,,novemb]1 ,volume ,,xvi4 #aiae ,numb] #a4 ,! ,ohio ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce 7,cont9uation ( ,! ,ohio ,naturali/7 ,(ficial ,organ ( ! ,,ohio ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,sci5tific ,,society & ( ! ,,ohio ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,columbus1 ,,ohio ,annual ,subscription ,price1 #b4jj ,s+le ,numb]1 #cj ,c5ts ,ent]$ at ! ,po/-,(fice at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 z ,second-,class ,matt]4 ,,! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,sci5tific ,society ,issu$ ,mon?ly dur+ ! ,academic ,ye>1 f ,novemb] to ,june 7eight numb]s74 ,,(ficial ,,organ ,,( ,,! ,,ohio ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ce ,subscription ,price3 #b4jj p] ,ye>1 payable 9 advance2 to ,=eign ,c\ntries1 #b4ej4 ,s+le ,copies1 #cj ,c5ts4 ,editor1 ,,john ,h4 ,,s*affn] ,associate ,editor1 ,,james ,s4 ,,h9e ,associate ,editor1 ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,ives ,,editorial ,,bo>d ,j4 ,f4 ,,lyman ,agricultural ,*emi/ry ,f4 ,w4 ,,ives ,agricultural ,eng9e]+ ,a4 ,g4 ,,mccall ,agronomy ,f4 ,l4 ,,l&acre ,anatomy ,j4 ,h4 ,,s*affn] ,botany ,,c>l ,b4 ,,h>rop ,c]amic ,eng9e]+ ,,jas4 ,r4 ,,)r[ ,*emi/ry ,f4 ,h4 ,,eno ,civil ,eng9e]+ ,n4 ,w4 ,,s*]] ,=e/ry ,c4 ,s4 ,,pross] ,geology ,v4 ,h4 ,,davis ,horticulture ,w4 ,a4 ,,knight ,indu/rial ,arts ,c4 ,j4 ,,we/ ,ma!matics ,,horace ,,judd ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ ,,jona?an ,,=man ,pa?ology ,f4 ,c4 ,,blake ,physics ,r4 ,j4 ,,seym\r ,physiology 7,g5]al7 ,,clayton ,,mcpeek ,physiology 7,m$ical7 ,e4 ,r4 ,,hayhur/ ,public ,heal? ,sanitation ,j4 ,s4 ,,h9e ,zoology & ,entomology ,! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce is own$ & controll$ by ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,sci5tific ,society4 ,by a special arrangem5t ) ! ,ohio ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce is s5t )\t additional exp5se to all memb]s ( ! ,academy :o are n 9 arre>s = annual dues4 ,! fir/ fifte5 volumes ( ! old ,,ohio ,,naturali/ may be obta9$ at #a4jj p] volume4 ,remittances ( all k9ds %\ld be made payable to ! ,bus9ess ,manag]1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,h9e4 ,address ,! ,ohio ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,,columbus ,ohio ,academy ( ,sci5ce ,publications4 ,fir/ & ,second ,annual ,reports ,price #cj cts4 ea* ,?ird & ,f\r? ,annual ,reports ,price #be cts4 ea* ,fif? to ,sixte5? ,annual ,reports ,price #bj cts4 ea* ,sev5te5? ,annual ,report ,price #dj cts4 ea* ,,special ,,pap]s4 #a4 ,s&usky ,flora4 pp4 #ajg4 ,e4 ,l4 ,,moseley #fj cts4 #b4 ,! ,odonata ( ,ohio4 pp4 #aaf4 ,,david ,s4 ,,kellicott #fj cts4 #c4 ,! ,preglacial ,dra9age ( ,ohio4 pp4 #ge4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,tight1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,b[nock]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,todd & ,,g]>d ,,f[ke #ej cts4 #d4 ,! ,fi%es ( ,ohio4 pp4 #aje4 ,,raymond ,c4 ,,osburn #fj cts4 #e4 ,tabanid ( ,ohio4 pp4 #fc4 ,,james ,s4 ,,h9e #ej cts4 #f4 ,! ,birds ( ,ohio4 pp4 #bda4 ,,lynds ,,jones #ge cts4 #g4 ,ecological ,/udy ( ,big ,spr+ ,prairie4 pp4 #if4 ,,?omas ,a4 ,,bons] #ej cts4 #h4 ,! ,coccid ( ,ohio1 i4 pp4 #ff4 ,,james ,g4 ,,s&]s #ej cts4 #i4 ,batra*ians & ,reptiles ( ,ohio4 pp4 #ed4 ,,max ,,morse #ej cts4 #aj4 ,ecological ,/udy ( ,bru% ,lake4 pp4 #bj4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,s*affn]1 ,,otto ,e4 ,,j5n+s1 ,,fr$ ,j4 ,,tyl] #ce cts4 #aa4 ,! ,will[s ( ,ohio4 pp4 #fj4 ,,rob]t ,f4 ,,griggs #ej cts4 #ab4 ,l& & ,fre%-wat] ,mollusca ( ,ohio4 pp4 #ce4 ,v4 ,,/]kj #ej cts4 #ac4 ,! ,protozoa ( ,s&usky ,bay & ,vic9ity4 ,f4 ,l4 ,,l&acre #fj cts4 #ad4 ,discomycetes 9 ! ,vic9ity ( ,ox=d1 ,ohio4 pp4 #ed4 ,,fr$a ,m4 ,,ba*man #ej cts4 #ae4 ,trees ( ,ohio & ,surr\nd+ ,t]ritory4 pp4 #abb4 ,,john ,h4 ,,s*affn] #ge cts4 #af4 ,! ,pt]idophytes ( ,ohio4 pp4 #da4 ,,john ,h4 ,,s*affn] #ej cts4 #ag4 ,fauna ( ! ,maxville ,lime/one4 pp4 #fe4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,morse #fj cts4 #ah4 ,! ,ag>icace ( ,ohio4 pp4 #aaf4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,/ov] #ge cts4 #ai4 ,an ,ecological ,/udy ( ,buckeye ,lake4 pp4 #ach4 ,,fr$]ica ,,detm]s #ge cts4 ,address3 ,c4 ,w4 ,,reebe1 ,libr>ian1 ,ohio ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,libr>y1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,,! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,ohio ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,sci5tific ,,society ,,volume ,,xvi ,,novemb]1 #aiae ,,no4 #a ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,introductory #a ,,"l--,! ,mak+ ( a ,photographic ,objective #c ,,transeau--,notes on ! ,zygnemales #ag ,organization ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,sci5tific ,society #cb ,,introductory4 ,fifte5 ye>s ago ! ,biological ,club ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity began publi%+ ,,! ,,ohio ,,naturali/4 ,?is ,j\rnal has _h a cont9u\s exi/5ce & has be5 an important m$ium 9 advanc+ ! k ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! /ate4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago ! ,,naturali/ became ! (ficial organ ( ! ,ohio ,academy ( ,sci5ce & 0 ?us s5t to e memb] ( ! ,academy4 ,at t "t ! ,ohio ,academy 0 l>gely compos$ ( ,biologi/s & ,geologi/s1 b has n[ wid5$ its scope to include ,physici/s1 ,ma!maticians1 & o!rs4 ,x 01 !re=e1 ?\ght desirable by _m t ! scope ( ! ,,naturali/ %\ld be enl>g$ s z to make x repres5tative ( all ( ! activities ( ! ,academy4 ,9 accordance ) ?is desire1 committees 7 appo9t$ by ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts int]e/$ & a plan = future publication 0 propos$ :i* 0 f9ally adopt$4 ,! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,sci5tific ,society 0 ?us organiz$ at ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity & w take ov] ! control ( ! new publication4 ,?is ,society is to h some:at ! same relation%ip to ,,! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce z ! ,biological ,club _h to ! ,ohio ,naturali/4 ,! managem5t ( ! ,j\rnal is "u an ,editorial ,bo>d made up ( repres5tatives ( v>i\s sci5tific dep>tm5ts ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,?is ,bo>d elects annually ! ,editor & two ,associate ,editors4 ,,editorial ,,bo>d4 ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 ,j4 ,f4 ,lyman2 ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,f4 ,w4 ,ives2 ,agronomy1 ,a4 ,g4 ,mc,call2 ,anatomy1 ,f4 ,l4 ,l&acre2 ,botany1 ,j4 ,h4 ,s*affn]2 ,c]amic ,eng9e]+1 ,c>l ,b4 ,h>rop2 ,*emi/ry1 ,jas4 ,r4 ,)r[2 ,civil ,eng9e]+1 ,f4 ,h4 ,eno2 ,=e/ry1 ,n4 ,w4 ,s*]]2 ,geology1 ,c4 ,s4 ,pross]2 ,horticulture1 ,v4 ,h4 ,davis2 ,indu/rial ,arts1 ,w4 ,a4 ,knight2 ,ma!matics1 ,c4 ,j4 ,we/2 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,horace ,judd2 ,pa?ology1 ,jona?an ,=man2 ,physics1 ,f4 ,c4 ,blake2 ,physiology 7,g5]al7 ,r4 ,j4 ,seym\r2 ,physiology 7,m$ical71 ,clayton ,mc,peek2 ,public ,heal? & ,sanitation1 ,e4 ,r4 ,hayhur/2 ,zoology & ,entomology1 ,j4 ,s4 ,h9e4 ,,! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce is to be consid]$ z a cont9uation ( ,,! ,,ohio ,,naturali/4 ,x is hop$ t ) ! wid] field cov]$1 x may int]e/ a mu* l>g] numb] ( ! sci5tific p ( ! /ate1 & be f9ancially support$ s t x may soon develop into a j\rnal ( high /&>d4 ,x is ! int5tion ( ! pres5t ,editors1 ) ! l>ge field be=e !m1 to publi% results ( rese>* z well z articles ( g5]al int]e/ 9 ! advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,on ! natural hi/ory side ! aim at pres5t w be to pay m especial att5tion to ! biology1 geology & geography ( ,ohio1 b articles deal+ ) any o!r region w be acceptable4 ,! ,editors = ! pres5t ye> are z foll[s3 ,john ,h4 ,s*affn]--,editor4 ,james ,s4 ,h9e--,associate ,editor 7,bus9ess74 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,ives--,associate ,editor 7,subscriptions74 ,,john ,h4 ,,s*affn]4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,a ,,photographic ,,objective4 ,be+ a ,description ( a ,c\rse 9 ,appli$ ,optics ,(f]$ at ! ,em]son ,mc,millin ,obs]vatory ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,"l4 ,photography1 9 its m s]i\s phase1 has tak5 an important place 9 almo/ e field ( human activity :ile 9 its light] mood1 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( ! 8,kodak0 & ! roll film1 is giv+ u "o ( our mo/ delightful pa/imes4 ,z a condition = ! be/ "w1 a high grade l5s is a necessity & especially s = ^? extremely %ort exposures requir$ 9 ! photography ( rapidly mov+ objects4 ,x (t5 happ5s t "s ( ! mo/ p]fect & at ! same "t mo/ difficult specim5s ( optical design are f\nd on cam]as s small t !y c be easily c>ri$ 9 "o's coat pocket4 ,^! s call$ ana/igmats furni% to ! optician a difficult & yet at ! same "t mo/ fasc9at+ problem = ma!matical inve/igation4 ,?\s&s ( photographic objectives are plac$ on ! m>ket e ye>1 yet ?\gh almo/ e bran* ( eng9e]+ is cov]$ by our te*nical s*ools1 ,i "k ( no place outside ( ,g]many :]e a /ud5t c be in/ruct$ 9 ! design & con/ruction ( a simple photographic objective4 ,pr(essor ,silvanus ,p4 ,?ompson 9 8 inaugural address z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,optical ,conv5tion held 9 ,london 9 #aiab1 /ates3 8,9 ! ,univ]sities & ,colleges ! only p :o are le>n+ ,optics are m]ely tak+ x z a "p ( ,physics = ! sake ( pass+ an exam9ation = a degree1 & c>e no?+ = ! application ( ,optics 9 ! indu/ries4 ,!y are be+ taught ,optics by m5 :o are n opticians1 :o nev] gr\nd a l5s or calculat$ ev5 an a*romatic d\blet1 :o nev] work$ an op?almoscope or measur$ a cyl9drical l5s40 ,fur!r on he speaks z foll[s3 8,:at is want$ is an e/abli%m5t :]e ! :ole atmosph]e is "o ( optical int]e/2 :]e !ory & practice g h& 9 h&2 :]e ! ma!matician w himself gr9d l5ses & measure _! p]=mance on ! te/ b5*2 :]e bra9craft w be m>ri$ to h&craft2 :]e precision1 :e!r 9 computation or workman%ip1 w be ! dom9at+ ambition40 ,"s f\r ye>s be=e ! above quotations 7 writt51 ! au?or />t$ to "w up a c\rse 9 ,optics :i* %\ld aim1 n only to give to ! /ud5t a k ( ! fundam5tal !ory ( l5ses1 b %\ld also apply ^? pr9ciples to ! me?ods ( optical design & ?us enable him to compute ! curves ( ! compon5t l5ses ( a photographic objective4 ,?is has n[ be5 fairly well work$ out & is giv5 9 ! ,arts college "u ! (ficial titles 8,a/ronomy1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji & #aaj40 ,! basis ( ?is c\rse is 8,a ,sy/em ( ,appli$ ,optics10 by ,h4 ,d5nis ,taylor1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,cooke l5s4 ,?is spl5did volume develops1 f ! /&po9t ( geometric optics1 a complete discussion ( ! =mation ( an image by a comb9ation ( any numb] ( l5ses1 b does n apply ! me?ods & =mulae !re develop$ to ! actual design ( a photographic objective4 ,! writ] ( ?is pap] 01 !re=e1 compell$ to "w out ?is "p ( ! !ory = himself &1 z he _h always felt t all ma!matics %\ld ultimately end 9 ari?metic & t all ari?metic %\ld ultimately end 9 do+ some?+1 he resolv$ at ! outset t ! c\rse %\ld end 9 laboratory "w 9 ! actual computation1 gr9d+ & poli%+ ( l5ses4 ,z to h[ well ?is has succe$$1 ,i w let ! illu/rations :i* accompany ?is article speak = !mselves4 ,suffice x to say t ! half tone cuts 7 made f five by sev5 enl>gem5ts f negatives1 "o & ?ree qu>t]s by two & "o-eigh? in*es1 tak5 ) a l5s design$ & built at ?is obs]vatory & work+ at an ap]ture ( ,f six4 ,a peculi> feature ( ?is l5s is t x is compos$ ( f\r l5ses all cut f ! same piece ( cr[n glass4 ,?is l5s beautifully illu/rates ! importance ( add+ to ! !oretical side ( ! c\rse1 ! practical "w 9 ! laboratory 9 con/ruction & te/+ z ?is l5s1 ?\gh 9 ! ma9 satisfactory1 has "o s]i\s defect & a defect :i* is v in/ructive 9 t x %[s t at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! design1 ! !ory 0 weak & ne$$ to be ext5d$ & enl>g$4 ,x %\ld be /at$ t ?is !oretical inve/igation is n[ complet$ & ready to be put to ! te/ ( practice4 ,?is ,obs]vatory possesses a well equipp$ in/rum5t %op1 :i* 0 us$ = ! practical side ( ?is "w & x has seem$ to me t a description ( h[ we us$ ! ord9>y tools ( a ma*9e %op1 ( :at special appliances we 7 compell$ to make1 & h[ we f9ally gr\nd & poli%$ our l5ses w\ld be ( g5]al int]e/4 ,^! me?ods d n pret5d to be ! be/1 nor ^? actually employ$ by ! manufactur]1 b !y d illu/rate h[ a l5s c be made & h[ a little +5uity w enable "o if he has ! /&>d tools ( a ma*9e %op to c>ry out almo/ any k9d ( exp]im5tal "w4 ,z a prelim9>y to ?is1 a brief outl9e ( ! problem be=e ! l5s design] may be ( int]e/4 ,a simple l5s consi/s ( a piece ( glass b\nd$ by ei!r plane or sph]ical surfaces z ^!1 except 9 l>ge reflect+ surfaces1 are ! only k9d t c be made ) suffici5t accuracy4 ,su* a l5s w\ld h a great _m defects or errors & w\ld be unable to give a %>p image on ! photographic plate unless /opp$ d[n to a v small ap]ture4 ,by *ang+ ! radii ( ! surfaces1 & ! ?ickness ( ! l5s1 ! design] c v>y ^! errors1 b aft] all is said & done he c d b little to improve ! s+le l5s4 ,he !n comb9es l5ses ( diff]5t =ms & ( diff]5t k9ds ( glass into a s+le objective1 9 ?is way mak+ ! positive errors ( "s ( ! l5ses balance ! negative errors ( ! o!rs1 until he arrives at a comb9ation :i* is m or less p]fect accord+ to 8 skill z a design]4 ,h[ ?is is accompli%$ is f> beyond ! limits ( ?is pap]1 s ,i w n[ proce$ to ! me*anical side ( ! problem4 ,! fir/ consid]ation is ! glass2 ( c\rse x mu/ be :at is kn[n z optical glass & its selection is really "p ( ! "w ( ! design]4 ,optical glass is no?+ m ?an a v p]fect k9d ( glass :i* has be5 exquisitely anneal$4 ,y are all famili> ) ! int5se gre5 ( w9d[ glass :5 se5 edgewise2 a piece ( :ite pap] w h>dly be *ang$ 9 color :5 se5 ?r\gh twelve in*es ( a good optical cr[n4 ,! be/ optical glass is n made 9 ?is c\ntry1 b mu/ be pur*as$ f ei!r ,s*ott ,g54 ( ,j5a or ,mantois ( ,france4 ,! ,j5a glass has become v celebrat$ & mo/ ( ! l5s mak]s /ate t _! l5ses are made out ( x & z a consequ5ce mo/ p ?9k t ,j5a glass means a c]ta9 k9d1 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact1 _! catalogue = #aiji %[s ab\t sev5ty diff]5t v>ieties4 ,^! diff] 9 optical qualities & *emical composition1 & co/ f ab\t a doll> to five doll>s a p\nd1 ) a few special v>ieties co/+ z mu* z fifte5 doll>s4 ,?is glass comes 9 slabs1 b w be cut by ! mak]s ) ei!r a diamond saw or a s& saw1 ! pur*as] pay+ = ! 8saw du/40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,! slabs t 7 us$ "h 7 #b #f & ! fir/ op]ation 0 to cut f ^! r\nd disks a little l>g] ?an ! f9i%$ l5s4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ 9 ! foll[+ mann] & is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ! *uck ( a drill spe$] on a ,b>nes drill press 0 plac$ a /eel rod :i* c>ri$ at its l[] end a copp] tube1 ,a1 :i* 0 /eadi$ at ! bottom by a /eel wa%]1 bor$ to a loose fit to ! tube1 & clamp$ to ! glass z %[n4 ,numb] #dj ,c>borundum 0 us$ & lubricat$ ) pl5ty ( wat]4 ,! tube mu/ be lift$ frequ5tly to all[ ! abrasive to fl[ to ! cutt+ edge4 ,?is is done s (t5 t x seems almo/ a cont9u\s motion ( lift+ & press+ d[n aga91 ! tool re/+ on ! glass h>dly m ?an two or ?ree seconds at a "t4 ,! cutt+ may be done at su* a spe$ z to all[ ( a slight heat+4 ,z soon z ! tube has cut itself ab\t a sixte5? ( an in* into ! glass1 ! guid+ wa%] may be remov$ & ! glass w !n act z its own guide4 ,a disk ab\t "o in* 9 diamet] & a half ( an in* ?ick c\ld be cut out 9 a little ov] a half ( an h\r4 ,at ,b ,fig4 #a is %[n "o ( ! uncut slabs & at ,c & ,d two t are ab\t us$ up4 ,?\gh work+ r sl[ly ?is prov$ q satisfactory ?\gh wa/eful ( glass z x cut a r wide sc>f1 copp] mu/ be us$2 brass 0 tri$ b ! we> 0 s great z to r5d] x almo/ useless :ile ! copp] %[s almo/ none4 ,z ^! disks are cut out !y are n only cone %ap$ b ! edges are v r\gh s t ! next op]ation 0 to gr9d ^! to smoo? & true circul> disks4 ,?is 0 done on a ,wells tool gr9d] %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 :i* 0 sl[$ way d[n by plac+ a l>ge pulley on ! c\nt] %aft4 ,! glass to be gr\nd 0 held by cem5t+ x ) pit* onto a piece ( brass rod :i* 9 turn 0 held 9 ! draw+ collet ( ! head ,a4 ,a special :eel ,b1 made by ! ,norton p = gr9d+ ! rims ( spectacle l5ses1 0 us$ & ! ma*9e sl[$ until ! :eel w\ld keep wet :5 runn+ aga9/ a sponge1 ,c1 re/+ 9 wat]4 ,! glass disk 0 9 ?is way kept dripp+ & heat+ entirely prev5t$4 ,! gr9d+ 0 !n c>ri$ out j z ) any o!r mat]ial & ! edge 0 made beautifully smoo? & true 9 a few m9utes4 ,! beauty ( pit* z a cem5t = hold+ ! glass is t a slight heat+ w s(t5 x s t ! disk c be %ift$ to any position & !n a da% ( cold wat] clamps x 9 place & at ! same "t ! pit* w sl[ly yield to ! slighte/ pressure s t 9 a few m9utes ! glass is entirely free f /ra94 ,9 manufactur+ ?is sort ( "w is done ) a diamond & is ( c\rse done mu* m quickly4 ,! disks 7 ?ick en\gh to make two l5ses ea* s we saw$ !m into two z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,a is an old poli%+ head ^u :i* 0 m\nt$ a pulley at "o end & a copp] disk1 ,b1 at ! o!r1 ! disk be+ held betwe5 l>ge wa%]s4 ,c is a ca/ iron box fa/5$ to an arm1 ,d1 h+$ at ,e & kept press$ aga9/ ! copp] disk by a cord pass+ ov] two pulleys on ! ceil+4 ,?is made a mo/ excell5t automatic fe$4 ,! glass to be split 0 fa/5$ to a block ( p9e ) pit* & ! wood held 9 ! iron box1 ,c1 ) w$ges4 ,numb] #dj ,c>borundum 0 us$ ) pl5ty ( wat] & ! glass 0 cut ?r\gh fa/] ?an a p[] hack saw w\ld cut ?r\gh /eel4 ,! glass %\ld be cut half way ?r\gh & !n rev]s$ s t ! f9al break w come 9 ! middle & ?us prev5t ! edges f spawl+ (f4 ,! *ief defect ( ?is ma*9e 0 ! way x scatt]$ em]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,! disks are n[ ready = ! gr9d+ :i* is done on ! ma*9e on ! "r ( ,fig4 #c1 :i* consi/s simply ( a v]tical sp9dle run by a qu>t] twi/ belt f ! c\nt] %aft aga9/ ! wall4 ,! end ( ?is sp9dle is tap]$ at ! upp] end to receive ! gr9d+ tool or laps1 %[n on ! table 9 ,fig4 #e :i* also %[s ! sp9dle rais$ s t ! gr9d+ lap is se5 above ! t9 box1 ,c1 :i* surr\nds ! sp9dle to cat* ! abrasive t is ?r[n (f 9 gr9d+4 ,! glass is fir/ smoo!d d[n on a flat lap until x is ( equal ?ickness at all po9ts z measur$ by a micromet] :5 x is ready to be gr\nd to ! prop] curves4 ,= ?is purpose ! sph]ical laps1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 are turn$ 9 ! special ma*9e illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! comp\nd re/ ( an old ,sell]'s la! 0 remov$ & 9 its place1 on ! cross slide ( ! c>riage1 0 m\nt$ ! sph]e turn+ re/4 ,?is consi/s ( a base1 ,a1 9 :i* ! slide1 ,b1 is s m\nt$ t x c be rotat$ ab\t ! c5t]1 ,c1 by turn+ ! mill$ head1 ,d1 :i* c>ries a worm at ! opposite end4 ,e is ! tool po/ ) ! cutt+ tool ,t & ,l ! lap to be turn$4 ,a hole 0 drill$ at ,c into :i* 0 fitt$ a r\nd piece ( /eel ! upp] end be+ po9t$ & !n half cut away l a c5t] ream]4 ,?is 0 us$ 9 f9d+ ! z]o2 ! rod1 po9t$ end up1 0 plac$ 9 ! hole at ,c & ! cutt+ tool adju/$ aga9/ ! flatt5$ side4 ,! z]o position is !n det]m9$ by measur+1 ) an inside micromet]1 ! di/ance f ! tool po/ to a /op plac$ at ! end ( ! slide ,b4 ,by add+ to or subtract+ f ! z]o read+ ( ! micromet] ! l5g? ( ! radius ( ! gr9d+ lap1 ! tool po/ may be set to ! prop] position = ei!r a convex or a concave surface4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only approximate1 = ^! laps mu/ be made ) ! highe/ possible accuracy4 ,aft] suffici5t cuts h be5 tak5 to give a sph]ical surface1 ! radius is c>efully measur$ ) a special sph]omet] & ! error 9 ! radius correct$ by *ang+ ! position ( ! cutt+ tool by an am\nt calculat$ f ! read+s ( ! sph]omet]4 ,?is sph]omet] we 7 compell$ to build z we c\ld f9d none ( suffici5t accuracy on ! m>ket & x is describ$ 9 a note at ! end ( ?is article4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,9 ,fig4 #d1 ,r is simply a /eady re/ made ) ! l>ge ov]hang to all[ ! slide ,b to sw+ "u x 9 turn+ a convex surface4 ,two ma/] laps1 male & female1 mu/ be made & c>efully gr\nd toge!r4 ,e ef=t %\ld be tak5 to make ^! z accurate z possible s9ce ^u ^! dep5ds ! goodness ( our l5s4 ,?is special tool is easy to make & leaves no?+ to be desir$ 9 its op]ation4 ,detail draw+s & directions = mak+ x are giv5 9 a note at ! end4 ,we n[ come to ! gr9d+ or lapp+ ( ! l5ses !mselves4 ,?is is done 9 a lap turn$ z above & c>efully fitt$ to ! ma/] laps & :i* mu/ be tru$ f "t to "t z ! "w progresses4 ,?is lapp+ ( glass is entirely diff]5t f ! lapp+ ( metals 9 t1 :ile 9 metals ! lap is to be kept almo/ free f ! abrasive1 9 glass ! lap mu/ be freely suppli$ ) em]y & wat] or deep scrat*es w result4 ,! be/ way to apply ! em]y is ) a pa9t bru%2 ! bru%1 saturat$ ) em]y1 be+ held 9 front ( ! l5s z x is gr\nd4 ,! l5s may be held 9 ! h& or cem5t$ to a disk ( brass hav+ a c5t] hole drill$ 9 ! back 9 :i* is plac$ a po9t$ piece ( /eel held 9 ! h&1 ! l5s be+ free to rotate ab\t ! po9t$ /eel hold]4 ,( c\rse :]e ! l5s has to be gr\nd to a def9ite ?ickness x mu/ be held by h&4 ,fl\r ( em]y 0 us$ to r\gh gr9d ?\gh co>s] grades w\ld h work$ fa/]4 ,! f9al smoo? gr9d+ 0 done ) a special f9e em]y made = ?is purpose by ,baus* & ,lomb4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! gr9d+ to keep ! l5s z ne>ly c5t]$ z possible4 ,a l5s is said to be c5t]$ :5 ! l9e :i* jo9s ! c5t]s ( curvature ( ! surfaces passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( figure4 ,obvi\sly if a d\ble convex l5s c\ld be gr\nd to a knife edge x w\ld be c5t]$ b if ?is 7 done ! edge w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to crumble 9 ! f9al poli%+ & deep scrat*es result4 ,! c5t]+ ( a convex l5s c be wat*$ by keep+ ! edge z ne>ly uni=m ( ?ickness z possible ) a concave l5s1 if ! orig9al blank is made l>g] ?an necess>y & c>e is tak5 to make ! sides p>allel1 ! c5t]+ c be wat*$ by keep+ a flat edge ( equal wid? ar\nd ! concave portion1 ! l5s be+ plac$ back on ! flat tool1 f "t to "t1 z ! "w progresses4 ,if c>e is us$ ! l5s ne$ be made b little l>g] ?an ! f9i%$ size to all[ = ! f9al accurate c5t]+ to be describ$ lat]4 ,aft] be+ smoo? gr\nd ! l5s is beautifully smoo? & velvety to ! t\* b is j z mu* gr\nd glass z ev]1 t is1 x is absolutely opaque4 ,we n[ come to ! poli%+4 ,?is is done ) specially prep>$ r\ge & only an excessively small am\nt ( glass is tak5 (f4 ,"l ,rayleigh 9 a pap] on 8,poli%+ ( ,glass ,surfaces0 read be=e ! ,briti% ,optical ,conv5tion held 9 #aije1 /ates3 8,i />t$ ) a f9ely gr\nd surface1 r m f9ely gr\nd ,i ?9k ?an is us$ 9 practice1 & ,i f\nd t 9 ord] to obta9 a pretty good poli% x 0 necess>y to remove a weight ( glass1 correspond+ to a dep? ( ab\t #f wavel5g?s4 ,i d n pret5d t su* a poli% w\ld satisfy ! requirem5ts ( comm]ce2 probably ! #f w\ld h to be rais$ to #aj or #ab 9 ord] to get to ! bottom ( ! deepe/ pits40 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t a wave l5g? is ab\t ! fifty ?\s&? "p ( an in* we realize h[ v delicate su* lapp+ mu/ be4 ,= ?is "w ! lap is cov]$ ) pit* :i* has be5 br\ght to ! prop] degree ( h>dness ei!r by boil+1 to h>d5 x or by add+ asfalt v>ni% to s(t5 x4 ,! prop] degree ( h>dness is v important & mu/ be adju/$ to ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,obvi\sly if ! pit* is too s(t x w n hold its %ape & x w be impossible to hold ! poli%+ tool to ! prop] radius4 ,i h put ?ree diff]5t curves on a l5s ab\t an in* 9 diamet] 9 a few m9utes & x _h to g back on ! gr9d+ ma*9e be=e x c\ld be f9i%$4 ,! poli%+ tool is prep>$ z foll[s3 ,a disk ( pit*1 ab\t ?ick1 is ca/ by p\r+ x 9 a mold made by a /rip ( brass b5t to a circle1 ! ends clamp$ ) a tool mak]'s clamp1 & re/$ on a piece ( cold ca/ iron :i* has be5 plan$ smoo?4 ,?is %\ld be ( su* size t :5 b5t to ! prop] %ape x c be mold$ ov] a tool simil> to ! gr9d+ tool b ) a radius *ang$ by ab\t ! ?ickness ( ! pit*4 ,?is tool is !n heat$ & pa9t$ ) a /ick ( pit*1 ! disk is w>m$1 & ! two press$ toge!r1 :5 cool$ ! pit* w /ick tight to ! iron b w be f> f a smoo? surface4 ,?is & ! ma/] tool ( ! opposite curvature are plac$ 9 w>m wat] & press$ toge!r & at ! same "t "o sl[ly rotat$1 "o ab\t ! o!r4 ,:5 a good fit is secur$ !y are cool$ & a numb] ( small holes1 ab\t #a-h 9 diamet]1 are drill$ all ov] ! pit* to di/ribute ! abrasive1 :i* ( c\rse spoils ! surface & ! tool mu/ be aga9 press$4 ,?is press+ to %ape mu/ be done repeat$ly & requires great c>e & "s practice 9 ord] to h ! pit* come to ! exact opposite ( ! press+ tool4 ,! mo/ important ?+ is to d ! press+ sl[ly & 9 fact 9 ! :ole process ( ?is "w "o mu/ nev] get 9 a hurry4 ,rit*ey1 9 8 memoir on ! con/ruction ( ! great #fj at ,mt4 ,wilson1 recomm5ds cov]+ ! pit* ) beeswax1 & = quick] & poor] "w a clo? poli%] may be us$1 ! clo? be+ a special felt & cem5t$ to ! ca/ iron tool ) a ?9 lay] ( pit*4 ,! abrasive is r\ge or r$ oxide ( iron & its prep>ation is fully describ$ 9 ! above m5tion$ "w by ,rit*ey4 ,we pur*as$ ! anhydr\s r$ oxide ( iron f ,m]ck ,co4 ,?is 0 mix$ ) pl5ty ( wat] 9 ! j>s %[n at ,e1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! r\ge w rapidly precipitate1 ! co>se p>ticles fall+ to ! bottom1 & leav+ cle> wat] above ! precipitat$ r\ge4 ,! upp] two-?irds ( ! r\ge w be almo/ p]fect & w give a beautiful poli% :5 c>efully siphon$ (f4 ,?is %\ld be kept 9 tightly cork$ bottles1 "o ( ! be/ ?+s is a horse radi% j> z ?is has a place = ! h&le ( ! bru% 9 ! glass /opp]1 & all du/ & grit c be easily wa%$ (f be=e ! j> is op5$4 ,= poli%+1 ! l5s is cem5t$ to a h&le at ^: end is a piece ( brass turn$ to fit ! l5s 9 ! sph]e turn+ ma*9e already describ$4 ,ev5 9 a small l5s ! poli%+ tool mu/ be run sl[ly1 ! spe$s ( our ma*9es run f #agj to #cjj revolutions p] m9ute & ! fa/e/ c seldom be us$4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! l5s fits ! poli%] s p]fectly t almo/ a p]fect vacuum is =m$ & ! l5s hugs ! poli%$ s closely t x is impossible to hold x 9 small sizes by h& alone & 9 ! case ( a convex surface1 if ! cavity is c>ri$ cle> out to ! edge ( ! glass disk1 ?is may be brok5 simply by ! friction due to ?is grip ( ! glass & pit*4 ,fig4 #e %[s a horizontal poli%+ head at ,b & a v]tical "o at ,c4 ,!re is little *oice except t = convex surfaces ,b seems ! be/1 z x c be run fa/]1 :ile = concave ,c seems bett]4 ,! l5ses are n[ ready to be c5t]$1 t is1 ! circumf]5ce s turn$ t ! l9e :i* jo9s ! c5t]s ( curvature ( ! two sph]ical surfaces %all pass ?r\gh ! c5t] ( figure4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 ! l5s is fir/ clean$ f ! pit* us$ to cem5t x to ! h&le us$ 9 hold+ ! l5s = poli%+4 ,= a long "t ,i c\ld f9d no way ( do+ ?is satisfactorily :5 pit* 0 ! cem5t2 f9ally1 ,i laid my tr\bles be=e ,dr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,bleile1 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,physiology1 & he sugge/$ to fir/ soak ! l5s 9 l>d & !n wa% x 9 b5zol 7,c#f;,h#f74 ,?is work$ l magic ?\gh ! fir/ "t ,i tri$ x ,i us$ "s l>d t _h be5 heat$ ) "s pit* 9 x :i* made ! l>d v s(t 9 fact almo/ z s(t z x c\ld be & yet n be an oil1 & ?is same l>d 0 us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! action is r peculi>2 ! l>d does n app>5tly effect ! pit* at all b aft] a few m9utes 9 ! b5z5e x all flakes (f & leaves ! l5s p]fectly clean4 ,! actual c5t]+ is !n c>ri$ out on ! gr9d+ ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #b2 ,a hold]1 ,d1 ^: front face has be5 turn$ 9 ! sph]ical turn+ ma*9e to fit "o ( ! surfaces ( ! l5s1 is held 9 ! head ,a4 ,if ! l5s be cem5t$ to ?is ) a ?9 coat ( pit*1 x is obvi\s t ! surface ( ! l5s next to ! hold] w h its c5t] ( curvature co9cide ) ! axis ( rotation ( ! sp9dle ( ! head1 ,a1 b ! c5t] ( curvature ( ! o!r l5s surface w probably fall outside ( ?is axis4 ,a lamp1 ,l1 has a t9 *imney ) a p9 hole 9 x turn$ t[>ds ! l5s1 ?is p9 hole =m+ a brilliant po9t ( light1 an image ( :i* is =m$ by ea* surface & reflect$ by ! total reflect+ prism1 ,p1 into ! telescope1 ,t1 :]e x is se5 ?r\gh ! eyepiece4 ,if ! c5t]s ( curvature ( bo? surfaces d n accurately co9cide ) ! axis ( rotation ( ! head1 ,a1 ! images ( ! p9 hole w describe circles z ?is axis is rotat$4 ,! back surface w ( c\rse be c5t]$ if ! lay] ( ! pit* us$ z cem5t is ( uni=m ?ickness :i* w g5]ally be ! case if ! "w has be5 c>efully done2 b 9 any case ! image =m$ by x %\ld be exam9$4 ,if ! front surface is out ( c5t]1 z x g5]ally w be1 ! hold] %\ld be w>m$ & ! l5s %ift$1 c>e be+ us$ to keep x tight aga9/ ! surface ( ! hold] z x is be+ %ift$4 ,z soon z bo? images rema9 /ation>y z ! head1 ,a1 is rotat$1 ! l5s is f$ aga9/ ! :eel1 ,b1 & gr\nd true & to size4 ,?is work$ beautifully & ! te/s 7 wond]fully s5sitive4 ,z soon z ! compon5t l5ses ( ! objective h all be5 ?us c5t]$1 !y are ready to be assembl$ 9 ! cell or %utt] 9 :i* !y are to be us$2 b z ?is is simply a matt] ( c>eful ma*9e "w1 ,i ne$ n describe x fur!r4 ,i "k ( no lit]ature on ! gr9d+ ( small l5ses ?\gh ! foll[+ memoirs on ! mak+ ( l>ge reflect+ telescopes %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( any "o int]e/$ 9 ?is "w3 ,on ! ,con/ruction ( a ,five-foot ,equatorial ,reflect+ ,telescope4 ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,common1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,memoirs ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 ,vol4 ,l41 #ahij-ia4 ,on ! ,con/ruction ( a ,silv]$ ,glass ,telescope1 ,fifte5 & a ,half ,in*es 9 ,ap]ture1 & its ,use 9 ,cele/ial ,photography4 ,by ,h5ry ,drap]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,vol4 #cd4 ,on ! ,mod]n ,reflect+ ,telescope & ! ,mak+ & ,te/+ ( ,optical ,mirrors4 ,by ,george ,w4 ,rit*ey4 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,vol4 #cd4 ,,note #a--;,a ,,sph]omet] ,,= ,,%ort ,,radii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,9 ,fig4 #f1 ,a is a regul> ,br[n ,%>pe ,micromet] ,head ) ! measur+ po9t gr\nd to an angle ( #fj & slightly r\nd$2 ,b is a r\nd /eel base all ma*9$ at "o sett+ 9 :i* ! micromet] head is clamp$ by a set screw n %[n4 ,let r be ! radius ( ! sph]ical surface1 ,,mno1 & we w h at once r 7a#b d#b7 _/ #b;d4 ,! advantage ( ?is =m ( sph]omet] is t x is v easy to make ! po9t ( ! micromet] exactly c5tral ) ! base & ! value ( #b;a c be accurately det]m9$ by means ( an ord9>y micromet] callip]4 ,= a convex surface1 #b;a %\ld obvi\sly be ! inside diamet] ( ! base1 ,b4 ,9 us+ ! in/rum5t1 two tables1 "o = concave & "o = convex surfaces1 %\ld be prep>$2 ^! tables to give ! p[] 9 dioptres = ea* "o ?\s&? ( an in* 9 ! value ( d4 ,us+ ! ,am]ican ,optical ,co4's ,/&>d ,index1 namely1 equal to #a4ejjj & "o dioptre z be+ ! p[] ( a l5s ( #dj in*es focus1 we h1 = a plano l5s1 p #d_/;f #dj;d_/7a#b d#b7 s9ce f r_/7-#a74 ,! advantage ( =m+ ! table 9 dioptres 9 place ( radii directly is t ! tabul> diff]5ces are small at all p>ts ( ! table s t int]polation c be readily done & ?is is n ! case 9 tables :i* give ! radii directly4 ,if ^u measur+ ! radius ( ! tool or lap be+ turn$ 9 ! sph]e turn+ ma*9e1 ,fig4 #d1 ) ?is sph]omet]1 ! tool is f\nd to be 9 error by an am\nt p ?is may be correct$ by *ang+ ! position ( ! cutt+ tool by an am\nt #bj 7p _/ p#b74 ,,note #b--;,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,sph]e ,,turn+ ,,re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,9 ,fig4 #g is %[n a cross section ( ! sph]e turn+ re/ fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 ma*9+ ?is ! foll[+ sugge/ions %\ld be foll[$4 ,! piece ,m %\ld be ca/ ) a lug project+ f ! face ,,pq to *uck x by & all ! turn+ done at "o *uck+4 ,x %\ld be made a close fit to ,r & bolt$ tight aga9/ ,,dg & ,,ed ) ! bolts ,s#c & ,s#d1 cle>ance be+ giv5 along ! l9e ,,hf4 ,to comp5sate = w>e ! face ,,dg & ,,ed c be releav$ f "t to "t ) a file4 ,! base ,n1 %\ld be plan$ along ,,ab1 :]e x fa/5s to ! cross slide ( ! c>riage1 !n bolt$ to a face plate ( ! la! & f9i%$1 c>e be+ us$ to leave ! sett+ ( ! comp\nd re/ un*ang$ betwe5 ma*9+ ! faces ,,cd & ,c,d ( ! pieces ,m & ,n4 ,! dove tail on ,r %\ld be fir/ plan$ & !n ?is bolt$ to a face plate & ! boss ,,ghfe & ! faces ,,kg & ,,el turn$ at "o sett+4 ,if ^! directions are foll[$ almo/ no h& "w w be ne$$4 ,w is a brass worm :eel held by screws n %[n & ,j is ! slid+ tool po/ clamp$ at ,x ) ! tool at ,k4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,zygnemales4,a ,,edg> ,,nelson ,,transeau4 ,! foll[+ notes pr9cipally conc]n+ ,nor? ,am]ican ,zygnemales are bas$ on a /udy ( ! specim5s accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( eight ye>s collect+ 9 c5tral ,ill9ois2 a collection made by ,mr4 ,*>les ,bull>d1 ( ,cambridge1 ,mass41 9 ,massa*usetts & ,new ,hamp%ire2 ! specim5s di/ribut$ 9 ! ,phyco!ca ,boreali-,am]icana by ,coll9s1 ,hold5 & ,set*ell2 ! specim5s di/ribut$ 9 ,am]ican ,algae1 by ,miss ,joseph9e ,e4 ,tild52 ! specim5s 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,h]b>ium2 & small collections s5t me by ,pr(essor ,f>l[1 ,miss ,tild51 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,b4 ,klugh1 ,pr(essor ,d4 ,s4 ,johnson & ,miss ,grace ,/one4 ,!y h be5 comp>$ ) ! species di/ribut$ by ,wittrock & ,nord/$t 9 _! 8,algae ,aquae dulcis exsiccatae10 & o!r valuable ,european & ,s\? ,am]ican specim5s s5t me by ,pr(essors ,o4 ,borge & ,o4 ,nord/$t4 ,9 det]m9+ almo/ any species ( ! ,zygnemales x is absolutely ess5tial t ! specim5s %[ bo? ! vegetative cells & ! mature spores4 ,) ! exception ( a few species ( ,m\geotia ! spores are color$ ei!r yell[1 br[n1 or blue :5 !y are mature4 ,! *>act]i/ic m>k+s ( ! m$ian spore wall d n develop usually until ?is color appe>s4 ,consequ5tly x is useless to atta* names to vegetative specim5s bas$ on dim5sions & numb] ( *romatophores4 ,keys bas$ on su* *>act]s are n only useless1 b mislead+4 ,judg+ f my exp]i5ce 9 ,ill9ois x is highly probable t ! li/ ( ,nor? ,am]ican =ms w be consid]ably augm5t$1 :5 int5sive /udies h be5 made at localities 9 ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( collect+ ^! =ms is to take samples f ! v>i\s ponds & /reams at regul> int]vals ( t5 days1 or two weeks1 ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season4 ,_m ( ! species %[ local v>iations & consid]able exp]i5ce is ne$$ be=e _m ( ! =ms c be satisfactorily classifi$4 ,! writ] has 9 c\rse ( prep>ation an illu/rat$ key to ! gr\p1 9 :i* figures = all ( ! species w be publi%$4 ,,deb>ya ,wittrock4 ,?is g5us is 9 _m respects ! mo/ g5]aliz$ ( all ! ,zygnemales4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ?ree important *>act]i/ics3 7#a7 ! entire cont5ts ( ! gametangia ent] into ! mak+ ( ! zygospore2 7#b7 ! zygospore is =m$ 9 ! conjugat+ tube & is n cut (f f ! o!r p>ts ( ! gametangia by p>tition walls2 7#c7 z ! gametes move t[>d ! tube dur+ conjugation1 _! place is tak5 by a secretion ( cellulose1 :i* r5d]s ! gametangia solid & highly refractive4 ,?is secretion also occurs :5 a vegetative cell =ms an aplanospore4 ,deb>ya glyptosp]ma ,wittrock4 ,?is species has be5 record$ = ,am]ica4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ,massa*usetts & has also be5 f\nd 9 ,m9nesota & ,florida4 ,9 ,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #hjh f ,boswell1 ,cali=nia is a some:at small] v>iety ) blue spores associat$ ) ,zygnema peliosporum ,wittr4 ,! spores are common 9 ! mat]ial & ! vegetative cells & filam5ts occasional4 ,foll[+ is a diagnosis = ?is v>iety3 ,v>4 =mosa nov4 v>4 ,cellulis vegetativis #g4e-i latis2 zygosporis #bd-cj #cj-db1 ca]uleis2 cet]um ut 9 typo4 ,vegetative cells #g4e-i 9 diamet]1 zygospores #bd-cj #cj-db /eel blue1 o!rwise l ! type4 ,deb>ya am]icana nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #i-ab #bg-abj1 ad dissepim5ta con/rictis2 *romatophoris cum pyr5oidibus #b2 cellulis fructif]is1 #aj-ad #ge-ahj2 zygosporis ovoideis vel quadrato-ovoideis1 #bj-dj #cj-dj1 angulis rotundatis1 productis1 vel retusis2 p>!nosporis #ae-bj #bj-cj1 oblique ellipticis1 cum polis retusis2 mesosporio subtilit] et irregul>it] v]rucoso1 maturitate luteo-brunneo4 ,vegetative cells #i-ab #bg-abj con/rict$ at ! end walls1 *romatophore ) two pyr5oids2 f]tile cells #aj-ad #ge-ahj2 zygospores ovoid or quadrately ovoid1 #bj-dj #cj-dj1 ) angles r\nd$1 produc$1 or retuse2 p>!nospores #ae-bj- #bj-cj unilat]ally ellipsoid ) retuse ends2 m$ian spore wall m9utely & irregul>ly v]rucose1 yell[-br[n at maturity4 ,?is species 0 collect$ by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,b4 ,klugh1 ,k+/on1 ,ont>io4 ,x is ! mat]ial ^u :i* ! ,ont>io record = ,m\geotia calc>ea 7,cleve7 ,wittr4 is bas$4 ,( special int]e/ is ! *romatophore ) two pyr5oids1 :i* al?\gh an axile plate is di/9ctly two-lob$ & =ms an easy transition to ! next species1 9 :i* ! *romatophore resembles ,zygnema4 ,type 9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,collection ,no4 #biej4 ,deb>ya decussata nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #af-bj #be-ej cyl9draceis2 *romatophoris a/]oidiis duobus1 s+ulis cum pyr5oidibus 7ut 9 ,zygnemate72 zygosporis vel ovoideis1 vel irregul>ibus1 #bd-cj #cj-dh cum angulis vel rotundatis1 vel retusis1 vel productis2 aplanosporis uno lat]e ovoideis1 #ag-be #bj-dj2 p>!nosporis #ae-bj #bj-cj2 membrana m$ia spor>um scrobiculata1 luteo-brunnea2 ak9etis ad dissepim5ta con/rictis1 membrana subcrassa et glabra1 #ah-bj #bj-cf4 ,vegetative cells #af-bj #be-ej cyl9drical2 *romatophores two1 /ellate1 ea* ) a pyr5oid 7z 9 ,zygnema72 zygospores ovoid1 quadrate-ovoid1 or irregul>1 #bd-cj #cj-dh1 ) r\nd$1 retuse1 or produc$ angles2 aplanospores unilat]ally ovoid1 #ag-be #bj-dj2 p>!nospores #ae-bj #bj-cj2 m$ian spore walls scrobiculate1 yell[-br[n2 ak9etes ) smoo? heavy walls1 #ah-bj #bj-cj4 ,type 9 h]b1 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,collections ,no4 #aagg1 #aici1 #aidi1 #bfhf & #biah4 ,i h specim5s f sev]al localities 9 c5tral ,ill9ois2 ,williamsport1 ,pa42 ,m9nesota2 ,mack9aw1 ,mi*4 & ,k+/on1 ,ont>io4 ,?is =m is ( great int]e/ because ( its resemblance1 9 ! vegetative condition1 to ,zygnema decussatum 7,vau*47 ,transeau4 ,also because x %[s n only ! zygospores1 b aplanospores & p>!nospores4 ,9 all cases ! secretion ( cellulose accompanies ! process ( spore =mation4 ,! unilat]ally plac$ aplanospores are /rik+ly diff]5t f ^? =m$ by ! ,zygnemas4 ,9 "s ( ! ,ill9ois ponds x regul>ly produces only zygospores1 9 o!r ponds f :i* ,i h collections cov]+ a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s x fruit$ only asexually1 produc+ aplanospores & ak9etes4 ,b sev]al ( ! collections %[ all ! =ms ( reproduction 9 diff]5t cells ( ! same filam5t4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is species sugge/ t ! peculi> ,zygnema reticulatum1 :i* 0 describ$ by ,hallas 9 #ahie;,b1 is 9 reality a ,deb>ya4 ,! fact t ! reproductive cells become fill$ ) cellulose1 t ! aplanospores are v irregul> 9 =m & t ! vegetative cells conta9 z high z sev5 *romatophores1 are all 9 h>mony ) ?is idea4 ,on ?is basis x is also easy to und]/& ! mo/ notable peculi>ity ( ! species--t spores d]iv$ f cells ) sev]al *romatophores produce two or ?ree sporel+s4 ,) ! addition ( ! two new ,am]ican species & ?is ,dani% species ,deb>ya reticulata 7,hallas7 nov4 comb4 ! description ( ! g5us ne$s to be modifi$ z foll[s3 ,vegetative cells cyl9drical or con/rict$ at ! ends1 v>y+ f #a-af diamet]s 9 l5g?2 *romatophore v>y+ f an axile plate ) two or m pyr5oids to /ellate *romatophores1 ea* ) a c5tral pyr5oid4 ,reproduction by zygospores =m$ ( ! complete cont5ts ( ! gametangia2 n cut (f f ! gametangia by p>tition walls2 b 9 ! process ( conjugation1 z ! gametes pass into ! conjugat+ tube1 _! place is tak5 by a secretion ( cellulose4 ,aplanospores occupy+ only "p ( ! sporog5\s cell1 ! rema9d] be+ fill$ ) cellulose4 ,all spores v>iable 9 =m4 ,p>!nospores & ak9etes occur n infrequ5tly 9 "s ( ! species4 ,! walls ( ! aplanospores & p>!nospores resemble ! zygospores ( ! same species 9 _! m>k+s4 ,!re are n[ elev5 describ$ species belong+ to ?is g5us4 ,d4 imm]sa ,w4 ,we/ & ,d4 africana ,g4 ,s4 ,we/ be> a close resemblance to ,mongeotia spha]oc>pa ,wolle4 ,d4 ,h>dyi ,g4 ,s4 ,we/ has mu* ! same appe>ance z ,mongeotia viridis 7,kutz7 ,wittrock4 ,d4 desmidiodes ,w4 ,g4 ,s4 ,we/1 ,d4 calospora 7,palla7 ,w4 ,g4 ,s4 ,we/1 ,d4 reticulata1 ,d4 am]icana1 & ,d4 decussata h *>act]s 9 common ) ! ,zygnemas4 ,d4 glyptosp]ma has ! vegetative *>act]s common to sev]al ( ! species1 b its spores are q unique among ! ,zygnemales4 ,,zygnema ,ag>dh4 ,z4 pect9atum 7,vau*47 ,ag>dh4 ,?is is probably common 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at lea/4 ,9 ,ill9ois along ) ! type occurs ! v>iety conspicuum 7,hass47 ,kir*n]1 & a v>iety ) l>ge spores4 ,?is latt] v>iety 9 fact is m common ?an ! type4 v>4 crassum nov4 v>4 ,cellulis vegetativis #cj-dj #bj-hj2 zygosporis #dj-ee #ej-fj1 cet]um ut 9 typo4 ,vegetative cells #cj-dj #bj-hj2 zygospores #dj-ee #ej-fj1 o!rwise l ! type4 ,type 9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,collections ,no4 #bcej1 #bcib1 #bffj1 #bfhe4 ,z4 ericetorum 7,ktz7 ,hansgirg4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,s4 ,we/ has /udi$ ! reproduction ( ?is species & f9ds t x is a true ,zygnema & t ! description & figure by ,de ,b>y1 :i* %[s ! cutt+ (f ( two special gametangia be=e ! union ( ! gametes is at fault1 consequ5tly !re is no long] any ne$ ( ma9ta9+ ! g5us ,zygogonium ,ktz+4 ,z4 peliosporum ,wittrock4 ,specim5s ( ?is species h be5 di/ribut$ "u ! "n ( ,z4 *alybeosp]num ,hansgirg1 9 ,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #hjh f ,boswell1 ,calif4 7,n4 ,l4 ,g>dn]72 ,am]4 ,alg4 ,no4 #aef f ,ft4 ,coll9s1 ,colo4 7,j4 ,h4 ,c[an72 & ,am]4 ,alg4 ,no4 #cib f ,vanc\v]1 ,b4 ,c4 7,j4 ,e4 ,tild574 ,z4 *alybeosp]mum has ! m$ian wall smoo?1 b ! spores ( all ( ! above specim5s h di/9ctly scrobiculate m$ian walls4 ,9 size ! specim5s %[ a some:at great] v>iation 9 dim5sions ?an has be5 record$ = ,european localities4 ,z4 cruciatum 7,vau*7 ,ag>dh4 ,specim5s ( ?is species h be5 f\nd at ,fa? ,pond1 nor? ( ,c(fe51 ,ill41 9 :i* bo? zygospores & aplanospores occurr$ 9 abundance4 ,! aplanospores fill or slightly enl>ge ! vegetative cells z 9 ,z4 ,coll9sianum ,transeau1,c b ! ends ( ! spores are usually m ne>ly truncate1 #cd-ej #cj-hj4 ,at ,casey1 ,ill41 a v>iety ) ! same dim5sions b /eel blue spores occurs 9 ! old ,ice ,plant ,pond4 v>4 ca]uleum nov4 v>4 ,cellulis vegetativis et sporis ut 9 typo1 s$ membrana m$ia spor>um ca]ulea4 ,vegetative cells & spores z 9 ! type1 except t ! m$ian spore wall is /eel blue4 ,type 9 ,collection ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,no4 #die4 ,zygnema /ell9um 7,mll]7 ,ag>dh4 ,! specim5 di/ribut$ "u ! "n ,z4 insigne 7,hass47 ,ktz4 9 ! ,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #deg1 f ,*e/nut ,hill1 ,mass4 7,g4 ,f4 ,moore71 belongs to ?is species z %[n by ! scatt]$ mature spores4 ,?is species is common ev]y:]e 9 c5tral ,ill9ois4 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,natl4 ,h]b1 is a specim5 f ,baltimore ,co41 ,md41 7,j4 ,d4 ,smi?74 ,9 ,am]4 ,alg4 ,no4 #aeg1 a specim5 f ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n41 7,j4 ,e4 ,tild57 %[s bo? zygospores & aplanospores4 ,! aplanospores are cyl9dric ovoid 9 =m1 occupy+ ! entire cell #cj-cc #dj-hh1 m$ian wall scrobiculate4 ,zygnema cyl9dricum nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #bh-cc #bh-ff2 zygosporis incognitis2 aplanosporis cyl9dricis vel tumido-cyl9dricis1 #cj-cc #bd-eh1 sporangia compl5tibus2 membrana m$ia brunnea scrobiculata4 ,vegetative cells #bh-cc #bh-ff2 zygospores unkn[n2 aplanospores cyl9dric or tumid-cyl9dric1 #cj-cc #bd-eh1 fill+ ! sporangia1 m$ian wall br[n1 scrobiculate4 ,type 9 ,h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,no4 #aafd1 #aagg4 ,?is species is n uncommon 9 ponds1 & pools ?r\gh\t c5tral ,ill9ois4 ,x 0 at fir/ classifi$ z aplanosporic mat]ial ( ,z4 /ell9um 7,mll]7 ,ag>dh4 ,on go+ ov] ! specim5s 9 all my collections1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t 9 no case 7 ! filam5ts conta9+ ! aplanospores connect$ ) ! filam5ts conta9+ zygospores4 ,?is mu/ be ! f9al te/ ( ! id5tity ( ! species1 z x occurs 9 "s collections alone1 sometimes associat$ only ) fruit+ ,zygnema pect9atum1 & sometimes ) ,z4 /ell9um4 ,zygnema rhyn*onema ,hansg4 ,9 a collection ( algae made at ! ,m9nesota ,seaside ,/ation1 ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 ,b4 ,c41 9 #aija1 by ,pr(essor ,tild51 is a =m :i* p]haps belongs "h4 ,! vegetative cells are f #bb-bh 9 diamet]1 & #cb-eb 9 l5g?1 :ile ! ,european specim5s are describ$ z #af-bj 9 diamet] & #b-f diamet]s long4 ,! ,vanc\v] specim5s are produc+ bo? aplanospores 7globose1 #bd-bf 9 diam471 & zygospores 7ovoid #bd-bh #cf-dd7 by ! union ( gametes ?r\gh ! p>tition wall sep>at+ ! two gametangia4 ,! specim5s %[ "s evid5ces ( be+ 9 an abnormal condition4 ,,spirogyra ,l9k4 ,s4 ,ju]g5sii ,ktz+4 ,! specim5 9 ,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #eaj f ,knightsville1 ,r4 ,i41 di/ribut$ "u ! "n ( ,s4 longata 7,vau*7 ,ktz4 ) cell diamet] #bg-cj1 & ellipsoid spores #cj-cc 9 diamet]1 f]tile cells enl>g$1 evid5tly belongs to ?is species4 ,! spores ( ,s4 longata are di/9ctly ovoid ) r\nd$ ends4 ,9 ! ,ill9ois specim5s ! spores ( ,s4 ,ju]g5sii frequ5tly occur ) diamet]s up to #cc4 ,s4 v>ians 7,hass47 ,ktz4 ,! v>ieties scrobiculata ,/ockman & m9or ,teodoresco h n be5 report$ f ,am]ica4 ,!y bo? occur r>ely 9 ,ill9ois4 ,! latt] ,i h also se5 9 mat]ial collect$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,bull>d1 at ,lynnfield1 ,mass4 ,! =m] is *>act]iz$ by its scrobiculate spores1 ! latt] by its small] dim5sions ?r\gh\t4 ,9 my h]b>ium ,s4 v>ians scrobiculata is repres5t$ 9 ,collections ,no4 #agii1 & #ahha2 & ,s4 v>ians m9or 9 ,collection ,no4 #biea4 ,s4 ,borgeana nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #cj-ce #ej-bjj1 dissepim5tis planis1 *romatophoris s+ulis anfractibus arctis #a4e-e2 cellulis fractif]is alt]o lat]e inflatis1 alt]o lat]e 79 quo conjugatio sequitur7 rectis2 zygosporis ellipticis1 #cc-dj #ed-gj1 membrana m$ia flava1 glabra4 ,vegetative cells #cj-ce #ej-bjj1 end walls plane1 #a *romatophore mak+ #a4e-e turns2 f]tile cells inflat$ on ! out] side1 /raight on ! conjugat+ side2 zygospores ellipsoid #cc-dj #ed-gj1 m$ian wall yell[1 smoo?4 ,type 9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,coll4 ,no4 #ahhc1 #ahij4 ,*>le/on1 ,ill9ois4 ,?is species be>s "s resemblance to a =m ( ,s4 v>ians figur$ by ,pr(essor ,borge4,d ,x diff]s f 8 figure 9 t ! conjugat+ side ( ! f]tile cells is n at all swoll51 & ! dim5sions are some:at l>g]4 ,if ?is =m _h be5 f\nd b once x w\ld h be5 pass$ ov] z a v>iation int]m$iate betwe5 ,s4 ,ju]g5sii & ,s4 v>ians4 ,b x has be5 f\nd sev]al successive ye>s 9 a small /ream s\?1 & at a small pond we/ ( ,*>le/on1 ,ill9ois4 ,s4 lutetiana ,petit4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e no specim5s ( ?is species h be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,ill9ois record 9 my li/,e is an error4 ,! ,p4 ,b4-,a4 specim5 labell$ ,s4 lutetiana is ,s4 fallax 7,hansg47 ,wille1 z %[n by its (t5 replicate cell walls1 v]rucose spores & ! numb] ( *romotophores4 ,s4 velata ,nord/$t v>4 occid5talis ,transeau4 ,specim5s ( ?is v>iety h be5 di/ribut$ 9 ! ,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #if1 "u ! "n ( ,s4 dubia ,ktz4 v>4 longi>ticulata ,ktz4 f ,oak ,bay1 ,victoria1 ,briti% ,columbia 7,n4 ,l4 ,g>dn]74 ,! spores are = ! mo/ "p n mature b !y %[ ! *>act]i/ic scrobiculate m>k+s ( ! m$ian wall4 ,s4 ,lag]heimii ,wittrock4 ,?is species is n uncommon 9 c5tral ,ill9ois4 ,! specim5 labell$ ,s4 communis 9 ,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #adaf1 f ,w9*e/]1 ,mass41 has a cell diamet] ov] #cj1 & ! spores are ellipsoid in/ead ( ovoid4 ,! m$ian spore wall 9 ! mature spores is punctate4 ,"h also belongs ! ,p4 ,b4-,a4 specim5 ,no4 #cfe1 ,falm\?1 ,mass4 ,bo? ! vegetative cells & ! spores are consid]ably bel[ ! l[] dim5sions = ,s4 porticalis4 ,! ,p4 ,b4-,a4 specim5 ,no4 #affh1 ,s4 porticalis v>4 t5uispira ,coll9s e/abli%es ?is "n z a synonym ( ,s4 ,lag]heimii4 ,pr(essor ,f>l[ has rec5tly s5t me a specim5 ( ?is species f ,*ocorua1 ,n4 ,h4 ,s4 da$alea ,lag]heim4 ,?is species has rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 a pond s\? ( ,c(fe51 ,ill4 ,! spores %[ ! *>act]i/ic m>k+s & ! dim5sions are ne> ^? ( ! orig9al collection4 ,! spores are slightly m rhomboidal ?an 9 ! type mat]ial1 :i* ,i h se54 ,9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,collection ,no4 #biab1 #bhej4 ,s4 ,goetzei ,s*midle4 ,?is species previ\sly kn[n only f ! tropics has be5 f\nd 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,bull>d1 f ,wellfleet1 ,mass4 ,9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,collection ,no4 #bied4 ,s4 subm>9a 7,coll9s7 nov4 comb4 ,?is species 0 describ$ by ,coll9s z a v>iety ( ,s4 decim9a 7,mll]7 ,ktz1 :i* x some:at resembles 9 ! =m ( ! vegetative cells4 ,! spores1 h[ev]1 are di/9ctly ellipsoid1 :ile ^? ( ,s4 decim9a are ovoid4 ,! dim5sions are mu* small] ?an ^? ( ,s4 decim9a4 ,x seems bett] !re=e to recognize ?is z a di/9ct species4 ,x has be5 collect$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut & ,b]muda4 ,e4 ellipsospora ,transeau4 ,describ$ orig9ally f ,ill9ois1 ,i h se5 specim5s dur+ ! pa/ ye> f ,ma9e1 ,massa*usetts & ,m9nesota4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,s4 ,we/,f describ$ ab\t ! same "t a species f ,columbia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* appe>s to be a =m ( ?is same species4 ,! vegetative cells are consid]ably l>g]1 ! *romatophores are six 7or five7 9 numb]1 & ! spores are at ! upp] limit ( size ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican =m4 ,z our specim5s all %[1 a wid] range ( dim5sions & numb] ( *romatophores1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican =m is be/ classifi$ z a v>iety "u ! "n ,s4 ellipsospora v>4 spl5dida 7,g4 ,s4 ,we/7 nov4 comb4 ,s4 propria nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #fj-fh #hj-aej1 dissepim5tis planis2 *romatophoris #c1 anfractibus arctis 4#e-a2 cellulis fructif]is cyl9dricis2 zygosporis ellipticis #db-fj #hj-abj2 membrana m$ia spor>um scrobiculis irregul>is ornata1 luteo-brunnea4 ,vegetative cells #fj-fh #hj-aej1 end walls plane2 #c *romatophores mak+ 4#e-a turn 9 ! cell2 f]tile cells cyl9drical2 zygospores ellipsoid1 #db-fj #hj-abj1 m$ian wall irregul>ly pitt$1 yell[-br[n4 ,type 9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,coll4 ,no4 #bfff4 ,c(fe51 ,ill9ois4 ,?is species is v di/9ct 9 ! =m ( its spores & _! position 9 ! f]tile cells4 ,lat]al conjugation only has be5 obs]v$4 ,x is possible t ! numb] ( *romatophores is m v>iable1 b 9 all ! vegetative cells 9 :i* !y c\ld be c\nt$ !re 7 ?ree4 ,spirogyra brazili5sis 7,nord/$t7 nov4 comb4 ,ow+ to ! indef9ite & imp]fect description ( ,s4 l9eata ,sur+41 ! v>iety ,brazili5sis ,nord/$t1 ( :i* we h a p]fect description & specim5s 7,w4 ,n4 ,alg4 aq4 dulc4 exsicc4 ,no4 #cfj71 %\ld be giv5 specific rank4 ,its connection ) ,s4 l9eata is v problematical4 ,s4 fluviatilis ,hilse4 ,9 all ! publi%$ descriptions ( ?is species ! spores are describ$ z smoo?1 & ! numb] ( *romatophores is giv5 z f\r4 ,i h se5 _m specim5s f ,ill9ois1 & collections f ! upp] p59sula ( ,mi*igan 7,t4 ,l4 ,hank9son71 ,m9nesota 7,j4 ,e4 ,tild571 ,hawaii 7,j4 ,e4 ,tild571 ,massa*usetts 7,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #abag71 ,p5nsylvania 7,e4 ,n4 ,t47 & ,guatemala 7,w4 ,a4 ,kell]man74 ,9 all cases ! mature spores are br[n & scrobiculate1 & ! numb] ( *romatophores is ?ree or f\r4 ,s4 nova-angliae nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #ej-fj #bjj-cej1 dissepim5tis planis2 *romatophoris #c-e1 anfractibus arctis #b4e-d4e2 cellulis fructif]is non inflatis2 zygosporis ovoideis #ej-fe #hj-abj3 membrana m$ia spor>um reticulata et d5se punctata1 flava4 ,vegetative cells #ej-fj #bjj-cej1 end walls plane2 #c-e *romatophores mak+ #b4e-d4e turns2 f]tile cells n inflat$2 zygospores ovoid #ej-fe #hj-abj3 m$ian wall reticulate & d5sely punctate1 yell[ 9 color4 ,?is species 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ! collections ( ,mr4 ,bull>d f ,beav] ,dam1 ,brook ,pond1 ,natick2 ! pond we/ ( ,w9t] ,pond1 ,w9*e/]2 & ! ,middlesex ,fells1 ,mass4 ,rec5tly ! same =m 0 f\nd 9 a l>ge prairie pond s\? ( ,c(fe51 ,ill9ois4 ,its position 9 ! g5us is ne> ,s4 malmeana ,hirn4 ,9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,collections ,no4 #bieb1 #biec & #bijj4 ,s4 diluta ,wood4 ,i fir/ came across ?is species 9 ,mr4 ,bull>d's collection f ! pond we/ ( ,w9t] ,pond1 ,w9*e/]1 ,mass4 ,on go+ ov] ,wood's description1 its id5tity ) ,s4 diluta is unmi/akable4 ,! position1 color & =m ( ! spore1 & ! %ape ( ! f]tile cells is p]fectly repres5t$ 9 ,wood's figure4 ,! dim5sions also correspond4 ,wolle is responsible = confus+ ?is species ) ,s4 nitida 7,dillw47 ,l9k1 b a glance at ,wood's figure is suffici5t to %[ t x is v diff]5t f t species4 ,! ,p4 ,b4 ,a4 specim5 ,no4 #eac 7labell$ ,s4 nitida7 f ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 belongs "h4 ,miss ,grace ,/one also s5t me a collection ( ?is species f ne> ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,h]b>ium is ano!r specim5 f ,bois ,sabbi1 ,l\isiana1 ,april #g?1 #ahia1 7,a4 ,b4 ,langlois74 ,rec5tly ! species has be5 collect$ at ,donnelson1 ,ill9ois1 by ,mr4 ,frank ,h>ris4 ,! vegetative cells are usually %ort] ?an 9 ,s4 nitida1 ! spores are ovoid1 n ellipsoid1 & ! spore wall is v]rucose1 or reticulate-v]rucose1 *e/nut br[n 9 color4 ,9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,coll4 ,no4 #bijj4 ,s4 crassa ,ktz+4 ,v>4 =mosa nov4 v>4 ,v>ietas gracilis1 cellulis vegetativis #hj-ie #hj-bgj2 zygosporis #hh-ajj #abj-aej #gj-ij2 cet]um ut 9 typo4 ,a small v>iety1 vegetative cells #hj-ie #hj-bgj3 zygospores #hh-ajj #abj-aej #gj-ij2 o!rwise simil> to ! type4 ,type 9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,coll4 ,no4 #aici4 ,?is v>iety occurs 9 a pond ea/ ( ,a%more1 ,ill4 ,s4 submaxima ,transeau4 ,?is species :i* 0 describ$ f ,ill9ois has be5 f\nd ) ne>ly ! same dim5sions 9 ! collections f ,middlesex ,fells1 & ,s\? ,peabody ,/ation1 ,mass41 s5t me by ,mr4 ,*as4 ,bull>d4 ,s4 micropunctata nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #cj-cf #abj-cjj1 dissepim5tis planis1 *romatophoris s+ulis anfractibus arctis #c-g2 cellulis fructif]is modo b9is vel quat]nis int] cellulas vegetativas di/ributis1 modo cont9uis1 alt]o lat]e 79 quo conjugatio sequitur7 inflatis1 alt]o rectis2 tubo conjugationis pl]umque ex cellula mascula emisso2 zygosporis ellipticis #cg-db #eg-ajj membrana m$ia micropunctata et lutea4 ,vegetative cells #cj-cf #abj-cjj1 end walls plane2 #a *romatophore mak+ #c-g turns2 f]tile cells scatt]$ 9 twos or f\rs among vegetative cells1 or cont9u\s1 inflat$ on ! conjugat+ side1 out] side /raight2 conjugat+ tubes =m$ almo/ :olly by ! male cell1 zygospores ellipsoid #cg-db #eg-gj1 m$ian wall m9utely punctate1 yell[4 ,type 9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,coll4 ,no4 #bdgj1 #biec4 ,?is species 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,big ,f\r ,pond1 ea/ ( ,*>le/on1 ,ill9ois4 ,x has s9ce be5 f\nd 9 a collection f ,*ocorua1 ,n4 ,h41 s5t me by ,mr4 ,*as4 ,bull>d4 ,x evid5tly belongs 9 ! punctata gr\p ( ! ,spirogyras1 b 9 =m & m>k+s ( ! spore1 & ! %ape ( ! f]tile cells x is amply di/9ct f its ne>e/ allies2 ,s4 puncti=mis ,transeau & ! next species to be describ$4 ,s4 reflexa nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #cj-dj #abj-cjj1 dissepim5tis planis2 *romatophoris s+ulis anfractibus arctis #c-h cellulis fructif]is b9is vel quat]nis int] cellulas vegetativas di/ributis1 inflatis et valde reflexis2 tubo conjugationis ex cellula mascula emisso2 zygosporis ellipticis1 #dd-ed #ij-aej1 membrana m$ia glabra et luteo-brunnea4 ,vegetative cells #cj-dj #abj-cjj1 ) plane end wall2 #a *romatophore mak+ #c-h turns2 f]tile cells 9 gr\ps ( #b or #d1 inflat$ or enl>g$ & /rongly reflex$2 conjugat+ tube =m$ by ! male cells2 zygospores ellipsoid1 #dd-ed #ij-aej1 m$ian wall smoo?1 yell[-br[n4 ,type 9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,collection ,no4 #bffa1 #bffd1 #biab4 ,?is species has be5 "u obs]vation = f\r ye>s & has be5 collect$ f ponds ne> ,casey1 ,l]na1 ,c(fe5 & ,donnellson1 ,ill9ois4 ,! l>ge1 smoo? spores1 ! reflex$ conjugat+ cells1 & ! tube produc$ :olly by ! male cells are ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,s4 hydrodictya nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #ge-ajj #baj-cfj1 dissepim5tis planis1 *romatophoris #g-aj1 modo subrectis longitud9alibus1 modo spiralibus anfractibus arctis 4#a-4e2 cellulis fructif]is inflatis vel sub9flatis2 tubo conjugationis ex cellula mascula emisso2 zygosporis l5ticul>ibus vel globoso-l5ticul>ibus1 #hj-abj #aaj-aie1 membrana m$ia scrobiculis obsita1 brunnea4 ,vegetative cells #ge-ajj #baj-cfj1 end walls plane1 #g-aj *romatophores1 ei!r /raight1 or spiral mak+ 4#a-4e turns2 f]tile cells inflat$ or sub9flat$2 conjugat+ tube =m$ by ! male cell2 zygospores l5ticul> or globose-l5ticul> #hj-abj #aaj-aie1 m$ian wall br[n1 pitt$4 ,type 9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,coll4 ,no4 #bffa1 #bffe4 ,c(fe51 ,ill9ois4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable =ms describ$ 9 ?is g5us4 ,x comb9es l>ge size1 ! l5ticul> spore =m1 & ! habit ( =m+ ! conjugat+ tube entirely by ! male cell4 ,! conjugat+ tube has walls heavi] ?an ^? ( any kn[n species4 ,conjugation is bo? lat]al & scal>i=m1 & occurs betwe5 scatt]$ cells1 v r>ely cont9u\s = #f-h cells4 ,9 ! fruit+ condition ! filam5ts =m a me%-"w :i* sugge/s ! specific "n4 ,x has ?us f> be5 f\nd only 9 ! ,fa? ,pond1 nor? ( ,c(fe51 ,ill9ois4 ,s4 protecta ,wood4 ,a /udy ( ,am]ican specim5s ( ?is species f ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,mi*igan & ,ill9ois1 %[s t l ,s4 ,grevilleana !re are always "s cells ) two *romatophores4 ,i h twice f\nd ?is species produc+ aplanospores4 ,s4 t5uissima 7,hass47 ,ktz v>4 rugosa ,transeau4 ,p4 ,b4-,a4 specim5 ,no4 #def1 ,ea/on's ,pt41 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 belongs to ?is v>iety r ?an ! type1 z %[n by ! scrobiculate spore wall4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bull>d's collection !re are also specim5s ( ! v>iety f ,p5nannock1 ,n4 ,j41 & f ,spy ,pond1 ,lake ,/41 ,arl+ton1 ,mass4 ,s4 ,f>l[ii nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #bd-cj #gj-ahj1 dissepim5tis replicatis2 *romatophoris s+ulis1 r>ius duobus1 anfractibus arctis #b4e-f2 cellulis fructif]is inflatis 7ad #ci-fj72 zygosporis ellipticis1 polis plus m9us acum9atis1 #cb-de #dh-ic1 membrana m$ia glabra1 lutea4 ,vegetative cells #bd-cj #gj-ahj1 end walls replicate2 #a 7r>ely #b7 *romatophore mak+ #b4e-f turns2 f]tile cells inflat$ to #ci-fj2 zygospores ellipsoid1 ends m or less po9t$1 #cb-de #dh-ic1 m$ian wall smoo?1 yell[4 ,type 9 h]b4 ,e4 ,n4 ,t4 ,coll4 ,no4 #biee1 #bief1 #bieg4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bull>d's collection !re are specim5s ( ?is species f ,lex+ton1 ,arl+ton1 & ,middlesex ,fells1 ,mass4 ,! ,p4 ,b4-,a4 specim5 ,no4 #cfb1 label$ ,s4 ,grevilleana1 f ,m$=d1 ,mass41 belongs "h1 r ?an to ,s4 ,grevilleana1 9 :i* ! spores are di/9ctly ovoid ) broad r\nd$ ends4 ,s4 gro5l&ica ,ros5v+e4 ,?is int]e/+ =m is *>act]iz$ by quadrately inflat$ f]tile cells1 highly refractive cell walls1 & unusually long cells & spores4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bull>d's collection !re are specim5s f ,/ony ,brook1 ,s\? ,fram+ham1 ,middlesex ,fells1 ,wayside ,inn1 ,nor? ,ea/ham1 & ,mald5 ,fells1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! ,p4 ,b4-,a4 specim5 ,no4 #cfc labell$ ,s4 inflata1 ,orange1 ,conn41 belongs to ?is species4 ,s4 fallax 7,hansgirg7 ,wille4 ,?is species is "o ( sev]al =ms ne> ,s4 insignis 7,hass47 ,ktz+4 ,if ,wille's description is correct & id5tical ) ,hansgirg's mat]ial1 !n ,s4 incon/ans ,coll9s becomes a synonym ( ,s4 fallax4 ,hansgirg's figure sugge/s t ! filam5ts 9 8 mat]ial are homosexual4 ,:ile ,wille's description & figure sugge/s t ! filam5ts are reflex$ & t conjugation does n regul>ly occur betwe5 p>allel filam5ts1 ) ! spores all 9 "o filam5t4 ,x is difficult to decide j :]e ^! r\gh-spor$ =ms belong z ! e>li] au?ors did n pay mu* att5tion to spore m>k+s4 ,9 ?is connection ! note by ,pr(essor ,nord/$t 9 connection ) specim5 ,no4 #ieh 9 ,wittrock & ,nord/$t's ,algae ,exsiccatae is ( int]e/4 ,until ^! =ms h be5 cle>ly sep>at$ by a /udy ( ! orig9al collections x seems be/ to use ,s4 fallax = ,s4 incon/ans1 ( :i* ! type is ,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #aefh4 ,"h also belongs ,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #aegj1 ,middlesex ,fells1 ,mass41 & ,p4 ,b4-,a4 ,no4 #aega1 ,wakefield1 ,mass4 ,s4 floridana nov4 sp4 ,cellulis vegetativis #ef-ff #abj-cce1 dissepim5tis planis2 *romatophoris #d-e1 subrectis vel anfractibus arctis 4#e2 cellulis conjugatis abbreviatis1 inflatis 7ad #ace7 et g5iculatis2 canalis conjugationis brevis et latis2 zygosporis ellipticis1 #ge-aje #ie-ace membrana m$ia glabra1 lutea4 ,vegetative cells #ef-ff #abj-cce1 end walls plane2 #d-e *romatophores1 ne>ly /raight or mak+ a half turn2 conjugat+ cells g5iculate1 %ort5$2 f]tile cells inflat$ up to #ace2 conjugat+ tube v %ort & broad2 zygospores ellipsoid1 #ge-aje #ie-ace m$ian wall smoo?1 yell[4 ,type 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,h]b>ium1 collect$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,smi?1 9 ,s4 ,w4 ,florida1 ,m>*1 #ahgh4 ,9 its dim5sions ,s4 floridana is int]m$iate betwe5 ,s4 /ictica 7,eng4 ,bot47 ,wille & ,s4 ceylanica ,wittrock4 ,9 sev]al publications ! /atem5t is made t ,s4 ceylanica is int]m$iate betwe5 ,s4 /ictica & ! common =ms ( ,spirogyra4 ,a /udy ( au!ntic mat]ial ( ?is species has %[n t x has n int]m$iate *>act]s1 b ) its spores hav+ a m9utely pitt$ m$ian wall1 x seems to be int]m$iate betwe5 ,s4 floridana & ,s4 ill9oi5sis ,transeau1 ! mo/ specializ$ =m 9 ! ,sirogonium gr\p ( ! g5us4 ,?r\gh\t ! /udy ( ^! collections ! writ] has be5 greatly assi/$ by ,mr4 ,han=d ,tiffany1 n[ a tea*] 9 ! ,*>le/on1 ,ill9ois1 ,high ,s*ool4 ,x is a pleasure to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ! _m collectors :o h s5t me specim5s = /udy4 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,ohio ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,sci5tific ,,society4 ,z ! result ( ! s5tim5t express$ at ! #aiad meet+ ( ! ,ohio ,academy ( ,sci5ce t ! (ficial organ ( ! ,academy1 8,! ,ohio ,naturali/10 %\ld be broad5$ & made m compreh5sive 9 scope1 & feel+ t ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity _h no publication repres5t+ ! sci5tific "w be+ done at ! in/itution1 ! memb]s ( ! ,biological ,club ( ! ,univ]sity1 9 :om ! publication ( ! 8,ohio ,naturali/0 _h be5 ve/$1 call$ a meet+ ( repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts int]e/$ 9 sci5ce at ! univ]sity to discuss ! advisability ( publi%+ z successor to ! 8,naturali/0 a j\rnal to be kn[n z ! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,! fir/ meet+ 0 held 9 ,may1 #aiae1 & committees appo9t$ to outl9e prelim9>y plans4 ,at subsequ5t meet+s ! reports ( ! committees 7 discuss$1 int]e/ 9 ! plan cont9u$ to develop1 until at a meet+ held ,octob] #ac ! foll[+ self-explanatory ,con/itution 0 adopt$4 ,! society z n[ con/itut$ repres5ts tw5ty-f\r dep>tm5ts ( pure or appli$ sci5ce at ! univ]sity4 ,,raymond ,j4 ,,seym\r1 ,secret>y ,pro ,tem4 ,,con/itution4 ,,article ,i--,,"n4 ,! "n ( ?is society %all be ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,sci5tific ,society4 ,,article ,,ii--,,object4 ,x %all be ! purpose ( ! ,society to promote sci5tific "w 9 ! ,univ]sity by hold+ meet+s = ! pres5tation & discussion ( ! results ( sci5tific "w2 by co-op]at+ ) o!r ag5cies 9 arrang+ = sci5tific lectures & 9 ! ent]ta9m5t ( visit+ sci5ti/s & sci5tific societies2 by publi%+ ! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce & by furni%+ opportunity = ! discussion & promotion ( any project ( sci5tific int]e/ :i* may prop]ly come )9 ! scope ( su* an organization &1 9 g5]al1 by fur!r+ 9 e way possible ! int]e/s ( sci5tific "w 9 ! ,univ]sity & ! ,/ate4 ,,article ,,iii--,,memb]%ip4 ,any memb] ( ! in/ructional /aff 9 ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity int]e/$ 9 sci5tific "w %all ^u application be eligible to election to memb]%ip 9 ! ,society4 ,/ud5ts ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity int]e/$ 9 sci5tific "w %all be eligible to memb]%ip :5 endors$ by two faculty memb]s ( ! society4 ,,article ,,iv--,,(fic]s4 ,,section #a4 ,! (fic]s ( ! society %all consi/ ( ,presid5t1 ,vice-,presid5t1 ,secret>y & ,treasur]4 ,^! (fic]s %all p]=m ! duties common to su* positions4 ,,section #b4 ,! ,executive ,committee %all consi/ ( ! (fic]s & ! ,editor ( ! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,x %all h p[] to arrange programs = meet+s1 to repres5t ! society :5 co-op]at+ ) o!r organizations & to conduct all affairs ( ! society n o!rwise provid$ =4 ,,article ,v--,,editorial ,,bo>d4 ,! ,editorial ,bo>d %all be responsible = ! managem5t ( ! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,x %all consi/ ( repres5tatives1 "o f ea* dep>tm5t ( sci5ce 9 ! univ]sity repres5t$ 9 ! society memb]%ip4 ,?is bo>d %all elect annually an ,editor & two ,associate ,editors4 ,,article ,,vi--,,elections4 ,election to memb]%ip %all be by vote ( ! ,executive ,committee4 ,! (fic]s %all be elect$ by ballot at ! annual meet+ 9 ,may4 ,nom9ations %all be pres5t$ by a nom9at+ committee :i* %all consi/ ( ! ,editorial ,bo>d4 ,"o memb] ( ! ,editorial ,bo>d %all be elect$ by ea* dep>tm5t f among ! memb]s ( su* dep>tm5t repres5t$ 9 ! society & 9 case any dep>tm5t fails to elect a memb] = ?is bo>d ! ,executive ,committee %all elect = ! dep>tm5t4 ,,article ,,vii--,,publication4 ,! ,editor & ,associate ,editors ( ! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce %all h imm$iate direction ( ! publication4 ,! dep>tm5t editors %all be responsible = ! approval ( pap]s f _! sev]al dep>tm5ts1 & all pap]s (f]$ = publication %all be submitt$ to su* dep>tm5t editors4 ,! selection = publication f available mat]ial %all be det]m9$ by ! ,editorial ,bo>d4 ,,article ,,viii--,,quorum4 ,a quorum = ! transaction ( regul> bus9ess %all consi/ ( at lea/ fifte5 memb]s ) a repres5tation ( at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! dep>tm5ts includ$ 9 ! society4 ,,article ,,ix--,,am5dm5ts4 ,am5dm5ts to ! con/itution may be made by ! concurr5ce ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! memb]s pres5t at a duly call$ meet+1 notice ( su* am5dm5t hav+ be5 giv5 to all memb]s at lea/ "o week 9 advance4 ,,by-,,laws4 ,,article ,i4 ,! memb]%ip fees ( ! society %all be tw5ty-five c5ts p] ye> or "o doll> = a p]iod ( five ye>s & su* fee %all entitle ! memb]s to p>ticipation 9 all activities ( ! society b %all n include ! subscription to ! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,! subscription price to ! ,,ohio ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,sci5ce %all be two doll>s to non-memb]s1 & "o doll> & sev5ty-five c5ts to memb]s4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,! fiscal ye> ( ! society %all co9cide ) t ( ! ,univ]sity--,july #a/ to ,june #cj?4 ,! publication to be issu$ dur+ eight mon?s1 beg9n+ ) ,novemb]4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,regul> meet+s %all be held on ! second ,tuesday ev5+ ( ! mon?s ( ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,m>*1 ,april & ,may4 ,! meet+ 9 ,may %all be ! annual meet+ = ! election ( (fic]s & an editorial bo>d4 ,o!r meet+s may be call$ by ! ,executive ,committee1 or by ! ,presid5t on petition ( five memb]s4 ,,article ,v4 ,! ,univ]sity ,in/ructional ,/aff %all be und]/ood to include any memb] ( ! tea*+ =ce4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,am5dm5ts to ! ,by-laws may be adopt$ at any regul> meet+ by vote ( a majority ( ! memb]s pres5t1 notice ( propos$ am5dm5t hav+ be5 giv5 at "t meet+ is call$4 ,! ,college ,book ,/ore ,ref]5ce books 9 all dep>tm5ts ( ,high] ,education4 ,biological ,supplies & ,advanc$ ,text ,books new & secondh&4 ,,opposite ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,entrance4 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio4 ,! ,bu*] ,engrav+ ,co41 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio ,sci5tific ,illu/rations giv5 extremely c>eful att5tion by highly skill$ artisans us+ ! mo/ mod]n equipm5t ,,die ,,/amp+4 ,,plate ,,& ,,lett] ,,press ,,pr9t+4 ,,spahr ,,gl5n1 ,,pr9t]s & ,,publi%]s4 #ej ,,ea/ ,,broad ,,/reet4 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio4 ,! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,,columbus ,,william ,,oxley ,,?ompson1 ,presid5t4 ,t5 ,colleges & a ,graduate ,s*ool ,college ( ,agriculture ,college ( ,arts1 ,philosophy & ,sci5ce ,college ( ,education ,college ( ,eng9e]+ ,college ( ,homeopa?ic ,m$ic9e ,college ( ,law ,college ( ,m$ic9e ,college ( ,d5ti/ry ,college ( ,ph>macy ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e ,graduate ,s*ool ,summ] ,session 7,eight weeks7 ,= g5]al in=mation1 catalogue1 or special bullet9 describ+ ea* college1 ) fees & ann\ncem5t ( c\rses ,address3 ,l4 ,e4 ,,wolfe1 ,secret>y ,entrance ,bo>d1 ,,! ,,ohio ,,/ate ,,univ]sity ,,footnotes3 ,a ,contribution f ! ,botanical ,laboratory ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,no4 #ia4 ,b ,hallas1 ,e41 ,om en ny ,zygnema-,art m$ ,azygospor]4 ,bot4 ,tidsskrift #bj3a-af4 #ahie4 ,c ,see ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,bot4 #a3cja4 #aiad4 ,d ,borge1 ,o41 ,beitrage zur ,alg5flora von ,s*w$54 ,e ,transeau1 ,e4 ,n41 ,annotat$ li/ ( ! ,algae ( ,ea/]n ,ill9ois4 ,trans4 ,ill4 ,acad4 ,sci4 #f3fi-hi1 #aiac4 ,f ,we/1 ,g4 ,s41 ,a contribution to our k ( ! ,fre%wat] ,algae ( ,columbia4 ,memoires de la ,societe neu*ateloise des ,sci5ces ,naturelles #e3ajac-ajea4 ,neu*atel1 #aiad4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,und]scores are also us$ to designate a subscript4 e4g4 ,c#f ,h#f4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,c>at symbol 80 designates a sup]script4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ b o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 unalt]$4