruction to the many servants of cardinals1 prelates1 and others1 who used to spend their time idly in useless talk and slanderous gossip with their brethren of the papal palace while their masters were expecting an audience or engaged with his ,holiness4#aej ,the ,pope was pleased1 and at once appointed ,dominic to the good work1 who began by explaining the ,epistles of ,s4 ,paul4#aea ,the fruit of these pious conferences was so apparent that the pope determined to perpetuate them under the direction of a ,dominican4 ,besides the more familiar instructions1 which were given at first extempore1 it was arranged later that while the pope and court were listening to the preacher appointed to sermonize in the palace during ,advent and ,lent1 the papal domestics and other servants should also have the benefit of formal discourses1 but in another part of the building4 ,it was always the father master--i4e41 doctor--who held forth to them until the ,x,v,ith century1 when the duties of his office becoming more onerous1 especially by reason of the many attempts to misuse the recently-discovered art of printing to corrupt faith and morals in ,rome itself1 the obligation devolved upon his companion--,pro-,magister or ,socius--who also holds three days of catechism in preparation for each of the four general communions that are given yearly in the palace4 ,this deputy is appointed by the master1 and is a person of consequence1 succeeding sometimes to the higher office4 ,the present master is ,vincenzo ,maria ,gatti4 ,when the learned ,alexander ,v4 became pope 7#adji71 the ,master of the ,palace was required to stand by at his meals1 especially on ,sundays and festival days1 and be ready to propose difficult points of debate1 or to enter into an argument on any matter and with any person present as the ,holy ,father should command4#aeb ,there have been seventy-nine occupants of this office since its institution 7not to count several anti-masters created by anti-popes71 of whom seventeen have been made cardinals1 and among them the celebrated church historian ,orsi4 ,the great writer on ,christian antiquities1 ,mamachi1 held this office with distinction4 ,it is one1 of course1 in which 8brains0 rather than 8blood0 find a place2 and since there is no royal road to learning--for as an old monkish couplet says3 8,gutta cavat lapidem1 non vi1 sed spe cadendo1 ,sic homo fit doctus1 non vi1 sed spe studendo0 --we are not surprised that the series of ,masters of the ,apostolic ,palace exhibits no such names as those that predominate among the chamberlains and majordomos--8,not many noble0 7#a ,cor4 i4 #bf74 ,in the mother-church of the ,dominican ,order at ,rome1 ,santa ,maria sopra ,minerva1 which is also the title of the first ,american cardinal1#aec there is a special vault beneath the chapel of ,s4 ,dominic for the entombment of the masters2 but the brutal invaders who now hold possession of ,rome having forbidden all intra-mural burials--evidently through malice1 because1 from the dry nature of the soil and the perfection of ,roman masonry1 there could not be the slightest danger from a moderate number of interments within the city--they will have to sleep after death in some less appropriate spot3 8,how long shall sinners1 ,o ,lord1 how long shall sinners glory8''' ,thy people1 ,o ,lord1 they have brought low3 and they have afflicted thy inheritance0 7,ps4 xciii47 ,,power1 ,,action1 ,,and ,,movement4 ,the word 8motion0 is now commonly used for movement1 but it properly means the action by which a thing is set into movement4 ,this action1 or motion1 of course proceeds from an agent1 and consists in the production of an act1 or momentum1 which must be terminated or received in a patient4 ,the active power of the agent is its substantial act as virtually containing in itself all the acts which the agent is ready to produce1 according to its nature4 ,this active power may therefore be called the virtuality1 or terminability1 of the act by which the agent is4 ,the momentum produced by such a power stands to the power in the same ontological relation as the now of time to the virtuality of ,god's eternity1 and as the ubication of a point in space to the virtuality of ,god's immensity2 for in all these cases there is question of nothing else than of an extrinsic terminability and an extrinsic term4 ,we may1 therefore1 in treating of motive powers and momentums1 follow the same order of questions which we have followed in our articles on space and duration4 ,but the subject which we are about to investigate has a special feature of its own2 because in the exertion of active power1 and consequently in the momentums produced1 there is something--intensity--which is not to be met with either in the when or in the where4 ,for the when and the where are mere terms of intervals or distances1 and do not partake in their continuity2 from which it follows that they are not quantities1 but merely terms of quantities1 whereas the momentum of motion is the formal principle of the real changes produced by the agent in the patient4 ,and these changes admit of different degrees1 and thus by their greater or less magnitude reveal the greater or less intensity of the exertion4 ,the reason of this difference is very plain2 for the when and the where are not efficiently produced by ,god's eternity and immensity1 for these divine attributes do not connote action4 ,their origin is not to be traced to action1 but to resultation1 as we have explained in our preceding articles4 ,the entity of every creature1 on the contrary1 proceeds from ,god as efficient cause--that is1 it does not merely result from the existence of other things1 but it is actively produced2 and1 since an act produced must have some degree of perfection1 creatures are more or less perfect as to their entity1 and therefore have in their own act a greater or less power of acting1 according to the degree of their entitative perfection4 ,this explains why it is that there is intensity in all action and in all act produced1 whereas there is no intensity in the when and the where4 ,but1 apart from this special feature1 the questions regarding active powers1 actions1 and the acts produced are entirely similar to those which we have answered in treating of space and of duration4 ,nay1 more1 the same questions may be viewed under three distinct aspects--viz41 first1 with reference to the divine power and its causality of contingent things2 secondly1 with reference to second causes1 their actions1 and the momentums produced by them2 and1 thirdly1 with reference to these momentums themselves and the local movements resulting from them4 ,this third view of the subject is the only one immediately connected with the notions of space and of time1 and we might limit ourselves to its consideration4 ,nevertheless1 to shed more light on the whole treatise1 we propose to say something of the other two also2 for1 by tracing the actions and the phenomena of the material world to their original sources1 we shall discover that all different grades of reality are linked with their immediate principles in such a manner as to exhibit a perpetual analogy of the lower with the higher1 till we reach the highest--,god4 ,to ascertain the truth of this proposition1 let us recall to mind the main conclusions established by us with respect to space4 ,they were as follows3 #ast4 ,there is void space--that is1 a capacity which does not imply the presence of anything created4 #b;d4 ,void space is an objective reality4 #c;d4 ,void space was not created4 #dth4 ,absolute space is the virtuality1 or extrinsic terminability1 of ,god's immensity4 #eth4 ,absolute space is not modified by the presence of matter in it--that is1 by its extrinsic termination4 #fth4 ,ubications are extrinsic terms of absolute space1 and their relations have in space itself an extrinsic foundation4 ,a similar series of conclusions was established in regard to duration4 ,they were3 #ast4 ,there is a standing duration--that is1 an actuality which does not imply succession4 #b;d4 ,standing duration is an objective reality4 #c;d4 ,standing duration is not created4 #dth4 ,standing duration is the virtuality1 or extrinsic terminability1 of ,god's eternity4 #eth4 ,standing duration is not modified by the existence in it of created things--that is1 by its extrinsic termination4 #fth4 ,the whens of creatures are extrinsic terms of standing duration1 and their relations have in standing duration their extrinsic foundation4 ,before we give the analogous conclusions concerning active powers and their causality1 we have to premise that all power ready to act is said to be in actu primo1 or in the 8first act10 with respect to its termination and term1 or act1 which it is ready to produce4 ,its action is its termination1 and it consists in the causation of a second act4 ,this second act1 inasmuch as it exists in its proper term1 potency1 or subject1 is called actio in facto esse--that is1 an action wholly complete1 though the action proper is always in fieri2 for it consists in the very production of such a second act1 as we have just stated4 ,the result of this production is the existence of a new reality1 substantial or accidental1 according to the nature of the act produced4 ,this well-known terminology we shall use here for the parallel development of the three classes of questions which we have to answer4 ,origin of ,power4--,first1 then1 with regard to the primary origin of active and moving powers1 we lay down the following conclusions3 #ast4 ,there is some absolute power--that is1 a first act which has no need of producing any second act4 #b;d4 ,absolute power is an objective reality4 #c;d4 ,absolute power is uncreated4 #dth4 ,absolute power is the virtuality1 or extrinsic terminability1 of the act by which ,god is4 #eth4 ,absolute power is not modified by the production of effects--that is1 by its extrinsic termination4 #fth4 ,the beings thus produced are extrinsic terms of ,god's power2 and although1 owing to their intrinsic perfection1 which may be greater or less1 they can be related to one another by an intrinsic foundation1 yet their 8entitative distances0 have only an extrinsic foundation--to wit1 ,god's omnipotence4 ,some of these propositions are so obvious that they might have been omitted but for the object we have in view of pointing out the parallelism of absolute power with space and duration4 ,the first of these conclusions is proved thus3 ,all first act which naturally needs to produce some second act has an intrinsic and natural ordination to something distinct from itself2 for all effect is really distinct from its efficient principle4 ,but it cannot be admitted without absurdity that every first act has such an intrinsic and natural ordination2 for1 if everything were thus ordained to something else1 all things would tend to some subordinate end1 while there would be no supreme end at all2 for nothing that is ordained to something else can rank as the supreme end4 ,on the other hand1 no subordinate ends can be admitted without a supreme end4 ,and therefore there must be some first act which has no intrinsic necessity of producing any second act4 ,such a first act is altogether absolute4 ,the second conclusion is evident4 ,for what we call here 8a first act0 is not an imperfect and incomplete act1 since it needs no termination2 nor is it a result of mental abstraction and analysis1 but a perfect principle of real operations2 for the epithet 8first10 by which we characterize it1 does not imply that it lacks anything in its entity1 but1 on the contrary1 it means that it already contains eminently the whole reality of the effects which it is competent to produce4 ,hence it is clear that1 if such effects are objective realities1 the first act on which their production depends is an objective reality1 and a much better one too4 ,the third conclusion needs no proof1 it being evident that whatever is created must tend to the end of its creation1 which is the manifestation of the perfections of its creator4 ,this manifestation implies action--viz41 a transition of the first act to its second act4 ,accordingly1 a first act which has no necessary ordination to second acts cannot be created4 ,the fourth conclusion follows from the third1 since an uncreated act can be nothing else than the act by which ,god is4 ,this act1 inasmuch as it eminently contains the reality of all possible things1 is extrinsically terminable1 and as thus terminable it exhibits itself as a 8first0 act4 ,but1 since ,god has no need of creatures1 such a first act has no need of extrinsic terminations1 and1 as first1 it constitutes omnipotence1 or ,god's absolute power4 ,this power in its infinite simplicity has an infinite range1 as it extends to all conceivable reality4 ,the fifth conclusion will be easily understood by reflecting that the extrinsic termination of active power consists in giving existence to contingent things by efficient action4 ,now1 to act efficiently does not bring about any intrinsic change in the agent2 for all intrinsic change follows from passion1 which is the opposite of action4 ,nor does ,god1 when giving existence and active powers to any number of creatures1 weaken his own power4 ,for the power imparted to creatures is not a portion of the divine power1 but a product of creation1 and nothing1 in fact1 but the created act itself4 ,for1 as all contingent things are created for the manifestation of ,god's perfections1 all creatures must be active2 and as everything acts as it is in act1 the act being the principle of the acting1 it follows that all act produced by creation is an active power of greater or less perfection according to the part it is destined to fill in the plans of its ,maker4 ,this shows that the act by which a creature is1 bears a resemblance to the act by which ,god is1 inasmuch as it virtually contains in itself all those acts which it is fit to produce according to its nature4 ,but1 since all contingent act is extrinsic to ,god1 divine omnipotence is not entitatively and intrinsically more actuated by creation than by non-creation2 though1 if ,god creates any being1 from the term produced he will acquire the real denomination of ,creator4 ,thus the existence of a contingent being is the existence of a real term1 which extrinsically terminates the virtuality of ,god's act1 in which it is eminently contained4 ,its relation to its ,creator is one of total dependence2 whilst ,god's relation to it is that of first causality4 ,the foundation of this relation is the action which proceeds from ,god and terminates in the creature4 ,the first part of the sixth conclusion1 that beings produced by creation are extrinsic terms of ,god's power1 has just been explained4 ,but we say1 moreover1 that the entitative distances between such beings have an extrinsic foundation in ,god's omnipotence4 ,by 8entitative distance0 we mean the difference in degree between distinct beings--v4g41 between a man and a tree--as we have explained in another place4#aed ,and we say that1 as the distance between two material points in space has its extrinsic foundation in the virtuality of ,god's immensity1 so also the entitative distance of two beings has its extrinsic foundation in the virtuality of ,god's infinite act--that is1 in divine omnipotence4 ,in fact1 the different degrees of entity conceivable between the tree and the man are all virtually contained in ,god's omnipotence1 just as all the distinct ubications possible between two points are virtually in ,god's immensity4 ,hence the foundation of such entitative distances is extrinsic to the beings compared in the same manner as the foundation of local distances4 ,but the terms produced by creative action1 inasmuch as they possess a greater or less perfection in their individual constitution1 can be compared with one another according to the relative degree of their intrinsic reality2 and thus1 besides the extrinsic relation just mentioned1 they have a mutual relativity arising from an intrinsic foundation4 ,the relative degree of reality of a contingent being becomes known to us through the relative intensity of its active power2 which implies that the beings compared have powers of the same species4 ,if they are not of the same species1 the comparison will give no result4 ,remarks4--,before leaving this part of our subject1 we have to notice that1 as the ubication1 so also the act produced by creation1 can be considered both absolutely and respectively4 ,a created act1 considered absolutely1 is an act intrinsically completed by its essential potency1 and constitutes the being as it is in actu secundo4 ,the same act1 considered respectively1 or as ordained to something else1 is a power ready to act1 and thus it is in actu primo with regard to all the acts which it is able to produce4 ,the essential act of a contingent being1 be it considered absolutely or respectively1 bears no proportion to the perfection of its ,creator1 no more indeed than a point in space to immensity1 or a now of time to eternity4 ,hence all contingent act or power1 whatever be its perfection or intensity1 as compared with ,god1 is like nothing4 ,it is only when a created act or power is compared with another of the same kind that we can establish a proportion between them as to degrees of perfection and of intensity4 ,these degrees are measured by comparing the relative intensities of the effects produced by distinct causes of the same kind1 acting under the same conditions4 ,the quantity of efficient power may be conceived as a virtual sum of degrees of power4 ,in this particular the quantity of power differs entirely from the quantity of distance2 because this latter cannot be conceived as a virtual sum of ubications4 ,the reason of this difference is that ubications1 as being simple points1 have no quantity1 and therefore cannot by addition make up a continuous quantity2 whereas the degrees of power always possess intensity1 and are quantities2 hence their sum is a quantity of the same kind4 ,it may be useful to remark that all continuous quantity has a necessary connection with the quantity of power1 and that all extension owes its being to the efficacy of some motive principle4 ,in fact1 all intervals1 whether of space or of time1 are reckoned among continuous quantities only on account of the quantity of continuous movement which can be made1 or is actually made1 in them1 as we have explained in a preceding article2 but the quantity of movement is itself to be traced to the intensity of the momentum produced by the agent1 and the momentum to the intensity of the motive power4 ,as soon as movement is communicated to a point1 its ubication begins to shift and to extend a continuous line in space2 and its now1 too1 for the same reason begins to flow and to extend continuous time4 ,when the quantity of power is expressed by a number1 its value is determined1 as we have stated1 by the intensity of its efficiency in a given time and fixed conditions4 ,the unit of intensity by which the amount of the effect produced is measured is arbitrary2 for there is no natural unit for the degrees of intensity1 it being evident that such degrees can be divided and subdivided without end1 just like the continuum4 ,hence the numbers by which we express degrees of intensity are only virtually discrete1 just as those by which we express continuous quantities4 ,the ordinary unit assumed for the measure of intensity is that degree of intensity which causes a unit of weight to measure a unit of distance in a unit of time4 ,as all these units are arbitrary1 it is evident that such is also the unit of intensity4 ,let us remark1 also1 that the power of natural causes has in its action a twofold continuity--that is1 with regard both to space and to duration4 ,as long as a natural cause exists1 it acts without interruption1 owing to its intrinsic determination1 provided there be1 as there is always in fact1 some subject capable of being acted upon by it4 ,this constitutes the continuity of action with regard to duration4 ,on the other hand1 the motive power of such natural causes is exerted1 according to the ,newtonian law1 throughout an indefinite sphere1 as we have shown in another place2#aee and this constitutes the continuity of action through space4 ,moreover1 if the point acted upon approaches the agent or recedes from it1 the continuous change of distance will be accompanied by a continuous change of action2 and thus the intensity of the act produced by the agent will increase or decrease in a continuous manner through infinitesimal degrees corresponding to the infinitesimal changes of local relations occurring in infinitesimal instants of time4 ,this relation of changes is the base of dynamics4 ,but enough on this point4 ,origin of movement4--,we may now pass to the conclusions concerning movement as dependent on its proximate cause4 ,the power by which the natural causes produce momentums of movement is called 8motive power40 ,this power is to be found both in material and in spiritual beings2 but as in spiritual substances the exercise of the motive power is subject to their will1 and consists in the application of a nobler power to the production of a lower effect1 we do not and cannot consider the power of spiritual beings as merely 8motive10 for it is1 above all1 intellective and volitive4 ,material things1 on the contrary1 because they possess no other power than that of moving1 are characterized by it1 and are naturally determined to exercise it according to a law which they cannot elude4 ,it is of these beings in particular that the following conclusions are to be understood4 #ast4 ,there is in all material creatures a motive power--that is1 a first act of moving--which1 considered in its absolute state1 has no need of extrinsic termination1 that is1 of producing a momentum of movement4 #b;d4 ,this motive power is an objective reality4 #c;d4 ,the same power is nothing accidentally superadded to the being of which it is the power4 #dth4 ,this power is the virtuality1 or extrinsic terminability1 of the act by which the agent is4 #eth4 ,this power is not modified by the production of momentums in extrinsic terms4 #fth4 ,the momentums thus produced are second acts of the motive power1 extrinsic to it2 and though1 owing to their intensity1 which may be greater or less1 they can be related to one another through an intrinsic foundation1 yet their entitative distances have only an extrinsic foundation--to wit1 the agent's power4 ,some of these propositions are quite evident2 but our present object is not only to explain what may require a special discussion1 but also1 and principally1 to dissect our subject in such a manner as to make it manifest that a perpetual analogy exists between the conditions and the principles of all kinds of continuum1 and that in all of them the transition from the absolute to the relative1 from the cause to the effect1 and from the formal reason to its formal result1 is made through a like process and through similar degrees4 ,for this reason we think that even those conclusions which seem too obvious to deserve mention become interesting and serve a good purpose2 for in the parallel treatment of analogous subjects1 those things which are clearer throw light on those which are more abstruse1 and about which we often feel a certain hesitation4 ,the first of our present conclusions needs only a short explanation4 ,when we say that in every creature there is a motive power which1 considered in its absolute state1 has no need of producing a momentum1 we mean that in every creature there is an act which is a principle of activity1 but that the exercise of this activity is not required for the substantial perfection and essential constitution of the creature itself1 though it may be required for some other reason1 as we shall see presently4 ,in fact1 every substance has its own complete being independently of accidents2 and since the exertion of motive power is an accident1 every substance is entitatively independent of it4 ,we conceive that if ,god had created nothing but an element of matter1 such an element would indeed 7on its own part7 be ready to act and to produce a momentum of movement2 but1 as there would be no subject capable of receiving a momentum1 the motive power would remain in actu primo--that is1 without actual exertion4 ,and yet it is evident that the non-existence of other elements can have no bearing on the intrinsic constitution and substantial perfection of the element in the question4 ,therefore the power of an element of matter is a first act1 which1 as far as the entity of the element itself is concerned1 has no need of producing any second act4 ,nevertheless1 since all creatures must in some manner glorify ,god as long as they exist1 because such is the true and highest end of their existence1 hence to every created power some proportionate term or subject corresponds1 in which its exertion is received without interruption4 ,in the same manner as the understanding never lacks an intelligible object1 and the sense never lacks a sensible term1 about which to exercise itself by immanent operation1 the motive power of inferior beings never fails to meet a proportionate--that is1 movable--term and to impress upon it a momentum of a certain intensity4 ,hence1 when we regard1 not the substance of natural things as such1 but the natural necessity they are under of tending constantly to the ultimate end of their creation1 we see that their first act of moving must always entail some second act1 or momentum1 in all the terms which it can reach according to its natural determination4 ,the second conclusion is self-evident2 for1 if the principle of real movement were not an objective reality1 a real effect would proceed from an unreal cause--which is absurd4 ,nor does it matter that the power is only a 8first0 act4 ,for1 as we have explained above1 it is first as compared with the acts which it can produce1 but it is intrinsically complete in the entity of the agent1 as it is terminated to its substantial term4 ,the third conclusion is nothing but a corollary of the well-known axiom that in all things the principle of operation is the substantial act3 ,forma est id quo agens agit1 and ,principium essendi est principium operandi4 ,we have proved in another place#aef that no natural accident possesses active power or is actually concerned in any of the effects produced by the agent4 ,this truth should be well understood by the modern scientists who very commonly mistake the conditions of the action for the active principle4 ,of course no creature can act independently of accidental conditions2 but these conditions have no bearing on the active power itself--they only determine 7formally and not efficiently7 the mode of its application according to a constant law4 ,thus the distance of two material points has no active influence on their motive power or on their mutual action1 but only constitutes the two points in a certain relation to one another2 and when such a relation is altered1 the action is changed1 not because the power is modified1 but because its determination to act--that is1 its very nature--demands that it should in its application follow the ,newtonian law of the inverse ratio of the squared distances4 ,the philosophers of the old school admitted1 but never proved1 that1 although the substantial form is the main principle of activity in natural things1 nevertheless this principle was in need of some accidental entity1 that it might be proximately disposed to produce its act4 ,this opinion1 too1 originated in the confusion of active power with the conditions on which the mode of its exertion depends4 ,what they called 8active qualities0 is now acknowledged to be1 not a new kind of active power superadded to the substantial forms1 but merely a result of the concurrence of many simple powers acting under determinate conditions4 ,the accidental change of the conditions entails the change of the result and action1 but the active powers evidently remain the same4 ,the ancients said also that the substantial forms were the active principles of substantial generations1 whereas the 8active qualities0 were the active principles of mere alterations4 ,as we have shown that the whole theory of substantial generations1 as understood by the peripatetic school1 is based on assumption and equivocation1 and leads to impossibilities1#aeg we may be dispensed from giving a new refutation of the opinion last mentioned4 ,our fourth conclusion directly follows from the general principle that the act by which a thing has its first being is its principle of action3 ,quo aliquid primo est1 eo agit4 ,the substantial act1 considered as to its absolute entity1 does not connote action1 but simply constitutes the being of which it is the act4 ,in order to conceive it as an active power1 we must refer to the effects which it virtually contains--that is1 we must consider its virtuality4 ,in this manner what is a second act with regard to the substance of the agent1 will be conceived as a first act with reference to the effects it can produce1 according to a received axiom3 ,actus secundus essendi est actus primus operandi4 ,the fifth conclusion1 notwithstanding the contrary opinion of many philosophers1 is quite certain4 ,for all intrinsic modification is the result of passive reception or passion4 ,now1 to produce a momentum of movement is action1 not passion4 ,therefore1 when such a momentum is produced1 no other subject is intrinsically modified by it except the one which passively receives it4 ,it is therefore the being which is acted on1 not that which acts1 that acquires an intrinsic modification4 ,the power of the agent is not entitatively and intrinsically more actuated by action than by non-action4 ,its action is an extrinsic termination1 and gives it nothing but the real denomination of agent1 by which it is really related to the term acted on4 ,the patient1 by its reception of the momentum1 becomes similarly related to the agent1 as is evident4 ,and the relation consists in this3 that the patient acquires formally an act which the agent virtually contains4 ,this relation is of accidental causality on the one side and of accidental dependence on the other4 ,the foundation of the relation is the accidental action as coming from the one and terminating in the other4 ,as everything that is in movement must have received the motion from a distinct agent1 according to the principle ,omne quod movetur1 ab alio movetur1 it follows that whatever is in movement is accidentally dependent on an extrinsic mover2 and1 since all material elements are both movers and moved1 they all have a mutual accidental causality and dependence4 ,our sixth conclusion is sufficiently clear from what has been said concerning the sixth conclusion of the preceding series4 ,the momentum of movement is evidently the second act of the motive power--that is1 the extrinsic term of its exertion4 ,the entitative distance between two momentums produced by the same mover is an extrinsic relation2 for its foundation is the virtuality of the act by which the agent is1 as has been explained above4 ,but the same momentums1 as possessing greater or less intensity1 can also be compared with one another according to their intrinsic entity or degree2 and thus they will be found to have a mutual relation arising from an intrinsic foundation4 ,remarks4--,as the ubication1 so also the momentum produced by accidental action1 can be considered both absolutely and respectively4 ,the momentum1 considered absolutely1 is an act received in a subject--an absolute momentum1 an extrinsic term of the virtuality of the motive principle2 and1 as such a momentum is only one out of the innumerable acts which can proceed from the agent1 it has an entity infinitely less than that of the agent4 ,it is evident1 in fact1 that between a substantial and an accidental act there must be an infinite entitative disproportion1 both because no substance can be substantially changed by its accidents1 and because the substantial act can never be exhausted1 and not even weakened1 by the production of accidental acts1 as we have established in another place4#aeh ,the momentum is considered respectively when it is compared with another momentum1 in which case we can find the relation of the one to the other as to intensity4 ,this intensity is measured by the quantity of the movement to which they give rise when not counteracted4 ,the unit of intensity is arbitrary in the momentums1 as in their principles1 for the same reason--that is1 because in neither case a natural unit of intensity can be found4 ,the number expressing the relative intensity of a momentum is only virtually discrete1 because the momentum is only virtually compounded1 since it is not a number of distinct acts1 but one act equivalent to many4 ,movement and its affections4--,the production of a momentum entails movement4 ,the general definition of movement1 according to ,aristotle and ,s4 ,thomas1 is ,actus existentis in potentia ut in potentia1 or1 as we would say1 an actual passage from one potential state to another4 ,now1 all created being is potential in two manners3 first1 on account of its passive receptivity2 secondly1 on account of its affectibility1 which is a consequence of its passivity1 as we have explained in the 8,principles of ,real ,being40#aei ,hence the momentum of movement1 inasmuch as it is received in the patient1 actuates its passive potency2 and inasmuch as its reception entails a certain mode of being1 it affects its resultant potentiality4 ,but besides this double potentiality1 which is intrinsic to the subject1 there is another potentiality which refers to an extrinsic term1 and for this reason movement is considered both as it is a modification of its subject1 ratione subjecti1 and as it points at an extrinsic term1 ratione termini4 ,with regard to its subject1 movement is usually divided into immanent and transient4 ,it is called immanent when it results from immanent acts1 as when the soul directs its attention to such or such an object of thought2 and it is called transient when it brings about a change in a subject distinct from the agent1 as when a man moves a stone1 or when the sun moves the earth4 ,but this is inaccurate language2 for what is transient in these cases is the action1 not the movement4 ,with regard to its term1 movement is divided into two kinds--that is1 movement to a place1 motus ad ubi1 and movement towards a certain degree of perfection or intensity of power1 motus virtutis4#afj ,the first is called local movement1 of which we will speak presently4 ,the second is subdivided into intension1 remission1 and alteration4 ,intension and remission are the acquisition or loss of some degree of perfection or of intensity with regard to power and qualities2 alteration is the passage from one kind of quality or property to another4 ,thus1 in water1 heat is subject to intension and remission2 but when the cohesive force of the molecules is superseded by the expansive force of vapor1 there is alteration4 ,it is important to notice that there is no motus virtutis in primitive elements of matter4 ,the exertion of their power varies indeed according to the ,newtonian law1 but the power itself is always exactly the same1 as its principle is the substantial act1 which cannot be modified by accidental action4 ,it is only in material compounds that the motus virtutis can be admitted1 for the reason that the active powers and qualities in them are a result of composition2 hence a change in the mode of the composition brings about a change in the resultant4 ,so also in spiritual substances there is no motus virtutis1 because their active faculties are always substantially the same4 ,true it is that the intellect has also its passivity with regard to intelligible species1 and that it acts by so much the more easily and perfectly in proportion as it is better furnished with intelligible species distinctly expressed and arranged according to their logical and objective connection4 ,but this cannot mean that the active power of the intellect can be increased1 but only that it can be placed in more suitable conditions for its operations4 ,and the like is to be said of all acquired habits2 for they give a greater facility of acting1 not by intensifying the intrinsic power1 but by placing the active faculty in such conditions as are more favorable for its operation4 ,but let us revert to local movement4 ,this movement may be defined as the act of gliding through successive ubications4 ,such a gliding alters the relations of one body to another1 as is evident1 but it involves no new intrinsic modification of the subject4 ,as long as the subject continues to move under the same momentum1 its intrinsic mode of being remains uniformly the same1 while its extrinsic relations to other bodies are in continual change4 ,hence the local movement of any point of matter merely consists in the act of extending from ubication to ubication1 or1 as we may say1 in the evolution of the intensity of the momentum into continuous extension4 ,the reason of this evolution is that the momentum impressed on a subject has not only a definite intensity1 but also a definite direction in space2 whence it follows that the subject which receives the momentum receives a determination to describe a line in a definite direction1 which it must follow1 owing to its inertia1 with an impetus equal to the intensity of the momentum itself4 ,and in this manner a material point1 by the successive flowing of its ubication1 describes a line in space1 or evolves the intensity of its momentum into extension4 ,hence1 of local movement we can predicate both intensity and extension4 ,the intensity is the formal principle1 which1 by actuating the inertia or mobility of the subject1 evolves itself into extension4 ,the extension is the actual evolution of the momentum1 and constitutes the essence of local movement1 which is always in fieri4 ,and this is what is especially pointed out in ,aristotle's words3 ,motus est actus existentis in potentia1 ut in potentia4 ,the actus refers to the intensity1 which is not in fieri1 but has a definite actuality2 whilst the in potentia ut in potentia clearly refers to the evolution of extension1 which is continually in fieri under the influx of said act4 ,accordingly1 local movement is both intensive and extensive4 ,but this last epithet is to be looked upon as equivalent to 8extending10 not to 8extended02 for it is the line drawn1 or the track of the movement already made1 that is properly 8extended10 whereas the movement itself is the act of extending it4 ,the formal intensity of local movement is called velocity4 ,we say the formal intensity1 because movement has also a material intensity4 ,the formal intensity regards the rate of movement of each element of matter taken by itself1 and it is greater or less according as it evolves a greater or a less extension in equal times4 ,the material intensity regards the quantity of matter which is moving with a given velocity1 and is measured by the product of the velocity into the mass of the moving body4 ,this product is called the momentum of the body1 or its quantity of movement4 ,local movement is subject to three affections--viz41 intension1 remission1 and inflexion4 ,in fact1 since local movement consists in extending with a certain velocity in a certain direction1 it is susceptible of being modified either by a change of velocity1 which will intensify or weaken it1 or by a change of direction--that is1 by inflexion4 ,so long1 however1 as no agent disturbs the actual movement already imparted to a body1 the movement must necessarily continue in the same direction and with the same velocity2 for matter1 owing to its inertia1 cannot modify its own state4 ,this amounts to saying that the tendency uniformly to preserve its rate and its direction is not an accidental affection1 but the very nature1 of local movement4 ,this being premised1 we are going to establish a series of conclusions1 concerning movement and its affections1 parallel to that which we have developed in the preceding pages respecting power and its exertions4 ,the reader will see that the chain of our analogies must here end2 for1 since movement is not action1 it affects nothing new1 and produces no extrinsic terms1 but only entails changes of local relations4 ,on the other hand1 the affections of local movement are not of a transient1 but of an immanent1 character1 and thus they give rise to no new entity1 but are themselves identified with the movement of which they are the modes4 ,our conclusions are the following3 #ast4 ,there is in all local movement something permanent--that is1 a general determination of a lasting character1 which has no need of being individuated in one manner more than in another4 #b;d4 ,this constant determination is an objective reality4 #c;d4 ,this same determination is nothing accidentally superadded to local movement4 #dth4 ,this determination is the virtuality of the momentum of movement1 or the act of evolving extension in a definite direction4 #eth4 ,this determination is not intrinsically modified by any accidental modification of local movement4 #fth4 ,the affections of local movement are intrinsic and intransitive modes1 which identify themselves with the movement which they modify4 ,the first of these conclusions is briefly proved thus3 whatever is a subject of real modifications has something permanent4 ,local movement is a subject of real modifications4 ,therefore1 local movement involves something permanent4 ,the second conclusion is self-evident4 ,the third conclusion1 too1 is evident4 ,for whatever is accidentally superadded to a thing can be accidentally taken away1 and therefore cannot belong to the thing permanently and invariably4 ,hence the constant and fixed determination in question cannot be an accident of local movement4 ,the fourth conclusion is a corollary of the third4 ,for nothing is necessarily permanent in local movement1 except that which constitutes its essence4 ,now1 its essence lies in this3 that it must evolve extension at the rate and in the direction determined by the momentum of which it is the exponent4 ,therefore the permanent determination of which we are speaking is nothing else than the virtuality of the momentum itself as developing into extension4 ,and since the momentum by which the moving body is animated has a determinate intensity and direction1 which virtually contains a determinate velocity and direction of movement1 it follows that the permanent determination in question consists in the actual tendency of movement to evolve uniformly and in a straight line--uniformly1 because velocity is the form of movement1 and the velocity determined by the intensity of the actual momentum is actually one2 in a straight line1 because the actual momentum being one1 it gives but one direction to the movement1 which therefore will be straight in its tendency4 ,whence we conclude that it is of the essence of local movement to have an actual tendency to evolve uniformly in a straight line4 ,some will object that local movement may lack both uniformity and straightness4 ,this is quite true1 but it does not destroy our conclusion4 ,for1 as movement is always in fieri1 and exists only by infinitesimal instants in which it is impossible to admit more than one velocity and one direction1 it remains always true that within every instant of its existence the movement is straight and uniform1 and that in every such instant it tends to continue in the same direction and at the same rate--that is1 with the velocity and direction it actually possesses4 ,this velocity and direction may1 of course1 be modified in the following instant2 but in the following instant1 too1 the movement will tend to evolve uniformly and in a straight line suitably to its new velocity and direction4 ,whence it is manifest that1 although in the continuation of the movement there may be a series of different velocities and directions1 yet the tendency of the movement is1 at every instant of its existence1 to extend uniformly in a straight line4 ,this truth is the foundation of dynamics4 ,our fifth conclusion is sufficiently evident from what we have just said4 ,for1 whatever be the intensity and direction of the movement1 its determination to extend uniformly in a straight line is not interfered with4 ,our last conclusion has no need of explanation4 ,for1 since the affections of local movement are the result of new momentums impressed on the subject it is plain that they are intrinsic modes characterizing a movement individually different from the movement that preceded4 ,the tendency to evolve uniformly in a straight line remains unimpaired1 as we have shown2 but the movement itself becomes entitatively--viz41 quantitatively--different4 ,remarks4--,local movement is divided into uniform and varied4 ,uniform movement we call that which has a constant velocity4 ,for1 as velocity is the form of movement1 to say that a movement is uniform is to say that it has but one velocity in the whole of its extension4 ,we usually call 8uniform0 all movement whose apparent velocity is constant2 but1 to say the truth1 no rigorously uniform movement exists in nature for any appreciable length of time4 ,in fact1 every element of matter lies within the sphere of action of all other elements1 and is continually acted on1 and continually receives new momentums2 the evident consequence of which is that its real movement must undergo a continuous change of velocity4 ,hence rigorously uniform movement is limited to infinitesimal time4 ,varied movement is that whose rate is continually changing4 ,it is divided into accelerated and retarded2 and1 when the acceleration or the retardation arises from a constant action which in equal times imparts equal momentums1 the movement is said to be uniformly accelerated or retarded4 ,epilogue4--,the explanation we have given of space1 duration1 and movement suffices1 if we are not mistaken1 to show what is the true nature of the only continuous quantities which can be found in the real order of things4 ,the reader will have seen that the source of all continuity is motive power and its exertion4 ,it is such an exertion that engenders local movement1 and causes it to be continuous in its entity1 in its local extension1 and in its duration4 ,in fact1 why is the local movement continuous in its entity8 ,because the motive action strengthens or weakens it by continuous infinitesimal degrees in each successive infinitesimal instant1 thus causing it to pass through all the degrees of intensity designable between its initial and its final velocity4 ,and again3 why is the local movement continuous in its local extension8 ,because it is the property of an action which proceeds from a point in space and is terminated to another point in space1 to give a local direction to the subject in which the momentum is received2 whence it follows that the subject under the influence of such a momentum must draw a continuous line in space4 ,finally1 why is the local movement continuous in its duration8 ,because1 owing to the continuous change of its ubication1 the subject of the movement extends its absolute when from before to after1 in a continuous succession1 which is nothing but the duration of the movement4 ,hence absolute space and absolute duration1 which are altogether independent of motive actions1 are not formally continuous1 but only supply the extrinsic reason of the possibility of formal continuums4 ,it is matter in movement that by the flowing of its ubi from here to there actually marks out a continuous line in space1 and by the flowing of its quando from before to after marks out a continuous line in duration4 ,thus it is not absolute space1 but the line drawn in space1 that is formally extended from here to there2 and it is not absolute duration1 but the line successively drawn in duration1 that is formally extended from before to after4 ,with regard to the difficulties which philosophers have raised at different times against local movement we have very little to say4 ,an ancient philosopher1 when called to answer some arguments against the possibility of movement1 thought it sufficient to reply3 ,solvitur ambulando--8,i walk2 therefore movement is possible40 ,this answer was excellent2 but1 while showing the inanity of the objections1 it took no notice of the fallacies by which they were supported4 ,we might follow the same course2 for the arguments advanced against movement are by no means formidable4 ,yet we will mention and solve three of them before dismissing the subject4 ,first4 ,if a body moves1 it moves where it is1 not where it is not4 ,but it cannot move where it is2 for to move implies not to remain where it is1 and therefore bodies cannot move4 ,the answer is1 that bodies neither move where they are nor where they are not1 but from the place where they are to the place where they are not4 ,second4 ,a material element cannot describe a line in space between two points without gliding through all the intermediate ubications4 ,but the intermediate ubications are infinite1 as infinite points can be designated in any line2 and the infinite cannot be passed over4 ,the answer is that an infinite multitude cannot be measured by one of its units2 and for this reason the infinite multitude of ubications which may be designated between the terms of a line cannot be measured by a unit of the same kind4 ,nevertheless1 a line can be measured by movement--that is1 not by the ubication itself1 but by the flowing of an ubication2 because the flowing of the ubication is continuous1 and involves continuous quantity2 and therefore it is to be considered as containing in itself its own measure1 which is a measure of length1 and which may serve to measure the whole line of movement4 ,if the length of a line were an infinite sum of ubications--that is1 of mathematical points--the objection would have some weight2 but the length of the line is evidently not a sum of points4 ,the line is a continuous quantity evolved by the flowing of a point4 ,it can therefore be measured by the flowing of a point4 ,for as the line described can be divided and subdivided without end1 so also the time employed in describing it can be divided and subdivided without end4 ,hence the length of a line described in a finite length of time can be conceived as an infinite virtual multitude of infinitesimal lengths1 just in the same manner as the time employed in describing it can be conceived as an infinite multitude of infinitesimal instants4 ,now1 the infinite can measure the infinite2 and therefore it is manifest that an infinite multitude of infinitesimal lengths can be measured by the flowing of a point through an infinite multitude of infinitesimal instants4#afa ,third4 ,the communication of movement1 as we know by experience1 requires time2 and yet time arises from movement1 and cannot begin before the movement is communicated4 ,how1 then1 will movement be communicated8 ,the answer is that time and movement begin together1 and evolve simultaneously in the very act of the communication of movement4 ,it is not true1 then1 that all communication of movement requires time4 ,our experience regards only the communication of finite movement1 which1 of course1 cannot be made except the action of the agent continue for a finite time4 ,but movement is always communicated by infinitesimal degrees in infinitesimal instants2 and thus the beginning of the motive action coincides with the beginning of the movement1 and this coincides with the beginning of its duration4 ,and here we end4 ,the considerations which we have developed in our articles on space1 duration1 and movement have1 we think1 a sufficient importance to be regarded with interest by those who have a philosophical turn of mind4 ,the subjects which we have endeavored so far to investigate are scarcely ever examined as deeply as they deserve by the modern writers of philosophical treatises2 but there is no doubt that a clearer knowledge of those subjects must enable us to extricate ourselves from many difficulties to be met in other parts of metaphysics4 ,it is principally in order to solve the sophisms of the idealists and of the transcendental pantheists that we need an exact1 intellectual notion of space and of time4 ,we see how ,kant1 the father of ,german idealism and pantheism1 was led into numerous errors by his misconception of these two points1 and how his followers1 owing to a like hallucination1 succeeded in obscuring the light of their noble intellects1 and were prompted to deny and revile the most certain and fundamental principles of human reasoning4 ,in fact1 a mistaken notion of space lies at the bottom of nearly all their philosophical blunders4 ,if we desire to refute their false theories by direct and categorical arguments1 we must know how far we can trust the popular language on space1 and how we can correct its inaccuracies so as to give precision to our own phraseology1 lest by conceding or denying more than truth demands we furnish them with the means of retorting against our argumentation4 ,this is the main reason that induced us to treat of space1 duration1 and movement in a special series of articles1 as we entertained the hope that we might thus help in cutting the ground from under the feet of the pantheist by uprooting the very germ of his manifold errors4 ,,not ,,yet4 ,methought the ,king of ,terrors came my way3 ,whom all men flee1 and none esteem it base4 ,but lo6 his smile forbidding me dismay1 ,i stood--and dared to look him in the face4 8,so soon60 the only murmur in my heart3 ,for ,i had shaped the deeds of many years-- ,ambitioning atonement1 and1 in part1 ,to reap in joy what ,i had sown in tears4 ,then1 turning to ,our ,lady3 8,o my ,queen6 ',twere very sweet already to have won ,my crown1 and pass to see as ,i am seen1 ,and nevermore offend thy ,blessed ,son3 ,yet would ,i stay--and for myself1 ,i own3-- ,to stand1 at last1 the nearer to thy throne40 ,,songs ,,of ,,the ,,people4 ,without going back to abstruse speculations on the origin of music in ,england 7there is a mania in our century for discovering the 8origin0 of everything1 and theorizing on it1 long before a sufficient number of facts has been collected even to make a pedestal for the most modest and limited theory71 we gather from the mention of it in old ,english poems1 and books on ballads and songs1 glees and catches1 that it existed in a very creditable form at least eight hundred years ago4 ,indeed1 there was national and popular music before this1 and the ,welsh songs1 the oldest of all1 point far back to a legendary past as the source of their being4 ,the first foreign song that mingled with the rude music of the early ,britons was doubtless that of the ,christian missionaries in the first century of our era1 and after that there can have been little music among the converted ,britons but what was more or less tinged with a foreign and ,christian element4 ,we know1 too1 that at various times foreign monks either came or were invited to the different kingdoms in ,england to teach the natives the ecclesiastical chant4 ,gardiner1 in his ,music of ,nature1 says that 8as the invaders came from all parts of the ,continent1 our language and music became a motley collection of sounds and words unlike that of any other people2 and though we have gained a language of great force and extent1 yet we have lost our primitive music1 as not a single song remains that has the character of being national40 ,he also says that before music was cultivated as an art1 ,england1 in common with other countries1 had its national songs1 but that these1 with the people who sang them1 were driven by the conquerors into ,ireland1 ,scotland1 and ,wales4 ,this assertion is rather a sweeping one1 and the recognized formula about the ancient inhabitants of ,britain being all crowded into certain particular districts is one that will bear modifying and correcting4 ,the ,british ,anthropological ,society has1 during the last ten years1 made interesting researches in the field of race-characteristics in different parts of ,england1 and an accumulation of facts has gone far to prove the permanence of some ,gaelic1 ,cymric1 and ,celtic types in other parts1 exclusive of ,wales and ,cornwall4 ,dr4 ,beddoe and ,mr4 ,mackintosh have published the result of their observations1 and the latter concludes that 8a considerable portion of the west ,midland and southwestern counties are scarcely distinguishable from three of the types found in ,wales--namely1 the ,british1 ,gaelic1 and ,cymrian4 ,in ,shropshire1 and ramifying to the east and southeast1 the ,cymrian type may be found in great numbers1 though not predominating4''' ,in many parts of the southwest the prevailing type among the working classes is decidedly ,gaelic4''' ,north ,devon and ,dorset may be regarded as its headquarters in ,south ,britain40 ,then1 again1 the district along the borders of ,wales1 especially between ,taunton and ,oswestry1 and as far east as ,bath1 shows a population more naturally intellectual than that of any other part of ,england1 and that without any superiority of primary education to account for it4 ,the people are what might be called ,anglicized ,welsh1 and there is among them a greater taste for solid knowledge than in the heart of ,england4 ,lancashire is to a great extent ,scandinavian1 and also somewhat ,cymrian1 as we have seen1 and there the people are known as a shrewd1 hardy race1 thoughtful and fond of study1 and great adepts in music4 ,at a large school in ,tiverton1 ,devonshire1 nine-tenths of the boys presented the most exaggerated ,gaelic physiognomy2 while at another1 near ,chichester1 the girls were all of the most unmistakable ,saxon type4 ,we need not go further in this classification1 and only introduced it to show that massing together all ,british types in ,wales and ,cornwall is a fallacy1 such as all hasty generalizations are4 ,it is not so certain1 therefore1 that there exists no indigenous element in the old songs that have survived1 though in many an altered form1 in some of the rural districts of ,england4 ,then1 again1 how is the word 8national0 used--in the sense of indigenous1 or of popular1 or of exclusively belonging to one given country8 ,english music was1 before the ,commonwealth1 at least as indigenous as the ,english language1 as that gradually grew up and welded itself together4 ,as to popularity1 there was a style of song--some specimens of which we shall give--which was known and used by the poorest and humblest1 and a style1 too1 far removed from the plebeian1 though it may have been rather sentimental4 ,then glees and catches are1 though of no very great antiquity1 essentially ,english1 and are scarcely known in any other country4 ,if 8national0 stands for 8political10 as many people at this day seem to take for granted1 then1 indeed1 ,england has not much to boast of4 ,that music is born rather of oppression and defeat1 and loves to commemorate a people's undying devotion to their own race1 laws1 customs1 and rulers4 ,irish and ,welsh and ,jacobite songs exhibit that style best1 though only the first of the three have any present significance1 the two other kinds having long ago become more valuable for their intrinsic or historical merit than for their political meaning4 ,certain modern ,english songs1 such as 8,ye ,mariners of ,england10 8,rule ,britannia10 8,the ,death of ,nelson10 might be called national songs in the political sense2 but 8,god ,save the ,king10 though patriotic and loyal1 is thoroughly ,german in style and composition1 and therefore hardly deserves the title national4 ,the ,welsh have kept their musical taste pure4 ,mr4 ,mackintosh1 in his paper on the ,comparative ,anthropology of ,england and ,wales1 says of the quiet and thoughtful villagers of ,glan ,ogwen1 near the great ,penrhyn slate quarries1 that 8their appreciation of the compositions of ,handel and other great musicians is remarkable2 and they perform the most difficult oratorios with a precision of time and intonation unknown in any part of ,england1 except the ,west ,riding of ,yorkshire1 ,lancashire1 ,worcester1 ,gloucester1 and ,hereford40 ,the three latter are towns where the musical festivals are so frequent that the taste of the people cannot help being educated up to a good standard4 ,hereford1 too1 is very near the ,welsh border4 8,the musical ear of the ,welsh is extremely accurate4 ,i was once present in a village church belonging to the late ,dean of ,bangor1 when the choir sang an anthem composed by their leader1 and repeated an unaccompanied hymn-tune five or six times without the slightest lowering of pitch4 ,the works of ,handel1 ,haydn1 ,beethoven1 and ,mozart are republished with ,welsh words at ,ruthin and several other towns1 and their circulation is almost incredible4 ,at book and music shops of a rank where in ,england negro melodies would form the staple compositions1 ,handel is the great favorite2 and such tunes as #8,pop goes the ,weasel' would not be tolerated4 ,the native airs are in general very elegant and melodious4 ,some of them1 composed long before ,handel1 are in the ,handelian style2 others are remarkably similar to some of ,corelli's compositions4 ,the less classical ,welsh airs1 in #c-h time1 such as #8,jenny ,jones' are well known4 ,those in #b-d time are often characterized by a sudden stop in the middle or at the close of a measure1 and a repetition of pathetic slides or slurs40 ,much of this eulogium might be equally applied to the people of ,lancashire1 especially the men1 who know the great oratorios by heart1 and sing the choruses faultlessly among themselves1 not only at large gatherings1 but in casual reunions1 whenever three or four happen to meet4 ,their part-singing1 too1 in glees1 both ancient and modern1 is admirable1 and they have scarcely any taste for the low songs which are only too popular in many parts of ,england4 ,the songs of chivalry were another graft on the stock of ,english music1 and the honor paid to the bards and minstrels was a mingling of the love of a national institution at least as old as the ,druids--some say much older--and of the enthusiasm produced by the metrical relation of heroic feats of arms4 ,the ,crusades gave a great impulse to the troubadours' songs1 while the ancient ,british custom of commemorating the national history by the oral tradition and the music of the harpers1 seemed to merge into and strengthen the new order of minstrels4 ,long before the bagpipe became the peculiar--almost national--instrument of ,scotland1 the harp held that position1 as it has not yet ceased to do1 in ,ireland and ,wales4 ,the oldest harp now in ,great ,britain is an ,irish one1 which was already old in #ajfd4 ,it is now in the museum of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,these ancient instruments were very different from the modern ones on which our grandmothers used to display their skill before the pianoforte became1 to its detriment1 the fashionable instrument for young ladies2 and even now the ,irish and ,welsh harps are made exactly on the old models1 and have no pedals4 ,but the use of the harp was not confined to the ,welsh1 and in the reign of ,king ,john1 in the ,x,i,ith century1 on the occasion of an attack made on the old town of ,chester by the ,welsh during the great yearly fair1 it is recorded in the town annals that the commandant assembled all the minstrels who had come to the place upon that occasion1 and marched them in the night1 with their instruments playing1 against the enemy1 who1 upon hearing so vast a sound1 were filled with such terror and surprise that they instantly fled4 ,in memory of this famous exploit1 no doubt suggested by the ,biblical narrative of ,gideon's successful stratagem1 a meeting of minstrels is annually kept up to this day1 with one of the ,dutton family at their head1 to whom certain privileges are granted4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,i4 the minstrels were formed into corporate bodies1 and enjoyed certain immunities in various parts of the kingdom4 ,gardiner#afb says that 8the most accomplished became the companions and favorites of kings1 and attended the court in all its expeditions40 ,perhaps we may refer the still extant office of poet-laureate to this custom of retaining a court minstrel near the person of the sovereign4 ,in the time of ,elizabeth the profession of a harper had become a degraded one1 only embraced by idle1 low1 and dissolute characters2 and so it has remained ever since1 through the various stages of ballad-monger1 street-singer and fiddler1 in which the memory of the once noble office has been merged or lost4 ,in ,scotland the piper1 a personage of importance1 has taken the place of the harper since the time of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 who introduced the pipes from ,france2 but in ,wales the minstrel1 with his harp1 upheld his respectability much longer1 and even now most of the old families1 jealous and proud of their national customs1 retain their bard as an officer of the household4 ,the writer has seen and heard one of these ancient minstrels1 in the service of a family living near ,llanarth1 the mistress 7a widow7 making it her special business to promote the keeping up of all old national customs4 ,she was an excellent farmer1 too1 and had a pet breed of small black ,welsh sheep1 whose wool she prepared for the loom herself1 and with which she clothed her family and household4 ,in the neighboring town she had got up an annual competition of harpers and choirs for the performance of ,welsh music exclusively4 ,the concert was always the occasion of a regular country festivity1 ending with a ball1 and medals and other prizes were given by her own hand to the best instrumental and vocal artists4 ,in ,percy's ,reliques a description is given of the dress and appearance of a medival bard1 as personated at a pageant given at ,kenilworth in honor of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,the glory of the brotherhood was already so much a thing of the past that it was thought worth while to introduce this figure into a mock procession4 ,this very circumstance is enough to mark the decline of the art in those days1 but already a new sort of popular song had sprung up to replace the romances of chivalry4 8,a person10 says ,percy1 8very meet for the purpose1 ''' his cap off2 his head seemly rounded tonsure-wise1 fair-kembed combed1 that with a sponge daintily dipt in a little capon's grease was finely smoothed1 to make it shine like a mallard's wing4 ,his beard smugly shaven2 and yet his shirt1 after the new trink1 with ruffs fair starched1 sleeked and glittering like a pair of new shoes2 marshalled in good order with a setting stick and strut1 that every ruff stood up like a wafer4#afc ,a long gown of ,kendal-green gathered at the neck with a narrow gorget1 fastened afore with a white clasp and a keeper close up to the chin1 but easily1 for heat1 to undo when he list4 ,seemly begirt in a red caddis girdle2 from that a pair of capped ,sheffield knives hanging at two sides4 ,out of his bosom was drawn forth a lappet of his napkin handkerchief edged with a blue lace1 and marked with a true-love1 a heart1 and ,d for ,damain2 for he was but a bachelor yet4 ,his gown had long sleeves down to mid-leg1 lined with white cotton4 ,his doublet-sleeves of black worsted2 upon them a pair of poynets wristlets1 from poignet of tawny chamlet1 laced along the wrist with blue threaden points2 a wealt towards the hand of fustian-a-napes4 ,a pair of red neather stocks1 a pair of pumps shoes on his feet1 with a cross cut at the toes for corns2 not new1 indeed1 yet cleanly blackt with soot1 and shining as a shoeing-horn4 ,about his neck a red riband suitable to his girdle4 ,his harp in good grace dependent before him4 ,his wrest tuning-key tyed to a green lace1 and hanging by4 ,under the gorget of his gown1 a fair chain of silver as a squire minstrel of ,middlesex1 that travelled the country this summer season1 unto fairs and worshipful men's houses4 ,from his chain hung a scutcheon1 with metal and color1 resplendent upon his breast1 of the ancient arms of ,islington40 ,the peculiarities marking his shoes no doubt referred to the long pedestrian tours of the early minstrels4 ,chaucer1 in the ,x,i,vth century1 makes frequent mention of music1 both vocal and instrumental4 ,of his twenty-nine ,canterbury ,pilgrims1 six could either play or sing1 and two1 the ,squire and the ,mendicant ,friar1 could do both4 ,of the ,prioress he quaintly says3 8,ful wel she sang the service devine1 ,entund in hire nose ful swetly40 ,dr4 ,burney thinks that part-singing was already known and practised in ,chaucer's time1 and draws this inference from the notice the poet takes in his 8,dream0 of the singing of birds3 8''' for some of them songe lowe ,some high1 and all of one accorde02 and it is certain that this kind of music was a great favorite with the ,english people at a very early period1 and was indebted to them for many improvements4 ,the same writer says that the ,english1 in their secular music and in part-singing1 rather preceded than followed the ,european nations1 and that1 though he could find no music in parts1 except church music1 in foreign countries before the middle of the ,x,v,ith century1 yet in ,england he found ,masses in four1 five1 and six parts1 as well as secular songs in the vulgar tongue in two or three parts1 in the ,x,vth and early part of the ,x,v,ith centuries4 ,ritson1 it is true1 in his ,ancient ,songs from the ,time of ,king ,henry ,,iii4 to the ,revolution1 disputes this1 but ,hawkins is of the same opinion as ,burney4 ,mr4 ,stafford ,smith1 at the end of the last century1 made a collection of old ,english songs written in score for three or four voices2 but though the oldest music to such songs is scarcely intelligible1 the number collected proves how popular that sort of music was in early times4 7,perhaps the illegibility of the music is due to the old notation1 in use before the perfected stave of four lines became general--the pneumatic notation1 supposed by ,coussemaker1 ,schubiger1 ,ambros1 and other writers on music to have been developed out of the system of accents of speech represented by signs1 such as are still used in ,french47 ,landini1 an ,italian writer of the ,x,vth century1 in his ,commentary on ,dante1 speaks of 8many most excellent musicians0 as coming from ,england to ,italy to hear and study under ,antonio degli organi 7a name denoting his profession72 while another writer1 the choir-master of the royal chapel of ,ferdinand1 ,king of ,naples1 mentions the excellence of the ,english vocal music in parts1 and even 7incorrectly7 calls ,john of ,dunstable 7a musician of the middle of the ,x,vth century7 the 8inventor of counterpoint40 ,one of the oldest compositions of this kind is a manuscript score in the ,british ,museum1 a canon in unison for four voices1 with the addition of two more voices for the pes1 as it is called1 which is a kind of ground1 and is the basis of the harmony4 ,the words1 partially modernized1 are as follows 7they are much older than the music1 which is only four hundred years old73 8,summer is a-coming in1 ,loud sing cuckoo2 ,groweth seed ,and bloweth mead1 ,and springeth the weed new4 ,ewe bleateth after lamb2 ,loweth after calf1 cow2 ,bullock sterteth leaps1 ,buck verteth frequents green places1 ,merry sing cuckoo2 ,nor cease thou ever now40 ,dr4 ,burney says of this song that the modulation is monotonous1 but that the chief merit lies in 8the airy1 pastoral correspondence of the melody with the words0--a merit which many modern compositions of the 8popular0 type are very far from possessing4 ,under the ,tudors music made rapid strides4 ,dr4 ,robert ,fairfax was well known as a composer in those days1 and a collection of old ,english songs with their music 7often in parts71 made by him1 has been preserved to this day4 ,besides himself1 such writers as ,cornyshe1 ,syr ,thomas ,phelyppes1 ,davy1 ,brown1 ,banister1 ,tudor1 ,turges1 ,sheryngham1 and ,william of ,newark are represented4 ,of these1 ,cornyshe was the best1 and ,purcell1 two hundred years later1 imitated much of his rondeau style1 most of these composers being entirely secular4 ,henry ,,viii4 himself wrote music for two ,masses1 and had them sung in his chapel2 and to be able to take a part in madrigals1 and sing at sight in any piece of concerted music1 was reckoned a part of a gentleman's education in those days4 ,the invention of printing gave a great impulse to song-writing and composing1 though for some time after the words were printed the music was probably still copied by hand over the words2 for the printing of notes was of course a further and subsequent development of the new art4 ,a musician and poet of the name of ,gray became a favorite of ,henry ,,viii4 and of the ,protector ,somerset 8for making certain merry ballades1 whereof one chiefly was #8,the hunt is up--the hunt is up4'0#afd 8,a popular species of harmony10 says ,ritson1 8arose in this reign2 it was called #8,king ,henry's ,mirth1' or #8,freemen's ,songs1' that monarch being a great admirer of vocal music4 #8,freemen's ,songs' is a corruption of #8,three-men's ,songs1' from their being generally for three voices40 ,very few songs were written for one voice4 ,ballads were very popular1 and formed one of the great attractions at fairs4 ,an old pamphlet1 published in the reign of ,elizabeth1 mentions with astonishment that 8,out-roaring ,dick and ,wat ,winbars0 got twenty shillings a day by singing at ,braintree ,fair1 in ,essex4 ,it does seem a good deal1 considering that the sum was equal to five pounds of the present money1 which again is equivalent to about thirty dollars currency4 ,these wandering singers1 the lowly successors of the proud minstrels1 were in their way quite as successful2 but1 what is more wonderful1 their songs were for the most part neither coarse nor vulgar4 ,good poets wrote for music in those days2 now1 as a general rule1 it is only rhymers who avowedly write that their words may be set to music4 ,as quack-doctors1 fortune-tellers1 pedlers1 etc41 mounted benches and barrel-heads to harangue the people1 and thus gained the now ill-sounding name of mountebanks1 so too did these singers call over their songs and sing those chosen by their audience2 and they are frequently called by the writers of those times cantabanchi1 an ,italian compound of cantare 7to sing7 and banchi 7benches74 ,among the headings given of these popular songs are the following3 8,the ,three ,ravens3 a dirge02 8,by a bank as ,i lay02 8,so woe is me1 begone02 8,three merry men we be02 8,but now he is dead and gone02 8,now1 ,robin1 lend me thy ,bow02 8,bonny ,lass upon a green02 8,he is dead and gone1 ,lady10 etc4 ,there is a quaint grace and sadness about the titles which speaks well for the manners of those who listened and applauded4 ,popular taste has certainly degenerated in many parts of ,england2 for such titles now would only provoke a sneer among an average ,london or ,midland county audience of the lower classes4 ,gardiner says3 8,the most ancient of our ,english songs are of a grave cast1 and commonly written in the key of ,g minor40 ,among the composers of the reigns of ,elizabeth and ,james ,i4 was ,birde1 who wrote a still popular canon on the ,latin words 8,non nobis1 ,domine10 and set to music the celebrated song ascribed to ,sir ,edward ,dyer1 a friend of ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 8,my ,mind to me a ,kingdom is40 ,birde's scholar1 ,morley1 produced a great number of canzonets1 or short songs for three or more voices2 and ,ford1 who was an original genius1 published some pieces for four voices1 with an accompaniment for lutes and viols1 besides other pieces1 especially catches of an humorous character4 ,george ,kirbye was another canzonet composer1 and ,thomas ,weelkes has been immortalized by the good-fortune which threw him in ,shakspere's way1 so that the latter often wrote words for his music4 ,yet doubtless the fame of the one1 as that of the other1 was chiefly posthumous2 and poet and musician1 on a par in those days1 may have starved in company1 unknowing that a ,,ms4 of theirs would fetch its weight in gold a hundred years after they were in their graves4 8,the musical reputation of ,england10 says a writer in an old review of #ahcd1 8must mainly rest on the songs in parts of the period between #aefj and #afbe40 ,and ,gardiner says3 8,if we can set up any claim to originality1 it is in our glees and anthems40 ,the gleemen1 who were at first a class of the minstrels1 are supposed to have been the first who performed vocal music in parts1 according to set rules and by notes1 though the custom must have existed long before it was thus technically sanctioned4 ,the earliest pieces of the kind upon record are by the madrigal writers1 and were1 perhaps1 founded upon the taste of the ,italian school2 but there soon grew up a distinction sufficient to mark ,english glee-music as a separate species of the art4 ,it is said that glee-singing did not become generally popular till about the year #aggj1 when glees formed a prominent part of the private concerts of the nobility2 but their being adopted into fashionable circles only at that date is scarcely a proof of their late origin4 ,the canzonets for three or four voices must have been closely allied to glees1 and a family likeness existed between these and the madrigals for four or five voices1 the ballets1 or fa-las1 for five1 and the songs for six and seven parts1 which are so prodigally mentioned in a list of works by ,morley within the short space of only four years--#aeic to #aeig4 ,the number of these songs proves their wonderful popularity1 and we incline to think1 with the writer we have quoted1 that the ,english1 in the catches and glees1 the works of the composers of the days of ,elizabeth and ,james ,i41 and those of ,purcell1 ,tallis1 ,croft1 ,bull1 ,blow1 ,boyce1 etc41 at a later period1 possess a music essentially national and original--not imitative1 as is the modern ,english school1 and not more indebted to foreign sources than any other progressive and liberal art is to the lessons given it by its practisers in other civilized communities4 ,for if national is to mean isolated and petrified1 by all means let us forswear nationalism4 ,shakspere's songs are scattered throughout his works1 and were evidently written for music4 ,both old and new composers have set them to music1 and of the latter none so happily as ,bishop ,weelkes and ,john ,dowland1 his contemporaries and friends2 the latter1 the composer of ,shakspere's favorite song 7not his own71 8,awake1 sweet ,love10 often wrote music for his words4 ,in his plays ,shakspere has introduced many fragments of old songs and ballads2 but ,ritson says of him3 8,this admirable writer composed the most beautiful and excellent songs1 which no one1 so far as we know1 can be said to have done before him1 nor has any one excelled him since40 ,this statement is qualified by an exception in favor of ,marlowe1 a predecessor of ,shakspere1 and the author of the 8,passionate ,shepherd to his ,love02 and besides1 it means that he was the first great poet among the song-writers1 who1 in comparison with him1 might be called mere ballad-mongers4 ,shakspere's love for the old1 simple1 touching music of his native land1 shown on many occasions throughout his works1 is most exquisitely expressed in the following passage from ,twelfth ,night3 8,now1 good ,cesario1 but that piece of song1 ,that old and antique song we had last night3 ,methought it did relieve my passion much1 ,more than light airs and recollected terms ,of these most brisk and giddy-paced times4 ''' ,o fellow1 come1 the song we had last night4 ,mark it1 ,cesario1 it is old and plain2 ,the spinsters and the knitters in the sun1 ,and the free maids that weave their thread with bones1#afe ,do use to chant it2 it is silly sooth1 ,and dallies with the innocence of love1 ,like the old age40 ,though ,shakspere's plays were marked with the coarseness of speech common in his time1 and therefore not1 as some have thought1 chargeable to him in particular1 his songs1 on the contrary1 are of singular daintiness4 ,they are too well known to be quoted here1 but they breathe the very spirit of music1 being evidently intended to be sung and popularly known4 ,the chorus1 or rather refrain1 of one1 beginning1 8,blow1 blow1 thou winter wind10 runs thus3 8,heigh ho6 sing heigh ho6 unto the green holly2 ,most friendship is feigning1 most loving mere folly4 ,then heigh ho6 the holly6 ,this life is most jolly60 ,the 8,serenade to ,sylvia0 is lovely1 chaste and delicate in speech as it is playful in form2 and the fairy song 8,over hill1 over dale10 is like the song of a chorus of animated flowers4 ,the description of the cowslips is very poetic3 8,the cowslips tall her pensioners be1 ,in their gold coats spots you see-- ,those be rubies1 fairy favors2 ,in those freckles live their savors4 ,i must go seek some dew-drops here1 ,and hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear40 ,bishop ,hall1 in #aeig1 published a satirical poem in which he complains that madrigals and ballads were 8sung to the wheel1 and sung unto the pail0--that is1 by maids spinning and milking1 or fetching water2 and ,lord ,surrey1 in one of his poems1 says 7not satirically1 however73 8,my mother's maids1 when they do sit and spin1 ,they sing a song40 ,now1 we gather what was the style of these songs of peasant girls and laborers from the writings of good old ,izaak ,walton1 who mentions1 as a common occurrence1 that he often met1 in the fields bordering the river ,lee1 a handsome milkmaid who sang like a nightingale1 her voice being good and the ditties fitted for it4 8,she sang the smooth song which was made by ,kit ,marlowe1 now at least fifty years ago1 and the milkmaid's mother sang the answer to it which was made by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh in his younger days4''' ,they were old-fashioned poetry1 but choicely good2 ,i think much better than that now in fashion in this critical age40#aff ,he wrote in the reign of ,charles ,i41 and already deplored the influx of more pretentious songs2 but those he mentions with such commendation were the famous 8,passionate ,shepherd to his ,love0 and the song beginning 8,if all the world and love were young10 two exquisite lyrics of an elegance much above what is now termed the taste of the vulgar4 ,izaak ,walton was as fond of music as of angling1 and quotes many of the popular songs of his day4 ,he was a quiet man1 and only describes the pastimes of humble life4 ,he used to rest from his labors in an 8honest ale-house0 and a 8cleanly room10 where he and his fellow-fishermen1 and sometimes the milkmaid1 whiled away the evenings by singing ballads and duets4 ,any casual dropper-in was expected to take his part2 and among the music mentioned as common in these gatherings are numbers of 8ketches10 or1 as we should say1 catches4 ,the music of one of his favorite duets1 8,man's life is but vain1 for 'tis subject to pain10 is given in the old editions of his book4 ,it is simple and pretty2 the composer was ,mr4 ,h4 ,lawes4 ,other songs1 favorites of his1 were 8,come1 shepherds1 deck your heads02 8,as at noon ,dulcina rested02 8,phillida flouts me02 and that touching elegy1 8,sweet day1 so cool1 so calm1 so bright10 by ,george ,herbert4 ,this is as full of meaning as it is short3 8,sweet day1 so cool1 so calm1 so bright1 ,the bridal of the earth and sky1 ,sweet dews shall weep thy fall to-night ,for thou must die4 8,sweet rose1 whose hue1 angry and brave1 ,bids the rash gazer wipe his eye1 ,thy root is ever in its grave1 ,and thou must die4 8,sweet spring1 full of sweet days and roses1 ,a box where sweets compacted lie1 ,my music shows you have your closes ,and all must die4 8,only a sweet and virtuous soul1 ,like seasoned timber never gives1 ,but1 when the whole world turns to coal1 ,then chiefly lives40 ,sir ,henry ,wotton's song for the poor countryman1 beginning-- 8,fly from our country pastimes1 fly1 ,sad troops of human misery6 ,come1 serene looks1 ,clear as the crystal brooks1 ,or the pure1 azured heaven that smiles to see ,the rich attendance on our poverty60 and some verses of ,dr4 ,donne 7both these writers being contemporaries of ,james ,i471 are also mentioned by ,walton as popular among the lower classes in his day4 ,here is another instance of the power of song over the peasantry in the early part of the ,x,v,i,ith century4 ,in the spring of #afac1 on the occasion of ,queen ,anne of ,denmark's return from ,bath1 where she had gone for her health1 she was met on ,salisbury ,plain by the ,rev4 ,george ,fereby1 vicar of some obscure country parish1 who entreated that her majesty would be pleased to listen to a concert performed by his people4 8,when the queen signified her assent1 there rose out of the ravine a handsome company1 dressed as ,druids and as ,british shepherds and shepherdesses1 who sang a greeting1 beginning with these words1 to a melody which greatly pleased the musical taste of her majesty3 8#8,shine1 oh6 shine1 thou sacred star1 ,on seely#afg shepherd swains6' ,we should suppose1 from the commencing words1 that this poem had originally been a ,nativity hymn pertaining to the ancient church2 and it is possible that the melody might be traced to the same source4''' ,the music1 the voices1 and the romantic dresses1 so well corresponding with the mysterious spot where this pastoral concert was stationed1 greatly captivated the imagination of the queen40#afh ,anne of ,denmark admired and patronized the genius of ,ben ,jonson1 the writer of several musical masques often performed at court by the queen and her noble attendants4 ,the really classical time of ,english poetry and music was before the ,commonwealth1 and popular music certainly received a blow during the ,puritan rule4 ,songs and ballads were forbidden as profane2 and in #afef ,cromwell enacted that 8if any of the persons commonly called fiddlers or minstrels shall at any time be taken playing1 fiddling1 and making music in any inn1 ale-house1 or tavern1 or shall be taken proffering themselves1 or designing or entreating any to hear them play or make music in any of the places aforesaid10 they should be 8adjudged and declared to be rogues1 vagabonds1 and sturdy beggars40 ,fines and imprisonments were often the penalties attached to a disregard of these ordinances2 but this opposition only turned the course of popular song into political channels1 and it became a point of honor among the ,royalists to listen to1 applaud1 and protect the veriest scamp who called himself a minstrel4 ,songs were written with no poetical merit1 but full of political allusions1 bitter taunts and sneers2 and it was the delight of the ,cavaliers to sing these doggerel rhymes and make the wandering fiddlers sing them4 ,many a brawl owed its origin to this4 ,even certain tunes1 without any words1 were considered as identified with political principle1 and led to dangerous ebullitions of feeling1 or kept alive party prejudices in those who heard them4 ,popular music has always been a powerful engine for good or bad1 in a political sense4 ,half the loyalty of the ,jacobites of ,scotland in the ,x,v,i,i,ith century was due to inflammatory songs2 ,krner's lyrics fired ,german patriotism against ,napoleon2 and there has never been a party of any kind that did not speedily adopt some representative melody to fan the ardor of its adherents4 ,but if music and poetry were proscribed by the over-rigorous ,puritans1 a worse excess was fostered by the immoral reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,the ,restoration polluted the stream which the ,commonwealth had attempted to dam up4 ,just as1 in a spirit of bravado and contradiction1 the ,cavaliers had ostentatiously made cursing and swearing a badge of their party1 to spite the sanctimoniousness of the ,roundheads1 so they affected to oppose to the latter's psalm-singing roaring and immodest songs4 ,ritson says that ,charles ,,ii4 tried his hand at song-writing1 and quotes a piece by him1 beginning3 8,i pass all my hours in a shady old grove40 8,though by no means remarkable for poetical merit10 says the critic1 8it has certainly enough for the composition of a king40 ,molire was not more severe on the attempts of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,but though the general spirit of the age was licentious1 many good songs were still written4 ,sedley1 ,rochester1 ,dorset1 ,sheffield1 and others wrote unexceptionable ones1 and the great ,dryden flourished in this reign4 ,one of his odes1 8,on ,s4 ,cecilia's ,day10 is thoroughly musical in its rhythm1 the refrains at the end of each stanza having the ring of some of the old ,german ,minnesongs of the ,x,i,ith and ,x,i,i,ith centuries4 ,but his verses were scarcely simple or flowing enough to become popular in the widest sense1 which honor rather belonged to the less celebrated poets of his day4 ,lord ,dorset1 for instance1 was the author of a sea-song said to have been written the night before an engagement with the ,dutch in #affe1 and which1 from its admirable ease1 flow1 and tenderness1 became at once popular with all classes4 ,the circumstances under which it was supposed to be written had1 no doubt1 something to do with its popularity2 but ,dr4 ,johnson says3 8,seldom any splendid story is wholly true4 ,i have heard from the late ,earl of ,orrery1 who was likely to have good hereditary intelligence1 that ,lord ,dorset had been a week employed upon it1 and only retouched or finished it on the memorable evening4 ,but even this1 whatever it may subtract from his facility1 leaves him his courage40 ,the anonymous writer to whom we have referred#afi tells us that 8the shorter pieces of most of the poets of the time of ,charles ,,ii4 had a rhythm and cadence particularly well suited to music4 ,they were1 in short1 what the ,italians call cantabile1 or fit to be sung4''' ,in the succeeding reigns1 with the growth of our literature1 there was a considerable increase in song-writing2 most of our poets of eminence1 and some who had no eminence except what they obtained in that way1 devoting themselves occasionally to the composition of lyrical pieces4 ,prior1 ,rowe1 ,steele1 ,philips1 ,parnell1 ,gay1 and others contributed a stock which might advantageously be referred to by the composers of our own times40 ,prior was a friend and protg of ,lord ,dorset1 who sent him to ,cambridge and paid for his education there4 ,parnell was an ,irishman4 ,his 8,hymn to ,contentment0 is a sort of counterpart to the old song 8,my ,mind to me a ,kingdom is03 8,lovely1 lasting peace1 appear2 ,this world itself1 if thou art here1 ,is once again with ,eden blest1 ,and man contains it in his breast40 ,gay1 the elegant1 the humorous1 and the pathetic1 shows to most advantage in this group4 ,he it was who wrote the famous ballad 8,black-eyed ,susan10 and many others which1 though less known at present1 are equally admirable4 ,one of them was afterwards set to music by ,handel1 and later on by ,jackson of ,exeter4 ,but music did not keep pace with poetry2 and though ,purcell1 ,carey1 and one or two other composers flourished in the latter part of the ,x,v,i,ith and beginning of the ,x,v,i,i,ith centuries1 they kept mostly to sacred music1 and the new songs of the day were generally set to old tunes4 ,gay's ,beggar's ,opera1 a collection of seventy-two songs1 could not boast of a single air composed for the purpose4 ,the music was all old1 but the stage1 says ,dr4 ,burney1 ruined the simplicity of the old airs1 as it invariably does all music adapted to dramatic purposes4 ,indeed1 we1 in our own day1 sometimes have the opportunity of verifying this fact1 when old airs or ballads are introduced into operas to which they are unfitted4 ,the 8,last ,rose of ,summer0 put into the opera of ,martha is an instance in point2 but1 worse than that1 the writer once heard 8,home1 ,sweet ,home0 sung during the music-lesson scene in the ,barbier de ,seville4 ,adelina ,patti was the prima donna1 and any one who has seen and heard her can imagine the contrast between the simple1 pathetic air and words1 and the kittenish1 coquettish1 ,dresden-china style of the singer6 ,add to this the costume of a ,spanish seorita and the stage finery of ,rosina's boudoir1 not to mention the absurd anachronism involved in a girl of the ,x,v,i,ith century singing ,paine's touching song4 ,of course the audience applauded vigorously2 for an ,english audience at the opera goes into action in the spirit of ,nelson's words1 8,england expects every man to do his duty10 and the incongruousness of the scene never troubles its mind4 ,carey tried to stem the downfall of really good popular music by writing both the words and music of the well-known ballad of 8,sally in our ,alley10 which attained a popularity 7using the word in its proper sense7 that it has never lost and never will lose4 ,the song was soon known from one end of the country to the other1 and1 like the old songs1 was 8whistled o'er the furrowed land0 and 8sung to the wheel1 and sung unto the pail40 ,addison was no less fond of it than the common people2 but the song was an exception in its time1 and the poetry of the day never again made its way among the great body of the people1 as it had done under the ,tudors and the early ,stuarts4 ,music and poetry both grew artificial under the ,hanoverian dynasty1 and the mannerisms and affectations of rhymers and would-be musical critics were sharply satirized by ,pope and ,swift4 ,in the reign of ,queen ,anne the ,italian opera was introduced into ,london1 and the silly rage for foreign music1 because it was foreign1 soon worked its way among all classes4 ,handel brought about the first salutary return to natural and simple musical expression1 and1 setting many national and pastoral pieces to music1 diffused the taste for good music through the intermediate orders of the people1 especially the country gentry1 but the masses still clung to interminable ballads1 with monotonous tunes and no individuality either of sense or of form4 ,although ,england could boast of some good native composers and poets in the ,x,v,i,i,ith century--for instance1 among the former1 ,boyce1 ,arne1 ,linley1 ,jackson1 ,shield1 ,arnold1 etc4--still no good music penetrated into the lower strata of society2 for these musicians mostly confined themselves to pieces of greater pretension than anything which was likely to become popular4 ,wales and the ,north of ,england still kept up a better standard1 but the general taste of the nation was decidedly vitiated4 ,dibdin's sea-songs broke the spell and reached the heart of the people2 but this was rather a momentary flash than a permanent resurrection of good taste and discernment4 ,the custom of writing the majority of songs for one voice1 we think1 had had much to do with destroying the genuine love of music among the people4 ,it seemed to shift the burden of entertainment upon one member of a social gathering1 instead of assuming that music was the welcome occupation and pastime of the greater number2 and besides this1 it no doubt fostered an undue rage for melody1 or1 as it is vulgarly called1 tune4 ,we have often had occasion to notice how bald and meagre--trivial1 indeed--a mere thread of melody can sound when sung by one voice1 which1 if sung in parts1 acquires a majestic and full tone4 ,the fashion of solo-singing1 which obtains so much in our day1 has another disadvantage3 it encourages affectation and self-complacency in the singer4 ,the solo-singer is very apt to arrogate to him or herself the merit and effect of the piece2 to think more of the individual performance than of the music performed2 and to spoil a good piece by interpolating runs and shakes to show off his or her powers of vocal gymnastics4 ,all this was impossible in the old part-songs1 where attention and precision were indispensable4 ,there are hopeful indications at present that ,england is not utterly sunk into musical indifference1 but1 strange to say1 wherever the good leaven does work1 it does so from below upwards4 ,the lower classes in the ,north of ,england have mainly given the impulse2 the higher are still1 on the whole1 superficial in their tastes and trivial and mediocre in their performances4 ,even as far back as #ahcd1 the writer in the ,penny ,magazine already quoted gives an interesting account of a surprise he met with at a small village in ,sussex4 7,this1 be it remembered1 is an almost exclusively ,saxon district of the country47 ,being tired of the solitude of the little inn and the dulness of a country newspaper1 he walked down the street of the village1 and1 in so doing1 was brought to a pause before a small cottage1 nowise distinguished from the other humble homesteads of the place1 from which proceeded sounds of sweet music4 ,the performance within consisted1 not of voices1 but of instruments2 and the piece was one of great pathos and beauty1 and not devoid of musical difficulty4 ,when it was finished1 and the performers had rested a few seconds1 they executed a ,german quartet of some pretensions in very good style4 ,this was followed by variations on a popular air by ,stephen ,storace1 which they played in excellent time and with considerable elegance and expression4 ,several other pieces1 chosen with equal good taste1 succeeded this1 and the stranger enjoyed a musical treat where he little expected one4 ,on making inquiries at the inn1 he found that the performers were all young men of the village1 humble mechanics and agricultural laborers1 who1 for some considerable time1 had been in the habit of meeting at each other's houses in the evening1 and playing and practising together4 ,the taste had originated with a young man of the place who had acquired a little knowledge of music at ,brighton4 ,he had taught some of his comrades1 and by degrees they had so increased in number and improved in the art that now1 to use the words of the informant1 8there were eight or ten that could play by book and in public40 ,at that time1 and in that part of the country1 this was an unusual and remarkable proof of refinement and good taste2 but at present1 though still the exception1 it is no longer quite so rare to find uneducated people able to a certain degree to appreciate good music4 ,much has been written to vindicate ,english musical taste within the last thirty or forty years2 but still the fact can scarcely be overlooked that1 notwithstanding all efforts to the contrary1 the standard of taste among the masses is lower than it was in ,tudor days4 ,every one is familiar with the choral unions1 the glee-clubs1 the carol-singing1 ,leslie's choir1 and ,hullah's methods1 which all go far to raise the taste of the people and enlist the vocal powers of many who otherwise would have been tempted to leave singing to the 8mounseers0 and other 8furriners10 as the only thing those benighted individuals could be good for4 ,there is1 as there has been for many generations1 the ,chapel ,royal1 a sort of informal school of music2 there is the ,academy of ,music2 there are 8,crystal ,palace0 and 8,monday ,popular ,concerts02 musical festivals every year in the various cathedrals1 oratorios in ,exeter ,hall2 and there soon will be a 8,national ,school of ,music10 which is to be a climax in musical education1 the pride of the representative bodies of wealthy and noble ,england 7for princes and corporations have vied with each other in founding scholarships72 but with all this1 the palmy days of the ,tudors are dead and gone beyond the power of man to galvanize them into new activity4 ,true1 every young woman plays the pianoforte2 you see that instrument in the grocer's best parlor and the farmer's keeping-room2 but the sort of music played upon it is trivial and foreign1 an exotic in the life of the performer1 a boarding-school accomplishment1 not a labor of love4 ,you can hear 8,beautiful ,star10 and 8,home1 ,sweet ,home10 and ,mozart's 8,agnus ,dei0 sung one after the other1 with the same expression1 the same 8strumminess10 the same stolidity1 or the same affected languor1 and you will perceive that1 though the singer may know them1 she neither feels nor understands them4 ,moore's melodies1 too1 you hear ad nauseam1 murdered and slurred over anyhow2 but both the delicacy of the poetry and the pathos of the music are a dead-letter to the performer4 ,but though a few songs by good writers are popular in the middle classes--for instance1 ,tennyson's 8,brook0 and 8,come into the garden1 ,maud10 the immortal and almost unspoilable 8,home1 ,sweet ,home0--yet there is also a dark side to the picture in the prevalence of comic songs1 low1 slangy ballads1 sham negro melodies 7utterly unlike the real old pathetic plantation-song71 and other degrading entertainments classed under the title of 8popular music40 ,the higher classes give little countenance or aid to the upward movement in music1 and still look upon the art as an adjunct of fashion4 ,with such disadvantages1 it is a wonder that ,england has struggled back into the ranks of music-lovers at all1 even though1 as yet1 she can take but a subordinate place among them4 ,,pious ,,pictures4 ,a great deterioration having been observable for some time past in the multitudinous little pictures published in ,paris1 ostensibly with a religious object1 some of the more thoughtful writers in ,catholic periodicals have on several recent occasions earnestly protested against the form these representations are taking4 ,their remonstrances are1 however1 as yet unsuccessful4 ,the 8article0 continues to be produced on an increasing scale1 and is daily transmitted in immense quantities1 not only to the farthest extremities of the territory1 but far beyond1 especially to ,england and ,america1 to ruin taste1 sentimentalize piety1 and 8give occasion to the enemy to0 deride if not to 8blaspheme40 ,the bishops of ,france have already turned their attention to this unhealthy state of things in what may be called pictorial literature for the pious1 and efforts are being made in the higher regions of ecclesiastical authority to arrest its deterioration4 ,in the synod lately held at ,lyons severe censure was passed on the objectionable treatment of sacred things so much in vogue in certain quarters2 and1 still more recently1 ,father ,matignon1 in his conference on 8,the ,artist10 condemned these 8grotesque interpretations of religious truths1 which render them ridiculous in the eyes of unbelievers1 and corrupt the taste of the faithful40 ,the eloquent preacher at the same time recommended the ,catholic journalists to denounce a species of commerce as ignorant as it is mercenary1 and counselled the members of the priesthood to 8declare unrelenting war against this school of pettiness1 which is daily gaining ground in ,france1 and which gives a trivial and vulgar aspect to things the most sacred40 ,this appeal has not been without effect4 ,there appears in the ,monde1 from the pen of ,m4 ,lon ,gautier1 the author of several pious and learned works1 a ,letter 8,against ,certain ,pictures10 addressed 8to the president of the ,conference of ,t----10 in which the absurdity of these silly compositions is attacked with much spirit and good sense4 ,the ,semaine ,religieuse de ,paris reproduces this letter1 with an entreaty to its readers to enroll themselves in the crusade therein preached by the eminent writer--a crusade the opportuneness of which must be only too evident to every thoughtful and religious mind4 ,m4 ,lon ,gautier writes as follows3 ,you have requested me1 dear friend1 to purchase for you a 8gross0 of little pictures for distribution among your poor and their children4''' ,as to the selection of these pictures ,i must own myself greatly perplexed1 and must beg to submit to you very humbly my difficulties1 and not only my difficulties1 but also my distress1 and1 to say the truth1 my indignation4 ,i have before my eyes at this moment four or five hundred pictures which have been sold to me as 8pious10 but which ,i consider as in reality among the most detestable and irreverent of any kind of merchandise4 ,a great political journal the other day gave to one of its leaders the title of ,l',ecurement4#agj ,i cannot give a title to my letter1 but1 were it possible to do so1 ,i should choose this one in preference to any other4 ,i am in the unfortunate state of a man who has swallowed several kilograms of adulterated honey4 ,i am suffering from an indigestion of sugar2 and what sugar6 ,whilst in the act of buying these little horrors1 ,i beheld numberless purchasers succeed each other with feverish eagerness in the shops1 which ,i will not specify4 ,yes1 ,i had the pain of meeting there with ,christian ,brothers and with ,sisters of ,charity1 who made me sigh by their simple avidity and ingenuous delight at the sight of these frightful little black or rose-colored prints4 ,they bought them by hundreds1 by thousands1 by ten thousands2 for schools1 for orphanages1 for missions4 ,ah6 my dear friend1 how many souls are going to be well treacled in our hapless world6 ,it is the triumph of confectionery4 8,why are you choosing such machines as these80 ,i asked of the good ,brother ,theodore1 whom1 to my great astonishment1 ,i found among the purchasers2 8they are disagreeable40 8,agreed40 8,they are stupid40 8,i know it40 8,they are dear40 8,my purse is only too well aware of the fact40 8,then why do you buy them80 8,because ,i find that these only are acceptable40 ,and thereupon the worthy man told me that he had the other day distributed among his children pictures taken from the fine head of our ,saviour attributed to ,morales--a chef-d'uvre4 ,the children1 however1 perceiving that there was no gilding upon them1 had thrown them aside1 gaping4 ,decidedly1 the evil is greater than ,i had supposed1 and it is time to consider what is to be done4 ,in spite of all this1 ,i have bought your provision of pictures2 but do not be uneasy--,i am keeping them myself1 and will proceed to describe them to you4 ,i do not wish that the taste of your beloved poor should be vitiated by the sight of these mawkish designs2 but ,i will take upon myself to analyze them for your benefit1 and then see if you are not very soon as indignant as myself4 ,in the first place we have the 8symbolical0 pictures1 and these are the most numerous of all4 ,i do not want to say too much against them4 ,you know in what high estimation ,i hold true symbolism1 and we have many a time exchanged our thoughts on this admirable form of the activity of the human mind4 ,a symbol is a comparison between things belonging to the physical and things belonging to the immaterial world4 ,now1 these two worlds are in perfect harmony with each other4 ,to each phenomenon of the moral order there corresponds exactly a phenomenon of the visible order4 ,if we compare these two facts with each other1 we have a symbol4 ,there is a life1 a breath1 a whiteness1 which are material4 ,figurative language is nothing else than a vast and wonderful symbolism1 and you remember the marvellous things written on this subject by the lamented ,m4 ,landriot4 ,in the supernatural order it is the same1 and all ,christian generations have made use of symbolism to express the most sacred objects of their adoration4 ,there has been the symbolism of the ,catacombs2 there has been also that of the ,middle ,ages4 ,the two1 although not resembling1 nevertheless complete1 each other1 and eloquently attest the fact that the ,christian race has never been without the use of symbols4 ,thus it is not symbolism which ,i condemn1 but this particular symbolism of which ,i am about to speak1 and which is so odiously silly4 ,i write to you with the proofs before me4 ,i am not inventing1 but1 mirror-wise1 merely reflecting4 ,i am not an author1 but a photographer4 ,firstly1 here we have a ladder1 which represents 8the way of the soul towards ,god40 ,this is very well1 although moderately ideal2 but then who is mounting this ladder8 ,you would never guess4 ,it is a dove6 ,yes2 the poor bird is painfully climbing up the rounds as if she were a hen getting back to roost1 and apparently forgetting that she owns a pair of wings4 ,but we shall find this dove elsewhere2 for our pictures are full of the species1 and are in fact a very plentifully-stocked dove-cote4 ,i perceive down there another animal2 it is a roe with her fawn1 and with amazement ,i read this legend3 8,the fecundity of the breast of the roe is the image of the abundance and sweetness of grace40 ,why was the roe selected1 and why roe's milk8 ,strange6 ,but here again we have a singular collection4 ,on a heart crowned with roses is placed a candlestick 7a candlestick on a heart671 and this candelabrum1 price twenty-nine sous1 is surmounted by a lighted candle1 around which angels are pressing4 ,this1 we are told underneath1 is 8good example40 ,does it mean that we are to set one for the blessed angels to follow8 ,next1 what do ,i see here8 ,a guitar2 and this at the foot of the cross4 ,let us see what can be the reason of this mysterious assemblage2 the text furnishes it3 ,je me dlasserai l'abri de la ,croix--8,i will refresh myself in the shelter of the cross0--from whence it follows that one can play the guitar upon ,golgotha4 ,touching emblem6 ,and what do you say of this other1 in which our ,saviour ,jesus1 the ,word1 and1 as ,bossuet says1 the ,reason and ,interior ,discourse of the ,eternal ,father1 is represented as occupied in killing ,i know not what little insects on the leaves of a rose-bush8 8,the divine ,gardener destroys the caterpillars which make havoc in his garden10 says the legend4 ,i imagine nothing1 but merely transcribe1 and for my part would gladly turn insecticide to this collection of imagerie4 ,this hand issuing out of a cloud ,i recognize as the hand of my ,lord ,god1 the ,creator and ,father of all1 who is at the same time their comforter1 their stay1 and their life4 ,i admit this symbol1 which is ancient and truly ,christian2 but this divine hand1 which the ,middle ,ages would most carefully have guarded against charging with any kind of burden2 this hand1 which represents ,eternal ,justice and ,eternal ,goodness--can you imagine what it is here made to hold8 ,not even the fiery bolt which the heathen of old times represented in the grasp of their ,jupiter ,tonans1 but a horrible and stupid little watering-pot1 from the spout of which trickles a driblet of water upon the cup of a lily4 ,further on ,i see the said watering-pot is replaced by a sort of jug1 which the ,eternal is emptying upon souls in the shape of doves2 and this1 the legend kindly informs me1 is 8the heavenly dew40 ,heavenly dew trickling out of a jug6 ,and there are individuals who can imagine and depict a thing like this when the beneficent ,creator daily causes to descend from his beautiful sky those milliards of little pearly drops which sparkle in the morning sunshine on the fair mantle of our earth6 ,water1 it must be owned1 is scarcely a successful subject under any form with our picture-factors4 ,here is a poor and miserably-painted thread lifting itself up above a basin1 while ,i am informed underneath that 8the jet of water is the image of the soul lifting itself towards ,god by meditation40 ,i also need to be enlightened as to how 8a river turned aside from its course is an image of the good use and of the abuse of grace40 ,it is obscure1 but still it does not vulgarize and debase a beautiful and ,scriptural image1 like the next ,i will mention1 in which1 over the motto1 8,care of the lamp3 image of the cultivation of grace in our hearts10 we have a servant-maid taking her great oily scissors and cutting the wick1 of which she scatters the blackened fragments no matter where4 ,the quantity of ribbon and string used up by these symbol-manufacturers is something incalculable4 ,here lines of string unite all the hearts of the faithful 7doves again67 to the heart of ,our ,blessed ,lady2 there ,mary herself1 the ,immaculate ,one and our own incomparable ,mother1 from the height of heaven holds in leash1 by an interminable length of string1 a certain little dove1 around the neck of which there hangs a scapular4 ,this1 we are told1 means that 8,mary is the directress of the obedient soul40 ,elsewhere the string is replaced by pretty rose-colored or pale-blue ribbons1 which have doubtless a delicious effect to those who can appreciate it4 ,here is a young girl walking along cheerfully enough1 notwithstanding that her heart is tied by one of these elegant ribbons to that of the ,blessed ,mother of ,god1 apparently without causing her the slightest inconvenience4 ,her situation1 however1 is1 ,i think1 less painful than that of this other young person1 who is occupied in carving her own heart into a shape resembling that of ,mary4 ,another young female has hoisted this much-tormented organ 7her own7 on an easel1 and is painting it after the same pattern4 ,but let us hasten out of this atelier to breathe the open air among these trees4 ,alas6 we there find1 under the form and features of an effeminate child of eight years old1 8the divine ,gardener putting a prop to a sapling tree10 or 8grafting on the wild stock the germ of good fruits40 ,this is all pretty well2 but what can be said of this ciborium which has been energetically stuck into a lily1 with the legend1 8,i seek a pure heart08 ,these gentlemen1 indeed1 treat you to the ,most ,holy ,eucharist with a free-and-easyness that is by no means fitting or reverent4 ,it is forbidden to the hands of laics to touch the ,sacred ,vessels1 and it is only just that the same prohibition should apply to picture-makers4 ,they are entreated not to handle thus lightly and irreverently that which is the object of our faith1 our hope1 and our love4 ,hitherto ,i have refrained from touching upon that very delicate subject which it is nevertheless necessary that ,i should approach--namely1 the representation of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,and here ,i feel myself at ease1 having beforehand submitted to all the decisions of the church1 and having for long past made it my great aim to be penetrated with her spirit4 ,like yourself1 ,i have a real devotion to the ,sacred ,heart1 nor do ,i wish to conceal it4 ,when any devotion takes so wide a development in the ,holy ,church1 it is because it is willed by ,god1 who watches unceasingly over her destinies and the forms of worship which she renders to him4 ,all ,catholics are agreed upon this point4 ,it is true that certain among them regard the ,sacred ,heart as the symbol of ,divine ,love1 and that others consider it under the aspect of a very adorable part of the ,body of the ,god-,man1 and1 if ,i may so express it1 as a kind of centralized ,eucharist4 ,well1 ,i hold that to be accurate one ought to admit and harmonize the two systems1 and therefore ,i do so4 ,you are aware that it is my belief that physiology does not yet sufficiently understand the mechanism of our material heart1 and ,i await discoveries on that subject which shall establish the fact of its necessity to our life4 ,the other day1 at ,baillre's1 ,i remained a long time carefully examining a fine engraving representing the circulation of the blood through the veins and arteries1 and ,i especially contemplated the heart the source and receptacle of this double movement1 and said to myself1 8,the worship of the ,sacred ,heart will be one day justified by physiology40 ,but why do ,i say this1 when it is so already8 ,behold me1 then1 on my knees before the ,sacred ,heart of my ,god1 in which ,i behold at the same time an admirable symbol and a yet more admirable reality4 ,but is this a reason for representing the ,sacred ,heart in a manner alike ridiculous and odious8 ,i will not here enter upon the question as to whether it is allowable to represent the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus otherwise than in his ,sacred ,breast1 and ,i only seek to know in order to accept unhesitatingly whatever with regard to this may be the thought of the church4 ,but that which to my mind is utterly revolting is the sight of the profanations of which these fortieth-rate picture-manufacturers are guilty4 ,what right have they1 and how do they dare1 to represent hundreds of consecrated ,hosts issuing from the ,sacred ,heart1 and a dove pecking at them as they are dropping down8 ,what right have they to make the ,heart of our ,lord ,god a pigeon-house1 a roosting-place for these everlasting doves1 or into a vase out of which they are drinking8 ,what right have they to insert a little heart 7ours7 into the ,divine ,heart of ,jesus8 ,what right have they to represent to us a ,pelion1 ,ossa1 and ,olympus on a small scale three hearts1 the one piled upon the other1 and cascades of blood pouring from the topmost1 which is that of ,our ,lord2 upon the second1 which is that of his ,blessed ,mother2 and thence upon the third1 which is our own8 ,what right have they to make the ,sacred ,heart shed showers of roses1 or to give its form to their 8mystic garden08 ,lastly1 what right have they to lodge it in the middle of a full-blown flower1 and make the latter address to it the scented question1 8,what would you desire me to do in order that ,i may be agreeable to you80 ,ye well-meaning picture-makers6 beware of asking me the same question2 for both you and ,i very well know what would be the answer4 ,the truth is that these clumsy persons manage to spoil everything they touch1 and they have dishonored the symbolism of the dove1 as they have compromised the representations of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,the dove is undoubtedly one of the most ancient and evangelical of all the ,christian symbols2 but a certain discretion is nevertheless necessary in the employment of this emblem of the ,holy ,spirit of ,god4 ,this discretion never failed our forefathers1 who scarcely ever depicted the dove1 except only in the scene of ,our ,lord's baptism and in representations of the ,blessed ,trinity4 ,in the latter the ,eternal ,father1 vested in pontifical or imperial robes1 holds between his arms the cross1 whereon hangs his ,son1 while the ,holy ,dove passes from the ,father to the ,son as the eternal love which unites them4 ,this is well1 simple1 and even fine4 ,but there is a vast difference between this and the present abuse and vulgarization of the dove as an emblem1 where it is made use of to represent the faithful soul4 ,no1 truly1 one is weary of all this4 ,do you see this flight of young pigeons hovering about with hearts in their beaks8 ,the beaks are very small and the hearts very large1 but you are intended to understand by this that 8fervent souls rise rapidly to great perfection40 ,these other doves1 lower down1 give themselves less trouble and fatigue2 they are quietly pecking into a heart1 and ,i read this legend3 8,the heart of ,love is inexhaustible2 let us go to it in all our wants40 ,the pigeon that ,i see a little farther off is not without his difficulties2 he is carrying a stout stick in his delicate beak1 and--would you believe it8--the explanation of this remarkable symbol is1 8,thy rod and thy staff have comforted me40 ,here again are carrier-pigeons1 bringing us in their beaks nicely-folded letters in charming envelopes4 ,one of these birds who possibly may belong to the variety knows as tumbler pigeons has evidently fallen into the water2 for he is shown to us standing to recover himself on what appears to be a heap of mud in the middle of the ocean1 with the motto1 8,saved6 he is saved60 ,next ,i come upon a party of doves again--always doves6--whose occupation is certainly no sinecure4 ,oars have been fitted to their feeble claws1 and these hapless creatures are rowing4 ,here is another unfortunate pigeon4 ,she is in prison with a thick chain fastened to her left foot1 and we are told that she is 8reposing on the damp straw of the dungeon40 ,further on appears another of this luckless species1 on its back with its claws in the air4 ,it is dead4 ,so much the better4 ,it is not ,i who will encourage it to be so unwise as to return to life4 ,true1 in default of doves1 other symbols will not be found lacking4 ,here are some of the tender kind--little souvenirs to be exchanged between friend and friend1 wherein one finds ,i know not what indescribable conglomerations of religious sentiment and natural friendship4 ,flowers1 on all sides flowers3 forget-me-nots1 pansies1 lilies1 and underneath all the treasures of literature3 8,it is a friend who offers you these02 8,near or far away1 yours ever02 8,these will pass2 friendship will remain40 8,c'est la fleur de ,marie ,que je vous ai choisie40 7,n4,b4--,this last is in verse47 ,i know not1 my dear friend1 whether you feel with me on this point4 ,while persuading myself that all these playfulnesses are very innocent1 ,i yet find in them a certain something which strikes me as interloping1 and ,i do not like mixtures4 ,we have also the politico-religious pictures4 ,heaven forbid that ,i should speak evil of the fleurs-de-lys which embalmed with their perfume all the dear ,middle ,ages to which ,i have devoted so much of my life2 but we have in these pictures of which ,i am speaking mixtures which are1 to my mind1 detestable1 and ,i cannot endure this pretty little boat1 of which the sails are covered with fleurs-de-lys1 its mast is the ,pontifical ,cross1 and its pilot the ,sacred ,heart4 ,is another allusion to legitimacy intended in this cross surrounded with flowers and bearing the legend1 8,my ,beloved delights himself among the lilies08 ,i cannot tell2 but if we let each political party have free access to our religious picture-stores1 we shall see strange things1 and then ,gare aux abeilles6--8,beware of the bees40 ,one characteristic common to all these wretched picturelings is their insipidity and petty childishness4 ,they are a literature of nurses and nursery-maids4 ,the designers must surely belong to the female portion of humanity2 for one is conscious everywhere of the invisible hand of woman4 ,one is unwilling to conceive it possible that any one with a beard on the chin could bring himself to invent similar meagrenesses4 ,these persons are afraid of man1 and have wisely adopted the plan of never painting him1 and of making everybody under the age of ten years4 ,never have they had any clear or serious idea of the ,word1 the ,god made man--of him1 the mighty and terrible ,one1 who pronounced anathema on the ,pharisees and the sellers in the ,temple4 ,they can but represent a little ,jesus in wax1 or sugar1 or treacle2 and alarmed at the loftiness of ,divinity1 and being incapable of hewing his human form in marble1 they have kneaded it in gingerbread4 ,and yet our greatest present want is manliness4 ,truly1 truly1 in ,france we have well-nigh no more men6 ,let us1 then1 have no more of these childishnesses1 but let us behold in the divine splendor and perfect manhood of the ,word made flesh the eternal type of regenerated humanity4 ,,summer ,,storms4 ,summer storms are fleeting things1 ,coming soon1 and quickly o'er2 ,yet their wrath a shadow brings ,where but sunshine dwelt before4 ,on the grass the pearl-drops lie ,fresh and lovely day appears2 ,yet the rainbow's arch on high ,is but seen through falling tears4 ,for1 though clouds have passed away1 ,though the sky be bright again1 ,earth still feels the transient sway ,of the heavy summer rain4 ,broken flow'rs and scattered leaves ,tell the short-lived tempest's power2 ,something still in nature grieves ,at the fierce and sudden shower4 ,there are in the human breast ,passions wild and deep and strong1 ,bearing in their course unblest ,brightest hopes of life along4 ,o'er the harp of many strings ,often comes a wailing strain1 ,when the hand of anger flings ,discord 'mid its soft refrain4 ,tears may pass1 and smiles again ,wreathe the lip and light the brow2 ,but1 like flowers 'neath summer's rain1 ,some bright hope lies crushed and low4 ,some heart-idol shattered lies ,in the temple's inner shrine3 ,ne'er unveiled to human eyes1 ,sacred kept like things divine4 ,speak not harshly to the loved ,in your holy household band2 ,days will come when where they moved ,many a vacant chair will stand4 ,to the erring--oh1 be kind6 ,balm give to the weary heart2 ,soft words heal the wounded mind1 ,bid the tempter's spell depart4 ,let not passion's storm arise1 ,though it pass like summer showers2 ,clouds will dim the soul's pure skies1 ,hope will weep o'er broken flowers4 ,speak1 then1 gently2 tones of strife ,lightly breathed have lasting power2 ,memories that embitter life ,often rise from one rash hour4 ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,metals ,,from ,,the ,,french4 ,there once lived a widow named ,mary ,jane1 who had a beautiful daughter called ,flora4 ,the widow was a sensible1 humble woman2 the daughter1 on the contrary1 was very haughty4 ,many young persons desired her in marriage1 but she found none to please her2 the greater the number of her suitors1 the more disdainful she became4 ,one night the mother awoke1 and1 being unable to compose herself again to sleep1 she began to say her rosary for ,flora1 whose pride gave her a great deal of disquietude4 ,flora was asleep near her1 and she smiled in her sleep4 ,the next day ,mary ,jane inquired3 8,what beautiful dream had you that caused you to smile in your sleep80 8,i dreamed that a great lord conducted me to church in a copper coach1 and gave me a ring composed of precious stones that shone like stars2 and when ,i entered the church1 the people in the church looked only at the ,mother of ,god and at me40 8,ah6 what a proud dream10 cried the widow1 humbly drooping her head4 ,flora began to sing4 ,that same day a young peasant of good reputation asked her to marry him4 ,this offer her mother approved1 but ,flora said to him3 8,even were you to seek me in a coach of copper1 and wed me with a ring brilliant as the stars1 ,i would not accept you40 ,the following night ,mary ,jane1 being wakeful1 began to pray1 and1 looking at ,flora1 saw her smile4 8,what dream did you have last night80 she asked ,flora4 8,i dreamed that a great lord came for me in a coach of silver1 gave me a coronet of gold1 and when ,i entered the church those present were more occupied in looking at me than at the ,mother of ,god40 8,o poor child60 exclaimed the widow1 8what an impious dream4 ,pray1 pray earnestly that you may be preserved from temptation40 ,flora abruptly left her mother1 that she might not hear her remonstrances4 ,that day a young gentleman came to ask her in marriage4 ,her mother regarded this proposal as a great honor1 but ,flora said to this new aspirant3 8,were you to seek me in a coach of silver and offer me a coronet of gold1 ,i would not wed you40 8,unfortunate girl60 cried ,mary ,jane1 8renounce your pride4 ,pride leads to destruction40 ,flora laughed4 ,the third night the watchful mother saw an extraordinary expression on her child's countenance1 and she prayed fervently for her4 ,in the morning ,flora told her of her dream4 8,i dreamed10 she said1 8that a great lord came to seek me in a coach of gold1 gave me a robe of gold1 and when ,i entered the church all there assembled looked only at me40 ,the poor widow wept bitterly4 ,the girl left her to escape seeing her distress4 ,that day in the court-yard of the house there stood three equipages1 one of copper1 the other of silver1 and the third of gold4 ,the first was drawn by two horses1 the second by four1 the third by eight4 ,from the first two descended pages clothed in red1 with green caps2 from the third descended a nobleman whose garments were of gold4 ,he asked to marry ,flora4 ,she immediately accepted him1 and ran to her chamber to decorate herself with the golden robe which he presented to her4 ,the good ,mary ,jane was sorrowful and anxious1 but ,flora's countenance was radiant with delight4 ,she left her home without asking the maternal benediction1 and entered the church with a haughty air4 ,her mother remained on the threshold praying and weeping4 ,after the ceremony1 ,flora entered the golden equipage with her husband1 and they departed1 followed by the two other equipages4 ,they drove a long1 a very long distance4 ,at last they arrived at a rock where there was a large entrance like the gate of a city4 ,they entered through this door1 which soon closed with a terrible noise1 and they were in midnight darkness4 ,flora was trembling with fear1 but her husband said3 8,reassure yourself2 you will soon see the light40 ,in truth1 from every side appeared little creatures in red clothes and green caps--the dwarfs who dwell in the cavities of the mountains4 ,they carried flaming torches1 and advanced to meet their master1 the ,king of ,metals4 ,they ranged themselves around1 and escorted him through long valleys and subterranean forests4 ,but--a very singular thing--all the trees of these forests were of lead4 ,at last the cortge reached a magnificent prairie or meadow2 in the midst of this meadow was a chteau of gold studded with diamonds4 8,this10 said the ,king of ,metals1 8is your domain40 ,flora was much fatigued and very hungry4 ,the dwarfs prepared dinner1 and her husband led her to a table of gold4 ,but all the meats and all the food presented to her were of this metal4 ,flora1 not being able to partake of this food1 was reduced to ask humbly for a piece of bread4 ,the waiters brought her bread of copper1 of silver1 and of gold4 ,she could not bite either of them4 8,i cannot give you10 her husband said1 8the bread that you wish2 here we have no other kind of bread40 ,the young woman wept1 and the king said to her3 8,your tears cannot change your fate4 ,this is the destiny you have yourself chosen40 ,the miserable ,flora was compelled to remain in this subterranean abode1 suffering with hunger1 through her passion for wealth4 ,only once a year1 at ,easter1 she is allowed to ascend for three days to the upper earth1 and then she goes from village to village1 begging from door to door a morsel of bread4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,an ,,exposition ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,view ,,of ,,recent ,,difficulties ,,and ,,controversies1 ,,and ,,the ,,present ,,needs ,,of ,,the ,,age4 ,london3 ,basil ,montagu ,pickering1 #aif ,piccadilly4 #ahge4 ,new ,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,april1 #ahge4 7,from ,le ,contemporain47 ,i4 ,renewed ,working of the ,holy ,spirit in the ,world4--,we are1 in a religious1 social1 and political point of view1 in times of transition which we are not able to understand1 for the same reason that no one can follow the movements of the battle-field who is in the midst of the engagement4 ,to judge from appearances1 especially those which are nearest at hand1 we are on the brink of an abyss4 ,the ,catholic religion1 openly persecuted in ,germany1 prostrated now for several years in ,italy and ,spain by the suppression of the religious congregations1 attacked in all countries1 abandoned by all sovereigns1 appears1 humanly speaking1 to be on the brink of destruction4 ,there are not wanting prophets who predict the collapse of ,christianity and the end of the world4 ,there are1 however1 manly souls who do not allow themselves to be discouraged1 and who see grounds for hope in the very events which fill ordinary hearts with terror and consternation4 ,of this number is an ,american religious1 ,father ,hecker1 who has just issued a pamphlet in ,english1 wherein1 without concealing the difficulties of the present1 he avows his expectation of the approaching triumph of religion4 ,his motives are drawn from the deep faith he professes in the action of the ,holy ,spirit in the church1 outside of which he does not see any real ,christianity4 ,it is the ,holy ,spirit whom we must first invoke2 it is the ,holy ,spirit of whom we have need1 and who will cure all our ills by sending us his gifts4 8,the age10 he says1 8is superficial2 it needs the gift of wisdom1 which enables the soul to contemplate truth in its ultimate causes4 ,the age is materialistic2 it needs the gift of intelligence1 by the light of which the intellect penetrates into the essence of things4 ,the age is captured by a false and one-sided science2 it needs the gift of science1 by the light of which is seen each order of truth in its true relations to other orders and in a divine unity4 ,the age is in disorder1 and is ignorant of the ways to true progress2 it needs the gift of counsel1 which teaches how to choose the proper means to attain an object4 ,the age is impious2 it needs the gift of piety1 which leads the soul to look up to ,god as the heavenly ,father1 and to adore him with feelings of filial affection and love4 ,the age is sensual and effeminate2 it needs the gift of force1 which imparts to the will the strength to endure the greatest burdens1 and to prosecute the greatest enterprises with ease and heroism4 ,the age has lost and almost forgotten ,god2 it needs the gift of fear to bring the soul again to ,god1 and make it feel conscious of its great responsibility and of its destiny40 ,the men to whom these gifts have been accorded are those of whose services our age has need4 ,a single man with these gifts could do more than ten thousand who possessed them not4 ,it is to such men1 if they correspond with the graces which have been heaped upon them1 that our age will owe its universal restoration and its universal progress4 ,this being admitted1 since1 on the other hand1 it is of faith that the ,holy ,spirit does not allow the church to err1 ought we not now to expect that he will direct her on to a new path8 ,since the ,x,v,ith century1 the errors of ,protestantism1 and the attacks upon the ,catholic religion of which it gave the signal1 have compelled the church to change1 to a certain extent1 the normal orbit of her movement4 ,now that she has completed in this direction her line of defence1#aga it is to be expected that she will resume her primitive career1 and enter on a new phase1 by devoting herself to more vigorous action4 ,it is impossible to dispute the fresh strength which the definition lately promulgated by the ,council of the ,vatican has bestowed upon the church4 ,it is the axis on which now revolves the church's career--the renewal of religion in souls1 and the entire restoration of society4 ,do we not see an extraordinary divine working in those numerous pilgrimages to authorized sanctuaries1 in those multiplied novenas1 and those new associations of prayer8 ,and do they not give evidence of the increasing influence of the ,holy ,spirit on souls8 ,what matter persecutions8 ,it is they which purify what remains of the too human in the church4 ,it is by the cross we come to the light--,per crucem ad lucem4 ,a little farther on the author explains in what the twofold action of the ,holy ,spirit consists4 ,he acts at one and the same time in an intimate manner upon hearts1 and in a manner quite external on the church herself4 ,an indefinite field of action conceded to the sentiments of the heart1 without a sufficient knowledge of the end and object of the church1 would open the way for illusions1 for heresies of every kind1 and would invite an individual mysticism which would be merely one of the forms of ,protestantism4 ,on the other hand1 the exclusive point of view of the external authority of the church1 without a corresponding comprehension of the nature of the operations of the ,holy ,spirit within the heart of every one of the faithful1 would make the practice of religion a pure formalism1 and would render obedience servile1 and the action of the church sterile4 ,moreover1 the action of the ,holy ,spirit made visible in the authority of the church1 and of the ,holy ,spirit dwelling invisibly in the heart1 form an inseparable synthesis2 and he who has not a clear conception of this double action of the ,holy ,spirit runs the risk of losing himself in one or other of the extremes which would involve the destruction and end of the church4 ,in the external authority of the church the ,holy ,spirit acts as the infallible interpreter and the criterion of the divine revelation4 ,he acts in the heart as giving divine life and sanctification4 ,the ,holy ,spirit1 who1 by means of the teachings of the church1 communicates divine truth1 is the same ,spirit which teaches the heart to receive rightly the divine truth which he deigns to teach4 ,the measure of our love for the ,holy ,spirit is the measure of our obedience to the authority of the church2 and the measure of our obedience to the authority of the church is the measure of our love for the ,holy ,spirit4 ,whence the saying of ,s4 ,augustine3 ,quantum quisque amat ecclesiam ,dei1 tantum habet ,spiritum ,sanctum4 ,it is remarkable that no pope has done so much for the despised rights of human reason as ,pope ,pius ,,ix42 that no council has done better service to science than that of the ,vatican1 none has better regulated its relations to the faith2 that none has better defined in their fundamental principles the relations of the natural and the supernatural2 and the work of the pontiff and of the council is not yet finished4 ,every apology for ,christianity must henceforth make great account of the intrinsic proofs of religion1 without which people of the world would be more and more drawn to see the church only on her human side4 ,the ,holy ,spirit1 by means of the sacraments1 consummates the union of the soul of the believer with ,god4 ,it is this end which true religion should pursue4 ,the placing in relief the internal life1 and the constitution of the church1 and the intelligible side of the mysteries of the church--in short1 the intrinsic reasons of the truths of the divine revelation combined with the external motive of credibility--will complete the demonstration of ,christianity4 ,such an exposition of ,christianity1 founded on the union of these two categories of proofs1 will have the effect of producing a more enlightened and intense conviction of religion in the souls of the faithful1 and of stimulating them to more energetic action2 and it will have1 as its last result1 the opening of the door to their wandering brethren1 and gathering them back into the bosom of the church4 ,with the vigorous co-operation of the faithful1 the ever-augmenting action of the ,holy ,spirit will raise the human personality to such an intensity of strength and greatness that there will result from it a new era for the church and for society--an admirable era1 which it would be difficult to describe in human expressions1 without having recourse to the prophetic language of the inspired ,scriptures4 ,,ii4 ,the ,mission of ,races4--,in pursuing his study upon the action of the ,holy ,spirit in the world1 the author says that a wider and more explicit exposition of the dogmatic and moral verities of the church1 with a view to the characteristic gifts of every race1 is the means to employ in order to realize the hopes he has conceived4 ,god is the author of the different races of men4 ,for known reasons of his providence1 he has impressed on them certain characteristic traits1 and has assigned to them from the beginning the places which they should occupy in his church4 ,in a matter in which delicate susceptibilities have to be carefully handled1 it is important not to exaggerate the special gifts of every race1 and1 on the other hand1 not to depreciate them or exaggerate their vices4 ,it would1 however1 be a serious error1 in speaking of the providential mission of the races1 to suppose that they were destined to mark with their imprint religion1 ,christianity1 or the church4 ,it is1 on the contrary1 ,god who makes the gifts and qualities with which he has endowed them co-operate in the expression and development of the truths which he created for them4 ,nevertheless1 no one can deny the mission of the ,latin and ,celtic races throughout the greater part of the history of ,christianity4 ,the first fact which manifested their mission and established the influence they were to exercise was the establishment of the chair of ,s4 ,peter at ,rome1 the centre of the ,latin race4 ,to ,rome appertained the idea of the administrative and governmental organization of the whole world4 ,rome was regarded as the geographical centre of the world4 ,the ,greeks having abandoned the church for schism1 and the ,saxons having revolted against her by heresy in the ,x,v,ith century1 the predominance which the ,latin race1 united later on to the ,celtic race1 assumed in her bosom1 became more and more marked4 ,this absence of the ,greeks and of a considerable part of the ,saxons--nations whose prejudices and tendencies are in many respects similar--left the ground more free for the church to complete her action1 whether by her ordinary or normal development1 or by the way of councils1 as that of ,trent and that of the ,vatican4 ,that which characterizes the ,latin and ,celtic races1 according to our author1 is their hierarchical1 traditional1 and emotional tendencies4 ,he means1 doubtless1 by this latter expression1 that those races are very susceptible to sensible impressions--to those which come from without4 ,as to the hierarchical sentiment of the ,celtic and ,latin races1 it appears to us that for upwards of a century it has been much weakened1 if it be not completely extinct4 ,in the following passage the author is not afraid to say of the ,saxon race3 8,it is precisely the importance given to the external constitution and to the accessories of the church which excited the antipathies of the ,saxons1 which culminated in the so-called ,reformation4 ,for the ,saxon races and the mixed ,saxons1 the ,english and their descendants1 predominate in the rational element1 in an energetic individuality1 and in great practical activity in the material order40 ,one might have feared1 perhaps1 a kind of hardihood arising from a certain national partiality in regard to which the author would find it difficult to defend himself against his half-brethren of ,germany1 if he had not added3 8,one of the chief defects of the ,saxon mind lay in not fully understanding the constitution of the church1 or sufficiently appreciating the essential necessity of her external organization4 ,hence their misinterpretation of the providential action of the ,latin-,celts1 and their charges against the church of formalism1 superstition1 and popery4 ,they wrongfully identified the excesses of those races with the church of ,god4 ,they failed to take into sufficient consideration the great and constant efforts the church had made in her national and general councils to correct the abuses and extirpate the vices which formed the staple of their complaints4 8,conscious1 also1 of a certain feeling of repression of their natural instincts1 while this work of the ,latin-,celts was being perfected1 they at the same time felt a great aversion to the increase of externals in outward worship1 and to the minute regulations in discipline1 as well as to the growth of papal authority and the outward grandeur of the papal court4 ,the ,saxon leaders in heresy of the ,x,v,ith century1 as well as those of our own day1 cunningly taking advantage of those antipathies1 united with selfish political considerations1 succeeded in making a large number believe that the question in controversy was not what it really was--a question2 namely1 between ,christianity and infidelity--but a question between ,romanism and ,germanism6 8,it is easy to foresee the result of such a false issue2 for it is impossible1 humanly speaking1 that a religion can maintain itself among a people when once they are led to believe it wrongs their natural instincts1 is hostile to their national development1 or is unsympathetic with their genius4 8,with misunderstandings1 weaknesses1 and jealousies on both sides1 these1 with various other causes1 led thousands and millions of ,saxons and ,anglo-,saxons to resistance1 hatred1 and1 finally1 open revolt against the authority of the church4 8,the same causes which mainly produced the religious rebellion of the ,x,v,ith century are still at work among the ,saxons1 and are the exciting motives of their present persecutions against the church4 8,looking through the distorted medium of their ,saxon prejudices1 grown stronger with time1 and freshly stimulated by the recent definition of ,papal ,infallibility1 they have worked themselves into the belief--seeing the church only on the outside1 as they do--that she is purely a human institution1 grown slowly1 by the controlling action of the ,latin-,celtic instincts1 through centuries1 to the present formidable proportions4 ,the doctrines1 the sacraments1 the devotions1 the worship of the ,catholic ,church1 are1 for the most part1 from their stand-point1 corruptions of ,christianity1 having their source in the characteristics of the ,latin-,celtic races4 ,the papal authority1 to their sight1 is nothing else than the concentration of the sacerdotal tendencies of these races1 carried to their culminating point by the recent ,vatican definition1 which was due1 in the main1 to the efforts and the influence exerted by the ,jesuits4 ,this despotic ecclesiastical authority1 which commands a superstitious reverence and servile submission to all its decrees1 teaches doctrines inimical to the autonomy of the ,german ,empire1 and has fourteen millions or more of its subjects under its sway1 ready at any moment to obey1 at all hazards1 its decisions4 ,what is to hinder this ,ultramontane power from issuing a decree1 in a critical moment1 which will disturb the peace and involve1 perhaps1 the overthrow of that empire1 the fruit of so great sacrifices1 and the realization of the ardent aspirations of the ,germanic races8 ,is it not a dictate of self-preservation and political prudence to remove so dangerous an element1 and that at all costs1 from the state8 ,is it not a duty to free so many millions of our ,german brethren from this superstitious yoke and slavish subjection8 ,has not divine ,providence bestowed the empire of ,europe upon the ,saxons1 and placed us ,prussians at its head1 in order to accomplish1 with all the means at our disposal1 this great work8 ,is not this a duty which we owe to ourselves1 to our brother ,germans1 and1 above all1 to ,god8 ,this supreme effort is our divine mission60 ,it would be impossible to enter into the idea of the ,bismarckian policy in a manner more ingenious1 more exact1 and more striking4 ,it is by presenting to ,germany this monstrous counterfeit of the church that they have succeeded in provoking its hatred of her1 and the new empire proposes to be itself the resolution of a problem which can be only formulated thus3 8,either adapt ,latin ,christianity1 the ,romish ,church1 to the ,germanic type of character and to the exigences of the empire1 or we will employ all the forces and all the means at our disposal to stamp out ,catholicity within our dominions1 and to exterminate its existence as far as our authority and influence extend40 ,this war against the ,catholic religion is formidable1 and ought not to leave us without alarm and without terror4 ,truth is powerful1 it is said1 and it will prevail4 ,but truth has no power of itself1 in so far as it is an abstraction4 ,it has none1 except on the condition of coming forth and showing itself living in minds and hearts4 ,what is to be done1 then8 ,no thought can be entertained for a moment of modifying ,catholic dogmas1 of altering the constitution of the church1 or of entering1 to ever so small an extent1 on the path of concessions4 ,what is needed is to present religious truth to minds in such a manner as that they shall be able to see that it is divine4 ,it is to prove to them that our religion alone is in harmony with the profoundest instincts of their hearts1 and can alone realize their secret aspirations1 which ,protestantism has no power to satisfy4 ,for that1 the ,holy ,spirit must be invoked in order that he may develop the interior life of the church1 and that this development may be rendered visible to the persecutors themselves1 who hitherto see nothing in her but what is terrestrial and human4 ,already a certain ideal conception of ,christianity exists amongst non-,catholics of ,england and of the ,united ,states1 and puts them in the way of a more complete conversion4 ,as to the ,saxons1 who1 in these days1 precipitate themselves upon an opposite course1 we should try to enlighten their blindness4 ,already we have seen the persecutors1 whether ,roman or ,german1 become themselves ,christian in their turn4 ,we shall see the ,germans of our days exhibiting the same spectacle4 ,it is a great race1 that ,german race4 ,now1 8the church is a divine queen1 and her aim has always been to win to her bosom the imperial races4 ,she has never failed to do it1 too40 ,already we can perceive a very marked return movement amongst the demi-,saxons1 or ,anglo-,saxons4 ,it is a great sign of the times4 ,at different epochs there have been movements of this kind in ,england4 ,but none exhibited features so serious as that of which we are witnesses in these days4 ,conversions to the church multiply without number1 above all amongst the most intelligent and influential classes of the nation2 and that in spite of the violent cry of alarm raised by ,lord ,john ,russell1 and in spite of the attacks of the ex-minister ,gladstone1 who has the reputation of being the most eloquent man in ,england4 ,the gravitation towards the ,catholic ,church exhibits itself in a manner still more general and more clear in the bosom of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,catholics in that country amounted to scarcely a few hundreds at the commencement of this century4 ,they form now a sixth of the population of the ,united ,states4 ,they number about #g1jjj1jjj4 ,and the ,catholic is the only religion which makes any real progress4 ,it is1 then1 true 8that the ,catholic religion flourishes and prospers wherever human nature has its due liberty4 ,let them but give to the church rights only equal to those of other confessions1 and freedom of action1 and we should see her regain ,europe1 and1 with ,europe1 the world40 ,now1 might we not conclude that these two demi-,saxon nations1 ,england and the ,united ,states1 are predestined by ,providence to lead the ,saxons themselves in a vast movement of return towards the ,catholic ,church8 ,before concluding1 the author returns to the ,latin and ,celtic nations1 and directs towards them a sorrowful glance4 ,as for ,france1 he regrets that a violent reaction against the abuses of the ancient rgime1 of which he gives a somewhat exaggerated picture1 has brought about an irreligious revolution and a political situation which oscillates ceaselessly between anarchy and despotism1 and despotism and anarchy4 ,he deplores still more that the progressive movement has been diverted from its course in ,spain and in ,italy by the evil principles imported from ,france4 8,at this moment10 says the author1 8,christianity is in danger1 on the one hand1 of being exterminated by the persecution of the ,saxon races2 on the other1 of being betrayed by the apostasy of the ,celto-,latins4 ,this is the great tribulation of the church at the present time4 ,between these two perils she labors painfully40 ,according to human probabilities1 the divine bark should be on the point of perishing4 ,but perish it cannot4 ,god cannot abandon the earth to the spirit of evil4 8,jesus ,christ came to establish the kingdom of ,god on the earth1 as a means of conducting men to the kingdom of ,god in heaven40 ,it is thus1 in his last chapter1 our author surveys the future3 8,during the last three centuries1 from the nature of the work the church had to do1 the weight of her influence had to be mainly exerted on the side of restraining human activity4 ,her present and future influence1 due to the completion of her external organization1 will be exerted on the side of soliciting increased action4 ,the first was necessarily repressive and unpopular2 the second will be1 on the contrary1 expansive and popular4 ,the one excited antagonism2 the other will attract sympathy and cheerful co-operation4 ,the former restraint was exercised1 not against human activity1 but against the exaggeration of that activity4 ,the future will be the solicitation of the same activity towards its elevation and divine expansion1 enhancing its fruitfulness and glory4 8,these different races of ,europe and the ,united ,states1 constituting the body of the most civilized nations of the world1 united in an intelligent appreciation of the divine character of the church1 with their varied capacities and the great agencies at their disposal1 would be the providential means of rapidly spreading the light of faith over the whole world1 and of constituting a more ,christian state of society4 8,in this way would be reached a more perfect realization of the prediction of the prophets1 of the promises and prayers of ,christ1 and of the true aspiration of all noble souls4 8,this is what the age is calling for1 if rightly understood1 in its countless theories and projects of reform40 ,the zealous religious who is the author of this important manifesto traversed the seas in order to submit it to the ,holy ,father4 ,a mistake4 ,father ,hecker went to ,europe for other reasons1 and took advantage of the opportunity to submit his pamphlet to the examination of the ,roman censors and other eminent theologians4 ,if we are well informed1 the ,roman ,curia found in it neither error nor rashness4#agb ,it is a complete plan of action proposed to the apostolate of the church for the future4 ,the old era would close1 a new one would open4 ,on this ground all ancient differences should disappear4 ,bitter and useless recriminations would be laid aside4 ,all would be moving towards the same future1 in accord not only as to the end1 but as to the means4 7,from ,le ,monde47 ,the ,culturkampf advances daily4 ,its war-cry in precipitating itself upon the church1 bent upon her destruction1 is3 8,the doctrine of infallibility has made spiritual slaves of ,catholics1 who are thus a hindrance to civilization40 ,in presence of so furious an attack1 every voice which suggests means of safety deserves our best attention4 ,of this kind is a pamphlet published lately in ,london1 and which has been already translated into ,french1 ,german1 and ,italian1 and of which the journals of different countries1 of the most opposite views1 have given very favorable opinions4 ,the lamented ,m4 ,ravelet would1 had he been spared1 have introduced it to the readers of the ,monde2 for he had met its author at ,rome1 and knew how to appreciate the breadth of his views4 ,father ,hecker1 its author1 the founder of the ,paulists of ,new ,york1 is celebrated in his country for a style of polemics admirably adapted to the genius of his fellow-countrymen4 ,does he understand ,europe1 to which he has made prolonged visits1 equally well8 ,on that point our readers will soon be able to judge4 ,how is it that the ,catholic religion1 which reckons more adherents than any other ,christian religion1 does not succeed in making itself respected8 ,evidently because many ,catholics are not on a level with the faith which they profess4 8,we want heroes10 said ,j4 de ,maistre at the beginning of our century4 ,at this moment is not the demand the same8 ,there is no lack of religious practices2 a number of exterior acts of exterior piety are performed2 but the interior life of souls is not exalted2 they seem to be afflicted with a kind of spiritual dyspepsia4 ,the crises which threaten terrify them1 instead of inflaming beforehand their courage and their confidence in ,god4 ,it is in the sources of religion itself we shall find energy2 it is to them we must betake ourselves to reinvigorate our strength1 in the direct action of ,god upon our consciences1 and in the operation of the ,holy ,spirit upon our souls4 ,from this source issues the true religious life1 and our external practices are availing only so far as they are inspired by this internal principle1 itself inspired by the ,spirit of ,god4 ,herein are the primal verities of ,christianity4 ,at every epoch of decadence the voices of saints remind the world of them2 the spirit of the church inclines us to them2 but1 distracted by external agitations1 we forget to correspond with its suggestions4 ,we do not possess enough of ,god6 ,here is our weakness4 ,a little more of divinity within us6 ,lo1 the remedy6 ,father ,hecker has well written upon the gifts of the ,holy ,spirit1 and upon the men our age wants4 ,intelligences illuminated from on high1 wills divinely strengthened--is not that what is wanted to maintain the struggle8 ,is he not right when he asserts that one soul adorned with these gifts would do more to promote the kingdom of ,god than a thousand deprived of them8 ,this urgent call to a more intensely spiritual life will touch ,christian hearts4 ,but the pamphlet foresees an objection4 ,does not this development of our faculties and of our initiative under the divine influence expose us to some of the dangers of ,protestantism8 ,do we not run the risk of the appearance of strong individualities who1 filled with their own ideas1 will think themselves more enlightened than the church1 and so be seduced into disobeying her authority8 ,this eternal question of the relation of liberty to authority6 ,catholics say to ,protestants3 8,liberty without the control of the divine authority of the church leads insensibly to the destruction of ,christianity40 ,protestants reply3 8,authority amongst you has stifled liberty4 ,you have preserved the letter of the dogmas2 but spiritual life perishes under your formalism40 ,we are not estimating the weight of these reproaches2 we merely state the danger4 ,the solution of the religious problem consists in avoiding either extreme4 ,no ,catholic is at liberty to doubt that the ,holy ,spirit acts directly in the soul of every ,christian1 and at the same time acts in another way1 indirect1 but no less precious1 by means of the authority of the church4 ,cardinal ,manning has written two treatises on this subject1 one on the external1 the other on the internal1 working of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,it is these two workings which ,father ,hecker endeavors to connect in a lofty synthesis1 and this is the main object of his work4 ,the first step of the synthesis is the statement that it is one and the same spirit which works1 whether by external authority or by the interior impulse of the soul1 and that these two workings1 issuing from a common principle1 must agree in their exercise and blend in their final result4 ,the liberty of the soul should not dispute the authority of the church1 because that authority is divine2 the church1 on the other hand1 cannot oppress the liberty of the soul1 because that liberty is also divine4 ,the second step is to prove that the interior action of the ,holy ,spirit in the soul alone accomplishes our inward sanctification and our union with ,god4 ,the authority of the church1 and1 generally1 the external observances of religion1 having only for their aim to second this interior action1 authority and external practices occupy only a secondary and subordinate place in the ,catholic system1 contrary to the notion of ,protestants1 who accuse us of sacrificing ,jesus ,christ to the church1 and of limiting ,christianity to her external action4 ,the completion of the synthesis is in the following3 ,the individual has not received for his interior life the promise of infallibility2 it is to ,peter and his successors--that is to say1 to the church--that ,jesus ,christ has conceded this privilege4 ,the ,christian thus cannot be sure of possessing the ,holy ,spirit1 excepting in so far as he is in union with the infallible church1 and that union is the certain sign that the union of the two workings of the ,holy ,spirit is realized in him4 ,we have no doubt that this theory is one of the most remarkable theological and philosophical conceptions of our age4 ,father ,hecker is no innovator1 but he seizes scattered ideas and gathers them into a sheaf of luminous rays2 and this operation1 which seems so simple1 is the result of thirty years' laborious meditation4 ,one must read the pamphlet itself to appreciate its worth4 ,the more we are versed in the problems which agitate contemporary religious thought1 the better we shall understand the importance of what it inculcates4 ,we shall briefly dispose of the application the author makes of his synthesis4 ,one most ingenious one is that ,protestantism1 by denying the authority of the church1 obliges her to put forth all her strength in its defence4 ,if ,luther had attacked liberty1 the church would have taken another attitude1 and would have defended with no less energy the free and direct action of the ,holy ,spirit in souls4 ,it is this necessary defence of divine authority which gave birth to the ,jesuit order1 and which explains the special spirit which animates that society4 ,if1 however1 the defence of assailed authority has been1 for three centuries1 the principal preoccupation of the church1 she has not on that account neglected the interior life of souls4 ,it is sufficient to name the spirituality1 so deep and so intense1 of ,s4 ,philip ,neri1 ,s4 ,francis of ,sales1 ,s4 ,john of the ,cross1 and ,s4 ,teresa4 ,moreover1 does not the support of authority contribute to the free life of souls by maintaining the infallible criterion for testing1 in cases of doubt1 the true inspirations of the ,holy ,spirit8 ,the church1 in these days1 resembles a nation which marches to its frontiers to repel the invasion of the foreigner and protect its national life2 its victory secured1 it recalls its forces to the centre1 to continue with security and ardor the development of that same life4 ,according to ,father ,hecker1 the church was in the last extremity of peril4 ,he sees in the proclamation of the infallibility of the ,pope the completion of the development of authority provoked by the ,reformation1 and believes that nothing now remains but its application4 ,if1 since the ,x,v,ith century1 external action has predominated in the church1 without1 however1 ever becoming exclusive1 so now the internal working will predominate1 always leaving to the external its legitimate share4 ,only1 this new phase will be1 in a way1 more normal than the preceding1 because1 in religion as in man1 the internal infinitely surpasses the external1 without1 however1 annihilating it1 as does ,protestantism4 ,this internal is the essence of ,christianity2 it is the kingdom of heaven within us1 and whose frontiers it is our duty to extend4 ,it is the treasure1 the hidden pearl1 the grain of mustard-seed1 of the ,gospel4 ,it is to this interior of the soul that our ,lord addressed the beatitudes of the ,sermon on the ,mount4 ,the external church--the priesthood1 the worship1 the sacraments--are only means divinely instituted to help the weakness of man to rise to the worship in spirit and in truth announced by our ,saviour to the ,samaritan woman4 ,and the time has come for a fuller expansion of this internal life1 for the more general development of the spirit of ,s4 ,francis of ,sales and of the other saints of whom we spoke above4 ,as to those outside the church1 they will never believe in this evolution1 because they suppose that the doctrine of infallibility has condemned us to a kind of petrifaction4 ,but if they study the actual situation1 events will undeceive them from this present moment4 ,the persecutions which deprive the church of her temporalities1 of her exterior worship1 of her religious edifices1 which go the length even of depriving the faithful of their priests and bishops1 which suppress as far as they can the external part of ,catholicity1 do they not reveal the power of its interior8 ,in the parts of ,switzerland and ,germany where the populations are robbed of their clergy and worship1 do we not see faith developing in sacrifice1 and piety becoming more serious and fervent in the privation of all external aid8 ,this example is an additional proof of the opportuneness of ,father ,hecker's pamphlet4 ,if ,god wills that the persecution should increase1 we must be prepared to do without the external means which he himself has instituted1 and which he accords to us in ordinary times4 ,for we must not forget that no human power can separate us from ,god1 and that so long as this union exists religion remains entire as to its substance4 ,the merit of the ,christian is in the intention which inspires his acts4 ,religion exists only in the idea which clothes its rites2 the sacraments1 the channels of grace1 are only effective in us as they are preceded by the dispositions of our soul4 ,for a religion not to degenerate1 it must perpetually renew the internal life1 in order to resist the encroachments of routine4 ,here the author asks what is the polemic best suited to help the people of these times to escape from their unbelief1 which often proceeds from regarding the church as having fallen into formalism and into a debasing authoritativism4 ,he believes they might be undeceived by disclosing to them the inner life of religion and the internal proofs of her divinity--an idea he shares with the most illustrious writers of our age4 ,lacordaire wrote to ,mme4 ,swetchine that he had reversed the point of view of the controversy in scrutinizing matters from within1 which manifested truth under a new aspect4 ,father ,hecker quotes in this sense the striking words of ,schlegel3 8,we shall soon see1 ,i think1 an exposition of ,christianity appear which will bring about union among all ,christians1 and convert the unbelieving themselves40 ,ranke said with no less decision3 8,this reconciliation of faith and science will be more important1 as regards its spiritual results1 than was the discovery1 three centuries ago1 of a new hemisphere1 than that of the true system of the universe1 or than that of any other discovery of science1 be it what it may40 ,the pamphlet ends with a philosophy of race4 ,and here the author1 whilst acknowledging his fear of wounding susceptibilities1 expresses the hope that none of his views will be exaggerated4 ,he inquires what natural elements the several races have offered to the church in the successive phases of her history2 and1 starting from the principle that ,god has endowed the races with different aptitudes1 he examines in what way those aptitudes may co-operate in the terrestrial execution of the designs of ,providence4 ,the ,latin-,celtic races1 who almost alone remained faithful to the church in the ,x,v,ith century1 have for authority and external observances tastes which coincide with the more special development of the church since that epoch4 ,on the contrary1 the ,anglo-,saxon races have subjective and metaphysical instincts which1 in a natural point of view1 should attract them to the church in the new phase on which she is entering4 ,father ,hecker has been accused with some asperity of predicting that the direction of the church and of the world will pass into the hands of the ,saxon races1 whose conversion1 sooner or later1 he anticipates4 ,but he does not in any sense condemn the ,latin races to inferiority4 ,he merely gives it as his opinion that the ,latin races can only issue from the present crisis by the development of that interior life of independent reason and deliberate volition which constitutes the force of the ,saxon races4 ,god has not given the church to the ,latin races4 ,he has not created for nothing the ,saxon1 ,sclavonic1 and other races which cover the surface of the globe4 ,they have their predestined place in the assembly of all the children of ,god1 and are called to serve the church according to their providential aptitudes4 ,father ,hecker and ,dr4 ,newman are not the only ones who think that the absence of the ,saxon races has been1 for some centuries1 very prejudicial to the church4 ,j4 de ,maistre1 whose bias cannot be suspected1 expressed himself even more explicitly to that effect4 ,the ,latin genius1 under the inspiration of the ,holy ,spirit1 has been and will continue to be of the utmost value to the church4 ,under the divine influence1 the ,saxon genius will1 in its way1 effect equally precious conquests4 ,in conclusion1 we summarize thus the ideas of ,father ,hecker3 #a4 ,we have need of a spiritual awakening4 #b4 ,the definition of infallibility has lent such strength to the church that henceforth personality may become as powerful as possible without the risk1 as in the ,x,v,ith century1 of injuring unity4 #c4 ,this definition having completed the external system of ,catholicity1 the initiative of the church proceeds logically to concentrate itself on the aggrandizement of the interior life1 which is the essence of religion4 #d4 ,this is proved by the persecutions1 which augment and strengthen the religious life of ,catholics4 #e4 ,the result of these persecutions will be to unveil to ,protestants and unbelievers the interior view of ,catholicity1 and to prepare the way for religious unity4 #f4 ,this unity will be effected when ,protestants and unbelievers see that ,catholicity1 far from being opposed to the aspirations of their nature1 understands them and satisfies them better than ,protestantism and free-thinking4 #g4 ,this expansion of ,catholicity advances slowly1 because it meets few souls great enough to admit of the full development of its working1 and of showing what it is capable of producing in them4 #h4 ,the way to multiply these souls is to place ourselves more and more under the influence of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,whatever opinion may be formed of certain details1 on the whole1 this work manifests a high grade of philosophical thought and theological insight4 ,but to appreciate it fully it must be read and studied4 ,exceptions have been taken to it1 on the ground that one meets nothing in it but theories1 without any practical conclusion4 ,yet what can be more practical than the exhortation which confronts us on every page1 to seek in all our religious acts1 in sacraments1 worship1 and discipline1 the divine intention involved therein8 ,what more practical than to urge us to develop all the forces of our nature under the divine influence1 and to tell us that the more conscientious1 reasonable1 and manly we are1 the more completely men we are1 so much the more favorable ground will the church find within us for her working8 ,far from urging any abrupt change1 ,father ,hecker recommends that everything should be done with prudence1 consideration being had for the manners of every country4 ,he is persuaded that1 by placing more confidence in the divine work in souls1 they will become insensibly stronger1 and will increase thus indefinitely the force and energy of the whole body of the church4 ,such a future will present us with the spectacle of the conversion of peoples who at present are bitterly hostile to her--a future which we shall purchase at the cost of many sacrifices4 ,but our trials will be full of consolations if we feel that they are preparing a more general and abundant effusion of divine illumination upon the earth4 ,per crucem ad lucem4 ,,personal ,,recollections ,,of ,,lamb1 ,,hazlitt1 ,,and ,,others4 ,the ,bric--,brac ,series4 ,edited by ,r4 ,h4 ,stoddard4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahge4 ,this volume is a compendium of one of those books of memoirs or personal recollections bequeathed to us by the survivors of the ,english ,renaissance of the beginning of the century--,my ,friends and ,acquaintances1 by ,p4 ,g4 ,patmore4 ,this the editor has supplemented1 in the case of ,hazlitt1 by some letters and reminiscences culled from the ,memoirs published by his grandson1 ,w4 ,carew ,hazlitt4 ,these works1 it might be fairly supposed1 would be of themselves light enough for the most jaded and flippant appetite4 ,however1 the aid of the 8editor0 is called in--heaven forgive the man who first applied that title1 honored by a ,scaliger and a ,bentley1 to the modern compiler of scandal6--the most entertaining and doubtfully moral tidbits are picked out2 and the result is the class of books before us1 which is doing for the national intellect what pastry has done for its stomach4 ,the mutual courtesies--honorable enough when rightly understood--existing between publishers and the periodical press make honest criticism seem ungracious2 and thus the public judgment is left uninstructed by silence1 or its frivolous tastes are confirmed by careless approval4 ,the motives impelling the awful scissors of the 8editor0 not only deprive the original works which fall under them of the modicum of value they may possess1 but affirmatively they do worse4 ,they give an absolutely false impression of the persons represented4 ,thus1 in the case before us the character and genius of ,lamb are as ridiculously overrated as his true merits are obscured2 and the same may be said with even more justice of the portrait given of ,hazlitt4 ,singularly enough1 though the editor derives all he knows1 or at least all he presents to the reader1 from ,mr4 ,patmore and ,mr4 ,carew ,hazlitt1 he speaks in the most contemptuous terms of both4 ,one he pronounces 8not a man of note10 and the other he terms1 with a delightful unconsciousness of self-irony1 8a bumptious bookmaker1 profusely addicted to scissors and paste02 and both he bids1 at parting1 to 8make room for their betters40 ,if such be the character of ,mr4 ,patmore and ,mr4 ,hazlitt1 what opinion1 we may ask1 is the reader called upon to entertain of the 8editor0 who is an accident of their existence8 ,nor is it in relation only to the authors after whom he gleans that the 8editor0 shows bad taste and self-sufficiency4 ,the immortal author of the ,dunciad1 speaking of a kindred race of authors1 tells us1 8,glory and gain the industrious tribe provoke1 ,and gentle ,dulness ever loves a joke40 8,the ricketty little papist1 ,pope10 is the witticism the editor levels at the brightest and most graceful poet of his age--a master and maker of our ,english tongue1 and a scourge of just such dunces as himself4 ,of the writers whose habits and personal characteristics are treated of in this volume we have little or no room to speak1 nor does the work before us afford any sufficient basis to go upon4 ,lamb occupies a niche in the popular pantheon1 as an essayist1 higher than posterity will adjudge him4 ,his essays are pleasing and witty1 and the style is marvellously pure2 but they want solidity2 they are idealistic1 humorous1 subjective2 they fail to present that faithful transcript of manners1 or to teach in sober tones those lessons of morality1 which make the older essayists enduring4 ,lamb's other works are already forgotten4 ,he was an amiable man in the midst of unhappy surroundings1 and his unassuming manners have enshrined his name with affection in the works of his contemporaries4 ,hazlitt's was not a character to be admired1 nor in many ways even to be respected4 ,he was devoured with vanity and grosser passions4 ,his work was task-work1 and therefore not high4 ',tis true ,horace tells us1 8''' paupertas impulit audar ,ut versus facerem40 --poverty has often been the sting which urged genius to its grandest efforts4 ,but ,hazlitt1 though undoubtedly a man of genius1 was not gifted with that genius of the first order1 which abstracts itself wholly from the miserable circumstances about it4 ,the great body of his work is criticism1 brilliant1 entertaining1 even instructive at the moment in which it was produced1 but substantially only the fashion of a day4 ,of the poet ,campbell and ,lady ,blessington it would be an impertinence to say anything on the slight foundation this volume gives us4 ,the editor of the 8,bric--,brac0 ,series has placed on the cover of each volume this motto3 8,infinite riches in a little room40 ,we will suggest one that will take up even less room3 8,stultitiam patiuntur opes40 ,,the ,,civil ,,government ,,of ,,the ,,states1 ,,and ,,the ,,constitutional ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,by ,p4 ,cudmore1 ,esq41 ,counsellor-at-,law1 ,author of the ,irish ,republic1 etc41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,cudmore4 #ahge4 ,the author of this work informs us in the preface that his object has been to condense into one volume the colonial1 general1 and constitutional history of the ,united ,states4 ,this volume professes to be a digest of the writings and speeches of the fathers of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 the statutes of the several ,states1 the statutes of the ,united ,states1 of the writings and speeches of eminent ,american and foreign jurists1 the journals and annals of ,congress1 the ,congressional ,globe1 the general history of the ,united ,states1 the decisions of the ,supreme ,courts of the several ,states1 the opinions of the attorneys-general of the ,united ,states1 and the decisions of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states2 of extracts from ,de ,tocqueville1 the ,madison ,papers1 the ,federalist1 ,elliott's ,debates1 the writings of ,jefferson1 ,adams1 ,hamilton1 and ,vattel1 and of extracts from ,jefferson and other eminent authors on parliamentary law4 ,the platforms of political parties are also given4 ,this list is copied verbatim from the author4 ,it will be seen1 therefore1 that ,mr4 ,cudmore has set himself no contemptible task to accomplish1 and1 as he has executed it in a thin octavo of #bed pages1 it may reasonably be conjectured that he possesses a talent for condensation that ,montesquieu might have envied4 ,mr4 ,vallandigham finds a powerful advocate in this author1 and his philippics against ,mr4 ,stanton are proportionately severe4 ,mr4 ,cudmore has a fondness for notes of exclamation2 and such is the ardor of constitutionalism with which he pursues this latter-day 8tyrant of the blackest dye0 7we quote ,mr4 ,cudmore7 that it often takes three notes of admiration to express his just abhorrence of his measures4 ,the bulk of the work is taken up by a civil and military history of the late conflict1 and the disputes that preceded it4 ,if we might venture a hint to ,mr4 ,cudmore1 we would say that his tone is a little too warm for this miserably phlegmatic age1 which affects a fondness for impartiality in great constitutional writers4 ,the fact is1 the questions which the author discusses with the greatest spirit are dead issues4 ,they still preserve a faint vitality for the philosopher and speculative statesman1 but they have sunk out of sight for the practical politician and man of to-day4 ,the vis major has decided them4 ,we might as usefully begin to agitate for a re-enactment of the ,agrarian ,laws4 ,mr4 ,cudmore's ,chapters ,,iv4 and ,v41 containing a digest of ,state and ,federal law1 show much meritorious industry4 ,the history of land-grants1 the homestead law1 and the laws pertaining to aliens and naturalization1 will be found useful4 ,,the ,,young ,,catholic',s ,,illustrated ,,table-,,book ,,and ,,first ,,lessons ,,in ,,numbers4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,st4 #ahge4 ,this is a very simple and attractive little book1 designed to make the beginning of arithmetic1 which certainly is rather a dry study in itself1 interesting and capable of fixing the attention of the very young children for whose use the work is intended4 ,we do not remember having seen any prettier or more practical little text-book for beginners1 and cannot recommend it too highly4 ,it is also very nicely illustrated4 ,,sadlier',s ,,excelsior ,,geography1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,new ,york3 ,wm4 ,h4 ,sadlier4 #ahge4 ,as a first attempt in this country to prepare a series of geographies adapted to ,catholic schools this is deserving of great praise4 ,the type is clear1 the maps and illustrations1 and the mechanical execution generally1 are excellent4 ,it is based1 to some extent1 on a geographical course originally known as ,monteith's1 and adapted by the insertion of additional matter interesting to ,catholics4 ,what we should have preferred1 and hope eventually to see1 is a series of geographies and histories entirely original1 and written from the ,catholic point of view1 and pervaded by the ,catholic tone which we find in this4 ,,sevenoaks3 ,a ,story of ,to-day4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,holland1 author of ,arthur ,bonnicastle4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahge4 ,it gives us great pleasure to express1 with slight qualifications1 our entire approval of this work1 so far as its moral purport is concerned4 ,its plot and incidents are all within the range of ordinary life and experience1 and therefore not calculated to foster in the youthful reader extravagant anticipations in regard to his own future4 ,there are many good hits at the weaknesses and inconsistencies of human nature1 and faithful pictures of the vices and miseries to which an unscrupulous ambition leads4 ,selfishness and injustice prosper for a time1 but eventually reap their reward2 while integrity and true manliness1 even in the rude and uncultivated1 are recognized and appreciated4 ,,the ,,illustrated ,,catholic ,,family ,,almanac ,,for #ahgf4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 8,almanac10 when applied to this publication1 seems to us a misnomer4 ,the popular notion of an almanac is a thin1 badly-printed pamphlet1 containing incomprehensible astrological tables1 delusive prophecies as to the weather1 tradesmen's advertisements1 and a padding of stale jokes or impracticable recipes gathered from country newspapers2 whereas the ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac is an annual of #add pages1 containing each year enough solid1 well-digested information to furnish forth an ordinary volume of three hundred pages1 to say nothing of the many fine engravings--and this1 too1 at a price which should extend its circulation to equal that of the once-famous ,moore's ,almanac 7published in ,england about the beginning of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century71 which is said at one time to have sold annually more than four hundred thousand copies4 ,the several volumes of the ,family ,almanac form a valuable manual for ,catholics1 containing1 as they do1 articles of great interest to the literary student1 the antiquarian1 and the archologist4 ,much of the information could be gathered only from exceedingly well-furnished libraries2 some of it appears here for the first time in print4 ,in the ,almanac for #ahgf1 among other good things1 we find an extended and very interesting biographical sketch of ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,mc,closkey2 also1 biographical sketches of ,cardinals ,wiseman and ,altieri1 of ,bishops ,brut and ,baraga1 of ,rev4 ,father ,nerinckx and the ,cura ,hidalgo--the ,washington of the ,mexican revolution--and of ,eugene ,o',curry1 the eminent ,irish scholar--all of these being illustrated with portraits4 ,the approaching centenary has not been forgotten1 for in 8,centennial ,memorials0 is shown the part--a glorious one1 which received the public endorsement of the 8,father of his ,country10 as will be seen by perusal of the article--taken by ,catholics of ,irish origin in the ,revolutionary struggle4 ,in the same article are numerous statistics showing the temporal growth of our country during the century just closing2 the article closes with an account of the wonderful growth of the ,catholic ,church during the same period--the whole being valuable for future reference4 8,about the ,bible0 and 8,the ,bible in the ,middle ,ages0 contain information of interest to every ,christian1 and which is to be got elsewhere only by much reading2 the latter article also contains an ample refutation of the old slander that the ,catholic ,church of the middle ages kept the ,scriptures from the laity4 ,besides the foregoing1 there is much curious and entertaining prose and verse1 and several pictures of churches and other edifices 7among them one of old ,s4 ,augustine's ,church1 ,philadelphia1 destroyed in the riots of #ahdd1 and toward the building of which1 in #agif1 ,washington contributed #aej2 ,stephen ,girard1 #dj2 ,george ,meade1 father of ,gen4 ,meade1 #ej2 and ,commodore ,barry1 #aej71 a complete and authentic list of the ,roman pontiffs translated from the ,italian1 the ,american hierarchy1 and the usual astronomical and church calendars1 postal guide1 etc4 ,,madame ,r,,camier ,,and ,,her ,,friends4 ,from the ,french of ,madame ,lenormant4 ,by the translator of ,madame ,rcamier's ,memoirs4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahge4 ,this volume will doubtless be welcome to those already familiar with the ,memoirs previously published4 ,the work is largely made up of letters which are of no particular interest1 except so far as they throw light on the character of the writers4 ,endowed by nature with extraordinary beauty1 and possessing that knowledge of public events and skill in their interpretation which seems a special gift of ,frenchwomen1 ,mme4 ,rcamier became the centre of an admiring group of statesmen and littrateurs who sought the benefit of her intuitive wisdom4 ,a very strong testimony to ,mme4 ,rcamier's many virtues is found in the warm friendship which existed between herself and other ladies holding a similar position in ,french society2 in the loving devotion of the child of her adoption1 who subsequently became her biographer2 and--in the fear and jealousy of the ,first ,napoleon1 who paid her the compliment of a temporary exile4 ,the personal attention she gave to her adopted daughter's education is worthy of imitation4 ,,wayside ,,pencillings1 ,,with ,,glimpses ,,of ,,sacred ,,shrines4 ,by the ,rev4 ,james ,j4 ,moriarty1 ,a4,m4 ,albany3 ,van ,benthuysen ,printing ,house4 #ahge4 ,father ,moriarty's work has one merit on which editors place a high value--brevity4 ,a book of travels is not properly a history or topography of the countries visited1 and a bird's-eye view of the most salient features is all that we can reasonably ask at the traveller's hand4 ,the interlarded extracts with which some authors swell their volumes are often wearisome reading4 ,in the above work the reverend traveller narrates all the important incidents of his journey1 with descriptions of the various shrines on his route1 in so picturesque a manner1 and in so few words1 that the reader will have no difficulty in laying up in his memory many pleasant subjects for reflection4 ,,eight ,,cousins2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,aunt-,,hill4 ,by ,louisa ,m4 ,alcott4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahge4 ,an entertaining volume for youthful readers1 and one which conveys many useful lessons4 ,the same charming freshness which won for ,little ,women its wide reputation will render this volume a favorite1 notwithstanding its defects--one of which is a spirit of self-assertion in the heroine which is only too true to nature in the average ,american girl4 ,however reluctant we may be to acknowledge the fact1 we cannot fail to see that our so-called progress has had a tendency to weaken veneration for age and respect for authority4 ,miss ,alcott shows her sympathy with this fault by sometimes placing age in a ludicrous light before her juvenile readers4 ,the young people of this generation do not need any encouragement in the belief that age does not always bring wisdom1 and we the more regret this mistake in a book otherwise commendable4 ,destroy the confidence and veneration with which childhood looks up to those placed over it1 and you rob parents of that which constitutes a great charm in their offspring1 and go far to break down the chief bulwark of society--the family4 ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,sisters ,,of ,,charity4 ,a ,collection of ,prayers compiled for the use of the ,society of ,sisters of ,charity in the ,diocese of ,louisville1 ,kentucky4 ,adapted to general use4 ,baltimore3 ,j4 ,murphy ,co4 #ahge4 ,this is a new volume added to the already large devotional literature of the church4 ,as its title imports1 it was prepared especially with a view to the wants of the daughters of ,st4 ,vincent1 though adapted to those of other religious1 and of persons in the world4 ,as it bears the imprimatur of the ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 and has the approval of the ,bishop of ,louisville1 and1 in addition1 has had the benefit of ,mr4 ,murphy's careful proofreading--a matter the importance of which can scarcely be over-estimated in devotional works--we deem further comment unnecessary4 ,we would1 however1 suggest whether the use of a somewhat thinner paper would not make a better proportioned volume4 ,,miscellanea3 ,comprising ,reviews1 ,lectures1 and ,essays on ,historical1 ,theological1 and ,miscellaneous ,subjects4 ,by ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,sixth ,edition1 revised and greatly enlarged4 #ahge4 ,the publishers have added to the value of this edition by incorporating in it a number of papers not contained in previous editions1 and which had received the author's last corrections4 ,few writers of the present century in the ,english language have done more to popularize ,catholic themes and relieve ,protestants from the misconceptions which they had previously entertained regarding the history and doctrines of the church1 than the late ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,those who have not previously possessed themselves of his admirable works have a new motive in the improvements now made4 ,a ,,full ,,course ,,of ,,instruction ,,in ,,explanation ,,of ,,the ,,catechism4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,perry4 ,st4 ,louis3 ,p4 ,fox4 #ahge4 ,the present edition of ,perry's ,instructions differs from the original one in the addition of questions1 thus making it a text-book for advanced classes1 whereas its use was heretofore limited in a great measure to teachers4 ,the editor 7,rev4 ,e4 ,m4 ,hennessey7 has also incorporated an explanation of the doctrines of the ,immaculate ,conception and ,papal ,infallibility4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,from ,p4 ,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,theologia ,moralis ,novissimi ,ecclesi ,doctoris1 ,s4 ,alphonsi1 in ,compendium ,redacta et ,usui ,venerabilis ,cleri ,americani ,accommodata1 ,auctore ,a4 ,konings1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 ,pars ,tertia3 ,continens tractatus de ,sacramentis1 de ,censuris1 de ,irregularitatibus1 et de ,indulgentiis4 #hvo1 paper1 pp4 x41 #dcc4 ,from ,p4 ,o',shea1 ,new ,york3 ,lives of the ,saints1 with a practical ,instruction on the ,life of each ,saint for every day in the year4 ,by ,f4 ,x4 ,weninger1 ,d4,d41 ,s4,j4 ,part iv41 #hvo1 pp4 #abg1 flexible cloth4--,life and ,letters of ,paul ,seigneret1 ,seminarist of ,s4 ,sulpice1 translated from the ,french by ,n4 ,r4 #abmo1 pp4 #caa4 ,from the ,author3 ,the ,sunday ,laws3 ,a ,discussion of ,church and ,state1 etc4 ,by ,s4 ,b4 ,mc,cracken4 #hvo1 pp4 #h1 paper4 ,from ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham1 ,philadelphia3 ,life of ,s4 ,benedict1 surnamed 8,the ,moor40 ,the ,son of a ,slave4 ,from the ,french of ,m4 ,allebert4 #ahmo1 pp4 #bac4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxii41 ,no4 #acj4--;,,january1 #ahgf4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,president',s ,,speech ,,at ,,des ,,moines4 ,the utterances of any person occupying so lofty a station as that of ,president of the ,united ,states demand attention and respect1 by reason of the source from whence they emanate4 ,the deliberate judgments of such a man as ,president ,grant have in themselves a special claim to the consideration of his fellow-citizens4 ,he has had opportunities to study the length and breadth of the land4 ,his private convictions have matured amidst the most varied experience of all classes and sections of our people--first in a profession affording ample leisure and abundant means of observation from an independent stand-point1 and afterwards in commercial life1 which placed him in the midst of daily events1 no longer as a theorist1 but as one actively concerned in their course and development4 ,his position in military affairs has been that of one of the most celebrated commanders of the age1 and his political career has been that of an independent statesman1 always wielding supreme influence1 and quite beyond the need of vulgar trickery1 in order to maintain its power4 ,having almost completed an illustrious public life1 he is now able to express the results of his observations1 and no one can lightly question the validity of his conclusions4 ,the country is prepared to receive anything he may have to say to it1 with solicitous1 intelligent1 and earnest consideration4 ,those who may differ from him in political convictions1 or who may retain a partiality for some of his less successful competitors for the highest prize of military glory1 and even those who go so far as to question his greatness--all must admit that he is a true ,american1 formed and moulded by the events in which he has moved1 and truly representing the country and the times4 ,we are disposed1 therefore1 to attach the fullest importance to his words1 whether spoken officially or from the convictions of his heart1 and to ponder them respectfully and thoughtfully4 ,on the #bith of ,september last ,his ,excellency attended1 at ,des ,moines1 the capital city of ,iowa1 a convention of the 8,army of the ,tennessee10 one of those military organizations composed of veterans of the late war4 ,the nature of these and kindred associations is not political4 ,their aim is to keep up a brotherly spirit among those who formerly stood shoulder to shoulder on the battle-field4 ,nevertheless1 the gallant men1 who thus risked life and limb for the integrity of the national government1 are supposed to retain their patriotism1 and to look with pride and zeal upon the continuance and healthy growth of those institutions1 which are vitally connected with the nation's greatness4 ,in the midst of such an assembly1 composed of men of all creeds1 our chief magistrate felt called upon to utter a prophetic warning1 which has excited much comment at home1 and has been extensively published abroad4 ,we print his speech1 delivered at the evening session of the 8,army of the ,tennessee10 as currently reported in the daily press4 ,president ,grant1 being called for1 came forward and said3 8,,comrades3 ,it always affords me much gratification to meet my comrades in arms of ten and fourteen years ago1 and to tell over again from memory the trials and hardships of those days--of hardships imposed for the preservation and perpetuation of our free institutions4 ,we believed then1 and we believe now1 that we have a government worth fighting for1 and1 if need be1 dying for4 ,how many of our comrades paid the latter price for our preserved ,union6 ,let their heroism and sacrifice be ever green in our memory4 ,let not the result of their sacrifices be destroyed4 ,the ,union and the free institutions for which they died should be held more dear for their sacrifices4 ,we will not deny to any of those who fought against us any privilege under the government which we claim for ourselves4 ,on the contrary1 we welcome all such who come forward in good faith to help build up the waste places1 and to perpetuate our institutions against all enemies1 as brothers in full interest with us in a common heritage2 but we are not prepared to apologize for the part we took in the war4 8,it is to be hoped that like trials will never again befall our country4 ,in this sentiment no class of people can more heartily join than the soldier who submitted to the dangers1 trials1 and hardships of the camp and the battle-field1 on whichever side he fought4 ,no class of people are more interested in guarding against a recurrence of those days4 ,let us1 then1 begin by guarding against every enemy threatening the prosperity of free republican institutions4 ,i do not bring into this assemblage politics1 certainly not partisan politics2 but it is a fair subject for the soldiers1 in their deliberations1 to consider what maybe necessary to secure the prize for which they battled4 ,in a republic like ours1 where the citizen is the sovereign and the official the servant1 where no power is exercised except by the will of the people1 it is important that the sovereign1 the people1 should foster intelligence--that intelligence which is to preserve us as a free nation4 ,if we are to have another contest in the near future of our national existence1 ,i predict that the dividing line will not be ,mason and ,dixon's1 but between patriotism and intelligence on the one side1 and superstition1 ambition and ignorance on the other4 8,now1 the centennial year of our national existence1 ,i believe1 is a good time to begin the work of strengthening the foundations of the structure commenced by our patriotic forefathers one hundred years ago at ,lexington4 ,let us all labor to add all needful guarantees for the security of free thought1 free speech1 a free press1 pure morals1 unfettered religious sentiments1 and of equal rights and privileges to all men1 irrespective of nationality1 color1 or religion4 ,encourage free schools1 and resolve that not one dollar appropriated for their support shall be appropriated to the support of any sectarian schools4 ,resolve that neither the ,state nor nation1 nor both combined1 shall support institutions of learning other than those sufficient to afford every child growing up in the land the opportunity of a good common-school education1 unmixed with sectarian1 pagan1 or atheistical dogmas4 ,leave the matter of religion to the family altar1 the church1 and the private school1 supported entirely by private contributions4 ,keep the church and the state for ever separate4 ,with these safeguards1 ,i believe the battles which created the ,army of the ,tennessee will not have been fought in vain40 ,taking all things into consideration1 the speech is fully equal to any written production of the ,president4 ,it is direct4 ,it is plain4 ,it is manly and vigorous1 and far superior to any other oration which we have heard of from the same distinguished quarter4 ,beyond all things it expresses1 better than many imagine1 the common sentiments of the ,american people4 ,we have not been surprised at the general applause with which it has been greeted2 and we think that all our readers will agree in the judgments which we are about to express with regard to it4 ,an impression has been spread abroad that the views of ,president ,grant are hostile to the ,catholic ,church1 and that the speech was fulminated by his zeal against it4 ,it has been averred that he was talked into making a public manifestation of his feelings by the mayor of the city of ,des ,moines1 who called his attention to the political campaign in ,ohio1 where ,catholics were vainly struggling for equal rights in the matter of the public schools4 ,his ,excellency is said to have been strongly moved1 and hastened home from his ride1 in order to prepare his speech for the evening4 ,we have no means of definitely ascertaining the motives of the ,president's speech4 ,if he meant to hurl a thunderbolt at us1 we honor him for using language1 in the main1 so just and courteous4 ,but if his friends have sought to make use of him to stir up feeling against us1 they must be sadly disappointed at his words2 for1 if they now repeat them too freely1 for the purpose of injuring us1 they will find themselves 8hoist by0 their 8own petard40 ,trying as hard as we can to lash ourselves into fury2 trying to fancy ourselves insulted1 by representing to ourselves that the head of this nation has gone out of his way and abased his dignity1 in order to cast an aspersion at a large and respectable class of the community1 we are forced to give it up1 and to lay down our pen2 for we find nothing in the oration with which we are in the least disposed to take issue4 ,on the contrary1 we are prepared to join our tribute to the burst of applause which echoes through the land4 ,we are convinced that1 if it meets with the attention which it merits1 the country at large1 and ,catholics in particular1 will treasure the 8,des ,moines speech0 among the 8,sayings of the ,fathers40 ,like ,washington's ,farewell1 and ,webster's mighty peroration1 and ,lincoln's noble and pathetic ,inaugural1 it will pass from the vulgar atmosphere of party strife into the pure and serene empyrean of immortality4 ,we have given the speech at length4 ,we now propose to explain our decision with regard to it1 and to examine at greater length those portions of it which seem to us most true1 most wise1 and most remarkable4 8,,encourage ,,free ,,schools10 the ,president says1 8,,and ,,resolve ,,that ,,not ,,one ,,dollar ,,appropriated ,,for ,,their ,,support ,,shall ,,be ,,appropriated ,,for ,,the ,,support ,,of ,,any ,,sectarian ,,schools40 ,do we hear aright8 ,does the ,president of the ,united ,states maintain the proposition which has brought us so much contempt and derision8 ,,what ,,is ,a ,,free ,,school8 ,a free school is one in which every scholar can obtain an education without violating the honest convictions of conscience1 or--to use the words of the ,president--a free school is one where education can be obtained 8unmixed with sectarian1 pagan1 or atheistical dogmas40 ,,are ,,our ,,so-,,called ,,common ,,schools ,,free8 ,let us glance at the general history of the controversy concerning them4 ,as soon as the public schools had ceased to be purely charitable institutions1 a new policy was inaugurated by our people4 ,the government assumed that it was bound to ensure an intelligent use of the franchise1 by encouraging the mental activity of its citizens4 ,to this all ,catholics agreed1 and still agree4 ,but our ,protestant fellow-citizens1 rightly desiring that some religious instruction should be given their children1 wrongly insisted upon having the ,bible read in the schools4 ,the government might have permitted such a custom to continue1 when no protest was made against it4 ,but it soon became evident that the schools were essentially ,protestant institutions1 and served as an instrument to prevent the growth of 8,popery40 ,this was no secret4 ,it was openly preached4 ,about this time ,catholics began to see what everybody else was rejoicing over1 and were1 naturally1 alarmed4 ,they had assisted to found and build up the republic1 or they had immigrated under the assurance of equal rights4 ,to find it proclaimed a ,protestant country was news to them4 ,they insisted that the ,government was bound to deny this imputation1 and they registered an universal protest against the design of the falsely so-called 8common0 schools4 ,we have demanded either that we be relieved from taxation for these sectarian schools1 or that such arrangement be devised as shall render them equally desirable for ,catholics and non-,catholics4 ,we were not called upon to explain why we so earnestly desired this4 ,it was nobody's business but our own4 ,the public schools are not held to be eleemosynary institutions4 ,they are ostensibly for the benefit of all4 ,and even if they were places for the confinement of criminals1 or almshouses1 both criminals and paupers have consciences1 however dull or uninformed4 ,what1 then1 is the objection to our having a right to direct the policy on which public institutions are to be conducted8 ,none4 ,but if we were to have taken such a position as this1 we should1 at once1 have been indicted1 for an insidious and damnable conspiracy4 ,therefore we have openly stated the grounds of our convictions1 relying on the inherent force of truth to secure our rights4 ,we regard morality as inseparable from religion4 ,in this we merely echo the sentiments of the greatest ,american statesmen1 and notably1 of the ,father of our republic4 ,we say that1 if we are to pay for the education of our children1 we should like to have the worth of our money4 ,what fairer demand can a ,yankee make8 ,we ask nothing to which every citizen has not a right4 ,we have never met a fair reply to our demands1 or a fair discussion of their merits4 ,first we were greeted with silent scorn4 ,the practical operation of the laws was found to force our children into ,protestant schools4 ,we proclaimed claimed them to be ,protestant schools4 ,it was unblushingly denied4 ,we put the question to the test1 by endeavoring to stop the ,protestant ,bible from being read in them4 ,there was not enough power in our voice1 nor enough fairness in our opponents1 to enforce even an appearance of consistency4 ,the schools were pronounced 8un-sectarian10 a ,protestant service was daily carried out1 and we were bidden to hold our tongues1 and to be thankful4 ,and1 now1 that we are not willing1 either to hold our peace1 or to be grateful to those who deny us our equal rights1 a loud outcry is raised1 and every manner of evil is predicted1 unless we are forcibly restrained4 ,the party of malevolence seeks to create an issue where none exists1 and to force us into a strife1 in which it can avail itself of superior numbers to strike us a cruel and unjust blow4 ,now1 neither this design nor the clamor with which it is urged1 can be defended by any true or just plea4 ,and we venture to predict that there is too much intelligence and love of fair play in the ,american people1 to allow it to succeed in its sinister purpose4 ,what is our position once more8 ,here we stand1 on the same basis with all other ,american citizens4 ,is it not so8 ,where1 then1 is any legal disability proved against us8 ,we ask for nothing which we are not willing to concede to all our fellow-citizens--viz41 the natural right to have their children brought up according to their parents' conscientious convictions4 ,we want1 and we will have1 our children brought up ,catholics4 ,it can be done in various ways4 ,the state can pay the salaries of our teachers1 and the cost of our buildings1 and other expenses1 securing proper guarantees that the money will be honestly laid out1 and the children receive their due amount of secular instruction4 ,again1 the state may pay a pro rata1 and allow teachers to compete for scholars4 ,this is done in ,protestant ,england and ,prussia1 as well as in ,catholic ,france and ,austria1 and is1 obviously1 most in harmony with democratic principles4 ,other ways may be devised which will secure justice to all parties4 ,there is no practical difficulty1 except in the smallest country school districts4 ,these are always settled by the citizens themselves4 ,or1 we can educate our children1 without the state4 ,the state may let us alone1 and may do away entirely with public education1 except for those who are utterly without means--in other words1 change the common schools into charitable institutions1 and let parents provide4 ,but this1 we are persuaded1 is full of practical difficulties4 ,but the plan actually adopted has been to tax all alike for the common good1 and yet maintain a system1 which perfectly suits ,protestants1 but to which ,catholics cannot honestly or conscientiously agree4 ,,our ,,so-,,called ,,common ,,schools ,,are ,,not ,,free4 ,millions of the people rise up and proclaim it4 ,let those who like them send their children to them4 ,let those support them who like them by their 8private contributions40 ,then all honor to ,president ,grant when he says 8that not one dollar should be appropriated to the support of any sectarian schools40 ,the ,president further says3 8,,resolve ,,that ,,neither ,,state ,,nor ,,nation1 ,,nor ,,both ,,combined1 ,,shall ,,support ,,institutions ,,of ,,learning ,,other ,,than ,,those ,,sufficient ,,to ,,afford ,,every ,,child ,,growing ,,up ,,in ,,the ,,land ,,the ,,opportunity ,,of ,a ,,good ,,common-,,school ,,education1 ,,unmixed ,,with ,,sectarian1 ,,pagan1 ,,or ,,atheistical ,,dogmas40 ,now1 what is it that ,catholics complain of1 except that the state has supported1 and does support1 8institutions of learning0 mixed 8with sectarian1 pagan1 and atheistical dogmas08 ,there is no doubt about this fact4 ,protestants insist upon having the ,bible read in the public schools1 lest they become irreligious4 ,catholics maintain that the version used is garbled1 and that1 even if it were not1 no one has a right to teach it1 except those who have compiled it1 and are to-day the only responsible witnesses to its true meaning4 ,the ,jews maintain that the ,new ,testament part of it is not true4 ,infidels deny it altogether4 ,what right has any school board1 or any other purely human institution to decide this controversy2 and what right has any man under the ,constitution to enforce his religious views or his denial of religion upon others8 ,it is an outrage4 ,it is an inconsistency1 which cannot be stated in any terms without transparently manifesting its absurdity4 ,under the ,constitution1 and according to the spirit of our government1 all men are equal4 ,under the present system of common schools1 and1 according to the spirit of those who uphold them1 men are not equal1 and there is no such thing as regard for conscience2 but every majority has a right to enforce upon any minority1 no matter how large1 its peculiar ideas of instruction1 involving1 as this always does1 the question of religion itself4 ,we have repeated our protest1 until we are almost sick and tired of hearing the outrage mentioned2 we have never seen our position manfully approached within beat of drum2 and1 yet1 we have constantly been forced to ask ourselves1 8,will the ,american people never see this8 ,can it be that our enemies are1 as some of them hold themselves to be1 totally depraved80 ,some time ago1 after considerable agitation1 the ,chicago ,school ,board prohibited the reading of the ,sacred ,scriptures in the public schools of that city4 ,undoubtedly the protest of ,catholics had something to do with this4 ,but the action of the board was certainly based upon the idea1 that the reading of the ,protestant ,bible made the schools ,protestant1 8sectarian0 institutions1 and therefore unjust towards all other religious bodies4 ,let it be thoroughly understood1 that we fully appreciate the desire of our ,protestant fellow-citizens1 to hallow secular instruction4 ,but the reading of the ,scriptures as a public ceremony is as distinctive to them1 as the celebration of ,mass would be to ,catholics4 ,no one can evade the argument which forces this conclusion4 8,such schemes are glass2 the very sun shines through them40 ,and yet it is not a little remarkable1 how slowly the light breaks in upon the seat of the delusion4 ,it is a satisfaction1 however1 to note the few acknowledgments1 tardy and incomplete as they are1 of the principle which we have always maintained4 ,prof4 ,swing1 alluding to the action of the ,chicago ,school ,board to which we have referred1 gives voice to the following observations of common sense3 8,the government has no more right to teach the ,bible than it has to teach the ,koran4 ,my idea is that the government did1 in its earlier life1 run according to a sort of ,christian common law2 but now the number of ,jews1 ,catholics1 and infidels has become so greatly increased1 the government has to base itself squarely upon its constitutional idea that all men are religiously equal4 ,even if the genius of the country permitted the teaching of the ,bible1 ,i should doubt the propriety of continuing the custom1 because no valuable moral results can ever come from reading a few verses hurriedly in a school-house1 and social strifes will be continually springing up out of the practice40 ,the government1 then1 according to the professor1 has no rights in the spiritual domain--a proposition which we have been condemned to universal derision for maintaining1 and yet one that is self-evident to any person who will pause for a moment to consider our institutions4 ,an ardent advocate of what are called liberal principles1 commenting upon the position of ,prof4 ,swing1 very properly styles it the only one defensible4 ,the purpose of the ,liberal ,league is1 unquestionably1 to procure the complete secularization of our public schools1 which would1 of course1 be as unjust towards ,catholic tax-payers as any other system4 ,this class is no less hostile to justice and true liberty than any other set of meddlers4 ,nevertheless1 it is not a little amusing to see the unmistakable fear with which it regards the issue of the present anti-,catholic policy4 ,it waves1 as its flag of hostility to the ,catholics1 the threadbare pretext1 that we are secretly opposed to all education4 ,it is not necessary for us to repeat the indignant denial and protest1 with which we have ever met this gratuitous calumny4 ,we quote from the ,boston ,index of ,oct4 #bh3 8,the public-school system is to-day in the greatest danger1 not so much from the fact that it is openly attacked from without by the ,catholics1 as from the fact that a great inherent injustice to all non-,protestants is made part and parcel of it by its distinctively ,protestant character4 ,what is built on wrong is built on the sand2 and our school system will certainly fall in ruins by and by1 unless it can be grounded on equal justice to all40 ,when the avowed heathen1 who reap the fullest harvest1 fear for the destruction of our present unjust system of education1 on the ground that it is too iniquitous to last1 is it not time1 for people who call themselves ,christians1 to give a moment's heed to the petition1 which we have for years addressed to them1 as most advantageous to all of us1 and as doing injustice to none8 ,it appears1 however1 that this idea has infiltrated into other minds4 ,zion's ,herald1 a ,methodist journal1 quoted by the liberal paper to which we have referred1 says3 8,the state deals only with temporal affairs1 and does not attempt to usurp spiritual functions4 ,therefore the objects and methods of public education are wholly secular1 but by no means necessarily1 or at all1 immoral or irreligious4 ,on the contrary1 they are decidedly favorable to piety and morality4 ,but composed denominationally as the ,american people is1 the state ought not to impart religious education4 ,the moment such an attempt should be made1 the community would be in conflict as to what form it should take4 ,it may be conceded1 without danger perhaps1 that the state should not teach ethics1 except so far as the great fundamental principles of morals and politics1 as to which all ,americans are agreed1 are concerned4 ,the religious education of children may and should be remitted to the family1 the ,sabbath-school1 and the church--the natural and divinely-appointed guardians of religion and ethics40 ,in the face of this growing acknowledgment of the 8sectarian0 character of our public schools1 and knowing that they must give religious instruction or else be 8pagan and atheistical10 we are pleased to hear the demand that 8neither the ,state nor nation1 nor both combined10 shall support such schools4 ,the fact is1 that a people cannot wholly escape from its national traditions1 without forgetting its language1 or undergoing some violent revolution4 ,if our fellow-citizens will study the meaning of the terms which they habitually use1 they will not lose their traditions of freedom and equal rights1 nor will they throw themselves into a violent1 perilous departure from them4 ,but we hasten to comment upon another sentence1 which is frequently quoted from the ,president's oration3 8,,leave ,,the ,,matter ,,of ,,religion ,,to ,,the ,,family ,,altar1 ,,the ,,church1 ,,and ,,the ,,private ,,school ,,supported ,,by ,,private ,,contributions40 ,precisely so4 ,if it must come to this2 if no arrangement can be made1 by which religion and morality can be taught in the public schools1 then1 leave the matter to the family altar and the church1 and allow it to be done by private contributions4 ,in other words1 either furnish the people with that which you pretend to tax them for--viz41 a fair and equitable system of public schools--or allow them to provide for themselves4 ,but1 whatever you do1 keep your hands off the sacredness of the 8family altar40 ,do not set foot into the hallowed precincts of the domestic sanctuary4 ,the family1 though subordinate1 is not to be violated by the state4 ,parents have rights1 which no government can usurp4 ,you have no more right to force the education of their children out of their hands1 than to define the number of offspring by law4 ,you have no more right to establish a system1 to which you will endeavor to secure their conformity by violent measures1 than you have to establish public wet-nurseries1 or1 require that voters shall be brought up on government pap and be fed out of a government spoon4 ,keep from meddling with religion2 you have no authority to teach it4 ,what a bitter rebuke these words of the ,president contain for that party1 small and contemptible in itself1 but powerful by reason of the times1 which has ever sought to widen the gulf between us and our true-hearted countrymen6 ,it is not enough that we should be estranged by the traditions of three hundred years4 ,it is not enough to whisper into the popular ear every stale and loathed calumny4 ,it is not enough to bring our holiest rites and beliefs into the obscene literature now circulating amongst the depraved youth of our country4 ,it is not enough to drown with a thousand noisy1 insolent tongues1 every attempt we make at explanation4 ,it is not enough for this malignant1 persecuting power to drop its poison into every crevice of our social and religious system1 from the parlor to the sewer1 from the temple to the lupanar2 but the nation must be organized against us4 ,our religion must1 in some way or other1 be dragged into politics4 ,for shame6 we cry1 with the ,president4 ,in a country of such varied religious beliefs as ours1 there is but one way to order and peace--8,,keep ,,the ,,church ,,and ,,the ,,state ,,for ,,ever ,,separate40 ,to sum up3 ,we agree with the ,president3 #ast4 ,no 8sectarianism0 in our common schools2 and1 therefore1 8not one dollar0 to our present system of schools1 because they are sectarian4 #b;d4 8,not one dollar0 to 8pagan0 schools1 in which ,god is ignored4 #c;d4 8,not one dollar0 to 8atheistical0 schools1 in which ,god is denied in the name of 8science falsely so-called40 ,we now turn to consider the prophecy in which the ,president warns the ,american people of its future dangers3 8,,if ,,we ,,are ,,to ,,have ,,another ,,contest ,,in ,,the ,,near ,,future ,,of ,,our ,,national ,,existence1 ,i ,,predict ,,that ,,the ,,dividing ,,line ,,will ,,not ,,be ,,mason ,,and ,,dixon',s1 ,,but ,,between ,,patriotism ,,and ,,intelligence ,,on ,,the ,,one ,,side1 ,,and ,,superstition1 ,,ambition1 ,,and ,,ignorance ,,on ,,the ,,other40 ,what is meant by superstition8 ,formerly it meant seeking for power or knowledge1 by dealing with the impure spirits4 ,does the ,president mean to warn us against the delusions and uncleanness of modern spiritism8 ,if so1 we are agreed4 ,but we do not really suppose that the ,president means any such thing4 ,what does he mean8 ,we find in the dictionary four other meanings of the word which he has used4 ,superstition means 8an excessive reverence or fear of that which is unknown or mysterious40 ,but1 we observe no such phenomenon among our people2 if anything1 rather the reverse4 ,or it means 8,the worship of false gods40 ,we see no signs of this except in the 8,joss ,houses0 of ,san ,francisco4 ,nor do we behold any great belief 8in the agency of superior powers in certain extraordinary or singular events1 or in omens1 or prognostics40 ,nor1 further1 do we behold any 8excessive nicety or scrupulous exactness10 as an alarming feature of our present moral condition4 ,there remains but one meaning 7and this1 we are persuaded1 is the sense which the ,president intended to convey73 8,especially1 an ignorant or irrational worship of the supreme ,deity40 ,an ignorant worship of ,god is one which knows not what to believe concerning him1 or one which is unable to state what it does believe2 or1 further1 one which can give no conclusive reason for believing anything4 ,but1 outside the ,catholic ,church1 there is no religious body which can tell precisely what it ought to believe1 or precisely what it does believe1 or precisely why it ought to believe anything4 ,again1 an irrational belief in ,god is one which recognizes his existence1 and1 at the same time1 denies his attributes4 ,for instance1 it is an irrational belief in ,god1 which denies his wisdom2 which asserts1 that he has not chosen means adequate to accomplish his ends2 which represents him1 when he has made a revelation to man1 as leaving his divine truth in scattered and mysterious writings in an obscure language1 requiring men to find them1 collect them1 and believe their true meaning in order to be saved2 or which fancies that reading daily a few pages from these writings1 to little children1 will be sufficient to prepare them for the duties of life4 ,it is an irrational belief in ,god which represents him as immoral1 as creating man simply to damn him1 or1 which denies his justice1 by wickedly imagining that he will not punish oppression and calumny and those who sow discord in the midst of a free and happy people4 ,here again we agree with the ,president in denouncing such impiety1 and in predicting that1 if the liberties and institutions of this republic are soon to be jeopardized1 it will be by irreverence towards ,god and the contempt of charity and justice towards men1 ever practised by this 8ignorant and irrational worship of the supreme ,deity40 ,another item of danger which the ,president foresees in the near future is 8ignorance40 ,here1 again we find him sounding the note of warning1 to which we have always given voice4 ,his ,excellency says3 8,in a republic like ours1 ''' where no power is exercised except by the will of the people1 it is important that the sovereign1 the people1 should foster intelligence--that intelligence which is to preserve us as a free nation40 ,the liberties of this republic will not be maintained1 we say1 by an ignorant1 debauched1 and corrupted generation4 ,our common people must be educated4 ,they must possess 8that intelligence which is to preserve us as a free nation40 ,they must know something more than simply how to read and write and 8cipher40 ,nor will it be sufficient1 to add to this a knowledge of music4 ,they must have a sound and thorough moral training4 ,their conscientious convictions must be grounded on truth daily taught and daily enforced4 ,they must be daily taught to control their passions2 they must be taught honesty1 and be required to give back that which is unjustly gotten4 ,they must be taught the true purpose of life4 ,but this training1 as the ,president affirms1 belongs not to the state1 but to the 8family altar and the church40 ,either assist all families and all churches1 or else encourage them to help themselves4 ,these are our sentiments4 ,but when sectarian bigotry has gotten hold of a system of the falsely so-called 8common schools10 and with obstinate purpose1 and clamorous intensity and ever-swelling declamation1 manifests its resolve to maintain this system1 even though it conflicts with the conscientious rights of millions of the people of our country2 when1 further1 it is determined to force a large minority to accept this state of things1 or to go without instruction1 we1 as ,american citizens1 denounce the system as tyrannous2 in the full sense of the word1 as a reckless and immoral oppression4 ,we assert that those who uphold it1 do not desire intelligence1 but prefer ignorance2 that their aim is not to promote knowledge1 but to destroy the religious convictions of our children1 and to keep us from growing in the land4 ,we affirm that such self-delusion originates in ignorance1 is perpetuated by ignorance1 tends to still deeper degradation of ignorance2 and we predict that it will bring forth the fruits of ignorance1 not only in morality1 but in the lower sciences4 ,we1 for our part1 will never relax our efforts to show up the dishonesty of this party2 we will never withdraw our protest1 until justice has been done2 and knowing to what lengths men can go when they start without principle1 we fully share in the alarm of our chief magistrate1 as to the danger of 8ignorance40 ,have we not1 therefore1 reason to hope that1 in the midst of the struggle1 which his sagacious mind perceives to be at hand1 we shall find him on the side of patriotism and intelligence1 with all true ,americans1 against that 8superstition0 and 8ignorance10 whose aim is to destroy the 8security of unfettered religious sentiments and equal rights0 of his fellow-citizens8 ,there is another item of the future contest1 which1 according to our ,president1 is 8,,ambition40 ,,what ,,is ,,ambition8 ,a man has been elected to the highest office in the gift of a free people1 the limits of which have been fixed by a custom handed down by the fathers of the nation1 and which1 to the minds of true patriots1 has the force of law4 ,when such a trust does not satisfy the honored recipient1 and he1 yielding to personal motives1 strains every nerve1 and seeks by every means at his command1 to break down all barriers to continuation of power1 thereby abusing the dignity of his post and the confidence of the people--that is ambition4 ,we do not fully share the apprehension with which the ,president foresees this threat to the 8near future0 of our national welfare4 ,but if it be true1 we fully agree with him when he says3 8,now1 the centennial year of our national existence1 ,i believe1 is a good time to begin the work of strengthening the foundations of the structure commenced by our patriotic forefathers one hundred years ago at ,lexington40 8,language10 according to a great diplomatist1 8was given to man1 in order that he might conceal his ideas40 ,but this maxim has never been accepted by honorable men4 ,in examining1 thus briefly1 the 8,des ,moines speech10 we have followed that other canon of criticism1 which requires that words shall be interpreted in their literal sense1 as far as possible4 ,submitted to this just criticism1 the language appears to us immortal1 and worthy of the high place which is even now being prepared for it4 ,some may marvel1 and may wonder how the ,president came to be filled with so high a degree of the prophetic spirit4 ,like ,balaam1 the son of ,beor1 he was expected to curse us2 unlike ,balaam1 he was not stayed1 but rather urged on by the faithful servant with whom he previously conversed4 ,but there is no mystery about it4 ,he has grown up with the instincts of a true ,american1 and he has spoken accordingly4 ,not only are the words on which we have commented true1 but they are in accordance with sound ,catholic principles4 ,we are ready to take him at his word1 and his words in their true meaning4 ,to those who will join us we say1 without disguise or reserve3 8,gentlemen1 you will never regret having trusted us1 and dealt fairly with us1 according to the laws and ,constitution of this country40 ,we believe with the ,president1 that1 if the only honest meaning of his language be as honestly carried out1 8the battles which created the ,army of the ,tennessee0 7which1 by the way1 a ,catholic general once commanded and in whose ranks hundreds of ,catholic hearts bled7--we believe1 we say1 that these battles 8will not have been fought in vain40 ,the children of the soldiers of the ,union will at least be the peers of those whom their fathers overcame4 ,the nations' heroes will not look down1 to see their heirs defrauded of equal rights in 8the ,union and the free institutions for which they died40 ,the ,president will yield to his comrades in arms1 at least as much as he is so ready to accord to his late opponents4 ,and as for our countrymen throughout the ,union1 we are prepared to wait1 trusting that when fully enlightened1 they will agree to our obtaining1 independently of all political agitations or party organizations1 our just and equal rights as ,american citizens4 ,,sonnets ,,in ,,memory ,,of ,,the ,,late ,,sir ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere1 ,,bart4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,i4 ,to-night upon thy roof the snows are lying2 ,the ,christmas snows lie heavy on thy trees2 ,a dying dirge that soothes the year in dying ,swells from thy woodlands on the midnight breeze4 ,our loss is ancient2 many a heart is sighing ,this hour a late one1 or by slow degrees ,heals some old wound1 to ,god's high grace replying-- ,a time there was when thou wert like to these6 ,where art thou8 ,in what unimagined sphere ,liv'st thou1 sojourner1 or a transient guest8 ,by whom companioned8 ,access hath she near1 ,in life thy nearest1 and beloved the best8 ,what memory hast thou of thy loved ones here8 ,hangs the great ,vision o'er thy place of rest8 ,,ii4 8,sweet-sounding bells1 blithe summoners to prayer60#agc ,the answer man can yield not ye bestow3 ,your answer is a little ,infant1 bare1 ,wafted to earth on night-winds whispering low4 ,blow him to ,bethlehem1 airs angelic1 blow6 ,there doth the ,mother-,maid his couch prepare3 ,his harbor is her bosom3 drop him there ,soft as a snow-flake on a bank of snow4 ,sole ,hope of man6 ,sole ,hope for us--for thee6 8,to us a ,prince is given2 a ,child is born60-- ,thou sang'st of ,bethlehem1 and of ,calvary1 ,the ,maid immaculate1 and the twisted thorn ,where'er thou art1 not far1 not far is ,he ,whose banner whitens in yon ,christmas morn6 ,a ,,message4 ,is there anything more tantalizing than to be caught with a toothache and swelled face just at ,christmas time1 when one's hands are full of work that must be finished1 of plans that have been begun in time and carried on prosperously to within a few days of their fulfilment8 ,this is just what befell ,mr4 ,stephen ,walpole on the #bjth of ,december in the year of grace #ahgj4 ,you remember what a terrific winter that was8 ,how the bleak north wind blew over ice and snow1 and added tenfold horrors to the poor soldiers fighting in that terrible ,franco-,german war--how all our hearts shuddered in pity for them1 as we sat stitching and knitting in their service by the glow of our ,christmas fires6 ,this #bjth of ,december was1 perhaps1 the bitterest day of the whole season4 ,the snow was deep on the ground1 the ice hung in long spikes from rails and roofs1 and the east wind blew cruelly over all4 ,stephen ,walpole ought to have been out breasting it1 but1 instead of this1 he sat at home moaning1 in a voice that sounded like a fog-bell at sea1 through poultices1 wadding1 and miles of flannel that swelled his head out of all human proportions4 8,to think of a man being knocked down by a thing no bigger than a pin's point60 he grumbled4 8,a prick of that miserable atom one calls a nerve turns the seat of one's intellect into a monster calf's head1 and makes one a spectacle to gods and men4 ,i could whip myself for being such a milksop as to knock under to it4 ,i'd rather have every tooth in my head pulled out than play the woman like this4''' ,och6 ,whew60 8,serves you right1 sir1 for your impertinence60 protested ,nelly ,walpole1 bridling up and applying a fresh hot poultice to her brother's cheek1 which she bade him hold2 but ,stephen1 in his manly inability to bear the toothache with composure1 dropped the soft mess under a sudden sting that jerked it out of his hand4 8,what an unmanageable baby it is60 cried ,nelly1 catching the poultice in time to save her pretty violet cashmere dress4 8,i told you to hold your cheek while ,i fastened the bandage2 make haste now before it cools40 8,o my unfortunate brother6 ,ill-fated man6 ,is this how ,i find you1 bound and poulticed in the hands of the ,philistines80 ,this was from ,marmaduke1 ,nelly's younger brother1 who entered while the operation was going on1 and stood surveying the victim in serene compassion4 8,yes10 cried ,stephen1 8and all the pity a poor devil gets is being bullied for not holding his jaw40 8,oh6 come1 you're not so bad1 since there's vice enough in you for a pun60 said ,marmaduke4 8,how did you catch the thing80 8,what thing--the pun80 8,the toothache40 8,it caught me10 said ,stephen resentfully4 8,then it caught you in some of those villanous cut-throat places where you go pottering after beggars and blackguards and the ,lord knows what60 said ,marmaduke with airy contempt1 drawing his slim1 beringed fingers gracefully through a mass of remarkably fine curls that clustered over his high1 white forehead1 and gave a boyish look to his handsome young face1 and added to its attractions4 ,he was extremely prepossessing1 this perfumed1 patent-leather-booted young gentleman of two-and-twenty4 ,you could not look at him without liking him4 ,his eye was as clear as a child's1 his smile as frank1 his laughter as joyous and catching4 ,yet1 as it sometimes happens with the graces of childhood1 these things were a deceptive promise4 ,the frankness and the joy were genuine2 but there was a cold gleam of contempt1 a cold ring of selfishness1 in the bright eyes and the merry voice that were very disappointing when you found them out4 ,but people were slow to find them out4 ,even those who lived with ,marmaduke1 and thus had ample opportunities of judging1 remained under the spell of his attractive manners and personal charms until some accident revealed their worthlessness4 ,a false coin will go on passing current through many hands1 until one day some one drops it to the ground1 and the glittering sham is betrayed4 ,he had not a bad heart2 he was kind even1 when he could be brought to forget himself for a moment and think of others4 ,but it required a shock to do this2 and shocks are1 happily1 rare in every-day life4 ,so ,marmaduke slept on undisturbed in his egotism1 hardening unconsciously in self-absorbed enjoyment4 ,he had never taken trouble about anything1 made a genuine effort of any sort except for his amusement4 ,he had just the kind of brains to enable him to get through college with a decent amount of success easily--tact1 ready repartee1 a quick1 retentive memory that gave the maximum of result for the minimum of work4 ,he would pass for clever and well informed where an awkward1 ugly youth1 who had ten times his intellect and studied ten times harder1 would pass for knowing nothing4 ,stephen was eight years older than he1 and had not yet discovered his brother's real value4 ,perhaps this arose partly from ,stephen's not being of a particularly observant or analytical turn of mind4 ,he took people pretty much at their own valuation1 as the world is rather apt to do4 ,marmaduke set a very high price on his handsome face and limited attainments1 and his brother had never dreamed of disputing it4 ,he would sometimes navely express his surprise that people were so fond of ,duke when he did so little to please them2 and wonder how popular he was1 considering that he never gave himself the smallest trouble to oblige or humor people4 8,i suppose it's his handsome face that mankind1 and womankind in particular1 find so taking10 ,stephen would remark to ,nelly4 8,he certainly has a wonderful knack for getting on with people without caring twopence whether they like him or not4 ,i wish ,i knew his secret4 ,perhaps it's his high spirits40 ,nelly would sometimes suggest that ,marmaduke's fine temper might count for something in the mystery4 ,and ,stephen never contradicted her4 ,his temper was not his best point4 ,he had a heart of gold2 he had energy1 patience1 and endurance to any extent--except in case of toothache2 he was unselfish and generous2 but he was sensitive and exacting4 ,like most persons who dispense liberally1 he was impatient of the selfishness and ingratitude of men who take all they can get and return nothing4 ,marmaduke had no such accounts to square with human beings1 so he never felt aggrieved1 never quarrelled with them4 ,stephen was working hard at his profession--he was an engineer--and so far he had achieved but moderate success4 ,marmaduke had been called to the bar1 but it was a mere formality so far2 he spent his time dawdling about town1 retailing gossip and reading poetry1 waiting for briefs that never came--that never do come to handsome young gentlemen who take it so easy4 ,his elder brother laid no blame on him for this want of success4 ,he was busy all day himself1 and took for granted that ,marmaduke was busy on his side4 ,the law was up-hill work1 besides2 the cleverest and most industrious men grew gray in its service before they made a name for themselves2 and ,duke was after all but a boy--he had time enough before him4 ,so ,stephen argued in his brotherly indulgence1 in ignorance of the real state of things4 ,nelly was1 as yet1 the only person who had found out ,marmaduke1 who knew him thoroughly4 ,she knew him egotistical to the core1 averse to work1 to effort of every sort1 idle1 self-indulgent1 extravagant2 and the knowledge of all this afforded much anxious thought to her little head of nineteen years4 ,they lived alone1 these three4 ,nelly was a mother to the two young men1 watching and caring for them with that instinctive child-motherhood that is so touching in young girls sometimes4 ,she was a spirited1 elfin little creature1 very pretty1 blessed with the sweetest of tempers1 the shrewdest of common sense1 and an energy of character that nothing daunted and few things resisted4 ,marmaduke described this trait of ,nelly's in brother-like fashion as 8a will of her own40 ,he knew his was no match for it1 and1 with a tact which made one of his best weapons of defence1 he contrived to avoid clashing with it4 ,this was not all policy4 ,he loved his pretty sister1 and admired her more than anything in the world except himself4 ,and yet he knew that this admiration was not mutual2 that ,nelly knew him thoroughly1 saw through him as if he were glass2 but he was not afraid of her4 ,his elder brother was duped by him2 but he would have staked his life on it that ,nelly would never undeceive him2 that she would let ,stephen go on believing in him so long as the deceiver himself did not tear off the mask4 ,yet it was a source of bitter anxiety to the wise little mother-maiden to watch ,marmy drifting on in this life of indolence and vacuity4 ,where was it to end8 ,where do such lives always end8 ,nothing but some terrible shock could awake him from it4 ,and where was the shock to come from8 ,nelly never preached--she was far too sensible for that--but when the opportunity presented itself she would say a few brief words to the culprit in an earnest way that never irritated him1 if they worked no better result4 ,he would admit with exasperating good-humor that he was a good-for-nothing dog2 that he was unworthy of such a perfection of a sister and such an irreproachable elder brother2 but that1 as nature had so blessed him1 he meant to take advantage of the privilege of leaving the care of his perfection to them4 8,if ,i were alone on my own hook1 ,nell1 ,i would work like a galley-slave10 he protested once to her gentle upbraiding4 8,but as it is1 why need ,i bother myself8 ,you will save my soul1 and pray me high and dry into heaven2 and ,stephen--,stephen the admirable1 the unimpeachable1 the pink of respectability--will keep me out of mischief in this40 8,i don't believe in vicarious salvation for this world or the next1 and neither do you1 ,marmy4 ,you are much too intelligent to believe in any such absurdity10 replied ,nelly1 handing him a glove she had been sewing a button into4 ,marmaduke did not contradict her1 but1 whistling an air from the ,trovatore1 arranged his hat becomingly1 a little to one side1 and1 with a farewell look in the glass over the mantel-piece1 sauntered out for his morning constitutional in the park4 ,nelly went to the window1 and watched the lithe young figure1 with its elastic step1 until it disappeared4 ,she was conscious of a stronger solicitude about ,marmaduke this morning than she had ever felt before4 ,it was like a presentiment4 ,yet there was nothing that she knew of to justify it4 ,he had not taken to more irregular hours1 nor more extravagant habits1 nor done anything to cause her fresh anxiety2 still1 her heart beat as under some new and sudden fear4 ,perhaps it was the ring of false logic in his argument that sounded a louder note of alarm and warned her of worse danger than she had suspected4 ,one might fear everything for a man starting in life with the deliberate purpose of shifting his responsibility on to another1 setting his conscience to sleep because he had two brave1 wakeful ones watching at his side4 8,if something would but come and wake him up to see the monstrous folly1 the sinfulness1 of it60 sighed ,nelly4 8,but nothing short of a miracle could do that1 ,i believe4 ,he might1 indeed1 fall ill and be brought to death's door2 he might break his leg and be a cripple for life1 and that might serve the purpose2 but oh6 dear1 ,i'm not brave enough to wish for so severe a remedy40 ,two months had passed since this little incident between the brother and sister1 and nothing had occurred to vindicate ,nelly's gloomy forebodings4 ,marmaduke rose late1 read the newspaper1 then ,tennyson1 ,lamartine1 or the last novel1 made an elaborate toilet1 and sauntered down to the courts to keep a lookout for the coming briefs4 ,but it was near ,christmas now1 and this serious and even tenor of life had been of late broken in upon by the getting up of private theatricals in company with some bachelor friends4 ,what between learning his own part1 and hearing his fellow-actors and actresses theirs1 and overseeing stage arrangements1 ,marmaduke had a hard time of it4 ,his hands were full2 he was less at home than usual1 seldom or never of an evening4 ,he had come in very late some nights1 and looked worn and out of spirits1 ,nelly thought1 when he came down to his late breakfast4 8,i wish those theatricals were over1 ,marmy4 ,they will kill you if they last much longer10 she said1 with a tender1 anxious look on her pretty little face4 ,this was the day he came home and found ,stephen in the hands of the ,philistines4 8',tis hard work enough10 assented the young man1 stretching out his long limbs wearily2 8but the #bfth will soon be here4 ,it will be too bad if you are laid up and can't come and applaud me1 ,steevy10 he added1 considering his elder brother's huge head1 that looked as if it would take a month to regain its natural shape4 8,humph6 ,that's the least of my troubles60 boomed ,stephen through his poultice4 8,civil6 ,eh1 ,nell8 ,i can tell you it's as bad as any toothache1 the labor ,i've had with the business--those lazy dogs1 ,travers and ,milford1 throwing all the weight of it on me1 under pretext of never having done that sort of thing before40 8,that's always the fate of the willing horse10 said ,stephen1 without the faintest idea of being sarcastic4 8,that's just what ,i complain of with those idle fellows ,x---- and ,w----2 they throw the burden of all the business on me1 because1 forsooth1 ,i understand things better6 ,i do understand that people can't get work done unless they bestir themselves and attend to it40 8,i wouldn't be such an ass as to let myself be put on in that way10 said ,marmaduke resentfully4 8,i would not be fooled into doing the work of three people instead of one40 8,and yet that's what you are doing at present10 replied ,stephen4 8,oh6 that's different2 it is only en passant10 explained ,marmaduke2 8and then1 you see1 it4'''0 8,amuses you10 ,nelly had it on the tip of her tongue to say2 but she checked herself1 and finished the sentence for him with1 8,it is not the same thing2 people cannot make terms for a division of labor1 except it be in the case of real business40 8,of course not10 assented ,stephen4 ,marmaduke looked at his boots1 and inwardly voted ,nelly 8no end of a trump40 ,did she guess this mental vote1 and did she take advantage of it to ask him a favor8 8,perhaps ,marmy would go and see that poor man for you1 ,stephen80 she said in the most natural way possible1 without looking up from her work4 8,i wish he would2 ,i should be ever so much obliged to him4 ,would you mind it1 ,duke80 8,mind what80 8,taking a message for me to a poor fellow that ,i wanted badly to go and see to-day40 8,who is he8 ,where does he hang out80 8,his name is ,john ,baines1 and he hangs out in ,red ,pepper ,lane1 ten minutes from here1 at the back of the square40 8,some abominable slum1 no doubt40 8,the locality is not ,berkeley ,square or ,piccadilly1 but it would not kill you to walk through it once10 rejoined ,stephen4 8,do go1 there's a dear boy60 coaxed ,nelly1 fixing her bright eyes on ,marmaduke's face1 with a smile that would have fascinated a gorilla4 ,marmaduke rose1 stretched his arms1 as if to brace himself for an effort4 8,who's your friend ,john ,baines80 he said4 8,a ticket-of-leave man80 8,nothing so interesting2 he's only a rag-and-bone man40 ,marmaduke said nothing1 but his nose uttered such an unmistakable pshaw6 that ,nelly1 in spite of herself1 burst out laughing4 8,what the deuce can make him cultivate such company80 he exclaimed1 appealing to ,nelly1 and joining good-humoredly in her merriment4 8,to help them and do them good2 what else80 she replied4 8,every man to his taste2 ,i confess ,i have none for evangelizing rag-and-bone men1 or indeed men of any station1 kind1 or degree10 observed ,marmaduke emphatically4 8,then you won't go80 said ,stephen4 8,i didn't say ,i wouldn't4 ,i don't mind devoting myself for once to oblige you4 ,what's your message for ,john ,baines8 ,not a leg of mutton or a bottle of port8 ,i won't bargain for carrying that sort of article40 8,i don't want you to carry anything that will encumber you10 replied the elder brother4 8,tell him ,i cannot get to see him to-day1 and why1 and that ,i am very sorry for it4 ,meantime1 you can say ,i have done his commission4 ,see if he wants anything1 and1 if so ,i will send it at once40 8,what ails him80 enquired ,marmaduke with a sudden look of alarm4 8,poverty3 hunger1 and cold1 and misery40 8,oh6 that's all6 ,i mean it's not a case of typhus or small-pox4 ,i should not care to imperil my valuable life by running in the way of that sort of thing10 observed ,marmaduke4 8,have no fear4 ,the complaint is not catching10 replied his brother4 8,whatever good he may do you1 he'll do you no harm40 8,dear ,marmy6 it's very good of you60 whispered ,nelly1 as she tripped down-stairs after the reluctant messenger1 and helped him on with his fur coat in the hall4 8,it's not a bit good2 it's an infernal bore1 and ,i'm only doing it to please you1 ,nell10 protested ,marmaduke4 8,what a fool's errand it is6 ,i sha'n't know from ,adam what to say to the man when ,i get there4 ,what am ,i to say to him80 8,oh6 anything10 suggested ,nelly4 8,say you have come to see him because ,stephen is ill1 and ask him how he is4 ,you're never at a loss for something to say1 you know that right well2 and whatever you say is sure to be right40 8,when ,i know who ,i'm talking to2 but ,i don't know this interesting party1 or what topics of conversation he particularly affects4 ,he won't expect me to preach him a sermon1 eh80 ,and ,marmaduke faced round with a look of such comical terror at the thought that ,nelly again burst out laughing4 8,heaven forbid6 ,that's the last thing you need dream of10 she cried4 8,he is much more likely to preach to you40 8,oh6 indeed2 but ,i didn't bargain for that4 ,i would very much rather be excused10 protested ,marmaduke1 anything but reassured4 8,you foolish boy6 ,i mean that he will preach to you as the poor always do--by example2 by their patience1 and their gratitude for the least thing one does for them40 8,i'm not going to do anything for ,john ,baines that ,i can see2 only bothering him with a visit which he would very likely rather ,i spared him40 8,you will give him ,stephen's message10 suggested ,nelly1 8and then let him talk4 ,there is nothing poor people enjoy so much as a good listener4 ,they are quite happy when they can pour out their grievances into a willing ear4 ,the sympathy of the rich is often a greater comfort to the poor than their alms40 8,humph6 ,that's lucky1 anyhow10 grunted ,marmaduke4 8,well1 ,i'll let the old gentleman have his head2 ,i'll listen till he pulls up of his own accord40 ,he had his hand on the door-latch1 when ,stephen's muffled tones were heard calling from the room above4 ,nelly bounded up the stairs1 and was back in an instant4 8,he says you are to give ,baines half a sovereign from him2 he had nearly forgotten it40 8,where is it80 said ,marmaduke1 holding out his hand4 8,stephen has not his purse about him1 so he begs you will give it for him40 8,neither have ,i mine10 said the young man4 8,well1 run up for it2 or shall ,i8 ,where is it80 inquired willing ,nelly4 ,marmaduke hesitated for a moment1 and then said abruptly3 8,it doesn't matter where it is2 there's nothing in it40 8,what have you done with your money8 ,you had plenty a few days ago60 exclaimed ,nelly in childlike surprise4 8,i have lost it2 ,i haven't a brass farthing in the world60 ,he said this in a reckless1 dogged sort of way1 as if he did not care who knew it2 and yet he spoke in an undertone4 ,for one moment ,nelly looked at him in blank astonishment4 8,lost it80 she repeated1 and then1 the truth flashing on her suddenly1 she cried in a frightened whisper3 8,o ,marmaduke6 you have not been gambling8 ,oh6 tell me it's not true40 ,she caught hold of his arm1 and1 clinging to it1 looked into his face1 scared and white4 8,nonsense1 ,nell6 ,i thought you were a girl of sense10 he exclaimed pettishly1 disengaging himself and pushing back the bolt4 8,let me be off2 tell ,stephen ,i had not change1 so his friend must wait till he can go and tip him himself40 8,no1 no2 he may be hungry1 poor man4 ,stay1 ,i think ,i have ten shillings here10 said ,nelly2 and she pulled out her porte-monnaie1 and picked four half-crowns from the promiscuous heap of smaller coins4 8,take these2 ,i will tell ,stephen you will give the ten shillings40 ,her hand trembled as she dropped the money into ,marmaduke's pocket4 ,he was about to resist2 but there was something peremptory1 a touch of that will of her own1 in her manner that deterred him4 8,i'm sorry ,i said anything about it2 ,i should not if ,i thought you would have minded it so much10 he observed4 8,minded it8 ,o ,marmaduke6 ,minded your taking to gambling80 8,tush6 ,don't talk nonsense6 ,a man isn't a gambler because once in a way he loses a twenty-pound note40 ,and with this he brushed past her1 and closed the hall-door with a loud bang4 ,nelly did not sit down on one of the hall chairs and cry4 ,she felt mightily inclined to do so2 but she struggled against the weakness and overcame it4 ,walking quietly up the stairs1 she hummed a few bars of a favorite air as she passed the door of ,stephen's sitting-room1 and went on to her own room on the story above4 ,but even here1 safe and alone1 the tears were bravely held back4 ,she would not cry2 she would not be seen with red eyes that would betray her brother2 she would do her very utmost to rescue him1 to screen him even now4 ,while she is wrestling and pleading in the silence of her own room1 let us follow the gambler to ,red ,pepper ,lane4 ,marmaduke had described the place accurately when he called it an abominable slum4 ,red ,pepper ,lane was one of those dismal1 frightful dens of darkness and dirt that cower at the back of so many of our wealthy squares and streets--poison-pits for breeding typhus and every social plague that desolates great cities4 ,the houses were so high and the lane so narrow that you could at a stretch have shaken hands across from window to window4 ,there was a rope slung half-way down the alley1 with a lantern hanging from it which looked more like a decoration or a sign than a possible luminary2 for the glass was too thickly crusted with dirt to admit of the strongest light piercing it4 ,in the middle of the lane was a gutter1 in which a few ragged1 begrimed1 and hungry-looking little mortals were playing in the dirty snow4 ,the east wind whistled through the dreary tenements with a sharp1 pitiless cry2 the sky was bright outside1 but here in ,red ,pepper ,lane its brightness did not penetrate4 ,nothing but the wind could enter1 and that came with all its might1 through the crannies in the walls1 through the rickety doors1 through the window-frames glazed with brown paper or battered old hats--any rag that could be spared to stuff the empty panes4 ,not a head was seen anywhere protruding from windows or doors2 the fierce blast kept every one within who had a roof to cover them4 ,if it were not for the sooty little objects disporting themselves in the gutter1 the lane might have been the precincts of the jail1 so deserted and silent was it4 ,marmaduke might have wandered up and down for an hour without meeting any one whom he could ask to direct him to where ,john ,baines lived1 but luckily he recognized the house at once by ,stephen's signal of an old broom nailed over the door4 ,he searched for a knocker or a bell2 but seeing neither1 he sounded a loud rat-ta-ta-tat with the gold knob of his walking-stick1 and presently a voice called out from somewhere to 8lift the latch60 ,he did so1 and1 again left to his own devices1 he followed ,stephen's injunctions and went straight up to the second story1 where he knocked1 and in obedience to a sharp 8,come in60 entered4 ,the gloom of the lane had prepared him gradually for the deeper gloom of the room1 and he at once distinguished a person1 whom he rightly surmised to be the rag-and-bone man1 sitting at the farther end1 near the fire-place1 wrapped up in a brown blanket1 with his feet resting on the hearth-stone1 as if he were toasting them4 ,if he was1 it was in imagination2 for there was no fire--only the ghost of one as visible in a mass of gray ashes1 and they did not look as if even a glow of the late warmth remained in them4 ,he had his back to the door1 and1 when it opened1 he turned his head in that direction1 but not sufficiently to see who came in4 ,marmaduke1 as he stood on the threshold1 took in the surroundings at a glance4 ,there was a bed on the floor in one corner1 with no bed-clothes to speak of1 the blanket being just now in requisition as a cloak2 a miserable-looking table and two chairs--an unoccupied one and the one ,baines sat in2 a bag and a basket were flung under the window1 and some dingy old utensils--a saucepan1 kettle1 etc4--lay about4 ,there was nothing particularly dreadful in the scene2 it was1 compared with many such1 rather a cheerful one on the whole2 but ,marmaduke1 who had no experience of the dwellings of the poor1 thought it the most appalling picture of misery and desolation that could be conceived4 ,he was roused from the stupor of horror into which the sudden spectacle had thrown him by hearing the figure in the blanket ask rather sharply a second time 8,who's there80 8,i beg your pardon10 said ,marmaduke1 advancing within a step of the chair4 8,my name is ,walpole2 ,i have come to see if there is anything ,i can do for you--anything that you ''' that '''0 he stammered1 not knowing how to put it4 8,oh6 ,mr4 ,walpole1 ,i am obliged to you for calling1 sir4 ,i want nothing2 but ,i am glad to see you4 ,it is very kind of you4 ,pray take a chair4 ,you must excuse me for not getting up2 my leg is still very painful40 8,i am only the brother of the ,mr4 ,walpole whom you know10 said ,marmaduke1 surprised beyond measure at the good address of the man4 8,my brother is laid up with a violent face-ache4 ,he was greatly put out at not being able to keep his appointment with you this afternoon1 and sent me to see how you were getting on1 and to tell you he had done something that you commissioned him to do40 8,your brother is extremely kind10 said the man4 8,i am sorry to hear he is ill4 ,this weather is trying to everybody40 8,you seem to be a severe sufferer from it10 remarked ,marmaduke4 ,he had opened his fur coat1 and sat back in the rickety chair1 in mortal fear all the while that it would go to smash under him4 ,this was the most extraordinary specimen of the rag-and-bone tribe--he could not say that he had ever known1 for he had never known one in his life1 but--that he could have imagined4 ,he spoke like an educated man1 and1 even in his blanket1 he had the bearing of a gentleman4 ,if it were not for his swollen nose and the glare of his red eye-balls1 which were decidedly not refined1 there was nothing in his appearance to indicate that he belonged to the very dregs of human society4 ,it was impossible to say how old he was1 but you saw at a glance that he was more broken than aged4 8,yes1 ,i am suffering rather severely just now10 he replied in a quiet1 conversational way2 8,i always do when the cold sets in4 ,but1 added to my chronic complaint of sciatica1 ,i slipped on the ice some time ago1 and sprained my left foot badly4 ,your brother made my acquaintance at the hospital where ,i was taken to have it set right40 8,and has it been set right80 8,yes2 ,i can't get about easily yet1 but it will be all right by and by40 ,and then1 dismissing the selfish subject1 he said3 8,i am distressed1 sir1 that you should have had the trouble of coming to such a place as this2 pray don't let me detain you longer40 8,i'm in no hurry10 replied ,marmaduke1 whose interest and curiosity were more and more excited4 8,is there nothing ,i can do for you8 ,it's dismal work sitting here all day with a sprained ankle1 and having nothing to do2 would you care to have some books80 ,it did not occur to him to ask if he knew how to read2 he would as soon have inquired if he knew how to speak4 ,baines looked at him with a curious expression4 8,i don't look like a man to lend books to1 do ,i80 he said4 8,there's not much in common between books and a rag-and-bone man40 8,quite as much1 ,i should say1 as there is between some men and rags and bones10 retorted ,marmaduke1 meeting the man's eyes with a responsive question in his own4 ,baines turned away with a short laugh4 ,perhaps it was mere accident or the force of habit that made him look up at the space over the mantel-piece2 but there was something in the deliberate glance that made ,marmaduke follow it1 and1 doing so1 he saw a faded but originally good engraving of ,shakspere hung in a frame against the wall4 ,repressing the low whistle which rose involuntarily to his lips1 he said1 looking at the portrait3 8,you have a likeness of ,shakspere1 ,i see4 ,have you read his plays80 8,ay1 and acted them60 8,acted them6 ,you were originally on the stage1 then8 ,i saw at once that you were not what you seem to me10 said ,marmaduke1 with that frankness that seemed so full of sympathy and was so misleading1 though never less so1 perhaps1 than at this moment4 8,would it be disagreeable to you to tell me through what chapters of ill-luck or other vicissitudes you came to be in the position where ,i now see you80 ,the man was silent for a few minutes2 whether he was too deeply offended to reply at once1 or whether he was glancing over the past which the question evoked1 it was impossible to say4 ,marmaduke fancied he was offended1 and1 vexed with himself for having questioned him1 he stood up1 and laying ,nelly's four half-crowns on the chimney-piece1 8,i beg your pardon if ,i seemed impertinent2 ,i assure you ,i did not mean it10 he said4 8,i felt interested in you1 and curious to know something more of you2 but ,i had no right to put questions4 ,good-morning40 ,he made a step towards the door1 but ,baines1 rousing himself1 arrested him by a sign4 8,i am not offended10 he said4 8,i saw quite well what made you ask it4 ,you would have every right to catechise me if ,i had come to you for help2 as it is1 your kindness and your brother's makes a claim which ,i am in no mind to dispute4 ,if you don't mind shivering in this cold place for half an hour1 pray sit down1 and ,i will tell you my story4 ,i have not a cigar to offer you10 he added with a laugh1 8but perhaps you don't affect that vice80 8,i do indeed very considerably10 said ,marmaduke1 and1 pulling out a handsome cigar-case1 he handed it to ,baines1 and invited him to help himself2 the rag-man hesitated just for a moment1 and then1 yielding to the instinct of his good-breeding1 took one4 8,it's not an amusing story10 he began1 when they had sent up a few warm puffs from their fragrant weeds1 8but it may not be uninteresting to you4 ,you are very young2 would it be rude to ask how young80 8,two-and-twenty next week1 if ,i live so long10 replied ,marmaduke4 8,humph6 ,i was just that age when ,i took the fatal turn in the road that led to the honorable career in which ,i am now embarked4 ,my father was an officer in the line4 ,he had no fortune to speak of2 a couple of thousand pounds left him by an aunt was all the capital he possessed4 ,when he was still young1 he married1 and got three thousand pounds with his wife4 ,i was their only child4 ,my father died when ,i was ten years old1 and left me to the sole care of my mother1 who made an idol of me and spoiled me to my heart's content4 ,i was not a bad boy1 ,i had no evil propensities1 and ,i was not deficient in brains4 ,i picked up things with little or no effort1 and got on better at school than many who had twice the brains and four times the industry4 ,i was passionately fond of poetry1 learned pages of ,byron and ,shelley by heart1 and declaimed with a good deal of power4 ,there could not have been a greater curse than such a gift to a boy of my temperament and circumstances4 ,when ,i left school1 ,i went to ,oxford4 ,my poor mother strained every nerve to give me a university education1 with a view to my becoming a barrister2 but instead of repaying her sacrifices by working hard1 ,i spent the greater part of my time acting4 ,i became infatuated about ,shakspere1 and took to private theatricals with a frenzy of enthusiasm4 ,as ill-luck would have it1 ,i fell in with a set of fellows who were drama-mad like myself4 ,i had one great chum named ,hallam1 who was stark mad about it1 and encouraged me in the folly to the utmost4 ,i soon became a leading star in this line4 ,i was sought for and asked out by everybody in the place1 until my head got completely turned1 and ,i fancied ,i had only to walk on to the stage to take ,macready's place and achieve fame and fortune4 ,the first thing that roused me from the absurd delusion was seeing ,charles ,kean in ,macbeth4 ,i felt utterly annihilated under the superiority of his acting2 it showed me in an instant the difference there is between ordinary taste and talent and the divine afflatus of genius4 ,and yet an old friend who happened to meet me in the theatre that night assured me that the younger ,kean was not a patch upon his father1 and that ,macready outshone the elder ,kean4 ,i went back to ,oxford a crestfallen man1 and for a time took refuge from my disappointment in real work4 ,i studied hard1 and1 when the term came for going up for my degree1 ,i was confident of success4 ,it was a vain confidence1 of course4 ,i had only given myself to study for a period of two months or so1 and it would have been little short of a miracle if ,i had passed4 ,my mother was terribly disappointed2 the sight of her tears cut me up more than the failure on my own account1 and ,i determined to succeed or die in the effort1 if she consented to let me make one more4 ,she did consent1 and ,i succeeded4 ,that was the happiest day of my life1 ,i think40 ,he drew a long breath1 and repeated in an undertone1 as if he forgot ,marmaduke's presence1 and were speaking aloud to himself3 8,yes1 the happiest day of my life60 8,you worked very hard to pull up for lost time60 observed ,marmaduke4 8,lost time6 ,yes1 that was it--lost time60 said ,baines1 musing2 then he continued in his former tone3 8,my poor mother was very happy4 ,she declared ,i had repaid her amply for all her sacrifices4 ,she saw me already at the top of my profession1 a ,q4,c41 a judge1 the chief of all the judges1 seated in robes on the woolsack4 ,i came home1 and was in due time called to the bar4 ,i was then just twenty-four4 ,we lived in a pretty house on the road to ,putney2 but my mother thought it now desirable to move into ,london1 that ,i might have an office in some central neighborhood1 where my clients would flow in and out conveniently4 ,i remember that ,i strongly opposed the plan1 not from dislike1 but from some feeling like a presentiment1 a dread1 that ,london would be a dangerous place for me1 and that ,i was taking the road to ruin by leaving the shelter of our secluded home1 with its garden and trees1 away from a thousand temptations that beset a young man in the great city4 ,but my mother's heart was set on it4 ,she was convinced my character had thoroughly changed1 that ,i had broken off for ever from old habits and old propensities1 and that ,i was strong enough to encounter any amount of temptation without risk4 ,poor mother6 ,it was no fault of hers if she was blinded by love4 ,the fault was all mine4 ,i fed her with false hopes1 and then ,i betrayed them4 ,she gave in so far to my wishes as to consent only to let the house1 instead of selling it1 as she first intended2 so that our removal to ,london took the appearance more of an essay than a permanent arrangement4 ,i was thankful for this1 and set about the change in high spirits4 ,we were soon comfortably settled in a very small house in ,wimpole ,street4 ,i found it rather like a bird-cage after our airy1 roomy abode in the suburbs2 but it was very snug1 and my mother1 who had wonderful taste1 soon made it bright and pretty4 ,she was the brightest and prettiest thing in it herself2 people used to take her for my elder sister when she took me to parties of an evening4 ,i was very proud of her1 and with better reason than she was of me40 ,he paused again1 looking up at the ,shakspere print1 as if he saw his mother's likeness there4 ,the sunken1 red eyes moistened as he gazed on it4 8,it is a great blessing to have a good mother10 said ,marmaduke4 8,i lost mine when ,i was little more than a child40 8,so much the better for both of you10 retorted ,baines bitterly2 8she did not live for you to break her heart1 and then eat out your own with remorse4 ,but ,i am talking wildly4 ,you would no doubt have been a blessing to her2 you would have worked like a man1 and she would have been proud of you to the end4 ,it was not so with me4 ,i was never fond of work4 ,i was not fond of it then2 indeed1 what ,i did was not worthy of being called work at all4 ,i moped over a law-book for an hour or so in the morning1 and then read ,shakspere or some other favorite poet1 by way of refreshing myself after the unpalatable task1 and getting it out of my head as quickly as possible4 ,i went down regularly to the courts2 but as ,i had no legal connection1 and nothing in myself to make up for the want of patronage1 or inspire confidence in my steadiness and abilities1 the attorneys brought me no business2 and as ,i was too lazy1 and perhaps too proud1 to stoop to court them1 ,i began to feel thoroughly disgusted with the profession1 and to wish ,i had never entered it4 ,i ceased to go through the farce of my law-reading of a morning1 and devoted myself entirely to my dilettante tastes1 reading poetry1 and occasionally amusing myself with writing it4 ,my old longing for the stage came back1 and only wanted an opportunity to break out actively4 ,this opportunity was not far off4 ,my mother suspected nothing of the way ,i was idling my time2 she knew the bar was up-hill work1 and was satisfied to see me kept waiting a few years before ,i became famous2 but it was matter of surprise to her that ,i never got a brief of any description4 ,she set it down to jealousy on the part of my rivals at the courts1 and would now and then wax wroth against them1 wondering what expedient could be devised for showing up the corrupt state of the profession1 and forcing my enemies to recognize my superiority as it deserved4 ,don't laugh at her and think her a fool2 she was wise on every subject but this1 and ,i fear ,i must have counted for something in leading her to such ridiculous conclusions4 ,i held very much to preserving her good opinion1 but1 instead of striving to justify it by working on to the fulfilment of her motherly ambition1 ,i took to cheating her1 first tacitly1 then deliberately and cruelly4 ,things were going on in this way1 when one day1 one ill-fated day1 ,i went out as usual in the afternoon1 ostensibly to the courts1 but really to kill time where ,i could--at my club1 in the ,row1 or lounging in ,pall ,mall4 ,i was passing the ,army and ,navy ,club1 when ,i heard a voice call out3 8#8,halloo1 ,hamlet6' 7,this was the name ,i went by at ,oxford1 on account of my success in the part47 #8,how glad ,i am to see you1 old boy6 ,you're the very man ,i've been on the look-out for4' 8#8,hallam6' ,i cried1 returning his friendly grasp1 and declaring how delighted ,i was to see him4 8#8,i've been beating about for you ever since ,i came to town1 ten days ago1' he said4 #8,i wrote to your old address1 but the letter was sent back to me4 ,where have you migrated to2 and what are you doing8' 8,i told him the brief history of my existence since we had parted at ,oxford1 he to enter the army1 ,i to begin my course of dinners-eating at the ,temple4 ,he was now on leave2 he had just come from the north1 where his regiment was quartered1 and he was in high spirits at the prospect of his month's holiday4 ,i asked him what it was he had been wanting me so particularly for4 8#8,i wanted to see you1 first of all1 for your own sake1 old boy1' he answered heartily2 #8and in the next place ,i want you badly to help us to get up some private theatricals at the ,duchess of ,b----'s after ,easter4 ,i suppose you are a perfect actor--a ,garrick and ,charles ,mathews combined--by this time4 ,you have had plenty of practice1 ,i'll be bound4' 8,i assured him that ,i had not played since the last time he and ,i had brought down the house together4 ,he was immensely surprised1 and loudly deplored my mistake in burying such a talent in the earth4 ,he called me a conceited idiot to have let myself be crushed by ,kean1 and vowed a year's training from a professional would bring me out a better actor than ever ,kean was4 ,amateur acting was all very well1 but the finest untaught genius ever born could no more compete successfully with a man who had gone through the regular professional drill than a civilian could with a trained soldier in executing a military manuvre4 8#8,i told you before1 and ,i tell you again1' he continued1 as arm in arm we paced a shady alley of the park--#8,i tell you that if you went on the stage you would cut out the best actor we have2 though that is not saying much1 for a more miserable1 ignorant lot of drivelling idiots no stage ever saw caricaturing the drama than our ,english theatres can boast at this moment4' 8,my heart rose high1 and my vanity swelled out like a peacock's tail1 pluming itself in this luxurious air of flattery4 ,i knew ,hallam meant what he said2 but ,i knew that he was a light-headed young fellow1 not at all competent to judge dramatic power1 and still less to counsel me4 ,yet such is the intoxicating effect of vanity that ,i swallowed his praise as if it had been the purest wisdom4 ,i opened my whole heart to him1 told him how insufferably bored ,i was at the bar1 that ,i had no aptitude for it1 that ,i was wasting my time waiting for briefs that never came--,i did not explain what pains ,i took to prevent their coming--until1 kindling with my own exaggerated statement as ,i went on1 ,i ended by cursing the day ,i took to the bar1 and declaring that if it were not for my mother ,i would abandon the whole thing and try my luck on the stage to-morrow4 8#8,and why should you let your mother stand in your way8' said ,hallam4 #8,if she is too unreasonable to see the justice of the case1 why1 then ''' well1 ,i can't for the life of me see why your happiness and fortune should be sacrificed to it4' 8,he was not a bad fellow--far from it4 ,he did not mean to play the devil's advocate4 ,i am certain he thought he was giving me excellent advice1 using his superior knowledge of the world for my benefit4 ,but he was a fool--an ignorant1 silly1 well-meaning fool4 ,such men1 as friends1 are often worse than knaves4 ,if he had proposed anything obviously wicked1 dishonest1 or unprincipled1 ,i should have scouted it indignantly1 and walked off in contempt4 ,but he argued with a show of reason1 in a tone of considerate regard for my mother's wishes and feelings that deceived and disarmed me4 ,he represented to me the folly of sticking to a life that ,i hated and that ,i had next to no chance of ever succeeding in2 he had a score of examples at his fingers' ends of young fellows teeming with talent1 patient as asses1 and hard working as negroes1 who had gone for the bar and given it up in despair4 ,my mother1 like all fond mothers1 naturally expected me to prove an exception to the general rule1 and to turn out a lord chancellor of the romantic sort1 rising by sheer force of merit1 without patronage1 without money1 without any of the essential helps1 by the power of my unaided genius4 #8,this is simply bosh1 my dear fellow--innocent maternal bosh1' persisted ,hallam1 #8but as dangerous as any poison4 ,cut the bar1 as your better genius prompts you to do1 and take to your true calling--the drama4' 8#8,for aught ,i know1 ,i may have lost any talent ,i had1' ,i replied2 #8it is two years1 remember1 since ,i acted at all4' 8#8,that is very easily ascertained1' said my friend4 #8,you will take a part in these theatricals we are going to get up1 and we will soon see whether your talent has evaporated or not4 ,my own impression is that it will come out stronger than ever2 you have studied1 and you have seen something1 if not very much1 of life since your last attempts4' 8#8,my mother has a horror of the theatre1' ,i said1 unwilling to yield without a show of resistance2 #8it would break her heart to see me take to the stage4' 8#8,not if you succeed2 hearts are never broken by success4' 8#8,and how if ,i fail8' 8#8,you are sure not to fail1' he urged4 #8,but look here3 do nothing rashly4 ,don't say anything about this business until you have tried your hand at it in private4 ,we have not settled yet what the play is to be2 they left it to me to select1 and ,i will choose one that will bring out your powers best--not tragedy2 that never was your line1 in my opinion4 ,at any rate1 you must for the present confine yourself to light parts1 such as4'''' 8,i interrupted him in high dudgeon4 8#8,why1 if ,i'm not tragic1 ,i'm nothing6' ,i exclaimed4 #8,every one who ever saw me in ,hamlet declared they had never seen the part so well rendered6 ,and you said many a time that my ,macbeth was4'''' 8#8,first-rate--for an amateur2 and ,i will say it again1 if you like1' protested ,hallam2 #8but since then1 ,i have seen real acting4'''' 8#8,then mine was not real8 ,i can't for the life of me see1 then'''' ,i broke in4 8#8,don't get so infernally huffy1' said ,hallam1 shaking my arm with good-humored impatience4 #8,if you want to know what real1 trained1 professional acting is1 you must go abroad1 and see how the actors of the ,thtre ,franais1 for instance1 study and train and drill4 ,if you will start with the ,english notion that a man can take to the stage as he does to the saddle1 give up the plan at once2 you will never rise above an amateur4 ,but to come back to our present purpose2 we will select a part to suit you1 and if the rehearsals promise a genuine success--as ,i have not a doubt they will--we will invite your mother to come and see you1 and she will be so proud of your triumph that the cause will be won4' 8#8,my dear ,hallam1 it was some good fairy sent you in my way assuredly this morning6' ,i cried1 grasping his arm in delight4 8,i was highly elated1 and took to the scheme with enthusiasm4 ,we spent the afternoon discussing it4 ,it was settled that the play should be ,the ,taming of the ,shrew2 the part of ,benedict would suit me to perfection1 ,hallam declared1 and ,i was so subdued by the amount of worldly wisdom and general knowledge of life which he had displayed in his arguments about my change of profession that ,i yielded without difficulty1 and consented to forego tragedy for the present4 8,for the next week ,i was in a whirl of excitement4 ,he took me to the ,army and ,navy ,club1 and introduced me to a number of swells1 all military men1 who were very agreeable and treated me with a soldier-like cordiality that charmed me4 ,i fancied life must be a delightful thing in such pleasant1 good-natured1 well-bred company2 that ,i was now in my proper sphere2 and that ,i had been hitherto out of place amidst rusty lawyers and hard-working clerks1 etc4 ,in fact1 ,i was a fool1 and my head got turned4 ,i spent all my time in the day lounging about with ,hallam and his aristocratic captains and colonels1 and the evenings ,i devoted to the business of rehearsal1 which was carried on at ,lady ,arabella ,daucer's1 the married daughter of the duchess at whose house the theatricals were to be performed4 ,i had been very graciously received by her grace1 and consequently all the lords and ladies who composed her court followed suit4 ,i was made as much of as if ,i had been #8one of them1' and my acting soon established me as the leading star of the select company4 ,i suppose ,hallam was right in saying that more mature reading and so on had improved my dramatic talent2 for certainly it came out with a brilliancy that surprised myself4 ,the artistic1 high-bred atmosphere that surrounded me seemed to infuse fresh vigor into me4 ,i borrowed or revealed a power that even my vanity had never suspected4 ,hallam was enchanted1 and as proud of my success as if it had been his own4 8#8,i can fancy how your mother will enjoy this6' he exclaimed one evening1 as ,i walked home with him to his chambers in ,piccadilly4 #8,she will be beside herself with pride in you1 old fellow4 ,fancy what it will be the night of your first public representation6 ,i expect a seat in her box1 mind6' 8,it was just two days before the grand night1 and we were having our last rehearsal--the final one--in the theatre at ,b---- ,house1 which was lighted up and filled with a select few1 in order to judge of the general effect for the following night4 ,i was in great spirits1 and acted better than ,i had done yet4 ,the audience applauded warmly1 the ladies clapping their white-kid hands and shaking their handkerchiefs1 that filled the air with the perfumes of ,arabia1 while the gentlemen1 more audible in their demonstrations1 cheered loudly4 8,when it was over1 we sat down to supper1 about a hundred1 of us4 ,i sat next the duchess1 and my beautiful ,katharina on the other side of me4 ,she was a lovely girl of twenty1 a cousin of the duchess4 ,i had been struck by her beauty at the first1 but the more ,i saw of her the less she pleased me2 she was a vain1 coquettish young lady1 and only tolerated me because ,i was useful as a good set-off to her acting1 which1 to be just1 was excellent4 ,i never saw anything so good off the stage1 and very seldom saw it equalled even there4 ,flushed with her recent triumph1 which had borrowed additional lustre from mine she was more gracious and conversational than ,i had yet known her4 ,i was flattered1 though ,i knew perfectly how much the caprice was worth1 and ,i exerted myself to the utmost to be agreeable4 ,we were altogether a very merry party2 the champagne flowed freely1 and with it the spirits of the guests rose to sparkling point4 ,as we rose from the table1 some one called out for a dance before we broke up4 ,the musicians had gone to have refreshments after the rehearsal1 but they were still in the house4 ,the duchess1 a good-natured1 easy-going person1 who always agreed with everybody all round1 at once ordered them in2 people began to engage partners1 and all was laughing confusion round the supper-table4 ,i turned to my pretty neighbor1 and asked if she was engaged2 she replied1 laughing1 that being neither a sibyl nor a clairvoyant1 she could not have known beforehand that there was to be dancing4 #8,then may ,i have the honor of claiming you for the first dance1 whatever it may be8' ,i said2 and she replied that ,i might4 ,i offered her my arm1 and we took our way back into the theatre1 which was still brilliantly illuminated4 ,we were to dance on the stage4 ,as we were pushing on with the crowd1 ,i felt a strong hand laid on my arm1 and1 before ,i had time to prevent it1 ,lady ,caroline's hand was withdrawn1 and the intruder stood between us4 ,he was a square-built1 distinguished-looking man1 not very young1 but handsome and with the beau stamped all over him4 8#8,excuse my want of ceremony1' he said in an easy1 supercilious tone to me4 #8,i claim the first dance with ,lady ,caroline4' 8#8,on what grounds8' ,i demanded stiffly4 ,we were still moving on1 carried with the crowd1 so it was impossible to make him stand aside or to regain my post next ,lady ,caroline4 8#8,on the grounds of her promise1' he replied haughtily4 8,lady ,caroline uttered a laughing #8,o ,lord ,george6' but did not draw away the hand which he had so unceremoniously transferred from my arm to his4 8#8,lady ,caroline made no engagement before she came here to-night1' ,i said1 #8and she promised this dance to me4 ,i refer you to herself whether this be true or not4' 8#8,gentlemen are not in the habit of catechising ladies as to their behavior--not1 at least1 in our set2 and while you happen to be in it you had better conform to its customs1' observed ,lord ,george1 without looking towards me4 8,i felt my blood boil so that it was an effort not to strike him4 ,two ladies near me who had heard the passage between us cried1 #8,shame6 ,no gentleman would have said that6' ,this gave me courage to maintain my self-command4 ,we were now in the theatre2 the orchestra was playing a brilliant prelude to a waltz1 and ,lord ,george1 as if he had forgotten all about me1 prepared to start4 ,i laid my hand peremptorily on his arm4 8#8,in my set1' ,i said1 and my voice shook with agitation1 #8gentlemen don't tolerate gratuitous impertinence2 you either make me an apology1 or ,i shall exact reparation of another kind4' 8#8,oh6 indeed4 ,i shall be happy to hear from you at your convenience1' sneered ,lord ,george1 with a low bow4 ,he turned away1 and said in a voice loud enough to be heard by me or any one else near1 #8,the puppy imagines1 ,i suppose1 that ,i would meet him in a duel4 ,the next thing will be we shall have our footmen sending us challenges4 ,capital joke1 by ,jove6 ,come1 we are losing time1 ,lady ,caroline6 ,the waltz is half over4' 8,they were starting this time1 when a voice behind me called out imperiously3 #8,a moment1 ,lord ,george ,halberdyne6 ,the gentleman whom you have insulted is a friend of mine and a guest of the ,duchess of ,b----2 two conditions that qualify him1 ,i think1 to be an adversary of yours4' 8#8,oh6 he's a friend of yours1 is he8' repeated ,lord ,george1 facing around4 #8,that's a natural phenomenon that ,i shall not stop to investigate just now2 but it certainly puts this gentleman in a new light4 ,good-evening1 sir4 ,i shall have the pleasure1 probably1 of seeing you to-morrow4' 8#8,you shall1 my lord1' ,i replied2 and allowing ,hallam to link my arm in his and draw me away1 ,i turned my back on the brilliant scene1 and hurried out of the house1 feverish1 humiliated1 desperate4 8#8,the idiot6 ,the snob6 ,you shall give him a lesson that he'll not forget in a hurry1' said ,hallam1 who seemed nearly as indignant and excited as myself4 #8,are you a good shot8 ,have you ever stood fire8' 8,i answered both questions in the negative4 ,he was evidently put out2 but presently he said in a confident tone3 8#8,well1 it does not so much matter2 you are the offended party1 and consequently you have the choice of weapons4 ,it shall be swords instead of pistols4 ,i suppose you're a pretty good swordsman8' 8#8,my dear ,hallam1' ,i said1 #8you forget that these things are not in my line at all4 ,i never handled a sword since we flourished them in the fencing hall at ,oxford4 ,in fact1 if the choice be mine1 as you say it is1 ,i think ,i would do better to choose pistols4 ,i have a chance with them2 and if ,lord ,george be a swordsman1 ,i have none with the other4' 8,hallam seemed seriously disconcerted4 8#8,it's not quite such an affair of chance as you appear to imagine1' he said4 #8,halberdyne is one of the best shots in the service2 he never misses his mark2 and he is a first-rate swordsman4 ',pon my honor ,i don't know what to advise you4' 8#8,i must stand advised by myself then1 and here goes for pistols1' ,i said1 trying to put a bold face on it1 though ,i confess ,i felt anything but cheerful at the prospect4 #8,you will stand by me1 ,hallam1 will you not8' 8#8,of course ,i will6 ,i've committed myself to as much already1' he answered cordially2 but ,i saw he was uncomfortable4 #8,i shall take your card to the scoundrel to-morrow morning4 ,i wonder who he'll have for second--that bully ,roper1 very likely1' he went on1 talking more to himself than to me4 8#8,is the meeting to take place to-morrow morning8' ,i inquired2 and a sudden rush of anguish came on me as ,i put the question4 ,i thought of my mother1 of all that might be in store for her so soon4 8#8,we must try and put it off for a day1' said ,hallam4 #8,it is deucedly awkward1 you see1 if it comes off to-morrow1 because of the play4 ,you may get hit1 and it would be a terrible business if you were hors de concours for the evening4' ,there was something so grimly comical in the earnestness with which he said this that1 though ,i was in no merry mood1 ,i burst out laughing4 8#8,a terrible business indeed6' ,i said4 #8,how exceedingly unpleasant for ,lady ,caroline particularly to be left in the lurch on such an occasion6 ,however1 if ,i go to the wall1 and ,lord ,george comes off safe1 he might get up the part in a hurry and replace me1 eh8' ,i had hit the mark without knowing it4 ,it was jealousy that had provoked ,lord ,george to the gratuitous attack4 ,i suppose there was something sardonic in my voice that struck ,hallam with the inappropriateness of his previous remarks4 ,he suddenly stopped1 and grasping my arm warmly-- 8#8,i'm used to this sort of thing1 my dear fellow1' he said2 #8but don't fancy from that that my feelings are turned to stone1 or that ,i forget all that is1 that may be1 unpleasant in the matter4 ,but there is no use talking of these things2 they unman a fellow1 and he wants all his nerves in working order at a moment like this4 ,take my advice and go home now1 and cool yourself by a quiet night for to-morrow's work1 if it is to be to-morrow4 ,you may have some letters to write or other things to attend to1 and they had better be done at once4' 8,i replied that ,i had no letters to write and no business instructions to leave4 ,the idea of facing my home1 passing my mother's door1 and then going to bed as if the world had not turned right round2 as if all life1 the present and the future1 were not revolutionized--this was what ,i did not1 at this moment at least1 feel equal to1 and ,i said so4 8#8,i would rather go for an hour to the club1' ,i said1 #8if you don't mind1 and we will have a game of billiards4 ,i don't feel inclined to go home1 and ,i should not sleep if ,i went to bed4' 8#8,just as you like1' he said2 #8but the night is so fine we may as well take a few more turns in the open air4 ,it does one good after those heated rooms4' 8,it did me no good4 ,i felt the most miserable man in this miserable world4 ,i would have given any happiness the world could have offered me to undo this night's work1 to be as ,i was an hour ago1 free1 guiltless of projected murder or suicide4 ,i repeated to myself that it was not my fault2 that ,i had been gratuitously provoked beyond endurance2 that as a gentleman ,i could not have done otherwise2 but these sophistries neither calmed nor strengthened me4 ,truer voices rose up and answered them in clear and imperious tones that drowned the foolish comforters4 ,why had ,i ever entered the society where my position exposed me to such results8 ,what business had ,i there8 ,what good could it do myself or any one else to have been tolerated1 even courted1 as ,i fancied ,i was1 by these fine people1 who had nothing of any sort in common with me8 ,i had forsaken my legitimate place1 the profession that my mother had made such heavy sacrifices to open to me4 ,i had deliberately frittered away my life1 destroyed my prospects of honorable success2 and this is what it had brought me to6 ,i was going either to shoot a man who had done me no graver injury than offend my pride and punish my folly1 or to be shot down by him--and then8 ,i saw myself brought home to my mother dangerously wounded1 dead perhaps4 ,i heard her cry of agony1 ,i saw her mortal despair4 ,i could have cried out loud for pity of her4 ,i could have cursed myself for my folly--for the mad1 sinful folly that had rewarded her by such an awakening4 8,there is an electric current that runs from mind to mind1 communicating almost like an articulate voice the thoughts that are passing within us at certain moments4 ,i had not spoken for several minutes1 as we paced up and down ,pall ,mall1 puffing our cigars in the starlight2 but this current ,i speak of had passed from my brain to ,hallam's1 and informed him of what my thoughts were busy on4 8#8,don't let yourself down1 old boy1' he said good-naturedly4 #8,no harm may come of it after all2 ,i've known a score of duels where both sides came off with no more than a pin-scratch1 sometimes with no scratch at all4 ,not that ,i suspect you of being faint-hearted--,i remember what a dare-devil you were at ,oxford--but the bravest of us may be a coward for others4' 8,i felt something rise in my throat as if it would choke me4 ,i could not get a word out4 8#8,who knows8' continued ,hallam in his cheeriest tone2 #8you may be bringing down the house to-morrow night1 and your mother may be the proudest woman in ,london1 seeing you the king of the company1 cheered and complimented by 8fair women and brave men60 ,i feel as sure of it1 do you know1 as if ,i saw it in a glass4' 8,he spoke in kindness1 but the levity of his tone1 the utter hollowness of his consolations1 were intolerable4 ,they mocked my misery2 every word pierced me like a knife4 ,what evil genius had led me across this man's path8 ,only a few weeks ago ,i said it was the work of an angel1 a good fairy1 or some absurdity of the sort4 ,it was more likely a demon that had done it4 ,if ,i had never met him1 ,i said to myself1 ,i would never have known this hour2 ,i should have been an innocent and a happy man4 ,but this would not do either4 ,i was neither innocent nor happy when ,i met him4 ,i was false to my duty1 wasting my life1 and sick to death of both2 only longing for the opportunity which ,hallam had brought me4 ,if ,i had not met him1 ,i should have met or sought out some other tempter1 and bitten greedily at the bait when it was offered4 ,still1 ,i felt embittered toward ,hallam4 ,i accused him1 as if he had been the sole author of my misfortune2 as if ,i had been a baby or an idiot without free-will or responsibility4 8#8,come into the club1' ,i said1 dropping his arm and throwing away the end of my cigar4 8,he did not notice the impatient movement1 but readily crossed over1 and we entered the club4 ,the lofty1 spacious rooms were blazing with light and filled with groups of men4 ,some were lounging on luxurious couches1 reading the evening papers1 some were chatting1 some were playing cards4 ,an air of easy grandeur1 prosperity1 and surface happiness pervaded the place4 ,i felt horribly out of keeping with it all4 ,i had no business amongst these wealthy1 fashionable men2 ,i was like a skeleton stalking into the feast4 ,i believe it was nothing but sheer human respect1 the fear of making myself ridiculous1 that prevented me from turning on my heel and rushing straight out of the house4 ,i mechanically took up the ,globe1 which a member tossed on to a table near me1 and sat down as if ,i were going to read it4 8#8,leave that alone1 and come into the billiard-room1' said ,hallam4 ,and he whipped the paper out of my hands with brotherly unceremoniousness4 8,i rose and followed him like a dog4 ,i would have gone anywhere1 done anything1 he or anybody else suggested4 ,physically1 ,i was indifferent to what ,i did2 my brain on fire1 ,i felt as if ,i were walking in a dream4 8,we were passing into the billiard-room when a gentleman who was seated at a card-table cried out to ,hallam to come and join them4 ,it was ,col4 ,leveson1 a brother officer and great friend of his4 ,hallam replied that he was going on to have a pull at the balls2 but he strolled over to see how the game was going4 ,i mechanically followed him4 ,some of the players knew me1 and greeted me with a friendly nod4 ,they were absorbed in the game2 it was lansquenet4 ,i knew very little about cards2 but lansquenet was the one game that interested me4 ,i had lost a few sovereigns a night or two before at it1 and1 as the luck seemed set in against the banker1 it flashed over me ,i could not do better than to take a hand and win them back now4 ,i did not1 however1 volunteer to join the game4 ,in my present state of smarting pride ,i would not run the risk of being made to feel ,i was an intruder4 ,unluckily1 ,hallam's friend1 reading temptation on my countenance perhaps1 said1 holding up his cards to me3 8,i'm in splendid vein1 but ,i must be off4 ,i'll sell you my hand for half a sovereign1 if you like40 8#8,done6' ,i said2 and paying the half-sovereign1 ,i sat down4 ,i had scarcely taken his place when there was a noise in the adjoining room announcing fresh arrivals4 ,i recognized one loud1 domineering voice above the others1 and presently ,lord ,george ,halberdyne came in4 8#8,going1 ,leveson8' he said4 #8,luck against you1 ,i suppose8' 8#8,on the contrary1 never was in better vein in my life1' replied the colonel4 #8,i sold my hand for a song1 because ,i have an appointment that ,i can't forego4' 8#8,who's the lucky dog you sold it to8' asked ,lord ,george4 8#8,mr4 ,botfield1' said ,col4 ,leveson4 7,my real name is ,botfield2 ,i only took the name of ,baines when ,i fell into disgrace and misery47 8,lord ,george muttered an exclamation of some sort--whether of surprise or vexation ,i could not tell--and advanced to the table4 8#8,do you mind my joining you8' he said1 appealing to nobody in particular4 ,there was a general assent1 and he sat down4 ,hallam would not take a hand4 ,he hated cards2 his passion was for billiards1 and he played nothing else4 ,he came and stood behind me to watch the game4 ,i felt him lay his hand on my shoulder1 as if to encourage me and remind me that he was there to stand by me and take my part against my late bully1 if needs be4 ,it did not seem as if he was likely to be called upon to do so4 ,my late bully was as gracious as man could be--at least he intended to be so2 but ,i took his familiar facetiousness for covert impertinence1 and it made my blood boil quite as fiercely as his recent open insult had done4 ,i was not man of the world enough to understand that ,lord ,george was only doing his duty to society2 that he was in fact behaving beautifully1 with infinite tact1 like an accomplished gentleman4 ,i could not understand that the social canons of his #8set' made it incumbent on a man to joke and laugh and demean himself in this lively1 careless fashion towards the man whom he was going to shoot in a few hours4 ,i grew inwardly exasperated1 and it was nothing but pride and an unprecedented effort of will that enabled me to keep my temper and remain outwardly cool4 ,for a time1 for about twenty minutes1 the luck continued in the same vein2 my half-sovereign had been paid back to me more than fifty times4 ,col4 ,leveson was right when he said he had sold his hand for a song4 ,hallam was all this time standing behind my chair1 smoking his cigar1 and throwing in a word between the puffs4 ,the clock struck two4 8#8,come off now1 ,botfield1' he said1 tapping me on the shoulder--#8come off while your star is shining2 it is sure to go down if you stay too long4' 8#8,very likely1 most sage and prudent mentor1' retorted ,lord ,george2 #8but that cuts both ways4 ,your friend has been pocketing our money up to this2 it's only fair he should give us a chance of winning it back and pocketing a little of his4 ,that is a law universally recognized1 ,i believe4' ,as he said this1 he turned to me good-humoredly enough2 but ,i saw where the emphasis pointed1 and1 stung to the quick1 ,i replied that ,i had not the least intention of going counter to the law2 ,i would remain as long as the game lasted4 8#8,halloo6 ,that's committing yourself somewhat rashly1' interposed ,hallam4 #8,you don't know what nefarious gamblers these fellows are2 they're capable of keeping it up till morning6' 8#8,if they do1 ,i shall keep it up with them1' ,i replied recklessly4 ,i was desperate1 and my luck was good4 8,hallam said no more1 but sauntered to the other side of the table1 where ,i felt his eyes fixed on me warningly1 entreatingly4 8,i looked up at last1 and met them fastened on me in a mute1 impatient appeal4 ,i answered it by a peremptory nod4 ,he saw ,i would not brook farther interference1 so he took himself off to the billiard-room1 and did not reappear for an hour4 8,i cannot recall clearly what passed during the interval4 ,the luck had turned suddenly against me2 but1 nothing daunted1 ,i went on playing desperately1 losing as fast as ,i had been winning1 only in much heavier sums2 for the stakes had risen enormously on the change of luck4 ,there was a large pool1 immense it seemed to me--some two hundred pounds4 ,i lost again and again4 ,at last terror sobered me4 ,i began to realize the madness of my conduct1 and wanted to withdraw2 but they cried out against it1 reminded me that ,i had pledged myself to remain and see the game out4 ,lord ,george was loudest in protesting that ,i must remain4 #8,one can't have luck always1' he said1 #8,a man must put up with it when the tide turns4 ,it is of good omen for you1 ,mr4 ,botfield1' he added pointedly2 #8you will be in splendid luck to-morrow4' 8,i shuddered4 ,i can remember the horrible1 sick sensation that ran through me as he said this1 lightly1 pleasantly1 as if he alluded to a rowing-match ,i had in view4 ,i saw my mother's pale face beckoning me to come away--to stop before ,i ruined her utterly4 ,i almost made a movement to rise1 but something glued me to the chair4 ,the game went on4 ,i again held the bank1 and again lost4 ,i had no money about me except the forty pounds or so ,i had won at the outset2 but several leaves out of my pocketbook were strewn about the table bearing ,i4 ,o4 ,u4's for nine times that sum4 ,i suppose by this time ,i had quite lost my senses4 ,i know that ,i went on betting like a maniac1 with the feverish1 triumphant impulse of a man in delirium4 ,i was losing tremendously4 ,i remember nothing except the sound of my own voice and ,lord ,george's calling banco6 again and again1 and how the cry ran through me like a blade every time1 and how ,i hastily tore out fresh leaves and wrote down the sums ,i lost1 and tossed them to the winner1 and went on4 ,all this time we had been drinking deeply of brandy and water4 ,i was naturally abstemious1 but to-night ,i drank recklessly4 ,the wonder was--and ,i was going to say the pity--that it had not stupefied me long ago1 and so made me physically incapable of continuing my insane career4 ,but excitement acted1 ,i suppose1 as an antidote1 and prevented the alcohol from taking effect as it otherwise must have done4 ,at last ,hallam came back4 ,i have a vague recollection of hearing him exchange some remarks in an undertone with one of the players1 who had given up and was now watching the game with a number of others who had dropped in from adjoining rooms4 ,i then heard him say1 #8,good ,god6 he is ruined twice over6' ,i heard nothing more4 ,i had fallen back insensible in my chair4 ,everybody started up2 the cards were dropped1 and all was confusion and terror4 ,it appears that at the first moment they thought ,i was dead4 ,a young guardsman present declared ,i was1 and that it was disease of the heart2 a young kinsman of his had dropped down on parade only a month ago just in the same way4 ,there was a cry for a doctor1 and two or three ran out to fetch one4 ,before he arrived1 however1 ,i had given signs of returning consciousness4 ,up to this moment ,lord ,george had been anxiously looking on1 silent and pale1 they said4 ,he had borne me with ,hallam to a couch in the next room1 where the air was free from cigar-fumes1 and had opened the window to admit the fresh night-breeze4 ,he had done1 in fact1 what any humane person would have done under the circumstances2 but he had done it in a manner that betokened more than ordinary interest4 ,he drew an audible breath of relief the moment he saw my eyelids quiver and heard me breathe like a man awaking to life4 ,hallam signed to him to leave the room2 he did not wish his face to be the first ,i saw on opening my eyes4 ,lord ,george no doubt understood2 for he at once withdrew into the card-room4 ,he drew the door after him1 but he did not quite close it1 so that ,i heard dreamily1 yet distinctly1 all that was said4 ,lord ,george's second for the morrow's meeting1 the ,hon4 ,capt4 ,roper1 inquired eagerly how ,i was going on4 #8,oh6 he'll be all right presently1' was the reply1 spoken in ,lord ,george's off-hand way4 #8,there was nothing to make such a fuss about2 the poor devil was scared to see how much money he had lost1 and fainted like a girl--that's all4' 8#8,hallam says he is quite cleared out by to-night's ill-luck1' observed some one4 8#8,served him right1' said ,lord ,george2 #8it will teach puppies of his kind not to come amongst us and make fools of themselves4' 8#8,and do you mean to shoot him to-morrow8' inquired the same voice4 8#8,i mean to give him a chance of shooting me2 unless1' he continued--and ,i saw in imagination1 as vividly as if my bodily eyes had seen it1 the cold sneer that accompanied the remark--#8unless he shows the white feather and declines fighting1 which is just as likely4' 8,while this little dialogue had been going on in subdued tones close by the door which opened at the head of the sofa where ,i lay1 ,hallam was conversing in animated whispers with two gentlemen in the window4 ,he was not more than a minute absent1 when he returned to my side1 and1 seeing my eyes wide open1 exclaimed heartily3 #8,thank ,god6 he's all right again6' 8,i grasped his hand and sat up4 ,they gave me some sal-volatile and water to drink1 and ,i was1 as he said1 all right again4 ,but it was not the stimulant that restored me1 that gave me such sudden energy1 and nerved me to act at once1 to face my fate and defy it4 ,i took his arm1 and led him1 or let him lead me1 to some quieter place near1 and then ,i asked him how much he thought ,i had lost4 8#8,don't think of that yet1 my dear fellow1' he said2 #8you are too done up to discuss it4 ,we will see what can be done to-morrow4' 8#8,five thousand pounds6' ,i said4 #8,do you hear that8 ,five thousand pounds6 ,that means that ,i am a beggar1 which an't of much consequence2 and that ,i've made a beggar of my mother4 ,she will have to sell the bed from under her to pay it1 to save my honor4 ,a curse upon me for bringing this blight upon her6' 8#8,tut6 tut6 man1 don't take on like a woman about it6' said ,hallam4 #8,these things can be arranged2 no need to make matters out worse than they are4 ,i'll speak to ,lord ,george1 and see what terms we can make with him4' 8,he made me light a cigar1 and left me alone1 while he went back to parley with the man who held my fortune1 my life1 my all in his hands4 ,i never heard exactly all that passed between them4 ,i only know that in answer to ,lord ,george's question1 put in a tone of insulting haughtiness1 #8,has the fellow pledged himself for more than he's worth8 ,can't he pay8' ,hallam replied3 #8,he can1 but it will ruin him'2 upon which the other retorted with a laugh1 #8,what the devil is that to me8' and turned his back on my second1 who had nothing left but to take ,capt4 ,roper aside and arrange for the morrow's meeting4 ,he came back1 and told me all was settled2 that ,halberdyne was behaving like a brute1 and would be tabooed in the clubs and every decent drawing-room before twenty-four hours4 ,this thought seemed to afford him great satisfaction4 ,it gave me none4 ,anguish had drowned resentment4 ,i could think of nothing except that ,i was a ruined man1 that ,i had beggared my mother1 and that ,i was going to fight a duel in a few hours4 ,richmond ,park--#f ,a4,m4--pistols at thirty paces6 ,this was how the appointment was notified by our seconds to both of us4 ,suddenly a light burst on me--a ray of hope1 of consolation3 ,i might be killed in this duel1 and1 if so1 surely my honor would be saved and my debt cancelled4 ,lord ,george would not pursue my mother for the money4 ,she should know nothing of this night's work until after the meeting4 ,if ,i escaped with a wound1 ,i would tell her2 if ,i died1 who would have the cruelty to do so8 ,i told ,hallam of this sudden thought as he walked home with me4 ,he approved of it1 and cheered me up by almost assuring me that ,i should be shot4 ,halberdyne was a dead-shot2 it was most likely that ,i should not leave the field alive4 8,the night passed--the few hours of it that must elapse before the time named for the meeting4 #j ,god6 how did ,i live through them8 ,and yet this was nothing1 absolutely nothing1 compared to what was yet in store for me4''' 8,the duel took place4 ,lord ,george wounded me in the hip4 ,he escaped unhurt2 ,i fired in the air4 ,i was carried home on a door1 insensible4 ,hallam had gone before to prepare my mother4 ,for some weeks it was feared ,i would not live4 ,then amputation was talked of4 ,i escaped finally with being a cripple for life4 ,before ,i was out of danger1 ,hallam's leave expired1 and he went to rejoin his regiment4 ,he had been very assiduous in calling to inquire for me1 had seen my mother1 and1 judging by her passionate grief that ,i was in a fair way not to recover1 he had forborne mentioning anything about the five thousand pounds4 ,she promised to write and let him know when any change took place4 ,meantime1 she had found out my secret4 ,i had talked incessantly of it in my delirium1 and with an accuracy of iteration that left no doubt on her mind but that there was a foundation of truth in the feverish ravings4 ,the doctor was of the same mind1 and urged her to give me an opportunity of relieving my mind of the burden1 whatever it was1 as soon as this was possible4 8,the first day that ,i was strong enough to bear conversation she accordingly broached the subject4 ,i inferred at once that ,hallam had told her everything1 and repeated the miserable story1 only to confirm what ,i supposed he had already said4 8,my mother was sitting by my bedside4 ,she busied herself with teaseling out linen into lint for my wound1 and so1 purposely no doubt1 kept her face continually bent or averted from mine4 8,seeing how quietly she took it1 ,i began to think ,i had overrated the misfortune2 that we had larger resources in some way than ,i had imagined4 #8,then it is possible for us to pay this horrible debt and save my honor1 and yet not be utterly beggared1 mother8' ,i said eagerly4 ,she looked at me with a smile that must surely have been the reflex of some angel near her whom ,i could not see4 #8,yes1 my boy2 he shall be paid1 and we shall not be beggars1' she said gently1 and pressed my hand in both her own4 #8,you should have told me about it at once2 it has been preying on your mind and retarding your cure all this time4 ,i will see ,mr4 ,kerwin to-day1 and have it arranged at once4 ,promise me now1 like a good boy1 to forget it and think no more of it until you are quite well4 ,will you promise8' 8,i did not answer1 but signed with my lips for her to kiss me4 ,she rose and twined her arms around me1 and let me sob out my sorrow and my love upon her breast4 8,it was about three days after this that she handed me a letter to read2 it was from ,lord ,george to ,mr4 ,kerwin1 and ran thus3 8,,sir3 ,i beg to acknowledge the receipt of the sum of five thousand pounds which you have forwarded to my lawyers in the name of ,mr4 ,botfield4 ,i make this acknowledgment personally in order to express my sincere satisfaction at the happy progress of ,mr4 ,botfield's recovery1 and beg you will convey this sentiment to him4--,i remain1 etc41 8,,halberdyne40 8#8,mother6 mother6' ,i cried out1 and opened my arms to her in a passion of tears4 ,but she laid her finger smilingly on my lips1 and made me be silent4 ,in a month hence1 when ,i was well1 we should talk it all over1 but not now4 8,before the month was out1 she was dead60''' 99 99 99 99 99 ,marmaduke started to his feet with a cry of horror1 and ,botfield1 unable to control the anguish that his own narrative evoked1 dropped his head into his hands1 and shook the room with his sobs4 8,o dear ,god6 that ,i should have lived to tell it6--to talk over the mother that ,i murdered6 ,brave1 tender1 generous mother6 ,i killed you1 ,i broke your heart1 and then--then ,i brought shame upon your memory6 ,o ,god6 ,o ,god6 why have ,i outlived it80 ,he rocked to and fro1 almost shouting in his paroxysm of despair4 ,marmaduke had never beheld such grief2 he had never in his life been so deeply moved with pity4 ,he did not know what to say1 what to do4 ,his heart prompted him to do the right thing3 he fell on his knees1 and1 putting his arms around the wretched1 woe-worn man1 he burst into tears and sobbed with him4 ,botfield suffered his embrace for a moment1 and then1 pressing his horny palm on the young man's blond head1 he muttered3 8,god bless you6 ,god bless you for your pity60 ,as soon as they were both calmed1 ,marmaduke asked him if he would not prefer finishing the story to-morrow4 ,but he signed to him to sit down2 that he would go on with it to the end4 8,what is there more to tell80 he said1 sadly shaking his head4 8,i was lying a cripple on my bed when she was carried to her grave4 ,i was seized with a violent brain fever1 which turned to typhus1 and they took me to the hospital4 ,the servants were dismissed2 they had received notice from my mother4 ,she had foreseen everything1 taken every necessary step as calmly as if the catastrophe ,i had brought upon her had been a mere change of residence for her own convenience4 ,all we had was gone4 ,that brave answer of hers to my question about our resources was a subterfuge of her love4 ,if ever a sin was sinless1 assuredly that half-uttered falsehood was4 ,she had directed the lawyer to raise the money immediately1 at every sacrifice4 ,she meant to work for her bread1 and trusted to me to make the task light and short to her4 ,i would have done it had she been spared to me4 ,so help me ,god1 ,i would6 ,but now that she was gone1 ,i had nothing to work for4 ,i left the hospital a cripple and a beggar4 ,i did not even yet know to what an extent4 ,i went straight to our old house1 expecting to find it as ,i had left it--that is1 before all consciousness had left me4 ,i found it dismantled1 empty2 painters busy on scaffolding outside4 ,i went to ,mr4 ,kerwin1 and there learned the whole truth4 ,nothing remained to me but suicide4 ,nothing kept me from it1 ,i believe1 but the prayers of my mother40 8,you were a ,christian1 then80 interrupted ,marmaduke in a tone of unfeigned surprise4 8,i ought to have been4 ,my father was1 and my mother was2 ,i was brought up as one1 until ,i went to the university and lost what little belief ,i had4 ,for a moment it seemed to come back to me when ,i found myself alone in the world4 ,i remember walking deliberately down to the river's side when ,i left the lawyer's office1 fully determined to drown myself4 ,but before ,i reached the water1 ,i heard my mother's voice calling so distinctly to me to stop that ,i felt myself arrested as by some visible presence4 ,i heard the voice saying1 #8,do you wish never to see me again even in the next world8' ,of course it was the work of imagination1 of my over-wrought feelings2 but the effect was the same4 ,i stopped1 and retraced my steps to ,mr4 ,kerwin's40 8,it was your guardian angel1 perhaps your mother's1 that saved you10 said ,marmaduke4 8,oh6 ,i forgot10 said ,botfield4 8,your brother is a ,catholic2 ,i suppose you are too80 ,marmaduke nodded assent2 he felt that his ,catholicity was not much to boast of4 ,like the poor outcast before him1 he had lost his faith practically1 though he adhered to it in name4 8,yes1 it was an angel of some sort that rescued me10 said ,botfield2 8it was no doubt my own fault if the rescue was not complete4 ,i went back to ,mr4 ,kerwin1 and asked him to give me1 or get me1 something to do4 ,my chance on the stage was at an end1 even if ,i could have turned to that3 ,i was dead lame4 ,he got me a situation as clerk in an office2 but the weariness of the life and the pressure of remorse were more than ,i could bear4 ,i took to drink4 ,they forgave me once1 twice2 the third time ,i was dismissed4 ,but of what use is it to go over that disgusting1 pitiable story8 ,step by step ,i went down1 lower and lower1 sinking each time into fouler depths1 drinking more loathsome draughts1 wallowing in mire whose very existence such as you don't dream of4 ,i will spare you all those details4 ,enough that ,i came at last to what you see me4 ,one day when hunger was gnawing me1 and even the satanic consolation of the public-house was shut against me for want of a sixpence to pay for a glass of its diabolical elixir1 ,i fell in with a man of the trade2 he offered me work and bread4 ,hunger is not a dainty counsellor4 ,i closed with the offer1 and so sank into the last slough that humanity can take refuge in4''' 8,now1 ,mr4 ,walpole1 you have heard my history2 it was a pain1 and yet1 somehow1 a relief1 to me to tell it4 ,it has not been a very pleasant one for you to listen to2 still1 ,i don't regret having inflicted it on you4 ,you are very young2 you are prosperous and happy1 and1 most likely1 perfectly free from any of the temptations that have been the bane of my life2 still1 it never hurts a young man starting in life to hear an older man's experience4 ,if ever temptation should come near you1 dash it from you with all your might2 scorn and defy it from the first2 hold no parley with it2 to treat with perdition is to be lost40 8,you have done me a greater service than you know of10 said ,marmaduke1 rising and preparing to take leave of his singular entertainer4 8,perhaps one day ,i may tell you4'''0 ,he took a turn in the narrow room1 and then1 coming back to ,botfield1 resumed in an agitated manner3 8,why should ,i not own it at once8 ,you have trusted me with all2 ,i will tell you the truth40 ,botfield looked up in surprise1 but said nothing4 8,i stand on the very brink of the abyss against which you warn me4 ,like you1 ,i am a barrister2 like you1 ,i hate my profession1 and spend my time reading poetry and playing at private theatricals4 ,they are my passion4 ,a few nights ago ,i tried my luck at cards1 and won4 ,this tempted me2 ,i played last night and lost--precisely the sum of twenty pounds40 ,botfield started and uttered a suppressed exclamation4 8,i am in debt--not much--a mere trifle1 if it lead to no worse6 ,you see now what a service you may have done me2 who knows8 ,perhaps my mother's guardian angel prompted you to tell me your story as a warning1 to save me before it was too late6 ,i know that ,i came here to-day at the bidding of an angel2 and reluctant enough ,i was to take the message60 8,i never thought to be of use to any one while ,i lived10 said ,botfield with emotion4 8,i bless ,god1 anyhow1 if my wretched example proves a warning to you4 ,who sent you to me8 ,i understood it was your brother80 8,so it was2 but it was to please my sister that ,i consented to come4 ,she is one of those angels that people talk about1 but don't often see4 ,you will let her come and see you1 ,mr4 ,botfield1 will you not80 ,he held out his delicate lavender kid hand1 and pressed ,botfield's grimy fingers cordially4 ,when ,marmaduke got home1 he inquired at once where his sister was1 and1 hearing she was in her room1 he crept up quietly to the door and knocked4 ,he entered so quietly that ,nelly had scarcely time to jump off her knees4 ,marmaduke saw at once that he had taken her by surprise2 he saw also that her eyes were red4 8,what is the matter80 she asked1 with a frightened look4 8,has anything happened8 ,you have been away so long6 ,what kept you1 ,marmaduke8 ,where have you been80 8,where you sent me40 8,to ,stephen's poor man8 ,why1 you have been out nearly two hours6 ,it did not take all that time to give your message80 said incredulous ,nelly1 and her heart beat with recent apprehension4 8,no2 but ,stephen's poor man had a message for me4 ,sit down here1 and ,i will tell you what it was4 ,but how cold you are1 darling6 ,you are positively perished6 ,where have you been80 8,here10 said ,nelly4 8,ever since ,i went out80 8,ever since you went out40 8,what were you doing80 he persisted1 fixing a strange look on her4 ,she blushed1 hesitated1 and then said simply1 8,i was praying for you1 ,marmaduke40 ,he folded her in his arms1 and whispered1 8,i was right to say it was an angel sent me40 ,then1 taking a warm shawl that he saw hanging up1 he wrapped her in it1 and sat down beside her1 and told the story as it had been told to him4 ,when it was over1 ,nelly's head was on his breast1 and the brother's tears of penitence were mingling with the sister's tears of joy4 8,let us go down now and tell ,stephen10 said ,marmaduke1 when he had finished4 8,will you tell him everything80 asked ,nelly4 8,yes1 everything40 8,dear ,marmy6 ,i am so happy ,i could sing for joy10 she said1 smiling through her tears4 8,let us kneel down here and say one little prayer together2 will you80 ,and he did4 8,how did you thaw the man and break up the ice he seemed to be buried under80 was ,stephen's amazed inquiry when other more precious and interesting questions were exhausted4 8,i merely did what ,nelly told me10 said ,marmaduke3 8,i listened to him40 ,on ,christmas morning ,marmaduke announced his intention of dining out4 ,it was a sacrifice to all three1 but no one opposed him4 ,nelly made up a store of provisions1 including a hot plum-pudding1 which was put with other steaming hot dishes into the ample basket that the gay young man carried off in a cab with him to ,red ,pepper ,lane4 ,there he found a clean hearth1 a blazing fire1 and a table spread with a snowy cloth1 and all necessaries complete4 ,some fairy had surely been at work in that gloomy place4 ,the host was clean and brushed1 looking like an eccentric gentleman in his new clothes amidst those incongruous surroundings4 ,he and ,marmaduke unpacked the basket with many an exclamation at its inexhaustible depths4 ,that was the happiest1 if not the very merriest1 ,christmas dinner that ever ,marmaduke partook of4 ,when it was over1 and they were puffing a quiet cigar over the fire1 steps were heard on the rickety stairs1 and then a knock at the door1 and a silvery voice saying3 8,may we come in80 ,it was ,stephen and ,nelly4 8,i don't see why you should have all the pleasure to yourself10 said ,nelly1 with her bright laugh2 8you would never have been here at all if ,i had not teased you into taking the message60 99 99 99 99 99 ,if this were a romance instead of a true episode1 the story should end by the some-time rag-and-bone man becoming a ,catholic1 rising to wealth and distinction1 and marrying ,nelly4 ,but the events of real life don't adjust themselves so conveniently to the requirements of the story-teller4 ,stephen ,walpole got ,mr4 ,botfield a situation in the post-office1 where1 by good conduct and intelligent diligence1 he rose gradually to a position of trust1 which was highly paid4 ,he never married4 ,who knows8 ,perhaps he had his little romance1 and never dared to tell it4 ,,the ,,protestant ,,episcopal ,,church ,,congress4 ,the second annual ,congress of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states was held at ,philadelphia during the early part of ,november4 ,church congresses are new things in this country1 and the ,episcopalians are not yet quite at home in them4 ,their first experiment1 made at ,new ,york in #ahgd1 was not wholly successful4 ,some of their leading bishops and presbyters treated it rather cavalierly1 apparently in the fear that it was going to weaken the bonds of ecclesiastical discipline1 and open vexatious questions which the church for years had been expending all its learning and ingenuity in trying not to answer4 ,but church congresses seemed to be very proper and respectable things for every denomination which laid claim to antiquity3 they are common in the mother-church of ,england2 they are efficient and interesting organizations in what our ,anglican friends are pleased to call the ,roman branch of the church of ,christ2 ,dr4 ,dllinger has them regularly in the ,old-,catholic 8branch02 and so the originators of the movement in the ,american 8branch0 have persevered in their attempt to establish them here4 ,the meeting in ,philadelphia appears to have been all that its promoters could have reasonably expected4 ,the denominational papers of various shades of opinion concur in believing that the permanency of the ,congress as an annual institution is now nearly secured2 and we find one of these journals rejoicing that the meeting passed off with 8entire cordiality10 and that nothing in the proceedings 8elicited prejudice or excited hostile action40 ,this indeed was something to boast of4 ,perhaps it would have been still more gratifying had not the same paper explained that this unexpected peaceableness of the ,congress arose 8from the fact that no resolutions were adopted1 no legislation proposed1 no elections held4 ,when any of these are distinctly in view1 those who participate range themselves into parties1 and it is almost impossible not to resort to measures to ensure victory which generate unkind feelings and provoke exaggerated statements40 ,all which gives us a queer idea of the manner in which the ,holy ,ghost is supposed to operate in the councils of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,but no matter4 ,let us be glad1 for the sake of propriety1 that this was merely a meeting for talk1 and not for action4 ,the strict rules applicable to conventions1 synods1 and other business meetings were not in force4 ,the topics of discussion were not so much points of doctrine as minor questions of discipline and methods of applying the machinery of the church to the every-day work of religion4 ,and with the knowledge that no vote was to be taken upon any subject whatever1 the ,congress unanimously agreed to let every man say what he pleased4 ,the great variety of irreconcilable things which it accordingly pleased the gentlemen to say seems to have attracted remark1 and denominational papers point to it with pride as a proof of the large toleration allowed within the bosom of the church4 ,if they like it1 far be it from us to interfere with their enjoyment4 ,the ,episcopal ,church is one of the largest and richest of the ,protestant sects4 ,its clergy are popularly supposed to boast of more general culture and enjoy fuller opportunities for study than those of the other religious bodies1 and its people are found in large numbers among the educated and well-to-do classes4 ,a congress of this church1 gathered from all parts of the country1 representing all shades of opinion1 and possessing almost unbounded facilities for talk and deliberation1 ought therefore to have elicited a great deal that was worth remembering4 ,the programme of the sessions was stated in an alluring manner by ,bishop ,clarke1 of ,rhode ,island1 who made the introductory address4 8,we come10 said he1 8to consider how the doctrine and organization of the church can be brought most effectually to sanctity02 and then he went on to speak briefly of the particular things1 in our daily experience1 which the church ought to purify and bless--our business affairs1 our amusements1 our care of the poor1 our family relations1 the marriage tie--practical points all of them1 and points1 too1 in which the church and the state are more or less in contact4 ,well1 having laid out this plan of work1 how did the ,congress address itself to it8 ,the first session gave a rather curious illustration of the practical spirit of the assemblage2 for the reverend gentlemen1 by way of 8bringing the doctrine and organization of the church most effectually to sanctity10 rushed straightway with hot haste into the subject of 8ultramontanism and civil authority10 and pounded upon the doors of the ,vatican the whole afternoon4 ,the ,rev4 ,francis ,wharton1 ,d4,d41 of ,cambridge1 ,mass41 was careful in the outset to distinguish between ultramontanism and the ,roman ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states4 ,the mass of us1 he believes1 have always been loyal to the territory of whose population we form a part1 but our loyalty has no connection with our religion4 ,if we followed the teachings of our church1 ,dr4 ,wharton thinks we should be a dangerous set of people4 8,ultramontanism teaches that the ,pope1 a foreign prince1 deriving his support from a foreign civilization1 is entitled to set aside governments which he considers disloyal1 and to annul such institutions as he does not approve40 ,we confess that we do not know what ,dr4 ,wharton means by the ,pope deriving his support from a foreign civilization4 ,if he means his physical support1 then the doctor is both wrong and right2 for that is derived from the faithful of the whole world4 ,if he means that his authority is derived from a foreign civilization1 then the doctor is apparently irreverent2 for the papal authority is derived from the institution of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and surely a respectable ,cambridge divine would not call that a foreign civilization4 ,as for the distinction which is drawn between ,american and ultramontane ,catholics1 let us repudiate it with all possible warmth before we go any further4 ,ultramontanism is an objectionable word1 because it was invented to localize a school of religious doctrine which is the only catholic school--the school acknowledged all over the world2 but if it be understood as defining that spirit of faith and piety which yields all love and obedience to the ,vicar of ,christ1 accepts all the ,vatican decrees gladly and without reserve1 is not afraid of paying too much respect to the ,holy ,see1 or showing too much humility before ,god1 or believing one little particle more than we are commanded to believe under pain of anathema1 then the ,catholics of ,america are ultramontane ,catholics to a man4 ,probably there are no ,catholics in any country of the world less disposed to compromise in matters of religious duty1 and more thoroughly imbued with filial reverence and love for the ,head of ,god's church on earth1 than the ,catholics of the ,united ,states4 ,the spirit of the church in ,rome is the spirit of the church in ,america2 and when ,dr4 ,wharton asserts that 8the political tenets of ultramontanism are repudiated by the leading ,catholic statesmen of our land10 he makes an utterly erroneous statement1 against which ,american ,catholics will be the first to protest4 ,it is very true that with the fictitious ultramontanism conceived of his fears and prejudices neither ,americans nor any other sensible people have the slightest sympathy4 ,but show us what ,rome teaches1 and there you have precisely what the church in the ,united ,states accepts4 ,if it is true1 therefore that the ,pope claims authority 8to set aside governments which he considers disloyal1 and to annul such institutions as he does not approve10 it must be true that ,america upholds his pretensions4 ,dr4 ,wharton may live in the fear that ,his ,holiness will some day send the ,noble ,guard to set aside the government of ,gen4 ,grant whenever it becomes 8disloyal02 while he may well feel an absolute certainty that our common-school system1 our constitutional prohibition of the establishment of a state church1 our laws against sectarian appropriations1 and various other wicked and heretical provisions found on our statute-books1 will sooner or later be 8annulled0 by a decree from the ,vatican4 ,he need not flatter himself that any superior enlightenment among the ,catholics of ,america will save the ,protestant community from the miserable fate in store for it4 ,we are not a bit wiser or better than the ,pope4 ,the possible interference of the ,vatican with our ,congresses and ballot-boxes ,dr4 ,wharton evidently regards as a very remote danger4 ,there are points1 however1 he thinks1 where the ,vatican clashes every day with the civil power1 and where it ought to be resisted with all the energy at our command4 ,and just at this part of the reverend doctor's address we should like very much to have seen the face of ,bishop ,clarke4 ,in his introductory remarks ,bishop ,clarke told the ,congress that one of the most important subjects for churchmen to consider was the influence or authority of the church over the family relations4 8,the ,gospel obtained hold of the family before it touched the state4 ,how does the condition of the marriage bond stand to-day8 ,in some of our ,states it is as easy to solve it as it is to join it4 ,is this the religion of which we have made such boast80 ,but here1 before the echoes of the bishop's words have fairly died away1 is the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,wharton on his feet denouncing as a crime the very interference which ,bishop ,clarke inculcated as a duty4 ,it is one of the usurpations of ultramontanism1 says the ,cambridge doctor1 to annul civil marriages which the state holds binding1 and to treat as invalid divorces which the state holds good4 ,this is one of the most serious conflicts between the state and the ,vatican1 and it is one1 if we understand aright the somewhat imperfect report of his remarks1 in which ,protestant ,episcopalians must prepare themselves to take an earnest part1 remembering that1 while their church is free1 it is 8a free church within a free sovereign state1 and that this state1 in its own secular sovereignty1 is supreme40 ,here1 then1 we have a distinct declaration that the family relation is not a proper subject of religious regulation4 ,if the state sees fit to make it as easy to loose the marriage bond as to tie it1 the church has no right to object2 it is a secular matter1 and the free sovereign state is supreme in its own secular sovereignty4 ,if the state sanctions an adulterous connection1 the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church must revise its ,bible and bless the unholy tie2 it is a secular matter1 and the free sovereign state is supreme in its own secular sovereignty4 ,the sanctity of the family relation is under the protection of the church1 says ,bishop ,clarke4 ,no such thing1 replies ,dr4 ,wharton--that is an insolent ultramontane pretension2 the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church knows its place1 and does not presume to interfere with the legislature4 8,the ,gospel obtained hold of the family before it touched the state10 says the bishop4 8,oh6 well1 we have changed all that10 rejoins the doctor2 the glory of the ,protestant ,episcopal gospel nowadays is that it lets the family alone4 ,in point of fact1 ,episcopalianism is not quite so bad as this hasty advocate would have us believe2 for it does censure1 in a mild way1 the laxity of some of the divorce laws1 and does not always lend itself to the celebration of bigamous marriages4 ,but ,dr4 ,wharton is correct in his main position--that his church leaves to the state the control of the family relation2 and if she shrinks from the logical consequences of her desertion of duty1 that is only because a remnant of ,catholic feeling remains to her in the midst of her heresies and contradictions4 ,the time must come1 however1 when these illogical fragments of truth will be thrown away1 and the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church will take its place beside the other ,protestant bodies in renouncing all right to be heard on one of the most important points of contact between the law of ,god and the concerns of every-day life4 ,it is impossible to allow the civil power to bind and loose the family tie at pleasure1 without admitting that the subject is entirely outside the domain of ecclesiastical supervision4 ,the attempt of the ,episcopal ,church to compromise on adultery is an absurdity1 and in the steady course of ,protestant development it will surely be abolished4 ,is there any particular in which the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church fairly takes hold of the family8 ,we have seen that she abandons to politicians the sacred tie between the parents2 what has she to do with the next domestic concern--the education of the child8 ,dr4 ,wharton holds it to be one of her distinguishing claims to public favor that she abandons this duty also to the secular power4 ,the right to control education1 according to him1 is1 like the right to sanction the marriage tie1 one of the insolent pretensions of the ,vatican usurper4 ,the state1 he thinks1 is bound not only to educate all its subjects1 but to decide what points a secular education shall cover1 while the church may only add to this irreligious training such pious instruction as the child may have time and strength to receive after the more serious lessons are over4 8,the church10 he says1 8concedes to the state the right and duty to require a secular education from all1 while for itself it undertakes1 as a free church in a free state1 the right and duty to give a religious education to all within its reach40 ,expressed in somewhat plainer ,english1 this means that thirty hours a week ought to be given to the dictionary and multiplication table1 and one hour to the catechism and the ten commandments4 ,send your children to schools all the week where they will hear nothing whatever of religion1 where that most vital of all concerns will be a forbidden subject1 where the idea will be practically1 if not in so many words1 impressed upon their tender minds that it is of no consequence whether they are ,christians1 or ,jews1 or infidels1 so long as they master the various branches of worldly knowledge which promote success in the secular affairs of life2 and then get them into ,sunday-school if you can1 for a wild and ineffectual attempt to counteract the evil tendencies of the previous six days' teachings4 ,this is trying to give a ,christian education without the corner-stone of ,christian doctrine2 building a house upon the sand1 and then running around it once a week with a hatful of pebbles and a trowel of mud to put a foundation under the finished structure4 ,dr4 ,wharton seems to embody in his own person a surprising variety of the inconsistencies for which the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church has such a peculiar celebrity4 ,for here1 after he has claimed credit for his church as the champion of a secular education1 he tells the ,congress that secularism is one of the great dangers of the age1 against which the church must fight with all her strength4 8,the battle with secularism has to be fought out40 ,it must be fought 8by the church1 and eminently by our own church4 ,our duty therefore is to fit ourselves for the encounter1 and we must do this with the cause of religion1 undertaking in its breadth and embracing all branches of religious1 spiritual1 and ethical culture40 ,well1 but1 dear sir1 you have just said that during the most important period of man's intellectual development1 when the mind is receiving impressions which are likely to last through life1 the church ought to stand aside and let the state teach secularism without hindrance4 ,are you going to cultivate secularism in the young until it becomes firmly rooted1 and then fight against it with sermons and essays which your secularized young men will not listen to8 ,how do you expect to impart religious1 spiritual1 and ethical culture when you have formally renounced your inestimable privilege and your sacred duty as a guide and teacher of children8 ,you propose to wait until your boys have come to man's estate before you attempt to exercise any influence upon them2 and then1 when they have grown up with the idea that religious influence ought to be avoided as one avoids pestilence1 you wonder and complain that they are indifferent to the church and will not hear you4 8,the battle with secularism has to be fought out40 ,your way of fighting is to abandon the outposts1 leave front and rear and flanks unprotected1 and throw away your arms4 ,it was one of the peculiarities of the ,congress that whatever error was promulgated in the essays and debates1 somewhere in the course of the sessions an antidote was sure to be furnished--this being an illustration1 we suppose1 of the extreme toleration of opinion to which ,bishop ,clarke referred as 8somewhat singular0 in a church 8so fixed in its doctrines40 ,hence we need not be surprised to find in the second day's proceedings a refutation of the educational theories propounded during the first4 ,dr4 ,wharton made use of the principle of secular schooling as a weapon of offence against the ,vatican4 ,but when the delegates had relieved their minds and vindicated their ,protestant orthodoxy by giving the poor ,pope about as much as he could stagger away with1 they turned their attention to their own condition1 and one of their first subjects of inquiry was what secular education had done for them4 ,the topic of consideration on the second morning was 8,the ,best ,methods of ,procuring and ,preparing ,candidates for the ,ministry40 ,dr4 ,schenck of ,brooklyn began by stating that the supply of candidates for holy orders was not only inadequate to the needs of the church1 but it was falling off--a smaller number offering themselves to-day than six or seven years ago4 ,this1 said he1 should excite the gravest concern of the church2 and nobody seemed disposed to contradict him4 ,dr4 ,edward ,b4 ,boggs indeed presented some uncomfortable statistics which tell the whole story4 ,in #ahga1 the number of resident presbyters of the ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states was #b1eff2 in #ahgd1 it was only #b1ecj4 ,here1 then while the population increases the clergy are diminishing4 ,a great many reasons were suggested for the phenomenon4 ,one thought the question of salary was at the bottom of the evil4 ,another blamed mothers for not giving their boys a taste for the ministry while they were young4 ,a third believed the trouble was too little prayer and too much quarrelling over candles and ecclesiastical millinery4 ,and more than one hinted in the broadest terms that the ministry was discredited by having too many fools in it4#agd ,the truth1 however1 which had been vaguely suggested by some of the earlier speakers1 was plumply told by ,dr4 ,edward ,sullivan of ,chicago4 8,the church10 said he1 8must learn to supply the ranks of the ministry from her own material0--that is to say1 by giving the children of the church a ,christian education4 ,he lamented the exclusion of the ,bible from some of the common schools as a national calamity--not1 if we understand him1 because he has any overweening faith in the efficacy of ,bible-reading per se1 but because he knows that when positive religious teaching is banished from the school1 the children can hardly fail to grow up without any religious feeling whatever4 8,until we establish parochial church schools10 he continued1 8we can never solve this problem40 ,and he might have added that if the teaching of secularism is to be continued for a generation or two longer1 the problem will solve itself3 there will be no need of preachers when there cease to be congregations4 ,if such an alarming phenomenon as an actual falling off in the numbers of the clergy were noticed in our own holy church1 it would perhaps occur to good ,catholics to inquire whether the bishops were doing all that they ought to do for the souls of their people4 ,but the ,episcopal ,congress at ,philadelphia seems to have been vexed with the idea that the bishops were doing entirely too much4 ,looking at the assemblage from the outside1 we cannot pretend to see the under-currents of opinion1 or to comprehend the denominational politics2 but it was plain both from the tone of the addresses in the session set apart for considering the 8,nature and ,extent of ,episcopal ,authority0 and from the manner in which some of the remarks of the speakers were received1 that a jealousy of episcopal authority prevailed with considerable bitterness4 ,dr4 ,vinton of ,boston drew a parallel between the government of the church and the government of the state2 both were ruled by executives appointed by law and controlled by law1 and in each case the chief officer acted by the assumed authority of those he governed4 ,the bishops therefore1 we infer1 have just as much power as the people choose to give them1 and we see no reason why the congregations should not enlarge and restrict that power at pleasure--make a new constitution1 if they wish1 every year1 and treat their prelates as the savage treats his idol1 which he sets upon an altar for worship in the morning1 and if things go not well with him1 kicks into the kennel at night4 ,indeed1 since the foundation of the ,anglican ,church the episcopate has always been treated with scant ceremony4 ,dr4 ,vinton tells us that it is a reflex of the political organization1 and as that has varied a great deal in ,england and ,america1 and is not unlikely in the course of time to vary a great deal more1 we must not be surprised to find the system undergoing many strange modifications and holding out the promise of further change indefinitely4 ,in the primitive church1 the episcopacy was a despotism4 ,in the ,anglican ,church1 it is 8merely an ecclesiastical aristocracy40 ,in the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of ,america1 where the exigencies of politics have to be considered1 it is--well1 that is just what the ,congress tried in vain to determine4 ,for one thing1 ,dr4 ,vinton and other speakers after him laid great stress upon the fact that its authority was carefully circumscribed by statute1 and that the church was a corporation--though whence it derived its charter nobody was good enough to tell us4 ,in truth1 we did not find the day's proceedings edifying4 ,dr4 ,vinton declared that an organic evil of the church constitution1 8boding more of mischief and sorrow to the body of ,christ than any or all of the evils besides that our age makes possible10 was the liability of bishops to grow arrogant of power1 to make their authority troublesome1 to put on idle pomp1 and set themselves 8in conspicuous difference from the taste1 the traditions1 the educated and intelligent convictions which the providence of ,god has caused to rule in this land40 ,dr4 ,fulton of ,indianapolis inveighed with warmth against any bishop who ventured to intrude into another man's diocese1 and remarked that 8some bishops were never at home unless they were abroad40 ,a bishop1 continued the doctor1 is subject to civil law4 ,he should be tried for violation of the ninth commandment if he wilfully slander a clergyman either in or out of his own diocese4 ,bishops must not affect infallibility in doctrinal utterances4 ,they must remember that in more than one respect they and their presbyters are equals4 ,a bishop who would be respected must respect the rights of other bishops--not being an episcopal busybody in other men's sees4 ,dr4 ,goodwin of ,philadelphia thought that what our ,lord meant to have was 8a moderate episcopate40 ,dr4 ,washburn of ,new ,york believed that even the powers granted to the apostles were not exclusive1 and that ever since the apostolic age these powers had been gradually more and more distributed1 until now1 we should think1 they must be so finely divided that no fragment of them is anywhere visible in the ,episcopal ,church4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,v4 ,lewis convulsed the house with laughter by a speech in which he declared that the bishops had been so 8tied hand and foot by conventions and canons that it was wonderful they had time to do anything but find out what they must not do02 and he called upon the church to 8cut those bands and let the bishops loose40 ,we quote from the report of his remarks in the ,church ,journal3 8,what will they do8 ,he would tell them what they would do4 ,he had at home in his yard six chickens about half-grown4 ,he had placed among them a turkey big enough to eat any of them up4 ,but they all flew at him4 ,one little fellow pecked him and spurred him savagely4 ,the turkey looked on in perfect astonishment1 apparently2 but at length he spread out his wings and literally sat down upon him4 ,from that day to this1 whenever that turkey stirs1 these chickens cannot be kept from following him4 ,and this is just what will happen in the church1 if we will only let our bishops loose40 ,all this was the cause of much innocent hilarity among the brethren2 but we fear that it was to ,dr4 ,lewis that the ,churchman referred the next week in the following solemn strain3 8,it is a sad circumstance that the ministry has in it1 here and there1 a professional joker and cheap story-teller and anecdote-monger1 one of the most tedious and least estimable types of foolishness that try ,christian endurance and vex religious families4 ,it is to be hoped no such melancholy-moving buffoon will ever propose himself as clown to the ,church ,congress2 and1 short of that1 will it be wise to confer the award of the heartiest and loudest applause on a sort of comic pleasantry and #8jesting not convenient' which1 at best1 is outdone in its own line in whole columns of daily newspapers8 ,we may smile1 because it cannot be helped1 but we can surely reserve our plaudits--if they must be given at all--for that species of superiority which manifests a chaste refinement and suits tastes that are intellectual rather than jovial40 ,clearly there was a great deal more in these essays on the limitations of episcopal authority than met the profane eye4 ,who are the trespassers upon other men's sheepfolds1 and the busybodies1 and the slanderers1 and the pompous bishops1 and the infallible bishops1 and the bishops who think themselves better than their presbyters1 it is not for us to inquire4 ,neither perhaps would it be decorous to ask how the ten or twelve bishops in the ,congress--none of whom opened their mouths during the debate--enjoyed the session4 ,but there is excellent reason to believe that the presbyters had a very pleasant day1 singing the opening hymn in the morning1 8,come1 gracious ,spirit1 heavenly dove10 with peculiar unction1 and joyously dismissing their right reverend fathers in the afternoon with the verses1 8,go forth1 ye heralds1 in my name40 ,if the bishops are in disrepute and the inferior clergy are falling away1 it can hardly be necessary to tell us that the church has no real hold upon the people2 that follows as a matter of course4 ,accordingly1 the most interesting of the debates were on the best methods of giving vitality to the work of the church--on ministrations to the laboring classes1 on free churches and free preaching1 on the abuses of the new system1 and on the need of something equivalent to the preaching ,orders and ,congregations of our own church4 ,of all the papers read at the ,congress the only one which was received with what we may fairly call enthusiasm was an essay by ,mr4 ,francis ,wells1 editor of the ,philadelphia ,evening ,bulletin1 on the 8,parochial ,system and ,free ,preaching10 at the close of which one of the reverend delegates jumped upon a bench and led the assembly in three cheers4 ,we have seen no report which gives a fair abstract of ,mr4 ,wells' paper1 or even explains what practical suggestions he had to offer1 so that it is impossible to understand what it was that moved the feelings of the ,congress4 ,but if he drew a faithful picture of the average ,episcopal ,church of our day he may well have startled his audience4 8,the chief trouble10 he said1 8lies in the spirit of exclusiveness which eyes the fashion of the dress and warns off strangers with a cold stare40 ,he was quite right in holding that the renting of pews and the expenditure of large sums of money for the adornment of the house of ,god are not necessarily obstacles to the influence of the church over the masses4 ,our own experience proves that4 ,what poor and ragged sinner was ever repelled from a ,catholic ,church by imposing architecture1 or gorgeous windows1 or the blazing magnificence of lighted altars1 or the strains of costly music8 ,the rich have their pews--at least in this country1 where it is only by pew-rents that we can meet the necessary expenses of the parish--but the most wretched beggar feels that he is welcome at all times in the splendid temple1 and he may kneel there1 feasting the senses1 if he pleases1 as well as refreshing the soul1 without fear that his more comfortable neighbor will stare at his humble garments4 ,whatever the character of our churches1 it is always the poor who fill them4 ,it never occurs to a ,catholic that the people who pay pew-rents acquire any proprietorship in the house of ,god1 or have any better right there than those who pay nothing4 ,the sermons are never made for the rich1 and the ,holy ,sacrifice is offered for all indiscriminately4 ,but in the ,episcopal ,church how different it is6 ,imagine the feelings of a mechanic who approaches one of the luxurious ,fifth-,avenue temples in his patched and stained working trowsers and threadbare coat4 ,carriages are setting down the haut ton at the door1 every lady dressed in the extreme of fashion1 every gentleman carefully arrayed by an expensive tailor4 ,a high-priced sexton1 with rather more dignity than an average bishop1 receives the distinguished arrivals just inside the lobby1 and scrutinizes strangers with the air of an expert who has learned by long experience in the highest circles just what kind of company every casual visitor has probably been in the habit of keeping4 ,the interior of the church somehow suggests a ,madison-,avenue parlor1 furnished in the latest style of imitation antique4 ,the upholstery is a marvel of comfort4 ,the pleasantly subdued light suits the eyes and softens the complexions of ,christians who have been up late dancing4 ,a decorous quiet pervades the waiting congregation1 broken only by the rustle of five-dollar silks sweeping up the aisles4 ,such a handsome display of millinery can be seen nowhere else for so little money4 ,what is a working-man to do in such a brilliant gathering as this8 ,he looks timidly at the back seats1 and he finds there perhaps two or three old women1 parish pensioners1 ,sunday-school boys1 or young men who keep near the door in order to slip out quietly when they are tired of the services1 but nobody of his class4 ,the prosperous people all around him listen to the choir1 and the reader1 and the preacher1 with an indescribable air of proprietorship in all of them4 ,the sermon is an elaborate essay addressed to cultivated intellects1 not to his common understanding4 ,he goes away with the uncomfortable consciousness that he has been intruding1 and feels like a shabby and unkempt person who has strolled by mistake into the stockholders' row at the ,italian ,opera1 and been turned out by a high-toned box-keeper4 8,it is indeed hard to imagine10 said ,the ,nation the other day1 8anything more likely to make religion seem repelling to a poor man than the sight of one of the gorgeous edifices in which rich ,christians nowadays try to make their way to heaven4 ,working out one's salvation clothed in the height of the fashion1 as a member of a wealthy club1 in a building in which the amplest provision is made for the gratification of all the finer senses1 must seem to a thoughtful city mechanic1 for instance1 something in the nature of a burlesque4 ,not that the building is too good for the lofty purpose to which it is devoted1 for nobody ever gets an impression of anything but solemn appropriateness from a great ,catholic cathedral1 but that it is the property of a close corporation1 who1 as it might be said1 #8make up a party' to go to the ,throne of ,grace1 and share the expenses equally1 and fix the rate so high that only successful businessmen can join40 ,but we heed not enlarge upon the prevalence of this evil4 ,the speakers at the ,congress recognized it frankly1 and they are undoubtedly aware1 though they may not have deemed it prudent to confess1 that the case is growing more and more serious all the time4 ,as wealth concentrates in the large cities and habits of luxury increase1 the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is continually becoming colder and colder towards the poor4 ,no remedy that has been proposed holds out the faintest promise of stopping this alarming decline4 ,no remedy proposed even meets the approbation of any considerable number of the ,episcopal clergy4 ,one speaker proposes a greater number of free congregations1 and is met by the obvious objection that the result would be a still more lamentable separation between rich and poor1 with a different class of churches for each set4 ,another recommends the bishops to send missionary preachers into every parish where there seems to be need of their labor1 but does not tell us where the missionaries are to be found1 and forgets that almost every parish in the ,united ,states would have to be supplied in this way before the evil could be cured4 ,a third advises the rich and poor to meet together1 and fraternize and help each other2 and a fourth calls for more zeal all around4 ,all these proposals are merely various ways of stating the disease2 they do not indicate remedies4 ,perhaps it may occur to some people that if the ,catholic ,church and the ,episcopal ,church correspond so closely in their outward operations1 both striving to celebrate divine worship with all possible splendor1 both building costly churches and supporting them by pew-rents1 both employing highly paid choirs1 both keeping up a system of parishes1 and if all the while the one gathers people of every rank and condition into her fold1 offering health and consolation to all alike1 while the other is constantly losing the affections of the multitude and becoming a lifeless creature of forms and fashions1 the explanation of the difference after all may be that the ,holy ,ghost lives and works in the one1 while the other is only the device of man4 ,,yule ,,raps4 ,a ,,christmas ,,story4 ,we once saw a picture of a wide1 undulating snow-landscape1 overspread with a pale rosy tint from the west1 and we thought it a fancy picture of an ,arctic winter4 ,it hung in a pretty room in a ,silesian country-house4 ,the weather was lovely1 warm but temperate2 it was mid-,june1 and the woods were full of wild strawberries1 and the meadows of forget-me-nots4 ,yet that landscape was simply ,silesia in the winter2 the same place1 six months later1 becomes a wilderness of snow4 ,what shall we say of ,mecklenburg1 then1 so much farther to the north of ,silesia8 ,but even there winter brings merriment2 and as in these snow-bound countries there is less work to be got through in the winter1 their people associate the ideas of pleasure and holiday with the cold rather than the warm weather4 ,in ,mecklenburg spring1 summer1 and autumn mean work--ploughing1 sowing1 haying1 harvesting2 winter means fun and frolic1 peasants' dances1 farmers' parties1 weddings1 christenings1 harvest-homes1 ,christmas1 ,new ,year's1 and ,epiphany presents1 gatherings of friends1 fireside talk1 innocent games1 and general merriment4 ,in a little village in this province the house of ,emanuel ,khler was famous for its jollity4 ,here were old customs well kept up1 yet always with decorum and a regard to higher matters4 ,emanuel was virtually master of the estate of ,stelhagen1 the absentee owner of which was a gay young officer who never wrote to his agent1 except for a new supply of money4 ,clever and enlightened an agriculturist as old ,khler was1 it was sometimes difficult for him to send the required sums1 and yet have enough to farm the estate to his satisfaction4 ,in the language of the country1 he was called the inspector1 and his house1 also according to the local custom1 was a kind of informal agricultural school4 ,at the time of our story he had four young men under him--who were in all respects like the apprentices of the good old time--and two of his own relatives1 his son and his nephew4 ,his only daughter was busy helping her mother1 and learning to be as efficient a housekeeper as the young men to be first-rate farmers2 and this nucleus of young society1 added to the good ,khler's hearty joviality and the known good-cheer always provided by ,frau ,khler1 naturally made the large1 cosey1 rambling house a pleasant rendezvous for the neighborhood4 ,the ,khler household was a host in itself1 yet it always loved to be reinforced on festive occasions by the good people of the village and farms within ten miles round4 ,so also the children1 whether poor or pretty well off1 were all welcome at old ,emanuel's1 and knew the way to the ,frau ,inspectorin's pantry as well as they knew the path to the church or the school4 ,all the servant-girls in the neighborhood wanted to get a place in this house1 but there was scarcely ever a vacancy1 unless one of the dairy-maids or the house-girls married4 ,frau ,khler and her daughter did all the kitchen work themselves1 and the latter1 a thoughtful girl1 though she was only fifteen1 studied books and maps between-whiles4 ,but her studies never interfered with the more necessary knowledge that a girl should have when1 as ,rika1#age she has to depend upon herself for everything4 ,in the country1 in the ,mecklenburg of even a very few years ago1 everything was home-made1 and a supply of things from the large town twenty or thirty miles off was the event of a life-time4 ,such things came as wedding-gifts2 and though fancy things came every ,christmas1 even they were carefully and sacredly kept as tokens of that miraculous1 strange1 bewildering world outside1 in which people wore their silk dresses every day1 and bought everything they wanted at large shops a few steps from their own houses4 ,frau ,khler often wondered what other women did who had no farm-house to manage1 no spinning1 or knitting1 or cooking1 or dairy-work to do2 and when her daughter ,rika suggested that they probably read and studied1 she shrugged her shoulders and said3 8,take care1 child2 women ought to attend to women's work4 ,studying is a man's business40 ,the honest soul was a type of many an old-fashioned ,german house-mother1 of whose wisdom it were well that some of our contemporaries could avail themselves2 and when ,rika gently reminded her of the story of ,martha and ,mary1 she would energetically reply3 8,very well2 but take my word for it1 child1 there was a woman more blessed than that ,mary1 and one who was nearer yet to her ,lord2 and we do not hear of her neglecting her house4 ,i love to think of that house at ,nazareth as just a model of household cleanliness and comfort4 ,you know1 otherwise1 it could not have been a fitting place for ,him2 for though he chose poverty1 he must needs have surrounded himself with spotless purity40 ,and ,rika1 as humble and docile as she was thoughtful1 saw in this reverent and practical surmise a proof that it is not learning that comes nearest to the heart of truth1 but that clearer and directer knowledge which ,god gives to 8babes and sucklings40 ,this particular ,christmas there was much preparation for the family festival4 ,the kitchen was in a ferment for a week1 and mighty bakings took place2 gingerbread and cake were made1 and various confectionery-work was done2 for ,frau ,khler expected a friend of her own early home to come and stay with her this last week of the year4 ,this was the good old priest who had baptized her daughter2 for neither mother nor daughter were natives of ,mecklenburg1 though the latter had grown up there1 and had never1 since she was six months old1 gone beyond the limits of the large estate which her father administered4 ,frau ,khler was a ,bavarian by birth1 and had grieved very much when her ,mecklenburg husband had taken her to this northern land1 where his position and wages were so good as to make it his duty to abide and bring up his family4 ,but the worthy old creature had done a wonderful deal of good since she had been there1 and kept up her faith as steadfastly as ever she had at home4 ,frederika had been her treasure and her comfort2 and between the mother's intense1 medival firmness of belief1 and the child's naturally deep and thoughtful nature1 the little farm-maiden had grown up a rare combination of qualities1 and a model for the young ,catholic womanhood of our stormy times4 ,the old priest whom ,frau ,khler had looked up to before her marriage as her best friend1 and whom ,rika had been taught to revere from her babyhood1 had been very sick1 and was obliged to leave his parish for a long holiday and rest4 ,his former parishioner was anxious that he should see ,christmas kept in the old-fashioned northern style1 more characteristic than the ,frenchified southern manners would now allow1 even in her remote native village4 ,civilization carries with it the pick-axe and the rule2 and when young girls begin to prefer ,manchester prints and ,french bonnets to homespun and straw hats1 most of the old customs slip away from their homes4 ,in the sturdy ,mecklenburg of twenty years ago1 even after the temporary stir of #ahdh1 things were pretty much as they had been for centuries1 and it was ,emanuel's pride that his household should be1 if needful1 the last stronghold of the good old usages4 ,he heartily acquiesced in his wife's invitation to the southern guest1 and resolved to have the best ,christmas that had been known in the country since he had undertaken the care of the ,stelhagen estate4 ,in truth1 he lived like a patriarch among his work-people2 his laborers and their families were models of prosperity and content1 and the children of all the neighborhood wished he were their grandfather4 ,indeed1 he was godfather to half the village babies born during his stay there4 ,the sleighs of the country were the people's pride4 ,some were plain and strong1 because their owners were not rich enough to adorn them1 but others were quite a curiosity to the visitor from the south4 ,they partook of the same quaintness as the old yellow family coaches that took the farmers to harvest-homes and weddings before the early snows came on4 ,lumbering1 heavy-wheeled vehicles these were1 swinging on high like a cradle tied to a couple of saplings in a storm2 capacious as the house-mother's apron-pockets on a baking day2 seventy years old at least1 barring the numerous patchings and mendings1 new lining or new wheel1 occasionally vouchsafed to the venerable representative of the family dignity4 ,the sleighs were much gayer and a little less antiquated1 because oftener used1 and therefore oftener worn out2 besides1 there were fashions in sleighs even in this remote place--fashions indigenous to the population1 each individual of which was capable of some invention when sleighs were in question4 ,on ,christmas ,eve1 long before it grew dark1 many of these pretty or curious conveyances clattered up to the farm-house door4 ,some were laden with children two rows deep1 all wrapped in knitted jackets1 blankets1 boas1 etc41 and here and there covered with a fur cap or furred hood2 for knitting in this neighborhood supplied all with warm winter wraps1 even better than woven or machine-made stuffs do nowadays4 ,there were no single sleighs1 no tiny1 toy-like things made to display the rich toilet of the occupant and the skill of the fast driver by her side2 here all were honest family vehicles1 full of rosy faces like ,christmas apples2 hearty men and women who at three-score were almost as young as their grandchildren on their bridal day2 and young men and maidens who were not afraid to dance and move briskly in their plain1 loose1 home-spun and home-made clothes1 nor to fall in love with ,german downrightness and honest1 practical intentions4 ,most of these sleighs were red1 picked out with black1 or black liberally sprinkled with red2 some were yellow and black1 some yellow and blue1 and in most the robe and cushions were of corresponding colors4 ,some of these robes had eagles embroidered in coarse patterns and thick wool1 while others were of a pattern something like those used for bed-quilts2 and some bore unmistakable witness to the thrift of the house-mother1 and were skilfully pieced together out of carpet1 curtain1 blanket1 and dress remnants1 the whole bordered with some inexpensive fur4 ,one or two sleighs bore a sort of figure-head--the head of a deer1 or a fox1 or a hawk--carved and let into the curling part of the front2 while one party1 who were gazed upon with mingled admiration and disapproval1 went so far as to trail after them1 for three or four feet behind the sleigh1 and sweeping up the snow in their wake1 a thick scarlet cloth of gorgeous appearance1 but no very valuable texture4 ,this was the doing of a young fellow who had lately been reading one or two romances of chivalry1 and been much pleased with the 8velvet housings of the horses1 sweeping the ground as the knight rode to the king's tournament40 ,his indulgent old mother and admiring sisters had but faintly remonstrated1 and this was the consequence4 ,the horses were not less bedecked than the vehicles4 ,silver bells hung from their harness and belted their bodies in various places2 shining plates of metal and knobs driven into the leather made them as gay as circus-horses2 while horse-cloths of variegated pattern were rolled up under the feet of their masters1 ready for use whenever they stopped on the road4 ,emanuel himself had gone to the nearest town at which a stage-coach stopped1 to welcome his wife's friend and special guest1 and entertained him with a flow of agricultural information and warm eulogy of the country through which they were speeding on their way home4 ,he arrived at ,stelhagen before the rush of country visitors1 and was triumphantly taken through every part of the well-kept farm1 while his meal was being prepared by ,rika and the maids4 ,but more than all1 ,frau ,khler1 in her delight1 actually made him 8free0 of the sacred1 secret chamber where stood the ,christbaum1 already laden but unlighted1 among its attendant tables and dishes4 ,the old man was as innocently charmed as a seven-year-old child2 it reminded him so of his own ,christmas-tree in days when the simple customs of ,germany were still unimpaired1 and when it was the fashion to give only really useful things1 with due regard to the condition and needs of the recipients4 8,but at the feasts to which my people ask me now10 said he1 8,i see children regaled with a multitude of unwholesome1 colored bonbons in boxes that cost quite as much as the contents1 and servants given cheap silks or paste jewelry1 and the friends or the master and mistress themselves loaded with pretty but useless knick-knacks1 gilded toys that cost a great deal and make more show than their use warrants4 ,times are sadly changed1 ,thekla1 even since you were married40 8,well1 ,herr ,pfarrer1 ,i have had little chance1 and less wish1 to see the change2 and up here ,i think we still live as ,noah's sons after they came out of the ark10 said good ,frau ,khler1 with a broad smile at her own wit4 ,as the day wore on1 she and ,rika left the ,pfarrer 7cur7 to ,emanuel's care1 and again busied themselves about the serious coming festivity4 ,she flew around1 as active as a fat sparrow1 with a dusting-cloth under her arm1 whisking off with nervous hand every speck of dust on the mantel-piece or among the few books which lay conspicuously on the table in the best room2 giving her orders to the nimble maids1 welcoming the families of guests1 and specially petting the children4 ,emanuel took the men under his protection1 and gave them tobacco and pipes1 and talked farming to them1 while his own young home-squad whispered in corners of the coming tree and supper4 ,at last ,rika came out from the room where the mystery was going on1 and1 opening the door wide1 let a flood of light into the dark apartment beyond4 ,there was a regular blaze4 ,the large tree stood on a low table1 and reached nearly up to the ceiling4 ,there were only lights1 colored ribbons1 and gilded walnuts hung upon it1 but it quite satisfied the expectation of the good folk around it4 ,round the room were tables and stands of all kinds1 crowded together1 and barely holding all the dishes apportioned to each member of the party4 ,the guests had secretly brought or sent their mutual presents2 one family generally taking charge of its neighbor's gifts1 and vice-versa1 that none might suspect the nature of their own4 ,the tree1 too1 was a joint contribution of the several families2 all had sent in tapers and nuts1 and this it was that made it so full of bright things and necessitated its being so tall4 ,on the middle table1 under the tree itself1 were dishes for the ,khler household1 each one having a liberal allowance of apples1 nuts1 and gingerbread4 ,besides these1 there were parcels1 securely tied1 laid by the dishes1 and labelled with the names of their unconscious owners4 ,khler was seized upon by his wife and daughter before anyone else was allowed to go forward--for in this old-fashioned neighborhood the head of the house is still considered in the light of an ,abraham--and a compact parcel was put into his hands by ,rika1 while ,thekla kissed him with hearty loudness4 ,next came the guest1 whom ,rika led to the prettiest china dish1 and presented with a small1 tempting-looking packet4 ,leaving him to open it at his leisure1 she joined her young friends1 and a good-natured scramble now began1 each looking for his own name in some familiar handwriting1 finding it1 and opening the treasure with the eagerness of a child4 ,it would be impossible to describe every present that thus came to view2 but though many were pretty and elaborate1 none were for mere show4 ,presently ,frau ,khler was seen to take possession of her husband1 and1 pulling off his coat1 made him try on the dressing-gown he had just drawn from his parcel4 ,she turned him round like a doll1 and clapped her hands in admiration at the perfect fit2 then danced around to the other end of the room1 and called out to the maids3 8,lina6 ,bettchen6 it is your turn now2 you have not been forgotten4 ,those are your dishes where the silver dollars are sticking in the apples40 ,the maids opened their parcels1 and each found a bright1 soft1 warm dress1 crimson and black4 ,then came ,george1 the man who did most of the immediate work round the house1 and found a bright red vest with steel buttons in his parcel4 ,frau ,khler was busy looking at other people's things1 when her husband slipped a neat1 long packet on her dish1 and1 as she turned and saw the addition1 she uttered an exclamation of joy4 ,rika helped her to unfold the stiff1 rustling thing1 when it turned out to be a black silk dress4 ,not every housewife in those days had one1 and her last was nearly worn out4 ,then the old priest came forward to show the company his ,christmas box2 and what do you think it was8 ,there was no doubt as to where it came from4 ,it was a set of missal-markers1 and in such taste as was scarcely to be expected in that time and neighborhood4 ,rika had designed it1 and her mother had worked it2 but many an anxious debate had there been over it1 as the ,frau ,inspectorin had been at first quite vexed at what she called its plainness4 ,it was composed of five thick gros-grain ribbons1 two inches wide and fifteen long4 ,there was a red1 a green1 a white1 a purple1 and a black ribbon2 and on each was embroidered a motto--on the red and green1 in gold2 on the white1 in red2 and on the black and purple1 in silver4 ,the letters were ,german1 though the mottoes were in ,latin1 and each of the five referred to one of these events3 our ,lord's birth1 death1 ,resurrection1 and ,ascension1 and the ,coming of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,at the end of each ribbon1 instead of fringe or tassels1 hung a cross of pure silver1 into the ring of which the ribbon was loosely gathered4 ,every one crowded round this novel ,christmas gift1 and examined it with an admiration equally gratifying to the giver and the receiver4 ,but ,emanuel's jolly voice soon broke the spell by saying3 8,these fine presents are very delightful to receive1 no doubt1 and the women-folk would not have been happy without some such thing2 but we are all mortal1 and ,i have not forgotten that my guest has feet and hands1 and needs warmth and comfort as much as we of grosser clay40 ,and with this he thrust a large parcel into the ,pfarrer's arms4 ,every one laughed and helped him to open it2 every one was curious to see its contents4 ,they were1 indeed1 of a most substantial and useful kind3 a foot-muff of scarlet cloth1 lined and bordered with fur1 and a pair of huge sealskin gloves4 ,scarcely had the parcel been opened when a hum of measured sound was heard outside1 and presently a ,christmas carol was distinctly audible4 ,everyone knew the words1 and many joined in the song before the singers became visible4 ,then the door opened1 and a troop of children came in1 dressed in warm white furs and woollen wrappings1 and carrying tapers and fir-branches in their hands4 ,they sang a second carol1 quaint and rustic in its words1 but skilfully set to anything but archaic music1 and then1 in honor of their southern guest1 they began the song of the evening1 a few stanzas from the 8,great ,hymn0 to the ,blessed ,virgin1 by the ,minnesinger1 ,gottfried of ,strasburg1 the translation of which1 according to ,kroeger1 runs thus3 ,,xxv4 8,god thee hath clothed with raiments seven2 ,on thy pure body1 drawn from heaven1 ,hath put them even ,when thou wast first created4 ,the first one ,chastity is named2 ,the second is as ,virtue famed2 ,the third is claimed ,as ,courtesy1 well mated2 ,the fourth dress is ,humility2 ,the fifth is known as ,pity2 ,the sixth one1 ,faith1 clings close to thee2 ,the seventh1 noble ,modesty1 ,leads gratefully ,thee in the path of duty4 ,,xxvii4 8,thou sun1 thou moon1 thou star so fair1 ,god took thee from his own side there1 ,here to prepare ,the birth of ,christ within thee4 ,for that his loved ,child and thine1 ,which is our life and life's sunshine1 ,our bread and wine1 ,to stay chaste1 he did win thee2 ,so that sin's thorns could never touch ,thy fruitful virtue's branches4 ,his burning love for thee did vouch1 ,he kept thee from all sins that crouch3 ,a golden couch1 ,secured by his love's trenches4 ,,xlvii4 ''' 8,rejoice now1 thou salvation's throne1 ,that thou gavest birth to ,him who won ,our cause1 thy ,son1 ,our ,saviour and our blessing4 ''' ,,xlviii4 8,rejoice now1 ,o thou sunshine mild1 ,that on thy blessed breasts there smiled ,god's little ,child-- ,its earthly destination4 ,rejoice that then drew near to thee ,from foreign lands the wise kings three1 ,noble and free1 ,to bring their adoration ,to thee and to that blessed ,child1 ,with many a graceful off'ring4 ,rejoice now1 that the star beguiled ,and to that place their pathway smiled ,where1 with thy ,child1 ,they worshipped thy sweet suff'ring40 8,you are not so utterly unknowing of all gentle and learned pursuits as you would have had me believe10 said the ,pfarrer to ,frau ,khler4 8,it is not every child in ,bavaria that could sing so well this ,old-,world poem1 so graceful in its rhyming and so devout in its allusions4 ,our old ,x,i,ith-century poetry1 the most national--i4e41 peculiar to our country--is too much superseded by noisy modern rhymes or sentimental ballads copied from foreign models4 ,have you any unknown scholar among your farmers and agents1 who1 you told me1 made up a hearty but not a learned society here80 8,well10 said ,frau ,khler1 8there is the school-master1 ,heldmann1 who is always poring over old useless books1 but never can have a good dinner unless his friends send it to him1 poor man6 ,he is a bachelor1 and cannot afford to have a housekeeper4 ,and then there is one of our young gentlemen1 who ,khler says is always in the clouds1 and who spends all his spare time with ,heldmann1 while the other boys spend theirs with their pretty1 rosy neighbors4 ,by the way1 ,heldmann is coming to-night2 but he said he could not come till late1 as he had some important business which would detain him for an hour or two40 8,you forget our ,rika1 mother10 said ,emanuel1 not heeding the last part of his wife's sentence2 8she is as wise as any of them1 though she says so little4 ,she knows all the old legends and poetry1 and more besides1 ,i warrant40 8,rika designed that missal-marker10 said the ,frau ,inspectorin proudly 7she had found out1 since it had been so admired1 that her daughter's instinct had guided her aright in the design74 ,but ,rika1 hearing her name mentioned1 had slipped away among the white-wrapped children1 and was laying their tapers and fir-branches away1 preparatory to giving them cakes and fruit4 ,this was quite a ceremony1 and when they were ready ,frau ,khler1 handing the large dish of nuts to the ,pfarrer1 begged him to distribute them1 while she took charge of the gingerbread and ,rika of the apples4 ,it was funny to see the solemn expectancy with which the children brought out dishes1 mugs1 pitchers1 etc41 in which to receive these ,christmas gifts4 ,some of the girls held out their aprons1 as more convenient and capacious receptacles than anything else they could lay hands on4 ,one boy brought a large birthday cup1 and another a wooden milk-bowl2 another a small churn1 while a fourth had carried off his father's peck-measure1 and a fifth calmly handed up a corn-sack1 which he evidently expected to get filled to the brim4 ,as ,frau ,khler came to one of the children1 she said3 8,fritz1 ,i saw you in the orchard last autumn stealing our apples4 ,now1 naughty boys must not expect to get apples at ,christmas if they take them at other times2 so1 ,rika1 don't give him any4 ,he shall have one piece of gingerbread1 though40 ,a piteous disclaimer met this sentence2 but the ,pfarrer thrust a double quantity of nuts into the culprit's basket1 and passed on4 ,then once again ,frau ,khler stopped and said2 8,johann1 didn't ,i see you fighting with another boy in the churchyard two weeks ago1 and told you that ,santa ,claus would forget you when he came to fill the stockings on ,christmas night8 ,i shall not give you any gingerbread40 8,franz knows we made it up again10 whined the boy1 and ,franz1 with a roguish look1 peeped out from his place in the row and said3 8,yes1 we did1 ,frau ,inspectorin02 so both got their gingerbread4 ,at last1 this distribution being over1 the children1 laden with their gifts1 went home to their own various firesides1 not without many thanks to the 8stranger within the gates0 and his parting reminder1 as he showed them the stars3 8,look up at ,god's own ,christmas-tree1 lighted up with thousands of tapers1 children1 and at the smooth1 white snow spread over the fields4 ,that is the white table-cloth which he has spread for the beautiful gifts which spring1 and summer1 and autumn are going to bring you1 all in his own good time40#agf ,then came another batch of visitors--the old1 sick1 and infirm people of the village2 the spinning-women1 the broom-tyers1 the wooden bowl and spoon carvers1 and the makers of wooden shoes2 and some who could no longer work1 but had been faithful and industrious in their time4 ,they had something of the old costume on3 the men wore blue yarn stockings and stout gray knee-breeches 7they had left their top-boots outside2 for the snow was deep and soft1 and they needed them all the winter and through most of the spring72 and the women had large nodding caps and black silk handkerchiefs folded across their bosoms4 ,each of these old people got a large loaf of plain cake and some good stout flannel2 and these things1 according to the local etiquette1 the inspector himself delivered to them as the representative of his young master4 ,this distribution was an old custom on the ,stelhagen estate1 and1 though the present owner was careless enough in many things1 he wished this usage to be always kept up4 ,even if he had not1 it is not likely that as long as ,khler was inspector the old people would not have been able to rely on the customary ,christmas gift4 ,after this some bustle occurred1 and two or three people went and stationed themselves outside the door4 ,presently the expectant company within were startled by a loud rap1 and the door flew open1 a parcel was flung in1 and a voice cried out3 8,yule rap60 ,this was a pair of slippers for the inspector4 ,no one knew where they came from2 no one had sent them4 ,yule raps are supposed to be magical1 impersonal causes of tangible effects2 so every one looked innocent and astonished1 as became good ,mecklenburgers under ,christmas circumstances4 8,yule rap60 again1 and the door opened a second time2 a smoking-cap1 embroidered with his initials1 was evolved out of a cumbrous packet by one of the young apprentices1 and scarcely had he put it on than another thundering knock sounded on the door4 8,yule rap60 was shouted again1 and in flew a heavy package4 ,it was a book1 with illustrations of travel scenes in the ,east1 and was directed to ,rika4 8,yule rap60 ,this time it was only a little square envelope1 with a ticket referring ,frau ,khler to another ticket up in the bureau drawer in her bedroom2 but when one of the boys found it1 that referred again to another ticket in the cellar2 and when another boy brought this to light1 it mysteriously referred her to her husband's pocket4 ,here1 at last1 the hidden thing was revealed--an embroidered collar1 and a pair of larger cuffs to match4 ,khler had no idea what sprite had put it there1 so he said4 8,yule rap60 and this time it was for the guest--a black velvet skull-cap1 warm and clinging4 ,then came various things1 all heralded by the same warning cry of 8,yule rap60 and a knock at the door1 generally in ,george's strong voice4 ,the two maids got the packages ready1 and peeped in at the keyhole to see when it was time to vary the sensation by throwing in another present4 ,again1 a breakfast-bell came rolling in1 ringing as it bounded on1 with just a few bands of soft stuff and silver paper muffling its sound4 ,once a large meerschaum pipe was laid gently at the threshold of the door1 and one of the apprentices fetched it as carefully4 ,then a violin was pushed through the half-open door1 and the eager face of the one for whom it was intended peeped anxiously over his neighbor's shoulder1 wondering if any one else were the happy destined one1 and as much surprised as delighted when he found it was himself4 ,that violin has since been heard in many a large and populous town1 and1 though its owner did not become as world-known as ,paganini or ,sivori1 he did not love his art less faithfully and exclusively4 ,we cannot enumerate all the gifts which ,yule brought round this year2 but before the evening was over1 a different voice cried out the magic words1 8,yule rap60 and the door being slightly opened and quickly closed again1 a tiny1 white1 silky dog stood trembling on the carpet4 ,rika jumped up and ran to take it in her arms2 then pulling open the door1 8,herr ,heldmann6 ,herr ,heldmann60 she cried4 8,i know it is you60 ,the schoolmaster came forward1 his rough face glowing with the cold through which he had just come4 8,i promised you a dog1 ,rika10 he said rather awkwardly1 8but they would not let me have it till this very day1 and ,i had no time to go for it but this evening4 ,i kept it under my coat all the time2 so it is quite warm4 ,it is only two months old40 ,rika was in ecstasies4 ,she declared this was worth all her ,christmas presents1 and then rewarded ,herr ,heldmann by telling him how well the children had done their part1 and how delightfully surprised the ,pfarrer had been4 ,the two men were soon in a deep conversation on subjects dear and familiar to both1 and the company gradually dissolved again into little knots and groups4 ,many took their leave1 as their homes were distant and they did not wish to be too late2 but for all an informal supper was laid in the vast kitchen1 and by degrees most of the good things on the table were sensibly diminished4 ,the host's wife and daughter1 and the ,herr ,pfarrer1 with half a dozen others and a few children1 did not leave the ,christmas-tree1 whose tapers were constantly attended to and replaced when necessary4 ,other 8,christmas candles0 were also lighted--tall columns of yellow wax1 made on purpose for this occasion4 ,as the household and its inmates were left to themselves1 the children began asking for their accustomed treat--the stories that all children have been fond of since the world began4 ,no land is so rich in the romance of childhood as ,germany1 both north and south4 ,there everything is personified1 and as an ,english writer lately said1 wonderful histories are connected with the fir-trees in the forests1 the beloved and venerated ,christbaum4 8,though it be yet summer1 the child sees in fancy the beautiful ,weihnachtsbaum1 adorned with sparkling things as the ,gospel1 is adorned with promises and hopes2 rich in gifts as the three kings were rich2 pointing to heaven as the angel pointed2 bright as those very heavens were bright with silver-winged messengers2 crowned with gold as the ,word was crowned2 odorous like the frankincense3 sparkling like the star2 spreading forth its arms1 full of peace and good-will on every side1 holding out gifts and promises for all40 ,weihnacht1 the blessed1 the hallowed1 the consecrated night1 is the child-paradise of ,germany4 ,that land of beautiful family festivals has given ,christmas a double significance1 and merged into its memories all the graceful1 shadowy legends of the dead mythology of the ,fatherland4 ,the ,german child is reared in the midst of fairy-tales1 which are only truths translated into child-language4 ,besides the old standard ones1 every neighborhood has its own local tales1 every family its own new-born additions or inventions4 ,every young mother1 herself but a step removed from childhood1 with all her tender imaginations still stirring1 and her child-days lifted into greater beauty because they are but just left behind1 makes new stories for her little ones1 and finds in every flower a new fairy1 in every brook a new voice4 ,and yet the old tales still charm the little ones1 and the yearly coming of ,king ,winter brings the old1 worn stories round again4 ,so ,emanuel ,khler told the fairy-tale which the children had listened to every ,christmas with ever-new delight1 about the journey of ,king ,winter from his kingdom at the ,north ,pole1 and how he put on his crown with tall spikes of icicles1 and wrapped himself in his wide snow-mantle1 which to him is as precious and as warm as ermine4 8,and now10 said the host1 8there is some one here who can tell you a far more beautiful story than mine4 ,some ,one1 greater than the ,winter-,king1 comes too every year--a snow-,child1 the white ,christ whom our ancestors1 the old ,norse and ,teutonic warriors1 learned to see and adore1 where they had only seen and worshipped the ,god of ,war and the ,god of ,thunder before4 ,ask him to tell you a story40 ,and the old1 white-haired ,pfarrer stroked the head of the child nearest to him1 as the little one looked shyly up into his face1 mutely endorsing ,emanuel's appeal4 ,he told them that they must already know the story of the first ,christmas night1 and so he would only tell them how the news that the angels told the shepherds on the hills came long centuries after to others as pure-minded as the shepherds1 and by means almost as wonderful4 ,he repeated to them from memory the words of an ,english prose-poet1 which he said he had loved ever since he came across them1 and which made the picture he best loved to talk on at ,christmas-time3 8,that little infant frame1 white as a snow-drop on the lap of winter1 light almost as a snow-flake on the chill night air1 smooth as the cushioned drift of snow which the wind has lightly strewn outside the walls of ,bethlehem1 is at this moment holding within itself1 as if it were of adamantine rock1 the fires of the beatific light4''' ,the little white lily is blooming below the greater one2 an offshoot of its stem1 and a faithful copy1 leaf for leaf1 petal for petal1 white for white1 powdered with the same golden dust1 meeting the morning with the same fragrance1 which is like no other than their own60#agg ,there was a more marvellous tale than any they had heard about talking-flowers4 ,the ,christkind was a flower1 and his blessed ,mother was a flower--holy lilies in the garden of ,god1 blossoming rods like ,aaron's1 fruitful roots1 stately cedars1 and fruit-giving palm-trees4 ,it was a very happy thing to know and feel all this1 as we do2 but many millions of men know nothing of it1 and centuries ago even our forefathers in these forests knew nothing of it4 8,but10 he continued1 8there was a distant island1 where men of our race lived1 which did not receive the faith till long after ,germany and ,france and ,britain were ,christian1 and even had cathedrals and cloisters and schools in abundance4 ,it was two hundred years after ,charlemagne1 who was a ,frankish1 and therefore a ,german1 sovereign1 founded the ,palatine schools and conferred with the learned ,english monk1 ,alcuin4 ,this distant1 pagan island was ,iceland4 ,the ,norsemen there were a wild1 fierce1 warlike people1 free from any foreign government1 and just the kind of heroes that their old mythology represented them as becoming in their future1 disembodied life4 ,they had their scalds1 or saga-men1 their bards1 who were both poets and historians1 who kept up their spirit by singing wild songs about their ancestors and the battles they had won4 ,they were all pagans1 and thought the forgiveness of injuries very mean4 ,well1 one day1 the eve of ,yule-tide1 when it was terribly cold and cheerless1 an old scald sat in his rough hut1 with a flickering light before him1 chanting one of his wild1 heathen songs1 and his daughter1 a beautiful girl1 sat at the plank table near him1 busy with some woman's work4 ,during an interval of his song she raised her eyes and said to him3 8#8,father1 there must be something beyond all that--something greater and nobler4' 8#8,why1 child1' said the old man1 with a kind of impatient wonder1 #8why should you think so8 ,many things different there may be1 just as there are different kinds of men1 and different kinds of beasts1 and different kinds of plants2 some for mastery and some for thraldom2 some for the chase1 and some for the kitchen or the plough2 some for incantations and sacrifices1 and some for common food4 ,but anything nobler than our history there could not be2 and as for our religion1 if there were anything different1 or even better1 it would not suit our people1 and so would be no concern of ours4' 8#8,but if it were true1 father1 and ours not true1 what then8' 8#8,why ask the question1 child8 ,what was good enough for the wise and brave ,northmen who fled here that they might be free to fight and worship according to their fancy1 is good enough for their descendants4' 8#8,but you know yourself1 father1' persisted the maiden1 #8that those whom our poetical traditions call gods were men1 heroes and patriots who taught our forefathers various arts1 and guided them safely across deserts and through forests in their long1 long migration--but still only men4 ,our chieftains of to-day might as well become gods to our great-grandchildren1 if the old leaders have become so to us4 ,wise as they were1 they could not command the frozen seas to open a way for their ships1 nor make the sun rise earlier in the long winter1 nor compel the cutting ice-wind to cease4 ,if they could not do such things1 they must have been very far from gods4' 8#8,it is true1' said the old man1 #8that those great chieftains were1 in the dim ages we can scarcely count back to1 men like us2 but the gods who taught them those very arts took them up to live with them as long as their own heaven might last1 and made them equal to themselves4 ,you know even ,paradise itself is to come to an end some day4' 8#8,so our legends say1 father2 but that1 too1 makes it seem as if these gods were only another order of mortal beings1 stronger but not better than we are1 and hiding from us the true1 changeless heaven far above them4 ,for surely that which changes cannot be divine4 ,and then our legends say that evil is to triumph when heaven and earth come to an end4 ,true1 they say there will be a renewal of all things after that1 and that1 no doubt1 means that good will be uppermost2 very likely all the things spoken of in our ,eddas are only signs of other things which we could not understand4' 8,the daughter continued these questionings and speculations1 the scald answering them as best he could4 8,he had listened with evident admiration and approval to her impassioned speech1 but he was willing to test her faith in her own womanhood to the utmost4 ,she now seemed wrapt in her own thoughts1 but after a short pause said3 8#8,it would not be another's inspiration in which ,i should believe2 it would be a message from ,him who has put this belief already into my heart4 ,some ,one greater than all has spoken to my inmost heart1 and ,i am ready to believe2 but the messenger that is to put it into words and tell me what to do has not come4' 8,there was a silence1 and the wind and the sea roared without4 ,the old man shaded the flickering light with his hand1 and gazed at his daughter1 who was sitting with her hands clasped in her lap4 ,he thought that she herself must have received some divine illumination2 for the ,norsemen believed in the prophetic gifts of some of their women4 ,his own mind1 more cultivated than that of the warrior's1 saw through the symbolic character of many of the very myths he sang1 and tended vaguely to belief in a higher and hidden circle of things infinite1 true1 and eternal4 ,but then the northern mind was naturally simple1 not prone to metaphysical distinctions1 not analytical and subtle1 dividing as with the sword that pierceth between soul and spirit2 and the old man saw no use in raising theological problems for which he could offer no rational solution1 save through the dreams of a young girl4 ,presently the old man rose1 shaking off his meditations1 and said3 8#8,it is time for me to go to the ,yule-night festival1 and ,i shall have a stormy trudge of it to the castle4 ,i must leave you alone here till to-morrow night4 ,but1 my child1 ,i know that there is safety for the scald's daughter wherever she may be2 the very sea would not hurt her1 and the wildest men would kneel before her2 so farewell1 and a father's blessing be upon you4' 8,his daughter rose and fetched his cloak and staff1 wrapped the former around him1 and fastened it over the rude musical instrument that answered the purpose of lyre and harp2 but ,i am not very learned in such things1 and cannot tell you exactly what it was4 ,the young girl stood long on the threshold of the hut1 shading the light1 and looking out after her father into the darkness4 ,the wind was sharp and icy1 and blew from the frozen sea4 ,as she held the light1 she thought she heard a cry come from the direction of the sea4 ,she lingered before closing the door1 although the wind was very chill2 for the cry seemed repeated1 and she thought it was a human voice calling4 ,a moment's reflection told her it could not be so2 for the whole sea was frozen for miles outward1 and no boat or wreck could come so near land4 ,she sat down again to her work1 and mused on the conversation she had held with her father4 ,he had studied their national books all his life1 and she was not yet twenty4 ,he must know best4 ,was she likely to be right8 ,she had little experience of the way in which the old system worked2 only her own dreams and fancies showed her any other possibility2 and yet--she could not shake off the thought3 she thirsted for another revelation4 ,the far-off1 unknown ,godhead must have some means of communicating with men2 why should he not speak to her1 who so passionately and blindly longed for a message1 a command1 from him8 8,the cry from the sea sounded again4 ,surely1 this time there could be no mistake2 the voice was human1 and it had come nearer since she had left the door4 ,she took up the light again1 and went outside1 shouting as loud as she could in return4 ,she was answered1 and a strange awe came upon her as she heard this cry4 ,was it that of a man or a spirit8 ,the latter supposition seemed to her unsophisticated mind quite as likely as the former1 but it did not frighten her1 as it would most of her countrywomen4 ,she went in again1 wrapped a thick fur cloak around her1 and1 taking another on her arm1 sallied out once more with another stronger light4 ,it was barely possible to keep the resinous torch alight1 and she looked anxiously out towards the sea1 to try and catch some glimpse of a human figure4 ,the cries came again at intervals2 but she knew that in the clear air a seemingly near sound might yet be far distant4 ,she had to walk briskly up and down the shore1 in the beaten path between walls of snow1 to keep herself warm1 and occasionally she lifted the flaring torch and waved it as a signal4 ,she could do no more1 but she longed to see her unknown visitor1 and to go out to meet him on the frozen waters4 ,was it some wrecked sailor1 who had clambered from ice-floe to ice-floe1 in the desperate hope of reaching land before he died of cold and hunger1 or some unearthly messenger from an invisible world8 ,if he were a mere man1 from what coast could he have drifted4 ,no ,icelander would be out at this time and place2 it was ,yule-tide1 and there were no wandering boats out among the ice-cliffs and floes4 ,at last she thought she could discern a shadowy form1 blacker than the surrounding darkness1 but surely no human form2 it was like a moving cross1 one upright shape1 and one laid across near the top1 and both dark and compact4 ,but the cry was repeated1 though in a more assured and joyful tone1 and the maiden waited with bated breath1 wondering what this marvel could mean4 ,a field of unbroken ice stretched between her and the advancing figure1 which now hastened its steps1 and came on like a swift-sailing bird1 cleaving the darkness4 ,she thought she could distinguish a human face above the junction of the two arms of the cross1 and she held up the light1 still uncertain what kind of visitant this approaching form might be4 ,at last it flashed upon her that it was a man bearing a child4 ,but why so rigid8 ,why did he not hug him close to his bosom to keep him warm1 to keep him alive8 ,was the child dead8 ,and a shuddering awe came upon her1 as she thought of its dead white face upturned to heaven1 and of the faithful man who had not forsaken it1 or left it to the seals and wolves on the ice1 or buried it in the chill waters beneath the ice-floes4 ,what a cold it must have struck to the heart of the man carrying it2 how his hands must be well-nigh frozen in supporting this strange burden6 8,she hardly knew whether she was still imagining what might be1 or witnessing real movements1 when the figure came straight up to her1 and1 stooping1 laid the child at her feet4 ,she lowered the torch1 and1 as the glare fell on the little face1 she saw that it was no breathing one2 the man had sunk down beside it1 hardly able to stir1 now the supreme effort was over and his end was accomplished4 ,she dropped the cloak she held over the little body1 and caught up a handful of snow1 wherewith she energetically rubbed the face and hands of the stranger1 then half dragged1 half supported him to the door of the hut4 ,he had only spoken once1 just as he dropped at her feet1 but she did not understand him3 he spoke in a foreign tongue4 ,once more she went out and brought in the stiffened1 frozen body of the child1 which she laid on a fur robe just outside the hut2 for it was warm within the small1 confined dwelling4 ,it was an hour before the stranger's eye told her that her simple1 quick remedies had succeeded4 ,he was not very tall1 but immensely strong and powerful1 and there was a fire in his dark gray eye that gave the clew to his strange1 weird pilgrimage over the ice-floes4 ,his hair was dark brown1 with a reddish tinge1 but already mixed with a few gray streaks2 it had been shorn close to his head some time since1 as appeared from its irregular growth at present4 ,beneath his cloak he wore a long black robe1 with a leathern girdle round the waist4 ,the child was very beautiful1 even in death2 his eyes were closed1 but his black1 curling hair hung round his neck1 and the lips had a sweet though somewhat proud outline4 ,the scald's daughter set some simple food before her silent guest1 and made him a sign to eat4 ,he was evidently very hungry1 but before he began he moved his lips and made the sign of the cross on his forehead1 lips1 and breast4 ,she asked him in her own language what that ceremony meant1 not hoping to make him understand her speech1 but trusting to her inquiring looks for some explanatory sign that she might interpret as best she could to herself4 ,to her surprise1 he answered in a few1 slow1 labored words1 not in ,icelandic to be sure1 but in some dialect akin to it2 for she could make out the meaning4 ,it was1 in fact1 the ,norse dialect that was spoken in the ,orkney ,islands1 but she did not know that4 ,as he spoke1 her guest pointed upwards1 and she knew that he referred to ,god4 ,a great longing came into her heart1 and she asked again if his ,god were the same the ,icelanders worshipped4 ,he shook his head1 and she eagerly questioned farther1 but grew so voluble that he could not follow her1 and the conversation ceased4 ,then the stranger rose and went out to the little corpse1 which he addressed in impassioned terms in his own language1 making over it the same sign that had drawn the maiden's attention before4 ,he then described to her--mostly in pantomime1 and with a few ,norse words to help him on1 and a few slowly-pronounced questions on her part--how the boy and he had been in a boat that was wrecked many days' journey from their own country1 and how he had carried him and fed him for three or four days1 and then seen him die in his arms4 ,the boy was the only son of a great chief1 and he was taking him to his uncle in the ,north of ,scotland4 ,his own country was south of ,scotland1 a large island like ,iceland1 but green and beautiful1 and there was no ice there4 8,the girl made him understand that she was alone for a day or two1 but when her father came back he would help him4 ,he evidently understood her better than she did him4 8,the next morning1 when she again set food before him1 she imitated his sign of the cross1 and said she wished to believe in the true ,god2 and if his ,god were the true one1 she would believe in him4 ,she looked so earnest and anxious that he again began to try to explain2 but the few words he could command1 though they sufficed to hint at his worldly adventures1 and made clear to her that he had been wrecked1 were scarcely adequate to tell her of the new religion she longed to understand4 8,but at noon that day another guest and traveller passed by the scald's dwelling4 ,he was hurrying to the same castle where the girl's father had gone in his capacity of minstrel1 but a violent snow-storm had come on that morning1 and he had lost his way4 ,he stopped a moment to refresh himself1 and noticed the stranger4 ,he was himself known as a great traveller1 and the figure in the coarse black robe seemed not unfamiliar to him4 ,he addressed the stranger in the latter's language1 guessing him at once to be an ,irish monk4 ,he said he had seen such men in the ,scottish islands1 where he had been storm-driven with his ship two years ago1 and he had picked up a little of their speech4 ,when the maiden discovered that in this stray guest she had found an interpreter1 she pressed him1 implored him1 almost commanded him1 to stay4 8#8,i must ask him the questions my father could not solve yesterday1' she said2 #8and my father's friend will not refuse to speak in my name1 for ,i believe that the unknown ,god has answered my prayer in sending this holy man over the sea to my very feet4' ,and she told him how the stranger had come to her1 out of the darkness1 in the shape of a cross--the same sign he made to propitiate his ,god4 8#8,ask him to tell us what he believes1' she said impetuously2 and the interpreter1 compelled by some instinct that he could not resist1 began his office willingly4 8#8,tell him1' she said1 #8that yesterday1 before he came1 ,i was all day thinking that the high1 true1 unknown ,god had a message for me1 and a truer faith to teach me1 because he had put into my heart a longing for something higher than what our books and songs have taught us4 ,and tell him that ,i believe ,god sent him in answer to my doubts and prayers4' 8#8,the traveller faithfully translated all this4 ,the monk's face glowed as he replied1 in his own language1 which he used with the grace and skill of a poet3 8#8,tell the maiden that she is right2 the true ,god did send me1 and now ,i know why such things happened to me2 why ,i was wrecked with my lord's only son1 a precious freight1 a sacred deposit1 which the ,lord of lords has now taken upon himself to account for to the earthly father1 bereaved of his one hope4 ,but ,god sent me here because to this pure-hearted virgin ,i was to explain the faith he had already put into her heart4 ,it is not ,i who bring her the true faith1 but ,god himself who has spoken to her and inclined her to believe2 me he has sent to put this message into practical form4 ,tell her that this is the birthday of the ,lord1 and that a thousand years ago1 almost at the same hour when ,i set my dead burden at her feet1 a living ,child1 ,god's own ,child1 lay at the feet of a pure ,virgin in a little village far away in the land of the rising sun4 ,and as this maiden's torch which ,i saw over the wild1 frozen sea1 and followed1 was an emblem of the faith that dwelt already in her heart1 so1 too1 a marvellous star led three wise men1 the scalds of the ,east1 to where this ,child lay1 and the star was the emblem of their firm faith1 which led them to cross rivers and deserts to reach the ,child4 ,and tell her that the way in which this wonderful birth was celebrated was by a song which held all the essence of truth in it3 8,glory to ,god on high1 and on earth peace to men of good-will40' 8,all this the interpreter told the maiden1 and both marvelled at it4 ,the stranger told them more and more of that wonderful tale1 so familiar to us1 but which once sounded to our warlike forefathers like the foolishness of babes and sucklings1 or at most like some ,eastern myth good enough for philosophers to wrangle over1 but unfit for sturdy men of the forest4 ,to the ,icelandic maiden it seemed but the fulfilment of her own dreams2 and as she listened to the story of the ,child1 grown to be a wise but obedient ,boy1 and then a wandering1 suffering ,man1 her soul seemed to drink in the hidden grandeur of the relation1 to pierce beyond the human stumbling-blocks which confronted the wise and learned of other lands1 and go at once to the heart of the great mystery of love1 personified in the ,man-,god4 ,all the rest seemed to her to be the fitting garment of the central mystery1 the crown of leaves growing from the fruitful trunk of this one doctrine4 ,all day long the three sat together1 the two ,icelanders hanging on the words of the stranger2 and so the scald found them on his return4 ,he1 too1 wanted to know the news which the monk had brought2 for he said he had always believed that behind their national songs and hymns lay something greater1 but perhaps not expedient for ,norsemen to know4 ,he shook his head sadly when he learned the monk's precepts of love1 peace1 mercy1 and forgiveness1 and said he feared his countrymen would not understand that1 but for his part it was not uncongenial to him4 ,as the weather was such that no vessel could put to sea before the ice broke up1 he constrained the monk to stay the rest of the winter with him1 and in the spring promised to go over with him to the nearest ,scottish coast1 and carry the body of his little charge to the uncle to whom he had been on his way when he was wrecked4 8,before the ,new ,year began1 the monk baptized the first ,icelandic convert1 the daughter of the scald1 and gave her the name of the ,mother of the ,babe of ,bethlehem1 ,mary4 ,many others heard of the new religion before he left1 but that does not belong to my story4 ,the new convert and her father accompanied him to ,scotland1 and were present at the burial of the ,irish chieftain's son at the castle of his ,scottish uncle4 ,the latter's son married the ,norse maiden1 but she never ceased to lament that it had not been given to her to convert many of her own countrymen1 or at least shed her blood for her new faith4 ,all her life long she helped to send missionaries to ,iceland2 and when her son grew up to manhood1 the palm she coveted was awarded to him1 for he went to his mother's native country1 founded a monastery there1 labored among the people1 converted many1 and taught reading and the arts of peace as well as the faith to his pupils2 became abbot of the monastery1 and was finally martyred on the steps of the altar by a horde of savage heathen ,norsemen4 8,this is the best ,christmas story ,i know1 children10 concluded the ,herr ,pfarrer2 8and you1 ,rika1 ,i can wish you no better model than the fair maiden of ,iceland40 ,it was nearly midnight when the old priest finished his tale1 and ,frau ,khler1 rising1 and thanking him cordially for this unwonted addition to ordinary ,christmas stories1 led him to a door which had been locked till now4 ,it opened into a room decked as a chapel1 with an altar at the end1 which was now decorated with evergreens4 ,a few chairs and benches were ranged before it1 and on a table at the side was everything in readiness for saying ,mass4 8,it is long since ,i have heard a midnight ,mass10 said the good hostess1 growing suddenly grave and reverential in her manner1 8and my ,rika never has2 and you know1 ,herr ,pfarrer1 ,i told you ,i had a greater surprise in store for you yet1 after all the local customs in which you were so much interested40 ,so the beautiful ,midnight ,mass was said in the ,mecklenburg inspector's farm-house1 and a more impressive one ,frau ,khler had never heard in any southern cathedral2 for though there was no music and no pomp1 there brooded over the little congregation a spirit of reverence and peace1 which comes in full perfection only through a deep silence4 ,the hostess and her daughter received ,communion together1 and the attentive household could not help thinking of the beautiful ,icelandic convert when she came back from the altar1 her hands folded over her breast1 and her long1 fair hair plaited in two plain1 thick tresses4 ,herr ,heldmann had stayed too1 and from that day he never ceased his study of theological problems and his correspondence with the ,herr ,pfarrer1 till he became a ,catholic1 and was married to ,rika in this same little chapel-room a year later by the same kind old priest4 ,one of the young apprentices of ,emanuel ,khler had been his secret rival2 but notwithstanding that ,heldmann was ungainly1 shy1 and twice her age1 ,rika decidedly thought that she had the best of the bargain4 ,and it was true2 he had a heart of gold1 and she made him a model wife4 ,,christmas ,,chimes4 ,the clear starlight1 of a southern night1 ,shone in ,juda's sky1 ,the angels sang1 and their harp-strings rang ,with 8,glory to ,god on high40 ,through the pearl gates streamed1 ere the morning beamed1 ,the radiance of ,heaven's day2 ,and the shepherds led to the lonely bed ,where the holy ,child-,god lay4 ,the ,yule-log's light gleams warm to-night ,in many an ,english home1 ,and no spirits dare--so the wise declare-- ,in the light of its beams to come2 ,the weird mistletoe and the holly glow ,on castle and cottage wall2 ,while the jest and song ring all night long1 ,through the merry banquet-hall4 ,and in other climes at the ringing chimes ,there are scenes of joy and mirth3 ,e'en round the dead is its beauty shed ,who at ,christmas pass from earth4 ,on this holy day1 so the old tomes say1 ,heaven's portals open wide1 ,and the soul glides in1 freed from all its sin ,by the birth of the ,crucified4 ,in our own fair land there is many a band ,whose home is filled with glee1 ,whose hearts beat high1 as the fleet hours fly1 ,with thoughts of the ,christmas-tree4 ,may the ,christ-,child weave1 on this ,christmas eve1 ,new hopes as the years go by1 ,and around ,his throne may at last each one ,sing 8,glory to ,god on high40 ,,anglicans1 ,,old ,,catholics1 ,,and ,,the ,,conference ,,at ,,bonn4 ,under the title of ,anglicanism1 ,old ,catholicism1 and the ,union of the ,christian ,episcopal ,churches1 an essay has recently been published by the ,rev4 ,father ,tondini1#agh ,barnabite1 whose intimate acquaintance with the respective languages of ,england1 ,germany1 and ,russia1 as well as the religious history and literature of those countries1 peculiarly qualifies him for dealing with the questions just now exciting so much attention in ,western ,europe4 ,we shall1 therefore1 not only make his treatise1 which merits more than ordinary notice1 the basis of the present article1 but shall reproduce such portions of it as are particularly suggestive at the present time1 and conclude with some account of the ,conference at ,bonn and the considerations it suggests4 ,in the ,introduction to his treatise the reverend author gives the reasons which called it forth1 the last being the promise made on the tomb of a friend#agi to leave nothing untried which might promote the return of the ,greco-,russian ,church to ,catholic unity2 an unexpected opportunity being given for fulfilling this promise by the reference made more than once by ,mr4 ,gladstone1 in his recent publications1 to the organization of the ,eastern as contrasted with that of the ,catholic ,church4 ,moreover1 the sympathy displayed by ,mr4 ,gladstone for the ,old ,catholics and their ,conference at ,bonn serves to complete the argument4 ,there are two passages in ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,vaticanism with which ,father ,tondini has more especially dealt4 ,one is the following3 8,of these early provisions for a balance of church power1 and for securing the laity against sacerdotal domination1 the rigid conservatism of the ,eastern ,church presents us1 even down to the present day1 with an authentic and living record40#ahj ,these valuable 8provisions0 are set forth at length in the second edition of a former work by ,father ,tondini1 ,the ,pope of ,rome and the ,popes of the ,oriental ,church4#aha ,in a special preface he there says3 8,there is much to be learned from them1 especially if we take into consideration their recent date1 and the ecclesiastical canons of which the ,eastern ,church has not been indeed a rigid conservator40 ,in the quotations there given at length from the original documents1 we find abundant evidence of the manner in which the ancient canons have been set aside1 wherever convenient to the czar1 for his own regulations4 ,the second passage requiring comment is the following3 8,the ancient principles of popular election and control1 for which room was found in the ,apostolic ,church under its inspired teachers1 and which still subsist in the ,christian ,east40#ahb ,this1 as we shall see1 is disposed of in the third chapter of the present essay1 into which has been collected trustworthy information as to the non-popular mode of election of bishops resorted to in the ,oriental ,orthodox ,church4#ahc ,towards the close of the ,introduction the writer remarks that if the statements made by ,mr4 ,gladstone respecting the ,catholic ,church were true1 she could not be the true church of our ,lord1 and1 if not1 he asks1 where then is the true church to be found8 ,the ,oriental ,church could not solve the question1 because she is in contradiction to the doctrine contained in her own liturgy1#ahd and also for other reasons1 to which for some years past he has been directing public attention4#ahe ,there remain to be considered the ,anglican ,establishment--this being the church to which belongs the writer who accuses the ,catholic ,church of having changed in faith1 and deprived her children of their moral and mental freedom--and the newest sect of all1 namely1 the so-called ,old ,catholics1 owing to the same writer's admiration of those who figure in its ranks4 ,reason1 so loudly appealed to by ,mr4 ,gladstone1 has been strictly adhered to by ,father ,tondini in his careful examination of the credentials of the two latter bodies1 and we will give1 in as concise a form as may be consistent with clearness1 the result of his inquiry4 ,he especially addresses those who admit the existence of a visible ,church of ,christ1 and still more particularly those who1 rather than reconcile themselves to the ,catholic ,church1 say that neither the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 nor the ,anglican ,establishment1 nor the ,old-,catholic ,society1 but the ,oriental ,orthodox ,church1 is the true visible church of ,christ4 ,i4 ,the claims of the ,anglican ,church are first examined1 her vitality being an argument that we are in presence of an institution adhered to1 at least by a large portion of her members1 with conviction and devotedness1 as a valuable medium between unbelief and superstition1 worldliness and sanctity2 and of a state church as solidly framed as human genius could devise4 8,bodies10 says ,mr4 ,gladstone1 8are usually held to be bound by the evidence of their own selected and typical witnesses40#ahf ,now1 the selected and typical witnesses of the ,church of ,england are the sovereign1 who is 8,defender of the ,faith and ,supreme ,governor of the ,church in her ,dominions10 and the episcopate4 ,if the whole clergy is consulted1 the evidence becomes as undeniable as it can possibly be4 ,this perfect evidence is found in the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 which are thus headed3 8,articles agreed upon by the archbishops and bishops of both provinces1 and the whole clergy1 assembled in convocation holden at ,london in the year #aefb1 for the avoiding of diversities of opinions10 etc41 etc4 ,the ,ratification is to the same effect1 with the addition of the assent and consent of the queen 7,elizabeth71 after their final rehearsal in the ,general ,convocation of bishops and clergy in #aega4 ,they are1 moreover1 reprinted in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 with the ,declaration of ,king ,james ,i4 affixed1 and which runs as follows3 8,being by ,god's ordinance1 according to our just title1 ,defender of the ,faith and supreme governor of the church in these our dominions1 ''' we will that all curious search be laid aside1 and these disputes shut up in ,god's promises as they be generally set forth in the ,holy ,scriptures1 and the general meaning of the ,articles of the ,church of ,england according to them2 and that no man hereafter shall either print or preach to draw the article aside any way1 but shall submit to it in the plain and full meaning thereof1 and ''' shall take it in the literal and grammatical sense40 8,following this last admonition1 and bearing in mind that the ,church of ,england considers herself to be a branch of the universal church of ,christ1 we open the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 and turn to those among the ,articles which treat of the universal church1 that we may see how1 without renouncing our ,italian nationality--which to us is very dear--we could belong to the universal church of ,christ4 ,we see an article headed #8,of the ,authority of ,general ,councils1' and1 on reading it1 find to our astonishment the definition1 not indeed of the infallibility of the ,pope1 but of the fallibility1 without any exception1 of the universal church of ,christ6 ,it is3 ,article ,,xxi4--#8,general ,councils may not be called together without the commandment and will of princes4 ,and when they be gathered together 7forasmuch as they be an assembly of men1 whereof all be not governed with the spirit and word of ,god71 they may err1 and sometimes have erred1 even in things pertaining unto ,god4 ,wherefore things ordained by them as necessary to salvation have neither strength nor authority1 unless it may be declared that they be taken out of ,holy ,scripture4'0 8,thus0 7we give ,father ,tondini's words7 8the ,church of ,england has defined1 in two plenary national councils1 that the universal church of ,christ1 even when assembled in a general council1 may err1 and ordain1 as necessary to salvation1 things which have neither strength nor authority2 and a king1 #8,defender of the ,faith1' has declared that this is the true doctrine of the ,church of ,england1 agreeable to ,god's word1 and required all his loving subjects to submit to this article #8in the plain and full meaning thereof1' and to take it #8in the literal and grammatical sense'6 8,we can hardly trust our own eyes4 ,again3 ,what does the word #8declare' mean in the concluding words of the article8 ,this word may convey two senses--that of proving and of making a declaration4 8,in the first case1 who is to offer the proofs that #8the thing ordained as necessary to salvation' is taken out of ,holy ,scripture8 ,this the ,church of ,england has forgotten to tell us6''' ,moreover1 an authority whose decrees1 in order to have a binding power1 must be proved to be taken out of ,holy ,scripture1 is by that very fact subordinate to those who are called to examine the proofs4#ahg ,the chief authorities of the church assembled in a general council are thus rendered as inferior to the faithful as the claimant is inferior to the judge who is about to pronounce sentence upon his claims4 ,the teaching and governing body of the church is consequently no more than an assembly commissioned to frame1 #8as necessary to salvation1' laws to be submitted to the approbation of the faithful6 8,is this serious8 ,is it even respectful to human intelligence80 ,again1 if the word 8declare0 must be taken in the sense of a declaration1 ,father ,tondini asks3 8,but by whom is such a declaration to be made8 ,assuredly not by the council itself--#8judice in caus propri4' ,an authority liable to err1 #8even in things pertaining unto ,god1' and to ordain #8as necessary to salvation' things which have #8neither strength nor authority1' is liable also to mistake the sense of ,holy ,scripture4 ,to seek such a declaration from this fallible authority would be like begging the question4 8,the declaration must1 then1 be made by some authority external to the general council4 ,but the #8archbishops1 bishops1 and the whole clergy of ,england' have omitted to inform the faithful where such an authority is to be found4 ,moreover1 since a general council--that is1 the #8selected and typical witnesses' of the whole ,church of ,christ--may err 7according to ,article ,,xxi471 it necessarily follows that portions of the whole church of ,christ may err also4 ,in fact1 this natural consequence is explicitly stated in ,article ,,xix4 ,the zeal displayed by the ,church of ,england in asserting the fallibility1 both of the whole church of ,christ and of portions of that church1 may be said to rival that of the most fervent advocates of the infallibility of the ,pope40 ,this ,x,i,xth ,article modestly asserts that1 8as the ,churches of ,jerusalem1 ,alexandria1 and ,antioch have erred1 so also the ,church of ,rome hath erred1 not only in their living and manner of ceremonies1 but also in matters of faith40 ,whereupon 8a legitimate doubt arises whether the ,church of ,england1 too1 might not have erred in issuing the ,thirty-nine ,articles of ,religion4 ,this doubt is very material4 ,these ,articles ordain several things as #8necessary to salvation4' ,are they1 or are they not1 #8taken out of ,holy ,scripture'8 ,have they1 or have they not1 #8strength and authority'80 ,shortly after their promulgation1 we have it upon the authority of ,king ,james ,i4 himself that this doubt gave rise to 8disputations1 altercations1 and questions such as may nourish faction both in the church and commonwealth10 and his majesty adds that 8therefore1 upon mature deliberation10 etc41 he 8thought fit0 to make the declaration following3 8,that the ,articles of the ,church of ,england ''' do contain the true doctrine of the ,church of ,england1 agreeable to ,god's ,word1 which ,,we do therefore ratify and confirm40 8,may we0 7with ,father ,tondini7 8be allowed respectfully to ask whether ,king ,james ,i4 was infallible80 ,and if so1 why should ,catholics be charged with having forfeited their mental and moral freedom1 etc41 etc41 because they admit the infallibility of the ,pope1 which results1 by the law of development1 from several passages of ,holy ,scripture2 whereas1 on the contrary1 no 8brain power0 will ever be able to discover a single word in ,holy ,scripture which can1 by the most vigorous process of development1 bud forth into the infallibility of a ,king of ,england8 ,on the other hand1 if ,king ,james were not infallible1 by what right could he then prohibit and will in matters of faith for his subjects8 ,his only right was this3 that the ,church of ,england had been made a powerful instrumentum regni in the hands of her sovereigns1#ahh just as the ,church of ,russia is in the hands of her czars4 ,after this1 observes the writer1 no inconsistency ought to astonish us4 ,in ,article ,,xviii4 it is declared that 8the body of ,christ is given1 taken1 and eaten in the ,lord's ,supper only after an heavenly and spiritual manner02 and again1 at the end of the 8,order of the ,ministration of the ,holy ,communion10 that 8the natural body and blood of our ,saviour ,christ are in heaven1 and not here40 ,how can these declarations be made to agree with the following1 which is taught in the ,little ,catechism8--8,the body and blood of ,christ are verily and indeed taken and received by the faithful in the ,lord's ,supper40 ,again1 in ,article ,,xi4 we find3 8,that we are justified by faith only is a most wholesome doctrine1 and very full of comfort02 whereas in the order for the visitation of the sick we read as follows3 8,here shall the sick person be moved to make a special confession of his sins1 if he feel his conscience troubled with any weighty matter4 ,after which confession the priest shall absolve him 7if he humbly and heartily desire it7 after this sort10 etc41 etc4 8,but10 asks ,father ,tondini1 8by what strange metamorphosis can the above-quoted doctrine of justification by faith only1 declared to be #8most wholesome and very full of comfort' while we are in good health1 cease to possess the power of comforting the conscience of a sick person8 ,and how can confession1 which through life is to be considered by ,anglicans as #8grown of the corrupt following of the apostles' 7see ,article ,,xxv471 become suddenly so transfigured by the approach of death as to obtain the power of relieving a conscience #8troubled with any weighty matter'80 ,although it may not be matter of much surprise that a church which has so carefully defined her own fallibility should have one doctrine for her children in their days of health and vigor1 and another for the time of their sickness and death1 still it does surprise us that a man of education like ,mr4 ,gladstone should be so unconscious of his own extraordinary inconsistency in appealing--as he does throughout his attacks against ,catholics and the ,catholic ,church--to 8mental and moral freedom10 8logic10 8consistency of mind10 8manliness of thought10 etc41 etc4 ,already arise from all sides echoes of the question singularly enough asked by ,mr4 ,gladstone himself3 8,is the ,church of ,england worth preserving80#ahi 8,the ,church of ,england10 said ,laud1 8is ,protestant40 ,and ,mr4 ,gladstone1 true to 8the church of his birth and his country10 protests1 like her1 against the church which made his country a ,christian nation4 ,the ,ritualists1 the latest sect within her1 still boast that they 8help to keep people from the ,church of ,rome10 and reject the imputation of sympathy with her as an insupportable calumny4#aij 8,they will give communion in ,westminster ,abbey to an ,unitarian1 flatter ,jansenists and ,monophysites1 remain in communion with bishops whom they themselves proclaim to be heretics2 but one thing they will not do--tolerate the creed of the church to which they owe every fragment and crumb of truth that remains to them40 8,take the great ,anglian divines10 writes ,mr4 ,marshall3 8,bull scorned and preached against the ,catholic ,church2 ,barrow wrote a book against it2 ,sandys called the ,vicar of ,christ #8that triple-crowned thief and murderer'2 ,hooker sent for a dissenter on his death-bed2 ,morton1 ,bramhall1 ,andrews1 and the rest avowed the opinion that the ,protestant sects of the ,continent were as true churches as their own4 ,episcopal ordination1 as the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,keble confessed1 was not made a condition for holding ,anglican preferment until the latter half of the ,x,v,i,ith century2 and it was then adopted as a weapon against the growing power of the dissenters4 ,then ,anglicans who had always argued as ,protestants against the church began to argue as ,catholics against dissent40 ,at the present time1 however1 the ,english episcopate seems veering round again to the ,protestant quarter1 against the pseudo-,catholic innovations of a portion of the clergy4 ,the ,church ,herald1 which1 up to the time when it ceased to exist1 a few weeks ago1 had been protesting for many months previously1 with good reason1 against the implacable opposition offered by the ,anglican bishops to the so-called 8,catholic revival10 gravely told its readers1 while asserting once more that 8no one trusts the bishops10 and that 8of influence they have and can have next to none10 nevertheless that 8their claims as ,catholic bishops were never so firmly established40 767 ,certainly ,anglican logic is peculiar4 ,their bishops were never more vehemently opposed to the ,catholic faith2 but no matter1 8never were they more truly ,catholic40 767 8,i have very reluctantly10 says ,dr4 ,lee 7as reported in the ,john ,bull71 8come to a conclusion which makes me melancholy--that the passing of the ,public ,worship ,bill has to all intents and purposes sealed the fate of the ,church of ,england40 ,its end1 he thinks1 is very near1 because no church can last unless it be a true portion of the one family of ,god--not a mere human sect1 taking its variable opinion from the civil government1 and its practice from a parliamentary officer without the faintest shadow of spiritual authority4 8,the point that gravely perplexes me10 he writes1 8with regard to the new law1 is that our bishops1 one and all1 have1 with their eyes open and deliberately1 renounced their spiritual jurisdiction1 which1 for both provinces and every diocese1 is placed in the hands of ,lord ,penzance1 ex-judge of the ,divorce ,court40 ,for which reason certain ,ritualist papers lament it as 8strange and sad0 that ,dr4 ,lee should say of the bishops and their bill exactly the same after their victory as they themselves had said before it4 ,these papers1 after the example of some learned ,anglican professors1 etc41 are ready enough beforehand to threaten1 in the event of such and such a decision1 to 8reconsider their position40 ,the decision is made2 they then discover that1 after all1 it is not so very serious1 and compose themselves1 for the third1 or fourth1 or fifth time1 just where they were before4 ,it is stated that the first case under the ,public ,worship ,regulations ,act is now being brought before ,lord ,penzance4 ,it is a suit against the ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,ridsdale1 incumbent of ,s4 ,peter's1 ,folkestone4 ,according to the new law1 three inhabitants made a representation to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury as to the manner in which the services were conducted at ,s4 ,peter's4 ,a copy of the representation was forwarded to ,mr4 ,ridsdale1 and1 no agreement to abide by the decision of the archbishop having been made1 the proceedings will be determined by the judge1 from whom there is an ultimate appeal to her ,majesty in council4 ,there are1 it is said1 three cases pending under the new law2 and fresh proceedings are about to be commenced against the clergy of ,s4 ,alban's1 ,holborn4 ,the bill bids fair to be as one-sided in its application as it avowedly was in its intention4 8,the ,puritan triumph in the ,x,v,i,ith century10 said the ,bishop of ,london1 8would not be more disastrous than a pseudo-,catholic triumph now10 and the rest of the episcopal bench are evidently of the same mind4 ,nor can it be matter of much surprise that such repression should be exercised against men1 many of them truly earnest and self-denying1 who are the means of reviving a certain amount of ,catholic doctrine as well as practice 7however illegal7 in their communion1 when ,dr4 ,lee is able to write as follows to an episcopal correspondent3 8,the ,catholic faith1 ,archbishop ,tait1 in the presence of his suffragans1 frankly declared that neither he nor they believed1 and his grace--to give him all credit--has done his worst to get rid of it40 ,here again can we wonder at the result1 even to her highest dignitaries1 of the uncertain teaching of a church which1 from its very beginning1 was intended to be a compromise8 ,and1 again1 how can a church which is essentially a compromise be expected to sympathize with that unchanging church which is 8the pillar and ground of the truth08 ,,ii4 ,to return to ,father ,tondini's essay4 ,we come now to consider the newest among the sects1 the so-called ,old ,catholics1 who1 after the manner of many other schismatics1 appropriate the name of 8,catholic0 with an affix of their own1 which is a proof that theirs is a base metal1 unworthy of the 8image and superscription of the ,king0 or his appointed vicegerent4 ,mr4 ,gladstone's judgment of these people is thus expressed3 8,when the cup of endurance10 he says1 8which had so long been filling1 began1 with the ,council of the ,vatican in #ahgj1 to overflow1 the most famous and learned living theologian of the ,roman communion1 ,dr4 von ,dllinger1 long the foremost champion of his church1 refused compliance1 and submitted1 with his temper undisturbed and his freedom unimpaired1 to the extreme and most painful penalty of excommunication4 ,with him many of the most learned and respected theologians of the ,roman communion in ,germany underwent the same sentence4 ,the very few who elsewhere 7,i do not speak of ,switzerland7 suffered in like manner deserve an admiration rising in proportion to their fewness4 8,it seems as though ,germany1 from which ,luther blew the mighty trumpet that even now echoes through the land1 still retained her primacy in the domain of conscience1 still supplied the centuria prrogativa of the great comitia of the world40#aia ,after giving this quotation1 ,father ,tondini1 in the exercise of his 8mental freedom10 proceeds to examine whether ,old ,catholics really deserve this highly laudatory and enthusiastic passage1 and in what their merit consists4 ,their merit consists 8in having rebelled against the church to which they previously belonged1 on the ground that1 in their conviction1 she had changed her faith4 8,not one single bishop1 not one out of the teaching body of the church1 has expressed the same conviction4 ,old ,catholics are1 then1 a mere handful ''' protesting against the ,pope and the whole episcopate1 preferring their own private judgment to that of the whole teaching body of the ,catholic ,church1 and fully decided to do everything in their power to bring about the triumph of their private personal judgment4 ,their first act was to raise a schism in the church4 ,they had openly and freely separated themselves from her long before the sentence of excommunication was notified to them4 ,they then became the occasion of a severe persecution against their former fellow-,catholics2 and now1 whilst the persecution is raging1 and ,old ,catholics1 supported by governments and the press1 have suffered neither in person nor property1 nor in their individual liberty1 we are called upon to bestow upon those who suffered #8in like manner' an admiration rising in proportion to their fewness60#aib ,but why is this8 and what is the ,expostulation itself but a cry of alarm to prevent ,british ,catholics from rebelling against the queen8 ,why1 then1 is the rebellion of some private individuals to be extolled in terms like these8 ,or if1 indeed1 strong private religious convictions 7taking it for granted that the ,old ,catholics have such7 make it praiseworthy to rebel against the church1 why should not strong private political convictions make it equally praiseworthy to rebel against the state8 ,the field of similar applications is fearfully wide1 and many a parental admonition to an indolent or disobedient child might be met by the young rebel in ,mr4 ,gladstone's words1 that 8with temper undisturbed1 with freedom unimpaired10 he had no intention to do as he was bid4 ,the first official document of the ,old ,catholics is the 8,declaration0 of ,dr4 von ,dllinger and his adherents1 dated ,munich1 ,june1 #ahga1aic and which bears the signatures of ,dr4 von ,dllinger1 sixteen professors or doctors1 seven magistrates1 three private gentlemen1 two manufacturers1 one 8,matre royal des crmonies10 and one 8,intendant royal de musique au thtre de cour0--thirty-one signatures in all1 to which was added later that of the unhappy ,loyson4 ,the second document is a ,french manifesto or appeal1 8,aux fidles de l',ancienne ,eglise ,catholique10 signed 8,e4 ,michaud1 ,docteur en ,thologie10 dated #ahgb1 and widely circulated in ,france1 with a request that every reader will help to make it known and gain as many additional adherents as possible4 ,the style of both documents is peculiar4 ,they alike belong to those literary productions which betray an almost feverish excitement of mind4 ,a small number of persons1 till lately belonging to the ,catholic ,church1 declare themselves 8determined0 to do their utmost towards bringing about 8the reform of ecclesiastical affairs1 so long desired and henceforth so inevitable1 in the organization as well as in the life of the church40 ,in fact1 the authors of both these documents show a faith in their own infallibility1 both doctrinal and practical1 at least as strong as their conviction of the fallibility of the ,pope4 ,they are peculiarly unfortunate in their choice of the fathers they quote1 as well as in their appeal to the authority of ,s4 ,paul4 ,their style is certainly wholly unlike that of this great apostle1 who1 with so much earnestness and humility1 begs the prayers of the faithful1 while the necessity of prayer for such an undertaking as that which the ,old ,catholics call the 8regeneration of the church0 is not even once alluded to in their manifestoes4 ,there is another consideration which presents itself4 ,every practical man is careful to ascertain the competency1 in any particular subject1 of those who give him their advice upon it4 ,a sick man would not consult a lawyer for his cure1 nor an aggrieved man seek legal advice of his baker or shoemaker4 ,the distinguished magistrates who signed the ,german ,declaration must be supposed to have done so1 not in consequence of a clear and detailed knowledge of the grounds of the assertions it contained1 but in consequence of their confidence in ,dr4 von ,dllinger1 which led them to adopt his views4 ,in the same way must be explained the adhesions given by the respectable manufacturers1 8,matre royal des crmonies10 and 8,intendant royal de musique au thtre de cour02 for though these pursuits need not be in themselves an obstacle to a man being well acquainted with religious matters1 still they are an undeniable argument against his having made it the chief object of his studies4 8,now10 continues ,father ,tondini1 8the charges brought in the present case against the ,catholic ,church are so heavy1 and the mere probability of their being founded on truth of such vital importance to the whole ,christian world1 ''' that to require something more than the ordinary amount of theological science which is in general to be found in men involved in worldly affairs of the most distracting kind1 is only acting in accordance with the most ordinary laws of prudence4 ,all this will become evident if we only suppose that the #8,declaration' had appeared without the signatures of ,dr4 von ,dllinger and the above-mentioned professors40 ,in looking over the latter we find that none of them can lay any claim to the same scientific authority and repute as that which he enjoys2 and the same remark applies to all who have subsequently joined the ,old ,catholics4 ,with regard to ,dr4 von ,dllinger himself1 he has till now1 if we are rightly informed1 abstained from joining his fellow-subscribers to the ,german 8,declaration0 in their submission to ,mgr4 ,reinkens1 the ,old-,catholic ,bishop of ,germany4 8,thus the chief promoter of the opposition to the ,vatican ,council stands apart1 and we should be grateful to any one who might tell us to what church he belongs and whom he recognizes as his legitimate bishop4 ,we cannot suppose that he whom ,mr4 ,gladstone calls #8the most famous and learned theologian of the ,roman communion' has the pretension of forming a church in his own person40 ,father ,tondini next notices the remarkable phenomenon presented by ,old ,catholicism during the first three years of its existence as body without a head1 and calls the reader's attention to the following passage in the ,french manifesto3 8,if it be the will of ,god10 thus it runs1 8that some ,roman bishops have the courage to return publicly to the profession of the ancient faith1 we will place them with joy at our head4 ,and if none break publicly with heresy1 our church1 though essentially episcopal1 will not for that reason be condemned to die2 for as soon as it shall be possible to regularize its situation in this respect1 we shall choose priests who will receive either in the ,west or in the ,east an episcopal consecration of unquestionable validity40 8,these10 he remarks1 8are plain words4 ,it evidently results from them that there was a time when the church1 #8unstained by any ,roman innovation1' was still looking for a bishop--in other words1 for a head1 which she did not possess as yet4 ,how1 in spite of this deficiency1 the ,old-,catholic ,church could be termed essentially episcopal we are at a loss to understand4 ,that which is essential to a thing is that without which it cannot possibly exist for a single moment2 but here we are asked to believe in a miracle which at once destroys all our physical and metaphysical notions of things4 ,a new-born warrior fighting without a head1 and a being existing without one of its essential constituents--such are the wonders which accompanied the genesis of the so-called regenerated church of the ,old ,catholics40 ,the ,german ,declaration in like manner states the then headless condition of the ,old-,catholic body4 ,its subscribers1 and among them ,prof4 ,reinkens1 say they look forward to a time when 8all ,catholicity shall be placed under the direction of a primate and an episcopacy1 which by means of science10 etc41 etc41 8and not by the decrees of the ,vatican1 ''' shall approach the crowning object assigned to ,christian development--we mean that of the union of the other ,christian confessions now separated from us10 etc4 ,such was their language in ,june1 #ahga1 when they were already nearly a year old4 ,their first bishop1 ,joseph ,hubert ,reinkens1 was consecrated in ,august1 #ahgc4 ,these dates are very important4 ,no power on earth will ever be able to annul them as historical facts1 which prove that a body calling itself the true church of ,christ has existed some time without a single bishop1 although bishops are essential to the church of ,christ1 as ,scripture1 tradition1 history1 all antiquity agree4 ,s4 ,cyprian says3 8,the church is the people in union with the bishop--a flock adhering to its shepherd4 ,the bishop is in the church and the church in the bishop4 ,he who is not with the bishop is not in the church40#aid ,and again3 8,he cannot be accounted a bishop who1 in despite of the evangelic and apostolic tradition1 has1 of himself1 become one 7a se ipso ortus est1 nemini succedens71 and succeeds to none40 ,now1 8to what bishop0 7asks ,father ,tondini7 8did ,dr4 ,reinkens succeed8 ,his first pastoral letter1 dated ,august #aa1 #ahgc1 is addressed #8to the priests and faithful of ,germany who persevere in the ancient ,catholic faith4' ,who ever heard of the bishop and diocese of ,germany before this letter80 ,again3 8,that same ,dr4 ,reinkens who in ,june1 #ahga1 signed the #8,declaration' in which the ,christian confessions outside the ,roman ,church were called #8,christian confessions now separated from us1' in ,august1 #ahgc1 saluted with the title of #8,old ,catholics1' the ,jansenists of ,holland1 and ,mgr4 ,heykamp1 the bishop by whom he was consecrated1 with that of #8bishop of the ,old ,catholics'60#aie ,,iii4 ,we now come to the consideration of ,old ,catholicism as an instrument of union between the ,christian ,episcopal churches4 ,in accordance with their 8,declaration10 the ,old ,catholics insist upon its being one of their main objects to reunite the ,christian churches separated from ,rome during the ,v,i,i,ith and ,i,xth centuries1 and complacently boast of the marks of sympathy bestowed upon them by these churches4 ,from one of their manifestoes ,father ,tondini quotes the following important statements3 8,the bishops of the ,oriental ,orthodox ,church0--thus runs the manifesto--8and those of the ,episcopal ,church of ,england and the ,united ,states of ,america 767 encourage ,old ,catholicism with their most profound sympathy4 ,representatives of the ,orthodox ,church of ,russia assist every year at its congress4''' ,the interest displayed for it by governments is not inferior to that of the churches4''' ,the governments of ,russia and of ,england are disposed to recognize its rights when it shall be opportune to do so40#aif ,upon which he points out the exceeding inexpediency1 for their own sakes1 of these governments or their bishops having any participation in the doings of ,old ,catholics2 and this for the following reasons1 which are worthy of careful consideration by the two governments in question1 and which we give in his own words3 8,in order1 it would seem1 to escape the stringent conclusion of ,s4 ,cyprian's words1 #8,he who does not succeed to other bishops1 but is self-originated1 cannot be reckoned among bishops1' ,mgr4 ,reinkens1 in his above-quoted pastoral letter1 ''' authoritatively declared not only that the #8apostolic see of ,rome was vacant1' but that not one of the actually existing ,roman ,catholic bishops was legitimate4 8,in support of this assumption the ,old-,catholic bishop invokes some fathers of the church--not1 indeed1 what they said or did while living1 but what they would say or do if they were to return to life3 #8,if the great bishops of the ancient church were to return to life in the midst of us1' says ,mgr4 ,reinkens1 #8a ,cyprian1 767 a ,hilary1 an ,ambrose1 ''' they would acknowledge none of the existing bishops of the ,roman ,catholic ,church as validly elected4'#aig 8,so much for the fact4 ,as it can only be ascertained when those great bishops are restored to life1 all we can do is to defer this verification until the great day of judgment4 8,now comes the general principle on which the assumed fact is founded4 ,let us listen again to ,mgr4 ,reinkens3 #8,they the resuscitated bishops of the ancient church would not acknowledge any of the existing bishops of the ,roman ,catholic ,church as validly elected1 because none of them were appointed in conformity with the immutable rule of the fathers of the church4 ,never6 no1 never6 would they have received into their company1 in the quality of a ,catholic bishop1 one who had not been chosen by the people and the clergy4 ,this mode of election was considered by them as of divine precept1 and consequently as immutable4'0 8,how many bishops are there in existence at the present day10 asks ,father ,tondini1 8either in the ,anglican ,church or in the ,christian ,east1 who have been chosen by the people and the clergy80 ,in answer to this question we have1 respecting the non-popular mode of election in the ,oriental ,orthodox ,church1 the following trustworthy information3 ,in the ,orthodox ,church of the ,turkish ,empire the election of a patriarch is made by the members of its synod1 which is composed of metropolitans1 of one of their own number1 and this election 8is then made known to the people assembled in the atrium of the synodicon1 who give1 by acclamation and the cry of 7worthy71 their assent to the election4''' ,this1 however1 is in fact an empty formality2 the more so as the election itself is the result of previous secret understandings between the more influential members of the synod and the leading men among the people40#aih 8,the three patriarchs of ,alexandria1 ,antioch1 and ,jerusalem are elected by their respective synods1 composed of metropolitans4 8,the metropolitans and bishops of each patriarchate are elected by the respective patriarchs1 together with their synods40 ,did the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 in agreeing1 on the invitation of ,dr4 von ,dllinger1 to send representatives of the ,greek ,orthodox ,church to the ,old ,catholic ,church ,congress at ,bonn1 forget that1 according to ,mgr4 ,reinkens1 all bishops who have not been elected by the clergy and the people are illegitimate bishops1 that their sees are all vacant1 that this mode of election is of divine precept1 and consequently immutable8 8,we know not10 says ,father ,tondini1 8which of the two is more to be wondered at3 the boldness of the ,old ,catholics in inviting the patriarch to be represented at the congress1 or the logical inconsistency of the patriarch in accepting the invitation40 ,next1 with regard to the ,orthodox ,church of the ,russian ,empire4 ,no one who may have read 8,the ,future of the ,russian ,church10 which recently appeared in the pages of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1#aii will need to be told how little voice either the inferior clergy or people of ,russia have in the election of their bishops4 ,the ,most ,holy ,governing ,synod proposes to his majesty two persons 7on an eparchy becoming vacant71 and that one of the two selected by the czar is chosen and consecrated4#bjj 7,see ,consett1 ,spiritual ,regulation of ,peter the ,great47 ,in the formula of the oath taken by the ,russian bishops before being consecrated1 they engage themselves to yield true obedience to the ,holy ,synod1 8the legitimate authority instituted by the pious ,emperor ,peter the ,great of immortal memory1 and confirmed by command of his 7or her7 present imperial majesty10 and to obey all the rules and statutes made by the authority of the synod agreeably to the will of his 7or her7 imperial majesty1 adding the following words3 8,furthermore1 ,i do testify that ,i have not received this province in consideration of gold or silver given by me1 ''' but ,i have received it by the free will of our most serene and most puissant sovereign 7by name71 and by the election of the ,holy ,legislative ,synod4#bja ,moreover1 at the beginning of the ceremony the bishop-consecrator thus addresses the newly-elected bishop3 8,reverend ,father ,n41 the ,most ,serene and ,most ,puissant ,czar ,n4 ,n4 hath commanded1 by his own singular and proper edict1 and the ,holy ,legislative ,synod of all the ,russias gives its benediction thereto1 that you1 holy sir1 be bishop of the city of ,n402 to which the future bishop is made to answer3 8,since the ,most ,serene1 etc41 ,czar has commanded1 and the ''' synod ''' has judged me worthy to undertake this province1 ,i give thanks therefor1 and do undertake it and in nowise gainsay40#bjb ,after similarly disposing 7with regard to the remaining ,oriental churches7 of ,mr4 ,gladstone's extraordinary assertion that 8the ancient principles of popular election and control exist in the ,christian ,east0--an assertion of which also he makes use as a weapon against the ,catholic ,church#bjc--;,father ,tondini passes on to the election of bishops in the ,anglican ,church4 ,with regard to this1 the following abstract from ,stephen is amply sufficient to show how far 8the principles of popular election0 prevail in the nomination of the bishops of the ,establishment3 8,by statute #be ,henry ,,viii4 c4 #bj the law was altered and the right of nomination secured to the crown1 it being enacted that1 at every future avoidance of a bishopric1 the king may send the dean and chapter his usual license to proceed to election1 or cong d'elire1 which is always to be accompanied with a letter missive from the king1 containing the name of the person whom he would have them elect2 and if the dean and chapter delay their election above twelve days1 the nomination shall devolve to the king1 who may by letters-patent appoint such person as he pleases4 ,this election or nomination1 if it be of a bishop1 must be signified by the king's letters-patent to the archbishop of the province2 if it be of an archbishop1 to the other archbishop and two bishops1 or to four bishops1 requiring them to confirm1 invest1 and consecrate the person so elected2 which they are bound to perform immediately1 without any application to the ,see of ,rome4 ,after which the bishop-elect shall sue to the king for his temporalities1 shall take oath to the king and to none other1 and shall take restitution of his secular possessions out of the king's hand only4 ,and if such dean and chapter do not elect in this manner by this act appointed1 or if such archbishop or bishop do refuse to confirm1 invest1 and consecrate such bishop-elect1 they shall incur all the penalties of a prmunire--that is1 the loss of all civil rights1 the forfeiture of lands1 goods1 and chattels1 and imprisonment during the royal pleasure4 ,it is to be observed1 however1 that the mode here described of appointing bishops applies only to such sees as are of old foundation4 ,the five new bishoprics created by ,henry ,,viii4 ''' have always been donatives1 and conferred by letters-patent from the crown2 and the case is the same as to the bishopric of ,ripon1 now recently created0 7,stephen's ,commentaries on the ,laws of ,england1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fa74 ,in concluding his essay1 ,father ,tondini repeats ,mgr4 ,reinkens' words3 8,if the great bishops of the ancient church were to return to life in the midst of us1 ''' never6 no1 never6 would they have received into their company1 in the quality of a ,christian bishop1 one who had not been chosen by the people and the clergy2 this mode of election was considered by them as of divine precept1 and consequently as immutable02 and then asks3 8,how can the support given by the state churches and governments of ,england and ,russia to ,old ,catholicism be explained8 ,is it for the purpose of declaring that all the episcopal sees1 both of ,england and ,russia1 are vacant and awaiting the choice of the people80 ,the reader1 being now acquainted with much of the contents as well as with the general tenor of ,father ,tondini's essay1 may find some interest 7possibly amusement also7 in comparing the following remarks of the ,london ,tablet 7,sept4 #ah7 with the confirmation of their accurate appreciation of the 8,british ,philistine's0 pride in his own obtuseness so ingenuously furnished 7,sept4 #be7 by a writer in the ,church ,review3 ,,london ,,tablet4 8,we are a little afraid that the ,anglican sympathizers with the ,old ,catholics will not be sharp enough to understand the keen logic of ,father ,tondini's concise reasoning4 ,the ,british ,philistine rather glories in being impervious to logic or wit1 and chuckles over his own obtuseness as a proof of the strength of the religion which he patronizes4 ,it is provoking to a zealous controversialist to have to do battle with such a heavy antagonist1 but we trust the good father will not cease to labor at the conversion of our illogical but worthy fellow-countrymen4 ,we thank him for a well-timed and well-written pamphlet40 7,the ,universe calls it 8another fatal blow for the theology of our ex-prime minister2 closely reasoned and perfectly terrible in its manner of grasping its luckless opponent40--,universe1 ,september #be1 #ahge47 ,,church ,,review4 8,the ,rev4 ,csar ,tondini1 who is fond of linking ,russian ,orthodoxy and ,anglican ,catholicism in one sweeping condemnation1 is by no means one of the ,pope's greatest controversialists4 ,but this pamphlet is hardly worthy of even his reputation4 ,every point in it might be answered by a tu quoque4 ,fact might be set against fact1 defect against defect1 innovation against innovation1 inconsistency against inconsistency1 and error against error4 ,but picking holes in our neighbor's coat will never mend the rents in our own4 ,so we forbear1 content for the present to congratulate ourselves on the fact that1 while ,romanists are still utterly blind to their own nakedness1 we have at least plucked a fig-leaf by the efforts already made to bring about reunion40 ,who could help thinking1 8,we would not give a fig for such a leaf as this08 ,,iv4 ,we will conclude the present notice by some account of the recent ,conference at ,bonn1 in which the ,old ,catholics have given abundant proof that they are no freer from variation than are any other of the ,protestant sects4 ,desirous of strengthening their position by alliance with other forms of schism1 ,dr4 von ,dllinger invited to a congress representatives of the schismatic ,greek and ,russian ,church1 the ,english and ,american ,episcopalians1 and the ,old ,catholics4 ,the assembly was called the 8,international ,conference of the ,union of the ,christian ,churches10 and proposed as its object an agreement on the fundamental points of doctrine professed by ,christendom before its divisions1 with a view 8to restore by a reform as broad as possible the ancient ,catholic ,church of the ,west40#bjd ,in this ,international ,conference1 which began on the #abth of ,august and ended on the #afth1 the principal ,orientals1 who numbered about twenty in all1 were two bishops from ,roumania2 an archimandrite from ,belgrade2 two archimandrites1 ,anastasiades and ,bryennios1 from ,constantinople1 sent by the patriarch as being well versed in all the questions which have divided and which still divide the ,greek and ,latin ,churches2 there were also present the ,archbishop of ,syra and ,tino1 ,mgr4 ,licourgos1 well known in ,england1 and six professors1 among whom were ,profs4 ,osinnin and ,janischef1 the latter being the gentleman who at the last ,conference was so severe on ,anglican orders4 ,the ,protestant ,episcopalians were the most numerous1 being about a hundred in number2 but they had only one bishop among them--namely1 the ,bishop of ,gibraltar4 ,those of ,winchester and ,lincoln1 who had also given their adherence to the movement1 found themselves at the last moment unable to attend4 ,the most notable person in the ,anglican group was ,dr4 ,liddon1 ,canon of ,s4 ,paul's4 ,dean ,howson1 of ,chester1 was also one of its members2 his 8views0 on nearly every point of church teaching being diametrically opposed to those of ,canon ,liddon4 ,the same group contained an ,unitarian minister from ,chesterfield 7,mr4 ,smith71 and a 8,primitive ,methodist0 7,mr4 ,booth1 a chemist and druggist of the same town71 who on a late occasion was voted for and returned at the head of the poll as an advocate of secular education4 ,the ,americans sent only three delegates1 and the 8,reformed ,church0 one--the ,rev4 ,th4 de ,flice4 ,the ,old ,catholics1 all of whom were ,germans1 numbered eighteen or twenty1 with ,dr4 von ,dllinger and ,bishop ,reinkens at their head1 supported by ,herr ,langen1 8,altkatholik02 ,herr ,lange1 ,protestant1 and ,herr ,lang1 the least orthodox of all4 ,close to this little group figured seven or eight more ,german ,protestants4 ,in all1 the ,conference was composed of about one hundred and fifty persons1 of whom the ,times observes that1 8slender as the gathering was1 it was forced to display an almost ludicrous caution in drawing up such articles of faith as would command the assent of the whole assembly0--articles 8so vague that they might be made to mean anything or nothing02 and1 further1 that the few ,english divines who went to ,bonn to play at a council no more represent the ,church of ,england than ,dr4 von ,dllinger represents the ,church of ,rome1 but spoke in the name of nothing but themselves4 ,it suggests to them1 with scornful irony1 that 8charity begins at home10 and that in the present distracted state of the ,church of ,england1 8when nothing keeps the various and conflicting #8schools' of clergy in the same communion but the secular forces of the ,establishment1 there is surely there a magnificent field for the exercise of even a genius of conciliation40 ,a ,bavarian ,protestant clergyman informed the assembly that1 as there was no chance of their coming to an agreement by means of discussion about dogma1 they had far better throw over dogma altogether1 and trust to brotherly love to bring about union4 ,dr4 von ,dllinger1 however1 said that if they all shared this opinion1 they had better have stayed at home4 ,one reverend gentleman proposed to settle the difference by examining where the fathers all harmonize1 and abiding by the result 7a task which1 as a looker-on observed1 would give all the theological acuteness and learning in the world abundant work for about half a dozen centuries72 whereupon ,bishop ,reinkens nervously tried to draw the debaters into the cloud-land of love and unity of purpose1 etc41 etc4 ,but here ,canon ,liddon hastened to the rescue with a carefully-prepared scheme for effecting the reconciliation of the ,east and ,west1 which was apparently received by the ,orientals with a tranquil indifference1 and was chiefly remarkable for its adroit semblance of effecting much1 while it in fact does nothing4 ,yielding here and there a phrase of no special meaning1 it declared in the next clause that it would retain its own form of the ,creed until the dispute should be settled by 8a truly cumenical council40 ,this announcement was the signal for an outburst of disapproval1 questions1 and objections4 8,what did ,canon ,liddon mean by an cumenical council80 8,an assent of the whole episcopate40 ,this was too much for ,lord ,plunkett1 who exclaimed that he would never have come to the ,conference if he had known that it meant to confine the ,christian ,church within the bounds of episcopacy4 ,what1 he should like to know1 was to hinder ,presbyterian ministers from being admitted equally with bishops to take part in an cumenical council8 ,on this the canon obligingly agreed to substitute 8the whole church0 for the obnoxious term2 but while the assembly hesitated1 some paragon of caution suggested the phrase 8sufficient authority40 ,however1 this masterpiece of conciliation--for nobody could say what it meant--was rejected for 8the whole church10 this latter being equally ambiguous to those who were adopting it4 ,on this they agreed4 ,as the ,times' correspondent observes1 8,everybody will agree with everybody else when all deliberately use words for the purpose of concealing what they mean4 ,when men differ from each other essentially1 it is childish folly to try to unite them by an unmeaning phrase40 ,the great question was that of the procession of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,on this ,m4 ,osinnin was the chief speaker on behalf of the ,greeks1 and he seems to have challenged every interpretation of the ,westerns1 maintaining even that procedit was not an exact rendering of 4 ,however1 a committee was appointed1 composed of the ,germans1 two ,orientals1 an ,englishman1 and an ,american2 and ,dr4 von ,dllinger announced to the ,conference on its last sitting that an agreement had been arrived at on all essential points4 ,the ,greeks were to retain their version of the ,nicene ,creed1 and the ,westerns theirs2 the latter were to admit that the ,filioque had been improperly introduced1 and that both were to agree that1 whichever version they used1 their meaning was that the ,holy ,spirit proceeds from the ,father through the ,son4 ,with regard to the last point1 however1 the ,orientals said that although they had personally no objection to the expression1 yet they must decline to give any official assent to the article until it had been submitted to their synods or other competent authorities at home4 ,judging from every account we have seen 7all of them ,protestant7 of the ,bonn ,conference1 it is evident that its members1 in order to give an appearance of mutual agreement1 subscribed to propositions which may be taken in various senses4 ,the six articles agreed to by the committee were couched in the following terms3 8,we believe with ,s4 ,john ,damascene1 #a1 that the ,holy ,spirit proceeds from the ,father as the beginning1 the cause1 and the fountain of ,deity4 #b4 ,that the ,holy ,spirit does not proceed from the ,son 1 and that for this reason there is in the ,godhead only one beginning1 one cause1 through which all that is in the ,godhead is produced4 #c4 ,that the ,holy ,spirit is the image of the ,son1 who is the image of the ,father1 proceeding from the ,father and resting in the ,son1 as the outbeaming power of the latter4 #d4 ,the ,holy ,spirit is the personal bringing forth of the ,father1 but belonging to the ,son1 yet not of the ,son1 since he is the ,spirit of the ,godhead which speaks forth the ,word4 #e4 ,the ,holy ,spirit forms the connecting link between the ,father and the ,son1 and is united to the ,father through the ,son4 #f4 ,the ,holy ,spirit proceeds or1 as amended by ,mr4 ,meyrick1 #8issues' from the ,father through the ,son40 ,it is the supposed denial of that unity of the 1 or originating principle in the ,most ,holy ,trinity1 which has always been the ground of the ,greek objections to the ,latin form of the ,creed4#bje 8,the double ,procession#bjf of the ,holy ,ghost has always been believed in the church1 only to a certain number of minds it remained for a time obscure1 and thus there are to be found in the writings of the fathers passages in which mention is made rather of the procession from the ,father than of the double procession from the ,father and the ,son1 but yet none which1 although not formally indicating1 exclude or contradict it4 8,in recurring to the expressions employed by the fathers1 the members of the ,bonn ,conference have made choice of some of those which are vague and least explicit1 instead of others which convey to the mind a clear idea4 ,we are fully aware that1 from a historical point of view1 the question of the ,filioque presents some difficulties4 ,at ,nica1 in #cbe1 the question of procession was not even mentioned1 from the fact of its not having up to that time been raised4 ,at ,constantinople1 in #cha1 in order to cut short discussions which were tending to result in a denial of the ,trinity1 the addition had been made to the ,creed that the ,holy ,ghost proceeds from the ,father1 without mention of the ,son4 ,at the ,third ,council of ,toledo1 in #ehi1 the faith of the church in the double procession was clearly indicated by the addition of the ,filioque--an addition1 which was adopted by several particular councils1 and which became general in ,france4 ,the popes1 however1 foreseeing that the ,orientals--always inclined to be ill-disposed towards the ,west--would make this addition an excuse for breaking off into schism1 appeared at first but little in favor of a modification which1 although expressing with greater accuracy the faith of the church1 would furnish fresh fuel to theological disputes4 ,it was a question of prudence4 ,but when the truth was once placed in peril1 they hesitated no longer4 ,all the ,west chanted the ,filioque2 and the ,greeks themselves1 on repeated occasions1 and notably at the ,council of ,florence in #adch1 confessed the double procession to be an article of the ,catholic faith40 ,the ,old ,catholics of ,bonn have thus made1 as it seems to us1 a retrogression on this question4 ,will this help to secure 8the union of the ,christian churches0 which was the object of the ,conference8 ,in outward appearance possibly it may1 because all the separated communities willingly join hand in hand against the true church of ,christ2 but in reality1 no1 for the ,greeks will continue to reject the procession through the ,son1 as the ,anglicans will continue to accept it2 and we have no need to say that the ,catholic ,church will never cease to confess the double procession1 and to sing3 ,qui ex ,patre ,filioque procedit4 ,with regard to other subjects discussed by the meeting at ,bonn1 we will briefly mention that ,canon ,liddon spoke against the invocation of saints1 and ,dr4 von ,dllinger talked of 8making a clear sweep0 of the doctrine of purgatory and indulgences2 although1 in stating the belief of his co-religionists1 he was obliged to reaffirm the doctrine of purgatory in terms nearly equivalent to those of the ,creed of ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 ,on this matter1 whatever the ,greeks might do1 how many of the ,anglicans would agree with the ,old ,catholics8 ,not only are the people who go to these conferences from ,england in no sense representatives of the body to which they belong1 but even they themselves do not always abide by what they have agreed to4#bjg ,dean ,howson1 in a statement he read at the last ,conference1 put a ,low-,church interpretation on the resolution of last year's ,conference about the ,eucharist1 which interpretation ,canon ,liddon immediately repudiated4 ,before ,greek or ,german schismatics can unite with the ,church of ,england1 they will have to make up their minds as to which of at least four theological systems is ,anglicanism1 and then to get that admitted by the other three4 ,as to the validity of ,anglican orders1 ,dr4 von ,dllinger appears to have considered it as resting on the certainty of ,parker's consecration1 without going into the really more important questions of ,barlow's orders1 or the sufficiency of form or intention1 all of which are matters of such grave doubt as to be practically worthless to any one insisting upon the necessity of certainty that the communion to which he belongs possesses the apostolic succession4 ,we cannot conclude this sketch of the ,bonn ,conference without presenting our readers with a portrait of its chief1 ,dr4 von ,dllinger1 drawn by a friendly hand--that of a ,french apostate priest1 and one of the members of the ,conference--which we reproduce from the pages of the ,indpendance ,belge4 8,m4 ,dllinger10 he writes1 8pronounced three long and eloquent discourses1 marked by that seriousness and depth which so especially characterize his manner of speaking2 but notwithstanding their merit1 they have not resulted in any new conclusion4 ,may not the blame be in some measure due to ,m4 ,overbeck1 who ''' introduced into the discussion authorities posterior to the epoch of the separation of ,east and ,west1 and mingled the question of the seven cumenical councils with that of the ,filioque8''' ,at all events1 both obscurity and coldness found their way into the debates4''' 8,truly1 this excellent ,m4 ,dllinger seems fated to go on from one contradiction to another1 and to accept one year that which he refused in the preceding4 ,for instance1 in #ahga1 at the congress at ,munich1 he energetically opposed the organization of ,old-,catholic parishes2 afterwards he resigned himself to consent to this4 ,in #ahga he desired the ,old ,catholics to confine themselves1 after his example1 to protesting against the excommunication they had incurred2 but later on he is willing that their priests should take upon themselves the full exercise of their ministry4 ,in #ahga and #ahgb he wished to maintain the decisions of the ,council of ,trent2 in #ahgc he decided to abandon them1 as well as the alleged cumenicity of this council4 ,in #ahgb ''' he considered the attempts made to establish union between the ,old ,catholics and the ,oriental churches as at any rate imprudent1 if not even compromising4 ,in #ahgd he adopted the idea of which he had been so much afraid1 and has since that time used every endeavor to promote the union of the churches4 ,last year a proposal for a committee to examine on what points the earliest fathers harmonized was rejected by ,m4 ,dllinger with a certain disdain1 as impracticable and even childish4 ,now1 however1 we find him obliged to come back to it1 at least in part40#bjh 8,it is by no means in reproach but in praise that we say this10 continues the writer1 adding3 8,he accepted with the best grace possible1 in one of the sittings of the ,conference this year1 the observations of ,prof4 ,osinnin on the manner of studying texts2 and when an erudite and venerable man like ,m4 ,dllinger knows how to correct himself with such humility1 he does but raise himself in the esteem of sincere men40 ,we would here venture to observe that when 8so erudite0 a man as ,dr4 von ,dllinger1 and one who is acknowledged by an entire sect as its most distinguished doctor and its leader1 is so little sure of his doctrine that he is continually altering it1 he and his followers are surely among the last people who ought to refuse to the ,pope the infallibility which he in fact arrogates to himself in setting himself above an cumenical council1 as was that of the ,vatican4 ,if the head is represented by one of the members as being in a chronic state of uncertainty1 so are the members themselves represented by another4 ,in the ,church ,review 7,anglican7 for ,sept4 #ah1 #ahge1 is an article entitled 8,old-,catholic ,prospects10 the greater part of which consists of one of the most abusive and malignant attacks against the ,catholic ,church1 and in an especial manner against the ,jesuits1 that it has ever been our lot to come upon1 even in the journal in which it appears4 ,after informing his readers that 8,jesuitism has led the ,pope into the egregious heresy of proclaiming his own infallibility10 and that 8the ,spirit of ,christ1 who would not rest in the ,vatican ,council1 where all was confusion1 restraint1 and secrecy1 767 has brooded over the humble 787 ,conference of trusting hearts0 at ,bonn1 etc41 etc41 this person1 with a sudden sobriety1 ventures on a closer inspection of the favored sect for which he had just profanely claimed the guidance of the ,eternal ,spirit1 while denying it to the cumenical council where the whole episcopate of the ,catholic ,church was assembled with its head1 the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,this writer perceives that1 8on the other hand1 there are dangers in the future4 ,at present10 he says1 8the ,old-,catholic body is kept in order by two master minds--,dr4 ,dllinger and ,prof4 ,schulte4 ,there are innumerable elements of discord0 7he adds7 8manifest enough1 but they are as yet subdued by reverence for ,dr4 ,dllinger1 and beat down by the sledge-hammer will of the lay professor4 ,if either of these pilots were removed1 it is impossible to say into how many fragments ,old ,catholicism might split4 ,its bishop has no means of control over minds1 as have ,schulte and ,dllinger4 ,michaelis is simply abusive and violent1 ready to tear down with hands and teeth1 but incompetent to build4 ,repulsive in personal appearance1 his work is that of detraction1 denunciation1 and destruction4 ,to human eyes the movement is no movement at all2 it contains in itself no authority to hold its members personally in check2 and yet1 in spite of every disadvantage1 the ,old-,catholic society is the expression of true feeling10 etc41 etc4 ,but we have dwelt long enough on this picture2 let us in conclusion turn to a very different one4 8,rome accepts no compromise2 she dictates laws10 says ,m4 ,henri ,vignaud1#bji contrasting her in no friendly spirit with the sect we have been contemplating1 but yet in a spirit of calmness and candor4 ,and this1 which he intends as a reproach1 is in reality a commendation4 ,it is the true church only which can accept no compromise when the truth is in question1 of which she is the faithful depository2 and whatever laws she dictates are to guard the truth1 dogmatic or moral1 issued in ,god's name and with his authority4 ,m4 ,vignaud acknowledges this in the following remarkable manner3 8,that cannot be conciliated which is by nature irreconcilable4 ,there can be no compromise with faith4''' ,either man forges to himself the truths which must illuminate his path1 or he receives them from the ,deity1 in which case he must submit to accept the dogma of infallibility2 for without this the whole theory falls4 ,it is for this reason that the apostolic ,roman ,catholicity is so strong4 ,subordinating reason to faith1 it does not carry within it the germ of any scepticism4 ,there can be no transacting with it1 and whoever goes out of it enters1 whether he is aware of the fact or not1 into rationalism1 of which the logical outcome is the elimination of the divine action in human affairs40#baj ,it would be scarcely possible to show more clearly that there are but two logical positions in the world of intelligences--namely1 ,catholicity and scepticism1 or1 as it is called in the present day1 positivism4 ,the next step after refusing ,god all action in human affairs is to refuse him existence4 ,the ,conference at ,bonn1 however little it may have done in other respects1 has already produced one result which was far from the intention of its promoters4 ,it has furnished an additional proof that there is one church only which is capable of resisting the invasion of scepticism and unbelief1 and that this church is the ,catholic and ,roman4 8,either ,jesus ,christ never organized a church1 or the ,catholic is the church which he organized40#baa ,,midnight ,,mass ,,in ,a ,,convent4 ,i have lately been reading some remarks on the curious association existing between certain tastes and odors and an involuntary exertion of the memory by which the recurrence of those tastes or odors recalls1 with a vividness not otherwise to be obtained1 a whole series of incidents of past life--incidents which1 with their surrounding scenes1 would otherwise be quite forgotten and buried out of sight by the successive overlaying of other events of greater interest or importance4 ,montaigne has some singular illustrations of this peculiar fact of consciousness1 and there is a brief reference to the subject made in some recently republished recollections of ,william ,hazlitt4 ,connected with this is the powerful influence known to be exercised in many well-authenticated cases upon the nervous sensibilities by the exhalation of particular perfumes or the scent of certain kinds of flowers harmless or agreeable to all other persons4 ,there is a reciprocal motion of the mind which has also been noted1 by which a particular train of thought recalls a certain taste or smell almost as if one received the impression from the existing action of the senses4 ,an illustration is given in the discussion just noted1 where a special association of ideas is stated to have brought back to the writer1 with great vividness1 the 8smell of a baker's shop in ,bassorah40 ,individual experiences could doubtless be accumulated to show that this mysterious short-hand mind-writing1 so to term it1 by means of which the memory records on its tablets1 by the aid of a single sign imprinted upon a particular sense1 the history of a long series of associated recollections1 is not confined to the senses of taste and smell alone1 but makes use of all4 ,the recollection of one of the happiest days of my life--a day of strong excitement and vivid pleasure1 but not carried to the pitch of satiety--is inseparably associated with the warm1 aromatic smell of a cigar which ,i lighted and puffed1 walking alone down a country road4 ,in this case the train of thought is followed by the impression on the sense4 ,but in another instance within my experience the reciprocal action of thought and sense is reversed2 the sight of a particular object in this latter case invariably bringing back to my mind1 with amazing distinctness1 a scene of altogether dissimilar import1 lying far back in the memory4 ,the circumstances are these3 ',tis now some years since ,i visited the seaport town of ,shippington4 ,it is1 or was1 one of those sleepy provincial cities which still retain an ante-,revolutionary odor about its dock-yard and ordnance wharves4 ,a group of ragged urchins or a ruby-nosed man in greasy and much-frayed velveteen jacket might be seen any sunny morning diligently fishing for hours off the end of one of its deserted piers for a stray bite from a perch or a flounder4 ,the arrival of the spring clipper-ship from ,glasgow1 bringing a renewal of stock for the iron merchants1 or of a brig with fruit from the ,mediterranean1 used to set the whole wharf population astir4 ,great changes have taken place of late years4 ,railroads have been built4 ,instead of a single line of ocean steamships1 whose fortnightly arrival was the event of the day1 half a dozen foreign and domestic lines keep the port busy4 ,fashion1 which was once very exclusive and confined to a few old families1 has now asserted its sway over wider ranks1 and the officers of her majesty's gallant ,onety-,oneth1 and the heavy swells of ,shippington society whose figures adorn the broad steps of the ,shippington ,club-,house1 have now the pleasure of criticising any fine morning a 7thin7 galaxy of female beauty and fashion sweeping by them1 whose modes rival those of ,beacon ,street or ,murray ,hill4 ,but at the time of which ,i write--when ,i was a school-boy1 a quarter of a century ago--it had not been much stirred by the march of these modern improvements4 ,her ,britannic majesty was then young to the throne1 and a great fervor of loyalty prevailed2 and when the ,royal ,welsh ,fusileers used to march down to the parade-ground for morning drill1 with the martial drum-major and its great bearded ,billy-,goat1 presented by the queen1 dividing the honors of the head of the regiment1 it would be hard to exaggerate the enthusiasm that swelled the bosoms of the small boys and ,african damsels who stepped proudly along with the band4 ,those were grand days1 quorum pars magna fui1 when ,i too marched down the hill from the citadel1 with a mind divided between awe and admiration of the drum-major--curling his mustache fiercely and twirling his staff with an air of majesty--and a latent terror of the bearded pet of the regiment1 whom report declared to have destroyed three or four boys in ,malta4 ,but rare indeed were those holidays1 for ,i was impounded most of the time in a college1 where the study of the ,latin ,delectus gave little opportunity for the pursuit of those more attractive branches of a liberal education4 ,about half a dozen of the boys1 of whom ,i was one1 were proficients at serving ,mass4 ,it was therefore with great joy at the distinction that we found ourselves named1 one frosty ,christmas ,eve1 to accompany ,father ,w---- to the ,convent of the ,sacred ,heart1 about a mile distant1 where he was to celebrate midnight ,mass4 ,oh6 how the snow crisped and rattled under our feet as we marched along1 full of importance1 after ,father ,w----1 each boy with his green bag1 containing his surplice and soutane1 swung over his arm6 ,what a jolly night it was2 and how the stars twinkled6 ,we slapped our hands together1 protected by our thick blue mitts1 and stamped our feet like soldiers on the march to ,moscow4 ,it was after ten o'clock1 and the streets were dark and nearly deserted4 ,to us1 long used to be sound asleep at that hour in our warm dormitory1 each boy in his own little four-poster1 with the moonlight streaming in through the windows on its white counterpane--and not daring1 if we were awake1 so much as to whisper to the boy next to us1 under pain of condign punishment in the morning--there was something mysterious and almost ghostly in this midnight adventure4 ,as we passed the guard-house near the general's residence1 the officer of the night1 muffled in his cloak1 came along on the 8grand rounds40 ,the sentry1 in his tall bear-skin hat1 stops suddenly short in his walk4 8,who goes there80 he calls out in a loud1 fierce voice1 bringing down his bayonet to the charge4 ,we clung closer to ,father ,w----'s skirts4 8,rounds10 replies the officer in a voice of command1 his sword rattling on the ground1 iron-hard with the frost4 8,what rounds80 8,grand rounds60 8,advance1 grand rounds1 and give the countersign60 ,then the sergeant of the guard1 the alarm being given1 rushes out into the street with his men1 all with bayonets drawn and looking terrible in the moonlight4 ,they form in line1 and the officer advances4 ,a whispered conversation takes place2 the soldiers present arms and march back into the warm guard-house2 and the officer passes silently on to the next guard4 ,while this scene was going on we stood half terrified and fascinated1 hardly knowing whether to take to our heels or not4 ,but the calm voice of ,father ,w----1 as he answered 8,a friend0 to the sentry's challenge1 reassured us4 ,soon we reached the convent gate1 and1 entering the grounds1 which were open for the occasion1 found the convent all ablaze with lights4 ,the parents and friends of the young lady pupils were permitted to attend the midnight ,christmas ,mass4 ,the convent1 and convent chapel which communicated with it1 stood in the midst of winding walks and lawns very pretty in the summer2 but the tall trees1 now stripped of their leaves1 swung their bare branches in the wind with a melancholy recollection of their faded beauty4 ,groups1 in twos and threes1 walked silently up the paths1 muffled in cloaks and shawls1 and disappeared within the chapel4 ,we were received by the lady-superior1 ,mme4 ,p----1 whose kind voice and refined and gentle manners were sadly maligned by a formidable ,roman nose1 that struck our youthful minds with awe4 ,what unprincipled whims does ,nature sometimes take thus to impress upon the countenance the appearance of a character so alien to our true disposition6 ,nor is it less true that a beautiful face and a form that ,heaven has endowed with all the charms of grace and fascinating beauty may hide a soul rank with vice and malice4 ,the ,becky ,sharpes of the world are not all as ferret-featured as ,thackeray's heroine1 whom1 nevertheless1 with much truth to art1 he represents as attractive and alluring in her prime4 ,but dear ,mme4 ,p----'s ,roman nose was not1 ,i have reason to believe1 without its advantages2 the fortuitous severity of its cast helping to maintain a degree of discipline among her young lady boarders1 which a tendency to what ,mr4 ,tennyson calls 8the least little delicate curve0 7vulgo1 a pug71 or even a purely classical ,grecian1 might have failed to inspire4 ,forgive me the treason if ,i venture even to hint that those young ladies in white and blue who floated in and out of ,mme4 ,p----'s parlors on reception-days1 like angels cut out from the canvas on the walls1 were ever less demure than their prototypes6 ,we altar-boys were marshalled into a long1 narrow hall running parallel with the chapel4 ,there we busied ourselves in putting on our red soutanes and white surplices1 and preparing the altar for ,mass4 ,but we had a long time to wait1 and while we stood there in whispering silence1 and the chapel slowly filled1 suddenly appeared ,mme4 ,p---- with a lay sister1 carrying six little china plates full of red and white sugar-plums1 and some cakes not bigger than a mouthful1 to beguile our tedium4 ,to this day the sight of one of those small plates1 filled with that kind of sugar-plums1 brings back to my mind with wonderful minuteness all the scenes ,i have described and those that followed4 ,the long walk through the snow1 the guard-house1 the convent grounds1 the figures of ,mme4 ,p---- and her lay sister advancing towards us1 rise before me undimmed by time2 and even now as ,i write the flavor of the sugared cassia-buds seems to be in my mouth1 though it is over twenty years ago since ,i cracked them between my teeth with a school-boy's relish for sweetmeats4 ,the feeling of distant respect engendered by the sight of ,mme4 ,p----'s nose gave way all at once to a profound sympathy and admiration for that estimable lady1 as she handed us those dainties4 ,yet1 as they disappeared before our juvenile appetites1 sharpened by the frost1 we could not help feeling all a boy's contempt for the girls that could be satisfied with such stuff1 instead of a good1 solid piece of gingerbread that a fellow could get two or three bites at6 ,we had no doubt that the convent girls had a cong that day1 and that this was a part of the feast that had been provided for them4 ,we marched gravely into the sanctuary before ,father ,w----1 and took our places around the altar-steps while he ascended the altar4 ,a deeper hush seemed to fall on the congregation kneeling with heads bowed down before the ,saviour born on that blessed morning4 ,the lights on the altar burned with a mystical halo at the midnight hour4 ,the roses around the ,crib of the infant ,redeemer bloomed brighter than ,june4 ,we heaped the incense into the burning censer1 and the smoke rushed up in a cloud1 and the odorous sweetness filled the air4 ,then along the vaulted roof of the chapel stole the first notes of the organ1 now rising1 now falling2 and the murmuring voice of the priest was heard reading the ,missal4 ,did my heart stand still when a boy--or is it touched by a memory later8--as1 birdlike1 the pure tones of the soprano rose1 filling the church1 and thrilling the whole congregation8 ,marvellous magic of music6 ,can we wonder to see an ,arion borne by dolphins over the waves1 and stilling the winds with his lyre8 ,poor ,mme4 ,l----6 ,she had a voice of astonishing brilliancy and power4 ,her upper notes ,i have never heard excelled in flute-like clearness and sustained roundness of tone4 ,when ,i heard her years later1 with a more experienced ear1 her voice1 though a good deal worn1 was still one to be singled out wherever it might be heard4 ,she is since dead4 ,she was a ,french lady of good family4 ,her voice had the tone of an exile4 ,she sang the ,adeste fideles on that ,christmas morning with a soul-stirring pathos that impressed me so much as a boy that the same hymn1 sung by celebrated singers and more pretentious choirs1 has always appeared to me tame4 ,it would not serve my present purpose to pursue these recollections farther4 ,enough has been said to show how quickly the mind grasps at some one prominent point affected by sense1 to group around it a tableau of associated recollections4 ,that little china tea-plate with its blue and gilt edge1 heaped over with sugar-plums1 brings back to me scenes that seem to belong to another age1 so radical is the change which time makes in the fortunes and even emotions of men4 ,when the lights were all out in the chapel1 except those that burned around the ,crib1 and the congregation had silently departed1 we wended our way back to the college with ,father ,w---- in the chill morning air more slowly than when we started2 sleepy1 but our courage still unabated by reason of the great things we had shared in1 and the still greater things separated from us by only one more1 fast-coming dawn4 ,we slept like tops all the morning1 being excused from six o'clock ,mass on account of our midnight excursion4 ,when we joined the home circle on ,christmas morning1 you may be assured we had plenty to talk about4 ,nor was it until after dinner1 and all the walnuts had been cracked1 and our new pair of skates--our most prized ,christmas gift--tried on and admired1 that the recollection of our first ,christmas ,mass began to fade from our minds4 ,pure hearts and innocent joys of youth6 ,how smooth the stream--nescius aur fallacis--on which it sails its tiny craft6 ,how rough the sea it drifts into6 ,s4 ,,louis' ,,bell4#bab ,s4 ,louis' bell6 ,how grandly swell ,its matin chime1 ,its noonday peal1 ,its vesper rhyme6 ,how deeply in my heart ,i feel ,their solemn cadence2 they to me ,waft hymns of precious melody4 ,s4 ,louis' bell6 ,what memories dwell ,enshrined among ,each lingering note ,and tuneful tongue6 ,as on the quivering air they float1 ,those sweet vibrations o'er and o'er ,bear tidings from a far-off shore4 ,s4 ,louis' bell6 ,what clouds dispel1 ,what doubts and fears ,dissolve away1 ,what sorrowing tears1 ,like mists before the rising day6 ,while on the waiting1 listening air ,rings out ,s4 ,louis' call to prayer4 ,s4 ,louis' bell6 ,ring on and tell ,in matin chime1 ,and noonday peal1 ,and vesper rhyme1 ,and let thy joyful notes reveal ,the story loved of mortals best-- ,of ,holy ,child on ,virgin's breast1 ,while herald angels from above ,sang anthems of eternal love6 ,s4 ,louis' bell6 ,when earth's farewell ,upon my parting lips shall dwell1 ,and when ,i rise ,on angel wing ,to seek the gates of ,paradise1 ,and stand before the ,heavenly ,king1 ,though in that realm of perfect peace ,all other earthly sounds should cease1 ,methinks 'twould be ,a joy to me ,once more to hear1 ,with bended ear1 ,the music loved on earth so well-- ,the echoes of ,s4 ,louis' bell6 ,,from ,,cairo ,,to ,,jerusalem4 ,seated in the spacious hall of the new hotel in ,cairo1 we discussed a tour through the ,holy ,land4 ,we had quitted our comfortable and home-like dahabeah1 wherein we had lived for nearly four months upon the waters of the historical ,nile4 ,a sad farewell had been said to our trusty sailors1 and even those of them who had lingered around the hotel for days after our arrival1 to kiss our hands as we came out1 had now taken their departure4 ,old ,abiad1 our funny man1 had for once worn a sober look as he bade us ,god-speed on our homeward voyage4 ,said--the indefatigable1 hard-working1 muscular ,said1 ever ready for the hardest work1 and ever foremost in action--had left us with tearful eyes1 and had started on his upward voyage to ,keneh1 to marry the young ,moslem maiden to whom he had pledged his troth some few months before4 ,yes1 the ,nile trip was really over1 but on the tablets of memory was painted a most bright and beautiful picture1 which time alone could efface4 ,still another separation3 one of our party1 having been in the ,holy ,land the previous year1 was about to remain in ,egypt1 while the rest of us visited ,syria4 ,father ,h----1 ,mme4 ,d----1 and the writer made the travelling party4 ,the plans were soon settled1 and a day was appointed upon which we should depart from ,cairo to meet the ,russian steamer which was advertised to leave ,alexandria on ,monday1 ,april the #acth1 ,a4,d4 #ahgd4 ,one of the greatest difficulties in travelling in the ,east is to obtain accurate information concerning the arrival and departure of steamers and trains4 ,when inquiring what time the train would leave ,cairo for ,rhoda1 the terminus of the railway along the ,nile1 ,i was informed that it would leave somewhere about seven o'clock in the morning1 and would reach ,rhoda between six and eight in the evening2 this was the most accurate information ,i could possibly obtain4 ,in point of fact1 the train left ,cairo at nine ,a4,m41 and reached ,rhoda at half-past ten at night4 ,on ,monday morning1 ,april #ac1 there was a general clearing out of travellers from the hotel4 ,at nine ,a4,m4--and1 for a wonder1 punctual to the minute--we left the station at ,cairo on the train going to ,ismaila4 ,we passed through some of the richest country of the ,delta1 teeming with life and activity4 ,the ,sagars1 or ,persian water-wheels1 were sending their streams of life-giving water through the numberless little canals on every hand4 ,here a line of laden camels march along with stately step4 ,there a family--father1 mother1 and son--accompanied by the omnipresent donkey1 called to mind the flight of the ,holy ,family into ,egypt4 ,and well they may2 for here we are in the land of ,goshen1 at ,rameses1 the home of the ,israelites1 the starting-point of their long1 dreary wanderings4 ,now the railroad marks the line between the cultivated land and the sandy plains of the desert2 on one side rich vegetation1 nurtured by the fresh-water canal1 on the other1 sandy hillocks stretching away to the line of the horizon2 and in a few moments we see the deep1 rich blue of the water of ,lake ,timsah1 contrasting most strikingly with the golden sand of its desert bank4 ,ismaila6 ,ere the train has stopped we are surrounded by a crowd of ,arabs thirsting for their spoil4 ,a score of them pounce upon our baggage4 ,after considerable shouting and threatening1 we compromise1 and a truce is proclaimed4 ,we engaged two of them to carry our baggage to the steamer on the lake4 ,o porters of the ,united ,states6 how you would blush and hang your heads in shame to see these ,arabs handle baggage4 ,in my childish and untravelled simplicity ,i thought it most wonderful to see you lift those heavy boarding-houses1 miscalled trunks1 and carry them to the fourth story of a hotel4 ,but hereafter1 for porters1 commend me to the ,arabs4 ,we had four or five heavy valises1 one of them weighing nearly one hundred pounds1 and numberless small parcels4 ,one of the men hung these valises from his neck1 and tying the smaller parcels in among them1 as though by way of ornament1 started off1 followed by his brother porter1 with our only trunk1 a large and very heavy one1 strapped on his back4 ,they walked at a brisk pace to the boat1 about one mile distant1 and did not seem in the least fatigued when they arrived there4 ,as we started to walk down the long avenue leading to the lake1 we were beset as usual by the importunities of three or four donkey-boys1 each one recounting the praises of his own animal1 and speaking disparagingly of the others1 yet all in the best possible humor4 ,running here and there1 dragging after them the patient donkey1 they cried out3 8,him good donkey1 sah2 look him4 ,oder donkey no good2 him back break4 ,him exquisite donkey1 sah6 ,him ,yankee ,doodle60 ,suddenly1 in a fit of indignation1 ,i turned upon them and howled at the top of my voice3 8,empshy ,ya ,kelb0 78,get out1 ,o dog6071 when1 with a roar of laughter1 one little imp jumped in front of me1 and exclaimed3 8,oh6 ,howadji can speak ,arabic4 ,him good ,arab donkey4 ,take him1 sah2 him speak ,arabic40 ,notwithstanding this great inducement1 ,i did not take him4 ,like ,aladdin's palace1 ,ismaila has sprung up almost in a single night4 ,in #ahfj the site of the present town was a barren waste of sand2 but when the fresh-water canal was completed to this place1 and the magic waters of the ,nile were let loose upon it1 the golden sands of the desert gave place to the rich verdure of vegetation2 gardens1 filled with the choicest fruits and flowers1 sprang up on every hand4 ,indeed1 it seems but necessary to pour the waters of the ,nile on the desert to produce a soil which will grow anything to perfection4 ,here we see the pretty little ,swiss chlet of ,m4 de ,lesseps1 and a short distance beyond the palace of the viceroy1 built in a few months1 for the purpose of entertaining his illustrious guest at the opening of the ,suez ,canal4 ,what singular fellows these ,arabs are6 ,our two porters demand three rupees 7a rupee is worth about fifty cents7 for their services4 ,i quietly take one rupee from my pocket and offer it to them4 ,indignantly they reject it2 and if ,i will not give them what they ask1 they will accept nothing at all2 and with loud words and angry gestures they shout and gesticulate most vehemently1 complaining of the insignificant pittance ,i offer them for the hard work they have just gone through4 ,i repocket the rupee1 and proceed very leisurely to arrange our places on the little postal boat1 which is to leave in about an hour4 ,having purchased tickets1 and seen that everything was properly arranged1 ,i again return to the attack1 as ,i am now upon the offensive1 and offer them the rupee4 ,no1 they will not have it2 but now they will accept two rupees4 ,well1 it being the rule of ,eastern negotiations that as one party comes down the other should go up1 like a balance1 ,i increase the rupee by a franc1 and after much talking they agree to accept it4 ,but now what a change comes over them6 ,finding that they have extracted from me all that they possibly can1 their whole manner changes1 and they become as polite and affable as you please4 ,they thank me1 proffer their services to do anything for me that ,i may wish1 kiss their hands in respectful salutation1 and are off4 ,our steamer is somewhat larger than a man-of-war's boat1 and our little company is soon assembled in the cabin4 ,besides ourselves1 there are1 first1 a voluble young ,russian who came with us from ,cairo1 and who precipitates himself most desperately into the strongest friendships that the time will allow with every one he meets1 telling you all about himself and his family1 and then finding out as much as he can about you and yours2 next1 a stolid ,saxon1 ,prussian vice-consul at ,cairo1 a very pleasant and intelligent young man2 and1 lastly1 a quiet1 retiring young ,italian lady1 who1 unable to speak any language besides her own1 cannot join in the general conversation1 which is carried on principally in ,french4 ,at six o'clock we left the landing-place at ,ismaila1 and1 passing out the northeast corner of ,lake ,timsah1 we entered the narrow cutting of ,el ,guisr4 ,the surface of these heights is the highest point in the ,isthmus of ,suez1 being from sixty to sixty-five feet above the level of the sea4 ,in cutting the canal through this part they were obliged to dig down some ninety feet1 in order to give the canal its proper depth below the sea level4 ,just after we entered this cutting1 the strong north wind which was blowing at the time caught madame's parasol1 whirled it out of her hand1 blew it overboard1 and the last we saw of it it was floating placidly along toward ,suez4 ,one sees here how perceptibly the sand is filling up the hard-won trench1 and the dredging-machines are kept in constant operation to keep the channel clear4 ,at dusk we passed a large ,english steamer tied up for the night--as large steamers are never allowed to travel in the canal after dark4 ,we soon entered ,lake ,menzaleh1 and continued through it some twenty-seven miles to ,port ,said4 ,fifteen years ago a belt of sand1 from six to nine hundred feet in width1 occupied the place where ,port ,said now stands4 ,here in ,april1 #ahei1 ,m4 de ,lesseps1 surrounded by a handful of ,europeans and a score of native workmen1 gave the first blow of the spade to that great channel of communication between the ,east and the ,west4 ,soon the ground for the future town was made1 houses erected1 gardens laid out1 and to-day ,port ,said is a town of nearly ten thousand inhabitants1 with streets1 squares1 gardens1 docks1 quays1 mosques1 churches1 and a very safe and easily-approached harbor4 ,the name ,port ,said was given to it in honor of the then viceroy1 ,said ,pasha4 ,the next morning1 when ,i went to the office to purchase tickets1 ,i was informed1 by the not over-polite clerk in the ,russian ,steamship ,co4's office1 that notwithstanding it was advertised that the steamer would leave ,alexandria on ,monday1 it would not leave until ,tuesday1 and consequently would not leave ,port ,said until ,wednesday afternoon--another illustration of the uncertainty of travelling information in the ,east4 ,in the afternoon ,i determined to go down to the lake and endeavor to shoot some flamingoes or pelicans1 both of which abound here in great numbers4 ,leaving the town1 ,i started to cross the wide1 level plain which separated it1 as ,i supposed1 from the lake4 ,some distance ahead ,i saw numerous birds disporting themselves amid the glistening and sparkling waters of the lake4 ,after walking for nearly an hour1 ,i reached the spot1 but no lake was there1 and turning around1 ,i saw it at the point from which ,i had started4 ,somewhat confused1 ,i turned towards the sea1 and there ,i saw1 high up in the air1 a sand-bank with women walking upon it1 and a little further on two gigantic figures like light-houses moving toward me in the air4 ,in a moment the truth flashed upon me--it was a mirage2 and retracing my steps to the town1 ,i found that the lake was in a different direction from the one ,i had taken4 ,the next day we went on board the steamer1 which arrived from ,alexandria about ten in the morning4 ,there is considerable excitement on board1 and a number of smart-looking boats with trim crews rapidly approaching us announce the arrival of ,m4 de ,lesseps with his wife and her two nieces1 en route for a pilgrimage to the ,holy ,land4 ,m4 de ,lesseps is a man of medium height1 rather stout1 and with a very good-natured and jovial-looking countenance4 ,he wears a heavy gray mustache1 and his hair is silvery white4 ,his appearance is that of a man of great energy and determination1 and one to project and carry through the colossal work he has so successfully executed4 ,the ship was very much crowded1 or perhaps it would be more correct to say that the accommodations were very limited1 as we did not have more than fifty first-class passengers on board1 and yet there were not sufficient accommodations for them in the first cabin4 ,father ,h---- and ,i1 together with a young ,austrian with whom we had become acquainted at ,port ,said1 were obliged to sleep in a second-class cabin4 ,we were told that they would so arrange it that we could eat in the first saloon1 and at dinner-time we found a small work-table set for four of us to eat from4 ,however1 it was quite large enough for me2 for ,i had not been seated many minutes before ,i felt an unaccountable desire to go on deck and inhale the fresh air4 ,having done so1 ,i retired for the night4 ,bright and early the next morning ,i was upon deck1 but ,i found ,father ,h---- there before me4 ,madame1 having a very comfortable room in the first cabin1 had not yet risen4 ,the sea was still and calm as a pond1 and1 turning my face toward the east1 ,i beheld for the first time the mountain ranges of ,juda4 ,yea1 there before me was ,juda1 the land promised and given to the seed of ,abraham4 ,there1 among those hills1 ,samson had performed his exploits of power4 ,there the royal ,david and the wise ,solomon had lived and reigned4 ,ay1 and there ,one greater than them all1 the ,man-,god1 was born1 lived1 and laid down his life for the salvation of mankind4 ,and was it really true that ,i1 an inquisitive ,yankee of the ,x,i,xth century1 was soon to tread those sacred spots1 hallowed with reminiscences so dear to the heart of every ,christian8 ,i could scarce believe it4 ,was ,i not in a dream1 and would ,i not soon awake to find it all a beautiful but fleeting vision8 ,no1 it was true1 and it was made most painfully apparent by the harsh clangor of the ,arab boatmen1 and their frantic endeavors to take possession of us1 as our ship dropped anchor off the town of ,jaffa4 ,there is no harbor of any kind here1 and when the sea is calm the steamers anchor about one mile from the shore1 and passengers and their baggage are landed in small boats4 ,immediately in front of the town1 and but a short distance from it1 a series of partially-covered rocks forms a wall1 broken only by two channels or gateways1 one about ten feet in width1 and the other a little wider4 ,through these the sea dashes with tremendous fury1 and as the little boat approaches it is caught upon the summit of some breaker1 and dashed through the opening into the quiet haven behind4 ,when it is stormy1 the steamers do not stop here at all1 but land their passengers a short distance farther up the coast4 ,the bright1 genial face of ,father ,guido 7president of the ,casa ,nuova7 soon welcomed us to ,palestine4 ,he had come down from ,jerusalem to meet ,m4 de ,lesseps1 and to offer him the hospitality of their convent1 which was thankfully accepted4 ,we soon disembarked and entered a small boat1 accompanied by our trusty dragoman1 ,ali ,aboo ,suleyman1 who had travelled with one of our party the previous year1 and whom ,i believe to be one of the best dragomans in the ,east4 ,our boat1 propelled by the strong arms of a half-score of powerful ,arabs1 soon brought us alongside of the town4 ,passing through a narrow gateway1 and giving a substantial and material wink to the revenue official1 we1 with our baggage1 were soon deposited at the door of the ,latin convent4 ,after greeting the kind and hospitable fathers1 and arranging terms with ,ali1 we started out for a short walk4 ,traversing the narrow1 tortuous streets and filthy alleys1 jostled by camels1 horses1 donkeys1 and preceded by ,achmud1 ,ali's youngest son--a lad of fourteen years1 who1 with a pompous and authoritative air1 pushed aside old men and young1 women and children1 and would have done the same with the camels had he been able1 to make room for the ,howadji--we reached the spot where stood in former days the house of ,simon the tanner4 ,here the ,apostle ,peter resided many days1 and here he saw the vision of the clean and unclean beasts1 wherein the voice commanded him saying3 8,arise1 ,peter1 kill and eat40 ,a small mosque now occupies the site of the house4 ,the streets were thronged with ,russian pilgrims returning from their ,easter pilgrimage to the ,holy ,city4 ,many of them will leave in the afternoon on the steamer which has brought us from ,egypt1 and in a few short days will be at ,odessa1 whence the railway will carry them to ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,about three in the afternoon1 accompanied by an ,irish priest who had lived in ,malta for several years1 we mounted our horses and started for ,jerusalem4 ,we had been most hospitably entertained by the kind fathers at the convent2 a large room and an excellent breakfast had been provided for us1 but no remuneration asked4 ,we1 of course1 made a donation1 which was thankfully received4 ,we rode through the narrow streets1 passed out the gate1 and in a few moments were among the world-famous orange-groves of ,jaffa4 ,the sky was cloudless1 the weather like a beautiful ,may day at home1 and the air heavy with the delicious fragrance of the oranges4 ,we rode for nearly a mile through these beautiful groves4 ,meanwhile1 ,ali provided himself with numbers of these large oranges1 and soon for the first time ,i tasted an orange that ,i really enjoyed4 ,just plucked from the tree1 with skin half an inch in thickness1 and without seeds1 this luscious fruit seems almost to dissolve in the mouth like ice-cream4 ,ali owns a large grove1 from which he gathers about one hundred and fifty thousand oranges per annum4 ,these he sells in large quantities at the rate of two pounds sterling per thousand1 yielding him a very nice income1 as the expense of taking care of them is very small4 ,now we are riding along the level plain which separates the ,judan hills from the bright blue waters of the ,mediterranean1 and a little after six o'clock we drew rein at the ,latin convent in ,ramleh4 ,it is almost useless for me to speak of the kindness and hospitality of these good ,franciscan fathers of the ,holy ,land1 as it is known throughout the world1 and abler pens than mine have endeavored1 but in vain1 to praise them as they deserve4 ,unselfish1 kind1 burying self completely in the great work they have undertaken1 they have given up their homes1 families1 and all that was dear to them1 to live a monastic life among these sacred spots1 to guard these holy places1 and1 like ministering angels1 to assist pilgrims from every clime and of every ,christian race and nationality4 ,clad in the humble garb of their order1 they go quietly and unostentatiously through life1 sacrificing themselves at every turn for the benefit and comfort of others4 ,they have stood through centuries1 a devoted band of chivalrous knights guarding the spots rendered sacred by the presence of their ,god4 ,may he in his goodness reward them by permitting them to stand as a noble guard of honor around his celestial throne in the heavenly hereafter6 ,after a comfortable night's rest and a good breakfast1 we started at six o'clock1 in order to avoid the intense heat of midday4 ,m4 de ,lesseps and party had preceded us by nearly two hours4 ,as we rode out the convent gate1 numbers of lepers1 with shrunken limbs and distorted countenances1 clamored piteously for alms4 ,we dropped some small coins into their tin boxes1 which they carry so that there may be no possibility of contact with the compassionate passer-by who may bestow alms upon them4 ,we rode for some time across a level plain1 and near ten o'clock reached ,bab-el-,wady 7,gate of the ,valley71 at the foot of the mountain range4 ,here we found a very comfortable house1 which has been erected for the sake of affording accommodation to pilgrims4 ,we lunched here1 took a short nap1 and started on our way about two in the afternoon4 ,the whole distance from ,jaffa to ,jerusalem is not over thirty-six miles2 but fast riding is not practicable on account of the baggage1 which is transported on mules at a very slow pace2 consequently1 it generally requires two days to make the trip1 whereas a moderately fast horse could easily accomplish the journey in seven or eight hours4 ,we now enter ,wady ,ali4 ,one could scarcely imagine a more suitable place for lurking bandits to conceal themselves in than among the thick undergrowth here4 ,their musket-barrels might almost touch their unconscious victim's breast1 without being visible1 and many a tale has been told and retold around the ,howadji's camp-fire of their exploits of robbery and murder in this place4 ,but now1 thanks to the strict though tardy vigilance of the sultan1 the pass is free from danger4 ,what feelings of emotion now fill my breast6 ,the dreams of my childhood are being realized--,i am in the ,holy ,land6 ,reaching the summit of one of the ridges1 a beautiful panorama is spread out before us4 ,at our feet lies the valley of ,sharon1 dressed in the richest green1 and ornamented with the bright1 beautiful wild flowers of early spring2 beyond lies the plain of ,ramleh1 and in the distance1 like a silver frame1 sparkles and glistens the bright waters of the ,mediterranean4 ,anon we see beneath us the beautiful valley of ,beit ,hanina1 and ,ali1 laying one hand on my shoulder1 points to a little village nestled amid the olive-groves in the valley4 ,yes1 that is ,ain-,karim1 the place of the ,visitation of the ,blessed ,virgin--the spot where was born the 8greatest of men40 ,we check our horses but for a moment2 we have no eyes for that now4 ,every gaze is fixed upon that small yellow house upon the top of the opposite hill2 for has not ,ali told us that from that point we shall see the ,eternal ,city8 ,riding rapidly down the mountain-side1 we do not even stop as we cross the brook--where ,david gathered the pebbles with which he slew his gigantic adversary--and push rapidly up the opposite mountain4 ,father ,h---- and ,i are in advance1 while madame rides behind with the ,irish priest4 ,the shades of evening are now falling1 and ,i fear lest night may come on before we reach the city4 ,scarce a word is spoken2 my heart beats with excitement1 such as it has never known before1 and seems as though it would break through its prison-house1 so eager1 so anxious1 is it to move quickly on4 ,unable to restrain my impatience1 ,i give my horse a blow with my riding-whip1 and he starts on a full run4 ,father ,h---- calls me back4 ,we have travelled so long and shared so many pleasures together1 let us together share the great pleasure of the first sight of ,jerusalem4 ,i rein in my horse1 and ride by his side4 ,now the top of the hill is reached1 and it is yet light2 but we have mistaken the house--it is another one still farther on4 ,it is now twilight4 ,we speak not a word1 but1 bent forward1 we scan the horizon with piercing eyes1 as though we would penetrate the mountains themselves1 so eager are we to see the city4 ,i hail a passing boy3 8,fin el ,kuds80 78,where is ,jerusalem8071 but with a stupid stare he passes on4 ,a few moments more the house is reached1 and ,sion1 royal city of ,david1 lies before us6 ,waiting until the rest of the party ride up1 we dismount1 kneel1 kiss the ground1 and then recite aloud the psalm ,ltatus ,sum1 a ,pater ,noster1 and an ,ave ,maria1 remount1 enter the city by the ,jaffa gate1 ride to our comfortable quarters at the ,latin ,hospice1 and are in ,jerusalem4 ,at the convent we were entertained in the most hospitable manner1 and provided with the neatest and tidiest of rooms4 ,early the next morning ,father ,h---- and ,i sallied forth to call on ,pre ,ratisbonne4 ,following the ,via ,sacra1 we stopped before an iron gate a short distance below the arch ,ecce ,homo1 and little ,achmud1 picking up a large stone1 pounded upon it as though he were repaying a grudge which he had cherished against it for centuries4 ,i ventured to remonstrate1 suggesting that they might be displeased at so much noise being made4 ,but he answered very coolly--meanwhile continuing the pounding as if his future happiness depended upon making a hole in the door--that he wanted to inform those inside that some visitors wished to call upon them4 ,i said nothing1 but doubted seriously whether that would be the impression produced on their minds4 ,had it been in ,america1 and had ,i been inside1 ,i should have imagined that it was an election row1 or a fire during the reign of the volunteer fire department4 ,but notwithstanding all this1 no one appeared1 and we moved away disgusted1 only to find that we had been at the wrong place1 and to be farther informed that ,pre ,ratisbonne was in ,paris4 ,what shall ,i say of the sacred spots of ,jerusalem1 which so many abler pens than mine have attempted to describe8--vainly endeavoring to portray the inexpressible emotions that crowd the breast of every ,christian as he kneels before them for the first time6 ,perhaps ,i can convey to my readers some idea of the feeling which continually pervaded my whole being4 ,it was as if the curtain of the past had been rolled back1 placing me face to face with the living actors in that great tragedy of our ,redemption eighteen hundred years ago4 ,what contributed in a great measure to this was that we had lived during the winter in an atmosphere of three or four thousand years ago4 ,we had scarcely esteemed it worth while to look at the ruins of the ,ptolemys1 they seemed so recent after the massive temples of the ,rameses and the ,ositarsens1 and now the beginning of the ,christian era appeared but an affair of yesterday4 ,the ,adamic and ,mosaic dispensations seemed a little old1 'tis true1 but the ,christian dispensation was yet to us in all the glory of its early morn4 ,i felt1 as ,i crossed the ,kedron and read the ,holy ,gospels seated beneath the olive-trees in the garden of ,gethsemane1 as if even ,i had been a personal follower of the ,man-,god1 and in imagination could hear the hosannas of praise as he rode past me on the ass on the way from ,bethany4 ,before this religion had seemed to me more like an intellectual idea4 ,now ,i felt that ,i knew ,him as a friend1 and my heart beat earnest acquiescence to ,father ,h----'s remark3 8,coming from ,egypt1 ,christ appears a modern personage2 and the visit to the sacred places of ,palestine adds to the intellectual and moral conviction of the truth of ,christianity1 the feeling and strength of personal friendship with its ,author40 ,on ,sunday ,father ,h---- celebrated ,mass at the altar erected on the spot where the ,blessed ,virgin stood during the ,crucifixion4 ,the hole in the rock wherein the sacred cross was planted belongs to the ,greeks1 and over it they have erected an altar1 loaded down1 like all their other altars1 with tawdry finery4 ,on another occasion ,i had the happiness to serve ,father ,h----'s ,mass on the spot where our ,lord was nailed to the cross4 ,but the greatest happiness of all was reserved for the morning we left the ,holy ,city1 when madame and ,i received ,holy ,communion from the hands of ,father ,h----1 who celebrated ,mass1 which ,i served1 in the ,holy ,sepulchre itself4 ,hic ,jesus ,christus sepultus est4 ,in that little tomb the three of us1 who had shared together the pleasures and dangers of a long voyage in ,egypt and ,nubia--here on the very spot where ,he was entombed1 we alone1 in early morn1 received his sacred body and blood1 giving fresh life and courage to our souls for our future struggles with the world4 ,how much better1 instead of incrusting the sepulchre with marble and gems1 to have left it as it was1 rude and simple as when the ,man-,god was laid in it6 ,but one sacred spot is left in its primitive state--the grotto of the ,agony4 ,a simple altar has been erected in it1 and a marble tablet let into the wall with this inscription upon it3 8,hic factus est sudor ejus sicut gutt sanguinis decurrentis in terram40 ,the walls and roof of the grotto are to-day as they were that terrible night when they witnessed the sweat as drops of blood rolling down his sacred face4 ,the limits of this article will not permit me to tell how we wandered reverentially along the ,via ,sacra1 or gazed in admiration from ,olivet's summit on ,jerusalem the ,golden lying at our feet2 of our interesting visit to the residence of the ,princesse de ,la ,tour d',auvergne1 on the spot where the apostles were taught the ,lord's ,prayer1 which she has inscribed on the court-yard walls in every written language4 ,i could tell of our visit to the ,cnaculum to the ,temple1 the tomb of the ,blessed ,virgin1 our walks through the ,valley of ,jehoshaphat2 but these descriptions are so familiar to every ,christian that ,i will content myself with relating more of the personal incidents which befell us than general descriptions of what we saw4 ,father ,h---- and ,i left ,jerusalem on ,tuesday morning1 and1 after riding several hours1 camped for the night near the ,greek convent of ,mars ,saba4 ,no woman is allowed to enter this convent1 and men only with permission of the ,greek ,patriarch of ,jerusalem4 ,we visited the tomb of ,s4 ,saba1 model of anchorites1 and saw in one room the skulls of fourteen thousand of his brethren1 most of them massacred by the ,bedouins4 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chambers1 of ,new ,york1 with two young friends1 was encamped near us1 and we spent a very pleasant evening in their tent4 ,at five o'clock the next morning we were in the saddle1 en route for the ,dead ,sea4 ,we had a ,bedouin escort1 who was attired in a dilapidated1 soiled night-shirt1 and was scarcely ever with us1 either taking short cuts down the mountain-side--as he was on foot--and getting far in advance of us1 or lagging equally as far in the rear4 ,nevertheless1 it was a powerful escort--had we not paid the sheik of the tribe five dollars for it8 and did it not represent the force and power of a mighty tribe of ,bedouins8 ,in sober earnest1 this hatless1 shoeless escort was a real protection2 for if we had been attacked while he was with us1 his tribe1 or the sheik of it1 would have been forced by the authorities to make good our loss1 and1 moreover1 the attacking tribe would have incurred the enmity of our escort's tribe--a very serious thing in this part of the world1 and among men whose belief is3 ,whoso sheddeth man's blood1 by man shall his blood be shed4 ,the ,bedouins find this way of robbing travellers more profitable than the old-time system of taking their victim's property vi et armis1 for in the latter instance they are liable to be pursued1 caught1 and punished2 while in the former1 by exacting a fee from the traveller and furnishing an escort in return1 they make considerable money without fear of punishment4 ,while riding along toward the ,dead ,sea1 ,i frequently dismounted to shoot partridges1 and on remounting ,i took out the cartridges which had not been used1 before handing my gun to the escort1 who carried it for me4 ,on one occasion1 when near the ,dead ,sea1 ,i had pursued several partridges1 but did not get a shot at them1 and returning to my horse1 held by the escort1 ,i was about to draw out the cartridges when he requested me to let them remain1 so that ,i should not have the trouble of reloading for the next shot4 ,i shook my head with a negative motion1 when he replied in an humble tone3 8,very well4 ,i am a ,bedouin1 and of course you cannot trust me40 ,and then flashed across my mind that terrible curse pronounced upon ,ishmael and his descendants3 8,his hand shall be against every man1 and every man's against him40 ,feeling sorry for the poor fellow1 ,i looked him straight in the eye1 as though expressing my confidence in him1 and handed him the loaded gun4 ,i was alone with him now1 as the rest of the party had ridden on a mile or two in advance4 ,but ,i felt perfectly safe1 because he was walking ahead of me1 and1 had he meditated treachery1 ,i had my revolver in my belt1 and could have killed him before he could raise the gun to shoot4 ,however1 ,i presume that he simply wanted to play sportsman himself2 for when he returned me the gun1 some hours afterwards1 both barrels were empty4 ,about ten o'clock we reached the barren shores of the ,dead ,sea1 passing1 very close to it1 numberless heaps of cinders1 indicating a recent ,bedouin encampment4 ,we took a long bath in these buoyant waters4 ,i sank as far as my neck1 and then walked through the water as though on land4 ,i remained nearly an hour in the water without touching the bottom4 ,it is very difficult to swim1 as1 when one assumes the swimming position1 the legs are thrown half out of the water4 ,these waters1 covering the site of ,sodom and ,gomorrha1 are clear as crystal1 yet to the taste are bitter as gall4 ,riding along the plain for a short hour1 we entered the luxurious vegetation on the banks of the ,jordan1 and dismounted near the place where ,s4 ,john baptized our ,lord4 ,swift-flowing1 muddy1 turbulent ,jordan6 shall ,i ever forget thee or the pleasant swim ,i had in thy sweet waters8 ,father ,h---- and ,i dozed for about an hour1 took a lunch1 and then1 remounting1 rode across the level plain of ,jericho1 and about five o'clock reached our tent1 pitched on the site of ancient ,jericho1 at the foot of the ,mount of ,temptation1 where ,satan would tempt our ,lord with the vain1 fruitless riches of this world4 ,after dinner we walked a short distance1 and sat down on the limb of a tree overhanging the sweet waters of the heaven-healed fountain of ,elisha4 ,surrounded by armed ,bedouins1 who watched our every motion with eager curiosity1 and occasionally in plaintive tones requested backsheesh1 we passed a delightful hour recalling the sacred reminiscences connected with the spots around us4 ,behind us a crumbling ruin marks the site of once proud ,jericho--the city to which the warlike ,joshua sent the spies from the ,moabitish hills beyond the ,jordan2 the city destroyed by the ,israelitish trumpet-blast1 and against which the terrible curse was pronounced3 8,cursed be the man before the ,lord that riseth up1 and buildeth this city ,jericho3 he shall lay the foundation thereof in his first-born1 and in his youngest son he shall set up the gates of it0--a curse which was most fearfully fulfilled4 ,yonder ,elijah went up to heaven in a whirlwind4 ,far away in the distance the ,dead ,sea1 hemmed in by its mountain banks1 lies calm and placid in the dying sunset4 ,at our feet is the broad plain of ,jericho1 and at our back the mountains of ,juda4 ,how singular it must have seemed to the ,israelites when they first saw mountains covered with trees and verdure6 ,in their old ,egyptian home they had seen but sand-mountains1 the vegetation in no place extending beyond the level ground2 and now for the first time after their dreary desert wanderings they saw the vegetation creeping up the mountain-side even to its summit1 and thousands of sheep browsing upon it on every hand4 ,early the next morning we were in the saddle1 en route for ,jerusalem1 and1 passing the spot where the good ,samaritan ministered to the poor man who had fallen among thieves1 we reached ,bethany about noon4 ,procuring some tapers from an old woman1 we descended into the tomb from which the voice of his ,god had called forth the dead ,lazarus4 ,a flight of steps leads down some distance into a small chamber1 which is to-day in the same condition as when ,martha's brother1 arising from the dead1 testified to the assembled crowd the power of ,jesus of ,nazareth4 ,from here we ascended ,olivet1 and from its summit looked with admiration upon the beautiful panorama spread out beneath us1 and lunched under the venerable olive-trees1 which perhaps had cast their shade upon the weary form of our ,saviour1 and had witnessed the glorious miracle of his ,ascension4 ,soon after we reached our convent home4 ,the ,jews in the ,holy ,city are much fairer than their brethren in ,america4 ,they wear the old-time gabardine1 belted at the waist and extending to the ankles2 on the head a high black felt hat with broad brim1 while two curls hang down the cheek on either side4 ,they are a sorrowful-looking race1 fascinating to gaze upon as connected with the great ,drama1 yet inspiring me at the same time with a feeling of disgust which ,i could not control4 ,how striking a picture of their degradation and fall from their once proud estate as the chosen ones of ,god1 is shown as they gather on ,fridays to their wailing-place2 five courses of large bevelled stones being all that remain of ,solomon's grand ,temple6 ,here are ,jews of all ages and of both sexes1 crying bitterly over fallen ,jerusalem4 ,old men1 tottering up1 bury their faces in the joints and cavities1 and weep aloud as though their hearts were breaking1 while in chorus comes the low1 plaintive wail of the women4 ,in and among1 and around and about them1 with shouts of mirth and laughter1 play the children of the ,arab conquerors4 ,the ,jews are permitted to weep here unmolested4 ,on ,sunday afternoon1 accompanied by ,father ,guido1 we went to ,bethlehem4 ,we passed the night in the ,latin convent1 and the next morning madame and ,i received ,holy ,communion from the hands of ,father ,h----1 who celebrated ,mass in the ,crib of the ,nativity1 on the spot where the ,wise ,men stood when adoring the new-born ,babe4 ,the very spot where ,christ was born is marked by a silver star1 with this inscription upon it3 8,hic de ,virgine ,maria ,jesus ,christus ,natus est40 ,the star belongs to the ,latins1 but the altar over it to the ,greeks1 who have several times attempted to carry off the star1 but unsuccessfully4 ,they1 of course1 will not permit the ,latins to celebrate ,mass upon the altar4 ,the ,greeks1 being more powerful1 are continually harassing and heaping all sorts of indignities upon the ,latins1 who are obliged to submit to them4 ,shame upon the ,catholic nations of ,europe--nations which in bygone times sent forth those noble bands of ,crusaders1 sacrificing their lives to rescue the holy places from infidel hands6 ,but ,easter a year ago they destroyed the valuable hangings in the ,holy ,crib1 presented to the ,latins by the ,french government1 and stole two pictures from their altars valued at six thousand dollars apiece4 ,nay1 more than this3 they even severely wounded with a sword the ,franciscan brother who endeavored to prevent the execution of their nefarious designs4 ,and again the past ,easter1 but a few days before we were there1 witnessed another of these terrible scenes of barbarism and inhumanity4 ,a number of unoffending pilgrims1 just returned from their annual ,easter visit to the ,jordan1 were denied entrance by the ,greeks to the basilica over the ,holy ,crib4 ,and when they insisted upon entering the church--which is common property1 and in which they had a perfect right to go--and attempted to force their way in1 they were arrested by the ,turkish governor of ,bethlehem--who is in league with the ,greeks--under the pretext that they were inciting to riot1 and cast into a loathsome dungeon in ,jerusalem4 ,but1 thanks to the exertions of ,m4 de ,lesseps1 they were subsequently released4 ,i rode over to the hill where the shepherds watched their flocks that eventful night when the angels announced to them the 8glad tidings of great joy40 ,in the afternoon we rode across the mountains to ,ain-,karim1 the birth-place of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,the women in this part of the country1 but particularly in ,bethlehem and its vicinity1 carry all their fortunes on their heads4 ,dressed in the picturesque garb of the ,moabitish women1 their coins are hung in great numbers from their caps4 ,one young mother1 with her babe in her arms1 and with her cap almost covered with rows of gold coins1 approached me at ,ain-,karim1 and begged me in a piteous tone for a copper1 and appeared delighted when ,i gave it to her4 ,they would almost sooner starve than part with these coins1 in which they take great pride2 but ,i imagine that after they are married their husbands find means of obtaining possession of them1 and then they get into general circulation again4 ,we went to see the scene of the ,visitation1 over which an altar had been erected in the early ages of ,christianity1 but which had been concealed for centuries1 and only accidentally discovered of late by the ,latins in renovating their church4 ,alongside the altar is the impression of a baby in the rock4 ,it is said that when ,herod's soldiers came to the house of ,s4 ,elizabeth to execute their master's murderous commands to massacre the little innocents1 the saintly mother pressed her infant against the wall1 which opened1 received him1 and then1 closing again1 hid him from view2 and thus was he saved to grow up a voice crying in the wilderness1 8,make straight the way of the ,lord40 ,we spent the night in the convent built on the site of the house where was born this 8greatest of men40 ,the next day we returned to ,jerusalem1 visiting en route the ,greek church on the spot where grew the tree from which the sacred cross was made4 ,shortly after this we left the ,holy ,city1 soon bade farewell to our trusty dragoman1 and embarked on the ,tibre at ,jaffa1 bound for ,marseilles4 ,oh6 what impressions were made upon me by my short sojourn among those sacred places4 ,how my faith was strengthened1 and my love and devotion increased1 and how earnestly and often ,i wished1 and still wish1 that each and every one ,i know could see what ,i have seen and feel as ,i now feel6 ,a ,,christmas ,,vigil4 8,one aim there is of endless worth1 ,one sole-sufficient love-- ,to do thy will1 ,o ,god6 on earth1 ,and reign with thee above4 ,from joys that failed my soul to fill1 ,from hopes that all beguiled1 ,to changeless rest in thy dear will1 ,o ,jesus6 call thy child40 ,exeter ,beach was divided into two distinct parts by a line of cliff jutting far out into ,exeter ,bay4 ,below the eastern face of the cliff lay the ,moore estate1 and then came the town2 but on the west side was an inlet1 backed by dense woods1 and bounded on the farther extremity by another wall of rock4 ,this was known as ,lonely ,cove1 and deserved its title4 ,from it one looked straight out to the open sea2 no island intervened1 nor was anything visible on shore save the two long arms of frowning rock1 the circuit of pine coming close to the edge of drift-wood that marked the limit of the tide1 and1 at the far distance1 a solitary house4 ,this had once been occupied by a man who made himself a home apart from every one1 and died as lonely as he lived2 since then it had been deserted1 and was crumbling to decay1 and many believed it to be haunted4 ,along this beach1 about three o'clock one ,christmas ,eve1 ,jane ,moore was walking4 ,it was a dull afternoon1 with a lowering sky1 and a chill in the air which foreboded rain rather than snow2 but1 wrapped in her velvet cloak and furs of costly sable1 ,jane did not heed the weather4 ,her heart was full to overflowing4 ,from the first ,christmas that she could remember to the one previous to his death1 she had taken that walk with her father every ,christmas eve1 while he talked with her of the joy of the coming day1 sang to her old ,christmas carols1 and sought to prepare her for a holy as well as a merry feast4 ,he had tried to be father and mother both to his motherless girl1 but his heart ached as he watched her self-willed1 imperious nature1 often only to be curbed by her extreme love for him4 8,be patient1 my friend10 the old priest who knew his solicitude used to say4 8,it is a very noble nature4 ,through much suffering and failure1 it may be1 but surely1 nevertheless1 our ,jane will live a grand life yet for the love of ,god40 ,and so ,james ,moore strove to believe and hope1 till death closed his eyes when his daughter was only thirteen years old4 ,heiress of enormous wealth1 and of a beauty which had been famous in that county for six generations1 loving keenly all that was fair1 luxurious1 and intellectual1 ,jane ,moore was one of the most brilliant women of her day4 ,dancing and riding1 conversation and music--she threw herself into each pursuit by turn with the same whole-hearted abandon which had ever characterized her4 ,yet the priest who had baptized her1 and who gave her special1 prayerful care and direction1 laid seemingly little check upon her4 ,such religious duties as were given her she performed faithfully2 she never missed the daily ,mass or monthly confession2 not a poor cottage in the village in which she was not known and loved1 though as yet she only came with smiles and money and cheery words1 instead of personal tendance and real self-denial4 ,no ball shortened her prayers1 no sport hindered her brief daily meditation4 ,the priest knew that beyond all other desires that soul sought the ,lord2 beyond all other loves1 loved him2 and that she strove1 though poorly and imperfectly and with daily failure1 to subject her will to the higher will of ,god4 ,to have drawn the curb too tightly then might have been to ruin all2 the wise priest waited1 and1 while he waited1 he prayed4 ,this ,christmas ,eve on which ,jane ,moore was speeding along the beach was the last she would ever spend as a merry girl in her old home4 ,as a wife1 as a mother1 she might come there again1 but with ,epiphany her girlhood's days must end4 ,her heart1 once given1 had been given wholly1 and ,henry ,everett was worthy of the gift2 but the breaking of old ties told sorely upon ,jane1 who always made her burdens heavier than need be by her constant endeavor to gain her own will and way4 ,her handsome face looked dark and sallow that afternoon2 the thin1 quivering nostrils and compressed lips told of a storm in her heart4 8,i cannot understand it10 she said aloud4 8,why must ,i go away8 ,surely it was right to wish to live always in my old home among my father's people4 ,why should ,god let ,henry's father live and live and live to be ninety years old1 and he be mean and troublesome8 and why should my dear father die young1 when ,i needed him8 ,i cannot bear to go away40 ,and then came to her mind words said to her that very day--few words1 but strong1 out of a wise and loving heart--8,god asks something from you this ,christmas1 in the midst of your joy1 which ,i believe he will ask from you1 in joy or sorrow1 all your life long until he gets it4 ,he wants the entire surrender of your will4 ,i do not know how he will do it1 but ,i am sure he will never let you alone till he has gained his end4 ,make it your ,christmas prayer that he will teach you that his will is better and sweeter than anything our wills may crave40 ,she flew faster along the beach1 striving by the very motion to find relief for the swelling of her heart4 8,i cannot bear it10 she cried--8to have always to do something ,i do not want to do6 ,i cannot bear it4 ,yes1 ,i can1 and ,i will4 ,god help me6 ,but ,i cannot understand40 ,on1 on1 faster still1 sobs choking her1 tears blinding her4 8,i wanted so much to live and die here4 ,god must have known it1 and what difference could it make to him80 8,don't ye6 ,don't ye1 ,tom6 ,ye've no right4 ,ye mustn't1 for ,god's sake40 ,the words1 in a woman's shrill voice1 as of one weak with fasting or illness1 yet strong for the instant with the strength of a great fear or pain1 broke in upon ,jane's passion1 and1 coming to herself1 she found that she was close to the ,haunted ,house4 ,fear was unknown to her2 in an instant she stood within the room4 ,evidently some tramp1 poorer than the poorest1 had sought shelter--little better than none1 alas6--in the wretched place4 ,a haggard woman was crouching on a pile of sea-weed and drift-wood1 holding tightly to something hidden in the ragged clothing huddled about her1 striving to keep it--whatever it might be--from the grasp of a desperate1 half-starved man who bent over her4 8,gie it to me10 he cried4 8,i tell ye1 ,poll1 ,i'll have it1 that ,i wull1 for all ye4 ,and ,i'll trample it1 and ,i'll burn it1 that ,i wull4 ,no more carrying o' crucifixes for we1 and ,i knows on't4 ,gie us bread and butter1 say ,i1 and milk for the babby there40 8,nay1 nay1 ,tom10 the woman pleaded4 8,it's ,christmas ,eve4 ,he'll send us summat the night1 sure4 ,wait one night1 ,tom40 8,christmas6 ,what's him to we8 ,wait6 ,wait till ye starve and freeze to death1 lass2 but ,i'll not do't4 ,there's no ,god nowhere1 and no ,christmas--it's all a sham--and there sha'n't be no crucifixes neither where ,i bes4 ,ha6 ,i's got him now1 and ,i'll have my own way1 lass40 8,stop1 man60 ,jane stood close beside him1 with flashing eyes and her proud and fearless face4 8,give me the crucifix10 she said4 ,but she met eyes as fearless as her own1 which scanned her from head to foot4 8,and who be you80 he asked4 8,jane ,moore10 she answered1 with the ring that was always in her voice when she named her father's honored name4 8,and what's that to me80 the man exclaimed4 8,take's more'n names to save this40 ,and he shook the crucifix defiantly4 8,stop1 stop60 ,jane cried4 8,i will pay you well to stop40 8,why then1 miss80 8,your ,god died on a cross10 ,jane answered4 8,you shall not harm his crucifix40 8,speak for yourself1 miss6 ,shall not8 ,my wull's as strong as yours1 ,i'll warrant4 ,god6 ,there's no ,god2 else why be ye in velvets and her in rags8 ,that's why ,i trample this 'un40 ,in another moment the crucifix would have lain beneath his heel2 but ,jane flung herself on her knees4 ,all pride was gone2 tears rained from her eyes2 she1 who had been used to command and to be obeyed1 pleaded like a beggar1 with humble yet passionate pleading1 at the feet of this beggar and outcast4 8,wait1 wait10 she cried4 8,oh6 hear me4 ,truly your ,god was born in a stable and died upon a cross4 ,he loves you1 and he was as poor as you40 8,there be no ,god10 the man reiterated hoarsely4 8,it's easy for the likes o' ye to talk1 all warm and full and comfortable40 ,jane wrung her hands4 8,i cannot explain10 she said1 8,i cannot understand4 ,but it must be that ,god knows best4 ,he sent me4 ,come home with me1 and ,i will give you food and clothes and money40 8,not ,i10 cried the man defiantly4 8,i knows that trick too well1 miss4 ,food and clothes belike1 but a jail too4 ,i'll trust none4 ,pay me here40 ,jane turned her pocket out4 8,i have nothing with me10 she said4 8,will you not trust me80 ,but in his hard-set face she read her answer while she spoke4 8,very well10 she continued4 8,take a note from me to my steward4 ,he will pay you40 8,let's see't10 was the brief reply4 ,hastily she wrote a few words in pencil1 and he read them aloud4 8,now1 miss10 he said1 8it's not safe for me to be about town much 'fore dark1 and1 what's more1 ,i won't trust ye there neither4 ,here ye'll bide the night through1 if ye means what ye says40 8,o ,tom60 the woman exclaimed1 breaking silence for the first time since ,jane spoke1 8'twull be a fearful night for the like o' she40 8,let her feel it1 then10 he retorted4 8,wasn't her ,lord she talks on born in the cold and the gloom to-night1 'cording to you and she1 lass8 ,let her try't1 say ,i1 and see what she'll believe come morn40 ,like a flash it passed through ,jane's mind that her last midnight ,mass among her own people was taken from her2 that1 knowing her uncertain ways1 no one would think of seeking her till it was too late1 any more than her steward1 well used to her impulses1 would dream of questioning a note of hers1 no matter who brought it4 ,yet with the keen pang of disappointment a thrill of sweetness mingled4 ,was not her ,lord indeed born in the cold and the gloom that night8 8,i am quite willing to wait10 she said quietly4 ,the man went to the door4 8,tide's nigh full10 he said1 8and night's nigh here4 ,i'll go my ways4 ,but mark ye1 miss1 ,i'll be waiting t'other side1 to see ye don't follow4 ,trust me to wait patient1 till it's too dark for ye to come40 ,jane watched him till he had reached the further line of the cliff2 then she buried her face in her hands4 ,space and time seemed as nothing2 again1 as for years she had been used to do1 she strove to place herself in the stable at ,bethlehem1 and the child-longing rose within her to clasp the ,holy ,infant in her arms1 and warm him at her heart1 and clothe him like a prince4 ,and then she remembered what the man had said3 8,it's easy for the likes o' ye to talk1 all warm and full and comfortable40 ,there are natures still among us that cannot be content unless they lavish the whole box of ointment on the ,master's feet4 ,jane turned to the heap of sea-weed where the half-frozen woman lay4 8,can you rise for a minute80 she asked gently4 8,i am going to change clothes with you4 ,yes1 ,i am strong1 and can walk about and bear it all2 but you will freeze if you lie here40 ,and putting down the woman's feeble resistance with a bright1 sweet will1 ,jane had her way4 ,half exhausted1 her companion sank back upon her poor couch1 and soon fell asleep2 and when the baby woke1 ,jane took it from her1 lest its pitiful wailing should rouse the mother1 to whom had come blessed forgetfulness of her utter inability to feed or soothe it4 ,she wrapped the child in her rags1 and walked the room with it for hours that night4 ,it seemed to her that they must freeze to death if she stopped4 ,for a time the wind raged furiously and the rain fell in torrents2 no blessed vision came to dispel the darkness of her vigil2 no ecstasy to keep the cold from biting her2 she felt its sting sharply and painfully the whole night through4 ,the first few hours were the hardest she had ever spent1 yet she would not have exchanged them for the sweetest joy this world had ever given her4 8,my ,lord was cold10 she kept saying4 8,my ,lord was cold to-night40 ,by and by--it seemed to her that it must be very late--the storm passed over4 ,she went to the door4 ,the clouds were lifting1 and far away the sea was glimmering faintly in the last rays of a hidden and setting moon4 ,below a mass of dark clouds1 and just above the softly-lighted sea1 shone out a large white star4 ,across the water1 heaving heavily like one who has fallen asleep after violent weeping1 and still sobs in slumber1 came to her the sound of the clock striking midnight2 and then all the chimes rang sweetly1 and she knew that the ,mass she had longed for had begun4 8,i cannot bear it60 she cried2 then felt the child stir on her breast1 and1 gathering it closer to her1 she said slowly3 8,god understands4 ,his way must be best40 ,and she tried to join in spirit with those in church who greeted the coming of the ,lord4 ,surely there was some reason for her great disappointment and for her suffering that night4 ,reason8 ,was it not enough to be permitted thus to share ,his first night of deprivation8 ,and presently she began to plan for herself ,god's plan--how the man would return1 and find her there wet and cold and hungry1 and would learn why she had done it1 and would never doubt ,god again4 ,she fancied them all at home with her1 employed by her1 brought back to a happy1 holy life2 and she prayed long and earnestly for each4 ,he did come1 as soon as the gray morning twilight broke--came with haste1 bade his wife rise1 and take her child and follow him4 ,he gave no time for the words ,jane wished to speak2 but when the woman said that she must return the garments which had kept her warm1 and perhaps alive1 that night1 ,jane cried 8,no1 no6 ,it is as if ,i had kept our ,lady warm for once1 and carried her ,child1 not yours40 ,and she clasped the baby passionately1 kissing it again and again4 ,the man stood doubtful1 then tore the rich cloak from his wife's shoulders1 seized the mean one which it had replaced1 wrapped her in it1 hiding thus the costly attire1 that might have caused suspicion1 then looked about the room4 8,the crucifix80 he said4 8,is it not mine80 ,jane asked4 ,he pointed to the woman4 8,it's her bit o' comfort10 he said4 8,gie it to her1 miss4 ,plenty ye's got1 ,i wot4 ,i'll ne'er harm 'un again40 ,there was no more farewell than that2 no more promise of better things4 ,in a few minutes they had disappeared among the pines2 and cold1 suffering1 disheartened1 ,jane made her way homeward4 ,to her truest home first2 for bells were ringing for first ,mass1 and ,jane stole into church1 and1 clad in beggar's rags beneath her velvet cloak1 knelt in real humility to receive her ,lord4 8,i do not understand10 she said to him1 sobbing softly4 8,nothing that ,i do succeeds as ,i like4 ,but1 my ,jesus1 ,i am sure thy will is best1 only ,i wanted so much to help them for thee4 ,why was it1 my ,jesus80 ,but the years went by1 and though ,christmas after ,christmas ,jane remembered with a pang that great disappointment1 her longings and her questions remained unanswered4 ,and so it was in almost everything4 ,her life after that strange ,christmas ,eve was one of constant1 heroic1 personal service for others1 in the love of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,the brilliant woman was never seen again at ball or hunt1 but beside the beds of the sick and suffering she was daily to be found1 making the most painful1 repulsive cases her special care4 ,and she1 who had delighted in daintiest apparel1 never wore again after that ,christmas morning jewels or costly clothing4 8,i have tasted once the sweetness of faring like my ,lord10 she said impetuously to her husband4 8,do not break my heart by making me all warm and full and comfortable again40 ,and he1 whose high soul answered nobly to her own1 never tried to hold her back1 but followed her eagerly in her earnest following of her ,lord4 ,yet the self-willed nature cost its owner many sufferings before it learned submission to the divine ,master4 ,it pleased ,god that ,jane ,everett should live to an advanced and very strong old age1 and it also pleased him through all those years to conform her will to his by constant and peculiar trials4 ,the husband whom she loved with an almost idolatrous love was taken from her1 without an instant's warning1 by a fearful accident4 ,her sons1 whom she dedicated to ,god's holy priesthood1 died in their cradles2 her daughters grew into the fairest bloom of womanhood1 only to become the brides of death4 ,yet nothing quenched the fire in her eye1 and the cry of her heart for years was still its old cry3 8,o ,god6 ,i cannot bear it4 ,yes1 ,i can4 ,god's will is best4 ,but ,i cannot understand40 ,one ,advent the last remaining friend of her youth sent to her1 begging her to come with haste to pass with her the last ,christmas they could expect to be together on earth2 and the brave old woman1 though craving to spend the holy season near her darlings' graves1 went forth to face the inclement weather with as stout a heart as in her youth she had sped along ,exeter ,beach under the threatening sky4 ,in a little village1 with no one near who knew her except her servants1 ,death laid his hand upon her who had desired him for many days4 8,this is a serious illness10 the physician said to her4 ,then1 reading rightly the spirit with which he had to deal1 he added3 8,a sickness unto death1 madam40 8,harness the horses1 then10 she said1 lifting herself1 8and let me get to ,ewemouth and die there40 8,send for a priest10 the doctor answered her4 8,you have no time to lose40 8,it has been always so1 father10 ,jane said1 looking up pitifully into the face of the priest when at last he came4 8,from the time that ,i first earnestly gave myself to ,god1 up to this time1 he has thwarted me in every way4 ,sixty years ago this very ,christmas ,eve he did it4 ,it all comes back to me as hard to bear as then2 and all my life has been like that40 ,and slowly and with pauses ,jane told the story of her night at ,lonely ,cove4 8,it has always been so1 father4 ,whenever ,i have loved any one or tried to help any one1 ,i have failed or they have left me40 8,my daughter10 the priest replied1 8,god's work in a life like yours is far more the subjection of the will than the number of holy actions for others4 ,be sure that what we think failure is often success in ,god's eyes and through his power4 ,he asks one last sacrifice from you4 ,madam1 ,god has brought you here to add the crowning blessing to your life--the opportunity of a last and entire surrender of your will to his most blessed will4 ,will you offer to him your whole life1 that to you seems so incomplete and marred1 judged by your own plans and wishes1 saying to him without reserve that you believe1 certainly1 that his way is far better than yours80 ,he held the crucifix before her1 and suddenly the long years seemed to vanish like a dream1 and she felt once more the biting cold in the haunted house at ,lonely ,cove1 and again a child nestled upon her heart1 bringing with it the thought of the manger-bed1 and the question1 ,why should so much suffering be8 ,and from that manger her thoughts returned to the hard couch of the cross2 and to all that mystery of suffering came the mysterious answer1 8,not my will1 but thine1 be done40 ,she took and kissed the offered crucifix4 8,yes1 father10 she said meekly4 8,may the most just1 most high1 and most amiable will of ,god be done1 praised1 and eternally exalted in all things4 ,i had rather die here1 ,o my ,god6 since it is thy blessed will1 than in any other place on earth40 8,amen10 said the priest4 ,but when the last sacraments had been administered1 and ,jane lay calm and patient now1 waiting her release1 the priest drew near to her1 and looked with a great reverence upon her face4 8,my daughter10 he said 8it is at times the will of ,god to show us even here the use of some part at least of what he has let us do for him4 ,be sure his ,sacred ,heart remembers all the rest as well4 ,sixty years ago this ,christmas ,eve my father was saved from a great sin1 my mother and ,i from death1 by a ,christian woman's love for her ,lord4 ,the first confession ,i ever heard was my own father's last4 ,he told me that from the time he saw that rich young girl in rags endure the biting cold for ,god1 faith lived in his heart1 and would not die4 ,i saw him pass away from earth in penitence and hope4 ,for more than thirty years ,i have labored among ,god's poor as your thank-offering4 ,madam1 my mother by the love of ,god1 ,god sends you this token that he has worked his own work by means of you all your life long4 ,he sends you this token1 because you have given him the thing he most desired of you--your will40 ,jane folded her aged hands humbly4 8,not unto us1 ,o ,lord60 she said1 low and faint1 and then a voice as of a son and priest at once spoke clearly1 seeing her time had come3 8,depart1 ,o ,christian soul6 in peace40 ,,the ,,apostolic ,,mission ,,to ,,chili4 ,a ,,chapter ,,in ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,pius ,,ix4 ,before entertaining ourselves with an account of the voyage and journeys1 from ,genoa to ,buenos ,ayres and across the continent to ,valparaiso1 of the first pope who has ever been to ,america1 we shall enter into a few details to show the occasion of the apostolic mission which he accompanied in an official capacity4 ,the great reverses of ,spain at the beginning of the present century1 and the consequent weakening of the bonds that united her ,american colonies to their mother-country1 besides some other causes silently working since the emancipation of the thirteen ,british provinces from ,england1 finally led to a ,declaration of ,independence1 which was established after several years of war4 ,but the king to whose government these ,new-,world possessions had been subject for nearly three hundred years refused to recognize the accomplished fact or to enter into diplomatic relations with rebels against his authority4#bac ,the ,congress of ,verona1 in #ahbb1 took some notice of these revolted countries2 but the ,european powers did not all agree to receive them into the family of nations by a formal recognition1 and it is well known that the views expressed in that assembly gave rise on the part of the ,president of the ,united ,states to a declaration of policy which has been called the ,monroe ,doctrine4#bad ,the ,holy ,see1 having sublimer interests to deal with1 could not act as indifferently in this matter as other governments1 which looked only to temporal advantage1 and wrangled over old systems of public policy regardless of recent events4 ,by the quixotic obstinacy of ,spain the ,south ,american republics suffered much inconvenience1 particularly in point of religion1 because ,rome could not provide for their spiritual wants without risking an open rupture with his ,catholic ,majesty--such were royal pretensions of restricting the exercise of papal rights1 even in merely nominal dominions4#bae ,during the latter part of ,pius ,,vii4's pontificate the government of ,chili sent one of its distinguished citizens1 the ,archdeacon ,don ,jos ,cienfuegos1 envoy to ,rome1 with instructions to try to establish direct ecclesiastical relations between the ,holy ,see and ,santiago1 the capital of his country4 ,he arrived there on ,august #bb1 #ahbb1 and was well received1 but only in his spiritual capacity4 ,the pope would not recognize him as a political agent4 ,on the #gth of ,september following the ,holy ,father addressed a brief to the ,bishop of ,merida de ,maracaybo1 in which he expressed himself solicitous for the spiritual necessities of his children in those far-distant parts of ,america1 and intimated his ardent desire to relieve them4 ,a little later he formed a special congregation of six cardinals1 presided over by ,della ,genga1 who became his successor as ,leo ,,xii42 and after mature deliberation on the religious affairs in the ex-viceroyalties of ,spain1 it was determined to send a mission to ,chili1 that country being chosen for the honor as having made the first advances4 ,this measure so displeased the ,spanish government that the nuncio ,monsignor--afterwards ,cardinal--,giustiniani was dismissed2 and although he was soon after permitted to return1 the wound inflicted upon him left its sting behind1 for1 coming very near to the number of votes requisite to election in the conclave after ,pius ,,viii4's death1 the court of ,madrid barred his fortune by the exercise of that odious privilege called the ,esclusiva2 the ground of his exclusion from the ,papacy being supposed at ,rome to have been his participation in the appointment of bishops to ,south ,america4 ,the right 787 of veto expires with its exercise once in each conclave2 and ,cardinal ,cappellari 7,gregory ,,xvi471 who1 as we shall see1 had the most to do with these episcopal nominations1 was elected pope4 ,the choice of a vicar-apostolic for the ,chilian mission fell upon ,prof4 ,ostini 7later nuncio to ,brazil and a cardinal71 who1 after having accepted the position1 saw fit suddenly to decline it for reasons best known to himself4 ,in his stead ,don ,giovanni ,muzi1 then attached to the nunciature at ,vienna1 was selected1 and1 having been recalled to ,rome1 was consecrated ,archbishop of ,philippi in partibus infidelium1#baf with orders to proceed immediately to ,santiago4 ,the mission1 of which we shall speak more particularly hereafter1 embarked on ,october #d1 #ahbc1 and reached ,rome on its return the #gth of ,july1 #ahbe4 ,leo ,,xii4 succeeded ,pius ,,vii4 ,in #ahbd the republic of ,colombia sent ,don ,ignacio ,texada to ,rome with an application for bishops and apostolic vicars in that immense region2 but the ,spanish ambassador1 ,chevalier ,vargas1 a haughty diplomate1 brimful of ,espaolismo1 went to the pope and demanded his dismissal4 ,this was refused4 ,the envoy had come for spiritual interests1 not on political grounds2 and the ,spaniard could not convince ,leo that the rebel's argument--by which he asked no more than that species of indirect recognition granted by the ,holy ,see1 under ,innocent ,x4 and ,alexander ,,vii41 to the house of ,braganza when it forced ,portugal from under ,spanish rule--was not a good one and founded on precedent4 ,nevertheless1 ,texada returned to ,bologna1 and finally withdrew altogether from the ,papal ,states4 ,he had some fine qualities1 but lacked discretion in speech1 which was a fault very injurious to his position4 ,harpocrates is still the great god of diplomacy the world over4 ,this state of things was embarrassing4 ,spain had refused to recognize the independence of her many provinces in the ,new ,world1 although she had ceased practically even to disturb them4 ,the king1 who was somewhat of a ,marquis de ,carabas1 claimed all his old rights over them1 and1 among them1 that of episcopal presentation4 ,cardinal ,wiseman1 who was an attentive observer of these times1 remarks--very properly1 we think--that even if such a power could be still called legal1 8it would have been quite unreasonable to expect that the free republics would acknowledge the jurisdiction of the country which declared itself at war with them40 ,this was a clear case in which allegiance should follow protection4 ,after a prudent delay1 ,leo thought it his duty to represent energetically to the ,spanish government the inconvenience he suffered from the existing state of affairs1 and the impossibility of his viewing with indifference a condition in which the faithful1 long deprived of pastors1 were urgently asking for bishops for the vacant sees4 ,yet ,his ,holiness had taken no decisive step1 but called upon his majesty either to reduce his transatlantic subjects to obedience or to leave him free to provide as best he could for the necessities of the church4 ,in the consistory of ,may #ba1 #ahbg1 the pope1 after protesting that he could not any longer in conscience delay his duty to ,spanish ,america1 proceeded to nominate bishops for more than six dioceses in those parts4 ,madrid was1 of course1 displeased1 although it was twelve years since the government had lost even the shadow of authority there1 and at first refused to receive the new nuncio1 ,tiberi4#bag ,at this juncture ,pedro ,gomez de ,labrador was sent from ,spain expressly to defeat the measure2 but although 8acknowledged by all parties1 and especially by the diplomatic body in ,rome1 to be one of the most able and accomplished statesmen in ,europe1 yet he could not carry his point0 against the quiet and monk-like ,cardinal ,cappellari1 who was deputed by the pope to meet him4 ,in the allocution pronounced by ,labbrador before the ,sacred ,college1 assembled in conclave to elect a successor to ,leo1 he made an allusion to the ever-recurring subject of the revolted ,americans2 but although done with tact1 it grated on the ears of many as too persistently and1 under the circumstances1 unreasonably put forward4 ,the discussion between the courts of ,rome and ,madrid was not renewed during the brief pontificate of ,pius ,,viii42 but in the encyclical letter announcing his election there is a delicate reference to the affair which1 although not expressly named1 will be perceived by those who are acquainted with the questions of that day4 ,comte de ,maistre says somewhere that if a parish be left without a priest for thirty years1 the people will worship--the pigs2 and although the absence of a bishop from his diocese for such a length of time might not induce a similar result1 yet the faithful would drop1 perhaps1 into a ,presbyterian form of church government and be lost4 ,the veteran statesman ,cardinal ,consalvi evidently thought so1 as we see by the fourth point1 which treats of ,spanish ,america1 in the conference that he was invited to hold with ,leo ,,xii4 on the most important interests of the ,holy ,see4#bah ,when1 therefore1 ,gregory ,,xvi4--who1 as ,cardinal ,cappellari2 had not been a stranger to the long dispute--became pope1 he ended the matter promptly and for ever4 ,in his first consistory1 held in ,february1 #ahca1 he filled a number of vacant sees and erected new ones where required in ,south ,america4 ,on the #cast of ,august following he published the apostolic constitution 8,solicitudo ,ecclesiarum10 in which he explained the reasons why the ,holy ,see1 in order to be able to govern the universal church1 whose interests are paramount to all local disputes1 recognizes de facto governments1 without intending by this to confer a new right1 detract from any legitimate claim1 or decide upon de jure questions4 ,the republics of ,new ,granada#bai 7#ahce71 ,ecuador 7#ahch71 and ,chili 7#ahdj7 were subsequently recognized with all the solemnities of international law4 ,in the last-named country there were two episcopal sees during the ,spanish dominion4 ,these were ,santiago and ,concepcion1 both subject to the ,metropolitan of ,lima2 but ,gregory rearranged the ,chilian episcopate1 making the first see an archbishopric1 with ,concepcion1 ,la ,serena1 and ,san ,carlos de ,ancud 7in the island of ,chiloe7 for suffragan sees4 ,at the time that the apostolic mission to ,south ,america was determined upon1 there was living in ,rome a young ecclesiastic as yet 8to fortune and to fame unknown10 but who was destined to become the first pope who has ever been across the ,atlantic1 and the foremost man of the ,x,i,xth century4 ,this was ,don ,giovanni ,mastai-,ferretti1 one of the fourteen canons of the collegiate church of ,santa ,maria in ,via ,lata4 ,he was selected by ,pius ,,vii4 to accompany ,mgr4 ,muzi as adjunct4 ,the secretary of the apostolic delegation was a priest named ,giuseppe ,sallusti1 who wrote a full narrative of the expedition1 in which1 as ,cardinal ,wiseman says1 8,the minutest details are related with the good-humored garrulity of a new traveller1 who to habits of business and practical acquaintance with graver matters unites1 as is common in the ,south1 a dash of comic humor and a keen sense of the ridiculous1 and withal a charming simplicity and freshness of mind1 which render the book amusing as well as instructive1 in spite of its heavy quotations from that lightest of poets1 ,metastasio40#bbj ,it is in #d vols4 #hvo1 with a map4 ,comparatively only a small portion of the work is taken up with the actual voyages and travels of the party1 the rest being devoted to the preliminaries or causes of the mission1 to a description of ,chili1 and an account of the many missionary establishments which had once flourished1 as well as of those that were still maintained1 there4 ,a fifth volume was promised by the author to contain the documents1 official acts1 and results of the mission2 but we believe that it was never published4 ,the vicar-apostolic having received1 at the earnest solicitation of a learned ecclesiastic from the ,argentine ,confederation1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,pacheco1 very ample faculties not only for the country to which he was more immediately accredited1 but also for ,buenos ,ayres1 ,peru1 ,colombia1 ,mexico1 and all other parts of the ex-,spanish dominions1 and accompanied by the envoy ,cienfuegos and ,father ,raymond ,arce1 a young ,dominican belonging to ,santiago1 the party left ,rome for ,bologna1 where it rested awhile to get a foretaste of the magnificent scenes in the ,new ,world from ,father ,t4 de ,molina1 who had long resided in ,chili4 ,the next stage in the journey was to ,genoa1 the port of embarkation1 which was reached only on the #agth of ,july2 but1 8by a series of almost ludicrous delays10 the expedition was detained until after the death of ,pius ,,vii4 and the election of his successor1 ,leo ,,xii41 who confirmed the mission and addressed a brief to the president#bba of the ,chilian ,republic1 recommending its objects and the welfare of its members4 ,all matters being now satisfactorily arranged1 the party got on board the fine ,french-built brig ,eloysa on the #aath of ,october1 #ahbc4 ,the vessel sailed under ,sardinian colors1 and was manned by a crew of thirty-four men1 and officered by experienced sailors1 the captain1 ,anthony ,copello1 having several times navigated the ,south ,atlantic4 ,the weather was very rough1 as usual1 in the ,gulf of ,lyons2 8and gurly grew the sea10 to the dismay and discomfiture of the terrified landsmen1 8,mastai10 as ,sallusti familiarly calls his companion1 suffering horribly from sickness4 ,this was but the beginning of many trials1 and even some serious dangers1 amidst which we can well imagine that the captain would have been glad beyond measure if any one had hinted at the very special ,providence that guarded his ship1 by quoting the famous words1 8,quid times8 ,csarem vehis et fortunam ejus60 ,soon the ,eloysa approached the coast of ,catalonia1 down which she sailed at the rate of ten knots an hour1 until struck by a furious southwest hurricane1 the libeccio so much dreaded in the ,mediterranean1 which threatened destruction to all and everything in its course4 ,to a landsman like ,sallusti the storms encountered on this voyage would naturally appear worse than they really were1 and his frequent account of 8waves mountain-high0 and 8imminent shipwreck0 would perhaps sound like 8yarns0 to an old tar4 ,he delights in describing the ,eloysa as 8,uplifted on the surge1 to heaven she flies1 ,her shattered top half buried in the skies0 --7,falconer71 and everywhere shows himself1 like a good inland abbate1 dreadfully afraid of salt water4 ,capt4 ,copello would fain have put into ,valencia for shelter2 but it was feared that the ,spanish authorities might detain his ship1 or at least disembark the passengers1 and it was determined rather to brave the elements than to trust themselves within gunshot of a ,spanish harbor4 ,these bold resolutions1 however1 did not appease the fury of the wind1 and it finally came to deciding between a watery grave and a stony prison2 the decision was quickly taken1 and ,palma1 in the island of ,majorca1 was fetched in safety4 ,the mission party was very inhospitably treated here2 and ,mgr4 ,muzi and ,canon ,mastai were ordered to come on shore at once and give an account of themselves4 ,as soon as they had put foot on land1 the two distinguished ecclesiastics were thrust into a cold and filthy ,lazaretto1 on plea of sanitary regulations1 but really out of spite for their character and destination4 ,their papers were seized1 and measures instantly taken to bring them to trial2 and there was even talk of sending them to an ,african fortress where political prisoners were confined4 ,when ,sallusti heard of this ,balearic treatment1 he summoned all his ,italian courage1 and1 going on shore1 declared to the cocked-hatted officials that he would share the fate of his companions2 but instead of admiring this prodigality of a great soul 7,hor4 ,od4 i4 #ab1 #ch71 those unclassical islanders simply swore round oaths and turned him in with the rest4 ,this was fortunate in one sense2 for we would otherwise have missed a good description of the examination of the three ,italians before the magistrates1 who behaved rudely2 the alcade1 in his quality of judge1 putting on more airs than a ,roman proconsul4#bbb ,further outrages were threatened1 but the intervention of the ,sardinian consul and of the ,bishop of ,palma finally convinced those proud men of the exclusively religious mission of their victims4 ,in view of subsequent events in ,italy1 it seems strange that the future pope should have been saved from further indignities1 and perhaps from a dungeon1 by an agent of the ,piedmontese government2 yet so it was4 ,the ,italians were permitted to return to the ship1 but a demand was made to deliver up the two ,chilians as rebellious ,spanish subjects4 ,this was promptly refused2 but notwithstanding a great deal of blustering and many threats1 the case was allowed to drop1 and the ,eloysa sailed away after several days' detention4 ,gibraltar was passed on the #bhth of ,october1 and a severe storm having tossed the brig about unmercifully on her entry into the ,atlantic1 the peak of ,teneriffe loomed up on ,november #d4 ,after leaving the ,canary ,islands1 the ,eloysa was hailed one dark night by a shot across her bows1 which came from a ,colombian privateer1 and quickly brought her to4 ,she was quickly boarded1 and a gruff voice demanded her papers and to have the crew and passengers mustered on deck4 ,sallusti was in mortal dread1 and1 to judge from his description of the scene1 he must have been quaking with fear2 but ,don ,giovanni ,mastai behaved with that calmness and dignity which even then began to be remarked in him1 in whatever circumstances he found himself4 ,after some delay1 the brig was allowed to proceed2 nothing being taken off but a bottle of good ,malaga wine--which1 however1 was rather accepted than stolen by the rover of the seas4 ,after a time the ,cape ,verd ,islands appeared in all their richness2 and on the #bgth of the month the line was crossed amidst the usual riot of sailors1 and with the payment of a generous ransom by the clergy4 ,on ,december #h the ,eloysa lay becalmed alongside of a slaver crowded with poor ,africans on their way to ,brazil4 ,sallusti complains about this time of bad water and short rations1 and mentions with particular disgust that the fare generally consisted of potatoes and lean chickens4 ,on the #bb;d a man fell overboard in a dreadful gale1 and was rescued with difficulty4 ,christmas was celebrated as well as circumstances permitted2 and a neat little oratory having been fitted up in the main cabin1 midnight ,mass was said by the archbishop1 the second ,mass by ,canon ,mastai1 and the third by ,friar ,arce4 ,on the #bgth of ,december1 ,s4 ,john's ,day1 and the patronal feast of the canon1 the welcome cry of 8,land ho60 was heard from the look-out at the mast-head about three ,p4,m41 and the crew and passengers united upon deck to return fervent thanks to ,almighty ,god4 ,the land sighted was a small desert island1 a little north of ,cape ,santa ,maria1 off the coast of ,uruguay4 ,a fearful storm was encountered the next evening at the mouth of the ,la ,plata4 ,this was one of those southwestern gales1 called ,pamperos1 which frequently blow with inconceivable fury1 causing singular fluctuations in the depth of the wide mouth of the river4 ,it raged so that the captain was obliged to cut his cable and abandon the shelter of ,flores ,island1 which he had sought when it began1 and to take to the open sea again4 ,with better weather he returned and dropped anchor opposite ,montevideo on the evening of ,january #a1 #ahbd4 ,sallusti goes into raptures over the beautiful aspect of the city1 as seen from the bay2 its broad and regular streets1 its stately houses built on a gentle elevation1 its fine cathedral1 the strains of music borne over the water--everything enchanted the travellers1 weary of a three months' voyage4 8,the sails were furl'd2 with many a melting close ,solemn and slow the evening anthem rose-- ,rose to the ,virgin4 ',twas the hour of day ,when setting suns o'er summer#bbc seas display ,a path of glory1 opening in the west ,to golden climes and islands of the blest2 ,and human voices on the balmy air ,went o'er the waves in songs of gladness there60 --7,rogers47 ,as soon as the news got abroad of a delegation from the pope1 the whole city was in a joyful commotion1 and a deputation1 consisting of the cathedral chapter1 four other secular priests1 and two ,dominican fathers1 came to the ship to pay their respects to ,mgr4 ,muzi1 who was also invited on shore and pressed with every offer of assistance by the most honorable representatives of the laity4 ,these kind attentions could not induce the party to land2 and as soon as damages were repaired and a pilot received1 sail was made for ,buenos ,ayres1 which was sighted at two ,p4,m4 of ,january #e2 but just while the passengers were all on deck watching the approaches to the city1 they were assailed and driven below by myriads of mosquitoes4 ,sallusti is very vehement against these sharp little insects1 and bewails the lot of those who must live among them2 but he carefully avoids a comparison with the fleas of his native ,italy4 ,although the passengers remained on board that night1 crowds of people lined the shore1 and1 after salutes of artillery1 greeted them with cries of 8,long live the vicar apostolic60 8,cheers for ,america60 8,success to ,chili60 ,on the following day the captain of the port and his suite came off to the brig1 bringing a courteous note from the governor1 offering a public reception 7for which preparations had already been made7 and the hospitalities of the city to the members of the mission4 ,this was declined1 for reasons that are not very clear2 but although the archbishop gave his bad health as the principal excuse1 we suspect that ,cienfuegos impressed upon the ,italians that1 the mission being directed to his country1 it were uncourtly to parade it before reaching its destination4 ,by their minds such a view would be accepted as assai diplomatico4 ,when the party did land1 they put up at a hotel called 8,the ,three ,kings10 kept by a jolly ,englishman1 who treated them right royally--and made them pay in proportion4 ,during their twelve days' stay in ,buenos ,ayres1 the archbishop and his suite received every mark of reverence from the people2 yet the officials maintained a cold reserve since the refusal to accept their invitation4 ,even the ecclesiastical authority--such as it was--put on very bad airs2 ,zavaletta1 a simple priest1 but administrator of the diocese1 having the audacity to withdraw from ,mgr4 ,muzi permission1 which had been previously granted to give confirmation4 ,at the time of the arrival of the apostolic mission the provinces of the ,rio de la ,plata1 which had formed part of the ,spanish viceroyalty of ,buenos ,ayres1 had been united from #ahaf to #ahbj1 but were now in a state of political isolation1 somewhat like that of the ,states of the ,american ,union before the federal ,constitution was adopted4 ,soon after the arrival of the mission1 another ,general ,congress was called4 ,still1 the ,italians were not impressed--as it was important that they should be to obtain proper consideration at ,rome1--with the idea of a strong government holding sway over a vast and wealthy territory4 ,on the #afth of ,january1 at nine o'clock in the forenoon1 the party began the journey across the continent4 ,three great covered wagons1 each drawn by four horses and guided by twelve postilions1 composed the train2 while a courier went ahead to hunt up quarters1 and a mounted orderly1 with a very long sword and a fierce-looking beard1 brought up the rear or pranced about the flanks of the line4 ,the drivers kept around in no particular order1 sonorously cracking their whips and uttering loud sounds which probably were not oaths to the unaccustomed ears of ,sallusti4 ,besides the three ,italians1 there was ,cienfuegos with four young ,chilians in his company and two servants1 so that the whole party was pretty numerous1 and the more so when1 a little further on1 six gallant guachos were added as an escort4 ,only fifteen miles were made the first day1 which brought the party to ,moron1 where confirmation was given4 ,at a miserable rancho called ,lujan the archbishop said his first ,mass on the pampas at a rich altar improvised for him by the padre of the place1 and surmounted by four massive silver candlesticks4 ,the room was hung round with rich damask hangings4 ,it was like a jewel in a dung-heap4 ,the ,arecife stream was crossed in boats by the travellers1 but forded by the wagons and horsemen4 ,the superb ,parana ,river was reached at ,san ,pedro2 and thence the route lay through a rich and beautiful country to the important town of ,rosario1 on the high1 precipitous banks of the great river4 ,at the outskirts of this place the party was met by the parish priest2 and confirmation was administered the next day to an immense number of the faithful1 long deprived of this sacrament4 ,from ,rosario1 which they left on the morning of the #bc;d1 the journey was long1 weary1 and dangerous1 on account of the roving bands of ,indians which at that period scoured the plains in all directions to cut off herdsmen and small parties of travellers or traders1 making a booty of their baggage1 killing the men1 and carrying women and children into captivity4 ,at a little station called ,orqueta the party caught sight for the first time of a wild ,indian1 who was lurking about the place in a very suspicious manner1 but kept at a respectful distance from the guachos4 ,when ,sallusti saw this man apparently spying out the route and strength of the party1 the marrow nearly froze in his bones2 and he certainly had good cause for alarm4 ,it happened that leaving ,buenos ,ayres a few days earlier than had been given out was lucky2 for a large band of these mounted savages1 armed with lances and lassos1 had got wind of the arrival of great personages from ,europe1 carrying 7it was reported7 an immense amount of treasure to the ,pacific coast1 and had formed a plan to attack them1 which was defeated only by mistaking the day of their departure1 whereby their arrival at the lonely and ill-famed post of ,desmochados was miscalculated4 ,three days after the mission party had passed1 the ,indians1 to the number of about three hundred1 swooped down upon the place1 but1 instead of finding the rich foreigners1 they surrounded only a miserable set of twenty peons escorting a lot of goods across the plains4 ,these were all massacred except one1 who1 although badly wounded and left for dead1 survived to tell the story and describe the fiendish disappointment of the savages at not capturing the prey they expected4 ,at ,frayle ,muerto ,mgr4 ,muzi received1 through the agency of ,cienfuegos1 a polite message from the clergy of ,cordova2#bbd but having sent his return compliments directly instead of through the channel of original communication1 the ,chilian thought himself slighted1 and separated from the mission party1 preceding it a good distance1 and taking with him1 besides his own attendants1 the orderly in brilliant uniform1 who1 the ,europeans had the mortification of seeing1 was meant to distinguish the native1 although a subordinate in clerical rank4 ,such is human nature1 whether at courts or on a dusty plain4 ,after passing through several small settlements and the more important town of ,san ,luis--being everywhere well received--the fine old city of ,mendoza was reached on the #aeth of ,february4 ,it seemed as if the entire population had turned out to honor the distinguished arrivals4 ,triumphal arches were erected1 troops were drawn up under arms1 processions of citizens and clergy marshalled2 from every house richly-colored tapestry was suspended1 while the balconies were filled with ladies1 who threw down flowers in the path of the apostolic vicar as he entered the town and proceeded to the house of a noble and wealthy lady1 ,doa ,emmanuela ,corbalan1 in which everything had been prepared on the grandest scale of provincial magnificence1 and where ,cienfuegos1 in all his glory and recovered temper1 was waiting to receive him and ,canon 7,count7 ,mastai1 who were to be lodged there during their stay2 the secretary1 ,sallusti1 being handed over to a less worshipful host4 ,religious and civic festivals1 excursions in the environs to the vineyards1 gardens1 farms1 and silver-mines1 with other congenial occupations1 detained the party very agreeably during nine days in this neat and pleasant town1 the climate of which is noted for its salubrity4 ,on the #bdth they left ,mendoza1 and had a delightful trip on horseback over good roads and through a civilized country for seventy-five miles to the foot of the mighty ,andes4 ,they were now on the eastern range of the ,cordilleras1 at the ,paramilla ,mountains1 which are about ten thousand feet high and partly covered with wood4 ,between these and the western range they traversed1 near thirty-two degrees south latitude1 a wide valley1 sterile and impregnated with salt1 for over forty miles1 called the ,uspallata4 ,for fifteen miles the road was level1 and the remainder winding up and down the hills which skirt both ranges4 ,after crossing this valley1 they struck the great range of the ,andes1 which is between fifty and sixty miles in width1 consisting of four or five parallel masses of rock1 divided from one another by deep and dangerous ravines and sombre glens4 ,the road which leads over them is called the ,cumbre 7summit7 ,pass1 and attains an elevation of twelve thousand four hundred and fifty-four feet above the level of the sea4 ,our travellers crossed on mules by this road1 getting to the north of them1 amidst piles of perpetual snow1 a magnificent view of the grand volcano of ,aconcagua1 which is nearly twenty-four thousand feet high4 ,the passage of the mountains was grand and impressive1 but was not made without danger to the lives of some of the party1 particularly on the #bith of ,february4 ,from ,la ,cumbre there is a gradual descent to the city of ,santiago4 ,on the #ast of ,march the travellers cast their admiring gaze upon the ,pacific slope1 which1 from that day until they entered the capital of ,chili1 on the #fth of the month--passing through ,villa-de-,santa-,rosa and over the magnificent plains of ,chacabuco--was a continually shifting panorama of natural beauty1 enhanced by villages1 convents1 and churches perched on the side of verdant hills or nestling in the fruitful valleys4 ,at every halting-place their hearts were filled with a holy joy to witness the demonstrations of faith among the people1 and of loyalty to their great spiritual chief on earth1 represented by ,mgr4 ,muzi4 ,the party entered ,santiago1 as was said1 on the #fth1 and1 going to the cathedral1 the archbishop intoned pontifically the ,te ,deum1 with the assistance of a future pope and of the historian of the apostolic mission4 ,the members of the legation were lodged in a house near the ,cappucinas2 and although we know little of the occupations of ,canon ,mastai in ,chili1 it is certain that he made himself personally very agreeable4 ,how could it be otherwise8 8,a man of letters1 and of manners too3 ,of manners sweet as virtue always wears1 ,when gay good nature dresses her in smiles40 --7,cowper47 ,we have been told by a distinguished ,chilian that ,canonico ,mastai was a frequent guest in ,santiago at the house of his uncle1 ,don ,francisco ,ruiz ,tagle1 and used to go out with him quite often to his country-seat4 ,although the mission was received with an almost universal outburst of enthusiasm1 and notwithstanding the majority of the clergy and people was well disposed1 it met with considerable opposition from a fierce and fanatical party of ,freemasons1 which threw every obstacle in the way of close relations with ,rome4 ,cardinal ,wiseman says1 in the article in the ,dublin ,review from which we have already quoted1 that 8there was jealousy and bad faith on the part of the ,chilian government1 and want of tact and bad management1 we fear on the part of the head of the mission40 ,unfortunately1 the government was in a transition state between the presidency of ,o',higgins and the election of his successor1 ,freire1 and administered by a ,junta4 ,where there were so many voices there was much confusion4 ,cienfuegos1 however1 seems to have done his duty1 and he was rewarded in #ahcb by the bishopric of ,concepcion1 which had been vacant for fourteen years4 ,he died in #ahci4 ,with regard to the causes of the failure of the mission1 we will not conceal what we have heard from an excellent senator of ,chili1 although we mention it reservedly--that one1 at least1 of the reasons was a suspicion that ,muzi intended to put ,italians in the sees vacant or to be erected in ,chili4 ,from ,santiago ,mgr4 ,muzi and his party went to ,valparaiso1 and embarked for their return voyage on the #cjth of ,october1 #ahbd4 ,the remarks of the celebrated ,spaniard ,balmes upon the visit of the future pope to the ,new ,world find their place here3 8,there is certainly in nature's grand scenes an influence which expands and nerves the soul2 and when these are united to the contemplation of different races1 varied in civilization and manners1 the mind acquires a largeness of sentiment most favorable to the development of the understanding and the heart1 widening the sphere of thought and ennobling the affections4 ,on this account it is pleasing1 above all things1 to see the youthful missionary1 destined to occupy the chair of ,s4 ,peter1 traverse the vast ocean2 admire the magnificent rivers and superb chains of mountains in ,america2 travel through those forests and plains where a rich and fertile soil1 left to itself1 displays with ostentatious luxury its inborn treasures by the abundance1 variety1 and beauty of its productions1 animate and inanimate2 run risks among savages1 sleep in wretched hovels or on the open plain1 and pass the night beneath that brilliant canopy which astonishes the traveller in the southern hemisphere4 ,providence1 which destined the young ,mastai-,ferretti to reign over a people and to govern the universal church1 led him by the hand to visit various nations1 and to contemplate the marvels of nature40#bbe ,a remote but very providential consequence of the visit of ,pius ,,ix4 to ,america1 during his early career1 was the establishment of the ,south ,american ,college at ,rome1 called officially in ,italian the ,pio-,latino ,americano1#bbf which educates aspirants to the priesthood from ,brazil and all parts of the ,american continent where the ,spanish language is spoken4 ,a wealthy1 intelligent1 and influential ,chilian priest1 ,don ,ignacio ,eyzaguirre1#bbg who had been vice-president of the ,house of ,representatives in #ahdh1 and was an author of repute1 was charged by ,pius ,,ix4 in #ahef to visit the dioceses of ,south and ,central ,america and ,mexico1 to obtain the views of the several bishops upon the necessity of founding an ecclesiastical seminary at ,rome4 ,the project was universally acceptable1 and funds having been provided--the ,holy ,father giving liberally from his private purse--a beginning was made in #aheh1 when a part of the ,theatine ,convent of ,san ,andrea della ,valle was given up to the students1 who were put under the direction of ,jesuit ,fathers4 ,this location was only temporary2 and the college was soon transferred to the large house of the general of the ,dominicans1 attached to the convent of ,santa ,maria sopra ,minerva1 and facing the piazza4 ,however1 it has been moved again1 and in #ahfi occupied the right wing of the novitiate at ,san ,andrea on the ,quirinal1 with fifty-five inmates4 ,as if this worthy establishment had to figure in its shifting fortune the unsettled state of so many of the ,spanish ,american countries1 it has again been disturbed2 yet to suffer at the hands of ,victor ,emanuel and his sacrilegious band is the indication of a good cause1 and will prepare to meet other1 although hardly worse1 enemies in the ,new ,world4 ,,free ,,will4 ,i4 ,the river glideth not at its sweet will3 ,the fountain sends it forth2 ,and answering to earth's finger doth it still ,go east1 west1 south1 or north4 ,,ii4 ,the soul alone hath perfect liberty ,to flow its own free way2 ,and only as it wills to follow thee1 ,o ,lord6 it findeth day4 ,,nellie',s ,,dream ,,on ,,christmas ,,eve4 ,they had quarrelled1 these two--it matters not about what trifle--till the hot1 bitter words seemed to have formed an impassable barrier and a silence fell between them that the lowering brow and compressed lip told would not be easily broken4 ,both had loving hearts1 and treasured each other above all earthly things4 ,they had real sorrows enough to make imaginary ones glance off lightly2 for the second ,christmas had not yet cast its snows on their mother's grave4 ,the thought of each was1 8,had she been here1 this would not have happened02 but pride was strong1 and the relenting thoughts were hidden behind a cold exterior4 ,it was the week before ,christmas1 and ,laura1 the eldest1 was assisting to trim the village church1 and in the ,holy ,presence the dark thought faded and tender memories seemed to reassert their olden sway2 and on returning from her occupation she formed the resolution to stop this folly1 and make advances towards assuming the old1 happy life4 8,father ,black asked after you1 ,nell10 she said1 as she laid aside her wrappings1 and turned cheerily to the fire4 8,he wants you to play during the rehearsal of the new ,benediction to-morrow2 for ,prof4 ,c---- will be away40 ,but she was met by a stony look and closed lips4 8,come1 ,nell10 she said half impatiently1 8don't be so dignified2 why do you love that temper of yours so dearly80 8,you said let there be silence between us1 and ,i am content10 was the rejoinder4 8,i shall take care not to trouble you in future40 ,pride and love struggled for mastery in the heart of the eldest1 and it was a mingling of both that brought the answer1 in tones cold enough to freeze the tenderness of the words3 8,there will come a silence between us one day1 ,nell1 you will be glad to break40 ,and she passed from the room4 8,let it come10 was the almost insolent reply2 but there was a mist in the flashing black eyes that contradicted the words4 ,they passed the day apart from each other1 and at night1 although kneeling for prayer in the same little oratory1 and occupying the same little white-draped chamber1 the chilling silence remained4 ,so passed the next day1 and it was now ,christmas ,eve4 ,the evergreens were all hung in the village church2 the altar was radiant with flowers and tapers2 the confessionals were thronged2 but both sisters kept aloof1 and both hearts were aching over the pride and anger that was strangling even religion in their souls4 ,alas6 alas6 how the angels must have mourned to see days of such especial grace passing in sin4 ,christmas gifts had been prepared1 but neither would present them4 ,how different other ,christmas ,eves had been6--the gentle mother overseeing every preparation for the next day1 that was always celebrated as a feast of joy4 ,those busy hands were idle now1 and the white snow was coldly drifting over the mound that loving hearts would fain have kept in perpetual summer4 ,a mother's grave6 ,except to those who have knelt beside that mound--that seems such a slight barrier between the aching heart and its treasure1 and yet is such a hopeless1 inexorable one--these words have little meaning4 ,they retired early1 and1 as ,nell knelt for prayer1 the hot tears rolled through her fingers as she thought of other ,christmas mornings1 when they had been awakened for early ,mass by the 8,merry ,christmas6 girls10 that earth would never1 never hear again4 ,but the icy bands of pride that had frozen around her heart would not melt1 and sleep came again in that stony stillness4 ,morning came to ,nellie's perturbed visions1 and in the gray dawn 8,merry ,christmas0 broke forth from her lips2 but the memory of the past few days checked the words1 and they died in whispers4 ,but as she glanced at ,laura1 she saw that her eyes were open1 but that their expression was fixed and rigid4 ,she sprang up with a vague alarm1 and laid her hand upon the low1 broad forehead4 ,it was icy cold4 ,shriek after shriek rang from her lips1 but they reached not the death-dulled ear4 8,i never meant it1 ,laura--,i never meant it6 ,only come back that ,i may speak one word60 she moaned4 8,o my ,god6 give her back to me for one hour1 and ,i will submit to thy will40 ,but her voice only broke the silence1 and the white1 smiling lips on the bed seemed a mockery of the passionate anguish wailing above them4 ,she threw herself before the little altar in her room4 8,blessed ,mother60 she prayed1 8,i promise1 solemnly promise1 that never1 never again will ,i give way to the passionate temper that has been my bane1 if she may only come back for one hour to grant forgiveness for the awful words ,i have spoken40 ,and for the first time since she had realized her sorrow tears fell from her eyes4 8,why1 ,nellie1 ,nellie1 what ails you80 said a familiar voice4 8,you are crying in your sleep on this merry ,christmas morning2 do waken40 ,and1 oh6 the heaven that met those unclosing eyes--,laura bending over her1 smiling1 yet with a look of doubt in her face as if the icy barrier had not yet broken down4 8,o my darling1 my darling60 sobbed the excited girl1 winding her arms around her sister4 8,thank ,god it is only a dream2 but never1 never again will ,i give way to my awful temper4 ,i have promised it1 ,laura1 and ,i will keep my vow40 ,and she did4 ,for though she lived long enough for the dark hair to lie like snowy floss under the matron's cap1 never did those lips utter stinging sarcasm or close in sullen anger4 ,and often1 when her gentle voice seemed unable to stem some furious tide of passion among her grandchildren1 would she tell the story of her dream on ,christmas ,eve4 ,,allegri',s ,,miserere4 ,,at the base of a cliff flowed a tiny rivulet2 the rock caught the rain-drops in his broad hand1 and poured them down in little streams to meet their brothers at his feet1 while the brook murmured a constant song of welcome4 ,but a stone broke from the cliff1 and1 falling across the rivulet1 threatened to cut its tender thread of life4 8,my little strength is useless10 moaned the streamlet4 8,vainly ,i struggle to move onward2 and below the pebbles are waiting for their cool bath1 the budding flowers are longing for my moisture1 the little fish are panting for their breath4 ,a thousand lives depend on mine4 ,who will aid me8 ,who will pity me80 8,wait until ,allegri passes2 he will pity you10 said the breeze4 8,once the cruel malaria seized me1 and bound messages of death upon me4 #8,pity6' ,i cried4 #8,free me from this burden1 from which ,i cannot flee4' #8,hear the wind moan1' said some2 but no one listened to my prayer till ,i met a dreamy musician with ,god's own tenderness in his deep eyes4 #8,have mercy6' ,i sobbed2 and the gentle master plucked branches of roses1 and cast them to me4 ,i was covered with roses1 pierced with roses1 filled with roses2 their redness entered my veins1 and their fragrance filled my breath2 roses fell upon my forehead with the sweetness of a benediction4 ,the death ,i bore fled from me2 for nothing evil can exist in the presence of heaven's fragrance4 ,cry to the good ,allegri1 little brooklet2 he will pity you40 ,so the rivulet waited till the master came1 then sighed for mercy4 ,the rock was lifted1 and the stream flowed forward with a cry of joy to share its happiness with pebble and flower and fish4 ,a little bird had become entangled in the meshes of a net4 8,trust to the good ,allegri10 whispered the breeze2 8it is he who gave me liberty40 8,trust to the good ,allegri10 rippled the brook2 8it is he who gave me liberty40 ,so the bird waited till the master passed1 then begged a share of his universal mercy4 ,the meshes were parted1 and the bird flew to the morning sky to tell its joy to the fading stars and rising sun4 8,oh6 yes1 we all know ,allegri10 twinkled the stars4 8,many a night we have seen him at the bed of sickness40 8,many a day ,i have seen him in the prison10 shouted the sun with the splendor of a ,gloria4 8,wherever are those that doubt1 that mourn1 that suffer2 wherever are those that cry for help and mercy--there have ,i found ,allegri40 ,the people of the earth wondered what made the sun so glorious1 not knowing that he borrowed light from the utterance of a good man's name4 ,a multitude of ,rome's children had gathered in ,s4 ,peter's4 ,the ,pope was kneeling in the sanctuary2 princes and merchants were kneeling together under the vast cupola1 the poor were kneeling at the threshold2 even a leper dared to kneel on the steps without1 and was allowed the presence of his ,lord4 ,all souls were filled with longing1 all hearts were striving for expression4 ,then strains of music arose3 ,o soul6 cease your longing2 ,o heart6 cease your strife2 now utterance is found4 ,sadder grew the tones1 till1 like the dashing of waves1 came the sigh3 8,vainly ,i struggle to move onward4 ,have mercy1 ,father60 ,the lights flickered and died1 a shadow passed over the worshippers1 and the ,tiber without stopped in its course to listen4 ,sadder grew the tones1 till the moan was heard3 8,vainly ,i strive to escape these meshes4 ,have mercy1 ,father60 ,the shadow grew deeper1 and a little bird without stopped in its flight to listen4 ,still was the music sadder with the weight of the sob3 8,vainly ,i flee from this loathsome burden4 ,have mercy1 ,father60 ,vaster and darker grew the shadow1 and the very breeze stopped in its course to listen4 ,and now the music mingled sigh and moan and sob in one vast despairing cry3 8,vainly ,i struggle against this rock of doubt4 ,have mercy1 ,father6 ,vainly ,i strive to escape these meshes of sin4 ,have mercy1 ,father6 ,vainly ,i flee from this evil self4 ,have mercy1 ,o ,father6 have mercy40 ,darker and deeper and vaster grew the shadow1 and all sin in those human hearts stopped in its triumph to listen4 ,all light was dead1 all sound was dead4 ,was all hope dead8 8,no60 wept a thousand eyes4 8,no60 sobbed a thousand voices2 for now high above the altar shone forth the promise of light in darkness1 of help in tribulation--in sight of ,pope and prince1 in sight of rich and poor1 and even in sight of the leper kneeling without1 gleamed the starry figure of the cross4 8,how was this ,mass of ,allegri so completely formed10 cry the three centuries that have passed since then1 8that we have been able to add nothing to its perfection80 ,the calm voice of nature answers3 ,it is because his own love and mercy were universal2 because he had learned that all creation needs the protecting watchfulness of the ,maker2 because he gave even the weakest creatures voice in his all embracing cry of ,miserere4 ,,to-,,day ,,and ,,yesterday4 ,i4 8,that city knoweth nor sign nor trace ,of mutable land or sea2 ,thou who art changeless1 grant me a place ,in that far city with ,thee40 ,so spake she1 gazing on the distant sea1 ,that lay1 one sheet of gold1 in morning light2 ,and then she cried1 8,god1 make my blindness sight60 ,heart-sore1 heart-hungry1 sick at heart1 was she1 ,and did mistrust no other hope could be1 ,this side the grave1 than shifting sea and land2 ,yet dreamed she not her house was built on sand1 ,but fearless thought of dread eternity4 ,and men admired the house she builded fair1 ,until a tempest1 risen with sudden shock1 ,rent it4 ,then ,god made answer to her prayer3 ,showed her on earth a city1 calm1 and old1 ,and strong1 and changeless2 set her on a rock2 ,gave her1 with him1 a place in his true fold4 ,,ii4 8,for1 oh6 the ,master is so fair1 ,his smile so sweet to banished men1 ,that they who meet it unaware ,can never rest on earth again40 ,such were the words that charmed my ear and heart1 ,in days when still ,i dwelt outside the fold2 ,but now they seem to me too slight and cold1 ,for ,i have been with thee1 dear ,lord1 apart1 ,and seen love's barbed and o'ermastering dart ,pierce thee beneath the olives dark and old1 ,until thy anguish could not be controlled1 ,but from thy veins the ,blood of life did start4 ,o ,word made flesh1 made sin1 for sinful man6 ,i seek not now thy smile1 so fair1 so sweet2 ,another vision1 haggard1 pale1 and wan1 ,of one who bore earth's sin and shame and smart1 ,hath drawn me1 weeping1 to thy sacred feet1 ,to share the unrest of thy bleeding ,heart4 ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahge4 ,the year #ahge has not been a specially remarkable one as distinct from the years immediately preceding it4 ,great questions1 which affect humanity at large beyond the line of nationality1 and which were rife three or four years ago1 are undecided still4 ,no wars1 or revolutions1 or discoveries1 or mighty changes have occurred during the year to alter sensibly the current of human affairs4 ,what the world at large quarrelled and wrangled over a year1 two years1 three1 four years ago1 it wrangles over still1 and may for years yet to come4 ,much as science and culture have done to break down the barriers that separate men and bring the human family nearer together1 nations1 nationally considered1 stand as far apart as ever they did1 and the imaginary line that divides neighboring peoples finds them wide apart as the antipodes4 ,to begin a rapid and necessarily incomplete review at home1 the past year can scarcely be regarded as either a happy or successful one1 commercially speaking1 in the ,united ,states4 ,preliminary echoes of the ,centennial year of the great republic have been heard1 but amid them the crash of falling banks that had no legitimate excuse for falling1 and of business firms that followed in due order4 ,this1 however1 is only a repetition of the two preceding years1 which it is as painful as it would be useless to dwell upon here4 ,in a word1 business at large--instead of recovering1 as it was hoped it would1 during the past year--if anything1 fell behind1 and so continues4 ,the election did not tend to enliven it4 ,there are hopes1 however1 of a real revival during the coming ,centennial year1 or at least of a beginning on the road of improvement4 ,there is the more reason to hope for this that large branches of our industries1 such as cereals1 iron1 and cotton goods1 are beginning to find a good foreign market4 ,looked at largely1 there are some things on which ,americans may congratulate themselves during the year4 ,chief among these are their very misfortunes4 ,extravagance in living1 foolish and vulgar display in dress and equipage1 have disappeared to a satisfactory extent4 ,of course where wealth abounds and fortunes are rolled up easily1 there will be shoddy2 but then let it be marked off1 and the world will not be the loser4 ,again1 there was a good sign on the part of the people to form opinions of their own regarding the questions up before them and the respective merits and qualifications of the various candidates for election4 ,to be sure1 many1 too many1 persons were elected who were a disgrace to their constituencies2 and while such men are set in high and responsible positions it is vain to look for reform in the thousand abuses that afflict the conduct of public affairs4 ,still1 there was a hopeful indication of the right feeling among the people4 ,perhaps the most memorable1 certainly the most significant1 event to ,catholics in the history of this country took place during the year4 ,the venerable ,archbishop of ,new ,york was raised by the ,holy ,father to the dignity of the cardinalate1 and thereby set in the senate of the church of which ,christ is the invisible1 and the ,pope1 the successor of ,peter1 the visible1 head4 ,to speak of the fitness of the ,holy ,father's choice in selecting ,archbishop ,mc,closkey for this high office and proud privilege of being the first ,american cardinal is not for us4 ,it is sufficient to say that not ,catholics alone1 but their ,protestant fellow-countrymen also1 all the land over1 received the news and hailed the choice with acclaim4 ,but what moves us most is the significance of the act4 ,in the appointment of an ,american cardinal in the ,united ,states the wish expressed by the ,council of ,trent has in this instance been realized4 ,that great council ordained1 respecting the subjects of the cardinalate1 that 8the ,most ,holy ,roman ,pontiff shall1 as far as it can be conveniently done1 select 7them7 out of all the nations of ,christendom1 as he shall find persons suitable0 7,sess4 #bd1 ,de ,ref41 c4 i47 ,were this recommendation completely carried out1 it would probably be one of the greatest movements that have taken place in the ,catholic ,church for the last three centuries4 ,suppose1 for example1 that the great ,catholic interests throughout the world were represented in that body by men of intelligence1 of known virtue1 and large experience2 suppose every nationality had there its proportionate expression--a senate thus composed would be the most august assembly that ever was brought together upon earth4 ,it would be the only world's senate that the world has ever witnessed4 ,this would be giving its proper expression to the note of the universality of the church4 ,the decisions of the ,holy ,father on the world-interests of the church1 assisted by the deliberations of such a body1 would have more power to sway the opinions and actions of the world than armies of bayonets4 ,for1 whatever may be said to the contrary in favor of needle-guns and rifled cannon1 the force of public opinion through such agents as electricity and types moves the world1 above all when supported by the intelligence1 virtue1 and experience of men who have no other interests at heart than those of ,god and the good of mankind4 ,who knows but the time has come to give this universality of the church a fuller expression8 ,is not divine ,providence acting through modern discoveries1 rendering it possible for the human race to be not only one family in blood1 but even in friendship and unity of purpose8 ,perhaps the present persecutions of the church in ,italy are only relieving her from past geographical and national limitations1 to place her more completely in relations with the faithful throughout the world4 ,who knows but the time is near when the ,holy ,father will be surrounded by representatives of all nations1 tribes1 and peoples1 from the ,south as well as from the ,north1 from the ,east as well as from the ,west2 by ,italians1 ,germans1 ,frenchmen1 ,spaniards1 ,englishmen1 ,belgians1 ,portuguese1 ,austrians1 ,irishmen1 ,americans1 ,canadians1 ,south ,americans1 ,australians1 as well as by representatives of the faithful from the empire of ,china8 ,would this new departure be anything more than the realization of the wish expressed by that great and holy council held at ,trent three centuries ago8 ,in passing from our own to other lands1 we cannot do so1 at the opening of the second century of our country's life1 without a glance at something larger and wider than the mere local interests of every-day life which touch us most nearly4 ,beyond doubt there is much to criticise1 much1 perhaps1 to be ashamed of1 much to deplore1 in the conduct of our government1 local and national1 and in the social state generally of our people4 ,still1 we see nothing at present existing or threatening that is beyond the remedy of the people itself4 ,it is a fashion among our pessimists to contrast the ,america of to-day with the ,america of a hundred years ago4 ,well1 we believe that we can stand the contrast4 ,the country has expanded and developed1 and promises so to continue beyond all precedent in the history of this world4 ,when the experiment of a century ago is contrasted with the established fact--the nation--of a free and prosperous people of to-day1 we can only bless ,god4 ,and allowing the widest margin for the evils and shortcomings in our midst1 when we glance across the ocean at nations armed to the teeth1 looking upon one another as foes1 and either rending with internal throes or threatening to be rent1 pride in this country deepens1 and the heart swells with gratitude that in these days ,god has raised up a nation where all men may possess their souls in peace4 ,we have some alarmists among us who look in the near future to the occurrence of scenes in this country similar to those now being transacted in ,europe1 where men are persecuted for conscience' sake4 ,we cannot share in these alarms4 ,as we see no evils in our midst which are beyond the remedy of the people1 so we see no religious or other questions that may arise which cannot be civilly adjusted4 ,this is not a country where the raw head and bloody bones thrive4 ,the question of religion is decided once for all in the ,constitution4 ,catholics1 of course1 have a large heritage of misrepresentation to contend against1 but that is rapidly diminishing4 ,a ,bismarck may strive to introduce into our free country1 through a band of fanatics and weak-minded politicians1 the persecuting spirit which he has attempted to introduce into ,england by a ,gladstone1 which he has succeeded in introducing into ,italy by a ,minghetti1 and into ,switzerland by a ,carteret2 but before they reach the hundredth part of the influence of the disgraceful ,know-,nothing party1 the good sense and true spirit of our countrymen will1 as it did in the case of that party1 brand all who have had any prominent connection with the movement with the note of infamy4 ,the fanatical cry of 8,no ,popery0 is evidently played out at its fountain-source in old ,england1 while the attempt to revive its echoes will meet with still less success in new ,england4 ,we see no clouds on the ,american horizon that should cause ,catholics any grave apprehension4 ,the end of such attempts always is that those who strike the sparks only succeed in burning their fingers4 ,all we have to do is to walk straight along in the path we have been following of common citizenship with those around us1 in order to secure for ourselves all the rights which we are ready to concede to others4 ,the ,european situation during the past year may be summed up under two headings--the struggle between church and state1 and the prospects of war4 ,to enter at any length into the question between church and state in ,germany and in other countries in ,europe would be going over old ground which has been covered time and again in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,only such features of the contest will be touched upon as may set the present situation clearly before the mind of the reader4 ,the official ,provincial ,correspondence1 at the opening of the past year1 said in a retrospective article on the events of #ahgd3 8,the conviction has been forced upon the ,german government that the ,german ultramontane party are a revolutionary party1 directed by foreigners and relying mainly upon the assistance of foreign powers4 ,the ,german government1 therefore1 are under the necessity of deprecating any encouragement of the ultramontane party by foreign powers4 ,it was for this reason that the ,german government last year thought it incumbent on them to use plain language in addressing the ,french government upon the sayings and doings of some of the ,french bishops4 ,france had taken the hint1 and had prevented her ultramontanes setting the world on fire merely to vent their spite against ,germany4''' ,it was1 perhaps1 to be expected under these circumstances that1 abandoning at last all hope of foreign assistance1 the ,german ultramontanes would make their peace with the government in ,prussia1 and no longer object to laws they willingly obey in ,baden1 ,bavaria1 ,wrtemberg1 and ,oldenburg1 not to speak of ,austria and other states4 ,at all events1 it was very desirable that the ultramontanes should yield before the church was thrown into worse confusion by their malicious but impotent resistance40 ,such was the pleasant prospect held out for the ,catholics by the official organ at the opening of the year4 ,the programme sketched in it has been faithfully carried out1 and ,germany has taken another step in the path of freedom1 internal peace1 and consolidation by planting its foot nearer the throat of the church4 ,it is useless to enter into a refutation of the falsehoods contained in the extract from the official journal4 ,they have been refuted in the ,german ,reichstag and all the world over4 ,it is needless1 also1 to call attention to the tone of the official journal1 and the manner1 become a fashion of late with ,german statesmen and writers at large1 of warning foreign powers to keep a civil tongue in their heads respecting ,german matters1 or it may be the worse for them4 ,how far the ,catholics have yielded to the kindly invitation held out to them the world has seen4 ,we have before this remarked on the strange anxiety manifested by a government1 convinced of the justice of its cause and the means it was pursuing towards its end1 to stifle the expression of public opinion1 not only at home1 but abroad4 ,moreover1 the very fact of its being compelled to deprecate 8any encouragement of the ultramontane party by foreign powers0 says as plainly as words can say it that those powers see something in the party to encourage4 ,here is a sample--one out of hundreds such--of the manner in which the members of the 8revolutionary party0 have been treated during the year1 and of the crimes1 sympathy with which on the part of foreign powers is so earnestly deprecated by the ,german government4 ,that extremely active agent of ,prince ,bismarck1 the ,prussian correspondent of the ,london ,times1 tells the story of the deposition of the ,bishop of ,paderborn by the 8,ecclesiastical0 ,court thus3 8,he has been sentenced to-day 7,jan4 #f7 to innumerable fines1 chiefly for appointing clergymen without the consent of the secular authorities4 ,is this a crime1 reverend and right reverend gentlemen of the ,protestant churches8 ,never paying any of these forfeits1 he has been repeatedly imprisoned and forcibly prevented from exercising his functions4 ,and now for the perversity of the man1 the 8malicious but impotent resistance40 ,notwithstanding the measures taken against him1 he has continued his opposition to the state4 ,he would not allow his clerical training-schools to be visited by government inspectors2 he has declined to reappoint a chaplain he had excommunicated without the consent of the government ,what criminals ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul would be were they living in ,germany to-day62 and he has continually issued pastorals and made speeches to deputations breathing the most hostile sentiments against crown and parliament sentiments not quoted4 ,he has received addresses covered with more than one hundred thousand signatures1 and on a single day admitted twelve thousand persons to his presence1 who had come to condole with him on the martyr's fate he was undergoing40 ,let it be borne in mind that this is not our description1 but that of an agent of the ,prussian government4 ,could words establish more clearly the side on which the criminality lies8 ,only passing mention can be made of events which have been already anticipated and commented on4 ,the extension of the civil registration of births1 deaths1 and marriages from ,prussia to the whole ,german ,empire passed in ,january4 ,perhaps no measure yet has so aroused the indignation1 not only of ,catholics1 but of believing ,protestants also4 ,as the correspondent already quoted tersely puts the matter3 8,in all ,germany this law does away with the services of the clergy in celebrating the three great domestic events of life40 ,that is to say1 there is no longer need to baptize ,christian children in the name of ,god2 there is no longer need of ,god in the marriage service2 finally1 as man comes into the world1 so he may go out of it1 without the name or the invocation of ,god1 without ,god's blessing over his grave or the ceremonies of religion attending the last act4 ,like a dog he may come1 like a dog he may live1 like a dog he may go4 ,and yet this is an evangelical power6 ,verily1 but of a strange evangel4 ,the result of it is shown already4 ,since the ,prussian ,civil ,registration ,law was passed1 only twenty-five per cent4 of all ,berlin marriages have been celebrated in churches1 while only thirty per cent4 of the children born in the capital have been baptized by clergymen4 ,the passing of the ,landsturm ,bill converts the whole ,german ,empire into an armed camp4 8,henceforth every ,german sound in wind and limb must be a soldier4 ,from the age of seventeen to forty-two1 every man not belonging to the army or the reserve is to be liable to be called out in the case of an actual or even a threatened invasion10 says the ,london ,times4 8,at the word of command ,germany is arming en masse1 and the surrounding nations--that is1 the best part of the world--cannot but do as she does40 ,they are doing as she does1 and all the ,european powers to-day sleep beside their arms4 ,in face of this fact1 what comfort can men take from the meeting and hobnobbing of the crowned heads of ,europe here1 there1 and everywhere1 or of their assurances of peace8 ,who is strong enough to keep the peace1 who too weak to enkindle war8 ,no man and no people4 ,it is this arming and incertitude of one another that alone prevented what locally was so insignificant an affair as the outbreak within the year of the ,bosnian insurrection against ,turkey from lighting a universal conflagration4 ,the eagles of the great powers gather around the ,turkish carcase4 ,england seizes beforehand on the control of the ,suez ,canal by way of preparing for eventualities1 and the ,eastern question begins at last to resolve itself into this simple form3 not1 ,how shall we uphold the empire8 but1 ,how shall we divide the spoils8 ,the present rulers of ,germany profess to look upon their ,catholic subjects as the great foes of the ,german ,empire4 ,the mistake is a fatal one2 for in binding the church they bind the only power that can stop the dry-rot which is slowly eating into the heart1 not alone of ,germany1 but of all nations to-day4 ,that dry-rot is socialism1 the first-born of infidelity4 ,that socialism prevails in ,germany the rulers of that empire know1 and its utterances are as dreaded as an encyclical of the ,pope4 ,here are the elements of socialism as pictured by the ,cologne ,gazette at the opening of the year3 8,in #ahgd1 although the great bubble schemes burst in the summer of #ahgc1 and although last year a plentiful harvest of corn and wine came to our relief1 the consequences of the crisis are still felt4 ,numerous undertakings are depreciated1 and even more lamentable than the losses of the promoters are the mischievous results of the sudden excessive rise in wages1 which could not possibly last1 the luxurious habits1 the strikes1 and all that these involve on the laboring classes and the whole industrial life of the ,german nation4 ,habits of indolence and gluttony have been established which it will be hard to eradicate10 and much more in the same strain4 ,this is only a straw showing which way the wind blows4 ,persecution of the church has not yet exhausted itself1 though1 beyond the actual taking of life1 it is hard to see what remains to be done4 ,the final measure has been resorted to of abrogating the articles of the ,prussian constitution of #ahej1 which were specially drawn up to provide freedom of religion and worship in their fullest sense4 ,of the attitude of the ,german ,catholics1 the prelates1 the clergy1 and the laity1 it is needless to speak4 ,the world has witnessed it2 and the very fierceness of the persecution simply serves to show forth more gloriously the divinity of the church2 for no human institution could live under it4 ,one result of the persecution has been the return of a ,catholic majority to the ,bavarian ,parliament4 ,we hope for the unity of the ,german ,empire1 and its true consolidation2 but it is not in our hearts to support tyranny1 under whatever name1 least of all when it attacks all that we hold most sacred4 ,the ,german policy must be totally altered before it can command the sympathy of freemen4 ,it must be totally altered before it can command the respect and full allegiance of its subjects1 so large and important a section of whom are ,catholics4 ,the ,catholic majority in ,bavaria is but one sign of many of opposition to the one-sided policy of which ,prince ,bismarck is the author and expounder4 ,who knows but that the threatened dissolution of an empire erected on so false and narrow a basis has not already begun in ,bavaria8 ,all the sacrifices made to establish the empire--not the least of which were made by ,bavaria--the ,german chancellor1 by his determined and senseless religious persecution1 would now seem foolishly to ignore4 ,and these ,bavarians1 of all the ,germans1 once aroused1 and their religious rights infringed upon1 are not the men quietly and meekly to subside under opposition4 ,we have dwelt more at length upon ,germany because it is the centre of the strife that convulses1 and threatens to convulse1 the world4 ,other topics must consequently be hastily dismissed4 ,of ,france there is nothing but good to report4 ,after a series of fiery debates in the ,assembly1 the constitution of a conservative republic was definitively formed and agreed upon towards the end of ,february4 ,the nomination of councillors of state was given to the ,president1 who resigned the nomination of the senators4 ,of course ,france is still open to surprises1 and the various parties seem as unable to coalesce as ever4 ,but there is no question that the government of ,marshal ,mac,mahon has deserved well of the country1 and1 could only a true republic be established in ,france1 it would serve as a safe counter-check to the absolutisms that threaten the east of ,europe4 ,the commerce and industries of the country have advanced even on the preceding year1 though the imports of #ahgd amounted to #c1gdh1jaa1jjj francs1 and the exports to #c1hgg1gec1jjj francs1 these figures being in excess of those of any former years4 ,the returns for the ,paris savings-banks in #ahgd indicate how the poorer and lower middle classes1 who chiefly patronize these establishments1 are recovering from the effects of the war and the ,commune4 ,the deposits amounted to #ad1ejj1jjj francs1 while in #ahgc they were #ac1ejj1jjj francs1 and in #ahgb #ab1fbi1jjj francs4 ,there is every reason to believe that the ratio of the past year will show a corresponding increase4 ,while the tokens of reviving prosperity are thus encouraging1 those of a revival of religious feeling and coming back to the old ways and the old faith among the people at large are not less so4 ,a noble and patriotic work is being accomplished in the rapid formation and spread of ,catholic ,working-men's ,clubs--a direct offset to the socialism fostered by the spirit of irreligion in other places4 ,the part taken by ,catholic laymen of standing and ability in this work1 so full of happy promise1 is in itself a significant feature1 and one that may well be recommended to the attention of ,catholic laymen all the world over4 ,the pilgrimages to holy shrines and to ,rome have continued1 spite of the laugh of the infidel and the scorn of the unbeliever4 ,the solemn consecration of the church in ,montmartre to the ,sacred ,heart was one in which the whole world was interested4 ,but the most encouraging measure of all was the obtaining1 after a fierce battle between religion and infidelity1 of permission to found free universities in ,france1 where students who believe in ,god might1 if they chose1 apply themselves to the study of their faith1 or at least carry on their studies under the divine protection and under professors who1 lacking nothing in intellect1 recognize a higher than themselves1 whose law they have the courage to recognize and the sense and piety to obey4 ,surely1 ,france was never so worthy of the esteem and profound respect of all the world as it is to-day4 ,what a wonderful vitality is displayed by this ,latin-,celtic race6 ,what people could so suddenly recover from what seemed so fatal a blow8 ,what other nation would have shown so much wisdom and self-control as these ,frenchmen1 whom the outside world stamped as 8unstable as water08 ,is ,france to be the leader of the ,latin-,celtic races1 to conform itself1 consistently with its past history and traditions1 after a century of throes1 into a political form of society fitted to its present needs1 its future prosperity1 and the renewal of religion8 ,god grant that it be so6 ,england1 true to its peace policy1 still keeps aloof from the troubled current of ,european affairs1 beyond its recent move ,eastward1 which has already been noticed4 ,it steadily refused to accept the invitation of ,russia to join the ,international ,conference on the ,usages of ,war1 which in reality resembled a consultation among surgeons before beginning to operate on an interesting subject4 ,mr4 ,disraeli's premiership has been marked by some irritating mistakes1 though the securing control of the ,suez ,canal was undoubtedly a move in the present critical state of ,eastern affairs that compensates for many a blunder--if he can only hold the control4 ,mr4 ,gladstone finally retired from the leadership of the liberal party1 and was nominally succeeded by the ,marquis of ,hartington4 ,the ex-leader1 abandoning a position which1 take him all in all1 he undoubtedly adorned1 went paddling in theology and got shipwrecked4 ,the ,gladstone fulminations on 8,vaticanism0 are now a thing of the past1 and only afforded another melancholy instance of the facility with which even great men can go beyond their depth4 ,the portentous charges against the ,pope1 the ,curia ,romana1 the rusty arsenals1 and the rest of the papal 8properties0 were received by the ,english people themselves with honest laughter or with passive scorn1 until finally ,mr4 ,gladstone lost his temper1 and then the world became tired both of him and his 8rusty tools40 ,materialism is taking deep root in the ,english mind4 ,the leading organ of ,english opinion1 itself highly respectable1 but by no means religious1 complained more than once during the year of the general apathy with which the public regarded the doings of the various convocations and general assemblies of the ,protestant churches in ,england4 ,and the success with which the onslaught by such a man as ,mr4 ,gladstone against the ,catholic ,church met with at the hands of ,englishmen reveals anew the fact that religious feeling has fallen to so low an ebb in ,england that even the most eloquent of bigots could not arouse an anti-,popery cry4 ,and this1 for ,england1 is the last stage of religious apathy4 ,is this again the immediate precursor of a reaction in favor of the true church in that land for which so many prayers have been offered up1 and the blood of so many martyrs has been shed8 ,ireland has been quiet1 calm1 and peaceable1 and though1 in common with ,england1 suffering from the commercial depression which spread from this country to them1 it has shown a strong tendency to advance in prosperity4 ,for its peace the ,catholic clergy1 according to the testimony of the ,london ,times1 and1 as we believe1 the ,home-,rule party1 are jointly answerable4 ,men who believe in ,god and obey the laws of the church will1 with honest and able representatives1 seek for no heroic measures of reform1 while the legislature is fairly open to complaints4 ,the ,london ,times says that the peaceful record of the year reads like a fairy tale4 ,yet the ,peace ,preservation ,acts were renewed1 for which the same journal could find no better reason than that 8you cannot break off abruptly from the past10 and goes on to say3 8,it is possible that1 if there never had been a resolution to impose upon a conquered people a church which they rejected1 and to endow it with the spoils to which they remained attached2 if there never had been a neglect so little creditable to our statesmanship as the conditions under which agricultural land was held in ,ireland2 if laws had never been passed to deprive ,roman ,catholics of political privileges and the right to possess property2 if the attempt had never been made to rule the inhabitants of the sister-island by a hostile garrison1 that state of feeling would never have been created which imposes upon the legislature of to-day the sad necessity of maintaining an exceptional coercive legislation40 ,the bitterest foe of ,england could scarcely add one iota to the force of this terrible indictment of ,english legislation in ,ireland4 ,but we look with all hope to the speedy dispersing of the clouds which so long have hovered over this real 8island of saints10 which has done so much in the past and promises so much in the future for the spread of faith among the peoples of the earth4 ,more pleasing topics to touch upon are the celebration of the centennial of ,daniel ,o',connell1 the fiftieth anniversary of the consecration of the venerable ,archbishop ,mc,hale1 and1 though last1 far from least1 the visit to ,ireland of ,cardinal ,mc,closkey1 and his reception by ,cardinal ,cullen and the ,irish people4 ,the scene was indeed a memorable one2 the meeting on a soil consecrated with the blood of saints and martyrs--a soil every inch of which could tell a tale of a struggle of centuries for the faith--of two cardinals of the church that guards the representatives1 in their own persons1 of the newest and one of the oldest heritages of the church1 and the one ,irish by birth1 the other ,irish by blood4 ,a meeting no less significant was that in ,england between the ,cardinal of ,new ,york and ,cardinal ,manning1 the first convert probably who ever wore the title3 a man of indomitable activity1 a fearless asserter of the rights of the church1 and always foremost in every movement which aims at the amelioration of the condition of the working classes4 ,russia continues her strides in the ,east1 nearing ,hindostan1 and with ,hindostan the sea1 at every step4 ,despite occasional reverses1 her march against the conflicting tribes and peoples that lie in her path can only be regarded as irresistible4 ,meanwhile1 at home she is eaten up by sects and the socialistic spirit that pervades other nations1 and which tyranny may stifle for a time1 but cannot destroy4 ,again the mistake occurs of regarding the ,catholic ,church as her enemy1 and dragooning her ,catholic subjects with a creed which their consciences reject4 ,austria is engaged in the attempt to set her internal affairs in order1 and to recover from the defeat at ,sadowa4 ,she finds time1 notwithstanding1 to attack the church1 though without the persistent brutality of her ,german neighbor1 whose offer to procure a joint interference among the nations in the election of the next pope was politely but firmly rejected by ,austria4 ,in this path ,italy also walks4 ,rejecting the rough hempen cord with which ,germany binds and strives to strangle the church1 ,italy1 true to her national character1 chooses one of silk1 which shall do the work softly and noiselessly1 but none the less securely4 ,sensim sine sensu4 ,thus the ,law of ,guarantees of #ahga1 which was founded on ,cavour's maxim of 8a free church in a free state10 provided for the absolute freedom of the ,pope in spirituals4 ,this ,germany resents1 and early in the year made strong remonstrance with ,italy1 to see1 in plain ,english1 if some plan could not be devised by which the ,pope might be muzzled and prevented from issuing encyclicals and bulls and so forth1 save only such as might please the mind of present ,german statesmen4 ,italy refused to alter the law4 ,but now in ,november we find ,minghetti1 the president of the ,council1 stating to his electors at ,cologna-,veneta that there are defects in the law of papal guarantees4 ,the church--says that excellent authority1 ,m4 ,minghetti--is the congregation of all the faithful1 including1 of course1 ,m4 ,minghetti himself4 ,but the state1 on whom with the jus protegendi devolves also the jus inspiciendi1 is bound to see that the right of the laity and the interest of the lower clergy be not sacrificed to the abuse of papal and episcopal authority4 ,wherefore1 ,m4 ,minghetti1 urged solely by the desire of seeing that no injustice is done1 pledges his electors that he will bring in a bill empowering the laity to reclaim the rights to which they are entitled in the government of the church4 ,how far those rights extend1 of course1 remains to be seen4 ,the ,holy ,father is still spared to us in the full enjoyment of his health and powers of mind4 ,pilgrims flock to him in thousands1 and the eyes of the world1 friends and foes alike1 look with sympathy upon him4 ,surely now is the real triumph of his reign1 and in his weakness shines forth his true strength4 ,no earthly motives1 if ever they affected the allegiance of ,catholics to him1 could affect it now4 ,yet what does the world witness8 ,as men regard things1 a weak and powerless old man1 ruling1 from the palace that is his prison1 the hearts of two hundred millions of people in the name and by the power of ,jesus ,christ1 whose saintly vicar he is4 ,the ,pope1 lifted above all entanglements by recent events with the political policy of so-called ,catholic countries--his voice1 as the head of the church1 is heard and respected by all nations as perhaps it never was at any other period of time4 ,spain opened with a new revolution--the re-entering of ,alfonso1 the son of the exiled queen1 to the kingdom and the throne from which she was driven4 ,this being said1 the situation remains in much the same condition that it has done for the past two years2 if anything1 notwithstanding some defections and reverses1 ,don ,carlos has gained in strength and boldness4 ,the move that brought in ,don ,alfonso was a good one1 but it came too late4 ,the customary chronic revolutions prevail in ,south ,america4 ,the assassination of ,garcia ,moreno1 the able and good ,president of ,ecuador1 by members of a secret society1 added a unique chapter of horrors and dastardly cowardice to the records of these societies1 showing that to accomplish their purpose they are ready to stab a nation4 ,garcia ,mareno died a martyr to his faith4 ,from a far different cause1 though by the same means1 died ,sonzogno1 the editor of the ,capitale1 the trial of whose assassins furnished food for thought as to the force at work in regenerated ,italy4 ,an event that might have been of great importance was the death of the youthful ,emperor of ,china1 which was followed by that of his wife4 ,he was succeeded by a child five years old1 and the government seems to have passed into the hands of the same men who held it before1 so that a change for the better towards ,christians is scarcely to be hoped for1 while ,christian residents are still exposed at any moment to a repetition of the ,tien-,tsin massacre4 ,with the year closes the third quarter of the most eventful century1 perhaps1 which the world has yet known1 the first century of the ,christian era alone being excepted4 ,it opened on what ,lacordaire has well called 8a wild and stormy morning10 and he would be a bold prophet who should predict a clear sky at the close4 ,a writer of the day describes nations within the past year as engaged in 8a wild war-dance40 ,the same is true of the century4 ,nations seem to have learned nothing1 but forgotten much4 ,in forgetting the faith that made them whole they have forgotten the secret of the elixir of national life4 ,hence1 bitter as the struggle is1 a ,catholic cannot but hope much in the near future from the present trials of the church4 ,the blows of ,germany have crushed shams to the earth1 and caused the truth to shine forth resplendent and beautiful4 ,whatever may be this faith that the nations have forgotten1 that has been a mockery among men of the world1 it is manifest1 at least1 that there is a profound reality in it1 and a vitality that no power on earth can hope to destroy4 ,this testimony of strength in weakness1 of the purest devotion and loftiest sacrifices that this world can show1 if it do nothing else1 at least brings men to ponder and look back1 and compare and inquire1 and arrive at some conclusions4 ,for the world cannot remain an indifferent spectator to a question that is wide as the world4 ,the vagaries of belief1 the churches with fronts of brass and feet of clay1 the parasites and the flatterers who1 professing to worship and believe in ,god alone1 bow down in secret before the prince of this world1 now slink away in shame or stand abashed before the unbeliever4 ,again1 considering the intensity of the activity of the age1 induced in a great measure by the facilities of expressing and communicating our thoughts1 of reaching the uttermost parts of the earth in a flash of time--all of which enhances the responsibility of our free will--religion1 in view of these facts1 will have to keep pace with this activity in order to perform the office for which ,god established it upon earth4 ,that she will do so is as much a matter of certitude as her existence2 for that same 8,spirit which fills the whole earth0 finds in her bosom his dwelling-place4 ,the general tendency to material science1 and the material interests of nations1 which have so wonderfully increased within the century1 tend all to obscure the supernatural4 ,but there is nothing to be feared from the advocates of material science4 ,there is no escaping from ,god in his creation4 ,and these men1 in their way1 in common with the more open persecutors1 are preparing for the triumph of the church1 and in the providence of ,god are co-workers in the more complete demonstration of his divine truth4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,apostle ,s4 ,,john4 ,by ,m4 ,l4 ,baunard4 ,translated from the first ,french edition4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,the life and character of ,s4 ,john are so beautiful and so closely connected with our ,saviour that true believers have always craved to know more about him4 ,on the other hand1 his testimony is so positive and his language so clear that all who blaspheme the divinity of our ,lord have sought to thrust him and his gospel out of sight4 ,the distinguished ,french author has a warm personal devotion to ,s4 ,john1 and has devoted himself with great enthusiasm to the task of collecting all the historical facts which remain to us as connected with the virgin apostle4 ,his style is manifestly infused with his spirit1 and hence the work is one rather of devotion than of cold1 scientific dissertation4 8,it is10 says the author in his preface1 8a book of doctrine4 ,i address it to all those who desire to instruct themselves in the truth of ,god4 ,truth has no school above that of the ,gospel1 and nowhere does it appear fairer or more profound than in the gospel of ,s4 ,john4 8,it is a book of piety4 ,i dedicate it to ,christians3 to priests--the priesthood has no higher personification than ,s4 ,john2 to virgins--,john was a virgin2 to mothers--he merited to be given as a son to the ,mother of ,god2 to youth--he was the youngest of the apostles2 to old men--it is the name he gives himself in his epistles4 ,i offer it to suffering souls--he stood beside the cross2 to contemplative souls--he was on ,mt4 ,thabor2 to all souls who wish to devote themselves to their brethren1 and to love them in ,god--charity can have no purer ideal than the friend of ,jesus40 ,it goes to fill up a most important gap in our ,english hagiography1 and will be greeted with much satisfaction by those desirous of having a complete series of lives of the saints4 ,,the ,,ship ,,in ,,the ,,desert4 ,by ,joaquin ,miller4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahge4 ,the ad captandum title of this work leads one to look for an ,arabian romance2 whereas the story has scarcely anything to do with it1 and is a very slender story at that4 ,it is difficult to say whether the book is worth reading or not2 for while1 no doubt1 it contains passages of considerable force and beauty1 we are quite sure the poet himself does not know half the time what he means4 ,now1 this kind of thing is 8played out40 ,far be it from us to accuse the divine ,tennyson of straining and affectation2 but we do say there are peculiarities in his style which it is dangerous to imitate4 ,taken as a model for classic and scholarly verse1 he has no equal in the ,english language4 ,but the subjectivism of his 8enchanted reverie0 may be easily 8run into the ground40 ,hence he has given rise 7we suspect he is full sore over it7 to what may be called the 8,obscurantist0 school of poetry4 ,we think this school has had its day4 ,we hope the coming poets will happily combine the faultless diction of ,tennyson with the clear1 strong thought of such masters as ,milton1 ,byron1 and ,longfellow4 ,,the ,,three ,,pearls2 ,,or1 ,,virginity ,,and ,,martyrdom4 ,by a ,daughter of ,charity4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,we presume this book is meant for a ,christmas present4 ,it is admirably fitted for that purpose--beautifully printed and tastefully bound4 ,but the contents are still better worth having4 ,these 8,three ,pearls0 were indeed 8of great price02 three virgin-martyrs--,s4 ,ccilia1 ,s4 ,agnes1 and ,s4 ,catharine of ,alexandria4 ,no three saints1 perhaps1 could have been more happily chosen by the gifted author as models for the young ,catholic women of the day1 and particularly here in ,america4 ,if it be objected that such heroines are not imitable1 the answer is obvious--that the virtues which led them to become heroines are imitable by all4 ,and1 again1 the 8modern paganism0 with which we are familiar has many features in common with that amid which they lived4 ,there is a prose sketch of each saint1 followed by a tribute in verse4 ,the 8,editor's ,preface0 is from the pen of a learned priest in the ,diocese of ,boston4 ,,medulla ,,theologi ,,moralis4 ,auctore ,augustino ,rohling1 ,s4 ,theologi et ,philosophi ,doctore1 ,monasterii ,guestfali in ,academia ,regia quondam1 nunc in ,seminario ,salesiano prope ,milwaukee ,s4 ,theologi ,professore4 ,cum permissu ,superiorum4 ,st4 ,ludovici3 ,excudebat ,b4 ,herder1 #ai ,south ,fifth ,street2 et ,b4 ,herder1 ,friburgi1 ,brisgovi4 #ahge4 ,the plan of the author in this work1 as is implied in its title1 has not been to write a complete treatise on moral theology1 but to furnish a compendium containing the points necessary for confessors in the ordinary discharge of their duties4 ,desirable as such a book is1 there is of course a difficulty in compiling it1 arising from the variety of sound opinions on many questions1 which cannot all be given without extending it beyond the limits which give it its special convenience1 and which opinions1 nevertheless1 it is at least expedient that every priest should know4 ,this difficulty is one1 therefore1 which cannot be overcome1 and a manual of this kind can never entirely supply the place of a larger work4 ,but it nevertheless has its use1 and1 when it is well done1 cannot fail to be a welcome addition to any theological library4 ,and this book is extremely welcome for it is extremely well done4 ,it is very well arranged2 every point of importance is1 we believe1 given2 it is clearly written2 it is adapted to the times and to this country1 and 7which is a great merit7 it is by no means dry4 ,there is a little danger in it on this last account1 and that is that its superior attractiveness may tend to induce neglect of larger works1 and too great confidence in statements which space will not allow the author to modify1 as we have said above4 ,one excellent feature of it is the sound and practical advice which it contains1 which is almost as important as the statement of theological conclusions or of matters of law4 ,it would be worth far more than its price on this account alone4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,protestant ,,reformation ,,in ,,germany1 ,,switzerland1 ,,england1 ,,ireland1 ,,scotland1 ,,the ,,netherlands1 ,,france1 ,,and ,,northern ,,europe4 ,seventh ,edition4 ,by the ,most ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d4 ,baltimore3 ,j4 ,murphy ,co4 #ahge4 ,,the ,,evidences ,,of ,,catholicity4 ,sixth ,edition4 ,by the ,most ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d4 ,baltimore3 ,j4 ,murphy ,co4 #ahge4 ,in the present editions an article on 8,rome and ,geneva0 has been added to ,the ,history of the ,reformation1 and a 8,pastoral ,letter on the ,infallibility of the ,pope0 to ,the ,evidences of ,catholicity--both having been prepared by the late archbishop with a view to publication in his collective works4 ,the same general criticism which we passed in our ,december number on the revised edition of the ,miscellanea will apply to these volumes4 ,archbishop ,spalding's works constitute a very complete armory from which to select weapons to meet the opponents of the church in this country2 though the writings of ,european ,catholics may be more to the purpose as answers to the misrepresentations urged against her in their respective localities4 ,and there is no one writer to whom we would with greater confidence refer ,protestants who are willing to learn the truth 7and we would fain hope there are very many such71 as his works relate to so many supposed stumbling-blocks4 ,whether conscious of it or not1 our separated brethren are very blind followers of tradition--accepting unhesitatingly the representations of writers of the last three centuries1 while faulting us for adhering to the unbroken traditions of all the ,christian centuries4 ,hence they are accustomed1 when unable to reply to our doctrinal arguments drawn from their translation of the ,holy ,scriptures1 to fall back on their own version of the religious revolution of the ,x,v,ith century1 and other historical events1 the comparative condition of ,catholic and ,protestant countries1 etc41 etc41 all of which are treated of at length in these volumes4 ,at a time when it is sought to revive the fell spirit of the defunct ,know-,nothing party1 it is well to refresh our memories by a re-perusal of the writings which were prompted by the previous manifestation4 ,the first-named work is at once a history of the ,reformation and a review of the most prominent books on the same subject1 including ,d',aubign's popular romance4 ,this treatment very much augments the interest with which we pursue historical inquiries4 ,,mr4 ,,gladstone ,,and ,,maryland ,,toleration4 ,by ,richard ,h4 ,clarke1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,this able pamphlet will wear a familiar look to our readers1 its principal contents having appeared as an article in our ,december number4 ,the writer has added biographical sketches of the first and second ,lords ,baltimore1 the ,lawgivers of #afdi1 and of ,father ,andrew ,white1 the historiographer of the expedition which founded ,maryland1 and who was intimately associated with the early fortunes of the colony4 ,it was really too bad in ,dr4 ,clarke to deny asylum to the ex-premier on our 7reputed7 hospitable shores1 after the relentless logic to which he was subjected at home1 when proving so clearly to his own satisfaction the disloyalty of ,catholics--to spoil1 in fact1 his nice little story that it was the ,protestants1 and not those hateful ,catholics1 who made ,maryland a refuge for fugitives from ,english persecution for conscience' sake4 ,and what makes the matter all the more aggravating is that our author is in league with ever so many ,protestants in this design4 ,for shame1 gentlemen6 ,,historical ,,scenes ,,from ,,the ,,old ,,jesuit ,,missions4 ,by the ,right ,rev4 ,william ,ingraham ,kip1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 member of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society and ,protestant ,episcopal ,bishop of ,california4 ,new ,york3 ,a4 ,d4 ,f4 ,randolph ,co4 #ahge4 ,the author of this work had the good fortune while in ,england some years since to secure a copy of ,lettres ,edifiantes et ,curieuses crites des ,missions ,etrangres1 in forty-seven volumes1 8containing the letters of the ,jesuit missionaries from about #afej to #agej4''' ,he selected those letters which relate to the labors of the ,jesuits within the bounds of our own land1 and published a translation1 with notes1 under the title of ,the ,early ,jesuit ,missions in ,north ,america40 ,in the present work he takes a wider range1 and makes selections1 from the same source1 of letters from parts of the world widely remote from each other--from ,china and ,california2 from ,cape ,horn and the far north2 from the shores of ,south ,america and the ,mediterranean2 from the monasteries of ,mount ,lebanon and the ,thebaid ,desert4 ,bishop ,kip and his publishers have laid both ,protestants and ,catholics under great obligations by the publication of this valuable and beautiful volume4 ,we can scarcely commend too highly the evident fairness of the translation and of the accompanying remarks and notes4 ,it could not well be otherwise than that a ,protestant should have some qualifications to offer respecting statements of fact and doctrine such as would naturally occur in these letters2 but the ,catholic reader will be gratified to find much that is laudatory1 and scarcely anything to which he would object2 the notes being for the most part historical and philological in character4 ,the nave simplicity of these relations constitutes one of their chief charms and the best answer to any suggestion of guile on the part of the writers4 ,the principles and operations of the ,jesuits have been1 and to a great extent are still1 believed by our ,protestant fellow-citizens to constitute a vulnerable point in ,catholicity1 so that we rejoice at the facilities offered by such writers as ,parkman1 ,shea1 and ,kip for a better understanding of the matter4 ,nothing can give ,catholics greater pleasure than that their ,protestant friends should have full opportunities for studying our doctrines and history4 ,,life ,,of ,s4 ,,benedict1 surnamed 8,the ,moor10 the ,son of a ,slave4 ,canonized by ,pope ,pius ,,vii41 ,may #bd1 #ahjg4 ,from the ,french of ,m4 ,allibert1 ,canon of the ,primatial ,church of ,lyons4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham ,son4 #ahge4 ,this volume is a concise and well-written account of a holy life1 showing what abundant graces are often bestowed upon the meek and lowly1 and how those who humble themselves are exalted by ,almighty ,god4 ,s4 ,benedict1 the child of an enslaved negro parent1 was born at ,sanfratello in ,sicily1 ,a4,d4 #aebd4 ,early instructed in religion by his parents1 he offered himself to ,god1 and became eminent for sanctity as a religious4 ,seeking always the lowest and most humiliating employments1 he served for twenty-seven years as a cook in a convent4 ,already1 during his lifetime1 regarded as a saint1 he was venerated by all classes4 8,at the door of his humble kitchen10 says his biographer1 8were to be seen the nobles of ,palermo1 who sought to honor the saint and recommend themselves to his prayers1 the learned who came for advice1 the afflicted who desired consolation1 the sick who hoped for the recovery of their health1 and the indigent who desired assistance40 ,winning by his wisdom and virtues the confidence of his brethren1 he was chosen guardian of the convent1 and afterwards vicar1 and master of novices--positions which he accepted with extreme reluctance1 and in which he proved his great charity and humility4 ,but the more he sought to abase and hide himself1 the greater the graces bestowed upon him4 ,though blessed with the spirit of prophecy1 the power of performing miracles1 and the gift of ecstasy1 so great was his humility that he again turned to his simple occupation1 and retained it till his death1 which occurred in #aehi4 ,,the ,,life ,,and ,,letters ,,of ,,paul ,,seigneret1 ,seminarist of ,s4 ,sulpice 7shot at ,belleville1 ,paris1 ,may #bf1 #ahga74 ,from the ,french4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahge4 ,the title of this work can scarcely fail to awaken an interest in the youthful hero who gave his life for his faith--an interest which is enhanced by the knowledge that this youth1 frail as a girl and possessed of a highly-cultivated mind and rare sensibility1 was so filled with the spirit of self-sacrifice that he may well be classed with those 8courtiers of martyrdom0 whose lives are the glory of the church and the wonder of the world4 ,paul ,seigneret's is a name that must be dear to all ,catholics at all familiar with his saintly life and death4 ,to a heart overflowing with love for all who had claims upon his affection and charity for all mankind1 and to those quick and delicate perceptions which retain all that is good and instinctively reject all that is evil1 was added a fervent piety and ardent zeal for the glory of ,god4 ,animated by these sentiments1 he sought the priesthood1 and soon turned his thoughts to the cloister--8#8that pure and shining height' whither he would go to fix his dwelling nearer heaven40 ,while yet a student in the ,seminary of ,s4 ,sulpice1 he fell a victim to the ,commune1 and was permitted to win the crown of martyrdom1 which had been the object of his most ardent desires4 ,the volume before us is one which we would especially recommend to our youthful readers1 who will find in it much that is edifying and worthy of imitation4 ,in an age in which respect for authority and filial obedience are so much ignored1 we cannot place too high a value on the example of ,paul ,seigneret1 whose devotion and submission to his parents were second only to his love of ,god4 ,if a work so admirable in most respects may be criticised1 we would say that it would be quite as interesting if the author had condensed the valuable materials of which it is composed4 ,we are aware of the difficulties under which many translations from the ,french are made4 ,innumerable things in that versatile1 flexible language will bear many repetitions and much minuti in description1 which will not admit of more than the simple statement in our unyielding vernacular4 ,readers should therefore hesitate in pronouncing a book dull because some of the aroma escapes in the transition from one medium of thought to another4 ,,pastoral ,,letter ,,of ,,the ,,right ,,rev4 ,p4 ,n4 ,,lynch1 ,d4,d41 ,,bishop ,,of ,,charleston1 ,,on ,,the ,,jubilee ,,of #ahge4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 #hvo1 pp4 #bii4 ,the reader will rightly infer from the size of this pastoral that it differs in many respects from other documents of the kind4 ,the learned author has taken occasion to enter very fully into the doctrinal and historical aspects of his subject1 thereby making the publication a valuable reference to all who would understand the history and nature of this observance4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxii41 ,no4 #aca4--;,,february1 #ahgf4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a ,,sequel ,,of ,,the ,,gladstone ,,controversy4#bbh 8,it is wonderful10 wrote ,proudhon1 8how in all our political questions we always stumble on theology40 ,mr4 ,gladstone will doubtless concur in this sentiment2 for he cannot take a step without stumbling on the ,catholic ,church4 ,she is everywhere1 and everywhere she is to him a cause of alarm4 ,so potent is her influence growing to be1 so cunningly laid are the plans by which her policy is directed1 so perfect is the organization and discipline of her forces1 so insidious are her methods of procedure1 as he would have us believe1 that it is full time all ,christendom should be warned of the approaching danger4 ,she is in his eyes an ever-present menace to the civilization of the world4 ,he at least bears testimony to her power and vitality4 ,she is not a relic of a past age2 she lives1 and1 what is more1 it does not seem that she is willing to die4 ,if we consider the various efforts by which men are seeking to weaken and destroy the church1 we shall find in them no mean evidence of her divine strength4 ,and first of all1 in an age intellectually most active1 she is the subject of universal criticism1 and is cited before every tribunal of human knowledge to be tried on an hundred different and often contradictory counts4 ,her historical relations with the world1 extending over eighteen hundred years and co-extensive with ,christendom1 are minutely examined into by men who1 shutting their eyes to the benefits which she has conferred upon the human race1 are eager to discover charges against her4 ,she is made responsible for the crimes of those who called themselves ,catholics1 though she was the first to condemn their evil deeds4 ,the barbarism1 the ignorance1 and the cruelty of the middle ages are set to her count1 when1 in fact1 she was the chief source of civilization1 of enlightenment1 and of mercy during that period4 ,when she opposes the tyranny of kings1 she is called the enemy of the state2 when she seeks to restrain the lawlessness of the people1 she is proclaimed the friend of tyrants4 ,against her dogmas and institutions all the sciences are brought to bear--astronomy1 geology1 ethnology1 and the others4 ,not in politics alone1 but in all the physical sciences1 men in our day stumble on the ,catholic ,church4 ,we are told that she is the one great spiritual organization which is able to resist1 and must as a matter of life and death resist1 the progress of science and modern civilization4 ,these men profess to find innumerable points of collision between her dogmas and the conclusions of science1 and are surprised when she claims to understand her own teachings better than they1 and is not prepared to abandon all belief in ,god1 the soul1 and future life because physical research has given men a wider knowledge of the phenomena of matter4 ,now we hear objections to her moral teaching--that it is too severe1 that she imposes burdens upon men's shoulders too heavy for human nature to bear1 that she encourages asceticism1 celibacy1 and all manner of self-denial opposed to the spirit of the age and of progress2 then1 on the contrary1 that her morality is lax1 that she flatters the passions of men1 panders to their sensual appetites1 and grants1 for gain1 permission to commit every excess4 ,at one time we are told that her priests are indolent1 immoral1 ignorant1 without faith2 at another1 that they are ceaselessly active1 astute1 learned1 and wholly intent upon bringing all men to their own way of thinking4 ,now we are informed that her children cannot be loyal subjects of any government2 and immediately after we hear that they are so subservient1 so passively obedient1 that they willingly submit to any master4 ,and here we come more immediately upon our subject2 for whereas ,mr4 ,gladstone has declared that the loyalty of ,catholics is not to be trusted1 ,m4 de ,laveleye asserts that 8despotic government is the congenial government of ,catholic populations40 ,the pamphlet from which we quote these words1 and which we propose now to examine1 has been presented to the ,english-reading public by the special request of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and has been farther honored by him with a prefatory letter4 ,the author1 it is true1 takes a fling at the ,church of ,england1 and plainly intimates that in his opinion it is little better than the ,catholic ,church2 but the ex-premier could not forego the opportunity of striking his enemy1 though he should pierce his dearest friend in giving the blow4 ,he takes the precaution1 indeed1 to disclaim any concurrence in ,m4 de ,laveleye's 8rather unfavorable estimate of the ,church of ,england in comparison with the other reformed communions40 ,the question discussed in the pamphlet before us1 as its title implies1 is the relative influence of ,catholicism and ,protestantism on the liberty and prosperity of nations2 and the conclusion which is drawn is that the ,reformation is favorable to freedom and progress1 and that the ,catholic ,church is a hindrance to both4 ,this has long been a favorite theme with ,protestants--the weapon with which they think themselves best able to do good battle in their cause2 and doubtless it is employed1 in most favorable circumstances1 in an age like ours1 in which material progress is so marked a feature that its influence may be traced in everything1 and in nothing more than in the thoughts and philosophies of the men of our day4 ,it is worthy of remark that ,protestantism1 professing to be a purer and more spiritual worship1 should have tended to turn men's thoughts almost exclusively to the worldly and temporal view of religion2 so that it has become the fashion to praise ,christianity1 not because it makes men humble1 pure1 self-denying1 content with little1 but rather because its influence is supposed to be of almost an opposite nature4 ,much stress is laid upon the physical1 social1 and mental superiority of ,christian nations to those that are still pagan1 and the inference implied1 if not always expressly stated1 is that these temporal advantages are due to the influence of ,christianity1 and prove its truth and divine origin4 ,without stopping to consider the question whether the material and social superiority of ,christian nations is to be attributed to their religious faith1 we may ask whether1 admitting that this is the case1 it may with propriety be adduced in proof of the truth of the religion of ,christ8 ,in the case of individuals no one1 certainly1 would think of arguing that prosperity proves a right faith1 or even consistent practice4 ,to hold that wealth and success are evidences of religious life1 whatever it may be1 is certainly not ,christianity4 ,does the teaching of ,christ permit the rich to lay the unction to their souls that they are ,god's favored children8 ,were they his friends8 ,did they flock around him8 ,did they drink in his words gladly8 ,if men who claim to be his disciples have deified worldly success1 and made temporal prosperity a sufficient test of the truth of his religion1 they cannot plead any word of his in excuse4 ,he certainly never paid court to the great1 or stooped to flatter the rich4 ,was it not he who said1 8,woe be to you rich3 ye have received your reward08 and again1 8,it is harder for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven than for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle08 ,did he not take ,lazarus to his bosom when ,dives was in hell8 8,blessed are ye10 he said1 8when men shall revile you1 and persecute you1 and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely for my sake4 ,rejoice and be exceeding glad2 for great is your reward in heaven3 for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you40 ,the preaching of ,christ was wholly unworldly4 ,he sternly repressed the earthly ambitions of his disciples1 and declared that1 as the world hated him1 it would also hate those who believed in him4 ,they would be outcasts for his name's sake2 if this life were all1 they of all men would be most miserable4 ,indeed1 he rarely speaks of human happiness in the customary sense2 he passes over what might be said in favor of this life1 and brings out in bold relief its vanity and unsatisfactoriness4 ,he draws no pictures of domestic bliss1 and says but little of even innocent pleasures or those temporal blessings which are so sweet to all2 and as he taught that worldly prosperity is no evidence of ,god's favor1 he was careful to correct the error of those who looked upon misfortune as a proof of guilt1 as in the case of the man born blind and of those upon whom a tower had fallen4 ,christ was poor1 his apostles were poor1 his disciples were poor1 nearly all the ,christians of the first ages were poor2 and yet every day we hear men talk as though they considered poverty and ,christianity incompatible4 ,this is manifestly the opinion of ,m4 de ,laveleye4 ,his argument may be stated in this way3 ,england and ,scotland are rich1 ,ireland is poor4 ,the ,protestant cantons of ,switzerland are rich1 the ,catholic are poor4 8,in the ,united ,states10 says ,de ,tocqueville1 8the greater part of the ,catholics are poor40 ,in fact1 wherever the two religions exist together1 the ,protestants are more active1 more industrious1 and consequently richer than the ,catholics4 ,this is the substance of what is spread over a dozen pages of the pamphlet4 ,the conclusion is not difficult to draw3 ,protestants are richer than ,catholics1 and therefore better ,christians4 8,no man can serve two masters10 said ,christ3 8you cannot serve ,god and ,mammon40 ,on the contrary1 says ,m4 de ,laveleye1 the success with which you worship ,mammon is the best proof that you serve ,god truly4 ,of course it would be foreign to ,m4 de ,laveleye's purpose to stop to inquire whether the poverty of ,ireland be due to the ,catholic faith of her people or to the rapacity and misgovernment of ,england2 whether that of the ,catholic cantons of ,switzerland might not be accounted for by the fact that they are mountainous1 with an inhospitable climate and a barren soil2 and whether even ,m4 de ,tocqueville's assertion that the greater part of the ,catholics of the ,united ,states are poor might not be satisfactorily explained by stating that the greater part of them are emigrants who have recently landed upon these shores without a superabundance of this world's goods4 ,he had also good reasons1 while treating this part of his subject1 for not looking nearer home4 ,he had in ,belgium1 under his very eye1 one of the most thrifty1 industrious1 and prosperous peoples of ,europe1 and at the same time one of the most ,catholic4 ,why did he not compare the wealth of ,belgium with that of ,sweden or ,denmark8 ,why did he not say a word about ,catholic ,france1 whose wealth and thrift cannot be denied4 ,he does1 indeed1 make mention of two ,french manufacturing towns1 in which1 he states1 on the authority of ,m4 ,audiganne1 the capitalists are for the most part ,protestants1 whilst the operatives are ,catholics2 though what this has to do with any debatable question between ,catholicism and ,protestantism is not easily seen4 ,the assertion 7p4 #ad7 that 8wherever the two religions co-exist in the same country the ,protestants are more active1 more industrious1 more economical1 and consequently richer than the ,catholics10 is not borne out by facts4 ,a single example will suffice to show how rash ,m4 de ,laveleye has been in making so wide an affirmation4 ,the ,catholics of the ,rhine ,province are universally acknowledged to be among the most thrifty and enterprising populations of ,prussia1 and are far richer than1 for instance1 the ,protestants of ,pomerania4 ,it would not be difficult1 by adopting ,m4 de ,laveleye's mode of reasoning1 to turn his whole argument on this point against his own position4 ,whether or not national wealth1 we might say1 is evidence of orthodox ,christian faith1 there can be no doubt but that the ,christian religion is favorable to even the temporal interests of the lowest and most degraded classes of society4 ,its doctrines on the brotherhood of the race and the equality of all before ,god first inspired worthy notions of the dignity of man4 ,then the sympathy which it created for the poor1 the suffering1 and the oppressed naturally set men to work to devise means for the relief of human misery4 ,it is to its influence that we must ascribe the abolition of slavery1 the elevation of woman1 and the thousand ministries which in ,christian lands attend on the wretched and the weak4 ,we must infer that those nations in which this influence is most powerful--which1 in other words1 are most truly ,christian--will have1 in proportion to their population1 the smallest class of human beings cursed by the worst plague known to modern civilization1 bearing with it1 as it does1 a threefold degradation1 moral1 physical1 and social4 ,we of course refer to pauperism4 ,now1 in ,england1 from whose wealth ,m4 de ,laveleye would infer the superiority of her religion1 we find that this pauper class1 compared with the whole population1 is as #a to #bc2 whereas in ,ireland1 which is poor--and1 according to this theory1 for that reason under the ban of a false religion--there is but #a pauper to #ij inhabitants2 in other words1 pauperism is four times more common in ,england than in ,ireland4 ,now1 whether we refer this fact to ,england's wealth or to ,england's religion--and in ,m4 de ,laveleye's opinion they are correlative--our conclusion must be either that the influence of the ,christian religion1 which necessarily tends to promote the temporal well-being of the most degraded classes of society1 is less felt in ,england than in ,ireland1 or else that national wealth is hurtful to the interests of these same classes1 and consequently opposed to the true ,christian spirit2 and in either case we have ,catholic ,ireland more fairly ,christian than ,protestant ,england4 ,we would not have our readers think for a moment that we are seriously of the opinion that our argument proves anything at all4 ,we give it merely as a specimen of the way in which the reasoning of this pamphlet may be turned against its own conclusions1 though1 in fact1 we have done the work too respectably4 ,we cannot forget1 if ,m4 de ,laveleye does1 that1 of all sciences1 the social--if1 indeed1 it may be said as yet to exist at all--is the most complex and the most difficult to master4 ,the phenomena which it presents for observation are so various1 so manifold1 and so vast1 our means of observation are so limited1 our methods so unsatisfactory1 and our prejudices so fatal1 that only the thoughtless or the rash will tread without suspicion or doubt upon ground so uncertain and so little explored4 ,m4 de ,laveleye himself furnishes us an example of how easily we may go astray1 even when the way seems plain4 8,sectarian passions10 he writes 7p4 #aa71 8or anti religious prejudice have been too often imported into the study of these questions4 ,it is time that we should apply to it the method of observation and the scientific impartiality of the physiologist and the naturalist4 ,when the facts are once established irrefragable conclusions will follow4 ,it is admitted that the ,scotch and ,irish are of the same origin4 ,both have become subject to the ,english yoke4 ,until the ,x,v,ith century ,ireland was much more civilized than ,scotland4 ,during the first part of the middle ages the ,emerald ,isle was a focus of civilization1 while ,scotland was still a den of barbarians4 ,since the ,scotch have embraced the ,reformation1 they have outrun even the ,english4''' ,ireland1 on the other hand1 devoted to ultramontanism1 is poor1 miserable1 agitated by the spirit of rebellion1 and seems incapable of raising herself by her own strength40 ,the conclusion which is drawn from all this1 joined with such other facts as the late victories of ,prussia over ,austria and ,france1 is that 8,protestantism is more favorable than ,catholicism to the development of nations40 ,we may as well pause to examine this passage1 which1 both with regard to the statement of facts and to the interpretation put upon them1 fairly represents the style and method of the pamphlet before us4 8,it is admitted that the ,scotch and ,irish are of the same origin40 ,this is true1 as here stated1 only in the sense that both are descended of ,adam2 and hence it would have been as much to the point to affirm that all the nations of the earth are of the same origin4 ,the ,scots were1 indeed1 an ,irish tribe2 but when they invaded ,caledonia1 they found it in the possession of the ,picts1 of whom whether they were of ,celtic or ,teutonic race is still undecided4 ,the power of the ,scots themselves declined in the ,x,i,ith century1 when ,scotland fell under the influence of the ,anglo-,norman ,conquest1 and the ,celtic population either withdrew towards the north1 or1 by intermarriage with the conquerors1 formed a new type2 so that the people of that country are even yet divided into two great and distinct stocks differing from each other in language1 manners1 and dress4 8,until the ,x,v,ith century10 continues ,m4 de ,laveleye1 8,ireland was much more civilized than ,scotland4 ,during the first part of the middle ages the ,emerald ,isle was a focus of civilization1 while ,scotland was still a den of barbarians40 ,now1 it was precisely in those ages in which ,ireland was 8a focus of civilization0 that the ,catholic faith of her people shone brightest4 ,it was then that convents sprang up over the whole island2 that the sweet songs of sacred psalmody1 which so touched the soul of ,columba1 were heard in her groves and vales2 that the sword was sheathed1 and all her people were smitten with the high love of holy life and were eager to drink at the fountains of knowledge4 ,it was then that she sent her apostles to ,scotland1 to ,england1 to ,france1 to ,germany1 to ,switzerland1 and to far-off ,sicily2 nor did she remit her efforts in behalf of civilization until the invading ,danes forced her children to defend at once their country and their faith4 ,but let us follow ,m4 de ,laveleye3 8,since the ,scotch have embraced the reformed religion1 they have outrun even the ,english4''' ,ireland1 on the other hand1 devoted to ultramontanism1 is poor1 miserable1 agitated by the spirit of rebellion1 and seems incapable of raising herself by her own strength40 ,we cannot think that ,mr4 ,gladstone had read this passage when he requested the author to have his pamphlet translated into ,english2 for we cannot believe that he is prepared to lay the misfortunes of ,ireland to the influence of the ,catholic faith upon her people1 and not to the cruelty and misgovernment of ,england4 ,the ,irish ,catholics are reproached with their poverty1 when for two hundred years the ,english government made it a crime for them to own anything4 ,they are taunted with their misery1 when for two centuries they lived under a code which placed them outside the pale of humanity2 of which ,lord ,brougham said that it was so ingeniously contrived that an ,irish ,catholic could not lift up his hand without breaking it2 which ,edmund ,burke denounced as the most proper machine ever invented by the wit of man to disgrace a realm and degrade a people2 and of which ,montesquieu wrote that it must have been contrived by devils1 ought to have been written in blood and registered in hell6 ,ireland is found fault with because she is agitated with the spirit of rebellion1 when even to think of the wrongs she has suffered makes the blood to boil4 ,is it astonishing that she should be poor when ,england1 with set purpose1 destroyed her commerce and ruined her manufacturing interests1 fostering at the same time a policy fatal to agriculture1 the aim of which1 it would seem1 was to force the ,irish to emigrate1 that the whole island might be turned into a grazing ground for the supply of the ,english markets8 8,what a contrast10 further remarks ,m4 de ,laveleye 7p4 #ab71 8even in ,ireland1 between the exclusively ,catholic ,connaught and ,ulster1 where ,protestantism prevails60 ,mr4 ,gladstone certainly cannot be surprised at this contrast1 nor will he seek its explanation in the baneful influence of the ,catholic ,church4 ,he at least knows the history of ,cromwell's invasion of ,ireland2 he has read of the massacres of ,drogheda and ,wexford2 he knows the fate of the eighty thousand ,catholic ,irishmen whom ,cromwell drove into the ports of ,munster1 and shipped like cattle to the sugar plantations of the ,barbadoes1 there to be sold as slaves2 nor is he ignorant of what was in store for those ,irish ,catholics who were still left2 of how they were driven out of ,ulster1 ,munster1 and ,leinster across the ,shannon into ,connaught--that is1 into the bogs and wild wastes of the most desolate part of ,ireland--there to die of hunger or cold1 or to survive as best they might4 ,five-sixths of the ,catholics had perished2 the remainder were driven into barren ,connaught2 the ,protestants settled on the rich lands of ,ulster1 ,munster1 and ,leinster2 and now here comes good ,m4 de ,laveleye to find that ,connaught is poor because it is ,catholic1 and ,ulster is rich because it is ,protestant4 ,but we must not forget ,scotland4 8,since the ,scotch10 says ,m4 de ,laveleye1 8have embraced the reformed religion1 they have outrun even the ,english40 ,we shall take no pains to discover whether or in what respect1 or how far the ,scotch surpass the ,english4 ,the meaning of the words which we have just quoted is evidently this3 ,the progress which the ,scotch have made during the last three centuries1 in wealth and the other elements of material greatness1 must be ascribed to the influence of the ,protestant religion4 ,to avoid even the suspicion of unfairness in discussing this part of the subject1 we shall quote the words of an author who devoted much time and research to the study of the character and tendencies of ,scotch ,presbyterianism1 and whose deeply-rooted dislike of the ,catholic ,church is well known3 8,to be poor10 says ,buckle 7,history of ,civilization1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cad71 describing the doctrines of the ,scotch divines of the ,x,v,i,ith century--8to be poor1 dirty1 and hungry2 to pass through life in misery and to leave it with fear2 to be plagued with boils and sores and diseases of every kind2 to be always sighing and groaning2 to have the face streaming with tears and the chest heaving with sobs2 in a word1 to suffer constant affliction and to be tormented in all possible ways--to undergo these things was a proof of goodness just as the contrary was a proof of evil4 ,it mattered not what a man liked1 the mere fact of his liking it made it sinful4 ,whatever was natural was wrong4 ,the clergy deprived the people of their holidays1 their amusements1 their shows1 their games1 and their sports2 they repressed every appearance of joy1 they forbade all merriment1 they stopped all festivities1 they choked up every avenue by which pleasure could enter1 and they spread over the country an universal gloom4 ,then truly did darkness sit on the land4 ,men in their daily actions and in their every looks became troubled1 melancholy1 and ascetic4 ,their countenance soured and was downcast4 ,not only their opinions1 but their gait1 their demeanor1 their voice1 their general aspect1 were influenced by that deadly blight which nipped all that was genial and warm4 ,the way of life fell into the sere and yellow leaf2 its tints gradually deepened2 its bloom faded and passed off2 its spring1 its freshness1 and its beauty were gone2 joy and love either disappeared or were forced to hide themselves in obscure corners1 until at length the fairest and most endearing parts of our nature1 being constantly repressed1 ceased to bear fruit and seemed to be withered into perpetual sterility4 ,thus it was that the national character of the ,scotch was in the ,x,v,i,ith century dwarfed and mutilated4''' ,they the ,scotch divines sought to destroy not only human pleasures1 but human affections4 ,they held that our affections are necessarily connected with our lusts1 and that we must therefore wean ourselves from them as earthly vanities4 ,a ,christian had no business with love or sympathy4 ,he had his own soul to attend to1 and that was enough for him4 ,let him look to himself4 ,on ,sunday1 in particular1 he must never think of benefiting others2 and the ,scotch clergy did not hesitate to teach the people that on that day it was sinful to save a vessel in distress1 and that it was a proof of religion to leave ship and crew to perish4 ,they might go2 none but their wives and children would suffer1 and that was nothing in comparison with breaking the ,sabbath4 ,so1 too did the clergy teach that on no occasion must food or shelter be given to a starving man1 unless his opinions were orthodox4 ,what need for him to live8 ,indeed1 they taught that it was a sin to tolerate his notions at all1 and that the proper course was to visit him with sharp and immediate punishment4 ,going yet farther1 they broke the domestic ties and set parents against their offspring4 ,they taught the father to smite the unbelieving child1 and to slay his own boy sooner than to allow him to propagate error4 ,as if this were not enough1 they tried to extirpate another affection1 even more sacred and more devoted still4 ,they laid their rude and merciless hands on the holiest passion of which our nature is capable--the love of a mother for her son4''' ,to hear of such things is enough to make one's blood surge again1 and raise a tempest in our inmost nature4 ,but to have seen them1 to have lived in the midst of them1 and yet not to have rebelled against them1 is to us utterly inconceivable1 and proves in how complete a thraldom the ,scotch were held1 and how thoroughly their minds as well as their bodies were enslaved40 ,the ,x,v,i,ith century1 which was the golden age of ,french literature1 and also of the ,catholic ,church in ,france1 threw almost total darkness over ,scotland1 which during that period was most completely under the power of ,protestantism4 ,the clergy governed the nation2 they were the only men of real influence2 and yet there was no philosophy1 no science1 no poetry1 no literature worth reading4 8,from the ,restoration10 says ,laing1 8down to the ,union the only author of any eminence whom ,scotland produced was ,burnet40 ,if the thrift and industry of the ,scotch are due to ,protestantism1 to what shall we ascribe the enterprise and commerce of the ,catholic republics of ,venice and ,genoa during the middle ages8 ,if ,england's wealth to-day comes from the ,reformation1 how shall we account for that of ,spain in the ,x,v,ith and ,x,v,i,ith centuries8 ,and if the decline of ,spain has been brought about by the ,catholic faith1 to what cause shall we assign that of ,holland1 who in the ,x,v,i,ith century ruled the seas and did the carrying trade of ,europe8 ,m4 de ,laveleye's way of accounting for the prosperity of nations is certainly simple1 but we doubt whether it would satisfy any respectable schoolboy4 ,unfortunately for such as he1 there is no rule of three by which social problems may be solved4 ,race1 climate1 soil1 political organization1 and many other causes1 working through ever-varying combinations1 must all be considered if we would understand the history of material progress4 ,as labor is the most fruitful cause of wealth1 there is a necessary relation between national wealth and national habits1 which are the outcome of a thousand influences1 one of the most powerful of which undoubtedly is religious faith4 ,but who does not know that climate influences labor1 not only by enervating or invigorating the laborer1 but also by the effect it produces on the regularity of his habits8 ,if the ,italian loves the dolce far niente1 while the ,new ,englander makes haste to grow rich as though some demon whom gold could bribe pursued him1 shall we find the secret of their peculiar characters in their religious faith or in the climate in which they live1 or shall we not rather seek it in a combination of causes1 physical and moral8 ,we have assuredly no thought of denying the intimate connection which exists between faith and character or between a nation's religion and its civilization4 ,we are willing even to affirm that not only the general superiority of ,christian nations1 but their superior wealth also1 is in great measure attributable to their religion4 ,and now1 bidding adieu to ,m4 de ,laveleye for a while1 we propose to discuss this subject1 to which we have already alluded1 somewhat more fully4 ,christianity certainly does not measure either the greatness or the happiness of a people by its wealth1 nor does it take as its ideal that state of society in which 8the millionaire is the one sole god0 and commerce is all in all2 in which 8only the ledger lives1 and only not all men lie40 ,whether we consider individuals or associations of men1 the ,catholic ,church does not hold and cannot hold that material interests are the highest4 ,to be noble1 to be true1 to be humble1 to be pure1 is1 in her view1 better than to be rich4 ,man is more than money1 which is good only in so far as it serves to develop his higher nature4 8,the whole aim of man is to be happy10 says ,bossuet4 8,place happiness where it ought to be1 and it is the source of all good2 but the source of all evil is to place it where it ought not to be40 8,it is evident10 says ,s4 ,thomas1 8that the happiness of man cannot lie in riches4 ,wealth is sought after only as a support of human life4 ,it cannot be the end of man2 on the contrary1 man is its end4''' ,the longing1 moreover1 for the highest good is infinite4 ,the more it is possessed1 the more it is loved and the more all else is despised2 for the more it is possessed1 the better is it known4 ,with riches this is not the case4 ,no sooner are they ours than they are despised1 or used as means to some other end2 and this1 as it shows their imperfect nature1 is proof that in them the highest good is not to be found40 ,if wealth is not the highest good of individuals1 is it of nations8 ,what is the ideal of society8 ,the study of the laws which govern national life must necessarily begin with this question1 which all who have dealt with the subject1 from ,plato to ,comte and ,mill1 have sought to answer4 ,it is manifest that each one's attempt to solve this problem will be based upon his views on the previous question3 ,what is the ideal of man8 ,this1 in turn1 will be answered according to each one's notions of the ideal of ,god2 and here we have the secret of the phenomenon which so surprised ,proudhon--the necessary connection between religion and society1 theology and politics4 ,is there a ,god1 personal1 distinct from nature8 ,or is nature the only god1 and science her prophet8 ,it is right here at this central point that men are dividing2 it is here we must place ourselves1 if we would view the two great armies that in all ,christendom are gathering for a supreme conflict4 ,there is a form of infidelity in our day--and it is the one into which all unbelief must ultimately resolve itself--which starts with this assumption3 8,whether or not there is a ,god must for ever remain unknown to man40 ,it reasons in this way3 8,this whole subject belongs within the region1 not only of the unknown1 but of the unknowable4 ,it is an insoluble riddle1 and the philosophies and theologies which have sought to unravel it1 if only idle1 might deserve nothing more than contempt2 but they have been the bane of human thought1 have soured all the sweetness of life1 and therefore ought to be visited with the execration of mankind4 ,since religion is a subject about which nothing can be known1 what is so absurd as to spend time upon it8 ,what so absurd as to divert the thoughts of men from subjects in which thinking is fruitful to those in which it must for ever remain barren of all except evil results8 ,what so absurd as to set them working for a future life1 of which we can never know whether it exists at all1 when we might at least teach them how to make the present one worth having8 ,the paradise of the future1 which the prophetic eye of science can already descry1 is in the world1 not beyond it2 and to seek to hasten its approach is the highest and only worthy object in life40 ,as we take it1 this is the creed of modern unbelief1 to which as yet few will openly subscribe1 but toward which all its hundred conflicting schools of thought are moving4 ,few men indeed are able to perceive the logical outcome of their opinions1 and still fewer have the courage to confess what they more than half suspect4 ,this superstition is a return to the nature-worship of paganism1 but under a different aspect4 ,of old1 nature was worshipped as revealed to sense1 and now as revealed to thought2 then as beautiful1 now as true or useful4 ,the first was artistic1 and form was its symbol2 the last is scientific1 and law is its expression4 ,the religion of humanity is only a phase of this worship2 for in it man is considered1 not as the child of ,god1 but as the product of nature4 ,and now what has this to do with the ideal of society or the wealth of nations8 ,at the basis of all social organization lies morality1 as it is by conduct that both individuals and nations are saved or lost4 ,the history of the human race shows that religion and morality are intimately related4 ,that there have been good atheists does not affect the truth of this proposition any more than that there have been bad ,christians4 ,men are usually better or worse than their principles2 practice and profession rarely accord2 and this is remarked because it ought not to exist4 ,conduct1 to be rational1 should be motived1 and consequently referable to certain general principles by which it is justified4 ,to be particular1 a man who believes in ,god1 the ,creator1 a ,father as just as he is good1 has fundamental motives of action which are wanting to the atheist4 ,the one should seek to approve himself to his heavenly ,father2 the other cannot go farther than conform to the laws of nature4 ,to the one this life1 as compared with that which is to be1 is of value only as it relates to it2 to the other it is all in all4 ,and since the ultimate end of society is the welfare of the associated1 the one will regard this end from a transcendental point of view1 taking in time and eternity2 the other will consider it merely with reference to man's present state4 ,their notions of life1 of its ends1 aims1 and proper surroundings1 will be radically different4 ,suppose for a moment that religious beliefs are mere dreams1 fancies of sick brains2 is it not at once manifest that human life is a much poorer and sorrier thing than it is commonly thought to be8 ,as the light of heaven fades away1 do not all things grow dark1 leaving us in the shadow of death1 despairing or debauched1 sullen or frantic8 ,the poet's dream1 the mother's fond hope1 the heart's deep yearning1 the mind's flight towards the infinite1 all become flat1 meaningless1 and unprofitable4 ,men are simply animals chained to this clod1 too happy if the heaven-seeking eye permitted them to see it alone4 ,trouble1 danger1 and physical pain are the only evils1 and virtue is the sharp-sighted prudence which enables us to avoid them4 ,self-denial is not only useless1 it is irrational4 ,our appetites are good and ought to be indulged4 ,nothing1 of its own nature1 is sinful2 excess alone is wrong2 all indulgence1 provided it hurt no one1 is good--nay1 it is necessary4 ,whoever denies any one of his appetites the food it craves cripples himself1 is maimed and incomplete4 8,he may be a monk2 he may be a saint2 but a man he is not40 ,when these views are transferred to questions of political economy and social organization1 they lead to materialistic and utilitarian theories4 ,society must be organized on the basis of positivism2 the problem of the future is how to give to the greatest number of individuals the best opportunities of indulgence1 the greatest amount of comfort1 with the least amount of pain4 ,this is the greatest-happiness principle of ,bentham and ,mill4 ,culture1 of course1 intellectual and sthetic1 as affording the purest pleasure1 must form a feature of this society2 but its distinctive characteristic is wealth1 which is both the means and the opportunity of indulgence4 8,we constantly hear of the evils of wealth10 says ,buckle1 8and of the sinfulness of loving money2 although it is certain that1 after the love of knowledge1 there is no one passion which has done so much good to mankind as the love of money40 8,if we open our eyes10 says ,strauss1#bbi 8and are honest enough to avow what they show us1 we must acknowledge that the entire activity and aspiration of the civilized nations of our time is based on views of life which run directly counter to those entertained by ,christ4 ,the ratio of value between the here and the hereafter is exactly reversed2 and this is by no means the result of the merely luxurious and so-called materialistic tendencies of our age1 nor even of its marvellous progress in technical and industrial improvements4''' ,all that is best and happiest which has been achieved by us has been attainable only on the basis of a conception which regarded this present world as by no means despicable1 but rather as man's proper field of labor1 as the sum total of the aims to which his efforts should be directed4 ,if1 from the force of habit1 a certain proportion of workers in this field still carry the belief in an hereafter along with them1 it is nevertheless a mere shadow1 which attends their footsteps without exercising any determining influence on their actions40 ,this is the cosmic religion1 which is preached as 8the new faith1 the religion of the future40 ,this world is all in all--let us make the most of it2 or1 as the pagans of old put it3 8,let us eat and drink1 for to-morrow we die40 ,in its essence it is sensualism2 in its manifestations it will be refined or coarse1 according to the dispositions of the persons by whom it is accepted4 ,now its worship will be accompanied with music and song and dance2 at other times it will sink to those orgies in which man becomes only an unnatural animal4 ,let us now turn to the ,christian religion1 and consider its teachings in their bearing upon the subject we are discussing4 ,they are the very opposite of those which we have just read1 and proceed from principles which are in direct contradiction to the cosmic philosophy4 ,god is the highest1 the ,creator of all things1 which are of value only as they relate to him and are in harmony with the laws of his being4 ,the earth is but the threshold of heaven or of hell1 as the case may be4 ,this life is a preparation for a future one1 which is eternal2 and all human interests1 whether individual or social1 to be rightly understood1 must be viewed in their relation to this truth4 ,man is essentially a moral being1 and duty1 which is often in conflict with pleasure1 is his supreme law4 ,he is under the action of antagonistic forces2 seeing the better and approving it1 he is drawn to love the worse and to do it4 ,thus self-denial becomes the condition of virtue1 and warfare with himself his only assurance of victory4 8,but he said to all3 ,if any one wishes to come after me1 let him deny himself1 take up his cross every day1 and follow me40 ,wealth1 which is the world's great slave and idol1 and universal procurator of the senses1 though in itself not evil1 is yet a hindrance to the highest spiritual life4 8,if thou wouldst be perfect1 go sell what thou hast1 and give it to the poor1 and thou shall have treasure in heaven3 and come and follow me40 ,as duty is the supreme law of the individual1 it follows that we must seek the ideal of society in the moral order1 to which all other social interests should be made subservient1 or else they will beget only an unbounded and lawless activity4 ,even education is valuable only in so far as it gives man a deeper sense of his responsibility to ,god1 and enables him more thoroughly to understand and perform his duty4 ,the social problem as between ,christianity and modern paganism may be stated in this way3 is it the end of society to grow strong in virtue through self-denial1 or to increase indefinitely the means and opportunity of indulgence8 ,on which side is progress1 on which decline8 ,we cannot now go farther into this subject1 but before leaving it we wish to quote the words of ,fitzjames ,stephen1 who will hardly be called a ,christian1 on modern progress4 8,i suspect10 he says1#bcj 8that in many ways it has been a progress from strength to weakness2 that people are more sensitive1 less enterprising and ambitious1 less earnestly desirous to get what they want1 and more afraid of pain1 both for themselves and others1 than they used to be4 ,if this should be so1 it appears to me that all other gains1 whether in wealth1 knowledge1 or humanity1 afford no equivalent4 ,strength1 in all its forms1 is life and manhood4 ,to be less strong is to be less a man1 whatever else you may be4 ,this suspicion prevents me1 for one1 from feeling any enthusiasm about progress1 but ,i do not undertake to say it is well founded4''' ,i do not myself see that our mechanical inventions have increased the general vigor of men's characters1 though they have no doubt increased enormously our control over nature4 ,the greater part of our humanity appears to me to be a mere increase of nervous sensibility in which ,i feel no satisfaction at all40 ,the general superiority1 and even the greater wealth1 of ,christian nations as compared with others we would attribute1 in great part at least1 to the influence of their religious faith1 to which they owe their sentiments on the dignity and sacredness of human nature in itself1 apart from surroundings2 on the substantial equality of all men before ,god1 which tends to produce as its counterpart the equality of all before the law1 thus leading to the abolition of slavery1 the elevation of woman1 and the protection of childhood4 ,to it also they owe their ideas on the family1 which1 in its constitutive ,christian elements1 lies at the very foundation of our civilization4 ,to ,christianity they owe the principles of universal charity and compassion1 which have revolutionized the relations of social life2 and1 finally1 to it they are indebted for the rehabilitation of labor1 the chief source of wealth1 which the pagan nations looked upon as degrading4 8,i cannot say10 writes ,herodotus1 8whether the ,greeks get their contempt for labor from the ,egyptians2 for ,i find the same prejudice among the ,thracians1 the ,scythians1 the ,persians1 and the ,lydians40 8,the ,germans10 says ,tacitus1 8cannot bear to remain quiet1 but they love to be idle2 they hold it base and unworthy of them to acquire by their sweat what they can purchase with their blood40 ,in the same way the ,gauls looked upon labor with contempt4 ,we shall have to take up ,m4 de ,laveleye's pamphlet again2 for the present we lay it aside with the following remark3 ,if we should grant1 to the fullest1 all that is here said about the greater wealth and material prosperity of ,protestant as compared with ,catholic nations what are we thence to conclude8 ,shall we say that the greed of gain which is so marked a feature in the populations of ,england and the ,united ,states is at once the result and proof of true ,christian faith8 ,may it not be barely possible that the value of material progress is exaggerated8 ,is there not danger lest1 when man shall have made matter the willing slave of all his passions1 he should find that he has become the creature of this slave8 ,however this may be1 might not a ,catholic find some consolation in the words of ,holy ,writ8 8,and the angel that spoke in me1 said to me3 ,cry thou1 saying1 ,thus saith the ,lord of hosts3 ,i am zealous for ,jerusalem and ,sion with a great zeal4 ,and ,i am angry with a great anger with the nations that are rich2 for ,i was angry a little1 but they helped forward the evil40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,baronet ,,is ,,relieved4--,a ,,case ,,of ,,mistaken ,,identity4 ,the night was wild and stormy4 ,the wind had risen to a hurricane1 and drove the rain in ,raymond's face as he walked home through the park4 ,it was driving the grass in cold ripples over the fields1 and tossing the trees about as if it would break them4 ,columns of black clouds were trooping over the sky1 and the moon broke through them as if she were pursued by the wind and flying for her life4 ,raymond was a long time getting to the cottage4 ,great gusts swept up from the valley1 staggering him1 so that he had to stand every now and then and cling to a tree until it passed4 ,then the rain beat against his face so that he could hardly profit by the fitful gleams of the moon as she dipped in and out of the clouds4 ,he was dripping wet when he got to his own door and let himself in with his latch-key4 ,he took off his coat1 hanging it in the hall1 and lighted his candle4 ,franceline had left it close to his hand with a match4 ,mechanically he walked up to his room and began to divest himself of his drenched clothing4 ,he hardly noticed that they were soaking and that he was wet through2 he was flushed and heated as if he had come straight from a hot room4 ,how the blast roared and shrieked1 beating against the cottage till it rocked like a ship at sea1 and trying the windows till they cracked and groaned6 ,it whistled through the chinks so that the flimsy red curtain fluttered as if the window had been open4 ,raymond pushed it aside and opened the shutters1 and looked out4 ,the night was inky black1 above and below1 except when a star flickered in and out like a gas-jet swept by the wind1 and showed the river like a bit of steel1 as it flashed and quivered under the pelting rain and hurried away into blacker distance4 ,all this angry roar was better than music to ,raymond4 ,the fury of the elements seemed to comfort him4 ,nature was in sympathy with him4 ,it was kind of her to be angry and disturbed when he was so distraught4 ,nature had more heart than his fellow-men4 ,these were talking over his despair quietly enough now--mocking him1 very likely2 but the world around was shaken1 and tossed1 and driven in sympathy with him4 ,a great gust came swelling up from the river1 growing louder and heavier as it drew near1 till1 gathering itself up like a mountainous wave1 it burst with a crash against the cottage4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonias leaped back1 and1 with a sudden impulse of terror1 flew out into the landing1 and knocked at ,anglique's door2 but the sonorous breathing of the old servant reassured him that all was right there and in the room beyond4 ,it was pitch dark1 but the reflection from his own open door showed ,franceline's standing wide open4 ,he listened1 but everything was silent there4 ,he stole noiselessly back to his room and closed the door1 without disturbing either of the sleepers4 ,the storm had reached its crisis1 and gradually subsided after this1 until the wind was spent and died away in long1 low wails behind the woods1 and the moon drifted above the tattered clouds that were sweeping toward the east1 leaving a portion of the sky stainless1 with stars flashing out brightly4 ,raymond put out his candle and went to bed4 ,under ordinary circumstances he would probably have paid for the night's adventure by an attack of bronchitis or rheumatic fever2 but the mental fever that had been devouring him warded off every other1 and when he came down next morning he was neither ill nor ailing4 ,franceline1 like her bonne1 had slept through the storm1 and they were quite astonished to hear what an awful night it had been1 and to see the fields strewn with great branches in every direction1 gates torn up1 and other evidences of the night's work4 ,but they saw no traces of another tempest that was raging still in a human soul close by them4 ,nothing betrayed its existence1 and they guessed nothing--so securely does this living wall of flesh screen the secrets of the spirit from every outside gaze6 ,passions rise up in hearts whose pulses we fondly imagine close and familiar to us as our own1 and the winds blow and the waves run high and make wild havoc there1 turning life into darkness and despair1 or1 at the whisper of the ,master's voice1 illuminating it as suddenly with a flood of sunshine2 and we are blind and deaf to these things1 and remain as 8a stranger to our brother40 ,and mercifully so4 ,many a battle is won that would have been lost if it had not been fought alone4 ,we hinder each other by our pity1 perhaps1 as often as we help4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,simon had very little appetite for his breakfast when he came down next morning1 sick at heart after a sleepless night1 and found the pleasant meal thoughtfully spread in his favorite room1 the library1 with the table wheeled close to his arm-chair on the right side of the hearth4 ,it all looked the very picture of comfort and refinement and elegance4 ,but the cup was doubly poisoned to him now2 last night's adventure had added the last drop of bitterness to it4 ,he could not think of ,raymond without a poignant pang4 ,he suspected--and he was right--that ,raymond was thinking of him1 wondering whether it was really all over with him this time1 and whether he was bankrupt and his estate in the fangs of the creditors2 and whether he was driving away from the ,court never to see it again2 or whether once more1 for the hundred and ninety-ninth time1 he had weathered the storm and was still afloat--even though on a raft4 ,raymond would have scarcely believed it if any one had informed him that he had been the instrument of destroying ,sir ,simon's one chance of escape2 that he had snatched the last plank from him in his shipwreck4 ,it may have been an imaginary one1 and ,sir ,simon1 after the fashion of drowning men1 may have been catching at a straw2 but now that it was snatched from him1 he was more than ever convinced that it had been a solid plank which would have borne him securely to shore4 ,he did not ask himself whether ,mr4 ,plover would have entered into his plans1 and whether1 supposing he found it his interest to do so1 his fortune would have been equal to the demand2 he only considered what might have been1 and what was not2 and thinking of this1 his indulgent pity for ,m4 de la ,bourbonais shrank in the bitter reflection that he had ruined not only himself but his friend irretrievably4 ,they were pretty much in the same boat now4 ,sir ,simon's self-made delusions had cleared away wonderfully within the last forty-eight hours4 ,he drew no comparison to his own advantage between ,raymond's actual position and his own4 ,if ,m4 de la ,bourbonais was a thief in the technical sense of the word1 he1 ,sir ,simon1 was a bankrupt2 and a bankrupt1 under certain conditions1 may mean a swindler4 ,he had been a swindler for years2 his life had been a sham these twenty years1 and he had not the excuse of circumstances to fall back on2 he had been dishonest from extravagance and sheer want of principle4 8,take it first and afford it afterwards0 had been his theory1 and he had lived up to it1 and now the day of reckoning had arrived4 ,many a time he had said1 half in jest1 that ,raymond was the richer man of the two4 ,raymond used to laugh mildly at the notion1 but it was true4 ,an ambitious1 extravagant man and a contented poor one are pretty much on a level3 the one possesses everything he does not want2 the other wants everything he does not possess4 ,the unprincipled spend-thrift and the high-minded1 struggling man were then on an equality of fortune1 or rather the latter was virtually the wealthier of the two4 ,but now the distinction was washed out4 ,the proud consciousness of unstained honor and innermost self-respect which had hitherto sustained ,m4 de la ,bourbonais and sweetened the cup of poverty to him was gone4 ,he was a blighted man1 who could never hold up his head again amongst his fellow-men4 8,good ,god6 what delirium possessed him8 ,how could he be so infatuated1 so stupid60 broke out ,sir ,simon1 giving vent to what was passing through his mind4 8,but10 he added presently1 8he was not accountable4 ,i believe grief and anxiety drove him mad40 ,then he recalled that answer of ,raymond's1 that had sounded so untrue at the time3 8,yes1 ,i can fancy myself giving way1 if the temptation took a certain form1 and if ,i were left to my own strength40 ,the words sounded now like a prophecy4 ,of course we all know that1 according to the canons of poetical justice1 the brave1 suffering man should have been in some unexpected way succored in his extremity2 that some angel in visible or invisible form should have been sent to hold him up from slipping into the pit that despair had dug for him2 and that1 on the other hand1 the wicked spendthrift should have been left to eat the bread of righteous retribution1 and suffer the just penalty of his evil behavior4 ,but poetical justice and the facts of real life do not always agree4 ,sir ,simon1 after walking up and down the library1 chewing the cud of bitter thoughts until he was sick of it1 bethought himself that as breakfast was there he might as well try and eat it before it got cold4 ,so he sat down and poured out his coffee1 and then1 by mere force of habit1 and without the faintest glimmer of interest1 began to turn over the bundle of letters piled up beside the ,times on the table4 ,one after another was tossed away contemptuously4 ,the duns might cry till they were hoarse now2 he need not trouble about them2 he would be at least that much the gainer by his disgrace4 ,suddenly his eye lighted on an envelope that was not addressed in the well-known hand of the race of duns1 but in ,clide de ,winton's1 and it bore the ,london postmark4 ,the thought of ,clide generally produced on ,sir ,simon the effect of a needle run through the left side2 but he took up this letter with a strange thrill of expectation4 ,he opened it1 and a change came over his face2 it was not joy--it was too uncertain1 too tremulous yet for that4 ,he must read it again before he trusted to the first impression2 he must make sure that he was not dreaming1 and the words that danced like a will-o'-the-wisp before his eyes were real1 written with real ink1 on real paper4 ,at last he dropped the letter1 and a heartier prayer than he had uttered since his childhood came from him3 8,my ,god1 ,i thank thee6 ,i have not deserved this mercy1 but ,i will try to deserve it40 ,he buried his face in his hands1 and remained mute and motionless for some minutes4 ,then1 starting up as if suddenly remembering something1 he pulled out his watch4 ,it wanted five minutes of ten4 ,the law officer and the ,jew creditor were to start by the train that left ,charing ,cross at a quarter past eleven4 ,sir ,simon rang the bell sharply4 8,saddle a horse1 and ride as fast as you can with this to the telegraph10 he said to his valet1 who answered the summons2 8and the moment you come back1 get ready to be off with me to ,london by the mid-day train40 ,the telegram prepared ,mr4 ,simpson to see his client appear at his office at two o'clock that afternoon1 and1 in obedience to its directions1 the ,jew was there to meet him4 ,clide de ,winton had seen ,simpson the day before1 and given him full authority to settle the ,dullerton debts so as to set ,sir ,simon ,harness free4 ,he had only arrived in ,london that very morning1 and it was the merest accident that led him to call on the family lawyer1 who was also the family's best friend1 on his way from the station to his hotel4 ,simpson was discretion itself1 and one of the attributes of that virtue is to know when to be indiscreet4 ,clide's first inquiry was for ,sir ,simon1 with a view--which the astute lawyer did not see through--of leading up to inquiries about other friends at ,dullerton2 whereupon ,mr4 ,simpson bolted out the whole truth1 told him of the baronet's position1 the long arrears of debt that had come against him1 and which were to culminate in bankruptcy within twenty-four hours4 ,it was as if the sky had fallen on ,clide1 or the ground opened under his feet4 8,thank goodness ,i am come in time60 he exclaimed2 and there and then sat down and wrote to ,sir ,simon1 telling him that proceedings were stopped1 and that he1 ,clide1 took them in his own hands4 8,and this is what you call being a friend60 said the young man1 as he and the baronet left ,simpson's office together1 the one with a lightened purse1 the other with a heart considerably more so4 8,to think of your letting things go to such lengths1 and that if ,i had been a day later it would have been all over60 8,my dear boy6 what can ,i say to you8 ,how can ,i ever repay you80 8,by forgiving me4 ,i've lived long enough to find out a secret or two4 ,one is that it requires a very noble soul to forgive a man a money obligation1 and that there is a deal more generosity in accepting than in conferring it4 ,so if you don't pick a quarrel with me after this1 and turn your back on me1 we are quits4 ,is it a bargain80 ,he held out his hand1 laughing2 ,sir ,simon wrung it till the pressure made ,clide wince4 ,this was his only answer1 and the only sentimental passage the occasion gave rise to between them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was more than a month since ,clide had left ,st4 ,petersburg1 although the season was still at its height there1 and ,isabel's engagement was to have lasted until the end of it4 ,this had1 however1 been brought to an abrupt and tragic close4 ,she had acted for six weeks with unprecedented success2 every night was a fresh triumph1 and nothing was talked of in the salons and clubs but the wonders of her voice1 the intense reality of her acting1 and her rare beauty4 ,ophelia was considered her grandest part4 ,she was playing it one evening to a crowded house1 in the presence of the imperial family and the whole court1 and seemed wrought up to a pitch of power and pathos that surpassed her finest preceding efforts4 ,she was singing the mad scene with melting tenderness2 the house was breathless1 hanging enraptured on every note1 when suddenly the voice ceased1 the prima donna cast a wild look on every side of her1 and then1 with a shriek too terribly real to be within the compass of art1 she flung her arms over her head1 and1 clasping her hands1 fell insensible to the ground4 ,never did any opera-house witness so dramatic a scene4 ,the spectators rose in a body from the pit to the gallery1 shouting to know what had happened1 and calling for help4 ,help was near enough4 ,a man in plain clothes sprang from behind the scenes1 and lifted the prostrate ,ophelia before any of the actors could interfere4 ,there were several medical men among the audience1 and they rushed in a body to offer their services4 ,it was feared for a moment that she was dead2 but the doctors soon pronounced it to be only a swoon1 though it was impossible to say what might follow on the awakening4 ,the emperor sent one of his chamberlains to hear and see what was going on in the green-room1 and inquire if the piece was to be continued2 whereupon the luckless manager flew out before the footlights1 and falling on his knees under the imperial box1 as if he saw the knout suspended over his shoulders1 called heaven to witness that he was a loyal subject and an innocent man1 and flung himself on the imperial clemency4 ,the prima donna had been seized with illness1 and the opera could not be finished that night4 ,the czar waved his clemency to the terrified man1 who withdrew1 invoking all manner of benedictions on the mercy of the ,father of all the ,russians1 and flew to hear what the doctors were now saying of ,ophelia4 ,they were saying that she was acting out her part as it had never yet been acted1 with the perfection of nature--she was raving mad4 ,this was not proclaimed at once4 ,the affair was hushed up for a few days1 and kept out of the newspapers1 so that ,clide only heard it accidentally at the club1 where he happened to lounge in a week after the occurrence4 ,he sent ,stanton off at once to make inquiries at the house where ,isabel lodged4 ,but they could tell nothing of her there2 she had been taken away the day after her seizure at the opera1 and had left no address4 ,clide went straight to the lawyer1 and asked if there was no way of getting access to her through the police2 of learning at least whether she was in an asylum2 for his first idea on hearing that she had been taken away was that they had placed her in some such confinement4 ,the lawyer agreed with him that this was most probable1 but did not promise much help in verifying the supposition4 ,he seemed honestly willing to do what he could in the matter1 but repeated the old warning that little could be done where imperial favor stood in the way4 ,it was highly probable that the czar would still show his benevolence toward the beautiful artist by screening her hiding-place and the fact of her being mad1 in hope of her being able to return and complete her engagement after rest and medical treatment4 ,his position now seemed worse to ,clide than it had ever been4 ,the thought of ,isabel's being in a mad-house1 a prey to the most awful visitation that humanity is subject to1 rudely1 perhaps cruelly1 treated by coarse1 pitiless menials1 was so horrible that at first it haunted him till he almost fancied he was going mad himself4 ,the image of the bright young creature who had first stirred the pulses of his foolish heart was for ever before his eyes as she appeared to him that day--how long ago it seemed6--in the midst of the splendors of ,niagara1 and that he took her for a sprite--some lovely creature of the water and the sunlight4 ,he remembered1 with a new sense of its meaning1 the strange air she wore1 walking on as if half unconscious he had wondered if she were not walking in her sleep4 ,was it a phase of the cruel malady that was then showing itself8 ,and if so1 was she not1 perhaps1 blameless from the beginning8 ,this blight that had fallen on her in her brilliant maturity might have been germinating then1 making strange havoc in her mind1 and impelling her character1 her destiny1 to fearful and fantastic issues4 ,some weeks passed while ,clide was a prey to these harrowing thoughts1 when he received a letter from the lawyer1 saying he had something to communicate to him of interest4 8,it is not good news10 he said1 as the ,englishman entered his office2 8but it is better than complete suspense4 ,the signora is not in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,all our researches were useless from the first1 as she was carried off almost immediately to a lunatic asylum in ,saxony40 8,and she is there still80 8,yes2 and she has been admirably treated with the utmost skill and care1 so much so that it is expected she will be quite restored after a short period of convalescence40 8,how did you ascertain all this80 inquired ,clide4 8,through a client of mine who has been for some time a patient of the establishment4 ,he left it very recently1 and came to see me on his return1 and in talking over the place and its inmates he described one in a way that excited my suspicions4 ,i wrote to the director1 and put a few questions cautiously1 and the answer leaves me no doubt but that the patient whom my client saw there a few days before his departure was the lady who interests you40 8,did you hear who accompanied her to ,saxony80 8,my client saw a person walking in the grounds with her once1 and from the description it must be the same who travelled with her from ,england--her uncle1 in fact3 a middle-sized man with coal-black hair and very white teeth2 #8decidedly an unpleasant-looking person' my client called him40 8,strange60 murmured ,clide4 8,that description does not tally with my recollection of the man who called himself her uncle1 except that he had a forbidding countenance and was of medium height4 ,he had a quantity of gray1 almost white1 hair1 and not a sound tooth in his head40 8,humph6 ,white hair may turn black1 and new teeth may be made to replace lost ones10 observed the lawyer4 8,i would not be put off the scent by changes of that sort1 if the main points coincided40 8,very true4 ,i must start at once1 then1 for ,saxony1 and try and see for myself4 ,i shall have difficulty in gaining the confidence of the directors of the place1 ,i dare say4 ,can you help me by a letter of introduction to any of them80 8,yes2 ,i am well known to the principal medical man by name1 and ,i will give you a line to him with pleasure40 ,he wrote it1 and shook hands with his client and wished him good-speed4 ,clide travelled without halting till he drove up to the door of the asylum4 ,his letter procured him admittance at once to the private room of the medical man1 and1 what was of greater importance1 it inclined the latter to credit his otherwise almost incredible story4 ,when ,clide had told all he deemed necessary1 the doctor informed him that the patient whom he believed to be his wife had already left the house and the country altogether2 she had spent three full weeks under his care1 and was then well enough to be removed1 and had1 by his advice1 been taken home for the benefit of native air4 ,it was just three days since she had left ,saxony4 ,the doctor could give no idea as to where she had gone1 beyond that she had returned to ,england2 he knew nothing of the whereabouts of her native place there1 and her uncle had left no clue to his future residence4 ,clide was once more baffled by fate1 and found himself again in a dead-lock4 ,in answer to his inquiries concerning the nature of ,isabel's disease1 the medical man said that it was hereditary1 and therefore beyond the likelihood--not to say possibility--of radical cure4 ,this1 it seemed1 was the third attack from which she had suffered4 ,the first was in early girlhood1 before the patient was eighteen2 the second1 somewhat later and of much longer duration--it had lasted six years1 her uncle said2 then came the third crisis1 which1 owing1 perhaps1 to the improved general health of the patient1 but more probably to the more judicious and enlightened treatment she had met with1 had passed off very rapidly4 ,it was1 however1 far from being a cure4 ,it was at best but a recovery1 and the disease might at any moment show itself again in a more obstinate and dangerous form4 ,perfect quiet1 freedom from excitement1 whether mental or physical1 were indispensable conditions for preserving her against another crisis4 ,it was needless to add after this that the career of an actress was the most fatal one the unfortunate young woman could have adopted4 ,but in that1 no doubt1 she was more passive than active4 99 99 99 99 99 ,with this new light on his path1 ,clide hastened his return to ,england1 farther than ever1 it seemed1 from his journey's end1 and laden with a heavier burden than when he set out4 ,march6 march6 was still the command that sounded in his ears1 driving him on and on like the ,wandering ,jew1 and never letting him get nearer the goal4 ,he had not the faintest idea of ,isabel's native place4 ,she had told him she was ,scotch1 and her name said so too1 though she was perfectly free from the native accent which marked her uncle's speech so strongly4 ,but what did that prove either way8 ,was ,cameron her name1 or ,prendergast his8 ,he had taken a new name in his travels1 and so had she4 ,still1 feeble as the thread was1 it was the only one he had to guide him2 so he started for ,scotland as soon as he landed in ,england1 having previously taken the precaution to acquaint the police in ,london with his present purpose1 and what had led him to it4 ,if ,isabel were sufficiently recovered to appear again in public1 it was probable that the brutal man--who was in reality no more than her task-master--would have made some engagement for her with a manager1 and she might at this moment be singing her brain away for his benefit in some provincial theatre4 ,it was clear he shunned the publicity of the ,london stage4 ,clide thought of these things as he tramped over the purple heather of the ,highlands1 following now one mirage1 now another2 and his heart swelled within him and smote him for his angry and vindictive feelings toward ,isabel2 and tears1 that were no disgrace to his manhood1 forced themselves from his eyes4 ,poor child6 ,she was not to blame1 then1 for wrecking his life1 and coming again like an evil genius to thrust him back into the abyss just as he had climbed to safety1 beckoned onwards and upwards by another angel form4 ,she was a victim herself1 and had perhaps never meant to deceive or betray him1 but had loved him with her mad1 untutored heart as well as she knew how4 ,the winter days dragged on drearily1 as he went from place to place in ,scotland1 and found no trace of the missing one1 heard nothing that gave him any hopes of finding her4 ,the police were equally unsuccessful in ,london4 ,stanton had gone back there1 very much against his inclination2 but ,clide insisted that he would be of more use in the busy streets1 keeping his keen eyes open1 than following his master in his wanderings up and down ,scotland4 ,one dark afternoon the valet was walking along ,regent ,street1 when he stopped to look at some prints in a music-shop4 ,the gas was lighted1 and streamed in a brilliant blaze over the gaudily-attired tenors and prime donne that were piling the agony on the backs of various operatic songs4 ,stanton was considering them1 and mentally commenting on the manner of ladies and gentlemen who found it good to spend their lives making faces and throwing themselves into contortions that appeared to him equally painful and ridiculous1 when he noticed a lady inside the shop engaged in choosing some music4 ,she was dressed in black1 and he only caught a glimpse of her side face through her veil2 but the glimpse made him start4 ,he watched her take the roll of music from the shopman1 secure it in a little leathern case1 and then turn to leave the shop4 ,she walked out leisurely1 but the moment she opened the door she quickened her pace almost to a run2 and before ,stanton knew where he was1 she had rushed into the middle of the street4 ,he hastened after her1 but a string of carriages and cabs intervened and blocked the street for some moments4 ,as soon as it was clear1 he saw the slight figure in black stepping into an omnibus4 ,he hailed it1 gesticulating and hallooing frantically2 but the conductor1 with the spirit of contradiction peculiar to conductors1 kept his head persistently turned the other way4 ,stanton tore after him1 waving his umbrella and whistling1 all to no purpose1 until at last he stopped for want of breath4 ,at the same moment the omnibus pulled up to let some travellers alight2 he overtook it this time1 and got in4 ,the great machine went thundering on its way1 and there opposite to him sat the lady in black1 his master's wife1 he was ready to swear1 if she was in the land of the living4 ,he saw the features very indistinctly1 but well enough to be certain of their identity2 the height and contour were the same1 and so was the mass of jet black hair that escaped in thick plaits from under the small black bonnet4 ,then there was the conclusive fact of his having seen her in a music-shop4 ,this clinched the matter for ,stanton4 ,the omnibus stopped1 the lady got out1 ran to the corner of the street1 and waited for another to come up1 and jumped into it2 ,stanton meanwhile following her like her shadow4 ,she saw it1 and he saw that she saw it1 and that she was frightened and trying to get away from him4 ,why should she do so if she were not afraid of being recognized8 ,he was not a gentleman1 and could see no reason for an unprotected young woman being frightened at a man looking fixedly at her and pursuing her1 unless she had a guilty conscience4 ,he sat as near as he could to her in the omnibus1 and when it pulled up to let her down he got down4 ,she hurried up a small1 quiet street off ,tottenham ,court ,road1 and on reaching a semi-detached small house1 flew up the steps and pulled violently at the bell4 ,stanton was beside her in an instant4 8,excuse me1 ma'am1 but ,i know you4 ,i don't mean to do you any 'arm1 only to tell you that ,i'm ,stanton1 ,mr4 ,clide's valet2 you are my master's wife60 ,he was excited1 but respectful in his manner4 8,you are mistaken10 replied the lady1 shrinking into the doorway4 8,i know nothing about you4 ,i never heard of ,mr4 ,clide1 and ,i'm not married60 ,stanton was of course prepared for the denial1 and showed no sign of surprise or incredulity2 but1 in spite of himself1 her tone of assurance staggered him a little4 ,he could not say whether the sound of the voice resembled that of ,mrs4 de ,winton4 ,its echoes had lingered very faintly in his memory1 and so many other voices and sounds had swept over it during the intervening years that he could not the least affirm whether the voice he had just heard was hers or not4 ,before he had found any answer to this question1 footsteps were audible pattering on the tarpauling of the narrow entry1 and a slip-shod servant-girl opened the door4 ,the lady passed quickly in2 ,stanton followed her4 8,you must leave me60 she said1 turning on him4 8,this is my papa's house1 and if you give any more annoyance he will have you taken into custody40 ,she spoke in a loud voice1 and as she ceased the parlor door was opened1 and a gentleman in a velveteen coat and slippers came forward with a newspaper in his hand4 8,what's the matter8 ,what is all this about80 he demanded blandly1 coming forward to reconnoitre ,stanton1 who did not look at all bland1 but grim and resolute1 like a man who had conquered his footing on the premises1 and meant to hold it4 8,sir1 ,i am ,stanton1 ,mr4 ,clide's valet2 this lady knows me well1 if you don't40 8,papa6 ,i never saw him in my life6 ,i don't know who ,mr4 ,clide is60 protested the young lady in a tremor4 8,this man has annoyed me all the way home4 ,send him away60 8,i must speak to you1 sir10 said ,stanton stoutly4 8,i cannot leave the house without40 8,pray walk in60 said the gentleman1 waving his newspaper towards the open parlor2 8and you1 my dear1 go and take off your bonnet40 8,now1 sir1 be good enough to state your business10 he began when the door was closed4 8,my business isn't with you1 sir1 but with your daughter1 if she is your daughter10 said ,stanton4 8,one thing is certain--she's my master's wife2 there an't no use in her denying it1 and the best thing she can do is to speak out to her 'usband penitent-like1 and he'll forgive her1 poor thing1 and do the best he can for her1 which will be better than what that uncle of hers 'as been doin' for her1 draggin' her about everywhere and driving the poor creature crazy4 ,that's what ,i've got to say1 sir1 and ,i 'ope you'll see as it's sense and reason40 ,the occupant of the velveteen slippers listened to this speech with eyes that grew rounder and rounder as it proceeded2 then he threw back his head and laughed till the tears ran down his cheeks4 8,my good man1 there's some mistake6 ,you've mistaken my daughter for somebody else2 she never was married in her life1 and she has no uncle that ever ,i heard of4 ,ha6 ha6 ha6 ,it's the best joke ,i ever heard in my life60 8,excuse me2 it an't no joke at all60 protested ,stanton1 nettled1 and resolved not to be shaken by the ring of honesty there was in the man's laugh4 8,you mayn't know the person that calls himself her uncle1 but ,i do1 sir4 ,mayhap you are duped by the rascal yourself2 but it'll all come out now4 ,i have it all in the palm of my hand40 ,and he opened that capacious member and closed it again significantly4 8,your daughter must either come away with me quietly1 or ,i'll call the police and have her taken off whether she will or no60 8,i tell you1 man1 you are under some preposterous mistake10 said the gentleman1 his blandness all gone1 and his choler rising4 8,my name is ,honey4 ,i am a clerk in ,h---- ,bank1 and my daughter1 ,eliza ,jane ,honey1 has never left me since she was born4 ,she is an artist1 a singer1 and gives lessons in singing in some of the first houses in ,london60 8,singer6 ,singing lessons6 ,ha6 ,just so6 ,i know it all10 said ,stanton1 his mouth compressing itself in a saturnine smile4 8,i know it all1 and ,i tell you ,i don't leave this 'ouse without her40 8,confound your insolence6 ,what do you mean8 ,you'd better be gone this instant1 or ,i'll call the police and give you into custody6 8,no1 sir1 don't try it2 it won't answer10 said ,stanton1 imperturbable4 8,it 'ud only make more trouble2 the poor thing has enough on her already1 and ,i'm not the one to make more for her4 ,if you call in the police ,i've something 'ere10 slapping his waistcoat pocket1 8as 'ud settle at once which of us was to be took up40 ,before ,mr4 ,honey could say anything in answer to this1 a voice came carrolling down the stairs1 singing some air from an opera1 rich with trills and fioriture4 8,there it is6 ,the very voice6 ,the very tune ,i've 'eard her sing in the drawing-room at ,lanwold60 exclaimed ,stanton4 ,the singer dashed into the room1 but broke off in her trills on seeing him4 8,what6 you are not gone8 ,papa1 who is he80 8,my dear1 he is either a madman or--or worse10 said her father4 8,it's the most extraordinary thing ,i ever heard in my life60 8,speak out1 ma'am1 and don't you fear ,i'll do you any 'arm2 my master wouldn't 'ave it1 not for all the money he's worth4 ,nobody knows the sum he's spent on them detectives already to try and catch you2 and it speaks badly for the lot to say they've not caught you long ago4 ,but don't you be afraid of me1 ma'am60 urged ,stanton1 making his voice as mild as he could4 ,eliza ,jane's answer was a peal of laughter4 8,why should ,i be afraid of you8 ,i never laid my eyes on you before1 or you on me2 you mistake me for somebody else1 ,i tell you4 ,i never heard of ,mr4 ,clide1 and ,i am certain he never heard of me4 ,the idea of your insisting that ,i'm his wife60 ,and she laughed again2 but there was a nervous twitch about her mouth1 and ,stanton saw it4 8,as like as two peas in a pod60 was his emphatic remark1 as he deliberately scanned her face4 ,there was no denying the resemblance1 indeed4 ,the face was fuller1 the features more developed1 but the interval of years would explain that4 8,look at my hand6 ,you see ,i have no wedding-ring8 ,ask me a few questions2 you will find out the blunder at once1 if you only try10 she said4 ,stanton paused for a moment1 as if trying to recall something that might serve as a test4 8,i 'ave it60 he said1 looking up with a look of triumph4 8,open your mouth1 ma'am1 and let me look into it60 ,he advanced towards her1 expecting instant compliance4 ,but ,miss ,honey rushed behind her father with a cry of terror and disgust4 ,the movement was perfectly natural under the circumstances1 but ,stanton saw it in the light of his own suspicions4 8,ha6 ,i guessed as much10 he said1 drawing away1 and speaking in a quiet tone of regret4 8,i was sure of it4 ,well1 you give me no choice4 ,i know my dooty to a lady1 but ,i know my dooty to my master too40 ,he went toward the window1 intending to throw it up and call for a policeman4 8,stop60 cried ,mr4 ,honey4 8,what do you expect to find in my daughter's mouth80 8,that1 sir1 is known to her and to me10 was the oracular reply4 8,if she has nothing in it as can convict her1 she needn't be afraid to let me look into it40 ,mr4 ,honey turned aside1 touched his forehead with his forefinger1 and pointed with the thumb toward ,stanton4 ,after this rapid and significant little pantomime1 he said aloud to his daughter3 8,my dear1 perhaps it is as well to let the man have his way4 ,he will see that there is nothing to see4 ,come and gratify his singular curiosity40 ,the girl was now too frightened to see the ludicrous side of the performance2 she advanced gravely to the table1 on which a gas-burner threw a strong1 clear light1 and opened her mouth4 ,stanton came and peered into it4 8,please to lift the left side as wide open as you can1 ma'am2 it was the third tooth from the back of her left jaw40 ,she did as he desired1 but1 after looking closely all round1 he could see nothing but two fine1 pearly rows of teeth1 all ivory1 without the smallest glimmer of gold or silver to attest the presence of even an unsound one4 8,i beg your pardon1 ma'am6 ,i beg a thousand pardons1 sir6 ,i find ,i've made a great mistake6 ,i've behaved shameful rude to you and the young lady2 but ,i hope you'll forgive me4 ,i was only doing my dooty to my master4 ,i'm sorrier than ,i can say for my mistake60 ,both father and daughter were too thankful to be rid of him to withhold their free and unconditional pardon4 ,they even went the length of regretting that he had had so much trouble and such an unpleasant adventure all to no purpose1 and cordially wished him better success next time1 as he withdrew1 profusely apologizing4 8,papa1 he must be an escaped lunatic60 cried the young lady1 as the hall-door closed on ,stanton4 8,i dare say they took me for a maniac1 and indeed no wonder60 was ,stanton's reflection1 as he heard a peal of laughter through the window4 ,the adventure left1 nevertheless1 an uneasy feeling on his mind1 and the next day he called on ,mr4 ,peckitt1 the dentist1 and related it4 ,mr4 ,peckitt had not seen the wearer of the silver tooth since the time he had attended her before her departure for ,berlin2 but he had seen her uncle1 and made an entire set of false teeth for him4 ,he took the liberty on first seeing him of inquiring for the young lady2 but her uncle answered curtly that she was in no need of dental services at present1 and turned off the subject by some irrelevant remark4 ,mr4 ,peckitt1 of course1 took the hint1 and never reverted to it4 ,this was all he had to tell ,stanton2 but he did not confirm the valet's certainty as to the non-identity of ,miss ,honey on the grounds of the absence of the silver tooth4 ,it was1 he thought1 improbable that his patient should have parted with that odd appendage1 and that1 if so1 she should have gone to a strange dentist to have it replaced by an ordinary tooth2 but either of these alternatives was possible4 ,this was all the information that ,stanton had for his master when the latter returned from his bootless search in ,scotland4 ,on the following day ,sir ,simon ,harness came to ,london and heard of the strange adventure4 ,he was inclined to attach more importance to it than ,clide apparently did4 8,suppose this so-called ,eliza ,jane ,honey should not have been ,isabel10 he said1 8but some one like her--the same whom you saw at ,dieppe80 ,clide shook his head4 8,impossible6 ,i could not be deceived1 though ,stanton might4 ,this ,miss ,honey1 too1 was fuller in the face1 and altogether a more robust person1 than ,isabel1 as ,stanton remembers her4 ,now1 after the terrible attack that she has suffered lately1 it is much more likely that she is worn and thin1 poor child60 8,that is true4 ,still1 there remains the coincidence of the splendid voice and of her being an artist4 ,if ,i were you1 ,i would not rest till ,i saw her myself40 8,it would only make assurance doubly sure4 ,stanton has startled me over and over again for nothing4 ,every pair of black eyes and bright complexion that he sees gives him a turn1 as he says1 and sets him off on the chase4 ,no2 the woman ,i saw at ,dieppe was my wife--,i am as sure of that as of my own identity4 ,i did not get near enough to her to say1 #8,are you my wife8' but ,i am as certain of it as if ,i had40 ,he promised1 however1 to satisfy ,sir ,simon1 that he would go to ,tottenham ,court and see ,miss ,honey4 ,while ,clide's tongue was engaged on this absorbing topic1 he was mentally reverting to another subject which was scarcely less absorbing1 and which was closer to his heart4 ,his love for ,franceline had not abated one atom of its ardor since absence and a far more impassable gulf had parted him from her2 her image reigned supreme in his heart still1 and accompanied him in his waking and sleeping thoughts4 ,he felt no compunction for this4 ,his conscience tendered full and unflinching allegiance to the letter of the moral law1 but it was in bondage to none of those finer spiritual tenets that ruled and influenced ,franceline4 ,he would have cut off his right hand rather than outrage her memory by so much as an unworthy thought2 but he gave his heart full freedom to retain and foster its love for her4 ,he had not her clear spiritual insight to discern the sinfulness of this1 any more than he had her deep inward strength to enable him to crush the sin out of his heart1 even if he had tried1 which he did not4 ,it was his misfortune1 not his fault1 that his love for her was unlawful4 ,nothing could make it guilty2 that was in his own power1 and the purity of its object was its best protection4 ,she was an angel1 and could only be worshipped with the reverent love that one of her own pure kindred spirits might accept without offence or contamination4 ,such was ,clide's code1 and1 if he wanted any internal proof of his own loyalty to sanction it1 he had it in the shape of many deep-drawn sighs--prayers1 he called them1 and perhaps they were--that ,franceline might not suffer on his account1 but might forget him1 and be happy after a time with some worthier husband4 ,he had been quite honest when he sighed these sighs--at least he thought he was2 yet when ,sir ,simon1 meaning to console him and make things smooth and comfortable1 assured him emphatically that they had been both happily mistaken in the nature of ,franceline's feelings1 and then basely and cruelly insinuated that ,ponsonby ,anwyll was in a fair way to make her a good husband by and by1 ,clide felt a pang more acute than any he had yet experienced4 ,this is often the case with us4 ,we never know how much insincerity there is in the best of our prayers--the anti-self ones--until we are threatened with the grant of them4 ,sir ,simon said nothing about the stolen ring4 ,his friendship for ,raymond partook of that strong personal feeling which made any dishonor in its object touch him like a personal stain4 ,he could not bear even to admit it to himself that his ideal was destroyed4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had been his ideal of truth1 of manly independence1 of everything that was noble1 simple1 and good4 ,there are many intervals in the scale that separates the ordinary honest man from the ideal man of honor4 ,sir ,simon could count several of the former class2 but he knew but one of the higher type4 ,he had never known any one whom he would have placed on the same pinnacle of unsullied1 impregnable honor with ,raymond4 ,now that he had fallen1 it seemed as if the very stronghold of ,sir ,simon's own faith had surrendered2 he could disbelieve everything1 he could doubt everybody4 ,where was truth to be found1 who was to be trusted1 since ,raymond de la ,bourbonais had failed8 ,but meantime he would screen him as long as he could4 ,he would not be the first to speak of his disgrace to any one4 ,he told ,clide how ,raymond had lost1 for him1 a considerable sum of money recently1 through the dishonesty of a bank1 and how he had borne the loss with the most incredible philosophy1 because just then it so happened he did not want the money2 but since then ,franceline's health had become very delicate1 and she was ordered to a warm climate1 and these few hundreds would have enabled him to take her there1 and her father was now bitterly lamenting the loss4 ,clide was all excitement in a moment4 8,but now you can supply them80 he cried4 8,or rather let me do it through you6 ,i must not1 of course1 appear2 but it will be something to know ,i am of use to her--to both of them4 ,you can easily manage it1 can you not8 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais would make no difficulty in accepting the service from you40 8,humph6 ,as ill-luck will have it1 there is a coldness between us at present10 said ,sir ,simon--8a little tiff that will blow off after a while but meanwhile ,bourbonais is as unapproachable as a porcupine4 ,he's as proud as ,lucifer at any time1 and ,i fear there is no one but myself from whom he would accept a service of the kind40 8,could not ,langrove manage it8 ,they seemed on affectionate terms10 said ,clide4 8,oh6 no1 oh6 no4 ,that would never do60 said ,sir ,simon quickly4 8,i don't see any one at ,dullerton but myself who could attempt it40 8,well1 but some one must1 since you say you can't10 argued ,clide with impatience4 8,when do you return to the ,court80 8,i did not mean to return just yet a while4 ,you see1 ,i have a great deal of business to look to--of a pleasant sort1 thanks to you1 my dear boy1 but still imperative and admitting of no delay4 ,i can't possibly leave town until it has been settled40 8,i should have thought ,simpson might have attended to it4 ,i suppose you mean legal matters80 said the young man with some asperity4 ,he could not understand ,sir ,simon's being hindered by mere business from sparing a day in a case of such emergency1 and for such a friend4 ,it was unlike him to be selfish1 and this was downright heartlessness4 8,simpson8 ,to be sure60 exclaimed the baronet jubilantly1 starting up and seizing his hat4 8,i will be off and see him this minute4 ,simpson is sure to hit on some device2 he's never at a loss for anything40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,evangeline ,,in ,,prose4 ,i spare you ,m4 ,jourdain's oft-quoted saying4 ,too often1 ,i fear1 ,i successfully imitate the 8,bourgeois ,gentilhomme0 in speaking prose without knowing it--aye1 at the very moment when ,i think to woo the ,muse most ardently4 ,but great is the courage demanded to announce a purpose to be prosaic--prosy1 it may be--with premeditation4 ,especially true is this when1 as in the case before me1 the subject itself ranks high as poetry4 ,mr4 ,longfellow1 in some of his later writings1 may seem to aim at1 or does1 perhaps1 unconsciously catch1 that tone1 made fashionable by the younger ,victorian songsters1 which sets the poet apart as a being differing from his kind1 and makes him1 as the ,english poet-laureate does1 8born in a golden clime0 8,with golden stars above40 ,but in his 8,tale of ,acadie0 our ,american ,wordsworth touches with sympathetic finger the chords that vibrate with feeling in common hearts4 ,this is the lyre he sweeps with a magic sweetness not excelled by any modern ,english poet4 ,evangeline is a poem of the hearth and domestic love4 ,that is to say1 though it is true the heroine and her betrothed never come together in one happy home1 the feelings described are such as might without shame beat tenderly in any ,christian maiden's breast2 such1 too1 as any husband might wish his wife to feel4 ,how different is this from the fierce passion--a surrender to the lower nature--which burns and writhes and contorts itself in ,mr4 ,swinburne's heroines6 ,one is ,christian ,love1 the other the pagan brutishness of ,juvenal's ,messalina4 ,it may be said indeed with truth that1 in portraying a ,catholic maiden and a ,catholic community1 ,mr4 ,longfellow has1 with the intuition of genius1 reflected in this poem the purity and fidelity blessed by the church in the love it sanctions4 ,his admirers1 therefore1 cannot but regret that debasing contact with the new school of the ,x,i,xth-century realism which1 in such an one of his later poems1 for example1 as that entitled 8,love10 draws him to the worship of the 8languors0 and 8kisses0 of the ,lucretian ,venus4 ,the love of ,evangeline is that which is affected by refined women in every society--humble though the poet's heroine be2 the other strips the veil from woman's weakness4 ,the charm of the poem is that it transports us to a scene ,arcadian1 idyllic1 yet which impresses us with its truthfulness to nature4 ,this is not ,acadia only1 but ,arcadia4 ,the nymphs1 and the shepherds and shepherdesses1 and the god ,pan with his oaten reed1 put off the stage costumes worn by them in the pages of ,virgil or on the canvas of ,watteau1 and1 lo6 here they are in real life in the village of ,grand ,pr--,evangeline milking the kine1 ,gabriel ,lajeunesse1 and ,michael the fiddler1 and the level ,acadian meadows walled in by their dykes from the turmoil of war that shook the world all around them4 ,the picture is truthful2 but truthful rather by the effect of the bold touches that befit the artist and poet than in the multitude of details--some more prosaic1 some not so charming--which1 massed together1 make up the more faithful portrait of the historian4 ,the description of scenery in the poem confuses the natural features of two widely-separated and different sections of the country2 the ,evangeline of ,grand ,pr is not in all respects the ,acadian girl of ,charlevoix or ,murdock2 the history of men and manners on the shores of the ,basin of ,mines1#bca as depicted by the poet1 is sadly at variance with the angry1 tumultuous1 suspicious1 blood-stained annals of those settlements4 ,strange as it may seem1 the poem is truer of the ,acadians of to-day1 again living in ,nova ,scotia1 than of their expatriated forefathers4 ,remoteness of time did not mean1 in their case1 a golden age of peace and plenty4 ,far from it6 ,it meant ceaseless war on the borders1 the threats and intrigues of a deadly national feud1 the ever-present1 overhanging doom of exile1 military tyranny1 and constant ,english espionage4 ,now absolute peace reigns within the townships still peopled by their descendants1 and the ,acadian peasant and village maiden cling in silence and undisturbed to the manners their fathers brought from ,normandy nearly three centuries ago4 ,the first few lines give the coloring to the whole poem4 ,they are the setting within which are grouped the characters4 8,this is the forest primeval4 ,the murmuring pines and the hemlocks1 ,bearded with moss1 and in garments green1 indistinct in the twilight10 stand 8like ,druids of eld10 or 8harpers hoar02 8,while from its rocky caverns the deep-voiced neighboring ocean ,speaks1 and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest40 ,this is the refrain running through the poem like the aria of the 8,last ,rose of ,summer0 through ,martha4 ,yet the picture conveyed to the reader's mind is that of the ,atlantic coast of ,acadia1 or ,nova ,scotia1 not of the ,basin of ,mines1 where ,evangeline dwelt with her people4 ,the natural features of the two sections of country are strikingly diverse4 ,on the east coast of ,nova ,scotia rises a line of granitic and other cliffs1 sterile1 vast1 jagged1 opposing their giant shoulders to the roaring surges of the ,atlantic4 ,on the hills behind1 the pines and hemlocks rustle and murmur in answer to the waves4 ,this is the 8forest primeval0 and the 8loud-voiced neighboring ocean40 ,but on the west coast is quite another scene4 ,the ,basin of ,mines is an inland gulf of an inland sea--the ,bay of ,fundy4 ,here the granite rocks and murmuring pines give place to red clay-banks and overflowed marshes4 ,and here is ,horton1 or ,grand ,pr4 ,it is separated by the whole breadth of the peninsula of ,nova ,scotia from the ocean4 ,the 8mists from the mighty ,atlantic10 which 8,looked on the happy valley1 but ne'er from their station descended10 are in reality the fogs of the ,bay of ,fundy shut out by the ,north ,mountain4 ,instead of the long swell of the ,atlantic breaking on a rocky coast1 we have in the ,basin of ,mines numerous small rivers running through an alluvial country1 with high clay-banks left bare by the receding tide4 ,this last feature of the scene is correctly described by the poet2 but it must be borne in mind that it is not united with the natural features of the east coast4 ,the ,acadians never1 in fact1 affected the ,atlantic sea-board4 ,they sailed shuddering past its frowning and wintry walls1 and1 doubling ,cape ,sable1 beat up the ,bay of ,fundy to where the sheltered ,basins of ,port ,royal and ,mines invited an entrance from the west4 ,for over one hundred years after the founding of ,port ,royal the ,atlantic coast of ,acadia remained a waste4 ,a fishing-village at ,canseau on the north--a sort of stepping-stone to and from the great fortress of ,louisburg--and a few scattered houses and clearings near ,la ,tour's first settlement alone broke the monotonous silence of the wilderness4 ,the ,indian hunter tracking the moose over the frozen surface of the snow1 and some half-solitary ,irish and ,new ,england fishermen in ,chebucto ,bay1 divided the rest of the country between them4 ,it was not until #agdi that ,cornwallis landed his colonists at ,halifax1 and made the first solid footing on the ,atlantic coast4 ,but for generations previously1 in the rich valley of the ,river of ,port ,royal1 and along the fertile banks of the streams flowing into the ,basin of ,mines--the ,gaspereau1 the ,canard1 and the ,pereau--the thrifty ,acadians spread their villages1 built their churches1 and were married and buried by the good ,recollect ,fathers4 ,i was a lad scarce emancipated from college when ,i first visited those scenes4 ,i remember well my emotion when ,i drew my eyes away from the landscape1 and1 turning to my companion1 ,father ,k----1 asked him if there were any remains of the old village of ,grand ,pr4 ,to my youthful imagination ,evangeline was as real as the people about me4 ,father ,k---- was the priest stationed at ,kentville1 about ten miles distant from ,grand ,pr and the ,gaspereau ,river1 which were included in his mission4 ,he was an old family friend1 and ,i was going to spend the summer vacation with him4 ,we were driving from ,windsor through ,horton and ,wolfville to ,kentville1 passing on our road through all the scenes described in the poem4 ,i have often visited that part of the country since then1 but never has it made such an impression on me4 ,the stage-coach then rolled between ,windsor and ,kentville1 and something of the rural simplicity congenial with the poem was still felt to be around one4 ,last year ,i rode by rail over the same ground1 and later on another line of railroad to ,truro1 and thence around the ,basin of ,mines on the north through ,cumberland4 ,but my feelings had changed1 or the whistle of the locomotive was a sound alien to the memories of those green meadows and intersecting dykes4 ,evangeline was no longer a being to be loved1 but a beautiful figment of the poet's brain4 ,i don't know to this day whether ,father ,k---- was quizzing me1 or was loath to shatter my boyish romance1 when he told me that there were some old ruins which were said to be the home of ,evangeline4 ,it is probable he was having a quiet joke at my expense1 as he was noted for his fund of humor1 which ,i learned better to appreciate in later years4 ,poor ,father ,k----6 ,he was a splendid type of the old ,irish missionary priest--an admirable ,latinist2 well read in ,english literature1 especially the ,queen ,anne poets2 hearty1 jovial1 and could tell a story that would set the table in a roar4 ,and1 withal1 no priest worked harder than he did in his wide and laborious mission1 or was a more tender-hearted friend of the poor and afflicted4 ,he is since dead4 ,during the month or six weeks ,i spent with ,father ,k----1 that part of the country became quite familiar to me by means of his numerous drives on parish duties1 when ,i usually accompanied him4 ,often1 as the shades of the summer evening descended1 have ,i watched the mists across the ,basin shrouding the bluff front of ,cape ,blomidon--8,blow-me-down10 as it is more commonly called by the country-folk4 ,at other times we drove up the ,north ,mountain1 where the 8,sea-fogs pitched their tents10 and1 standing there1 ,i have looked down upon the distant glittering waters of the ,bay of ,fundy4 ,on one occasion we rode over from ,kentville to ,wolfville1 and then up the ,gaspereau1 at the mouth of which 8,the ,english ships at their anchors0 swung with the tide on the morning which ushered in the doom of ,grand ,pr4 ,we rode some distance up the valley to the house of a ,catholic farmer1 and there put up for the day4 ,it was the day on which the elections took place for the ,house of ,assembly4 ,the contest was fiercely conducted amid great popular excitement4 ,one of those 8,no-,popery0 cries1 fomented by an artful politician--which sometimes sweep the colonies as well as the mother country--was raging in the province4 ,father ,k---- left ,kentville1 the county town1 on that day to avoid all appearance of interference in the election1 and also to get away from the noise and confusion that pervaded the long main street of the village4 ,i can remember the news coming up the ,gaspereau in the evening how every one of the four candidates opposed to ,father ,k---- had been returned4 ,but at that time ,i paid little heed to politics1 and during the day ,i wandered down through the field to the river1 and strolled along its willow-fringed banks4 ,some of those willows were very aged1 and might have swung their long1 slim wands and narrow-pointed leaves over an ,evangeline and a ,gabriel a hundred years before4 ,those willows were not the natural growth of the forest1 but were planted there--by whom8 ,no remnant of the people that first tilled the valley was left to say6 ,riding home next day1 a laughable incident1 but doubtless somewhat annoying to ,father ,k----1 occurred4 ,just as we were about to turn a narrow bend of the road1 suddenly we were confronted by a long procession in carriages and all sorts of country vehicles1 with banners flying1 men shouting1 and everything to indicate a triumphal parade4 ,it was1 in fact1 a procession escorting two of the 8,no-,popery0 members elected the day before4 ,the position was truly rueful1 but ,father ,k---- had to grin and bear it4 ,there was no escape for us2 we had to draw up at the side of the road1 and sit quietly in our single wagon until the procession passed us4 ,it was a very orderly and good-humored crowd1 but there were a good many broad grins1 as they rode by1 at having caught the portly and generally popular priest in such a trap4 ,nothing would persuade them1 of course1 but that he had been working might and main for the other side during the election4 ,finally1 as the tail of the procession passed us1 some one in the rear1 more in humor than in malice1 sang out3 8,to h--ll with the ,pope40 ,there was a roar of laughter at this1 during which ,father ,k---- gathered up his reins1 and1 saying something under his breath which ,i will not vouch for as strictly a blessing1 applied the whip to old ,dobbin with an energy that that respectable quadruped must have thought demanded explanation4 ,changed indeed was such a scene from those daily witnessed when ,father ,felician1 8,priest and pedagogue both in the village10 ruled over his peaceful congregation at the mouth of the ,gaspereau4 ,it has been said in the beginning of this article that ,evangeline1 the heroine and central figure of the poem1 is not altogether true to history as typical of the ,acadian girl of that period1 as seen in the annals of ,port ,royal2 and doubtless this assertion can be borne out by the records4 ,but1 on second thoughts1 it does appear1 as it were1 a profanation to subject such a bright creation of the poet's mind to the analysis of history4 ,as profitably might we set about converting the diamond into its original carbon4 ,the magical chemistry of genius1 as of nature1 has in either case fused the dull and common atoms into the sparkling and priceless jewel4 ,the stoutest champion of her sex will not1 upon consideration1 contend that so absolutely perfect a creature as ,evangeline is likely to be found in any possible phase of society4 ,is not a spice of coquetry inseparable from all women8 ,evangeline has none of it4 ,she is1 too1 too unconscious that her lover 8,watches for the gleam of her lamp and her shadow0 under the trees in the orchard4 ,she is the heroine of an idyl--not1 indeed1 of unreal ,arthurian romance1 but of that exalted and passionless love which the virgin heart seeks1 but afterwards consoles itself for not finding4 ,that ideal star does not shine upon this world2 but its divine rays fall softly upon many an unknown heart in the cloister4 ,but it is incontestable that the ,acadian maidens of ,port ,royal and ,mines shared in some of the agreeable frivolities which still1 it is said1 sometimes distinguish their sisters in the world4 ,they had an eye for a military uniform and clanking spurs even in those 8primeval0 days4 ,it is a frequent complaint of the ,french governors to the home authorities at ,paris that their young officers were being continually led into marriage with girls of the country 8without birth10 and1 worse still1 often 8without money40 ,in the old parish register of ,annapolis can be seen more than one entry of the union of a gallant ensign or captain to a village belle from the inland settlements whose visit to the ,acadian metropolis had subjugated the ,gallic son of ,mars4 ,nor was the goddess of fashion altogether without a shrine in close contiguity to the 8murmuring pines and the hemlocks40 ,some of the naval and military officers sent for their wives from ,paris or ,quebec1 and these fine ladies brought their maids with them4 ,this is not a supposition1 but a fact which can be verified by reference to the letters of ,m4 des ,goutins and others in the correspondence of the time4 ,imagine a ,parisian soubrette of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century in the village of ,grand ,pr6 ,it is a shock to those who derive their knowledge of ,acadie from ,mr4 ,longfellow's poem2 but those who are familiar with the voluminous records of the day1 preserved in the provincial archives1 are aware of a good many stranger things than that related in them4 ,since ,evangeline was published the ,canadian and ,nova ,scotian governments have done much to collect and edit their records1 and they are now accessible to the student4 ,rightly understood1 there is no reason why the flood of light thus thrown upon the lives of the ,acadians should detract anything from our admiration for that simple and kindly race4 ,they were not faultless2 but the very fact that they shared in the common interests1 and even foibles1 of the rest of the world gives that tone of reality to their history which makes us sympathize with them more justly in the cruel fate that overtook them4 ,yet1 in depicting the young ,acadian girl of that period as he has done1 the poet has but idealized the truth4 ,the march of the history of her people aids him in making the portrait a faithful one4 ,had he placed the time a little earlier--that is to say1 under the ,french-,acadian rgime--and his heroine at ,annapolis1 his poem could not have borne the criticism of later research4 ,but in selecting the most dramatic incident of ,acadian history as the central point of interest1 he has necessarily shifted the scene to one of the ,neutral ,french settlements4 ,here1 too1 he is aided in maintaining the truthfulness of his portraiture by the fact that the ,english conquest1 in depriving the ,acadians of the right of political action1 and cutting them off as much as possible from intercourse with ,canada and ,france1 had thrown them back upon rural occupations alone1 and developed their simple virtues4 ,mines and ,chignecto had been noted for their rustic independence and their manners uncorrupted by contact with the world1 even under the old rgime4 ,one of the military governors of ,port ,royal complains of them as 8semi-republicans0 in a letter to the ,minister of ,marine and ,colonies at ,paris4 ,after the conquest of #agaj1 intercourse with ,annapolis and its ,english ,government ,house and foreign garrison became even more restricted4 ,no oath of allegiance being taken to the new government1 the cur was recognized both by the inhabitants and the ,annapolis government as their virtual ruler4 ,under the mild sway of ,fathers ,felix1 ,godalie1 and ,miniac--in turn curs of ,mines--the ,acadians sought to forget in the cultivation of their fields the stern military surveillance of ,annapolis1 and1 later1 ,fort ,edwards and ,fort ,lawrence4 ,father ,miniac comes latest in time1 and shared the misfortunes of his flock in their expulsion4 ,but in ,father ,godalie1 the accomplished scholar and long-loved friend of the people of ,grand ,pr1 we seem best to recognize the 8,father ,felician0 of ,mr4 ,longfellow's poem4 ,he was a guide well fitted to form the lovely character of ,evangeline2 nor do the authentic records of the time bear less ample testimony to the virtue of his people than the glowing imagination of the poet4 ,it is less in the delineation of individual character than in its description of the undisturbed peace reigning at ,grand ,pr that the poem departs most from the truth of history4 ,the expulsion of #agee was not a thunderbolt in a clear sky descending upon a garden of ,eden4 ,it was a doom known to be hanging over them for forty years4 ,its shadow1 more or less threatening for two generations1 was present in every ,acadian household1 disabling industry and driving the young men into service or correspondence with their ,french compatriots4 ,space would not permit1 in so short a paper1 to enter into the history of that desperate struggle for supremacy on this continent ending on the heights of ,abraham1 isolated chapters of which have been narrated with a graphic pen by ,mr4 ,francis ,parkman4 ,acadie was one of its chosen battlegrounds4 ,so far from the ,acadians living in rural peace and content1 it may be said broadly yet accurately that from the date of their first settlement to their final expulsion from the country1 during a period extending over one hundred and fifty years1 five years had never passed consecutively without hostilities1 open or threatened4 ,the province changed masters1 or was wholly or partially conquered1 seven times in a little over one hundred years1 and the final ,english conquest1 so far from establishing peace1 left the ,acadians in a worse position than before4 ,they refused to take the oath of allegiance to the ,english government2 the ,french government was not able to protect them1 though it used them to harass the ,english4 ,they acquired1 therefore1 by a sort of tacit understanding1 the title and position of the 8,neutral ,french10 the ,english government simply waiting from year to year until it felt itself strong enough to remove them en masse from the province1 and the ,acadians yearly expecting succor from ,quebec or ,louisburg4 ,each party regarded the other as aliens and enemies4 ,hence it is that no ,french-,acadian would ever have used the words 8his majesty's mandate0--applied to ,george ,,ii4--as spoken by ,basil the blacksmith in the poem4 ,that single expression conveys a radically false impression of the feelings of the people at the time4 ,the church at ,mines1 or ,grand ,pr1 from the belfry of which 8,softly the ,angelus sounded10 had been burned down twice by the ,english and its altar vessels stolen by ,col4 ,church in the old wars4 ,nor had permanent conquest1 as we have said1 brought any change for the better4 ,the curs were frequently imprisoned on pretext of exciting attacks on the ,english garrisons1 and sometimes1 as in the case of ,father ,felix and ,father ,charlemagne1 were exiled from the province4 ,in #agad the intention was first announced of transporting all the ,acadians from their homes4 ,it was proposed to remove them to ,cape ,breton1 still held by the ,french4 ,the pathetic remonstrance of ,father ,felix ,palm1 the cur of ,grand ,pr1 in a letter and petition to the governor1 averted this great calamity from his people at that time4 ,but the project was again revived by the ,english ,board of ,trade1 #agbj-cj4 ,in pursuance of its orders1 ,gov4 ,philipps issued a proclamation commanding the people of ,mines to come in and take the oath of allegiance by a certain day1 or to depart forthwith out of the province1 permitting1 at the same time--a stretch of generosity which will hardly be appreciated at this day--each family to carry away with it 8two sheep10 but all the rest of their property to be confiscated4 ,this storm also blew over4 ,but the result of this continual harassment and threatening was to drive the ,acadians into closer correspondence with the ,french at ,louisburg1 and to cause their young men to enlist in the ,french-,canadian forces on the frontier4 ,in view of this aid and comfort given to the enemy1 and their persistent refusal to take the oath of allegiance1 later ,english writers have not hesitated to declare the removal of the ,acadians from the province a political and military necessity4 ,but the otherwise unanimous voice of humanity has unequivocally denounced their wholesale deportation as one of the most cruel and tyrannical acts in the colonial history of ,england4 ,we are not to suppose1 however1 that the ,acadians folded their hands while utter ruin was thus threatening them4 ,in #agdg they joined in the attack on ,col4 ,noble's force at ,mines1 in which one hundred of the ,english were killed and wounded1 and the rest of his command made prisoners4 ,they were accused1 not without some show of reason1 of supporting the ,indians in their attack on the new settlement at ,halifax4 ,it is admitted that three hundred of them1 including many of the young men from ,grand ,pr1 were among the prisoners taken at ,fort ,beau ,sejour on the border a few months before their expulsion4 ,it is not our purpose to enter into any defence or condemnation of those hostilities4 ,but it is plain that ,mr4 ,longfellow's beautiful lines describing the columns of pale blue smoke1 like clouds of incense1 ascending 8,from a hundred hearths1 the homes of peace and contentment10 8free from fear1 that reigns with the tyrant1 or envy1 the vice of republics10 were not applicable to the condition of affairs at ,grand ,pr in #agee1 nor at any time4 ,the poem follows with fidelity the outlines of the scenes of the expulsion4 ,heart-rending indeed is the scene1 as described even by those who were agents in its execution4 ,the poet gives almost verbatim the address of ,col4 ,john ,winslow in the chapel4 ,nevertheless one important clause is omitted4 ,barbarous as were the orders of ,gov4 ,lawrence1 he was not absolutely devoid of humanity4 ,some attempt was made to lessen the pangs of separation from their country by the issuing of orders to the military commanders that 8whole families should go together on the same transport40 ,these orders were communicated with the others to the inhabitants by ,col4 ,winslow1 and it appears1 they were faithfully executed as far as the haste of embarkation would permit4 ,but as the young men marched separately to the ships1 and some of them escaped for a time into the woods1 there was nothing to prevent such an incident occurring as the separation of ,evangeline and ,gabriel4 ,about seven thousand 7#g1jjj7 ,acadians1 according to ,gov4 ,lawrence's letter to ,col4 ,winslow1 were transported from their homes4 ,the total number of these unfortunate people in the province at that time has been estimated at eighteen thousand4 ,the destruction was more complete at ,grand ,pr than elsewhere1 that being the oldest settlement1 with the exception of ,annapolis1 and the most prosperous and thickly settled4 ,a few years later another attempt was made to transfer the remainder of the ,acadian population to ,new ,england2 but the transports were not permitted to land them at ,boston1 as they were completely destitute1 and the ,new ,england commonwealths petitioned against being made responsible for their support4 ,the ,acadian exiles were scattered over ,pennsylvania1 ,virginia1 and ,georgia4 ,about four hundred and fifty were landed at ,philadelphia4 8,in that delightful land which is washed by the ,delaware's waters1 ,guarding in sylvan shades the name of ,penn1 the apostle1 ,stands on the banks of its beautiful stream the city he founded4 ''' ,there from the troubled sea had ,evangeline landed1 an exile1 ,finding among the children of ,penn a home and a country40 ,a few months ago ,i visited the ,quaker ,city4 ,there1 where ,evangeline ended her long pilgrimage1 ,i took up the thread of that story the early scenes of which had been so familiar to me4 ,how different those around me6 ,gone were the balsamic odors of the pines and the salt spray of the ocean4 ,one can conceive how the hearts of the poor ,acadian exiles must have trembled4 ,i sought out the old 8,swedish church at ,wicaco10 whence the 8sounds of psalms 8,across the meadows were wafted0 on the ,sabbath morning when ,evangeline went on her way to the hospital1 and there found her lover dying unknown4 ,the quaint little church--not larger than a country school-house--built of red and black bricks brought from ,sweden1 is now almost lost in a corner near the river's edge1 in the midst of huge warehouses and intersecting railroad tracks4 ,in the wall near the minister's desk is a tablet in memory of the first pastor and his wife buried beneath4 ,fastened to the gallery of the choir--not much higher than one's head--is the old ,swedish ,bible first used in the church1 and over it two gilded wooden cherubs--also brought from ,sweden--that make one smile at their comical features4 ,in the churchyard1 under the blue and faded gray tombstones1 repose the men and women of the congregation of #agee and years before4 ,but no vestiges of the ,acadian wanderers remain in the ,catholic burying-ground4 8,side by side in their nameless graves the lovers are sleeping4 ,under the humble walls of the little ,catholic churchyard1 ,in the heart of the city1 they lie unknown and unnoticed40 ,many of the ,acadians succeeded in wandering back to their country4 ,others escaped into what is now called ,new ,brunswick1 which was then a part of ,acadia1 and either returned to ,nova ,scotia in after-years when the whole of ,canada was finally ceded to the ,english1 or founded settlements1 existing to this day in ,new ,brunswick1 and returning their own members to the ,provincial ,parliaments4 ,the descendants of the ,acadians1 still speaking the ,french language and retaining the manners of their forefathers1 are more numerous than is generally supposed in ,nova ,scotia4 ,they number thirty-two thousand out of a total population of three hundred and eighty-seven thousand 7#chg1jjj71 according to the census of #ahga4 ,the poet says3 8,only along the shore of the mournful and misty ,atlantic ,linger a few ,acadian peasants4''' ,maidens still wear their ,norman caps and their kirtles of homespun1 ,and by the evening fire repeat ,evangeline's story40 ,this refers1 no doubt1 to the settlement at ,chezzetcook1 which1 from its closeness to ,halifax1 is best known4 ,on ,saturday mornings1 in the market at ,halifax1 the ,acadian women can be seen standing with their baskets of eggs and woollen mitts and socks for sale4 ,they are at once recognized by their short blue woollen outer petticoats or kirtles1 and their little caps1 with their black hair drawn tightly up from the forehead under them4 ,the young girls are often very pretty4 ,they have delicate features1 an oval face1 a clear olive complexion1 and eyes dark and shy1 like a fawn's4 ,they soon fade1 and get a weather-beaten and hard expression from exposure to the climate on their long journeys on foot and from severe toil4 ,but in ,yarmouth ,county1 and on the other side of the peninsula in the township of ,clare1 ,digby ,county1 there are much larger and more prosperous settlements4 ,clare is almost exclusively ,french-,acadian4 ,the people generally send their own member to the provincial ,house of ,assembly4 ,he speaks ,french more fluently than ,english4 ,the priest preaches in ,french4 ,here at this day is to be found the counterpart of the manners of ,grand ,pr4 ,virtue1 peace1 and happiness reign in more than 8a hundred homes0 under the old customs4 ,maidens as pure and sweet as ,evangeline can be seen as of old walking down the road to the church on a ,sunday morning with their 8chaplet of beads and their missal40 ,but the modern dressmaker and milliner has made more headway than among the poor ,chezzetcook people4 ,grand ,pr itself1 and most of the old ,acadian settlements1 are inhabited by a purely ,british race--descendants of the ,north of ,ireland and ,new ,england settlers who received grants of the confiscated lands4 ,by a singular turn of fortune's wheel the descendants of another expatriated race--the ,american loyalists--now people a large part of the province once held by the exiled ,acadians4 ,,the ,,patient ,,church4 ,bide thou thy time6 ,watch with meek eyes the race of pride and crime1 ,sit in the gate1 and be the heathen's jest1 ,smiling and self-possest4 ,o thou1 to whom is pledged a victor's sway1 ,bide thou the victor's day6 ,think on the sin ,that reap'd the unripe seed1 and toil'd to win ,foul history-marks at ,bethel and at ,dan-- ,no blessing1 but a ban2 ,whilst the wise ,shepherd hid his heaven-told fate1 ,nor reck'd a tyrant's hate4 ,such loss is gain2 ,wait the bright ,advent that shall loose thy chain6 ,e'en now the shadows break1 and gleams divine ,edge the dim1 distant line4 ,when thrones are trembling1 and earth's fat ones quail1 ,true seed6 thou shalt prevail4 --,,newman4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,,iv4 ,william du ,bellay having remained in ,france1 ,m4 de ,vaux had been sent to replace him in ,england4 ,the latter1 having but recently returned from ,rome1 where he was attached to the embassy of ,m4 de ,grammont1 ,french ambassador to that court1 was not yet initiated into the state of affairs as they existed at the court of ,henry ,,viii4 ,du ,bellay was not satisfied with the change2 and the old diplomate1 finding his new assistant inclined to be somewhat dull1 undertook to enlighten him--leading him on step by step into the intricacies of diplomacy1 like a mother1 or rather a governess1 a little brusque1 who is impatient at the slow progress the child makes in learning to walk4 8,come60 he exclaimed1 8,i see you understand nothing of this2 so ,i shall have to be patient and begin it all over again4 ,it is incredible10 he added1 by way of digression1 addressing himself to the public 7who was absent71 8what absurd reports are circulated outside with regard to what we say and do in our secret negotiations6 ,it extends even to all these harebrains of the court2 but you who have a foot in diplomacy ,i cannot excuse4 ,come1 let us see--we say3 8,when my brother left1 he went to demand on the part of ,henry ,,viii41 of the universities of ,france1 and above all that of ,paris 7preponderating over all the others7--remark well3 to demand1 ,i say--that they should give decisions favorable to the divorce4 ,now1 this point appeared at first quite insignificant2 but it is just here we have shown our ability 7,i would say ,i1 but ,i do not wish to vaunt myself over a young man just starting out in the world like yourself74 ,then our king has replied to the ,king of ,england that he would ask nothing better than to use his influence with the universities to induce them to give satisfaction on this subject2 but that 7notice this especially7 the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 had made precisely the same demand in an opposite direction1 in favor of ,queen ,catherine1 his aunt2 that if he refused the emperor1 he would be extremely displeased1 and that he was compelled to reflect a second time1 because the princes1 his children1 were held as hostages in the hands of the emperor1 and in spite of all his efforts he had not yet been able to pay the price of their ransom stipulated at the treaty of ,cambrai4 8,it then remained to say that we could do nothing for him--on the contrary1 must oppose him so long as the children were held prisoners1 or while there was even a chance that they would be restored to us on condition that we should throw our influence on the side of ,queen ,catherine4 ,all of which is as clear as day--is it not8 ,now you are going to see if ,i have understood how to take advantage of these considerations with ,henry ,,viii40 ,saying this1 with a slightly derisive smile1 ,du ,bellay took from a drawer a casket of green sharkskin1 which he handed to ,de ,vaux1 who opened it eagerly4 8,oh6 how beautiful10 he exclaimed1 taking from the case and holding up in the sunlight a magnificent fleur de lis composed entirely of diamonds4 8,oh6 this is most superb40 8,yes1 it is beautiful60 replied ,du ,bellay with a satisfied air1 8and worth one hundred and fifty thousand crowns4 ,philip1 the emperor's father1 pledged it to the ,king of ,england for that sum4 ,we are obliged by the treaty to redeem it2 but as we have not the money to pay1 it has been made a present to us4 ,and here is what is better still10 he added1 displaying a quittance--8a receipt in full for five hundred thousand crowns which the emperor owed ,henry ,,viii42 and he now makes a present of it to ,francis ,i41 to enable him to pay immediately the two millions required for the ransom of the princes40 8,that is admirable60 cried ,de ,vaux4 8,it must be admitted1 my lord1 that we shall be under great obligations to ,mlle4 ,anne40 8,all disorders cost dear1 my child10 replied ,du ,bellay2 8and if this continues1 they will ruin ,england4 ,think of what will have to be paid yet to the ,university of ,paris6'''0 8,and do you suppose they will consent to this demand80 interrupted ,de ,vaux4 8,no1 truly1 ,i do not believe it10 replied ,du ,bellay4 8,except ,master ,gervais1 who is always found ready to do anything asked of him1 ,i know not how they will decide2 but1 between ourselves1 ,i tell you ,i believe they will be against it4 ,but1 observe1 we have not promised a favorable decision--we have only left it to be hoped for2 which is quite a different thing40 8,that is very adroit10 replied ,de ,vaux1 8assuredly2 but it seems to me not very honest40 8,how6 not honest80 murmured ,du ,bellay1 contracting his little gray eyebrows1 and fixing his greenish eyes on the fair face of the youth4 8,not honest60 he again exclaimed in a stentorian voice4 8,where do you come from1 then1 young man8 ,know that among these people honesty is a thing unheard of4 ,others less candid than myself may tell you the contrary1 knowing very well that such is not the truth4 ,they arrange projects with the intention of defeating them2 they sign treaties with the studied purpose of violating them2 they swear to keep the peace in order to prepare for war2 and a state sells her authority and puts her influence in the balance of the world in favor of the highest bidder4 ,let the price be earth or metal1 it is of no consequence2 ,i make no distinction4 ,when ,henry devastated our territories and took possession of our provinces1 was it just8 ,no6 #8,might makes right'2 that is the veritable law of nations--the only one they are willing to acknowledge or adopt4 ,in default of strength1 there remains stratagem2 and ,i must use it60 8,under existing circumstances you are right10 replied ,de ,vaux1 replacing in its case the superb fleur de lis1 and again waving it in the sunlight4 8,it is a pity10 he added1 8that they may be obliged to return this2 it would set off wonderfully well the wedding dress of the future ,duchess of ,orleans40 8,what6 are they speaking already of the marriage of the young ,duke of ,orleans80 asked ,du ,bellay in surprise4 8,ah6 that is a great secret10 replied ,de ,vaux confidentially4 8,you know our king has not abandoned the idea of subjugating the ,milanese1 and1 to ensure the pope's friendship1 he offers to marry his second son to his niece1 the young ,catherine de' ,medici40 8,no60 cried ,m4 du ,bellay4 8,no1 it is impossible6 ,how can they forget that but a short time since the ,medici family was composed of only the simple merchants of ,florence80 8,it has all been arranged1 notwithstanding10 replied ,de ,vaux4 8,in spite of all our precautions1 the emperor has been apprised of it4 ,at first he refused to credit it1 and would not believe the ,king of ,france could really think of allying his noble blood with that of the ,medici4 ,in the meantime he has been so much frightened1 lest the hope of this alliance would not sufficiently dazzle ,clement ,,viii41 that he has made a proposal to break off the marriage of his niece1 the ,princess of ,denmark1 with the ,duke of ,milan1 and substitute the young ,catherine in her place4 ,we have1 as you may well suppose1 promptly advised ,m4 de ,montmorency of all these things1 who returned us1 on the spot1 full power to sign the articles4 ,m4 de ,grammont immediately carried them to the pope2 and he was greatly delighted1 as ,austria1 it seems1 had already got ahead of us1 and persuaded him that we had no other intention than to deceive him and gain time4 ,now everything is harmoniously arranged4 ,they promise for the marriage portion of ,catherine ,reggio1 ,pisa1 ,leghorn1 ,modena1 ,ribera1 the ,duchy of ,urbino2 and ,francis ,i4 cedes to his son his claims to the ,duchy of ,milan40 8,sad compensation for a bad marriage60 replied ,m4 du ,bellay angrily3 8new complications which will only result in bringing about interminable disputes6 ,princes can never learn to be contented with the territory already belonging to them4 ,although they may not possess sufficient ability to govern even that well1 still they are always trying to extend it4 ,war must waste and ruin a happy and flourishing country1 in order to put them in possession of a few feet of desolated earth1 all sprinkled with gold and watered with blood40 8,ah6 yes10 interrupted ,de ,vaux earnestly1 8we have learned this cruelly and to our cost4 ,and relentless history will record without regret the account of our reverses1 and the captivity of a king so valiant and dauntless--a king who has sacrificed everything save his honor40 8,reflect1 my dear1 on all this4 ,the honor of a king consists not in sacrificing the happiness of his people4 ,a soldier should be brave--the head of a nation should be wise and prudent10 replied ,du ,bellay1 as he turned over a great file of papers in search of something1 8,valor without prudence is worthless4 ,the intrigues of the cabinet are more certain2 they are of more value than the best generals4 ,they1 at least1 are never entirely defeated2 the disaster of the evening inspires renewed strength for the morrow4 ,cold1 hunger1 and sickness are not able to destroy them4''' ,they can only waste a few words or lose a sum of money4 ,a dozen well-chosen spies spread their toils in every direction2 we hold them like bundles of straw in our hands2 they glide in the dark1 slip through your fingers--an army that cannot be captured1 which exists not and yet never dies2 which drags to the tribunal of those who pay them1 without pity as without discrimination1 without violence as without hesitation1 the hearts of all mankind4 8,gold1 my child1 but never blood6 ,with bread we can move the world2 with blood we destroy it4 ,your heart1 young man1 leaps within you at the sound of the shrill trumpet1 when glittering banners wave and the noise of battle inebriates your soul4 ,but look behind you1 child1 look behind you3 the squadron has passed4 ,hear the shrieks and groans of the dying4 ,behold those men dragging themselves over the trampled field2 their heads gashed and bleeding1 their bones dislocated1 their limbs torn2 streams of blood flow from their wounds2 they die in an ocean furnished from their own lacerated veins4 ,go there to the field of carnage and death2 pause beside that man with pallid face and agonized expression2 think of the tender care and painful anxiety of the mother who reared him from his cradle4 ,how often she has pressed her lips upon the golden curls of her boy1 the hope of her old age1 which must now end in despair6 ,reflect there1 upon the field of carnage and death1 on the tender caresses of wives1 sisters1 and friends4 ,imagine the brother's grief1 the deep anguish of the father4 ,alas6 all these recollections pass in an instant before the half-open eyes of the dying4 ,farewell6 dream of glory1 hateful vision now for ever vanished4 ,life is almost extinct1 yet with the latest breath he thinks but of them6 #8,they will see me no more6 ,i must die far away1 without being able to bid them a last adieu4' ,such are the bitter thoughts murmured by his dying lips as the last sigh is breathed forth4 ,tell me1 young man1 have you never reflected when1 on the field glittering in the bright summer sunshine1 you have seen the heavy1 well-drilled battalions advance2 when the prince rode in the midst of them1 and they saluted him with shouts of enthusiasm and love2 when that prince1 a weak man like themselves1 elated with pride1 said to them3 #8,march on to death2 it is for me that you go6' ,for you6 ,and who are you8 ,their executioner1 who throws their ashes to the wind of your ambition1 to satisfy the thirst of your covetousness1 the insolent pride of your name1 which the century will see buried in oblivion6 ,ah6 my son10 continued the old diplomate1 deeply affected1 with his hands crossed on the packet of papers1 that he had entirely forgotten1 8if you knew how much ,i have seen in my life of these horrible calamities1 of these monstrous follies1 which devastate the world6 ,if you but knew how my heart has groaned within me1 concealed beneath my gloomy visage1 my exterior as impassible as my garments1 you would understand how ,i hate them1 these mighty conquerors1 these vile plagues of the earth1 and how ,i count as nothing the sack of gold which lies at the bottom of the precipice over which they push us1 the adroit fraud that turns them aside from their course6 ,but shall ,i weep like an old woman80 he suddenly exclaimed1 vexed at being betrayed into the expression of so much emotion4 ,hastily brushing the tear from his cheek1 he began examining the package of papers1 and1 instantly recovering his usual composure1 became ,m4 du ,bellay1 the diplomate4 ,young ,de ,vaux1 greatly surprised at the excess of feeling into which the ambassador had suddenly been betrayed1 so much at variance with his previous manner1 as well as his rule of conduct and the rather brusque reception he had given him1 still remembered it when all thought of the occurrence had passed from the mind of his superior4 8,here1 sir1 read that10 he exclaimed1 throwing the young man a small scrap of paper4 8,i will read it1 my lord40 8,read aloud1 sir40 8#8,cardinal ,wolsey1 overcome by grief and alarm1 has fallen dangerously ill4 ,the king has been informed of it2 he has ordered three physicians to ,asher1 and obliged ,lady ,anne to send him the golden tablets in token of his reconciliation4 ,furthermore1 it is certainly true that the king has said3 8,i would not lose ,wolsey for twenty thousand pounds40 ,it is unnecessary to impress upon my lord the importance of this event4 ,my lord will1 ,i hope1 approve of the celerity with which ,i have despatched this information4'0 8,it is without signature60 said ,de ,vaux4 8,i credit it entirely10 murmured ,du ,bellay4 8,by my faith1 ,i am delighted6 ,these golden tablets afford me extreme pleasure10 said ,de ,vaux4 8,this will revive the hopes of poor ,cardinal ,wolsey40 8,and that is all6''' ,and you1 content to know that he is happy1 will remain quietly seated in your chair1 ,i suppose10 said ,m4 du ,bellay1 fixing his green eyes1 lighted with a brilliant gleam1 on young ,de ,vaux4 8,monsieur60 he continued1 8it is not in this way a man attends to the business of his country4 ,since the day the cardinal was exiled1 ,i have deliberated whether ,i should go to see him or not4 ,my heart prompted me to do so1 but it was not my heart ,i had to consult4 ,i was persuaded the king would not be able to dispense with him1 and sooner or later he would be recalled to the head of affairs4 ,in that case ,i felt inclined to give him a proof of my attachment in his disgrace4 ,but1 on the other hand1 that intriguing family who are constantly buzzing around the king induced me constantly to hesitate4 ,now ,i believe we have almost nothing more to fear2 we will arrive there1 perhaps1 before the physicians1 and later we shall know how to proceed40 8,most willingly60 cried ,de ,vaux4 8,i shall be happy indeed to see this celebrated man1 of whom ,i have heard so many different opinions40 8,doubtless10 interrupted ,du ,bellay impatiently1 8pronounced by what is styled #8public opinion'--a tribunal composed of the ignorant1 the deluded1 and short-sighted1 who always clamor louder than others1 and who take great care1 in order to avoid compromising their stupidity1 to prefix the ominous #8they say' to all their statements4 ,as for me1 ,i say they invariably display more hatred toward the virtues they envy than the vices they pretend to despise2 and they will judge a man more severely and criticise him more harshly for the good he has tried to do than for what he may have left undone4''' ,gossiping1 prying crowd1 pronouncing judgment and knowing nothing1 who will cast popularity like a vile mantle over the shoulders of any man who will basely stoop low enough before them to receive it6 ,he who endeavors to please all pleases none10 added ,m4 du ,bellay1 with a singularly scornful expression4 8,to live for his king1 and above all for his country1 despising the blame or hatred of the vulgar1 should be the motto of every public man2 and ,god grant ,i may never cease to remember it60 8,you believe1 then1 the cardinal will be restored to the head of affairs80 asked ,de ,vaux1 running his fingers through his blonde curls1 and rising to depart4 8,i am not sure of it yet10 replied ,du ,bellay2 8we are going to find out4 ,if the crowd surrounds him1 as eager to pay him homage to-day as they were yesterday to overwhelm him with scorn and contempt2 if1 in a word1 the courtiers sigh and groan around his bed1 and pretend to feel the deepest concern1 it will be a most certain indication of his return to favor4 ,and1 to speak frankly1 ,i believe the king already begins to discover that no one can replace the cardinal near his person as private secretary2 for that poor ,gardiner copies a despatch with more difficulty than his predecessor dictated one40 ,m4 du ,bellay arose and started1 followed by ,de ,vaux1 to the bank of the ,thames1 where they entered a large boat already filled with passengers awaiting the moment of departure to ascend the river either to ,chelsea1 ,battersea1 or as far as ,pultney1 where the boat stopped4 ,bales of merchandise were piled up in the centre1 on which were seated a number of substantial citizens conversing together with their hands in their pockets1 and wearing the self-sufficient air of men the extent of whose purse and credit were well understood4 ,they fixed1 at first1 a scrutinizing glance on the new arrivals1 and then resumed their conversation4 8,come1 come1 let us be off now60 exclaimed a young man1 balancing himself on one foot4 8,here is half an hour lost1 and ,i declare ,i must be at ,chelsea to dinner40 8,indeed1 it is already an hour4 ,look here6 ,this cockswain doesn't resemble our parliament at all2 that does everything it is told to do60 he added1 as he sauntered into the midst of the crowd4 8,hold your tongue1 ,william10 immediately replied one of them2 8you don't recollect any more1 ,i suppose1 the assembly at ,bridewell1 where the king1 knowing we condemned his course in the divorce affair1 after having seized all the arms in the city1 told us himself there was no head so high but he would make it fall if it attempted to resist him40 8,what shameful tyranny60 replied another1 rolling a bundle under his foot4 8,i cannot think of it without my blood boiling4 ,are these ,englishmen he treats in this manner80 8,and that wicked cardinal10 continued his neighbor in a loud1 shrill voice--8he was standing by the king1 and looking at us with his threatening eyes4 ,he has been the cause of all the troubles we have had with this affair4 ,but we are rid of him1 at last40 8,we are rid of him1 did you say80 interrupted a man about fifty or sixty years of age1 who appeared to be naturally phlegmatic and thoughtful4 8,you are very well contented1 it seems to me2 ''' but it is because you only think of the present1 and give yourself no concern whatever about the future4 ,ah6 well1 in a few days we will see if you are as well satisfied40 8,and why not then80 they all exclaimed in the same voice4 8,because1 ,i tell you1 because '''0 8,explain yourself more clearly1 ,master ,wrilliot10 continued young ,william4 8,you always know what's going to happen better than anybody else40 8,ah6 yes1 ,i know it only too well1 in fact1 my young friend10 he replied1 shaking his head ominously2 8and we will very soon learn to our sorrow that if the favor of the cardinal costs us dear1 his disgrace will cost us still more4 ,parliament is going to remit all the king's debts40 8,what6 all of his debts8 ,but ,parliament has no right to do this60 they all exclaimed4 8,no2 but it will take the right60 replied ,master ,wrilliot4 8,william will lose half of his wife's marriage portion1 which1 if ,i mistake not1 his father gave him in royal trust2 and ,i shall lose fifteen thousand crowns for which ,i was foolish enough to accept the deed of conveyance40 8,ah6 ah6 that will be too unjust2 it ought not to be10 they all repeated4 8,yes10 continued this far-seeing interlocutor1 shaking his head contemptuously1 8the king has no money to pay us4 ,war has drained his private treasury1 but he nevertheless draws from it abundant means to ransom ,french princes1 who make him believe they will marry him to that lady ,boleyn2 and if you do not believe me1 go ask these ,frenchmen who are here present10 he added1 raising his voice1 and casting on ,,mm4 du ,bellay and de ,vaux a glance of cold1 disdainful wrath4 ,m4 du ,bellay had lost nothing of the conversation2 it was held too near him1 and was too openly hostile for him to feign not to remark it4 ,finding himself recognized1 and neither being able to reply to a positive interrogation nor to keep silence1 he measured in his turn1 very coolly1 and without permitting the least indication of emotion or anger to appear1 the face and form of his adversary4 8,sir20 he exclaimed1 regarding him steadily1 8who are you1 and by what right do you call me to account8 ,if it is your curiosity that impels you1 it will not be gratified2 if1 on the contrary1 you dare seek to insult me1 you should know ,i will not suffer it4 ,answer me60 8,the best you can make of it will be worth nothing10 replied1 with a loud burst of laughter1 a ,genoese merchant who did not recognize the ambassador1 as he sat by the men who directed the boat4 8,forget your quarrel1 gentlemen1 and1 instead of disputing1 come look at this beautiful vessel we are just going to pass4 ,see1 she is getting ready to sail4 ,a fine ship-load6--a set of adventurers who go to try their fortunes in the new world discovered by one of my countrymen10 he added with an air of intense satisfaction4 8,poor ,columbus60 replied one of the citizens1 8he experienced throughout his life that glory does not give happiness1 and envy and ingratitude united together to crush his genius4 ,do you not believe1 if he could have foreseen the cruelties ,hernando ,cortez and ,pizarro exercised toward the people whom he discovered1 he would have preferred leaving the secret of their existence buried for ever in the bosom of the stormy sea that bore him to ,europe1 rather than to have announced there the success of his voyage80 8,i believe it10 said ,wrilliot1 8his soul was so beautiful6 ,he loved humanity40 8,christopher ,columbus60 exclaimed young ,william1 full of youthful enthusiasm and admiration for a man whose home was the ocean4 8,i cannot hear his name pronounced without emotion6 ,i always imagine ,i see him in that old convent of ,salamanca1 before those learned professors and erudite monks assembled to listen to a project which in their opinion was as rash as it was foolish4 8#8,how do you suppose1' said they1 #8that your vessel will ever reach the extremity of the ,indies1 since you pretend that the earth is round8 ,you would never be able to return2 for what amount of wind do you imagine it would require to enable your ship to remount the liquid mountain which it had so easily descended8 ,and do you forget that no creature can live under the scorching atmosphere of the torrid zone8' 8,columbus refuted their arguments2 but these doctors still insisted1 nor hesitated to openly demand of him how he could be so presumptuous as to believe1 if the thing had been as he said1 it could have remained undiscovered by so many illustrious men1 born before him1 and who had attained the highest degree of learning1 while for him alone should have been reserved the development of this grand idea40 8,and yet10 said ,wrilliot1 who had listened in silence1 8it was permitted1 some years later1 that he should go down to the grave wearing the chains with which his persecutors had loaded him1 in order to keep him away from the world that he alone had been able to discover60 8,what perseverance6 ,what obstacles he succeeded in overcoming60 replied one of those who had first spoken4 8,i shall always1 while ,i live1 recall with pleasure having been of service to his brother ,bartholomew when he came to this country40 8,what6 he came here80 repeated ,william4 8,yes1 and was in my own house10 continued the citizen4 8,christopher1 finding the senate of ,genoa and the ,king of ,portugal refused equally to listen or furnish him with vessels necessary for the enterprise he had so long meditated1 sent his brother to ,king ,henry ,,vii4 ,he was unfortunately captured1 in coming over1 by some pirates1 who kept him in slavery4 ,many years elapsed before he succeeded in escaping and reaching ,england1 where he found himself reduced to such a state of destitution that he was obliged to design charts for a living1 and to enable him to present himself in decent apparel at court4 ,the king gave him a favorable reception1 but ,christopher1 in the meantime1 receiving no intelligence from his brother1 solicited so earnestly the court of ,spain that he obtained two small vessels from ,isabella of ,castile1 and very soon after ,europe learned of the existence of another hemisphere4 ,spain planted her standard there1 and we thus lost the advantages which were destined for us40 8,i do not regret it10 replied an old man sitting in the midst of the crowd1 who had until that time maintained a profound silence4 8,is it not better for a nation to be less rich and powerful than stained with so many crimes8 ,it is now but thirty-eight years since ,columbus founded the colony of ,san ,domingo4 ,this island then contained a million of inhabitants2 to-day there scarcely remain forty thousand4 ,but10 pursued the old man with a bitter smile1 8they will not stop there4 ,no2 they will not confine their barbarous exploits to that miserable region4 ,they are renewing in ,peru the carnage they carried on in ,mexico4 ,it is necessary to have a great many places for a man to die--to pass a few moments1 and then go and hide himself in the grave6 ,i have already lived seventy-nine years1 and yet it seems to me now that my left hand still rests on my cradle4 ,i can scarcely believe that these white locks are scattered upon my head2 for my life has sped like the fleeting dream of a single night that has passed4 ,yes1 ,william10 continued the old man1 8you look at me with astonishment1 and your eyes1 full of youthful fire1 are fixed upon mine1 in which the light has long been extinguished4 ,ah6 well1 you will very soon see it extinguished in your own1 but not before you will have witnessed all their cruelties40 8,that is bad10 replied ,william4 8,but these ,indians are stupid and indolent beyond all parallel2#bcb they will neither work nor pay the taxes imposed on them40 8,and from whom do the ,spaniards claim the right of reducing these people to a state of servitude10 exclaimed the old man indignantly1 8and to treat them like beasts of burden whom they are privileged to exterminate with impunity1 and carry off the gold their avarice covets1 the dagger in one hand1 the scourge in the other8 ,they ensure them1 they say1 the happiness of knowing the ,christian religion6 ,how dare they presume to instruct these people in that ,gospel of peace which commands us to love our neighbor as ourselves1 to detach our hearts from the things of the world1 and1 leaving our offering before the altar1 go and be reconciled with our enemy80 8,from that point of view your argument would seem just10 replied ,william2 8but the fact is1 if the ,spaniards did not force these islanders to work them1 the mines would remain unproductive1 the fields uncultivated1 and the colonies would perish40 8,you are mistaken10 replied the old man4 8,in acting as she does ,spain destroys in her own womb the source from whence she would draw an immense revenue4 ,if she had been satisfied to establish an honest and peaceable commerce with these countries1 her industry1 excited to the highest degree by the rich commodities of exchange1 would have conferred an incalculable benefit on an entire people whom her blind cupidity has induced her to crush and destroy4 8,do you suppose these isolated negroes they buy at such enormous prices will ever be able to replace the native inhabitants who live and die in their own country8 ,this strange and ferocious population will remain among the colonies1 enemies always ready to revolt2 a yoke of iron and blood will alone be sufficient to keep them in subjection4 ,but let these masters tremble if ever the power falls into the hands of their slaves60 ,,mm4 du ,bellay and de ,vaux listened to this conversation in silence1 and the diversion was at first agreeable2 but they were soon convinced that they were suddenly becoming again the objects of general attention4 8,i tell you10 exclaimed one1 8they are going to look for the cardinal and bring him back to court40 8,well60 replied another1 8,i would like to see ,m4 du ,bellay in the place of the legate ,campeggio40 8,ah6 and what have they done with him1 then80 they all eagerly demanded4 8,he was arrested at ,dover1 where he had gone to embark4 ,he was dreadfully alarmed1 believing they came to assassinate him4 ,his baggage was searched1 in order to find ,wolsey's treasures1 with which he was entrusted1 they said1 for safe keeping40 8,and did they find them80 asked the ,genoese merchant1 eagerly leaning forward at the sound of the word treasure4 8,it seems they did not find them10 was the reply4 8,hear what they say60 whispered young ,de ,vaux in the ear of ,m4 du ,bellay4 8,i presume they were in search of the legal documents1 but they were too late4 ,they have long ago arrived in ,italy4 ,campeggio was careful enough to send them secretly by his son ,rudolph4#bcc ,i often saw this young man in ,rome1 and heard him say his father had entrusted him with all his correspondence and despatches1#bcd as he was not certain what fate ,henry had in store for him40 8,you say10 replied young ,william1 elevating his voice in order that ,m4 du ,bellay might hear him1 8that the king has sent the ,earl of ,wiltshire to ,rome to solicit his divorce4 ,he had better make all these strangers leave who come into our country only to sow discord1 and then gather the fruits of their villany40 ,this speech1 although spoken indirectly1 was evidently intended for the two ,frenchmen2 but the ,genoese merchant1 always inclined to be suspicious1 immediately applied it to himself4 8,master ,william10 he exclaimed1 reddening with anger1 8have you forgotten that for twenty years ,i have been a commercial friend of your father4 ,and if he has made his fortune with our velvets and silks1 to whom does he owe it1 if not to those who1 by their honesty and promptness in fulfilling their engagements1 were the first cause of his success8 ,now1 because you are able to live without work1 you take on this insulting manner--very insulting indeed4 ,however1 ,i give you to understand that1 if it suited me to do it1 ,i could make as great a display of luxury and wealth as yourself1 and can count on my dresser as many dishes and flagons of silver as you have2 and if it suited me to remain at home1 there is no necessity for me to travel any more on business40 ,the merchant continued to boast of his fortune1 and ,william began to explain that his remarks were by no means intended for him1 when the passengers began to cry out3 8,land6 land6 ,here is ,chelsea2 we land at ,chelsea40 ,the rowers halted immediately1 and the little boats sent from the shore came to take off the passengers who wished to land4 ,almost all of them went2 none remaining on the boat except the ambassador1 the ,genoese merchant1 and two citizens whose retiring and prudent character could be read in the quiet1 thoughtful expression of their faces4 ,they gazed for a long time on the surrounding country2 at last one of them hazarded the question3 8,do you know who owns that white house with the terraced garden extending down to the bank of the ,thames80 8,that is the residence of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 the new chancellor10 replied his companion methodically4 8,ah6 it does not make much show4 ,do you know this new chancellor80 8,by my faith1 no6 ,however1 ,i saw him the other day on the square at ,westminster1 as ,i was passing2 the ,dukes of ,norfolk and ,suffolk were conducting him with great ceremony to the ,star ,chamber 7at least that is what they told me74 ,i stopped to look at him4 ,there was an immense crowd filling all the square4 ,in crossing it the ,duke of ,norfolk stopped1 and1 turning to the crowd before him1 said the king had instructed him to publicly proclaim what great and important services ,sir ,thomas had rendered him in every position he had confided to his care1 and it was on that account he esteemed him so highly1 and had appointed him now to the highest position in the kingdom because of his virtues and the rare talents he possessed4 ,everybody listened and said nothing 7because you know the last is always the best740 ,the citizen said this in a very low tone4 8,more replied very well10 he continued4 8,he said that1 while deeply grateful for his majesty's goodness and favors1 he felt no less deeply convinced that the king had rewarded him far beyond his merits2 in all he had accomplished he had but done his duty1 and he greatly feared now that he might not possess the ability necessary for acquitting himself of the duties of so high and important an office4 ,and--a very singular thing 7for they do not usually speak of their predecessors7--he declared that he could not rejoice in the honor conferred on him1 as it recalled the name of the wise and honorable prelate whom he had superseded4 ,on hearing that ,i supposed they would hiss2 but not at all4 ,he said everything so well1 with so much sincerity1 dignity1 and firmness1 that they applauded him with an indescribable enthusiasm4 ,it seemed those who knew him were never satisfied with praising him4 ,nobody1 they said1 rendered justice so scrupulously as he2 none were so wise1 so disinterested2 in fact1 they never ended the recital of his perfections40 8,ah60 said the other1 in a voice scarcely audible1 while he looked round to discover if any one could hear him1 8we will see later if he performs all these wonderful things1 and if any one will be able to get near him without paying even his doorkeeper1 as was the case with the other40 8,yes1 we will see10 replied his companion4 8,none of these great lords are worth much--any amount of promises2 but of deeds--nothing60 8,but this is not a great lord10 answered the citizen4 8,ah6 well1 it is all the same2 as soon as they rise1 they grow proud1 and despise and scorn the people4 ,you may believe if ever ,i obtain a patent of nobility1 and become still richer than ,i am now1 ,i will crush them beautifully2 there will not be one who will dare contradict me4 ,by my faith6 it is a great pity ,i had not been born a count or a baron2 ,i should have been so well up to all their impertinences and want of feeling40 8,it is not very difficult10 replied his companion2 8you are1 ,i think1 sufficiently so now for the good of that poor youth who wants to marry your daughter4 ,he will lose his senses1 ,i am afraid1 poor fellow40 8,what did you say1 neighbor80 replied the citizen1 feeling the blood mount to his face4 8,do you think ,i will give my daughter to a wretch who has not a cent in the world--,i who have held in my family the right of citizenship from time immemorial8 ,my grandmother also told me we have had two aldermen of our name4 ,all that counts1 you see1 ,master ,allicot2 and if you wish to remain my friend1 ,i advise you not to meddle yourself with the tattle of my wife and daughter on the subject of that little wretch they are putting it into her head to marry2 because1 in truth1 the mother is as bad as the daughter4 ,ah6 neighbor1 these women1 these women are the plagues of our lives6 ,don't say any more to me about it4 ,they will run me distracted2 but they will make nothing by it1 ,i swear it1 neighbor4 ,the silly jades6 to dare speak to me of such a match6 ,hush6 don't say any more to me about it1 neighbor2 for it will drive me mad60 ,the neighbor did reply1 however1 because he had been commissioned to use his influence in softening the husband and father in favor of a young mechanic full of life and health1 who had no other fault than that of belonging to a class less elevated than that of the proud citizen who rejected his humble supplications with scorn4 ,but the dnouement of this embassy1 and the termination of this romance of the warehouse1 have been for ever lost to history2 for ,m4 du ,bellay1 seeing they were almost in sight of ,asher1 made them land him1 and the two honorable citizens doubtless continued their journey and their conversation4 ,at ,asher ,m4 du ,bellay found everything just as he expected4 ,the physicians surrounded ,wolsey's bed1 watching his slightest movement4 ,the golden tablets of young ,anne ,boleyn were thrown open upon the coarse woollen bedspread that covered the sick man4 ,cromwell walked the floor with folded arms4 ,he approached the bed from time to time1 looked at ,wolsey1 whose closed eyes and labored breathing betokened nothing favorable1 then at the golden tablets1 then at the physicians around him4 ,he seemed to say1 8,is he going to die1 and just when he might be so useful to me80 ,on seeing ,m4 du ,bellay enter1 his countenance lighted up2 he ran on before him1 and endeavored to arouse ,wolsey from his stupor4 8,my lord1 the ambassador of ,france60 he cried in the ear of the dying man4 ,but he received no reply4 8,it is singular10 said the doctors1 8nothing can arouse him40 ,and they looked gravely at each other4 8,he will not die6 ,i tell you he will not die60 replied ,cromwell1 evincing the most impatient anxiety4 ,he approached the cardinal and shook his head4 8,crom--well10 murmured the sick man4 8,monsieur du ,bellay60 shouted ,cromwell a second time4 ,wolsey's eyes remained closed4 8,let him alone10 cried the physicians2 8he must not be excited40 8,so ,i think10 said ,m4 du ,bellay4 8,you can tell him ,i have been here10 continued the ambassador1 turning towards ,cromwell1 8but did not wish to disturb him40 ,m4 du ,bellay then took his leave1 and returned by the land route to ,london4 ,he encountered1 not far from ,asher1 a party of the cardinal's old domestics1 whom the king had sent to carry him several wagon-loads of furniture and other effects4 ,at the head of this convoy rode ,cavendish1 one of the cardinal's most faithful servants4 ,seeing ,m4 du ,bellay1 they collected around him1 and hastily inquired about their master4 ,du ,bellay advised them to quicken their speed1 and1 taking leave1 went on his way1 thinking that the cardinal would not be restored to favor1 and already arranging in his mind another course in which to direct his diplomatic steps for the future4 ,he was not mistaken3 ,wolsey escaped death1 but only to find himself surrounded by misery and abandoned to despair4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,primitive ,,civilization4#bce ,if our modern men of science would not travel out of their sphere1 there would be no war between them and the church4 ,in the name of the ,catholic religion we invite them to push onward in the path of scientific discovery with the utmost energy and ardor of which they are capable4 ,but if their discoveries are to have any bearing on the truths of the ,christian revelation1 we can accept nothing less than demonstration1 and they must not credit science1 as does ,mr4 ,tyndall1 with mere theories of speculative philosophy4 ,with this reservation1 we wish their labors all possible success4 ,but if poor fallible reason--whose discoveries1 after whole millenniums of toil1 are little better than a record of the blunders of one generation corrected by the blunders of another2 and1 even on the supposition that they are all correct1 are1 by comparison with what is unknown1 as a drop of water compared with the limitless ocean--ventures to deny the existence of the soul because it has no lens powerful enough to bring it within the cognizance of the senses1 its conclusion is no longer scientific4 ,the doctor has become a quack1 the philosopher a fool4 ,if the torch which the ,creator has placed at the service of his creature1 to help him to grope his way amidst the objects of sense1 and to illuminate his faith1 is to be flung in his face because it does not reveal the whole infinitude of the majesty of his beauty1 we can only compassionate so childish a misuse of a noble gift4 ,if natural philosophy is to rob the sensible creation of a motive and end1 and to proclaim it to be merely the result of an unintelligent atomic attraction and evolution of forces1 a more intelligent and a more logical philosophy1 in harmony with the unquenchable instinct of immortality within the human soul1 casts from it such pitiful trifling with indignation and a holy disdain4 ,if1 in short1 the science of nature would dethrone nature's ,creator and ,god1 we address to it the word which ,he to whom all true science leads addressed to the ocean he placed in the deep hollows of the earth3 8,hitherto thou shalt come1 and thou shalt go no farther3 and here thou shalt break thy swelling waves40 ,physical science cannot contradict the divine revelation4 ,no discovery hitherto made has done so2 and until one such presents itself we are entitled to assume its impossibility as a philosophical axiom4 ,for this reason we are of those who would give full rein to even the speculations of experimental philosophy1 so long as they are confined strictly within the domain of secondary causes or natural law1 and do not venture into a sphere of thought beyond the reach of experimental science1 where they are immediately confronted with the dogmas of the faith4 ,we have never thought that the theory of the evolution of species must of necessity transgress that limit4 ,it has been made to do so by philosophuli1 if we may invent a name for them--speculative bigots1 who are bent on extorting from natural phenomena any plausible support of the infidel prejudices of which they were previously possessed4 ,a more intelligent observation of scientific facts would have saved them from a ridiculous extravagance which makes them resemble those afflicted creatures1 whom we so often meet with in asylums for the insane1 who suppose themselves to be ,god4 ,we must never lose sight of the fact that ,god can only communicate with his creature in such a way as he can understand4 ,if he were to reveal himself to any of us as he is1 we should die1 unless he supplied us with a miraculous capacity for supporting the vision4 ,if he had inspired the historian of those primitive ages to describe the astronomical phenomenon which happened in the time of ,joshua in the exact language of physical science1 what meaning would it have conveyed to people who did not know that the earth revolves around its own axis and around the sun8 ,if it be objected1 ,why did not the ,holy ,spirit use language consistent with scientific truth1 and leave it to be understood afterwards in the progress of science8 we reply1 ,because it would have thwarted his own designs to have done so4 ,the ,bible is a book of instruction in truth out of the reach of human intelligence1 not a book of natural science2 and it appeals to the obedience of faith rather than to reason4 ,the mental toil of scientific discovery was a part of the punishment inflicted on the original transgression4 ,to anticipate the result of that toil by thousands of years would have been to contradict ,his own dispensation4 ,in the same manner the sublime record of the genesis of the illimitable universe which weaves its dance of light in space is told in a few sentences3 ,the fiat of ,him with whom one day is as a thousand years1 and a thousand years as one day1 and the successive order of the creation--that is all4 ,time was not then1 for it was the creation of time4 ,man can conceive no ideas independent of time1 and so days are named2 but it is evident that the word may stand for indeterminate periods of time4 ,the creation of light was1 it cannot be doubted1 instantaneous4 ,but that creation was a law--limitation1 relation1 succession--whose working was an evolution in successive orders or stages1 over which presided the ,creator1 and still presides4 8,my ,father worketh hitherto1 and ,i work40 ,each of these was a distinct creation1 perfect in itself1 not an evolution of species4 ,the creation was progressive1 but not in the sense of the creation of every one of its six cycles evolving out of the preceding one2 for in that case either the lower would have disappeared or the evolution would be still in operation4 ,the firmament did not develop out of light1 nor the ocean and the dry land out of the firmament2 nor were the fishes an evolution from the sea-weed1 nor the birds from the trees and shrubs1 nor the wild beasts from the reeds of the jungle1 nor man from the lower animals4 ,but they were all to be made before his creation who was the sum and end of all2 and the atmosphere must be created before the birds1 the ocean before the fishes1 the dry land before vegetable life4 ,and not only was there never any evolution of species into other species1 but the creation of every separate species was complete1 so that there has never been an evolution of any species into a higher state or condition4 ,there has never been any progress in that sense4 ,every species1 including the human being1 remains precisely as it issued from the hand of ,god1 when it has not degenerated or disappeared4 ,indeed1 the tendency of all living things around us is to degeneracy and decay4 ,whatever progress can be predicated of man is of his moral nature only1 and of his knowledge1 through the divine revelation4 ,but even that is not a race progress1 an evolution of species1 but an individual one4 ,if this be conceded--and we think it scarcely admits of dispute--we see no danger to the dogmas of the faith in allowing to the natural philosophers any length of ages they may claim for the creation of the home of man before he was called into being for whom it was destined4 ,whatever period of time was covered by those cycles of creation1 throughout them it may be said that he was being made4 ,if all was for him and to end in him1 it was in effect he who all along was being made4 ,yet the whole was only a preparatory creation4 ,it was only his body in which all resulted4 8,a body thou hast prepared for me40 ,it was when 8,god breathed into his nostrils the breath of life0 that man was created4 ,it was then he became 8a living soul40 ,the error of the physicists who reject revelation is threefold4 ,they make the body the man2 they thus assign to his body and the inner principle which animates it a simultaneous beginning and joint development1 some of them going so far as to make the spirit itself1 or soul1 or whatever they call the animating principle1 the spontaneous product of material forces4 ,and1 throwing back the beginning of the evolution process into untold ages1 by comparison with which the life of an individual is a scarcely appreciable moment1 they suppose the process to be still going on as it begun4 ,all this obviously contradicts the direct statements of revelation4 ,it is1 indeed1 shocking to mere human reason4 ,the work of the natural creation ended with the sixth day4 ,up to that time1 whether the periods were long or short1 the work was going on4 ,but it was complete when the body which had been prepared for him was animated with the spirit of life4 ,after that there was no farther development4 ,it is contrary to reason to suppose it4 ,it is contrary to the whole analogy of nature4 ,not an instance can be adduced1 throughout the entire creation1 of one species developing into another--not an instance even of any species developing within itself into a higher order of being4 ,but up to that period1 of which it is thus written1 ,igitur ,,perfecti ,,sunt cli et terra1 et omnis ornatus eorum3 ,,complevitque ,deus die septimo opus suum quod fecerat2 et requievit die septimo ab uni verso opere quod patrarat1 we may admit1 without risk of heterodoxy1 any doctrine of evolution of which the physicists may give us a satisfactory evidence4 ,the physicists1 in support of their irrational theory of evolution1 maintain that the earliest developments of human consciousness were of the lowest order1 and that man has ever since been gradually progressing towards a higher morality and loftier spheres of thought4 ,in this able and interesting work ,father ,thbaud demonstrates1 by an exhaustive induction from the history and literature of all the nations1 that the history of mankind up to the coming of ,christ1 instead of a progress1 was a continual retrogression4 ,in his introductory chapter he establishes1 by proofs which should be conclusive to all minds unprepossessed by an arrogant perversity1 that primitive man was in possession of a primitive revelation4 ,in the morning twilight of the ages1 as far back as we can see across the ,flood1 up to the very cherubim-guarded entrance to the seats of innocence from which the erring creature had been driven1 he traces everywhere those rites and dogmas1 in their elemental form1 which1 in their complete development and full significance1 made known to us by the revelation of the fulness of time1 are still of faith and observance amongst the sons of ,god from end to end of the habitable globe4 ,this revelation did not go beyond monotheism1 because the fallen immortal had to be prepared1 through long ages of discipline1 for the revelation of the triune nature of the ,godhead1 and of his restoration to the forfeited favor of his ,father by the incarnation and atoning sacrifice of the ,eternal ,son4 ,we do not remember to have met before with the ingenious hypothesis#bcf that the configuration of the earth1 consisting of an all-embracing ocean1 in the midst of which vast continents are islands1 evidences the design of the ,creator to have been that 8men should have intercourse of some kind with one another10 and that on the land4 8,the oceans and rivers1 instead of being primarily dividing lines1 intended to separate men from one another1 had precisely for their first object to become highways and common channels of intercourse between the various nations of mankind40 ,but our author considers that the social intercommunion to which the configuration of the earth was to administer was not to develop in the form of 8an universal republic10 but that 8men were to consent to exist in larger or smaller groups1 each of them surrounded with well-defined limits determining numerous nationalities10 united in the bond of religious uniformity which he terms patriarchal ,catholicity4 ,the design of the ,creator of universal brotherhood amongst his creatures was not to be fulfilled before the lapse of ages1 and throughout that dismal period it has the appearance of being perpetually thwarted by their perverseness4 ,the memories of ,paradise rapidly faded away amongst them4 ,after what period of time we are not told1 the sons of ,god committed a second infidelity by intermarrying with the daughters of men4 ,the result was a race of giants--giants in capacity and crime as well as in bodily form--whose existence universal tradition attests4 ,in almost open alliance with the powers of darkness1 they sank with such fearful rapidity down the abyss of depravation1 dragging with them the better portion of the race1 that1 to avert the triumph of hell and the utter reprobation of his creature1 the offended ,creator buried the guilty memories of colossal crime beneath an universal deluge1 at whose subsidence the first civilization reappeared on the mountains of ,asia in all its earliest purity1 brought across the forty days' extinction of life upon the earth by the eight souls who alone had turned a deaf ear to the universal seduction4 8,this idea of a gradual and deeper degradation of human kind10 says ,frederick ,schlegel1 8in each succeeding age1 appears at first sight not to accord very well with the testimony which sacred tradition furnishes on man's primitive state1 for it represents the two races of the primitive world as contemporary2 and1 indeed1 ,seth1 the progenitor of the better and nobler race of virtuous patriarchs1 was much younger than ,cain4 ,however1 this contradiction is only apparent1 if we reflect that it was the wicked and violent race which drew the other into its disorders1 and that it was from this contamination a giant corruption sprang1 which continually increased1 till1 with a trifling exception1 it pervaded the whole mass of mankind1 and till the justice of ,god required the extirpation of degenerate humanity by one universal flood40 ,it does not admit of a moment's doubt1 as our author argues1 that with this terrible judgment began the dissolution of that fraternal unity which ,god had intended should be the happy lot of the human family1 and for which the configuration of the earth was adapted4 ,the gigantic unity of crime was smitten to pieces in the helplessness of division4 ,they who had been brothers looked in one another's faces and found them strange4 ,they opened their lips1 and1 lo6 their speech was to others a jargon of unintelligible sounds4 ,the one could no more understand the other than they could the wolf or the jackal with whom they both began to be mutually classed4 ,the intercommunion of families of men with one another was rudely snapped asunder4 ,there were no means of common action1 there was no medium of common thought4 ,the fragments into which the human family were smitten went off in different directions1 to post themselves1 in attitudes of mutual distrust and defiance1 behind mountains or morasses1 on the skirts of forests1 the borders of torrents1 or in the security of measureless deserts1 where their practised eyes swept the horizon4 ,intercommunion was rendered still more impossible by the mutual antagonism1 fear1 and hatred that prevailed4 ,and the very ocean1 instead of being a pathway for the interchange of social life1 became a formidable barrier between man and man4 ,the dangers to be encountered on the lands to which the winds might bear them were more to be dreaded than the terrible phantoms which1 issuing ever and anon from the home of the storms1 raged across the ocean1 and lashed into merciless fury its roaring waves4 ,memory had lost1 in the primeval language1 the key of its treasure-house4 ,as years went on1 amidst the exacting preoccupations of new ways of life1 new surroundings1 new ways of expressing their thoughts1 and their increasing tribal or race isolation1 the ideas upon which their primeval civilization had been based grew dimmer and dimmer1 until they finally disappeared4 8,to establish this in detail10 says the author of ,gentilism1 8is the purpose of this work40 ,and this purpose appears to us to have been accomplished in the most convincing manner4 ,the scientists maintain1 and it is necessary to their evolution theory1 that man began with barbarism1 and moved slowly onwards in the gradual stages of their tedious evolution process towards what they call civilization1 which is to lead1 we believe1 in the future developments of the ever-continuing evolution1 to some loftier state and condition1 of the nature of which they supply us with not the faintest idea4 ,this notion of the original barbarism of man is one of those fallacies which get imbedded in the general belief of mankind one knows not how4 ,strange to say1 it has been very generally acquiesced in for no manner of reason2 and it is only of late years that thoughtful men1 outside of the faith1 have come to suspect that it is not quite the truism they had imagined4 ,there is a reason for this3 ,the attenuation of the claims of another world on the every-day life and on the conduct of men effected by the great revolt of the ,x,v,ith century1 and the keener relish for the things of this life which consequently ensued1 have infected the sentiments of mankind with an exaggerated sense of the importance of material objects and pursuits4 ,thus the idea of civilization1 instead of being that of the highest development of the moral and whole inner being of social man1 is limited to the discovery of all the unnumbered ways and means of administering to the embellishment and luxury of his actual life4 ,his very mental progress1 as they term it with extraordinary incorrectness1 is only regarded in this light4 8,the speculators on the stone1 bronze1 and iron ages10 writes our author1 8place civilization almost exclusively in the enjoyment by man of a multitude of little inventions of his own1 many of which certainly are derived from the knowledge and use of metals4 ,any nation deprived of them cannot be called civilized in their opinion1 because reduced to a very simple state of life1 which1 they say unhesitatingly1 is barbarism4''' ,barbarism1 in fact1 depends much more on moral degradation than on physical want of comfort4 ,and when we come to describe patriarchal society1 our readers will understand how a tribe or nation may deserve to be placed on an exalted round of the social ladder1 although living exclusively on the fruits of the earth1 and cultivating it with a simple wooden plough40#bcg ,father ,thbaud next proceeds1 with convincing force1 to demolish the argument in behalf of the gradual evolution of the entire race from a state of barbarism1 which the evolutionists allege to have been inevitably its first stage of intellectual consciousness drawn from the discovery of human skeletons in caves1 and in the drift of long past ages1 in juxtaposition with instruments of rude construction belonging to the palolithic age and fossil remains of extinct animals4 ,this argument has always appeared to us so feeble as to seem a mystery how it could be employed by learned men1 unless in support of some preconceived opinion which they would maintain at all hazards4 ,the occasional outbreaks of the ,mississippi1 the terrible devastation effected by the mere overflow of the ,garonne in the ,south of ,france1 give but a faint idea of what changes must have been effected upon the crust of the earth by the subsidence of the huge mass of water1 which must have been at least eight or nine times as ponderous as all the oceans which have since lain at peace in its hollows4 ,as the prodigious volumes of water1 sucked and drawn hither and thither1 as they hurried to their mountain-bed1 rushed in furious tides and vast whirlpools of terrific force1 they must have torn up the earth's crust like a rotten rag4 ,whole valleys must have been scooped out down to the very root of the mountains1 and dbris of all kinds deposited everywhere in all kinds of confusion1 so as to afford no secure data whatever for chronological1 or zological1 or geological deductions4 ,still more conclusive is ,father ,thbaud's refutation of the argument in behalf of the evolution theory drawn from the discovery of stone implements of rude construction in what is asserted to be the earliest drift deposit of iron in the later strata1 and bronze in the latest4 ,to make this argument of any force it must be proved that these periods evolved regularly and invariably from one another throughout the whole race of mankind4 ,their periodicity1 as ,father ,thbaud has it1 must be indisputably proved4 ,but this is just what it cannot be4 ,on the contrary1 8,in this last age in which we live2 in the previous ages1 which we can know by clear and unobjectionable history2 finally1 in the dimmest ages of antiquity of which we possess any sufficiently reliable records1 the three #8periods' of stone1 bronze1 and iron have always subsisted simultaneously1 and consequently are no more #8periods' when we speak of the aggregate of mankind1 but they are only three co-existing aspects of the same specific individual40#bch ,to the same effect is the argument that 8,the artistic distance between the rough palolithic flints and the polished stones of the neolithic period exhibits a gap which tells but indifferently in favor of the believers in continuous progress4 ,either there has been a strange severment of continuity1 or the men of the first period were better artists1 and not such rough barbarians as the remains we possess of them seem to attest40 ,the scientific arguments1 however1 of ,father ,thbaud1 in disproof of the alleged original barbarism of the human race1 satisfactory as they are1 as far as they go1 are little more than introductory to the more conclusive historical argument which constitutes the body of his valuable and very opportune work4 8,the best efforts to ascertain the origin of man10 he justly remarks1 8or primeval religion1 by the facts of geology or zology1 can at best only result in more or less probable conjectures40 ,in an argument of this nature our author begins1 as was to have been expected1 from that philosophical1 impassive1 and ancient people who inhabit the triangular peninsula which stretches out from no vast distance from the original seat of the renewed race of man into the ,southeastern ,atlantic4 ,there they have dwelt from times beyond which history does not reach4 ,inheriting a civilization which dates from the subsiding ,deluge1 whose gradual decadence can be distinctly traced1 they are in possession of the earliest writings that exist1 unless the books of ,moses or the book of ,job are older1 which1 we do not think it is rash to say1 is1 at least1 doubtful4 ,we find ourselves in the presence of the noblest truths of even supernatural religion1 mingled1 it is true1 with the gross pantheistical absurdities which had already begun to deface the primitive revelation and to deteriorate the primitive civilization4 ,the general process throughout the world was1 no doubt1 as ,father ,thbaud describes-- 8,after a period of universal monotheism1 the nations began to worship #8the works of ,god1' and fell generally into a broad pantheism4 ,they took subsequently a second step1 perfectly well marked1 later on1 in ,hindostan1 ,central ,asia1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 etc4--a step originating everywhere in the imagination of poets1 materializing ,god1 bringing him down to human nature and weakness1 and finally idealizing and deifying his supposed representations in statuary and painting40#bci ,but we must venture to differ from ,father ,thbaud as to the religion of the ,hindoos having ever taken the latter step4 ,the form its pantheism took1 in consequence of its tenets of the incarnations of ,vishnu--the second god of the triad--and of metempsychosis1 was a worship of animals1 and especially of the cow--a worship which prevails to this day4 ,but this was not the gross idolatry of the ,greeks and ,romans1 but rather a respect1 a cultus1 in consequence of the supposed possible presence in the former of departed friends1 and of the incarnation of the divinity in the latter4 ,their idols are huge material representations of the might and repose which are the chief attributes of the ,hindoo deity1 or of animals with which the above-named ideas were especially associated2 but we do not think they ever were worshipped as was1 for example ,diana by the ,ephesians4 ,be this as it may1 it in no way affects the incontrovertible testimony which ,father ,thbaud adduces to the high state of civilization of this remarkable people fifteen hundred years1 at all events1 before ,christ4 ,he proves it from their social institutions1 which issued from a kind of tribal municipality closely resembling the ,celtic clans1 but without the principle of superseding the rightful heir to a deceased canfinny by another son in consequence of certain disqualifications1 and that of the ever-recurring redistribution of land1 which were the bane of ,celtic institutions4 ,the caste restrictions1 our author shows from the laws of ,menu1 were not nearly so rigorous in those primitive ages2 and from the same source he exhibits undeniable proof of that purity of morals which evidences the highest stage of civilization1 and which has sunk gradually down to the vicious barbarism of the present day4 ,we suspect1 however1 that this latter has been somewhat exaggerated4 ,it is certainly our impression1 taken from works written by those who have lived for years in familiar intercourse with the people1 that amongst the ,hindoo women there still lingers conspicuous evidence of the purity of morals which was universal amongst them in the beginning of their history4 ,it might have been added1 moreover1 that the laws of ,menu1 in addition to their high morality1 display a knowledge of finance and political economy1 of the science of government1 and of the art of developing the resources of a people which indicate a very high state of civilization indeed4 ,it is impossible for us1 within the limits assigned us1 to follow ,father ,thbaud through an argument consisting exclusively of learned detail4 ,our readers1 if they would have any proper appreciation of it1 must consult the work itself4 ,we remark merely that1 starting from the admitted fact that the ,vedas contain the doctrine of plain and pure monotheism1 and that in those distant ages 8doctrines were promulgated and believed in0 8which far transcend all the most solemn teaching of the greatest philosophers who flourished in the following ages1 and which yield only to the sublime and exquisitely refined teachings of ,incarnate ,wisdom10#bdj our author traces the inroads of pantheism from the time when the doctrine1 recently revived by men once ,christians1 of an 8universal soul0 was openly proclaimed1 and 8when it was asserted that our own is a #8spark' from the #8blazing fire1' that ,god is #8all beings1' and #8all beings are ,god4'0#bda ,and he traces elaborately the change through the several mystical works of the philosophical ,brahmins subsequent to the ,vedas4 ,buddhism is a comparatively modern development4 ,we doubt its being any form of ,hindooism whatever4 ,it appears to us to be rather the earliest development of that spirit of hostility to the life-giving truths of the ,christian revelation which began its work almost at their very cradle--that abject principle of materialism which1 after having dragged down the vast populations of ,china and of ,north and ,western ,india to the lowest depths of mental and moral degradation of which human nature is susceptible1 is now sweeping over ,christendom1 and threatening to 8deceive10 if it were possible1 8even the very elect40 ,father ,thbaud's next chapter is devoted to a historical review of the primeval religion and its decline in ,central ,asia and ,africa4 ,and here the proof is more overwhelming1 if possible1 than in the case of ,india4 ,as to the monotheism of the great ,doctor--if we may give him such a title--of the ancient ,east1 and of the ,zends1 there can be no manner of doubt4 ,nay1 8even the doctrine of the resurrection of the body is clearly contained in the most authentic part of the ,zend-,avesta40 ,there is also that august personage1 apart from all superior beings under ,god1 8who stands between ,god and man2 shows the way to heaven1 and pronounces judgment upon human actions after death2 guards with his drawn sword the whole world against the demons2 has his own light from inside1 and from outside is decorated with stars40 ,our author makes ,zoroaster1 at the latest1 a contemporary of ,moses1 and justly observes that the ,zend-,avesta 8represents the thoughts of men very near the origin of our species40 ,now1 the magnificent eloquence and profound truth of the thoughts we meet1 rivalling at times the ,book of ,job1 the beauty of the prayers1 and the elaborate splendor of the ritual1 testify to a very different state of things in those earliest days from that alleged by the evolutionists4 ,father ,thbaud decides the ,zends to be ,vedic1 and not ,persian4 ,and no doubt in the remarkable form and construction of the poems--dramatic1 and mostly in the form of dialogue--in the tone of thought and leading religious ideas1 they closely resemble the ,hindoo ,vedas4 ,but it is our impression that we do not find in the writings of ,zoroaster that perpetual insistence on the necessity of absorption into the deity which characterizes the ,hindoo poems--the ,bhagavt-,gita1 for example4 ,it would appear that the ,persians occupied a special place in the dispensation of ,god in the ancient world4 ,the ,holy ,spirit1 in the prophecies1 speaks of 8my servant ,cyrus whom ,i have chosen10 and it is certain that the pure monotheistic worship was preserved longer in ,persia than in any nation of antiquity1 except the ,jewish4 ,its corruption was into dualism1 by which the spirit of evil1 as in the ,indian ,trimourti1 was invested with almost co-ordinate power with the spirit of good4 ,but for full information on this important and interesting subject we must refer the reader to ,father ,thbaud himself4 ,our limits do not admit of our giving scarcely the faintest outline of our author's argument in proof of the monotheism of ,pelasgic ,greece1 and its gradual degradation to a sensual and idolatrous anthropomorphism in ,hellenic and ,heroic ,greece4 ,the substantial genuineness of the ,orphic literature he successfully establishes1 as well as the similarity of its doctrines to those of the ,vedas2 from which he draws the obvious inference that the two came from the same source1 and that that branch of the ,aryan family carried with them to their more distant settlements traditions of the primitive revelation so conspicuous in the ,persian and ,hindoo mystic epics1 but much defaced and distorted in the course of their long and toilsome migrations4 ,if pure monotheism ever prevailed in ,pelasgic ,greece1 its reign was short4 ,indeed1 to ,orpheus himself are ascribed pantheistic doctrines4 ,it was the poets who ushered in that special form of idolatry which took possession of ,greece1 the worship of the human being deified with all his infirmities--the anthropomorphism of the gods1 as ,father ,thbaud calls it4 ,and the chief sinner1 on this score1 was ,homer1 the first and greatest of them all4 ,yet did that densely-populated1 unseen world of the ,greeks--that sensuous1 nay vicious1 idolatry--which peopled the ocean and the mountains and the forests with gods1 and imagined a divinity for every fountain1 and every grove1 and every valley1 and every rill1 with its superior deities1 up to the supreme father of ,olympus1 himself subject to that forlorn solution of the riddle of 8evil0--fate--bear witness from ,olympus1 and from ,hades1 and from the realms of the sea1 to the primitive revelation4 ,it bore witness to a civilization from which that degradation of the ideas of ,god to the level of humanity1 in spite of its artistic grace and poetic feeling1 deformed1 however1 by a filthy lasciviousness1 with its short period of literary splendor and of exalted philosophy1 ending with the sophistical negations of scepticism1 was a fall1 and not a progress4 ,for all this1 8the precious fragments of a primitive revelation are found10 as ,father ,thbaud truly observes1 8scattered through the writings of nearly all ancient ,greek and ,latin philosophers and poets40 ,his two chapters on this subject--chapter vii4 on 8,hellenic ,philosophy as a ,channel of ,tradition10 and chapter viii4 on 8,the ,greek and ,latin ,poets as ,guardians of ,truth0--are perhaps the most interesting part of his most interesting and instructive work4 ,they embrace a subject which has always appeared to us as more worthy of learned labor than any other which could be named4 ,that life would be well spent which should devote itself to collecting all these fragments of traditionary truth from all ante-,christian literatures4 ,such a work would not turn back the flood of rationalism1 whose first risings we owe to ,greece--for it is rather moral than intellectual--but it would materially obstruct it1 and would rescue from it many souls which might otherwise be lured to their destruction by the feeble echoes of the sophists and ,aristophanes1 which1 beginning with ,voltaire1 are now multiplying through all the rationalistic press of the world4 ,meanwhile1 we cordially commend ,father ,thbaud's work on ,gentilism to the attentive study of all who wish for solid information and sagacious criticism on a subject which appears to us1 without wishing in the least to underrate scientific investigation1 to be more interesting and more important than all or any of the discoveries of physical science4 ,these1 as has been proved of late years1 may be turned against the truth1 and become thus a means of darkening instead of enlightening the soul4 ,at the best1 be they correct or erroneous1 great or small1 many or few1 they cannot add an inch to our stature or a day to our lives4 ,they do not even add to our happiness4 ,but a false science--one which would assign to each of us an insignificant phenomenal existence1 whose individuality will disappear1 at the end of its few days of living consciousness1 in an universal whole in an eternal state of progress--is as fatal to human happiness as anything can be short of the abyss of reprobation4 ,more consoling1 as it is more in accordance with right reason1 is the testimony which comes to us trumpet-tongued1 in one vast unison1 from all the ages1 that the history of the race is one of decadence1 not of progress4 ,the sentence passed was death4 ,the road to death is decadence4 ,the way is rounded2 there is a movement onward and a growth of life until the descent begins which lands us in dissolution4 ,but every moment from the first cry of infancy is a step nearer to death2 we are every one of us dying every day2 and a movement towards death is not progress4 ,individual experience joins its voice to that of universal history in testimony of this4 ,the revelation of ,christ has put us in possession of the highest and certain truth2 it has given us a more exalted moral1 and has recast our nature in a higher1 nay1 in a divine1 mould4 ,we are still dying every day2 but the certain hope of a joyful resurrection has deprived death of its agonizing sting1 and made it1 like sleep1 a source of happiness instead of despair4 ,but this is nothing like the progress of which the sceptics prate4 ,it is a supernatural stage in the dispensation of ,god for the renewal of his fallen creature1 predetermined before all time4 ,his own part in it--the natural order--is one long history of decadence4 ,there has been the ebb and flow1 the rising to fall1 of all movement4 ,but decadence has all along triumphed over progress4 ,amidst what a decadence are we now living from the promising progress of the middle ages6 ,and we are bid to expect so terrific a retrogression before the consummation of all things1 that 8even the elect shall scarcely be saved40 ,it is the witness of all the ages--human progress ebbing and flowing--but1 on the whole1 the flow does not overtake the ebb4 ,the ocean of life has been ever ebbing into its eternal abysses1 and will ebb1 leaving behind it a dry and barren waste1 until the morning of eternity shall break over the withdrawing night of time1 chaos shall be for ever sealed in the confusion and sadness of its darkness1 and the final word shall go forth1 of which the sublime physical law was only a type and a shadow3 8,let there be light60 ,,madame',s ,,experiment4 ,a ,,saint ,,agnes' ,,eve ,,story4 8,,my ,,thoughts ,,are ,,not ,,your ,,thoughts1 ,,nor ,,your ,,ways ,,my ,,ways1 ,,saith ,,the ,,lord40 ,madame the ,countess of ,hohenstein stood at the window of the great hall of her palace1 waiting for the coach which was to take her to a chteau some leagues distant1 where she was to grace a grand entertainment1 and to be kept for a whole night by her hosts as an especial treasure4 ,for ,madame the ,countess of ,hohenstein1 spite of her sixty years and her three grown sons1 was a famous beauty still and a brilliant conversationist1 and few were her rivals1 young or old1 throughout the kingdom4 ,but her face was clouded as she waited in her stately hall that ,january afternoon1 and she listened with a pained expression to the sound of a footstep overhead pacing steadily up and down4 ,she touched a bell presently4 8,tell your master10 she said to the servant who answered it1 8that ,i wish to see him again before ,i leave40 ,and soon down the winding stairway she watched a young man come with the same steady pace which might have been heard overhead for a half-hour past4 ,no need to ask the relationship between the two4 ,black1 waving hair1 broad brow1 set lips1 firm chin1 the perfect contour of the handsome face--all these were the son's heritage of remarkable beauty from his queenly mother2 but the headstrong pride and excessive love which shone from her eyes as he came in sight met eyes very different from them4 ,large and black indeed they were1 but their intense look1 however deep the passion it bespoke1 told of an unearthly passion and a fire that is divine4 8,ah6 ,heinrich love10 his mother said1 8once more1 come with me40 8,nay1 little mother10 he answered--the caressing diminutive sounding strangely as addressed to her in her pomp of attire and stately presence--8you said ,i need not go2 that you did not care for me at the baron's40 8,not so1 ,heinrich4 ,i care for you everywhere1 everywhere4 ,i am lost without you1 love of my soul4 ,but ,i know you hate it1 and1 if you must stay from any place1 better that than some others4 ,there are no maidens there ,i care for1 my son40 ,she watched the calm forehead contract as she spoke4 8,there6 as ever10 she exclaimed4 8,wilt never hear woman mentioned without a frown8 ,you are no monk yet1 child1 at your twentieth year2 nor ever shall be1 if ,i can help it4 ,it is enough for me1 surely1 to have given two sons to the priesthood1 without yielding up my last one1 my hope and my pride40 ,heinrich made no answer1 for the sound of the carriage-wheels was heard1 and he offered his mother his hand1 led her down the steps1 and placed her in the coach4 ,she drew him towards her1 and kissed him passionately4 8,farewell1 my dearest10 she said4 8,i count the minutes till we meet again40 ,and she never ceased to watch him as long as the mansion was visible4 ,he was a sight of which many a mother might have been proud1 as he stood there bare headed1 the winter sun lighting his face1 the winter wind lifting his dark locks1 the fresh bloom of youth enhancing his peculiar beauty4 ,his mother sighed deeply as the coach turned a corner which hid him from her view--a sigh often repeated during the course of her journey4 ,it was a full hour before she was out of her own domains1 though the horses sped swiftly over the frozen ground4 ,all those broad acres1 all that noble woodland1 all those peasant homes1 were hers2 and for miles behind her the land stretching north and west belonged with it1 for she had married the owner of the next estate1 and1 widowed1 held it for her son4 ,but at her death all these possessions must be divided among distant unknown kinsmen1 if ,heinrich persisted in the desire1 which had been his from early boyhood1 to become a monk4 ,his mother's whole heart was set against it4 ,her aim in life was to find for him a wife whom he would love1 and whom he would bring to their home2 she longed to hold before her death her son's son on her knee4 ,the coach stopped as the sun was setting2 and at the palace door1 too eager for a sight of her to wait in courtly etiquette within1 host and hostess stood ready to greet this friend of a lifetime4 8,no ,heinrich80 they cried1 laughing4 8,a truant always4 ,and we have that with us to-day which will make you wish him here4 ,no matter what6 ,you will see in time40 ,and in time she saw indeed4 ,going slowly up the marble stairs a half-hour later1 a vision of magnificent beauty1 with her ermine mantle wrapped about her1 the hood fallen back from her regal head1 the eyes with the pained look of disappointment and longing still lingering in them in spite of the loving welcomes lavished upon her1 she came1 in a turn of the stairs1 upon another vision of beauty radiant as her own1 and extremely opposite4 ,coming slowly down towards her was a young girl1 tall and slight1 with a skin of dazzling fairness1 where the blue veins in temple and neck were plain to see2 a delicate tint like blush-roses upon the cheek2 great waves of fair hair sending back a glint of gold to the torches just lighted in the hall2 eyes very large1 and so deeply set that at first their violet blue seemed black--eyes meek and downcast1 and tender as a dove's1 but in them1 too1 a look of pain and yearning4 ,the face at first view was like that of an innocent child1 but beneath its youthfulness lay an expression which bespoke a wealth of love and strength and patience1 unawakened as yet1 but of unusual force4 ,skilled to read character by years of experience in kings' palaces1 madame the countess read her well--so far as she could read at all4 ,evidently the maiden saw nothing that was before her2 but madame held her breath in surprise and delight1 and stood still1 waiting her approach4 ,not till she came close to her did the girl look up1 then she too stopped with a startled 8,pardon madame02 and at sight of the timid1 lovely eyes1 at the sound of the voice--like a flute1 like water rippling softly1 like a south wind sighing in the seaside pines--madame opened her arms1 and caught the stranger to her heart4 8,my child1 my child10 she cried1 8how beautiful you are60 8,madame1 madame10 the girl panted in amazement1 carried away in her turn at the sudden sight of this lovely lady1 who1 she thought1 could be1 in her regal beauty and attire1 no less than a princess--8,madame sees herself surely60 ,the countess laughed outright at the artless1 undesigned compliment4 8,and as charming as beautiful10 she said4 8,i must see more of you1 my love40 ,then1 kissing the cheek1 red now as damask roses1 she passed on4 ,in the hall above her hostess stood with an arch smile on her lips4 8,ah6 ,gertrude1 we planned it well10 she said4 8,fritz and ,i have been watching for that meeting4 ,it was a brilliant tableau40 8,but who is she1 ,wilhelmina8 ,tell me quickly4 ,she is loveliness itself40 8',tis but a short story1 dear4 ,we found her in ,halle4 ,her name is ,elizabeth ,wessenberg4 ,she is well-born1 but her family are strict ,lutherans4 ,she--timid1 precious little dove6--became a ,catholic by some good grace of the good ,god4 ,but it was a lonely life1 and ,i begged her off from it for a while4 ,oh6 but her parents winced to see her go4 ,they hate the name even of ,catholic4 ,that is all--only she sings like a lark1 and she hardly knows what to make of her new life and faith1 it is so strange to her40 8,that is all6 ,thanks1 ,wilhelmina4 ,i will be with you soon4 ,i long to see her once again40 ,all that evening the countess kept ,elizabeth near her1 and every hour her admiration increased4 ,a maiden so beautiful1 yet so ignorant of her own charms1 so unworldly1 so innocent1 she had never seen4 ,alone in her room that night she fell trembling upon her knees--poor1 passionate1 self-willed mother6--before the statue of the ,holy ,mother bearing the divine ,son in her arms1 and she held up her hands and prayed aloud4 8,i have found her at last10 she cried--8a child who has won her way into my heart at once with no effort of her own2 a pearl among all pearls2 one whom my boy must love4 ,lord ,jesus1 have ,i not given thee two sons8 ,give me now one son to keep for my own1 and not for thee4 ,grant that he may love this precious creature1 fit for him as though thou thyself hadst made her for him1 even as ,eve was made for ,adam40 ,and then she covered her face1 and sobbed and pleaded with long1 wordless prayers4 ,the next day saw her on her homeward way1 but not alone4 ,she had coaxed in her irresistible fashion till she had obtained for herself from her friend a part of ,elizabeth's visit2 and ,elizabeth felt as if she were living in a dream1 there in the costly coach1 wrapped in furs and watched by those beautiful eyes4 ,constantly the countess talked with her1 leading the conversation delicately in such a manner that she found out much in regard to ,elizabeth's home1 and penetrated into her hidden sorrows in regard to the coldness and lack of sympathy there4 ,and it needed no words to tell that this was a heart which craved sympathy and love most keenly2 which longed for something higher and stronger than itself to lean upon4 ,every time she looked at the sensitive face1 endowed with such exquisite refinement of beauty2 every time the childlike yet longing1 unsatisfied eyes met hers2 every time the musical voice fell upon her ears1 fearing ever an echo of that same craving for something more and better than the girl had yet known1 madame's mother-heart throbbed towards her1 and it seemed to her that she could hardly wait for the blessing which1 she had persuaded herself1 was surely coming to her at last4 ,now and then she spoke of the country through which they passed3 and to ,elizabeth it was almost incredible that such wealth could belong to one person only4 ,now and then she spoke of 8my son0 in a tone of exultant love1 and then ,elizabeth trembled a little2 for she dreaded to meet this stranger4 ,very grand and proud she fancied him2 one who would hardly notice at all a person so insignificant as herself4 8,here is the village chapel1 ,elizabeth10 madame said1 as the coach stopped suddenly4 8,will you scold1 my little one1 if ,i go in for a minute to the priest's house8 ,or perhaps you would like to visit the ,blessed ,sacrament while ,i am gone80 ,yes1 that was what ,elizabeth would like indeed2 and there she knelt and prayed1 never dreaming how much was being said about her only next door4 8,father60 madame exclaimed impetuously to the gray-haired priest who rose to greet her1 8,i must have ,mass said for my intention every morning for a week4 ,see1 here is a part only of my offering40 ,and she laid a heavy purse upon the table4 8,if ,god grant my prayer1 it shall be doubled1 tripled40 8,god's answers cannot be bought1 madame10 the priest said sadly1 8nor can they be forced40 8,they must be this time1 then1 father4 ,you must make my intention your own4 ,will you not8 ,will you not for this once1 father80 8,what is it1 then1 my daughter80 8,father1 do not be angry4 ,it is the old hunger wrought up to desperation4 ,i cannot give my boy to be a monk60 ,the priest's face darkened4 8,no6 no60 madame hurried on4 8,it is too much to ask of me4 ,and now ,i have found a bride for him at last4 ,she waits for me in the chapel1 fair and pure as the lilies4 ,i am taking her home in triumph40 8,does ,heinrich know of this80 8,not one word4 ,he cannot fail to love her when he sees her4 ,it is for this ,i ask your prayers40 ,the priest pushed away the purse4 8,i will have none of this10 he said4 8,it is far better to see my poor suffer than that this unrighteous deed should be done4 ,you call yourself a ,catholic1 and pride yourself because your house was always ,catholic2 and yet you dare say that anything is too much for ,god to ask of you6 ,i am an old man1 madame1 and have had many souls to deal with1 but ,i never yet saw one whose vocation was more plain than ,heinrich's to the entire service of ,god's church4 ,will you dare run counter to ,god's will80 8,nay1 father1 it cannot be his will4 ,our very name would die out--our heritage pass from us60 8,and suppose it does6 ,who shall promise you that if ,heinrich marries there shall ever be child of his to fill his place8 ,and what are place1 and name1 and heritage1 madame8 ,that which death1 or war1 or a king's caprice may snatch away in a moment4 ,but your spiritual heritage shall never die4 ,what mother on earth but might envy you if you give your three sons--your all--to ,god6 ,many are the children of the desolate1 more than of her that hath an husband1 saith the ,lord4 ,he maketh a barren woman to dwell in a house the joyful mother of children4 ,there is a place and a name within his walls better than sons and daughters4 ,do you dream what risk you run1 what part you play1 when you would tempt from his calling one who1 if you leave ,god to work his own pleasure1 shall hereafter shine as the stars through all eternity80 ,she did not answer back with pride4 ,instead1 her whole face grew soft1 and the large tears filled her eyes and ran slowly down her cheeks4 8,i want to do right10 she said humbly2 8but ,i cannot feel that it is right4 ,father1 see3 ,i will not ask you to make my intention yours4 ,but ,i promise you one thing3 ,i must ask ,god to grant me this blessing1 but it shall be the last time4 ,if ,i fail now1 let his will be done4 ,and do you1 father1 ask him to make it plain to me what his will is40 8,god bless you1 daughter60 the old priest answered1 much moved by her humility4 8,i will pray that indeed4 ,but still ,i warn you that ,i think you are doing wrong in so much as trying such an experiment as this which you have undertaken40 8,no1 no10 she cried again4 8,no1 no1 father4 ,this once ,i must try1 or my heart will break40 ,again in the carriage1 she pressed ,elizabeth to her closely1 and kissed her1 and said words of passionate love1 finding relief thus for the pent-up feelings of her heart2 but ,elizabeth knew not how to reply4 ,it troubled and perplexed her--this lavish affection2 for she could not repay it in kind4 ,it only served to waken a suffering which she had known from childhood1 a strange1 unsatisfied yearning within her1 which came at the sight of a lovely landscape1 or the sound of exquisite music1 or the caresses of some friend4 ,she wanted more2 and where and what was that 8more10 which seemed to lie beyond everything1 and which she could never grasp8 ,she felt it often during her visit--that visit where attention was constantly bestowed on her1 and she lived in the midst of such luxury as she had never known before4 ,something in ,heinrich's face seemed to her to promise an answer to her questionings--it was so at rest1 so settled2 and this1 more than anything else about him1 interested and attracted her4 ,madame saw the interest1 without guessing the cause4 ,she felt also that ,heinrich was not wholly insensible to ,elizabeth's presence2 and though she asked him no direct questions1 she contrived to turn conversation into the channels which could not fail to engage him1 and which the young convert also cared for most4 ,elizabeth decided that ,heinrich knew more than any one else1 but even he tired her sometimes4 8,he knows too much10 she thought1 8and he is so cold and indifferent4 ,yet he would not be himself if he were more like madame2 and she is too tender4 ,oh6 what does it all mean8 ,there is nothing that makes one content except church1 and one cannot be always there40 ,so passed the time till ,s4 ,agnes' ,eve4 ,that night1 when the young people entered the dining-hall1 madame was absent4 ,she sent a message that they must dine without her1 as she had a severe headache1 and ,elizabeth might come to her an hour after dinner4 ,the meal was a silent one4 ,when it was over1 and they went into the library1 ,heinrich seated himself at the organ4 ,grand chorals1 funeral marches full of mourning and awe and hope1 ,mass music welcoming the coming of the ,lord of ,sabaoth1 filled the lofty room4 ,when he ceased1 ,elizabeth was sobbing irrepressibly4 8,forgive me1 forgive me60 she said4 8,i cannot help it4 ,o monsieur6 ,i know not what it means4 ,love and hate1 beauty and deformity1 joy and suffering--,i cannot understand4 ,nothing satisfies1 and to be a ,catholic makes the craving worse4 ,is it because ,i am only just beginning1 and that ,i shall understand better by and by80 ,he stood at a little distance from her1 looking not at her at all1 but upward and far away4 8,i will tell mademoiselle a story1 if she will permit it10 he said4 8,many years ago there was a princess1 very beautiful1 very wise1 and very wealthy4 ,her councillors begged that she would marry1 and at last she told them that she would do so1 if they would find for her the prince she should describe1 he should be so rich that he should esteem all the treasures of the ,indies as a little dust2 so wise that no man could ever mention in his presence aught that he did not already know2 so fair that no child of man should compare with him in beauty2 so spotless in his soul that the very heavens should not be pure in his sight4 ,they knew not where to find that prince1 but their lady knew40 ,he paused1 though not as for an answer4 ,he had guessed well his mother's plans and hopes2 he fathomed as truly ,elizabeth's nature2 and when he spoke again1 it was as no one except the priest of ,god had ever heard him speak3 8,there are some souls whom no one and nothing on earth can possibly satisfy4 ,beauty1 and learning1 and friendship1 and home1 and love1 each alike wearies them4 ,god only can content them1 and he is enough--,god alone4 ,to such souls he gives himself1 if they sincerely desire it4 ,it is a love beyond all imaginable earthly love4 ,it satisfies1 yet leaves a constant craving which we have no wish should cease4 ,he understands everything3 even those things which we cannot explain to ourselves4 ,it is he finding whom the soul loveth him1 and will not let him go40 ,after saying this1 he sat down once more at the organ1 and played again till the hour named by madame arrived4 ,elizabeth found her pale and suffering1 but with a glad look in her eyes4 8,you have had talk together1 then10 she cried4 8,i heard the music cease for a while4 ,and is he not charming and good1 my ,heinrich80 8,yes10 ,elizabeth said dreamily4 8,he made me understand a little to-night--better than any one has ever done before40 8,is that so1 my little one8 ,and how then80 8,here10 ,elizabeth said innocently1 laying her hand on her heart1 and with no suspicion of the meaning which the countess attached to the act4 8,if ,i could only understand more--more40 8,you will in time1 most dear one--in time1 in time40 ,and oh6 the exulting ring in madame's voice4 8,but see1 my precious1 what ,i have to show you40 ,a chest was drawn up beside madame's easy-chair4 ,she opened it1 and before ,elizabeth's dazzled eyes lay jewels of wondrous lustre and value--long strings of pearls1 changing opals with the fire-spark trembling in them1 sapphires blue as the sky1 emeralds green as the sea1 and glittering diamonds4 ,madame drew out the costly things1 and adorned ,elizabeth with one set after another by turn1 watching the effect4 ,last of all1 she touched a spring1 and took from a secret drawer a set of pearls1 large and round1 with a soft amber tint in them4 ,these she held caressingly and sighed4 8,look1 ,elizabeth10 she said4 8,forty years ago this very night ,i wore them1 when ,i was a girl like you4 ,there was a great ball here4 ,some one--ah6 but how grand and beautiful he looked2 my poor heart remembers well1 and is sore with the memory now--some one begged me to try the charm of ,s4 ,agnes' ,eve4 ,dost know it1 dear8 ,nay8 ,then you shall try it too4 ,go supperless to rest2 look not to left or right1 nor yet behind you1 but pray ,god to show you that which shall satisfy your heart of hearts40 8,did he show you1 madame80 ,madame sighed heavily4 8,alas6 love1 alas6 ,what contents us here8 ,i had it for a time1 and then ,god took it from me4 ,no prouder wife than ,i1 no prouder mother2 but husband and sons are gone1 all except my ,heinrich4 ,pray ,god to keep him for me1 ,elizabeth1 ,elizabeth40 8,and who1 then1 was ,s4 ,agnes1 madame8 ,and shall ,i pray to her that prayer80 ,madame looked aghast1 then smiled an amused yet troubled smile4 8,nay1 child1 ,i thought not of that4 ,s4 ,agnes was one who loved our blessed ,lord alone1 not man4 ,she died rather than yield to earthly love and joy40 8,but why1 madame80 8,o child1 child6 ,but ,i forget1 ,you have only just begun the ,catholic life1 my sweet4 ,god's love1 then1 is enough for some people2 but they are monks and nuns1 not common ,christians like you and me and ,heinrich4 ,we could not live in that way1 could we1 ,elizabeth--you and ,heinrich and ,i80 8,and ,god would never grow tired of us1 madame6 ,nor ever die6 ,nor ever misunderstand6 ,o madame6 ,i think we could not live with less40 ,and ,elizabeth stood up suddenly1 as if too agitated to remain quiet4 8,ah6 love1 you are only just a convert4 ,in one's first excitement one fancies many things4 ,you are meant to serve ,god in the world1 my dear1 for many years to come--you and my ,heinrich4 ,pray for him to-night40 ,but hurrying along the hall to her own room1 ,elizabeth whispered passionately in her heart3 8,i do not want to pray for him4 ,let him pray for himself4 ,his saints pray for him too1 and ,god loves him1 and he does not need me4 ,does madame1 then1 suppose that he could ever care for me1 or ,i for him8 ,i want more than he can give--more--more6 ,show me my heart's desire1 ,o ,god1 my ,god60 ,in her excitement and in the darkness she laid her hand on the wrong door1 and1 opening it1 found herself in an old gallery1 at the end of which a light was glimmering4 ,scarcely heeding what she did1 she moved toward it1 and found that she was in the choir of the castle chapel4 ,the door fell gently to behind her1 but did not close1 and ,elizabeth was alone4 ,alone8 ,the aisles were empty1 the organ was still1 the priest was gone2 but before the sacred shrine the steady ray of the lamp told that ,he who filleth the heaven of heavens was dwelling in his earthly temple1 and that unseen angels guarded all the place4 ,but of angels or men ,elizabeth thought not4 ,silently1 slowly she moved onward1 her hands pressed upon her heart1 whose passionate beating grew still as she came nearer to the ,sacred ,heart which alone could fully comfort1 fully strengthen1 fully understand4 ,slowly she moved1 as one who knows that some great joy is coming surely1 and who lengthens willingly the bliss of expectation4 ,and so she reached a narrow flight of steps1 and made her way gently down1 and knelt4 ,outside1 in the clear night1 a great wind rose1 and rocked the castle-tower1 but ,elizabeth knew it not4 ,she was conscious only of the intense stillness of that unseen ,presence2 of peace flooding her whole soul like a river2 of the nearness of ,one who is strength and love and truth1 infinite and eternal4 8,show me my heart's desire1 ,o ,god1 my ,god60 she sighed4 ,god1 my ,god6 ,she lifted up her eyes1 and there1 above the shrine1 beheld the great crucifix of ,hohenstein1 brought from the far-off ,east by a ,crusader knight4 ,she lifted up her eyes1 and saw the haggard face full of unceasing prayer1 the sunken cheeks1 the pierced hands and feet1 the bones1 easy to number1 in the worn and tortured body1 the side with its deep wound where a spear had passed4 ,yet1 looking upward steadily1 all her excitement gone1 a sacred calm upon her inmost soul1 ,elizabeth knew that her prayer was answered1 her lifelong hunger satisfied4 ,god had given her her heart's desire4 ,god1 my ,god6 ,no love but his could satisfy2 and his could with an eternal content4 ,to that ,heart1 pierced for her1 broken for her1 she could offer no less than her whole heart2 and that she must offer1 not by constraint1 but simply because she loved him beyond all1 above all1 and knew that in him1 and in him only1 she was sure of an unfailing1 an everlasting love4 ,madame1 seeking her in the early morning1 found her room unoccupied1 then noticed the gallery-door ajar1 and1 trembling1 sought her there4 ,elizabeth had kept ,s4 ,agnes' ,eve indeed1 but it was before the shrine of ,s4 ,agnes' ,spouse and ,lord4 8,my daughter10 the countess said1 using the word for the first time1 and with oh6 how sad a tone--8what have you done this night1 my daughter80 ,elizabeth lifted hand and face toward the shrine4 8,madame10 she answered slowly1 as one who speaks unconsciously in sleep1 8,i have found ,him whom my soul loveth4 ,i hold him1 and ,i will not let him go40 ,god himself had made his way plain indeed before ,madame the ,countess of ,hohenstein in this her last struggle with his will4 ,the very plan which she had chosen to gain her cherished hopes had crushed them4 ,not priest or son1 but the girl whom she herself had named for her final trial1 had shown her that ,god's purposes were far aside from hers4 8,take all1 ,o ,lord60 she cried1 while her tears fell like rain4 8,take all ,i have4 ,i dare not struggle longer40 ,one son gave up his life a martyr in the blood-stained church in ,japan4 ,another endured a lifelong martyrdom among the lepers of the ,levant1 winning souls yet more tainted than the bodies home again to ,god4 ,and one1 the youngest1 and the fairest1 and the dearest1 was seen in ,china and in ,india1 in ,peru and in ,mexico1 going without question wherever he was sent1 for the greater glory of ,god2 but he was never seen in his ,german home again4 ,after they once left her1 their mother never beheld their faces4 ,and she who had been taken to her heart as a daughter entered an order in a distant land4 ,yet none ever heard madame the last ,countess of ,hohenstein murmur against her lot4 ,clearly1 tenderly1 patiently1 more and more did ,god vouchsafe to make his way plain to her4 ,in chapel1 day by day1 she watched the decaying banners which told of the fields her fathers won2 saw the monuments to men of her race who had fought and died for their king and their land2 read the names once proudly vaunted1 now almost forgotten4 ,what was fame like this to the honor ,god had showered on her8 ,souls east and west brought safe to him2 life laid down for the ,lord of lords2 a seed not to be reckoned2 a lineage which could never fail2 sons and daughters to stand at last in that multitude which no one can number1 who have come out of great tribulation1 with fadeless palms of victory in their hands--such was her place and name in the house of ,god4 ,the quaint ,german text upon her tombstone puzzled travellers greatly1 and those who could decipher it wondered but the more4 ,it ran thus3 ,requiescat in ,pace4 ,,gertrude1 ,twenty-ninth and ,last ,countess of ,hohenstein4 ,the children of thy barrenness shall still say in thy ears3 ,the place is too strait for me2 make me room to dwell in4 ,and thou shalt say in thy heart3 ,who hath begotten me these8 ,i was barren1 and brought not forth1 led away1 and captive2 and who hath brought up these8 ,i was destitute and alone2 and these1 where were they8 ,thus saith the ,lord ,god3 ,behold1 ,i will lift up my hand to the ,gentiles1 and will set up my standard to the people4 ,and they shall bring thy sons in their arms1 and carry thy daughters upon their shoulders4 ,and thou shalt know that ,i am the ,lord2 for they shall not be confounded that wait for him4 ,,the ,,basques4 ,we are all ,basques4 ,nay1 reader1 be not startled at having your supposed nationality thus suddenly set aside4 ,an author of far more learning than we can lay claim to--,seor ,erro1 a ,spanish ,basque--gravely asserts that all the inhabitants of ,europe and ,asia1 if not of ,america also1 sprang from the ,basques4 ,in short1 they--that is1 we--are the primitive race4 ,and this fearless writer1 with a due sense of national superiority1 goes boldly on to prove that ,adam and ,eve spoke the ,basque language in the terrestrial ,paradise1 of which he gives a detailed description according to the ,biscayan interpretation of the ,biblical account4 ,we remember how1 in search of ,adam--great progenitor6--whose said-to-be-fine statue is among the army of saints on the glorious roof of ,milan cathedral1 we got bewildered on that celestial height1 so that we do not to this day feel sure of having discovered the true ,adam1 and might never have found our way down to earth again had it not been for the kind offices of one of ,victor ,emanuel's soldiers4 ,so it is with many a savant in tracing the origin of the human species4 ,lost in threading the way back to our first parents1 they need some rough1 uncultured soul to lead them out of the bewildering maze--back to the point whence they started4 ,but let us hope in this instance filial instinct has not mistaken the genuine ,adam--the first speaker1 it is possible1 of ,basque4 ,seor ,erro finds in this language the origin of all civilization and science4 ,it must be confessed we have wofully forgotten our mother-tongue2 for it is said to be impossible to learn to speak it unless one goes very young among the ,basques4 ,it is a common saying of theirs that the devil once came into their country to learn the language1 but gave it up in despair after three hundred years' application6 ,it may be inferred he had lost the knowledge he had made such successful use of a few thousand years before in the ,garden of ,eden4 ,m4 ,astarloa1 likewise a ,biscayan1 maintains that the extraordinary perfection of this language is a proof it is the only one that could have been conferred on the first man by his ,creator1 but in another place says it was formed by ,god himself at the confusion of tongues in the tower of ,babel--which assertions rather lack harmony4 ,max ,mller1 the eminent philologist1 pretends a serious discussion took place about two hundred years ago in the metropolitan chapter of ,pampeluna as to the following knotty points3 ,first4 ,was ,basque the primitive language of mankind8 ,the learned members confessed that1 however strong might be their private convictions1 they did not dare give an affirmative reply4 ,secondly4 ,was ,basque the only language spoken by ,adam and ,eve in the garden of ,eden8 ,as to this1 the whole chapter declared there could be no doubt whatever that it was 8impossible to bring a reasonable objection against such an opinion40 ,this is extremely amusing2 but1 of course1 too absurd to be true4 ,besides1 the archives of ,pampeluna do not afford the slightest hint of so singular a record4 ,southwestern ,france1 however1 has many traditions of the ,oriental origin of its inhabitants4 ,tarbes and ,lourdes are said to have been founded by ,abyssinian princesses4 ,belleforest1 in his ,cosmography1 says ,japhet himself came into ,gaul and built the city of ,prigueux1 which for several ages bore his name4 ,pre ,bajole1 of ,condom1 a ,jesuit of the ,x,v,i,ith century1 is less precise in his suppositions1 but thinks the country was peopled soon after the ,deluge1 and therefore by those who had correct notions of the true ,god4 ,moreover as ,noah1 of course1 would not have allowed his descendants to depart without suitable advice as to the way of salvation1 especially to the head of the colony1 he concludes that many of the ancient ,aquitanians were saved4 ,the ,sire ,dupleix cites the epistle of ,s4 ,martial to show they had retained some proper notions of theology1 which accounts for the rapid success of the first ,christian apostles of the country4 ,but to return to the ,basques in particular3 ,in the ,leyenda ,pendadola--an old book of the ,x,ith century--we read that 8the first settlement in ,spain was made by the patriarch ,tubal1 whose people spoke the language still used in the provinces of ,biscay0--that is1 the ,basque4 ,william von ,humboldt likewise attributed to the ,basques an ,asiatic origin1 and was decidedly of the school of ,,mm4 ,erro and ,astarloa1 though he rejected their exaggerations4 ,the ,basque language1 so rich1 harmonious1 and expressive1 is now generally believed to be one of the ,turanian tongues4 ,prince ,lucian ,bonaparte shows the analogy between it and the ,hungarian1 ,georgian1 etc4 ,the word ,basque is derived from the ,latin ,vasco2 for in ,southwestern ,france it is quite common to pronounce the letter v like b--a habit which made ,scaliger wittily say3 ,felices populi1 quibus ,vivere est ,bibere4 ,the ,basque country consists of several provinces on both sides of the ,pyrenees bordering on the ,bay of ,biscay4 ,labourd1 ,soule1 and ,lower ,navarre are now in the department of the ,basses-,pyrenees1 on the ,french side4 ,the two provinces of ,biscay and ,guipuzcoa--a part of ,alava and of ,upper ,navarre--belong to ,spain4 ,the whole ,basque population cannot be more than #ejj1jjj4 ,the people1 as we have had a proof of1 are proud of their ancient nationality2 and though there is a difference of manners1 physiognomy1 and even of idiom in these sections1 they all recognize each other as brethren4 ,they are a noble race1 and have accomplished great deeds in their day4 ,entrenched behind their mountains1 they long kept the ,romans at bay1 drove back the ,moors1 and crushed the rear-guard of ,charlemagne4 ,the ,basques have always been famous navigators4 ,the first suggestion that led to the discovery of ,america is said to have been given ,christopher ,columbus by ,sanchez de ,huelva1 a ,basque pilot4 ,the ,basques of ,labourd certainly discovered ,cape ,breton4 ,they were the first to go on whale-fisheries1 which1 in #adab1 extended as far as ,iceland4 ,and ,newfoundland seems to have been known to them in the middle of the ,x,vth century4 ,the first name of ,cape ,breton--isle des ,bacaloas or ,bacaloac--is a ,basque name4 ,in the middle ages the ,basques maintained a certain independence by means of their fueros1 or special privileges1 which had been handed down from time immemorial and confirmed by several of the kings of ,france4 ,the wood of ,hatze is still pointed out as the place where the assemblies of the elders1 or bilars1 were formerly held in the district of ,labourd4 ,here came together the proprietors of the different communes to regulate their administrative affairs4 ,the most of the assembly leaned on their staves or against the venerable oaks of the forest4 ,but the presiding member sat on a huge stone1 the secretary on another1 while a third was used for recording the decrees of the assembly1 to which the kings of ,france and ,navarre were often forced to yield by virtue of their fueros4 ,and this country was never over-ruled by oppressive lords who held it in subjection by means of their fortified castles4 ,the device of ,bayonne--,nunquam polluta--seems to express the unstained independence that had never been subjected to feudal dominion4 ,it doubtless had great families who distinguished themselves by their bravery and military services1 and were noted for their wealth1 like the casas de parientes majores--the twenty-four families of great antiquity--in ,guypuzcoa1 among which was the family of ,loyola of ,aspetia1 to which the immortal founder of the ,jesuits belonged1 as well as that of ,balda1 his mother's family2 but they never pretended to the feudal authority of the great nobles of ,france and ,spain4 ,it was only in the ,x,vth century that several ,basque families1 who had become wealthy1 ventured to erect some inoffensive towers like those of ,uturbi near ,st4 ,jean de ,luz1 occupied by ,louis ,,xi4 while on the frontier arranging the treaty between the kings of ,castile and ,arragon4 ,it is said of the ,basques of ,spain3 ,as many ,basques1 as many nobles4 ,many of their villages have coats of arms on all the houses1 which contrast with the decayed lattices and crumbling roofs4 ,the owners point to their emblazonry with the air of a ,montmorency4 ,when the ,moors invaded the ,north of ,spain1 thousands of mountaineers rose to drive them out4 ,as they made war at their own expense1 those who returned alive to their cottages received the reward of gentlemen--the right of assuming some heraldic sign and graving it on their walls as a perpetual memorial of their deeds4 ,in the valley of ,roncal the inhabitants were all ennobled for having distinguished themselves at the battle of ,olaso1 in the reign of ,fortunio ,garcia4 ,in the village of ,santa ,lucia1 not far from ,toledo1 an old house of the ,x,i,i,ith century is still to be seen with double lancet windows1 which has its record over the door proving the part a former owner had taken at the bridge of ,olaso--an azure field traversed by a river1 which is spanned by a bridge with three golden arches surmounted by the bleeding head of a ,moor4 ,in a faubourg of ,tolosa is a modest house stating that ,juan ,perez having borne arms for more than fifty years in ,italy1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,flanders1 etc41 and taken part in the great naval victory over the ,turks at ,lepanto under ,don ,juan of ,austria1 the emperor created him knight and gave him for his arms the imperial eagle4 ,but most of these armorial bearings have reference to the chase1 to which the people were so addicted4 ,the trophies they brought home1 instead of being nailed up over the door1 were now graven there in stone--sometimes a wolf1 or a hare1 or even a favorite hound4 ,two dogs are on the arms inherited by the ,prince of ,viana1 the donor of the fine bells to the basilica of ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes4 ,in the commune of ,bardos is a chteau which bears the name of ,salla from the founder of the family4 ,it was he who1 fighting under ,alphonse the ,chaste1 ,king of ,navarre1 had his legs broken by the explosion of a rock1 from which time the house of ,salla has had for its arms three chevrons briss1 d'or1 sur un champ d'azur4 ,the most illustrious member of this family is ,jean ,baptiste de la ,salle1 who founded the admirable order of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools1 with a special mission for instructing the poor4 ,mgr4 de ,belsunce1 the celebrated bishop of ,marseilles1 was also of ,basque origin4 ,the ,chteau de ,belsunce is still to be seen--an old manor-house with ,gothic turrets bespeaking the antiquity of the family4 ,the name is associated with the legends of the country4 ,tradition relates that a winged monster having terrified the whole region1 a knight of this house armed himself with a lance and went forth to attack the monster in his den4 ,the dragon1 having received a mortal wound1 sprang with a dying effort upon his enemy1 seized him1 and rolled with him into the ,nive4 ,from that time the family of ,belsunce bore on its shield a dragon sable on a field gules4 ,the arms of ,fontarabia is a siren on the waves bearing a mirror and a comb--symbol of this enchanting region4 ,this historic place1 once the rival of ,st4 ,jean de ,luz1 now wears a touching aspect of desolation and mourning which only adds to its attractions4 ,its ruins have a hue of antiquity that must delight a painter's eye4 ,the long street that leads to the principal square carries one back three hundred years1 most of the houses being in the ,spanish style of the ,x,v,ith century4 ,there are coats of arms over every door1 and balconies projecting from every story1 with complicated trellises or lattices that must almost madden the moon-struck serenader4 ,nothing could be more picturesque than this truly ,spanish place4 ,many of the houses bear the imposing name of palacios1 which testify to the ancient splendor of this ciudad muy noble1 muy leal1 y muy valerosa4 ,overlooking the whole place is the chteau of ,jeanne la ,folle1 massive1 heavy1 its walls three yards thick1 its towers round--a genuine fortress founded in the ,xth century1 but mostly rebuilt by ,charles ,v4 ,its chronicles are full of historic interest4 ,here took place the interview between ,louis ,,xi4 and ,henri ,,iv4 of ,castille1 whose arrogant favorite1 ,beltram de la ,cueva1 in his mantle broidered with gold and pearls and diamonds1 and his boat with its awning of cloth of gold1 must have offered a striking contrast to the extreme simplicity of the ,king of ,france4 ,the fine1 imposing church of ,fontarabia1 in the transition style1 is a marked exception to the ,basque churches generally1 which are of simple primitive architecture1 with but few ornaments2 and these1 at least on the ,french side of the frontier1 mostly confined to the sanctuary1 which is rich in color and gilding4 ,perhaps over the main altar is a painting1 but by no means by ,murillo or ,velasquez4 ,if on the ,spanish side1 it may be a ,s4 ,iago on a white steed1 sword in hand1 with a red mantle over his pilgrim's dress1 looking like a genuine matamore1 breathing destruction against the ,moors4 ,the ,madonna1 too1 is always there1 perhaps with a wheel of silver swords1 as if in her bosom were centred all the sorrows of the human race4 ,the galleries around the nave in the ,basque churches gives them the appearance of a salle de spectacle2 but the clergy think the separation of the sexes promotes the respect due in the sanctuary1 and the people themselves cling to the practice4 ,the men occupy the galleries4 ,they all have rosaries in their hands4 ,from time to time you can see them kiss their thumbs1 placed in the form of a cross1 perhaps to set a seal on their vows to ,god1 as people in the middle ages used to seal their letters with their thumbs to give them a sacred inviolability4 ,licking the thumb was1 we know1 an ancient form of giving a solemn pledge2 and1 till a recent period1 the legal form of completing a bargain in ,scotland was to join the thumbs and lick them4 8,what say ye1 man8 ,there's my thumb2 ,i'll ne'er beguile ye10 said ,rob ,roy to ,bailie ,nicol ,jarvie4 ,when ,mass is over1 every man in the galleries respectfully salutes his next neighbor4 ,this is considered obligatory4 ,were it even his deadliest enemy1 he must bow his head before him4 ,mass heard with devotion brings the ,truce of ,god to the heart4 ,the women occupy the nave1 sitting or kneeling on the black1 funereal-looking carpet that covers the stone above the tomb of their beloved dead4 ,for every family has a slab of wood or marble with an inscription in large characters1 which covers the family vault below1 and their notions of pious respect oblige the living to kneel on the stone that covers the bones of their forefathers4 ,or this was the case2 for of late years burial in churches has been forbidden1 and these slabs now only serve to designate the inalienable right of the families to occupy them during the divine service4 ,it is curious and interesting to examine these sepulchral slabs2 for they are like the archives of a town inscribed with the names of the principal inhabitants1 with their rank and occupation4 ,in some places the women1 by turns1 bring every morning an offering for their pastor1 which they deposit on these stones like an expiatory libation4 ,several of them are daily garnished with fruit1 wine1 eggs1 beeswax1 yarn1 and linen thread1 and the cur1 accompanied by his servant or the sacristan1 goes around after ,mass to collect this tribute of rural piety in a basket1 and give his blessing to the families4 ,these offerings of the first-fruits of the earth are still continued1 though the dead are buried elsewhere4 ,the seat of that mighty potentate1 the village mayor1 is in the choir1 as befits his dignity1 which he fully sustains by his majestic deportment in sight of the whole congregation4 ,sometimes he chants at the lectern1 like ,charlemagne4 ,the square peristyle of the church is often divided between him and the village school-master for their respective functions1 as if to invest them with a kind of sanctity4 ,in ,soule the belfry is formed by extending upwards the western wall of the church in the form of three gables1 looking like three obelisks4 ,the bell is hung in the central one4 ,the origin of this custom is thus explained by ,m4 ,cnac ,montaut3 8,in former times1 when the ,basques had some difficulty about accepting all the truths of the ,gospel1 the clergy were unable to make them comprehend the doctrine of the ,holy ,trinity4 ,one of the priests1 like ,s4 ,patrick with the shamrock1 saw he must appeal to the senses in order to reach the mind and heart4 ,entering his rude pulpit one day1 he addressed his flock something after the following manner3 #8,some of you1 my dear brethren1 recently objected that the ,god of the ,old ,testament1 in the tables of the law1 wished to be worshipped as one ,god1 and that to add now the ,son and ,holy ,spirit to the ,deity is to overthrow the law of ,sinai and affect the divine ,essence itself4''' ,my dear brethren1 hitherto we have had but one gable on our belfry1 directing towards heaven the innermost prayer of the heart1 and bearing the bell by which ,god seems to speak to us in return4 ,if1 now1 two other gables were added to this1 would not this triple tower1 standing on one base1 and pointing to the same heaven1 still constitute one belfry8'0 ,this appeal was effective4 ,those who had been unable to accept the abstract doctrine of the ,trinity perfectly comprehended this material unity4 ,the other priests of ,soule hastened to make use of so happy an oratorical figure1 and all through the valley of the ,gave rose the three-gabled1 dogmatic belfries1 such as we see at the present day4 ,near the church is often a modest white house with a small garden containing a few trees and flowers1 where the ,daughters of the ,cross devote themselves to the instruction of children1 planting the seeds of piety in their youthful hearts4 ,the ,basque houses1 with their triangular1 tile-covered roofs1 often project like a chlet1 and are painted white1 green1 and even pink4 ,the casements are made in the form of a cross1 and stained red4 ,the doorway is arched like a church-portal1 and has over it a ,virgin1 or crucifix1 or some pious inscription4 ,there is no bolt on the door2 for a ,basque roof is too inviolable to need a fastening4 ,at the entrance is a bnitier 7for holy water71 as if the house were to the owner a kind of sanctuary to be entered with purification and a holy thought4 ,you enter a large hall that divides the house into two parts1 and contains all the farming utensils4 ,it is here the husbandman husks his corn and thrashes his wheat4 ,the uncolored walls of the rooms are hung with a few rude pictures1 as of the ,last ,judgment1 the ,wandering ,jew1 or ,napoleon4 ,there are some large presses1 a few wooden chairs1 a shelf in the corner with a lace-edged covering for the statue of the ,virgin1 who wears a crown of immortelles on her head and a rosary around her neck4 ,at one end of the room is a bed large enough for a whole family1 and so high as almost to need a ladder to ascend it4 ,the open pink curtains show the holy-water font1 the crucifix1 and faded palm branch annually renewed4 ,there is no house without some religious symbol4 ,the ,basque has great faith in prayer4 ,he stops his plough or wild native dance to say the ,angelus4 ,he never forgets to arm himself with the sign of the cross in a moment of danger4 ,he makes it over the loaf of bread before he divides it among the family4 ,the mother makes it on the foreheads of her children at night4 ,at ,candlemas a blessed candle burns under every roof in honor of the true ,light which lighteth every man that cometh into the world4 ,it is the boast of the country that ,protestantism never found entrance therein1 even during its prevalence in ,barn at the time of ,joan of ,navarre1 though that princess took pains to have the ,huguenot version of the ,new ,testament translated into ,basque and published at ,la ,rochelle in #aeia for their benefit4 ,the whole ,bible is now translated1 ,m4 ,duvoisin having devoted six years to the work1 and ,prince ,lucian ,bonaparte a still longer time in settling the orthography and superintending the edition4 ,it must not be supposed1 however1 that the ,basques are an austere race4 ,they are very fond of their national dances1 and excel in the jeu de paume4 ,among their other amusements is the pastorale1 acted in the open air with a chirula 7a kind of flute7 and a tambourine for the orchestra4 ,the subject is borrowed from the ,bible1 the legend of ,roland1 the wars with the ,moors1 etc4 ,they are composed by native poets1 and have a certain antique simplicity not without its charm4 ,the people flock to these representations1 as to their ,cantabrian dances1 in their gayest attire4 ,the old man wears a bret drawn over his forehead1 while his long hair floats behind in token of the nobility of his ancient race4 ,he wears short breeches1 long woollen stockings1 and leather shoes with handsome silver buckles4 ,the young ,basque1 straight1 well formed1 and proud in his bearing1 wears his blue bret jauntily perched on one side of his head4 ,his jacket is short4 ,silver clasps fasten his collar and wristbands4 ,he wears sandals on his feet1 with red bars across the instep4 ,a bright red sash girdles his waist--as of all mountaineers1 enabling them to endure fatigue the better1 like the surcingle of a horse4 8,beware of that young man with the loose girdle10 said ,sulla1 speaking of ,csar4 ,for among the ,romans the word discinctus was applied to the indolent1 cowardly soldier1 as alte cinctus 7high-girdled7 meant a prompt1 courageous man4 ,the girls1 slender in form1 with regular1 expressive features1 are veiled in a black mantilla1 or else carry it on their arms4 ,a gay kerchief is wound around the back of their heads like a turban1 leaving visible the shining bands of their beautiful black hair4 ,the old women wear white muslin kerchiefs on their heads1 with one corner falling on the shoulder4 ,on the breast is suspended a golden heart or ,saint-,esprit4 ,sometimes they are enveloped from head to foot in a great black cloak1 which is absolutely requisite when they attend a funeral4 ,this mantle forms part of the trousseau of every bride of any substance1 and she wears it on her wedding-day1 as if to show herself prepared to pay due honor to all the friends who should depart this life before her4 ,it must be a great comfort for them to see this mourning garment prepared in advance1 and the sight of the bride veiled in her long black capuchin must diffuse a rather subdued gayety over the wedding party4 ,the ,basques pay great respect to the dead4 ,when a man dies1 his next neighbor on the right carries the crucifix before his bier in the funeral procession1 and his nearest neighbor on the left walks at its side4 ,and the whole neighborhood assembles around it in church1 with lighted candles in their hands1 to hear the ,mass for the ,dead4 ,they adorn their graveyards with shrubs and flowers4 ,and they never omit the month's-mind1 or anniversary service4 ,of course no one goes to the ,basque country without visiting the famous ,pas de ,roland4 ,the whole region is singularly wild and picturesque4 ,we pass through a deep gorge encumbered with rocks1 over which the ,nive plunges and foams in the maddest possible way4 ,twin mountains of granite rise to the very heavens1 their sides covered with the golden broom1 or furrowed with deep gullies that tell of mountain torrents4 ,the overhanging cliffs1 and the dizzy1 winding road along the edge of the abyss1 create a feeling of awe2 and by the time we arrive1 breathless and fatigued1 at the ,pas de ,roland1 we are quite prepared to believe anything marvellous4 8,i lie reclined ,against some trunk the husbandman has felled2 ,old legendary poems fill my mind1 ,and ,parables of ,eld3 ,i wander with ,orlando through the wood1 ,or muse with ,jaques in his solitude40 ,this archway was produced by a mere blow from the heel of the great ,paladin1 who did not consider the mountain worthy the use of his mighty sword4 ,everything is bathed in the golden light of the wondrous legend1 which harmonizes with the spot4 ,we even fancy we can hear the powerful horn of ,orlando--the greatest trumpeter on record4 ,we can see ,carloman1 with his black plumes and red mantle--opera-like--as he is described in the ,chant d',altabisar6 ,the natives1 pur sang1 do not call this pass by the name of ,roland1 but ,utheca gaiz--a bad1 dangerous passage1 as in truth it is4 ,it is the only means of communication with the opposite side of the mountain4 ,after going through it1 the mountains recede1 the horizon expands1 a country full of bucolic delights is revealed to the eye1 the exaltation of the soul subsides1 and the mind settles down to its normal state of incredulity4 ,just below the ,pas de ,roland1 on the ,french side1 are the thermal springs of ,cambo1 in a lovely little valley watered by the ,nive4 ,the air here is pure1 the climate mild1 the meadows fresh and sprinkled with flowers1 the encircling hills are crowned with verdure4 ,never did ,nature put on an aspect of more grace and beauty than in this delicious spot4 ,one of the springs is sulphurous1 the other ferruginous4 ,they became popular among the ,spanish and ,basques during the last century when patronized by ,queen ,marie ,anne de ,neuberg1 the second wife of ,don ,carlos ,,ii4 of ,spain4 ,some of her royal gifts to the church of ,cambo are still shown with pride4 ,these springs were visited as early as #aehe1 among others1 by ,franois de ,nouailles1 ,bishop of ,dax1 who is often referred to in proof of their efficacy2 but as that eminent diplomatist died a few weeks after he tried the waters1 the less said of his cure the better for their reputation4 ,napoleon ,i41 however1 had faith in their virtues4 ,he visited ,cambo1 and was only prevented by his downfall from building a military hospital here4 ,not two miles from ,cambo is the busy town of ,hasparren4 ,the way thither is through a delightful country1 with some fresh beauty bursting on the eye at every step4 ,on all sides are to be seen the neat white cottages of the laborers in the midst of orchards1 meadows1 and vineyards2 sometimes in the hollows of a valley like a nest among the green leaves2 sometimes on the hills commanding the most delicious of landscapes4 ,hasparren has about six thousand inhabitants1 mostly farmers1 but who try to increase their income by some trade4 ,twelve hundred of them are shoemakers2 seven or eight hundred are weavers1 curriers1 or chocolate-makers4 ,the spacious church is hardly able to contain the crowd of worshippers on festivals4 ,a curious history is connected with the belfry4 ,the government having imposed a tax on salt in #aghd1 the people around ,hasparren1 who had hitherto been exempted1 resolved to resist so heavy an impost4 ,they rang the bell with violence to call together the inhabitants4 ,even the women assembled in bands with spits1 pitchforks1 and sickles1 to the sound of a drum1 which one of their number beat before them4 ,the mob1 amounting to two thousand1 entrenched themselves in the public cemetery1 where they received with howls of rage the five brigades the governor of ,bayonne was obliged to send for the enforcement of the law4 ,bloodshed was prevented by the venerable cur1 who rose from his sick-bed and appeared in their midst4 ,by his mild1 persuasive words he calmed the excited crowd1 induced the troops to retire and the mob to disperse4 ,the leaders being afterwards arrested1 he also effected their pardon--on humiliating conditions1 however1 to the town4 ,the hardest was1 perhaps1 the destruction of the belfry1 from which they had rung the alarm2 and it was not till some time in the present century they were allowed to rebuild it4 ,it is remarkable that the ancient ,basques left no poems1 no war-songs to celebrate their valorous deeds1 no epic in which some adventurous mariner recites his wanderings2 for the language is flexible and easily bends to rhythm4 ,but the people seem better musicians than poets4 ,there are1 to be sure1 some rude plaints of love1 a few smugglers' or fishermen's songs1 sung to bold airs full of wild harmony that perhaps used to animate their forefathers to fight against the ,moors2 but these songs have no literary merit4 ,only two poems in the language have acquired a certain celebrity1 because published by prominent men who ascribed to them a great antiquity4 ,one of these is the ,chant des ,cantabres1 published by ,wilhelm von ,humboldt in #ahag in connection with an essay on the ,basque language4 ,ushered into the world by so distinguished a linguist1 it was eagerly welcomed by ,german savants1 and regarded as a precious memorial of past ages4 ,m4 von ,humboldt took it from the ,,mss4 of a ,spaniard employed in #aeij to explore the archives of ,simancas and ,biscay4 ,he pretended to have found it written on an old1 worm-eaten parchment1 as well it might be if done soon after the invasion of the country by the ,romans4 ,we wonder he did not also find the history of the conquest of ,cantabria in five books composed by the ,emperor ,augustus himself1 said to have been in existence in the ,x,v,i,ith century6 ,the ,chant d',altabisar is said to have been discovered by ,m4 ,la ,tour d',auvergne in an old convent at ,st4 ,sebastian1 in #ahba1 written on parchment in characters of the ,x,i,i,ith or ,x,i,vth century4 ,it is unfortunate so valuable a ,,ms41 like the original poems of ,ossian1 should have been lost6 ,the contents1 however1 were preserved and published in #ahce1 and1 though now considered spurious1 merit a certain attention because formerly regarded as genuine by such men as ,victor ,hugo1 who1 in his ,lgende des ,sicles1 speaks of ,charlemagne as 8plein de douleur0 to think 8,qu'on fera des chansons dans toutes ces montagnes ,sur ses guerriers tombs devant des paysans1 ,et qu'on en parlera plus que quatre cents ans60 ,m4 ,olivier1 in his ,dictionnaire de la ,conversation1 enthusiastically exclaims3 8,what shall ,i say of the ,basque chants1 and where did this people1 on their inaccessible heights1 obtain such boldness of rhythm and intonation8 ,every ,basque air ,i know is grand and decided in tone1 but none more strikingly so than the national chant of the ,escualdunacs1 as they call themselves in their language4 ,and yet this fine poem has for some of its lines only the cardinal numbers up to twenty1 and then repeated in reverse order4 ,often1 while listening to the pure1 fresh melody of this air1 ,i have wondered what meaning was concealed beneath these singular lines4 ,from one hypothesis to another ,i have gone back to the time when the ,vascon race1 hedged in at the foot of the ,pyrenees by the ,celtic invaders1 sought refuge among the inaccessible mountains4 ,then1 it seemed to me1 this ,chant was composed as a war-song in which1 after recounting1 one by one1 their years of exile1 they numbered with the same regularity1 but in a contrary direction1 their deeds of vengeance60 ,such is the power of imagination4 ,it is the 8,pre ,tournamine ,qui croit tout ce qu'il s'imagine40 ,let us give the literal translation of the lines in which ,m4 ,olivier finds such an expression of sublime vengeance3 8,they come6 they come6 ,what a forest of lances6 ,with many-colored banners floating in the midst4 ,how the lightning flashes from their arms6 ,how many are there8 ,boy1 count them well6 ,one1 two1 three1 four1 five1 six1 seven1 eight1 nine1 ten1 eleven1 twelve1 ,thirteen1 fourteen1 fifteen1 sixteen1 seventeen1 eighteen1 nineteen1 twenty4 ''' ,they fly6 they fly6 ,where1 then1 is the forest of lances8 ,where the many-colored banners floating in the midst8 ,the lightning no longer flashes from their blood-stained arms4 ,how many left8 ,boy1 count them well6 ,twenty1 nineteen1 eighteen1 seventeen1 sixteen1 fifteen1 fourteen1 thirteen1 ,twelve1 eleven1 ten1 nine1 eight1 seven1 six1 five1 four1 three1 two1 one40 ,the first book in the ,basque language was printed in the ,x,v,ith century1 in the same year ,rabelais published his ,pantagruel1 in which he makes ,panurge ask in the ,basque language for an erremedio against poverty1 that he might escape the penalty of ,adam which brought sweat to his brow--a question many are still asking in far more intelligible language4 ,the most ancient specimens of genuine ,basque literature show what changes the language has undergone within four or five centuries1 which is a proof against the authenticity of these ,chants4 ,m4 ,blad1 a ,french critic1 says his butter-man readily translated every word of the ,chant des ,cantabres1 so admired by the ,baron von ,humboldt4 ,fortunately1 it is not needed to prove the valor of the ,cantabrians when their country was invaded by the ,romans1 nor that of ,altabisar to show the part they took in ,roncesvalles' fearful fight4 ,,the ,,eternal ,,years4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,divine ,,sequence40 8,tranquil ,hope still trims her lamp ,at the ,eternal ,years40--,faber4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,our ,,impressions4 ,it is probable that most of us have been1 at some time in our intellectual and spiritual life1 conscious of a divergence between our mental impressions and our received belief respecting the nature and characteristics of the divine ,being4 ,outside the closed-in boundaries of our faith there has been1 as it were1 a margin of waste land which we seldom explore1 but the undefined1 uncultivated products of which flit athwart our imagination with something like an uncomfortable misgiving4 ,we do not go far into it1 because we have our certain landmarks to stand by2 and while the sun of faith shines bright on these1 we can say to ourselves that we have nothing really to do with the sort of fog-land which surrounds our own happy enclosure4 ,our allotment is one of peace within the true fold of the church4 ,we know where we are2 we know what we have got to do2 and we refuse to be seriously troubled by the dubious questions which may possibly never disturb us1 unless we deliberately turn to them4 ,to us1 as ,catholics1 this is a safe resolve4 ,we know the ,church cannot err4 ,we believe1 and are ready1 absolutely and unreservedly ready1 to believe1 all she puts before us as claiming our belief4 ,and this is no childish superstition4 ,it is no unmanly laying down of our inalienable right to know good from evil2 it is no wilful deafness or deliberate closing of our eyes4 ,it is the absolutely necessary and perfectly inevitable result of the one primary foundation of all our belief--namely1 that the church is the organ of the ,holy ,ghost1 the infallible utterance of an infallible voice1 which voice is none other and no less than the voice of ,god1 speaking through and by the divinely-instituted kingdom which comprises the church of ,god4 ,with this once firmly fixed in our hearts and intellects1 nothing1 can disturb us4 ,even supposing something to be defined by the church for which we were unprepared--as was the case with some on the definition of the ,infallibility of the ,sovereign ,pontiff--still these surprises1 if surprises they be1 can be no otherwise than sweet and welcome4 ,to us there cannot be a jarring note in that voice which is the voice of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the trumpet cannot give a false sound4 ,it is our fault--either intellectually our fault 7which is rather a misfortune than a fault7 or spiritually 7which is from our negligence and lukewarmness7--if the blast of that trumpet painfully startle us from our slumbers4 ,to all who are waking and watching the sound can only be cheering and encouraging4 ,the good soldier is ever ready to hear it and prompt to obey4 ,the slumberer is among those to whom our ,lord says3 8,you know how to discern the face of the sky1 and can you not know the signs of the times80#bdb ,he evidently expects us to know the signs of the times4 ,the ,lord is not in the strong wind1 nor is he in the earthquake or the fire4 ,he is in the gentle air4#bdc ,but the wind and the earthquake and the fire are his precursors1 and those who have experienced1 and heard1 and witnessed these warnings should be all attention for the softer sound which is the utterance of the divine ,voice in the church4 ,there should be no surprise save the surprise of a great joy1 the admiring astonishment of finding out how good our ,god is1 and what marvellous treasures of things new and old our great mother1 the church1 lays before us from time to time1 as the ,spirit of ,god moves over the ocean of divine love1 as it were incubating the creations of the world of grace4 ,we lie down in our certainty as the infant lies down in its mother's lap1 and we rise on the wings of hope and faith as the lark rises in the morning light1 without the shadow of a doubt that the lambient air will uphold the little fluttering wings with which it carries its joyous song to the gates of heaven4 ,underneath us are the 8everlasting arms10#bdd and therefore we 8dwell in safety and alone0--alone as regards those outside the church1 who cannot understand our security1 because they have never grasped the idea that1 the voice of the church being the voice of the third ,person of the ever-blessed ,trinity to doubt the church is the same as to say that ,god is a liar4 ,if we have dwelt thus at length upon our certitude1 and upon the intellectual and spiritual repose it gives us1 we have done so for the purpose of making it absolutely impossible for our readers to suppose that when we speak of a divergence between some of our mental impressions and our received belief1 we are in any degree insinuating that we have not got all we require in the absolute and definite teaching of the church2 or that we have any cause to feel troubled about any question which the church has left as an open question1 and respecting which any one of us individually may have been unable to arrive at a conclusion4 ,all we mean is this3 that there are certain feelings1 impressions1 and imaginings which we find it hard to silence and extinguish1 difficult to classify in accordance with our substantial belief1 and which hang about us like a sail on the mast of a vessel which the unwary crew have left flapping in a dangerous gale4 ,the points in question may be various as the minds that contemplate them4 ,they may embrace a variety of subjects1 and may assume different shapes and aspects1 according to the external circumstances under which they present themselves1 or to the color of our own thoughts and feelings at the moment they are before us4 ,their field is so vast and their possible variety so great that it would be vain for us to attempt to give even a glance at them all4 ,indeed1 the doing so is beyond our capacity1 and would be beyond the capacity of any one man4 ,for who shall tell what is fermenting in the thoughts of one even of his fellow-beings8 ,he can merely guess blindly at the souls of others from having dwelt in the depths of his own1 and knowing1 as the one great fact1 that all men are brothers4 ,we are far1 therefore1 from intending to take up all the possible questions not hedged in and limited and defined by dogmatic teaching1 or to try and help others to come to a conclusion on each4 ,we might as well attempt to count the sands of the sea-shore4 ,all we are proposing to ourselves for our own consolation1 and1 if possible1 for that of our readers1 is to lay hold of certain facts which will give a clew to other less certain facts1 and1 in short--if we may be allowed to resort to a chemical term--to indicate certain solvents which will hold in solution the little pebbles that lie in our path1 and which might grow into great stumbling-blocks had we not a strong dissolving power always at our command4 ,it is self-evident that there is one knowledge which contains all other knowledge1 and that is the knowledge of ,god4 ,as all things flow from him1 therefore all things are in him2 and if we could see or know him1 we should know all the rest4 ,that knowledge1 that seeing1 is the 8light of glory40 ,its perfection is only compatible with the ,beatific ,vision1 which vision is impossible to mere man in his condition of viator1 or pilgrim4#bde ,it is the conclusion of faith just as broad noon is the termination of darkness4 ,but as faith is the leading up to the ,beatific ,vision1 to the light of glory1 and to the knowledge of all things1 therefore in its degree is it the best substitute for sight--the dawning of a more perfect day1 and the beginning of knowledge4 ,consequently1 8faith is the evidence of things that appear not40 ,and as it is some of the things 8that appear not0 which are puzzling and bewildering many of us1 let us lay hold of our faith and go whither it shall lead us4 ,we can in this life only know ,god mediately and obscurely by reason and faith4 ,but as the direct and clear intuition of ,god in the ,beatific ,vision will include the knowledge of all else1 so even our present imperfect knowledge of him comprises in a certain sense all other and lesser science1 and is necessary to the highest knowledge of created things4 ,to do this thoroughly we will investigate the occasional divergence between our mental impressions1 as we sometimes experience them1 and our received belief of the ,divine ,nature and characteristics4 ,in a burst of holy exultation ,s4 ,paul asks1 8,who hath known the mind of the ,lord80#bdf--not as though regretting his ignorance1 but rather with the feelings of one who1 having suddenly come upon an evidently priceless treasure1 exclaims1 ,who can tell what wealth now lies before us8 ,yes1 indeed6 we know him well while we know him but imperfectly4 ,there is more to know than we can guess at1 but our hearts are too narrow to hold it4 ,and yet sometimes how full to overflowing has that knowledge seemed6 ,have we not followed him from the cradle to the grave1 in that sweet brotherhood which he has established with each one of us8 ,have we not lost ourselves in far-reaching thoughts of how1 and where he was when his brotherhood with us was not an accomplished fact1 but only an ever-enduring divine intention co-equal with his own eternal existence--a phase of that very existence1 for ever present to the ,divine ,idea1 though not yet subjected to the conditions of time8 ,we have thought of him as in the bosom of the ,father in a way in which1 wonderful to relate1 he never can be again in the bosom of the ,father4 ,a something has passed in respect to the existence of ,god himself1 and actually made a difference in the extrinsic relations of the divine ,being4 ,there was an eternity in which the ,son of ,god--he whom we most seem to know of the three ,persons of the ever-blessed ,trinity--dwelt in the bosom of the ,father unconnected with his sacred humanity4 ,there was an eternity when his name was not ,jesus1 when he was the ,son of ,god only1 and not the ,son of man4 ,we are expressing what everybody knows who is a ,christian--a platitude almost1 and yet so full of wonder that1 unless we have thoroughly gone into it and sifted it1 we have not ransacked half the riches of what we can and may know of the 8mind of the ,lord40 ,in truth1 we are very apt to be repelled by this contemplation4 ,there is something dreary to us in the eternity when the ,brother of our race and the ,spouse of our souls was only the everlasting ,begotten of the ,father1 dwelling in that inscrutable eternity to which we1 as the creatures of time1 seem to have no link4 ,our thoughts and imaginations are shackled by the conditions of our own being4 ,yesterday we were not4 ,and so all before yesterday seems like a blank to us4 ,to-morrow we know will be--if not for us in this identical state1 yet certainly for us in some other state4 ,but that dim yesterday1 which never began and of which no history can be written1 no details given1 only the great1 grand1 inarticulated statement made that the ,,qui ,,est1 the 8,i am10 filled it--this appalls us4 ,can nothing be done to mitigate this stupendous though beautiful horror8 ,is there no corner into which our insignificance can creep1 that so we may look out upon those unknown depths without feeling that we are plunging into a fathomless ocean1 there to sink in blank darkness and inanition8 ,surely the ,god of the past 7as from our point of view we reckon the past7 should not be so appallingly unknown to us who have our beloved ,jesus in the present1 and who look forward to the ,beatific ,vision of the whole blessed ,trinity with trembling hope in the future4 ,but before we can in any degree overcome the stupor with which we think of the backward-flowing ages of eternity1 we must endeavor more fully to realize the nature of time4 ,we are all apt to speak of time as a period2 whereas it is more properly a state4 ,the generality of persons1 in thinking of time in relation to eternity1 represent to themselves a long1 long ago1 blind past1 and then an interminable but partially appreciable future1 and time lying as a sort of sliced-out period between the two1 which slice is attached to the eternity behind and the eternity in front1 and about which we have the comfort and satisfaction of being able to write history and chronicle events1 either on a large or a small scale4 ,we treat it as we should do a mountain of gold1 which we coin into money1 and we conveniently cut it up into ages1 years1 months1 days1 and hours4 ,it is our nature so to do1 and we cannot do otherwise4 ,it is the condition of our being4 ,but as it will not be always the condition of our being1 there are few things we are more constantly exhorted to than the attempt to raise our imagination1 or rather our faith1 as much as possible out of these conventional and arbitrary trammels1 and dispose ourselves for that other state which is our ultimate end1 and where there are no years and no days4 ,in point of fact1 time is only an imperfection of our being--an absolutely necessary imperfection1 because our being is finite1 and our state is a probationary state2 and probation implies not only that succession which is necessary in every finite being1 but change and movement in respect to things which are permanent in a more perfect state4 ,our condition in time has not inaptly been compared to that of a man looking through the small aperture of a camera-obscura1 which only permits him to behold a section of what is passing4 ,the figures appear and vanish4 ,but the window is thrown wide open in eternity1 and he sees the whole at once4 ,he is1 therefore1 under a disadvantage so long as he is in the camera-obscura1 viewing the landscape through a small hole4 ,and this is our position1 judging of eternity through the aperture of time4 ,even now we have a wonderful power of adding to our time1 or of shortening it1 without any reference to clocks or sun-dials1 and which1 if we think about it1 will help to show us that time is a plastic accident of our being4 ,when we have been very much absorbed1 we have taken no note of time1 and the hours have flown like minutes4 ,during that interval we have1 as it were1 made our own time1 and modified our condition with reference to time by our own act4 ,time1 therefore1 is plastic4 ,were we by some extraordinary and exceptional power to accomplish in one day all that actually we now take a year to effect1 but at the same time intellectually to retain our present perception of the succession of events1 our life would not really have been shorter for the want of those three hundred and sixty-four days which we had been able to do without4 ,life is shorter now than it was in the days of the patriarchs4 ,but possibly the perception of life is not shortened4 ,nay1 rather1 from the rapidity with which events are now permitted to succeed each other1 partially owing to the progress of science and to man's increased dominion over material force1 the probability is that our lives are not abstractedly much1 if at all1 more brief than ,adam's nine hundred and thirty years4 ,all things now are hastening to the end4 ,they have always been hastening4 ,but there is the added impetus of the past2 and that increases with every age in the world's history4 ,now1 let us imagine life1 or a portion of life1 without thought--that is1 without the act of thinking4 ,immediately we find that it is next door to no thing1 to no time1 and no life4 ,we can only measure life with any accuracy by the amount of thought which has filled it--that is1 by the quantity of our intellectual and spiritual power which we have been able to bring to the small aperture in the camera-obscura1 by which to contemplate the ever-flowing eternity which lies beyond1 and cut it up into the sections we call time4 ,another example will show us how plastic is the nature of time4 ,take the life of an animal4 ,we are inclined to give the largest reasonable and possible importance to the brute creation4 ,it is an open question1 in which we see great seeds of future development1 all tending to increased glory to the ,creator and to further elucidation of creative love4 ,nevertheless1 it is obvious that brutes perceive only or chiefly by moments4 ,there is1 as compared with ourselves1 little or no sequence in their perceptions4 ,there is no cumulative knowledge4 ,they are without deliberate reflection1 even where they are not without perception of relations and circumstances1 past or future4 ,consequently1 they are more rigorously subjects to time than ourselves4 ,therefore1 when we deprive an animal of life1 we deprive him of a remainder of time that is equal to little more than no time1 in proportion to the degree in which his power of filling time with perception is less than our own4#bdg ,all we have said tends to prove that the existence of time is a relative existence2 it is the form or phase of our own finite being4 ,it is an aspect of eternity--the aspect which is consistent with our present condition4 ,for time is the measure of successive existence in created and finite beings4 ,as finite spirits we cannot escape from this limit of successive existence1 any more than a body can escape from the limit of locality and finite movement in grace4 ,eternal existence is the entire possession of life1 which is illimitable1 in such a perfect manner that all succession in duration is excluded4 ,this is possible only in ,god himself1 who is alone most pure and perfect act1 and therefore is at once all he can be1 without change or movement4 ,but the created spirit must ever live by a perpetual movement of increase in its duration1 because it is on every side finite4 ,time1 therefore1 will continue to exist while creatures continue to exist4 ,having arrived at this conclusion we cannot refuse ourselves the satisfaction of pointing out one obvious deduction--namely1 that if time has1 in itself1 only a relative existence1 it is impossible it can ever put an end to the existence of anything else4 ,it is inconceivable that the non est can absorb1 exterminate1 annihilate1 or obliterate any one single thing that has ever had one second of real existence1 of permitted being1 of sentient1 or even of insentient1 life4 ,god can annihilate1 if he so will 7and we do not think he will71 but time cannot4 ,time can hide and put away4 ,it can slip between us and the only reality1 which is eternity2 that is the condition of ,god1 the ,,qui ,,est4 ,wait awhile1 and time will have1 as it were1 spread or overflowed into eternity4 ,it will hide nothing from our view4 ,it will be 8rent in two from the top to the bottom10 from the beginning to the end1 like the veil of the ,temple1 which is its symbol4 ,and then will appear all that it has hitherto seemed1 but only seemed1 to distinguish4 ,we shall find it all in the inner recesses of eternity4 ,what cause1 in point of fact1 have we for supposing that anything which is shall cease to exist8 ,why1 because we no longer behold certain objects1 do we imagine them to be really lost for ever8 ,is this a reasonable supposition on the part of beings who are conscious that once they themselves were not1 and yet believe that they always shall be8 ,why should the mere diversity in other existences make us apprehend that the missing is also the lost1 and that we have any substantial cause for doubting that all which exists will go on existing8 ,do we anywhere see symptoms of annihilation8 ,it is true we see endless mutations1 but those very mutations are a guarantee to us of the continuousness of being4 ,all material things change3 but they only change4 ,they do not ever in any case go out and cease to be4 ,if this be true of merely material things1 how absolutely true must it be of the immaterial2 and how more than probable of that which is partly one and partly the other1 of that far lower nature of the brutes1 which have a principle of life in them inferior to ours and superior to the plants1 and of which1 since we do not believe their sensations to be the result of certain fortuitous atoms that have fashioned themselves blindly after an inexorable law1 and independently of an intelligent ,lawgiver1 we may reasonably predicate that they too will have a future and1 in its proper inferior order1 an advanced existence4 ,everywhere there is growth--through the phases of time into the portals of eternity4 ,the idea in the eternal ,mind1 of all essences1 the least as well as the greatest1 was1 like the ,mind that held it1 eternal--that is1 exempt from all limit of succession4 ,the past1 present1 and future are the progressive modes of existence and of our own perceptions rather than the properties of the essences themselves4 ,those essences had a place in the ,eternal ,idea2 they occupy an actual place as an actual existence in the phases of time1 and they go on in all probability--may we not say in all certainty8--in the endlessness of the ,creator's intention4 ,let no one misunderstand this as implying that matter was eternal in any other sense than its essence being an object of the idea of the eternal ,god1 it was always clearly present to the eternal ,mind4 ,its actuality1 as we know it1 dates from this creation of the crude1 chaotic mass4 ,but once formed1 and then fashioned1 and finally animated1 we can have no pretence for supposing that any part of it will ever cease to be4 ,nor can we have any solid reason for supposing that what has once been endowed with sentient life will ever be condemned to fall back into the all but infinitely lower form of mere organic matter1 any more than we have reason to suppose that at some future period organic matter will be reduced to inorganic matter1 and that out of this beautiful creation it will please ,god to resolve chaos back again1 either the whole or in any one the smallest part4 ,we have nothing to do with the difficulties of the question4 ,they are difficulties entirely of detail1 and not of principle2 and they concern us no more than it concerns us to be able to state how many animalcula it took to heave up the vast sierras of the western hemisphere4 ,the details may well puzzle us1 and we cannot venture on the merest suggestion4 ,but the principle is full of hope1 joy1 and security1 which in itself is a presumption in its favor4 ,if we would but believe how ,god values the work of his own hands2 if we would but try to realize how intense is creative love1 what much larger and deeper views we should have of the future of all creation1 and of the glory that is prepared for us6 ,even the old heathen religions began by taking larger and more accurate measure of these questions 7though they necessarily ended in error7 than too many of us do with all the light of the ,gospel thrown upon them4 ,the animism of the heathens1 which makes no distinction between animate and inanimate existence1 but lends a soul to each alike1 had in it a sort of loving and hopeful reverence for creation which is often wanting to us who alone truly know the ,creator4 ,in their blind groping after faith it led them to fetichism1 and further on1 as a fuller development of the same notion1 to pantheism1 and then to the ever-renewed and quite endless incarnations of ,buddha4 ,but these errors took their rise originally from a respectful and tender love of that beautiful though awful nature which man found lying all around him2 external to himself1 yet linked to himself1 and beneath the folds of which he hoped to find the hidden deity4 ,if these reflections have at all enabled us to understand the nature of time1 and to shake off some of the unreasonable importance we lend to it in our imaginations--making of it a sort of lesser rival to eternity1 fashioning it into an actual1 existing thing1 as if it were an attribute of ,god himself1 instead of being1 what it is1 a state or phase imposed upon us1 and not in any way affecting him--we shall have done much to facilitate the considerations we wish to enlarge upon4 ,eternity is 8perpetually instantaneous40 ,it is the nunc stans of theology4 ,time1 on the contrary1 is the past1 present1 and future of our human condition--the nunc fluens of theology4 ,with this truth well rooted in our minds1 we will now turn to the investigation of some of those impressions to which we referred at the beginning of this section1 and endeavor to throw light upon them from out of the additional knowledge we acquire of the nature and characteristics of the divine ,being through the simple process of clearing away some of our false impressions with respect to time4 ,we had in our modes of thought more or less hemmed in the ,eternal1 with our human sense of time1 and subjected even him to the narrowing process of a past1 present1 and future4 ,now we are about to think of ourselves only in that position1 and to contemplate him in eternity1 dealing with us through the medium of time1 but distinctly with a reference to eternity1 and only apparently imposing on himself the conditions of time in order to bring himself1 as it were1 on a level with us in his dealings with us4 ,strange as it may appear1 out of the depths of our stupidity we have fabricated a difficulty to ourselves in his very condescensions1 and1 looking back from our present to the past1 we find ourselves puzzled at certain divers revelations of ,god made to mankind in gone-by times2 just as1 in the weakness of our faith1 we are sometimes troubled with doubts about our own condition1 and that of those about us1 in that future which must come1 and which may not be far off to any one of us4 ,the ,god of ,abraham1 and ,isaac1 and ,jacob--is he really quite the same as our own ,god8 our ,god of the womb of ,mary1 of the manger1 of the wayside places in ,palestine1 and ,mount ,calvary1 and now1 of the silken-curtained ,tabernacle1 and the ,blessed ,eucharist1 and the dear1 ineffable moments of silent prayer--is he the same8 ,of course we know that1 literally and absolutely1 he is the same yesterday1 to-day1 and for ever4 ,nevertheless1 he appears to us under such different aspects that we find ourselves unintentionally contemplating the ,old ,testament as a revelation of the divine ,being with very different emotions from those with which we contemplate him in the ,new ,testament1 and this1 again1 differing widely from our view of him in the church4 ,it may be a mere matter of feeling1 perhaps2 but it is nevertheless a feeling which materially influences our form of devotion1 the vigor of our faith1 and the power of our hope and love4 ,if we could take in all these different impressions and amalgamate them2 if we could group them together1 or make them like the several rays of light directed into one focus1 we should obtain a more complete and a more influential knowledge of ,god than we can do while we seem rather to be wandering out of one view of him into another1 as if we walked from chamber to chamber and closed each door behind us4 ,now1 the only way we can arrive at this is by bearing in mind that the acts of ,god in governing the world are not momentary and solitary facts1 but continuous acts1 or rather one continuous act4 ,our difficulty lies in producing a visibly satisfactory harmony in our own minds as regards the acts of ,god1 and thus 7though for our own appreciation of them1 they are to us broken up into fragments1 or1 in other terms1 into separate facts7 arriving at the same mental attitude towards them as though we saw them as one continuous act4 ,it will aid us in our search if we1 first of all1 endeavor to qualify that act4 ,its very continuity1 its perpetual instantaneousness1 must essentially affect its character and make the definition no complex matter4 ,it is an act of love1 and it is revealed as such in the whole creation1 and in the way ,god has let himself down to us and is drawing us up unto himself4 ,there have been many apparent modifications1 but there have been no actual contradictions1 in this characteristic2 for even the existence of evil works round to greater good1 to a degree sufficiently obvious to us for us to know that where it is less obvious it must nevertheless follow the same law4 ,for law is everywhere2 because ,god is law1 though law is not ,god4 ,modern unbelief substitutes law for ,god1 and then thinks it has done away with him4 ,to us who believe it makes no difference how far back in the long continuous line of active forces we may find the original and divine ,author of all force4 ,it is nothing but the weakness of our imagination which makes it more difficult to count by millions than by units4 ,what does it matter to our faith through how many developments the condition of creation1 as we now see it all around us1 may have passed1 when we know that the first idea sprang from the great ,source of all law1 and that with him the present state is as much one continuous act as the past state and the future state8 ,you may trace back the whole material universe1 if you will1 to the one first molecule of chaotic matter2 but so long as ,i find that first molecule in the hand of my ,creator 7and ,i defy you to put it anywhere else71 it is enough for my faith4 ,you do not make him one whit the less my ,creator and my ,god because an initial law or force1 with which he then stamped it1 has worked it out to what ,i now see it4 ,you may increase the apparent distance between the world as it is actually and the divine ,fount from whence it sprang2 you may seem to remove the creative love which called the universe into existence further off1 by thus lengthening the chain of what you call developments2 but1 after all1 these developments are for ever bridged over by the ulterior intentions of the ,triune ,deity when he said18,let us make man in our image10 and by the fact that space and time are mere accidents as viewed in relation to the ,,qui ,,est4 ,they are1 so to speak1 divinely-constituted conventionalities1 through which the ,divinity touches upon our human condition1 but which in no way affect the ,divine ,essence as it is in itself4 ,on the contrary1 in the broken-up developments and evolutions which you believe you trace1 and which you want to make into a blind law which shall supersede a divine ,creator1 ,i see only the pulsations of time breaking up the perpetually instantaneous act of ,god1 just as ,i see the pulsations of light in the one unbroken ray4 ,the act of ,god passes through the medium of time before it reaches our ken2 and the ray of light passes through the medium of air before it strikes our senses2 but both are continuous and instantaneous4 ,if we have in any degree succeeded in establishing this to our satisfaction1 it will become easier for us to estimate the acts of ,god as they come to us through the pulsations of ,time2 because we shall be able to bear in mind that they must be in a measure interpreted to us by the time through which they reach us4 ,they were modified by the time in which they were revealed1 much as the ray is modified by the substance through which it forces its way to us4 ,now1 we arrive at the causes of the different impressions we receive of the nature and characteristics of the divine ,being4 ,they are a consequence of the different epochs in which we contemplate him4 ,they are the pulsations appropriate to that epoch4 ,other pulsations belong to our portion of time1 and to our consequent view of the divine ,being2 and so on and on1 till time shall be swallowed up in ,eternity1 and the ,beatific ,vision burst upon us4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,missions ,,in ,,maine ,,from #afac ,,to #ahed4 8,,the ,,blood ,,of ,,the ,,martyrs ,,is ,,the ,,seed ,,of ,,the ,,church40 ,to the historical student the following paper can have but trifling value1 as the writer makes no pretension to originality of matter1 and seeks but to bring within the grasp of the general reader1 in a condensed form1 the gist of many books1 a large number of which are rare1 and almost inaccessible4 ,it is hoped1 however1 that there are many persons who will read with interest a paper thus compiled from undoubted authorities1 who have neither the time nor the inclination to consult these authorities for themselves4 ,these persons will learn with wonder of the self-abnegation of the ,french priests who went forth among the savages with their lives in their hands1 with but one thought in their brains1 one wish in their hearts1 one prayer on their lips--the evangelization of the ,indians4 ,as ,shea says3 8,the word ,christianity was1 in those days1 identical with ,catholicity4 ,the religion to be offered to the ,new ,world was that of the ,church of ,rome1 which church was free from any distinct national feeling1 and in extending her boundaries carried her own language and rites1 not those of any particular state40 ,the ,franciscan1 ,dominican1 and ,jesuit bore the heat and burden of the day1 and reaped the most bountiful harvest in that part of ,north ,america now known as the ,state of ,maine2 and the first mission in that neighborhood was planted at ,mt4 ,desert1 and called ,st4 ,sauveur4 ,a hotel at ,bar ,harbor is so named1 but not one in a hundred of the numerous guests who cross its threshold knows the reason of the ,french name of their temporary abiding-place4 ,this reason1 and the facts connected therewith1 we shall now proceed to give to our readers4 ,in #afaj ,marie de ,mdicis was ,regent of ,france4 ,the king had been assassinated in the streets of ,paris in the previous month of ,may4 ,sully was dismissed from court4 ,all was confusion and dissension4 ,twelve years of peace and the judicious rule of the king had paid the national debt and filled the treasury4 ,the famous ,father ,cotton1 confessor of the late king1 was still powerful at court4 ,he laid before the queen the facts that ,henri ,,iv4 had been deeply interested in the establishment of the ,jesuit order in ,acadia1 and had evinced a tangible proof of that interest in the bestowal of a grant of two thousand livres per annum4 ,the ambitious queen listened indulgently1 with a heart softened1 possibly1 by recent sorrows1 and consented to receive the son of the ,baron ,poutrincourt1 who had just returned from the ,new ,world1 where he had left his father with ,champlain4 ,father ,cotton ushered the handsome stripling into the presence of the stately queen and her attendant ladies4 ,young ,biencourt at first stood silent and abashed1 but1 as the ladies gathered about him and plied him with questions1 soon forgot himself and told wondrous tales of the dusky savages--of their strange customs and of their eagerness for instruction in the true faith4 ,he displayed the baptismal register of the converts of ,father ,flche1 and implored the sympathy and aid of these glittering dames1 and not in vain2 for1 fired with pious emulation1 they tore the flashing jewels from their ears and throats4 ,among these ladies was one whose history and influence were so remarkable that we must translate for our readers some account of her from the ,abb de ,choisy4 ,antoinette de ,pons1 ,marquise de ,guercheville had been famed throughout ,france1 not only for her grace and beauty1 but for qualities more rare at the court where her youth had been passed4 ,when ,antoinette was ,la ,duchesse de ,rochefoucauld1 the king begged her to accept a position near the queen4 8,madame10 he said1 as he presented her to ,marie de ,mdicis1 8,i give you a ,lady of ,honor who is a lady of honor indeed40 ,twenty years had come and gone4 ,the youthful beauty of the marquise had faded1 but she was fair and stately still1 and one of the most brilliant ornaments of the brilliant court2 and yet she was not altogether worldly4 ,again a widow and without children1 she had become sincerely religious1 and threw herself heart and soul into the ,american missions1 and was restrained only by the positive commands of her mistress the queen from herself seeking the ,new ,world4 ,day and night she thought of these perishing souls4 ,on her knees in her oratory she prayed for the ,indians1 and contented herself not with this alone4 ,from the queen and from the ladies of the court she obtained money1 and jewels that could be converted into money4 ,charlevoix tells us that the only difficulty was to restrain her ardor within reasonable bounds4 ,two ,french priests1 ,paul ,biard and ,enmond ,mass1 were sent to ,dieppe1 there to take passage for the colonies4 ,the vessel was engaged by ,poutrincourt and his associates1 and was partially owned by two ,huguenot merchants1 who persistently and with indignation refused to permit the embarkation of the priests4 ,no entreaties or representations availed1 and finally ,la ,marquise bought out the interest of the two merchants in the vessel and cargo1 and transferred it to the priests as a fund for their support4 ,at last the fathers set sail1 on the #bfth of ,january1 #afaa4 ,their troubles1 however1 were by no means over2 for ,biencourt1 a mere lad1 clothed in a little brief authority--manly1 it is true1 beyond his years--hampered them at every turn4 ,they arrived at ,port ,royal in ,june1 after a hazardous and tempestuous voyage1 having seen1 as ,father ,biard writes1 icebergs taller and larger than the ,church of ,notre ,dame4 ,the fathers became discouraged by the constant interference of young ,biencourt1 and determined to return to ,europe1 unless they could1 with ,mme4 de ,guercheville's aid1 found a mission colony in some other spot4 ,their zealous protectress obtained from ,de ,monts--who1 though a ,protestant1 had erected six years before the first cross in ,maine at the mouth of the ,kennebec--a transfer of all his claims to the lands of ,acadia1 and soon sent out a small vessel with forty colonists1 commanded by ,la ,saussaye1 a nobleman1 and having on board two ,jesuit priests1 ,fathers du ,thet and ,quentin4 ,it was on the #ast of ,march1 #afac1 that this vessel left ,honfleur1 laden with supplies1 and followed by prayers and benedictions4 ,on the #afth of ,may ,la ,saussaye reached ,port ,royal1 and there took on board ,fathers ,mass and ,biard1 and then set sail for the ,penobscot4 ,a heavy fog arose and encompassed them about2 if it lifted for a moment1 it was but to show them a white gleam of distant breakers or a dark1 overhanging cliff4 8,our prayers were heard10 wrote ,biard1 8and at night the stars came out1 and the morning sun devoured the fogs1 and we found ourselves lying in ,frenchmans ,bay opposite ,mt4 ,desert40 ,l',isle des ,monts ,dserts had been visited and so named by ,champlain in #afjd1 and ,frenchman's ,bay gained its title from a singular incident that had there taken place in the same spring4 ,de ,monts had broken up his winter encampment at ,st4 ,croix4 ,among his company was a young ,french ecclesiastic1 ,nicholas d',aubri1 who1 to gratify his curiosity in regard to the products of the soil in this new and strange country1 insisted on being set ashore for a ramble of a few hours4 ,he lost his way1 and the boatmen1 after an anxious search1 were compelled to leave him4 ,for eighteen days the young student wandered through woods1 subsisting on berries and the roots of the plant known as ,solomon's ,seal4 ,he1 however1 kept carefully near the shore1 and at the end of this time he distinguished a sail in the distance4 ,signalling this1 he was fortunate enough to be taken off by the same crew that had landed him4 ,on these bleak shores the colonists decided to make their future home1 and1 with singular infelicity1 selected them as the site of the new colony4 ,it is inconceivable how ,father ,biard1 who had already spent some time in the ,new ,world1 could have failed to suggest to ,la ,saussaye and to their patroness that a colony1 to be a success1 must be not only in a spot easily accessible to ,france1 but that a small force of armed men was imperative2 for1 to ,biard's own knowledge1 the ,english had already seized several ,french vessels in that vicinity4 ,on these frowning shores ,la ,saussaye landed1 and erected a cross1 and displayed the escutcheon of ,mme4 de ,guercheville2 the fathers offered the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass1 and gave to the little settlement the name of ,st4 ,sauveur4 ,four tents--the gift of the queen--shone white in the soft spring sunshine4 ,the largest of these was used as a chapel1 the decorations of which1 with the silver vessels for the celebration of the ,mass and the rich vestments1 were presented by ,henriette d',entraigues1 ,marquise de ,verneuil4 ,the colonists labored night and day to raise their little fort and to land their supplies4 ,their toil was nearly over1 the vessel1 ready for sea1 rode at anchor1 when a sudden and violent storm arose4 ,this storm had been felt twenty-four hours earlier off the ,isles of ,shoals by a fishing vessel commanded by one ,samuel ,argall4 ,thick fogs bewildered him1 and a strong wind drove him to the northeast2 and when the weather cleared1 ,argall found himself off the coast of ,maine4 ,canoes came out like flocks of birds from each small bay4 ,the ,indians climbed the ship's side1 and greeted the new-comers with such amazing bows and flourishes that ,argall1 with his native acuteness1 felt certain that they could have learned them only from the ,french1 who could not be far away4 ,argall plied the ,indians with cunning questions1 and soon learned of the new settlement4 ,he resolved to investigate farther1 and set sail for the wild heights of ,mt4 ,desert4 ,with infinite patience he crept along through the many islands1 and1 rounding the ,porcupines1 saw a small ship anchored in the bay4 ,at the same moment the ,french saw the ,english ship bearing down upon them 8swifter than an arrow10 writes ,father ,biard1 8with every sail set1 and the ,english flags streaming from mast-head and stern40 ,la ,saussaye was within the fort1 ,lieut4 la ,motte on board with ,father du ,thet1 an ensign1 and a sergeant4 ,argall bore down amid a bewildering din of drums and trumpets4 8,fire60 cried ,la ,motte4 ,alas6 the gunner was on shore4 ,father du ,thet seized and applied the match4 ,another scathing discharge of musketry1 and the brave priest lay dead4 ,he had his wish2 for the day before he left ,france he prayed with uplifted hands that he might not return1 but perish on that holy enterprise4 ,he was buried the following day at the foot of the rough cross he had helped to erect4 ,la ,motte1 clear-sighted enough to see the utter uselessness of any farther attempt at defence1 surrendered1 and ,argall took possession of the vessel and of ,la ,saussaye's papers1 from among which he abstracted the royal commission4 ,on ,la ,saussaye's return from the woods1 where he had retreated with the colonists1 he was met by ,argall1 who informed him that the country belonged to his master1 ,king ,james1 and finally asked to see his commission4 ,in vain did the ,french nobleman search for it4 ,argall's courtesy changed to wrath2 he accused the officer of piracy1 and ordered the settlement to be given up to pillage1 but offered to take any of the settlers who had a trade back to ,virginia with him1 promising them protection4 ,argall counted1 however1 without his host2 for on reaching ,jamestown the governor swore that the ,french priests should be hung4 ,useless were ,argall's remonstrances1 and finally1 seeing no other way to save the lives of the fathers1 he produced the commission and acknowledged his stratagem4 ,the wrath of ,sir ,thomas ,dale was unappeased1 but the lives of the priests were1 of course1 safe4 ,he despatched ,argall with two additional ships back to ,mt4 ,desert1 with orders to cut down the cross and level the defences4 ,father ,biard was on board1 as well as ,father ,mass2 they1 with refined cruelty1 being sent to witness the destruction of their hopes4 ,this work of destruction completed1 ,argall set sail for ,virginia4 ,again a storm arose1 and the vessel on which were the ecclesiastics was driven to the ,azores4 ,here the ,jesuits1 who had been so grossly ill-treated1 had but a few words to say to be avenged4 ,the captain of the vessel was not without uneasiness1 and entreated the priests to remain in concealment when the vessel was visited by the authorities4 ,this visit over1 the ,english purchased all they needed1 and weighed anchor for ,england4 ,arrived there1 a new difficulty occurred2 for there was no commission to show4 ,the captain was treated as a pirate1 thrown into prison1 and released only on the testimony of the ,jesuit ,fathers1 who thus returned good for evil4 ,father ,biard hastened to ,france1 where he became professor of theology at ,lyons1 and died at ,avignon on the #agth of ,november1 #afbb4 ,father ,mass returned to ,canada1 where he labored without ceasing until his death1 in #afdf4 ,with the destruction of ,st4 ,sauveur1 the pious designs of ,mme4 de ,guercheville seem to have perished4 ,at any rate1 the most diligent research fails to find her name again in the annals of that time4 ,probably the troubled state of ,france made it impossible for her to provide the sinews of war1 or of evangelization4 ,nevertheless1 the good seed was planted1 and zeal for the mission cause again revived in ,europe1 particularly in the ,society of ,jesus4 ,young men left court and camp to share the privations and life of self-denial of the missionaries4 ,even the convents partook of the general enthusiasm1 and ,ursuline ,nuns came to show the ,indians ,christianity in daily life1 ministering to the sick and instructing the young4 ,many years after the melancholy failure of the mission at ,mt4 ,desert1 an apparent accident recalled the ,jesuit ,fathers to the coast of ,maine4 ,in #afdb there was a mission at ,sillery1 on the ,st4 ,lawrence1 where had been gathered together a large number of ,indian converts1 who lived1 with their families about them1 in peace and harmony under the watchful care of the kind fathers4 ,among these converts was a chief who1 to rescue some of his tribe who had been taken prisoners1 started off through the pathless wilderness1 and finally reached the ,english at ,coussinoe1 now known as ,augusta1 on the ,kennebec4 ,there the ,indian convert so extolled the ,christian faith and its mighty promises that he took back with him several of the tribe4 ,these were baptized at ,sillery1 and became faithful servants of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,in consequence of the entreaties of these converts1 ,father ,gabriel ,drouillettes was sent to the lonely ,kennebec4 ,here he built a chapel of fir-trees in a place now known as ,norridgewock1 a lovely1 secluded spot4 ,some years before ,father ,biard had been there for a few weeks1 so that the ,indians were not totally unprepared to receive religious instruction4 ,father ,drouillettes was greatly blessed in his teaching1 and converted a large number1 inspiring them with a profound love for the ,catholic faith1 which the ,english1 twenty years before1 had failed to do for the ,protestant religion4 ,he taught them simple prayers1 and translated for their use1 into their own dialect1 several hymns4 ,the savages even learned to sing1 and it was not long before the solemn strains of the ,dies ,ir awakened strange echoes in the primeval forests4 ,even the ,english1 biassed as they were against the ,catholics1 watched the good accomplished by the faithful servant of the great ,master1 and learned to regard his coming as a great blessing1 though at this very time the stern ,puritans at ,plymouth were enacting cruel laws against his order4 ,when the ,indians went to ,moosehead ,lake to hunt and fish1 ,father ,drouillettes went with them1 watching over his flock with unswerving solicitude4 ,but the day of his summons to ,quebec came1 and a general feeling of despair overwhelmed his converts4 ,he went1 and the ,assumption ,mission was deserted2 for by that name1 as it was asked for on that day1 was this mission always designated4 ,year after year the ,abnakis--for so were called the aborigines of ,maine--sent deputations to ,quebec to entreat the return of their beloved priest1 but in vain2 for the number of missionaries was at that time very limited4 ,finally1 in #afej1 ,father ,drouillettes set out with a party on the last day of ,august for the tiresome eight days' march through the wilderness2 the party lost their way1 their provisions were gone1 and it was not until twenty-four days afterwards that they reached ,norridgewock4 ,from a letter written at this time by ,father ,drouillettes we transcribe the following3 8,in spite of all that is painful and crucifying to nature in these missions1 there are also great joys and consolations4 ,more plenteous than ,i can describe are those ,i feel1 to see that the seed of the ,gospel ,i scattered here four years ago1 in land which for so many centuries has lain fallow1 or produced only thorns and brambles1 already bears fruit so worthy of the ,lord40 ,nothing could exceed the veneration and affection of the ,indians for their missionary2 and when an ,englishman vehemently accused the ,french priest of slandering his nation1 the chiefs hurried to ,augusta1 and warned the authorities to take heed and not attack their father even in words4 ,the following spring ,father ,drouillettes was sent to a far-distant station1 and years elapsed before he returned to ,quebec1 where he died in #afha1 at the age of eighty-eight4 ,about this time two brothers1 ,vincent and ,jacques ,bigot1 men of rank and fortune1 left their homes in sunny ,france to share the toil and privations of life in the ,new ,world4 ,they placed themselves and their fortunes in the hands of the superior at ,quebec1 and were sent to labor in the footprints of ,father ,drouillettes4 ,during their faithful ministrations at ,norridgewock1 the chapel built by their predecessor was burned by the ,english1 but was rebuilt in #afhg by ,english workmen sent from ,boston1 according to treaty stipulations4 ,and now appears upon the scene the stately form of one of the greatest men of that age2 but before we attempt to bring before our readers the character and acts of ,sebastian ,rle1 we must beg them to turn from ,norridgewock1 the scene of his labors and martyrdom1 to the little village of ,castine4 ,for in #afhh ,father ,thury1 a priest of the diocese of ,quebec1 a man of tact and ability1 had gathered about him a band of converts at ,panawauski1 on the ,penobscot4 ,this settlement was protected by the ,baron ,saint-,castine4 ,this ,saint-,castine was a ,french nobleman and a soldier who originally went to ,canada in command of a regiment4 ,the regiment was disbanded1 and ,saint-,castine's disappointed ambition and a heart sore from domestic trials decided him1 rather than return to ,france1 to plunge into the wilderness1 and there1 far from kindred and nation1 create for himself a new home4 ,after a while the baron married a daughter of one of the sachems of the ,penobscot ,indians1 and became himself a sagamore of the tribe4 ,the descendants of this marriage hold at the present day some portion of the ,saint-,castine lands in ,normandy4 ,twice was the ,french baron driven from his home by the ,dutch2 twice was the simple chapel burned by them4 ,in #afhg ,sir ,edmund ,andros was appointed governor of ,new ,england1 and in the following year1 sailing eastward in the frigate ,rose1 he anchored opposite the little fort and primitive home of ,saint-,castine4 ,the baron retreated with the small band of settlers to the woods4 ,andros1 being a ,catholic1 touched nothing in the chapel1 but carried off everything else in the village4 ,in #agjc the war known as ,queen ,anne's war broke out4 ,again ,saint-,castine was attacked by the ,english1 and his wife and children carried off as prisoners1 but were soon after exchanged4 ,from this time the name of ,baron ,saint-,castine appears in all the annals of the time1 as the courageous defender of his faith and of its priests4 ,father ,rle1 at ,norridgewock1 turned to him for counsel and aid1 and never turned in vain4 ,from ,castine on to ,mt4 ,desert the shores are full of historical interest2 for there were many ,french settlements thereabouts1 the attention of that nation having been drawn to that especial locality by a grant of land which ,m4 ,cardillac obtained of ,louis ,,xiv4 in ,april1 #afia4 ,this grant was evidently made to confirm possession4 ,a certain ,mme4 de ,grgoire proved herself to be a lineal descendant of ,cardillac1 and in #aghg acquired a partial confirmation of the original grant4 ,relics of the ,french settlers are constantly turned up by the plough in the vicinity of ,castine1 and in #ahdj a quantity of ,french gold pieces were found2 but of infinitely more interest was the discovery there1 in #ahfc1 of a copper plate ten inches in length and eight in width4 ,the finder1 knowing nothing of the value of this piece of metal1 cut off a portion to repair his boat4 ,this fragment was1 however1 subsequently recovered4 ,the letters on the plate are unquestionably abbreviations of the following inscription3 8#afdh1 #h ,junii1 ,s4 ,frater ,leo ,parisiensis1 in ,capuccinorum ,missione1 posuit hoc fundamentum in honorem nostr ,domin ,sanct ,spei0--#afdh1 #hth of ,june1 ,holy ,friar ,leo of ,paris1 ,capuchin missionary1 laid this foundation in honor of ,our ,lady of ,holy ,hope4 ,in regard to this ,father ,leo the most diligent research fails to find any other trace4 ,the plate1 however1 was without doubt placed in the foundation of a ,catholic chapel--probably the one within the walls of the old ,french fort4 ,father ,sebastian ,rle sailed in #afhi for ,america4 ,after remaining for nearly two years in ,quebec1 he went thence to ,norridgewock4 ,he found the ,abnakis nearly all converted1 and at once applied himself to learning their dialect4 ,to this work he brought his marvellous patience and energy1 and all his wondrous insight into human nature4 ,he began his dictionary1 and erected a chapel on the spot known now as ,indian ,old ,point4 ,this chapel he supplied with all the decorations calculated to engage the imagination and fix the wandering attention of the untutored savage4 ,the women contended with holy emulation in the embellishment of the sanctuary4 ,they made mats of the soft and brightly-tinted plumage of the forest birds and of the white-breasted sea-gulls4 ,they brought offerings of huge candles1 manufactured from the fragrant wax of the bay-berry1 with which the chapel was illuminated4 ,a couple of nuns from ,montreal made a brief sojourn at ,norridgewock1 that they might teach the ,indian women to sew and to make a kind of lace with which to adorn the altar4 ,busied with his dictionary and with his flock1 ,father ,rle thus passed the most peaceful days of his life2 but this blessed quiet ended only too soon4 ,in #agje a party of ,english1 under the command of a ,capt4 ,hilton1 burst from out the forest1 attacking the little village from all sides at once1 finishing by burning the chapel and every hut4 ,about the same time the governor-general of ,new ,england sent to the lower part of the ,kennebec the ablest of the ,boston divines to instruct the ,indian children4 ,as ,baxter's 7the missionary7 salary depended on his success1 he neglected no means that could attract4 ,for two months he labored in vain4 ,his caresses and little gifts were thrown away2 for he made not one convert4 ,father ,rle wrote to ,baxter that his neophytes were good ,christians1 but far from able in disputes4 ,this same letter1 which was of some length1 challenged the ,protestant clergyman to a discussion4 ,baxter1 after a long delay1 sent a brief reply1 in ,latin so bad that the learned priest says it was impossible to understand it4 ,in #agag the ,indian chiefs held a council4 ,the governor of ,new ,england offered them an ,english and an ,indian ,bible1 and ,mr4 ,baxter as their expounder4 ,the ,abnakis refused them one and all1 and elected to adhere to their ,catholic faith1 saying3 8,all people love their own priests6 ,your ,bibles we do not care for1 and ,god has already sent us teachers40 ,thus years passed on in monotonous labor4 ,the only relaxation permitted to himself by ,father ,rle was the work on his dictionary4 ,the converts venerated their priest2 their keen eyes and quick instincts saw the sincerity of his life1 the reality of his affection for them1 and recognized his self-denial and generosity4 ,they went to him with their cares and their sorrows1 with their simple griefs and simpler pleasures4 ,he listened with unaffected sympathy and interest4 ,no envious rival1 no jealous competitor1 no heretical teacher1 disturbed the relations between pastor and flock4 ,so1 too1 was it but natural that they should look to him for advice when they gathered about their council-fires4 ,the wrongs which the ,eastern ,indians were constantly enduring at the hands of the ,english settlers kindled to a living flame the smouldering hatred in their hearts1 which they sought every opportunity of wreaking in vengeance on their foe4 ,thus1 like lightning on the edge of the horizon1 they hovered on the frontier1 making daring forays on the farms of the settlers4 ,it was not unnatural that the ,english1 bristling with prejudices against the ,french1 and still more against ,catholics1 should have seen fit to look on ,father ,rle as the instigator of all these attacks1 forgetting--what is undeniably true--that ,father ,rle's converts were milder and kinder and more ,christian-like than any of their ,indian neighbors4 ,the good father was full of concern when he heard that a fierce and warlike tribe1 who had steadily resisted all elevating influences1 were about settling within a day's journey of ,norridgewock4 ,he feared lest his children should be led away by pernicious examples2 so he with difficulty persuaded some of the strangers to enter the chapel1 and to be present at some of the imposing ceremonies of the mother church4 ,at the close of the service he addressed them in simple words1 and thus concluded3 8,let us not separate1 that some may go one way and some another4 ,let us all go to heaven4 ,it is our country1 and the place to which we are invited by the sole ,master of life1 of whom ,i am but the interpreter40 ,the reply of the ,indians was evasive2 but it was evident that an impression was made1 and in the autumn they sent to him to say that if he would come to them they would receive his teachings4 ,father ,rle gladly went at this bidding1 erected a cross and a chapel1 and finally baptized nearly the whole tribe4 ,at this time ,father ,rle wrote to his nephew a letter1 in which he says3 8,my new church is neat1 and its elegantly-ornamented vestments1 chasubles1 copes1 and holy vessels would be esteemed highly appropriate in almost any church in ,europe4 ,a choir of young ,indians1 forty in number1 assist at the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass1 and chant the divine ,offices for the consecration of the ,holy ,sacrament2 and you would be edified by the beautiful order they preserve and the devotion they manifest4 ,after the ,mass ,i teach the young children1 and the remainder of the morning is devoted to seeing those who come to consult me on affairs of importance4 ,thus1 you see1 ,i teach some1 console others1 seek to re-establish peace in families at variance1 and to calm troubled consciences40 ,another letter still later1 in speaking of the attachment of the converts to their faith1 says3 8,and when they go to the sea-shore in summer to fish1 ,i accompany them2 and when they reach the place where they intend to pass the night1 they erect stakes at intervals in the form of a chapel1 and spread a tent made of ticking4 ,all is complete in fifteen minutes4 ,i always carry with me a beautiful board of cedar1 with the necessary supports4 ,this serves for an altar1 and ,i ornament the interior with silken hangings4 ,a huge bear-skin serves as a carpet1 and divine service is held within an hour40 ,while away on one of the excursions which ,father ,rle thus describes1 the village was attacked by the ,english2 and again1 in #agbb1 by a party of two hundred under ,col4 ,westbrook4 ,new ,england had passed a law imposing imprisonment for life on ,catholic priests1 and a reward was offered for the head of ,father ,rle4 ,the party was seen1 as they entered the valley of the ,kennebec1 by two braves1 who hurried on to give the alarm2 the priest having barely time to escape to the woods with the altar vessels and vestments1 leaving behind him all his papers and his precious ,abnaki dictionary1 which was enclosed in a strong box of peculiar construction4 ,it had two rude pictures on the lid1 one of the scourging of our ,blessed ,lord1 and the other of the ,crowning of ,thorns4 ,this box is now in the possession of the ,massachusetts ,historical ,society1 while the dictionary itself is at ,harvard4 ,father ,rle saved himself by taking refuge in a hollow tree1 where he remained for thirty-six hours1 suffering from hunger and a broken leg4 ,with wonderful courage ,father ,rle built up another chapel1 and writes thus1 after recounting the efforts of the ,english to take him prisoner3 8,in the words of the apostle1 ,i conclude3 ,i do not fear the threats of those who hate me without a cause1 and ,i count not my life dear unto myself1 so that ,i might finish my course and the ministry which ,i have received of the ,lord ,jesus40 ,again1 over the council-fires1 the ,indian chiefs assembled4 ,they decided to send an embassy to ,boston1 to demand that their chapel1 which had been destroyed by the ,english1 should be rebuilt4 ,the governor1 anxious to secure the alliance of the tribe1 listened patiently1 and told them in reply that it belonged properly to the governor of ,canada to rebuild their church2 still1 that he would do it1 provided they would agree to receive the clergy he would choose1 and would send back to ,quebec the ,french priest who was then with them4 ,we cannot forbear repeating here the unequalled satire of the ,indian's reply3 8,when you came here10 answered the chief1 8we were unknown to the ,french governor1 but no one of you spoke of prayer or of the ,great ,spirit4 ,you thought only of my skins and furs4 ,but one day ,i met a ,french black-coat in the forest4 ,he did not look at the skins with which ,i was loaded1 but he said words to me of the ,great ,spirit1 of ,paradise and of hell1 and of prayer1 by which is the only path to heaven4 8,i listened with pleasure1 and at last begged him to teach and to baptize me4 8,if1 when you saw me1 you had spoken to me of prayer1 ,i should have had the misfortune to pray as you do2 for ,i was not then able to know if your prayers were good4 ,so1 ,i tell you1 ,i will hold fast to the prayers of the ,french4 ,i will keep them until the earth burn up and perish40 ,at last the final and fatal effort on the life of ,father ,rle was made1 in #agbd4 ,all was quiet in the little village4 ,the tall corn lay yellow in the slanting rays of an ,august sun1 when suddenly from the adjacent woods burst forth a band of ,english with their ,mohawk allies4 ,the devoted priest1 knowing that they were in hot pursuit of him1 sallied forth to meet them1 hoping1 by the sacrifice of his own life1 to save his flock4 ,hardly had he reached the mission cross in the centre of the village than he fell at its foot1 pierced by a dozen bullets4 ,seven ,indians1 who had sought to shield him with their bodies1 lay dead beside him4 ,then followed a scene that beggars description4 ,women and children were killed indiscriminately2 and it ill became those who shot women as they swam across the river to bring a charge of cruelty against the ,french fathers4 ,the chapel was robbed and then fired2 the bell was not melted1 but was probably afterward buried by the ,indians1 for it was revealed only a few years since by the blowing down of a huge oak-tree1 and was presented to ,bowdoin ,college4 ,the soft1 dewy night closed on the scene of devastation1 and in the morning1 as one by one the survivors crept back to their ruined homes with their hearts full of consternation and sorrow1 they found the body of their beloved priest1 not only pierced by a hundred balls1 but with the skull crushed by hatchets1 arms and legs broken1 and mouth and eyes filled with dirt4 ,they buried him where the day before had stood the altar of the little chapel1 and sent his tattered habits to ,quebec4 ,it was by so precious a death that this apostolical man closed a career of nearly forty years of painful missionary toil4 ,his fasts and vigils had greatly enfeebled his constitution1 and1 when entreated to take precautions for his safety1 he answered3 8,my measures are taken4 ,god has committed this flock to my charge1 and ,i will share their fate1 being too happy if permitted to sacrifice myself for them40 ,well did his superior in ,canada1 ,m4 de ,bellemont1 reply1 when requested to offer ,masses for his soul3 8,in the words of ,s4 ,augustine1 ,i say it would be wronging a martyr to pray for him40 ,there can be no question that ,sebastian ,rle was one of the most remarkable men of his day4 ,a devoted ,christian and finished scholar1 commanding in manners and elegant in address1 of persuasive eloquence and great administrative ability1 he courted death and starvation1 for the sole end of salvation for the ,indian4 ,from the death of ,father ,rle until #agcj the mission at ,norridgewock was without a priest4 ,in that year1 however1 the superior at ,quebec sent ,father ,james de ,sirenne to that station4 ,the account given by this father1 of the warmth with which he was received1 and of the manner in which the ,indians had sought to keep their faith1 is very touching4 ,the women with tears and sobs hastened with their unbaptized babes to the priest4 ,in all these years no ,protestant clergyman had visited them1 for ,eliot was almost the only one who devoted himself to the conversion of the ,indians1 though even he1 as affirmed by ,bancroft1 had never approached the ,indian tribe that dwelt within six miles of ,boston ,harbor until five years after the cross had been borne1 by the religious zeal of the ,french1 from ,lake ,superior to the valley of the ,mississippi4 ,but ,father ,sirenne could not be permitted to remain any length of time with the ,abnakis4 ,again were they deserted1 having a priest with them only at long intervals4 ,then came the peace of #agfc1 in which ,france surrendered ,canada4 ,this step struck a most terrible blow at the missions2 for although the ,english government guaranteed to the ,canadians absolute religious freedom1 they yet took quiet steps to rid themselves of the ,jesuit ,fathers4 ,a short breathing space1 and another war swept over the land1 and with this perished the last mission in ,maine4 ,in #agge deputies from the various tribes in ,maine and ,nova ,scotia met the ,massachusetts council4 ,the ,indians announced their intention of adhering to the ,americans1 but begged1 at the same time1 for a ,french priest4 ,the council expressed their regret at not being able to find one4 8,strange indeed was it10 says ,shea1 8that the very body which1 less than a century before1 had made it felony for a ,catholic priest to visit the ,abnakis1 now regretted their inability to send these ,christian ,indians a missionary of the same faith and nation40 ,years after1 when peace was declared1 and the few ,catholics in ,maryland had chosen the ,rev4 ,john ,carroll--a member of the proscribed ,society of ,jesus--as bishop1 the ,abnakis of ,maine sent a deputation bearing the crucifix of ,father ,rle4 ,this they presented to the bishop1 with earnest supplications for a priest4 ,bishop ,carroll promised that one should be sent1 and ,father ,ciquard was speedily despatched to ,norridgewock1 where he remained for ten years4 ,then ensued another interval during which the flock was without a shepherd4 ,at last a missionary priest at ,boston1 ,father 7afterward ,cardinal7 ,cheverus1 turned his attention to the study of the ,abnaki dialect1 and then visited the ,penobscot tribe4 ,desolate1 poor1 and forsaken as they had been1 the ,indians still clung to their faith4 ,the old taught the young1 and all gathered on ,sundays to chant the music of the ,mass and ,vespers1 though their altar had no priest and no sacrifice4 ,father ,cheverus1 after a few months1 was succeeded by ,father ,romagn1 who for twenty years consecrated every moment and every thought to the evangelization of the ,penobscot and ,passamaquoddy tribes4 ,in ,july1 #ahbg1 ,bishop ,fenwick visited this portion of his diocese1 and in #ahca sent them a resident missionary4 ,a beautiful church stood at last in the place of ,romagn's hut1 and two years later ,bishop ,fenwick1 once a father in the ,society of ,jesus1 erected a monument to ,father ,rle on the spot where he was slain a hundred and nine years before4 ,from far and near gathered the crowd1 ,protestant as well as ,catholic1 to witness the ceremony4 ,the monument stands in a green1 secluded spot1 a simple shaft of granite surmounted by a cross1 and an inscription in ,latin tells the traveller that there died a faithful priest and servant of the ,lord4 ,bishop ,fenwick became extremely anxious to induce some ,french priest to go to that ancient mission1 and a year later the ,society of ,picpus1 in ,switzerland1 sent out ,fathers ,demilier and ,petithomme to restore the ,franciscan missions in ,maine4 ,they conquered the difficulties of the ,abnaki dialect with the aid of a prayer-book which the bishop had caused to be printed1 and in this small and insignificant mission ,father ,demilier toiled until his death1 in #ahdc4 ,the successor of ,bishop ,fenwick resolved to restore the ,abnaki mission to the ,fathers of the ,society of ,jesus1 by whom it had been originally founded4 ,therefore1 since #ahdh1 the ,penobscots and ,passamaquoddys have been under the care of the ,jesuits1 who in that year sent out from ,switzerland ,father ,john ,bapst to ,old ,town1 on the ,penobscot--a short distance from ,bangor--where he ministered faithfully to the ,abnakis until he nearly lost his life in a disgraceful ,know-,nothing riot in #ahed4 ,as we find ourselves thus at the conclusion of our narration1 incidents crowd upon our memory of the wondrous sacrifices made by the ,catholic clergy in the old missions of ,maine2 but we are admonished that our space is limited4 ,little attention1 however1 has been paid to the fact that to these ,catholic priests alone under ,god is due the evangelization of the many ,indian tribes which formerly haunted our grand old forests4 ,of these tribes1 only a few of the ,penobscots are left1 and these cling still to the cross as the blessed symbol of the faith first brought to them1 8as a voice crying in the wilderness10 by ,fathers ,biard and ,du ,thet at ,st4 ,sauveur in #afac4 ,,prussia ,,and ,,the ,,church4 ,the first attempts to introduce the ,christian religion into ,prussia were unsuccessful4 ,s4 ,adalbert1 in #iig1 and ,s4 ,bruno1 in #ajji1 suffered martyrdom whilst preaching the ,gospel there1 and the efforts of ,poland to force the conquered ,prussians to receive the faith only increased the bitterness of their anti-,christian prejudices4 ,early in the ,x,i,ith century ,bishop ,otto1 of ,bamberg1 made many conversions in ,pomerania2 and finally1 in the beginning of the ,x,i,i,ith1 the ,cistercian monk ,christian1 with the approval and encouragement of ,pope ,innocent ,,iii41 set to work to convert the ,prussians1 and met with such success that in #abae he was made bishop of the country4 ,the greater part of the people1 however1 still remained heathens1 and the progress of ,christianity aroused in them such indignation that they determined to oppose its farther advance with the sword4 ,to protect his flock ,bishop ,christian called to his aid the knights of the ,teutonic ,order2 in furtherance of his designs1 the ,emperor ,frederic ,,ii4 turned the whole country over to them1 and ,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 took measures to increase their number1 so that they might be able to hold possession of this field1 now first opened to the ,gospel4 ,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 also manifested special interest in the welfare of the church in ,prussia2 he urged priests and monks to devote themselves to this mission1 supported and encouraged the bishops in their trials and difficulties1 and exhorted the convents throughout ,germany to contribute books for the education of the people4 ,but circumstances were not wanting which made the position of the church in ,prussia very unsatisfactory4 ,the people had for the most part been brought under the church's influence by the power of arms1 and consequently to a great extent remained strangers to her true spirit4 ,the ,teutonic ,order1 moreover1 gave ecclesiastical positions only to ,german priests1 so as to hold out inducements to the people to learn ,german2 though1 as a consequence1 the priests were unable to communicate with their flocks1 except by the aid of interpreters4 ,the grand master1 too1 had almost unlimited control over the election of bishops1 which was the cause of many evils1 especially as the ,order gradually grew lax in the observance of the rule1 and lost much of its ,christian character4 ,unworthy men were thrust into ecclesiastical offices1 the standard of morality among the clergy was lowered1 and the people lost respect for the priesthood4 ,it is not surprising1 in view of all this1 that the religious sectaries of the ,x,i,i,ith and ,x,i,vth centuries should have found favor in ,prussia1 and made converts among her still half-pagan populations4 ,in #adff the ,teutonic ,order became a dependency of the crown of ,poland4 ,there was no hope of its freeing itself from this humiliating subjection without foreign aid2 and with a view to obtain this1 the knights resolved to choose their grand master from one or other of the most powerful ,german families4 ,first1 in #adih1 they elected ,frederic1 ,duke of ,saxony2 and upon his death1 in #aeaj1 ,albrecht1 ,margrave of ,brandenburg1 was chosen to succeed him4 ,albrecht refused the oath of supremacy to ,sigismund1 ,king of ,poland1 who thereupon1 in #aeai1 declared war upon him4 ,to meet the expenses of the war1 ,albrecht had the sacred vessels of the church melted down and minted2 but he was unable to stand against the arms of ,poland1 and therefore sought the mediation of the ,emperor of ,germany1 through whose good offices he was able to conclude1 in #aeba1 a four years' truce4 ,he now went into ,germany1 where ,luther was already preaching the ,protestant rebellion1 and asked aid from the ,imperial ,parliament1 which was holding its sessions at ,nuremberg2 and as this was denied him1 he turned with favor to the teachers of the new doctrines4 ,the ,teutonic ,order had become thoroughly corrupt1 and ,leo ,x4 urged ,albrecht to begin a reformation in capite et membris2 but the grand master sought the advice of ,luther1 from whom he received the not unwelcome counsel to throw away the 8stupid1 unnatural rule of his ,order1 take a wife1 and turn ,prussia into a temporal hereditary principality40 ,albrecht accordingly asked for preachers of the new doctrines1 and in #aebf announced his abandonment of the ,order and the ,catholic ,church by his marriage with the daughter of the ,king of ,denmark4 ,acting upon the ,protestant principle1 cujus regio illius religio--the ruler of the land makes its religion--he forced the ,prussians to quit the church from which they had received whatever culture and civilization they had4 ,at his death1 in #aefh1 ,lutheranism had gained complete possession of the country4 ,a few ,catholics1 however1 remained1 for whom1 early in the ,x,v,i,ith century1 ,king ,sigismund of ,poland succeeded in obtaining liberty of conscience1 which1 however1 was denied to those of ,brandenburg ,frederic ,william1 the second king of ,prussia1 and the first to form the design of placing her among the great powers of ,europe by the aid of a strong military organization1 in giving directions in #agah for the education of his son1 afterwards ,frederic the ,great1 insisted that the boy should be inspired with a horror of the ,catholic ,church1 8the groundlessness and absurdity of whose teachings should be placed before his eyes and well impressed upon his mind40 ,frederic ,william was a rigid ,calvinist2 and if he tolerated a few ,catholics in his dominions1 it was only that he might vent his ill-humor or exercise his proselytizing zeal upon them4 ,he indeed granted ,father ,raymundus ,bruns permission to say ,mass in the garrisons at ,berlin and ,potsdam1 but only after he had been assured that it would tend to prevent desertions among his ,catholic soldiers1 and that1 as ,raymundus was a monk1 bound by a vow of poverty1 he would ask no pay from his majesty4 ,in #agdf permission was granted the ,catholics to hold public worship in ,berlin1 and the ,s4 ,hedwig's church was built2 in ,pomerania1 however1 this privilege was denied them1 except in the ,polish districts4 ,during the ,x,v,i,i,ith century congregations were formed at ,stettin and ,stralsund4 ,in the principality of ,halberstadt the ,catholics were allowed to retain possession of a church and several monasteries1 in which public worship was permitted2 and in what had been the archbishopric of ,magdeburg there were left to them one ,benedictine monastery and four convents of ,cistercian ,nuns4 ,these latter1 however1 were placed under the supervision of ,protestant ministers4 ,frederic the ,great early in life fell under the influence of ,voltaire and his disciples1 from whom he learned to despise all religion1 and especially the rigid ,calvinism of his father4 ,he became a religious sceptic1 and1 satisfied with his contempt for all forms of faith1 did not take the trouble to persecute any4 ,he asked of his subjects1 whether ,protestant or ,catholic1 nothing but money and recruits2 for the rest1 he allowed every one in his dominions 8to save his soul after his own fashion40 ,he provided chaplains for his ,catholic soldiers1 and forbade the ,calvinist and ,lutheran ministers to interfere with their religious freedom1 for reasons similar to those which had induced his father to permit ,raymundus ,bruns to say ,mass in the garrison at ,berlin4 ,he had certainly no thought of showing any favor to the church1 except so far as it might promote his own ambitious projects4 ,his great need of soldiers made him throw every obstacle in the way of those who wished to enter the priesthood1 and his fear of foreign influence caused him to forbid priests to leave the country4 ,his mistrust of priests was so great that he gave instructions to ,count ,hoym1 his ,minister of ,state1 to place them under a system of espionage4 ,catholics were carefully excluded from all influential and lucrative positions4 ,they were taxed more heavily than ,protestants1 and professors in the universities were required to take an oath to uphold the ,reformation4 ,notwithstanding1 it was in the reign of ,frederic the ,great that the ,catholic ,church in ,prussia may be said to have entered upon a new life4 ,for more than two hundred years it had had no recognized status there2 but through the conquest of ,silesia and the division of ,poland1 a large ,catholic population was incorporated into the kingdom of ,prussia1 and thus a new element1 which was formally recognized in the constitution promulgated by ,frederic's immediate successor1 was introduced into the ,prussian state4 ,together with the toleration of all who believed in ,god and were loyal to the king1 the law of the land placed the ,catholic and ,protestant churches on an equal footing4 ,to understand how far this was favorable to the church we must go back and consider the relations of ,prussia to ,protestantism4 ,what is known as the ,territorial ,system1 by which the faith of the people is delivered into the hands of the temporal ruler1 has existed in ,prussia from the time ,albrecht of ,brandenburg went over to the ,reformers4 ,protestantism and absolutism triumphed simultaneously throughout ,europe1 and this must undoubtedly be in a great measure attributed to the fact that the ,protestants1 whether willingly or not1 yielded up their faith into the keeping of kings and princes1 and thus practically abandoned the distinction of the spiritual and temporal powers which lies at the foundation of ,christian civilization1 and is also the strongest bulwark against the encroachments of governments upon the rights of citizens4 ,duke ,albrecht had hardly become a ,protestant when he felt that it was his duty 78coacti sumus0 are his words7 to take upon himself the episcopal office4 ,this was in #aecj2 in #aeej he treated the urgent request of the ,assembly to have the bishopric of ,samland restored as an attack upon his princely prerogative4 ,his successor diverted to other uses the fund destined for the maintenance of the bishops1 and instituted two consistories1 to which he entrusted the ecclesiastical affairs of the duchy4 ,during the ,x,v,i,ith century ,calvinism gained a firm foothold in ,prussia4 ,it became the religion of the ruling family1 and ,frederic ,william1 called the ,great ,elector1 to whose policy his successors have agreed to ascribe their greatness1 sought in every way to promote its interests1 though he strenuously exercised his jus episcopale1 his spiritual supremacy over both the ,lutherans and the ,calvinists4 ,his son1 ,frederic1 who first took the title of ,king of ,prussia 7#agjj71 continued the policy of his father with regard to ecclesiastical affairs4 8,to us alone10 he declared to the ,landstand1 8belongs the jus supremum episcopale1 the highest and sovereign right in ecclesiastical matters40 ,the ,lutherans wished to retain the exorcism as a part of the ceremony of baptism2 but ,frederic published an edict by which he forbade the appointment of any minister who would refuse to confer the sacrament without making use of this ceremony4 ,in the same way he meddled with the ,lutheran practice of auricular confession2 and by an order issued in #agjc prohibited the publication of theological writings which had not received his imprimatur4 ,his successor1 ,frederic ,william1 the father of ,frederic the ,great1 looked upon himself as the absolute and irresponsible master of the subjects whom ,god had given him4 8,i am king and master10 he was wont to say1 8and can do what ,i please40 ,he was a rigid ,calvinist1 and made his absolutism felt more especially in religious matters4 ,it seems that preachers then1 as since1 were sometimes in the habit of preaching long sermons2 so ,king ,frederic ,william put a fine of two thalers upon any one who should preach longer than one hour4 ,he required his preachers to insist in all their sermons upon the duty of obedience and loyalty to the king1 and the government officials were charged to report any failure to make special mention of this duty4 ,both ,lutherans and ,calvinists were forbidden to touch in their sermons upon any points controverted between the two confessions4 ,no detail of religious worship was insignificant enough to escape his meddlesome tyranny4 ,the length of the service1 the altar1 the vestments of the minister1 the sign of the cross1 the giving or singing the blessing1 all fell under his 8high episcopal supervision40 ,this unlovely old king was followed by ,frederic the ,great1 who1 though an infidel and a scoffer1 held as firmly as his father to his sovereign episcopal prerogatives1 and who1 if less meddlesome1 was not less arbitrary4 ,and now we have got back to the constitution which1 after ,silesia and a part of ,poland had been united to the crown of ,prussia1 was partially drawn up under ,frederic the ,great1 and completed and promulgated during the reign of his successor2 and which1 as we have already said1 placed the three principal confessions of the ,christian faith in the ,prussian states--viz41 the ,lutheran1 the ,reformed1 and the ,catholic--on a footing of equality before the law4 ,now1 it must be noticed1 this constitution left intact the absolute authority of the king over the ,reformed and ,lutheran churches1 and therefore what might seem to be a great gain for the ,catholic ,church was really none at all1 since it was simply placed under the supreme jurisdiction of the king4 ,there was no express recognition of the organic union of the church in ,prussia with the pope1 nor of the right of the bishops to govern their dioceses according to the ecclesiastical canons1 but rather the tacit assumption that the king was head of the ,catholic as of the ,protestant churches in ,prussia4 ,the constitution was drawn up by ,suarez1 a bitter enemy of the church1 and in many of its details was characterized by an anti-,catholic spirit4 ,it annulled1 for instance1 the contract made by parents of different faith concerning the religious education of their children1 and manifested in many other ways that petty and tyrannical spirit which has led ,prussia to interfere habitually with the internal discipline and working of the church4 ,as the ,catholic population of ,prussia increased through the annexation of different ,german states1 this constitution1 which gave the king supreme control of spiritual matters1 was extended to the newly-acquired territories4 ,thus all through the ,x,v,i,i,ith century the church in ,prussia1 though not openly persecuted1 was fettered4 ,no progress was made1 abuses could not be reformed1 the appointment of bishops was not free1 the training of the priesthood was very imperfect2 and it is not surprising that this slavery should have been productive of many and serious evils4 ,the ,french ,revolution and the wars of ,napoleon1 which caused social and political upheavals throughout ,europe1 toppled down thrones1 overthrew empires1 and broke up and reformed the boundaries of nations1 mark a new epoch in the history of ,prussia1 and indeed of all ,germany1 whose people had been taught by these disastrous wars that they had common interests which could not be protected without national unity1 the want of which had never before been made so painfully manifest4 ,after the downfall of ,napoleon1 the ambassadors of the ,allied ,powers met in ,vienna to settle the affairs of all ,europe4 ,nations1 provinces1 and cities were given away in the most reckless manner1 without any thought of the interests or wishes of the people1 to the kings and rulers who could command the greatest influence in the congress or whose displeasure was most feared4 ,germany demanded the restoration of ,alsace and ,lorraine1 but was thwarted in her designs by ,great ,britain and ,russia1 who feared the restoration of her ancient power4 ,prussia received from the congress1 as some compensation for its sufferings and sacrifices during the ,napoleonic wars1 the duchies of ,jlich and ,berg1 the former possessions of the episcopal sees of ,cologne and ,treves1 and several other territories1 which were formed into the ,rhine province4 ,on the other hand1 it lost a portion of the ,sclavonic population which it had held on the east2 so that1 though it gained nothing in territory1 it became more strictly a ,german state1 and was consequently better fitted gradually to take the lead in the irrepressible movement toward the unification of ,germany4 ,in the ,congress of ,vienna it was stipulated that ,catholics and ,protestants should have equal rights before the law4 ,the constitutional law of ,prussia was extended to the newly-acquired provinces and 8all ecclesiastical matters1 whether of ,roman ,catholics or of ,protestants1 together with the supervision and administration of all charitable funds1 the confirming of all persons appointed to spiritual offices1 and the supervision over the administration of ecclesiastics as far as it may have any relation to civil affairs1 were reserved to the government40 ,in #ahag1 upon the occasion of the reorganization of the government1 we perceive to what practical purposes these principles were to be applied4 ,the church was debased to a function of the state1 her interests were placed in the hands of the ministry for spiritual affairs1 and the education of even clerical students was put under the control of government4 ,it was in this same year1 #ahag1 that the tercentennial anniversary of the birth of ,protestantism was celebrated4 ,for two centuries ,protestant faith in ,germany had been dying out4 ,eager and bitter controversies1 the religious wars and the plunder of church property during the ,x,v,ith and early part of the ,x,v,i,ith centuries1 had given it an unnatural and artificial vigor4 ,it was a mighty and radical revolution1 social1 political1 and religious1 and therefore gave birth to fanaticism and intense partisan zeal1 and was in turn helped on by them4 ,there is a natural strength in a new faith1 and when it is tried by war and persecution it seems to rise to a divine power4 ,protestantism burst upon ,europe with irresistible force4 ,fifty years had not passed since ,luther had burned the bull of ,pope ,leo1 and the ,catholic ,church1 beaten almost everywhere in the ,north of ,europe1 seemed hardly able to hold her own on the shores of the ,mediterranean2 fifty years later1 and ,protestantism was saved in ,germany itself only by the arms of ,catholic ,france4 ,the peace of ,westphalia1 in #afdh1 put an end to the religious wars of ,germany1 and from that date the decay of the ,protestant faith was rapid4 ,many causes helped on the work of ruin2 the inherent weakness of the ,protestant system from its purely negative character1 the growing and bitter dissensions among ,protestants1 the hopeless slavery to which the sects had been reduced by the civil power1 all tended to undermine faith4 ,in the ,palatinate1 within a period of sixty years1 the rulers had forced the people to change their religion four times4 ,in ,prussia1 whose king1 as we have seen1 was supreme head of the church1 the ruling house till #aeci was ,catholic2 then1 till #afac1 ,lutheran2 from that date to #agdj1 ,calvinistic2 from #agdj to #aghf1 infidel1 the avowed ally of ,voltaire and ,d',alembert2 then1 till #ahag1 ,calvinistic2 and finally again evangelical4 ,during the long reign of ,frederic the ,great unbelief made steady progress4 ,men no longer attacked this or that article of faith1 but ,christianity itself4 ,the quickest way1 it was openly said by many1 to get rid of superstition and priest-craft1 would be to abolish preaching altogether1 and thus remove the ghost of religion from the eyes of the people4 ,it seems strange that such license of thought and expression should have been tolerated1 and even encouraged1 in a country where religion itself has never been free2 but it is a peculiarity of the ,prussian system of government that while it hampers and fetters the church and all religious organizations1 it leaves the widest liberty of conscience to the individual4 ,its policy appears to be to foster indifference and infidelity1 in order to use them against what it considers religious fanaticism4 ,another circumstance which favored infidelity may be found in the political thraldom in which ,prussia held her people4 ,as men were forbidden to speak or write on subjects relating to the government or the public welfare1 they took refuge in theological and philosophical discussions1 which in ,protestant lands have never failed to lead to unbelief4 ,this same state of things tended to promote the introduction and increase of secret societies1 which1 in the latter half of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century1 sprang up in great numbers throughout ,germany1 bearing a hundred different names1 but always having anti-,christian tendencies4 ,to stop the spread of infidelity1 ,frederic ,william ,,ii41 the successor of ,frederic the ,great1 issued1 in #aghh1 an 8edict1 embracing the constitution of religion in the ,prussian states40 ,the king declared that he could no longer suffer in his dominions that men should openly seek to undermine religion1 to make the ,bible ridiculous in the eyes of the people1 and to raise in public the banner of unbelief1 deism1 and naturalism4 ,he would in future permit no farther change in the creed1 whether of the ,lutheran or the ,reformed ,church4 ,this was the more necessary as he had himself noticed with sorrow1 years before he ascended the throne1 that the ,protestant ministers allowed themselves boundless license with regard to the articles of faith1 and indeed altogether rejected several essential parts and fundamental verities of the ,protestant ,church and the ,christian religion4 ,they blushed not to revive the long-since-refuted errors of the ,socinians1 the deists1 and the naturalists1 and to scatter them among the people under the false name of enlightenment 7,aufklrung71 whilst they treated ,god's ,word with disdain1 and strove to throw suspicion upon the mysteries of revelation4 ,since this was intolerable1 he1 therefore1 as ruler of the land and only law-giver in his states1 commanded and ordered that in future no clergyman1 preacher1 or school-teacher of the ,protestant religion should presume1 under pain of perpetual loss of office and of even severer punishment1 to disseminate the errors already named2 for1 as it was his duty to preserve intact the law of the land1 so was it incumbent upon him to see that religion should be kept free from taint2 and he could not1 consequently1 allow its ministers to substitute their whims and fancies for the truths of ,christianity4 ,they must teach what had been agreed upon in the symbols of faith of the denomination to which they belonged2 to this they were bound by their office and the contract under which they had received their positions4 ,nevertheless1 out of his great love for freedom of conscience1 the king was willing that those who were known to disbelieve in the articles of faith might retain their offices1 provided they consented to teach their flocks what they were themselves unable to believe4 ,in this royal edict we have at once the fullest confession of the general unbelief that was destroying ,protestantism in ,prussia1 and of the hopelessness of any attempt to arrest its progress4 ,what could be more pitiable than the condition of a church powerless to control its ministers1 and publicly recognizing their right to be hypocrites8 ,how could men who had no faith teach others to believe8 ,moreover1 what could be more absurd1 from a ,protestant point of view1 than to seek to force the acceptance of symbols of faith when the whole ,reformation rested upon the assumed right of the individual to decide for himself what should or should not be believed8 ,or was it to be supposed that men could invest the conflicting creeds of the sects with a sacredness which they had denied to that of the universal church8 ,it is not surprising1 therefore1 that the only effect of the edict should have been to increase the energy and activity of the infidels and free-thinkers4 ,frederic ,william ,,iii41 who ascended the throne in #agig1 recognizing the futility of his father's attempt to keep alive faith in ,protestantism1 stopped the enforcement of the edict1 with the express declaration that its effect had been to lessen religion and increase hypocrisy4 ,abandoning all hope of controlling the faith of the preachers1 he turned his attention to their morals4 ,a decree of the ,oberconsistorium of ,berlin1 in #agih1 ordered that the conduct of the ministers should be closely watched and every means employed to stop the daily-increasing immorality of the servants of the church1 which was having the most injurious effects upon their congregations4 ,parents had almost ceased having their children baptized1 or had them christened in the 8name of ,frederic the ,great10 or in the 8name of the good and the fair10 sometimes with rose-water4 ,but the calamities which befell ,germany during the wars of the ,french ,revolution and the empire seemed to have turned the thoughts of many to religion4 ,the frightful humiliations of the fatherland were looked upon as a visitation from heaven upon the people for their sins and unbelief2 and therefore1 when the tercentennial anniversary of ,protestantism came around 7in #ahag71 they were prepared to enter upon its celebration with earnest enthusiasm4 ,the celebration took the form of an anti-,catholic demonstration4 ,for many years controversy between ,protestants and ,catholics had ceased2 but now a wholly unprovoked but bitter and grossly insulting attack was made upon the church from all the ,protestant pulpits of ,germany and in numberless writings4 ,the result of this wanton aggression was a reawakening of ,catholic faith and life2 whilst the attempt to take advantage of the ,protestant enthusiasm to bring about a union between the ,lutheran and ,reformed churches in ,prussia ended in causing fresh dissensions and divisions4 ,the sect of the ,old ,lutherans was formed1 which1 in spite of persecution1 finally succeeded in obtaining toleration1 though not till many of its adherents had been driven across the ocean into exile4 ,as the ,congress of ,vienna had decided that ,catholics and ,protestants should be placed upon a footing of equality1 and as ,prussia had received a large portion of the secularized lands of the church1 with the stipulation that she should provide for the maintenance of ,catholic worship1 the government1 in #ahaf1 sent ,niebuhr1 the historian1 to ,rome1 to treat with the ,pope concerning the reorganization of the ,catholic religion in the ,prussian states4 ,finally1 in #ahba1 an agreement was signed1 which received the sanction of the king1 and was published as a fundamental law of the state4 ,in this ,concordat with the ,holy ,see there is at least a tacit recognition of the true nature of the church1 of her organic unity--a beginning of respect for her freedom1 and a seeming promise of a better future4 ,in point of fact1 however1 in spite of ,niebuhr's assurance to the ,holy ,father that he might rely upon the honest intentions of the government1 ,prussia began almost at once to meddle with the rights of ,catholics4 ,a silent and slow persecution was inaugurated1 by which it was hoped their patience would be exhausted and their strength wasted4 ,and now we shall examine more closely the artful and heartless policy by which1 with but slight variations1 for more than two centuries ,prussia has sought to undermine the ,catholic religion4 ,in #ahbg the ,protestants of all communions in ,prussia amounted to #f1cgj1chj1 and the ,catholics to #d1jbc1eac4 ,these populations are1 to only a very limited extent1 intermingled2 certain provinces being almost entirely ,catholic1 and others nearly wholly ,protestant4 ,by law the same rights are granted to both ,catholics and ,protestants2 and both1 therefore1 should receive like treatment at the hands of the government4 ,this is the theory2 what are the facts8 ,we will take the religious policy of ,prussia from the reorganization of the church after the ,congress of ,vienna down to the revolution of #ahdh1 and we will begin with the subject of education4 ,for the six millions of ,protestants there were four exclusively ,protestant universities1 at ,berlin1 ,halle1 ,knigsberg1 and ,greifswalde2 for the four millions of ,catholics there were but two half universities1 at ,bonn and ,breslau1 in each of which there was a double faculty1 the one ,protestant1 the other ,catholic2 though the professors in all the faculties1 except that of theology1 were for the most part ,protestants4 ,thus1 out of six universities1 to the ,catholics was left only a little corner in two1 though they were forced to bear nearly one-half of the public burdens by which all six were supported4 ,but this is not the worst4 ,the bishops had no voice in the nomination of the professors1 not even those of theology4 ,they were simply asked whether they had any objections to make1 on proof4 ,the candidate might be a stranger1 he might be wholly unfitted to teach theology1 he might be free from open immorality or heresy2 and therefore1 because the bishops could prove nothing against him1 he was appointed to instruct the aspirants to the priesthood4 ,at ,breslau a foreign professor was appointed1 who began to teach the most scandalous and heretical doctrines4 ,complaints were useless4 ,during many years his pupils drank in the poison1 and at length1 after he had done his work of destruction1 he was1 as in mockery1 removed4 ,nor is this an isolated instance of the ruin to ,catholic faith wrought by this system4 ,the bishops had hardly any influence over the education of their clergy1 who1 young and ignorant of the world1 were thrown almost without restraint into the pagan corruptions of a ,german university1 in order to acquire a knowledge of theology4 ,at ,cologne a ,catholic college was made over to the ,protestants1 at ,erfurt and ,dsseldorf ,catholic gymnasia were turned into mixed establishments with all the professors1 save one1 ,protestants4 ,elementary education was under the control of provincial boards consisting of a ,protestant president and three councillors1 one of whom might be a ,catholic in ,catholic districts4 ,in the ,catholic provinces of the ,rhine and ,westphalia1 the place of ,catholic councillor was left vacant for several years till the schools were all reorganized4 ,indeed1 the real superintendent of ,catholic elementary education was generally a ,protestant minister4 ,there was a government ,censur for books of religious instruction1 the headquarters of which were in ,berlin1 but its agents were scattered throughout all the provinces4 ,all who were employed in this department1 to which even the pastorals of the bishops had to be submitted before being read to their flocks1 were ,protestants4 ,the widest liberty was given to ,protestants to attack the church2 but when the ,catholics sought to defend themselves1 their writings were suppressed4 ,professor ,freudenfeld was obliged to quit ,bonn because he had spoken of ,luther without becoming respect4 ,permission to start religious journals was denied to ,catholics1 but granted to ,protestants2 and in the pulpit the priests were put under strict restraint1 while the preachers were given full liberty of speech4 ,whenever a community of ,protestants was found in a ,catholic district1 a church1 a clergyman1 and a school were immediately provided for them2 indeed1 richer provision for the ,protestant worship was made in the ,catholic provinces than elsewhere2 but when a congregation of ,catholics grew up amongst ,protestants1 the government almost invariably rejected their application for permission to have a place of worship4 ,at various times and places churches and schools were taken from the ,catholics and turned over to the ,protestants2 and though ,prussia had received an enormous amount of the confiscated property of the church1 she did not provide for the support of the priests as for that of the ministers4 ,at court there was not a single ,catholic who held office2 the heads of all the departments of government were ,protestants2 the ,post-,office department1 down to the local postmasters1 was exclusively ,protestant2 all ambassadors and other representatives of the government1 though sent to ,catholic courts1 were ,protestants4 ,in ,prussia the state is divided into provinces1 and at the head of each province is a high-president 7,ober-,prsident74 ,this official1 to whom the religious interests of the ,catholics were committed1 was always a ,protestant4 ,the provinces are divided into districts1 and at the head of each district was a ,protestant president1 and almost all the inferior officers1 even in ,catholic provinces1 were ,protestants4 ,again1 in the courts of justice and in the army all the principal positions were given to ,protestants4 ,in the two corps d'armes of ,prussia and ,silesia1 one-half was ,catholic2 in the army division of ,posen1 two-thirds2 in that of ,westphalia and ,cleves1 three-fifths2 and1 finally1 in that of the ,rhine1 seven-eighths2 yet there was not one ,catholic field-officer1 not a general or major4 ,in #ahcb a royal order was issued to provide for the religious wants of the army1 and every care was taken for the spiritual needs of the ,protestant soldiers2 but not even one ,catholic chaplain was appointed4 ,all persons in active service1 from superior officers down to private soldiers1 were declared to be members of the military parish1 and were placed under the authority of the ,protestant chaplains4 ,if a ,catholic soldier wished to get married or to have his child baptized by a priest1 he had first to obtain the permission of his ,protestant curate4 ,what was still more intolerable1 the law regulating military worship was so contrived as to force the ,catholic soldiers to be present at ,protestant service4 ,let us now turn to the relations of the church in ,prussia with the ,holy ,see4 ,all direct communications between the ,catholics and the ,pope were expressly forbidden4 ,whenever the bishops wished to consult the ,holy ,father concerning the administration of their dioceses1 their inquiries had to pass through the hands of the ,protestant ministry1 to be forwarded or not at its discretion1 and the answer of the ,pope had to pass through the same channel4 ,it was not safe to write2 for the government had no respect for the mails1 and letters were habitually opened by order of ,von ,nagler1 the postmaster-general1 who boasted that he had never had any idiotic scruples about such matters2 that ,prince ,constantine was his model1 who had once entertained him with narrating how he had managed to get the choicest selection of intercepted letters in existence2 he had had them bound in morocco1 and they formed thirty-three volumes of the most interesting reading in his private library4 ,thus the church was ruled by a system of espionage and bureaucracy which hesitated not to violate all the sanctities of life to accomplish its ends4 ,the bishops were reduced to a state of abject dependence2 not being allowed to publish any new regulation or to make any appointment without the permission and approval of the ,protestant high-president1 from whom they constantly received the most annoying and vexatious despatches4 ,the election of bishops was reduced to a mere form4 ,when a see became vacant1 the royal commissary visited the chapter and announced the person whom the king had selected to fill the office1 declaring at the same time that no other would receive his approval4 ,the minutest details of ,catholic worship were placed under the supervision and control of ,protestant laymen1 who had to decide how much wine and how many hosts might be used during the year in the different churches4 ,we come now to a matter1 vexed and often discussed1 in which the trials of the church in ,prussia1 prior to the recent persecutions1 finally culminated2 we allude to the subject of marriages between ,catholics and ,protestants4 ,when1 in #ahjc1 ,prussia got possession of the greater part of her ,catholic provinces1 the following order was at once issued3 8,his majesty enacts that children born in wedlock shall all be educated in the religion of the father1 and that1 in opposition to this law1 neither party shall bind the other40 ,apart from the odious meddling of the state with the rights of individuals and the agreements of parties so closely and sacredly related as man and wife1 there was in this enactment a special injustice to ,catholics1 from the fact that nearly all the mixed marriages in ,prussia were contracted by ,protestant government officials and ,catholic women of the provinces to which these agents had been sent4 ,as these men held lucrative offices1 they found no difficulty in making matrimonial alliances2 and as the children had to be brought up in the religion of the father1 the government was by this means gradually establishing ,protestant congregations throughout its ,catholic provinces4 ,in #ahbe this law was extended to the ,rhenish province1 and in #ahca a document was brought to light which explained the object of the extension--viz41 that it might prove an effectual measure against the proselyting system of ,catholics4 ,the condition of the church was indeed deplorable4 ,with the name of being free1 she was1 in truth1 enslaved2 and while the state professed to respect her rights1 it was using all the power of the most thoroughly organized and most heartless system of bureaucracy and espionage to weaken and fetter her action1 and even to destroy her life4 ,this was the state of affairs when1 in the end of #ahce1 ,von ,droste ,vischering1 one of the greatest and noblest men of this century1 worthy to be named with ,athanasius and with ,ambrose1 was made archbishop of ,cologne4 ,the ,catholic people of ,prussia had long since lost all faith in the good intentions of the government1 of whose acts and aims they had full knowledge2 and it was in order to restore confidence that a man so trusted and loved by them as ,von ,droste ,vischering was promoted to the see of ,cologne4 ,the doctrines of ,hermes1 professor of theology in the ,university of ,bonn1 had just been condemned at ,rome1 but the government ignored the papal brief1 and continued to give its support to the ,hermesians2 the archbishop1 nevertheless1 condemned their writings1 and especially their organ1 the ,bonner ,theologische ,zeitschrift1 forbade his students to attend their lectures at the university1 and finally withdrew his approbation altogether from the ,hermesian professors1 refusing to ordain students unless they formally renounced the proscribed doctrines4 ,by a ministerial order issued in #ahbe1 priests were forbidden1 under pain of deposition from office1 to exact in mixed marriages any promise concerning the education of the offspring4 ,a like penalty was threatened for refusing to marry parties who were unwilling to make such promises1 or for withholding absolution from those who were bringing up their children in the ,protestant religion4 ,to avert as far as possible any conflict between the church and the government1 ,pius ,,viii41 in #ahcj1 addressed a brief to the bishops of ,cologne1 ,treves1 ,mnster1 and ,paderborn1 in which he made every allowable concession to the authority of the state in the matter of mixed marriages4 ,the court of ,berlin withheld the papal brief1 and1 taking advantage of the yielding disposition of ,archbishop ,spiegel of ,cologne1 entered1 without the knowledge of the ,holy ,see1 into a secret agreement with him1 in which still farther concessions were made1 and in violation of ,catholic principle4 ,von ,droste ,vischering took as his guide the papal brief1 and paid no attention to such provisions of the secret agreement as conflicted with the instructions of the ,holy ,father4 ,the government took alarm1 and offered to let fall the ,hermesians1 if the archbishop would yield in the affair of mixed marriages2 and as this expedient failed1 measures of violence were threatened1 which were soon carried into effect2 for on the evening of the #bjth of ,november1 #ahcg1 the archbishop was secretly arrested and carried off to the fortress of ,minden1 where he was placed in close confinement1 all communication with him being cut off4 ,the next morning the government issued a 8,publicandum10 in which it entered its accusations against the archbishop1 in order to justify its arbitrary act and to appease the anger of the people4 ,notwithstanding1 a cry of indignation and grief was heard in all the ,catholic provinces of ,prussia1 which was re-echoed throughout ,germany and extended to all ,europe4 ,lukewarm ,catholics grew fervent1 and the very ,hermesians gathered with their sympathies to uphold the cause of the archbishop4 ,the ,archbishop of ,posen and the ,bishops of ,paderborn and ,mnster announced their withdrawal from the secret convention1 which the ,bishop of ,treves had already done upon his death-bed2 and henceforward the priests throughout the kingdom held firm to the ecclesiastical law on mixed marriages1 so that in #ahch ,frederic ,william ,,iii4 was forced to make a declaration recognizing the rights for which they contended4 ,but the ,archbishop of ,cologne was still a prisoner in the fortress of ,minden4 ,early1 however1 in #ahci1 health began to fail2 and as the government feared lest his death in prison might produce unfavorable comment1 he received permission to withdraw to ,mnster4 ,the next year the king died1 and his successor1 ,frederic ,william ,,iv41 showed himself ready to settle the dispute amicably1 and in other ways to do justice to the ,catholics4 ,a great victory had been gained--the secret convention was destroyed--a certain liberty of communication with the ,pope was granted to the bishops4 ,the election of bishops was made comparatively free1 the control of the schools of theology was restored to them1 the ,hermesians either submitted or were removed1 and the ,catholics of ,germany awoke from a deathlike sleep to new and vigorous life4 ,an evidence of the awakening of faith was given in the fall of #ahdd1 when a million and a half of ,german ,catholics went in pilgrimage1 with song and prayer1 to ,treves4 ,nevertheless1 many grievances remained unredressed4 ,the ,censur was still used against the church2 and when the ,catholics asked permission to publish journals in which they could defend themselves and their religious interests1 they were told that such publications were not needed2 but when ,ronge1 the suspended priest1 sought to found his sect of 8,german ,catholics10 he received every encouragement from the government1 and the earnest support of the officials and nearly the entire press of ,prussia2 though1 at this very time1 every effort was being made to crush the 8,old ,lutherans40 ,the government continued to find pretexts for meddling with the affairs of the bishops1 and the newspapers attacked the church in the most insulting manner1 going so far as to demand that the religious exercises for priests should be placed under police supervision4 ,we have now reached a memorable epoch in the history of the ,catholic ,church in ,prussia--the revolution of #ahdh1 which convulsed ,germany to its centre1 spread dismay among all classes1 and filled its cities with riot and bloodshed4 ,when order was re-established1 the liberties of the church were recognized more fully than they had been for three centuries4 ,,garcia ,,moreno4 ,,from ,,the ,,civilta ,,cattolica4 ,i4 ,the atrocious assassination of ,garcia ,moreno1 the ,president of the republic of ,ecuador1 has filled the minds of all good people with the deepest grief and horror4 ,the liberals are the only ones who have mentioned it in their journals with indifference4 ,one of them headed his announcement of it1 8,a victim of the ,sacred ,heart0--alluding1 with blasphemous irony1 to the act of consecration of his people to the ,adorable ,heart of our ,lord which this truly pious ruler had made4 ,but with the exception of these reprobates--who1 hating ,god1 cannot love mankind--no one who has any admiration of moral greatness can help deploring the death of this extraordinary man--a death the more deplorable on account of its coming1 not from a natural cause1 but from a detestable conspiracy concocted by the enemies of all that is good1 who abhorred equally the wisdom of his government and the soundness of his faith4 ,the ,london ,times has a despatch from ,paris of ,october #e with the following communication3 8,it appears1 from authentic information which we have received1 that ,garcia ,moreno1 lately ,president of the republic of ,ecuador1 has been assassinated by a secret society which extends through all ,south ,america1 as well as ,europe4 ,the assassin was selected by lot1 and obtained admission to the palace at ,quito4 ,one of his accomplices1 an official1 who was arrested after the murder1 was assured by the president of the court-martial1 before his trial1 that he would be pardoned if he turned state's evidence4 #8,be pardoned8' said he4 #8,that would be of no use to me2 if you pardon me1 my comrades will not4 ,i would rather be shot than stabbed4'0 ,this decision of the society to kill him was known to ,moreno1 and he informed the ,pope of it in a letter1 which we will shortly give4 ,this illustrious man had governed the republic of ,ecuador for about fifteen years--first as dictator1 and afterwards1 for two consecutive terms1 as president2 and to this office he had just been re-elected for a third term by an unanimous vote4 ,he had taken charge of the state when it was in an exceedingly miserable condition1 and by his lofty genius1 practical tact1 and perseverance1 but above all by his piety and confidence in ,god1 had completely renovated and restored not only the morals of the people1 but also the whole political administration1 and made the country a perfect model of a ,christian nation4 ,he was intending to complete the work which he had begun1 and was able to rely confidently on the co-operation of his people1 whose reverence and love for him were unbounded4 ,but all this was intolerable to the liberals of our day2 they could not bear that in a corner of the ,new ,world the problem should be solved1 which they are trying to make so perplexing1 of harmony between the state and the church2 of the combination of temporal prosperity and ,catholic piety2 of obedience to the civil law and perfect submission to ecclesiastical authority4 ,this was an insufferable scandal for modern liberalism1#bdh especially because such a good example might do much to frustrate the plans of this perverse sect in other countries4 ,the ,masons1 therefore1 resolved to murder this man1 whom they had found to be too brave and determined to be checked in any other way2 for all the attempts they had made to intimidate him or to diminish his popularity had been entirely without effect4 ,moreno anticipated the blow1 but1 far from fearing it1 was only the more persuaded to persevere in his undertaking1 regarding it as the greatest happiness to be able to give his life for so holy a cause4 ,in the last letter which he wrote to the ,supreme ,pontiff before his assassination are these words3 8,i implore your apostolic benediction1 ,most ,holy ,father1 having been re-elected 7though ,i did not deserve it7 to the office of president of this ,catholic republic for another six years4 ,although the new term does not begin till the #cjth of ,august1 the day on which ,i take the oath required by the constitution1 so that then only shall ,i need to give your ,holiness an official notification of my re-election1 nevertheless ,i wish not to delay in informing you of it1 in order that ,i may obtain from ,heaven the strength and light which ,i more than any other one shall need1 to keep me a child of our ,redeemer and loyal and obedient to his infallible ,vicar4 ,and now that the lodges of neighboring countries1 inspired by ,germany1 vomit out against me all sorts of atrocious insults and horrible calumnies1 and even secretly lay plans for my assassination1 ,i require more than ever the divine assistance and protection to live and die in defence of our holy religion and of this beloved republic which ,god has given me to govern4 ,how fortunate ,i am1 ,most ,holy ,father1 to be hated and calumniated for the sake of our divine ,saviour2 and what unspeakable happiness would it be for me if your benediction should obtain for me the grace to shed my blood for him who1 though he was ,god1 yet shed his own on the cross for us60 ,this heroic desire of the fervent ,christian was granted4 ,he was murdered by the enemies of ,christ1 in hatred of his zeal for the restoration of the ,christian state and of his fervent love for the church4 ,he is truly a martyr of ,christ4 ,are not ,s4 ,wenceslaus of ,bohemia and ,s4 ,canute of ,denmark numbered among the holy martyrs1 for the same cause8 ,both of them were killed in the precincts of the temple of ,god2 and ,moreno was carried back to the church from which he had only just departed1 to breathe out his noble soul into the bosom of his ,creator4 ,,ii4 ,the object of ,masonic civilization is society without ,god4 ,the results which it has succeeded in achieving1 and which it deems of such importance1 are the separation of the state from the church1 liberty of worship1 the withdrawal of public charities from religious objects1 the exclusion of the clergy from the work of education1 the suppression of religious orders1 the supremacy of the civil law1 and the setting aside of the law of the ,gospel4 ,only by these means1 according to the ,masons1 can the happiness of the people1 the prosperity of the state1 and the increase of morality and learning be attained4 ,these are their fundamental maxims4 ,now1 the difficulty was that ,moreno had practically shown1 and was continuing to show more completely every day1 that the peace1 prosperity1 and greatness of a nation will be in proportion to its devotion to ,god and its obedience to the church2 that subjection to ,god and his church1 far from diminishing1 ensures and increases1 the true liberty of man2 that the influence of the clergy promotes not only the cause of morality1 but also that of letters and science2 that man's temporal interests are never better cared for than when they are subordinated to those which are eternal2 and that love of country is never so powerful as when it is consecrated by love of the church4 ,a man of the most distinguished talents1 which had been most fully cultivated at the ,university of ,paris1 ,moreno had in his own country occupied the most conspicuous positions4 ,he had been a professor of the natural sciences1 rector of the university1 representative1 senator1 commander-in-chief of the army1 dictator1 and president of the republic4 ,in this last office1 in which he would probably have been retained by the nation through life1 he showed what genius sanctified by religion can accomplish4 ,his first care was to establish peace throughout the country1 without which there can be no civil progress2 and he succeeded in doing so1 not by compromises1 as is now the fashion--not by making a monstrous and abnormal amalgamation of parties and principles--but by the consistent and firm assertion of the principles of morality and justice1 and by the open and unhesitating profession of ,catholicity4 ,his success was so marked that ,ecuador very soon arrived at such a perfect state of tranquillity and concord as to seem a prodigy among the agitated and turbulent republics in its neighborhood4 ,with the exception of some local and ineffectual attempts at revolution during his first presidency1 which were quelled by placing some of the southern provinces in a state of siege for fifty days1 ,ecuador was undisturbed by sedition during the whole of his long government4 ,this was partly due to the splendor of his private and public virtues1 which dissipated the clouds of envy and hatred1 and gained for him the esteem even of his political opponents4 ,he was chaste1 magnanimous1 just1 impartial1 and so well known for clearheadedness that the people often stopped him on the streets to decide their disputes on the spot1 and accepted his opinion as final4 ,his disinterestedness seems fabulous when we think of the immoderate cupidity prevailing among modern politicians4 ,in his first six years he would not even draw his salary1 being content to live on the income of his own moderate fortune4 ,in his second term he accepted it1 but spent it almost entirely in works of public utility4 ,and in such works he employed the whole of his time4 ,when any one endeavored to persuade him not to shorten his life by such continual labor1 he used to say3 8,if ,god wants me to rest1 he will send me illness or death40 ,owing to this unwearying assiduity and his ardent love for the good of his people1 he was able to undertake and finish an amount of business that would appear incredible1 were not the evidence too strong to admit of doubt4 ,in ,no4 #a1hge of the ,univers there is a catalogue of the principal enterprises which he carried through in a brief period4 ,they are as follows3 ,a revision of the constitution4 ,the paying of the customs to the national treasury1 instead of to the provincial ones1 as formerly4 ,national representation for the country as well as the cities4 ,the establishment of a fiscal court1 and the organization of the courts of justice4 ,the foundation of a great polytechnic school1 which was partially entrusted to the ,jesuits4 ,the construction and equipment of an astronomical observatory1 which was built and directed by the ,jesuits4 ,on account of the equatorial position of ,quito1 ,garcia ,moreno1 who was well versed in the mathematical sciences1 wished to make this observatory equal to any in the world4 ,he bought most of the instruments with his own private funds4 ,roads connecting different parts of the country4 ,garcia ,moreno laid out and nearly completed five great national roads4 ,the principal one1 that from ,guayaquil to ,quito1 is eighty leagues in length4 ,it is paved1 and has one hundred and twenty bridges4 ,it is a solid and stupendous work1 constructed in the face of almost insuperable difficulties4 ,the establishment of four new dioceses4 ,a concordat with the ,holy ,see4 ,the reformation of the regular clergy2 the restoration among them of a common and monastic life4 ,the reconstruction of the army4 ,the army had been a mere horde1 without organization1 discipline1 or uniform2 the men hardly had shoes4 ,moreno organized them on the ,french system1 clothed1 shod1 and disciplined them2 now they are the model as well as the defence of the people4 ,the building of a light-house at ,guayaquil4 ,previously there had been none on the whole coast4 ,reforms in the collection of the customs4 ,frauds put an end to1 and the revenues trebled4 ,colleges in all the cities2 schools in even the smallest villages--all conducted by the ,christian ,brothers4 ,schools for girls2 ,sisters of ,charity1 ,ladies of the ,sacred ,heart1 ,sisters of the ,good ,shepherd1 of ,providence1 and ,little ,sisters of the ,poor4 ,public hospitals4 ,during his first presidency ,moreno turned out the director of the hospital at ,quito1 who had refused to receive a poor man and was very negligent of his duties1 and made himself director in his stead4 ,he visited the hospital every day1 improved its arrangements1 and put it in good working order4 ,he performed in it many acts of heroic charity4 ,the maintenance and increase of lay congregations and orders4 ,he was an active member of the ,congregation of the ,poor4 ,the establishment of four museums4 ,the ,catholic ,protectory1 a vast and magnificent school of arts and trades1 on the plan of ,s4 ,michele at ,rome1 and conducted by the ,christian ,brothers4 ,postal conventions with various foreign states4 ,the embellishment and restoration of the cities4 ,guayaquil1 and especially ,quito1 seemed as if they had been rebuilt4 ,and he accomplished all this1 not only without increasing the taxes1 but even diminishing some of them4 ,this is the reason why he was so much beloved by the people2 why they called him father of his country and saviour of the republic4 ,but it was also this which was his unpardonable sin1 which had to promptly receive a chastisement which should serve as a warning for his successors1 that they might not dare to imitate his manner of government4 ,for such a course as his was sure to ruin the credit of ,masonry in the popular mind4 ,,iii4 ,moreno loved his country1 and worked so hard for its good1 because he was truly and thoroughly religious4 ,every one who really loves ,god loves his neighbor also2 and he who loves ,god intensely loves his neighbor in the same way1 because he sees in him the image of ,god and the price of his blood4 ,when he was a student in ,paris he was admired for his piety4 ,in his own country1 amid the continual cares and heavy responsibilities of his office1 he always found time to hear ,mass every morning and say the rosary every night4 ,in his familiar conversation he spoke frequently of ,god1 of religion1 of virtue1 and with such fervor that all who heard felt their hearts touched and moved by his words4 ,before beginning the business of the day1 he always made a visit to the church to implore light from the ,source of all wisdom2 and he had just left it1 as we have said1 when he met the ambuscade which was prepared for him4 ,this religious spirit produced in him a great zeal for the glory of ,god1 and that devotion to the ,vicar of ,christ which in him so much resembled the affection of a child for his father4 ,let it suffice to say that when he had to arrange the concordat with the ,holy ,see1 he sent his ambassador to ,rome with a blank sheet signed by himself1 telling him to ask his ,holiness to write on it whatever seemed to him right and conducive to the good of the church and the true welfare of the nation4 ,such was the confidence which he reposed in the ,pope1 with whom politicians are accustomed to treat as if he were an ambitious and designing foreign prince1 instead of being the father of all the faithful4 ,when the revolution entered ,rome in triumph through the breach of ,porta ,pia1 ,garcia ,moreno was the only ruler in the world who dared to enter a solemn protest against that sacrilegious invasion2 and he obtained from his ,congress a considerable sum as a monthly subsidy and tribute of affection to his ,holiness4 ,but his piety toward ,god and his filial love to the church can best be seen from the message to ,congress which he finished a few hours before his death1 and which was found on his dead body1 steeped in his blood4 ,although it is somewhat long for the limits of an article1 we think that we ought to present it to our readers as an imperishable monument of true piety and enlightened policy1 and as a lesson for the false politicians of the present day and of days to come4 ,the message is as follows3 8,,senators ,,and ,,deputies3 ,i count among the greatest of the great blessings which ,god has1 in the inexhaustible abundance of his mercy1 granted to our republic1 that of seeing you here assembled under his protection1 in the shadow of his peace1 which he has granted and still grants to us1 while we are nothing and can do nothing1 and only give in return for his paternal goodness inexcusable and shameful ingratitude4 8,it is only a few years since ,ecuador had to repeat daily these sad words which the liberator ,bolivar addressed in his last message to the ,congress of #ahcj3 #8,i blush to have to acknowledge that independence is the only good which we have acquired1 and that we have lost all the rest in acquiring it4' 8,but since the time when1 placing all our hope in ,god1 we escaped from the torrent of impiety and apostasy which overwhelms the world in this age of blindness2 since #ahfi1 when we reformed ourselves into a truly ,catholic nation1 everything has been on a course of steady and daily improvement1 and the prosperity of our dear country has been continually increasing4 8,ecuador was not long ago a body from which the life-blood was ebbing1 and which was even1 like a corpse1 already a prey to a horrible swarm of vermin which the liberty of putrefaction engendered in the darkness of the tomb4 ,but to-day1 at the command of that sovereign voice which called ,lazarus from the sepulchre1 it has returned to life1 though it still has not entirely cast off the winding-sheet and bandages--that is to say1 the remains and effects of the misery and corruption in which it had been buried4 8,to justify what ,i have said1 it will suffice for me to give a short sketch of the progress which has been made in these last two years1 referring you to the various departments of the government for documentary and detailed information4 ,and that you may see exactly how far we have advanced in this period of regeneration1 ,i shall compare our present condition with that from which we started2 not for our own glory and self-gratulation1 but to glorify ,him to whom we owe everything1 and whom we adore as our ,redeemer and our ,father1 our ,protector and our ,god40 ,here follows an enumeration of all the improvements which had been made4 ,he continues3 8,we owe to the perfect liberty which the church has among us1 and to the apostolic zeal of its excellent prelates1 the reformation of the clergy1 the amendment of morals1 and the reduction of crimes2 which is so great that in our population of a million there are not enough criminals to fill the penitentiary4 8,to the church also we owe those religious corporations which produce such an abundance of excellent results by the instruction of childhood and youth1 and by the succor which they give so liberally to the sick and to the destitute4 ,we are also debtors to these religious for the renewal of the spirit of piety in this year of jubilee and of sanctification1 and for the conversion to ,christianity and civilization of nine thousand savages in the eastern province1 in which1 on account of its vast extent1 there are good reasons for establishing a second vicariate4 ,if you authorize me to ask the ,holy ,see for this foundation1 we will then consult as to what measures to take to promote the commerce of this province1 and to put an end to the selfish speculations and the violent exactions to which its poor inhabitants have been a prey by reason of the cruelty of inhuman merchants4 ,the laborers1 however1 for this field are not now to be had2 and that those which we shall have may be properly trained1 it is right that you should give a yearly subsidy to our venerable and zealous archbishop1 to assist him in building the great seminary which he has not hesitated to begin1 trusting in the protection of ,heaven and in our co-operation4 8,do not forget1 legislators1 that our little successes would be ephemeral and without fruit if we had not founded the social order of our republic upon the rock1 always resisted and always victorious1 of the ,catholic ,church4 ,its divine teaching1 which neither men nor nations can neglect and be saved1 is the rule of our institutions1 the law of our laws4 ,docile and faithful children of our venerable1 august1 and infallible ,pontiff1 whom all the great ones of the earth are abandoning1 and who is being oppressed by vile1 cowardly1 and impious men1 we have continued to send him monthly the little contribution which you voted in #ahgc4 ,though our weakness obliges us to remain passive spectators of his slow martyrdom1 let us hope that this poor gift may at least be a proof of our sympathy and affection1 and a pledge of our obedience and fidelity4 8,in a few days the term for which ,i was elected in #ahfi will expire4 ,the republic has enjoyed six years of peace1 interrupted only by a revolt of a few days in #ahgb at ,riobamba1 of the natives against the whites2 and in these six years it has advanced rapidly on the path of true progress under the visible protection of divine ,providence4 ,the results achieved would certainly have been greater if ,i had possessed the abilities for government which unfortunately ,i lack1 or if all that was needed to accomplish good was ardently to desire it4 8,if ,i have committed faults1 ,i ask pardon for them a thousand times1 and beg it with tears from all my countrymen1 feeling confident that they have been unintentional4 ,if1 on the contrary1 you think that in any respect ,i have succeeded1 give the honor of the success1 in the first place1 to ,god and to his ,immaculate ,mother1 to whom are committed the inexhaustible treasures of his mercy2 and1 in the second place1 to yourselves1 to the people1 to the army1 and to all those who1 in the different branches of the government1 have assisted me with intelligence and fidelity in the fulfilment of my difficult duties4 8,,gabriel ,,garcia ,,moreno4 8,,quito1 ,august1 #ahge40 ,that is the way that a really ,catholic ruler can speak1 even in this ,x,i,xth century4 ,it seems1 while we read his words1 as if we were listening to ,ferdinand of ,castile or some other one of the saintly kings of the most prosperous days of ,christianity4 ,with great justice1 then1 did the government of ,ecuador1 when it published this message--which was found1 as we have said1 on ,moreno's dead body--append to it the following note3 8,the message which we have just given is the solemn voice of one who is dead2 or1 better1 it is his last will and testament actually sealed with his own blood2 for our noble president had just written it with his own hand when he was assailed by his murderers4 ,its last words are those of a dying father who1 blessing his children1 turns for the last time toward them his eyes1 darkened by the shadow of death1 and asks pardon of them1 as if he had been doing anything during all their lives but loading them with benefits4 ,deeply moved and distressed by grief1 we seek in vain for words adequate to express our love and veneration for him4 ,posterity no doubt will honor the undying memory of the great ruler1 the wise politician1 the noble patriot1 and the saintly defender of the faith who has been so basely assassinated4 ,his country1 worthily represented by their present legislators1 will shed tears over this tomb which contains such great virtues and such great hopes1 and will gratefully record on imperishable tablets the glorious name of this her son1 who1 regardless of his own blood and life1 lived and died only for her40 ,this splendid eulogy is an echo of the eternal benediction and a reflection of the brilliant crown which we cannot doubt that ,god has given to this his latest martyr4 ,,iv4 ,the reader will see that this message of ,garcia ,moreno contains a true and genuine scheme of ,christian government which he applied in the republic of ,ecuador1 in direct opposition to the ideas and aspirations of modern liberalism4 ,every point of it is in most marked contrast to the liberalist programme4 ,at some risk of repetition1 we will here make a short comparison between the two1 on account of the importance of the conclusions which all prudent men can draw from it4 ,moreno begins with ,god1 and puts him at the head of the government of his people2 liberalism would have the state atheistic1 and is ashamed even to mention the name of ,god in its public documents4 ,moreno desires an intimate union between the state and the ,catholic ,church1 declaring that the social order must be founded on the church1 and that her divine teaching must be the rule of human institutions and the law of civil laws2 liberalism1 on the other hand1 not only separates the state from the church1 but even raises it above her1 and makes the civil laws the standard in harmony with which the ecclesiastical laws must be framed4 ,it even would subject the most essential institutions of the church to the caprice of man4 ,moreno desires full liberty for the bishops1 and ascribes to this liberty the reform of the clergy and the good morals of the people2 liberalism wants to fetter episcopal action1 excites the inferior clergy to rebellion against their prelates1 and endeavors to withdraw the people from the influence of either4 ,moreno not only supports but multiplies religious communities2 liberalism suppresses them4 ,moreno respects ecclesiastical property1 and promotes by the resources of the state the foundation of new seminaries1 saying that without them it will not be possible worthily to fill the ranks of the sacred ministry2 liberalism confiscates the goods of the church1 closes the seminaries1 and sends the young ,levites to the barracks1 to be educated in the dissipation and license of military life4 ,moreno confides to the clergy and to the religious orders the training and instruction of youth2 liberalism secularizes education1 and insists on the entire exclusion of the religious element4 ,moreno removes from his ,catholic nation the wiles and scandals of false religion2 liberalism promulgates freedom of worship1 and opens the door to every heresy in faith and to every corruption in morals4 ,moreno1 finally1 sees in himself the weakness inherent in man1 and gives ,god credit for all the good which he accomplishes2 while liberalism1 full of satanic pride1 believes itself capable of everything1 and places all its confidence in the natural powers of man4 ,the antagonism between the two systems is1 in short1 universal and absolute4 ,now1 what is the verdict of experience8 ,it is that the application of ,moreno's system has resulted in peace1 prosperity1 the moral and material welfare of the people--in a word1 social happiness4 ,on the contrary1 the application of the liberalist system has produced discord1 general misery1 enormous taxation1 immorality among the people1 and public scandals1 and has driven society to the verge of destruction and dissolution4 ,the liberty which it has given has been well defined by ,moreno2 it is the liberty of a corpse1 the liberty to rot4 ,and at this juncture the infamous wickedness and the despicable logic of the liberalist party can no longer be concealed4 ,it has laid it down as certain that the principles of the middle ages1 as it calls them--which are the true ,catholic principles1 the principles affirmed by our ,holy ,father ,pius ,,ix4 in his ,syllabus--are not applicable to modern times1 and can no longer give happiness to nations4 ,but here is a ruler1 ,garcia ,moreno by name1 who gives the lie to this grovelling falsehood1 and shows1 by the irresistible evidence of facts1 that the happiness of his people has actually come simply from the application of these principles4 ,what is the answer of the liberalist sect to this manifest confutation of their theory8 ,first1 it endeavors to cry down its formidable adversary by invective and calumny2 and then1 finding that this does not suffice to remove him from public life1 it murders him4 ,this is the only means it has to prove its thesis2 and1 having made use of it1 it begins to shriek louder than before that ,catholic principles cannot be adapted to the progress of this age4 ,no1 we agree that they cannot1 if you are going to kill every one who adapts them4 ,what use is it to argue with a sect so malicious and perverse8 ,o patience of ,god and of men1 how basely are you abused6 ,a ,,revival ,,in ,,frogtown4 ,there was quite an excitement in ,frogtown4 ,the ,rev4 ,eliphalet ,notext1 8,the ,great ,revivalist1 who had made more converts than any other man in ,england1 ,ireland1 ,scotland1 ,wales1 the ,united ,states and ,territories1 and the ,british ,provinces of ,north ,america10 was to 8open a three weeks' campaign0 in the town4 ,now1 ,frogtown prided itself on being the wickedest little town in the ,west4 ,its inhabitants claimed for it the enviable distinction of being 8the fastest little village of its size in the ,united ,states0--a weakness common to most small towns4 ,this pride in vice is a widespread weakness4 ,the lean and slippered pantaloon will wag his fallen chaps and give evident signs of pleasant titillation when some shank-shrunken contemporary tells 8what a rascal the dog was in his youth40 ,well1 the ,frogtowners flattered themselves that ,brother ,notext would find their burgh a very hard nut to crack4 ,brother ,notext was not a theologian4 ,he was not a scholar4 ,he was not a preacher4 ,in truth1 he was almost illiterate4 ,but he understood the 8business0 of getting up revivals4 ,he knew how to create a sensation4 ,he could1 at least1 achieve a success of curiosity1 as the ,french say4 ,he began with the newspapers1 of course4 ,he contrived to have them say something about him and his 8work0 in every issue4 ,he was not particular whether what they said of him was favorable or unfavorable4 ,indeed1 he rather preferred that some of them should abuse him roundly4 ,abuse sometimes helped him more than praise4 ,it made some people his friends through a spirit of contradiction4 ,it appealed to the pugnacious instincts of some 8professors of religion40 ,it enabled him to hint that the inimical editors were papal myrmidons1 ,jesuit emissaries1 etc41 etc4 ,the ,rev4 ,eliphalet was really an excellent organizer4 ,he had been originally the business manager of a circus4 ,his advertisements1 his posters1 his hand-bills1 in his old occupation1 were prepared with all the gorgeous imagery of the ,east4 ,he did not forget his old tactics in his new profession4 ,immediately on his arrival in ,frogtown he grappled the newspapers4 ,he begged1 bullied1 or badgered the editors until they noticed him4 ,he set the ,christian ,juveniles and the kindred societies to work1 with whom1 of course1 there was no difficulty4 ,in a couple of days he succeeded in drawing around him the clergymen of every denomination1 except the ,episcopalian and ,unitarian4 ,some of these1 however1 went much against their will4 ,the ,episcopalian minister--a gentle1 amiable man--was very loath at first2 but the pressure brought to bear upon him was too strong4 ,he finally succumbed and joined in what was called a ,union ,christian ,meeting of all the ,protestant congregations4 ,this important point achieved1 ,mr4 ,notext had three of the 8best workers0 in each congregation selected4 ,these he sent among the people to raise the sinews of war1 without which no campaign1 whether sacred or profane1 can be conducted to a successful issue4 ,mr4 ,notext's terms were reasonable--only three hundred dollars a week and found4 ,a man must live2 and when a man works hard--as ,mr4 ,notext undoubtedly did--he must live well1 or he cannot stand the strain on his physical and mental strength4 ,then1 there were blank weeks when he had no revival in hand1 and probably a hotel bill to pay4 ,taking these things into consideration1 any reasonable person will allow that three hundred dollars a week and found was not an exorbitant price4 ,mr4 ,notext had a large tent which the profane said had been formerly used in his old business4 ,it was pitched in a vacant lot within the city limits1 and could accommodate about fifteen hundred persons4 ,mr4 ,notext prevailed on the clergymen who united with him to close their churches on the first ,sunday of his revival4 ,on the previous ,friday he gathered around him a number of male and female enthusiasts4 ,accompanied by these people1 organized in squads and led by the regular revival practitioners who did what is profanely termed the 8side-show0 business in all ,mr4 ,notext's tours1 he sang hymns in front of every drinking-saloon in the town4 ,the instrumental accompaniment to the singing was furnished by a melodeon1 which was carried about in a one-horse cart4 ,on ,sunday the union meetings began1 and1 notwithstanding a heavy rain1 the tent was full4 ,a large platform had been erected inside1 and near the door was a table on which were exposed for sale a great variety of contributions to religious literature1 all by one author1 who had evidently tried every string of the religious lyre4 ,there were collections of hymns by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,notext2 tracts by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,notext2 sermons by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,notext2 tales for the young by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,notext2 appeals to the old by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,notext2 reasons for the middle-aged by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,notext1 etc41 etc4 ,there were photographs1 in every style1 of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,notext1 as well as likenesses of remarkable converts who had been remarkable rascals until they 8got religion0 through the efforts of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,notext4 ,on the platform were seated the shepherds of most of the flocks in ,frogtown4 ,some among them1 it is true1 did not seem quite at home in that situation1 but they had to be there4 ,in the centre of the platform was an organ1 which furnished the instrumental music4 ,on each side of the organ seats were arranged for a volunteer choir4 ,fully half those present were children4 ,the ,rev4 ,eliphalet ,notext was introduced to the audience by the minister of the ,methodist church4 ,the revivalist was a stout1 fair-haired1 fresh-colored1 rather pleasant-looking man1 inclined to corpulency1 evidently not an ascetic1 and gifted with no inconsiderable share of physical energy and magnetism4 8,i wish all persons who can sing to come on the platform and occupy the seats to the right and left of the organ10 he began4 ,no movement was made in response to this call4 ,it was repeated with a better result4 ,a dozen young ladies summoned up enough courage to mount the platform4 8,this will never do60 cried ,mr4 ,notext4 8,i want every person present who can sing right here on this stand4 ,we can't get along without music and plenty of it40 8,brethren10 he continued1 turning toward the clergymen on the platform1 8you know the singers in your congregations2 go among them and send them up here4 ,everybody must put his shoulder to the wheel in the great work of bringing souls to ,jesus40 ,the brethren meekly did as they were bid4 ,they soon succeeded in filling the seats reserved for the singers4 ,these numbered about one hundred4 8,that's more like it10 said ,mr4 ,notext approvingly4 8,now1 my friends1 we will begin by singing a hymn4 ,i want everybody to join in40 7,a nod to the organist1 who began to play47 ,the singing was rather timid at first1 but1 led by ,mr4 ,notext1 the singers rapidly gained confidence1 and soon rolled forth in full chorus4 ,having fairly launched them1 their leader1 after the first verse1 left them to take care of themselves4 ,the singing was really good4 ,the rich volume of harmony drowned the commonplace melody and the vulgar words4 ,thus ,brother ,notext was successful in the production of his first effect4 ,it was evident that he depended much on the singing4 ,there is nothing like a grand mass of choral music to excite the sensibilities4 ,after two or three hymns1 the revivalist had his audience in a highly emotional condition4 8,i want all the children together in front60 shouted ,mr4 ,notext4 8,adults the accent on the first syllable will retire to the back seats4 ,don't stop the music6 ,keep up the singing6 ,go on6 go on60 ,then he ran to the organ1 whispered something to the organist1 and led off with 8,oh6 you must be a lover of the ,lord1 ,or you won't go to heaven when you die10 leaving the singers to sing it out for themselves after the first two or three lines4 ,it took some time to get all the children to the front4 ,if the music flagged1 ,mr4 ,notext shouted to the singers to 8keep it up40 ,from time to time he would rush to the organ1 pick up a hymn-book in a frantic manner1 and lead off with a new hymn1 waving his hands in cadence1 but1 with a due regard for his lungs1 not singing a note more than was absolutely necessary to start the other singers afresh4 ,the fathers and mothers of the little ones1 softened by the music1 looked with moistened eyes on their children as the latter took their seats4 ,the ,american people are very fond of children when they are old enough to walk and talk and be interesting4 ,mr4 ,notext was alive to this fact4 ,even the worst criminal or the most cynical man of the world cannot help being touched while music charms his ears and his eyes look on the beautiful spectacle of childish innocence4 ,mr4 ,notext evidently knew the more amiable weaknesses of human nature4 ,he appealed to the senses and the affections1 and won over the fathers and mothers through the children4 8,now1 my little friends10 said ,mr4 ,notext1 8,i wish you all to keep perfectly silent while ,i am talking to you4 ,this first meeting is especially for you40 ,there was considerable buzzing among the little ones4 8,i must have silence1 if ,i am to do anything with these children10 said ,mr4 ,notext rather testily1 and in a tone which showed that he would not scruple to apply the birch to his little friends if they did not keep quiet4 8,the slightest noise distracts their attention4 ,there are some boys to the right there who are still talking6 ,i wish some one would stop them40 ,a softly-stepping gentleman with long hair and green goggles went to the designated group1 remonstrated with1 and finally succeeded in silencing1 them4 ,then ,mr4 ,notext began his sermon to the children4 ,he told the story of the ,passion in a manner which1 though it inexpressibly shocked ,christians of the old-fashioned kind who happened to be present1 was exceedingly dramatic--8realistic0 in the highest degree1 to borrow a word from the modern play-bill4 ,suddenly he broke off and said rather excitedly3 8,there is a boy on the fourth bench who persists in talking4 ,i must have absolute silence1 or ,i cannot hold the attention of these children4 ,the slightest noise distracts them and takes their minds away from the picture ,i am endeavoring to present to them4 ,it is that red-haired boy6 ,will somebody please to take him away80 ,several pious gentlemen bore down on the poor little red-haired urchin1 and all chance of 8getting religion0 was taken away from him for the nonce by his summary removal4 ,when silence was restored1 ,mr4 ,notext resumed the story4 ,when describing how the divine ,victim was buffeted and spat upon1 he administered to himself sounding slaps on the face1 now with the left hand1 now with the right4 ,he placed an imaginary crown of thorns on his head1 pressed the sharp points into his forehead1 and1 passing the open fingers of both hands over his closed eyes and down his face1 traced the streams of blood trickling from the cruel wounds4 ,tears already rolled down the cheeks of the little ones4 ,when he reached the nailing to the cross1 he produced a large spike1 exhibited it to the children1 and went through the semblance of driving it into his flesh4 ,an outburst of sobs interrupted him4 ,some of the children screamed in very terror4 ,the desired effect was produced4 ,many fathers and mothers1 touched by the emotion and terror of their children1 wept in sympathy with them4 8,now the music60 shouted ,mr4 ,notext1 stamping with impatience1 as if he wanted a tardy patient to swallow a ,sedlitz-powder in the proper moment of effervescence4 8,now the music60 ,and he led off with 8,oh6 you must be a lover of the ,lord1 ,or you won't go to heaven when you die60 ,he shouted to the 8workers0 to go among the people and ask them to 8come to ,jesus40 ,a crowd of 8workers10 some professional1 some enthusiastic volunteers1 broke loose upon the audience4 ,they seized people by the hands4 ,they embraced them4 ,they inquired3 8,how do you feel now8 ,do you not feel that ,jesus is calling you80 ,they begged them to come to ,jesus at once4 ,they asked them if they were 8,ker-istians40 ,one of the workers met two gentlemen who entered together and were evidently present through curiosity4 ,of the first1 who seemed to be a cool1 keen1 self-poised business man1 the worker asked the stereotyped question3 8,are you a ,ker-istian80 8,of course1 of course10 said the self-possessed business man4 ,the worker passed on1 perfectly satisfied with the off-hand declaration4 ,he repeated the question to the gentleman's companion1 who1 possessed of less assurance1 hesitated and humbly replied3 8,i trust so40 ,the worker immediately grappled the sensitive gentleman1 much to his mortification1 and it was some time before he succeeded in effecting his escape1 regretting1 doubtless1 that he had not made as prompt and satisfactory a profession of faith as that of his companion4 ,the 8inquiry meeting10 as the exercises toward the close were named1 was continued until late in the afternoon4 ,when the children were dismissed1 they were instructed to beg their parents to come to ,jesus--to entreat them1 with tears if necessary1 until they consented4 ,a ,presbyterian gentleman of the old school1 describing his sensations after the meeting was over1 said3 8,i cannot deny that ,i was affected4 ,i felt tears coming to my eyes--why1 ,i could not tell4 ,the effect1 however1 was entirely physical4 ,my reason had nothing to do with it4 ,it condemned the whole thing as merely calculated to get up an unhealthy excitement1 which1 even if not injurious1 would be fleeting in its effect4 ,i noticed some nervous women almost worked up into spasms4 ,as to the children1 they were goaded into a state of nervousness and terror which was pitiable to see4 ,i can only compare my own condition to that of a man who had drunk freely4 ,while the effect lasted ,i was capable of making a fool of myself1 being all the while aware that ,i was doing so4 ,sunlight and air have dispelled the intoxication1 and now nothing remains but nausea4 8,i am disgusted with such claptrap1 and ashamed of myself for having been affected by it1 however temporarily and slightly40 ,the progress made on the first ,sunday of the revival was duly chronicled in the newspapers of the day following4 ,it was announced that hundreds of children had been awakened to a sense of their sinful condition4 ,a little girl--four years old--had recognized that she was thoroughly steeped in sin4 ,she had had no idea of the condition of her soul until she was roused to it by ,mr4 ,notext's preaching4 ,she was now perfectly happy4 ,she had experienced religion4 ,she knew she was forgiven4 ,she had gone to ,jesus1 and ,jesus had come to her4 ,she had sought ,mr4 ,notext's lodgings1 leading her father with one hand and her mother with the other4 ,charley ,biggs--the well-known drunken alderman--was among the converted4 ,he had 8got religion10 and was resolved henceforth to touch the time-honored toddy nevermore4 ,a belated 8local0 of one of the newspapers1 while returning to his lodgings on the previous evening1 had his coat-tail pulled1 much to his surprise1 by a little girl about six years old4 8,please1 sir10 she asked1 8do you know ,jesus80 ,the 8local0 was struck dumb4 8,o sir60 she continued1 8won't you please come to ,jesus80 ,this was enough4 ,the hard heart-of the 8local0 was touched4 ,he sobbed1 he wept1 he cried aloud4 ,he fell upon his knees4 ,the little girl fell on hers4 ,they sang3 8,come to ,jesus1 ,come to ,jesus1 ,come to ,jesus just now10 etc4 ,when the 8local0 rose1 after the conclusion of the singing1 he took the little girl's hand and went whither she led him4 ,he1 too1 had 8got religion0--somewhat as one gets a coup de soleil or a stroke of paralysis4 ,the opposition dailies mildly called attention to the purely emotional character of the effects produced4 ,they expressed their fears that the moral and physical result of factitious excitement on minds of tender years might be the reverse of healthy4 ,the next day the melodeon was carted about again and the singing continued on the sidewalks and in front of the drinking-saloons4 ,mr4 ,notext's machinery was in full blast4 ,the meeting on the second evening was devoted principally to grown people4 ,the tent was full4 ,the choir was strengthened by additional voices1 and the music was good of its kind4 ,after half a dozen hymns had been sung1 ,mr4 ,notext began his sermon--by courtesy so-called4 ,he first spoke of the number of persons he had converted at home and abroad4 ,for he had been 8abroad10 as he took care to let his audience know4 ,he had been the guest and the favored companion of the ,duchess of ,skippington1 of the ,earl of ,whitefriars1 of ,lord ,this and ,lady ,that1 and the ,countess of ,thingumy4 ,in ,scotland and in ,ireland immense crowds followed him and 8got religion40 ,he converted three thousand people in a single town in ,ireland4 ,since the meeting on the previous day1 many children1 and many adults as well1 had visited him at his lodgings4 ,some who came to the tent 8to make fun0 went away full of religion4 ,he would now let a dear little friend of his tell his own story in his own way4 ,a red-haired youngster1 about thirteen1 was introduced to the audience as the nephew of a prominent and well-known official in a neighboring town4 7,it was afterwards stated1 by the way1 that the official in question had not a nephew in the world4 ,no doubt the youngster imposed on ,mr4 ,notext47 ,if ever there were a thoroughly 8bad boy10 this youngster was one1 or--as may be very possible--his face belied him atrociously4 ,mr4 ,notext placed his arm dramatically--affectionately1 rather--around the young rogue's neck1 and led him to the front of the platform4 ,the boy looked at the audience with a leer1 half-impudent1 half-jocular1 and then gave his experiences glibly in a very harsh treble3 8,when first ,i heard that ,rev4 ,mr4 ,notext was going to get up a revival1 ,i joked about it with other boys1 and said he couldn't convert me2 and the night of the first meeting ,i said to the other boys--who were bad boys1 too--for us to go along and make fun4 ,and so we did4 ,and ,i came to laugh at ,mr4 ,notext and to make fun4 ,and somehow--,i don't know how it was--,i got religion1 and ,i was converted2 and now ,i am very happy1 and ,i love ,mr4 ,notext1 and ,i am going with him to ,smithersville when he gets through here4 ,and ,i am very happy since ,i was converted and became a good boy40 7,sensation among the audience1 and music by the choir in response to ,mr4 ,notext's call47 ,another juvenile convert was brought forward4 ,he repeated substantially the same story as his predecessor1 though more diffidently4 7,more music by the choir47 ,mr4 ,notext now told the affecting story of 8little ,jimmy40 ,little ,jimmy was a native of ,hindostan4 ,he lived in some town ending in an4 ,there was in that town a missionary school4 ,jimmy's master was a very bad man--cruel1 tyrannical4 ,he forbade ,jimmy to go to the mission-school4 ,but ,jimmy went1 nevertheless1 whenever he could4 ,the master was a true believer in the national religion of ,hindostan4 ,he believed that ,jimmy would go to perdition if he left his ancestral faith to embrace the national religion--or rather the governmental religion--of ,great ,britain4 ,jimmy would return from his visits to the mission-school in a very happy mood1 singing as he went3 8,yes1 ,i love ,jesus1 ,yes1 ,i love ,jesus1 ,i know1 ,i know ,i do10 etc4 ,mr4 ,notext gave an operatic rendering of the scene of ,jimmy going home singing the above words4 ,one day the master heard ,jimmy1 and was roused to a state of fury4 ,he forbade the boy to sing the song4 ,but ,jimmy would sing it 7,mr4 ,notext did not say whether ,jimmy sang the hymn in ,english or ,hindostanee74 ,then the brutal master took an enormous cowhide--or the ,hindostanee punitive equivalent thereto--and belabored poor ,jimmy4 ,but ,jimmy continued to sing1 though the tears rolled down his cheeks from pain4 ,and the master flogged2 and ,jimmy sang4 ,and still the master flogged and flogged4 ,and still ,jimmy sang and sang and sang4 ,it was like the famous fight in ,arkansas1 wherein the combatants 8fit and fit and fit40 ,but there must be an end of everything--even of an ,arkansas fight4 ,the struggle lasted for hours4 ,exhausted nature finally gave way1 and poor little ,jimmy died under the lash1 singing with his last breath3 8,yes1 ,i love ,jesus1 ,yes1 ,i love ,jesus1 ,i know1 ,i know ,i do40 8,now1 my friends10 said ,mr4 ,notext1 8,i want you all to stand up for ,jesus and sing poor little ,jimmy's song40 ,and ,mr4 ,notext led off4 ,the choir followed his example2 but the audience remained seated4 8,i want to know10 said ,mr4 ,notext rather testily1 8how many ,christians there are in this assembly4 ,i want every one of them to stand up60 ,several persons now stood up1 and gradually the action began to spread1 like yawning in a lecture-room4 ,there were still many1 however1 who had not hearkened to ,mr4 ,notext's summons to stand up4 ,he called attention to them1 and bade some of the brethren go to them and talk them into an erect position4 ,some of the recalcitrants1 evidently to avoid importunity1 stood up4 ,the rest also stood up1 and hurriedly left the tent1 followed by an angry scowl from ,mr4 ,notext4 ,after a little hesitation1 he said3 8,we will now once more sing little ,jimmy's hymn40 ,and when the hymn was sung1 the meeting dispersed4 ,next morning the friendly newspapers chronicled the wonderful success of ,mr4 ,notext's efforts4 ,the number of converts was miraculously large4 ,two thousand persons had stood up for ,jesus4 ,the meetings were continued during the week4 ,the modus operandi was about the same4 ,mr4 ,notext repeated himself so often that interest began to languish and his coups de thtre to grow flat and stale4 ,when he was at a loss for words to continue one of his disjointed discourses1 he took refuge in music and hymns4 8,brethren1 let us sing3 8,come to ,jesus6 ,come to ,jesus6 ,come to ,jesus just now10 etc4 ,when his vulgar and often unintentionally blasphemous exhortations failed to hold the attention of his hearers1 and ,morpheus was making fight against him in sundry corners of the tent1 he would suddenly call in his loudest tones on all present to stand up for ,jesus4 ,in cases of very marked inattention1 he would summon his hearers1 and particularly the children1 to write down their names for ,jesus in a large book kept for that purpose by the great revivalist4 ,this stroke generally roused the audience pretty thoroughly4 ,but when the children had written their names in the book three or four times1 they began to grow tired of the practice1 thinking that1 if these writing lessons were continued1 they might as well be at school4 ,in the beginning of the second week there were unmistakable signs of impending collapse4 ,the revival received a momentary impulse1 however1 from the opposition of another 8,reverend ,doctor10 who challenged ,mr4 ,notext to controversy4 ,this aroused the natural desire to witness a 8fight0 which lives in the human heart4 ,but the desire was not gratified1 owing to ,mr4 ,notext's refusal to accept the challenge4 ,his failure to exhibit a proper polemical pugnacity was a very great detriment to him4 ,indeed1 the end of the second week showed a marked falling off in the number of persons present at the nightly meetings4 ,then the sinews of war began to fail4 ,the weekly wage of the great revivalist could not be raised1 though he thrice sent back 8the best workers0 in all the congregations to make additional efforts to raise the stipulated sum4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,notext did not tarry very much longer in ,frogtown4 ,he had barely turned his back upon the little town before every trace of the 8great tidal wave of the revival0 7as the journals called it7 had disappeared4 ,the youthful converts had gone back to their peg tops1 their kites1 and their china alleys1 and ,alderman ,charley ,biggs was again taking his whiskey-toddies in the time-honored way4 ,,the ,,president',s ,,message4 ,the ,president's message1 so far as it deals with the school question and the taxation of church property1 is the sequel to the speech which he delivered at ,des ,moines4 ,the article on that oration which appeared in our last number was1 to some extent1 an exposition of our views on the school question4 ,we are sure that those views1 when carefully examined1 will be found to contain the only solution in harmony with the spirit of free institutions4 ,we are willing to submit to the fairness of our fellow-citizens1 and to wait until time and thought have matured their judgment on the following questions3 #a4 ,who has a right to direct the education of children--their parents or the government8 #b4 ,whether1 in a republic whose form of government depends more than any other upon the virtue of its citizens1 it is better to have moral instruction given in abundance1 or to have this species of instruction restricted to the narrowest limits8 #c4 ,whether it is the design of a free government to legislate for all1 or whether public institutions--the common schools1 for instance--are to be directed only for the benefit of certain classes8 #d4 ,whether moneys raised by taxation for the common good should not be so applied as to satisfy the conscientious demands of all citizens8 #e4 ,whether taxation otherwise directed than for the good of all is not a violation of the maxim1 8,taxation without representation is tyranny08 #f4 ,whether ,catholics have or have not shown zeal for education1 both primary and scientific8 #g4 ,whether they have or have not shed their blood in defence of the nation1 or furnished any of its great leaders in peace and war8 #h4 ,whether any instance can be shown in which they have entered or inhabited any country on equal terms with ,protestants and infidels1 and have abused their power to hamper or persecute their fellow-citizens8 #i4 ,whether1 in paying their taxes and supporting their own schools to the best of their power1 peacefully discussing the question of public welfare and their own rights1 ,catholics are acting as loyal citizens or as factious disturbers of good-will and kindly feeling among neighbors8 #aj4 ,finally1 whether1 in consideration of the foregoing1 our views are not entitled to respectful consideration8 ,we have no doubt whatever that when the thoughtful and just men of our day and race have duly pondered upon these subjects1 we shall fully agree with their deliberate reply4 ,at no time in the history of our country will it be found that ,catholics have introduced religion into the arena of political discussion1 and any attempt to do so will meet with failure4 ,in this they are in perfect accord with the principles underlying our institutions and the genuine spirit of this country4 ,if1 at this moment1 the rancor of ancient bigotry and fanaticism or modern hatred of ,christianity has attempted to awaken a political conflict on religious grounds1 while it refuses to admit a calm consideration of ,catholic claims1 we appeal from ,philip drunk to ,philip sober4 ,in the meantime1 we shall assume1 that there are those who wish to hear more with regard to our principles and convictions4 ,we shall endeavor to remove all obscurity on the questions now under discussion1 and to reply to whatever reasonable objections may be made against our principles4 ,with regard to the taxation of church property1 we await the action of the political world4 ,some politicians1 whose 8vaulting ambition0 is of that kind which 8o'erleaps itself10 would introduce this question into political discussion in order to draw off the attention of the ,american people from the real1 present issues in their politics4 ,we ask for no innovations2 but if such be made1 let there be no discrimination4 ,we stand before the law as do all other religious denominations4 8,let us have peace0 were the memorable words spoken at a memorable time by a man who to a large extent held the future of this country in his hands4 ,those words held1 and hold still1 the germs of the wisest policy4 ,we repeat them now1 and add1 if we cannot have peace1 let us at least have fair play4 ,if the projectors and advocates of this innovation suppose that1 in the event of its being carried out1 they will thereby worst the ,catholic ,church1 their action in the end will be found to resemble that of the man who cut off his nose to spite his neighbor4 ,since these words were written1 four letters have appeared in the ,new ,york ,times under the heading1 8,should ,church ,property be ,taxed80 and over the signature of ,george ,h4 ,andrews4 ,the writer is not a ,catholic4 ,his clear1 concise reasons against the taxation of church property1 as recommended by the ,president in his message1 will have the more weight with non-,catholic readers on that account4 ,it is singular1 yet natural1 to see how his argument strengthens our own position on the question in a number of ways1 particularly as regards the suicidal policy of many who1 through hatred or fear of the ,catholic ,church1 may be induced to commit themselves to a measure which would prove an irreparable mischief to their own church or churches4 ,passing by the many able and suggestive points in ,mr4 ,andrews' letters1 we take just such as more immediately bear on the thoughts thrown out by ourselves4 ,by the census of #ahgj the value of all kinds of church property in the ,united ,states belonging to the leading denominations was placed as follows3 ,methodist1 #fi1hed1aba ,roman ,catholic1 #fj1ice1eef ,presbyterian1 #ec1bfe1bef ,baptist1 #da1fjh1aih ,episcopalian1 #cf1ead1edi ,congregational1 #be1jfi1fih ,reformed1 #af1acd1dgj ,lutheran1 #ad1iag1gdg ,unitarian1 #f1bhb1fge ,universalist1 #e1fib1cbe ,others1 #bd1jjj1jjj ------------- #ced1cbd1eie 8,from these it appears10 says ,mr4 ,andrews1 8that the relative proportion of each denomination to the whole is substantially as follows3 8,methodist1 one-fifth of the aggregate2 ,roman ,catholic1 one-sixth of the aggregate2 ,presbyterian1 one-seventh of the aggregate2 ,baptist1 one-ninth of the aggregate2 ,episcopalian1 one-tenth of the aggregate2 ,congregational1 one-fourteenth of the aggregate2 ,reformed1 one-twenty-second of the aggregate2 ,lutheran1 one-twenty-third of the aggregate2 ,unitarian1 one-fifty-ninth of the aggregate2 ,universalist1 one-sixtieth of the aggregate40 ,and here is the case in a nutshell3 8,to me it seems obvious10 comments ,mr4 ,andrews1 on reviewing his figures1 8that the expectation is that those who belong or are allied to other sects will1 from dislike to or fear of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 impose a burden upon it1 even if in doing so they are obliged to assume an equal burden themselves2 or1 in other words1 that the owners of #bid1jjj1jjj of church property will subject it to taxation in order to impose a similar tax upon the owners of #fj1jjj1jjj of church property4 ,so that the adherents of every other sect1 at variance among themselves about sundry matters of doctrine and practice1 essential and non-essential1 can be brought to act in concert1 and to give effect to a common spirit of hostility to ,roman ,catholic doctrine1 to ,roman ,catholic exclusiveness1 ,roman ,catholic aggression1 and ,roman ,catholic influence1 by placing a tax upon ,roman ,catholic ,church property--in effect1 arousing a spirit of persecution1 qualified by the condition imposed by the ,constitution1 that the would-be persecutor must share in the penalty he may succeed in imposing upon the object of his dislike40 ,which is precisely what we have characterized as 8cutting off one's nose to spite a neighbor40 ,may we presume to ask whether the taxation of church property will reduce the expenses of the general government1 render its officials more honest1 and purify our legislative halls8 ,these are the duties of the hour4 ,here are the issues of our politics4 ,but a profound silence regarding them reigns in the official utterance4 ,are the projectors of the new policy afraid to face them8 ,does their conscience make cowards of them8 ,or is it that they are playing the part of the cuttle-fish8 ,up to this period the state and all religious denominations have advanced peaceably to prosperity1 and there have been no real grounds of complaint on any side4 ,at least we have heard of none publicly4 ,what1 then1 has brought about this sudden change8 ,who has called for it8 ,why should it be sprung upon us at this moment8 ,no danger threatens from this quarter4 ,there is not visible on our political horizon even the 8cloud no bigger than a man's hand40 ,catholics1 when only a handful1 never dreamed of objecting to the exemption from taxation of the property of other religious denominations1 or to the aid which their benevolent institutions received4 ,can it be the rapid development of ,catholicity here which has prompted the proposed innovation8 ,are these exemptions1 which have been handed down from the time of our fathers1 to be altered because ,catholicity has had her share in the common progress8 ,let truth and error grapple on a fair and open field4 ,is there fear that truth will be worsted in the struggle8 ,if the exemption of church property from taxation be so great an evil and danger to the country1 those whom ,americans generally are content to regard as their great statesmen must have been very short-sighted men after all to pass by1 one after another1 so glaring an evil4 ,for the growth of church property is not a thing of to-day4 ,in his message the ,president says that he believes that 8in #ahej the church property of the ,united ,states which paid no tax1 municipal or ,state1 amounted to about eighty-three million dollars4 ,in #ahfj the amount had doubled4 ,in #ahge it is about one thousand million dollars40 ,mr4 ,andrews questions the estimate for #ahge on the ground that it is too high4 ,but let that pass4 ,the following table1 given by ,mr4 ,andrews1 shows the increase in value1 according to the census1 of the property of the ten principal churches for the last twenty years3 #ahej #ahfj #ahgj ,methodist1 #ad1hbe1fgj #cc1fhc1cga #fi1hed1aba ,roman ,catholic1 #i1bef1gec #bf1gdd1aai #fj1ihe1eef ,presbyterian1 #ad1edc1ghj #bd1bbg1cei #ec1bfe1bef ,baptist1 #aa1fbj1hee #ai1ghi1cgh #da1fjh1aih ,episcopalian1 #aa1cge1faj #ba1ffe1fih #cf1ead1edi ,congregational1 #h1jja1iie #ac1cbg1eaa #be1jfi1fih ,reformed1 #d1aaf1bhj #d1dec1hbj #af1acd1dgj ,lutheran1 #b1iji1gaa #e1che1agi #ad1iag1gdg ,unitarian1 #c1bhj1hbb #d1cch1caf #f1bhb1fge ,universalist1 #a1gah1caf #b1hef1jie #e1fib1cbe ------------- ------------- ------------- #ha1fdi1gig #aef1dgj1hdf #ccj1cbd1eie ,the gradation1 it will be seen1 has been pretty steady1 and is comparatively no more marked in #ahgj than it was in #ahfj1 or than it was1 probably1 in #ahej4 ,in that year1 however1 the ,catholics were led by four religious bodies1 and almost equalled by one4 ,ten years later they stood second1 and after another ten years second still4 ,surrounded as they are by jealous foes1 they offer fair game1 therefore1 to men in search of political prey4 ,all was right so long as the others reaped an advantage over ,catholics2 but the moment there appears any prospect of ,catholics reaping an advantage equally with the rest1 the cry is3 ,the country is in danger1 and can only be saved by taxing church property4 ,who so blind as not to see through this flimsy pretext8 ,not ,mr4 ,andrews certainly1 and no words of ours could be more forcible than his4 8,discarding all circumlocution10 he writes1 8it is as well to get down at once to the bottom fact1 which is that whatever euphemistic phrases may be resorted to1 a desire to obstruct the growth and circumscribe the influence of the ,roman ,catholic ,church gives whatever vitality it may possess to the proposition to tax church property40 ,but supposing this change to be made1 is it to be imagined for a moment that the progress of the church will be stopped by it8 ,that is futile4 ,if1 though so few in numbers and at a great disadvantage1 the church was able to raise herself to her present position2 if1 when the exemptions were all in favor of other denominations1 ,catholics were able to make so great a progress1 is it to be supposed that by these changes1 and by placing other denominations on an equality with ,catholics1 the advancement of the ,catholic ,church is to be retarded8 ,we have been trained in the stern school of poverty4 ,we are accustomed to sacrifice4 ,our clergy do not receive high salaries4 ,the personal expenses of his ,eminence the ,cardinal-,archbishop are much less than those of many a clerical family in ,new ,york ,city4 ,wherever we have arms to work with1 the church of ,god shall not lack all that is necessary to give it dignity1 even if we have to pay taxes for it besides4 ,in ,ireland the priests and people have shared their crust in the midst of the famine1 and in fear of death1 until within a few years4 ,in ,germany we are now about to part with our property1 under the wicked injustice of the state1 rather than submit to its interference in the affairs of conscience4 ,is any person foolish enough to imagine that a few dollars1 more or less1 of taxation is going to dishearten or frighten us8 ,if you want to make our people more liberal1 if you want to see grand ,catholic churches and the cross overtopping roof and spire in every city1 just put us on our mettle4 ,persecution is our legacy4 ,martyrdom is our life4 ,the cross on our brows is no empty symbol4 ,these are our feelings4 ,we have no alarm whatever4 ,these proposed innovations are only the entrance of a wedge that1 driven home1 will disturb the foundations of our government2 will create religious strife1 and blast the hopes of freedom1 not only in this country1 but all the world over4 ,they count1 however1 without their host who think that the ,american people are prepared to enter on such a career2 and the politicians who hope to ride into power by awakening the spirit of fanaticism and religious bigotry among us1 if their names be held in memory at all1 will at no remote period be pointed out with the finger of scorn and contumely as the disturbers of that peace and harmony which ought always to reign in a just people1 and which it is the true policy of all government and the duty of all citizens to foster and maintain4 ,we say nothing at the present regarding the unconstitutionality of these proposed innovations1 and of the secret banding together of men to carry them out4 ,a ,,night ,,at ,,the ,,grande ,,chartreuse4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,saint-,,genest4 ,it is near midnight4 ,i am alone in my cell1 awaiting the mysterious guide who brought me hither1 and who will return to call me for the office of ,matins4 ,i listen to every sound1 seeking to understand its language4 ,during the first hour ,i still heard steps from time to time in the distance2 then ,i half opened my door and looked outside4 ,at the end of the cloister a white figure appeared1 carrying a small light in its hand4 ,it approached at a slow pace1 stopped near a pillar1 and disappeared under the arches4 ,sometimes ,i have seen other shadows pass along1 and have heard a few low-spoken words1 ''' bells which answered each other2 then1 little by little1 everything is extinguished and silent4''' ,there is not another sound1 another breath2 ''' but still ,i listen1 and cannot cease to listen4 ,is it indeed myself who am in this monastery8 ,was ,i1 only to-day1 yet in the midst of the living8 ,can one single day comprise so many things8 ,this which is just ending has been so full1 so strange1 that ,i cannot well recount all that has happened in it4 ,and yet it was but this morning that ,i was at ,aix1 in the midst of light and noise and gayety4''' ,the children were gambolling around me6 ,all at once some one said3 8,suppose we go to the ,grande ,chartreuse60 ,it was said just as one would say anything else4 ,we set out1 as if for an ordinary excursion1 a party of pleasure4 ,mme4 ,b---- had provisions in readiness1 which were increased by the additions of other members of the party1 and we start in the midst of lively speeches and merriment4 ,so long as we proceed along the valley this is all very well4 ,the road rises and descends1 running through the vineyards1 skirting the rocks1 while the warm breath of the south gently moves the surrounding verdure4 ,then1 after piercing the flank of the mountain1 it slopes down toward the plains of ,dauphine1 discovering a horizon all bathed in light4 ,it is after passing ,saint ,laurent1 at the foot of the ,desert1 and in perceiving the entrance of the gorge1 that one begins to understand something more2 ''' it is then that jesting is silenced and gayety grows grave4 ,then1 on arriving at the ,guiers-,mort1 we become altogether dumb4 ,already we had ceased to laugh2 we now ceased to speak1 but regarded with a sort of stupefaction this road without issue1 which seemed to end in chaos4 ,the mountains rose defiantly before us1 overlapping and mingling with each other1 and here and there barring the way with huge masses of precipitous rock2 the gigantic trees seem to rise to the clouds1 and torrents from unknown heights fall as if from heaven1 while the rocks crowd upon1 before1 around1 and seem to say1 8,no farther shall you go40 ,as we come to a turn1 it seems as if all progress were indeed at an end2 two immense blocks fallen across each other completely close the horizon4''' ,we approach them1 however1 and it opens again1 the rocks forming a sort of ,titanic vaulted roof overhead1 and falling again in the form of three bridges1 one above the other1 the horses continuing to climb a road which the eye cannot take in4 ,and whilst one is lost in these abysses1 what a perfect dream of splendor begins to break overhead6 ,meadows of the most exquisite green seem as if suspended far above us1 silvery rocks jutting out from among their black firs1 gigantic oaks grasping the heights of the precipices1 their crowns of verdure glittering in the wind4''' ,it is a fantastic apparition4 ,one has visions in one's childhood of unknown regions1 of enchanted forests guarded by genii1 but one never thought to contemplate these marvels in reality4 ,then1 all at once1 the mountains separate1 the torrents disappear1 and in the midst of a gorge rise battlements and spires4''' ,it is the monastery4 ,there it stands1 guarded by these lofty sentinels1 in this sombre amphitheatre1 which would be desolation itself if ,god had not scattered there all the magical beauties of his creation4 ,there is not a village1 not a cottage1 not a wayfarer--nothing2 there is ,la ,chartreuse4 ,no solitude can be compared to that6 ,on the summit of ,st4 ,bernard and of the ,simplon monasteries destined for the relief of travellers present themselves to the passage of the nations4 ,in the sandy deserts the most isolated convents find themselves in the road of the caravans2 but here this road conducts to nothing--it is a silent gorge2 it is the ,valley of ,contemplation2 it is the greatest solitude that one can imagine4 ,and when from those heights one has seen the gradual approach of night2 seen these masses of rock and of verdure enfolded in the vast shadows2 and1 at the summons of the monastery bell1 has seen the last of the white robes descend from the mountain1 he feels that it is one of those moments in a life which will never be forgotten4 ,then1 after having stayed awhile to contemplate this scene1 ,i rose and came to knock at this door1 which has been to so many others as the gate of the tomb4''' ,a ,carthusian monk brought me to my cell1 went his way in silence1 and since then ,i have been left to my reflections4 ,there are1 then1 men who in the morning were in their homes1 in the midst of their friends1 in life1 and stir1 and the noise of the outer world4''' ,they have climbed this mountain1 they have sought this ,desert1 have knocked at this gate2 it has closed upon them1 ''' and for ever4 ,they have1 as ,i1 sat down at this table2 they have gazed at the walls of their cell1 and have said to themselves3 8,behold henceforth my horizon40 ,then they have heard the sound of these bells1 the echo of these litanies1 and they have said to themselves3 8,we shall henceforth hear no other voice40 ,you see1 one reads these things in the works of poets1 one sees them represented in the drama2 but one must find one's self actually in a real cell1 and one must sleep there1 to conceive anything of the reality of a monastic life4 ,to awake here in the morning2 to rise and eat1 alone1 the food which comes to you through a little wicket1 like that of a prisoner2 to meet1 when one traverses the cloister1 other shadows who salute you in silence2 to go from the church to the cell1 from the cell to the church1 and to say to one's self that it is always and always to be the same6 ,always6''' ,all through life2 or rather1 there is no more life1 no more space1 no more time4 ,it is the beginning of eternity4 ,one is on the threshold of the infinite1 and it seems as if all this nature had only been created to give these men a beginning of eternal repose4 ,always alone6 ,the thought crushes one4 ,no more to receive anything from without2 to nourish one's self with spiritualities alone2 to meditate1 contemplate1 and pray4 ,to pray always3 ''' to pray for those who never pray themselves2 to pray for those who have shattered your life1 and who1 may be1 have led you hither2 ''' to pray for those who have despoiled your monastery and outraged your habit--even for the impious ones who come to insult you in your very hospitality6 ,and for all this one thing alone suffices3 faith4 ,a bell has rung2 it is the hour of ,matins4 ,some one knocks at my door4 ,i open1 and they conduct me to the little stall reserved for travellers4 ,at first the obscurity is so great that it is difficult to distinguish anything4 ,the church is empty1 and none of the tapers are lighted4 ,then a door opens in the distance1 and the monks enter in procession1 each holding a long dark-lantern1 of which the slanting gleams dimly lessen the darkness of the chapel4 ,they repair to their stalls1 and the ,office begins4 ,it consists principally of a monotonous psalmody of an implacable rhythm1 of which one scarcely perceives the first murmurs1 and which seems as if it would never end4 ,i gaze at these tall white figures1 these motionless heads4''' ,what has been the drama of life to each one8 ,what changes1 without and within1 have led them there8 ,what have they suffered8 ,and do they suffer still8 ,what has the rule of their order done for them8--and still the psalmody goes on4 ,at times they rise1 uttering what seems to be a sort of lamentation2 then they fall prostrate1 with their arms stretched out before them2 all the lights disappear2 there is nothing but darkness and silence2 it seems as if man himself were extinguished4 ,after which the lights reappear1 the psalmody recommences1 and thus it continues4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when the rising sun shone upon the summits of the rocks1 ,i rose from my pallet1 exclaiming3 8,the light at last6 ,hail to the light60 ,i open my window and look out4''' ,there is no other place like this2 such as it was in the night1 such is it in the day4 ,in vain may the sun mount above the horizon to bring warmth into this gorge--the monastery remains cold and1 as it were1 insensible2 in vain his rays dart upon the walls1 glitter on the spires1 and set the rocks on fire4''' ,there are living men1 but one does not see them1 one does not hear them2 only a wagon drawn by oxen crosses the meadow1 followed by a monk1 and some beggars are approaching the monastery gate4 ,then1 without guide or direction1 ,i plunge into the forest in search of the ,chapel of ,s4 ,bruno4 ,this forest is of incomparable beauty2 neither ,switzerland nor the ,pyrenees contain anything like it4 ,prodigious trees rise to an immense height1 wrapping their gigantic roots about the rocks4 ,in the midst of the waters which murmur on every side unknown vegetations luxuriate1 sheltering at their feet a world of ferns1 tall grass1 and mosses1 every dewy feather and spray being hung1 as it were1 with precious stones1 upon which the sun darts here and there rays of gold and touches of fire4 ,there is here a wild enchantment which neither pen nor pencil ever can depict2 and in the midst of these marvels rises1 from a rock1 the ,chapel of ,s4 ,bruno4 ,there it was that the visions appeared to him1 and there he caused a spring of water to flow forth2 but to me the most wonderful of all the miracles of his legend was that of his getting there at all--the fact of his reaching the foot of this desert1 hatchet in hand1 cutting down the trees which barred his entrance1 wrestling with wild animals1 the masters of this forest1 and having no other pathway than the torrent's bed2 ever mounting upwards1 in spite of the streams1 in spite of the rocks1 in spite of everything2 never finding himself lost enough1 but ever struggling higher and higher still4 ,the miracle is1 too1 that of his having fixed himself at last upon that spot1 and to have called companions around him1 who constructed each his little hermitage about his own2 that of having1 in ,god's name1 taken possession of these inaccessible mountains1 all of which are surmounted by a cross1 and to have founded an order which spread itself over the whole ,christian world1 and which is still existing4 ,but the hour of departure has arrived4 ,at the moment of quitting this solitude we again reflect4 ,france and ,italy lie spread out beneath our feet2 ''' that is to say1 passions1 hatred1 strife4''' ,why should we descend again8 ,why resume the burden of ambitions1 rivalries1 the harness of social conventionalities8 ,to what purpose is it1 since the end at last must come alike to all8 ,we look around1 we reflect1 and then1 after having well meditated1 we all descend4 ,at the foot of the desert we find again huts1 then cottages1 by and by a village4 ,with movement and life we find our speech again1 and with speech discussion4 ,overwhelmed until then by the wild beauty of all around us and by the majesty of its silence1 the sceptics only now recommence the criticisms which were cut short the evening before3 8,what services do these monks render to mankind8 ,to what purpose do they bury themselves upon those heights1 when there is so much to be done below80 ,i answer nothing4 ,these are difficult questions4 ,later we shall know which has chosen the better part1 those who act or those who pray2 only ,i remember that whilst thirty thousand ,israelites were fighting in the plain1 ,moses1 alone on the mountain1 with his arms stretched out towards heaven1 implored the ,god of armies4 ,when his arms fell through weariness1 the ,amalekites prevailed2 and when he raised them1 ,israel was victorious2 and seeing this1 he caused his arms to be supported1 until the enemies of ,israel were overcome4 ,while we are debating we cross ,saint ,laurent1 ,les ,echelles1 and the ,valley du ,guiers4 ,here is ,chambry en fte1 with its flags1 its concourse of francs-tireurs1 and bands of music2 but although we have returned to outer life1 we have brought away with us something of the solitude we have left1 where it seems as if the earth ended4 ,believe me1 reader1 and do not forget my words when you visit these lands4 ,the sight of ,la ,grande ,chartreuse is one of the most powerful emotions here below4 ,to whatever religion you may belong1 if your soul can be moved by the thought of the life to come1 you will preserve an imperishable remembrance of a night spent in this monastery1 and will feel that you are not altogether the same man that you were when you entered its walls4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,les ,,etats-,,unis ,,contemporains1 ,,ou ,,les ,m,,urs1 ,,les ,,institutions ,,et ,,les ,,idees ,,depuis ,,la ,,guerre ,,de ,,la ,,secession4 ,par ,claudio ,jannet4 ,ouvrage prcd d'une ,lettre de ,m4 ,le ,play4 ,paris3 ,e4 ,plon4 #ahgf4 ,the author of this volume has read carefully and seriously a large number of works1 by different ,american1 ,french1 and ,english writers1 devoted to an explanation of the institutions of the ,united ,states1 and to the history and social condition of the country4 ,he shows also a remarkable acquaintance with the magazines and newspapers of the ,united ,states1 so far as they bear on the subjects of which he treats4 ,his book1 indeed1 must have cost him years of assiduous labor4 ,m4 ,jannet gives a just and impartial exposition of the laws and political principles of our country1 as also of its present social condition4 ,rarely1 if ever1 has a foreigner displayed so conscientious a study of all that goes to make up ,american civilization4 ,he professes to have entered upon his study and his work without any preconceived theory--a profession not unusual with authors1 and for the most part1 probably1 honestly made4 ,it is one thing1 however1 to profess1 another thing to adhere to the profession4 ,were it possible for authors to adhere strictly to the profession made by ,m4 ,jannet1 literature and all of which it treats would certainly not suffer therefrom3 ,but he who imagines he has attained to so just and fair a position is the least free from illusion4 ,the position is simply unattainable1 and ,m4 ,jannet is scarcely to be blamed if he has not quite reached his ideal4 ,two classes of authors have written about the ,united ,states4 ,the one sees almost everything in couleur de rose1 the other in a sombre hue4 ,m4 ,jannet belongs to the latter class4 ,throughout his volume he fastens upon every symptom that threatens the existence or the welfare of the republic4 ,as an enumeration of these symptoms it is exact1 and its perusal would do no harm to our spread-eagle orators4 ,m4 ,jannet has evidently aimed at counterbalancing the influence of writers1 ,french writers particularly1 who have exaggerated the good side of ,american political society4 ,he seems fearful lest their tone of thought should have too great a preponderance in ,france1 and influence its present transition-state too powerfully in the direction of the ,united ,states4 ,whether or not this was called for is not a question for us to consider4 ,the book1 regarded as an impartial exposition of the present condition of the ,united ,states1 resembles the picture of an artist1 the background of which is painted with a ,preraphaelite exactness1 while the foreground is left unfinished1 and the whole work1 consequently1 incomplete4 ,had the obvious purpose of the book been proclaimed at the beginning1 we should have read it with a more favorable eye4 ,in his last chapter1 however1 ,m4 ,jannet holds out some hope for the future of the ,american ,republic4 ,in our present commercial depression1 in the recent success of the ,democratic party1 in the number of families who have preserved the primitive virtues and customs of our forefathers1 and in the progress of ,catholicity he sees a ground for this hope1 and concludes his work by saying3 8,men are everywhere prosperous or unfortunate1 according as they observe or despise the divine law4 ,all their free will consists in choosing between these two terms of the problem of life1 and all the efforts of the spirit of innovation only break against1 without ever being able to destroy1 the eternal bounds set by ,god to the ambitious feebleness of the creature4 ,therein lies the lesson that the young republic of the ,new ,world sends from beyond the ocean and across the mirage of its rapid prosperity to the old nations of ,europe1 too inclined to believe in the sophisms of the great modern error1 and to mistrust their own traditions40 ,m4 ,jannet's work is worthy of a more extended notice1 which will be given it at a later date4 ,the book may be ordered directly from the publisher in ,france4 ,,the ,,public ,,life ,,of ,,our ,,lord4 ,,ii4 ,preaching of the ,beatitudes4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,coleridge1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is a new volume in the series which is intended1 when complete1 to include the entire life of ,jesus ,christ4 ,we have already commended the preceding volume1 and can only1 at present1 renew the expression of our concurrence in the unanimous verdict of competent judges1 which awards a very high meed of praise to ,father ,coleridge's work1 so far as it is as yet given to the public4 ,it is likely to become extensive when fully completed1 since the present volume is filled up with the author's introductory remarks on the missionary life of ,our ,lord1 and the exposition of one portion of the ,sermon on the ,mount--to wit1 the ,beatitudes4 ,it is a work which is1 strictly speaking1 sui generis in our language1 and indeed in all modern literature1 and one hard to describe in such a way as to give an accurate notion of its quality and scope to a person who has not read some portion of its contents4 ,the author has drawn from the most various and from the purest sources1 and has himself meditated in a very attentive and minute manner upon the rich materials furnished him by the sacred lore of his studies4 ,he proceeds leisurely1 quietly1 carefully1 like the patient illuminator of a manuscript text1 filling his pages with large and small figures1 all elaborately finished4 ,the present volume gives us a sketch of ,galilee1 the scene of the preaching and miracles of our divine ,redeemer during his first year of public ministry1 which makes at once the idea of that ministry1 of its extraordinary laboriousness1 its extent1 and the multitude of wonderful works comprehended within its brief period1 ten times more vivid than it can be made by a mere perusal of the ,gospel narrative4 ,in this respect it is especially interesting and instructive for those who are themselves engaged in missionary labors4 ,we have a picture placed before our minds of the real nature of ,our ,lord's public life and ministry1 and grouped around it are other pictures1 as illustrations1 from the lives of the great missionary saints4 ,when the author approaches to his principal theme in this volume--the ,sermon on the ,mount--he makes the whole scene and all its circumstances appear before us like a fine dioramic view4 ,he is not1 however1 of that meretricious school to which ,renan and ,beecher have given a false and momentary clat1 as unworthy of the divine subject as the homage of another class of witnesses on whom ,our ,lord frequently imposed silence4 ,the poetic1 literary1 and picturesque charms of ,father ,coleridge's style are subservient to his theological1 doctrinal1 and moral exposition of sacred truths4 ,it is the pure doctrine of the ,scriptures1 and of the fathers1 doctors1 and saints of the church1 which we are invited and allured to drink from the ornamented chalice4 ,,the ,,holy ,,ways ,,of ,,the ,,cross2 ,,or1 ,a ,,short ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,various ,,trials ,,and ,,afflictions1 ,,interior ,,and ,,exterior1 ,,to ,,which ,,the ,,spiritual ,,life ,,is ,,subject1 ,,and ,,the ,,means ,,of ,,making ,a ,,good ,,use ,,thereof4 ,translated from the ,french of ,henri-,marie ,boudon1 ,archdeacon of ,evreux4 ,by ,edward ,healy ,thompson1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,whoever1 after reading the title of this book1 thinks that a treatise of this kind would be useful and helpful1 and wishes to find such a book as may really do the service promised by the title1 will probably be satisfied with the book itself4 ,it is standard and approved1 and has been well translated by ,mr4 ,thompson1 whose preface contains some excellent and timely remarks of his own4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,s4 ,,peter4 ,by ,w4 ,d4 ,s4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this little book purports to be a simple sketch of the life of the ,prince of the ,apostles4 ,it will serve to recall the principal events in his life1 and therefore will possess a certain amount of interest for ,catholic readers4 ,the binding1 type1 and paper are neat and elegant4 ,the object of the book is evidently pious1 and therefore we shrink from criticising it too minutely4 ,the style also is pleasing and readable4 ,it is to be regretted1 however1 that the author did not take a little more pains with his task4 ,it is a good thing to have plenty of books on ,catholic subjects2 and those who are gifted with power1 and who can command the leisure1 are1 to a certain extent1 bound to write4 ,but they are also bound to study consistency and order1 and1 in sending forth their productions1 to show a proper respect for those who are expected to buy them4 ,good-will does not excuse slovenliness1 and we heartily wish that 8,w4 ,d4 ,s40 had shown a deeper sense of this truth4 ,the fact that a book is small and easily read does not free the writer from a thorough analysis of his subject and employment of all sources of information regarding it4 ,the present work is serviceable as an introduction to a real treatise on the position and office of ,s4 ,peter4 ,it is nothing more2 and we are sorry that it is not4 ,,lehrbuch ,,des ,,katholischen ,,und ,,protestantischen ,,kirchenrechts4 ,von ,dr4 ,friedrich ,h4 ,vering4 ,herder1 ,freiburg4 #ahge4 ,a number of the most learned ,catholic theologians of ,germany have combined together to prepare a complete theological library4 ,the present volume on canon law makes the fifth thus far issued4 ,this library is one which will be very valuable to ,german priests or those who read ,german4 ,the names of ,hergenrther1 ,scheeben1 and other writers of similar rank who are contributors sufficiently guarantee its excellence4 ,,acta ,,et ,,decreta ,,concilii ,,vaticani4 ,collectio ,lacensis1 tom4 iii4 ,herder1 ,freiburg4 #ahge4 ,these and other publications of the ,herder publishing house are imported by the enterprising firm of the ,benzigers4 ,the first is a convenient and carefully edited text of the acts of the ,vatican ,council1 to which is appended a list of all the episcopal sees and prelatures called nullius in the entire ,catholic ,church4 ,the second is one portion of the magnificent collection of modern councils published at ,maria-,laach1 and contains the acts of ,british and ,north ,american councils held during the past century1 or1 to speak more precisely1 from #aghi to #ahfi4 ,,calderon',s ,,groesste ,,dramen ,,religioesen ,,inhalts4 ,uebersetzt von ,dr4 ,f4 ,lorinser4 #c;d vol4 ,herder1 ,freiburg4 #ahge4 ,we cannot speak from personal knowledge of the merit of this translation4 ,readers of ,german literature who cannot read ,calderon in the original will no doubt be pleased to find some of his great dramas in a ,german dress1 and be sufficiently interested in them to ascertain for themselves how far the great poet has been successfully reproduced4 ,,volksthuemliches ,,aus ,,schwaben4 ,von ,dr4 ,anton ,birlinger4 ,herder1 ,freiburg4 #ahfa4 ,we have here in two volumes a miscellaneous collection of every kind of folk-lore1 in prose and verse1 mostly very short pieces which must be very amusing for children and others who like to entertain themselves with curious odds and ends of this sort4 ,,the ,,sacrifice ,,of ,,the ,,eucharist1 ,,and ,,other ,,doctrines ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,,explained ,,and ,,vindicated4 ,by the ,rev4 ,charles ,b4 ,garside4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is a very thoughtful and learned treatise on the ,sacrifice of the ,mass1 and1 though not directly controversial1 it is a very lucid and satisfactory vindication of the ,catholic doctrine on the ,holy ,eucharist considered as a sacrifice4 ,the volume contains also essays on 8,definitions of the ,catholic faith1 ,existence of the church in relation to ,scripture1 ,tradition as a vehicle of ,christian doctrine1 ,the ,atonement and ,purgatory10 and other subjects1 all of them well written1 and some1 such as the one on 8,definitions of the ,catholic ,faith10 occupied with discussion of questions which are frequently talked of at the present1 and upon which it is important to have clear and accurate notions4 ,,the ,,persecutions ,,of ,,annam3 ,a ,history of ,christianity in ,cochin ,china and ,tonking4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,shortland1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,we read an account a few days since of four hundred ,catholic priests who four years ago were transported from ,poland to ,siberia by the ,russian government2 three hundred have died1 and the others can survive but a little while4 ,it was only a paragraph in a newspaper4 ,the martyrs die as of old1 and we scarcely hear of their sufferings4 ,the missionary work of the church1 too1 is almost forgotten by her children who are living at ease and in comfort2 and yet it is carried on in all quarters of the globe4 ,our brothers1 if we be worthy to call them by this name1 are toiling1 suffering1 dying for ,christ and the souls of men in far-off countries of which we seem not to care even to know anything4 ,here is a book1 most interesting and consoling1 full of edifying facts and heroic examples1 written clearly and simply4 ,it is a history of ,christianity in ,cochin ,china and ,tonking2 and as these two countries form the ,empire of ,annam1 and the history of the church is always one of persecution1 of triumph through suffering1 the book is entitled ,the ,persecutions of ,annam4 ,for centuries ,europeans have been excluded from this country1 into the interior of which the only strangers who have penetrated have been ,catholic missionaries1 and they have gone at the risk of their lives4 ,for two hundred and fifty years the apostles of the church have been laboring in ,annam1 and whoever will read this book will be struck with wonder at the work they have done and the sufferings they have endured4 ,never anywhere have there been more barbarous or cruel persecutions1 and never have they been borne with more heroic fortitude and simple trust in ,god4 ,and then what a wealth of instruction in the lives of these ,annamite converts6 ,from #afae down to our own day thousands and hundreds of thousands have received the faith1 and1 rather than forfeit it1 hundreds and thousands have endured every torment1 death itself4 ,their warm piety1 their intelligent faith1 their dauntless courage1 put us to shame4 ,the last persecution broke out in #aheh1 and raged until the ,christians were relieved by the arms of ,france1 in consequence of which a treaty of peace was signed in ,june1 #ahfb1 which was soon followed by a decree granting religious worship2 and we may hope that the soil which has drunk the blood of so many martyrs will yet become the vineyard of ,christ4 ,but we must refer our readers to the book itself1 and close this brief notice with the wish that some one of our ,catholic houses in this country may republish this most interesting chapter of ,catholic history4 ,,the ,,american ,,state ,,and ,,american ,,statesmen4 ,by ,william ,giles ,dix4 #a vol4 #abmo1 pp4 #aga4 ,boston3 ,estes ,lauriat4 #ahgf4 ,it is refreshing in these days to meet with a non-,catholic writer like ,mr4 ,dix1 who takes his stand on ,christianity and the law of ,christ as the foundation of all right law and government4 ,there is a class1 and a large class1 of patriots among us who seem1 unconsciously indeed1 to resent the idea that ,almighty ,god had anything at all to do with the growth and development of this country4 ,to this class of men ,mr4 ,dix's book will be a sharp reminder that there is a ,god above us who rules all things1 and that religion and governments did actually exist in the world at large--and in the ,new ,world1 for the matter of that--before the ,mayflower touched these shores4 ,the book deals with just what its title indicates3 the ,american state and ,american statesmen4 ,among the statesmen dealt with are ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,charles ,sumner1 and several of the historic names that have lent a lustre to ,congress4 ,but the larger and graver portion of the book deals with the constitution of the ,states in themselves and their relation to the ,states as a whole or nation4 ,mr4 ,dix is a strong and earnest advocate for his views2 but his views in the present matter are almost diametrically opposed to the general feeling of ,americans4 8,are the ,united ,states a nation80 he boldly asks in the final chapter of the book1 and his answer is 8yes0 and 8no40 ,in a word1 he is strongly in favor of the centralization of sovereignty as opposed to the local independence of ,states4 ,as long as federalism exists1 says ,mr4 ,dix1 practically1 so long is the nation exposed to disorder and a renewal of the civil war4 ,so important a question1 it is needless to remark1 is scarcely to be settled in a book-notice2 is1 indeed1 beyond books altogether4 ,it is a growth4 ,the country and government alike are a growth1 and a growth that will not be forced4 ,they are just entering on the hundredth year of a life that has been seriously threatened1 and1 notwithstanding the theatrical thunder which is being heard just now of politicians resolved to make 8a hit10 we cannot but look to the development of this growth with hope and confidence4 ,at the same time1 it is the part of all who are concerned to guard that growth well1 to see that no weeds spring up around it1 to let in light and air and freedom1 and to keep off all noxious influences that would threaten the life of the parent stem4 ,in the desire to do this1 such chapters as 8,christianity the ,inspirer of ,nations10 8,materialism the ,curse of ,america10 and 8,america a ,christian ,power10 which seem to us the strongest chapters in ,mr4 ,dix's book1 will be found full of eloquent suggestion and sound1 even solemn1 advice4 ,the book1 as a whole1 will be found a very interesting one4 ,the writer is a bold man1 who certainly has the courage of his convictions1 which he never hesitates to express openly4 ,the book overruns with apt illustration and an extraordinary eloquence4 ,indeed1 there is a fault in parts of too great eloquence1 compensated for over and over again by passages full of terseness1 purity1 and strength4 ,,personal ,,reminiscences ,,by ,,constable ,,and ,,gillies4 7,bric--,brac ,series47 ,edited by ,richard ,henry ,stoddard4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgf4 ,this volume completes the first ,bric--,brac ,series4 ,the publishers announce an extensive sale--proof only of its being suited to certain literary tastes4 ,we have not been able to pronounce a very favorable opinion upon the merits of the series4 ,in turning over the leaves of a college sheet the other day1 we came upon an extract from the letter of a young lady at one of our fashionable seminaries1 in which1 counselling her sisters to high resolves and noble aims1 she says3 8,instead of getting a new hat this term1 let us buy a ,bric--,brac40 ,we think this is good evidence of the value of these volumes as literary works4 ,they are admirably suited for boarding-school misses4 ,but what the authors and scholars who are gossiped about would say at being brought down to this level is another question4 ,on the whole1 we would advise this young lady to buy a new hat instead4 ,the hat will serve a useful if not a very exalted purpose in covering her head2 the 8,bric--,brac0 will fill it with frivolous and untrustworthy chit-chat4 ,this volume treats1 under distinct heads1 of forty-six persons--including a majority of the poets1 novelists1 historians1 linguistic scholars1 and essayists of ,scotland at the beginning of this century1 with a sprinkling of ,english and ,german savants1 including ,goethe--in a little over three hundred small duodecimo pages4 ,that is to say1 it gives an average of seven pages to each author4 ,these seven pages are devoted almost exclusively in each instance to trivial personal anecdotes4 ,from this simple inventory1 therefore1 it will be easy to form an accurate notion of what the young lady gains mentally as an equivalent for the loss of her new hat4 ,considerable space is given1 however1 to one or two worthies4 ,of these1 ,william ,godwin1 the revolutionary propagandist1 holds the first place1 and with him incidentally his first wife1 ,mary ,wollstonecraft1 the author of the ,vindication of the ,rights of ,woman4 ,this precious pair are handled with great tenderness and unction4 ,the rest of the volume is made up chiefly of reminiscences of the small literary stars who twinkled round ,sir ,walter ,scott in ,edinburgh at the beginning of the century1 and stole something from the reflection of his brightness1 but who are now for the most part forgotten4 ,,in ,,doors ,,and ,,out2 ,,or1 ,,views ,,from ,,the ,,chimney ,,corner4 ,by ,oliver ,optic4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahgf4 ,excellent stories1 all of which might have been drawn from actual life1 are to be found in this volume4 ,like all of ,oliver ,optic's books1 it may be safely placed in the hands of young people4 ,some of the sketches1 such as 8,good-for-,nothings10 might be read with as much profit as amusement by grown-up persons1 especially those who are continually complaining about servant-girls4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxii41 ,no4 #acb4--,,march1 #ahgf4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a ,,sequel ,,of ,,the ,,gladstone ,,controversy4 ,,ii ,one of the most mischievous prejudices of our day is the popular theory that the cure for all evils is to be sought in the intellectual education of the masses4 ,those nations1 we are told by every declaimer1 in which the education of the people is most universal1 are the most moral1 the richest1 the strongest1 the freest1 and their prosperity rests upon the most solid and lasting foundation4 ,make ignorance a crime1 teach all to read and write1 and war will smooth its rugged front1 armies will be disbanded1 crime will disappear1 and mankind will have found the secret of uninterrupted progress1 the final outcome of which will surpass even our fondest dreams4 ,this fallacy1 which has not even the merit of being plausible1 is1 of course1 made to do service in ,m4 de ,laveleye's pamphlet on the comparative bearing of ,protestantism and ,catholicism on the prosperity of nations4 8,it is now universally admitted10 he informs us 7p4 #bb71 8that the diffusion of enlightenment is the first condition of progress4''' ,the general spread of education is also indispensable to the exercise of constitutional liberty4''' ,in short1 education is the basis of national liberty and prosperity40 ,he then goes on to declare that in this matter of popular education ,protestant countries are far in advance of those that are ,catholic2 that this is necessarily so1 since 8the ,reformed religion rests on a book--the ,bible2 the ,protestant1 therefore1 must know how to read4 ,catholic worship1 on the contrary1 rests upon sacraments and certain practices--such as confession1 ,masses1 sermons--which do not necessarily involve reading4 ,it is1 therefore1 unnecessary to know how to read2 indeed1 it is dangerous1 for it inevitably shakes the principle of passive obedience on which the whole ,catholic edifice reposes3 reading is the road that leads to heresy40 ,we will first consider the theory1 and then take up the facts4 8,the diffusion of enlightenment is the first condition of progress4 ,education is indispensable to the exercise of constitutional liberty4 ,education is the basis of national liberty and prosperity40 ,enlightenment is1 of course1 of the mind1 and means the development1 more or less perfect1 of the intellectual faculties2 and education1 since it is here considered as synonymous with enlightenment1 must be taken in this narrow sense4 ,progress is material1 moral1 intellectual1 social1 political1 artistic1 religious1 scientific1 literary1 and indefinitely manifold4 ,now1 it is assumed that the diffusion of enlightenment is not merely promotive1 but that it is an essential condition of progress in its widest and fullest meaning4 ,this is the new faith--the goddess of culture1 holding the torch of science and leading mankind into the palace of pleasure1 the only true heaven4 ,by conduct1 we have already said1 both individuals and nations are saved or perish2 and we spoke of the civilized4 ,barbarous states are destroyed by catastrophes--they die a violent death2 but the civilized are wasted by internal maladies--suis et ipsa ,roma viribus ruit4 ,they grow and they decay1 they progress and they decline4 ,at first poverty1 virtue1 industry1 faith1 hopefulness1 strong characters and heroic natures2 at last wealth1 corruption1 indolence1 unbelief1 despair1 children too weak even to admire the strength of their fathers1 too base to believe that they were noble4 ,public spirit dies out2 patriotism is in the mouths of politicians1 but1 like the augurs of ,rome1 they cannot speak the word and look one another in the face4 ,the country is to each one what he can make out of it1 and the bond of union is the desire of each citizen to secure his own interests4 ,the bondholders love their country1 and the sans-culottes are disloyal2 class rises against class1 civil discord unsettles everything1 revolution succeeds revolution1 and when the barbarian comes he holds an inquest over the corpse4 ,it generally happens1 too1 that those civilizations which spring up quickest and promise most fair are fated to die earliest2 as precocious children disappoint fond mothers4 ,if the teaching of history is a trustworthy guide1 we are certainly safe in affirming that civilized states and empires perish1 not from lack of knowledge1 but of virtue2 not because the people are ignorant1 but because they are corrupt4 ,the assumption1 however1 is that men become immoral because they are ignorant2 that if they were enlightened1 they would be virtuous4 8,the superstition10 says ,herbert ,spencer 7,study of ,sociology1 p4 #aba71 8that good behavior is to be forthwith produced by lessons learned out of books1 which was long ago statistically disproved1 would1 but for preconceptions1 be utterly dissipated by observing to what a slight extent knowledge affects conduct2 by observing that the dishonesty implied in the adulterations of tradesmen and manufacturers1 in fraudulent bankruptcies1 in bubble-companies1 in #8cooking' of railway accounts and financial prospectuses1 differs only in form1 and not in amount1 from the dishonesty of the uneducated2 by observing how amazingly little the teachings given to medical students affect their lives1 and how even the most experienced medical men have their prudence scarcely at all increased by their information40 ,it is not knowledge1 but character1 that is important2 and character is formed more by faith1 by hope1 by love1 admiration1 enthusiasm1 reverence1 than by any patchwork of alphabetical and arithmetical symbols4 ,the young know but little2 but they believe firmly1 they hope nobly1 and love generously2 and it is while knowledge is feeble and these spontaneous acts of the soul are strong that character is moulded4 ,the curse of our age is that men will believe that1 in education1 to spell1 to read1 to write1 is what signifies1 and they cast aside the eternal faith1 the infinite hope1 the divine love1 that more than all else make us men4 8,the true test of civilization10 says ,emerson1 8is not the census1 nor the size of cities1 nor the crops--no1 but the kind of man the country turns out40 ,is there some mystic virtue in printed words that to be able to read them should make us men8 ,and even in the most enlightened countries what do the masses of men know8 ,next to nothing2 and their reading1 for the most part1 stupefies them4 ,the newspaper1 with its murders1 suicides1 hangings1 startling disclosures1 defalcations1 embezzlements1 burglaries1 forgeries1 adulteries1 advertisements of nostrums1 quack medicines1 and secrets of working death in the very source of life1 with all manner of hasty generalizations1 crude theories1 and half-truths jumbled into intellectual pot-pourris2 the circulating library1 with its stories1 tales1 romances of love1 despair1 death1 of harrowing accidents1 of hair-breadth escapes1 of successful crime1 and all the commonplaces of wild1 reckless1 and unnatural life--these are the sources of their knowledge4 ,or1 if they are ambitious1 they read 8,how to get on in the world10 8,the art of making money10 8,the secret of growing rich10 8,the road to wealth10 8,successful men10 8,the millionaires of ,america10 and the ,mammon-worship1 and the superstition of matter1 and the idolatry of success become their religion2 their souls die within them1 and what wretched slaves they grow to be6 ,in the newspaper and circulating library ,god and man1 heaven and earth--all things--are discussed1 flippantly1 in snatches1 generally2 all possible conflicting and contradictory views are taken2 and these ignorant masses1 who1 in the common schools1 have been through the ,fourth ,reader1 and who know nothing1 not even their own ignorance1 are confused4 ,they doubt1 they lose faith1 and are enlightened by the discovery that ,god1 the soul1 truth1 justice1 honor1 are only nominal--they do not concern positivists4 ,can anything be more pitiful than the state of these poor wretches8--neither knowing nor believing2 without knowledge1 yet having neither faith nor love4 ,god pity them that they are communists1 internationalists1 solidaires2 for what else could they be8 ,no enthusiasm is possible for them but that of destruction4 ,religion is the chief element in civilization1 and consequently in progress4 ,for the masses of men1 even though the whole energy of mankind should spend itself upon some or any possible common-school system1 the eternal principles which mould character1 support manhood1 and consecrate humanity will always remain of faith1 and can never be held scientifically4 ,if it were possible that science should prove religion false1 it would none the less remain true1 or there would be no truth4 ,what children know when they leave school is mechanical1 external to their minds1 fitted on them like clothes on the body2 and it is soon worn threadbare1 and hangs in shreds and patches4 ,take the first boy whom you meet1 fourteen or fifteen years old1 fresh from the common school1 and his ignorance of all real knowledge will surprise you4 ,what he knows is little and of small value2 what is of moment is whether he believes firmly1 hopes strongly1 and loves truly4 ,not the diffusion of enlightenment do we want so much1 but the diffusion of character1 of honest faith1 and manly courage4 ,man is more than his knowledge4 ,simple faith is better than reading and writing4 ,and yet the educational quacks treat the child as though he were mere mind1 and his sole business to use it1 and chiefly for low ends1 shrewdly and sharply1 with a view to profit2 as though life were a thing of barter1 and wisdom the art of making the most of it4 ,poor child6 who wouldst live by admiration1 hope1 and love1 how they dwarf thy being1 stunt thy growth1 and flatten all thy soaring thoughts with their dull commonplaces--thrift1 honesty is the best policy1 time is money1 knowledge is wealth1 and all the vocabulary of a shop-keeping and trading philosophy4 ,poor child6 who wouldst look out into the universe as ,god's great temple1 and behold in all its glories the effulgence of heaven2 to whom morning1 noon1 and night1 and change of season1 golden flood of day and star-lit gloom1 all speak of some diviner life1 how they stun thy poetic soul1 full of high dreams and noble purposes1 with their cold teaching that man lives on bread alone--put money in thy purse6 ,and when thou wouldst look back with awe and reverence to the sacred ages past1 to the heroes1 sages1 saints of the olden times1 they come with their gabble and tell thee there were no railroads and common schools in those days4 ,is it strange that this education should hurt the nation's highest interests by driving in crowds1 like cattle to the shambles1 our youths from ,god and nature and tilling of the soil to town and city1 or1 worse1 into professions to which only their conceit or distaste for hard labor calls them8 ,what place for morality is there in this ,poor ,richard's ,catechism--education of thrift and best policy8 ,we grow in likeness to what we love1 not to what we know4 ,with low aims and selfish loves only narrow and imperfect characters are compatible4 ,science1 when cherished for itself--which it seldom is and in very exceptional cases--refines and purifies its lovers1 and chastens the force of passion2 though even here we must admit that the wisest of mankind may be the meanest1 morally the most unworthy4 ,but for the great mass of men1 even of those who are called educated1 the possession of such knowledge as they have or can have has no necessary relation with higher moral life4 ,their learning may refine1 smooth over1 or conceal their sin2 it will not destroy it4 ,the furred gown and intertissued robe hide the faults that peep through beggars' rags1 but they are there all the same4 ,there may be a substitution of pride for sensuality1 or a skilful blending or alternation of the finer with the coarser4 ,vice may lose its grossness1 but not its evil4 ,and herein we detect the wretched sophistry of criminal statistics1 which deal1 imperfectly and roughly enough1 with what is open1 shocking1 and repulsive4 ,the hidden sins that 8like pitted speck in garnered fruit10 slowly eating to the core of a people's life1 moulder all2 the sapping of faith1 the weakening of character1 the disbelief in goodness2 the luxury1 the indulgence1 the heartlessness and narrowness of the rich2 the cunning devices through which 8the spirit of murder0 works in the very means of life1 8,while rank corruption1 mining all within1 ,infects unseen0 --cannot be appreciated by the gross tests of numbers and averages4 ,the poor1 by statistics as by the world1 are handled without gloves4 ,in the large cities of civilized countries1 both in ancient and in modern times1 we have unmistakable proof of what knowledge can do to form character and produce even the social virtues4 ,these populations have had the advantage of the best schools in the most favorable circumstances1 and yet in character and morality they are far beneath the less educated peasantry4 ,sensual indulgence1 contempt of authority1 hatred and jealousy of those above them1 make these the dangerous classes1 eager for socialistic reforms1 radical upheavals of the whole existing order2 and were it not for the more religious tillers of the soil1 chaos and misrule would already prevail4 ,in ,greece and ,rome it was in the cities that civilization first perished1 as it was there it began--began with men who had great faith and strong character1 but little knowledge2 perished among men who were learned and refined1 but who in indulgence and debauch had lost all strength and honesty of purpose4 ,in the last report of the ,commissioner of ,education some interesting facts1 bearing on the relation of ignorance to crime1 are taken from the ,forty-fifth ,annual ,report of the inspector of the ,state penitentiary for the ,eastern ,district of ,pennsylvania4 8,it is doubted if in any ,state1 or indeed in any country10 says the commissioner1 8forty-four volumes containing the annual statistical tables relating to the populations of a penal institution1 covering nearly half a century1 can1 on examination1 be regarded as more complete40 ,the number of prisoners received into the institution from #ahej to #ahfj was #a1fje1 of whom #ae per cent4 were illiterate1 #ae per cent4 were able to read1 and #gj per cent41 or more than two-thirds1 knew how to read and write2 from #ahfj to #ahgj1 #b1chc prisoners were received into the penitentiary1 and of these #ag per cent4 were illiterate1 #ab per cent4 could read1 and about #ga per cent4 could read and write4 ,of the #fbg convicts who were in the penitentiary during the year #ahfg1 #fb per cent41 or five-eighths of the whole number1 had attended the public schools of the ,state1 #be per cent41 or two-eighths1 had gone to private institutions1 and #ab per cent41 or one-eighth1 had never gone to school4 ,but1 as we have said1 statistics deal with crime1 and chiefly with the more open and discoverable sort1 not with morality2 whereas nations are destroyed not so much by crime as by immorality4 ,the thief is caught and sent to the penitentiary2 but the trader who adulterates or gives short measure1 the banker who puts forth a false or exaggerated statement1 the merchant who fails with full hands1 the stock-gambler who robs thousands1 ,crdit-,mobilier men and 8ring0 men generally who plunder scientifically1 ,congressmen who take money for helping to swindle the government1 getters-up of 8bubble companies0--salted diamond-fields and ,emma ,mines--compared with whom pickpockets and burglars are respectable gentlemen--these know not of penitentiaries2 prisons were not built for such as they4 ,the poor man abandons his wife1 without divorce marries another1 and is very properly sent to ,state prison4 ,his rich and educated fellow-citizen gets a divorce1 or is a free-lover1 or keeps a harem1 and for him laws were not made4 ,even that respectable old dame ,society only gently shakes her head4 ,we must not expect too much of gentlemen1 you know4 ,the ignorant girl falls1 commits infanticide1 and is incarcerated or hanged--heaven forbid that we should attempt to tell what she would have done had she been educated6--at any rate1 she would not have gone to prison1 though her guilt would not have been less4 ,has the very great diffusion of enlightenment among our people during the hundred years that we have been an independent nation made them more moral and more worthy8 8,the true test of civilization is not the census1 nor the size of cities1 nor the crops--no1 but the kind of man the country turns out40 ,the ,yankee is smarter than the ,puritan--is he as true a man8 ,is the inventor of a sewing-machine or a patent bedstead as worthy as he who believes in ,god and in liberty against the whole earth with all his heart and soul1 even though the heart be hard and the soul narrow8 ,what compensation is there in all our philanthropies1 transcendentalisms1 sentimentalities1 patent remedies for social evils1 for the loss of the strong convictions1 reverent belief1 and simple dignity of character that made our fathers men8 ,do we believe in the goodness and honesty of men as they did1 or is it possible that we should8 ,what can come of beliefs in oversouls1 whims1 tendencies1 abstractions1 developments8 ,if we were shadows in a shadow-land1 this might do4 ,look at a famous trial where the very aroma and fine essence of our civilization was gathered3 ,what bright minds1 keen intellects6 ,poetry1 eloquence1 romance2 the culture1 the knowledge1 the scientific theories1 of the age--all are there4 ,and yet1 when the veil is lifted1 we simply turn away heart sick and nauseated4 ,not a hundred statistical prison reports would reveal the festering corruption and deep depravity1 the coarse vulgarity and utter heartlessness that is there1 whatever the truth may be1 if in such surroundings it can be found at all4 ,in ,laing's ,notes of a ,traveller 7p4 #bba7 we find a most striking example of almost incredible corruption united with great intellectual culture4 8,in this way10 he says1 8we must account for the singular fact that the only positively immoral religious sect of the present times in the ,christian world arose and has spread itself in the most educated part of the most educated country in ,europe--in and about ,knigsberg1 the capital of the province of ,old ,prussia4 ,the ,muckers are a sect who combine lewdness with religion4 ,the conventicles of this sect are frequented by men and women in a state of nudity2 and to excite the animal passion1 but to restrain its indulgence1 is said to constitute their religious exercise4 ,many of the highest nobility of the province1 and two of the established clergy of the city1 besides citizens1 artificers1 and ladies1 old and young1 belong to this sect2 and two young ladies are stated to have died from the consequences of excessive libidinous excitement4 ,it is no secret association of profligacy shunning the light4 ,it is a sect--according to the declarations of ,von ,tippelskirch and of several persons of consideration in ,knigsberg who had been followers of it themselves--existing very extensively under the leadership of the established ministers of the ,gospel1 ,ebel and ,diestel1 of a ,count von ,kaniz1 of a ,lady von ,s----1 and of other noble persons4''' ,the system and theory of this dreadful combination of vice with religion are1 of course1 very properly suppressed4''' ,the sect itself appears1 by ,dr4 ,bretscheider's account of it1 to have been so generally diffused that he says #8it cannot be believed that the public functionaries were in ignorance of its existence2 but they were afraid to do their duty from the influence of the many principal people who were involved in it4'0 ,but we are not the advocates of ignorance4 ,we will praise with any man the true worth and inestimable value of education4 ,even mere mental training is1 to our thinking1 of rare price4 ,water is good1 but without bread it will not sustain life4 ,wine warms and gladdens the heart of man2 but if used without care1 it maddens and drives to destruction4 ,we are crying out against the folly of the age which would make the school-room its church1 education its sacrament1 and culture its religion4 ,it is the road to ruin4 ,culture is for the few2 and what a trumpery patchwork of frippery and finery and paste diamonds it must ever remain for the most of these6 ,for the millions it means the pagan debauch1 the bacchanal orgy1 and mere animalism4 8,the characters10 wrote ,goethe--who was pagan of the pagans and 8decidirter ,nicht-,christ0--8which we can truly respect have become rarer4 ,we can sincerely esteem only that which is not self-seeking4''' ,i must confess to have found through my whole life unselfish characters of the kind of which ,i speak only there where ,i found a firmly-grounded religious life2 a creed1 which had an unchangeable basis1 resting upon itself--not dependent upon the time1 its spirit1 or its science40 ,this foundation of a positive religious faith is as indispensable to national as to individual character1 and without it the diffusion of enlightenment cannot create a great or lasting civilization4 ,religion ought to constitute the very essence of all primary education4 ,it alone can touch the heart1 raise the mind1 and evoke from their brutish apathy the elements of humanity1 especially the reason2 and it is therefore the one indispensable element in any right system of national education4 ,a population unable to read or write1 but with a religious faith and discipline1 has before now constituted1 and may again constitute1 a great nation2 but a people without religious earnestness has no solid political character4 ,religion is the widest and deepest of all the elements of civilization2 it reaches those whom nothing else can touch2 but for the masses of men there can be no religion without the authoritative teaching of a church4 ,and now let us return to ,m4 de ,laveleye4 8,the general spread of education10 he says 7p4 #bc71 8is indispensable to the exercise of constitutional liberty4''' ,education is the basis of national liberty and prosperity40 ,in view of the facts that constitutional liberty has existed1 and for centuries1 in states in which there was no 8general spread of education10 and that 8the diffusion of enlightenment0 is found in our own day to co-exist with the most hateful despotisms1 we might pass on1 without stopping to examine more closely these loose and popular phrases2 but since the fallacies which they contain form a part of the culture-creed of modern paganism1 and are accepted as indisputable truths by the multitude1 they have a claim upon our attention which their assertion by ,mr4 ,gladstone's friend could not give them4 ,there is no necessary connection between popular education and civil liberty1 as there is none between the enlightenment and the morality of a people4 ,this is a subject full of import--one which1 in this age and country1 ought to be discussed with perfect freedom and courage4 ,courage indeed is needed precisely here2 for to deny that there is a ,god1 to treat ,christ as a myth or a common man1 to declaim against religion as superstition1 to make the ,bible a butt for witticisms and fine points1 to deny future life and the soul's immortality1 to denounce marriage1 to preach communism1 and to ridicule whatever things mankind have hitherto held sacred--this is not only tolerable1 it is praiseworthy and runs with the free thought of an enlightened and inquiring age4 ,but to raise a doubt as to the supreme and paramount value of intellectual training2 of its sovereign efficacy in the cure of human ills2 of its inseparable alliance with freedom1 with progress1 with man's best interests1 is pernicious heresy1 and ought not to be borne with patiently4 ,in our civilization1 through the action of majorities1 there is special difficulty in such discussions1 since with us nothing is true except what is popular4 ,majorities rule1 and are therefore right4 ,with rare eloquence we denounce tyrant kings and turn to lick the hands of the tyrant people4 ,whoever questions the wisdom of the ,american people is not to be argued with--he is to be pitied2 and therefore both press and pulpit1 though they flaunt the banner of freedom1 are the servants of the tyrant4 ,to have no principles1 but to write and speak what will please the most and offend the fewest--this is the philosophy of free speech4 ,we therefore have no independent1 and consequently no great1 thinkers4 ,it is dangerous not to think with majorities and parties2 for those who attempt to break their bonds generally succeed1 like ,emerson1 only in becoming whimsical1 weak1 and inconclusive4 ,it is not surprising1 then1 that the ,catholics1 because they do not accept as true or ultimate what is supposed to be the final thought and definite will of ,american majorities on the subject of education1 should be denounced1 threatened1 and made a ,trojan ,horse of to carry political adventurers into the ,white ,house4 ,nevertheless1 the observant are losing confidence in the theory1 so full of inspiration to demagogues and declaimers1 that superstition and despotism must be founded on ignorance4 ,in ,prussia at this moment universal education co-exists with despotism4 ,where tyrannical governments take control of education they easily make it their ally4 ,let us hear what ,laing says of the practical results of the ,prussian system of education1 which it is so much the fashion to praise4 8,if the ultimate object10 he says1 8of all education and knowledge be to raise man to the feeling of his own moral worth1 to a sense of his responsibility to his ,creator and to his conscience for every act1 to the dignity of a reflecting1 self-guiding1 virtuous1 religious member of society1 then the ,prussian educational system is a failure4 ,it is only a training from childhood in the conventional discipline and submission of mind which the state exacts from its subjects4 ,it is not a training or education which has raised1 but which has lowered1 the human character4''' ,the social value or importance of the ,prussian arrangements for diffusing national scholastic education has been evidently overrated2 for now that the whole system has been in the fullest operation in society upon a whole generation1 we see morals and religion in a more unsatisfactory state in this very country than in almost any other in the north of ,europe2 we see nowhere a people in a more abject political and civil condition1 or with less free agency in their social economy4 ,a national education which gives a nation neither religion1 nor morality1 nor civil liberty1 nor political liberty is an education not worth having4''' ,if to read1 write1 cipher1 and sing be education1 the ,prussian subject is an educated man4 ,if to reason1 judge1 and act as an independent free agent1 in the religious1 moral1 and social relations of man to his ,creator and to his fellow-men1 be the exercise of the mental powers which alone deserves the name of education1 then is the ,prussian subject a mere drum boy in education1 in the cultivation and use of all that regards the moral and intellectual endowments of man1 compared to one of the unlettered population of a free country4 ,the dormant state of the public mind on all affairs of public interest1 the acquiescence in a total want of political influence or existence1 the intellectual dependence upon the government or its functionary in all the affairs of the community1 the abject submission to the want of freedom or free agency in thoughts1 words1 or acts1 the religious thraldom of the people to forms which they despise1 the want of influence of religious and social principle in society1 justify the conclusion that the moral1 religious1 and social condition of the people was never looked at or estimated by those writers who were so enthusiastic in their praises of the national education of ,prussia40 ,in spite of the continued progress of education1 there is even less liberty1 religious1 civil1 and political1 in ,prussia to-day than when these words were written1 thirty years ago4 ,nothing more dazzles the eyes of men than great military success2 and this1 together with the habit which belongs to our race of applauding whoever wins1 has produced1 especially in ,england and the ,united ,states1 where ,bismarck is looked upon1 ignorantly enough1 as the champion of ,protestantism1 a kind of blind admiration and awe for whatever is ,prussian4 8,protestant ,prussia10 boasts ,m4 de ,laveleye1 8has defeated two empires1 each containing twice her own population1 the one in seven weeks1 the other in seven months02 and in the new edition of ,appleton's ,encyclopdia we are informed that these victories are attributed to the superior education of her people4 ,as well might the tyranny of the government and the notorious unchastity and dishonesty of the ,prussians be ascribed to their superior education4 ,not to the general intelligence of the people1 but to the fact that the whole country has been turned into a military camp1 and that to the one purpose of war all interests have been made subservient1 must we seek for an explanation of the victories of ,sadowa and ,sedan4 ,who would pretend that the ,spartans were in war superior to the ,athenians because they had a more perfect system of education and were more intelligent or had a truer religion8 ,or who would think of accounting in this way for the marvellous exploits of ,attila with his ,huns1 of ,zingis ,khan with his ,moguls1 of ,tamerlane with his ,tartars1 of ,mahmood1 ,togrul-,beg1 and ,malek-,shah with their ,turkish hordes8 ,in fact1 it may be said1 speaking largely and in general1 that the history of war is that of the triumph of strong and ignorant races over those which have become cultivated1 refined1 and corrupt4 ,the ,romans learned from their conquered slaves letters and the vices of a more polished paganism4 ,barbarism is ever impending over the civilized world4 ,the wild and rugged north is ever rushing down upon the soft and cultured south3 the ,scythian upon the ,mede1 the ,persian1 and the ,egyptian2 the ,macedonian upon ,greece1 and then upon ,asia and ,africa2 the ,roman upon ,carthage1 and in turn falling before the men of the ,north--,goth1 ,vandal1 ,hun1 ,frank1 and ,gaul2 the ,mogul and the ,tartar upon ,china and ,india2 the ,turk upon ,southern ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa2 and to-day1 like black clouds of destiny1 the ,russian hordes hang over the troubled governments of more educated ,europe4 ,look at ,italy during the middle ages--the focus of learning and the arts for all ,christendom1 and yet an easy prey for every barbarous adventurer2 and in ,england the ,briton yields to the ,saxon1 who in turn falls before the ,norman4 ,it would be truer to say that ,prussia owes her military successes to the ignorance of her people1 though they nearly all can read and write4 ,had she had to deal with intelligent1 enlightened1 and thinking populations1 she could not have made the country a camp of soldiers4 ,the ,prussian policy of 8blood and iron0 has been carried out1 in defiance of the wishes of the people as expressed through their representatives1 who were snubbed and scolded and sent back home as though they were a pack of schoolboys2 yet the people looked on in stolid indifference1 and allowed the tax to be levied after they had refused to grant it4 ,we will now follow ,m4 de ,laveleye a step farther4 8,with regard to elementary instruction10 he says1 8the ,protestant states are incomparably more advanced than the ,catholic4 ,england alone is no more than on a level with the latter1 probably because the ,anglican ,church1 of all the reformed forms of worship1 has most in common with the ,church of ,rome40 ,if any one has good reason to praise education1 and above all the education of the people1 certainly we ,catholics have4 ,the ,catholic ,church created the people2 she first preached the divine doctrine of the brotherhood and equality of all men before ,god1 which has wrought and must continue to work upon society until all men shall be recognized as equals by the law4 ,she drew around woman her magic circle2 from the slave struck his fetters and bade him be a man2 lifted to her bosom the child2 baptized all humanity into the inviolable sacredness of ,christ's divinity2 she appealed1 and still appeals1 from the tyranny of brute force and success1 in the name of the eternal liberties of the soul1 to ,god4 ,her martyrs were and are the martyrs of liberty2 and if she were not to-day1 all men would accept accomplished facts and bow before whatever succeeds4 ,the barbarians1 who have developed into the civilized peoples of ,europe1 despised learning as they contemned labor4 ,war was their business4 ,the knight signed his name with his sword1 in blood2 the pen1 like the spade1 was made for servile hands4 ,to destroy this ignorant1 idle life of pillage and feud1 the church organized an army1 unlike any the world had ever seen1 unlike any it will ever see outside her pale--an army of monks1 who1 with faith in ,christ and the higher life1 believed in knowledge and in work4 ,they became the cultivators of the mind and soil of ,europe4 8,the praise10 says ,hallam1 speaking of the middle ages1 8of having originally established schools belongs to some bishops and abbots of the ,v,ith century40 ,ireland is converted and at once becomes a kind of university for all ,europe4 ,in ,england the episcopal sees became centres of learning4 ,wherever a cathedral was built a school with a library grew up under its shadow4 ,pope ,eugenius ,,ii41 in a council held in ,rome in #hbf1 ordered that schools should be established throughout ,christendom at cathedral and parochial churches and other suitable places4 ,the ,council of ,mayence1 in #hac1 admonishes parents that they are in duty bound to send their children to school4 ,the ,synod of ,orleans1 in #hjj1 enjoins the erection in towns and villages of schools for elementary instruction1 and adds that no remuneration shall be received except such as the parents voluntarily offer4 ,the ,third ,general ,council of ,lateran1 in #aagi1 commanded that in all cathedral churches a fund should be set aside for the foundation and support of schools for the poor4 ,free schools were thus first established by the ,catholic ,church4 ,the monasteries were the libraries where the arts and letters of a civilization that had perished were carefully treasured up for the rekindling of a brighter and better day4 ,as early as the ,x,i,ith century many of the universities of ,europe were fully organized4 ,italy took the lead1 with universities at ,rome ,bologna1 ,padua1 ,naples1 ,pavia1 and ,perugia--the sources 8,whence many rivulets have since been turned1 ,o'er the garden ,catholic to lead ,their living waters1 and have fed its plants40 ,the schools founded at ,oxford and ,cambridge in the ,i,xth and ,xth centuries had in the ,x,i,ith grown to be universities4 ,at ,oxford there were thirty thousand1 at ,paris twenty-five thousand1 and at ,padua twenty thousand students4 ,scattered over ,europe at the time ,luther raised his voice against the church were sixty six universities4 8,time went on10 says ,dr4 ,newman1 speaking of the medival universities2 8a new state of things1 intellectual and social1 came in2 the church was girt with temporal power2 the preachers of ,s4 ,dominic were in the ascendant3 now1 at length1 we may ask with curious interest1 did the church alter her ancient rule of action1 and proscribe intellectual activity8 ,just the contrary2 this is the very age of universities2 it is the classical period of the schoolmen2 it is the splendid and palmary instance of the wise policy and large liberality of the church1 as regards philosophical inquiry4 ,if there ever was a time when the intellect went wild1 and had a licentious revel1 it was at the date ,i speak of4 ,when was there ever a more curious1 more meddling1 bolder1 keener1 more penetrating1 more rationalistic exercise of the reason than at that time8 ,what class of questions did that subtle metaphysical spirit not scrutinize8 ,what premise was allowed without examination8 ,what principle was not traced to its first origin1 and exhibited in its most naked shape8''' ,well1 ,i repeat1 here was something which came somewhat nearer to theology than physical research comes2 ,aristotle was a somewhat more serious foe then1 beyond all mistake1 than ,bacon has been since4 ,did the church take a high hand with philosophy then8 ,no1 not though that philosophy was metaphysical4 ,it was a time when she had temporal power1 and could have exterminated the spirit of inquiry with fire and sword2 but she determined to put it down by argument2 she said3 #8,two can play at that1 and my argument is the better4' ,she sent her controversialists into the philosophical arena4 ,it was the ,dominican and ,franciscan doctors1 the greatest of them being ,s4 ,thomas1 who in those medival universities fought the battle of revelation with the weapons of heathenism40#bdi ,to find fault with the church because popular education in the middle ages was not organized and general as it has since become would be as wise as to pick a quarrel with the ancient ,greeks for not having railroads1 or with the ,romans because they had no steamships4 ,reading and writing were not taught then universally as they are now because it was physically and morally impossible that they should have been4 ,without steam and the printing-press1 common-school systems would not now be practicable1 nor would the want of them be felt4 ,we have great reason to be thankful that the art of printing was invented and ,america discovered before ,luther burned the ,pope's bull1 else we should be continually bothered with refuting the cause-and-effect historians who would have infallibly traced both these events to the ,wittenberg conflagration4 ,all ,europe was still ,catholic when gunpowder drove old ,father ,schwarz's pestle through the ceiling1 when ,gutenberg made his printing-press1 when ,columbus landed in the ,new ,world2 and these are the forces which have battered down the castles of feudalism1 have brought knowledge within the reach of all1 and some measure of redress to the masses of the ,old ,world1 by affording them the possibility and opportunity of liberty in the ,new4 ,these forces would have wrought to even better purpose had ,protestantism not broken the continuity and homogeneity of ,christian civilization4 ,the ,turk would not rest like a blight from heaven upon the fairest lands of ,europe and ,asia1 nor the darkness of heathenism upon ,india and ,china1 had the civilized nations remained of one faith2 and thus1 though our own train might have rushed less rapidly down the ringing grooves of change1 the whole human race would have advanced to a level which there now seems but little reason to hope it will ever reach4 ,but to come more nearly to ,m4 de ,laveleye's assertion that the ,protestant states are incomparably more advanced than the ,catholic1 with the exception of ,england1 which in this matter is at least up to the standard of ,catholic countries4 ,in the report of the ,commissioner of ,education for #ahgd there is a statistical account of the state of education in foreign countries which throws some light upon this subject4 ,the school attendance1 compared with the population1 is in ,austria as #a to #aj2 in ,belgium1 as #a to #aj2 in ,ireland1 as #a to #af2 in ,catholic ,switzerland1 as #a to #af2 in ,england1 as #a to #ag4 ,in ,bavaria it is as #a to #g1 upon the authority of ,kay1 in his ,social ,condition of the ,people in ,england and ,europe4 ,catholic ,austria1 ,bavaria1 ,belgium1 and ,ireland have proportionately a larger school attendance than ,protestant ,england4 ,england and ,wales 7report of #ahgd71 with a population of #bb1gab1bff1 had a school population of #e1cgd1gjj1 of whom only about half were registered1 and not half of these attended with sufficient regularity to bring grants to their schools4 ,ireland1 with a population of #e1daa1daf1 had on register #a1jjf1eaa1 or nearly half as many as ,england and ,wales1 though her population is not a fourth of that of these two countries4 8,the statistical fact10 says ,laing1 speaking of ,rome as it was under the popes1 8that ,rome has above a hundred schools more than ,berlin1 for a population little more than half that of ,berlin1 puts to flight a world of humbug about systems of national education carried on by governments and their moral effects on society4''' ,in ,catholic ,germany1 in ,france1 ,italy1 and even ,spain1 the education of the common people in reading1 writing1 arithmetic1 music1 manners1 and morals1 is at least as generally diffused and as faithfully promoted by the clerical body as in ,scotland4 ,it is by their own advance1 and not by keeping back the advance of the people1 that the popish 7sic7 priesthood of the present day seek to keep ahead of the intellectual progress of the community in ,catholic lands2 and they might1 perhaps1 retort on our ,presbyterian clergy1 and ask if they1 too1 are in their countries at the head of the intellectual movement of the age4 ,education is in reality not only not repressed1 but is encouraged1 by the popish church1 and is a mighty instrument in its hands1 and ably used40#bej ,professor ,huxley's testimony is confirmatory of this admission of ,laing4 8,it was my fortune10 he says1 8some time ago to pay a visit to one of the most important of the institutions in which the clergy of the ,roman ,catholic ,church in these islands are trained2 and it seemed to me that the difference between these men and the comfortable champions of ,anglicanism and ,dissent was comparable to the difference between our gallant ,volunteers and the trained veterans of ,napoleon's ,old ,guard4 ,the ,catholic priest is trained to know his business and do it effectually4 ,the professors of the college in question1 learned1 zealous1 and determined men1 permitted me to speak frankly with them4 ,we talked like outposts of opposed armies during a truce--as friendly enemies2 and when ,i ventured to point out the difficulties their students would have to encounter from scientific thought1 they replied3 #8,our church has lasted many ages1 and has passed safely through many storms4 ,the present is but a new gust of the old tempest2 and we do not turn out our young men less fitted to weather it than they have been in former times to cope with the difficulties of those times4'0#bea 8,it is a common remark10 says ,kay1 8of the operatives of ,lancashire1 and one which is only too true3 #8,your church is a church for the rich1 but not for the poor4 ,it was not intended for such people as we are4' ,the ,roman church is much wiser than the ,english in this respect4''' ,it is singular to observe how the priests of ,romanist 7sic7 countries abroad associate with the poor4 ,i have often seen them riding with the peasants in their carts along the roads1 eating with them in their houses1 sitting with them in the village inns1 mingling with them in their village festivals1 and yet always preserving their authority40#beb ,with us1 too1 the masses of the people are fast abandoning ,protestantism4 ,there is no ,catholic country in ,europe in which the social condition of the masses is so wretched as in ,england1 the representative ,protestant country4 ,for three hundred years1 it may be said1 the ,catholic ,church had no existence there4 ,the nation was exclusively under ,protestant influence2 and yet the lower classes were suffered to remain in stolid ignorance1 until they became the most degraded population in ,christendom4 8,it has been calculated10 says ,kay1 writing in #ahej1 8that there are at the present day1 in ,england and ,wales1 nearly #h1jjj1jjj persons who cannot read and write40 ,that was more than half of the whole population at that time4 ,but this is not the worst4 ,a population ignorant of reading and writing may nevertheless1 to a certain extent1 be educated through religious teaching and influence2 but these unhappy creatures were left1 helpless and hopeless1 to sink deeper and deeper beneath the weight of their degradation1 without being brought into contact with any power that could refine or elevate them2 and if their condition has somewhat improved in the last quarter of a century1 this is no more to be attributed to ,protestantism than the ,catholic ,emancipation ,act or the ,atlantic cable4 ,,the ,,seven ,,fridays ,,in ,,lent ,first1 thy most holy ,passion1 dearest ,lord1 ,doth set the keynote of our love and tears2 ,and then thy holy ,crown of ,thorns appears-- ,strange diadem for thee1 of lords the ,lord6 ,the holy ,lance and ,nails we clasp and hoard3 ,what pierced thee sore heals sin-sick souls to-day2 ,then thy ,five ,wounds we glorify for aye-- ,hands1 feet1 and broken ,heart1 beloved1 adored4 ,now tears of bitter grief flow fast like rain3 ,our ,lord's most ,precious ,blood for us flows fast4 ,alas6 what tears of ours1 what love1 what pain1 ,can match that tide of blood and love and woe8 ,mother1 we turn to thy ,seven ,griefs at last2 ,teach us to stand1 with thee1 the cross below4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,search ,,nearly ,,over4 ,it was one of those exquisitely lovely mornings that we sometimes see in early spring4 ,the night had been frosty1 and had hurried to meet the dawn1 leaving her moonlight mantle behind her1 frozen to silver1 on every field or hill-side4 ,the sky was of a heavenly blue--liquid turquoise1 swept with feathery dashes of pink1 that set off the glistening landscape like a velvet curtain spread for the purpose4 ,the sun was shining through a pearly mist that hung1 a silver gauze veil1 in the air and made everything look dreamy and vision-like4 ,the meadows were silvered with frost2 so were the hedges--every twig and thorn finished like a jewel4 ,the trees stood up like immense bouquets of filigree against the pink and blue curtain4 ,no wonder ,franceline1 who had been awake and watching the sunrise from her window1 stole a march on ,anglique1 and hastened out to enjoy the beauty of the morning4 ,it was impossible it could hurt her2 it was too lovely to be unkind4 ,but besides this outward incentive1 there was another one that impelled her to the daring escapade4 ,she felt an irresistible longing to go to church this morning--one of those longings that she called presentiments1 and seldom rejected without having reason to regret it4 ,it was not that she was uneasy1 or alarmed1 or unhappy about anything4 ,nothing had occurred to awake the dormant fires that were still smouldering--though she thought them dead--and impel her to seek for strength in a threatened renewal of the combat4 ,sir ,simon's disappearance the morning after the dinner-party1 some few days ago1 had not surprised her2 that was his way1 and this time she had been prepared for it4 ,it was true that ever since then her father had been more preoccupied1 more inseparable from his work4 ,it was a perfect mania with him for the last three or four days4 ,he scarcely let the pen out of his hand from morning till night4 ,he seemed1 moreover1 to have got to a point where he could no longer use her as an amanuensis1 but must write himself4 ,franceline was distressed at the change2 it deprived her of the pleasure of helping him and of their daily walk together1 which had of late become the principal enjoyment of her life4 ,but he could not be persuaded to go beyond the garden gate1 and then only for ten minutes to take a breath of air4 ,he was in a hurry to get back to his study1 as if the minutes were so much gold wasted4 ,franceline was obliged to accept this sudden alteration in his habits1 with the assurance that it would not be for long2 that the great work was drawing to a close2 and that1 when it was finished1 he would be free to walk with her as much as she liked1 and in more beautiful places than ,dullerton4 ,this last she did not believe4 ,no place could ever be so beautiful as this familiar one1 because none would ever be hallowed by the same sweet early memories1 or sanctified by the same sufferings and regrets4 ,there was a spirit brooding over these quiet sylvan slopes that could never dwell1 for her1 elsewhere4 ,she looked around her at the leafless woods that lay white and silent in the near distance1 and at the river winding slowly towards them like an azure arm encircling the silver fields1 and she sighed at the thought of ever leaving them4 ,the sigh escaped from her lips in a little column of sapphire smoke2 for the air was as clear as crystal1 but it was cold too1 and the bell was already ringing2 so she drew her shawl closer and hurried on4 ,what was that fly doing before the presbytery door8 ,who could have business with ,father ,henwick at such an unearthly hour as seven ,a4,m48 ,when people live in a small place where everybody's life is a routine as well known as their own to everybody else1 the smallest trifle out of the usual way is magnified into an event4 ,franceline was not very curious by nature2 she passed the mysterious fly with a momentary glance of interest1 and then dismissed it from her thoughts4 ,the little white-washed church was never full on week-days1 its congregation being mostly of the class who can only afford the luxury of going to church on ,sundays4 ,a few kindly glances greeted her as she walked up to her place near the sanctuary4 ,since her health had become delicate1 it was a rare occurrence to see her there during the week1 so her presence was looked on as of good omen4 ,she answered the welcoming eyes with a sweet1 grateful smile1 and then knelt down and soon forgot them4 ,we talk of magnetic atmospheres where instinct warns us of a presence without any indication from our senses4 ,i don't know whether ,franceline believed in such influences2 but her attitude of rapt devotion as she knelt before the altar1 seemingly unconscious of anything earthly near her1 her soul drawn upwards through her eyes and fixed on the ,unseen1 did not suggest that there was any human presence within reach which had power to move her4 ,when ,father ,henwick had left the altar1 she rose and went to the sacristy door to ask if she could see him4 ,she wanted to speak to him about a poor woman in the village4 ,it was not the clerk1 but ,father ,henwick himself1 who came to answer her message4 ,he did not welcome his young penitent in his usual gracious1 affectionate manner1 but asked sharply 8who gave her leave to be out at that hour80 8,the morning was so sunny ,i thought it would do me no harm to come10 replied the culprit1 with a sudden sense of having done something very wicked4 8,you had no business to think about it at all2 you should not have come without your father's permission4 ,go home as fast as you can40 ,franceline was turning away1 when he called her back4 8,come this way2 you can go out through the house40 ,then he added in a mollified tone3 8,you foolish child6 ,i hope you are warmly clad8 ,keep your chest well covered1 and hold your muff up to your mouth4 ,be off1 now1 as quick as you can1 and let me have no more of these tricks60 ,he shook hands with her1 half-smiling1 half-frowning1 and1 opening the sacristy door that led into the presbytery1 hurried her away4 ,franceline was too much discomfited by the abrupt dismissal to conjecture why she was hustled out through the house instead of being allowed to go back through the church1 the natural way1 and quite as short4 ,she could not understand why ,father ,henwick should have shown such annoyance and surprise at the sight of her4 ,this was not the first time she had played the trick on them at home of coming out to church on a sunny morning1 and it had never done her any harm4 ,she was turning the riddle in her mind1 as she passed through the little sitting-room into the entry1 when she saw the front door standing wide open1 and a gentleman outside speaking to the fly-man4 ,the moment he perceived ,franceline he raised his hat and remained uncovered while he spoke4 8,good-morning1 mademoiselle6 ,how is ,m4 de la ,bourbonais80 8,thank you1 my father is quite well40 ,she and ,clide looked at each other as they exchanged this commonplace greeting2 but they did not shake hands4 ,neither could probably have explained what the feeling was that held them back4 ,franceline went on her way1 and ,clide de ,winton entered the presbytery1 each bearing away the sound of the other's voice and the sweetness of that rapid glance with a terrible sense of joy4 ,franceline's heart beat high within her as she walked on4 ,what right had it to do so8 ,how dared it8 ,poor1 fluttering heart6 ,no bitter upbraidings of indignant conscience1 no taunts of womanly pride1 could make it stop4 ,the more she tried to silence it1 the louder it cried4 ,she was close by ,the ,lilies1 and it was crying out and throbbing wildly still4 ,she could not go in and face her father in this state2 she must gain a few minutes to collect and calm herself4 ,the snow-drops grew in great profusion on a bank in the park at the back of the cottage4 ,raymond was fond of wild flowers2 she would go and gather him some3 this would account for her delay4 ,she laid her muff on the grass4 ,it was wet with the hoar-frost melting in the sun2 but ,franceline did not see this4 ,she stooped down and began to pluck the snow-drops4 ,it was a congenial task in her present frame of mind4 ,snow-drops had always been favorites with her4 ,in her childish days of innocent pantheism she used to fancy that flowers had spirits1 or some instinct that enabled them to enjoy and to suffer1 to be glad in the sunshine and unhappy in the cold and the rain4 ,she fancied that perfume was their language1 and that they conversed in it as birds do in songs and chirpings4 ,she used to be sorry for the flowers that had no perfume1 and called them 8the dumb ones10 connecting their fate in some vague1 pitying way with that of two deaf and dumb little children in the village4 ,but the snow-drops she pitied most of all4 ,they came in the winter-time1 when everything was cold and dreary and there were no kindred flowers to keep them company2 no roses2 no bees and butterflies to make music for them2 no nightingales to sing them to sleep in the scented summer nights2 no liquid1 starry skies and sweet1 warm dews to kiss them as they slept2 their pale1 ascetic little slumbers were attuned to none of these fragrant melodies1 and ,franceline loved them all the more for their loveless1 lonely life4 ,but she was not pitying them now1 as1 one by one1 she plucked the drooping bells and the bright green leaves under the silver hedge2 she was envying them and listening to them4 ,every flower and blade of grass has a message for us1 if we could but hear it2 the woods and fields are all tablets on which the primitive scriptures of creative love are written for us4 8,your life is to be like ours10 the snow-drops were whispering to ,franceline4 8,we dwell alone in cold and silence--so must you2 we have no sister flowers to make life joyous1 no roses to gladden us with their perfume and their beauty--neither shall you2 roses are emblems of love1 and love is not for you4 ,you must be content with us4 ,we are the emblems of purity and hope2 take us to your heart4 ,we are the heralds of the spring2 we bring the promise1 but we do not wait for its fulfilment4 ,you are happier than we2 you will not have the summer here1 but you know that it will come hereafter1 and that the flowers and fruits will be only the more beautiful for the waiting being prolonged4 ,look upwards1 sister snow-drop1 and take courage40 ,franceline listened to the mystic voice1 and1 as she did so1 large tears fell from her eyes on the white bells of the messengers1 as pure as the crystal dew that stood in frozen tears upon their leaves4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had not heard her go out2 and when she came in and handed him her bouquet1 fresh-gathered1 he took for granted she had gone out for the purpose1 and did not chide her for the slight imprudence4 ,anglique was not so lenient2 she was full of wrath against the truant1 and threatened to go at once and inform on her1 which ,franceline remarked she might have done an hour ago1 if she had any such intention2 and then1 with a kiss and two arms thrown around the old woman's mahogany neck1 it was all made right between them4 ,franceline did not venture out again that day4 ,she was afraid of meeting ,clide4 ,she strove hard to forget the morning's incident1 to stifle the emotions it had given rise to1 and to turn away her thoughts from even conjecturing the possible cause of ,mr4 de ,winton's presence at ,dullerton and at ,father ,henwick's4 ,but strive as she might1 the thoughts would return1 and her mind would dwell on them4 ,she was horrified to see the effect that ,clide's presence had had on her2 to find how potent his memory was with her still1 how it had stirred the slumbering depths and broken up the stagnant surface-calm of her heart1 filling it once more with wild hopes and ardent longings that she had fondly imagined crushed and buried for ever4 ,was her hard-earned self-conquest a sham after all8 ,she could not help fearing it when she saw how persistently the idea kept returning again and again to her1 banish it as she would3 8,had he come to tell ,father ,henwick that he was free80 ,then she wondered1 if it were so1 what ,father ,henwick would do2 whether he would come and see her immediately1 or let things take their course through ,sir ,simon and her father4 ,then again she would discard this notion as impossible1 and see all sorts of evidence in the circumstances of the morning's episode to prove that it could not be4 ,why should ,father ,henwick have tried so hard to prevent their meeting1 if the one obstacle to it were removed8 and why should ,clide have been so restrained and distant when she came upon him suddenly8 ,if only she could ask this one question and have it answered1 ,franceline thought she could go back again to her state of stagnation1 and trample down her rebellious heart into submission once more4 ,she slept very little that night1 and the next morning she determined that she would go out at any risk4 ,sitting still all day in this state of mind was unbearable2 so about eleven o'clock1 when the sun was high and the frost melted1 she put on her bonnet and said she was going for a walk to see ,miss ,merrywig4 ,as the day was fine and she had not taken cold yesterday1 ,anglique made no difficulty4 ,franceline started off to the wood1 and was soon crushing the snow-drops and the budding lemon-colored primroses as she threaded her way along the foot-paths4 ,for some mysterious reason which no one could fathom1 but which the oldest inhabitant of the place remembered always to have existed1 you were kept an hour waiting at ,miss ,merrywig's before the door was opened4 ,you rang three times1 waited an age between each ring1 and then ,keziah1 the antediluvian factotum of the establishment1 came limping along the passage1 and1 after another never-ending interval of unbarring and unbolting1 you were let in4 ,it was not ,keziah who opened the door for ,franceline this morning2 it was ,miss ,merrywig herself1 shawled and bonneted1 ready to go out4 8,o my dear child6 is it you8 ,i am so delighted to see you6 ,do come in6 ,no1 no1 ,i am not going out4 ,that is to say1 ,i am going out4 ,it's the luckiest thing that you did not come two minutes later1 or you would not have found me4 ,i am so glad6 ,no1 no1 you are not putting me about the least bit in the world4 ,come and sit down1 and ,i'll explain all about it4 ,i cannot imagine what is keeping ,keziah1 and she knows ,i am waiting to be off1 and that the negus will be getting cold1 though it was boiling mad1 and ,i have only this moment put it into the flask4 ,but what can be keeping her8 ,it didn't so much matter2 in fact1 it didn't matter at all1 only ,i have promised little ,jemmy ,torrens--you know ,mary ,torrens' boy on the green8--well1 ,i promised him ,i would make the negus for him myself and take it to him myself4 ,he won't take anything except from me1 poor little fellow6 ,you see he's known me since ,i was a baby--,i mean since he was--and that's why1 ,i suppose2 and ,keziah knows it1 and why she dallies so long ,i cannot conceive6 ,she knows ,i can't leave the house unprotected and go off before she comes in--there are so many tramps about1 you see1 my dear4 ,it is provoking of ,keziah60 8,let me take the negus to ,jemmy10 said ,franceline1 when there was a break in the stream and she was able to edge in a word4 8,i will explain why you could not go40 8,oh6 that's just like you to be so kind1 my dear2 but ,i promised1 you see1 and ,i really must go myself4 ,what can ,keziah be about80 8,then go1 and ,i will wait and keep the house until either of you comes back10 suggested ,franceline4 8,oh6 that is a bright idea4 ,that is as witty as it is kind4 ,well1 then1 ,i will just run off4 ,i shall find you here when ,i return4 ,i won't be twenty minutes away1 and you can amuse yourself looking over ,robinson ,crusoe till ,i come back2 here it is60 ,and the old lady rooted out a book from under a pile of all sorts of odds and ends on the table1 and handed it to ,franceline4 8,sit down1 now1 and read that2 there's nothing ,i enjoyed like that book when ,i was your age1 and1 indeed1 ,i make a point of reading it at least once every year regularly40 ,with this she took up her wine-flask1 well wrapped in flannel to protect her from the scalding-hot contents1 and bustled away4 8,if any one rings1 am ,i to let them in80 inquired ,franceline1 running into the hall after her4 8,oh6 no1 certainly not1 unless it happens to be ,mr4 ,langrove2 you would not mind opening the door to him1 would you80 8,not the least2 but how shall ,i know it is he80 8,you will be sure to hear the footsteps first and the click of the gate outside1 and then run out and peep through this10 pointing to the narrow latticed window in the entry2 8but you must be quick1 or else they will be close to the door and see you40 ,franceline promised to keep a sharp lookout for the warning steps1 closed the door on ,miss ,merrywig1 and went back to ,robinson ,crusoe2 but she was not in a mood to enjoy ,friday's philosophy1 so she sat down and began to look about her in the queer little apartment4 ,it was much more like a lumber-room than a sitting-room2 the large round table in the middle was littered with every description of rubbish--the letters of two generations of ,miss ,merrywig's correspondents1 old pamphlets1 odds and ends of ribbon and lace1 little boxes1 bags of stale biscuits that were kept for the pet dogs of her friends when they came to visit her1 quantities of china cats and worsted monkeys1 samplers made for her by great-grandnieces1 newspapers of the year one1 tracts and books of hymns1 all huddled pell-mell together4 ,fifty years' smoke and lamp-light had painted the ceiling all over in dense black clouds1 and the cobwebs of innumerable defunct spiders festooned the cornices4 ,the carpet had half a century ago been bright with poppies and bluebells and ferns2 but these vanities1 like the memory of the unrighteous man1 had been blotted out1 and had left no trace behind them4 ,franceline was considering how singular it was that anything so bright and simple and happy as ,miss ,merrywig should be the presiding genius of this abode of incongruous rubbish1 and wishing she could make a clean sweep of it all1 and tidy the place a little1 when her attention was roused by a sound of footsteps4 ,she ran out at once to look through the lattice2 but she had waited too long4 ,there was only time to shrink behind the door when the visitors had come up and the bell was sounding through the cottage4 ,there were two persons1 if not more2 she knew this by the footsteps4 ,presently some one spoke2 it was ,mr4 ,charlton4 ,he was continuing1 in a low voice1 a conversation already begun4 ,then another voice answered1 speaking in a still lower key2 but every word was distinctly audible through the open casement1 which was so covered by an outer iron bar and the straggling stem of a japonica that no one from the outside would see that it was open1 unless they looked very close4 ,the words ,franceline overheard had nothing in them to make her turn pale2 but the voice was ,clide de ,winton's4 ,what fatality was this that brought them so near again1 and yet kept them apart1 and condemned her to hide and listen to him like an eavesdropper8 ,there was a pause after the first ring4 ,mr4 ,charlton knew the ways of the house2 he said something laughingly1 and rang again4 ,then they reverted to the conversation that had been interrupted4 ,good ,god6 did ,franceline's ears deceive her1 or what were these words she heard coupled with her father's name8 ,she put her hand to her lips with a sudden movement to stifle the cry that leaped up from her heart of hearts4 ,she heard ,clide giving an emphatic denial3 8,i don't believe it4 ,i tell you it is some mistake--one of those unaccountable mistakes that we can't explain or understand1 but which we know must be mistakes40 ,she could not catch what ,mr4 ,charlton said2 but he was evidently dissenting from ,clide1 and muttered something about 8being convicted on his own showing10 which the other answered with an impatient exclamation the drift of which ,franceline could not seize2 neither could she make sense out of the short comments that followed4 ,they referred to some facts or circumstances that were clear to the speakers1 but only bewildered her more and more4 8,it strikes me the old lady does not mean to let us in at all this time10 said ,mr4 ,charlton2 and he gave another violent pull to the bell4 8,there can't be any one in the house10 said ,clide1 after a pause that exhausted the patience of both4 8,we may as well come away4 ,i will call later4 ,i must see her before4'''0 ,the rest of the sentence was lost1 as the two speakers walked down the gravel-walk1 conversing in the same low tones4 ,franceline did not move even when the sound of their steps had long died away4 ,she seemed turned to stone1 and did not stir from the spot until ,keziah came back4 ,she gave her a message for ,miss ,merrywig1 left the cottage1 and went home4 ,she found her father just as she had left him--busy at his desk1 with books and papers strewn on the table beside him4 ,she saw this through the window1 but did not go in to him4 ,she could not go at once and speak to him as if nothing had happened in the interval4 ,she went to her room1 and remained there until dinner-time1 and then came down1 half-dreading to see some alteration in him corresponding with what had taken place in her own mind4 ,but he was gentle and serene as usual4 ,no mental disturbance was visible on his features2 at least1 she did not see it4 ,looking at him1 nevertheless1 with perceptions quickened by what she had heard since they parted1 it struck her that his eyes were sunk and dim1 as if from overwork and want of sleep combined2 but there was no cloud of shame or humiliation on his brow4 ,never had that dear head seemed so venerable1 never had such a halo of nobleness and goodness encircled it1 in his daughter's eyes1 as at this moment4 ,she did not tease him to come out to walk with her1 but asked him to read aloud to her for an hour while she worked4 ,it was a long time--more than a week--since they had had any reading aloud4 ,raymond complied with the request1 but soon returned to his work4 ,franceline expected that ,father ,henwick would call1 and kept nervously looking out of the window from time to time2 but the day wore on1 and the evening1 and he did not come4 ,she did not know whether to be glad or sorry4 ,she was in that frame of feeling when the gentlest touch of sympathy would have stung her like the bite of a snake4 ,it was not sympathy she wanted1 but a voice to join with her in passionate contempt for the liars who had dared to slander her father1 and in indignant denunciation of the lie4 ,she wanted to fling it in the teeth of those who had uttered it4 ,if ,father ,henwick would help her to do this1 let him come2 if not1 let him leave her alone4 ,let no one come near her with words of pity2 pity for her now meant contempt for her father4 ,she would resent it as a lioness might resent the food that was thrown to her in place of the cubs she had been robbed of4 ,no love--no1 not the best and noblest she had ever dreamed of--would compensate her for the absence of reverence and respect for her father4 ,but ,clide did not suspect him4 ,she had heard him indignantly spurn the idea4 8,he no more stole it than you did10 he had said4 ,stolen what8 ,would no one come to tell her what it all meant8 ,would not ,clide come8 ,was he still at ,dullerton8 ,was there any fear--or hope8--of her meeting him again if she went out8 ,she might have gone with impunity4 ,clide was far enough away1 on a very different errand from that which had brought him yesterday across her path4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on coming back to the ,court from his abortive attempt to see ,miss ,merrywig1 ,clide found ,stanton in great excitement with a telegram that had arrived for his master that instant4 ,it was from ,sir ,simon1 summoning him back by the first train that started4 ,some important news awaited him4 ,he did not wait to see ,miss ,merrywig1 but took the next train to ,london1 and arrived there in the early afternoon4 ,the news that awaited him was startling enough to justify ,sir ,simon's peremptory summons4 ,one of the detectives1 whose sagacity and coolness fitted him for delicate missions of the kind1 had been despatched to gather information in the principal lunatic asylums of ,england and ,scotland4 ,he had come that morning to tell ,sir ,simon ,harness that he thought he had found ,mrs4 de ,winton in one of them4 ,sir ,simon went straight to the place1 and1 after an interview with the superintendent1 telegraphed for ,clide1 as we have seen4 ,it was an old-fashioned ,elizabethan manor-house in the suburbs of ,london1 situated in the midst of grounds almost large enough to be called a park4 ,there was nothing in the outward aspect of the place to suggest its real character4 ,everything was bright and peaceful and well ordered as in the abode of a wealthy private family4 ,the gardens were beautifully kept2 the shrubbery was trim and neat2 summer-houses with pretty climbing plants rose in shady places1 inviting the inmates of the fine old mansion to sit out of doors and enjoy the sunshine unmolested2 for there was sunshine in this early spring-time1 and here in this sheltered spot some bits of red and gold and blue were peeping through the tips of closed flower-cups4 ,nothing externally hinted at the discord and disorder that reigned in so many human lives within the walls4 ,the sight of the place was soothing to ,clide4 ,he had so often pictured to himself another sort of dwelling for his unhappy ,isabel that it was a great relief to him to see this well-ordered1 calm abode1 and to think of her being a resident there4 ,a lady-like matron received him1 and conversed with him kindly and sensibly while they were waiting for the doctor to come in4 ,the latter accosted him with the same reassuring frankness of manner4 8,i hope10 he said1 8that your informant has not exaggerated matters1 as that class of people are so apt to do1 and that you are expecting to see the right person4 ,all ,i dare say to you is that you may hope2 the points of coincidence are striking enough to warrant hope1 but by no means such as to establish a certainty40 8,i am too much taken by surprise to have arrived at any conclusion10 replied ,clide2 8and ,i have been too often disappointed to do so in a hurry4 ,until ,i see and speak to the patient ,i can say nothing40 8,you can see her at once4 ,as to speaking to her1 that is not so easy4 ,the sun is clouding over4 ,that is unlucky at this moment40 ,his visitor looked surprised4 8,oh6 ,i forgot that ,i had not explained to you the nature of the delusion which this lady is suffering from10 continued the medical man4 8,it is one of the most poetic fancies that madness ever engendered in a human brain4 ,she is enamored of the sun1 and fancies herself beloved of him2 she believes him to be a benign deity whose love she has been privileged to win1 and which she passionately responds to4 ,but there is more suffering than joy in this belief4 ,she fancies that when the sun shines he is pleased with her1 and that when he ceases to shine he is angry2 the sunbeams are his smiles and the warmth his kisses4 ,at such times she will deck herself out with flowers and gay colors1 and sit and sing to her lover by the hour1 pretending to turn away her face and hide from him1 and going through all the pretty coyness of love4 ,then suddenly1 when the sun draws behind a cloud1 she will burst into tears1 fling aside her wreath1 and give way to every expression of grief and despair4 ,it is at such moments1 when they are prolonged1 that the crisis is liable to become dangerous4 ,she flings herself on the ground1 and cries out to her lover to forgive her and look on her kindly again1 or she will die4 ,very often she cries herself to sleep in this way4 ,i fear you have come at an unfortunate moment1 for the sun seems quite clouded2 however1 he may come out again1 and then you will get a glimpse of the patient at her best40 ,he rose and led the way upstairs along a softly-carpeted corridor with doors opening on either side4 ,pointing to one1 he motioned ,clide to advance4 ,one of the panels was perforated so as to admit of the keeper's seeing what went on inside when it was necessary to watch the patient1 without irritating her by seeming to do so or remaining in the room4 ,at first the occupant was standing up at the window1 her hands clasped1 while she conversed with herself or some invisible companion in low tones of entreaty4 ,then1 uttering a feeble cry1 she turned mournfully away1 laid aside the flowers that decked her long black hair1 and1 taking a large black cloak1 drew it over her dress1 and sat down in a dark corner of the room1 with her face to the wall1 crying to herself like a child4 ,clide watched her go through all this with growing emotion4 ,he had not yet been able to catch a glimpse of her face1 but the small1 light figure1 the wayward movements1 the streaming black hair1 all reminded him strikingly of ,isabel4 ,the voice was too inarticulate1 so far1 for him to pronounce on its resemblance with any certainty2 but the low1 plaintive tones fell on his ear like the broken bars of an unforgotten melody4 ,he strained every nerve to see the features4 ,but1 stay6 ,she is moving4 ,she has drawn away her hands from her face1 and has turned it towards him4 ,the movement did not1 however1 dispel his doubts2 it increased them4 ,it was almost impossible to discover any trace of beauty in that worn1 haggard face1 with its sharp features1 its eyes faded and sunk1 and from which the tears streamed in torrents1 as if they were melting away in brine4 ,the skin was shrivelled like an old woman's--one1 at least1 double the age that ,isabel would be now4 ,was it possible that this wreck could be the bright1 beautiful girl of ten years ago8 8,are you my wife80 was ,clide's mental exclamation1 as he looked at the sad spectacle1 and then1 with a shudder1 turned away4 8,i see you are unable to arrive at any conclusion10 said the doctor when they were out of ear-shot in an adjoining room4 8,i will say nothing till ,i have spoken to her10 replied the young man evasively4 8,when can ,i do this80 8,i cannot possibly fix a time4 ,she is not in a mood to be approached now2 any violent shock in her present state might have a fatal result4 ,it would1 in all probability1 quench for ever the feeble spark of light that still remains1 and might bring on a crisis which no skill could alleviate4 ,on the other hand1 if we could apply the test at the right moment1 the effect might be unexpectedly beneficial4 ,i say unexpectedly1 because1 for my own part1 ,i have not the slightest hope of any such result40 8,has her memory quite gone1 or does she recall any passages of her past life accurately80 8,not accurately1 ,i fancy2 she seems to have some very vivid impressions of the past1 but whether they be clear or not ,i cannot say4 ,the balance of the mind is1 ,i believe1 too deeply shaken for clearness1 even on isolated points1 to survive in any of the faculties4 ,she talks frequently of going over a great waterfall with her nurse1 and describes scenery in a way that rather gave me a hope once4 ,i spoke to her guardian1 however1 and he said she had never been near a waterfall in her life2 that it was some picture which had apparently dwelt in her imagination40 8,he might have his own reasons for deceiving you in that respect10 observed ,clide4 8,his name1 you say1 is ,par'''8 8,percival--,mr4 ,percival40 8,humph6 ,when people change their names1 they sometimes find it convenient to retain the initial10 remarked ,clide4 ,he went home and desired ,stanton to look out for a lodging as near as possible to the asylum4 ,a tolerably habitable one was found without delay1 and he and his valet installed themselves there at once4 ,the very next day he received a letter from ,sir ,simon ,harness1 informing him that ,lady ,rebecca seemed this time in earnest about betaking herself to a better world1 and had desired him1 ,sir ,simon1 to be sent for immediately4 ,the ,french dame de compagnie who wrote to him said they hardly expected her to get through the week4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had never been a social man since he lived at ,dullerton4 ,he said he did not care for society1 and in one sense this was true4 ,he did not care for it unless it was composed of sympathetic individuals2 otherwise he preferred being without it4 ,he did not want to meet and talk with his fellow-creatures simply because they were his fellow-creatures2 there must be some common bond of interest or sympathy between them and him1 or else he did not want to see them4 ,when1 in the early days at ,the ,lilies1 ,sir ,simon used to remonstrate with him on being so 8sauvage10 and wonder how he could bear the dulness1 ,raymond would reply that no dulness oppressed him like uncongenial company4 ,he had no sympathies in common with the people about the neighborhood1 and so he would have no pleasure in associating with them4 ,there was truth in this2 but ,sir ,simon knew that the count's susceptible pride had influenced him also4 ,he did not want rich people to see his poverty1 if they were not refined and intelligent enough to respect it and value what went along with it4 ,he had studiously avoided cultivating any intimacies beyond the few we know1 and had so persistently kept aloof from the big houses round about that they had accepted his determination not to go beyond mere acquaintanceship1 and never stopped to speak when they met him out walking1 but bowed and passed on4 ,but of late ,raymond began to feel quite differently about all this4 ,he longed to see these distant acquaintances as if they had been so many near friends2 to meet their glance of kindly1 if not cordial1 recognition2 to receive the homage of their passing salutation4 ,it was the dread of seeing these hitherto valueless greetings refused that prevented him stirring beyond his own gate4 ,he marvelled himself at the void that the absence of them was making in his life4 ,he did not dream they had filled such a space in it2 that the reflection of his own self-respect in the respect of others had been such a strength and such a need to him4 ,up to this time ,franceline had more than satisfied all his need of society at home1 with the pleasant periodical addition of ,sir ,simon's presence1 while his work had amply supplied his intellectual wants2 but suddenly he was made aware of a new need--something undefined1 but that he hungered for with a downright physical hunger4 ,franceline's spirit and heart were too closely bound up in her father's not to feel the counter-pang of this mental hunger4 ,she could not help watching him1 though she strove not to do it1 and1 above all1 not to let him see that she was watching him4 ,she might as well have tried not to draw her breath or to stop the pulsations of her heart4 ,her eyes would fasten on him when he was not looking1 and she could not but see that the expression of his face was changed4 ,a hard1 resolved look had come over it2 his eyebrows were always protruded now1 and his lips drawn tight together under the gray fringe of his mustache4 ,she knew every turn of his features1 and saw that what had once been a passing freak under some sudden thought or puzzling speculation in his work had now become a settled habit4 ,she longed to speak2 to invite him to speak4 ,it would have been so much easier for both2 it would lighten the burden to them so much if they could bear it together1 instead of toiling under it apart4 ,but ,raymond was silent4 ,it never crossed his mind for a moment that ,franceline knew his secret4 ,if he had known it1 would he have spoken8 ,sometimes the poor child felt the silence was unbearable2 that at any cost she must break it and know the truth of the story which had reached her in so monstrous a form4 ,but the idea that her father knew possibly nothing of it kept her back4 ,but supposing he was silent only to spare her8 ,perhaps he was debating in his own mind what the effect of the revelation would be on her2 wondering if she1 too1 would join with his accusers1 or1 even if she did not do this1 whether she might not be ashamed of a father who was branded as a thief4 ,when these thoughts coursed through her mind1 ,franceline felt an almost irresistible impulse to rush and fling her arms around his neck and tell him how she venerated him1 and how she scorned with all her might and main the envious1 malignant fools who dared to so misjudge him4 ,but she never yielded to the impulse2 the inward conflict of lodgings and shrinkings and passionate1 tender cries of her heart to his made no outward sign4 ,raymond sat writing away at his desk1 and ,franceline sat by the fire or at the window reading and working1 day after day4 ,the idea occurred to her more than once that she would write to ,sir ,simon2 but she never did4 ,she did not dare open her heart to ,father ,henwick4 ,how could she bring herself to tell him that her father was accused of theft8 ,it was most probable--she hoped certain--that the abominable suspicion had not travelled to his ears2 and if so1 she could not speak of it4 ,this was not her secret2 it was no breach of confidence towards her spiritual father to be silent1 and the selfish longing to pour out her filial anger and outraged love into a sympathizing ear should not hurry her into a betrayal of what was1 even in its falsity1 humiliating to ,raymond4 ,it was hard to refrain from speech when speech would have been a solace2 but ,franceline knew that the sacrifice of the cup of cold water has its reward1 just as the bestowal has4 ,peace comes to us on surer and swifter wing when we go straight to ,god for it1 without putting the sympathy of creatures between us and his touch4 ,mr4 ,langrove had never been a frequent visitor at ,the ,lilies2 but ,franceline never remembered him to have been so long absent as now1 and she could not but see a striking coincidence in the fact4 ,she knew he had been one of the party at ,dullerton that night2 and if1 as she felt certain1 that had been the occasion of the extraordinary mistake she had heard of1 the vicar1 of course1 knew all about it4 ,he believed her father had committed a theft1 and was keeping aloof from him4 ,did everybody at ,dullerton know this8 ,mr4 ,langrove was not a man to spread evil reports in any shape4 ,franceline knew him well enough to be sure of that2 but her father's reputation was evidently at the mercy of less charitable tongues4 ,she did not know that the six witnesses had promised ,sir ,simon to keep silence for his sake2 but if she had known it1 it would not have much reassured her4 ,a secret that is known to six people can scarcely be considered safe4 ,the six may mean to guard it1 and may only speak of it among themselves and in whispers2 but it is astonishing how far a whisper will travel sometimes1 especially when it is malignant4 ,a vague impression had in some inexplicable way got abroad that the count had done something which threw him under a cloud4 ,the gentlemen of the neighborhood were very discreet about it1 and had said nothing positively to be taken hold of1 but it had leaked out that there was a screw loose in that direction4 ,young ,charlton had laughed at the notion of his friend ,anwyll thinking of ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais now2 and the emphasis and smile which accompanied the assurance expressed pretty clearly that there was something amiss which had not been amiss a little while ago4 ,franceline had gone out for her usual mid-day walk in the park4 ,it was the most secluded spot where she could take it1 as well as warm and sheltered4 ,she was walking near the pond2 the milk-white swans were sailing towards her in the sunlight1 expecting the bits of bread she had taken a fancy to bring them every day at this hour1 when she saw ,mr4 ,langrove emerge from behind a large rockery and step out into the avenue4 ,she trembled as if the familiar form of her old friend had been a wild animal creeping out of the jungle to pounce upon her4 ,what would he do8 ,would he pass her by1 or stop and just say a few cold words of politeness8 ,the vicar did not keep her long in suspense4 8,well6 here1 you are enjoying the sunshine1 ,i see4 ,and how are you80 he said1 extending his hand in the mild1 affectionate way that ,franceline was accustomed to1 but had never thought so sweet before4 8,is the cough quite gone80 8,not quite2 but ,i am better1 thank you4 ,anglique says ,i am1 and she knows more about it than ,i do10 replied the invalid playfully4 8,how is everybody at the vicarage80 8,so-so4 ,arabella has one of her bad colds1 and ,godiva is suffering from a toothache4 ,it's the spring weather1 no doubt2 we will all be brisker by and by4 ,are you going my way80 8,any way2 ,i only came for a walk40 ,they walked on together4 8,and how is ,m4 de la ,bourbonais80 said the vicar presently4 8,i've not met him for a long time2 we used to come across each other pretty often on the road to ,dullerton4 ,he's not poorly1 ,i hope80 8,no1 only busy--so dreadfully busy6 ,he hardly lets the pen out of his hand now2 but he promises me there will soon be an end of it1 and that the book will soon be finished40 8,bravo6 ,and you have been such a capital little secretary to him60 said ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,the next thing will be that we shall have you writing a book on your own account40 ,franceline laughed merrily at this conceit2 her fears were1 if not banished by his cordial manner1 sufficiently allayed to rid her of her momentary awkwardness4 ,they were soon chatting away about village gossip as if nothing were amiss with either4 8,anglique brought home news from the market a few days ago that ,mr4 ,tobes was going to marry ,miss ,bulpit2 is it true80 inquired the young girl4 8,far too good to be true60 said the vicar1 shaking his head4 8,the report has been spread so often that this time ,i very nearly believed in it4 ,however1 ,i saw ,miss ,bulpit1 and she dispelled the illusion at once1 and1 ,i fear1 for ever40 8,but would it have been such a good thing if they got married80 8,it would be a very desirable event in some ways10 said ,mr4 ,langrove1 with a peculiar smile2 8it would give her something to do and some one to look after her40 8,and it would have been a good thing for ,mr4 ,tobes1 too1 would it not8 ,he is so poor60 8,that's just why she won't have him1 poor fellow6 ,when he proposed--she told me the story herself1 and ,i find she is telling it right and left1 so there is no breach of confidence in repeating it--when he proposed1 ,miss ,bulpit asked him point-blank how much money he had2 #8because1' she said1 #8,i have only just enough for one6'0 8,oh6 but that was a shame4 ,she has plenty for two2 and1 besides1 it was unfeeling4 ,don't you think it was80 inquired ,franceline1 looking up at the vicar4 ,but he evidently did not share either her indignation against ,miss ,bulpit or her pity for the discarded lover4 ,he was laughing quietly1 as if he enjoyed the joke4 ,they reached the gate going out on the high-road while thus pleasantly chatting4 8,now ,i suppose we must say good-by10 said ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,this is my way2 ,i am going to pay a sick visit down in the valley40 ,they shook hands1 and ,franceline turned back4 8,mind you give my compliments to the count60 said the vicar1 calling after her4 8,tell him ,i don't dare go near him1 as he is so busy2 but if he likes me to drop in of an evening1 let him send me word by you1 and ,i'll be delighted4 ,by-by40 ,he nodded to her and closed the gate behind him4 8,he did not dare because he is so busy60 repeated ,franceline as she walked on4 8,how did he know papa was busy8 ,it was ,i who told him so a few minutes ago4 ,that was an excuse40 ,she gave the message1 nevertheless1 on coming home1 scarcely daring to look at her father while she did so4 8,may ,i tell him to come in one of these evenings1 petit pre80 8,no2 ,i cannot be disturbed at present10 was the peremptory answer1 and ,franceline's heart sank again4 ,she told him the gossip about ,miss ,bulpit and ,mr4 ,tobes1 thinking it would amuse him2 he used to listen complacently to the little bits of gossip she brought in about their neighbors4 ,raymond had the charming faculty1 common to great men and learned men1 of being easily and innocently amused2 but he seemed to have lost it of late4 ,he listened to ,franceline's chatter to-day with an absent air1 as if he hardly took it in2 and before she had done1 he made some irrelevant remark that proved he had not been attending to what she was saying4 ,then he had got into a way of repeating himself--of saying the same thing two or three times over at an interval of an hour or so1 sometimes even less4 ,franceline attributed these things to the concentration of his thoughts on his work1 and to his being so entirely absorbed in it as not to pay attention to anything that did not directly concern it4 ,she was too inexperienced to see therein symptoms of a more alarming nature4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had all his life complained of being a bad sleeper2 but ,anglique1 who suffered from the same infirmity1 always declared that he only imagined he did not sleep2 that she was tossing on her pillow1 listening to him snoring1 when he said he had been wide awake4 ,the count1 on his side1 was sceptical about ,anglique's 8white nights10 and privately confided to ,franceline that he knew for a fact she was fast asleep often when she fancied in the morning she had been awake4 ,some people are very touchy at being doubted when they say they have not 8closed an eye all night40 ,anglique resented a doubt on her 8white nights0 bitterly1 and ,franceline1 who from childhood had been the confidant of both parties1 found an early exercise for tact and discretion in keeping the peace between them4 ,the discrepancies in the two accounts of their respective vigils often gave rise to little tiffs between herself and ,anglique1 who would insist upon knowing what ,m4 le ,comte had said about her night2 so that ,franceline was compelled to aggravate her whether she would or not4 ,she 8knew her place0 better than to have words with ,m4 le ,comte1 but she had it out with ,franceline4 8,monsieur says he didn't get to sleep till past two o'clock this morning1 does he8 ,humph6 ,i only wish ,i had slept half as well1 ,i know4 ,pauvre1 cher homme6 ,he drops off the minute his head is on the pillow1 and then dreams that he's wide awake4 ,that's how it is4 ,why1 this morning ,i was up and lighted my candle at ten minutes to two1 and he was sleeping as sound as a wooden shoe6 ,i heard him40 ,franceline would soothe her by saying she quite believed her2 but as she said the same thing to ,m4 le ,comte1 and as ,anglique generally overheard her saying so1 this seeming credulity only aggravated her the more4 ,laterly ,raymond had taken up a small celestial globe to his room1 for the purpose1 he said1 of utilizing his long vigils by studying the face of the heavens during the clear1 starry nights2 and he would give the result of his nocturnal contemplations to ,franceline at breakfast next morning--,anglique being either in the room pouring out the hot milk for her master's coffee1 or in the kitchen with the door ajar1 so that she had the benefit of the conversation4 ,the pantomimes that were performed at these times were a severe trial to ,franceline's gravity3 ,anglique would stand behind ,raymond's chair1 holding up her hands aghast or stuffing her apron into her mouth1 so as not to explode in disrespectful laughter4 ,sometimes she would shake her flaps at him with an air of despondency too deep for words1 and then walk out of the room4 8,i heard ,m4 le ,comte telling mam'selle that he saw the ,three ,kings 7the popular name for ,orion's belt in ,french7 shining so bright this morning at three o'clock4 ,i believe you2 he saw them in his sleep6 ,i was up and walking about my room at that hour1 and it so happened that ,i opened my door to let in the air just as the clock in the salon was striking three60 ,as ill-luck would have it1 ,raymond overheard this confidential comment which ,anglique was making to ,franceline under the porch1 not seeing that the sitting-room window was open4 8,my good ,anglique10 said the count1 putting his head out of the window1 8you must have opened the door two seconds too late2 it was striking five1 most likely1 and you only heard the last three strokes4 ,i suspect you were sound asleep at the hour ,i was looking at the ,three ,kings40 8,la6 as if ,i were an infant not to know when ,i wake and when ,i sleep60 said ,anglique with a shrug4 8,it was ,m4 le ,comte that was asleep and dreaming that he saw the ,three ,kings40 8,nay1 but ,i lighted my candle2 it was pitch-dark when ,i got up to set the globe10 argued ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 8,when ,m4 le ,comte dreamt that he got up and lighted his candle10 corrected the incorrigible sceptic4 ,raymond laughed and gave it up4 ,but it was true1 notwithstanding ,anglique's obstinate incredulity1 that he did pass many white nights now1 and the wakefulness was insensibly and imperceptibly telling on his health4 ,it was a curious fact1 too1 that the more the want of sleep was injuring him1 the less he was conscious of suffering from it4 ,he had been passionately fond of astronomy in his youth1 and he had resumed the long-neglected study with something of youthful zest1 enjoying the observation of the starry constellations in the bright midnight silence with a sense of repose and communion with those brilliant1 far-off worlds that surprised and delighted himself4 ,perhaps the feeling that he was now cut off from possible communion with his fellow-men threw him more on nature for companionship1 urging him to seek on her glorious brow for the smiles that human faces denied him1 and to accept her loving fellowship in lieu of the sympathy that his brothers refused him4 ,but rich and inexhaustible as the treasures of the great mother are1 they are at best but a compensation2 nothing but human love and human intercourse can satisfy the cravings of a human heart4 ,raymond was beginning to realize this4 ,his forced isolation was becoming poignantly oppressive to him4 ,he longed to see ,sir ,simon1 to hear his voice1 to feel the warm clasp of his hand2 he longed1 above all1 to get back his old feeling of gratitude to him4 ,raymond little suspected what a moral benefactor his light-hearted1 worldly-minded friend had been to him all those years when he was perpetually offering services that were so seldom accepted4 ,sir ,simon was all the time feeding his heart with the milk of human kindness1 making a bond between the proud1 poor brother and the rest of the rich and happy brotherhood who were strangers to him4 ,raymond loved them all for the sake of this one4 ,nothing nourishes our hearts like gratitude4 ,it widens our space for love1 and enlarges our capacity for kindness2 it creates a want in us to send the same happy thrills through other hearts that are stirring our own4 ,we overflow with love to all in thankfulness for the love of one4 ,this is often our only way of giving thanks1 and the good it does us is sometimes a more abiding gain than the service that has called it forth4 ,it was all this that ,raymond missed in ,sir ,simon4 ,in losing his loving sense of gratefulness he seemed to have lost some vital warmth in his own life4 ,now that the source which had fed this gratitude was dried up1 all that was tender and kind and good in him seemed to be running dry or turning to bitterness4 ,the estrangement of one had estranged him from all2 he was at war with all humanity4 ,would any sacrifice of pride be too great to win back the old sweet life1 with its trust1 and ready sympathy1 and indulgent kindness8 ,why should he not write to ,sir ,simon8 ,he had asked himself this many times1 and had written many letters in imagination1 and some even in reality2 but ,anglique had found them torn up in the waste-paper basket next morning1 and had been surprised to see the fresh sheets of note-paper1 which she recognized as her master's1 wasted in that manner and thrown away4 ,he knew what he was doing1 probably2 it was not for her to lecture him on such matters1 but she could not help setting down the unnatural extravagance as a part of the general something that was amiss with her master4 ,one morning1 however1 after one of those white nights that gave rise to so much discussion in the family1 ,raymond came down with his mind made up to write a letter and send it4 ,he could stand it no longer2 he must go to his friend and lay bare his heart to him1 so that they might come together again4 ,if ,sir ,simon's silence was an offence1 ,raymond's was not free from blame4 ,he sat down and wrote4 ,it was a long letter--several sheets closely filled4 ,when it was finished1 and ,raymond was folding it and putting it into the envelope1 he remembered that he did not know where the baronet was4 ,if he sent it to the ,court1 the servants would recognize the handwriting and think it odd his addressing a letter there in their master's absence4 ,he thought of forwarding it to ,sir ,simon's bankers2 but then1 again1 how did matters stand at present between him and them8 ,he might have gone abroad and not left them his address1 and the letter might remain there indefinitely4 ,while ,raymond was debating what he should do he closed up and stamped the blank envelope1 making it ready to be addressed2 then he laid it on the top of his writing desk1 and wrote a few lines to the bankers1 requesting them to forward ,sir ,simon's address1 if they had it or could inform him how a letter would reach him4 ,he seemed relieved when this was done1 and1 for the first time for nearly a month1 called ,franceline to come and write for him4 ,she did so for a couple of hours1 and noticed with thankfulness that her father was in very good1 almost in high1 spirits1 laughing and talking a great deal1 as if elated by some inward purpose4 ,her glad surprise was increased when he said abruptly3 8,now1 my little one1 run and put on thy bonnet1 and we will go for a walk in the park together40 ,the day was cold1 and there was a sharp wind blowing2 but the sun was very bright1 and the park looked green and fresh and beautiful as they entered it1 she leaning on him with a fond little movement from time to time and an exclamation of pleasure4 ,he smiled on her very tenderly1 and chatted about all sorts of things as in the old days of a month ago before the strange cloud had drawn a curtain between their lives4 ,he talked with great animation of his work1 and the excitement it would be to them both when it was published4 8,we shall go to ,paris for the publication1 and then ,i will show thee the wonderful sights of the great city3 the ,louvre1 and the ,museum of ,cluny1 and many antiquities that will interest thee mightily2 and we will go to some fine modiste and get thee a smart ,french bonnet1 and thou wilt be quite a little lgante60 8,oh6 how nice it will be1 petit pre10 cried ,franceline1 squeezing his arm in childish glee2 8and many learned men will be coming to see you1 will they not1 and writing articles in praise of your great work80 8,ha6 ,praise6 ,i know not if it will all be praise10 said the author1 with a dubious smile4 8,some will not approve of my views on certain historical pets4 ,i have torn the masks off many soi-disant heroes1 and replaced others in the position that bigotry or ignorance has hitherto denied them4 ,i wonder what ,simon will say to it all80 ,raymond smiled complacently as he said this4 ,it was the first time he had mentioned the baronet4 ,franceline felt as if a load were lifted off her1 and that all the mists were clearing away4 8,he is sure to be delighted with it60 she exclaimed4 8,he always is1 even when he quarrels with you1 petit pre4 ,i think he quarrels for the pleasure of it2 and then he is so proud of you60 ,they walked as far as the house1 and then ,raymond said it was time to turn back2 it was too cold for ,franceline to stay out more than half an hour4 ,an event had taken place at ,the ,lilies in their absence4 ,the postman had been there and had brought a letter4 ,raymond started when ,anglique met him at the door with this announcement1 adding that she had left it on the chimney-piece4 ,he went straight in and opened it4 ,it was from ,sir ,simon4 ,after explaining in two lines how ,clide de ,winton had arrived in time to save him at the last hour1 the writer turned at once to ,raymond's troubles4 ,nothing could be gentler than the way he approached the delicate subject4 8,why should we be estranged from one another1 ,raymond8 ,do you suppose ,i suspect you8 ,and what if ,i did8 ,i defy even that to part us4 ,the friendship that can change was never genuine2 ours can know no change4 ,i have tried in every possible way to account satisfactorily for your strange1 your suicidal behavior on that night1 and ,i have not succeeded4 ,i can only conclude that you were beside yourself with anxiety1 and over-excited1 and incapable of measuring the effect of your refusal and your conduct altogether4 ,but admitting1 for argument's sake1 that you did take it2 what then8 ,there is such a thing as momentary insanity from despair1 as the delirium of a sick and fevered heart4 ,at such moments the noblest men have been driven to commit acts that would be criminal if they were not mad4 ,it would ill become me to cast a stone at you--,i1 who have been no better than a swindler these twenty years past6 ,raymond1 there can be no true friendship without full confidence4 ,we may give our confidence sometimes without our love following2 but when we give our love1 our confidence must of necessity follow4 ,when we have once given the key of our heart to a friend1 we have given him the right to enter into it at all times1 to read its secrets1 to open every door1 even that1 and above that1 behind which the skeleton stands concealed4 ,you and ,i gave each other this right when we were boys1 ,raymond2 we have used it loyally one towards the other ever since1 and ,i have done nothing to forfeit the privilege now4 ,all things are arranged by an overruling ,providence1 and ,god is wise as he is merciful2 yet ,i cannot forbear asking how it is that ,i should have been saved from myself1 and that you should not have been delivered from temptation--you1 whose life has been one long triumph of virtue over adversity6 ,it will be all made square one day2 meantime1 ,i bless ,god that the weaker brother has been mercifully dealt with and permitted to rescue the nobler and the worthier one4 ,the moment ,i hear from you ,i will come to ,dullerton1 and you and ,franceline must come away with me to the south4 ,i will explain when we meet why this letter has been so long delayed40 ,then came a postscript quite at the bottom of the page3 8,send that wretched bauble to me in a box1 addressed to my bankers4 ,rest assured of one thing3 you shall be cleared before men as you already are before a higher and a more merciful tribunal40 ,many changes passed over ,raymond's countenance as he read this letter2 but when his eye fell on the postscript1 the smile that had hovered between sadness1 tenderness1 and scorn subsided into one of almost saturnine bitterness1 and a light gathered in his eyes that was not goodly to see4 ,but the feelings which these signs betrayed found no other outward vent4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais quietly and deliberately tore up the letter into very small pieces1 and then1 instead of throwing them into the waste-paper basket1 he dropped them into the grate4 ,the fire was low2 he took the poker and stirred it to make a blaze1 and then watched the flame catching the bits one by one and consuming them4 8,it is fortunate ,i did not send mine60 was his mental congratulation as he turned to his desk1 intending to feed the dying flame with two more offerings4 ,but where were they8 ,raymond pushed about his papers1 but could not find either of the letters4 ,anglique was called4 ,had she seen them8 8,oh6 yes2 ,i gave them both to the postman10 she explained1 with a nod of her flaps that implied mystery4 8,how both8 ,there was only one to go4 ,the other had no address on it10 said ,raymond4 8,i saw it1 ,m4 le ,comte40 ,another mysterious nod4 8,and yet you gave it to the postman80 8,yes4 ,i am a discreet woman1 as ,m4 le ,comte knows1 and he might have trusted me to keep a quiet tongue in my head2 but monsieur knows his own affairs best10 added ,anglique in an aggrieved tone4 8,my good ,anglique1 explain yourself a little more lucidly10 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais with slight impatience4 8,what could induce you to give the postman a letter that had neither name nor address on it80 8,bless me6 ,i thought ,m4 le ,comte did not wish me to know who he was writing to60 8,good gracious60 exclaimed ,raymond1 too annoyed to notice the absurdity of the reply4 8,but how could the postman take it when he saw it was a blank envelope80 8,i did not let him see it2 ,i slipped the two with my own hands into the bag10 said ,anglique4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais moved his spectacles1 and shrugged his shoulders in a way that was expressive of anything but gratitude for this zeal4 ,he hesitated a moment or two1 debating what he should do4 ,the only way to ensure getting back his letter immediately was to go off himself to the post-office1 and claim it before it was taken out to be stamped with the postmark1 when it would be opened in order to be returned to the writer4 ,there might be no harm in its being opened2 the postmaster was not a ,french scholar that ,raymond knew of1 but he might have a friend at hand who was1 and who would be glad to gratify his curiosity1 as well as exhibit his learning1 by reading the count's letter4 ,raymond set off at once1 so as to prevent this4 ,it was the first time for some weeks that he had shown himself in or near the town2 and if his mind had not been so full of his errand1 he would have been painfully conscious and shy at finding himself abroad in open daylight in his old haunts and within the observation of many eyes that knew him4 ,but he did not give this a thought2 he was calculating the chances for and against his arriving at the post-office before the postman had come back from his rounds and handed in the out-going letters to be marked1 and his imagination was running on to the wildest conclusions in the event of his being too late4 ,he walked as if for a wager2 not running1 but as near to it as possible4 ,the pace and his intense look of preoccupation attracted many glances that he would have escaped had he walked on quietly at his ordinary pace4 ,he was not a minute too soon1 however1 just coming up as the postman appeared with his replenished bag4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais hastened to describe the shape and color of his blank envelope1 and to explain how it had come to be where it was1 and was most emphatic in protesting that he did not mean the letter to go1 and that he was prepared to take any steps to prevent its going4 ,there was no need to be so earnest1 about it4 ,the postmaster assured him at once that the letter would be forthcoming in a moment1 and that his word would be quite enough to identify it and ensure its being returned to him4 ,it seemed an age to ,raymond while the letters were being turned out and sorted1 but at last the man held up the blank envelope1 with its queen's head in the corner1 and exclaimed jubilantly3 8,here it is60 ,the count seized it with avidity1 and hurried away1 leaving the postmaster half-amused1 half-mystified1 at his excited volubility and warm expressions of thanks4 ,there was no necessity to rush home at the same pace that he had rushed out1 but ,raymond felt like a machine wound up to a pitch of velocity that must be kept up until the wheel stopped of its own accord4 ,his hat was drawn over his eyes1 and his head bent like a person walking on mechanically1 neither seeing nor hearing what might be going on around him4 ,he was soon beyond the streets and shop-windows1 and back amidst the fields and hedges4 ,there was a clatter of horses coming down the road4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais saw two gentlemen on horseback approaching4 ,he recognized them1 even in the distance1 at a glance3 ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll and ,mr4 ,charlton4 ,raymond's heart leaped up to his throat4 ,what would they do8 ,stop and speak1 or cut him dead8 ,a few seconds would decide4 ,they were close on him now1 but showed no sign of reining in to speak4 ,ponsonby ,anwyll raised his hat in a formal salutation2 ,mr4 ,charlton looked straight before him and rode on4 ,all the blood in his body seemed to rush at the instant to ,raymond's face4 ,he put his hand to his forehead and stood to steady himself2 then he walked home1 never looking to the right or the left until he reached ,the ,lilies4 ,anglique called out from the kitchen window to know if he had made it right about the letter2 but he took no heed of her1 only walked in and went straight up to his room4 ,she heard him close the door4 ,there certainly was something queer come to him of late4 ,what did he want1 going to shut himself in his bedroom this time of day1 and then passing her without answering8 ,franceline was in the study1 busy arranging some primroses and wild violets that she had been gathering under the hedge while her father was out4 ,a noise as of a body falling heavily to the ground in the room overhead made her drop the flowers and fly up the stairs4 ,anglique had hastened from the kitchen to ask what was the matter2 but a loud shriek rang through the house in answer to her question4 8,anglique1 come6 ,o my ,god6 ,father6 father60 ,raymond was lying prostrate on the floor1 insensible1 while ,franceline lifted his head in her arms1 and kissed him and called to him4 8,oh6 ,what has happened to him8 ,father6 father6 speak to me4 ,o my ,god6 is he dead80 she cried1 raising her pale1 agonized face to the old servant with a despairing appeal4 8,no6 no6 ,calm thyself6 ,he has but fainted2 he is not dead10 said ,anglique1 feeling her master's pulse and heart4 8,see1 put thy hand here and feel6 ,if he were dead1 it would not beat40 ,franceline laid her finger on the pulse4 ,she felt the feeble beat2 it was scarcely perceptible1 but she could feel it4 8,we must lift him on to the bed10 said ,anglique1 and she grasped the slight form of her master with those long1 brown arms of hers1 and laid it gently on the bed1 ,franceline assisting as she might4 8,now1 my petite1 thou wilt be brave10 said the faithful creature1 forgetting herself in her anxiety to spare and support ,franceline4 8,thou wilt stay here and do what is necessary whilst ,i run and fetch the doctor40 ,she poured some eau-de-cologne into a basin of water1 and desired her to keep bathing her father's forehead and chafing his hands until she returned4 ,this1 after loosing his cravat and letting in as much air as possible1 was all her experience suggested4 ,franceline sat down and did as she was told2 but the perfect stillness1 the deathlike immobility of the face and the form1 terrified her4 ,she suspended the bathing to breathe on it1 as if her warm breath might bring back consciousness and prove more potent than the cold water4 ,but ,raymond remained insensible to all4 ,the silence began to oppress ,franceline like a ghastly presence2 the cooing of her doves outside sounded like a dirge4 ,could this be death8 ,his pulse beat so faintly she hardly knew whether it was his or the pulse of her own trembling fingers that she felt4 ,a chill of horror came over her2 the first vague dread was gradually shaping itself in her mind to the most horrible of certainties4 ,if he should never awake1 never speak again1 never open those closed eyes on her with the old tender glance of love that had been as familiar and unfailing as the sunlight to her6 ,oh6 what a fearful awakening came with this first realization of that awful possibility4 ,what vain shadows1 what trivial empty things1 were those that she had until now called sorrows6 ,what a joy it would be to take them all back again1 and bear them1 increased tenfold in bitterness1 to the end of her life1 if this great1 this real sorrow might be averted6 ,franceline dropped on her knees beside the bed1 and1 clasping her hands1 sent up one of those cries that we all of us find in our utmost need1 when there is only ,god who can help us3 8,o ,father6 thy will be done4 ,but if it be possible1 ''' if it be possible1 ''' let this cup pass from me60 ,there were steps on the stairs4 ,it was ,anglique come back4 ,she had only been ten minutes away--the longest ten minutes that ever a trembling heart watched through--but ,franceline knew she could not have been to the doctor's and back so quickly4 8,i met ,m4 le ,vicaire just at the end of the lane1 and he is gone for the doctor2 he was riding1 so he will be there in no time40 ,then she made ,franceline go and fetch hot water from the kitchen1 and busied her in many little ways1 under pretence of being useful1 until ,dr4 ,blink's carriage was heard approaching4 ,the medical man was not alone2 ,mr4 ,langrove and ,father ,henwick accompanied him4 ,anglique drew the young girl out of her father's room1 and sent her to stay with ,father ,henwick1 while the doctor1 assisted by ,mr4 ,langrove and herself1 attended to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 8,oh6 what is it8 ,did the doctor tell you80 she whispered1 her dark eyes preternaturally dilated in their tearless glance1 as she raised it to ,father ,henwick's face4 8,he could say nothing until he had seen him4 ,tell me1 my dear child1 did your father ever have anything of this sort happen him before80 inquired ,father ,henwick1 as unconcernedly as he could4 8,never1 never that ,i heard of1 unless it may have been when ,i was too little to remember10 said ,franceline2 and then added nervously1 8,why80 8,thank ,god6 ,it is safe1 then1 not to be so serious10 was the priest's hearty exclamation4 8,please ,god1 you will see him all right again soon2 he has been overdoing of late1 working too hard1 and not taking air or exercise enough4 ,the blade has been wearing out the sheath--that's what it is2 but ,blink will pull him through with ,god's help40 8,father10 said ,franceline1 laying both hands on his arm with an unconscious movement that was very expressive1 8do you know it seems to me as if ,i were only waking up1 only beginning to live now4 ,everything has been unreal like a dream until this4 ,is it a punishment for being so ungrateful1 so rebellious1 so blind to the blessings that ,i had80 8,if it were1 my child1 punishment with ,god is only another name for mercy10 said ,father ,henwick4 8,our best blessings come to us mostly in the shape of crosses4 ,perhaps you were not thankful enough for the great blessing of your father's love1 for his health and his delight in you2 perhaps you let your heart long too much for other things2 and if so1 ,god has been mindful of his foolish little one1 and has sent this touch of fear to teach her to value more the mercies that were vouchsafed to her1 and not to pine for those that were denied4 ,we seldom see things in their true proportions until the shadow of death falls on them40 8,the shadow of death60 echoed ,franceline1 her white lips growing still whiter4 8,oh6 if it be but the shadow1 my life will be too short for thanksgiving1 were ,i to live to the end of the world40 8,ha6 here they come10 said ,father ,henwick1 opening the study-door as he heard the doctor's steps1 followed by ,mr4 ,langrove's1 on the stair4 ,franceline went forward to meet them2 she did not speak1 but ,dr4 ,blink held out his hand in answer to her questioning face1 and said cheerfully3 8,the count is much better2 he has recovered consciousness1 and is doing very nicely1 very nicely indeed for the present4 ,come6 there is nothing to be frightened at1 my dear young lady40 ,franceline could not utter a word1 not even to murmur 8,thank ,god60 ,but the dead weight that had been pressing on her heart was lifted1 she gasped for breath1 and then the blessed relief of tears came4 8,my poor little thing6 ,my poor ,franceline60 said the vicar1 leading her gently to a chair1 and smoothing the dark gold hair with paternal kindness4 8,let her cry2 it will do her good10 said ,dr4 ,blink kindly2 and then he turned to speak in a low voice to ,father ,henwick and ,mr4 ,langrove4 ,he had concluded1 from the incoherent account which ,mr4 ,langrove had gathered from ,anglique1 that he should come prepared for a case of apoplexy1 and had brought all that was necessary to afford immediate relief4 ,he had recourse to bleeding in the first instance1 and it had proved effective4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais was1 as he said1 doing very well for the present4 ,consciousness had returned1 and he was calm and free from suffering4 ,franceline was too inexperienced to understand where the real danger of the attack lay4 ,she fancied that1 since her father had regained consciousness1 there could be nothing much worse than a bad fainting fit1 brought on by fatigue of mind and body1 and1 now that the ,rubicon was past1 he would soon be well1 and she would take extra care of him1 so as to prevent a relapse4 ,her passionate burst of tears soon calmed down1 and she rose up to thank her visitors with that queenly self-command that formed so striking a part of her character4 8,i am very grateful to you for coming so quickly2 it was very good of you10 she said1 extending her hand to ,dr4 ,blink3 8,may ,i go to him now80 8,no1 no1 not just yet10 he replied promptly4 8,i would rather he were left perfectly quiet for a few hours4 ,we will look in on him later2 not that it is necessary1 but we shall be in the neighborhood1 and may as well turn in for a moment40 ,he wished them good-afternoon1 and was gone4 8,and how did you happen to come in just at the right moment80 said ,franceline1 turning to ,father ,henwick4 8,it did not occur to me before how strange it was4 ,was it some good angel that told you to come to me1 ,i wonder80 8,the very thing6 ,you have hit it to a nicety60 said ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,it was an angel that did it40 8,yes10 said ,father ,henwick1 falling into the vicar's playful vein1 8and the odd thing was that he came riding up to my house on a fat ,cumberland pony6 ,now1 we all know ,s4 ,michael has been seen on a white charger1 but this is the first time1 to my knowledge1 that an angel was ever seen mounted on a ,cumberland pony40 8,dear ,mr4 ,langrove1 how good of you60 said ,franceline1 with moistened eyes1 and she pressed his hand4 8,had you not better come out with me now for a short walk80 said the vicar4 8,i sha'n't be more than half an hour1 and it will do you good4 ,come and have early tea at the vicarage1 and we will walk home with you before ,blink comes back4 ,what do you say80 8,oh6 ,i think ,i had better not go out1 ,i feel so shaken and tired2 and then papa might ask for me1 you know4 ,i shall not go near him unless he does1 after what ,dr4 ,blink said40 8,well1 perhaps it is as well for you to keep quiet4 ,good-by1 dear4 ,i will look in on you this evening40 8,and so will ,i1 my child10 said ,father ,henwick1 laying his broad hand on her head2 and the two gentlemen left the cottage together4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,friends ,,of ,,education4 ,to pass from the discussion of arguments to the question of motives is a most common yet most unjustifiable manuvre of popular debate4 ,this is usually done when the field of calm and logical reasoning has become tolerably clear4 ,the flank movement is attempted as a final struggle against defeat otherwise inevitable4 ,if the motive thus impugned be really indefensible2 if it be1 at the same time1 glaring or manifest1 a positive advantage is sometimes gained by a vigorous diversion from the real object of contention4 ,but if such a motive has to be alleged--or1 still worse1 invented--the demonstration against it1 however violent1 is but a reluctant and ungracious acknowledgment of defeat and a flight from the real point at issue4 ,the most recent instance of this sort is taking place before the ,american public1 and has been afforded by those who endeavor to represent ,catholics as opposed to free and liberal education1 thereby attainting the motives of the position which ,catholics have been forced to assume with regard to what are falsely called 8common0 schools4 ,this attitude of our opponents1 however1 we regard not without complacency4 ,our object is not war1 but peace and good-will among citizens4 ,we hail the present violent misrepresentation as a sign that the enemy is close to the 8last ditch10 and that the discussion approaches its conclusion4 ,when this final effort to distort the ,catholic object and to asperse the ,catholic character has exhausted itself and been held up to the inspection of the ,american people1 we shall have seen the end of the 8school question40 ,we insist upon an improvement in our educational system which is necessary to perfect its character and to satisfy the requirements of the times4 ,the present system does not meet the wishes of a very large portion of the community1 is unfair to others besides ,catholics1 and is out of harmony with the spirit of free institutions4 ,a system is wanted which shall at least be equal to that of monarchical countries1 fair to all citizens alike1 and which will relieve ,catholics from the double burden of educating their own children1 besides paying for a system of education of which they cannot conscientiously avail themselves4 ,the correctness of the ,catholic position is so manifest1 and is so rapidly gaining the recognition of all thoughtful classes1 that those who are unwilling to allow ,catholics equal rights as citizens are forced1 in order to hide the truth1 not only to maintain that the present system is absolutely perfect and incapable of any improvement1 but to accuse ,catholics of harboring ideas of which they are not only innocent1 but which it would be wholly impossible for them to entertain--such as that they are afraid of the light2 that they attack the present system because they are inimical to all education2 and that their object is1 if possible1 to do away with it altogether4 ,accusations similar to these are daily repeated1 garnished with rhetoric1 and sent forth to alarm our fellow-citizens and to encourage them to turn a deaf ear to whatever ,catholics may say4 ,the weak point of this movement against us is that the people will notice that it does not deal at all with the validity of ,catholic claims1 and that it shirks the only question at issue4 ,they will be led to suspect that it is emphatically a 8dodge02 and the mere suspicion of this will awaken curiosity as to what ,catholics really have to say--a curiosity fatal to the success of the flank attack4 ,in the language of those who advance the charge with which we propose to deal1 education means either primary instruction in the elements of knowledge1 or else higher academic culture1 such as is to be furnished by colleges and universities4 ,if1 therefore1 ,catholics are hostile to education1 in this sense of the word1 they must be opposed either to the general spread of such information as is aimed at in elementary and normal schools1 or to the existence and growth of the higher institutions of science and art4 ,we are perfectly aware that there is another meaning given to the word education1 to which reference is made1 simply in order to avoid obscurity4 ,philosophers of the class to which ,mr4 ,huxley belongs understand by education a certain specific course of moral and intellectual training1 the aim of which is to ensure its pupils against ever being affected by 8theological tendencies40 ,such impressions are to be made upon childhood1 and matured in more advanced stages1 as will rid men of that natural but awkward habit of reasoning from cause to effect2 which will free them from all hope of any life but the present1 and any fear of future responsibility1 in order that they may be impelled to devote themselves solely to the analysis and classification of material phenomena1 since this is the only purpose of man's existence--such a course of spiritual defloration as was practised upon the tender and noble genius of the late ,john ,stuart ,mill1 the results of which1 as manifested by the revelation of his biography1 afford1 in the words of an ingenuous1 critic1 8a most unpleasant spectacle40 ,a process of this kind is not education2 it is a heartrending and lamentable destruction of that which is noblest and most essential in man1 and as a definition has not yet obtained a place in the ,english language4 ,if any of our readers would care to know our own ultimate definition of education1 we should describe it as the complete and harmonious development of all the powers of man in reference to his true end4 ,but for present purposes it is sufficient to adopt the ordinary sense of the word1 as meaning the diffusion of knowledge by scholastic exercises in academies and colleges4 ,if it appears singular to enlightened ,protestants to hear a demand for circumscription and discouragement of ,catholics1 and1 if possible1 the suppression of religious education1 from that faction whose motto is 8,liberty and ,light10 we trust that it will seem none the less paradoxical to hear the charge of favoring ignorance urged with most vehemence against us by those whose boast1 up to within a few years1 has been 8a ministry without education1 and a way to heaven without grammar40 ,the first demand does not in the least surprise us1 coming1 as it does1 from a crude and undigested assumption of the principles of ,european radicalism4 ,we have seen its consistency illustrated by madmen chasing1 robbing1 and killing one another to the cry of 8liberty1 equality1 fraternity40 ,we understand what it is to be assaulted by this party1 which knows not how to act except in the way of destruction1 which is never at rest except in the midst of agitation1 and never at peace1 so to speak1 except when at war4 ,nor is it strange to see an attempt against ,catholics made outside the field of theological controversy1 inasmuch as the result of controversy for the past two centuries has tended rather to the disintegration of ,protestantism than to the conversion of ,catholics to the new faith4 ,nor is it surprising to find this assault directed against the equal rights of ,catholics in education2 for here some earnest but short-sighted men imagine that there is not simply ground to be gained1 but that the present system is a stronghold not to be given up4 ,it is a stronghold1 truly1 but rather of infidelity than of ,protestantism4 ,but educated ,protestants and heathen will marvel with us that the attack has been made on the theory that ,protestantism is the born friend1 and ,catholicity the natural enemy of education1 knowing as well as we the fatal evidence of history4 ,the contempt for education which1 until more recent times1 has always existed1 to a certain extent1 among the orthodox ,protestants1 was founded upon their erroneous doctrines of the total depravity of human nature1 the consequent invalidity of human reason1 and the principle of private illumination4 ,when ,luther said1 8,the god ,moloch1 to whom the ,jews immolated their children1 is to-day represented by the universities0 7,wider den ,missbrauch der ,messe71 it was not simply on the ground of the universities being centres of association for boisterous and disorderly youth1 or fortresses of the ancient faith1 but because of that 8pagan and impious science0 which was taught in them4 ,in his furious onslaught against them ,luther was sustained by his well-known hatred of anything which tended to assert the prerogatives of human nature or the dignity of reason4 ,no man was ever more intemperate in denunciation than this so-called 8liberator of humanity and emancipator of human reason40 8,true believers strangle reason10 said he2 and he never alluded to it except in terms of most outrageous abuse4 ,the last sermon of his at ,wittenberg#bec is monumental in this respect2 and his well-known reply to the ,anabaptists is one of the most startling examples of his intensely idiomatic style4#bed ,the feelings of the master were fully communicated to the disciples4 ,the results were fearful4 ,the free schools which existed in every city were overturned by the very men whom they had educated2 the gymnasia were in many places wholly destroyed1 in others so reduced as never to recover their former position4 ,at ,wittenberg itself the two preachers1 ,spohr and ,gabriel ,didymus1 announced from the pulpit that the study of science was not simply useless but noxious1 and that it was best to do away with the colleges and schools4 ,the upshot was to change the academy of that city into a bakery4 ,similar measures were carried into effect throughout the entire duchy of ,anspach4 ,the history of the ,reformation by ,dr4 ,dllinger gives a long list of the numerous scholars1 rectors of high schools and colleges1 who were driven into exile1 and also details a minute account of many of the institutions which were destroyed4 ,the statements of ,erasmus1 as to the disastrous results of the ,reformation on studies1 are constant and numberless4 ,they may be formulated in a sentence of one of his letters to ,pirkheimer 7#aech73 8,ubicumque regnat ,lutheranismus1 ibi litterarum est interitus0--8,wherever ,lutheranism reigns1 there is the destruction of letters40 ,the testimony of ,sturm1 ,schickfuss1 ,bucer1 and others is no less forcible4 ,luther and ,melancthon in later days seem to have been appalled by their own work1 and ,george ,major thus sums up the melancholy condition of things in his own day3 8,thanks to the wickedness of men and the contempt which we ourselves have shown for studies1 the schools have more than ever need of patrons and protectors to save them from ruin1 and to prevent us from falling into a state of barbarism worse than that of ,turks and ,muscovites40 ,the interesting works of the ,benedictines of ,st4 ,maur of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century1 the ,bollandists1 and the collections of a few other ,catholic scholars have preserved nearly all the material that is left from which to construct the history of the middle ages1 so thorough was the work of destruction done on libraries by the ,calvinists and ,huguenots4 ,the ,bodleian library is but a fragment--a few torn leaves of the literature which was weeded out of ,england by the enlightened zeal of the much-married father of ,anglicanism4 8,what mad work this ,dr4 ,coxe did in ,oxon1 while he sat chancellor1 by being the chief man that worked a reformation there1 ,i have elsewhere told you10 says ,anthony ,wood 8,to return at length to the royal delegates1 some of whom yet remained in ,oxford1 doing such things as did not at all become those who professed to be learned and ,christian men4 ,for the principal ornaments1 and at the same time supports1 of the university--that is1 the libraries1 filled with innumerable works1 both native and foreign--they permitted or directed to be despoiled4''' ,works of scholastic theology were sold off among those exercising the lowest description of arts2 and those which contained circles or diagrams it was thought good to mutilate or burn1 as containing certain proof of the magical nature of their contents40 ,what was left undone by the royal delegates was thoroughly attended to by the ,puritans1 who never did their work by halves1 and whose views with regard to the ,bible and literature bore a close resemblance to those of the early ,mohammedans in their comparative estimate of the ,koran and secular writings4 ,for a full account of the effect of the revolution of the ,x,v,ith century on learning1 people who may suspect ,catholic writers of exaggeration can compare their statements with those of the learned ,protestant ,huber1 in his exhaustive history of the universities4 ,even 8honest ,latimer10 who certainly was not a zealot for profane learning1 lifted up his voice in complaint3 8,it would pity a man's heart to hear that that ,i hear of the state of ,cambridge2 what it is in ,oxford ,i cannot tell40 ,how it was at ,oxford we have already seen4 ,throughout the length and breadth of the land the monastic schools1 which were asylums both of mercy and learning1 were destroyed2 the mere list of their names1 as given by the ,protestant historian ,cobbett1 occupies one hundred and forty-five pages of his work4 ,the present condition of the lower classes in ,england1 which is due to their being thus deprived of means of education and assistance in distress1 is the ,nemesis of the ,reformation4 ,in listening to the demand that the government shall dispossess the present landlords as it despoiled the churchmen of old1 we hear arguments of fearful power as to the extent of eminent domain4 ,when it is asked why the crown and people shall not exercise for the common good the prerogative which was conceded and exercised formerly for the benefit of the crown alone1 the present holders of property acquired by sacrilege may well take alarm at the progress of revolutionary ideas4 ,and the question as to how far the people were forcibly deprived of the benefits of a trust vested for them in the church1 may be decided 8without constitutional authority and through blood40 ,god avert such a calamity from ,england6 ,may the prayers of ,catholic martyrs1 of ,more and ,fisher1 intercede in her behalf1 and save her from the consequences of that act1 to prevent which1 these1 her truest sons1 did not hesitate to offer up their lives6 ,however1 with these facts in view1 it is scarcely wise for ,english ,protestantism to assume the position of a necessary and perpetual friend of popular education4 ,it is best to wait until the ink has become dry which has scored from the statute book of that realm the law making it felony to teach the alphabet to ,catholics4 ,it would be gratifying to us to contrast with the conduct of the authors of ,protestantism that of the great educators of ,europe who laid the foundations of our civilization4 ,a fierce and violent revolution has turned that civilization aside1 and introduced into it principles of anarchy and death4 ,a shallow and ungrateful era has failed to perceive and to acknowledge its debts4 ,it is only in the pages of scholars such as ,montalembert1 the ,protestants ,maitland and ,huber1 and the author of that recent modest but most charming book entitled ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 that we begin to notice a thoughtful inquiry into the history of our intellectual development4 ,the masters slumber in forgetfulness and oblivion4 ,we know not the builders of the great structures of the middle ages2 and people generally know almost as little of its great intellectual and social system4 ,the history of the human race for a thousand years of most intense activity is summed up in a few unmeaning words4 ,time and space fail for such a comparison4 ,but the fact that the first ,protestants found themselves educated1 the fact that they found schools to denounce and to destroy1 in the ,x,v,ith century1 is sufficient to justify us with regard to history prior to that date4 ,it would also be a pleasure to describe the progress of those magnificent bodies of ,catholic educators which rose1 under divine inspiration1 as a check to the wave of revolution1 and whose successes first stimulated the action of ,protestants by the wholesome influence of fear4 ,but this also is beyond our compass4 ,we are ready to discuss the charge that ,catholics are opposed to education1 independently of all reference to ,protestantism1 by the test of positive facts1 and to stand or fall by the ,catholic record in modern times4 ,it is not necessary to cross the ocean or to visit countries where the munificence of ages has endowed the universities of ,catholic lands2 as1 for instance1 the seven great universities of the ,papal ,states--,ferrara1 ,bologna1 ,urbino1 ,macerata1 ,camerino1 ,perugia1 and ,rome1 each containing thousands of students4 ,nor is it necessary to remind the reader that the great ,protestant universities1 and notably those of ,england1 are1 to use the expression of a distinguished ,anglican prelate1 8a legacy of ,catholicism40 ,the charge that ,catholics are opposed to university education is simply laughable1 considering that the university is essentially a ,catholic idea1 and has never1 even in ,europe1 been successfully counterfeited4 ,it is not necessary1 although it may be instructive1 to refer to the free schools of the city of ,rome1 which1 according to the testimony of a ,protestant traveller1 thirty years ago surpassed even those of ,berlin in efficiency and relative number4 ,they were1 before the recent seizure by the ,piedmontese government1 the most numerous in proportion to the population and the most varied in character of any city in the world4 ,they presented to their scholars the choice of day or night with regard to time1 and prepared them for every profession1 art1 and trade4 ,this matchless variety was doubtless the result of centuries of growth2 but it was also the spontaneous outcome of zeal for education1 and laid not a penny of taxation upon the people4 ,so high was the standard of gratuitous education that private schools1 at the beginning of the reign of our ,holy ,father ,pius ,,ix41 had to struggle hard in order to retain the patronage of the wealthy classes4 ,at that time there were in ,rome #bg institutions and #chg schools for free education4 ,of these last1 #ahj were for little children of both sexes4 ,of the remainder1 #id were devoted to males and #aac to females4 ,the total number of pupils in elementary schools amounted to #ad1aeg1 of which number #c1gij were of the infant class4 ,of those more advanced1 #e1edd were males and #d1hbc females4 ,in elementary schools1 purely gratuitous1 #g1egi received education--viz41 #c1ieb boys and #c1fbg girls4 ,there appears1 however1 in ,cardinal ,morichini's report1 a feature which has never yet been introduced into the ,american system--to wit1 in schools paying a small pension there were #a1eib boys and #a1aif girls2 making a total in such schools of #b1ghh4 ,this last item may furnish a hint to those who are anxious to secure the attendance of poor children in our own schools2 although it is scarcely practicable where common education has to be provided by taxation alone4 ,of these #chg schools to which we have referred1 #bf belonged to religious communities of men1 and #bc to religious communities of women4 ,the rest belonged to1 or were conducted by1 seculars4 ,besides these1 #b1bac children of both sexes received free instruction in special conservatories4 ,in addition to this system of free primary education1 there was the vast system of colleges and academies connected with the university1 the advantages of which were at the command of the most limited and humble means4 ,it would be interesting to ask some of the high-school graduates in this country the simple historical question1 8,who1 in modern times2 have done most for free education80 ,general ,grant has doubtlessly contributed liberally towards it2 so1 it is to be presumed1 has ,mr4 ,blaine2 so have many other distinguished lecturers on the subject of education4 ,but if the question is rightly answered1 the date will have to be assigned much earlier1 and ,st4 ,joseph ,calasanctius1 ,venerable de la ,salle1 ,catherine ,mc,auley1 and a hundred thousand other 8,papists0 will have to take precedence of our illustrious fellow-citizens4 ,the spectacle of one ,christian ,brother1 or ,ursuline ,nun1 or ,sister of ,mercy whose life is devoted to the instruction of the poor1 with no recompense but the sweet privilege of being worn out in the service of fellow-men for the sake of ,jesus ,christ--such a spectacle as was afforded by the gifted ,gerald ,griffin1 or by ,mother ,seton in our own country1 and is daily shown among us by thousands of calm1 intelligent men and amiable women1 in the various religious orders--this is a testimony to education which none but ,catholics can produce4 ,and yet these men and women1 these bright martyrs of charity1 are they whom it is thought good to attack by every means within the reach of calumny4 ,let it be understood that we do not overlook the efforts made by noble men and women in the ranks of ,protestantism4 ,though few1 and insignificant in intensity of zeal when compared with the daily and common sacrifices made by ,catholics1 nevertheless it must be borne in mind that these isolated attempts have been ineffectual1 save only in so far as they have produced imperfect copies of the great works of ,catholicity4 ,protestantism1 as such1 has never prompted or organized any great attempt at general free primary education4 ,indeed1 it might be safely challenged to produce any instance of the kind4 ,and if the ,american people to-day were to be seized with remorse for its injustice towards ,catholics1 and to propose immediately to do away with all public schools1 we should object most strongly on the ground that no adequate means would then exist for the education of ,protestant children4 ,the problem of general education has never been faced by ,protestantism4 ,the system of godless education is an extremely modern and thoroughly pagan idea4 ,if it has found favor among the leaders of ,protestantism1 this has been because they have accepted it as a solution of the educational problem2 not having given the matter sufficient attention to observe the ruinous effect which it is producing on themselves4 ,from similar thoughtlessness comes their maintenance of the present system4 ,it is a comparatively cheap solution1 as far as individuals are concerned4 ,it calls for no sacrifices4 ,it is supposed to be sufficiently ,protestant as long as the ,bible is read in the schools4 ,but if the present movement of the infidel party succeeds1 and the 8common0 schools are reduced to purely irreligious institutions1 the matter will soon force itself upon ,protestant attention4 ,we are convinced that they will perceive that ,catholics have given the subject much more consideration than they supposed1 and have been right throughout4 ,many of them will regret having misunderstood our views1 and will be prepared to endorse the proposition that such schools are subversive of ,christianity and demoralizing in their tendency4 ,they will then endeavor to repair the evils which may still result from their ill-judged neglect of ,catholic remonstrance4 ,they will demand to be put upon at least an equal footing with infidels1 probably with as much vehemence as ,catholics have demanded an equal footing for all citizens alike4 ,if they find themselves hopelessly debarred from this by the radical changes in the constitution which some of their number are even now proposing1 they will impeach these amendments4 ,this failing1 they will find themselves in the position in which ,catholics now are4 ,then1 for the first time in history1 will ,protestantism have a fair chance to show how much it cares for education4 ,but1 as already intimated1 it is not necessary to cross the seas to discover testimony in rebuttal of the gratuitous slander which is urged against ,catholics4 ,nor is there need to summon from the tomb the teachers of those who founded the so-called ,reformation1 nor to institute an historic comparison between the labors of ,catholics and ,protestants4 ,still less need is there to attempt to penetrate the future as to what ,catholics may do for education when they are relieved of one-half of their present twofold burden4 ,we live in the ,x,i,xth century and in ,america2 and in this1 very age and country ,catholics are doing more for education than is actually done by any other denomination1 and1 in proportion to their numbers and means1 more than is done by all other denominations put together1 which outnumber ,catholics by at least four to one--,catholics1 forsooth1 who are impudently charged with being opposed to primary schools and collegiate training6 ,this assertion will doubtless sound strangely in the ears of those who have allowed themselves to remain in ignorance of the facts which we shall presently adduce4 ,but1 in view of them1 it will be acknowledged that our statement is the most modest that can be made1 and that1 if disposed to be boastful1 we could increase it many fold without fear of exaggeration4 ,catholics in this country have1 it is true1 no great university such as those produced by the efforts and endowments of generations4 ,besides the lack of time necessary for such a development1 two other causes have thus far prevented its origin4 ,the first is the poverty of ,catholics here--not simply their lack of means--but the fact that the extent of the country and the comparatively small number of very wealthy families require that educational institutions of the higher class should be plentifully distributed4 ,secondly1 ,catholic resources have actually been applied to satisfy this condition of things4 ,we feel quite sanguine that1 before the close of the century1 in spite of all disadvantages1 a ,catholic university of the very highest character will be established here2 but1 without it1 there exist at present1 in every city of importance throughout the ,union1 colleges which1 for scholarship1 will fairly compete with the chartered universities of this country1 and which1 in certain localities and in special departments1 will surpass their older and more pretentious rivals4 ,although these colleges do not approach the ideal of a university--i4e41 a great city of learning1 which can no more be built in a day than a great commercial metropolis--nevertheless there is no reason to be ashamed of our colleges4 ,scarcely one of them can be found which does not contain the children of non-,catholics1 sent thither by the preference of parents and guardians4 ,our great academies for young ladies are recognized as possessing advantages which are without a parallel2 and1 as a class1 the convent schools for girls are without even a rival1 and contain a very large proportion of ,protestant children4 ,nor are ,catholics lacking in efforts to provide primary education for ,catholic children1 although their efforts in this direction are sadly out of proportion to their necessities4 ,in higher intellectual culture the wealthy are naturally interested4 ,they must provide suitable education for their children4 ,to do this in every place is a most severe tax upon them4 ,nevertheless1 it has been their duty to accomplish this1 and1 at the same time1 to subscribe liberally toward the education of the children of their poorer brethren4 ,the poorer classes1 also1 with less natural impulse to make sacrifices for education1 exposed to the temptation of hundreds of proselytizing institutions1 forced to pay also for the lavish expenditure of the public schools1 have had to bear the burden of procuring the necessary instruction for their children without exposing them to sectarianism and the scorn of their religion too often openly manifested in the 8common0 schools4 ,how far they have done their duty will presently be shown4 ,honorable men shall judge whether they have or have not valued education4 ,but if it be suddenly discovered that they have valued it1 let it be acknowledged also that they have acted as ,catholics and from the deepest religious motives4 ,the general statistics of the ,catholic ,church in ,america are very imperfect4 ,nevertheless1 from the ,catholic ,directory of #ahge a few figures may be gleaned which will abundantly sustain the statements here advanced4 ,it is to be regretted that the statistics as given in the ,directory are not more complete1 those of some dioceses being quite minute and exact1 those of others very imperfect4 ,with regard to colleges and academies for higher education1 there are1 under ,catholic direction1 in the ,united ,states1 at least #edj1 with an attendance of not less than #dh1jjj pupils4 ,in dioceses of which both the numbers of institutions and their attendance have been given there are #bgj institutions1 with an attendance of #bd1jjj4 ,a mathematical computation gives for the attendance in the others the amount which we have allowed as a safe estimate--viz41 a total attendance of no less than #dh1jjj souls4 ,how does this appear to those who have listened hitherto to the revilers of ,catholics8 ,are we right in repelling their charge1 or are they right1 who have nothing but their angry feelings with which to sustain it8 ,if ,catholics are wanting in zeal for education1 the spirit of obstruction is not apparent in their higher institutions4 ,but1 as we have said1 the mass of our people are poor4 ,what provision have they made for themselves1 besides paying for the education of others8 ,the ,catholic parochial schools are principally designed to supply the need of ,catholic education for the masses4 ,it would be wrong1 however1 to consider them as merely primary schools4 ,many of the parochial schools are really high schools1 and have a course of studies equal to the best normal schools4 ,nevertheless1 under the head of parish schools are not included any of those already mentioned as colleges or academies4 ,in the ,archdiocese of ,cincinnati there are #adj parish schools1 in which are educated about #ce1jjj children free of cost to the ,state4 ,in the ,archdiocese of ,new ,york there are #ic parish schools1 with not less than #cg1fjj children4 ,in the ,diocese of ,cleveland there are #ajj parish schools and #af1jjj children4 ,in some places the attendance of the ,catholic schools is fully equal to that of the public schools4 ,so that in these districts ,catholics not only pay for the education of their own children1 but half the expenses of the public schools1 and--supposing both systems to be conducted with equal economy--enough to pay for the education of all the other children as well as their own1 free of cost to ,protestants1 ,jews1 and infidels4 ,and yet ,catholics are charged with being hostile to education6 ,in the ,united ,states we have statistics of #a1djj parochial schools1 the given attendance at which amounts to #cbj1jjj pupils4 ,the entire number of parish schools foots up #a1gjj1 and the total figure of attendance may be set down at #djj1jjj scholars4 ,add to this the number of #dh1jjj who are being educated in colleges and academies1 and farther increase the sum by the probable number of children in asylums1 reformatories1 and industrial schools1 and there will appear something very like half a million of scholars who are receiving their education at the expense of ,catholics4 ,taking into account ,catholic numbers1 ,catholic means1 and the time in which ,catholics have made these provisions for education1 we can safely challenge1 not only every denomination singly1 but all of them put together1 to show any corresponding interest in the matter of education1 whether elementary or scientific4 ,this challenge is made1 not in the spirit of pride 7though certainly without shame71 but in the name of truth and of generous rivalry to outstrip all others in the service of humanity and our country4 ,let it stand as the fittest reply to the disingenuous charge that ,catholics are opposed to education4 ,the candid reader to whom these facts are new will use his own language in characterizing the 8flank movement0 against ,catholics1 and will be disposed to credit us with honesty and consistency in our open criticism of the present hastily-adopted system of education4 ,but we are persuaded that he will also be led1 if not to make1 at least to concur in1 farther reflections on the facts which are here adduced4 ,if ,catholics are actually providing instruction for so vast a number of the people of the ,united ,states1 is not this a very considerable saving to the public8 ,we think it is4 ,the average cost of education in ,new ,york ,city is #ac #fj per child2 in the ,state of ,new ,york1 #aa2 in the ,united ,states and ,territories1 #i #bf4 ,the saving represented by such a number in our schools amounts1 at the rate of ,new ,york ,city1 to #f1hjj1jjj2 at the rate of the ,state of ,new ,york1 to #e1ejj1jjj1 and at the lowest rate1 to #d1fcj1jjj per annum4 ,in addition to this direct saving1 we must be credited with the amount of our taxes for the public schools4 ,when ,catholics stand before the ,american people1 and state the reasons why they do not consider the present educational system that prevails here to be either wise or just1 they are not beggars in any sense4 ,they ask for no favor4 ,they demand an equitable system of disbursing the funds raised for education1 so that no class of citizens shall be deprived of that for which they are forced to contribute4 ,they would arrange it so that none could justly complain4 ,as ,catholics1 we must have religion and morality 7which1 whatever others may think1 are to us inseparable7 taught in the schools to which we send our children4 ,no time or place will ever alter our convictions on this point4 ,what we demand for ourselves we gladly concede to others4 ,we are ready to consult with them on a common and just basis of agreement4 ,nothing is wanting for a harmonious settlement except fairness on the part of our opponents4 ,there is no flaw in our position1 no evil design in our heart1 nor have we the slightest disposition to drive a close bargain4 ,let the word be spoken4 ,let any of the ,protestant denominations make a step forward1 intimate a desire for settlement on the basis of equal justice to all1 and ,catholics are with them4 ,but while we thus maintain our demand as strictly just1 whether it be received or rejected1 we are not debtors but creditors of the state4 ,we not only ask our fellow-citizens1 ,will you stand by and see us taxed for a system of education of which we cannot conscientiously avail ourselves8 but we further ask1 ,can you1 as honest men1 disregard what ,catholics are doing for education8 ,do you want them not only to educate their own children1 thereby saving you this cost1 but to educate yours also8 ,what kind of a soul has the man or the nation who would deliberately resist such an appeal8 ,the time will come when people will ask--as1 indeed1 many do ask at present--8,why is not a louder outcry made for the ,catholics in the school question80 ,and the answer is that we feel a certainty1 which nothing can shake1 that the ,american people are intelligent enough to understand ,catholics after a time2 and when they do understand them1 they will be fair enough to do them justice4 ,in the meantime let the ,catholic laborer pay not only for the education of his own children at the parish school1 and save this expense to his rich neighbor2 let him also pay for the same neighbor's children1 not merely in primary schools1 but in high schools1 where ladies and gentlemen 7whom poverty does not drive to labor at the age when the poor man's children have to be apprenticed7 may learn ,french and ,german and music1 and to declaim on the glorious principles of ,american liberty and of the ,constitution1 under which all men are 7supposed to be7 free and equal4 ,we love to hear their young voices and hearty eloquence4 ,let these institutions be costly in structure and furnished with every improvement4 ,let the teachers have high salaries4 ,let gushing editors issue forth1 to manifest to the astonished world the wisdom and deep thought which they have acquired at the expense of their humbler and self-sacrificing neighbor4 ,but let honest and thoughtful men ponder on the meaning of ,american equality1 and judge who are the true friends of education4 ,the wages of the laborers will be spent1 if the shallowness and crude imperfection of the present system are learned1 and the spirit of equal rights among citizens peacefully preserved2 though the credit will belong to those who have kept their calmness of mind and made the greatest sacrifices4 ,the candid reader to whom we have alluded will readily admit that ,catholics are true friends of education1 and are doing most for it proportionately to their means2 that1 instead of suspicion and abuse1 they deserve respect1 honor1 and acknowledgment of their services4 ,we think1 however1 that our fellow-citizens will go much farther1 and will1 in time1 endorse our statement when we affirm that ,catholics at present1 and as a body1 are the only true friends of popular education4 ,by this is not meant simply to say that they have not been backward in obtaining1 by their intelligence and integrity1 the highest positions in the country2 that they count as representatives such men as ,chief-,justice ,taney1 ,charles ,o',conor1 a ,barry at the head of the navy1 a ,sheridan and a ,rosecrans in the army1 and others of the highest national and local reputation2 or that1 when the ,roman purple fell upon the shoulders of the ,archbishop of ,new ,york1 it suffered no loss of dignity in touching a true and patriotic ,american1 well fitted to wear it in any court or academy of ,europe4 ,but we do mean that1 outside of the ,catholic ,church and those who sympathize with our views on this subject1 there is no body whose representatives are not biassed in their plan for common education by prejudice or hostility toward some other body4 ,with what utter disregard for the rights of conscience the infidel and atheistic faction coolly avows its purpose to enforce a secular and irreligious education upon all the people--a system known to be no less antagonistic to the spirit of our democratic institutions than hostile to the religious convictions of ,catholics as well as ,protestants6 ,what loud outcries and stormy denunciations echo from certain popular pulpits when this faction demands the expulsion of the ,bible from the public schools6 ,is any person cool in the midst of this confusion8 ,is there any class of citizens which looks to the common good and adheres to the principle of equal regard for religious rights and education free for all8 ,there are such persons4 ,there is such a class4 ,those are they who never shrink from avowing their principles1 and whose principles are always right1 in spite of temporary unpopularity--the representatives of the ,catholic ,church of ,america4 ,when the excitement of the hour has died away1 and the schemes of politicians to gain power by fastening upon the country a system fatal to liberty1 and radical in its assault upon the spirit of our government1 have met their just fate1 then we shall receive the honor due to those who have defended the country from the danger of adopting partisan measures aimed against a certain class of citizens4 ,we hope to live to see the day when there will not be a child in the whole land capable of instruction who shall not receive a thorough education1 fitting him to be a patriotic citizen of our country1 and1 at the same time1 in nowise interfering with his religious duties4 ,the present system signally fails to accomplish this4 ,those who so strenuously uphold its organization and attempt to make it compulsory upon all are hostile to the genius of our institutions and fanatical in their zeal4 ,that they are not lovers of education is evident from their own ignorance of facts4 ,that they are in earnest when they charge ,catholics with hostility to education we can scarcely believe2 for we hear from the same lips hints and warnings against ,catholic success in education4 ,we hear also that the ,catholic ,church is growing1 and1 unless something is done to stop her1 she will convert all the ,protestants in the country2 and1 still at other times1 that she is an effete and worn-out thing which cannot live through the century in a free republic4 ,at one time ,catholics are derided as idiots2 at another represented as deep and insidious conspirators4 ,there is scarcely anything which is not affirmed or denied of them1 according as it suits the mood of their revilers4 ,if our people were cooler and more dispassionate1 we should find all those calumnies answering one another4 ,as it is1 we are constrained to pay them more or less attention1 though the nature of the testimony against us scarcely allows us to take up more than one point at a time4 ,if ,catholics or ,methodists or ,episcopalians or ,baptists can give a better and a cheaper education1 we see no reason why the state should interfere with those who choose to avail themselves of it4 ,let the state set up any standard it may choose1 or make it obligatory2 ,catholics will cheerfully come up to it1 no matter how high it may be1 provided equal rights are allowed to all4 ,the government has a right to demand that its voters shall possess knowledge4 ,it has no right to say how or where they shall acquire knowledge4 ,the government is bound by public policy to promote education4 ,this is to be done by stimulating in this department the same activity which has made ,americans famous in other branches of social economy1 by encouraging spontaneous action1 and not by an ill-judged system of 8protection0 of one kind of education against another1 or by creating a state monopoly4 ,bespeaking candor and due respect on the part of those who may differ from us1 we take our stand on what we conceive to be the true ,american ground1 and are willing to abide by the consequences--fair play1 universal culture1 obligatory knowledge1 non-interference of the state in religion1 and free trade in education4 ,,suggested ,,by ,a ,,cascade ,,at ,,lake ,,george4 ,not idly could ,i watch this torrent fall ,hour after hour2 not vainly day by day ,visit the spot to meditate and pray4 ,the charm that holds me in its giant thrall ,has too much of the infinite to pall4 ,for though1 like time1 the waters pass away1 ,they fling a freshness1 a baptismal spray1 ,which breathes of the ,eternal ,fount of all4 ,and so1 my ,god1 does thy revealed word1 ,in living dogma or on sacred page1 ,flow to us ever new2 though read and heard ,immutably the same from age to age4 ,and thither ,nature sends us to assuage ,the higher longings by her voices stirred4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more4 ,a ,,historical ,,romance4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,the ,,princesse ,,de ,,craon4 ,v4 ,time glides rapidly by1 leaving no footprints on the dreary road over which it has passed1 as the wild billows1 rolling back into the fathomless depths whence the tempest has called them forth1 leave no traces behind them4 ,and so passes life--fleeting rapidly1 noiselessly away2 while man1 weary with striving1 tortured by cares and unceasing anxieties1 is born1 suffers1 weeps1 and in a day has withered1 and1 like a fragile flower of the field1 perishes from the earth4 ,wolsey1 fallen from the summit of prosperity1 continued to experience a succession of reverses4 ,unceasingly exposed to the malice of his enemies1 he struggled in vain against their constantly-increasing influence2 and if they failed in bringing about his death1 they succeeded1 at least1 in poisoning every moment of his existence4 ,thus1 at the time even when ,henry ,,viii4 had sent him a valuable ring as a token of amity1 they forced the king to despoil the wretched man of the valuable possessions which they pretended to wish restored to him4 ,he received one day from his master a new assurance of his royal solicitude2 the next1 his resources failing1 he was obliged1 for want of money1 to dismiss his old servants and remain alone in his exile4 ,cromwell1 with an incredible adroitness1 had succeeded by degrees in disengaging himself from the obligations he owed the cardinal1 and in making the downfall and misfortunes of his master serve to advance his own interests4 ,he had made numerous friends among the throng of courtiers surrounding the king1 in obtaining from the unhappy ,wolsey his recognition of the distribution which the king had made of his effects1 by adding the sanction of his own seal4 ,after repeated refusals on the part of the cardinal1 he was at last successful in convincing him of the urgent necessity for making this concession1 in order to try1 he said with apparent sincerity1 to lessen the animosity and remove the prejudices they entertained against him4 ,but1 in reality1 the intention of ,cromwell had been1 by that manuvre1 to strip him of his entire possessions2 for the courtiers1 being well aware their titles were not valid under the law1 were every moment afraid they might be called on to surrender the gifts they had received1 and consequently desired nothing so much as to have the cardinal confirm them in their unjust possessions4 ,it was by means of this monstrous ingratitude that ,cromwell purchased the favor of the court1 began to elevate himself near the king in receiving new dignities and honors1 and at length found himself saved from the fate he had so greatly apprehended at the moment of his benefactor's downfall4 ,of what consequence was ,wolsey to him now8 ,banished from his archbishopric of ,york1 he was but a broken footstool which ,cromwell no longer cared to remember4 ,he scarcely deigned to employ his new friends in having ,wolsey 7reduced to the condition of an invalid7 removed from the miserable abode at ,asher to the better situated castle of ,richmond2 and later1 when the heads of the council1 always apprehensive and uneasy because of his existence1 obtained his peremptory exile1 he considered this departure as completely liberating him from every obligation to his old benefactor4 ,events were thus following each other in rapid succession1 when1 toward the middle of the day1 the door of the king's cabinet opened1 and ,sir ,thomas ,more1 in the grand costume of lord chancellor1 entered as had been his custom4 ,the king turned slightly around on his chair1 and fixed upon him a searching glance1 as if he sought to read the inmost soul of ,more4 ,the countenance of the chancellor was tranquil1 respectful1 and assured1 such as it had always been4 ,in vain ,henry sought to discover the indications of fear1 the impetuous desires and ambitions which he was accustomed to excite or contradict in the agitated heart of ,wolsey1 and by which1 in his turn master of his favorite1 of his future1 and of his great talents1 he made him pay so dearly for the honors at intervals heaped upon him4 ,nothing of all this could he discover6 ,more seated himself when invited by the king1 and entered upon the discussion of a multitude of affairs to which he had been devoting himself with unremitting attention day and night4 8,sire10 he would urge1 8this measure will be most useful to your kingdom2 sire1 justice1 it seems to me1 requires you to give such a decision in that case40 ,never were any other considerations brought to bear nor other demands made2 nothing for himself1 nothing for his family1 but all for the good of the state1 the interests of the people2 silence upon all subjects his conscience did not oblige him to reveal1 though the king perceived only too clearly the inmost depths of the pure and elevated soul of his chancellor4 ,by dazzling this man of rare virtues with a fortune to which a simple gentleman could never aspire1 ,henry had hoped to allure him to his own party and induce him to sustain the divorce bill4 ,thus1 by a monstrous contradiction1 in corrupting him by avarice and ambition1 he would have destroyed the very virtues on which he wished to lean4 ,he perceived with indignation that all his artifices had been unsuccessful in influencing a will accustomed to yield only to convictions of duty1 and he feared his ability to move him by any of the indirect and abstract arguments which he felt and acknowledged to himself were weak and insufficient4 ,revolving all these reflections in his mind1 the king eagerly opened the conversation with ,more1 but in a quiet tone and with an air of assumed indifference4 8,well6 ,sir ,thomas10 he said1 8have you reflected on what ,i asked you8 ,do you not find now that my marriage with my brother's wife was in opposition to all laws human and divine1 and that ,i cannot do otherwise than have it pronounced null and void1 after being thus advised by so many learned men1 and ecclesiastics also80 8,sire10 replied ,more1 8,i have done what your majesty requested me2 but it occurs to my mind that1 in an affair of so much importance1 it will not be sufficient to ask simply the advice of those immediately around you2 for it might be feared that1 influenced by the affection they bear for you1 they would not decide as impartially as your majesty would desire4 ,perhaps1 also1 some of them might be afraid of offending you4 ,i have1 therefore1 concluded that it would be better for your majesty to consult advisers who are entirely removed from all such suspicions4 ,that is why ,i have endeavored to collect together in this manuscript ,i have here the various passages of ,holy ,scripture bearing on this subject4 ,i have added also the opinions of ,s4 ,augustine and several other fathers of the church1 with whose eminent learning and high authority among the faithful your majesty is familiar40 8,ah60 said the king1 with a slightly-marked movement of impatience1 8that was right4 ,leave it there2 ,i will read it40 ,sir ,thomas deposited the manuscript on the king's table4 8,my lord chancellor10 he continued1 8the ,house of ,commons has taken some steps toward discharging my debts4 ,what do they think of this in the city80 8,sire10 replied ,more1 8,i must tell you candidly they complain openly and loudly4 ,they say if the ministers had not taken care to introduce into the house members who had received their positions from themselves1 the bill would never have passed2 for it is altogether unjust and iniquitous for ,parliament to dispose in this manner of private property4 ,they say still farther that it has been inserted in the preamble of the bill that the prosperity of the kingdom under the king's paternal administration had induced them to testify their gratitude by discharging his debts4 ,if this pretext is sincere1 it reflects the greatest honor on ,cardinal ,wolsey2 and if1 on the contrary1 it is false1 it covers his successors with shame40 8,what60 exclaimed the king1 8do they dare express themselves in this manner80 8,yes10 replied ,sir ,thomas2 8and ,i will frankly say to the king that it would have been far better to have imposed a new tax supported equally by all than thus to despoil individuals of their patrimony40 8,they are never contented60 exclaimed the king impatiently4 8,i have sacrificed ,wolsey to their hatred1 whom there is no person in the kingdom now able to replace4 ,this ,dr4 ,gardiner torments me with questions which are far from satisfactory to his dull comprehension4 ,everything goes wrong1 unless ,i take the trouble of managing it myself2 while with the cardinal the slightest suggestion was sufficient4 ,i constantly feel inclined to recall him6 ,then we will see what they will say6 ,but no60 he continued1 with an expression of gloomy sullenness1 8they gave me no rest until ,i had banished him from his archbishopric of ,york4 ,it was1 they said1 the sole means of preventing ,parliament from pronouncing his condemnation4 ,by this time he is doubtless already reconciled2 he is so vain a creature that the three or four words ,i have said in his favor to my nobles of the north will have been worth more to him than the homage and adulation of a court1 without which he cannot exist4 ,he is pious now1 they say1 occupying himself only with good works and in doing penance for his many sins of the past4 ,in fact1 he is entirely reconciled6 ,he has already forgotten all that ,i have done for him6 ,i shall devote myself1 then1 to those who now serve me60 8,i doubt very much if your majesty has been correctly informed with regard to the latter fact10 replied ,more4 8,indeed1 ,i know that the order compelling him to be entirely removed from your majesty's presence is the one that caused him the deepest grief40 8,ah6 ,more10 interrupted the king very suddenly1 as if to take him by surprise1 8you are opposed to my divorce4 ,i have known it perfectly well for a long time2 and these extracts from the fathers of the church to which you refer me are simply the expression of your own opinions1 which you wish to convey to me in this indirect manner40 8,sire10 replied ,more1 slightly embarrassed1 8,i had hoped your majesty would not force me to give my opinion on a subject of such grave importance1 and one1 as ,i have already explained1 on which ,i possess neither the authority nor the ability to decide40 8,ah6 well1 ,sir ,thomas10 replied the king in a confident manner1 wishing to discover what effect his words would produce on ,more1 8being entirely convinced of the justice of my cause1 and that nothing can prevent me from availing myself of it1 ,i am determined1 if the pope refuses what ,i have a right to demand1 to withdraw from the tyrannical yoke of his authority4 ,i will appoint a patriarch in my kingdom1 and the bishops shall no longer submit to his jurisdiction40 8,a schism60 exclaimed ,more1 8a schism6 ,dismember the church of ,jesus ,christ for a woman60 ,and he paused1 appalled at what ,henry had said and astonished at his own energetic denunciation4 ,the king felt1 as by a violent shock1 all the force of that exclamation1 and1 dropping his head on his breast1 he remained stupefied1 like one who had just been aroused from a painful and terrible dream4 ,just at that moment the cabinet door was thrown violently open1 and ,lady ,anne ,boleyn entered precipitately4 ,she was drowned in tears1 and carried in her arms a hunting spaniel that belonged to the king4 ,she threw it into the centre of the apartment1 evidently in a frightful rage4 8,here10 she cried1 looking at the king--8here is your wretched dog1 that has tried to strangle my favorite bird6 ,you never do anything but try to annoy me1 make me miserable1 and cause me all kinds of intolerable vexations4 ,i have told you already that ,i did not want that horrid animal in my chamber40 ,in the meantime the dog1 which she had thrown on the floor1 set up a lamentable howl4 ,the king felt deeply humiliated by this ridiculous scene1 and especially on account of the angry familiarity exhibited by ,anne ,boleyn in presence of ,sir ,thomas ,more2 for she either forgot herself in her extreme excitement and indignation1 or she believed her empire so securely established that she did not hesitate to give these proofs of it4 ,she continued her complaints and reproaches with increasing haughtiness1 until she was interrupted by ,dr4 ,stephen ,gardiner1 who came to bring some newly-arrived despatches to the king4 ,henry arose immediately1 and1 motioning ,sir ,thomas to open the door1 without saying a word1 he took ,anne ,boleyn by the hand1 and1 leading her from the room1 ordered her to retire to her own apartment4 ,he then returned1 and1 seating himself near the chancellor1 concealed1 as far as he was able1 his excitement and mortification4 ,sir ,thomas1 still more excited1 could not avoid1 as they went over the despatches1 indignantly reflecting on the manner in which ,anne ,boleyn had treated the king1 on his deplorable infatuation1 and the terrible consequences to which that infatuation must inevitably lead4 ,the king1 divining the nature of his reflections1 experienced a degree of humiliation that made him inexpressibly miserable4 8,what say these despatches80 he asked1 endeavoring to assume composure4 8,what does ,more think of me80 he said to himself--8he so grave1 so pious1 so dignified6 ,he despises me6''' ,that silly girl60 8,they give an account of the emperor's reception of the ,earl of ,wiltshire10 answered ,more4 8,i will read it aloud1 if your majesty wishes40 8,no1 no10 said the king1 whom the name of ,wiltshire confused still more2 8give them to me4 ,i am perfectly familiar with the cipher40 ,he did not intend that ,more should yet be apprised of the base intrigues he had ordered to be practised at ,rome to assist the father of his mistress in obtaining the divorce4 ,having taken the letters1 he found the emperor had treated his ambassador with the utmost contempt1 remarking to ,wiltshire that he was an interested party1 since he was father of the queen's rival1 and he would have to inform ,henry ,,viii4 that the emperor was not a merchant to sell the honor of his aunt for three hundred thousand crowns1 even if he proposed to abandon her cause1 but1 on the contrary1 he should defend it to the last extremity2 and after saying this1 the emperor had deliberately turned his back on the ambassador and forbidden him to be again admitted to his presence4 ,henry grew red and white alternately4 8,i am1 then1 the laughing-stock of ,europe10 he murmured through his firmly-set teeth4 ,numerous other explanations followed1 in which the ,earl of ,wiltshire gave an exact and circumstantial account of the offer he had made to the ,holy ,father of the treatise composed by ,cromwell on the subject of the divorce1 saying that he had brought the author with him1 who was prepared to sustain the opinions advanced against all opposition4 ,he ended by informing the king that1 in spite of his utmost efforts1 he had not been able to prevent the pope from according the emperor a brief forbidding ,henry to celebrate another marriage before the queen's case had been entirely decided1 and enjoining him to treat her in the meantime as his legitimate wife4 ,wiltshire sent with his letter an especial copy of that document1 adding that he feared the information the ,holy ,father had received of the violence exercised by the ,english universities toward those doctors who had voted against the divorce1 together with the money and promises distributed among those of ,france1 especially the ,university of ,paris1 to obtain favorable decisions1 had not contributed toward influencing him4 ,the king read and re-read several times all these statements1 and was entirely overwhelmed with indignation and disappointment4 8,and why10 he angrily exclaimed1 dashing the earl's letter as far as possible from him--8why have these flatterers surrounding me always assured me ,i would succeed in my undertaking8 ,why could they not foresee that it would be impossible8 and why have ,i not found a sincere friend who might have admonished me8 ,more60 he cried after a moment's silence--8,more1 ,i am most miserable6 ,what could be more unjust8 ,i am devoted to ,lady ,anne ,boleyn as my future wife2 and now they wish to make me renounce her4 ,the emperor's intrigues prevail1 and against all laws1 human and divine1 they condemn me to eternal celibacy60 8,ah60 replied ,sir ,thomas in a firm but sadly respectful manner1 8yes1 it is indeed distressing to see your majesty thus voluntarily destroy your own peace1 that of your kingdom1 the happiness of your subjects1 the regard for your own honor1 so many benefits1 in fact1 and all for the foolish love of a girl who possesses neither worth nor reputation40 8,more10 exclaimed the king1 8do not speak of her in this manner6 ,she is young and thoughtless1 but in her heart she is devoted to me40 8,that is10 replied ,more1 8she is entirely devoted to the crown2 she loves dearly the honors of royalty1 and her pride is doubly flattered40 8,more10 said the king1 8,i forgive you for speaking thus to me2 your severe morals1 your austere virtues1 have not permitted you to experience the torments of love1 and that is why10 he added gloomily1 8you cannot comprehend its irresistible impulses and true sentiments40 8,nothing that is known to one man is unknown to another10 replied ,more4 8,love1 in itself1 is a sublime sentiment that comes from ,god2 but1 alas6 men drag it in the dust1 like all else they touch1 and too often mistake the appearance for the reality4 ,to love anyone1 ,o my king60 continued ,more1 8is it not to prefer them in all things above yourself1 to consider yourself as nothing1 and be willing to sacrifice without regret all that you would wish to possess80 8,yes10 said ,henry ,,viii42 8and that is the way ,i love ,anne--more than my life1 more than the entire world60 8,no1 no1 sire60 exclaimed ,more1 8don't tell me that4 ,no1 don't say you love her2 say you love the pleasure she affords you1 the attractions she possesses1 which have charmed your senses--in a word1 acknowledge that you love yourself in her1 and consider well that the day when nature deprives her of her gifts and graces your memory will no longer represent her to you but as an insipid image1 worthy only of a scornful oblivion6 ,ah6 if you loved her truly1 you would act in a different manner4 ,you would never have considered aught but her happiness and her interests2 you would blush for her1 and you would not be able to endure the thought of the shame with which you have not hesitated to cover her yourself in the eyes of all your court60 8,perhaps10 ''' replied ,henry in a low and altered voice4 8,but she--she loves me2 ,i cannot doubt that40 8,she loves the ,king of ,england60 replied ,more excitedly1 8but not ,henry2 she loves the mighty prince who ignominiously bends his neck beneath the yoke which she pleases to impose on him4 ,but poor and destitute1 her glance would never have fallen upon you4 ,proud of her beauty1 vain of her charms1 she holds you like a conquered vassal whom she governs by a gesture or a word4 ,she loves riches1 honors and the pleasures with which you surround her4 ,she is dazzled by the clat of the high rank you occupy1 and1 to attain it1 she fears not to purchase it at the price of your soul and all that you possess4 ,what matters to her the care of your honor or the love of your subjects8 ,has she ever said to you3 #8,henry1 ,i love you1 but your duty separates you from me2 be great1 be virtuous'8 ,has she said3 #8,catherine1 your wife1 is my sovereign1 and ,i recognize no other'8 ,do you not hear the voice of your people saying to your children3 #8,you shall reign over us'8 ,but what am ,i saying8 ,no1 of course she has not spoken thus2 because she seeks to elevate herself1 she thinks of her own aggrandizement--to see at her feet men whom she would never otherwise be able to command40 8,what shall ,i do1 then1 what shall ,i do80 cried ,henry dolorously4 8,marry ,anne ,boleyn10 replied ,thomas ,more coolly2 8you should do it1 since you have broken off her marriage with the ,earl of ,northumberland4 ,if not1 send her away from court40 8,i will do it6 ''' ,no1 ,i will not do it60 he exclaimed1 almost in the same breath4 8,i shall never be able to do it40 8,that is to say1 you never intend to do it10 replied ,more4 8,we can always accomplish what we resolve40 8,no1 no10 replied ,henry2 8we cannot always do what we wish4 ,everything conspires against me4 ,tired of willing1 ,i can make nothing bend to my will6 ,of what use is my royal power8 ,to be happy is a thing impossible60 8,yes1 of all things in this life most impossible10 answered ,more2 8and he who aspires to attain it finds his miseries redoubled at the very moment he thinks they will terminate4 ,the possession of unlawful pleasures is poisoned by the remorse that follows in their train2 and1 frightened by their insecurity and short duration1 we are prevented from enjoying them in quietness and peace40 8,then10 cried ,henry ,,viii41 stamping his foot violently on the floor1 8we had better be dead40 8,yes10 replied ,thomas ,more1 8and to-morrow perhaps we may be60 8,to-morrow60 repeated the king1 as if struck with terror4 8,no1 no1 ,more1 not to-morrow4 ''' ,i would not be willing now to appear in the presence of ,god40 8,then10 replied ,more1 8how can you expect to live peaceably in a condition in which you are afraid to die8 ,in a few hours1 or at least in a few years 7that is as certain as the light of day which shines this moment71 your life and mine will have to end1 leaving nothing more than regrets for the past and fears for the future40 8,you say truly1 ,more10 replied the king2 8but life appears so long to us1 the future so far removed6 ,is it necessary1 then1 that we be always thinking of it and sacrificing our pleasures8''' ,later--well1 we will change4 ,will we not have more time then to think of it80 8,ah60 replied ,more sadly1 8there remains very little time to him who is always putting off until to-morrow40 ,as he heard the last words1 the king's face grew instantly crimson4 ,he kept ,more with him1 entertaining him with his trials and vexations1 and the night was far advanced before he permitted him to retire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,during four entire days the king remained shut up in his apartment1 and ,anne ,boleyn vainly attempted to gain admittance4 ,meanwhile1 a rumor of her downfall spread rapidly through the palace4 ,the courtiers who were accustomed to attend her leves in greater numbers and much more scrupulously than those of ,queen ,catherine1 suddenly discontinued1 and on the last occasion scarcely one of them made his appearance4 ,they also took great care to preserve a frigid reserve and doubtful politeness1 which excited to the last degree her alarm and that of her ambitious family4 ,the latter were every moment in dread of the blow that seemed ready to fall upon them4 ,in this state of gloomy disquiet every circumstance was anxiously noted and served to excite their apprehensions4 ,they continually discussed among themselves the arrival of the despatches from ,rome1 the nature of which they suspected from the very long time ,sir ,thomas ,more had remained with the king4 ,then they refreshed their memories with reflections on the inflexible severity of the lord chancellor1 his old attachment for ,queen ,catherine--an attachment which the elevation of ,more had never interrupted1 as they had hoped would be the case4 ,finally1 the sincerity of his nature and the estimation in which he was held by the king made them1 with great reason1 apprehend the influence of his counsel4 ,already they found themselves abandoned by almost all of those upon whose support they had relied4 ,suffolk1 leagued with them heretofore1 in order to secure the downfall of ,cardinal ,wolsey1 now regarded them in their disgrace as of little consequence to one so closely related as himself to his majesty by the princess1 his wife4 ,the ,duke of ,norfolk1 justly proud of his birth1 his wealth1 and his reputation1 could not believe the power with which the influence of his niece had clothed him in the council by any means bound him to engage in or compromise himself in her cause4 ,in the meantime they realized that they would inevitably be compelled to succumb or make a last and desperate effort1 and they resolved with one accord to address themselves to ,cromwell1 whose shrewdness and cunning1 joined to the motives of self-interest that could be brought to bear on him1 seemed to offer them a last resort4 ,cromwell immediately understood all the benefit he would be likely to derive from the situation whether he succeeded or failed in the cause of ,anne ,boleyn1 and determined1 according to his own expression1 to 8make or unmake40 ,he wrote to the king1 demanding an audience4 8,he fully realized10 he wrote1 with his characteristic adroitness1 8his entire incapacity for giving advice1 but neither his devoted affection nor his sense of duty would permit him to remain silent when he knew the anxiety his sovereign was suffering4 ,it might be deemed presumptuous in him to say it1 but he believed all the difficulties embarrassing the king arose from the timidity of his advisers1 who were misled by exterior appearances or deceived by the opinions of the vulgar40 ,the king immediately granted him an audience1 although his usual custom was to remain entirely secluded and alone while laboring under these violent transports of passion4 ,he hoped that ,cromwell might be able to present his opinions with such ability as would at least be sufficient to divert him from the wretchedness he experienced4 ,cromwell appeared before him with eyes cast down and affecting an air of sadness and constraint4 8,sire10 he said1 as he approached the king1 8yesterday1 even yesterday1 ,i was happy--yes1 happy in the thought of being permitted to present myself before your majesty2 because it seemed to me ,i might be able to offer some consolation for the anxieties you experience by reminding you that nothing should induce you to pause in your efforts to advance the interests of the kingdom and the state4 ,but to-day1 in appearing before you1 ,i know not what to say4 ,this morning ,lady ,boleyn1 being informed that ,i was to have the happiness of seeing your majesty1 sent for me and charged me with the commission of asking your majesty's permission for her to withdraw from court40 8,what60 exclaimed ,henry1 rising hastily to his feet1 8she wishes to leave me8--she1 my only happiness1 my only joy8 ,never60 8,i have found her10 continued ,cromwell1 seeming not to remark the painful uneasiness he had aroused in the king's mind--8,i have found her plunged in a state of indescribable grief4 ,she was almost deprived of consciousness2 her beautiful eyes were weighed down with tears1 her long hair hanging neglected around her shoulders2 and her pale1 transparent cheek made her resemble a delicate white rose bowed on its slender stem before the violence of the tempest4 #8,go1 my dear ,cromwell1' she said to me with a tremulous voice1 but sweet as the soft expiring notes of an olian lyre--#8go1 say to my king1 to my lord1 ,i ask his permission to retire this day to my father's country-seat4 ,i know that ,i am surrounded by enemies1 but1 while favored by his protection1 ,i have not feared their malice4 ,but now ,i feel1 and cannot doubt it1 ,i shall become their victim1 since they have succeeded in prejudicing my sovereign against me to such an extent that he refuses to hear my defence4'0 8,what can she be afraid of here80 cried the king4 8,who would dare offend her in my palace80 8,who will be able to defend her if your majesty abandons her80 replied ,cromwell in a haughty tone1 feigning to forget the humble demeanor he had assumed1 and mentally applauding the success of his stratagem4 8,has she not given up all for you8 ,every day she has wounded by her refusals the greatest lords of the realm1 who have earnestly sued for her heart and hand2 but she has constantly refused to listen to them because of the love she bears for you--always preferring the uncertain hope of one day becoming yours to all the brilliant advantages of the wealthiest suitors she has been urged to accept4 ,but to-day1 when her honor is attacked1 when you banish her from your presence1 she feels she will not have the courage to endure near you such wretchedness1 and she asks to be permitted to withdraw from court at once and for ever60 8,for ever80 repeated the king4 8,cromwell1 has she said that8 ,have you heard her right8 ,no1 ,cromwell1 you are mistaken6 ,i know her better than you40 ,and he turned on ,cromwell a keen1 scrutinizing glance4 ,but nothing could daunt this audacious man4 8,she said all ,i have told you10 replied the hypocrite1 with the coolest assurance1 raising his head haughtily4 8,would ,i dare to repeat what ,i have not heard8 ,and your majesty can imagine that my devotion has alone induced me to become the bearer of so painful a message2 for ,i could not believe1 your majesty had ceased to love her40 8,never60 cried the king4 8,never have ,i for one moment ceased to adore her6 ,but listen1 dear ,cromwell1 and be convinced of how wretched ,i am6 ,yesterday ,i received from ,rome the most distressing intelligence4 ,i had written the pope a letter1 signed by a great number of lords of my court and bishops of the kingdom1 in which they expressed the fears they entertained of one day seeing the flames of civil war break out in this country if ,i should die without male heirs1 as there would be grounds for contesting the right of my daughter ,mary to the throne on the score of her legitimacy4 ,but nothing can move him40 99 99 99 99 99 ,here the king rose1 furiously indignant4 8,he has answered this petition10 he cried1 walking with hurried strides up and down the floor2 8and how8''' ,by my faith1 ,i can scarcely repeat it4''' ,that he pardons the terms they have used in their letter1 attributing them to the affection they bear for me2 that he is under still greater obligations to me than they have mentioned2 that it is not his fault if the affair of the divorce remains undecided2 that he has sent legates to ,england2 that the queen has refused to recognize them1 and appealed from all they have done2 that he has tried vainly in every possible way to terminate the affair amicably2 and1 furthermore1 #8,you will1 perhaps1 be ready to say1' he writes1 #8that1 being under so many obligations to the king as ,i am1 ,i should waive all other considerations and accord him absolutely everything he asks4' ,although that would be sovereignly unjust1 yet he can conclude nothing else from their letter2 that they reflect not on the queen having represented to him1 that all ,christendom is scandalized because they would attempt to annul a marriage contracted so many years ago1 at the request of two great kings and under a dispensation from the pope--a marriage confirmed by the birth of several children6 ,and what else8 ,let me see3''' ,that if ,i rely on the opinion of several doctors and universities1 he refers1 on his part1 to the law of ,god upon the sanctity and unity of marriage1 and the highest authorities taken from the ,hebrew and ,latin writers2 that the decisions of the universities which ,i bring forward are supported by no proofs2 he cannot decide finally upon that1 and1 if he should precipitate his judgment1 they would no longer be able to avert the evils with which it is said ,england is threatened2 that he desires as much as they that ,i may have male heirs1 but he is not ,god to give them to me2 he has no greater wish than to please me as far as lies in his power1 without at the same time violating all the laws of justice and equity2 and1 finally1 he conjures them to cease demanding of him things that are opposed to his conscience1 in order that he may be spared the pain of refusing6 ,mark that well1 ,cromwell--the pain of refusing6 ,thus1 you see1 after having tried everything1 spent everything1 and used every possible means1 what remains now for me to hope80 8,all that you wish10 replied ,cromwell2 8everything without exception6 ,why permit yourself to be governed by those who ought to be your slaves8 ,among all the clergy who surround you1 and whom you are able to reduce1 if you choose1 to mendicity1 can you not find a priest who will marry you8 ,if ,i were ,king of ,england1 ,i would very soon convince them that the happiness of their lives depended entirely upon mine6 ,threaten to withdraw from the authority of ,rome1 and you will very soon see them yielding1 on their knees1 to all your demands40 8,cromwell10 said ,henry ,,viii41 8,i admire your spirit and the boldness of the measures you advocate4 ,from this moment ,i open to you the door of my council4 ,remember the kindness and the signal favor with which ,i have honored you4 ,however1 your inexperienced zeal carries you too far2 you forget that the day ,i would determine really to separate myself from the ,church of ,rome1 ,i would become schismatic1 and the people would refuse to obey me4 ,moreover ,i am a ,catholic1 and ,i wish to die one40 8,what of that80 replied ,cromwell4 8,am ,i not also a ,catholic8 ,because your majesty frightens the pope1 will he cease to exist8 ,declare to him that from this day you no longer recognize his authority2 that you forbid the clergy paying their tithes to1 or receiving from him their nominations4 ,you will see1 then1 if the next day your present marriage is not annulled and the one you wish to contract approved and ratified40 8,do you really believe it80 said the king4 8,i am sure of it10 replied ,cromwell4 8,no10 said the king4 8,it is a thing utterly impossible2 the bishops would refuse to accede to any such requirements1 and they would be right4 ,they know too well that it is essential for the church to have a head in order to maintain her unity1 and without it nothing would follow but confusion and disorder40 8,well6 who can prevent your majesty from becoming yourself that head80 exclaimed ,cromwell4 8,is ,england not actually a monster now with two heads1 one of them wanting a thing1 and the other not8 ,follow the example given you by those ,german princes who are freeing themselves from the yoke which has humbled them for so many years before the throne of a pontiff who is a stranger alike to their affections and their interests6 ,then everything anomalous will rectify itself1 and your subjects cease to believe that any other than yourself is entitled to their homage or submission40 8,you are right1 little ,cromwell60 cried ,henry ,,viii41 this seductive and perfidious discourse flattering at the same time his guilty passion and the ambition that divided his soul4 8,but how would you proceed about executing this marvellous project1 of which a thought had already crossed my own mind8--for1 as ,i have just told you1 the clergy will refuse to obey me1 and ,i shall then have no means of compelling them40 8,your consideration and kindness make you forget10 replied ,cromwell adroitly1 afraid of wounding the king's pride1 8the statutes of prmunire offer you means both sure and easy4 ,is it not by those laws they have tried ,wolsey before the ,parliament8 ,in condemning him they have condemned themselves1 and have made themselves amenable to the same penalties4 ,you have them all in your power4 ,threaten to punish them in their turn1 if they refuse to take the oath acknowledging you as head of the church2 and do it fearlessly if they dare attempt to resist you40 8,well1 little ,cromwell10 said ,henry ,,viii41 slapping him familiarly on the shoulder1 8,i observe with great satisfaction your coolness and the variety of resources you have at command4 ,you see everything at a glance and fear nothing4 ,i have made all these objections only to hear how you would meet them4 ,here1 take these ,roman documents1 read them for yourself1 and you will be better able to appreciate their contents2 while ,i go and beg ,anne to forget the wrongs ,i so cruelly reproach myself with having inflicted on her40 ,saying this1 ,henry ,,viii4 went out1 and ,cromwell followed him with his eyes as he walked through the long gallery4 ,an ironical smile hovered over his thin and bloodless lips as he watched him4 8,go1 go10 he murmured to himself1 8throw yourself at the feet of your silly mistress1 and ask her pardon for wishing her to be queen of ,england4 ,they are grand1 very grand1 these kings1 and yet they find themselves very often held in the hollow of the hand of some low and crafty flatterer6 #8,despicable creature6' they will say4 ,yes1 ,i am despicable in the eyes of many2 and yet they prepare1 by my advice1 to overthrow the pillars of the church1 in order to enrich me with its consecrated spoils40 ,he laughed a diabolical laugh2 then suddenly his face grew dark1 and a fierce1 malignant gleam shot from his eyes4 8,go10 he continued--8go1 prince as false as you are wicked4 ,i1 at least1 am your equal in cunning and duplicity4 ,you were not created for good1 and the odious voice of ,more will call you in vain to the path of virtue4 ,my tongue--ay1 mine--is to you far sweeter6 ,it carries a poison that you will suck with eager lips4 ,the son of the poor fuller will make you his partner in crime4 ,he will recline with you on your velvet throne1 and perfidious cruelty will unite us heart and soul6''' ,go1 seek that fool whom you adore and who will weary you very soon1 and the vile1 ambitious father who has begotten her4 ,but1 for me6 ''' destroy your kingdom1 profane the sanctuary1 light the funeral pyre1 and compel all those to mount it who shall oppose the laws ,cromwell will dictate to you6 ,two ferocious beasts to-day share the throne of ,england6 ,you will surfeit me with gold1 and ,i will make you drunk with blood6 ,you shall proclaim aloud what ,i shall have whispered in your ear6 ,ha6 who of the two will be really king--,henry ,,viii4 or ,cromwell8 ,why1 ,cromwell1 without doubt2 because he was born in the mire4 ,he has learned how to fly while the other was being fledged beneath the shadow of the crown6 ,you have been reared within these walls of gold10 continued ,cromwell1 surveying the magnificent adornings of the royal chamber2 8these exquisite perfumes1 escaping from fountains and flowers1 have always surround you4 ,you have never known1 like me1 abandonment and want1 suffered from cold and hunger in a thatched cottage1 and imbibed the hatred1 fostered in those abodes of wretchedness1 against the rich2 but ,i have cherished that rage in my inmost soul6 ,there it burns like a consuming fire6 ,i will have a palace4 ,i will have power and be feared4 ,servile courtiers shall fawn at my feet1 adulation shall surround me4 ,i would grasp the entire world1 and yet the cry of my soul would be1 ,more1 still more60 ,saying this1 ,cromwell threw himself into the king's arm-chair1 and1 pushing contemptuously from him the papers he had taken to read1 abandoned himself entirely to the furious thirst of avarice and ambition that devoured him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the curfew had already sounded many hours1 and profound silence reigned over the city4 ,not a sound was heard throughout the dark and winding streets1 save the boisterous shouts of some midnight revellers returning from a party of pleasure1 or the dreary and monotonous song of a besotted inebriate as he staggered toward his home4 ,in the mansion of the ,french ambassador1 however1 no one had retired2 and young ,de ,vaux1 impatiently waiting the return of ,m4 du ,bellay1 paced with measured tread up and down the large hall where for many hours supper had been served4 ,weary with listening for the sound of footsteps1 and hearing only the mournful sighing of the night-wind1 he at length seated himself before the fire in a great tapestried arm-chair whose back1 rising high above his head1 turned over in the form of a canopy1 and gave him the appearance of a saint reposing in the depths of his shrine4 ,for a long time he watched the sparks as they flew upward from the fire1 then1 taking a book from his pocket1 he opened it at random2 but before reaching the bottom of the first page his eyes closed1 the book fell from his hands1 and he sank into a profound sleep1 from which he was aroused only by the noise made by the ambassador's servants on the arrival of their master4 ,m4 de ,vaux1 being suddenly aroused from sleep1 arose hastily to his feet on seeing the ambassador enter4 8,i have waited for you with the greatest impatience10 he exclaimed with a suppressed yawn4 8,say1 rather1 you have been sleeping soundly in your chair10 replied ,m4 du ,bellay1 smiling4 8,here60 he continued1 turning toward the valets who followed him1 8take my cloak and hat1 and then leave us2 you can remove the table in the morning40 ,obedient to their master's orders1 they lighted several more lamps and retired1 not without regret1 however1 at losing the opportunity of catching1 during the repast1 a word that might have satisfied their curiosity as to the cause of ,m4 du ,bellay having remained at the king's palace until so late an hour4 8,well1 monsieur6 what has been done at last80 eagerly inquired young ,de ,vaux as soon as they had left4 8,in truth1 ,i cannot yet comprehend it myself10 replied ,du ,bellay4 8,in spite of all my efforts1 it has been impossible to clearly unravel the knot of intrigue4 ,this morning1 as you know1 nothing was talked of but the downfall of ,anne ,boleyn4 ,i was delighted2 her overthrow would have dispensed us from all obligations4 ,now the king is a greater fool about her than ever1 and1 unless ,god himself strikes a blow to sever them1 ,i believe nothing will cure him of his infatuation4 ,as ,i entered1 his first word was to demand why ,i had been so long in presenting myself4 #8,sire1' ,i replied1 #8,i have come with the utmost haste1 ,i assure you1 and am here ready to execute any orders it may please you to give6'0 8#8,listen1' he then said to me4 #8,i have several things to tell you2 but the first of all is to warn you of my determination to arrest ,cardinal ,wolsey4 ,i am aware that you have manifested a great deal of interest in him2 ''' that you have even gone to see him when he was sick2 ''' but that is of no consequence4 ,i am far from believing that you are in any manner concerned in the treason he has meditated against me4 ,therefore ,i have wished to advise you1 that you may feel no apprehension on that account4' ,i was struck with astonishment4 #8,what6 sire1' ,i at last answered1 #8the cardinal betray you8 ,why1 he is virtually banished from ,england1 where he occupies himself1 they say1 only in doing works of charity and mercy4' #8,i know what ,i say to you1' replied the king2 #8his own servants accuse him of conspiring against the state4 ,but ,i shall myself examine into the depths of this accusation4 ,in the meantime he shall be removed to the ,tower1 and ,i will send ,sir ,walsh with instructions to join the ,earl of ,northumberland1 in order to arrest ,wolsey at ,cawood ,castle1 where he is now established4'0 8,is it possible80 cried ,de ,vaux1 interrupting ,m4 du ,bellay4 8,that unfortunate cardinal6 ,who could have brought down this new storm on his head8 ,m4 du ,bellay1 do you believe him capable of committing this crime1 even if it were in his power80 8,i do not believe a word of it10 replied ,m4 du ,bellay1 8and ,i know not who has excited this new storm of persecution4 ,i have tried every possible means to ascertain from the king1 but he constantly evaded my questions by answering in a vague and obscure manner4 ,i have been informed in the palace that he had seen no person during the day1 except ,cromwell1 ,lady ,boleyn1 and the ,duke of ,suffolk4 ,might this not be the result of a plot concocted between them8 ,this is only a conjecture1 and we may never get at the bottom of the affair4 ,but let us pass on to matters of more importance4 ,the mistress is in high favor again4 ,the king is determined to marry her1 and has proclaimed in a threatening manner that he will separate himself from the communion of ,rome1 and no more permit the supremacy of the ,sovereign ,pontiff to be recognized in his kingdom4 ,he demands that the ,king of ,france shall do the same1 and rely on his authority in following his example40 8,what60 cried ,de ,vaux1 astounded by this intelligence4 8,and how have you answered him1 my lord80 8,i said all that ,i felt authorized or could say10 replied ,du ,bellay2 8but what means shall we use to persuade a man so far transported and subjugated by his passions that he seems to be a fool--no longer capable of reasoning1 of comprehending either his duty1 the laws1 or the future8 ,i have held up to him the disruption of his kingdom1 the horrors that give birth to a war of religion1 the blood that it would cause him to spill40 8#8,i shall spill as much of it as may be necessary1' he replied1 #8to make them yield4 ,they will have their choice4 ,already the representatives of the clergy have been ordered to assemble4 ,well6 they shall decide among themselves which is preferable--death1 exile1 or obedience to my will4' 8,whilst saying this10 continued ,m4 du ,bellay1 with a gloomy expression1''' 8he played with a bunch of roses1 carelessly plucking off the leaves with his fingers40 8,but what has been able to bring the king1 in so short a time1 to such an extremity80 asked ,de ,vaux1 whose eyes1 full of astonishment and anxiety1 interrogated those of ,m4 du ,bellay4 8,his base passions1 without doubt2 and1 still more1 the vile flattery coming from some one of those he has taken into favor10 replied ,du ,bellay impatiently4''' 8,i tried in vain to discover who the arch-hypocrite could be1 but the king was never for a moment thrown off his guard2 he constantly repeated3 #8,i have resolved on this2 ,i will do that6' ''' ,i shall find out1 however1 hereafter10 continued ,du ,bellay2 8but at present ,i am in ignorance40 8,has he said anything to you about the grand master80 asked ,de ,vaux4 8,no2 but it seems he has been very much exercised on account of the cordial reception ,chancellor ,duprat gave ,campeggio when he passed through ,france4 #8,that man has behaved very badly toward me1' he said sharply4 #8,i was so lenient as to let him leave my kingdom unmolested1 after having hesitated a long time whether ,i should not punish him severely for his conduct2 and1 behold1 one of your ministers receives and treats him with the utmost magnificence6' 8,i assured him no consequence should be attached to that circumstance1 and pretended that ,chancellor ,duprat was so fond of good cheer and grand display he had doubtless been too happy to have an opportunity of parading his wealth and luxury before the eyes of a stranger4 8,he then renewed the attack against ,wolsey4 #8,if that be the case1' he exclaimed1 #8this must be a malady common to all these chancellors2 for my lord cardinal was also preparing to give a royal reception in the capital of his realm of ,york2 but1 unfortunately1' he added with an ironical sneer1 #8,i happen to be his master1 and we have somewhat interfered with his plans4' ,he then attacked the pope1 then our king2 and finally1 while the hour of midnight was striking1 exhausted with anger and excitement1 to my great relief1 he permitted me to retire4 ,now10 added ,m4 du ,bellay1 8we will have to spend the rest of the night in writing1 and to-morrow the courier must be despatched40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued ,,prussia ,,and ,,the ,,church4 ,,ii4 ,in ,february1 #ahdh1 ,louis ,philippe was driven from his throne by the people of ,paris1 and the ,republic was proclaimed4 ,this revolution rapidly spread over the whole of ,europe4 ,the shock was most violent in ,germany1 where everything was in readiness for a general outburst4 ,most of the governments were compelled to yield to the popular will and to make important concessions4 ,new cabinets were formed in ,wrtemberg1 ,darmstadt1 ,nassau1 and ,hesse4 ,lewis of ,bavaria was forced to abdicate4 ,hanover and ,saxony held out until ,berlin and ,vienna were invaded by the revolutionary party1 when they too succumbed4 ,on the #acth of ,march the ,vienna mob overthrew the ,austrian ministry1 and ,metternich fled to ,england4 ,italy and ,hungary revolted4 ,berlin was held all summer by an ignorant revolutionary faction4 ,in ,september fierce and bloody riots broke out in ,frankfort4 ,popular meetings1 secret societies1 revolutionary clubs1 violent declamations1 and inflammatory appeals through the press kept all ,germany in a state of agitation4 ,occasional outbreaks among the peasantry1 followed by pillage and incendiarism1 increased the general confusion4 ,it was during this time of wild excitement that the elections for the ,imperial ,parliament were held4 ,to this assembly many avowed atheists1 pantheists1 communists1 and ,jacobins were chosen--men who fully agreed with ,hecker when he declared that 8there were six plagues in ,germany--the princes1 the nobles1 the bureaucrats1 the capitalists1 the parsons1 and the soldiers40 ,the parties in the ,parliament took their names from their positions in the assembly hall1 and were called the extreme left1 the left1 the left centre1 the right centre1 the right1 and the extreme right4 ,the first three were composed of red republicans1 ,jacobins1 and liberals4 ,to the right centre belonged the constitutional liberals2 and on the right and right centre sat the ,catholic members1 the predecessors of the party of the ,centrum of the present day4 ,the extreme right was occupied by functionaries and bureaucrats1 chiefly from ,prussia4 ,the ,parliament of ,frankfort1 in the ,grundrechte1 or ,fundamental ,rights1 which it proclaimed1 decreed universal1 suffrage1 abolished all the political rights of the aristocracy1 the hereditary chambers in all the states of ,germany1 set aside the existing family entails1 and1 though nominally it retained the imperial power1 degraded the emperor to a republican president by giving him merely a suspensive veto4 ,while this ,parliament was sitting the ,catholic bishops of ,germany assembled in council at ,wrzburg1 and1 at the conclusion of their deliberations1 drew up a ,memorial as firm in tone as it was clear and precise in expression1 in which they set forth the claims of the church4 8,to bring about10 they said1 8a separation from the state--that is to say1 from public order1 which necessarily reposes on a moral and religious foundation--is not according to the will of the church4 ,if the state will perforce separate from the church1 so will the church1 without approving1 tolerate what it cannot avoid2 and when not compelled by the duty of self-preservation1 she will not break the bonds of union made fast by mutual understanding4 8,the church1 entrusted with the solemn and holy mission1 #8,as my ,father hath sent me1 so send ,i ye1' requires for the accomplishment of this mission1 whatever the form of government of the state may be1 the fullest freedom and independence4 ,her holy popes1 prelates1 and confessors have in all ages willingly and courageously given up their life and blood for the preservation of this inalienable freedom40 ,in virtue of these principles the bishops1 in this ,memorial1 claimed the right of directing1 without any interference on the part of the state1 theological seminaries1 and of founding schools1 colleges1 and all kinds of educational establishments2 of exerting canonical control1 unfettered by state meddling1 over the conduct of their clergy1 as well as that of introducing into their dioceses religious orders1 congregations1 and pious confraternities1 for which they demanded the same rights which the new political constitution had granted to secular associations4 ,finally1 they asserted their right to free and untrammelled communication with the ,holy ,see2 and1 as included in this1 that of receiving and publishing all papal bulls1 briefs1 and other documents without the ,royal ,placet1 which they declared to be repugnant to the honor and dignity of the ministers of religion4 ,the ,frankfort ,parliament decreed the total separation of church and state1 and was therefore compelled to guarantee the freedom of all religions4 ,this separation was sanctioned by the ,catholic members of the ,assembly1 who looked upon it as less dangerous to the cause of religion and morality than ecclesiastical ,josephism4 ,in the present conflict between the church and the ,german ,empire the ,catholic party has again demanded1 and in vain1 the separation of church and state4 ,in rejecting their urgent request1 ,dr4 ,falk declared that the leading minds in ,england and ,america are already beginning to regret that their governments have so little control over the ecclesiastical organizations within their limits4 ,whilst the representatives of the ,german people at ,frankfort were abolishing the privileges of the nobles1 decreeing the separation of church and state1 and forgetting the standing armies1 the governments were quietly gathering their forces4 ,marshal ,radetzky put down the ,italian rebellion1 ,prince ,windischgrtz quelled the democracy of ,vienna1 and ,general ,wrangel took possession of ,berlin1 without a battle4 ,russia1 at the request of ,austria1 sent an army into ,hungary to destroy the rebellion in that country1 and the disturbances in ,bavaria and in the ,palatinate were suppressed by ,prussian troops under the present ,emperor of ,germany4 ,the representatives of the larger states withdrew from the ,frankfort ,parliament1 which dwindled1 and finally1 amidst universal contempt and neglect1 came to an end at ,stuttgart1 ,june #ah1 #ahdi4 ,but the liberties of the church were not lost4 ,in ,prussia1 as we have seen1 a better state of things had begun with the imprisonment of the heroic ,archbishop of ,cologne in #ahcg4 ,in the face of the menacing attitude of the ,german democrats and republicans1 ,frederick ,william ,,iv4 confirmed the liberties of the ,catholic ,church by the letters-patent of #ahdg4 ,the constitutions of ,december #e1 #ahdh1 and ,january #ca1 #ahej1 were drawn up in the lurid light of the revolution1 which had beaten fiercest upon the house of ,hohenzollern4 ,the king had capitulated to the insurgents1 withdrawn his soldiers from the capital1 and abandoned ,berlin1 and with it the whole state1 for nine months to the tender mercies of the mob4 ,he was forced to witness the most revolting spectacles4 ,the dead bodies of the rioters were borne in procession under the windows of his palace1 while the rabble shouted to him3 8,fritz1 off with your hat40 ,it is not surprising1 in view of this experience1 that we should find in the constitution of #ahej 7articles #ae to #ah inclusive7 a very satisfactory recognition of the rights of the church4 ,why these paragraphs granting the church freedom to regulate and administer its own affairs2 to keep possession of its own revenues1 endowments1 and establishments1 whether devoted to worship1 education1 or beneficence2 and freely to communicate with the ,pope1 were inserted in the constitution1 we know from ,prince ,bismarck himself4 ,in his speech in the ,prussian ,upper ,house1 ,march #aj1 #ahgc1 he affirmed that 8they were introduced at a time when the state needed1 or thought it needed1 help1 and believed that it would find this help by leaning on the ,catholic ,church4 ,it was probably led to this belief by the fact that in the ,national ,assembly of #ahdh all the electoral districts with a preponderant ,catholic population returned--,i will not say royalist representatives1 but certainly men who were the friends of order1 which was not the case in the ,protestant districts40 ,the provisions of the constitution of #ahej with regard to the church were honorably and faithfully carried out down to the beginning of the present conflict4 ,never since the ,reformation had the church in ,prussia been so free1 never had she made such rapid progress1 whether in completing her internal organization or in extending her influence4 ,the ,prussian liberals and atheists1 who had fully persuaded themselves that without the wealth and aid of the state the ,catholic religion would have no force1 were amazed4 ,the influence of the priests over the people grew in proportion as they were educated more thoroughly in the spirit and discipline of the church under the immediate supervision of the bishops1 unfettered by state interference2 the number of convents1 both of men and women1 rapidly increased2 associations of all kinds1 scientific1 benevolent1 and religious1 spread over the land2 religious journals and reviews were founded in which ,catholic interests were ably advocated and defended2 and all the forces of the church were unified and guided by the harmonious action of a most enlightened and zealous episcopate4 ,this was the more astonishing as the ,evangelical ,church1 whose liberties had also been guaranteed by the constitution of #ahej1 had shown itself unable to profit by the greater freedom of action which it had received4 ,in fact1 the ,evangelical ,church was lifeless1 and it needed only this test to prove its want of vitality4 ,it was a state creation1 and in an age when the world had ceased to recognize the divine right of kings to create religions4 ,it was only in #ahag that the ,lutheran and ,calvinistic churches of ,prussia1 together with the very name of ,protestant1 were abolished by royal edict1 and a new ,prussian establishment1 under the title of 8evangelical10 was imposed by the civil power upon a ,protestant population of nearly eight millions1 whose religious and moral sense was so dead that they seemed to regard with stolid indifference this interference of government with all that freemen deem most sacred in life4 ,acts of parliament may make 8establishments10 but they cannot inspire religious faith and life2 and it was therefore not surprising that1 when the mummy of evangelicalism was put out into the open air of freedom by the constitution of #ahej1 it should have been revealed to all that the thing was dead4 ,nevertheless1 the ,prussian government continued to act toward the ,catholic ,church with great justice1 and even friendliness1 and the war against ,catholic ,austria in #ahff wrought no change in its ecclesiastical policy4 ,even the opening of the ,vatican ,council caused no alarm in ,prussia2 on the contrary1 ,king ,william1 as it was generally believed at least1 was most civil to the ,holy ,father2 and ,prince ,bismarck himself at that time saw no reason for apprehension1 though he had been the head of the ministry already eight years4 ,to what1 then1 are we to attribute ,prussia's sudden change of attitude toward the church8 ,who began the present conflict1 and what was its provocation8 ,this is a question which has been much discussed in the ,prussian ,house of ,deputies and elsewhere4 ,prince ,bismarck has openly asserted in the ,house of ,deputies within the past year that the provocation was the definition of papal infallibility by the ,vatican ,council on the #ahth of ,june1 #ahgj1 and subsequently the hostile attitude of the party of the ,centrum toward the ,german ,empire4 ,herr von ,kirchmann1 a member of the ,german ,parliament and of the ,prussian ,house of ,deputies1 a national liberal1 and not a ,catholic1 but in the main a sympathizer with the spirit of the ,falk legislation1 has recently discussed this whole subject with great ability1 and--as far as it is possible for one who believes in the ,hegelian doctrine that 8the state is the present god0--also with fairness4#bee ,to ,prince ,bismarck's first assertion1 that the definition of papal infallibility was the unpardonable offence1 which has been so strongly emphasized by ,mr4 ,gladstone and re-echoed with parrot-like fidelity by the anti-,catholic press of ,europe and ,america1 ,herr von ,kirchmann makes the following reply3 8,it is difficult to understand how so experienced a statesman as ,prince ,bismarck can ascribe to this decree of the council such great importance for the states of ,europe1 and particularly for ,prussia and ,germany4 ,to a theorizer sitting behind his books such a decree1 it may be allowed1 might appear to be something portentous1 since1 taken from a purely theoretical stand-point and according to the letter1 the infallibility of the ,pope in all questions of religion and morals gives him unlimited control over all human action2 and many a ,catholic1 when called upon to receive this infallibility as part of his faith1 may have found that he was unable to follow so far2 but a statesman ought to know how to distinguish1 especially where there is question of the ,catholic ,church1 between the literal import of dogmas and their use in practical life4 ,in the ,catholic ,church as a whole1 this infallibility1 as is well known1 has existed from the earliest times2 its organ hitherto has been the ,ecumenical ,council in union with the ,pope2 but already before #ahgj it was disputed whether the ,pope might not alone act as the organ of infallibility4 ,in #ahgj the question was decided in favor of the ,pope2 but we must consider that the ecumenical councils have1 as history shows1 nearly always framed their decrees in accordance with the views of the court of ,rome2 and this1 of itself1 proves that the change made in #ahgj is rather one of form than of essence4 ,especially false is it to maintain that by this decree a complete revolution in the constitution of the church has been made4 ,to the theorizer we might grant the abstract possibility that something of this kind might some day or other happen2 but such possibilities of the abuse of a right are found in all the relations of public life1 in the state and its representatives as well as in the church4 ,even in constitutions the most carefully drawn up such possibilities are found in all directions4 ,what a statesman has to consider is not mere possibilities1 but the question whether the possessor of such right is not compelled1 from the very nature of things1 to make of it only the most moderate and prudent use4 ,so long1 therefore1 as the ,pope does not alter the constitution of the church1 that constitution remains1 precisely in its ancient form1 such as it has been recognized and tolerated by the state for centuries3 and wherever the relations between particular states and the court of ,rome have been arranged by concordats1 these too remain unchanged1 unless the states themselves find it convenient to depart from them4 ,we see1 in fact1 that this infallibility of the ,pope has in no country of ,europe or ,america altered one jot or tittle in the constitution of the ,catholic ,church2 and where in particular countries such changes have taken place1 they have not been made by the ecclesiastical government1 but by the state and in its interest4 ,in ,germany even1 and in ,prussia itself1 the ,pope has1 since #ahgj1 made no change in the church constitution1 as determined by the ,canon ,law2 and when1 in some of his encyclicals and other utterances1 he has taken up a hostile attitude towards the ,german ,empire and the ,prussian state1 he has done this only in defence against the aggressive legislation of the civil government4 ,he has never hesitated to express his disapprobation of the new church laws1 but he has in no instance touched the constitution of the ,catholic ,church or the rights of the bishops40#bef ,it seems almost needless to remark that there is no necessary connection between the doctrine of ,papal infallibility and that of the essential organization of the church2 that the jurisdiction of the ,pope was as great1 and universally recognized as such by ,catholics1 before the ,vatican ,council as since2 and consequently that it is not even possible that the definition of #ahgj should make any change in his authoritative relation to1 or power over1 the church4 ,his jurisdiction is wider than his infallibility1 and independent of it2 and the duty of obedience to his commands existed before the dogma was defined precisely as it exists now2 and therefore it is clearly manifest that the ,vatican decree cannot give even a plausible pretext for such legislation as the ,falk ,laws4 8,not less singular10 continues ,herr von ,kirchmann1 8does it sound to hear the party of the ,centrum in the ,reichstag and ,prussian ,landtag denounced as the occasion of the new regulations between church and state4 ,the members of this party notoriously represent the views and wishes of the majority of their constituents1 and just as faithfully as the members of the parties who side with the government4 ,the reproach that they receive their instructions from ,rome is not borne out by the facts2 and if there were an understanding with ,rome of the kind which their adversaries affirm1 this could only be the result of a similar understanding on the part of their constituents4 ,nothing could more strikingly prove that the ,catholic party faithfully represent the great majority in their electoral districts than the repeated re-election of the same representatives or of men of similar views4 ,to this we must add that the ,centrum1 though strong in numbers1 is yet in a decided minority both in the ,reichstag and the ,prussian ,landtag1 and has always been defeated in its opposition to the recent ecclesiastical legislation4 ,if in other matters1 by uniting with opposition parties1 it has caused the government inconvenience1 we have no right to ascribe this to feelings of hostility2 for on such occasions its orators have given substantial political reasons for their opposition1 and instances enough might be enumerated in which1 precisely through the aid of the ,centrum1 many illiberal and dangerous projects of law have fallen through2 and for this the party deserves the thanks of the country4 8,the present action of the state against the ,catholic ,church would be unjustifiable1 if better grounds could not be adduced in its favor4 ,for the attentive observer1 however1 valid reasons are not wanting4 ,they are to be found1 to put the whole matter in a single word1 in the great power to which the ,catholic ,church in ,prussia had attained by the aid of the constitution and the favor of the government--a power which1 if its growth had been longer tolerated1 would have become1 not indeed dangerous to the existence of the state1 but a hindrance to the right fulfilment of the ends of its existence40#beg ,neither the ,vatican ,council1 then1 nor the ,catholics of ,prussia have done anything to provoke the present persecution4 ,to find fault with the ,german bishops for accepting the dogma of infallibility1 after having strongly opposed its definition by the council1 would be as unreasonable as to blame a member of ,congress for admitting the binding force of a law the passage of which he had done everything in his power to prevent4 ,their duty1 beyond all question1 was to act as they have acted4 ,this was not the offence3 the unpardonable crime was that the church1 as soon as she was unloosed from the fetters of bureaucracy1 had grown too powerful4 ,we doubt whether any more forcible argument in proof of the indestructible vitality of the church can be found than that which may be deduced from the universal consent of her enemies1 of whatever shade of belief or unbelief1 that the only way in which she can be successfully opposed is to array against her the strongest of human powers--that of the state4 ,a complete revolution of thought upon this subject has taken place within the last half-century4 ,up to that time it was confidently held by ,protestants as well as infidels that1 to undermine and finally destroy the church1 it would be simply necessary to withdraw from her the support of the state2 that to her freedom would necessarily prove fatal4 ,the experiment1 as it was thought1 had not been satisfactorily tried4 ,ireland1 indeed1 had held her faith for three hundred years1 in spite of all that fiendish cruelty could invent to destroy it2 but persecution has always been the life of the faith4 ,in the ,united ,states the church had been free since the war of independence1 but of us little was known2 and1 besides1 down to1 say1 #ahcj even the most thoughtful and far-sighted among us had serious doubts as to the future of the church in this country4 ,but with the emancipation of the ,catholics in ,great ,britain1 the new constitution of the kingdom of ,belgium1 and the completer organization of the church in the ,united ,states1 the test as to the action of freedom upon the progress of ,catholic faith began to be applied over a wide and varied field and under not unfavorable circumstances4 ,what the result has been we may learn from our enemies4 ,mr4 ,gladstone expostulates for ,great ,britain1 and reaches a hand of sympathy to ,m4 ,emile de ,laveleye in ,belgium4 ,dr4 ,falk1 ,dr4 ,friedberg1 and even the moderate ,herr von ,kirchmann1 defend the tyrannical ,may ,laws as necessary to stop the growth of the church in ,germany2 and at home the most silent of ,presidents and the most garrulous of bishops1 forgetting that the cause of temperance has prior claims upon their attention1 have raised the cry of alarm to warn their fellow-citizens of the dangerous progress of popery in this great and free country4 ,time was when 8the ,free ,church in the ,free ,state0 was thought to be the proper word of command2 but now it is 8the ,fettered ,church in the ,enslaved ,state10 since no state that meddles with the consciences of its subjects can be free4 ,if there is anything for which we feel more especially thankful1 it is that henceforth the cause of the church and the cause of freedom are inseparably united4 ,we have heard to satiety that the ,catholic ,church is the greatest conservative force in the world1 the most powerful element of order in society1 the noblest school of respect in which mankind have ever been taught4 ,praised be ,god that now1 as in the early days1 he is making it impossible that ,catholics should not be on the side of liberty1 as the church has always been2 so that all men may see that1 if we love order the more1 we love not liberty the less6 8,i will sing to my ,god as long at ,i shall be10 wrote an inspired king2 8put not your trust in princes40 ,no1 nor in governments1 nor in states1 but in ,god who is the ,lord1 and in the poor whom ,jesus loved4 ,from ,god out of the people came the church2 through ,god back to the people is she going4 ,we know there are still many ,catholics who trust in kings and believe in salvation through them2 but ,god will make them wiser4 ,the ,spirit that sits at the roaring ,loom of ,time will weave for them other garments4 ,the irresistible charm of the church1 humanly speaking1 lies in the fact that she comes closer to the hearts of the people than any other power that has ever been brought to bear upon mankind4 ,having shown that the oppressive ecclesiastical legislation of ,germany was not provoked by the church1 and that its only excuse is the increasing power of the church1 ,herr von ,kirchmann reduces all farther discussion of this subject to the two following heads3 #ast4 ,how far ought the state to go in setting bounds to this power of the ,catholic ,church8 and #b;d4 ,what means ought it to employ8 ,in view of the dangers with which every open breach of the peace between church and state is fraught for the people1 it would have been advisable1 he thinks1 from political motives1 to have tried to settle the difficulty by a mutual understanding between the two powers2 nor would it1 in his opinion1 be derogatory to the sovereignty of the state to treat the church as an equal1 since she embraces in her fold all the ,catholics of the world1 who have their directing head in the ,pope1 whose sovereign ecclesiastical power cannot1 therefore1 as a matter of fact1 be called in question4 ,that ,prussia did not make any effort to see what could be effected by this policy of conciliation may1 in the opinion of ,herr von ,kirchmann1 find some justification in the fact that the government did not expect1 and could not in #ahga foresee1 the determined opposition of the ,catholics to the ,may ,laws of #ahgc4 ,at any rate1 as he thinks1 the high and majestatic right of the state is supreme1 and it alone must determine1 in the ultimate instance1 how far and how long it will acknowledge any claim of the church4 ,thus even this statesman1 who is of the more moderate school of ,prussian politicians1 holds that the church has no rights which the state is bound to respect2 that political interests are paramount1 and conscience1 in the modern as in the ancient pagan state1 has no claim upon the recognition of the government4 ,english and ,american ,protestants1 where their own interests are concerned1 would be as little inclined to accept this doctrine as ,catholics2 in fact1 this country was born of a protest against the assumption of state supremacy over conscience2 and yet so blinding and misleading is prejudice that the ,falk ,laws receive their heart-felt sympathy4 ,though ,herr von ,kirchmann accepts without reservation the principles which underlie the recent ,prussian anti-,catholic legislation1 and thinks the ,may ,laws have been drawn up with great wisdom and consummate knowledge of the precise points at which the state should oppose the growing power of the church1 he yet freely admits that there are grave doubts whether the present policy of ,prussia on this subject can be successfully carried out4 ,that ,prince ,bismarck and ,dr4 ,falk had but a very imperfect knowledge of the difficulties which lay in their path1 the numerous supplementary bills which have been repeatedly introduced in order to give effect to the ,may ,laws plainly show4 ,where there is question of principle and of conscience ,prince ,bismarck is not at home4 ,he believes in force2 like the first ,napoleon1 holds that ,providence is always on the side of the biggest cannons2 sneers about going to ,canossa1 as ,napoleon mockingly asked the pope whether his excommunication would make the arms fall from the hands of his veterans4 ,he knows the workings of courts1 and is a master in the devious ways of diplomacy4 ,he can estimate with great precision the resources of a country2 he has a keen eye for the weak points of an adversary4 ,his tactics1 like ,napoleon's1 are to bring to bear upon each given point of attack a force greater than the enemy's4 ,he has1 in his public life1 never known what it is to respect right or principle4 ,with the army at his back he has trampled upon the ,prussian constitution with the same daring recklessness with which he now violates the most sacred rights of conscience4 ,nothing1 in his eyes1 is holy but success1 and he has been consecrated by it1 so that the ,bismarck-cultus has spread far beyond the fatherland to ,england and the ,united ,states4 ,carlyle has at last found a living hero1 the very impersonation of the brute force which to him is ideal and admirable2 and at eighty he offers incense and homage to the idol4 ,we freely give ,prince ,bismarck credit for his remarkable gifts--indomitable will1 reckless courage1 practical knowledge of men1 considered as intelligent automata whose movements are directed by a kind of bureaucratic and military mechanism2 and this is the kind of men with whom1 for the most part1 he has had to deal4 ,for your thorough ,prussian1 though the wildest of speculators and the boldest of theorizers1 is the tamest of animals4 ,no poor ,russian soldier ever crouched more submissively beneath the knout than do the ,prussian pantheists and culturists beneath the lash of a master4 ,like ,voltaire1 they probably prefer the rule of one fine ,lion to that of a hundred rats of their own sort4 ,prince ,bismarck knew his men1 and we give him credit for his sagacity4 ,not every eye could have pierced the mist1 and froth1 and sound1 and fury of ,german professordom1 and beheld the craven heart that was beneath4 ,only men who believe in ,god and the soul are dangerous rebels4 ,why should he who has no faith make a martyr of himself8 ,why1 since there is nothing but law1 blind and merciless force1 throw yourself beneath the wheels of the state ,juggernaut to be crushed8 ,the religion of culture is the religion of indulgence1 and no godlike rebel against tyranny and brute force ever sprang from such worship4 ,so long as ,prince ,bismarck had to deal with men who were nourished on 8philosophy's sweet milk10 and who worshipped at the altar of culture1 who had science but not faith1 opinions but not convictions1 amongst whom1 consequently1 organic union was impossible1 his policy of making ,germany 8by blood and iron0 was successful enough4 ,but1 like all great conquerors1 he longed for more kingdoms to subdue1 and finding right around him a large and powerful body of ,german citizens who did not accept the 8new faith0 that the state--in other words1 ,prince ,bismarck--is 8the present god10 just as a kind of diversion between victories1 he turned to give a lesson to the ,pfaffen and clerical ,dummkpfe1 who burnt no incense in honor of his divinity4 ,in taking this step it is almost needless to say that ,prince ,bismarck sought to pass over a chasm which science itself does not profess to have bridged--that1 namely1 which lies between the worlds of matter and of spirit4 ,of the new conflict upon which he was entering he could have only vague and inaccurate notions4 ,nothing is so misleading as contempt--a feeling in which the wise never indulge1 but which easily becomes habitual with men spoiled by success4 ,to the man who had organized the armies and guided the policy which had triumphed at ,sadowa and ,sedan what opposition could be made by a few poor priests and beggar-monks8 ,would the arms fall from the hands of the proudest soldiers of ,europe because the ,pfaffen were displeased8 ,or why should not the model culture-state of the world make war upon ignorance and superstition8 ,of the real nature and strength of the forces which would be marshalled in this great battle of souls a man of blood and iron could form no just estimate4 8,to those who believe10 said ,christ1 8all things are possible02 but what meaning have these words for ,prince ,bismarck8 ,the soul1 firm in its faith1 appealing from tyrant kings and states to ,god1 is invincible4 ,lifting itself to the ,infinite1 it draws thence a divine power4 ,like liberty1 it is brightest in dungeons1 in fetters freest1 and conquers with its martyrdom4 ,needle-guns cannot reach it1 and above the deadly roar of cannon it rises godlike and supreme4 8,for though the giant ,ages heave the hill ,and break the shore1 and evermore ,make and break and work their will2 ,though world on world in myriad myriads roll ,round us1 each with different powers ,and other farms of life than ours1 ,what know we greater than the soul8 ,on ,god and godlike men we build our trust40 ,men who have unwrapt themselves of the garb and vesture of thought and sentiment with which the world had dressed them out1 who have been born again into the higher life1 who have been clothed in the charity and meekness of ,christ1 who for his dear sake have put all things beneath their feet1 who love not the world1 who venerate more the rags of the beggar than the purple of ,csar1 who fear as they love ,god alone1 for whom life is no blessing and death infinite gain1 form the invincible army of ,christ foredoomed to conquer4 8,this is the victory which overcometh the world--our ,faith40 ,who has ever forgotten those lines of ,tacitus1 inserted as an altogether trifling circumstance in the reign of ,nero8--8,so for the quieting of this rumor of his having set fire to ,rome ,nero judicially charged with the crime1 and punished with most studied severities1 that class1 hated for their general wickedness1 whom the vulgar call ,christians4 ,the originator of that name was one ,christ1 who in the reign of ,tiberius suffered death by sentence of the procurator1 ,pontius ,pilate4 ,the baneful superstition1 thereby repressed for the time1 again broke out1 not only over ,judea1 the native soil of the mischief1 but in the ,city also1 where from every side all atrocious and abominable things collect and flourish40#beh 8,tacitus10 says ,carlyle1 referring to this passage1 8was the wisest1 most penetrating man of his generation2 and to such depth1 and no deeper1 has he seen into this transaction1 the most important that has occurred or can occur in the annals of mankind40 ,we doubt whether ,prince ,bismarck to-day has any truer knowledge of the real worth and power of the living ,catholic faith on which he is making war than had ,tacitus eighteen hundred years ago1 when writing of the rude ,german barbarians who were hovering on the confines of the ,roman ,empire1 and who were to have a history in the world only through the action of that 8baneful superstition0 which he considered as one of the most abominable products of the frightful corruptions of his age4 ,that the ,prussian government was altogether unprepared for the determined though passive opposition to the ,may ,laws which the ,catholics have made1 ,herr von ,kirchmann freely confesses4 ,it was not expected that there would be such perfect union between the clergy and the people2 on the contrary1 it was generally supposed that1 with the aid of the ,draconian penalties threatened for the violation of the ,falk ,laws1 the resistance of the priests themselves would be easily overcome4 ,these men love their own comfort too much1 said the culturists1 to be willing to go to prison and live on beans and water for the sake of technicalities2 and so they chuckled over their pipes and lager-beer at the thought of their easy victory over the ,pfaffen4 ,they were mistaken1 and ,herr von ,kirchmann admits that the courage of the bishops and priests has not been broken but strengthened by their sufferings for the faith4 8,so long as we were permitted to hope10 he says1 8that we should have only the priests to deal with1 there was less reason for doubt as to the policy of executing the laws in all their rigor2 but the situation was wholly altered when it became manifest that the congregations held the same views as the bishops and priests4''' ,it is easy to see that all violent1 even though legal1 proceedings of the government against these convictions of the ,catholic people can only weaken those proper1 and in the last instance alone effective1 measures through which the ,may ,laws can successfully put bounds to the growing power of the church4 ,these measures--viz41 a better education of the people and a higher culture of the priests--can1 from the nature of things1 exert their influence only by degrees4 ,not till the next generation can we hope to gather the fruit of this seed2 and not then1 indeed1 if the reckless execution of the ,may ,laws calls forth an opposition in the ,catholic populations which will shake confidence in the just intentions of the government1 and beget in the congregations feelings of hatred for everything connected with this legislation4 ,such feelings will unavoidably be communicated to the children1 and the teacher will in consequence be deprived of that authority without which his instructions must lack the persuasive force that is inherent in truth4 ,in such a state of warfare even the higher culture of the clergy must be useless4 ,those who stand on the side of the government will1 precisely on that account1 fail to win the confidence of their people2 and the stronger the aged pastors emphasize the ,canon ,law of the church1 the more energetically they extend the realms of faith even to the hierarchical constitution of the church1 the more readily and faithfully will their congregations follow them4 8,it cannot be dissembled that the government1 through the rigorous execution of the ,may ,laws1 is raging against its own flesh and blood1 and is thereby robbing itself of the only means by which it can have any hope of finally coming forth victorious from the present conflict4 ,it may be objected that the resistance which is now so widespread cannot be much longer maintained1 and that all that is needed to crush it and bring about peace with the church is to increase the pressure of the law4 ,assertions of this kind are made with great confidence by the liberals of both ,houses of the ,landtag whenever the government presents a new bill2 and the liberal newspapers1 which never grow tired of this theme1 declare that the result is certain and even near at hand4 8,now1 even though we should attach no importance to the contrary assertions of the ,catholic party1 it is yet evident1 from the declarations of the government itself1 that it is not all confident of reaching this result with the aid of the means which it has hitherto employed or of those in preparation1 but that it is making ready for a prolonged resistance of the clergy1 who are upheld and supported by the great generosity of the ,catholic people4 ,the ovations which the priests receive from their congregations when they come forth from prison are not falling off1 but are increasing2 and this is equally true of the pecuniary aid given to them4 ,it is possible that much of this may have been gotten up by the priests themselves as demonstration2 but the displeasure of the still powerful government officials which the participants incur1 and the greatness of the money-offerings1 are evidence of earnest convictions4 8,nothing1 however1 so strongly witnesses to the existence of a perfect understanding between the congregations and the priests as the fact that1 though the law of ,may1 #ahgd1 gave to those congregations whose pastors had been removed or had not been legally appointed by the bishops the right to elect a pastor1 yet not even one congregation has up to the present moment made any use of this privilege4 ,when we consider that the number of parishes where there is no pastor must be at least a hundred2 that in itself such right of choice corresponds with the wishes of the congregations2 farther1 that the law requires for the validity of the election merely a majority of the members who put in an appearance2 that a proposition made to the ,landrath by ten parishioners justifies him in ordering an election2 and that1 on the part of the influential officials and their organs1 nothing has been left undone to induce the congregations to demand elections1 not easily could a more convincing proof of the perfect agreement of the people with their priests be found than the fact that to this day in only two or three congregations has it been possible to hunt up ten men who were willing to make such a proposal1 and that not even in a single congregation has an election of this kind taken place40#bei ,this is indeed admirable2 and it may1 we think1 be fairly doubted whether1 in the whole history of the church1 so large a ,catholic population has ever1 under similar trials1 shown greater strength or constancy4 ,of the peculiar nature of these trials we shall speak hereafter2 the present article we will bring to a close with a few remarks upon what we conceive to have been one of the most important agencies in bringing about the perfect unanimity and harmony of action between priests and people to which the ,catholics of ,prussia must in great measure ascribe their immovable firmness in the presence of a most terrible foe4 ,we refer to those ,catholic associations in which cardinals1 bishops1 priests1 and people have been brought into immediate contact1 uniting their wisdom and strength for the attainment of definite ends4 ,such unions have nowhere been more numerous or more thoroughly organized than in ,germany1 though their formation is of recent date4 ,it was during the revolution of #ahdh1 of which we have already spoken1 that the ,german ,catholics were roused to a more comprehensive knowledge of the situation1 and resolved to combine for the defence of their rights and the protection of their religion4 ,popular unions under the name and patronage of ,pius ,,ix4 7,pius-,vereine7 were formed throughout the fatherland1 with the primary object of bringing together once a week large numbers of ,catholic men of every condition in life4 ,at these weekly meetings the questions of the day1 in so far as they touched upon ,catholic interests1 were freely discussed1 and thus an intelligent and enlightened ,catholic public opinion was created throughout the length and breadth of the land4 ,in refuting calumnies against the church the speakers never failed to demand the fullest liberty for all ,catholic institutions4 ,on the occasion of beginning the restoration and completion of the ,cathedral of ,cologne1 the most religious of churches1 the proposition that an annual ,general ,assembly of all the unions should be held was made and received with boundless enthusiasm4 ,the first ,general ,assembly took place at ,mayence in ,october1 #ahdh2 and thither came delegates from ,austria1 ,prussia1 ,bavaria1 ,saxony1 ,hanover1 and all the other states of ,germany1 whose confidence and earnestness were increased by the presence of the ,catholic members of the ,parliament of ,frankfort4 ,for the first time since ,luther's apostasy the ,catholics of ,germany breathed the air of liberty4 ,the bishops assembled at ,wrzburg1 gave their solemn approbation to the great work1 and ,pius ,,ix4 sent his apostolic benediction4 ,since that time ,general ,assemblies have been held at ,breslau1 ,may1 #ahdi2 ,ratisbon1 ,october1 #ahdi2 ,linz1 #ahej2 ,mayence1 #ahea2 ,mnster1 #aheb2 ,vienna1 #ahec2 ,linz1 #ahef2 ,salzburg1 #aheg2 ,cologne1 #aheh2 ,freyburg1 #ahei2 ,prague1 #ahfj2 ,munich1 #ahfa2 ,aix-la-,chapelle1 #ahfb2 ,frankfort1 #ahfc1 and in other cities1 down to the recent persecutions4 ,these assemblies represented a complete system of organization1 in which no ,catholic interest was forgotten4 ,every village and hamlet in the land was there1 if not immediately1 through some central union4 ,we have had the honor of being present at more than one of these assemblies1 and the impressions which we then received are abiding4 ,side by side with cardinals1 bishops1 princes1 noblemen1 and the most learned of professors sat mechanics1 carpenters1 shoemakers1 and blacksmiths--not as in the act of worship1 in which the presence of the ,most ,high ,god dwarfs our universal human littlenesses to the dead-level of an equal insignificance1 but in active thought and co-operation for the furtherance of definite religious and social ends4 ,the brotherhood of the race was there1 an accomplished fact1 and one felt the breathing as of a divine ,spirit compared with whose irresistible force great statesmen and mighty armies are weak as the puppets of a child's show4 ,we have not the space to describe more minutely the ends1 aims1 and workings of the numberless ,catholic associations of ,germany2 but we must express our deep conviction that no study could be more replete with lessons of practical wisdom for the ,catholics of the ,united ,states4 ,organization is precisely what we most lack4 ,our priests are laborious1 our people are devoted1 but we have not even an organized ,catholic public opinion--nay1 no organ to serve as its channel1 and make itself heard of the whole country4 ,many seem to think that the very question of the necessity of ,catholic education is still an open one for us2 and this is not surprising1 since we have no system of ,catholic education4 ,catholic schools1 indeed1 in considerable number1 there are1 but there is no organization4 ,the great need of the church in this country is the organization of priests and people for the promotion of ,catholic interests4 ,through this we will learn to know one another2 our views will be enlarged1 our sympathies deepened1 and the truth will dawn upon us that1 if we wish to be true to the great mission which ,god has given us1 the time has come when ,american ,catholics must take up works which do not specially concern any one diocese more than another1 but whose significance will be as wide as the nation's life4 ,a ,,story ,,with ,,two ,,versions4 ,yes1 sir1 this is ,brentwood4 ,and you are of the race1 you say1 though not of the name4 ,clarkson1 sir8 ,surely1 surely4 ,i remember well4 ,miss ,jane ,brent--the first ,miss ,brent ,i can recall--married a ,clarkson4 ,so you are her grandson1 sir8 ,then you are right welcome to me and mine4 ,come in1 come in4 ,or1 if you will do me the honor1 sit here in the porch1 sir1 and my ,kate will bring you of her best1 and right glad will we be to wait again on one with the ,brent blood in him4 ,none of the name left8 ,ah6 ,mr4 ,clarkson1 have you never heard1 then8 ,but you must have heard of ,james ,brent4 ,surely1 surely4 ,he lives still1 ,god pity him6 ,what's that8 ,you want to hear the story out8 ,well1 sir1 no man living can tell you better than ,i1 unless it be ,mr4 ,james' self4 ,settle yourself comfortably1 ,mr4 ,clarkson1 and ,i'll tell you all4 ,yes1 this is ,brentwood4 ',twas your great-great-grandsire founded it1 two hundred years back1 he and his brother--,james and ,william4 ,they began the work which was to grow and grow into foundries and factories1 and the bank that was to ruin all4 ,but ,i'm telling the end afore the beginning4 ,the next two brothers built the church you see there1 sir1 down the road2 and the next two after them added the tower and founded the almshouses2 and then came the fourth ,james and ,william ,brent1 and one of them was an idiot1 and the other was and is the last of the name4 ,i was twenty years older than ,mr4 ,james1 and1 before ever he came into business1 had served with his father4 ,i watched him grow up1 and ,i loved him well4 ,but from the first ,i knew he was different from the rest of his race4 ,he was his mother all over again--a true ,mortimer1 come of nobles1 not of townsfolk2 all fire and sweetness and great plans for people's good and happiness1 but with little of the far-sighted ,brent prudence4 ,he was just as tender of ,mr4 ,william as if he had had all the wits of himself1 and used to spend part of every day with him1 and amuse him part of many a night when the poor gentleman could not sleep4 ,their father died just when they came of age4 ,they were twins1 the last ,brent ,brothers1 sir2 and 'twas a great fortune and responsibility to fall full and with no restraint into such young hands4 ,mr4 ,james seemed like one heart-broken for nigh a year after1 and carried on everything just as his father had done1 till we all wondered at it2 then he saw ,miss ,rose ,maurice1 and loved her--as well indeed he might--and after that things changed4 ,she was as simple in all her ways as she was beautiful1 and would have thought my cottage good enough1 so long as he was in it with her4 ,but he6--well1 sir1 ,i know he has kissed the very ground she trod on1 and he didn't think a queen's palace too fine for her4 ,as soon as ever he saw her he loved her and set his soul to win her2 and the very next day he began a new home in ,brentwood4 ,where is it8 ,alack6 alack6 sir4 ,wait till ye must hear4 ,let's think1 for a bit1 of only the glad days now4 ,you could not call it extravagance exactly4 ,it set the whole town alive4 ,so far as he could1 he would have none but ,brentwood folk to work upon the place where his bride was to dwell4 ,and he said it was time that so old a family should have a home that would last as long as they4 ,ah6 me1 as long as they6 ,of course there was a city architect and a grand landscape gardener2 but1 oh6 the thoughtfulness of him whom we were proud to call our master4 ,there1 in the very flush of his youth and love and hope1 he took care of the widows and the little children2 contrived to make work for them2 was here and there and everywhere2 and there was not a beggar nor an idler in ,brentwood--not one4 ,the house rose stately and tall2 he had chosen a fair spot for it1 where great trees grew and brooks were running1 all ready to his hand2 and that city man--why1 sir1 'twas marvellous how he seemed to understand just how to make use of it all1 and to prune a little here and add a little there1 with vines and arbors and glades and a wilderness1 till you didn't know what ,god had done and what he had given his creatures wit to do4 ,and in the sunniest corner of the house--,brent ,hall1 as they called it--,mr4 ,james chose rooms for ,mr4 ,william1 who was pleased as a child with it all1 and used to sit day by day and watch the work go on4 ,all the time1 too1 the ,brent iron-foundries were being added to and renovated1 till there was none like them round about2 and the town streets were made like city streets1 and the town itself set into such order as never before2 and when all was ready--'twas the work of but three years1 sir--when the house was hung with pictures and decked with the best2 in the spring1 when the grass and the trees were green1 and the flowers were blooming fair1 then he brought her home4 ,and when ,i saw her--well1 sir1 first ,i thought of the angels2 but next 7if ,i may say it2 and ,i wot it is not wrong7--next ,i thought of our ,blessed ,lady4 ,there was a great painting in the ,hall oratory--by some ,spanish painter1 they said4 ,murillo8 ,yes1 sir1 that is the name4 ,it looked like ,mrs4 ,james ,brent1 sir4 ,not an angel1 but a woman that could suffer and weep and struggle sore2 and1 pure and stainless1 would still remember she was of us poor humans1 and so pity and pray for us4 ,we had been used to have ,mr4 ,brent come into our houses1 and to see him in the poorest cottages and the almshouses1 with smiles and cheery words and money2 but ,mrs4 ,james gave more than that1 for she gave herself4 ,i've seen those soft hands bind wounds ,i shrank from2 and that delicate creature--,i've seen her kneeling by beds of dying sinners1 while her face grew white at what she saw and heard1 and yet she praying over 'em1 and1 what's more1 loving 'em1 till she made the way for the priest to come4 ,and she laid out dead whom few of us would have touched for hire1 and she listened to the stories of the sad and tiresome1 and her smile was sunshine1 and the very sight of her passing by lifted up our minds to ,god4 ,her husband thwarted her in nothing4 ,what was there to thwart her in8 ,he loved her1 and she should do what she would in this work which was her heart's joy4 ,then we had been used to see ,mr4 ,james in church regular1 weekday ,mass and ,sunday ,mass2 but ,mrs4 ,james was there any time1 early mornings and noons and nights4 ,i fancy she loved it better than the stately ,hall4 ,after she came1 her husband added the great south transept window from ,germany1 and the organ that people came miles to hear2 and he said it was her gift1 not his4 ,the window picture is a great ,crucifixion and ,our ,lady standing by4 ,you'll understand better1 ,mr4 ,clarkson1 ere ,i finish1 what it says to ,brentwood folk now4 ,the first year there was a daughter only2 but the next there came a son4 ,after that1 for six long years there were no more children1 but then another son saw the light4 ,what rejoicings1 what bonfires1 what clanging of bells1 there was6 ,but ere night the clanging changed to tolling and the shouts to tears2 for the child died4 ,and when ,mrs4 ,james came among us again1 very white and changed and feeble1 we all knew that with ,mr4 ,james and ,mr4 ,william1 we were seeing the last ,brent ,brothers1 whatever our grandchildren might see4 ,however1 she was spared1 and ,mr4 ,james took heart of such grace as that1 and said it would be ,brent and ,son1 which sounded quite as well when one was used to it4 ,and to make himself used to it--or to stifle the disappointment1 as ,i really think--he began the ,brent ,bank4 ,there had been a ,brent ,bank here for years past1 and to it all ,brentwood and half the country round trusted their earnings4 ,only a few really rich people had much to do with it1 but men in moderate circumstances1 young doctors and lawyers with growing families1 widows1 orphans1 seamstresses1 the factory people1 laborers1 thought there was no bank like that4 ,mr4 ,james' kind spirit showed itself there as elsewhere1 and nobody felt himself too insignificant to come there1 if only with a penny4 ,often and often ,i sit here and wonder1 ,mr4 ,clarkson1 why it all was--why ,god ever let it be--the shame and the sorrow and the suffering that came4 ,i know ,mr4 ,james was lavish1 but1 if he spent much on himself1 he spent much on others too2 and he made ,god's house as beautiful as his own4 ,for a time it looked as if ,god's blessing was on him2 for he prospered year by year1 and1 except for his child's dying and his wife's frail health1 his cup of joy seemed running over4 ,by and by came a year--you may just remember it1 sir--a year of very hard times for the whole country4 ,banks broke1 and old houses went by the board1 and men were thrown out of work1 and there was a cry of distress through all the land4 ,but ,brentwood folk hadn't a thought of fear4 ,still1 in that year1 from the very first of it1 something troubled me4 ,master was moody now and then2 went up to the city oftener2 had letters which he did not show to me1 who had seen all his business correspondence and his father's for thirty years and more4 ,sometimes he missed ,mass1 and presently ,i noted with a pang that he did not receive the ,blessed ,sacrament regular as he used4 ,and ,mrs4 ,james was pale1 and her eyes1 that once were as bright and clear as sunshine1 grew heavy and dark1 and she looked more and more like the picture in her oratory2 but it made one very sad somehow to see the likeness4 ,the hard times began at midsummer4 ,the ,lent after there was a mission of ,dominican friars here4 ,i was special busy that week1 and kept at work till after midnight4 ,one evening1 about eight1 ,mr4 ,james came hurriedly into the office and asked for the letters4 ,he turned them over1 looked blank1 then said the half-past eleven mail would surely bring the one he wanted1 and he should wait till then and go for it himself4 ,for five minutes or so he tried to cast up some accounts2 then1 too nervous-like to be quiet longer1 he said3 8,i'll go and hear the sermon1 ,serle4 ,it will serve to fill up the time40 ,and off he went4 ,the clock struck the hour and the half-hour1 and the hour and the half-hour1 and ,i heard the half-past eleven mail come in1 and1 soon after1 ,mr4 ,james' step again1 but slow now1 like one in deep thought4 ,in he came1 and ,i caught a glimpse of his face1 pale and stern1 with the lips hard set4 ,he shut himself into his private room1 and ,i heard him pacing up and down2 then there came a pause1 and he strode out again4 ,he seemed very odd to me1 but he tried to laugh1 as he put down two slips for telegrams on my desk4 8,which would you send80 said he4 ,one was1 8,go on4 ,i consent to all your terms40 ,the other was1 8,stop4 ,i will have nothing more to do with it1 no matter what happens40 ,something told me in my heart that1 though he was trying to pass this off in his old way like a joke1 my master--my dear master--was in a great strait4 ,i looked up and answered what he had not said at all to get an answer1 with words which rose to my lips in spite of myself4 ,says ,i3 8,send what ,mrs4 ,james would want you to send1 sir40 ,and then his ruddy1 kind face bleached gray like ashes1 and he gave a groan1 and the next minute he was gone4 ,though my work was done for that night1 ,i would not leave the bank2 for ,i thought he might come back4 ,and back he did come1 a full hour after1 steady and grave and not like my master4 ,for1 ,mr4 ,clarkson1 the bright boy-look ,i had loved so1 which1 with the boy-nature too1 had never seemed to leave him1 was all gone out of his face1 and ,i knew surely ,i never should see it there again4 ,he wrote something quickly1 then handed it to me1 bidding me send telegrams to the bank trustees as there ordered4 ,the slip which bore my direction bore also the words1 with just a pencil-line erasure through them1 8,go on4 ,i consent to all your terms40 ,so1 for good or for ill1 whichever it might be1 the other was the one he must have sent4 ,these telegrams notified the trustees of a most important meeting to which they were summoned1 and at that meeting ,i had1 as usual1 to be present4 ,perhaps his colleagues saw no change in him2 but ,i1 who had served him long1 saw much4 ,o ,mr4 ,clarkson1 ,mr4 ,clarkson6 whatever you may be--and you are young still--be honest4 ,for1 sir1 there's one thing of many terrible to bear1 and it's got to be borne here or hereafter by them as err from uprightness2 and that thing is shame4 ,i'd seen him kneel at the altar that morning1 and she beside him1 bless her6 ,that's where he got strength to endure the penance he had brought upon himself2 else ,i don't know how he ever could have borne it or have done it4 ,they sat there about him where they had often sat before1 those fifteen country gentlemen1 some of whom had been his father's and his uncle's friends1 and some his own schoolmates and companions4 ,and he stood up1 and first he looked them calm and fearless full in their faces1 and then his voice faltered and stopped1 and then they all felt that it was indeed something beyond ordinary that was coming4 ,don't ask me to tell my master's shame as he told it1 without a gloss or an excuse1 plain and bald and to the point4 ,i knew and they knew that there was excuse for his loving and lavish nature1 but he made none for himself4 ,well1 there's no hiding what all the world knows now4 ,he had let himself be led away into speculation and--,god pity and forgive him6--into fraud1 till only ruin or added and greater sin stared him in the face2 then1 brought face to face with that alternative1 he had chosen--just ruin1 sir4 ,there was dead silence for a space1 till ,sir ,jasper ,meredith1 the oldest man there1 and the justest business man ,i ever met1 said gravely3 8,do you realize1 ,mr4 ,brent1 that this implies ruin to others than to you80 ,he was not thinking of himself1 though this trouble would straiten him sorely2 he was thinking1 and so was my master1 and so was ,i1 of poor men1 and lone women1 and children and babies1 made penniless at a blow2 of the works stopped2 of hunger and sickness and cold4 ,mr4 ,james bowed his head2 he could not speak4 ,then ,i had to bring out the books1 and we went carefully over them page by page4 ,it was like the ,day of ,judgment itself to turn over those accounts1 and to read letters that had to be read1 and to find out1 step by step1 and in the very presence of the man we had honored and trusted1 that he had really fallen from his high place4 ,he quivered under it1 body and soul1 but answered steadily every question ,sir ,jasper put to him2 spoke in such a way that ,i was sure he as well as ,i thought of the last great day1 and was answering to ,one mightier than man4 ,and presently1 when they had reached the root of it--well1 ,mr4 ,clarkson1 it was sin and it was shame1 and ,i dare not call it less before ,god2 yet it was sin which many another man does unblushingly1 and had he persisted in it--had he only the night previous sent that message1 8,go on0--it was possible and probable that he could have saved himself4 ,yet1 if ,i could have had my choice then or now1 ,i would rather have seen him stand there1 disgraced and ruined by his own act and will1 than have had him live for another day a hypocrite4 ,but ,sir ,jasper said never a word of praise or blame till the whole investigation was ended2 listened silently while ,mr4 ,james told his plan to sell all he owned in ,brentwood1 pay what debts he could1 and then begin life over again abroad1 and work hard and steadily to retrieve his fortunes1 that he might pay all and stand with a clear conscience before he died4 ,then ,sir ,jasper rose and came to him1 put his two hands on ,mr4 ,james' shoulders1 and looked him straight in the eyes4 8,james ,brent10 he said1 8,i knew your father before you1 and your father's father1 but ,i never honored them more1 and ,i never honored you more1 than on this day when you confess to having disgraced your name and theirs1 but have had the honesty and manliness to confess it4 ,disgrace is disgrace2 but confession is the beginning of amendment40 ,that was all4 ,there was no offer of money help2 all ,sir ,jasper could offer would have been but a drop in the ocean of such utter ruin4 ,there was no advice to spare himself before he spared his neighbor2 ,sir ,jasper was too just for that4 ,but after those words ,i saw my master's eyes grow moist and bright1 and a gleam of hope come into his face4 ,my poor master6 my poor master6 ,thank ,god we cannot see the whole of suffering at the beginning6 ,the intention was not to let the news get abroad that night4 ,mr4 ,james went home to tell his wife and children--how terrible that seemed to me6--and ,i sat busy in the office4 ,it was the spring of the year4 ,fifteen years ago the coming month he had brought his bride home in the sunshine and the flowers4 ,this afternoon darkened into clouds1 and rain came and the east wind4 ,i lighted the lamps early and went to my work again4 ,presently ,i heard a sound such as ,i never heard before--a low growl1 or roar1 or shout1 that wasn't thunder or wind or rain4 ,it grew louder2 it was like the tramp of many feet1 hurrying fast1 and in the direction of the bank4 ,then cries--a name1 short1 distinct1 repeated again and again3 8,brent6 ,brent6 ,james ,brent60 ,i went to the window4 ,there they were1 half ,brentwood and more1 clamoring for the sight of the man they trusted above all men4 ,i flung the window up and they saw me4 8,halloo1 there1 ,joseph ,serle60 cried the leader1 a choleric ,scot who had not been many years among us4 8,where's our master80 8,not here10 says ,i1 with a sinking at my heart4 8,he knows10 piped a woman's shrill voice2 8make him tell us true40 ,and then the ,scot cries again3 8,halloo1 ,joseph ,serle1 there6 ,speak us true1 mon1 or ye'll hang for't4 ,is our money safe80 ,what could ,i say8 ,face after face ,i saw by the glare of torches--faces of neighbors and friends and kin--and not one but was a loser1 and few that were not well-nigh ruined4 ,and while ,i hesitated how to speak again that woman spoke3 8,where's ,james ,brent8 ,has he run1 the coward80 ,that was too much4 8,he's home10 cried ,i1 8where you and all decent folk should be40 8,home6 home60 ,they caught the word and shouted it4 8,we'll go home too4 ,we'll find ,james ,brent40 ,and the tide turned towards the ,hall4 ,i flew down the back-stairs to the stable1 mounted the fleetest horse1 and galloped him bareback to ,brent ,hall2 but1 fast as ,i rode1 the east wind bore an angry shout behind me1 and1 if ,i turned my head1 ,i saw torches flaring1 and the ground seemed to tremble with the hurrying tramp of feet4 ,i don't know how they bore it or how ,i told 'em4 ,i know ,i found them together1 him and her1 and she was as if she had not shed a tear1 and her eyes were glowing like stars1 bright1 and tender1 and sad1 and glad all at once4 ,i had hardly time to tell the news1 when the sound ,i had dreaded for 'em broke upon us like the rush and the roar of an awful storm4 ,on they came1 trampling over the garden-beds1 waving their torchlights1 calling one name hoarse and constant--8,brent6 ,brent6 ,james ,brent60 8,my love10 he said1 bending down to her1 8stay while ,i go to them40 ,and then she looked at him with a look that was more heavenly than any smile1 and said only3 8,james1 my place is by your side1 and ,i will keep it40 ,he put his hand quick over his eyes like one in great awe1 smiled with a smile more sad than tears1 then opened the hall door and stood out before the crowd--there where many a man and woman of them had seen him bring his young bride home4 ,and the sudden silence which fell upon them his own voice broke4 8,my friends10 he said1 8what would you have of me80 ,straight and keen as a barbed arrow1 not from one voice1 but from many1 the question rose1 8,is our money safe80 ,and after that some one called3 8,we'll trust your word1 master1 'gainst all odds40 ,i had thought that scene in the bank was like the ,judgment ,day2 but what was this8 ,he tried to speak1 but his lips clave together4 ,then ,i saw her draw a little nearer--not to touch him or to speak to him2 she did not even look at him1 neither at the people1 but out into the darkness1 and up and far away2 and her very body1 it seemed to me1 was praying4 8,is our money safe80 ,it was like a yell now1 and ,james ,brent made answer3 8,my friends1 ,i am a ruined man40 8,is our money safe80 ,little children's voices joined in the cry4 ,my ,god1 let ,brentwood never hear the like again6 ,my master held out his hands like any beggar2 then he fell down upon his knees4 8,i confess to you and to ,god10 he said1 8there is not one penny left40 ,mr4 ,clarkson1 ,i am ,brentwood born and bred4 ,i love my master1 but ,i love my place and people too4 ,we are a simple folk and a loving folk4 ,it is an awful thing to shake the trust of such4 ,they had deemed their honor and their property for ever safe with this one man1 and in an hour and at a word their trust was broken1 their scanty all was gone1 their earthly hopes were shattered4 ,mr4 ,clarkson1 sir1 it drove them wild4 ,that day had set on ,brent ,hall fair and stately2 the morrow dawned on blackened ruins4 ,the grounds lay waste2 the fountains were dry2 pictures which nobles had envied had fed the flames2 fabrics which would have graced a queen stopped the babbling of the brooks2 and in front of ,brent ,bank hung effigies of the last ,brent ,brothers1 with a halter about the neck of each4 ,he had planned--my master1 my poor master6--to retrieve all4 ,why could it not be8 ,god knows best1 but it is a mystery which ,i cannot fathom4 ,that night's horror and exposure brought him to the very gates of death2 and when he rose up at last1 it was as a mere wreck of himself1 never to work again4 ,his wife's dowry went to the people whom he had ruined and who had ruined him4 ,they lived until her death1 as he lives still1 on charity4 ,and that is all8 ,no1 ,mr4 ,clarkson1 not quite all4 ,he was brave enough1 since he could not win back his honor otherwise1 to stay among us and gain a place again in the hearts he had wounded sore4 ,sometimes ,i think he teaches us a better lesson1 old1 and alone1 and poor1 than if he had come to build his fallen home once more4 ,i think1 sir1 we have learned to pity and forgive as we never should have done otherwise1 since we have seen him suffering like any one of us2 as low down as any one of us4 ,,james ,,brent',s ,,version4 ,he has told you the story1 then1 my boy1 has he8 ,and you are the last of us1 and you have my name--,james ,brent ,clarkson4 ,the last8 ,then ,i will tell you more than he could tell you4 ,do not shrink or fancy it will pain me4 ,i would like to let you know all1 my boy--not for my sake2 but you say you are only half a ,catholic1 and ,i would have you learn something of the deep reality of the true faith4 ,the night ,i waited for the half-past eleven train ,i had been stopped on my way to the bank by a crowd at the church door1 and ,i heard one man say to another3 8,they're dark times1 neighbor--as dark as our land's seen these hundred years40 ,and his mate answered him3 8,maybe so1 ,collins2 maybe so4 ,but ,brentwood don't feel 'em much4 ,i believe1 and so does most folks1 that if all other houses fell1 and e'en the ,bank of ,england broke1 ,brent ,brothers would stand4 ,it's been honest and true for four generations back1 and so 'twull be to the end on't40 ,then the crowd parted1 the men went into the church1 and ,i passed down the street4 8,honest and true for four generations back1 and so 'twull be to the end on't40 ,the words haunted me4 ,at last1 in desperation1 to rid myself of the thought1 ,i went to church also4 ,going in by a side door1 ,i found myself in a corner by a confessional1 quite sheltered from view1 but with the pulpit in plain sight4 ,there1 raised high above the heads of the people1 the preacher stood1 a man of middle age1 who looked as if he had been at some time of his life in and of the world2 his face that of one who has found it almost a death-struggle to subdue self to the obedience and the folly of the cross4 ,he seemed meant for a ruler among his fellows4 ,i wondered idly what he was doing there in the preacher's frock1 speaking to the crowd4 ,he was telling1 simply and plainly1 of our ,lord's agony in the garden4 ,but simple and plain as were his words1 there was something in the face and voice which drew one into sympathetic union with this man1 who spoke as if he were literally beholding the load of our sin lying upon the ,lord's heart till his sweat of blood started4 ,and when he had painted the scene to us1 he paused as hearing the awful cry echo through the stillness that reigned in the crowded church1 then bent forward as if his eyes would scan our very hearts1 and spoke once more4 ,i cannot tell you what he said1 but before he ended ,i knew this3 my sin cost our ,lord's agony2 added sin of mine would be added anguish of his4 ,the choice lay before me4 ,when ,i showed ,serle those two despatches1 the one 8,stop10 the other 8,go on10 ,i held there what would be my ruin for time or for eternity4 ,there is a world unseen1 and mighty2 its powers were round me that night like an army4 ,hitherto ,i had been deceiving myself with the plea of necessity of others' interests to be considered1 of my honor to be sustained4 ,that night another motive rose before me1 but it was of an honor put to dishonor--the ,lord of glory bowed down to the earth by shame4 ,the letter must be answered before morning1 so pressing was my need4 ,i decided to go to the telegraph office1 and by the time ,i reached it my mind must be made up4 ,but1 in the street1 ,i came face to face with the preacher ,i had heard that night4 ,the moon was near the full4 ,we two looked straight at each other1 passed1 then turned as by one impulse1 and faced again4 ,they who fight a fight to its end1 and conquer1 but only with wounds whose scars they must bear to their graves1 sometimes gain a great power of reading the souls of those who are fighting a like contest1 and know not yet if it will end in victory or defeat4 ,some fight like mine ,i felt sure that priest had fought4 8,what would you have1 my brother80 he asked4 8,answers to two questions1 father10 ,i replied4 8,if a man has done wrong to others1 and can only repair it by added wrong1 shall he disgrace his own good name for ever by avowal1 or shall he sin8 ,and if his fall involves the suffering of his innocent wife and children1 may he not save himself from shame for their sake8 ,it is a matter which may not wait now for confession even4 ,answer as best you may1 for the love of ,god40 ,i fancied that the stern face before me softened and grew pale1 and in the momentary stillness ,i understood that the ,dominican was praying4 ,then he answered1 few words and firm1 as one who knew3 8,to choose disgrace is to choose the path our divine ,lord chose4 ,to involve our dearest in suffering is to know his anguish whose blessed ,mother stood beneath his cross40 ,then1 after one more slight1 intense silence1 8,my brother10 he said earnestly1 8,i do not know your life1 but ,i know my own4 ,to drink the ,lord's cup of shame to its dregs--with him--is a blessed thing to do1 if he gives a sinner grace to do it40 ,tell me a thousand times that you have no faith yourself2 that to love ,god passionately is a dream1 a delusion1 unworthy of our manly nature2 that to choose shame is folly1 to choose suffering is a mad mistake--what shame could atone for my sins or give back to the poor the means of which my folly had robbed them8 ,what can your words count with those who have once tasted the bitter sweetness of the ,lord's own chalice8 ,suddenly1 standing there1 ,i knew what it means to love ,god more than houses or lands1 wife or children2 to have him more real to the soul than they to the heart2 to be willing and glad to forsake all for him2 to know ,i had one more chance left to do his will1 not ,satan's2 and to make my choice4 ,having brought his agony on him1 there was nothing more ,i could do but bear it with him4 ,my boy1 though you came on my invitation1 you chose the twilight in which to come to me1 that ,i might hide my shame at meeting you4 ,such shame died dead in two awful nights and days3 ,first1 confession before the priest of ,god2 then to colleagues and friends2 then to my wife and to my son--oh6 that stings yet2 then to an angry throng1 whose trust ,i had betrayed1 whose hopes ,i had blasted1 whose love and reverence ,i had turned to hate and scorn4 ,i have seen my home in ruins1 my effigy hung up and hooted at in the public square1 my name become a byword1 my race blotted out4 ,i am an old man now1 and still they tell my story in ,brentwood2 each child learns it2 strangers hear of it4 ,yet1 if the power were mine to alter these twenty years of humiliation1 ,i would not lose one hour of suffering or shame4 ,you ask me why8 ,thirty-five years ago ,i stood here1 the centre and the favorite of this town1 and ,i set myself to work my own will1 to gain glory for me and mine4 ,my wife1 my name1 my home1 were my idols4 ,it seemed an innocent ambition1 but it was not for ,god1 and it led me into evil work4 ,you told me that since you came of age you have been but once to confession4 ,it is by the light of that sacrament that what seems to you the mystery of my life is read4 ,for a ,catholic--whether striving after perfection1 or struggling up from sin to lasting penitence--has for pattern the life of ,jesus1 the doing all in union with him1 after his example4 ,what is the sacrament of penance but the bearing of shame1 though in the presence of a compassionate priest1 with him who1 when he could have rescued us at the price of one drop of his most precious blood1 chose to die in ignominy1 bearing before the world the entire world's disgrace8 ,my boy1 if in any way1 by the love of our common name1 ,i can influence you1 go back to confession4 ,it is the very sacrament for men who would be upright1 and loyal1 and strong1 and true2 or who1 having fallen1 would humbly and bravely bear for ,christ's sake the disclosure and the penalty4 ,my penance--given by ,god1 mark you--was heavy1 men think4 ,was it heavier than my sin8 ,they do not know everything4 ,all my life ,i had been helped1 guarded1 upheld2 and for such to fall is a deadlier sin than for others4 ,the infinite love of ,god bore with me and saved me4 ,and as1 day by day1 like the unremitted lashes of a scourge1 suffering fell to my portion1 ,i tell you that a strange1 an awful sweetness mingled with the anguish4 ,i knew it was the hand of ,god that smote me1 and that he smote here to spare hereafter4 ,oh6 do not look at me4 ,stop6 ,turn your face away6 ,i thought all such shame was dead1 but there are moments when it overwhelms me with its sting4 ,did ,i say or dare to think that ,god loves me8 ,wait1 wait1 till ,i can remember what it means6 ,yes1 ,i know now4 ,through all that night1 while the torches glared1 and wrathful faces looked curses at me1 and lips shouted them1 ever through all ,i saw1 as it were1 ,one sinless but reputed with the wicked2 stripped of his garments as ,i of my pride2 made a spectacle to angels and to men2 mocked1 reviled1 scourged1 crucified2 and through the wild tumult ,i heard a voice say1 as of old to the repentant thief on the cross3 8,this day thou shalt be with me40 ,and through all my heart was answering to his most ,sacred ,heart1 8,i1 indeed1 justly2 for ,i receive the due reward of my deeds3 but this man hath done no evil40 ,how could ,i wish to be spared a single pang or lose one hour of shame with him8 ,what part could any ,christian take but to suffer with him1 having made him suffer8 ,and when one has said 8with him10 one has explained all4 ,but1 somehow1 people do not always seem to understand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,understand8 ,ah6 no4 ,it is a story1 not of two versions1 but of many4 ,some called ,james ,brent a fool1 and some a madman1 and some said he should have saved his honor and his name at all hazards2 and some1 that he had no right to entail such suffering on his household4 ,but there is one light by which such stories should be read1 that is truer than these4 ,when time is gone1 and wealth is dust1 and earthly honor vanishes like smoke1 then1 by the standard of the cross of ,christ1 wealth1 and pomp1 and pleasure1 and business shall be duly tried4 ,shun humiliation here as we will1 there shall be after this the judgment1 when the ,prince of ,glory1 who pronounces final sentence1 will be he who1 while on earth1 chose for his portion a life of suffering and a death of shame4 ,,anti-,,catholic ,,movements ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,like commercial panics1 periodical outbursts of irreligious fanaticism seem to have become regular incidents in the history of the ,united ,states--occurrences to be looked for with as much certainty as if they were the natural outgrowth of our civilization and the peculiarly-constituted condition of ,american society4 ,though springing from widely different causes1 these intermittent spasms have a marked resemblance in their deleterious effects on our individual welfare and national reputation4 ,both are demoralizing and degrading in their tendencies1 and each1 in its degree1 finally results in the temporary gain of a few to the lasting injury and debasement of the multitude4 ,in other respects they differ materially4 ,great mercantile reverses and isolated acts of peculation1 unfortunately1 are not limited to one community or to the growth of any particular system of polity1 but are as common and as frequent in despotic ,asia and monarchical ,europe as in republican ,america4 ,popular ebullitions of bigotry1 on the contrary1 are1 or1 more correctly1 ought to be1 confined to those countries where ignorance and intolerance usurp the place of enlightened philanthropy and wise government4 ,they are foreign to the spirit of ,american institutions1 hostile to the best interests of society1 and a curse to those who tolerate or encourage them4 ,the brightest glory of the fathers of the republic springs1 not so much from the fact that they separated the colonies from the mother country and founded a new nation--for that is nothing strange or unheard-of in the world's history--but that they made its three millions of inhabitants free as well as independent3 free not only from unjust taxation and arbitrary laws1 but for ever free to worship their ,creator according to the dictates of their conscience1 unawed by petty authority and unaffected by the shifting counsels of subsequent legislators4 ,from this point of view the ,revolution appears as one of the grandest moral events in the records of human progress2 and when we reflect on the numerous pains1 penalties1 and restrictions prescribed by the charters and by-laws of the colonies from whence our ,union has sprung1 it challenges our most profound admiration and gratitude4 ,this complete religious equality1 guaranteed by our fundamental law1 has ever been the boast of every true ,american citizen1 at home and abroad4 ,from the halls of ,congress to the far ,western stump-meeting we hear it again and again enunciated2 it is repeated by a thousand eloquent tongues on each recurring anniversary of our independence1 and is daily and weekly trumpeted throughout the length and breadth of the land by the myriad-winged ,mercuries of the press4 ,this freedom of worship1 freedom of conscience1 and legal equality1 as declared and confirmed by our forefathers1 has become1 in fact1 not only the written but also the common law of the land--the birthright of every native-born ,american1 the acquired1 but no less sacred1 privilege of every citizen by adoption4 ,whoever now attempts to disturb or question it1 by word or act1 disgraces his country in the eyes of all mankind1 and defiles the memory of our greatest and truest heroes and statesmen4 ,so powerful1 indeed1 were the example and teachings of those wise men who laid broad and deep the foundations of our happy country that1 during the first half-century of our national existence1 scarcely a voice was raised in opposition or protest against the principle of religious liberty as emphatically expressed in the first amendment to the ,constitution4 ,a whole generation had to pass away ere fanaticism dared to raise its crest1 until the solemn guarantees of our federal compact were assailed by incendiary mobs and scouted by so-called courts of justice4 ,the first flagrant instance of this fell spirit of bigotry happened in ,massachusetts1 and naturally was directed against an institution of ,catholic learning4 ,in #ahbj four ,ursuline nuns arrived in ,boston and established there a house of their order4 ,six years later they removed to the neighboring village of ,charlestown1 where they purchased a piece of ground1 and1 calling it ,mt4 ,st4 ,benedict1 erected a suitable building and reduced the hitherto barren hill-side to a state of beautiful cultivation4 ,in #ahcd the community had increased to ten1 all ladies of thorough education and refinement4 ,from the very beginning their success as teachers was acknowledged and applauded1 and their average attendance of pupils was computed at from fifty to sixty4 ,of these1 at least four-fifths were ,protestants1 the daughters of the best ,american families1 not only of ,new ,england1 but of the ,middle and ,southern ,states4 ,though it was well known that the nuns had ever been most scrupulously careful not to meddle with the religious opinions of their scholars1 and that not one conversion to the church could be ascribed to their influence1 the fact that a school conducted by ,catholic religious should have acquired so brilliant a reputation1 and that its patrons were principally ,protestants of high social and political standing1 was considered sufficient in the eyes of the ,puritan fanatics to condemn it4 ,its destruction was therefore resolved on1 and an incident1 unimportant in itself1 occurred in the summer of #ahcd which was eagerly seized upon by the clerical adventurers who then1 as now1 disgraced so many sectarian pulpits4 ,it appears that an inmate of the convent1 a ,miss ,harrison1 had1 from excessive application to music1 become partially demented1 and during one of her moments of hallucination left the house and sought refuge with some friends4 ,her brother1 a ,protestant1 having heard of her flight1 accompanied by ,bishop ,fenwick1 brought her back to the nunnery1 to her own great satisfaction and the delight of the sisterhood4 ,this trifling domestic affair was eagerly taken up by the leaders of the anti-,catholic faction and magnified into monstrous proportions4 ,the nuns1 it was said1 had not only driven an ,american lady to madness1 but had immured her in a dungeon1 and1 upon her attempting to escape1 had1 with the connivance of the bishop and priests1 actually tortured her to death4 ,falsehoods even more diabolical were invented and circulated throughout ,boston4 ,the following ,sunday the ,methodist and ,congregational churches rang again with denunciations against ,popery and nunneries1 while one self-styled divine1 a ,dr4 ,beecher1 the father of a numerous progeny of male and female evangelists1 some of whom have since become famous in more senses than one1 preached no less than three sermons in as many different churches on the abominations of ,rome4 ,all the bigotry of ,boston and the adjacent towns was aroused to the highest pitch of frenzy1 and threats against the convent were heard on every side4 ,to pacify the public mind the selectmen of ,charlestown1 on the following day1 the memorable #aath of ,august1 appointed a committee to examine into the truth of the charges4 ,they waited on the nuns1 and were received by ,miss ,harrison1 who was alleged to have been foully murdered4 ,under her personal guidance they searched every part of the convent and its appurtenances1 till1 becoming thoroughly satisfied with the falsity of the reports1 they retired to draw up a statement to that effect for publication in the newspapers4 ,this was what the rabble dreaded1 and1 as soon as the intention of the committee became known1 the leaders resolved to forestall public sentiment by acting at once4 ,accordingly1 about nine o'clock in the evening1 a mob began to collect in the neighborhood of ,mt4 ,st4 ,benedict4 ,bonfires were lit and exciting harangues were made1 but still there were many persons reluctant to believe that the rioters were in earnest4 ,they would not admit that any great number of ,americans could be found base and brutal enough to attack a house filled with defenceless and delicate women and children4 ,they were mistaken1 however2 they had yet to learn to what lengths fanaticism can be carried when once the evil passions of corrupt human nature are aroused4 ,towards midnight a general alarm was rung1 calling out the engine companies of ,boston1 not to quell any fire or disturbance1 but1 as was proved by their conduct1 to reinforce the rioters1 if necessary4 ,the first demonstration was made by firing shot and stones against the windows and doors of the main building1 to ascertain if there were any defenders inside2 but1 upon becoming satisfied that there were none1 the cowardly mob burst open the gates and doors1 and rushed wildly through the passages and rooms1 swearing vengeance against the nuns4 ,trusting to the protection of the authorities1 the gentle sisters were taken by surprise4 ,the shots of their assailants1 however1 awakened them to a sense of danger4 ,hastening from their beds1 they rushed to the dormitories1 aroused the sleeping children1 and had barely time to avoid the fury of the mob by escaping through a back entrance in their night-clothes4 ,everything portable1 including money and jewelry belonging to the pupils1 was laid hold of by the intruders1 the furniture and valuable musical instruments were hacked in pieces1 and then the convent was given to the flames amid the frantic cheers of assembled thousands4 8,not content with all this10 says the report of ,mr4 ,loring's committee1 8they burst open the tomb of the establishment1 rifled it of the sacred vessels there deposited1 wrested the plates from the coffins1 and exposed to view the mouldering remains of their tenants4 ,nor is it the least humiliating feature1 in this scene of cowardly and audacious violation of all that man ought to hold sacred1 that it was perpetrated in the presence of men vested with authority and of multitudes of our fellow-citizens1 while not one arm was lifted in the defence of helpless women and children1 or in vindication of the violated laws of ,god and man4 ,the spirit of violence1 sacrilege1 and plunder reigned triumphant40 ,the morning of the #abth of ,august saw what for years had been the quiet retreat of ,christian learning and feminine holiness a mass of blackened ruins2 but the character of ,massachusetts had received even a darker stain1 a foul blot not yet wiped from her escutcheon4 ,it was felt by the most respectable portion of the citizens that some step should be taken to vindicate the reputation of the ,state1 and to place the odium of the outrage on those who alone were guilty4 ,accordingly1 a committee of thirty-eight leading ,protestant gentlemen1 with ,charles ,g4 ,loring as chairman1 was appointed to investigate and report on the origin and results of the disgraceful proceeding4 ,it met in ,faneuil ,hall from day to day1 examined a great number of witnesses1 and made the most minute inquiries from all sources4 ,its final report was long1 eloquent1 and convincing4 ,after the most thorough examination1 it was found1 those ,protestant gentlemen said1 that all the wild and malicious assertions put forth in the sectarian pulpits and repeated in the newspapers1 regarding the ,ursulines1 were without a shadow of truth or probability2 they eulogized in the most glowing language the conduct of the nuns1 their qualifications as teachers1 their ,christian piety and meekness1 and their careful regard for the morals as well as for the religious scruples of their pupils4 ,they also attributed the wanton attack upon the nunnery to the fell spirit of bigotry evoked by the false reports of the ,new ,england press and the unmitigated slanders of the anti-,catholic preachers1 and called upon the legislative authorities to indemnify1 in the most ample manner1 the victims of mob law and official connivance4 ,but the most significant fact brought to light by this committee was that the fanatics1 in their attack on ,mt4 ,st4 ,benedict1 were not a mere heterogeneous crowd of ignorant men acting upon momentary impulse1 but a regular band of lawless miscreants directed and aided by persons of influence and standing in society4 8,there is no doubt10 says the report1 8that a conspiracy had been formed1 extending into many of the neighboring towns2 but the committee are of opinion that it embraced very few of respectable character in society1 though some such may1 perhaps1 be actually guilty of an offence no less heinous1 morally considered1 in having excited the feelings which led to the design1 or countenanced and instigated those engaged in its execution40 ,here we find laid down1 on the most unquestionable authority1 the origin and birth-place of all subsequent ,native ,american movements against ,catholicity4 ,but the sequel to the destruction of the ,charlestown convent was even more shameful than the crime itself4 ,thirteen men had been arrested1 eight of whom were charged with arson4 ,the first tried was the ringleader1 an ex-convict1 named ,buzzell4 ,the scenes which were enacted on that occasion are without a parallel in the annals of our jurisprudence4 ,the mother-superior1 several of the sisters1 and ,bishop ,fenwick1 necessary witnesses for the prosecution1 were received in court with half-suppressed jibes and sneers1 subjected to every species of insult by the lawyers for the defence1 and were frowned upon even by the judge who presided4 ,though the evidence against the prisoner was conclusive1 the jury1 without shame or hesitation1 acquitted him1 and he walked out of court amid the wildest cheers of the bystanders4 ,similar demonstrations of popular sympathy attended the trials of the other rioters1 who were all1 with the exception of a young boy1 permitted to escape the penalty of their gross crimes4 ,even the ,state legislature1 though urged to do so by many of the leading public men of the commonwealth1 refused to vote anything like an adequate sum to indemnify the nuns and pupils for their losses1 amounting to over a hundred thousand dollars4 ,the pitiful sum of ten thousand dollars was offered1 and of course rejected2 and to this day the ruins of the convent stand as an eloquent monument of ,protestant perfidy and puritanical meanness and injustice4 ,the impunity thus legally and officially guaranteed to mobs and sacrilegious plunderers soon bore fruit in other acts of lawlessness in various parts of ,massachusetts4 ,a ,catholic graveyard in ,lowell was shortly after entered and desecrated by an armed rabble1 and a house in ,wareham1 in which ,mass was being celebrated1 was set upon by a gang of ruffians known as the 8,convent ,boys40 ,a couple of years later the ,montgomery ,guards1 a regular militia company1 composed principally of ,catholic freeholders of ,boston1 were openly insulted by their comrades on parade1 and actually stoned through the streets by a mob of over three thousand persons4 ,as there were no more convents to be plundered and burned in the stronghold of ,puritanism1 the war on those glories of religion was kept up in a different manner1 but with no less rancor and audacity4 ,taking advantage of the excitement created by such men as ,lyman ,beecher and ,buzzell1 a mercenary publisher issued a book entitled ,six ,months in a ,convent1 which was put together by some contemptible preacher in the name of an illiterate girl named ,reed1 who1 the better to mislead the public1 assumed the title of 8,sister ,mary ,agnes40 8,we earnestly hope and believe10 said the preface to this embodiment of falsehood1 8that this little work1 if universally diffused1 will do more1 by its unaffected simplicity1 in deterring ,protestant parents from educating their daughters in ,catholic nunneries than could the most labored and learned discourses on the dangers of ,popery40 ,though the book was replete with stupid fabrications and silly blunders1 so grossly had the popular taste been perverted that fifty thousand copies were sold within a year after its publication4 ,the demand was still increasing1 when another contribution to ,protestant literature appeared1 before the broad1 disgusting1 and obscene fabrications of which the mendacity of 8,sister ,mary ,agnes0 paled its ineffectual fires4 ,this latter candidate for popular favor1 though it bore the name1 destined for an immortality of infamy1 of ,maria ,monk--a notoriously dissolute woman--was actually compiled by a few needy and unscrupulous adventurers1 reverend and irreverend1 who found a distinguished ,methodist publishing house1 not quite so needy1 though still more unscrupulous1 to publish the work for them1 though very shame compelled even them to withhold their names from the publication4 ,and it was only owing to a legal suit arising from this infamous transaction many years after that the fact was revealed that the publishers of this vilest of assaults on one of the holiest institutions of the ,catholic ,church was the firm of ,harper ,brothers4 ,true to their character1 they saw that the times were favorable for an assault on ,catholicity1 even so vile as this one2 and true to their nature again1 they refused to their wretched accomplice her adequate share in the wages of sin4 ,though bearing on its face all the evidences of diabolical malice and falsehood1 condemned by the better portion of the press and by all reputable ,protestants1 the work had an unparalleled sale for some time4 ,the demand might have continued to go on increasing indefinitely1 but1 in an evil hour for the speculators1 its authors1 under the impression that the prurient taste of the public was not sufficiently satiated with imaginary horrors1 issued a continuation under the title of ,additional ,awful ,disclosures4 ,this composition proved an efficient antidote to the malignant poison of the first4 ,its impurity and falsehoods were so palpable that its originators were glad to slink into obscurity and their patrons into silence1 followed by the contempt of all honest men4 ,just ten years after the ,charlestown outrage the spirit of ,protestant persecution began to revive4 ,premonitory symptoms of political proscription appeared in #ahdb1 in the constitutional conventions of ,rhode ,island and ,louisiana1 and in the local legislatures of other ,states2 but it was not till the early part of #ahdd that it became evident that secret measures were being taken to arouse the dormant feeling of antipathy to the rights of ,catholics1 so rife in the hearts of the ignorant ,protestant masses4 ,new ,york1 at first1 was the principal seat of the disorder4 ,most of the newspapers of that period teemed with eulogistic reviews of books written against the faith2 cheap periodicals1 such as the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,sparry's ,american ,anti-,papist1 were thrust into the hands of all who would read them by the agents of the ,bible and proselytizing societies2 and a cohort of what were called anti-papal lecturers1 of which a reverend individual named ,cheever was the leader1 was employed to attack the ,catholic ,church with every conceivable weapon that the arsenal of ,protestantism afforded4 ,the popular mind being thus prepared for a change1 the various elements of political and social life opposed to ,catholicity were crystallized into the 8,american ,republican0 party1 better known as the ,native ,americans4 ,on the #aith of ,march1 #ahdd1 the new faction nominated ,james ,harper for mayor of the city of ,new ,york1 and about the same time ,william ,rockwell was named for a similar office in ,brooklyn4 ,the platform upon which these gentlemen stood was simple but comprehensive3 the retention of the ,protestant ,bible and ,protestant books in the public schools2 the exclusion of ,catholics of all nationalities from office2 and the amendment of the naturalization laws so as to extend the probationary term of citizenship to twenty-one years4 ,the canvass in ,new ,york was conducted with some regard to decency2 but in the sister city1 the ,nativists threw off all respect for law1 their processions invaded the districts inhabited mainly by adopted citizens1 assailed all who did not sympathize with them1 and riot and bloodshed were the consequence4 ,in ,brooklyn the ,nativist candidate was defeated1 but ,harper was elected triumphantly by about twenty-four thousand votes4 ,the ballots that placed such a man at the head of the municipality of the ,american metropolis were deposited by both ,whigs and ,democrats1 though each party had a candidate in the field4 ,the former contributed upwards of fourteen thousand1 or three-fourths of their strength2 their opponents somewhat less than ten thousand4 ,but the action of the city politicians was quickly repudiated and condemned throughout the ,state4 ,on the #acth of ,april the ,whigs assembled in ,albany and passed a series of resolutions denouncing in unequivocal terms the tenets of the ,native ,americans2 and in two days after1 at the same place1 and in1 if possible1 a more forcible manner1 the ,democracy entered their protest against the heresies and evil tendencies of the persecuting faction4 ,still1 the 8,american ,republicans0 showed such signs of popular strength in various municipal elections that year that the lower classes of politicians1 of all shades of opinion1 who dared not openly support them1 were suspected of secretly courting their friendship4 ,the nomination of ,frelinghuysen with ,henry ,clay at the ,whig presidential convention of ,may #a1 #ahdd1 was well understood at the time to be a bid for ,nativist support1 and eventually defeated the distinguished ,kentucky orator4 ,it is difficult to imagine how far the madness of the hour might have carried ambitious political leaders and timid conventions1 had not the scenes of sacrilege and murder which soon after disgraced the city of ,philadelphia1 and stained its streets with innocent blood1 sent a thrill of horror throughout the entire country4 ,philadelphia had followed1 if not anticipated1 the example of ,new ,york in sowing broadcast the seeds of civil strife4 ,early in the year secret ,nativist societies were formed2 sensational preachers like ,tyng1 in and out of place1 harangued congregations and meetings2 cheap newspapers were started for the sole purpose of vilifying ,catholics and working upon the baser passions of the sectarian population of the country4 ,the motives of those engineers of discord were the same as those of their ,new ,york brethren1 and their method of attack equally treacherous and cowardly4 ,one of the principal charges against their ,catholic fellow-citizens was that they were hostile to free schools and education generally4 ,to this unjust aspersion ,bishop ,kenrick1 on the #abth of ,march1 publicly replied in a short but lucid letter1 in which he said3 8,catholics have not asked that the ,bible be excluded from the public schools4 ,they have merely desired for their children the liberty of using the ,catholic version1 in case the reading of the ,bible be prescribed by the controllers or directors of the schools4 ,they only desire to enjoy the benefit of the constitution of the ,state of ,pennsylvania1 which guarantees the rights of conscience and precludes any preference of sectarian modes of worship4 ,they ask that the school laws be faithfully executed1 and that the religious predilections of the parents be respected4''' ,they desire that the public schools be preserved from all sectarian influence1 and that education be conducted in a way that may enable all citizens equally to share its benefits1 without any violence being offered to their conscientious convictions40 ,so deliberate and emphatic a denial had no effect on the wretched men who tyrannized over the second city in the ,union1 except that it was resolved to substitute brute force for reason1 and to precipitate a collision with their comparatively weak victims4 ,accordingly1 on the #eth of ,may1 a ,nativist meeting was held in ,kensington4 ,the design of the managers of the meeting was evidently to provoke an attack2 for1 finding the place first selected for the gathering unmolested1 they deliberately moved to the market-house1 in the actual presence of several adopted citizens4 ,this trick and the insulting speeches that followed had the desired effect4 ,a riot took place1 several shots were fired on both sides1 and four or five persons were more or less seriously wounded4 ,the ,nativists retreated1 and made an unsuccessful attempt to burn a nunnery4 ,the most exaggerated reports of this affair were immediately circulated through ,philadelphia4 ,the next day the ,nativists1 fully armed1 assembled and passed a series of resolutions of the most violent character4 ,preceded by an ,american flag1 which bore an inscription as malicious as it was untrue1 they attacked the ,hibernian ,hose ,company1 destroyed the apparatus1 and broke the fire-bell in pieces4 ,twenty-nine dwellings were burned to the ground1 their hapless occupants1 mostly women and children1 fleeing in all directions amid the insults and shots of their savage assailants4 ,the citizens were now thoroughly aroused1 the military1 under ,gen4 ,cadwalader1 was called out1 and ,bishop ,kenrick addressed a public admonition to his flock to preserve peace1 and1 notwithstanding the provocation1 to exercise forbearance4 ,but the demon of fanaticism1 once let loose1 could not be easily laid4 ,rioting continued throughout the day and far into the night4 ,early on ,wednesday morning ,s4 ,michael's ,church1 the female seminary attached to it1 and a number of private houses in the neighborhood were ruthlessly plundered and destroyed4 8,during the burning of the church10 said one of the ,philadelphia papers1 8the mob continued to shout2 and when the cross at the peak of the roof fell1 they gave three cheers and a drum and fife played the #8,boyne ,water4'0 ,the burning of ,s4 ,augustine's ,church took place on the evening of the same day4 ,this building1 one of the finest in the city1 was peculiarly endeared to the ,catholic inhabitants as having been one of their oldest churches in ,philadelphia4 ,many of the contributors to its building fund were men of historic fame1 such as ,washington1 ,montgomery1 ,barry1 ,meade1 ,carey1 and ,girard4 ,it had adjoining it extensive school-houses and a commodious parsonage1 and the clock in its tower was the one which had struck the first tones of new-born ,american liberty4 ,but the sacred character of the building itself1 and the patriotic memories which surrounded it1 could not save it from the torch of the ,philadelphia mob4 8,the clock struck ten10 wrote an eye-witness1 8while the fire was raging with the greatest fury4 ,at twenty minutes past ten the cross which surmounted the steeple1 and which remained unhurt1 fell with a loud crash1 amid the plaudits of a large portion of the spectators40 ,a very valuable library and several splendid paintings shared the fate of the church4 ,but bad as was the conduct of the rioters1 that of the authorities was even worse4 ,the militia1 when ordered out1 did not muster for several hours after the time appointed1 and when they did arrive they were only passive1 if not gratified1 spectators of the lawless scenes before them4 ,when ,s4 ,michael's was threatened1 the pastor1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,donohue1 placed it under the charge of ,capt4 ,fairlamb1 giving him the keys2 yet the mob was allowed to wreak its vengeance on it undisturbed4 ,the basement of ,s4 ,augustine's was occupied by some armed men who had resolved to defend it at all hazards2 but on the assurance of ,mayor ,scott and the sheriff that they had troops and police enough to protect it1 it was agreed1 in the interests of peace1 to evacuate it4 ,this had scarcely been done when the militia and civic guard fell back before a thousand or more armed ruffians and left the church to its fate4 ,for nearly sixty hours the rioters were left in undisputed possession of the city2 everything the ,catholics held sacred was violated2 men were dragged out of their homes1 half-hanged and brutally maltreated1 when not murdered outright2 the houses of adopted citizens were everywhere plundered1 an immense amount of property was destroyed1 and over two hundred families left desolate and homeless1 without the slightest attempt being made to enforce the law4 ,how many fell victims to ,nativist hate and rage on this occasion has never been known1 but the killed and wounded were counted by scores4 ,an attempt to outrival ,philadelphia in atrocity was made in ,new ,york a few days after1 but the precautionary steps of the authorities1 the firm attitude assumed by the late ,archbishop ,hughes1 and the resolute stand taken by the ,catholic population1 headed by ,eugene ,casserly--who was at that time editor of the ,freeman's ,journal--together with some young ,irish-,american ,catholic gentlemen1 so impressed the leaders of the ,nativists that all attempts of an incendiary nature1 and all public efforts to sympathize with the ,philadelphia mob1 were abandoned4 ,nativism staggered under the blow given it by its adherents in ,philadelphia1 and soon sank into utter insignificance as a political power4 ,another decade1 however1 passed1 and we find it again rejuvenated4 ,this time it assumed the name of the ,know-nothing party1 and extended its ramifications through every ,state in the ,union4 ,its declaration of principles contained sixteen clauses1 as laid down by its organs1 of which the following were regarded as the most vital3 #ast4 ,the repeal of all naturalization laws4 #b;d4 ,none but native ,americans for office4 #c;d4 ,a ,protestant common-school system4 #dth4 ,perpetual war on 8,romanism40 #eth4 ,opposition to the formation of military companies composed of 8foreigners40 #fth4 ,stringent laws against immigration4 #gth4 ,ample protection to ,protestant interests4 ,though partly directed1 apparently1 against all persons of foreign birth1 this new secret society was actually only opposed to ,catholics2 for many of the prominent members in its lodges were ,irish ,orangemen and ,welsh1 ,scotch1 and ,english unnaturalized adventurers who professed no form of belief4 ,like their predecessors of #ahdd1 the ,know-nothings employed a host of mendacious ministers and subsidized a number of obscure newspapers to circulate their slanders against ,catholics1 native as well as adopted citizens2 but they also added a new feature to the crusade against morality and civil rights4 ,this was street-preaching--a device for creating riots and bloodshed1 for provoking quarrels and setting neighbor against neighbor1 worthy the fiend of darkness himself4 ,wretched creatures1 drawn from the very dregs of society1 were hired to travel from town to town1 to post themselves at conspicuous street-corners1 if possible before ,catholic churches1 and to pour forth1 in ribald and blasphemous language1 the most unheard-of slanders against the church4 ,as those outcasts generally attracted a crowd of idle persons1 and were usually sustained by the presence of the members of the local lodge1 the merest interruption of their foul diatribes was the signal for a riot1 ending not unfrequently in loss of life or limb4 ,the first outrage that marked the career of the ,know-nothings of #ahed was the attack on the ,convent of ,mercy1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,l41 in ,april of that year4 ,instigated by the newspaper attacks of a notorious criminal1 who then figured as a ,nativist leader1 the rowdy elements of that usually quiet city surrounded the convent1 pelted the doors and windows with stones1 to the great alarm of the ladies and pupils within1 and would doubtless have proceeded to extremities were it not that the ,catholics1 fearing a repetition of the ,charlestown affair1 rallied for its protection and repeatedly drove them off4 ,in ,june ,brooklyn was the scene of some street-preaching riots1 but in the following ,august ,st4 ,louis1 founded by ,catholics and up to that time enjoying an enviable reputation for refinement and love of order1 acquired a pre-eminence in the ,southwest for ferocious bigotry4 ,for two days1 ,august #g and #h1 riot reigned supreme in that city2 ten persons were shot down in the streets1 many more were seriously wounded1 and a number of the houses of ,catholics were wrecked4 ,on the #c;d of ,september of the same year the ,american ,protestant ,association of ,new ,york1 an auxiliary of the ,know-nothings1 composed of ,orangemen1 went to ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 to join with similar lodges of ,new ,jersey in some celebration4 ,in marching through the streets of that city they happened to pass the ,german ,catholic church1 and1 being in a sportive mood1 they did not hesitate to attack it4 ,a mle occurred1 during which one man1 a ,catholic1 was killed and several were seriously injured4 ,the evidence taken by the coroner's jury showed that the admirers of ,king ,william were well armed1 generally intoxicated1 and that the assault and partial destruction of the church were altogether wanton and unprovoked4 ,early in the same month news was received of a succession of riots in ,new ,orleans1 the victims1 as usual1 being ,catholics4 ,but the spirit of terrorism was not confined to one section or particular ,state4 ,the virus of bigotry had inoculated the whole body politic4 ,in ,october people of all shades of religious opinion were astounded to hear from ,maine that the ,rev4 ,john ,bapst1 ,s4 ,j41 a clergyman of exemplary piety and mildness1 had actually been dragged forcibly from the house of a friend by a drunken ,ellsworth mob1 ridden on a rail1 stripped naked1 tarred and feathered1 and left for dead4 ,his money and watch were likewise stolen by the miscreants4 ,father ,bapst's crime was that1 when a resident of ,ellsworth some time previously1 he had entered into a controversy about public schools4 ,yet1 in the face of all these lawless proceedings1 the ,know-nothing party increased with amazing rapidity4 8,without presses1 without electioneering10 said the ,new ,york ,times1 8with no prestige or power1 it has completely overthrown and swamped the two old historic parties of the country40 ,this was certainly true of ,new ,england1 and notably so of ,massachusetts1 where1 in the autumn of #ahed1 the ,know-nothings elected their candidate for governor and nearly every member of the legislature4 ,in the ,state of ,new ,york ,ullman1 the standard-bearer of the new army of persecution1 received over #abb1jjj votes1 and1 though defeated in the city1 it was more than suspected that the ,democrat who was chosen as mayor had been a member of the organization4 ,in many other ,states and cities the power of the sworn secret combination was felt and acknowledged4 ,its influence and unseen grasp on the passions and prejudices of the lower classes of ,protestants were plainly perceptible in the halls of ,congress and in the executive cabinet4 ,in the ,senate ,william ,h4 ,seward was the first and foremost to denounce the so-called ,american party4 ,as early as ,july1 #ahed1 in a speech on the ,homestead ,bill1 he took occasion to remark3 8,it is sufficient for me to say that1 in my judgment1 everything is un-,american which makes a distinction1 of whatever kind1 in this country between the native-born ,american and him whose lot is directed to be cast here by an over-ruling ,providence1 and who renounces his allegiance to a foreign land and swears fealty to the country which adopts him40 ,the example of the great statesman was followed by such men as ,douglas1 ,cass1 ,keitt1 ,chandler1 and ,seymour1 while ,senators ,dayton and ,houston1 ,wilson1 the late ,vice-,president1 ,n4 ,p4 ,banks1 and a number of other politicians championed the cause of intolerance as has since been confessed1 for their own selfish aggrandizement as much as from inherent littleness of soul4 ,meanwhile1 ,massachusetts was completely controlled by the ,know-nothings4 ,their governor1 ,gardiner1 had not been well in the chair of state when he disbanded all the ,irish military companies within his jurisdiction4 ,these were the ,columbian1 ,webster1 ,shields1 and ,sarsfield ,guards of ,boston1 the ,jackson ,musketeers of ,lowell1 the ,union ,guard of ,lawrence1 and the ,jackson ,guard of ,worcester4 ,the ,general ,court1 too1 not to be outdone in bigotry by the executive1 passed a law for the inspection of nunneries1 convents1 and schools1 and appointed a committee to carry out its provisions4 ,the first--and last--domiciliary visit of this body was made to the school of the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame in ,roxbury4 ,it is thus graphically described by the ,boston ,advertiser1 an eminently ,protestant authority3 8,the gentlemen--we presume we must call members of the legislature by this name--roamed over the whole house from attic to cellar4 ,no chamber1 no passage1 no closet1 no cupboard1 escaped their vigilant search4 ,no part of the house was enough protected by respect for the common courtesies of civilized life to be spared in the examination4 ,the ladies' dresses hanging in their wardrobes were tossed over4 ,the party invaded the chapel1 and showed their respect--as ,protestants1 we presume--for the ,one ,god whom all ,christians worship by talking loudly with their hats on2 while the ladies shrank in terror at the desecration of a spot which they believed hallowed40 ,still1 the work of proscription and outrage went on in other directions4 ,fifteen school-teachers had been dismissed in ,philadelphia because they were ,catholics2 the ,rev4 ,f4 ,nachon1 of ,mobile1 was assaulted and nearly killed while pursuing his sacred avocations2 a military company in ,cincinnati1 and another in ,milwaukee1 composed of adopted citizens1 were disbanded1 and on the #fth and #gth of ,august1 #ahee1 the streets of ,louisville ran red with the blood of adopted citizens4 ,in this last and culminating ,know-nothing outrage eleven hundred voters were driven from the polls1 numbers of men1 and even women1 were shot down in the public thoroughfares1 houses were sacked and burned1 and at least five persons are known to have been literally roasted alive4 ,a reaction1 however1 had already set in4 ,men of moderate views and unbiassed judgments began to tire of the scenes of strife1 murder1 and rapine that accompanied the victories of the ,know-nothings4 ,the first to deal it a deadly blow1 as a political body1 was ,henry ,a4 ,wise1 of ,virginia1 in his noble canvass of that ,state against the combined ,whig and ,nativist elements in #ahee2 and to the late ,archbishop of ,new ,york1 in his utter discomfiture of ,state ,senator ,brooks1 is justly due the merit of having first convinced the ,american people that the so-called ,american party was actually the most dangerous enemy of ,american laws and institutions1 the advocate of spoliation and persecution under the guise of patriotism and reform4 ,the decline of ,nativism1 though not so rapid as its growth1 was equally significant1 and its history as instructive4 ,in #ahef a national convention was called by the wreck of the party to nominate ,fillmore for the presidency1 after overtures had been made in vain to the ,republicans and ,democrats4 ,fillmore was so badly defeated that he retired into private life and lost whatever little fame he had acquired in national affairs as ,taylor's successor4 ,four years later ,bell and ,everett appeared on the ,know-nothing ticket1 but so far behind were they in the race with their presidential competitors that very few persons cared to remember the paucity of their votes4 ,gradually1 silently1 but steadily1 like vermin from a sinking ship1 the leaders slunk away from the already doomed faction1 and1 by a hypocritical display of zeal1 endeavored to obtain recognition in one or other of the great parties1 but generally without success4 ,disappointed ambition1 impotent rage1 and1 let us hope1 remorse of conscience occasionally seized upon them1 and the charity of silence became to them the most desired of blessings4 ,perhaps if the late civil war had not occurred1 to swallow in the immensity of its operations all minor interests1 we might have beheld in #ahfd the spectre of ,nativism arising from its uneasy slumber1 to be again subjected to its periodical blights and curses4 ,from present appearances many far-seeing persons apprehend the recurrence in this year of the wild exhibitions of anti-,catholic and anti-,american fanaticism which have so often blotted and blurred the otherwise stainless pages of our short history2 that the centennial year of ,american independence and republican liberty is to be signalized by a more concerted1 better organized1 and more ramified attack on the great principles of civil and religious freedom which underlie and sustain the fabric of our government4 ,we trust1 sincerely hope1 that these men are mistaken4 ,but if such is to be the case2 if we ,catholics are doomed once more to be subjected to the abuse of the vile1 the slander of the hireling1 and the violence of an armed mob1 the sooner we are prepared for the contingency the better4 ,if the scenes which have indelibly disgraced ,boston and ,philadelphia1 ,ellsworth and ,louisville1 are to be again rehearsed by the half-dozen sworn secret societies whose cabalistic letters disfigure the columns of so many of our newspapers1 we must be prepared to meet the danger with firmness and composure4 ,as ,catholics1 demanding nothing but what is justly our due under the laws1 our position will ever be one of forbearance1 charity1 and conciliation2 but as ,american citizens1 proud of our country and zealous for the maintenance of her institutions1 our place shall be beside the executors of those grand enactments which have made this republic the paragon and exemplar of all civil and natural virtues1 no matter how imminent the danger or how great the sacrifice4 ,in lands less favored ,catholic rights may be violated by prince or mob with impunity1 but we would be unworthy of our country and of its founders were we to shrink for a moment from the performance of our trust as the custodians of the fundamental ordinance which guarantees full and absolute religious liberty to all citizens of the republic4 ,,louise ,,lateau ,,before ,,the ,,belgian ,,royal ,,academy ,,of ,,medicine4#bfj ,i4 ,how is the name of ,louise ,lateau to be mentioned without immediately calling up all the tumulta which that name has provoked8 ,books of science and philosophy1 official reports1 academic discourses1 reports of visits1 feuilletons1 conferences1 pamphlets1 articles in journals1 every kind of literary production has been placed under contribution to keep the public informed about the stigmatise of ,bois d',haine4 ,for a year1 however1 these studies have betaken themselves to a region that might be called exclusively scientific1 and have even received a kind of official consecration from the recent vote of the ,royal ,academy of ,medicine4 ,it may be of service to the reader who cannot occupy himself with special studies to give a brief exposition of the affair of ,bois d',haine in itself1 to show the different interpretations of it that have been attempted1 and to indicate clearly the actual phase of the question from a scientific point of view4 ,as early as about the middle of #ahfh vague rumors were heard of strange events which were taking place in a little village of ,hainault4 ,every ,friday a young girl showed on the different portions of her body corresponding to the wounds of our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ red stains from which blood flowed in greater or less abundance4 ,it was also said that on every ,friday this young girl1 ravished in ecstasy1 remained for several hours completely unconscious of all that was passing around her4 ,such were the principal facts4 ,over and above these rumor spread the story of certain accessory incidents1 some of which1 though true1 were distorted1 while others were pure fancy4 ,thanks to the daily press1 the young girl soon became known to the general public1 and the name of ,louise ,lateau passed from mouth to mouth4 ,here and there one read among 8current events0 that large crowds rushed from all sides1 from ,belgium and from without1 to assist every ,friday at the scenes which were being enacted in the chamber at ,bois d',haine4 ,some journals profited by the occasion to deliver themselves anew of declamations against 8,catholic superstitions1 the stupidity of the masses1 and the intriguing character of the clergy02 while even many men of good faith were of opinion that the story told of ,louise ,lateau might indeed be true1 but ought to be attributed to some trickery or another of which either the girl or her family was culpable4 ,happily for the public1 a light came to clear up this chaos of versions1 suppositions1 and diverse and contradictory opinions4 ,the ,revue ,catholique of ,louvain reproduced by instalments1 beginning in #ahfi1 a study by ,prof4 ,lefebvre on these extraordinary events4 ,some time after1 this study appeared in the form of a volume4 ,here is how the eminent physician expresses himself on the origin of his study3 8,the story told by the first witnesses of these extraordinary events produced a lively emotion in the public mind1 and soon crowds assembled every week around the humble house which was their theatre4 ,the ecclesiastical authorities took up the facts4 ,this was their right and duty4 ,from the very beginning they recognized that the different elements of the question ought to pass through the crucible of science4 ,the periodic hemorrhage and the suspension of the exercise of the senses were within the competence of physicians4 ,i was asked to study them1 the desire being expressed that the examination of these facts should be of the most thorough description1 and that they should not be allowed to escape any one of the exigencies and severities of modern science4''' ,i deemed it right1 therefore1 to accept the mission which was offered me4 ,as a physician1 ,i was only asked for what ,i could give--that is to say1 a purely medical study of the facts40#bfa ,after having examined the events of ,bois d',haine in all their phases2 after having put to the proof the sincerity of the young girl in a thousand different ways and by means of a variety of tests1 the eminent ,louvain professor pronounced the facts of the stigmatization and ecstasy to be real and free from deception4 ,passing1 then1 to the interpretation of the events themselves1 the author thus concludes3 8,studying first the question of hemorrhage1 ,i have demonstrated that the periodic bleedings of ,louise ,lateau belong to no species of hemorrhage admitted in the regular range of science2 that they cannot be assimilated to any of the extraordinary cases recorded in the annals of medicine2 that1 in fine1 the laws of physiology do not afford an explanation of their genesis4 ,coming next to the question of ecstasy1 ,i have carefully gone over the characters of the standard nervous affections which could offer certain traits of a resemblance1 however remote1 to the ecstasy of ,louise ,lateau1 and ,i believe ,i have demonstrated that it is impossible to connect it with any of the nervous affections known to-day4 ,i have penetrated the domain of occult sciences2 those dark doctrines have furnished us with no more data for an interpretation of the events of ,bois d',haine than the free sciences which expand in the full light of day40 ,i do not hesitate to say that the appearance of this book was a veritable event1 and that it marked an important halting-place in the study of the question of ,louise ,lateau4 ,by those who knew the calm and reflective spirit of ,m4 ,lefebvre1 and the independence of his character and convictions1 the fact of the real existence of the extraordinary events taking place at ,bois d',haine was no longer called in question2 and if some doubt still remained1 it regarded only the sense in which those events were to be interpreted4 ,was it1 then1 true that the union of stigmata and ecstasies belonged to no known malady8 ,was it true that they could find no place in the classification of diseases1 under a new title1 with physiological proofs to accompany them8 ,notwithstanding the immense credit allowed to the science of ,m4 ,lefebvre1 doubt still hovered around this question1 and ,i make bold to say1 in the honor of the progress of science1 that such doubt was legitimate4 ,a loyal appeal was made to the savants of the country and of foreign countries1 urging them to go and study the facts at ,bois d',haine and publish their opinion4 ,soon a study on ,louise ,lateau1 made by a ,french physician1#bfb came to confirm still further the medical study of ,m4 ,lefebvre4 ,then a ,german savant1 ,m4 ,virchow1 seemed to accept as true the conclusions of the ,belgian doctor by that famous phrase that the events of ,bois d',haine must be considered either as a trick or as a miracle4 ,meanwhile1 certain persons seemed still reluctant to accept facts which a hundred different witnesses affirmed in the face of the world4 ,among the reluctant are to be ranked1 first of all1 those who are of bad faith--with whom there is no reason to trouble2 others who1 for philosophic motives1 seemed to accuse the witnesses of those scenes of sacrificing the interest of science to that of their religious convictions4 ,nevertheless1 ,m4 ,lefebvre's book continued to make headway4 ,i do not say that it did not meet with some attacks here and there1 and certain objections in detail2 but throughout the country no publication of any pretension to seriousness affected either to deny the facts or to give a natural explanation of them4 ,this state of things continued up to ,july1 #ahgd4 ,at this epoch ,dr4 ,charbonnier1 a physician of ,brussels1 presented to the ,belgian ,royal ,academy of ,medicine a work entitled ,maladies et facults diverses des mystiques4 ,louise ,lateau4 ,m4 ,bons1 on his part1 submitted to the same learned body1 in the session of ,october #c1 #ahgd1 a new production1 entitled ,louise ,lateau1 ou les mystres de ,bois d',haine dvoils4 ,,ii4 ,the events of ,bois d',haine continued to occupy public attention4 ,the scenes of the stigmatic flows of blood and of the ecstasies were presented every ,friday4 ,it was even stated that from the middle of #ahga ,louise ,lateau had taken no sort of nourishment4 ,the ,belgian ,royal ,academy of ,medicine1 whether because it dreaded to enter upon a question which involved1 beyond the scientific side1 a side purely philosophic1 or whether also because a fitting and favorable opportunity of taking up the question of ,louise ,lateau was not presented1 remained mute as to the events of ,bois d',haine4 ,the almost simultaneous presentation of two works treating on the very subject indicated clearly that the question was ripe4 ,moreover1 in the session of ,october #c1 #ahgd1 the chief medical body of the country1 conformably with usage1 appointed a special committee to make a report on the works read in its sessions4 ,this committee consisted of ,,mm4 ,fossion1 president2 ,mascart and ,warlomont1 colleagues4 ,the important report of the committee was read in the session of the #acth of ,february by ,m4 ,warlomont4 ,that gentleman to show how the study of ,m4 ,charbonnier's work necessitated an examination into the affair at ,bois d',haine1 said3 8,ought the committee to confine itself to examining the memorial placed before it from the simple point of view of its absolute scientific value1 without occupying itself with the fact which gives occasion for the memorial8 ,it would be easier to do so1 perhaps1 but an opportunity would thus be neglected of putting the ,academy in possession of an actual medical observation1 as complete as possible1 relative to a fact of which1 whether we like it or not1 the discussion can no longer be eluded4 ,it assumed1 therefore the task of inquiring into the affair forthwith2 resolved1 however arduous might be the mission thus undertaken1 to accept it without regret1 to pursue it without weakness as without bias1 and to set before the society such elements as its investigation--one altogether official--should have procured4 ,this is the trust which1 in its name1 ,i this day fulfil40#bfc ,,mm4 ,charbonnier and ,bons were the first in our country who undertook to find fault with the conclusions of ,m4 ,lefebvre's book1 and to explain by scientific data the events of ,bois d',haine4 ,m4 ,bons1 almost immediately after the reading of a portion of his work1 withdrew it1 and was able by this means to escape the report of the committee4 ,was this disdain for the judgment of his confrres on the part of the distinguished physician of ,charleroi1 or was it want of confidence in the solidity of his own arguments8 ,i know not4 ,i state a fact and continue4 ,there remained1 then1 for the committee to examine the work of ,m4 ,charbonnier4 ,this memoir is voluminous4 ,the theory of the author is substantially as follows3 ,the absence of aliment and the concentration of the faculties of the soul towards one object have been the primary and indispensable conditions of ecstasies and stigmata4 ,as far as abstinence is concerned1 it is perfectly compatible1 if not with a state of health1 at least with the maintenance of life4 8,the question of abstinence10 says the author1 8is the most important1 because without it nothing happens4 ,it being well explained1 there is no longer anything supernatural in any of the physiological and pathological phenomena of the mystics40#bfd ,but how is this abstinence compatible with life8 ,by the law of the substitution of functions and organs4 8,the organs10 says the author1 8are conjointly associated 7solidaires7 one with another1 working for the common health2 so that when an organ1 for one cause or another1 cannot adequately fulfil its functions1 another immediately supplies its place40 ,supposing all this admitted1 here is what the author says of stigmatization3 8,abstinence and contemplation are the causes of stigmatization3 i4 ,abstinence1 in suppressing the vegetative functions1 frees both the nervous influx and the blood which were distributed among the digestive organs4 #b4 ,contemplation gathers together the contingent of pain dispersed through all the body1 to fix and concentrate it on certain points which it sees1 admires1 loves1 in ,jesus ,christ4 ,it suppresses all the functions of the life of relation to devote itself exclusively to the object of its passion4 ,the bloody flux1 which has been drawn to the surface of the skin by the great functional activity1 follows to the end the nervous influx which is constantly directed towards certain points1 and the stigmatization is effected40#bfe ,of the ecstasy1 according to ,m4 ,charbonnier1 8abstinence is the principal1 contemplation the secondary1 cause40 ,we cannot1 indeed1 enter into all the details furnished by the author of this strange theory4 ,in order to arrive at a judgment regarding it1 we know of nothing better than to cite the conclusions of the reader of the report on the work itself3 8,all this10 says ,m4 ,warlomont1 8forms a whole which must have cost the author long and laborious research4 ,as far as the inquiries of physiology are concerned1 the source1 respectable though it may be1 on which he has relied1 must be a cause for regret4 ,his principal1 almost his only1 authority is that of ,longet1 who is now many years dead4 ,but the questions relative to nutrition--those precisely which are at stake--have1 since ,longet1 been placed in an absolutely new light4 ,the work which we have just analyzed is altogether a work of the imagination4 ,the demonstration of the priori thesis which the author has set up he has pursued by every means1 clearing out of his road the obstacles of nature which embarrass it1 and creating at will new functions whereon to apply his organs2 all this written in a lively1 imaginative style1 and bearing the impress of conviction4 ,there is only one thing which is sadly wanting--experimental proof4 ,a few simple experiments on animals1 logically carried out1 would have informed him how they withstand a progressive abstinence1 and what changes this abstinence effects in their organs and functions4 ,it is to be regretted that he has not instituted these experiments40#bff ,if the theory advanced by ,m4 ,charbonnier1 based on such doubtful physiological facts1 finds no weight with the learned representative of the ,academy of ,medicine1 it is not because he himself admits the conclusions arrived at in the study of ,m4 ,lefebvre on ,louise ,lateau4 ,for him1 indeed1 the events taking place at ,bois d',haine1 apart from the question of fasting1 which has not been positively established1 and which1 on that account1 rightly passes beyond scientific discussion1#bfg are exempt from all fraud and deception4 ,but let ,m4 ,warlomont himself speak3 8,after having analyzed10 he says1 8the memoir which the ,academy has confided to our examination1 and having refuted it principally in the portions which concern ,louise ,lateau1 it remains for us in our turn to give our own ideas relative to a fact of such interest which has formed the subject of the memoir4 8,and first of all1 are the facts cited real8 ,according to our thinking1 the simulation of the ecstasies is simply impossible1 accompanied as they are by functional troubles the provocation for which would pass quite beyond the empire of the will4 ,as for the actual spontaneity of the stigmata1 we have demonstrated this experimentally40 ,and now for the chief part of the report4 ,it is that in which the learned academician attempts to give a physiological explanation of the facts4 ,for him ecstasies are a species of double life1 of a second condition1 such as may be presented in ordinary and extraordinary nervous states1 as well as in others3 7a7 in consequence of material injury to the brain2 7b7 during the existence of well-determined neurotic disorders2 7c7 under the influence of certain special appliances 7magnetism1 hypnotism72 7d7 spontaneously1 without the intervention of any external provocation 7as somnambulism or extraordinary neurotic affections74 ,after having examined each of these points in detail1 the author thus continues3 8,this point established1 what of ecstasies8 ,well1 whatever we may do1 it is impossible for us not to class them in the same order of facts1 not to see in them the influence of a neurotic perturbation analogous to that which controls neurotic diseases4 ,it is in both cases the passage of a human being into a state of second condition1 characterized by the suspension1 more or less complete1 of the exercise of the senses1 with a special concentration of all the cerebral powers towards a limited object4 ,among the ecstatics1 as among the hypnotics1 there prevails a perturbation1 diminution1 or abolition of external sensibility4 ,all is concentrated in a new cerebral functional department40 ,so far for the ecstasies4 ,passing next to the production of stigmata1 the report admits in principle the theory of ,alfred ,maury4 ,that is to say1 the imagination plays the principal rle in the production of these phenomena4 ,but to meet the brilliant member of the ,institute1 he calls to his aid the physiological laws and most recent discoveries1 in order to show how the imagination can1 by the irritation of certain given parts1 provoke a veritable congestion of those parts1 and then a hemorrhage4 8,in virtue of what mechanism10 he asks1 8are blisters first produced1 and bleeding afterwards8 ,we have established the genesis of stigmatic angiomata4#bfh ,the attention has given place to pain1 and pain to repeated touchings2 from this proceeds the congestion which has brought on the arrest of the blood in the capillaries1 and1 as a consequence1 their enlargement4 ,then comes the rush of blood1 giving place to congestive motions1 determined by a hemorrhagic diathesis1 and the phenomena disclose themselves in all their simplicity2 the leucocytes#bfi will pass across the capillaries1 will discharge themselves under the skin1 and the blister is the result4 ,the accumulation of blood continuing in proportion to the enlargement of the capillaries1 the fleshly tegument will end by bursting2 then the blood itself1 whether by traversing the channels created by the previous passage of the leucocytes1 or by the rupture of the vessels1 the likelihood of which can be sustained1 ends by an external eruption1 and the hemorrhage follows40 ,but ,m4 ,warlomont goes still farther4 ,he says that not only are stigmata and ecstasies capable of explanation when taken apart from one another1 but that by their union they constitute what in pathology is called aggregate of symptoms4 ,according to this1 stigmata and ecstasies would constitute an altogether unique morbid state1 to which the professor gives the following name and definition3 8,stigmatic neuropathy is a nervous disease1 having its seat in the base of the medulla oblongata1 the first stage of which consists in the paralysis of the vaso-motor centre1 and the second in its excitation40 ,presented in this way1 the report of the distinguished member of the ,academy was not only a report1 but a veritable original work4 ,thus this book1 wherein the author had joined loyalty of procedure to elegance of style and deep erudition1 produced a profound sensation4 ,the theory which he advances might well leave certain doubts with the reader relative to the solidity of the bases on which it leans1 but by its method it exercised a real fascination on the mind4 ,m4 ,warlomont's conclusions were1 as far as the interpretation of the facts went1 diametrically opposed to those of the book which ,m4 ,lefebvre had published several years before1 and it was not without a very great curiosity that the public awaited the reply of the latter4 ,the reply was not long in coming4 ,m4 ,lefebvre's discourse occupied1 so to say1 exclusively the sessions of ,may #bi and ,june #bf4 ,after having rendered due homage to the courtesy and science of the distinguished reader of the report1 the ,louvain professor hesitated not to sustain the first conclusions advanced in his book1 and to demonstrate the small foundation of the theory of his adversary on this question4 ,it is to be regretted that the limits at my disposal do not allow me to enter into all the physiological details and pathological considerations on which ,m4 ,lefebvre builds his conclusions4 ,i regret it the more because the brilliant words of the orator exercise a very special impression by the clearness of their exposition1 the logic of their reasoning1 and the exquisite charm which they give to even the driest questions4 ,first1 as to the stigmatic hemorrhages1 we cannot be astonished1 after having followed the proofs which the learned orator gives us1 to find him lay down the following conclusions3 8#a4 ,m4 ,warlomont is driven to admit a single vaso-motor centre2 the most recent researches are against this localization3 the vaso-motor centres are several and disseminated4 8#b4 ,the distinguished reader of the report constructs his doctrine of the action of the imagination on a series of hypotheses4 8,the two chief ones are3 that the imagination has the power1 every ,friday morning1 of completely paralyzing the vaso-motor centre and the vaso-constrictor nerves2 and after midday1 by a contradictory action1 to excite violently this centre1 and consequently to close up the vaso-constrictors--pure suppositions which have not only not been demonstrated by the author1 but which seem to me absolutely anti-physiological4 8#c4 ,even admitting these hypotheses as well founded1 it is an established fact that the complete paralysis of the vaso-motor centres and of the vaso-constrictor nerves is never followed by bleeding on the surface of the skin2 the experience of all physiologists agrees on this point4 8#d4 ,this experience proves1 on the contrary1 that in such cases there are sometimes produced suffusions of blood in the mucous membranes2 such suffusions never show themselves in ,louise ,lateau4 8#e4 ,a series of hypotheses still more complicated than those laid down as premises by the distinguished reader of the report might be conceded--to wit1 the paralysis of the arteries and the simultaneous constriction of the veins4 ,experiment again proves that even under these conditions bleeding on the surface of the skin is not produced4 8#f4 ,m4 ,warlomont1 in parting from the hypotheses which ,i have just combated1 admits that the bleeding produced by the influence of the imagination is a bleeding by transudation4 ,but the characteristics of transudation1 studied in the light of modern physiology1 are completely opposed to those of the stigmatic bleeding of ,louise ,lateau4 8#g4 ,finally--and this argument alone will suffice to overthrow the thesis of the distinguished reader of the report--clinical observation1 in accordance with physiological induction1 proves that in circumstances where the imagination exercises its greatest violence it never produces bleeding on the surface of the skin40 ,regarding ecstasies1 the orator1 after having examined the different states with which the reader of the report to the ,academy compared the ecstasies of ,louise ,lateau1 concludes by saying3 8,i believe ,i have demonstrated that the analysis of second conditions1 brought out with so much skill by the distinguished gentleman1 does not give the key to the ecstasy of ,louise ,lateau4 ,but1 setting aside these states of nervous disease1 should not the imagination be made to bear all the burden of the ecstasy1 as it does of the stigmatization80 ,after examining this question1 the orator concludes in the negative4 ,in finishing his beautiful discourse he says3 8,our honorable colleague1 in studying the causes of the stigmatization and ecstasy1 has given to them a physiological interpretation4 ,on this ground ,i have separated from him1 and ,i believe ,i have demonstrated that that interpretation is not only insufficient1 but also erroneous4 ,i believed for a moment that ,m4 ,warlomont was about to offer an acceptable scientific theory4 ,i do not say a theory complete and adequate--,i am not so exacting2 ,i know too well that we do not know the all of anything4 ,if our eminent colleague had proposed to us a physiological interpretation1 satisfying the most moderate demands of science1 ,i should have accepted it1 not with resignation1 but with joy and eagerness2 and believe me1 gentlemen1 my religious convictions would have suffered no shock thereby4 8,our learned colleague1 whom you have charged with examining the events of ,bois d',haine1 has not1 then1 in my opinion1 given to them their physiological interpretation4 ,other physicians have attempted the same task2 ,i name two of them1 because their works have been produced within these walls4 8,first of all1 ,dr4 ,bons4 ,in withdrawing his memoir from the order of the day of the ,academy1 he has withdrawn it from our discussion4 ,nevertheless1 ,i believe ,i am not severe in affirming that the considerations which claimed his attention1 and the irony of which he has been so prodigal in my own regard1 have thrown but little light on the events of ,bois d',haine4 ,dr4 ,charbonnier has submitted to your appreciation a work of a more scientific character4 ,m4 ,warlomont has examined it with the attention which it deserves1 and has refuted it4 ,i am thus dispensed from returning to it4 8,i maintain1 then1 purely and simply1 the conclusions of my study3 ,the stigmatization and the ecstasies of ,louise ,lateau are real and true facts1 and science has not furnished their physiological interpretation40 ,m4 ,crocq spoke after ,m4 ,lefebvre4 ,like ,m4 ,warlomont1 the learned ,brussels professor believes that the interpretation of the facts positively established about ,louise ,lateau belongs to pathological physiology4 ,the theory of ,m4 ,crocq differs but little from that of ,m4 ,warlomont4 ,he attaches more importance to abstinence than the learned reader of the report1 and thus comes nearer to ,m4 ,charbonnier2 he believes1 also1 that the bleeding is altogether caused by a rupture of the capillaries4 ,apart from these small distinctions1 it may be said of him1 as of ,m4 ,warlomont1 that he is of opinion that the imagination1 by its influence on the nervous system1 is the principal cause of the ecstasies and stigmata4 ,here are the rest of his conclusions3 8,i4 ,the state of ,louise ,lateau is a complex pathological state1 characterized by the following facts3 8#a4 ,anmia and weakness of constitution1 arising from privations endured since childhood4 8#b4 ,nervous exaltation produced by anmia and directed in a determined sense by the education and religious tendencies of ,louise4 8#c4 ,ecstasies constituting the supreme degree of this exaltation4 8#d4 ,bleeding1 having for its starting point anmia and exaltation of the vaso-motor nervous system4 8#e4 ,relative abstinence1 considerably exaggerated by the sick girl1 conformably to what is observed among many persons who suffer from nervous disorders4 8,,ii4 ,this state offers nothing contrary to the laws of pathological physiology2 it is consequently useless to go outside of that in search of explanation4 8,,iii4 ,it has the same characteristics as all the analogous cases related by physicians and historians2 mysticism altogether1 save cases of jugglery and mystification1 ought to enter into the province of pathology1 which is vast enough to contain it2 and all the phenomena explain themselves perfectly by taking as starting point the principles which ,i have laid down40 ,if we had to advance our own opinion on this important question1 we should say that1 after the report in which ,m4 ,warlomont had treated his subject with so much method and science1 there remained few new arguments which could be applied to the physiological theory of the phenomena of mystics4 ,it should be considered1 however1 no small advantage for the latter physician to feel himself supported by ,m4 ,crocq1 who had brought to the debates the weight of his profound erudition and vast experience4 ,,iii4 ,by all impartial judges the case might be regarded as understood4 ,it was so in effect4 ,the different orators who succeeded each other in the tribune of the ,academy had brought to their respective discourses the strongest possible array of facts and of arguments4 ,i shall astonish no one1 then1 by saying that ,m4 ,warlomont could not allow the victorious discourse of his colleague of ,louvain to pass without some observations4 ,it is impossible for us here to give a rsum of his discourse4 ,in the main it added no new proof to the substance of the debate1 and confined itself to the criticism of certain details4 ,it is enough for us to say that in this discourse the learned reader of the report to the ,academy gave new proof of the brilliancy of his mind and the adroitness of his gifts4 ,m4 ,lefebvre1 on his side1 felt himself to be too much master of the situation to need emphasizing his triumph any further4 ,this is what he did in the session of ,october #i1 #ahge4 ,without precisely entering into the heart of the debate1 he brought out more strongly certain of the arguments which he had already used2 he employed them to refute some of the assertions made in the discourses of his adversaries1 held up certain inaccuracies1 and concluded1 as he had the right to do1 by the following words1 which give an exact idea of the state of the question3 8,let us resume4 ,m4 ,warlomont has studied with earnestness and candor the events of ,bois d',haine4 ,he has stated1 as ,i have done1 the reality of the stigmatization and ecstasy2 he has demonstrated1 as ,i have1 that these phenomena are free from any deception4 ,m4 ,crocq1 after having examined the facts on the spot1 has arrived at the same conclusions4 ,the learned reader of the committee's report has built up a scientific theory of the stigmatization and ecstasy2 the eminent ,brussels professor has1 in his turn1 formulated an interpretation very nearly approaching to that of ,m4 ,warlomont1 but which differs from it1 nevertheless1 on certain points4 ,i have sought1 on my side1 a physiological explanation of these extraordinary facts1 and ,i have arrived at the conclusion that science could furnish no satisfactory interpretation of them4 ,i have expounded at length before the ,academy the reasons which prevent me from accepting the theories of my two honorable opponents2 but my position is perfectly correct4 ,i confine myself to recognizing my powerlessness to interpret the facts of ,bois d',haine4 ,m4 ,warlomont takes another attitude4 ,he pretends that we have a scientific explanation of these phenomena4 ,we have not one--we have had three or four2 which is the true one8 ,is it that of ,m4 ,bons8 ,is it that of ,m4 ,charbonnier1 to which1 beyond doubt1 you attach some importance1 since you have voted that it be printed8 ,is it that of the learned reader of your report8 ,begin by choosing4 ,as for me1 ,i hold fast to my first conclusions3 ,the facts of ,bois d',haine have not received a scientific interpretation40 ,after certain remarks made at the same session by ,,mm4 ,vleminckx1 ,crocq1 ,lefebvre1 ,masoin1 ,bons1 the general discussion closed4 ,the printing of ,m4 ,charbonnier's memoir was decided on and a vote of thanks to the author passed4 ,with this should have ended the task of the ,academy2 and those who had hoped for a physiological interpretation of the facts of ,bois d',haine1 as the outcome of these discussions1 were in a position to felicitate themselves on the result2 for by its absolute silence the ,academy allowed a certain freedom of choice4 ,but during the session of ,july #aj1 #ahge1 which a family affliction prevented ,m4 ,lefebvre from assisting at1 two members proposed orders of the day on the discussion of ,bois d',haine4 ,nevertheless1 by a very proper sentiment1 which the distinguished president1 ,m4 ,vleminckx1 was the first to advance1 those orders of the day were not carried at that date4 ,that of ,m4 ,kuborn was thus conceived3 8,the ,academy1 considering-- 8,that the phenomena really established about the young girl of ,bois d',haine are not new and are explicable by the laws of pathological physiology2 8,that the prolonged abstinence which has been argued about has not been observed by the committee2 8,that no supervision1 therefore1 having been established1 and there having been no chance of establishing it1 the proper thing was not to pause on the consideration of this fact1 but to consider it as not having come up-- 8,the ,academy follows its order of the day as far as concerns the question of the stigmatization and exstasy40 ,here is the order of the day proposed by ,m4 ,crocq3 8,the ,academy1 considering-- 8,that the phenomena established about ,louise ,lateau are not beyond a physiological explanation2 8,that those which are not established ought no longer to occupy our attention-- 8,declares the discussion closed1 and passes to the order of the day40 ,the same resolutions1 the small foundation for which1 after the discourses which had been made1 every impartial mind ought to recognize1 were again brought up in the session of ,october #i4 ,m4 ,vleminckx1 having induced the authors of the orders of the day to modify their wording in such a manner as to render them acceptable1 ,m4 ,fossion proposed the following form1 more soothing than its predecessors3 8,the ,royal ,academy of ,medicine declares that the case of ,louise ,lateau has not been completely scrutinized and cannot serve as a base for serious discussion2 consequently1 it closes the discussion40 ,m4 ,laussedat1 after some preliminary remarks1 finally proposed the order of the day pure and simple1 which was adopted4 ,the bearing of this vote will escape the mind of no one4 ,in setting aside the orders of the day which pretended that what had been positively established in the question of ,bois d',haine might be solved by science1 the ,academy has fully confirmed the conclusions of ,m4 ,lefebvre's book4 ,meanwhile1 in ending1 let us return to ,bois d',haine1 to that young girl who has become more than ever the object of the veneration of some1 the study of others1 and the wonder of all4 ,since #ahfh ,louise ,lateau presents the phenomena weekly of the bloody stigmata and the ecstasies1 to which later on was added abstinence from food4 ,her first and chief historian1 ,m4 ,lefebvre1 after having watched the young girl1 affirms since #ahfi3 ,she1 whom a certain portion of the public considers as a cheat or an invalid1 really presents the phenomena which are reported of her4 ,these phenomena are exempt from trickery1 and it is impossible to explain them by the laws of physiology and pathology4 ,we omit the question of fasting1 which remains to be studied4 ,seven years after the appearance of the first phenomena1 at the time when the commotion which they produced had1 so to say1 reached its height1 the leading learned body in ,belgium examined the mysterious scenes in the humble house of ,bois d',haine1 and1 through ,,mm4 ,crocq and ,warlomont1 made an inquiry into the reality and sincerity of the facts1 and brings in a verdict that the facts are real and free from all fraud4 ,finally1 this same ,belgian ,royal ,academy of ,medicine1 by its vote1 avows in the face of the world that1 if it ought not to recognize a supernatural cause in the facts about ,louise ,lateau1 as little can it demonstrate their natural origin and physiological genesis4 ,such is the actual state of this extraordinary question4 ,,st4 ,,jean ,,de ,,luz4 8,il s'imagine voir1 avec ,louis le ,grand1 ,philip ,quatre qui s'avance ,dans l',ile de la ,confrence40 --,la ,fontaine4 ,few towns are set in so lovely a frame as ,st4 ,jean de ,luz1 with its incomparable variety of sea1 mountain1 river1 and plain4 ,in front is the dark blue bay opening into the boundless sea4 ,on the north are the cliffs of ,sainte ,barbe4 ,at the south are the ,gothic donjon and massive jetty of ,socoa1 behind which rises gradually a chain of mountains1 one above the other1 from wooded or vine-covered hills1 dotted here and there with the red-and-white houses of the ,basque peasantry and the summer residences of the wealthy merchants of ,st4 ,jean de ,luz1 till we come to the outer ramparts of ,la ,rhune with its granite cliffs and sharp peaks1 the ,trois ,couronnes with their jagged outline1 and still farther on a long1 blue line of mountains fading away into the azure sea4 ,it is from ,la ,rhune you can best take in all the features of the country4 ,to go to it you use one of the modest barks that have replaced the sumptuous galleys of ,louis ,quatorze1 and ascend to ,ascain1 a pretty hamlet1 from which the summit of ,la ,rhune is reached in two hours4 ,it is not one of the highest in the ,pyrenean chain1 being only three thousand feet above the sea1 but it is an isolated peak1 and affords a diversified view of vast extent4 ,to the north are the green valleys of ,labourd1 with the steeples of thirty parishes around2 ,bayonne1 with the towers of its noble cathedral2 and the vast pine forests of the mysterious ,landes4 ,to the west is the coast of ,spain washed by the ocean4 ,east and south are the mountains of ,barn and ,navarre1 showing peak after peak1 like a sea suddenly petrified in a storm4 ,such is the magnificent frame in which is set the historic town of ,st4 ,jean de ,luz4 ,it is built on a tongue of land washed by the encroaching sea on one hand and the river ,nivelle on the other4 ,the situation is picturesque1 the sky brilliant1 the climate mild4 ,it seems to need nothing to make it attractive4 ,the very aspect of decay lends it an additional charm which renewed prosperity would destroy4 ,the houses run in long lines parallel with the two shores1 looking1 when the tide is high1 like so many ships at anchor4 ,at the sight of this floating town we are not surprised at its past commercial importance1 or that its inhabitants are navigators par excellence4 ,its sailors were the first to explore the unknown seas of the west1 and to fish for the cod and whale among the icebergs of the arctic zone4 ,in the first half of the ,x,v,i,ith century thirty ships1 each manned by thirty-five or forty sailors1 left ,st4 ,jean de ,luz for the cod-fisheries of ,newfoundland1 and as many for ,spitzbergen in search of whales4 ,the oaks of ,la ,rhune were cut down for vessels4 ,the town was wealthy and full of activity4 ,those were the best days of ancient ,lohitzun4 ,but though once so renowned for its fleets1 it has fallen from the rank it then occupied4 ,ruined by wars1 and greatly depopulated by the current of events1 its houses have decayed one after another1 or totally disappeared before the encroachments of the sea4 ,reduced to a few quiet streets1 it is the mere shadow of what it once was4 ,instead of hundreds of vessels1 only a fishing-smack or two enliven its harbor4 ,and yet there is a certain air of grandeur about the place which bespeaks its past importance1 and several houses which harmonize with its historic memories4 ,for ,st4 ,jean de ,luz was not only a place of commercial importance1 but was visited by several of the kings of ,france1 and is associated with some of the most important events of their reigns4 ,louis ,,xi4 came here when mediating between the kings of ,aragon and ,castile4 ,the chteau of ,urtubi1 which he occupied1 is some distance beyond4 ,its fine park1 watered by a beautiful stream1 and the picturesque environs1 make it an attractive residence quite worthy of royalty4 ,the ivy-covered wall on the north side is a part of the old manor-house of the ,x,i,ith century2 the remainder is of the ,x,v,i,ith4 ,the two towers have a feudal aspect1 but are totally innocent of feudal domination2 for the ,basque lords1 even of the middle ages1 never had any other public power than was temporarily conferred on them by their national assemblies4 ,it was at ,st4 ,jean de ,luz that ,francis ,i41 enthusiastically welcomed by the people after his deliverance from captivity in ,spain1 joyfully exclaimed3 8,je suis encore roi de ,france--,i am still ,king of ,france60 ,it likewise witnessed the exchange of the beautiful ,elizabeth of ,france and ,anne of ,austria--one given in marriage to ,louis ,,xiii4 and the other to ,philip of ,spain amid the acclamations of the people4 ,cardinal ,mazarin also visited ,st4 ,jean de ,luz in #afei to confer with the astute ,don ,luis de ,haro1 prime minister of ,philip ,,iv41 about the interests of ,france and ,spain4 ,the house he inhabited beside the sea still has his cipher on the walls1 as it has also the old ,gobelin tapestry with which his apartments were hung4 ,he was accompanied by one hundred and fifty gentlemen1 some of whom were the greatest lords in ,france4 ,with them were as many attendants1 a guard of one hundred horsemen and three hundred foot-soldiers1 twenty-four mules covered with rich housings1 seven carriages for his personal use1 and several horses to ride4 ,he remained here four months4 ,his interviews with the ,spanish minister took place on the little island in the ,bidassoa known ever since as the ,isle of ,conference1 which was never heard of till the treaty of the ,pyrenees4 ,all national interviews and exchanges of princesses had previously taken place in the middle of the river by means of gabares1 or a bridge of boats4 ,it was this now famous isle which ,bossuet apostrophized in his oraison funbre at the burial of ,queen ,marie ,thrse3 8,pacific isle1 in which terminated the differences of the two great empires of which you were the limit2 in which were displayed all the skill and diplomacy of different national policies2 in which one statesman secured preponderance by his deliberation1 and the other ascendency by means of his penetration6 ,memorable day1 in which two proud nations1 so long at enmity1 but now reconciled by ,marie ,thrse1 advanced to their borders with their kings at their head1 not to engage in battle1 but for a friendly embrace2 in which two sovereigns with their courts1 each with its peculiar grandeur and magnificence1 as well as etiquette and manners1 presented to each other and to the whole universe so august a spectacle--how can ,i now mingle your pageants with these funeral solemnities1 or dwell on the height of all human grandeur in sight of its end80 ,the marriage of ,louis ,,xiv4 with the ,spanish ,infanta1 to which the great orator refers1 is still the most glorious remembrance of ,st4 ,jean de ,luz4 ,the visits of ,louis ,,xi41 ,francis ,i41 and ,charles ,,ix4 have left but few traces in the town compared with that of the ,grand ,monarque4 ,the majestic presence of the young king surrounded by his gay1 magnificent following1 here brought in contrast with the dignity1 gloom1 and splendor of the ,spanish court1 impressed the imagination of the people1 who have never forgotten so glorious a memory4 ,louis ,,xiv4 arrived at ,st4 ,jean de ,luz ,may #h1 #affj1 accompanied by ,anne of ,austria1 ,cardinal ,mazarin1 and a vast number of lords and ladies1 among whom was the ,grande ,mademoiselle4 ,they were enthusiastically welcomed by the ringing of bells1 firing of cannon1 and shouts of joy4 ,garlands of flowers arched the highway1 the pavement was strewn with green leaves1 and ,cantabrian dances were performed around the cortge4 ,at the door of the parish church stood the clergy in full canonicals1 with the cur at their head to bless the king as he went past4 ,he resided1 while there1 in the chteau of ,lohobiague1 the fine towers of which are still to be seen on the banks of the ,nivelle4 ,it is now known as the ,house of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,here he was entertained by the widowed chtelaine with the sumptuous hospitality for which the family was noted4 ,a light gallery was put up to connect the chteau with that of ,joanocnia1 in which lodged ,anne of ,austria and the ,spanish ,infanta4 ,here took place the first interview between the king and his bride1 described by ,mme4 de ,motteville in her piquant manner4 ,from the gallery the ,infanta1 after her marriage1 took pleasure in throwing handfuls of silver coin to the people1 called pices de largesses1 struck by the town expressly for the occasion1 with the heads of the royal pair on one side and on the other ,st4 ,jean de ,luz in a shower of gold1 with the motto3 ,non ltior alter4 ,the chteau of ,joanocnia1 frequently called since that time the chteau of the ,infanta1 was built by ,joannot de ,haraneder1 a merchant of the place1 who was ennobled for his liberality when the island of ,rh was besieged by the ,english in #afbg1 and about to surrender to the ,duke of ,buckingham for want of supplies and reinforcements4 ,the ,comte de ,grammont1 governor of ,bayonne1 being ordered by ,richelieu to organize an expedition at once for the relief of the besieged1 issued a command for every port to furnish its contingent4 ,st4 ,jean de ,luz eagerly responded by sending a large flotilla1 and ,joannot de ,haraneder voluntarily gave the king two vessels1 supplied with artillery1 worthy of figuring in the royal navy4 ,for this and subsequent services he was ennobled4 ,his arms are graven in marble over the principal fire-place of the chteau--a plum-tree on an anchor1 with the motto3 8,dans l'ancre le beau prunier ,est rendu un fort riche fructier40 ,this chteau1 though somewhat devoid of symmetry1 has a certain beauty and originality of its own1 with its alternate rows of brick and cream-colored stone1 after the ,basque fashion1 its ,renaissance portico between two square towers facing the harbor1 and the light arches of the two-story gallery in the ,venetian style4 ,over the principal entrance is a marble tablet with the following inscription in letters of gold3 8,l',infante je reus l'an mil six cent soixante4 ,on m'appelle depuis le chasteau de l',infante40 ,the letter ,l and the fleur-de-lis are to be seen as we ascend the grand staircase1 and two paintings by ,grme after the style of the ,x,v,i,ith century1 recalling the alliance of ,france and ,spain and the well-known mot of ,louis ,,xiv43 8,il n'y a plus de ,pyrnes60 ,all the details of the residence of the royal family here1 as related by ,mme4 de ,motteville and ,mlle4 de ,montpensier1 are full of curious interest4 ,the former describes the beautiful ,isle of ,conference and the superb pavilion for the reunion of the two courts1 with two galleries leading towards ,france and ,spain4 ,this building was erected by the painter ,velasquez1 who1 as aposentador mayor1 accompanied ,philip ,,iv4 to the frontier4 ,this fatiguing voyage had an unfavorable effect on the already declining health of the great painter1 and he died a few weeks after his return4 ,during the preliminary arrangements for the marriage ,louis led a solemn1 uniform life4 ,like the queen-mother1 who was always present at ,mass1 ,vespers1 and ,benediction1 he daily attended public services1 sometimes at the ,recollects' and sometimes at the parish church4 ,he always dined in public at the chteau of ,lohobiague1 surrounded by crowds eager to witness the process of royal mastication4 ,in the afternoon there were performances by comedians who had followed the court from ,paris2 and sometimes ,spanish mysteries1 to which ,queen ,anne was partial1 were represented1 in which the actors were dressed as hermits and nuns1 and sacred events were depicted1 to the downright scandal of the great mademoiselle4 ,the day ended with a ball1 in which the king did not disdain to display the superior graces of his royal person in a ballet compliqu4 ,everything1 in short1 was quite in the style of the ,grand ,cyrus itself4 ,the marriage1 which had taken place at ,fontarabia by procuration1 was personally solemnized in the parish church of ,st4 ,jean de ,luz by the ,bishop of ,bayonne in the presence of an attentive crowd4 ,the door by which the royal couple entered was afterwards walled up1 that it might never serve for any one else--a not uncommon mark of respect in those days4 ,a joiner's shop now stands against this ,porta ,regia4 ,the king presented the church on this occasion with a complete set of sacred vessels and ecclesiastical vestments4 ,the church in which ,louis ,,xiv4 was married is exteriorly a noble building with an octagonal tower1 but of no architectural merit within4 ,there are no side aisles1 but around the nave are ranges of galleries peculiar to the ,basque churches1 where the separation of the men from the women is still rigorously maintained4 ,the only piece of sculpture is a strange ,piet in which the ,virgin1 veiled in a large cope1 holds the dead ,christ on her knees4 ,a rather diminutive angel1 in a flowing robe with pointed sleeves of the time of ,charles ,,vii41 bears a scroll the inscription of which has become illegible4 ,behind the organ1 in the obscurity of the lower gallery of the church1 hangs a dark wooden frame--short but broad--with white corners1 which contains a curious painting of the ,x,v,i,ith century representing ,christ before ,pilate4 ,it is by no means remarkable as a work of art2 for it is deficient in perspective1 there is no grace in the drapery1 no special excellence of coloring4 ,the figures are generally drawn with correctness1 but the faces seem rather taken from pictures than from real life4 ,but however poor the execution1 this painting merits attention on account of its dramatic character4 ,the composition represents twenty-six persons4 ,at the left is ,pontius ,pilate1 governor of ,judea1 seated in a large arm-chair beneath a canopy1 pointing with his left hand towards the ,saviour before him4 ,in his right hand he holds a kind of sceptre2 his beard is trimmed in the style of ,henri ,quatre2 he wears a large mantle lined with ermine1 and on his head a toque1 such as the old presidents of parliament used to wear in ,france4 ,below ,pilate is the clerk recording the votes in a large register1 and before him is the urn in which they are deposited4 ,in front of the clerk1 but separated from him by a long white scroll on which is inscribed the sentence pronounced by ,pilate1 is seated our ,saviour1 his loins girded with a strip of scarlet cloth1 his bowed head encircled by luminous rays1 his attitude expressive of humility and submission1 his bound hands extended on his knees4 ,in the centre of the canvas1 above this group1 is the high-priest ,caiaphas standing under an arch1 his head thrown back1 and his hands extended in an imposing attitude4 ,he wears a cap something like a mitre1 a kind of stole is crossed on his breast1 his long robe is adorned with three flounces of lace4 ,his face is that of a young man4 ,the slight black mustache he wears is turned up in a way that gives him a resemblance to ,louis ,,xiii4 ,it is evidently a portrait of that age4 ,at the side of ,pilate1 and behind ,christ1 are ranged the members of the ,jewish ,sanhedrim1 standing or sitting1 in various postures1 with white scrolls in their hands1 which they hold like screens1 bearing their names and the expression of their sentiments respecting the divine ,victim4 ,their dress is black or white1 but varied in form4 ,most of them wear a mosette1 or ermine cape1 and the collar of some order of knighthood1 as of ,s4 ,michael and the ,s4 ,esprit4 ,they are all young1 have mustaches1 and look as if they belonged to the time of ,louis ,treize4 ,on their heads are turbans1 or toques4 ,through the open window1 at the end of the pretorium1 may be seen the mob1 armed with spears1 and expressing its sentiments by means of a scroll at the side of the window3 8,if thou let this man go1 thou art not ,csar's friend4 ,crucify him6 crucify him6 ,his blood be on us and on our children40 ,the chief interest of the picture centres in these inscriptions1 which are in queer old ,french of marvellous orthography4 ,at the bottom of the painting1 to the left1 is the following3 8,sentence1 or decree1 of the sanguinary ,jews against ,jesus ,christ1 the ,saviour of the world40 ,over ,pilate we read3 8,,pontius ,,pilate ,,judex40 ,the sentiments of the high-priests and elders1 whose names we give in the original1 are thus expressed3 8#a4 ,,simon ,,lepros4 ,for what cause or reason is he held for mutiny or sedition8 8#b4 ,,raban4 ,wherefore are laws made1 ,i pray1 unless to be kept and executed8 8#c4 ,,achias4 ,no one should be condemned to death whose cause is not known and weighed4 8#d4 ,,sabath4 ,there is no law or right by which one not proved guilty is condemned2 wherefore we would know in what way this man hath offended4 8#e4 ,,rosmophin4 ,for what doth the law serve1 if not executed8 8#f4 ,,put,,phares4 ,a stirrer-up of the people is a scourge to the land2 therefore he should be banished4 8#g4 ,,riphar4 ,the penalty of the law is prescribed only for malefactors who should be made to confess their misdeeds and then be condemned4 8#h4 ,,joseph ,d',,aramathea4 ,truly1 it is a shameful thing1 and detestable1 there be no one in this city who seeks to defend the innocent4 8#i4 ,,joram4 ,how can we condemn him to death who is just8 8#aj4 ,,ehieris4 ,though he be just1 yet shall he die1 because by his preaching he hath stirred up and excited the people to sedition4 8#aa4 ,,nicodemus4 ,our law condemns and sentences to death no man for an unknown cause4 8#ab4 ,,diarabias4 ,he hath perverted the people2 therefore is he guilty and worthy of death4 8#ac4 ,,sareas4 ,this seditious man should be banished as one born for the destruction of the land4 8#ad4 ,,rabinth4 ,whether he be just or not1 inasmuch as he will neither obey nor submit to the precepts of our forefathers1 he should not be tolerated in the land4 8#ae4 ,,josaphat4 ,let him be bound with chains and be perpetually imprisoned4 8#af4 ,,ptolom,e4 ,though it be not clear whether he is just or unjust1 why do we hesitate3 why not at once condemn him to death or banish him8 8#ag4 ,,teras4 ,it is right he should be banished or sent to the emperor4 8#ah4 ,,mesa4 ,if he is a just man1 why do we not yield to his teachings3 if wicked1 why not send him away8 8#ai4 ,,samech4 ,let us weigh the case1 so he have no cause to contradict us4 ,whatever he does1 let us chastise him4 8#bj4 ,,ca,,phas ,,pontifex4 ,ye know not well what ye would have4 ,it is expedient for us that one man should die for the people1 and that the whole nation perish not4 8#ba4 ,,the ,,people ,,to ,,pilate4 ,if thou let this man go1 thou art not the friend of ,csar4 ,crucify him6 crucify him6 ,his blood be on us and on our children60 ,on the large scroll in the centre of the picture is the sentence of ,pilate3 8,i1 ,pontius ,pilate1 pretor and judge in ,jerusalem under the thrice powerful ,emperor ,tiberius1 whose reign be eternally blessed and prospered1 in this tribunal1 or judicial chair1 in order to pronounce and declare sentence for the synagogue of the ,jewish nation with respect to ,jesus ,christ here present1 by them led and accused before me1 that1 being born of father and mother of poor and base extraction1 he made himself by lofty and blasphemous words the ,son of ,god and ,king of the ,jews1 and boasted he could rebuild the temple of ,solomon1 having heard and examined the case1 do say and declare on my conscience he shall be crucified between two thieves40 ,this picture is analogous to the old mysteries of the ,passion once so popular in this region1 in which the author who respected the meaning of the sacred text was at liberty to draw freely on his imagination4 ,it was especially in the dialogue that lay the field for his genius4 ,however nave these sacred dramas1 they greatly pleased the people4 ,a painting similar to this formerly existed in ,st4 ,roch's ,church at ,paris1 in which figured the undecided ,pilate in judicial array1 ,caiaphas the complacent flatterer of the people1 and the mob with its old rle of 8,crucify him6 crucify him60 ,we must not forget a work of art1 of very different character1 associated with the history of ,st4 ,jean de ,luz4 ,it is a curious piece of needle-work commemorating the conferences of the two great statesmen1 ,cardinal ,mazarin and ,don ,luis de ,haro1 and evidently designed by an able artist1 perhaps by ,velasquez himself4 ,it is a kind of courte-pointe 7it would never do to call it by the ignoble name of coverlet67 of linen of remarkable fineness1 on which are embroidered in purple silk the eminent personages connected with the treaty of the ,pyrenees1 as well as various allegorical figures and accessory ornaments1 which make it a genuine historic picture of lively and interesting character4 ,this delicate piece of ,spanish needle-work was wrought by the order of ,don ,luis de ,haro as a mark of homage to his royal master4 ,he presented it to the king on his feast-day1 ,may #a1 #affa1 and it probably adorned the royal couch4 ,but the better to comprehend this work of art--for such it is1 in spite of its name--let us recall briefly the events that suggested its details4 ,philip ,,iv4 ascended the ,spanish throne in #afba1 when barely sixteen years of age4 ,his reign lasted till #affe4 ,he had successively two ministers of state1 both of great ability1 but of very different political views4 ,in the first part of his reign the young monarch gave his whole confidence to the ,count of ,olivares1 whose authority was almost absolute till #afdh4 ,but his ministry was far from fortunate4 ,on the contrary1 it brought such humiliating calamities on the country that the king at length awoke to the danger that menaced it4 ,he dismissed ,olivares and appointed the count's nephew and heir in his place1 who proved one of the ablest ministers ever known in ,spain4 ,he was a descendant of the brave ,castilian lord to whom ,alfonso ,,vii4 was indebted for the capture of ,zurita1 but who would accept no reward from the grateful prince but the privilege of giving the name of ,haro to a town he had built4 ,it was another descendant of this proud warrior who was made archbishop of ,mexico in the latter part of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century1 and was so remarkable for his charity and eloquence as a preacher4 ,don ,luis not only had the military genius of his ancestor1 but the prudence of a real statesman1 and he succeeded in partially repairing the disasters of the preceding ministry4 ,he raised an army and equipped a powerful squadron1 by which he repulsed the ,french1 checked the ,portuguese1 brought the rebellious provinces into subjection1 and effected the treaty of ,munster2 which energetic measures produced such an effect on the ,french government as to lead to amicable relations between the two great ministers who1 at this time1 held the destiny of ,europe in their hands1 and to bring about a general peace in #afei4 ,it was with this object ,cardinal ,mazarin and ,don ,luis de ,haro agreed upon a meeting on the ,ile des ,faisans--as the ,isle of ,conference was then called--which led to the treaty of the ,pyrenees4 ,as a reward for ,don ,luis' signal services1 particularly the peace he had cemented by an alliance so honorable to the nation1 ,philip ,,iv41 in the following year1 conferred on him the title of duke1 and gave him the surname de la ,paz4 ,it was at this time ,don ,luis had this curious courte-pointe wrought as a present to the king4 ,he was the declared patron of the fine arts1 and had established weekly reunions to bring together the principal artists of ,spain1 some of whom probably designed this memorial of his glory4 ,it was preserved with evident care1 and handed down from one sovereign to another1 till it finally fell into the possession of the mother of ,ferdinand ,,vii41 who1 wishing to express her sense of the fidelity of one of her ladies of honor1 gave her this valuable counterpane4 ,in this way it passed into the hands of its present owner at ,bayonne4 ,on the upper part of this covering the power of ,spain is represented by a woman holding a subdued lion at her feet4 ,in the centre are ,nuestra ,seora del ,pilar and ,s4 ,ferdinand1 patrons of the kingdom1 around whom are the eagles of ,austria1 so closely allied to ,spain4 ,and by way of allusion to the ,ile des ,faisans1 where the recent negotiations had taken place1 pheasants are to be seen in every direction4 ,cardinal ,mazarin and ,don ,luis de ,haro are more than once represented4 ,in one place they are presenting an olive branch to the powers they serve2 in another they are advancing1 side by side1 towards ,philip ,,iv41 to solicit the hand of his daughter for ,louis ,,xiv4 ,here ,philip gives his consent to the marriage1 and1 lower down1 ,louis receives his bride in the presence of two females who personify ,france and ,spain4 ,the intermediate spaces are filled up with allusions to commerce with foreign lands and the progress of civilization at home4 ,not only war1 victory1 and politics have their emblems1 but literature1 beneficence1 and wealth4 ,but there are many symbols the meaning of which it would require the sagacity of a ,champollion to fathom4 ,this is1 perhaps1 the only known instance of a prime minister directing his energies to the fabrication of a counterpane4 ,disraeli1 to be sure1 has woven many an extravagant web of romance with ,oriental profusion of ornament1 but not1 to our knowledge1 in purple and fine linen1 like ,don ,luis de ,haro4 ,we have seen one of the gorgeous coverlets of ,louis ,,xiv41 but it was wrought by the young ladies of ,st4 ,cyr under the direction of ,mme4 de ,maintenon2 and there is another in the ,htel de ,cluny that once belonged to ,francis ,i4 ,the grand-daughter of ,don ,luis de ,haro1 the sole heiress of the house1 married the ,duke of ,alba1 carrying with her as a dowry the vast possessions of ,olivares1 ,guzman1 and ,del ,carpio4 ,the brother-in-law of the ex-,empress ,eugnie is a direct descendant of theirs4 ,opposite ,st4 ,jean de ,luz1 on the other side of the ,nivelle1 is ,cibourre1 with its solemn1 mysterious church1 and its widowed houses built along the quay and straggling up the hill of ,bordagain4 ,prosperous once like its neighbor1 it also participated in its misfortunes1 and now wears the same touching air of melancholy4 ,the men are all sailors--the best sailors in ,europe--but they are absent a great part of the year4 ,fearless wreckers live along the shore1 who brave the greatest dangers to aid ships in distress4 ,in more prosperous days its rivalry with ,st4 ,jean de ,luz often led to quarrels1 and the islet which connects the two places was frequently covered with the blood shed in these encounters4 ,the convent of ,recollects1 now a custom-house1 which we pass on our way to ,cibourre1 was founded in expiation of this mutual hatred1 and very appropriately dedicated to ,notre ,dame de la ,paix--,our ,lady of ,peace4 ,the cloister1 with its round arches1 is still in good preservation1 and the cistern is to be seen in the court1 constructed by ,cardinal ,mazarin1 that the friars might have a supply of soft water4 ,the ,basques are famed for their truthfulness and honesty1 the result perhaps of the severity of their ancient laws1 one of which ordered a tooth to be extracted every time a person was convicted of lying6 ,no wonder the love of truth took such deep root among them4 ,but had this stringent law been handed down and extended to other lands1 what toothless communities there would now be in the world6 ,,the ,,eternal ,,years4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,divine ,,sequence40 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,pulsations ,,of ,,time4 ,the deduction we arrive at from the argument which we have laid down is that the history of the world is a consistent one1 and not a series of loose incidents strung together4 ,it is as much this morally1 it is as truly the evolution and unwinding of a high moral law and of a great spiritual truth1 as the life of the plant from the seed to the ripe fruit is the development of a natural growth4 ,this last is governed by laws with which we are only partially acquainted2 whereas the moral law and the spiritual truth are revealed to us by the divine scheme of creation and redemption4 ,there is nothing existing1 either in the natural or in the spiritual law1 and especially in this last1 which is not more or less1 in one way or in another1 by assertion or by negation1 a revelation of the divine ,being4 ,he reveals himself directly by his volitions and indirectly by his permissions4 ,and we can only be one with him when we have learnt to accept both and to submit to both2 not in the spirit of quietism or fatalism1 but as actively entering into his intentions1 accepting what he wills1 and bearing what he permits4 ,there is no harmony possible between the soul and ,god until we have arrived at this2 and the history of the world is the history of man's acquiescence in1 or resistance to1 the supreme will of ,god4 ,the first disruption of the will of man from the will of ,god1 in the fall of man1 wove a dark woof into the web of time2 and every act of ours which is not according to the will of ,god weaves the same into our own lives1 because it is a rupture of the law of harmony which ,god has instituted between himself as creator and us as creatures4 ,were that harmony unbroken1 man would rest in ,god as in his centre2 for1 being finite1 he has no sufficiency in himself1 but for ever seeks some good extrinsic to himself4 ,the same applies to all creation1 whose ultimate end and highest good must always be some object beyond1 and above itself2 and that object is none other than ,god1 8quod ignorantes colitis10#bgj--the finite striving after the ,infinite4 ,thus the whole divine government of the world is a gradual unfolding of the divine ,will1 according as we are able to receive it4 ,and the degree of receptivity in mankind1 at various periods of the world's history1 and in different localities1 accounts for the variety in the divine dispensations1 and for the imperfection of some as compared with others4 ,the 8yet more excellent way0#bga could not be received by all at all times4 ,the promise was given to ,abraham4 ,but four hundred and thirty years elapsed before its fulfilment1 for the express purpose of being occupied and spent in the institution of the law as a less perfect dispensation1 and which was given because of transgressions--8propter transgressiones posita est0#bgb--thus showing the adaptive government of ,god3 the gradual building up of the city of the ,lord1 whose stones are the living souls of men1 which are 8hewed and made ready10#bgc but so that there shall be 8neither hammer1 nor axe1 nor tool of iron heard0 while it is building4 ,for ,god does not force his creature4 ,he pours not 8new wine into old bottles10 but waits in patience the growth of his poor creatures1 and the slow and gradual leavening of the great mass4 ,a time had been when ,god walked with man 8at the afternoon air02#bgd and whatever may be the full meaning of this exquisitely-expressed intercourse1 at least it must have been intimate and tender4 ,but when the black pall of evil fell on the face of creation1 the light of ,god's intercourse with man was let in by slow degrees1 like single stars coming out in the dark firmament4 ,the revelations1 like the stars1 varied in magnitude and glory1 lay wide apart from each other1 rose at different intervals of longer or shorter duration1 and conveyed1 like them1 a flickering and uncertain light1 until the 8,sun of ,justice arose with health in his wings10#bge and 8scattered the rear of darkness thin40 ,the degree of light vouchsafed was limited by the capacity of the recipient2 and that capacity has not always been the same in all ages1 any more than in any one age it is the same in all the contemporary men1 or in each man the same at all periods of his life4 ,it is thus that we arrive at the explanation of an apparent difference of tone1 color1 and texture1 so to speak1 in the various manifestations of ,god to man4 ,the manifestation is limited to the capacity of the recipient2 and not only is it limited1 but to a certain extent it becomes1 as it were1 tinged by the properties of the medium through which it is transmitted to others4 ,it assumes characteristics that are not essentially its own4 ,for so marvellous is the respect with which the ,creator treats the freedom of his creature that he suffers us to give a measure of our own color to what he reveals to us1 so that it may be more our own1 more on our level1 more within our grasp2 as though he poured the white waters of saving truth into glasses of varied colors1 and thus hid from us a pellucidity too perfect for our nature4 ,and thus it happens that to us who dwell in the light of ,god's church1 with the seven lamps of the seven sacraments burning in the sanctuary1 the ,god of ,abraham and of ,isaac and of ,jacob hardly seems to us the same ,god as our ,god4 ,we see him through the prism of the past1 amid surroundings that are strange to us1 in the old patriarchal life that seems so impossible a mode of existence to the denizens of great cities in modern ,europe4 ,this is equally true throughout the history of the world4 ,it is also true of every individual soul2 and it is true of the same soul at different periods of its existence4 ,he is the same ,god always and everywhere4 ,but there is a difference in the kind of reception which each soul gives to that portion of divine knowledge and grace which it is capable of receiving and which it actually does receive4 ,for they are 8divers kinds of vessels1 every little vessel1 from the vessels of cups even to every instrument of music40#bgf ,they differ in capacity and they differ in material2 and the great ,god1 in revealing himself1 does so by degrees4 ,he has deposited1 as it were1 the whole treasure of himself in the bosom of his spouse1 the church2 but the births of new grace and further developed truth only come to us as we can bear them and when we can bear them4 ,the body of truth is all there2 but the dispensing of that truth varies in degree as time goes on4 ,god governs in his own world2 but he does so behind and through the human instruments whom he condescends to employ4 ,and as1 in the exercise of his own free-will1 man chose the evil and refused the good1 so has the ,almighty accommodated himself to the conditions which man has instituted4 ,were he to do otherwise1 he would force the will of his creature1 which he never will do1 because the doing it would have for result to deprive that creature of all moral status and reduce him to a machine4 ,from the moment that we lose the power of refusing the good and taking the evil1 from the moment that any force really superior to that which has been put into the arsenals of our own being robs us of the faculty of selection1 we lose all merit and consequently all demerit4 ,the ,creator1 when he made man1 surrounded him with the respect due to a being who had the power of disposing of his own everlasting destiny4 ,nor has he ever done1 nor will he do1 anything which can entrench on this prerogative4 ,the whole system of grace is a system divinely devised to afford man aid in the selection he has to make4 ,there lies an atmosphere of grace all around our souls1 as there lies the air we breathe around our senses4 ,the one is as frequently unperceived by us as the other4#bgg ,we are without consciousness as regards its presence1 as we are without direct habitual consciousness of the act of breathing and of our own existence1 except as from time to time we make a reflective modification in our own mind of the idea of the air and of the fact of our inhaling it4 ,we are unconscious that it is the divine ,creator who is for ever sustaining our physical existence4 ,we are oblivious of it for hours together1 unless we stop and think4 ,it is the same with the presence of grace4 ,and though 8exciting0 grace1 as theology calls it1 begins with the illustration of the intellect1 it does not follow that we are always by any means conscious of this illustration4 ,it is needless to carry out the theological statement in these pages4 ,what we have said is enough to bring us round to our point1 which is that the action of grace on the individual soul1 and the long line of direct and indirect revelations of ,god's will from the creation to the present hour1 though always the same grace and always the same revelation1 receive different renderings according to the vehicle in which they are held--much as a motive in music remains the same air1 though transposed from one key to another4 ,not only1 therefore1 does man1 as it were1 give a color of his own to the revelation of ,god1 but he has the sad faculty of limiting its flow and circumscribing its course1 even where he cannot altogether arrest it4 ,we are 8slow of heart to believe10 and therefore is the time delayed when the still unfulfilled promises may take effect4 ,our ,lord declares that ,moses permitted the ,hebrews to put away their wives1 because of the hardness of their hearts2 8but from the beginning it was not so40#bgh ,god's law had never in itself been other than what the church has declared it to be4 ,the state of matrimony1 as ,god had ordained it1 was always meant to be what the church has now defined4 ,but man was not in a condition to receive so perfect a law2 and thus the condition of man--that is1 the hardness of his heart--had the effect of modifying the apparent will of ,god1 as revealed in what we now know to be one of the seven sacraments4 ,the ,hebrews were incapable of anything more than a mutilated1 or rather a truncated1 expression of the divine will1 as it was represented to them in the law of ,moses on the married state4 ,nor could we anywhere find a more perfect illustration of our argument4 ,in the first place1 it is given us by our ,lord himself2 and1 in the second1 it occurs on a subject which1 taken in its larger sense1 involves almost every other1 lies at the root of the whole world of matter1 and of being through matter1 and may be called the representative idea of the creation4 ,now1 if on such a question as this mankind1 at some period of their existence1 and that a period which includes ages of time1 and covers1 at one interval or another1 the whole vast globe1 could only bear an imperfect and utterly defective rendering1 how much more must there exist to be still further developed out of the 8things new and old0 which lie in the womb of time and in the treasures of the church1 but which are waiting for the era when we shall be in a condition to receive them6 ,the whole system of our ,lord's teaching was based on this principle4 ,he seems1 if we may so express it1 afraid of overburdening his disciples by too great demands upon their capacity4 ,he says with reference to the mission of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist3 8,if you will receive it1 he is ,elias that is to come10#bgi and in the ,sermon on the ,mount he points out to them the imperfection of the old moral code1 as regarded the taking of oaths and the law of talion4 ,now1 the moral law1 as it existed in the mind of ,god1 could never have varied4 ,it must always have been 8perfect as our heavenly ,father is perfect40 ,but it passed through an imperfect medium--the one presented by the then condition of mankind--and was modified accordingly4 ,we hold1 therefore1 in what we have now stated1 a distinct view of the way in which ,god governs the world2 not absolutely1 not arbitrarily1 but adaptively4 ,and where we see imperfection1 and at times apparent retrogression1 it is the free will of man forcing the will of ,god to his own destruction1 8until he who hindereth now1 and will hinder1 be taken out of the way40#bhj ,if this be true of ,god's direct revelations of himself1 and of his moral law as given from time to time to mankind1 according as1 in their fallen state1 they could receive it--if1 in short1 it be true of his direct volitions--it is also true of his permissions4 ,if it hold good of the revelations of his antecedent will1 it holds good of the instances 7so far as we may trace them in the history of the world7 of his consequent will2 that is1 of his will which takes into consideration the facts induced by man in the exercise of his own free will1 which is so constantly running counter to the antecedent will of ,god4 ,the divine permissions form the negative side of the revelation of ,god4 ,they are his permissive government of the world1 not his direct government4 ,the direct government is the stream of revelation given to our first parents1 to the patriarchs and lawgivers of ,israel1 and now1 in a more direct and immediate way1 through our ,blessed ,lord in his birth1 death1 and resurrection1 by the church in the sacraments1 and through her temporal head1 the vicar of ,christ4 ,even now1 when he has consummated his union with his church1 and that she is the true organ of the ,holy ,ghost1 and thus the one true and infallible medium and interpreter of ,god's direct government of the world1 he also governs it by the indirect way of his overruling providence4 ,the events which occur in history have ever a double character4 ,they have their mere human aspect1 often apparently for evil alone2 and they have their ultimate result for good1 which is simply the undercurrent of ,god's will working upwards1 and through the actions of mankind4 ,events which1 on the face of them1 bear the character of unmitigated evils1 like war1 have a thousand ultimate beneficial results4 ,war is the rude1 cruel pioneer of the armies of the ,lord2 for where the soldier has been the priest will follow4 ,persecutions kindle new faith and awake fresh ardor4 ,pestilence quickens charity and leads to improvements in the condition of the poor4 ,nor do we believe that it is only in this large and general1 unsympathetic1 and sweeping manner that ,god allows good to be worked out of evil4 ,we have faith in the intercession of the ,mother of ,mercy2 and as ultimate good may arise to whole races of mankind out of terrible calamities1 so1 we are persuaded1 there is a more intimate1 minute1 and loving interference to individual souls wherever there is huge public calamity4 ,the field of battle1 the burning city1 the flood1 and the pestilence are ,mary's harvest fields1 whither she sends her angels1 over whom she is queen1 with special and extraordinary graces1 to gather and collect those who might otherwise have perished1 and1 in the supreme moment which is doubtless so often ,god's hour1 to win trophies of mercy to the honor and glory of the ,precious ,blood4 ,unless we believe in ,god's essential1 actual1 and unintermittent government of the world1 we cannot solve the riddle of the ,sphinx1 and her cruel1 stony stare will freeze our blood as we traverse the deserts of life4 ,if we believe only in his direct government1 we shall find it chiefly1 if not solely1 in his church2 and the area is sadly limited6 ,if we acknowledge his essential providence in his permissions1 if we make sure of his presence in what appears its very negation1 then alone do we arrive at the solution of life's problems2 and even this1 not as an obvious thing1 but as a constant and ever-renewed act of faith in the under-flowing gulf-stream of divine love1 which melts the ice and softens the rigor of the wintry epochs in the world's history4 ,if we admit of this theory1 which is new to none of us1 though dim to some1 we let in a flood of light upon many of the incidents described in the ,old ,testament1 and specially spoken of as done by the will of ,god1 but which1 to our farther-advanced revelation of ,god1 read to us as unlike himself4 ,the light of the later interpretation has been thrown over the earlier fact2 but in the harmony of eternity1 when we are freed from the broken chord of time1 there will be no dissonant notes4 ,there can be no more wonderful proof of ,god's unutterable love than the way in which he has condescended to make the very sins of mankind work to his own glory and to the farther revelation of himself4 ,from the first 8felix culpa0 of our first parents1 as the church does not hesitate to call it1 down to the present hour--down even to the secret depths of our own souls1 where we are conscious of the harvests of grace sprung from repentant tears--it is still the great alchemist turning base metal in the crucible of divine love into pure gold4 ,it is one of the most irrefragable proofs of the working of a perpetual providence that can be adduced4 ,granted that there are no new creations1 but that creation is one act1 evolving itself by its innate force into all the phenomena which we see1 and into countless possible others which future generations of beings will see1 nothing of this can prevent the fact that the moral development of the status of mankind1 the revelations of divine truth1 and consequently of the ,deity1 through the flow of ages1 has ever been a bringing of good out of evil which no blind1 irresponsible law could produce4 ,there is no sort of reason why evil should work into its contrary good1 except the reason that ,god is the supreme good1 and directs all apparent evil into increments of his glory1 thereby converting it into an ultimate good4 ,we must remember1 however1 that this does not diminish our culpability1 because it does not affect our free-will4 ,it does not make evil another form of good4 ,it is no pact with the devil4 ,it is war and victory1 opposition and conquest4 ,it is justice and retribution1 and it behooves us to see whether we are among those who are keeping ourselves in harmony with the eternal ,god in his direct government of the world2 in harmony 7so far as we know it7 with his antecedent will2 or whether we are allowing ourselves to drift away into channels of our own1 working out only the things that he permits1 but which he also condemns1 and laying up for ourselves that swift devouring flame which will 8try every man's work of what sort it is40 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have thus arrived at two different views of ,god's government of the world--his direct government and his indirect or permissive government4 ,we now come to what we may call his inductive teaching of the world--the way in which truths are partially revealed to us1 and come to us percolating through the sands of time1 as mankind needs them and can receive them4 ,our ,lord himself gives us an example of this inductive process when he speaks of 8the ,god of ,abraham1 of ,isaac1 and of ,jacob0 as being 8not the ,god of the dead1 but of the living10 thus showing that the ,jews held1 and were bound to hold1 the doctrine of immortality by an inductive process4 ,the teaching of the old law was symbolic and inductive4 ,the histories of the ,old ,testament are of the same character4 ,they are written with no apparent design4 ,they are the simple account of such incidents as the historian thought himself bound to record2 acting1 as he did1 under the divine impulse1 which underlay his statements without fettering his pen4 ,he was not himself half conscious of the unspeakable importance of his work4 ,consequently1 there is no effort1 hardly even common precaution and foresight1 in his mode of chronicling events4 ,he glances at incidents without explaining them1 because while he wrote they were present to his own experience1 and would be to that of his readers4 ,a writer in our day would allude to a person having performed a journey of fifty miles in an hour's time without thinking it necessary to explain that people travel by steam4 ,in another part he would advert to railroads1 and the rapidity of locomotion as their result1 equally without a direct reference to the individual who effected fifty miles in an hour4 ,to the reader of three thousand years hence the one incidental allusion will explain and corroborate the other1 and thus1 by internal evidence1 prove the authenticity and consistency of the history4 ,unintentional coincidences crop up as the pages grow beneath his hand1 and to the careful student of ,scripture throw light unlooked for on the exactitude and veracity of the narrative4 ,and the substratum of the whole of the ,old ,testament history is the gradual growth of one family out of all the families of mankind1 into which1 as into a carefully prepared soil1 the seed of divine truth was to be sown4 ,through all the variety of the ,old ,testament writers the same underlying design exists2 and though this was a special stream of revelation unlike any that now exists or that is now required 7for reasons which are obvious to every ,catholic who knows what the church is71 yet they form an indication of the way in which the divine ,creator is for ever governing the world and preparing it with a divine foresight for his ultimate purpose4 ,the ,holy ,ghost speaks now through a direct organ1 which organ is the church4 ,formerly ,god spoke through historic events and multitudinous incidents in connection with one race of people4 ,but this very fact authorizes us to believe that the same character of government exists throughout the whole universe in a greater or less degree1 and that ,god is preparing the way for the ultimate triumph of the sacred ,humanity and of his spouse the ,church1 on the far-off shores of sultry ,africa1 in the inner recesses of silent ,china1 among the huge forests which skirt the ,blue ,mountains1 or amid the glittering glories of the kingdoms of ice4 ,there is nothing more depressingly sad1 more deeply to be regretted1 and more difficult to explain than the almost hopeless narrowness of most people in their appreciation of divinely-ordained facts4 ,we live like moles4 ,we throw up a mound of dusky earth above and around us1 within which we grope and are content4 ,the treasures of sacred lore1 the depths of spiritual science1 the infinite variety of ,scriptural information1 with the divinely-pointed moral of every tale1 are things which most of us are content to know exist1 and to think no more about4 ,the very lavishness with which ,god has given us all that we want for the salvation of our souls seems to have stifled in our ungenerous natures the longing to know and to do more4 ,when the ,evangelist said that the world would not hold the books that might be written on the sacred ,humanity alone1 he must have had an intuition1 not so much of the material world and material volumes1 as of the world of narrowed minds and crippled hearts who would be found stranded on the shores of our much-vaunted civilization and progress4 ,few things are more remarkable in the tone and character of modern ,catholic writers than the small amount of use they make of ,scripture3 so strangely in contrast with the old writers1 and with even the great ,french spiritual authors of a century and a half ago4 ,their pages are rich with ,scriptural lore4 ,their style is a constant recognition of the government and designs of ,god as shown to us in our past and present1 and as we are bound to anticipate them in the future4 ,in our time this has given place to emotional devotion2 a most excellent thing in its way1 but only likely to have much influence over our lives when it is grounded on solid theology and directed by real knowledge4 ,no doubt it is so in the minds of the authors themselves2 but we fear it is rare in those of their ordinary readers1 who thus drink the froth off the wine1 but are not benefited by the strengthening properties of the generous liquid itself4 ,nor will they be until they have made up their minds to believe and understand that conversion is not an isolated fact in their lives1 but a progressive act involving all the intellect1 all the faculties1 be they great or small 7for each one must be full up to his capacity71 and all the heart1 mind1 and soul4 ,the whole man must work and be worked upon in harmony2 and we must remember that it is work1 and not merely feeling1 consolation1 emotion1 prettiness1 and ornament1 but an intellectual growth1 going on pari passu with a spiritual growth1 until the whole vessel is fitted and prepared for the glory of ,god4 ,we think we may venture to say that few things will conduce more to this than the study of the divine ,scriptures under the light and teaching of the ,catholic ,church4 ,in them we find a profound revelation of the character of ,god4 ,we are1 as we read them interpreted to us by the lamp of the sanctuary1 let down into awful depths of the divine ,eternal ,mind4 ,we watch the whole world and all creation working up for the supreme moment of the birth of ,jesus2 while in the life of our ,blessed ,lord himself we find1 condensed into those wonderful thirty-three years1 the whole system of the church--the spiritual fabric which is to fill eternity1 the one ,god-revealing system which is finally to supersede all others4 ,unhappily many persons are under the delusion that narrowness and ignorance are the same as ,christian simplicity1 and that innocence means ignorance of everything else1 as well as of evil4 ,these are the people who are afraid to look facts in the face1 and to read them off as part of the ,god-directed history of the world4 ,these are they to whom science is a bugbear4 ,they hug their ignorance as being their great safeguard1 and wear blinkers lest they should be startled by the events which cross their path4 ,grown men and women do it for themselves and attempt it for their children1 and meanwhile those to whom we ought to be superior are rushing on with headlong daring1 carrying intellectual eminence1 and originality1 and investigation of science1 all before them2 while we1 who should be clad in the panoply of the faith1 and afraid of nothing1 are putting out the candles and shading the lamps1 that we may idly enjoy a shadow too dense for real work4 ,and yet is not the earth ours8 ,is not all that exists our heritage8 ,to whom does anything belong if not to us1 the sons of the church1 the sole possessors of infallible truth1 the only invulnerable ones1 the only ever-enduring and ever-increasing children of the light8 ,the past is ours2 the present should be ours2 the future is all our own4 ,our triumph may be slow 7and it is slower because we are cowards71 but it is certain4 ,are we not tenfold the children of the covenant1 the sons of the ,father's house1 the heirs of all8 ,we alone are in possession of what all science and art must ultimately fall back upon and harmonize with4 ,there is no success possible but what is obtained1 and shall in the future be obtained1 in union with the church of ,god4 ,have we forgotten1 are we ever for a moment permitted to forget1 that the church of ,god is not an accident1 nor a cunningly-devised1 tolerably able1 partially infirm organization1 but that she is the spouse of the ,god-,man1 the one revelation of ,god1 perfect and entire1 though but gradually given forth2 that all the harmonies of science are fragments of the harmony of ,god himself1 of his pure being1 of the ,qui ,est2 and that the harmony of the arts is simply the human expression of the harmony of the ,logos1 the human utterances of the articulations of the divine ,word1 as they come to us in our far-off life-like echoes from eternity8 ,even the great false religions of the past1 and of the present in the remote ,east1 are but man's discord breaking the harmony of truth while retaining the key-note3 the immortality of the soul and the perfection of a future state in the deep thoughts of ,egypt1 the universality of ,god's providential government of the world in ,greek mythology1 the union of the soul with ,god in ,brahminism1 and the ,one ,god of ,mahometanism4 ,each has its kernel of truth1 its ideal nucleus of supernatural belief1 which it had caught from the great harmony of ,god in broken fragments1 and enshrined in mystic signs4 ,even now1 as we look back upon them all1 we are bound to confess that they stand on a totally different ground from the multitudinous sects of our day1 which break off from the one body of the church and drift off into negation or ,protestantism4 ,far be it from us to insinuate that any1 the lowest form of ,christianity1 the weakest utterance of the dear name of ,jesus1 is not ten thousand fold better than the most abstruse of the old ,indian or ,egyptian religions4 ,wherever the name of ,jesus is uttered1 no matter how imperfectly1 there is more hope of light and of salvation than in the deepest symbols of heathen or pagan creeds4 ,it may be but one ray of light1 but still it is light--the real warming1 invigorating light of the sun1 and not the cold and deleterious light of the beautiful moon1 who has poisoned what she has borrowed4#bha ,nevertheless1 and maintaining this with all the energy of which we are capable1 it is still true that each one of the great false religions1 which at various times and in divers places have swayed mankind1 was rather the overgrowth of error on a substantial truth than the breaking up of truth into fragmentary and illogical negation1 which is the characteristic of all forms of secession from the ,catholic unity of the church4 ,the modern aberrations from the faith are a mere jangle of sounds1 while the old creeds were the petrifaction of truth4 ,the modern forms of faith outside the church are a negation of truth rather than a distortion4 ,consequently1 they are for ever drifting and taking ,protean shapes that defy classification4 ,they have broken up into a hundred forms2 they will break up into a thousand more1 till the whole fabric has crumbled into dust4 ,they have none of the strong hold on human nature which the old religions had1 because they are not the embodiment of a sacred mystery1 but rather the explaining away of all mystery4 ,they are a perpetual drifting detritus1 without coherence as without consistency2 and as they slip down the slant of time1 they fall into the abyss of oblivion1 and will leave not a trace behind1 only in so far that1 vanishing from sight1 they make way for the fuller establishment of the truth--the eternal1 the divine1 spherical truth1 absolute in its cohesion and perfect in all its parts4 ,the hold which heathen and pagan creeds have had upon mankind conveys a lesson to ourselves which superficial thinkers are apt to overlook4 ,it is certain they could not have held whole nations beneath their influence had not each in its turn been an embodiment of some essential truth which1 though expressed through error1 remains in itself essentially a part of truth4 ,they snatched at fragments of the natural law which governs the universe1 or they embodied in present expression the inalienable hopes of mankind4 ,they took the world of nature as the utterance neither of a passing nor of an inexorable law1 but of an inscrutable ,being1 and believed that the mystical underlies the natural4 ,untaught by the sweet revelations of ,christianity1 their religion could assume no aspect but one of terror1 silent dread1 and deep horror4 ,their only escape from this result was in the deterioration that necessarily follows the popularization of all abstract ideas1 unless protected by a system at once consistent and elastic1 like that which is exhibited in the discipline of the ,catholic ,church4 ,they wearied of the rarefied atmosphere of unexplained mystery4 ,they wanted the tangible and evident in its place4 ,like the ,israelites1 they lusted after the flesh-pots of ,egypt2 and their lower nature and evil passions rebelled against the moral loftiness of abstract truth4 ,the multitude could not be kept up to the mark1 and needed coarser food4 ,the result was inevitable4 ,but as all religion involves mystery1 instead of working upward through the natural law to the spiritual and divine law1 they inverted the process1 and grovelled down below the natural law1 with its sacramentalistic character1 to the preternatural and diabolic4 ,mystery was retained1 but only in the profanation of themselves and of natural laws1 until they had passed outside all nature1 and1 making a hideous travesty of humanity1 had become more vile and hateful than the devils they served4 ,thus the ,romans vulgarized the ,greek mythology2 and that which had remained during a long period as a beautiful though purely human expression of a divine mystery1 among a people whose religion consisted mainly in the worship of the beautiful1 and who themselves transcended all that humanity has ever since beheld in their own personal perfection of beauty1 became1 when it passed through the coarser hands of the ,romans1 a degenerate vulgarity1 which infected their whole existence1 in art and in manners1 quite as effectually as in religion4 ,then ,rome flung open her gates to all the creeds of all the world1 and the time-honored embodiments of fragmentary but intrinsic truth met together1 and were all equally tolerated and equally degenerated4 ,all6--except the one whole and perfect truth3 the ,gospel of ,salvation4 ,that was never tolerated4 ,that alone could not be endured1 because the instinct of evil foresaw its own impending ruin in the ,gospel of peace4 ,it was a new thing for mankind to be told that a part of the essence of religion was elevated morality and the destruction of sin in the individual4 ,whatever comparative purity of life had co-existed with the old religions was hardly due to their influence among the multitude1 though it might be so with those whose educated superiority enabled them to reason out the morality of creeds4 ,while the rare philosopher was reading the inmost secret of the abstract idea on which the religion of his country was based1 and the common pagan was practising the most degraded sorcery and peering into obscene mysteries1 without a single elevation of thought1 suddenly the life of the ,god-,man was put before the world1 and the whole face of creation was gradually changed4 ,but as the shadows of the past in the old religions led up to the light1 so shall the light of the present lead up to the 8perfect day40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,search ,,for ,,old ,,lace ,,in ,,venice4 ,one is almost ashamed to mention ,venice now1 or any other of those thousand-and-one bournes of hackneyed travel and staples of hackneyed books4 ,there is probably no one claiming a place in a civilized community who does not know ,venice almost as well as do her own children1 and who could not discourse intelligently of the ,bridge of ,sighs1 the ,doge's ,palace1 and the ,rialto ,bridge1 of ,st4 ,mark's and the brazen horses4 ,still1 when one has read multitudinous poems about gondolas and gondoliers1 and any amount of descriptions of the ,grand ,canal1 with its palaces of various styles of architecture1 and some few dramas about the grand and gloomy1 the secret and awful1 doings of ancient ,venetian life1 even then there are nooks in the place and incidents in the doings which escape notice4 ,a traveller arriving at ,venice is hardly surprised at the water-street1 with which pictures have already made him familiar1 but the mode of entering a covered gondola--crab-fashion--is not so familiar1 and he generally butts his head against the low ceiling1 eliciting a laugh from his gondolier and the good-humored bystanders1 before he learns the native and proper way of backing into his seat4 ,so1 too1 in rowing slowly and dreamily about from church to church1 full of artistic marvels or wonderful historical monuments1 he feels to a certain degree at home4 ,he has seen all this before2 the present is but a dream realized4 ,but there are now and then unexpected sights--though1 it must be confessed1 not many--and of course such are the most interesting1 even if they are by no means on a level with those more famous and more beautiful4 ,from ,venice to ,vicenza is but a short distance by rail1 and ,vicenza boasts of ,roman ruins1 and medival churches1 and a ,palladian theatre2 but on our day's trip there1 in early spring1 we certainly dwelt more on the aspect of the woods and plains1 with their faint veil of yellow green already beginning to appear1 the few flowers in the osteria garden1 and the box hedges and aloes in the cemetery4 ,the beauty of the ,venetian and ,lombard plains lies more in their mere freshness than in their diversity2 it is entirely a beauty of detail1 a beauty fit for the minuteness of ,preraphaelite art rather than for the sweeping brush of the great masters of conventional landscape painting4 ,but coming from ,venice every trace of verdure was grateful to the eye1 and we felt as one who1 having been confined in a beautiful1 spacious room1 filled with treasures and scented with subtle perfume1 might feel on coming suddenly into the fresh air of a prairie4 ,by contrast1 the suggestion of fresh air and open space draws us at once to our subject--a search after old lace in one of the cities known to possess many treasures in that line4 ,like all other industries in ,venice1 the sale of lace thrives chiefly on the fancy of the foreign visitors4 ,the natives are generally too poor to buy much of it1 and1 indeed1 much of what is in the market is the product of forced sacrifices made by noble but impoverished families of ,venetian origin4 ,it is a sad thing to see the spoils of ,italy still scattered over the world1 as if the same fate had pursued her1 with a few glorious intervals of triumph and possession1 ever since the barbarian ancestors of her forestieri rifled her treasure-houses under the banners of ,celtic1 ,cimbrian1 and ,gothic chieftains4 ,what ,brennus1 ,alaric1 and ,genseric began the ,constable of ,bourbon and the great ,napoleon continued by force2 but what is still sadder is to see the daily disintegration of other treasure-houses whose contents are unwillingly but necessarily bartered away to rich ,englishmen1 ,americans1 and ,russians4 ,pictures1 jewelry1 lace1 goldsmith's work1 artistic trifles--precious through their material and history1 but more so through the family associations which have made them heirlooms--too often pass from the sleepy1 denuded1 dilapidated1 but still beautiful ,italian palace to the cabinet or gallery or museum of the lucky foreign connoisseur1 or even--a worse fate--into the hands of men to whom possession is much1 but appreciation very little4 ,while at ,venice we were so lazy as never to go sight-seeing1 which accounts for the fact that we missed many a thing which visitors of a few days see and talk learnedly about2 and if the business activity of an old lace-seller had not brought her to the hotel1 our search after lace might never have been made4 ,she brought fine specimens with her1 but her prices were rather high1 and1 after admiring the lace1 she was dismissed without getting any orders4 ,but she came again1 and this time left her address4 ,we wanted some lace for a present1 and fancied that the proverbial facility for taking anything rather than nothing1 which distinguishes the ,italian seller of curiosities1 would induce her to strike some more favorable bargain in her own house1 where no other customer would be at hand to treasure up her weakness as a precedent4 ,it was not easy to find the house4 ,many intricate little canals had to be traversed 7for on foot we should probably have lost our way over and over again72 and as we passed1 many a quaint court1 many a delicate window1 many a sombre archway1 and as often the objects which we1 perhaps too conventionally1 call picturesque--such as the tattered clothes drying on long lines stretched from window to window2 heaps of refuse piled up against princely gateways2 rotten posts standing up out of the water1 with the remnants of the last coat of paint they ever had1 a hundred years ago2 gaudy little shrines calculated to make a ,venetian popolana feel very pious and an 8unregenerate0 artist well-nigh frantic--met our sight4 ,at last the house was reached1 or at least the narrow quay from which a calle1 or tiny1 dark street1 plunged away into regions unknown but inviting4 ,our gondolier was wise in the street-labyrinth lore of his old city1 and up some curious outside stairs1 and then again by innumerable inside ones1 we reached the old woman's rooms4 ,of these there were two--at least1 we saw no more4 ,both were poor and bare1 and the old lace seller was wrinkled1 unclean1 good-humored1 and eager4 ,she talked volubly1 not being obliged to use a foreign tongue to help herself out1 but going on with her soft1 gliding1 but quick ,venetian tones4 ,travelling in ,italy and coming in contact with all classes of the people is apt sadly to take down one's scholarly conceit in knowing the language of ,dante and ,petrarch2 for all the classicism of one's school-days goes for very little in bargaining for lace1 giving orders in a shop or market1 or trying not to let boat-and-donkey-men cheat you to your face4 ,there is this comfort3 that if you often cannot understand the people1 they can almost invariably understand you 7unless your accent be altogether outrageous71 which saves ,john ,bull and his ,american cousin the ignominy of being brought an umbrella when they have asked for mushrooms1 and actually taken the trouble to give a diagram of that vegetable4 ,the prices were kept so obstinately above our means that all purchase of lace was impossible2 but the old woman was untiring in displaying her stores of antique treasures1 and we felt sufficiently rewarded for our expedition4 ,she herself was worth a visit2 for1 like many ancient ,italian matrons1 and not a few nearer home1 she was one of that generation of models whom you would have sworn has endured from the days of ,titian and ,vandyke1 immortally old and unchangeably wrinkled4 ,you see such faces in the galleries1 with the simple title 8,head of an old man0--or old woman1 as the case may be--attributed to some famous painter2 and these weird portraits attract you far more than the youth1 and beauty1 and health1 and prosperity of the ,duchess of ,este1 the baker's handsome daughter1 or the gorgeous ,eastern sibyl4 ,again1 you do not care to have any allegorical meaning tacked on to that intensely human face2 you would be disgusted if you found it set down in the catalogue as 8a ,parca10 a magician1 or a witch4 ,you seem to know it1 to remember one which was like it1 to connect it with many human vicissitudes and common1 though not the less pathetic1 troubles4 ,she is probably poor and has been hard-working2 wifehood and motherhood have been stern realities to her1 instead of poems lived in luxurious houses and earthly plenty2 her youth's romance was probably short1 fervid1 passionate1 but soon lapsed into the dreary struggle of the poor for bare life4 ,chance and old age have made her look hard1 though in truth her heart would melt at a tender love-tale like that of a girl of fifteen1 and her brave1 bright nature belies the lines on her face4 ,just as women live this kind of life nowadays1 so they did three and five hundred years ago2 so did probably those very models immortalized by great painters2 so did others long before art had reached the possibility of truthful portraiture4 ,our old friend the lace-seller1 though she has given occasion for this rambling digression1 did not1 however1 at the time1 suggest all these things to our mind4 ,if she herself was a type of certain models of the old masters1 her wares were also a reminder of famous people1 scenes1 and places of ,venice4 ,they were all of one kind1 all of native manufacture1 and1 of course1 all made by hand4 ,in a certain degenerate fashion this industry is still continued1 but the specimens of modern work which we saw were coarse and valueless in comparison with those of the old4 ,there were collars and cuffs in abundance1 such as both men and women wore--large1 broad1 ,vandyked collars like those one sees in ,venetian pictures2 flounces1 or rather straight bands of divers widths1 from five to twenty inches1 which had more probably belonged to albs and cottas4 ,they suggested rich churches and gorgeous ceremonial in a time when nobles and people were equally devoted to splendid shows1 prosperity and loftiness1 and a picturesque blending of the religious and the imperial4 ,chasubles stiff with gems and altars of precious stones seem to harmonize well with these priceless veils1 woven over with strange1 hieroglyphic-looking1 conventional1 yet beautiful forms2 intricate with tracery which1 put into stone1 would immortalize a sculptor2 full of knots1 each of which is a miniature masterpiece of embroidery2 and the whole the evident product of an artist's brain4 ,this lace has not the gossamer-like beauty of ,brussels4 ,it is thick and close in its texture1 and is of that kind which looks best on dark velvets and heavy1 dusky cloths--just what one would fancy the grave ,venetian signiors wearing on state occasions4 ,it matches somehow with the antique ,x,vth and ,x,v,ith century jewelry--the magnificent1 artistic1 heavy collars of the great orders of chivalry2 it has something solid1 substantial1 and splendid about it4 ,such lace used to be sold to kings and senators1 not by a paltry yard measure1 but by at least twice its weight in gold2 for the price was 8as many gold pieces as would cover the quantity of lace required40 ,now1 although this princely mode of barter is out of fashion1 old ,venetian 8point0 is still one of the costliest luxuries in the world1 and the rich foreigners who visit ,venice usually carry away at least as much as will border a handkerchief or trim a cap1 as a memento of the beautiful and once imperial city of the ,adriatic4 ,the modern lace--one can scarcely call it imitation1 any more than ,salviati's modern ,venetian glass and mosaic can be so called--seems to be deficient in the beauty and intricacy of design of the old specimens2 it is so little sought after that the industry stands a chance of dying out1 at least until after the old stock is exhausted and necessity drives the lace-makers to ply their art more delicately4 ,some modern lace1 the ,english ,honiton and some of the ,irish lace1 is quite as perfect and beautiful1 and very nearly as costly1 as the undoubted specimens the history of which can be traced back for two or three hundred years4 ,but from what we saw of ,venetian point1 the new has sadly degenerated from the old1 and exact copying of a few antique models would be no detriment to the modern productions4 ,to the unlearned eye there is no difference between ,venetian glass three or four hundred years old1 carefully preserved in a national museum1 and the manufactures of last month1 sold in ,salviati's warerooms in ,venice and his shop in ,london4 ,connoisseurs say they do detect some inferiority in the modern work2 but as to the lace1 even the veriest tyro in such lore can see the rough1 tasteless1 coarse appearance of the new when contrasted with the old4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,supposed ,,miracles3 ,,an ,,argument ,,for ,,the ,,honor ,,of ,,christianity ,,against ,,superstition1 ,,and ,,for ,,its ,,truth ,,against ,,unbelief4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,buckley4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahge4 ,mr4 ,buckley is a ,methodist minister1 who seems to be a sensible1 honest1 and straightforward person1 strong in his convictions1 ardently religious1 and yet abhorring the excesses of credulity and irrational enthusiasm4 ,the substance of his pamphlet was delivered by him as an address before a meeting of ,methodist ministers1 and is principally directed against some pretences to miraculous powers and wonderful cure-working within his own denomination4 ,so far as this goes1 his effort is quite successful1 particularly in regard to a certain ,rev4 ,mr4 ,platt1 who professes to have been cured of an obstinate infirmity by the prayers1 accompanied by the imposition of hands1 of a lady by the name of ,miss ,mossman4 ,his particular object led him1 however1 to advance some general propositions respecting real and supposititious miracles1 and to sustain these by arguments and appeals to so-called facts1 real or assumed1 having a much wider range and application than is embraced by his special and immediate purpose4 ,as an argumentum ad hominem1 his plea may have been quite sufficient and convincing to his particular audience2 but as addressed to a wider circle in the form of a published pamphlet1 it appears to be somewhat deficient in the quality and quantity of the proofs alleged in support of its great amplitude and confidence of assertion4 ,it is also defective in respect to the definition and division of the subject-matter4 ,to begin with his definition of miracle3 8,a true miracle is an event which involves the setting aside or contradiction of the established and uniform relations of antecedents and consequents2 such event being produced at the will of an agent not working in the way of physical cause and effect1 for the purpose of demonstration1 or punishment1 or deliverance40 ,this definition errs by excess and defect--by excess1 in including the scope or end as a part of the essence2 by defect1 in excluding effects produced by an act of divine power which is above all established and uniform relations of antecedents and consequents4 ,this last fault is not of much practical importance in respect to the question of the miracles by which a divine revelation is proved1 or of ecclesiastical miracles2 because those which are simply above nature1 called by ,s4 ,thomas miracles of the first order--as the ,incarnation and the glorification of the body of ,christ--are very few in number1 and are more objects than evidences of faith4 ,the first error1 however1 confuses the subject1 and opens the way to a summary rejection of evidence for particular miracles on the priori ground that they have not that scope which has been defined by the author as necessary to a true miracle4 ,it is evident that ,god cannot give supernatural power to perform works whose end is bad or which are simply useless4 ,but we cannot determine precisely what end is sufficient1 in the view of ,god1 for enabling a person to work a miracle1 except so far as we learn this by induction and the evidence of facts which are proved4 ,mr4 ,buckley affirms positively that the end of miracles was solely the authentication of the divine legation of ,christ and his forerunners in the mission of making known the divine revelation4 ,consequently from this assumption1 he asserts that miracles ceased very early in the history of ,christianity4 ,he also professes to have 8shown1 by the proof of facts1 that miracles have ceased4 ,if the great ,reformation in ,germany1 ,switzerland1 and ,scotland1 if ,methodism1 had no miracles2 if the missionaries of the ,cross i4e41 ,protestant are powerless to work them2 and if the best men and women of all branches of the ,protestant church are without this power1 then indeed must they have ceased40 ,no one will dispute the logical sequence or material truth of this conclusion1 so far as it does not extend beyond its own premises4 ,he has made it1 however1 a general conclusion1 and promises to prove it by 8conclusive and irresistible proof40 ,he is therefore bound to prove that miracles had ceased from an early epoch in the universal church1 including the whole period before the ,x,v,ith century1 and in respect to all ,christian bodies except ,protestants from that time to the present4 ,in respect to the former period1 his whole proof consists in a statement that no person of candor and judgment who has read the ante-,nicene fathers will conclude it probable that miracles continued much beyond the beginning of the ,i,id century1 and in the assertion 8that they have ceased we have proved to a demonstration40 ,in respect to supposed miracles during the latter period in the ,catholic ,church1 the proof that none of them are true miracles is contained in the statement that 8the opinion of the ,protestant world is settled0 on that head4 ,very good1 ,mr4 ,buckley6 ,such logical accuracy1 united with the intuitive insight of genius1 is a conclusive proof that the 8assistances which our age enjoys0 have amazingly shortened and simplified the tedious processes by which 8that indigested heap and fry of authors which they call antiquity0 were obliged to investigate truth and acquire knowledge4 ,the reverend gentleman tells us that 8,i have for some years past been reading1 as ,i have found leisure1 that magnificent translation of the ante-,nicene fathers published by ,t4 ,t4 ,clark1 of ,edinburgh1 in about twenty five volumes4 ,to say that ,i have been astonished is to speak feebly40 ,probably the astonishment of ,origen1 ,justin ,martyr1 and ,irenus would be no less1 and would be more forcibly expressed1 if they could resume their earthly life and peruse the remarkable address before us4 ,if its author will read the account of the miracles of ,,ss4 ,gervasius and ,protasius given by ,s4 ,ambrose1 the ,city of ,god of ,s4 ,augustine1 the ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,ven4 ,bede1 and ,dr4 ,newman's ,essay on ,ecclesiastical ,miracles1 we can promise him that he will experience a still greater degree of astonishment than he did on the perusal of the ante-,nicene fathers4 ,mr4 ,buckley appears to be in bona fide1 and is probably a much better man than many whose knowledge is more extensive4 ,the hallucination of mind which produces in him the belief that he stands on a higher intellectual plane than ,clement of ,alexandria and ,cyprian in ancient times1 or ,petavius1 ,kleutgen1 ,bayma1 and 8,jesuits0 in general1 is so simply astounding1 and the credulity requisite to a firm assent to his own statements as 8demonstrations0 is so much beyond that which was1 in the olden time1 shown by believing in the 8phnix10 that he must be sincere1 though very much in need of information4 ,we cannot help feeling that he is worthy of knowing better1 and would be convinced of the truth if it were set before him fairly4 ,it is plain that he has no knowledge of the evidence which exists of a series of miracles wrought in the ,catholic ,church continuously from the times of the apostles to our own day1 and which cannot be rejected without subverting the evidence on which the truth of all miracles whatsoever is based4 ,the number of these which are considered by prudent ,catholic writers to be quite certain or probable is beyond reckoning1 though still very small in comparison with ordinary events and the experiences of the whole number of ,catholics in all ages4 ,those of the most extraordinary magnitude are relatively much fewer in number than those which are less wonderful1 as1 for instance1 the raising of the dead to life4 ,nevertheless1 there are instances of this kind--e4g41 those related of ,s4 ,dominic1 ,s4 ,bernard1 ,s4 ,teresa1 and ,s4 ,francis ,xavier--which1 to say the least1 have a prim facie probability4 ,one of another kind is the perpetually-recurring miracle of the liquefaction of the blood of ,s4 ,januarius4 ,the miraculous and complete cure of ,mrs4 ,mattingly1 of ,washington1 is an instance which occurred in our own country1 and which1 among many other intelligent ,protestants1 ,john ,c4 ,calhoun considered as most undoubtedly effected by miraculous agency4 ,we mention one more only--the restoration of the destroyed vision of one eye by the application of the water of ,lourdes1 in the case of ,bourriette1 as related by ,m4 ,lasserre4 ,we are rather more cautious in professing to have demonstrated the continuance of miracles than our reverend friend has been in respect to the contrary4 ,we profess merely to show that his demonstration requires a serious refutation of the arguments in favor of the proposition he denies1 and to bring forward some considerations in proof of the title which these arguments have to a respectful and candid examination4 ,moreover1 though we cannot pretend to prove anything1 hic et nunc1 by conclusive evidence and reasoning1 we refer to the articles on the miracle of ,s4 ,januarius1 and to the translation of ,m4 ,lasserre's book1 in our own pages1 as containing evidence for two of the instances alluded to1 and to the works of ,bishop ,england for the evidence in ,mrs4 ,mattingly's case4 ,besides those supernatural effects or events which can only be produced by a divine power acting immediately on the subject1 there are other marvellous effects which in themselves require only a supermundane power1 and are merely preternatural1 using nature in the sense which excludes all beyond our own world and our human nature4 ,other unusual events1 again1 may appear to be preternatural1 but may be proved1 or reasonably conjectured1 to proceed from a merely natural cause4 ,here is a debatable land1 where the truth is attainable with more difficulty1 generally with less certainty1 and where there is abundant chance for unreasonable credulity and equally unreasonable scepticism to lose their way in opposite directions4 ,mr4 ,buckley summarily refers all the strange phenomena to be found among pagan religions to jugglery and fanaticism4 ,spiritism he dismisses without a word of comment1 implying that he considers it to be in no sense preternatural4 ,we differ from him in opinion in respect to this point also4 ,we have no doubt that many alleged instances of preternatural events are to be explained by natural causes1 and many others by jugglery and imposture4 ,we cannot1 for ourselves1 find a reasonable explanation of a certain number of well-proved facts in regard to both paganism and spiritism1 except on the hypothesis of preternatural agency4 ,the nature of that agency cannot be determined without recurring to theological science4 ,catholic theology determines such cases by referring them to the agency of demons4 ,mr4 ,buckley is afraid to admit that the alleged 8miracles were real and wrought by devils40 8,if so10 he continues1 8we may ask1 in the language of ,job1 ,where and what is ,god80 ,we answer to this that ,god does not permit demons to deceive men to such an extent as to cause the ruin of their souls1 except through their own wilful and culpable submission to these deceits4 ,it makes no difference whether the delusion produced is referred to jugglery or demonology in respect to this particular question4 ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,christendom4 ,part ,third4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,allies4 ,london3 ,longmans ,co4 #ahge4 ,mr4 ,allies dedicates this volume1 in very beautiful and appropriate terms1 to ,dr4 ,newman1 who1 he says in classic and graceful phrase1 having once been 8the ,hector of a doomed ,troy10 is now 8the ,achilles of the city of ,god40 ,the particular topic of the book is the relation of ,greek philosophy to the ,christian church4 ,a remarkable chapter on the foundation of the ,roman ,church1 in which great use is made of the discoveries of archologists1 precedes the treatment of the ,neostoic1 ,neopythagorean1 and ,neoplatonic schools1 with cognate topics4 ,one of the most interesting and novel chapters is that on ,apollonius of ,tyana1 whose wonderful life1 as related by ,philostratus1 the author regards as a philosophic and anti-,christian myth invented by the above-mentioned pagan writer1 with only a slight basis of historical truth4 ,mr4 ,allies has studied the deep1 thoughtful works of those ,german authors who give a truly intelligent and connected history of philosophy1 and his work is a valuable contribution to that branch of science1 as well as to the history of ,christianity4 ,one of the most irresistible proofs of the divine mission and divine personality of ,jesus ,christ lies in the blending of the elements of ,hellenic genius and culture1 ,jewish faith1 and ,roman law into a new composite1 by a new form1 when he founded his universal kingdom4 ,a mere man1 by his own natural power1 and under the circumstances in which he lived1 could not have conceived such an idea1 much less have carried it into execution4 ,the most ineffably stupid1 as well as atrociously wicked1 of all impostors and philosophical charlatans are those apostate ,christians who strive to drag ,christianity down to the level of the pagan systems of religion and philosophy1 and reduce it to a mere natural phenomenon4 ,mr4 ,allies shows this in a work which combines erudition with a grace of style formed on classic models1 and an enlightened1 fervent ,catholic spirit1 imbibed from the fathers and doctors of the church4 ,at a time when the popular philosophy is decked in false hair and mock-jewels1 as a stage-queen1 it is cheering to find here and there a votary of that genuine philosophy whose beauty is native and real1 and who willingly proclaims her own subjection and inferiority by humbly saying1 ,ecce ancilla ,domini4 ,,the ,,american ,,catholic ,,quarterly ,,review4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #a4 ,january1 #ahgf4 ,philadelphia3 ,hardy ,mahony4 ,a very large number of the most highly gifted and learned ,catholics throughout ,christendom1 both clergymen and laymen1 are at present employed in writing for the reviews of various classes which have existed for a greater or lesser period of time within the present century4 ,much of the very best literature of the age is to be found in their articles1 and a very considerable part of this is of permanent value4 ,in solid merit of matter and style1 and in adaptation to the wants of the time1 the best of these periodicals have improved steadily1 and we may say of some of them that they hardly admit of any farther progress4 ,the advantage of such periodicals is not only very great for their readers1 but almost equally so for those who are engaged in contributing to their contents4 ,the effort and practice of writing constantly for the public react upon the writers4 ,each one is encouraged and instructed in the most useful and effective method of directing his studies and giving verbal expression to their results1 so as to attain the practical end he has in view--that of disseminating and diffusing knowledge over as wide an extent as possible4 ,the combination of various writers1 each having one or more specialties1 under a competent editorial direction secures variety and versatility without prejudice to unity1 and corrects the excesses or defects of individuality without checking originality1 thus giving to the resulting work in some respects a superiority over that which is the product of one single mind1 unless that mind possesses the gifts and acquisitions in modo eminenti which are usually found divided among a number of different persons4 ,to conduct a review alone is a herculean task1 and ,dr4 ,brownson has accomplished a work which is really astonishing in maintaining1 almost by unaided effort1 through so many years1 a periodical of the high rank accorded by common consent to the one which bore his name and will be his perpetual monument4 ,that1 at the present juncture1 a new review is necessary and has a fine field open before it2 that in its management ecclesiastical direction and episcopal control are requisite for adequate security and weight with the ,catholic public2 and that full opportunity for efficient co-operation on the part of laymen of talent and education is most desirable1 cannot admit of a moment's doubt4 ,it is therefore a matter of heart-felt congratulation that the favorable moment has been so promptly seized and the vacant place so quickly occupied by the gentlemen who have undertaken the editing and the publishing of the ,american ,catholic ,quarterly4 ,it is probably known to most1 if not all1 of our readers that the editors are ,dr4 ,corcoran1 professor in the ,ecclesiastical ,seminary of ,philadelphia2 ,dr4 ,o',connor1 the rector of that institution2 and ,mr4 ,wolff1 who has long and ably edited the ,philadelphia ,catholic ,standard4 ,it would be difficult to find in the ,united ,states an equally competent triad4 ,the publishers1 who have already the experience acquired by the management of a literary magazine and a newspaper1 will1 we may reasonably hope1 be able to sustain the financial burden of this greater undertaking in a successful manner1 if they receive the support which they have a right to expect1 by means of their subscription list4 ,the first number of the new review presents a typographical face which is quite peculiar to itself and decidedly attractive4 ,its contents1 besides articles from each of the editors1 are composed of contributions from three clergymen and two laymen1 embracing a considerable variety of topics4 ,the clerical contributors are the ,right ,reverend ,bishops ,lynch and ,becker1 and the ,rev4 ,drs4 ,corcoran1 ,o',connor1 and ,mc,glynn4 ,the lay contributors are ,dr4 ,brownson1 ,john ,gilmary ,shea1 and ,mr4 ,wolff4 ,the names of ,f4 ,thbaud1 ,dr4 ,marshall1 and ,general ,gibbon are among those announced for the next number4 ,we extend a cordial greeting with our best wishes to the ,american ,catholic ,quarterly ,review4 ,,manual ,,of ,,catholic ,,indian ,,missionary ,,associations4 ,the ,indian question continues to be one of the most troublesome in our national politics4 ,its only real solution--and we believe this to be ,president ,grant's opinion--is to ,christianize the ,indians4 ,the task is undoubtedly a hard one1 but it would be far less so if wolves in sheep's clothing had not been sent among them4 ,the only successful attempt at civilizing the ,indians has been made by ,catholic missionaries4 ,but under the administration of the ,indian ,bureau1 the utter rottenness of which has been so recently exposed1 missions and reservations have been thrown to this religious agency and that without the slightest regard for the wishes of those who1 it is to be supposed1 were most to be benefited by the operation--the ,indians themselves4 ,in this way flourishing ,catholic missions were turned over to the ,methodist or other denominations1 and the representations of the missionaries1 as well as of the chiefs and tribes themselves1 were of no avail whatever to alter so iniquitous a proceeding4 ,this little manual gives a brief sketch of the status of ,catholic ,indians and working of the ,bureau of ,indian ,missions4 ,it contains also an earnest appeal to the ,catholic ladies of the ,united ,states from the 8,ladies' ,catholic ,indian ,missionary ,association of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c410 urging contributions and the formation of similar associations throughout the country to aid in sustaining the ,catholic ,indian missions4 ,a ,,correction4 ,,to ,,the ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world3 ,i have just received1 through the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 the following card from ,mr4 ,gladstone3 8,mr4 ,gladstone desires to send with his compliments his thanks to the ,society for a copy1 which he has received1 of ,dr4 ,clarke's interesting paper on ,maryland ,toleration4 ,having simply cited his authorities1 and used them1 as he thinks1 fairly1 he will be glad to learn1 if he can1 the manner in which they meet the challenge conveyed in the latter portion of this paper4 ,mr4 ,gladstone's present object is to say he would be greatly obliged by a reference to enable him to trace the 8irreverent words0 imputed to him on page #f1 as his ,vatican ,decrees have no page #hc1 and he is not aware of having penned such a passage4 8#d ,,carlton ,,gardens1 ,,london1 ,jan4 #bd1 #ahef40 ,mr4 ,gladstone is right in disclaiming the words imputed to him in this instance4 ,they are1 on investigation1 found to be the words of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,schaff4 ,the ,messrs4 ,harper1 the ,american publishers of ,mr4 ,gladstone's tracts1 are largely responsible for the mistake1 by having inserted in their publication a tract of ,dr4 ,schaff1 paged in common1 and all covered by the outside title of 8,rome and the ,newest ,fashions in ,religion4 ,gladstone10 and by the title-page giving the authorship 8,by the ,right ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,gladstone40 ,to a writer making selections as needed from different portions of this book the mistake was easy and natural2 and though the authorship of ,dr4 ,schaff's ,history of the ,vatican ,decrees containing the passage in question is given1 it is not so given as easily to reach the eye1 and is obscured by the introduction of ,dr4 ,schaff's tract into a volume under ,mr4 ,gladstone's name1 and by paging ,dr4 ,schaff's ,history in common with ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,vaticanism4 ,on page #hc of this publication of the ,messrs4 ,harper the 8irreverent words0 are found4 ,i am only too much gratified at ,mr4 ,gladstone's disowning them1 and hasten1 on my part1 to make this correction through your columns1 in which my reply to ,mr4 ,gladstone on ,maryland ,toleration first appeared1 and to beg his acceptance of this amende honorable4 ,,rich4 ,h4 ,,clarke #ea ,,chambers ,,street1 ,,new ,,york1 ,february #aj1 #ahgf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in a notice1 which appeared in last month's ,,catholic ,,world1 of certain works published by ,herder1 ,freiburg1 it was stated that the publications of that house are imported by the firm of ,benziger ,bros4 ,mr4 ,herder has a branch house in ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri1 where all his publications may be procured4 ,,publications ,,received4 ,the ,first ,annual ,report of the ,new ,york ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,children4 ,landreth's ,rural ,register and ,almanac1 #ahgf4 ,,footnotes #a ,queen ,mary3 ,a ,drama4 ,by ,alfred ,tennyson1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,boston3 ,j4 ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahge4 #b ,it is proper to state that the present criticism is not by the writer of the article on ,mr4 ,tennyson in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,may1 #ahfh4 #c ,the preceding article was ready for the printers before a copy fell into our hands of ,mary ,stuart--a drama by ,sir ,aubrey de ,vere--a poem which it had not been our good fortune to have read before4 ,the public would seem to have exhibited an appreciation of this work we should scarcely have expected from them1 for it is1 we believe1 out of print4 ,for ourselves1 we must say that for poetical conception1 appreciation and development of the several personages of the drama1 it appears to us to be very much superior to ,queen ,mary4 #d ,the title of captal 7from capitalis7 was formerly a common one among ,aquitaine lords1 but was gradually laid aside4 ,the ,captals de ,buch and ,trente were the last to bear it4 #e ,in the ,journal of the ,sisters of ,charity of that time we read3 8,jan4 #bb4--,m4 ,vincent arrived at eleven o'clock in the evening1 bringing us two children2 one perhaps six days old1 the other older4 ,both were crying4'''0 8,jan4 #be4--,the streets are full of snow4 ,we are expecting ,m4 ,vincent40 8,jan4 #bf4--,poor ,m4 ,vincent is chilled through4 ,he has brought us an infant4'''0 8,feb4 #a4--,the archbishop came to see us4 ,we are in great need of public charity6 ,m4 ,vincent places no limit to his ardent love for poor children40 ,and when their resources are exhausted1 the saint makes the following pathetic appeal to the patronesses3 8,compassion has led you to adopt these little creatures as your own children4 ,you are their mothers according to grace1 as their mothers by nature have abandoned them4 ,will you also abandon them in your turn8 ,their life and death are in your hands4 ,i am going to take your vote on the point4 ,the charity you give or refuse is a terrible decision in your hands4 ,it is time to pronounce their sentence1 and learn if you will no longer have pity on them40--,sermon of ,s4 ,vincent to the ,ladies of ,charity in #afdh4 #f ,the ,earl of ,castlehaven's ,review2 or1 ,his ,memoirs of ,his ,engagement and ,carriage in the ,irish ,wars4 ,enlarged and corrected4 ,with an ,appendix and ,postscript4 ,london3 ,printed for ,charles ,brome at the ,gun in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard4 #afhd4 #g ,this was the title given at one time by the ,french courtiers to ,frederick ,i4 #h ,their first condition for a suspension of arms was a payment to them of #be1jjj per month4 ,these were in large part the same forces who afterwards sold their fugitive king for so many pounds sterling to the ,parliament1 violating the rights of sanctuary and hospitality1 held sacred by the most barbarous races4 ,it is curious to observe the supreme boldness with which ,macaulay and the popular writers of the radical school essay to gloss over the dishonorable transactions affecting the parliamentary side in this contest between the ,king and ,commons4 ,the veriest dastards become heroes2 and the first canting cut-throat is safe to be made a martyr of in their pages for conscience' sake and the rights of man4 #i ,apol4 vii4 #aj ,fundam4 ,phil4 lib4 vii4 c4 #g4 #aa ,phil4 ,fundam4 lib4 vii4 c4 #g4 #ab ,italian proverb3 8,if not true1 it deserves to be true40 #ac ,written during the ,pope's exile1 #ahdh #ad ,the ,secret ,warfare of ,freemasonry against the ,church and ,state4 ,translated from the ,german1 with an ,introduction4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 #ae ,s4 ,mark xiii4 #bb4 #af 8,vos ergo videte2 ecce1 prdixi vobis omnia40--,ib4 #bc4 #ag 8,videte1 vigilate1 et orate3 nescitis enim1 quando tempus sit40--,ib4 #cc4 #ah 8,vigilate ergo ''' ne1 cum venerit repente1 inveniat vos dormientes40--,ib4 #ce1 #cf4 #ai 8,quod autem vobis dico1 omnibus dico3 ,vigilate60--,ib4 #cg4 #bj 8,sine parabola autem non loquebatur eis2 seorsum autem discipulis suis disserebat omnia40--,s4 ,mark iv4 #cd4 #ba 8,vobis datum est nosse mysterium regni ,dei3 illis autem1 qui foris sunt1 in parabolis omnia fiunt40--,ib4 #aa4 #bb 8,nescitis parabolam hanc2 et quomodo omnes parabolas cognoscetis40--,ib4 #ac4 #bc 8,nisi venerit discessio primum1 et revelatus fuerit homo peccati1 filius perditionis1 qui adversatur et extollitur supra omne1 quod dicitur ,deus1 aut quod colitur ita ut in templo ,dei sedeat1 ostendens se1 tamquam sit ,deus4''' ,et nunc quid detineat1 scitis1 ut reveletur in suo tempore4 ,nam mysterium jam operatur iniquitatis1 tantum ut qui tenet nunc1 teneat1 donec de medio fiat4 ,et tunc revelabitur ille iniquus 7 71 quem ,dominus ,jesus interficiet spiritu oris sui1 et destruet illustratione adventus sui cum2 cujus est adventus secundum operationem ,satan in omni virtute1 et signis et prodigiis mendacibus1 et in omni seductione iniquitatis iis1 qui pereunt2 eo quod caritatem veritatis non receperunt1 ut salvi fierent4 ,ideo mittet illis ,deus operationem erroris1 ut credant mendacio1 ut judicentur omnes1 qui non crediderunt veritati1 sed consenserunt iniquitati40--#b ,thess4 ii4 #c-aa4 #bd 8,spiritus autem manifeste dicit1 quia in novissimis temporibus discedent quidam a fide1 attendentes spiritibus erroris et doctrinis dmoniorum2 in hypocrisi loquentium mendacium1 et cauteriatam habentium suam conscientiam40--#a ,tim4 iv4 #a1 #b4 #be 8,hoc autem scito1 quod in novissimis diebus instabunt tempora periculosa3 erunt homines seipsos amantes1 cupidi1 elati1 superbi1 blasphemi1 parentibus non obedientes1 ingrati1 scelesti1 sine affectione1 sine pace1 criminatores1 incontinentes1 immites sine benignitate1 proditores1 protervi1 timidi1 et voluptatum amatores magis quam ,dei1 habentes speciem quidem pietatis1 virtutem autem ejus abnegantes40--#b ,tim4 iii4 #a-e4 #bf 8,venient in novissimis diebus in deceptione illusores1 juxta proprias concupiscentias ambulantes40--#b ,peter iii4 #c4 #bg 8,in novissimo tempore venient illusores1 secundum1 desideria sua ambulantes in impietatibus4 ,hi sunt1 qui segregant semetipsos1 animales1 ,spiritum non habentes40--,s4 ,jud4 #ah1 #ai4 #bh 8,filioli1 novissima hora est1 et sicut audistis1 quia ,antichristus venit1 et nunc ,antichristi multi facti sunt3 unde scimus1 quia novissima hora est4''' ,hic est ,antichristus qui negat ,patrem et ,filium40--#a ,s4 ,john ii4 #ah1 #bb4 #bi 8,et omnis spiritus qui solvit ,jesum1 ex ,deo non est2 et hic est ,antichristus1 de quo audistis1 quoniam venit1 et nunc jam in mundo est40--,ib4 iv4 #c4 #cj 8,si quis habet aurem1 audiat40--,apoc4 xiii4 #i4 #ca 8,hic sapientia est4 ,qui habet intellectum computet numerum besti40--,ib4 #ah #cb ,histoire de la ,rvolution ,franaise1 v4 ii4 c4 #c4 #cc ,the ,secret ,warfare of ,freemasonry1 p4 #abc4 #cd ,ibid4 #abd4 #ce ,those in this country who respect religion1 law1 and the peace of society should not be imposed upon by the aspect of ,freemasonry here4 ,the principles and modes of acting of the society are those we have described4 ,the application of them depends wholly on time1 place1 and circumstances4 ,the ordinary observer sees nothing in the members of the craft here but a number of inoffensive individuals1 who belong to a soi-disant benevolent association which1 by means of secret signs1 enables them to get out of the clutches of the law1 procure employment and office1 and obtain other advantages not possessed by the rest of their fellow-citizens4 ,but then the innocent rank and file are the dead weight which the society employs1 on occasion1 to aid in compassing its ulterior designs4 ,here there are no civil or religious institutions which stand in their way1 and their mode of action is to sap and mine the morals of the community1 on which society rests1 and with which it must perish4 ,of what it is capable1 if it seems needful to compassing its ends1 any one may understand by the fiendish murder of ,william ,morgan4 ,this murder was decided on at a lodge-meeting directed by ,freemason officials1 in pursuance of the rules of the craft1 and was perpetrated by ,freemasons bearing a respectable character1 who had never before been guilty of a criminal action1 who were known1 yet were never punished nor even tried1 but died a natural death1 and who do not appear to have experienced any loss of reputation for their foul deed4 7,see ,mr4 ,thurlow ,weed's recent letter to the ,new ,york ,herald47 #cf ,before we proceed to expose the even yet more hideous loathsomeness of this vile association1 a few words of explanation are necessary4 ,in all we write we have in view an organization--its constitution and motives--and that only4 ,the individual responsibility of its several members is a matter for their own conscience2 it is no affair of ours4 ,we believe that the bulk of the association1 all up to the thirtieth degree1 or 8,knights of the ,white ,eagle10 or 8,kadosch10 are in complete ignorance of the hellish criminality of its objects4 ,even the ,rosicrucian has something to learn2 although to have become that he must have stamped himself with the mark of ,antichrist by the abandonment of his belief in ,christ and in all revealed religion4 ,but the vast majority1 whose numbers1 influence1 and respectability the dark leaders use for the furtherance of their monstrous designs1 live and die in complete ignorance of the real objects and principles of the craft4 ,we ourselves know an instance of an individual1 now reconciled to the church1 who was once a ,master ,mason1 and who to this moment is in utter ignorance of them4 ,they are sedulously concealed from all who have not dispossessed themselves of the 8prejudices of religion and morality40 ,the author of the work to which we are indebted for almost all our documentary evidence mentions the case of one who had advanced to the high grade of ,rosicrucian1 but who1 not until he was initiated into the grade of ,kadosch1 was completely stunned and horrified by the demoniacal disclosures poured into his ears4 ,most of the ,freemasons1 however1 have joined the body as a mere philanthropic institution1 or on the lower motive of self-interest4 ,nor is it possible to convince these people of the fearful consequences to which they are contributing4 ,of course1 but few of these1 it is to be hoped1 are involved in the full guilt of the 8craft40 ,every ,catholic who belongs to it is in mortal sin4 ,for the rest1 we cannot but hope and believe that an overwhelming majority are innocent of any sinister motives4 ,but it is impossible to exonerate them entirely4 ,for1 first1 the 8craft0 is now pursuing its operations with such unblushing effrontery that it is difficult for any but illiterate people to plead entire ignorance2 and next1 no one can1 without moral guilt1 bind himself by terrible oaths1 for the breaking of which he consents to be assassinated1 to keep inviolable secrets with the nature of which he is previously unacquainted4 ,it cannot but be to his everlasting peril that any one permits himself to be branded with this 8mark of the beast40 #cg ,secret ,warfare of ,freemasonry1 pp4 #ea1 #eb4 #ch ,ib4 p4 #fe4 #ci ,ib4 #bjg4 #dj ,ib4 pp4 #aif-h4 #da ,this journal1 at the time of the first initiation of the ,prince of ,wales into the 8craft10 in an article on that event1 heaped contempt and ridicule on the whole affair4 ,a recent article on the young man's initiation as ,master may satisfy the most exacting ,mason4 #db ,the writer refers to the highest grades4 #dc ,secret ,warfare of ,freemasonry1 pp4 #bcb1 #bcc4 #dd ,utopia4 ,by ,sir ,thomas ,more4 #de ,a sort of divan1 not unusual in the ,east at the present day4 ,the sultan1 when receiving a visit of ceremony1 sits on a sort of sofa or post-bed4 ,traces of it were also found in the 8palaces0 of ,ashantec4 #df 8,the new spirit made its appearance in the world about the ,x,v,ith century4 ,its end is to substitute a new society for that of the ,middle ,ages4 ,hence the necessity that the first modern revolution should be a religious one4''' ,it was ,germany and ,luther that produced it40--,cousin1 ,cours d'hist4 de la philos41 p4 #g1 ,paris1 #ahda4 #dg 8,non a prtoris edicto1 ut plerique nunc1 neque a duo decim ,tabulis1 ut superiores1 sed penitus ex intima philosophia haurienda est juris disciplina40--,cic41 ,de legib4 lib4 i4 #dh ,cic41 de fin4 bon4 et malor4 i4 #aa4 #di ,plato1 ,des lois1 liv4 i4 #ej 8,illud stultissimum 7est71 existimare omnia justa esse1 qu scripta sint in populorum institutis et legibus40--,de legibus4 #ea 8,neque opinione sed natura constitutum esse jus40--,ibid4 #eb 8,sculis omnibus ante nata est1 7ante7 quam scripta lex ulla1 aut quam omnino civitas constituta40--,ibid4 #ec 8,quidam corum qudam magna1 quantum divinitus adjuti sunt1 invenerunt40--,s4 ,aug41 ,civit4 ,dei1 i4 ii4 c4 #g4 8,has scientias dederunt philosophi et illustrati sunt2 ,deus enim illis revelavit40--,s4 ,bonavent41 ,lum4 ,eccl41 ,serm4 #e4 #ed ,the two following paragraphs are taken freely from the treatise ,de legibus1 passim4 #ee ,the following paragraph is also taken from ,cicero4 #ef 8,erat lux vera qu illuminat omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum40--,s4 ,joan41 i4 #i4 #eg 8,et vita erat lux hominum ''' in tenebris lucet1 et tenebr eam non comprehenderunt40--,id4 #eh ,cont4 gent4 iv4 #ac4 #ei ,v4 ,lassalle1 ,das ,system der erworbenen ,rechte1 i4 #b1 not4 la pag4 #gj4 #fj ,considerat4 sur la ,france4 #fa ,arbeiter ,programm41 v4 ,ferd4 ,lassalle4 #fb ,du suffrage universel et de la manire de voter4 ,par ,h4 ,taine4 ,paris3 ,hachette1 #ahgb4 #fc ,bergier1 after ,tertullian4 #fd ,de ,maistre1 ,princip4 gnrat4 #fe ,reflections on the ,revolution in ,france4 #ff ,corresp4 entre le ,comte de ,mirabeau et le ,comte de la ,marck4 ,paris3 ,le ,normant4 #ahea4 #fg ,politique4 l4 i4 c4 #fh ,de civit4 ,dei4 #ai4 #fi ,de rebus publ4 et princip4 institut41 l4 iii4 c4 #i4 #gj ,reflections on the ,french ,revolution4 #ga 8,universa propter semetipsum operatus est ,dominus40--,proverbs xvi4 #d4 #gb ,polit41 vii4 #b4 #gc ,id4 ibid4 c4 #a4 #gd ,aristotle knew no other state than the city4 #ge ,isaias xxxiii4 ,see also the words of ,jesus to ,pilate3 8,tu dicis quia ,rex ego sum40 #gf 8,dabo legem in visceribus eorum40--,jer4 xxxi4 #gg ,viri protestantici ad summum ,pontificem appellatio4--,londini1 ,wyman et fil1 #ahfi4 #gh ,m4 ,em4 ,montaigut1 in the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 #gi ,m4 ,le ,play4 #hj ,de ,maistre1 ,considerat4 sur la ,france4 #ha ,fundam4 ,phil41 book vii4 ch4 #f4 #hb ,sicut punctum se habet ad lineam1 ita se habet nunc ad tempus4 ,si imaginemur punctum quiescere1 non poterimus imaginari ipsum esse causam line3 si vero imaginemur ipsum moveri1 licet in ipso nulla sit dimensio1 nec aliqua divisio per consequens1 per naturam tamen motus sui relinquitur aliquid divisibile4''' ,illud tamen punctum non est de line essentia2 quia nihil unum et idem realiter omnimodis indivisibile potest simul in diversis partibus ejusdem continui permanentis esse4''' ,punctum ergo mathematice imaginatum1 quod motu suo causat lineam1 necessario nihil line erit3 sed erit unum secundum rem1 et diversum secundum rationem2 et hc diversitas1 qu consistit in motu suo1 realiter est in linea1 non identitas sua secundum rem4''' ,eodem vero modo instans1 quod est mensura mobilis sequens ipsum1 est unum secundum rem1 quum nihil pereat de substantia ipsius mobilis1 cuius instans est mensura inseparabilis1 sed diversum et diversum secundum rationem4 ,et hc ejus diversitas est tempus essentialiter4 #hc ,quia motus primus unus est1 tempus est unum1 mensurans omnes motus simul actos4--,opusc4 #dd1 ,de tempore1 c4 #b4 #hd ,stans et movens se non videntur differre secundum substantiam1 sed solum secundum rationem4 ,nunc autem ternitatis est stans1 et nunc temporis fluens2 quare non videntur differre nisi ratione sola--,de tempore1 c4 #d4 #he ,ista non possunt habere veritatem secundum ea1 qu determinata sunt4 ,visum est enim1 quod ternitas et tempus essentialiter differunt4 ,item qucumque se habent ut causa et causatum1 essentialiter differunt2 nunc autem ternitatis1 quum non differat ab ternitate nisi sola ratione1 est causa temporis1 et nunc ipsius1 ut dictum est4 ,quare nunc temporis et nunc ternitatis essentialiter differunt4 ,prterea nunc temporis est continuativum prteriti cum futuro2 nunc autem ternitatis non est continuativum prteriti cum futuro1 quia in ternitate non est prius nec posterius1 nec prteritum1 nec futurum1 sed tota ternitas est tota simul4 ,nec valet ratio in oppositum1 quum dicitur quod stans et fluens non differunt per essentiam4 ,verum est in omni eo quod contingit stare et fluens esse2 tamen stans quod nullo modo contingit fluere1 et fluens1 quod nullo modo contingit stare1 differunt per essentiam4 ,talia autem sunt nunc ternitatis1 et nunc temporis4--,ibid4 #hf ,summa ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #df1 a4 #b4 #hg ,novitas mundi non potest demonstrationem recipere ex parte ipsius mundi4 ,demonstrationis enim principium est quod quid est4 ,unumquodque autem secundum rationem su speciei abstrahit ab hic et nunc2 propter quod dicitur quod universalia sunt ubique et semper4 ,unde demonstrari non potest quod homo1 aut clum1 aut lapis non semper fuit4--,ibid4 #hh ,sicut enim si pes ab ternitate semper fuisset in pulvere1 semper subesset vestigium1 quod a calcante factum nemo dubitaret1 sic et mundus semper fuit1 semper existente qui fecit4--,ibid4 #hi ,et hoc utile est ut consideretur1 ne forte aliquis quod fidei est demonstrare prsumens rationes non necessarias inducat1 qu prbeant materiam irridendi infidelibus existimantibus nos propter eiusmodi rationes credere qu fidei sunt4--,ibid4 #ij ,uno modo dicitur ternitas mensura durationis rei semper similiter se habentis1 nihil acquirentis in futuro et nihil amittentis in prterito et sic propriissime sumitur ternitas4 ,secundo modo dicitur ternitas mensura durationis rei habentis esse fixum et stabile1 recipientis tamen vices in operationibus suis2 et ternitas sic accepta propria dicitur vum3 vum enim est mensura eorum1 quorum esse est stabile1 qu tamen habent successionem in operibus suis1 sicut intelligenti4 ,tertio modo dicitur ternitas mensura durationis successiv habentis prius et posterius1 carentis tamen principio et fine1 vel carentis fine et tamen habentis principium2 et utroque modo ponitur mundus ternus1 licet secundum veritatem sit temporalis3 et ista impropriissime dicitur ternitas2 rationi enim ternitatis repugnat prius et posterius4--,opusc41 ,de tempore1 c4 #d4 #ia ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,may1 #ahge1 page #bcd et seq4 #ib ,deus aut prior est mundo natura tantum1 aut et duratione4 ,si natura tantum2 ergo quum ,deus sit ab terno1 et mundus est ab terno4 ,si autem est prior duratione1 prius autem et posterius in duratione constituunt tempus2 ergo ante mundum fuit tempus3 quod est impossibile4--,summa ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #df1 a4 #a4 #ic ,deus est prior mundo duratione3 sed per prius non designat prioritatem temporis1 sed ternitatis4 ,vel dicendum1 quod designat prioritatem temporis imaginati1 et non realiter existentis2 sicut quum dicitur3 supra clum nihil est1 per supra designat locum imaginarium tantum1 secundum quod possibile est imaginari dimensionibus clestis corporis dimensiones alias superaddi4--,ibid4 #id ,fundam4 ,philos41 book vii4 ch4 #aj4 #ie ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,november1 #ahgd1 p4 #bgb1 and ,january1 #ahge1 p4 #dhg4 #if ,a new interest attaches to this church1 in the eyes of ,american ,catholics1 since it has been made the ,title of the ,cardinal-,archbishop of ,new ,york4 #ig ,there is a vague tradition among the ,penobscot ,indians in ,maine that a ,jesuit father crossed from the head-waters of the ,kennebec to the valley of the ,passumpsic1 east of the ,green ,mountains1 at an earlier date4 #ih ,hist4 ,maryland1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ceb4 #ii ,history ,united ,states1 vol4 i4 p4 #bch4 #ajj ,id4 p4 #bda4 #aja ,id4 p4 #bdd4 #ajb ,id4 p4 #bdg4 #ajc ,history ,united ,states1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdh4 #ajd ,chalmers' ,annals1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bjg1 #bjh4 #aje ,story1 ,com4 on the ,constitution1 sec4 #ajg4 #ajf ,sketches of the ,early ,history of ,maryland by ,thomas ,w4 ,griffith1 pp4 #c1 #d4 #ajg ,bancroft1 ,hist4 ,u4 ,s41 vol4 i4 p4 #bch4 #ajh ,the ,brit4 ,emp4 in ,america1 vol4 i4 pp4 #d1 #e4 #aji ,hist4 ,md41 p4 #bcb4 #aaj ,father ,andrew ,white's ,narrative1 ,md4 ,hist4 ,soc41 #ahgd1 p4 #cb4 #aaa ,sketches1 etc41 p4 #e4 #aab ,davis' ,day-,star of ,am4 ,freedom1 p4 #adi4 #aac ,history of ,maryland1 p4 #bd4 #aad ,bozman's ,history of ,maryland1 p4 #aji4 #aae ,history of ,united ,states1 vol4 i4 p4 #bda4 #aaf ,history of ,maryland1 p4 #bd4 #aag ,maryland ,toleration1 p4 #cf4 #aah ,history of ,maryland1 p4 #cc4 #aai ,history of ,united ,states1 p4 #beg4 #abj ,maryland ,toleration1 p4 #dj4 #aba ,day-,star of ,american ,freedom1 p4 #cf4 #abb ,day-,star of ,american ,freedom1 p4 #ch4 #abc ,history of ,maryland1 vol4 ii4 p4 #he4 #abd ,history of the ,united ,states1 p4 #beb4 #abe ,day-,star of ,american ,freedom1 p4 #ach4 #abf ,rev4 ,ethan ,allen says this continued until #afdi1 when ,kent was erected into a county4--,maryland ,toleration1 p4 #cf4 #abg ,day-,star of ,american ,freedom1 p4 #adc4 #abh ,id4 p4 #afj4 #abi ,the document at length1 with the signatures1 is given in numerous histories of ,maryland1 and will be found in ,davis's ,day-,star of ,american ,freedom1 p4 #ga4 #acj ,kent's ,commentaries on ,am4 ,law1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cf1 #cg4 #aca ,reprinted from advance sheets of ,the ,prose ,works of ,william ,wordsworth4 ,edited1 with preface1 notes1 and illustrations1 by the ,rev4 ,alex4 ,b4 ,grosart2 now for the first time published1 by ,moxon1 ,son ,co41 ,london4 ,these works will fill three volumes1 embracing respectively the political and ethical1 sthetical and literary1 critical and ethical1 writings of the author1 and1 what will interest ,american readers especially1 his ,republican ,defence4 #acb ,afterwards ,father ,faber of the ,oratory4 ,his 8,sir ,launcelot0 abounds in admirable descriptions4 #acc 8,for us the stream of fiction ceased to flow10 7dedicatory stanzas to 8,the ,white ,doe of ,rylstone074 #acd ,see his sonnet on the seat of ,dante1 close to the ,duomo at ,florence 7,poems of ,early and ,late ,years74 #ace 8,evening ,voluntary40 #acf ,a ,song of ,faith1 ,devout ,exercises1 and ,sonnets 7,pickering74 ,the dedication closed thus3 8,i may at least hope to be named hereafter among the friends of ,wordsworth40 #acg ,it may be well to remark here that in this century the word domestic was familiarly used to designate one who was attached to the house and fortunes of another4 #ach ,mme4 ,louise1 ,duchess of ,angoulme1 and mother of ,francis ,i4 #aci ,by the statutes of prmunire1 all persons were forbidden to hold from ,rome any provision or power to exercise any authority without permission from the king1 under penalty of placing themselves beyond his protection and being severely punished4 #adj ,wolsey's customary designation of ,anne ,boleyn4 #ada ,this corresponded to the court of marshalsea in ,england4 #adb ,during the memorable conclave at which ,pius ,,ix4 was elected1 this office was held by ,monsignor ,pallavicino1 who caused to be struck1 according to his right1 a number of bronze and silver medals with his family arms quartering those of ,gregory ,,xvi4 ,above his prelate's hat on the obverse were the words ,sede ,vacante1 and on the reverse the inscription ,alerames ex marchionibus ,pallavicino sacri palatii apostolici prfectus et conclavis gubernator #ahdf4 #adc ,it dates from the year #aece1 when ,paul ,,iii4 permitted his majordomo ,boccaferri to assume on his coat-of-arms1 as an additament of honor 7in the language of blazonry71 one of the lilies or fleurs-de-lis of the ,farnese family4 ,if the subject prefer to do so1 he may bear the ,pope's arms on a canton1 carry them on an inescutcheon1 or impale instead of quartering them4 #add ,while writing this1 we hear of the elevation to the purple of the majordomo ,monsignor ,pacca1 whom we have had the honor1 when a private chamberlain to the ,pope1 of knowing and of serving under4 ,he was one of the most popular prelates at the ,vatican for his urbanity and attention to business4 ,he is a patrician of the bluest blood of ,beneventum and nephew to the celebrated ,cardinal ,pacca1 so well known for his services to ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 and for his interesting ,memoirs4 #ade ,the grated prison for such offenders was a chamber deep down among the vaults of the ,cellarium ,majus of the ,lateran4 #adf ,this office still exists1 and is one of the important charges at the papal court which is always held by a layman4 ,it was hereditary in the famous ,conti family until its extinction in the last century1 when it passed1 after a considerable interval1 on the same condition into that of ,ruspoli as the nearest representative of that ancient race4 #adg ,ambassadors and foreign ministers accredited to the ,holy ,see claim the right of presentation or of access through the ,cardinal ,secretary of ,state4 #adh ,it is well to observe that briefs are not sealed with the original ring1 which does not go out of the keeper's custody except the ,pope demand it1 but with a fac-simile preserved in the ,secreteria de ,brevi4 ,since ,june1 #ahdb1 red sealing-wax1 because too brittle and effaceable1 is no longer used2 but in its stead a thick red ink1 or rather pigment1 is employed4 #adi ,in ,england1 by a similar fiction1 the king 7or queen7 is imagined to preside in the ,court of ,king's ,bench4 #aej ,the first convent of the ,dominicans in ,rome1 at ,santa ,sabina on the ,aventine1 was in part composed of a portion of the ,savelli palace1 in which ,honorius1 who belonged to this family1 generally resided1 so that their founder could not help remarking the misbehavior of the loungers about the court4 ,he did not go out of his way to find fault4 #aea ,there was a somewhat similar office of very ancient institution at the imperial court of ,constantinople1 the holder of which was called ,epistomonarcha4 #aeb ,peter ,filargo was a ,greek from the island of ,candia1 which may account for his love of what at a pontiff's table corresponded to the symposium of the ancients--a species of after-dinner enjoyment1 when1 wine being introduced1 philosophical or other agreeable subjects were discussed4 #aec ,the special significance of this title given to ,cardinal ,mc,closkey is that his predecessor in the see of ,new ,york and its first bishop1 ,luke ,concanen1 who was consecrated in ,rome on ,april #bd1 #ahjh1 was a ,dominican1 and had been for a long time officially attached to the convent and church of the ,minerva1 which was the headquarters of his order4 #aed ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,august1 #ahge1 p4 #fbe4 #aee ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,september1 #ahgd1 p4 #gbi4 #aef ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,march1 #ahgd1 p4 #gff4 #aeg ,see the two articles on 8,substantial ,generations0 in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,april and ,may1 #ahge4 #aeh ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,february1 #ahgd1 pp1 #ehd4 #ehe4 #aei ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,may1 #ahgd1 p4 #agh4 #afj ,in the ,aristotelic theory1 a third kind of movement1 ratione termini1 was admitted--that is1 movement towards dimensive quantity1 as when an animal or a tree grows in bulk4 ,but bodies acquire greater bulk by accession of new particles1 and this accession is carried on by local movement4 ,hence it seems to us that the motus ad quantitatem is not a new kind of movement4 #afa ,s4 ,thomas explains this point in the following words3 ,quum magnitudo sit divisibilis in infinitum1 et puncta sint etiam infinita in potentia in qualibet magnitudine1 sequitur quod inter qulibet duo loca sint infinita loca media4 ,mobile autem infinitatem mediorum locorum non consumit nisi per continuitatem motus2 quia sicut loca media sunt infinita in potentia1 ita et in motu continuo est accipere infinita qudam in potentia4--,sum4 ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #ec1 a4 #b4 ,this explanation is identical with our own1 though ,s4 ,thomas does not explicitly mention the infinitesimals of time4 #afb ,music of ,nature4 #afc ,this was an anachronism in costume which in our day would not be pardonable1 but it was common enough until within half a century ago4 ,the queen of ,james ,i41 ,anne of ,denmark1 insisted upon playing the part of ,thetis1 goddess of the ocean1 in a 8monstrous farthingale0 7in modern speech1 a very exaggerated crinoline47 #afd ,puttenham1 ,art of ,poesie1 pub4 in #aehi1 quoted in ,ritson4 #afe ,probably some coarse lace or net #aff ,the ,complete ,angler1 or the ,contemplative ,man's ,recreation4 #afg ,harmless #afh ,agnes ,strickland's ,lives of the ,queens of ,england4 #afi ,penny ,magazine1 #ahcd4 #agj ,this word has no ,english equivalent2 it means the casting out of the heart--a hyperbolical manner of expressing the most excessive nausea4 #aga ,the ,council of ,trent decreed nothing on the subject of the authority of the church3 that of the ,vatican had to supply the omission4 ,the struggle with ,protestantism on this subject reached its last stage in the definition of the dogma of ,papal ,infallibility decreed by the church assembled at the ,council of the ,vatican4 #agb ,in its numbers of ,april #bb and ,may #af last the ,unit ,cattolica passed a high eulogium on the work of ,father ,hecker4 8,there is in this work10 says the ,abb ,margotti1 8a great boldness of thought1 but always governed by the faith1 and by the great principle of the infallible authority of the ,pope40 #agc 8,a ,song of ,faith40 #ahdb4 ,besides that poem1 my father published two dramatic works1 viz4 ,julian the ,apostate 7#ahbc7 and ,the ,duke of ,mercia1 #ahbc4 ,in #ahdg1 his last drama1 ,mary ,tudor1 was published4 ,he was born at ,curragh ,chase1 ,ireland1 on the #bhth of ,august1 #aghh1 and died there on the #bhth of ,july1 #ahdf4--;,a4 ,,de ,,vere4 #agd ,dr4 ,schenck said3 8,it had been a maxim that the fool of the family should go into the ministry1 and he was sorry to say that there were many of those who had groped their way into it4 ,it had been stated that a minister would often pay twice before he would be sued4''' ,rev4 ,dr4 ,newton said that he would stand a suit before he would pay twice4 ,the speaker replied that he was glad there was some pluck in these matters0 7,report in the ,philadelphia ,press74 #age ,short for ,frederika4 #agf ,from the ,german4 #agg ,father ,faber's ,bethlehem4 #agh ,london3 ,pickering1 #ahge4 ,this pamphlet has been already translated into ,german under the title ,anglicanismus1 ,altkatholicismus und die ,vereinigung der christlichen ,episcopal-,kirchen4 ,mainz3 ,kirchheim4 #ahge4 #agi ,father ,schouvaloff 7,barnabite71 ,april #b1 #ahei4 #ahj ,gladstone1 ,vaticanism1 p4 #aaj4 #aha ,second ,edition1 with a ,letter of ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 a ,special ,preface1 and an ,appendix4 ,london3 ,washbourne4 #ahb ,gladstone1 ,vaticanism1 p4 #id4 #ahc ,we are authorized by ,father ,tondini to remark that1 for the purpose of his argument1 he has confined himself to speaking of the non-popular election of bishops2 but in case any one should say that ,mr4 ,gladstone referred not to bishops only1 but also1 and very largely1 to clergy1 besides that ,mr4 ,gladstone's expressions do not naturally lead the reader to make any exception for himself1 ,father ,tondini is able to show that even with respect to the inferior clergy ,mr4 ,gladstone's statement is inaccurate4 #ahd ,in the appendix to the second edition of ,the ,pope of ,rome1 etc41 will be found a prayer composed of texts taken from the ,greco-,sclavonian ,liturgy1 where are quoted some of the titles given by the ,greco-,russian ,church to ,s4 ,peter1 and1 in the person of the great ,s4 ,leo1 even to the ,pope4 ,this appendix is also to be had separately1 under the title of ,some ,documents ,concerning the ,association of ,prayers1 etc41 ,london1 ,washbourne1 #ahge4 #ahe ,see 8,future of the ,russian ,church0 in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 #ahge 7amongst others74 #ahf ,expostulation1 p4 #cj4 #ahg 8,more than once10 says ,father ,tondini in a note on this subject--8more than once1 in reading defences of the ,catholic ,church1 written with the best intentions1 we could not resist a desire that in the #8,litanies of the ,saints1' or other prayers of the church1 there might be inserted some such invocation as this3 ,a malis advocatis libera nos1 ,domine4'--#8,from mischievous advocates1 ,o ,lord6 deliver us4' ,we say this most earnestly1 the more so that it applies also to ourselves4 ,many a time1 when preparing our writings1 we have experienced a feeling not unlike that of an advocate fully convinced of the innocence of the accused1 but dreading lest1 by want of clearness or other defect in putting forth his arguments1 he might not only fail to carry conviction to the mind of the judges1 but also prejudice the cause he wishes to defend4 ,never1 perhaps1 is the necessity of prayer more deeply felt40 #ahh ,with regard to the powers of the sovereign over the episcopate we quote the following from the ,london ,tablet for ,march #bg1 #ahge3 8,among other tremendous stumbling-blocks against the claims for the ,church 7of ,england7 by the ,high ,church party a candid writer in the ,church ,herald is #8sorely staggered by the oath of allegiance1 according to which we have the chief pastors of the church declaring in the most solemn manner that they receive the spiritualities of their office only from the queen1 and are bishops by her grace only4'0 ,in connection with the foregoing we cannot refrain from citing a passage from ,marshall1 which is as follows3 8,any bishops can only obtain spiritual jurisdiction in one of two ways--either by receiving it from those who already possess it1 in which case their 7the ,english bishops'7 search must extend beyond their own communion1 or by imitating the two lay travellers in ,china of whom we have somewhere read1 who fancied they should like to be missionaries1 whereupon the one ordained the other1 and was then in turn ordained by him1 to the great satisfaction of both40 #ahi ,see ,contemporary ,review for ,july4 #aij ,since writing the above we happened to see the following case in point1 in the ,church ,times of ,september #aj1 #ahge1 in which a clergyman1 signing himself 8a priest1 not of the ,diocese of ,exeter10 writes a letter of remonstrance against the violent abuse heaped by 8a priest of the ,diocese of ,exeter0 against the late learned and venerable ,vicar of ,morwenstow1 ,mr4 ,hawker1 who1 on the day before his death1 made his submission to the ,catholic ,church4 ,from this letter1 which contains many candid and interesting admissions1 we quote the following3 8,in these days1 when we have among us so many dignitaries and popular preachers of the ,established ,church who in their teaching deny all sacramental truth1 while others cannot repeat the ,nicene and ,athanasian ,creeds without a gloss1 and others again boldly assert that #8the old religious ideas expressed in the ,apostles' ,creed must be thrown into afresh form1 if they are to retain their hold on the educated minds of the present generation1 it appears monstrous that a clergyman whose faithful adhesion to the ,prayer ,book during a ministry of forty years was notorious should be denounced as a #8blasphemous rogue and a scoundrel' because he held opinions which are considered by some individual members of either church as denoting #8a ,roman at heart1' or1 in the exercise of a liberty granted to everyone1 thought fit to correspond with influential members of the ,church of ,rome40 #aia ,expostulation1 page #ba2 iv4 8,the third proposition40 #aib 8,cooks and controversialists seem to have this in common3 that they nicely appreciate the standard of knowledge in those whose appetites they supply4 ,the cook is tempted to send up ill-dressed dishes to masters who have slight skill in1 or care for1 cookery2 and the controversialist occasionally shows his contempt for the intelligence of his readers by the quality of the arguments or statements which he presents for their acceptance4 ,but this1 if it is to be done with safety1 should be done in measure40--,gladstone1 ,vaticanism1 pp4 #hb1 #hc4 #aic ,in the ,german edition of ,father ,tondini's pamphlet1 the abstract of this document is given in the original ,german1 as it is to be seen in the ,bonner ,zeitung of ,june #ae1 #ahga4 #aid ,s4 ,cyprian 7so confidently appealed to by the ,old ,catholics71 speaking of ,novatian1 and1 as it were1 of ,dr4 ,reinkens' consecration1 says3 8,he who holds neither the unity of spirit nor the communion of peace1 but separates himself from the bonds of the church and the hierarchical body1 cannot have either the power or the honor of a bishop--he who would keep neither the unity nor the peace of the episcopate40--,s4 ,cyprian1 ,ep4 #eb4 ,compare also ,ep4 #gf1 ,ad magnum de baptizandis ,novationis1 etc41 sect4 #c4 #aie 8,je suis entr dans une de ces lignes ininterrompues par l'ordination que j'ai reue des mains de ,mgr4 ,heykamp1 vque des vieux ,catholiques de ,deventer40--,lettre ,pastorale de ,mgr4 l',evque ,joseph ,hubert ,reinkens1 ,docteur en ,thologie4 ,paris3 ,sandoz et ,fischbacher1 #ahgd1 p4 #aa4 #aif ,programma of ,old-,catholic ,literature1 libr4 ,sandoz et ,fischbacher4 ,paris4 #aig 8,pastoral ,letter0 7,programma1 etc471 p4 #g4 #aih ,silbernagl 7,dr4 ,isidor71 ,verfassung und gegenwrtiger ,bestand smmtlicher ,kirchen des ,orients4 ,landshut1 #ahfe1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #aii ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,january-,april1 #ahge4 #bjj ,see ,the ,pope of ,rome and the ,popes of the ,orthodox ,church1 #b;d ed41 pp4 #ig1 #ih4 ,washbourne1 ,london4 #bja ,king1 ,the ,rites1 etc41 p4 #bie4 ,quoted in ,the ,pope of ,rome1 etc41 p4 #ih4 ,see also for what concerns the election of the ,russian bishops the ,rglement ecclsiastique de ,pierre le ,grand1 avec introduction1 notes1 etc41 par le ,r4 ,p4 ,csarius ,tondini4 ,paris3 ,libr4 de la ,soc4 bibliographique4 #bjb 8,the idea10 says ,polevoi1 8that spiritual matters do not appertain to the authority of the sovereign was still so deeply rooted in men's minds that1 in the very first session of the ,spiritual ,college1 some members dared 7osmelilis7 to ask the emperor3 #8,is then the ,patriarchal dignity suppressed1 although nothing has been said about it8' #8,i am your ,patriarch6' 7,ya ,vash ,patriarkh67 angrily 7gnevno7 exclaimed ,peter1 striking his breast4 ,the questioners were dumb40 8,this account of ,peter's coup d'tat10 adds ,father ,tondini1 8was printed at ,st4 ,petersburg in the year #ahdc1 and1 be it observed1 not without the approbation of the censors40 ,see ,pope of ,rome1 etc41 p4 #ajg4 #bjc 8,these principles have1 by the constant aggression of curialism1 been in the main effaced1 or1 where not effaced1 reduced to the last stage of practical inanition4 ,we see before us the pope1 the bishops1 the priesthood1 and the people4 ,the priests are absolute over the people2 the bishops over both2 the pope over all4'''0--,vaticanism1 p4 #bd4 #bjd ,see ,french manifesto4 #bje ,see ,london ,tablet1 ,august #ba4 #bjf ,see ,annales ,catholiques1 ,september #be4 #bjg ,see ,london ,tablet1 ,aug4 #ba4 #bjh ,we wonder that it does not occur to ,dr4 von ,dllinger's disciples to make some calculation1 from the number of changes his views have undergone during the last five years1 as to how many they had better be prepared for1 according to the ordinary rule of proportion1 for the remaining term of his probable existence--e4g41 four changes in five years should prepare them for eight in ten1 and for a dozen should the venerable professor live fifteen years more4 ,they should1 further1 not forget to ascertain1 if possible1 for how long they themselves are afterwards to continue subject to similar variations in their opinions2 for one would suppose they hope to stop somewhere1 some time4 #bji ,echo ,universel4 #baj ,see ,annales ,catholiques1 #bc ,septembre1 #ahgc4 ,paris3 ,allard4 #baa ,ernest ,naville 7a ,protestant71 ,priesthood of the ,christian ,church4 #bab ,the bell of ,s4 ,louis' ,church1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 #bac ,among the ,spanish subjects in the colonies1 there was a class corresponding to the ,loyalists of the ,american ,revolution4 ,one of these was ,don ,miguel ,moreno1 a magistrate belonging to a most respectable colonial family1 and the honored father of ,his ,eminence the present ,archbishop of ,valladolid1 who was born in ,guatemala on ,nov4 #bd1 #ahag1 and is therefore1 in a strict sense of the word1 the first ,american who has been made a cardinal4 #bad ,message of ,december #b1 #ahbc4 #bae ,it is curious to contrast the tedious trials that ,rome endured before being able to appoint bishops to independent ,spanish ,america1 with her ease in establishing the hierarchy in the ,united ,states4 ,yet the ,spaniards and ,loyalists1 who sometimes forgot that political differences should never interfere with religious unity1 might have found a precedent for this aversion in the case of their northern brethren4 ,in a sketch of the church in the ,united ,states1 written by ,bishop ,carroll in #agij1 it is said that 8during the whole war there was not the least communication between the ,catholics of ,america and their bishop1 who was the vicar-apostolic of the ,london district4 ,to his spiritual jurisdiction were subject the ,united ,states2 but whether he would hold no correspondence with a country which he1 perhaps1 considered in a state of rebellion1 or whether a natural indolence and irresolution restrained him1 the fact is he held no kind of intercourse with priest or layman in this part of his charge40--,b4 ,u4 ,campbell 8,memoirs1 etc4 of the ,most ,rev4 ,john ,carroll10 in the ,u4 ,s4 ,catholic ,magazine1 #ahde4 #baf ,he was translated by ,leo ,,xii4 in #ahbe to the residential see of ,citt di ,castello4 #bag ,cardinal ,wiseman has made a slip in saying 7,last ,four ,popes1 p4 #cjh7 that the refusal to receive ,mgr4 ,tiberi gave rise to 8a little episode in the life of the present pontiff40 ,tiberi went as nuncio to ,madrid in #ahbg1 consequently long after ,canon ,mastai had returned from ,chili4 ,it was in the case of the previous nuncio1 ,giustiniani that a 8passing coolness10 occasioned the apostolic mission to ,south ,america4 #bah ,artand 7,vie de ,lon ,,xii47 indicates in a note to p4 #abi1 vol4 i41 the sources whence he obtained these views of the late ,prime ,minister1 which are given in full4 #bai ,in #ahcf ,mgr4--afterwards ,cardinal--,gaetano ,baluffi1 ,bishop of ,bagnorea1 was sent to this country as first internuncio and apostolic delegate4 ,he published an interesting work on his return to ,italy1 giving an account of religion in ,south ,america from its colonization to his own time3 ,l',america un tempo spagnuola riguardata sotto l'aspetto religioso dall' epoca del suo discoprimento1 sino al #ahdc4 7,ancona1 #ahdd47 #bbj ,dublin ,review1 vol4 xxiv41 ,june1 #ahdh4 ,the full title of this rare work 7of which there is no copy even in the ,astor ,library7 is as follows3 ,storia delle ,missioni ,apostoliche dello stato del ,chile1 colla descrizione del viaggio dal vecchio al nuovo monde fatto dall' autore4 ,opera di ,giuseppe ,sallusti4 ,roma1 #ahbg1 pel ,mauri4 #bba ,this was ,gen4 ,bernard ,o',higgins1 a gentleman of one of the distinguished ,irish families which took refuge in ,spain from the persecutions of the ,english government4 ,he was born in ,chili of a ,chilian mother4 ,his father had been captain-general of what was called the kingdom of ,chili1 and was afterwards ,viceroy of ,peru4 ,the younger ,o',higgins was a very superior man1 taking a principal part in asserting the independence of his native land1 of which he became the first president2 but unfortunately he died in #ahbc1 a few months before the arrival of the apostolic mission4 #bbb ,palma boasts of its ancient title of ,muy insigne y leal ciudad1 and that its habitants have been distinguished 8en todos tiempos por su filantropia con los naufragos0--a specimen of which we give4 #bbc ,in the southern hemisphere ,january comes in summer4 #bbd ,cordova was formerly the second city in the viceroyalty4 ,it had an university1 erected by the ,jesuits1 which was once famous4 ,an ex-professor of this university wrote a book which has been called 8most erudite10 but which is extremely rare4 ,there is no copy in the ,astor ,library1 although it is an important work for the information it gives about religion in ,south ,america under ,spanish rule4 ,the title is ,fasti ,novi ,orbis et ordinationum ,apostolicarum ad ,indias pertinentium breviarium cum adnotationibus4 ,opera ,d4 ,cyriaci ,morelli presbyteri1 olim in universitate ,neo-,cordubensi in ,tucumania professoris4 ,venetiis1 #aggf4 #bbe ,pio ,,ix4 ,por ,d4 ,jaime ,balmes1 ,presbitero1 ,madrid1 #ahdg4 #bbf ,the ,annuario ,pontificio of #ahfa called it ,americano ,ispano-,portoghese1 but the name was since changed to the present one4 #bbg ,this clergyman came to the notice of the ,pope from the fact that an uncle of his1 a very worthy man1 had been one of ,canon ,mastai's great friends in ,chili1 and was named and confirmed ,archbishop of ,santiago1 but resigned the bulls4 ,his nephew was made an apostolic prothonotary in #ahei4 ,it was reported that ,mgr4 ,eyzaguirre gave eighty thousand scudi to the ,south ,american ,college out of his own patrimony4 ,we have enjoyed the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with him4 #bbh ,protestantism and ,catholicism in their bearing upon the ,liberty and ,prosperity of ,nations4 ,a study of social economy4 ,by ,emile de ,laveleye4 ,with an introductory letter by the ,rt4 ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,gladstone1 ,m4,p4 ,london3 #ahge4 #bbi ,the ,old ,faith and the ,new1 p4 #hf4 #bcj ,liberty1 ,equality1 ,fraternity1 p4 #bbj4 #bca ,minas in ,evangeline1 probably as a guide to the pronunciation4 ,haliburton also gives this spelling1 but it is now abandoned for the old ,acadian ,french form4 #bcb ,they even went so far as to deliberate whether these people could be considered human beings or not2 but the church1 always the true and faithful guardian of the rights of humanity1 immediately raised her voice in their favor1 and was first to render1 by the mouth of ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 a decision which conferred on them1 or rather secured them1 all their rights4 #bcc ,campeggio1 before he became cardinal1 had been married to ,franoise ,vastavillani1 by whom he had several children4 ,we are more than astonished at the ignorance or bad faith of ,dr4 ,burnet1 who takes advantage of this fact to accuse the cardinal of licentiousness4 #bcd ,this young man carried also the letters from ,henry ,,viii4 to ,anne ,boleyn1 which had been referred to the cardinal during the course of the trial4 ,they are still to be seen in the library of the ,vatican4--,lingard's ,history of ,england4 #bce ,gentilism3 ,religion previous to ,christianity4 ,by ,rev4 ,aug4 ,j4 ,thbaud1 ,s4,j4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgf4 #bcf ,it is1 however1 something more than a hypothesis4 ,the confirmation it receives from the fact that since the prevalence amongst so large a portion of mankind of an uniformity of rite and dogma1 and the universality of brotherhood occasioned thereby1 what seemed to be obstacles have become means of intercommunion1 to such an extent that the whole ,world has become1 as it were1 one vast city1 gives it the force of a demonstration4 #bcg ,gentilism1 p4 #fg4 #bch ,gentilism1 p4 #fe4 #bci ,gentilism1 p4 #aaj4 #bdj ,gentilism1 p4 #abd4 #bda ,ib4 pp4 #aeb1 #aec4 #bdb ,s4 ,matthew xvi4 #d4 #bdc #c ,kings xix4 #aa1 #ab4 #bdd ,deuteronomy xxxiii4 #bg4 #bde ,in the ,cit ,mystique of the ,blessed ,marie d',agreda there are one or two passages which indicate a belief that the ,blessed ,virgin was more than once admitted to the ,beatific ,vision before her ,assumption4 ,of course the assertion is not of faith4 ,possibly it may admit of a more modified explanation4 ,on the other hand1 ,our ,lady being equally free from original as from actual sin1 it is more rash to attempt to limit her privileges than to suppose them absolutely exceptional4 #bdf ,romans xi4 #cd4 #bdg ,in other words1 theirs is a more imperfect being than ours2 though whether its imperfection is to exclude all idea of their having a fuller development whereby and in which they will be indemnified for their sinless share in fallen man's punishment is still an open question4 #bdh ,we say liberalism1 but we might say ,freemasonry2 for1 as we all know1 ,masonry is merely organized liberalism4 #bdi ,the ,idea of a ,university1 p4 #dfi4 #bej ,notes of a ,traveller1 pp4 #djb1 #djc4 #bea ,lay ,sermons1 p4 #fa4 #beb ,the ,social ,condition1 etc41 vol4 i4 p4 #dbj4 #bec ,the following language amply sustains our assertion3 8,des ,teufels ,braut1 ,ratio die schne ,metze1 eine verfluchte ,hure1 eine schbige ausstzige ,hure1 die hchste ,hure des ,teufels1 die man mit ihrer ,weisheit mit ,fszen treten1 die man todtschlagen1 der man1 auf dass sie hsslich werde einen ,dreck in's ,angesicht werfen solle1 auf das heimliche ,gemach solle sie sich trollen1 die verfluchte ,hure1 mit ihrem ,dnkel1 etc1 etc40 #bed 8,aber die ,wiedertaufer machen aus der ,vernunft ein ,licht des ,glaubens1 dass die ,vernunft dem ,glauben leuchten soll4 ,ja1 ich meine1 sie leuchtet gleich wie ein ,dreck in einer ,laterne40 #bee ,der ,culturkampf in ,preussen und seine ,bedenken--8,considerations on the ,culture-,struggle in ,prussia0--von ,j4 ,h4 von ,kirchmann4 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 #bef ,culturkampf1 pp4 #e-g4 ,for an account of the ,falk ,laws and persecution of the church in ,germany1 see ,,catholic ,,world for ,dec41 #ahgd1 and ,jan41 #ahge4 #beg ,page #i4 #beh ,tacit4 ,annal41 xv4 #dd4 #bei ,culturkampf1 pp4 #af-ai4 #bfj ,the above article is a translation of one which appeared in the ,revue ,gnrale of ,brussels1 ,december1 #ahge1 and was written by ,dr4 ,dosfel4 ,in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,november1 #ahga1 a complete analysis of ,dr4 ,lefebvre's work on ,louise ,lateau1 quoted so largely in the discussion before the ,academy1 was given4 ,the article now presented to our readers gives a calm1 impartial statement of the case of ,louise ,lateau as it stands to-day before the scientific investigation of the ,academy4--,,ed4 ,,cath4 ,,world4 #bfa ,louise ,lateau4 ,etude mdicale4 ,par ,lefebvre4 ,louvain3 ,peeters4 #bfb ,dr4 ,imbert-,gourbeyre1 in his work1 ,les ,stigmatises4 #bfc ,bulletin of the ,academy for the year #ahge4 ,third series1 ,book ix41 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ade4 #bfd ,maladies et facults diverses des mystiques4 ,par le ,dr4 ,charbonnier1 p4 #aj1 et suiv4 #bfe ,the same work4 #bff ,report of ,m4 ,warlomont1 ,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,mdecine1 p4 #bab4 #bfg ,professor ,lefebvre had himself declared that1 to invest the matter with a rigorously scientific character1 the question of abstinence ought to be the object of an inquiry analogous to that which has established the reality of the ecstasy and of the stigmatization4 #bfh ,vascular tumors4 #bfi ,white blood corpuscles4 #bgj ,acts xvii4 #bc4 #bga #a ,cor4 xii4 #ca4 #bgb ,gal4 iii4 #ai4 #bgc #c ,kings vi4 #g4 #bgd ,genesis iii4 #h4 #bge ,malachias iv4 #b4 #bgf ,isaias xxii4 #bd2 or1 as it may be translated3 8,the vessels of small quality1 from vessels of basins even to all vessels of flagons40 #bgg ,suarez holds that grace is not always perceptible4 ,there are moments when we are conscious of the distinct action of grace1 by the direct perception of its effects in our soul4 ,these are the exceptions1 which are multiplied with increasing holiness1 until they become the rule1 and heroic sanctity is perfected in all its parts4 #bgh ,s4 ,matthew xix4 #h4 #bgi ,s4 ,matthew xi4 #ad4 #bhj 8,tantum ut qui tenet nunc1 teneat1 donec de medic fiat40--#b ,thessalonians ii4 #g4 #bha ,it is injurious to sleep in the light of the moon2 and it produces rapid putrefaction in dead fish1 etc4