,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum ,,art ,,h&books4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,maskell4 ,no4 #c4--;,,furniture ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n4 ,^! ,h&books are repr9ts ( ! diss]tations prefix$ to ! l>ge catalogues ( ! *ief divisions ( works ( art 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 arrang$ & s f> abridg$ z to br+ ea* into a portable %ape4 ,! ,lords ( ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education hav+ det]m9$ on ! publication ( !m1 ! editor tru/s t !y w meet ! purpose int5d$2 namely1 to be useful1 n alone = ! collections at ,s\? ,k5s+ton b = o!r collections1 by enabl+ ! public at a trifl+ co/ to und]/& some?+ ( ! hi/ory & "* ( ! subjects treat$ (4 ,! au?orities ref]r$ to 9 ea* book are giv5 9 ! l>ge catalogues2 :]e w also be f\nd detail$ descriptions ( ! v num]\s examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,w4 ,m4 ,augu/1 #ahge4 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,furniture ,,& ,,woodwork ,,by ,,john ,,hung]=d ,,poll5 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,woodcuts ,illu/ration ,publi%$ = ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education ,,by ,,*apman ,,& ,,hall1 #aic1 ,,piccadilly ,,london4 ,,dalziel ,,bro!rs1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,camd5 ,,press1 ,n4,w4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,furniture ,anci5t & ,mod]n #a ,,ii ,antique3 ,egypt1 ,n9eveh & ,greece #d ,,iii ,! ,romans #ag ,,iv ,byzant9e ,art #bi ,v ,! ,middle ,ages #da ,,vi ,! ,fifte5? ,c5tury #ei ,,vii ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy #ff ,,viii ,r5aissance 9 ,engl&1 ,fl&]s1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ans ,spa9 #gh ,,ix ,tudor & ,/u>t ,/yles #he ,x ,furniture ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury #ajc ,,xi ,*anges ( ,ta/e & ,/yle #aaf ,app5dix3 ,names ( ! ,design]s ( ,woodwork & ,mak]s ( ,furniture #acc ,index #adj ,,li/ ,,( ,,woodcuts4 ,,page ,egyptian *air #d ,assyrian *airs #g ,greek *air #aj ,greek *airs #aa ,greek c\*es #ac ,greek mirror #ad ,greek *>iot #ae ,pompeian int]ior #ai ,roman tripod #bb ,roman c&elabra #bc ,roman c&elabra #bd ,roman table #bf ,roman c\* #bg ,roman c]emonial *air #bh ,roman sella #bh ,roman kit*5 ut5sils #cj ,/4 ,pet]'s *air #ce ,! *air ( k+ ,dagob]t #dc ,anglo-norman b$/ead #df ,! ,coronation *air #di ,int]ior ( ,engli% m$ival b$room #ea ,anglo-saxon d9n]-table #eb ,d9n]-table ( middle-class1 fifte5? c5tury #ec ,table ( fifte5? c5tury #ec ,travell+ c>riage ( fifte5? c5tury2 ,tullia driv+ ov] ! body ( h] fa!r #ee ,ori5tal panels #eg ,a royal d9n]-table ( ! f\rte5? c5tury #eh ,fr5* panel2 fifte5? c5tury #fj ,v5etian cornice #fh ,portion ( c>v$ ,italian *e/ #fi ,v5etian *air #ga ,italian bell[s #gb ,ano!r example #gc ,knife-case2 #aefd #gf ,c>v$ panels #hj ,fr5* table2 sixte5? c5tury #ha ,fr5* panel2 #aegg #hb ,engli% panel2 ab\t #aeij #hf ,fr5* cab9et2 sixte5? c5tury #hh ,italian oak p$e/al #ij ,v5etian mirror-frame #ia ,g]man arm-*air2 sev5te5? c5tury #ic ,engli% bracket2 ab\t #affj #ig ,engli% doorway2 ab\t #afij #ih ,v5etian look+-glass #ajj ,holy-wat] /\p #aja ,engli% d9n]-table2 #afcc #ajb ,italian di/aff #ajf ,roman tricl9ium #aag ,b$/ead2 fifte5? c5tury #aah ,! great b$ ( ,w>e #aai ,b$/ead at ,hampton ,c\rt #abj ,m$ival room #abj ,cradle2 fifte5? c5tury #aba ,fold+ *air2 fifte5? c5tury #abb ,italian *air2 sixte5? c5tury #abc ,antique ,roman tables #abe ,fold+ table2 ,engli%1 #afbj787 #abf ,m$ival *e/ #abg ,roman c>riages #acj ,engli% c>riage2 f\rte5? c5tury #aca ,/ate c>riages #acb ,,furniture1 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! /udy ( a collection ( old furniture has an int]e/ beyond ! m]e appreciation ( ! beauty x displays4 ,! c>v+ or ! ornam5ts t decorate ! v>i\s pieces & ! skill & +5uity ) :i* !y are put toge!r are well wor?y ( our att5tion4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( !m c>ries u back to ! days 9 :i* !y 7 made & to ! ta/e & mann]s1 ! habits & ! requirem5ts1 ( bygone ages4 ,! ,k5s+ton museum1 = example1 conta9s *e/s1 caskets1 cab9ets1 *airs1 c>riages1 & ut5sils ( all sorts & ( v>i\s c\ntries4 ,"s ( ^! h held ! bridal dresses1 fans1 & tr9kets ( ,fr5* & ,italian beauties1 ^: sons & daught]s = _m g5]ations h long gone to ! du/2 !re are inlaid fold+ *airs us$ at ! c\rt ( ,guido ,ubaldo1 9 ! palace ( ,urb9o1 & ( o!r ,italian pr9ces ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 buffets & sidebo>ds t figur$ at m$ival fea/s2 boxes 9 :i* 7 kept ! jesses & bells ( hawks2 love-tok5s ( _m k9ds1 *ri/5+-spoons1 draught & *ess m51 c>d boxes1 belong+ to ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies2 c>riages ( ! ,london ( ,cromwell & ,hog>?1 & ( ! ,dubl9 ( ,burke2 panell+ ( ! date ( ,raleigh2 a complete room made = a lady ( hon\r to ,m>ie ,anto9ette4 ,besides ^! memorials ( p]iods comp>atively well kn[n to u1 we %all f9d reproductions ( ! furniture ( ages ! habits ( :i* we "k imp]fectly1 su* z ! *air ( ,dagob]t1 & v>i\s relics illu/rat+ ! old classic mann]s & civilisation1 z !y h come d[n to u f ,roman & ,greek arti/s1 & br\ght to light by ! discov]ies at ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,! field ?r\gh :i* a collection ( old furniture /ret*es is too wide to be fill$ ) any?+ l complet5ess2 b ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection is already ri* 9 "s v r>e examples1 su* z c>v$ *e/s & cab9ets1 decorat$ ) ! mo/ f9i%$ wood c>v+ ( ,fl&]s1 ,france1 & ,italy1 z well z ( our own c\ntry4 ,z wood is ! mat]ial ( :i* furniture = dome/ic use has g5]ally be5 made1 !re are1 ( c\rse1 limits to its endurance1 & n mu* furniture is to be f\nd any:]e old] ?an ! r5aissance4 ,objects = dome/ic use1 su* z b$s1 *airs1 *e/s1 tables1 c41 are r>e1 & h n (t5 be5 collect$ toge!r4 ,! museum ( ! htel de ,cluny1 9 ,p>is1 is ! be/ repres5tative collection ( woodwork ant]ior to ! quattro or c9que c5to p]iod--i4e4 ! end ( ! fifte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies4 ,"s c>v$ & gilt c>riages belong+ to ! la/ c5tury are also !re2 & a set ( c>riages1 c>v$ & gilt1 made = /ate c]emonials1 us$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury & d[n to ! days ( ! empire ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 are1 or 7 till ! w> ( #ahgj1 kept at ! ,trianon at ,v]sailles4 ,_m cab9ets & tables 9 ,b\le "w1 ,v]nis-,m>t9 "w1 & 9 m>quetry by ,ries5]1 ,g\?ire1 ,david1 & o!rs1 9 ! possession ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace1 7 lately exhibit$ 9 ! museum at ,be?nal ,gre51 & examples by ! same arti/s f ,/4 ,cl\d & ,meudon are 9 ! ,l\vre 9 ,p>is4 ,a f9e collection ( c>riages1 belong+ to ! royal family ( ,portugal1 is kept 9 ,lisbon4 ,^! are decorat$ 9 ! ,v]nis-,m>t9 me?od4 ,sev]al old royal /ate c>riages1 c>v$ & gilt1 ! prop]ty ( ! emp]or ( ,au/ria1 are at ,vi5na4 ,9 ord] to take a g5]al review ( ! k9ds1 =ms1 & *anges ( p]sonal & secul> woodwork & furniture1 z mann]s & fa%ions h influ5c$ ! wants ( diff]5t nations & times1 x w be well to divide ! subject 9 *ronological ord] into antique2 ,egyptian1 ,n9evite1 ,greek1 ,roman3--mod]n2 e>ly & late m$ival3--r5aissance2 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5tury "w3 to be foll[$ by an inquiry into ! *anges t "s ( ! pieces ( furniture 9 mo/ frequ5t use h und]gone4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,antique3 ,,egypt1 ,,n9eveh1 ,,& ,,greece4 ,consid]+ ! p]i%able nature ( ! mat]ial1 we _c expect to meet ) _m exi/+ specim5s ( ! woodwork or furniture ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,!re are to be f\nd1 h[ev]1 abundant illu/rations ( ^! objects 9 ! pa9t+s & sculptures ( monum5ts4 ,! mo/ complete are on ! walls ( ! tombs1 :]e we see detail$ pictures ( dome/ic life1 & ! int]iors ( h\ses are %[n1 ) ent]ta9m5ts ( p>ties ( ladies & g5tlem5 talk+1 li/5+ to music1 eat+ & dr9k+4 ,! gue/s are seat$ on *airs ( wood1 fram$ up ) slop+ backs1 ( :i* specim5s are 9 ! ,briti% museum2 o!rs are on /ools or *airs ( great] spl5d\r1 /uff$ & cov]$ on ! seat & back ) co/ly textiles1 hav+ ! wood5 framework c>v$ & gilt1 g5]ally 9 ! =m ( ! =e & h9d legs ( tig]s1 pan!rs1 & o!r animals ( ! *ace1 sometimes support$1 z 9 ! accompany+ woodcut1 on figures repres5t+ captives4 ,illu/ration ,! ,briti% museum conta9s six ,egyptian *airs4 ,"o ( ^! is made ( ebony1 turn$ 9 ! la! & inlaid ) coll>s & dies ( ivory4 ,x is l[1 ! legs jo9$ by light rails ( cane1 ! back /raight1 ) two cross-b>s & light rails betwe54 ,! seat is slightly holl[$1 & is ( plait$ cane z 9 mod]n *airs4 ,ano!r is squ>e1 also ) /raight back1 b ) pieces ( wood slop$ into ! seat to make x com=table = a sitt]4 ,small workm5's /ools ( blocks ( wood holl[$ out & ) ?ree or f\r legs fa/5$ into !m may also be ref]r$ to1 & a table on f\r legs ti$ by f\r b>s ne> ! l[] ends4 ,! ,egyptians us$ c\*es /raight1 l ottomans2 ) head bo>ds curv+ ov] z 9 our mod]n s(as1 sometimes ) ! head & tail ( an animal c>v$ on ! ends1 & ! legs & feet c>v$ to correspond4 ,^! 7 /uff$ & cov]$ ) ri* mat]ial4 ,! ,egyptians did n recl9e at meals4 ,_! d\ble seats1 ,greek3 diphroi1 or bisellia1 7 su* z 7 us$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,!y _h %elves & recesses1 *e/s & c(f]s1 made ( p9e or c$> wood1 & ( a mat]ial /ill us$ 9 ,egypt1 ! cafass--palm /icks =m$ into planks by ?9 pegs or rods ( h>d] wood pass+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( ^! /icks laid toge!r4 ,( _! b$room furniture1 says ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son1 we "k b little4 ,!y us$ 7he tells u7 _! day c\*es probably1 or lay on mats1 & on l[ wood5 pallets made ( palm /icks4 ,^! la/ _h curv$ blocks1 :i* s]v$ = a pill[1 =m+ a holl[ to receive ! head4 ,examples 9 alaba/] & wood are 9 ! ,l\vre & 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,_! mat]ials = dress 7 ( ! mo/ delicate & co/ly description4 ,! robes ( ! ladies 7 (t5 transp>5t1 & ! gold & silv] tissues1 musl9s1 & gossam] fabrics made 9 ,india & ,asia 7 probably also us$ 9 ,egypt4 ,all ^!1 z well z _! jewels & valuables1 imply correspond+ *e/s & small] c(f]s4 ,small toilet boxes elegantly c>v$ into ! =m or ) repres5tations ( leaves & animals1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre & 9 ! ,briti% museum & o!r collections4 ,!y 7 g5]ally ( sycamore wood1 sometimes ( tam>isk or sont 7acacia71 & occasionally ! m co/ly ivory or inlaid "w 0 sub/itut$ = wood4 ,l>g] boxes may also be se5 9 ! ,l\vre1 "s l>ge en\gh to conta9 dresses4 ,!y are squ>e1 ) flat1 curv$1 or gable tops1 pa9t$ on ! surface1 & g5]ally lift$ f ! gr\nd by f\r %ort legs or prolongations ( ! rails t =m ! framework4 ,^! boxes are dovetail$1 & secur$ by glue & nails4 ,_! *>iots & ! h>ness ( _! horses 7 ri* 9 proportion1 ! =m] pa9t$1 inlaid ) ivory & gold1 or ) surface gild+1 conta9+ cases = _! b[s & arms1 & made ( wood fill$ 9 ) ! lighte/ mat]ials1 p]haps canvas /iff5$ ) prep>ations ( lac 9 ! ,japanese mann]1 & put toge!r ) a skill t made ! c>riage-mak]s ( ,egypt fam\s 9 _! day4 ,x w be suffici5t to add t ! great ,jewi% k+s _h _! *>iots suppli$ f ,egypt4 ,solomon paid ab\t #ge ( our money = a *>iot1 & ( ^! he kept 7= w> purposes alone7 a =ce ( f\rte5 hundr$1 ) =ty ?\s& horses4 ,mummy cases ( c$>1 a mat]ial readily procur$ & valu$ = its pres]vative qualities1 are to be se5 9 _m collections1 & examples c be exam9$ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,!y are ri*ly decorat$ ) hi]oglyphic pa9t+s execut$ 9 temp]a1 & v>ni%$ ) gum ma/ic4 ,! furniture ( ,n9eveh is n s elaborately or completely repres5t$ z t ( ,egypt1 :]e ! pres]vation ( sculpture & pa9t+ 0 help$ out by a climate ( extraord9>y dryness4 ,b ! discov]ies ( ,mr4 ,lay>d h ?r[n on ! details ( ,n9evite dome/ic life light en\gh to give u ! means ( =m+ a judgm5t on _! furniture4 ,ornam5ts1 says ,mr4 ,lay>d1 9 ! =m ( ! heads ( animals1 *iefly ! lion1 bull1 & ram1 7 v g5]ally introduc$1 ev5 9 p>ts ( ! *>iot1 ! h>ness ( ! horses1 & dome/ic furniture4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,assyrians resembl$ ! ,egyptians4 ,_! tables1 ?rones1 & c\*es 7 made bo? ( metal & wood1 & probably inlaid ) ivory4 ,we le>n f ,h]odotus t ^? 9 ! temple ( ,belus 9 ,babylon 7 ( solid gold4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,lay>d1 ! *air repres5t$ 9 ! e>lie/ monum5ts is )\t a back1 & ! legs ta/efully c>v$4 ,?is =m occurs 9 ! palace ( ,nimrd1 & is sculptur$ on "o ( ! bas-reliefs n[ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,(t5 ! legs end$ 9 ! feet ( a lion or ! ho(s ( a bull1 & 7 made ( gold1 silv]1 or bronze4 ,on ! monum5ts ( ,khorsabad & by ! rock tablets ( ,mal?aiyah we f9d repres5tations ( *airs support$ by animals & by human figures1 sometimes prison]s1 l ! ,c>yatides ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 ?is !y resemble ! arm-*airs ( ,egypt1 b appe> to h be5 m massive4 ,?is mode ( ornam5t+ ! ?rone ( ! k+ 0 adopt$ by ! ,p]sians1 & is se5 9 ! sculpture ( ,p]sepolis4 ,! woodcut repres5ts su* a *air1 f a bas-relief at ,khorsabad4 ,! lion head & lion foot 7 us$ by o!r ori5tal nations4 ,! ?rone ( k+ ,solomon 0 support$ by lions = arms1 probably 9 ! same position z ! horses 9 ! ,khorsabad *air2 & lions ( gold or *ryselephant9e "w /ood six on ea* side on ! six /eps be=e ! ?rone4 ,! =ms ( furniture ( a lat] date 9 ! sculptures ( ,n9eveh at ,khorsabad are ( an inf]ior /yle4 ,! *airs h g5]ally m ?an "o cross-b>1 & are some:at heavy & ill-proportion$1 ! feet re/+ ^u l>ge inv]t$ cones1 resembl+ p9e-apples4 ,all ^! seats1 l ! ,greek3 diphroi & sell ( important p]sonages 9 ,greece & ,rome1 7 high en\gh to require a foot/ool4 ,on ! e>li] monum5ts ( ,assyria foot/ools are v beautifully c>v$ or modell$4 ,! feet 7 ornam5t$1 l ^? ( ! *air1 ) ! feet ( lions or ! ho(s ( bulls4 ,! tables seem 9 g5]al to h be5 ( simil> =m & decoration to ! ?rones or seats1 ! ends ( ! frame project+ & c>v$ z 9 ! woodcut above1 only on a l>g] scale4 ,! c\*es 7 ( simil> =m1 b made ( gold & silv]1 /uff$ & cov]$ on ! surface ) ! ri*e/ mat]ials4 ,! tables & ! *airs 7 (t5 made 9 ! %ape also f\nd 9 ,greece & ,rome1 ) fold+ supports t op5 on a c5tral rivet l our camp-/ools1 & l ! curule *airs :i* 7 common n only 9 ,rome b ?r\gh\t ,italy dur+ ! r5aissance4 ,a l>ge piece ( wood ( p9e or c$> is 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,x is ( a full r$ col\r1 ! effect ( "t4 ,c$> 0 probably mo/ 9 use2 b bo? 9 ,egypt & ,n9eveh1 z also 9 ,juda "u ,solomon & 8 successors1 woods 7 import$ f ,europe & ,india2 ebony c]ta9ly1 p]haps rosewood1 teak1 & ,indian walnut4 ,ebony & ivory 7 cont9ually us$ = inlay+ furniture4 ,( _! b$room furniture we c say little1 nor d we "k ( :at k9d 7 ! cab9ets or *e/s made to pres]ve _! dresses & valuables4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! 7 occasionally z ri* & elaborate z any ( _! %[ or /ate furniture4 ,( ,hebrew furniture we c give few details4 ,x is probable t ! ,jews diff]$ b little f ! ,assyrians 9 ?is respect4 ,! ?rone ( ,solomon has be5 already notic$4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,judi? ! canopy & curta9s ( ! b$ ( ,hol(]nes may h be5 tak5 by ! *ronicl] f famili> examples at home1 or may h be5 /rictly drawn f traditional details4 ,9 ! figurative language ( ! ,canticles1 ! b$ ( ,solomon is ( c$> ( ,lebanon1 ! pill>s ( silv]1 ! bottom ( gold4 ,ord9>y b$room furniture is spok5 ( 9 ! ,*ronicles1 :5 ! ,%unamite woman1 a p]son ( great weal?1 built = ! prophet ,elias a little *amb] on ! wall1 & set !re9 a b$1 a table1 a /ool1 & a c&le/ick4 ,ivory w>drobes are m5tion$ 9 ! #de? psalm1 b ( :at size or =m we _c det]m9e4 ,9 ! book ( ,e/h] allusions are made to ,p]sian furniture decorations1 :ite1 gre51 & blue hang+s fa/5$ ) f9e l95 to silv] r+s & pill>s ( m>ble4 ,! b$s 7 ( gold & silv]1 c4 ,! b$ ( ,og1 k+ ( ,ba%an1 0 n9e cubits long by f\r1 & 0 ( iron3 x 0 pres]v$ z a trophy4 ,z ! *>iots ( ,solomon 7 made 9 ,egypt1 & ! arti/s employ$ on ! ,temple came f ,tyre1 x is n unreasonable to suppose t furniture 0 ei!r made by =eign workm51 or t ! ,hebrews borr[$ freely ! =ms & decorations ( surr\nd+ ,asiatic nations4 ,?\gh specially & purposely jeal\s ( any innovation or int]f]5ce ) religi\s rites & obs]vances1 we h no cause to ?9k t !y object$ to ! use ( furniture or ut5sils su* z !y f\nd fir/ dur+ ! long soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 & aft]w>ds 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,!y are said 9 e>li] times to h spoil$ ! ,egyptians ) ref]5ce to ! ornam5ts & jewels c>ri$ away at ! migration4 ,we "k t ,moses 0 le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians2 & two p>ticul> arti/s1 & two only1 are nam$ 9 ! book ( ,exodus z qualifi$ to execute ! sacr$ vessels & ut5sils4 ,:atev] _! te*nical qualifications 71 ^! _h be5 acquir$ 9 ,egypt4 ,9 any attempt to picture to ourselves ! k9d ( furniture & objects ( daily use ap>t f *>iots1 arms1 c41 t surr\nd$ ! ,greeks 9 e>ly ages1 x w be necess>y to be> 9 m9d ! close connection :i* t p mu/ h _h ) ! ,asiatic races1 & ! spl5d\r & ref9em5t t surr\nd$ ! weal?y civilisation ( ! ori5tal mon>*ies4 ,!y 7 s cont9ually ! allies or ! rivals ( ! v>i\s /ates 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & pu%$ out into t f]tile region s _m vigor\s colonies1 t x _c be d\bt$ t ! spl5did /uffs1 b$s1 c\*es1 ?rones1 *>iots1 c41 us$ by ,greeks on ! ,asiatic cont95t or 9 ,europe1 _h mu* ( ea/]n "* 9 =m & me?od ( execution2 p]haps1 at fir/1 9 decoration also4 ,?is woodcut repres5ts a *air ( ,assyrian "* on a bas-relief f ,xan?us1 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,illu/ration ,mu* t is ori5tal figures 9 poetic acc\nts ( ! arms1 furniture1 & equipm5ts ( ! ,greek h]oic ages4 ,! *iefs take ! field 9 *>iots4 ,^! c\ld h be5 us$ b 9 small numb]s on gr\nd s unev5 z ! rocky t]ritories ( ! ,morea4 ,! b$s describ$ by ,hom]1 ! cov]lids ( dy$ wool1 tape/ries1 or c>pets1 & o!r in/ances ( col\r$ & %[y furniture1 7 g5u9e descriptions ( objects kn[n & se51 ?\gh n common4 ,g5]ally ! furniture ( ! h]oic age 0 simple4 ,two b$s ( bronze ( ,t>tessus1 "o ,dorian & "o ,ionian1 ! smalle/ weigh+ fifty tal5ts1 ( unc]ta9 date1 7 kept 9 ! treasury at ,altis1 & se5 !re by ,pausanias t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury4 ,! *>iots diff]$ little except 9 ! ornam5tal c>v+1 modell+1 or *as+1 f ^? ( ,egypt4 ,! olde/ rema9+ models ( ,greek furniture to :i* we c po9t are ! *airs 9 :i* ! antique figures 9 ! ,syrian room at ! ,briti% museum are seat$4 ,^! are dat$ six1 or ne>ly six1 c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,!y repres5t *airs ) backs1 q p]p5dicul> 9 front & beh9d4 ,! frame-pieces ( ! seats are mortic$ into ! legs1 & ! mortices & t5ons are accurately m>k$ 9 ! m>ble1 ! horizontal pass+ "r ?r\gh ! upright b>s4 ,^! e>ly pieces ( furniture 7 probably execut$ 9 wood1 n metal1 :i* 0 at fir/ b r>ely us$4 ,! woodcuts %[ ! diff]5t =ms tak5 f antique bas-reliefs4 ,illu/ration ,! *e/ or c(f] 9 :i* ,cypselus ( ,cor9? _h be5 conceal$ 0 se5 by ,pausanias 9 ! temple ( ,olympia4 ,x 0 made ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! *e/ 0 ( c$>1 c>v$ & decorat$ ) figures & bas-reliefs1 "s 9 ivory1 "s 9 gold or ivory p>tly gilt1 :i* 7 inlaid on ! f\r sides & on ! top4 ,! subjects ( ! sculpture 7 old ,greek my?s & local leg5ds1 & traditions connect$ ) ! c\ntry4 ,?is c(f] is suppos$ to h be5 execut$ by ,eumelos ( ,cor9?4 ,! great p]iod ( ,greek art began 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c42 b ^? 7 n days fav\rable to ! developm5t ( p]sonal luxury among ! citiz5s4 ,an extreme simplicity 9 private mann]s balanc$ ! cont9ual publicity & political excitem5t ( ,greek life4 ,! ri* classes1 moreov]1 _h little inducem5t to make any display ( _! possessions4 ,! /ate enjoy$ an indef9ite "r to ! prop]ty ( its memb]s2 ! lawgiv] 9 ,plato decl>$ ye are n y\r own1 /ill less is y\r prop]ty y\r own4 ,9 ,sp>ta ! exclusive tra9+ = w> admitt$ ( no mann] ( e>n+ money by bus9ess4 ,9 ,a!ns ! poor] class _h s exclusively ! upp] h& ( ! ri* t ! latt] _h to provide ! public ) ent]ta9m5ts ( sacrificial solemnities1 l>gesses ( corn1 & banquets4 ,! demos1 says ! au?or ( ! ,g5tile & ! ,jew1 und]/ood ! squeez+ ( ! ri* l sponges4 ,greece 0 ! p>adise ( ! poor4 ,x is !re=e to be expect$ t ! sculpture ( ! day1 ?\gh employ$ sometimes ^u ! decoration ( ?rones or /ate seats1 *>iots1 *e/s1 look+-glasses1 tripods1 z ! pa9t+ 0 on walls1 vases1 & movable pictures on panels1 %\ld h be5 employ$ mo/ly 9 temples &1 ) occasional exceptions1 on objects ( "s public use4 ,! *e/ describ$ above 0 kept z a relic1 & ! elaborately c>v$ ?rones 9 ! temples 7 ^? ( ! /atues ( gods & h]oes4 ,ivory & gold laid ov] a sub/ructure ( olive wood 7 ! mat]ials q z frequ5tly us$ by great sculptors z m>ble or bronze = /atues :i* did n =m p>ts ( ! actual decorations ( _! ar*itecture4 ,9 lat] times ^! mat]ials 7 us$ 9 sumptu\s furniture4 ,! ,greeks us$ c\*es = sleep+ & re/+ ^u1 b n = recl9+ on at meals1 till ! ,mac$onian p]iod4 ,we give two or ?ree examples1 f m>bles3 "o ( :i* resembles ! mod]n s(a4 ,wom5 sat always1 z 9 ,rome1 sometimes on ! c\* at ! head or foot1 on :i* ! ma/] ( ! h\se or a gue/ recl9$1 g5]ally on *airs4 ,besides *airs l ! "o repres5t$ "h1 ! ,greeks made arm-*airs2 & fold+ *airs ( metal4 ,9 ! ,p>!non frieze ,jupit] is seat$ 9 a squ>e seat on ?ick turn$ legs1 ) a r\nd b> = a back1 re/+ on %ort turn$ po/s fitt$ into ! seat4 ,! arms are less high ?an ! back2 !y are =m$ by slight b>s fram$ into ! uprights at ! back1 & re/+ on w+$ sph9xes4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,mirrors ( mix$ metal alloys1 silv]1 t91 & copp]1 h come d[n to our times 9 great numb]s4 ,!y 7 made occasionally 9 pure silv]1 & 9 gold probably among ! ,greeks z !y 7 9 lat] times among ! ,romans4 ,! cases are ( bronze1 & engrav$ ) figure designs ( ! highe/ "*4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no pro( t ^! 7 us$ z furniture 9 h\ses1 z 9 ,rome4 ,!y are h& mirrors1 & ! description ( !m1 z works ( art1 belongs r to t ( antique bronzes4 ,! woodcut %[s ! usual type1 ) ! ri*ly ornam5t$ h&le4 ,illu/ration ,designs ( ! ,greek c\*1 :e!r = sleep+ or = recl9+ at meals1 are abundant on tomb pa9t+s1 & sculptures1 & on ! pa9t+s ( vases4 ,9 ! ,briti% museum we may see a l>ge vase 9 ! second vase room1 on :i* a c\* = two p]sons is arrang$ ) a long mattress cov]$ ) ri* mat]ial1 ly+ )9 :at appe>s to be a bord] ( %ort turn$ rails ) a cu%ion on ea* end1 also cov]$ ) ri* /rip$ mat]ial4 ,a long l[ /ool decorat$ ) ivory lies bel[ ! c\* z a k9d ( /ep4 ,! legs1 z 9 _m vase repres5tations1 are ?ick turn$ supports ) light] p>ts bel[1 & a turn$ knob at ! foot4 ,on ano!r vase ,dionysus recl9es on a ?ick r\nd cu%ion at ! head ( ! c\*1 :ile ,ariadne sits on x4 ,figures fea/+ or /ret*$ 9 dea? on simil> c\*es c be se5 9 two beautiful & p]fect fun]al *e/s 9 ! g9a room4 ,all ^! pieces ( furniture seem made ( or decorat$ ) ivory1 & furni%$ ) col\r$ cu%ions or cov]+s ( an ori5tal "*4 ,tripods 7 made ( bronze 9 great numb] = sacr$ use1 & probably also z ! supports ( brasi]s1 tables1 c41 9 private h\ses4 ,! tables 7 ( wood1 m>ble1 & metal2 ! supports be+ ei!r lion or leop>d legs & heads1 or sph9xes ) lift$ w+s1 a fav\rite =m 9 ,greek ornam5tation4 ,) reg>d to ,greek h\ses g5]ally1 _! arrangem5ts diff]$ v little f ! e>li] h\ses ( ! ,romans4 ,! bas-relief 9 ! ,briti% museum--,bac*us receiv$ z a gue/ by ,ic>us--repres5ts a c\* ) turn$ legs1 ! feet ( :i* are decorat$ ) leaf "w2 a pla9 squ>e /ool1 p]haps ! top ( a box1 on :i* masks are laid1 & a tripod table ) lion legs4 ,! h\ses 9 ! backgr\nd are til$4 ,! w9d[s are divid$ into two lights by an upright mullion or column1 & a bas-relief ( a *>iote] driv+ two horses ornam5ts a portion ( ! wall1 & may be int5d$ = a picture hung up or fix$ aga9/ ! wall4 ,! :ole %[s u an ,a!nian h\se1 deck$ = a fe/ive occasion1 & g>l&s & hang+s are fe/oon$ r\nd its out] walls4 ,! ,greek *>iot 0 ( wood1 probably simil> to t ( ! ,egyptians4 ,x _h sometimes :eels ) f\r /rong spokes only1 z 9 ! woodcut4 ,! *>iot :eel ( ! c> ( ,mausolus1 9 ! ,briti% museum1 has six4 ,! ,n9evite :eels h sometimes z _m z twelve1 z may be se5 9 ! sculptur$ bas-reliefs ( ! n>r[ ,assyrian gall]y ( ! ,briti% museum4 ,illu/ration ,! woods us$ by ! ,greeks = sculpture 7 ebony1 cypress1 c$>1 oak1 smilax1 yew1 will[1 lotus1 & citron4 ,^! mat]ials 7 r>ely left )\t enri*m5ts ( ivory1 gold1 & col\r4 ,! faces ( /atues 7 pa9t$ v]milion1 ! dresses1 cr[ns1 or o!r ornam5ts 7 gilt or made 9 wr\ght gold4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,romans4 ,! spl5d\r t surr\nd$ ! p]sonal usages ( ! e>li] races ( antiquity1 ! ,egyptians1 ,n9evites1 ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 & ,tuscans1 0 inh]it$ by ! ,romans4 ,n only did !y outlive ^? p[]s1 b !y absorb$ _! t]ritory z f> z !y c\ld rea* x2 !y affect$ to take 9 _! religions & deities to add to _! own sy/em2 !y dra9$ ! subject populations = slaves1 & eag]ly adopt$ f !m e art t c\ld adm9i/] to ! magnific5ce & luxury ( _! own private life4 ,!y h left bo? writt5 records 9 _! lit]ature & actual examples ( _! furniture1 made 9 metal or ( m>ble4 ,! discov]y ( ,h]culaneum & ( ,pompeii has giv5 u n only s+le pieces ( furniture1 b v consid]able rema9s ( h\ses1 %ops1 /reets1 =a or op5 public places ( assembly1 !atres1 & ba?s4 ,x is 9 su* evid5ces ( ,roman social life t we %all f9d ! mat]ials = our pres5t inquiry4 ,! ,romans sp5t _! e>li] ages 9 unceas+ /ruggles = indep5d5ce & dom9ion3 & s long z ! eld] p[]s ( ,italy surviv$ to dispute ! gr[? ( ,roman greatness1 !re c\ld n be mu* expansion ( private weal? or spl5d\r 9 ! h\ses ( ,roman citiz5s4 ,?\gh surr\nd$ by spl5did social life among ! ,etruscans1 ! ,roman p long rema9$ exceptionally simple 9 p]sonal habits4 ,x 0 aft] ! ,punic w>s t ori5tal luxuries f\nd _! way into ,italy along ) ! ,c>?ag9ian armies4 ,tape/ry is said to h be5 fir/ br\ght to ,rome by ,attalus1 ! k+ ( ,p]gamus1 :o di$ ,b4,c4 #acc possess$ ( imm5se weal?1 & bequea!d tape/ries1 g5]ally us$ 9 ! ea/ f ! e>ly ages1 to ! ,roman citiz5s4 ,:5 ,augu/us became emp]or ! conque/ ( ! _w 0 complete4 ,!nce=w>d milit>y habits & simplicity ( individual life 7 no long] necess>y to a /ate t c\ld f9d no political rivals4 ,! great capital ( ! _w absorb$ l a va/ vegetable gr[? ! ?\ght1 ! skill1 & ! luxuries ( ! :ole _w4 ,no?+ 0 too valuable to be procur$ by ! great ,roman nobles or money-mak]s1 & no?+ too /range n to f9d a place & be welcome 9 "o or o!r ( _! va/ h\seholds4 ,:ile ?is 0 s at ,rome 9 *ief1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t o!r capitals 7 fl\ri%+ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 z weal?y1 z luxuri\s 9 _! own way & degree1 only less 9 ext5t & means1 & lack+ t peculi> seal ( supremacy t gives to ! real capital a "* t is nev] atta9$ 9 subord9ate c5tres ( civilisation4 ,antio* 0 su* a c5tre 9 ! ea/2 ,alex&ria 9 ! s\?4 ,bo? ^! great cities conta9$ weal?y1 ref9$1 & luxuri\s societies4 ,bo? 7 kn[n z univ]sities & seats ( le>n+4 ,antio* 0 ! mo/ debau*$ & luxuri\s2 ,alex&ria ! mo/ le>n$ & ref9$4 ,!y did n exactly answ] to ! di/9ct capitals ( mod]n k+doms & /ates1 su* z we n[ see fl\ri%+ 9 ,europe1 to ,london1 ,p>is1 ,vi5na1 ,b]l91 or ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 because no "o supreme /ate or city pr$om9ates ov] !m2 & fur!r /ill1 no "o draws ! pick & *oice ( ! intellect & ref9em5t ( ! :ole ( ,europe to absorb !m into itself z ,rome did 9 ! old _w4 ,b1 9 ^? days1 ,antio* & ,alex&ria1 "o at ! head ( ! weal? & spl5d\r ( ,asia1 ! o!r repres5t+ ,greek le>n+ graft$ on ! anci5t sci5tific & arti/ic traditions ( ,egypt1 mu/ h contribut$ mu* to ! g5]al fusion ( ideas & notions on art & p]sonal mann]s & cu/oms 9 ! capital ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! ,roman h\se 0 ( traditional plan1 & consi/$ g5]ally ( two or m squ>e enclosures surr\nd$ by arcades1 op5 to ! air 9 ! c5tre1 b :i* op5+s c\ld be clos$ 9 summ] or w9t] by awn+s :5 ! c\rts 7 n l>ge en\gh to include a g>d51 z ! inn] enclosure usually did4 ,! h\se _h 9 front a ve/ibulum1 an op5 space cov]$ by a v]&ah-%ap$ ro(1 sometimes enclos$ by lattices1 sometimes op54 ,an o/ium or lobby inside ! entrance-door1 deep en\gh to conta9 a small port]'s lodge on "o side1 l$ to an inn] door :i* op5$ on ! atrium4 ,?is c\rt _h an op5+ to ! air1 & a tank = ra9 wat] 0 sunk 9 ! middle4 ,f\nta9s ) jets or falls ( wat] 7 n uncommon1 ! anci5ts be+ well acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciple t wat] if br\ght f an elevation 9 pipes w =ce its way up to its natural level4 ,inside ! atrium 0 ! nuptiale1 ! nuptial b$1 & "h 7 kept 9 e>lie/ times ! p5ates1 h\sehold or family div9ities1 & ! family he>?1 ?\gh ^! sacr$ emblems 7 bani%$ 9 ! imp]ial times to di/ant p>ts ( ! h\se1 & /atues betwe5 ! columns t support$ ! c5tral ro( suppli$ _! place4 ,! atrium 0 ! g5]al reception-room1 l ! hall 9 m$ival h\ses1 b n ! d9+-room4 ,to ?is succe$$ an inn] op5 c\rt1 ) porticoes or corridors runn+ r\nd1 support$ on columns1 & ) a f\nta9 or bas91 %rubs & fl[]s 9 ! c5tre1 l ! c\rts ( ! ,alhambra4 ,?is c\rt provid$ f\r halls 9 ! f\r corridors1 :i* c\ld be scre5$ (f by tape/ries & curta9s4 ,! c5tre 0 %ad$ 9 summ] by canvas or c>pet awn+s4 ,9 w9t] a wood5 ro( c\ld be pu%$ ov] ! op5 space4 ,betwe5 ! two halls or c\rts 0 a *amb] call$ ! tricl9ium1 or d9+-room4 ,^! rooms 7 ro($ ) timb] ri*ly pa9t$ & gilt4 ,! ro(s ei!r hung on beams project+ f ! walls1 or 7 support$ by pill>s1 or 7 c>ri$ up to a high op5+1 slop+ back to ! walls s z to admit m light to ! rooms1 alcoves1 or scre5$ portions fur!/ remov$ f ! op5+4 ,occasionally !y 7 cov]$ 9 :olly ) a te/udo-%ap$ ro(1 & 9 su* cases light$1 p]haps1 by dorm]s1 ?\gh x is n q cle> h[ light 0 provid$ = 9 su* con/ructions4 ,roman rooms 7 n floor$ ) bo>ds b pav$ ) m>ble 9 l>ge pieces1 or 9 mosaic "w made ( small dies or squ>es4 ,co>se specim5s ( su* "w manufactur$ 9 our own times are laid d[n 9 ! museum at ,k5s+ton1 & fragm5ts ( ! old "w may be se5 !re on ! walls4 ,occasionally ^! mosaics repres5t ! h\se wat*-dog *a9$1 or ! fable ( ,ganym$e1 or hunt+ sc5es1 sometimes f9i%$ ) ! utmo/ nicety4 ,! tricl9ium took its "n f ! ?ree c\*es or s(as1 on ea* ( :i* ?ree p]sons recl9$ dur+ meals4 ,lat]1 & 9 sumptu\s palaces1 sev]al d9+-rooms 7 built out beyond ! inn] c\rts4 ,! engrav+1 a recon/ruction1 w give a fair idea ( ! g5]al "* ( a ri*ly furni%$ ,roman h\se4 ,fir/1 is ! atrium1 into :i* small] *amb]s op52 next1 ! tricl9ium1 to ! left ( :i* is a cab9et2 & beyond is ! p]i/ylium1 ) its l(ty colonnades4 ,?is la/ ap>tm5t 0 l>ge & op52 (t5 plant$ ) %rubs & trees1 or conta9+ /atues1 fl[]s 9 pots & vases1 & surr\nd$ by a corridor4 ,z ^! c\rts 7 ( v>i\s sizes !y 71 no d\bt1 9 ,rome on a scale out ( all proportion to ^? f\nd at ,pompeii2 7 few] or m 9 numb]1 & rooms 7 add$ z ! proprietor c\ld acquire gr\nd = build+1 (t5 a difficulty 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! city4 ,some?+ ( ?is gr\nd plan survives 9 a few ( ! v anci5t ,roman *ur*es1 z 9 t ( ,s4 ,pud5ziana1 =m]ly ! h\se ( ! s5ator ,pud5s1 ) ve/ibules1 op5 c\rts1 c4 ,illu/ration ,ar\nd ! inn] c\rt1 9 ! sumptu\s ,roman h\ses & ! c\ntry villas ( ! patricians1 7 built o!r rooms1 d9+-halls1 no long] call$ tricl9ium b tricl9ia 9 ! plural1 z admitt+ m ?an ! numb] ( n9e p]sons recl9+ on ! conv5tional ?ree c\*es1 to d9e at once4 ,9 ! city itself room 0 probably want+ 9 private h\ses = su* expansion1 ! h\ses be+ 9 /reets already laid out4 ,9 ! villas !re 0 no su* re/riction4 ,^! halls 7 built to face diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! compass & to be us$ accord+ to ! season4 ,v]na & autumnalis look$ to ! ea/1 hyb]na to ! we/1 /iva to ! nor?4 ,,oeci 7 o!r rooms /ill l>g]2 & glass w9d[s 7 to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,9 a pa9t+ n[ 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum1 no4 #fec1 giv5 by ! emp]or ,napoleon ! ?ird1 glaz$ w9d[s c be di/+ui%$1 divid$ by upright mullions & transoms ( wood1 su* z 7 con/ruct$ 9 ,engli% h\ses 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! sleep+-rooms1 cubicula1 7 small closets r ?an rooms1 clos$ 9 g5]al by curta9s or hang+s1 & dispos$ ab\t ! sides ( ! rooms betwe5 ! c\rts1 or r\nd ! out] c\rts !mselves4 ,besides ! liv+ & sleep+ *amb]s1 !re 7 /ore-rooms = v>i\s k9ds ( food4 ,we>+ app>el 0 kept 9 ve/i>ia1 w>drobe rooms1 fitt$ especially to /ore !m 94 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! dresses 7 9 *e/s3 m probably 9 presses1 or hang+ on pegs4 ,! ornam5tal woodwork 9 "s ( ^! rooms 0 ri* 9 ! extreme4 ,! out] ve/ibule 0 protect$ by an ov]hang+ balcony or by ! project+ raft]s ( ! ro( ( ! fir/ portion ( ! h\se1 accord+ z rooms 7 built ov] t portion or n4 ,x 0 9 "s in/ances enclos$ by c>v$ or trellis$ woodwork4 ,! doors 7 g5]ally 9 two halves & c\ld be clos$ ) locks1 :i* 9 ! age ( ! empire 7 ?or\ghly und]/ood1 ) lat*ets secur$ by a p9 or ) a wood5 b>4 ,! t]m obs]>e 0 us$ :5 ! security ( a b> 0 add$4 ,! h+e 0 a p9 or peg at ! top & bottom :i* turn$ 9 a socket4 ,metal h+es /rapp$ ov] ! wood frame 7 n unkn[n3 & bronze h+es are 9 ! collection ( ! ,briti% museum4 ,! decoration ( ! door1 :i* 0 ( wood1 consi/$ pr9cipally ( bronze m\nts4 ,! doorpo/s 7 ornam5t$ ) c>v+1 sometimes inlaid ) tortoise%ell & o!r ri* mat]ials4 ,! woodwork 0 pa9t$4 ,b$rooms 7 clos$ ) doors2 (t5] by curta9s4 ,! w9d[s 7 g5]ally clos$ ) %utt]s1 h+$ & 9 pairs4 ,!y 7 "s six feet six in*es above ! level ( ! /reet1 n beyond rea* ( ! knocks & signals ( fri5ds outside4 ,wood5 b5*es 7 usually provid$ 9 ! ve/ibule4 ,besides ! inlaid door frames1 ! ceil+s ( all ! ,roman rooms 7 v ri*ly decorat$4 ,9 m simple con/ructions ! wood joi/s ( ! floor above1 or ! /ructure ( ! ro( :5 no room surm\nt$ x1 7 %[n & pa9t$2 b 9 ri*] h\ses ! timb]s 7 cov]$ ) bo>ds1 & =m$ into c(f]s & panels1 pa9t$1 gilt1 & inlaid ) ivory4 ,?is spl5did sy/em ( decoration dates f ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age4 ,curv$ be>]s f ! upp] "p ( ! walls 7 add$ to =m "o k9d ( ceil+ 7cam>a71 = :i* ,vitruvius gives directions2 & glass mosaics1 l ^? us$ 9 ! pavem5ts1 7 inlaid on a pla/] b$ 9 ! c(f]s4 ,! cornices 7 ( c>v$ wood1 or ( pla/] c>v$ or modell$2 ! wood 0 always cov]$ ) a prep>ation ( gesso1 & gilt & pa9t$ l ! walls4 ,an exam9ation ( ! rema9s ( ,roman glass f\nd at ,pompeii & else:]e1 & ( :i* excell5t examples may be /udi$ 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum1 seems to po9t to ! use n only ( mosaics made ( dies1 b ( m\ld+s1 bord]s1 & panels m\ld$ 9 col\r$ glass ( magnific5t hues1 & ) ! f9e/ /amp$ ornam5ts4 ,^! 7 occasionally gilt1 or 7 made 9 relief1 or ) a coat ( opaque :ite glass ov] ! transluc5t mat]ial1 :i* c\ld be cut & modell$ 9 ! mann] ( cameos1 & help$ fur!r to decorate ! ceil+1 always "o ( ! mo/ spl5did features ( ! room4 ,! walls1 :5 n pa9t$1 7 sometimes hung ) mirrors ( glass black5$1 or ( silv]1 or ( slabs ( obsidian4 ,!y 7 ( v>i\s sizes1 sometimes l>ge en\gh to reflect p]sons at full l5g?4 ,9 ! case ( portable pictures1 frames 7 add$ r\nd !m4 ,bord]s 7 c]ta9ly pa9t$ r\nd frescoes4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t pa9t+s :i* c\ld be expos$ = sale1 mov$ ab\t1 & hung up1 c\ld be f9i%$ r\nd o!rwise ?an by ornam5tal m\ld+s1 or framework suffici5t to protect & prop]ly set !m (f4 ,illu/ration ,among ! ornam5tal pieces ( furniture 7 tripods1 ?ree-legg$ frames1 =m+ ! supports ( tables1 ( alt>s1 ( brazi]s1 sometimes ( pieces ( sculpture4 ,^! 7 g5]ally ( bronze1 & orig9al pieces obta9$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy c be se5 9 ! bronze room ( ! ,briti% museum4 ,"s ( ^! mu* exce$ ! height ( high mod]n tables4 ,!y are light1 & ornam5t$ on ! upp] ends ) animal or o!r heads2 "s ) ! beg9n+ ( a h9d leg ab\t halfway d[n4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 frequ5tly movable1 &1 l ! piece 9 ! cut on ! prec$+ page f an example 9 ! ,briti% museum1 7 made to contract by fold+2 ! /ays :i* connect ! legs int]nally slipp+ up & d[n !m by means ( loops4 ,su* pieces might s]ve z table legs1 or w\ld hold alt> pans or common fire pans or support pots ( fl[]s4 ,illu/ration ,besides tripods ! reception rooms 7 ornam5t$ ) c&elabra on tall /&s ( mo/ graceful =m & proportions4 ,x w suffice to po9t to m ?an a doz5 ( examples 9 ! ,briti% museum2 & ! woodcuts are f examples 9 o!r collections4 ,! /ems are a flut$ /aff or a light tree /em1 commonly support$ on ?ree animal legs spread at ! base1 & bran*+ out on ! tops into "o1 two1 or m b\ghs or hooks1 ) elegant modell$ decorations or end+ 9 flat /&s4 ,"o has a slight rim r\nd ! di% or /&1 on :i* a c&elabrum or wax c&le/ick c\ld be plac$4 ,9 o!r cases ! lamps 7 hung by _! susp5sory *a9s to ! bran*es describ$4 ,o!r c&elabra /&s 7 ( m>ble1 six1 eight1 t51 or m feet 9 height1 hybrid compositions ( column caps1 acan?us leaves & /ems1 on alt> bases1 c41 9 great v>iety ( design1 ( :i* engrav+s may be /udi$ 9 ! "w ( ,piranesi4 ,ca/s1 nos4 #ic1 #id 7antiques71 are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,we d n "k 9 :at k9d ( repositories or pieces ( furniture ! anci5t ,romans kept _! specim5s ( pa9t+ or _! vases1 "s ( :i* =m$ _! mo/ valu$ treasures4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t !y 7 set on %elves fa/5$ to ! wall4 ,on su* %elves small images1 boxes ( alaba/] or glass1 & ornam5tal vases ( all k9ds 7 kept4 ,crat]s1 sculptur$ vases on a l>ge scale & made ( bronze or m>ble1 7 also m\nt$ on p$e/als & rang$ z ornam5ts ) ! /atues4 ,bronzes & /atues1 pieces ( sculpture t _h fix$ places1 /ood ei!r along ! walls ( ! reception rooms or "u ! eaves ( ! compluvium1 :5ce light 0 obta9$ to set !m (f to advantage1 & :]e turf1 fl[]s1 & f\nta9s 7 9 front ( !m4 ,a vase or crat]1 ne>ly eight feet high1 is 9 ! hall ( ! ,briti% museum1 br\ght f ! villa ( ,hadrian at ,pale/r9a2 & 9 ! entrance-hall ( ,n]o's h\se !re 0 a colossus #abj feet high1 & long arcades & a tank or bas9 ( wat]4 ,b objects on ?is scale sc>cely belong to ! descriptions ( :at might be f\nd ord9>ily 9 h\ses ( ! great patricians4 ,sometimes a c\* & a table ( m>ble 7 plac$ close to ! f\nta9s 9 ^! delightful portions ( ! h\se4 ,tables 7 ( _m v>ieties 9 ,rome1 & enorm\s exp5ses 7 incurr$ 9 ! pur*ase ( *oice pieces ( su* furniture4 ,!y 7 made ( m>ble1 gold1 silv]1 bronze2 7 engrav$1 damasc5$1 plat$1 & o!rwise enri*$ ) ! preci\s metals2 7 ( ivory1 & ( wood1 & wood decorat$ ) ivory2 & 9 _m o!r me?ods4 ,engrav$ 7p4 #bf7 is a v beautiful table f\nd at ,pompeii1 & n[ at ,naples4 ,tripods1 t]m9al & o!r figures1 made ( bronze or m>ble2 w+$ sph9xes1 or leop>ds' & lions' legs1 columns & o!r ar*itectonic =ms1 7 ! supports on :i* ^! tables 7 fa/5$4 ,"s _h "o c5tral support only1 9 a few in/ances f9i%$ ) animal heads ( ivory4 ,abaci 7 small tables ) rais$ rims to hold valuables4 ,_m tables 7 ( c$> & on ivory feet4 ,horace speaks ( maple1 s also does ,pl9y1 z a fav\rite wood = tables3 birds'-eye maple especially 0 mu* priz$4 ,! planks & disks t c\ld be cut f ! roots & ! boles ( trees t _h be5 ei!r poll>d$ or o!rwise dw>f$ 9 gr[? 9 ord] to obta9 wavy gra91 knott$ convolutions1 c41 7 9 reque/4 ,v5e]s ( well-mottl$ wood or ( preci\s wood1 small 9 scantl+1 7 glu$ on p9e1 c$>1 c41 z a base4 ,^! poll>d heads1 root pieces1 c41 7 b\ght at high prices1 specially ^? ( ! citrus or c$rus ,atlantica4 ,illu/ration ,! po9t held to be desirable 7says ,pl9y7 9 ! gra9 ( tables 0 to h ve9s arrang$ 9 wav+ l9es or else =m+ spirals l s _m little :irlpools4 ,9 ! =m] arrangem5t ! l9es run 9 an oblong direction1 = :i* reason !y are call$ tigr91 tig] tables4 ,9 ! latt] case !y are call$ pan!r91 or pan!r tables4 ,!re are "s ) wavy1 undulat+ m>ks1 & :i* are m p>ticul>ly e/eem$ if ^! resemble ! eyes ( a peacock4 ,next 9 e/eem to ^! 0 ! ve9$ wood cov]$ or dott$1 z x 71 ) d5se masses ( gra91 = :i* reason su* tables receiv$ ! "n ( apiat1 p>sley wood4 ,b ! col\r ( ! wood is ! quality t 0 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem ( all2 t ( w9e mix$ ) honey 0 ! mo/ priz$1 ! ve9s be+ peculi>ly refulg5t4 ,! defect 9 t k9d ( table 0 lignum 7dull log col\r71 a "n giv5 to ! wood :5 common-look+1 indi/9ct1 ) /a9s or flaws4 ,! b>b>\s tribes1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 buri$ ! citrus wood 9 ! gr\nd :ile gre51 giv+ x fir/ a coat+ ( wax4 ,:5 x came into ! workman's h&s x 0 put = a c]ta9 numb] ( days b5ea? a heap ( corn4 ,by ?is process ! wood lo/ weight4 ,sea-wat] 0 suppos$ to h>d5 x1 & to act z a pres]vative4 ,?is wood 0 c>efully poli%$ by h&-rubb+4 ,z mu* z #i1jjj 7a million ( se/]ces7 0 paid = "o table by ,cic]o4 ,( two t _h belong$ to k+ ,juba1 sold by auction1 "o fet*$ ov] #aj1jjj4 ,^! 7 made ( citrus 7,?uya articulata or c$rus ,atlantica74 ,we he> ( two made = k+ ,ptolemu ( ,mauritania1 ! prop]ty ( ,nomius1 a fre$ man ( ,tib]ius1 =m$ out ( two slices or sections ( ! c$rus ,atlantica f\r feet & a half 9 diamet]1 ! l>ge/ kn[n to ,pl9y2 & ( ! de/ruction ( a table1 ! prop]ty ( ! family ( ! ,ce!gi1 valu$ at #a1djj1jjj se/]ces4 ,illu/ration ,! ,roman patricians & _! ladies sat on *airs & recl9$ on c\*es :5 n at meals4 ,9 ! atrium "u ! broad ro($ corridors1 & 9 ! halls n us$ = eat+1 7 c\*es1 su* z ! c\* ( :i* we give a woodcut1 ( bronze or ( preci\s woods2 ! bronze damasc5$ ) ornam5ts ( ! preci\s metals1 or ( metal amalgam2 ! wood v5e]$ or inlaid ) m>quetry or t>sia "w ( ivory1 ebony1 box1 palm1 birds'-eye maple1 bee*1 & o!r woods4 ,! *airs 7 ( diff]5t k9ds & 7 us$ = v>i\s occasions4 ,! atrium conta9$ d\ble seats1 s+le seats1 & b5*es to hold m ?an "o sitt]2 *airs t ei!r fold$ or 7 made 9 ! =m ( fold+ *airs1 su* z c\ld be c>ri$ ab\t & plac$ 9 ! *>iot1 curules4 ,! woodcut %[s ! g5]al fa%ion ( a /ate or c]emonial *air2 f ! m>ble example 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,illu/ration ,?is woodcut is ( ! sella1 a seat or c\*1 made ( wood1 ) turn$ legs2 x is int5d$1 probably1 = "o p]son only1 & has no ne$ ( a foot/ool4 ,x has be5 cov]$ ) a cu%ion4 ,illu/ration ,scamnum 0 a b5* or long seat ( wood1 us$ 9 poor] h\ses in/ead ( ! luxuri\s tricl9ium ( ! m5 or arm-*airs ( ! wom51 = sitt+ at meals or o!r occasions4 ,seats 7 plac$ along ! walls 9 ! ex$r or saloons2 m>ble b5*es 9 mo/ cases1 sometimes wood5 seats2 p>ticul>ly also 9 ! alcoves t 7 con/ruct$ 9 ! porticoes ( ba?s & public build+s1 :]e lectures ( philosoph]s 7 li/5$ to4 ,! ,romans _h he>?s 9 c]ta9 rooms4 ,num]\s passages 9 anci5t writ]s1 to :i* x is ne$less to ref]1 concur 9 %[+ t ! he>? 0 a spot sacr$ to ! l>es ( ! family1 ! alt> ( family life4 ,x 0 occasionally made ( bricks or /one1 & immovable1 on :i* logs c\ld be heap$4 ,x seems d\btful :e!r *imneys 7 us$ 9 ! ,roman h\ses2 probably occasionally4 ,writ]s on ,roman antiquities speak ( su* r>e con/ructions us$1 p]haps1 z v5tilators to ! kit*54 ,! usual me?od ( w>m+ 0 by means ( a brazi]1 ( :i* an example f\nd at ,cre1 9 ,etruria1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,x is a r\nd di% on ?ree animal legs1 ) sw+ h&les = remov+ x4 ,ano!r1 squ>e 9 =m1 is reproduc$ 9 a ca/+ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum collection1 no4 #gj1 /&+ on animal legs & damasc5$ r\nd ! sides ) gold ornam5ts4 ,! ,romans _h also kit*5 brazi]s ) contrivances = heat+ pans1 wat]1 w9e1 c41 by *>coal4 ,no4 #ga at ,s\? ,k5s+ton is a ca/+ ( su* a piece1 hav+ a r\nd metal receptacle1 l a small cask1 on its end1 & a rais$ horse-%oe frame1 on :i* a pan c\ld be plac$1 ) fire space 9 ! middle4 ,^! brazi]s 7 fill$ ) *>coal heat$ ?or\ghly by ! help ( ! bell[s1 to get rid ( ! noxi\s gases4 ,x has be5 said t ! dresses ( ! ,romans 7 pres]v$1 z 9 m$ival ca/les1 9 a sep>ate room or w>drobe1 & ?is room mu/ h be5 fitt$ ) app>atus = hang+ %elves & lock]s4 ,!y _h besides = keep+ valuables1 & usually plac$ 9 ! sleep+-room ( ! ma/] or mi/ress ( ! h\se1 cupbo>ds & *e/s ( bee* ornam5t$ ) metal1 "s l>ge en\gh to conta9 a man4 ,9 ^! receptacles !y convey$ _! prop]ty to & f c\ntry h\ses1 & on visits4 ,enorm\s numb]s ( slaves mov$ to & fro ) ! family1 & ! *e/s 7 c>ri$ on m5's %\ld]s1 or 9 waggons ( v>i\s %ape & make4 ,! mo/ important action ( ! luxuri\s ,roman day 0 ! d9n]4 ,c\*es 7 arrang$ = ! gue/s1 & ! room 0 fur!r provid$ ) /ools or l[ b5*es1 side tables1 & ! movable table us$ = ea* c\rse4 ,^! tables 7 put d[n & remov$ f ! supports on :i* !y /ood4 ,! side tables 7 ( m>ble or ( wood1 cov]$ ) silv] plates1 inlaid1 v5e]$1 & ornam5t$ 9 v>i\s ways2 "s 7 us$ = s]v+ ! di%es1 o!rs = ! display ( plate4 ,sculptur$ objects ( plate1 p>tly ornam5tal1 7 put on ! table & remov$ ) ! c\rses4 ,petronius describes an ass ( ,cor9?ian bronze ) silv] pani]s z ! c5tre piece ( "o c\rse2 sauces dropp$ f ! pani]s on lusci\s morsels plac$ b5ea?4 ,a h5 ( wood ) eggs )9 & a figure ( ,v]tumnus are also nam$ by ! same au?or z c5tre pieces4 ,^! 7 replac$ on ! sidebo>d or remov$ ) ! c\rse 9 trays4 ,illu/ration ,closely connect$ ) ! d9+-room 01 x ne$ sc>cely be said1 ! kit*52 & we give woodcuts ( kit*5 ut5sils1 f ! orig9als pres]v$ at ,naples4 ,m5tion %\ld be made ( tape/ries & c>pets be=e leav+ ! subject ( ,roman h\se furniture4 ,c>pets1 tapete1 blankets1 or o!r wooll5 cov]lids = s(as or b$s1 7 made at ,cor9?1 ,miletus1 & a numb] ( seats ( f9e wool manufacture4 ,x is too l>ge a "q to g into 9 detail1 & wov5 fabrics belong to a diff]5t class ( objects fully describ$ 9 ano!r h&-book1 ^u textiles4 ,^! tape/ries play$ a great "p 9 ! actual divisions ( ! ,roman rooms4 ,b$rooms1 x has be5 said1 7 (t5 clos$ ) curta9s only1 & ! corridors & small] rooms 7 clos$ at ! ends & made com=table by ! same means4 ,at ! d9n] detail$ by ,petronius ! hang+s on ! tricl9ia are *ang$ betwe5 pauses 9 ! meal4 ,! feel+s consonant ) ! day or occasion 7 symboliz$ or c>ri$ out 9 ^! ext]nal decorations4 ,m5tion is made by ,s5eca ( ceil+s made s z to be mov$1 & portions turn$ by ma*9]y2 p]haps ! *ang$ panels %[$ diff]5t col\rs & decorations accord+ to ! day1 & to ! hang+s :i* 7 us$4 ,! same au?or alludes to wood ceil+s t c\ld be rais$ high] or l[] by ma*9]y1 pegmata p] se surg5tia et tabulata tacite 9 sublime cresc5tia1 mak+ no noise 9 ! op]ation4 ,^! contrivances 7 res]v$ = d9+-rooms1 :]e ! div]sions 7 ( ! free/ description & ! gue/s prep>$ = any excit+ or s5sational int]ludes4 ,! ,romans requir$ "s ( _! furniture = out-door use4 ,besides ! curule *airs & l(ty seats :i* 7 c>ri$ into !atres or ba?s1 & o!r places ( public resort1 !y us$ litt]s4 ,! s(as or c\*es 7 sometimes c>ri$ on ! necks ( six or m slaves1 & s]v$ z litt]s4 ,b special contrivances l ! ,indian palanqu9s 7 made ) or hung "u poles1 ) curta9s or %utt]s4 ,/ations ( su* conveyances = public use 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,rome4 ,! subjects ( ! c>v+ & ornam5tation ( ,roman furniture 7 ! classic leg5ds ma9ly d]iv$ f ! ,greek my?ology4 ,roman h\se walls 71 h[ev]1 9 lat] ye>s pr(usely decorat$ ) conv5tional repres5tations ( ar*itecture1 & panels ri*ly col\r$ on :i* 7 pa9t$ figures ( danc]s1 cupids1 gods & h]oes2 sometimes commonplace l&scapes & dome/ic sc5es4 ,_! solid furniture 0 decorat$ ) masks1 heads ( h]oes1 legs & feet ( animals1 & foliage1 g5]ally ! leaves ( ! acan?us1 ( an ar*itectonic k9d4 ,! great a*ievem5t ( ! ,romans 9 woodwork ( a con/ructive k9d 0 ! ma*9]y contriv$ = public %[s1 su* z ! cages %ot up out ( ! s& ( ! ar5a ( amphi!atres1 ( :i* ! sides fell d[n1 leav+ at lib]ty ! bea/s want$ = fights or = ! execution ( crim9als4 ,( su* con/ructions probably no?+ 9 ! middle ages1 :5 timb] ab\nd$ & ! use ( x 0 ?or\ghly und]/ood1 exce$s ! foll[+2 a description by ,pl9y ( a device ( ,c4 ,curio1 9 ,africa1 :5 celebrat+ ! fun]al games 9 hon\r ( 8 fa!r3-- ,he caus$ to be erect$ close toge!r two !atres ( v l>ge dim5sions & built ( wood1 ea* ( !m nicely pois$1 & turn+ on a pivot4 ,be=e mid-day a spectacle ( games 0 exhibit$ 9 ea*1 ! !atres be+ turn$ back to back1 9 ord] t ! noise ( nei!r ( !m might int]f]e ) :at 0 go+ on 9 ! o!r4 ,!n1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! day1 all on a sudd51 ! two !atres 7 swung r\nd &1 ! corn]s unit+1 br\ght face to face2 ! out] frames too 7 remov$ 7i4e4 ! backs ( ea* hemicycle7 & ?us an amphi!atre 0 =m$1 9 :i* combats ( gladiators 7 pres5t$ to ! view2 m5 ^: safety 0 almo/ less compromis$ ?an t ( ! ,roman p 9 all[+ itself to be ?us :irl$ r\nd f side to side4 ,! foll[+ woods 7 9 use among/ ! ,romans3-- ,= c>p5try & jo9]'s "w1 c$> 0 ! wood mo/ 9 dem&4 ,p9e ( diff]5t k9ds 0 us$ = doors1 panels1 c>riage build+1 & all "w requir+ to be jo9$ up ) glue1 ( :i* t wood is p>ticul>ly ret5tive4 ,elm 0 employ$ = ! framework ( doors1 l9tels & sills1 9 :i* sockets 7 =m$ = ! p9s or h+es on :i* ! doors turn$4 ,! h+e jambs 7 occasionally made ( olive4 ,a% 0 employ$ = _m purposes2 t gr[n 9 ,gaul 0 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( c>riages on acc\nt ( its extreme suppl5ess & pliancy4 ,axles & portions :i* 7 mu* mortic$ toge!r 7 made ( ,ilex 7,holm oak74 ,bee* also 0 9 frequ5t use4 ,ac] 7,maple7 0 mu* priz$1 z has be5 already /at$1 = tables1 on acc\nt ( ! beauty ( ! wood & ( ! f9i% :i* x admits4 ,osi]s 7 9 use = *airs z 9 our own times4 ,v5e]+ 0 univ]sal 9 wood furniture ( a co/ly k9d4 ,! slices ( wood 7 laid d[n ) glue z 9 mod]n "w1 & !y us$ t>sia or picture "w ( all k9ds4 ,figwood1 will[1 plane1 elm1 a%1 mulb]ry1 *]ry1 cork wood1 7 among/ ! mat]ials = ! b$ or sub/ance on :i* to lay su* "w4 ,wild & cultivat$ olive1 box1 ebony 7,corsican especially71 ilex1 bee*1 7 adapt$ = v5e]+ boxes1 desks1 & small "w4 ,besides ^!1 ! ,romans us$ ! ,syrian t]eb9?1 maple1 palm 7cut across71 holly1 root ( eld]1 popl>2 horn1 ivory pla9 & /a9$2 tortoise%ell2 & wood gra9$ 9 imitation ( v>i\s woods = v5e]+ c\*es & o!r l>ge pieces ( furniture1 z well z door frames1 c41 s t ?is imitation ( gra9s is n entirely a mod]n inv5tion4 ,woods 7 soak$ 9 wat] or buri$ "u heaps ( gra9 to season !m2 or /eep$ 9 oil ( c$> to keep (f ! worms4 ,! c$>s ( ,crete1 ,africa1 & ,syria 7 ! be/ ( t class ( timb]4 ,! be/ fir timb] 0 obta9$ f ! ,jura range1 f ,corsica1 ,bi?ynia1 ,pontus1 & ,mac$onia4 ,! ,romans _h admirable glue1 & us$ planes1 *isels1 c4 ,_! saws1 set 9 frames1 _h ! tee? turn$ 9 opposite directions to op5 ! seam 9 work+4 ,!re are "s curi\s hi/orical records ( ! endurance ( p>ticul> wood /ructures4 ,! c$> ro( ( ! temple ( ,diana ( ,ephesus 0 intact at ! end ( f\r c5turies 9 ,pl9y's "t4 ,h] /atue 0 black1 suppos$ to be ( ebony1 b accord+ to o!r au?orities ( v9e1 & _h outla/$ v>i\s rebuild+s ( ! temple4 ,! ro( beams ( ! temple ( ,apollo at ,utica 7 ( c$> & _h be5 laid #cdh ye>s be=e ! f\ndation ( ,rome2 ne>ly #a1bjj ye>s old 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 & /ill s\nd4 ,! emp]or ,philip celebrat$ ! secul> games 7recurr+ e #ajj ye>s71 ) great pomp1 = ! fif? "t 9 ! ye> #bdh4 ,we may consid] ?is ev5t1 = our pres5t purpose1 z a conv5i5t f9i% ( ! classic p]iod ( antique art1 & ( ! reflections ( x 9 ! woodwork & furniture & ! surr\nd+s ( private life4 ,t5 c5turies _h elaps$ s9ce ,romulus _h =tifi$ ! hills on ! banks ( ! ,tib]4 ,dur+ ! fir/ f\r ages 7says ,gibbon7 ! ,romans1 9 ! labori\s s*ool ( pov]ty1 _h acquir$ ! virtues ( w> & gov]nm5t2 by ! vigor\s ex]tion ( ^! virtues1 & by ! assi/ance ( =tune1 !y _h obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ree succe$+ c5turies an absolute empire ov] _m c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,! la/ ?ree c5turies _h be5 consum$ 9 app>5t prosp]ity & int]nal decl9e4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,byzant9e ,,art4 ,we may take z ! next p]iod = illu/ration ! c5turies t witness$ ! break up ( ! old ,roman con/itution & ! gradual =mation ( a new ord] ( society d[n to ! end ( ! fir/ t5 c5turies ( our era4 ,sev5 hundr$ & fifty ye>s out ( ^? t5 hundr$ belong 9 great "p to m$ival hi/ory4 ,! mis=tunes ( ,italy1 & ! incessant /ate ( w>1 invasion1 & /ruggle 9 t p59sula 7 too de/ructive ( p]sonal weal? & ! means ( %[+ x 9 co/ly furniture to leave u any mat]ials f !nce = our pres5t subject4 ,! hi/ory ( furniture & woodwork1 z appli$ to civil & social uses1 n[ belongs to su* civilisation z took its orig9 & its =m f ,con/ant9ople4 ,art ( ^! c5turies is call$ ,byzant9e4 ,illu/ration ,! woodcut is f ! *air ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ,rome1 ! olde/ & mo/ int]e/+ relic ( antique furniture 9 exi/5ce2 t is1 ( furniture made ( wood & kept 9 use f ! days ( anci5t ,rome4 ,b x has _h repairs & additions1 & a description ( x %all be ref]r$ to 9 ano!r section4 ,byzant9e art is a debas$ =m ( ! classic1 b ) a l>ge mixture ( ,greek2 n ( ! old classic ,greek type :i* _h long be5 exhau/$1 b ( t ,asiatic ,greek :i* d]iv$ s mu* ( its spl5d\r f ! ri* b unimag9ative decorations ( ,p]sia4 ,! objects actually execut$ at ,con/ant9ople or by ,byzant9e arti/s n[ rema9+ c sc>cely be includ$ 9 a treatise on furniture4 ,!y are mo/ly caskets & o!r small pieces execut$ 9 metal or 9 ivory4 ,acc\nts ( _m int]e/+ pieces ( ,byzant9e sculpture w be f\nd 9 ! ,description ( ! ivories 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,among/ !m ! dipty*s ( ! consuls are n only ! mo/ important1 b ! mo/ int]e/+ to a treatise on furniture1 z we see 9 !m consul> seats & ?rones ( _m v>ieties4 ,we may select among/ o!r examples ! foll[+1 :i* c be /udi$ 9 ! museum or ref]r$ to 9 t "w4 ,= in/ance1 no4 #cfh 7fully describ$ 9 ,mr4 ,maskell's ,ivories7 is "o leaf ( a consul> dipty* ( ,ana/asius ,paulus ,probus ,sab9ianus ,pompeius4 ,! consul is repres5t$ seat$ on a *air ( v ornate "*4 ,x is l ! old fold+ curule *airs ( ,rome1 b ) elem5ts bo? ( ,greek & ,egyptian ornam5tation1 su* z belong to ! massive m>ble seats1 support$ by lions or leop>ds1 ) ! heads sculptur$ above ! upp] jo9t ( ! h9d legs4 ,9 ! m\?s ( ^! lions' heads are r+s = ! purpose ( c>ry+ ! *air1 & ! top frame is ornam5t$ ) little panels & m$allions conta9+ w+$ masks & portrait heads ( ! consul & 8 family or ( memb]s ( ! imp]ial family4 ,on ea* side ( ! seat are small w+$ figures ( ,victory /&+ on globes & hold+ circul> tablets ov] _! heads4 ,^! probably repres5t ! front ( ! arms1 & are suppos$ to h a b> /ret*+ f ! heads or ! circul> tablets to ! back ( ! seat4 ,?is feature too is a cont9uation ( types t are to be f\nd on ,greek vases & 9 ! *airs ( bo? ,n9eveh & ,egypt4 ,a l[ foot/ool ) an embroid]$ cu%ion on x is "u ! feet ( ! consul1 & ano!r cu%ion1 also embroid]$1 cov]s ! seat4 ,?is repres5ts a *air ( ! six? c5tury4 ,a seat /ill m l ! curule *air1 b ) a high back1 is repres5t$ 9 ano!r ivory1 no4 #bgj1 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4 ,?is piece is a plaque or tablet ) a bas-relief ( two apo/les seat$4 ,! *airs are =m$ ( two curv$ & recurv$ pieces ea* side1 :i* are jo9t$ toge!r at ! po9t ( int]section4 ,"o pair ( ^! pieces is prolong$ & connect$ by /raight cross-b>s1 & =ms a back4 ,two dolph9s1 ) ! heads t\*+ ! l[ front pieces & ! tails slop+ up & connect$ ) ! back1 =m ! arms4 ,?is belongs to ! n9? c5tury4 ,! lyre back1 a =m n unkn[n 9 old ,greek & !nce adopt$ among ,roman fa%ions1 is also to be se5 9 *airs on ivories & 9 manuscripts4 ,r\nd cu%ions 7 hung on ! back1 o!rs cov]$ ! seat4 ,^! are se5 also figur$ 9 ! mosaics ( ,v5ice1 & lat] ( ,monreale 9 ,sicily :i* reta9$ mu* ( ! ,byzant9e _s4 ,! art ( ,sicily cont9u$ long] subject to ,con/ant9ople ?an t ( mo/ ( its ,italian prov9ces1 & ,v5ice pres]v$ h] old traditions f> into ! p]iod ( ! ,european revival ( art4 ,! b$s1 z repres5t$ 9 manuscript illum9ations1 belong *iefly to religi\s compositions su* z ! ,nativity1 or visions appe>+ to sa9ts 9 _! sleep4 ,!y are c\*es 9 ! old ,roman =m1 or are support$ on turn$ legs1 f ! frames ( :i* valances hang d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes a curta9 acts z a scre5 at ! head or on "o side1 b te/]s are want+4 ,*>iots & c>riages ( all sorts rema9$ m or less ,roman 9 type4 ,!re 7 a great] numb] ( waggons or c>riages = ! conveyance ( wom5 & families ?an _h be5 9 use 9 anci5t times4 ,*ri/ianity _h mat]ially alt]$ ! social position ( wom51 & !y appe>$ 9 public or mov$ ab\t ) _! families )\t ! re/ra9ts :i* 9 ! old ,roman society =bad _! appe>ance 9 *>iots & op5 c>riages1 & made ! cov]$ c\* or clos$ litt] ! usual conveyance = ladies ( rank 9 ,rome4 ,sev]al =ms ( *>iots or c>riages ( ?is l>g] k9d c be se5 9 ! sculptures ( ! column ( ,!odosius 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,! art & ! dome/ic mann]s & cu/oms t _h be5 9 fa%ion 9 ,rome ma9ta9$ !mselves ) "s modifications 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,! life !re 0 m %[y & pomp\s1 b x 0 free f ! cruelties & ! corruption ( ! eld] society4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on ! pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! numb]s & magnific5ce ( ! religi\s hi]>*y =m$ an important feature 9 ! spl5did social aspect ( ! ,greek capital4 ,! games ( ! circus1 )\t ! cruelties ( gladiatorial combats1 7 ma9ta9$4 ,*>iots 7 9 con/ant use1 mu* weal? 0 sp5t on _! con/ruction1 & *>iot races 7 kept up4 ,furniture1 su* z *airs1 c\*es1 *e/s1 caskets1 mirrors & articles ( ! toilet1 0 exce$+ly ri*4 ,gold & silv] 7 probably m abundant 9 ! great h\ses ( ,con/ant9ople ?an !y _h be5 9 ,rome4 ,z ! b>b>\s races ( ! ea/ & nor? encroa*$ on ! fl\ri%+ prov9ces ( ! ,roman empire1 con/ant immigration took place to ,con/ant9ople & ! prov9ces /ill "u its sway4 ,families br\ght ) !m su* prop]ty z c\ld be easily mov$1 gold ( c\rse & jewels2 &1 naturally1 ^! preci\s mat]ials 7 aft]w>ds us$ = ! decoration ( _! furniture & dress4 ,! anci5t cu/om ( recl9+ at meals _h ceas$4 ,! gue/s sat on b5*es or *airs4 ,at ! same "t ! tricl9ia aurea1 or gold5 d9+ room1 0 /ill ! title ( ! great hall ( audi5ce 9 ! palace at ,con/ant9ople4 ,! t]m only s]v$ to illu/rate ! jeal\s ret5tion ( ! old =ms & names by ! emp]ors & patricians4 ,! la/ bran* ( ! anci5t empire did little = ! arts ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 ?\gh x long pres]v$ ! old traditions ( art1 gradually becom+ m & m debas$ ) e succe$+ g5]ation1 :il/ outw>d spl5d\r 0 increas$ because ( ! great] quantity ( ! preci\s metals t _h accumulat$ or be5 inh]it$ dur+ s _m c5turies4 ,! decay ( art & skill 9 ! old _w 01 h[ev]1 c\nt]balanc$ by ! rise ( new societies1 :i* 7 gradually be+ =m$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! empire4 ,^! consi/$ p>tly ( ! races ( ,huns1 ,go?s1 ,saxons1 & o!rs1 :o _h invad$ ,italy & settl$ !mselves 9 x1 p>tly ( ! old municipal corporations1 :o def5d$ _! prop]ty & ma9ta9$ _! privileges 9 ! great wall$ t[ns ( ,italy4 ,! cities pr(it$ to a great ext5t by ?is infusion ( new blood2 & became ! p>5ts ( ! future prov9ces ( ,italy1 s ri* 9 g5ius & indu/ry1 s weal?y & p[]ful 9 peace & w>4 ,! mo/ important ( !m 0 ,v5ice1 & x is 9 ,v5ice t1 9 ! lat] middle ages1 we f9d ! bir?place ( mo/ ( ! art ) :i* ! furniture & ut5sils ( home & w>like use 7 s pr(usely decorat$4 ,we po9t to ,con/ant9ople z ! la/ /ronghold ( ! old arts ( ! ,roman p]iod1 b x is because x 0 f ! ,greeks t ! new /ates borr[$ _! fir/ notions ( art4 ,ne>ly all ! e>ly art we meet ) ?r\gh\t ! we/ 9 manuscripts & ivories be>s a ,byzant9e "*4 ,a rem>kable piece ( monum5tal furniture has surviv$ f ^! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 half ,byzant9e & half we/]n 9 "*1 ! *air ( ,/4 ,maximian ( ,rav5na1 pres]v$ 9 ! treasury at ,rav5na1 & engrav$ & describ$ 9 ! ,arts ,somptuaires ( ,m4 ,du ,somm]>d4 ,rav5na 0 ! portion ( ! empire t mo/ intimately connect$ ! ea/ ) ! we/4 ,! dom$ *ur*es ( ,san ,vitale1 ,san ,giovanni 9 ,fonte1 ! tomb ( ,galla ,placidia1 ! r\nd *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia1 built by ,!odoric1 toge!r ) ! great basilica ( ,sa9t ,apoll9>e 9 ,*iasse1 & o!rs ( ! ,lat9 =m1 unite ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ea/]n & we/]n ar*itecture4 ,:at is true ( ar*itecture c also be pron\nc$ z to pa9t+1 sculpture1 textile fabrics1 & all decoration appli$ to objects1 sacr$ or dome/ic1 t 7 9 daily use4 ,b ev5ts occurr$ 9 ! decl9+ /ate ( ! empire t w5t f> to transf] :at rema9$ ( art to nor!rn ,europe4 ,! sect ( ! iconocla/s1 or image-break]s1 rose into p[] & au?ority "u ! emp]or ,leo ! ,isaurian1 :o publi%$ an edict 9 #gbf condemnatory ( ! v5]ation & use ( religi\s images & pa9t+s4 ,dur+ a c5tury ?is pr9ciple 0 at "w1 & x caus$ ! de/ruction n only ( innum]able antique /atues1 su* z ^? defac$ 9 ! ,p>!non ( ,a!ns1 b ! loss ( va/ quantities ( ivory & wood sculpture & preci\s objects ( all k9ds4 ,_m arti/s took refuge 9 we/]n ,europe1 & 7 welcom$ 9 ! ,rh5i% prov9ces ( ! empire by ,*>lemagne4 ,h[ mu* anci5t & dome/ic art 9 ! =m ( bronze or o!r metal furniture1 su* z *airs1 ?rones1 tripods1 c41 :ole or 9 fragm5ts1 surviv$ ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople by ,mahomet ,,ii4 we _c conjecture4 ,p]haps ! royal palaces1 or /ill m possibly ! mosques :i* h be5 ! banks & depositories ( family treasures "u ,mahometan rule1 may conta9 valuable bronzes1 ivories1 & c>v$ wood1 relics ( ! luxuri\s life ( ! latt] days ( ! ,greek empire1 & su* evid5ces may "s day come to light4 ,no d\bt1 h[ev]1 mu* antique art & mu* t belong$ to ! fir/ eight c5turies ( our era surviv$ ! ord9>y %ocks ( "t & w>1 only to be de/roy$ by ! quiet semi-judicial action ( a furi\s sect protect$ by imp]ial decrees1 aft] ! mann] 9 :i* m$ival art suff]$ "u ! se>*+ p[]s ( fanatical gov]nm5t commission]s 9 our own c\ntry1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is to ! impulse :i* ! ,lomb>d & ,franki% mon>*s gave to art 9 we/]n & nor!rn ,europe by ! protection ( ,greek refugee sculptors & arti/s t we %\ld trace ! beg9n+s ( ! nor!rn s*ool call$ ,rh5i%-,byzant9e4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,we _c easily det]m9e on a date at :i* we c assign a beg9n+ to m$ival art4 ,x diff]s f ! art t succe$$ x 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 9 _m respects1 & f ! late classic art t prec$$ x /ill m widely4 ,t peculi> "* :i* we call romantic ent]s into ! art ( m$ival times1 z x does into ! lit]ature & mann]s ( ! same ages4 ,x took a liv+ =m 9 ! half religi\s in/itution ( *ivalry4 ,! nor!rn nations grew up "u ! lead]%ip ( monks q z mu* z "u t ( k+s4 ,!y liv$ 9 t]ritories only p>tially cle>$ f =e/s1 pu%$ _! way =w>d to p[] pione]$ by ! great religi\s ord]s1 & _! _w 0 "o surr\nd$ by opportunities ( endless adv5tures4 ,b ?is romantic /&>d1 ?\gh x took its rise f ! times 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ians c>ri$ _! lives 9 _! h&s1 "u ! p]secut+ emp]ors1 did n p]vade ,europe = _m c5turies4 ,classic art1 9 its decay1 /ill furni%$ bo? =ms & symbols1 su*1 e4g41 z t ( ,orpheus1 to ! new societies1 & ! names ( ,jupit]1 ,m]cury1 & ,saturn1 h surviv$ z ! titles ( days ( ! week4 ,! two art traditions ov]lapp$ ea* o!r = a :ile4 ,m$ivalism grew v gradually4 ,we h j said t ,*>lemagne welcom$ ,byzant9e arti/s to ! ,rh9e4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,roman empire _h be5 firmly plant$ beyond ! ,alps1 & t ,gaul produc$ good ,roman art 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,ar*itecture1 sculpture1 bronze ca/+1 & ! numb]less appliances ( daily life 7 completely ,roman 9 _m p>ts ( ,france & ,brita94 ,! !atres & amphi!atres ( ,arles & ,orange & ! collections 9 v>i\s museums are en\gh to %[ h[ ext5d$ ?is "* 04 ,x 0 n till ! old traditions _h be5 mu* develop$ or modifi$ by ori5tal influ5ces t a ?or\gh m$ival "* ( art 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,to ! la/ x rema9$ semi-classic 9 ,rome itself4 ,we c give ref]5ce to few specim5s ( h\sehold furniture or to woodwork ( any k9d be=e ! elev5? c5tury1 ) a great exception to be notic$ pres5tly4 ,ivories1 9 any =m1 belong+ to ^! ages are r>e4 ,! be/ objects are ,byzant9e4 ,anglo-saxon ivories1 ?\gh n unkn[n1 are all b unique examples4 ,ivory 0 probably r>ely employ$ = any objects ( secul> use1 unless on mirror cases1 combs1 or ! ?rones ( k+s2 on horns1 caskets1 sword hilts1 & ! l4 ,metallurgy 9 ! preci\s metals & 9 bronze1 includ+ ! gild+ ( bronze1 0 probably ! "o art t surviv$ ! dep>ture1 if x _h n ev5 prec$$ ! invasion1 ( ! ,romans 9 ,brita94 ,x is sc>cely probable t t9 & copp] ores w\ld h be5 s\ght = f ,brita9 if manufactur$ ornam5ts ( metal _h n f\nd _! way 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ?is c\ntry to ! s\?4 ,be t1 h[ev]1 z x may1 ! art ( metallurgy surviv$ ! d[nfall ( su* ar*itectural & sculpturesque skill z _h be5 atta9$ 9 ,engl& "u ,roman traditions2 & t metal ?rones1 *airs1 & o!r ut5sils 7 made "h z 9 ,gaul c h>dly be d\bt$4 ,!re is an int]e/+ collection1 lately bequea!d by ,mr4 ,gibbs1 ( ,saxon ornam5ts 9 gold1 bronze1 & bronze ornam5t$ ) gild+ & enamel1 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,^! objects 7 dug up *iefly at ,fav]%am1 a village 9 ,k5t4 ,mo/ ( ^! antiquities are fibul1 broo*es1 & buckles1 or portions ( horse trapp+s1 bosses1 c41 & n recognisable z p>ts ( bronze furniture1 su* z ! *air ( ,dagob]t4 ,b x is difficult to exam9e ^! p]sonal ornam5ts & n believe t dur+ ! ,saxon occupation bronze ?rones1 tripods1 mirrors1 & o!r objects ( h\sehold use 7 also made4 ,! e>lie/ example ( m$ival furniture 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum is a ca/ ( ! *air kn[n z t ( ,dagob]t1 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,a full description & hi/ory ( ?is *air is to be f\nd 9 ! l>ge catalogue1 no4 #fh3 & we "h give a woodcut ( x4 ,?is "w 7x is said7 0 execut$ by a monk4 ,illu/ration ,:5 we consid] ! rapacity ( ! b>b>ian inroads into ,italy & ,rome1 & ! am\nt ( spoil c>ri$ bodily away f ,con/ant9ople1 ,rome1 & ! great municipal c5tres ( ,italy1 x is rem>kable t s little preci\s furniture %\ld h surviv$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! ,go?s "u ,adolphus 9 ! fif? c5tury c>ri$ an imm5se plund] into ,gaul & ,spa94 ,:5 ! treasuries1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,spa91 says ,gibbon1 7 plund]$ by ! ,arabs1 !y admir$1 & !y h celebrat$1 a table ( consid]able size1 ( "o s+le piece ( solid em]ald t is1 glass1 encircl$ ) ?ree r[s ( f9e pe>ls1 support$ by ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five feet ( gems & massy gold1 e/imat$ at ! price ( five hundr$ ?\s& pieces ( gold1--probably ! mo/ exp5sive table on record4 ,x is ! value ( ! mat]ials t has prev5t$ ! pres]vation ( _m su* objects1 :ile ! *air ( ,dagob]t is ( gilt bronze only4 ,e>ly m$ival art1 includ$ "u ! g5]al "n ( ,go?ic1 cont9u$ d[n to ! twelf? c5tury full ( ,romanesque =ms & details4 ,figures 7 clo!d 9 classic drap]ies1 b /iff & sev]e ) upright l9es & *ildi% attempts to indicate ! limbs or jo9ts b5ea?4 ,nev]!less1 ! "w ( ^! c5turies1 rude & ar*aic z x is1 is full ( dignity & =ce4 ,! subjects 7 (t5 sacr$1 sometimes ( w> or incid5ts ( ! *ase4 ,^! la/ 7 commonly mix$ ) animals1 lions & dogs1 or eagles & hawks1 or leaves ( ! acan?us & o!r foliage4 ,?r\gh\t ^! ages ! foliat$ sculpture1 ! pa9t+s ( books & c>v+ ( ivory1 & no d\bt ( wood also1 01 moreov]1 compos$ 9 endless convolutions1 su* z may be se5 on sculptur$ /ones 9 ,irel& & on ! ,norwegian doors ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,:e!r ! diff]5t convolutions are =m$ by figures or dragons1 or by /alks ( foliage tw9$ & knott$ toge!r 9 bold curv$ l9es1 symmetrically arrang$1 ea* portion is g5]ally c>efully design$ & traceable ?r\gh _m w9d+s z hav+ a di/9ct int5tion & purpose4 ,ornam5tal "w 0 ?us app>5tly conv5tional1 b made up ( individual p>ts sep>ately c>ri$ out1 & 9 "s degree1 ?\gh n altoge!r1 reali/ic3 a "* gradually lo/ aft] ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury till ! new revival 9 ! sixte5?4 ,! t5? c5tury 0 n fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! requirem5ts or com=t ( p]sonal life4 ,t[>ds ! ye> "o ?\s& a sup]/ition prevail$ ov] _m p>ts ( ,europe t ! _w w\ld come to an end :5 ! c5tury 0 complet$2 & _m fields 7 left uncultivat$ 9 ! ye> #iii4 ,! elev5? c5tury made a great advance 9 ar*itecture & o!r arts1 b d[n to ! ,norman invasion our own c\ntry 0 f> beh9d ! cont95tal nations 9 ! f9e arts2 metallurgy only except$4 ,! ,anglo-saxons p]haps advanc$ b v sl[ly1 z ! c5tury wore on to ! p]iod ( ! ,norman conque/2 & mann]s rema9$ exce$+ly simple4 ,e>ly illum9ations1 ?\gh conv5tional1 give u "s details ( ,anglo-saxon h\ses4 ,!y 7 ( "o /ory1 & conta9$ g5]ally only "o room4 ,! addition ( a second 0 r>e be=e ! ,norman conque/4 ,! furniture ( ! room consi/$ ( a heavy table1 sometimes fix$2 on :i* ! inhabitants ( ! h\se & ! gue/s slept4 ,a b$/ead 0 occasionally res]v$ = ! mi/ress ( ! h\se4 ,b$/eads :5 us$ by ! wom5 or ! "l ( ! h\se 7 enclos$ 9 a %$ "u ! wall ( enclosure & _h a sep>ate ro(1 z may be se5 9 _m manuscripts4 ,9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry a b$ ro( is til$1 & ! framework %ut 9 ) curta9s4 ,9 _m in/ances su* a design repres5ts only a te/] ) po/s4 ,o!rwise b$s ( /raw /uff$ into a bag or case 7 spread on ! table1 & soldi]s laid _! arms by _! heads ready = use 9 case ( al>m4 ,b5*es1 "s ) lion or o!r heads at ! corn]s1 l elongat$ *airs or settles 7) backs1 = ! "l & lady ( ! h\se71 7 ! usual seats4 ,?rones1 some?+ l t ( ,dagob]t1 7 ! prop]ty ( k+s4 ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,confessor is seat$ on su* a *air 7metal1 & 9 ! ,roman %ape7 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 & fold+ *airs ( v>i\s =ms1 m or less foll[+ classical types1 7 us$ by great p]sonages4 ,b5*es 7 also us$ z b$s2 s 7 ! lids or tops ( *e/s1 ! sack or bag be+ sometimes kept 9 x & fill$ ) /raw :5 requir$4 ,! tables 7 cov]$ ) clo?s at d9n]4 ,/a9$ clo?s & tape/ries1 commonly work$ ) pictorial designs1 7 us$ to hang ! walls ( ! h\se or hall4 ,!y 7 call$ wah-hrgel1 wall cov]+s4 ,p]sonal clo?+ 0 kept 9 *e/s ( rude con/ruction4 ,silv] c&le/icks 7 us$ 9 *ur*es4 ,c&les 7 /uck any:]e 9 h\ses1 on beams or l$ges4 ,) reg>d to c>riages dur+ ! ,saxon & ,anglo-norman p]iod1 c>ts on two :eels 7 common = agricultural use1 & s]v$ to transport ! royal prop]ty4 ,f\r-:eel$ c>s drawn by h& lab\r are us$ = c>ry+ w>like /ores 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry4 ,9 ! battle ( ! ,/&>d ! /&>d ( ! ,engli% ho/ 0 c>ri$ on a :eel$ c> or plat=m1 & rema9$ z ! head-qu>t]s or rally+ po9t dur+ action4 ,! ,norman invasion ( ,engl& caus$ a new advance 9 ! luxury & ref9em5t1 su* z x 01 ( daily life4 ,! h\ses began to gr[--upp] rooms or rooms at ! side ( ! great hall 7 add$1 call$ sol>s 7sol>ia71 ! sunny or light rooms4 ,^! seem to h be5 appropriat$ to ! ladies4 ,9 due "t !y add$ a p>loir or talk+ room1 a "n d]iv$ f ! rooms 9 :i* conv]sation 0 all[$ 9 mona/]ies :]e sil5ce 0 ! g5]al rule4 ,9 ! upp] rooms fireplaces 7 made occasionally1 b n always *imneys4 ,9 ! halls1 :5 ! upp] room did n cov] ! :ole "u room or :5 an upp] room 0 n con/ruct$1 fire 0 made 9 ! c5tre ( ! floor4 ,/airs 7 ( wood4 ,glass 0 all b unkn[n 9 ! w9d[s ( h\ses1 & wood5 %utt]s kept out ! wea!r4 ,! h\ses ( l&[n]s 9 ,engl& 7 call$ manoir or manor4 ,! furniture 0 simple & consi/$ ( few objects4 ,! table 0 on tre/les2 ! seats 7 b5*es4 ,arm>ia1 armoires1 cupbo>ds or presses1 ei!r /ood 9 recesses 9 ! wall or 7 complete wood5 enclosures4 ,^! _h doors op5+ horizontally4 ,! frames 7 n panell$4 ,! doors 7 l$ge doors ( bo>ds1 nail$ to /\t cross b>s beh9d1 & decorat$ ) iron h+es & clamps beat5 out into scrolls & o!r ornam5ts4 ,illu/ration ,b$rooms 7 furni%$ ) ornam5tal b$ te/]s1 & b5*es at ! b$ foot4 ,b$s 7 furni%$ ) quilts & pill[s1 & ) spott$ or /rip$ l95 %eets2 ov] all 0 laid a cov]+ ( gre5 say1 badg]s' furs1 ! sk9s ( beav]s or ( m>t9 cats1 & a cu%ion4 ,a p]* = falcons to sit on 0 fix$ 9 ! wall4 ,a *air at ! b$ head1 & a p]* or project+ pole on :i* clo!s c\ld be hung1 complet$ ! furniture ( ! ,anglo-norman b$room4 ,9 ! =ego+ woodcut f ,willem9 !re is no te/]1 b c>v+ on ! po/s1 & ! cov]+s are ( ! ri*e/ description4 ,woodwork 0 decorat$ ) pa9t$ ornam5t or ) fanciful "w on ! h+es2 & nails & clamps 7 appli$ to hold x toge!r1 r ?an ) sculpture1 d[n to ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 oak 0 ! wood employ$ = furniture4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ! c\ntries :i* _h reta9$ old arti/ic traditions on ! cont95t1 su* z ,italy1 ,france1 & ,spa9 7:i* pr(it$ by ! skill ( ! ,moors 9 pa9t$ decoration71 col\r 0 us$ n less on walls & wood ?an on metal & pott]y4 ,tape/ry 0 an important portion ( ! furniture ( all h\ses ( ! ri*] classes4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies m$ival art 9 ,europe rea*$ its greate/ p]fection4 ,! classic traditions 7 at la/ =gott5 ev]y:]e except 9 ,rome itself1 :]e a *a9 l+]$ almo/ cont9u\s betwe5 ! old ideas & ^? :i* succe$$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,else:]e ! feel+ 9 sculpture1 :e!r ( wood or o!r mat]ials1 0 9 unison ) ! po9t$ ar*itecture & reign$ un*all5g$4 ,all sorts ( enri*m5ts 7 us$ 9 ! decoration ( furniture4 ,a *e/ ( ! "t ( ,john is pres]v$ 9 ! ca/le ( ,rock+ham4 ,x is ( oak ri*ly decorat$ ) hamm]$ iron plates1 h+es1 c4 ,! jewel *e/ ( ,ri*>d ( ,cornwall 0 long pres]v$ 9 ! /ate treasury ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & is n[ at ,vi5na4 ,x belongs to ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 & 0 left at ,aix :5 ,ri*>d 0 cr[n$ k+ ( ! ,romans4 ,! body is ( oak decorat$ ) wr\ght-iron h+es1 lock1 & clamps1 & ) bosses ( metal on :i* are enamell$ h]aldic %ields4 ,! con/ruction ( woodwork gradually became m c>eful & sci5tific4 ,panell$ framework came into use1 ?\gh seldom = doors ( rooms4 ,) ?is me?od ( con/ruction ! *e/s 7 put toge!r t =m$ ! *ief article ( furniture dur+ two c5turies 9 ! m$ival sleep+1 sitt+1 or private room4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,eleanor ( ,prov5ce 0 escort$ on h] j\rney to ,engl& by an army ( ladies1 knights1 nobles & tr\bad\rs1 f ,prov5ce to ! %ores ( ! *annel4 ,k+s 7 cont9ually mak+ progress 9 ?is mann] ?r\gh _! dom9ions1 l ! ,indian gov]nors ( our own days1 & c>ri$ _! furniture & prop]ty 9 *e/s1 call$ /&>ds1 on ! backs ( mules or sumpt] horses4 ,portable furniture & hang+s 7 ! pr9cipal objects ( h\sehold use on su* occasions4 ,a precept 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ?ird direct$ t ! k+'s great *amb] at ,we/m9/] be pa9t$ a gre5 col\r l a curta91 t 9 ! great gable frontispiece ( ! said *amb] a ,fr5* inscription %\ld be pa9t$1 & t ! k+'s little w>drobe %\ld be pa9t$ ( a gre5 col\r to imitate a curta94 ,! que5's *amb] 0 decorat$ ) hi/orical pa9t+s4 ,rema9s ( simil> wall decoration are 9 tol]able pres]vation /ill 9 "o ( ! vault$ rooms ( ,dov] ca/le4 ,till ! f\rte5? c5tury c&les 7 g5]ally plac$ on a beam 9 ! hall1 :e!r 9 ! ca/le ( a k+ or b>on4 ,frames ( wood ) prickets 7 also susp5d$ = ! light+ ( rooms1 or 7 fix$ to ! sides ( ! fire-place :5 t 0 made 9 ! wall & _h a *imney con/ruct$ = x4 ,m g5]ally1 z reg>ds halls1 ! he>? 0 9 ! middle ( ! room & a lant]n j above x 9 ! ro( act$ z a *imney4 ,iron *&eli]s1 or bran*es1 7 ord]$ to be fix$ to ! pi]s ( ! k+'s halls at ,ox=d1 ,w9*e/]1 & o!r places4 ,?\gh ! royal table might be light$ ) valuable c&le/icks ( metal1 !y 7 n 9 g5]al use till a c5tury lat]4 ,besides ! num]\s r[s ( tall[ c&les pieces ( p9e wood 7 light$ & /uck into iron hasps 9 ! wall1 or r\nd ! woodwork at ! back ( ! dais to give m abundant light4 ,! w>drobe 0 a special room fitt$ ) hang+ closets1 & 9 ^! clo!s1 hang+s1 l951 z well z spices & /ores1 7 pres]v$4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 common 9 all l>ge ca/les dur+ ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies4 ,great prep>ations 7 made 9 ! b$rooms ( que5s ( ,engl& to :i* !y retir$ be=e ! bir? ( *ildr54 ,h5ry ! ?ird direct$ t 8 que5's b$room %\ld be fre%ly wa9scot$ & l9$1 & t a li/ or bord] %\ld be made1 well pa9t$ ) images ( our ,"l & angels1 ) inc5se pots scatt]$ ov] x2 t ! f\r evangeli/s %\ld be pa9t$ 9 ! *amb]1 & a cry/al vase be made to keep 8 collection ( relics4 ,room panell+ 0 introduc$ into ,engl& dur+ ! same reign4 ,h5ry ord]$ a *amb] at ,w9dsor ca/le to be panell$ ) ,norway p9es specially import$2 ! m5 work$ day & night4 ,! bo>ds 7 radiat$ & col\r$1 & two cle> days only 7 all[$ = ! fix+ & completion4 ,illu/ration ,edw>d ! fir/ m>ri$ a ,spani% que51 & h\sehold furniture 0 fur!r develop$ "u 8 reign 9 _m p>ticul>s4 ,pott]y = ! table 0 import$ f ,spa91 & ori5tal c>pets 7 introduc$2 a luxury naturally borr[$ f ! ext5sive use ( !m by ! ,moors 9 t c\ntry4 ,italian arti/s _h already be5 invit$ to ,engl&4 ,ma/] ,william1 ! ,flor5t9e1 0 ma/] ( ! works at ,guild=d ca/le4 ,john ( ,/4 ,om] 0 ano!r =eign arti/ employ$ by ,h5ry ! ?ird4 ,to ! =m] ( ^! we probably owe ! introduction into ?is c\ntry ( ! me?od ( gild+ & tool$ gold "w1 ) :i* wood 0 decorat$4 ,specim5s ( ! "w are /ill disc]nible on ! fam\s coronation *air 7( :i* we give a woodcut1 p4 #di7 9 ,we/m9/] abbey2 made ab\t ! ye> #acjj4 ,! decoration & com=t ( furni%$ h\ses dur+ ,h5ry's reign 0 fur!r promot$ by ! g5]al use ( tape/ry4 ,que5 ,eleanor is traditionally & incorrectly said to h fir/ br\ght ?is k9d ( furniture into h\ses2 x 0 c]ta9ly adopt$ = *ur*es at e>li] p]iods1 & hang+s ( v>i\s mat]ials1 /a9$ or embroid]$1 7 employ$ z f> back z ! ,anglo-saxon times4 ,tape/ries & cypress *e/s to c>ry !m probably became m g5]al 9 ,eleanor's reign4 ,among/ ! p>ticul>s collect$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! city companies & by ! record commission are li/s ( ! royal plate1 %[+ t objects ( p]sonal use besides table plate 7 made 9 silv] & gold4 ,we f9d m5tion ( pit*]s ( gold & silv]1 plates & di%es ( silv]1 gold salts1 alms b[ls1 silv] hannap]s or baskets1 a pair ( knives ) enamell$ silv] %ea?s1 a =k ( cry/al1 & a silv] =k ) h&le ( ebony & ivory1 combs & look+-glasses ( silv]4 ,edw>d _h six silv] =ks & "o ( gold4 ,ozi] mats 7 laid ov] ! b5*es on :i* he & 8 que5 sat at meals4 ,^! 7 also put "u ! feet1 especially 9 *ur*es :]e ! pavem5t 0 ( /one or tiles4 ,9 ! furniture ( b$rooms l95 *e/s & settles1 cupbo>ds & ! b$s !mselves 7 ( panell$ wood4 ,! next woodcut %[s ! int]ior ( a well-furni%$ b$room1 f a manuscript life ( ,/4 ,edmund writt5 ab\t ! ye> #adjj4 ,illu/ration ,*e/s s]v$ z tables1 & are (t5 repres5t$ ) *ess-bo>ds on !m 9 old illum9ations1 & husb& & wife sitt+ on ! *e/ & us+ x = ! game1 :i* _h become famili> to mo/ ,european nations4 ,*e/s ( lat] date ?an ! "t ( ,edw>d1 ( ,italian make1 /ill %[ ! same use ( ! lids ( c(f]s4 ,z ! tops ( ! c(f]s s]v$ = tables1 & = seats !y began 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury to be furni%$ ) a panell$ back & arm-pieces at ei!r end4 ,?is developm5t ( ! *e/ 0 equally common 9 ,france4 ,x does n seem to h be5 plac$ on legs or to h gr[n into a cab9et till a lat] p]iod4 ,! rais$ dorsal or back ( ! seats 9 l>ge rooms 0 a protection f ! cold1 & 9 ! rude =m ( a settle is /ill ! com=t ( old f>m & inn kit*5s 9 ?is c\ntry2 x became ! g5]al type ( seats ( /ate 9 ! great halls1 & 0 !re fur!r enl>g$ by a canopy project+ =w>ds to protect ! heads ( ! sitt]s1 panell$ also 9 oak4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury 9 _m in/ances ?is hood or canopy 0 atta*$ to ! panell+ ( ! upp] end ( ! hall1 & cov]$ ! :ole ( t side ( ! dais4 ,! back+ & canopy 7 sometimes replac$ by tempor>y arrangem5ts ( hang+s1 z 9 mod]n royal ?rone rooms1 ! clo? be+ call$ clo? ( e/ate & g5]ally embroid]$ ) h]aldic devices4 ,panell$ closets call$ dressoirs or cupbo>ds1 to lock up food1 7 g5]al 9 prop]ly furni%$ rooms2 a clo? 0 laid on ! top at meals1 ) lights1 & n>r[ %elves rose 9 /eps at ! back = ! display ( plate1 ! /eps v>y+ 9 numb] accord+ to ! rank ( ! p]sons s]v$4 ,tables us$ at meals 7 g5]ally frames ( bo>ds1 ei!r 9 "o piece or fold+ 9 ! middle4 ,^! 7 laid on tre/les1 z 9 ! woodcut f an e>ly manuscript 9 ! ,bodleian libr>y1 & c\ld be remov$ z soon z ! d9n] 0 ov]1 s t ! company might dance & div]t !mselves4 ,some:at lat]1 ab\t ! ye> #adej1 ! tables al?\gh /ill on tre/les 7 made m solidly1 ev5 = ! use ( p ( ! middle class4 ,illu/ration ,all h\ses1 h[ev]1 ev5 ( k+s c\ld n be completely or ev5 com=tably furni%$ 9 su* a mann]1 f> less ^? ( feudal lords1 n pr9ces or sov]eigns4 ,! k+s mov$ incessantly to _! v>i\s /rongholds & manors 9 "t ( peace to collect dues & rev5ues1 mu* ( :i* 0 paid 9 k9d & c\ld only be pr(itably turn$ to acc\nt by c>ry+ ! ,c\rt to diff]5t e/ates & liv+ on _! produce z long z x la/$4 ,ord]s 7 cont9ually s5t to %]iffs to provide food1 l95 & o!r requisites1 :ile hang+s & furniture 7 c>ri$ by ! tra9 9 its progress4 ,mu* ( ! h\sehold belong+s ( p]sons ( weal? 01 !re=e1 ( a movable k9d4 ,we engrave 7p4 #ec7 a v curi\s table /&+ on a p$e/al %ap$ l a *alice1 f a manuscript ( ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ladies are play+ at c>ds4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,a mo/ oppressive privilege 0 ex]cis$ 9 ,france1 :i* w5t beyond ! legal "r ( ! "l or own] to ! r5ts ( 8 e/ates :e!r paid 9 money1 agricultural produce1 or manufactures c>ri$ on 9 8 t[ns or villages4 ,?is 0 ! droit de prisage1 a privilege ( seiz+ furniture ( all k9ds by ! h&s ( /ew>ds & o!rs = ! use ( ! k+4 ,*airs1 tables1 & b$s p>ticul>ly 7 includ$ 9 ^! requisitions4 ,! droit de prisage 0 modifi$ at v>i\s times 9 consequ5ce ( ! remon/rance ( ! commons at s oppressive an exaction2 b z late z ! ye> #acfe ,*>les ! fif? seiz$ b$s4 ,9 #acac ,philippe le ,bel ent]ta9$ ! ,engli% k+ & 8 que5 at ,pontoise ) no o!r furniture ?an su* z _h be5 seiz$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,a fire broke out 9 ! night dur+ _! /ay1 ! furniture 0 consum$1 & ! royal p]sonages escap$ 9 _! %irts4 ,x 0 n till #adjg t ?is privilege 0 f9ally ab&on$4 ,?\gh ! usual conveyance dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 a horse litt] = wom5 ( rank1 & m5 rode on horseback1 yet cov]$ & op5 c>riages or waggons 7 n unkn[n 9 t & 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,a *>ette conta9+ a numb] ( maids ( hon\r 9 att5dance on ,anne ( ,bohemia at h] public reception 9 ,london 9 #acib1 0 upset on ,london bridge f ! ru% ( ! cr[d to get a sight ( ! que51 & h] ladies 7 n )\t difficulty replac$4 ,^! *>ettes1 c>s1 or waggons 7 cov]$ c>ts on f\r :eels1 l c\ntry waggons ( our days1 panell$ at ! sides1 & ! tilt cov]$ ) lea!r1 sometimes ) lead1 & pa9t$4 ,illu/ration ,we mu/ n pass )\t a v brief notice ! l>ge con/ructions ( ro(s ( wood begun z e>ly z ! twelf?1 & cont9u$ & improv$ ?r\gh ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! f9e/ ef=ts ( m$ival ,go?ic art 7 embodi$ all ov] ! nor? & ov] p>ts ( ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,! old] "p ( ,we/m9/] hall dates f ! reign ( ,rufus1 & ! walls ( ! pres5t build+ belong to t p]iod1 ?\gh fac$ at a lat] "t4 ,h[ ! ro( ( ! enorm\s space1 sixty-five feet diamet]1 0 at fir/ con/ruct$ !re is no evid5ce to %[4 ,x _h1 p]haps1 a r[ ( ar*es d[n ! middle1 l ! great hall ( ! palace ( ,blois1 said to be ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 or huge k+po/s support+ ! ties betwe5 raft]s1 :i* 9 t case may h be5 z long z ^? ( ! lat] ro(4 ,! pres5t ro(1 "w ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a *ange 9 ! /yle ( ar*itecture t accompani$ & caus$ great *anges 9 furniture & h\sehold woodwork4 ,! ties are support$ by curv$ braces t desc5d l ar*es on ! /one corbels made 9 ! wall to receive !m4 ,^! braces take two flights1 be+ ti$ back :]e !y meet by hamm] beams into a l[] "p ( ! raft]4 ,! l[] brace upholds ano!r upright or coll> po/ :i* supports ! junction ( ^! beams ) ! raft]1 at its weake/ "p4 ,a ri* subdivision ( upright mullions ) cusp$ ar* heads fills up ! sp&rels betwe5 ^! braces & ! beams !y support1 & adds /iffness z well z decoration to ! :ole4 ,su* con/ructions 7 n only m sci5tific ?an ^? ( old] date1 b !y are m pomp\s & complicat$1 & h a great] app>5t aff9ity ) ! ar*itecture ( ! day4 ,?is ar*itectural "*1 f ! date ( ! *ange to ! ?ird p]iod ( po9t$ ar*itecture1 began to %[ itself 9 furniture & wood /ructure ( e k9d4 ,until !n a c]ta9 orig9ality & inv5tiv5ess 7 pres]v$ 9 ! decoration bo? ( ar*itective woodwork & furniture1 not)/&+ ! /ricte/ obs]vance ( ! rules & unities ( ar*itectural law 9 build+s1 ecclesia/ical & civil4 ,small sculpture1 su* z t on ivories & ut5sils made ( metal1 or t :i* decorat$ woodwork z well z /one1 & ! g5]al =ms ( furniture1 7 design$ )\t imm$iate imitation ( ar*itectonic detail4 ,figure sculpture ( great dignity rema9s 9 ivories ( ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 & f\rte5? c5turies1 illu/rative ( ! g5]al "* giv5 to ?+s ( daily use :i* 7 n1 probably1 ne>ly s num]\s z 9 a lat] age1 & 7 ea* c>efully elaborat$ = ! p]son = :om !y 7 made4 ,we ne$ g no fur!r ?an "s ( ! objects 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum1 su* z ! /atuettes & caskets ( ivory1 ,engli% & ,fr5* "w ( t "t4 ,we c po9t to few l>ge pieces ( furniture1 except ! coronation *air1 illu/rat+ ! fa%ions ( ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,examples ( wood5 movable furniture are extremely r>e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are l>ge semicircul> cope *e/s 9 ! ca!drals ( ,wells1 ,york1 & o!r cities4 ,^! are m]ely *e/s or boxes 9 :i* ! copes are spread out full size1 "o ov] ! o!r1 & ! only decoration consi/s 9 ! floriat$ ironwork atta*$ to ! h+es4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,we mu/ n omit to rem>k t "s examples ( v beautiful ori5tal panell+ ( ?is p]iod are to be se5 9 v>i\s collections4 ,! woodcuts repres5t ! fitt+s ( a s]ies ( su* panels f a mosque at ,cairo1 n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #a1jea2 & a s+le piece to %[ ! detail4 ,! delicacy ( ! c>v+ & ! app>5t intricacy ( ! geometrical arrangem5t are v rem>kable4 ,illu/ration3 ,a royal d9n] table1 f a manuscript ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,9 discuss+ ! great wood /ructures su* z scre5s1 h\se fronts1 ro(s1 & o!r l>ge pieces ( me*anism1 :i* develop$ 9 boldness & v>iety 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 we mu/ n =get t ! abundance ( oak timb] 9 ! nor? ( ,europe bo? sugge/$ mu* ( ?is timb] art & admitt$ ( bold features ( con/ruction f ! size ( ! logs & ! t5acity ( ! mat]ial4 ,a l>ge portion ( ,engl& & p]haps an equal proportion ( ,irel& 7 cov]$ ) d5se =e/s ( oak4 ,! ea/]n fronti] ( ,france1 great portions ( ,burgundy1 & _m o!r di/ricts 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,fl&]s1 & o!r nor!rn c\ntries1 7 /ill =e/s1 & timb] 0 to be _h at l[ prices & 9 any quantity4 ,spani% *e/nut _h be5 introduc$ probably by ! ,romans into ,engl&4 ,?\gh *ur*es1 ca/les1 & manors 7 built ( /one or brick1 or bo?1 yet :ole cities seem to h be5 ma9ly con/ruct$ out ( timb]4 ,! ,london ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 l a hundr$ o!r cities1 ?\gh ab\nd+ 9 noble *ur*es & 9 great =tifi$ palaces1 yet pres5t$ ! aspect ( a timb] city4 ,! h\ses 7 fram$ toge!r1 z a few /ill are 9 "s ,engli% t[ns & villages1 ( va/ po/s sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r in*es squ>e 9 section1 ar*+ outw>ds & meet+ ! project+ floor timb]s1 & s ) upp] /ories1 till ! /reets 7 d>k5$ by ! projections4 ,! surfaces ( ^! po/s 7 cov]$ ) delicate trac]y1 ni*es & images4 ,9 ! /reets at ,*e/] an op5 gall]y or passage is left on ! fir/ floor )9 ! timb]s ( ! h\se fronts4 ,9 ! c\rt ( ,/4 ,m>y's guild 9 ,cov5try1 :ole *amb]s & gall]ies are support$ on va/ ar*es ( timb] l bridges4 ,oriels jutt$ out "u ^! ov]hang+ /ories1 & ! spaces betwe5 ! fram+ po/s 7 fill$ 91 sometimes ) bricks1 sometimes ) la?s & mort>1 or p>ts 7z ! c5tury wore on7 m frequ5tly ) glass4 ,9 ,london & ,r\51 9 ,blois & 9 ,cov5try1 ^! angle po/s 7 fill$ ) ni*es & /atuettes or fifte5? c5tury w9d[ trac]y sunk into ! surfaces4 ,! d>k wood5 h\ses 7 ext]nally a mass ( imag]y4 ,9 ! great ro(s ( ^! c5turies1 su* z ! "o spok5 ( at ,we/m9/]1 ! hamm] beams 7 g5]ally c>v$ into figures ( angels gracefully su/a9+ ! timb] beh9d !m ) out/ret*$ w+s2 & ^! figures 7 pa9t$ & gilt4 ,a magnific5t example rema9s intact 9 ! *ur* ( ,knapton 9 ,norfolk4 ,illu/ration ,! numb] ( excell5t workm5 & ! size & ar*itectural "* ( s mu* ( ! woodwork ( ! day contribut$ to give all panell$ "w1 no matt] ( :at description1 an ar*itectural type2 & furniture %>$ 9 ?is *ange4 ,c(f]s & *e/s1 z well z /&>ds or /all-ends 9 *ur*es1 & b5*-ends 9 l>ge rooms & halls1 7 design$ aft] ! patt]n ( w9d[ trac]y4 ,! panel 9 ! above woodcut f a ,fr5* *e/ ( ?is date1 is a v delicate & beautiful example4 ,little buttresses & p9nacles 7 (t5 plac$ on ! angles or ! divisions betwe5 ! panels4 ,at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ! buffet1 no4 #h1dci & ! *e/1 no4 #b1ghi1 ) o!r pieces are ( ?is k9d2 also a gr& cab9et ( ,g]man make 9 ! same collection4 ,?is la/1 no4 #dig1 is ( ! rude/ con/ruction1 b a few r\ghly cut l9es ( m\ld+ & "s effective ironwork give x ri*ness & dignity t are want+ 9 _m pieces m sci5tifically made & m decoratively treat$4 ,! quantity ( tape/ry employ$ 9 ^! c5turies 9 fitt+ up h\ses & ! t5ts us$ ei!r dur+ a campaign or 9 progresses f "o e/ate to ano!r 0 prodigi\s1 & kept increas+4 ,lanca/] ent]ta9$ ! k+ ( ,portugal 9 8 t5t betwe5 ,m\al & ,malgao1 fitt$ up ) hang+s ( arras z if he _h be5 at ,h]t=d1 ,leice/]1 or any ( 8 manors4 ,z e>ly z #acac1 :5 ,isabel ( ,bav>ia made h] entry into ,p>is1 ! :ole /reet ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ,froiss>t tells u1 0 cov]$ ) a canopy ( ri* camlet & silk clo?s1 z if !y _h ! clo?s = no?+1 or 7 at ,alex&ria or ,damascus4 ,i 7! writ] ( ?is acc\nt7 0 pres5t1 & 0 a/oni%$ :5ce su* quantities ( ri* /uffs & ornam5ts c\ld h come1 = all ! h\ses on ea* side ( ! /reet ( ,/4 ,d5is1 z f> z ! ,*telet1 or inde$ to ! great bridge1 7 hung ) tape/ries repres5t+ v>i\s sc5es & hi/ories1 to ! delight ( all behold]s4 ,! exp5se incurr$ 9 timb] "w on ^! occasions may be e/imat$ f ! long li/s ( pageants1 & ! scale on :i* ea* 0 prep>$ on ?is & l occasions4 ,( ! e>ly ,italian furniture ( ! m$ival p]iod !re is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton "o f9e specim51 a c(f] ( cypress1 cov]$ ) flat surface imag]y fill$ 9 ) col\r$ wax composition4 ,x dates f ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! bett] kn[n ,italian furniture ( ! quattroc5to or f\rte5 hundr$ p]iod1 i4e4 ! fifte5? c5tury1 is gilt & pa9t$4 ,! ri*ness ( ?is old "w is ow+ to ! c>eful prep>ation ( ! gr\nd or b$ on :i* ! gold is laid & ! way 9 :i* ! prep>ation 0 modell$ ) ! tool4 ,! old gold is1 besides1 bo? ?ick] & pur]1 m malleable1 & less liable to suff] f ! action ( ! atmosph]e ?an ! gold we n[ use = ?is purpose4 ,! pa9t+s execut$ on su* pieces ( furniture z (f]$ suitable surfaces to ! arti/1 boxes & c(f]s 7&1 = *ur* uses1 reliqu>ies71 are equal to ! f9e/ works ( t k9d & ( ! same p]iod4 ,_m arti/s work$ 9 ?is way4 ,dello ,delli 0 ! be/ kn[n 9 reg>d to su* productions4 ,8 "w became s entirely ! fa%ion t1 accord+ to ,vas>i1 no h\se 0 complete )\t a specim5 ( x4 ,&rea di ,cosimo 0 ano!r4 ,x ne$ n be said t su* m5 & _! contempor>ies _h a numb] ( pupils simil>ly employ$4 ,e piece ( pa9t$ furniture attribut$ to ,dello ,delli _c be w>rant$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 specim5s :i* we believe to be f 8 h& 9 ! ,k5s+ton collection1 & numb]s ( fronts & panels & fragm5ts ( great m]it :i* illu/rate 8 /yle4 ,besides ?is k9d ( decoration1 ! ,v5etians _h d]iv$ f ,p]sia & ,india ano!r beautiful sy/em ( surface ornam5t2 m>quetry1 a f9e inlay ( ivory1 metal1 & woods1 /a9$ to v>y ! col\r4 ,! "w is 9 geometric patt]ns only4 ,x is f\nd on ! ivory boxes & o!r objects sculptur$ 9 t mat]ial1 & attribut$ to ,italian z well z to ,byzant9e s\rces4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,flor5ce also came prom95tly to ! front 9 ! manufacture ( ^! & o!r ri* mat]ials2 z well z ( ivory inlaid into solid cypress wood & walnut1 kn[n z ,c]tos9a "w4 ,! /yle is ,indian 9 "*1 & consi/s 9 geometric arrangem5ts ( />s made ( diamond-%ap$ pieces3 v>i$ ) conv5tional fl[]s 9 pots1 c4 ,! "n ,c]tos9a is d]iv$ f ! great ,c]tosa1 *>t]h\se1 or ,c>?usian mona/]y betwe5 ,milan & ,pavia3 :]e ?is k9d ( decoration is employ$ 9 ! *oir fitt+s ( ! spl5did *ur* ( t mona/]y4 ,we are incl9$ to ! belief 7z already said7 t ! manufacture ( geometrical "w ( ?is k9d 0 orig9ally import$ f ,p]sia by ! ,v5etians4 ,!re are 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum "s v int]e/+ old *airs made = ! ca/le ( ,urb9o1 & "p ( ! furniture ( ,guidobaldo ,,ii41 ^: c\rt1 l t ( ,rn1 k+ ( ,prov5ce1 0 ! resort ( tr\bad\rs1 poets1 & philosoph]s4 ,^! *airs are cov]$ ) geometric m>quetry ( :ite & /a9$ ivory1 c41 ! v c\nt]p>t ( ! ,bombay "w n[ br\ght to ?is c\ntry4 ,t manufacture1 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,birdwood1 0 also ( ,p]sian orig9 & !nce f\nd its way to ,bombay4 ,! ,p]sians cont9u$ long into ! la/ c5tury ! inlay+ ( ivory 9 walnut wood1 & _! geometric m>quetry is /ill made4 ,! =ms ( *airs 9 use 9 ,italy e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7 revivals ( ! old ,roman fold+ *air4 ,! pairs ( crosspieces are sometimes on ! sides1 sometimes set back & front1 & 9 t case arm & back pieces are add$4 ,g5]ally we may say t ! f9e ,italian furniture ( t day ow$ its beauty to inlay+1 surface gild+1 tool+ & pa9t+4 ,gilt *e/s & m>riage trays1 inlaid tables1 & *airs are also to be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,z 9 ,italy1 s 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & lat] 9 ,spa91 ! spl5d\r hi!rto devot$ to ! glory ( ecclesia/ical furniture1 ut5sils1 or ar*itectural decoration 0 gradually adopt$ 9 ! royal & o!r ca/les & h\ses4 ,/ate rooms1 halls ( ju/ice1 sets ( rooms = ! use ( ! k+ or 8 b>ons 7 furni%$ & ma9ta9$4 ,! l>ge religi\s e/abli%m5ts also dem&$ ! skill ( arti/s & workm51 & to a great] ext5t nor? ?an s\? ( ! ,alps4 ,_m mona/ic h\ses 9 ! nor? ( ,europe 7 seats ( feudal jurisdiction4 ,^! communities execut$ great works 9 wood1 /all-"w1 presses1 c(f]s1 c41 z l>ge & cont9u\s societies alone are able to c>ry ?r\gh tasks t want mu* "t = completion4 ,all ?is help$ to enc\rage ! manufacture ( woodwork ( ! f9e/ k9d4 ,h5ce ! m$ival semi-ecclesia/ical "* ma9ta9$ sway 9 e art connect$ ) ar*itecture & furniture long] 9 nor!rn c\ntries ?an 9 ,italy1 :]e bo? old traditions & monum5tal rema9s recall$ r ! glories ( antique art1 & :]e ! revival ( classic le>n+ _h begun4 ,z reg>ds ,engli% art x is c]ta9 t1 p>tly f ! influ5ce ( =eign que5s1 p>tly f =eign w>s1 & p>tly f ! incessant int]c\rse ) ! re/ ( ,europe kept up by religi\s h\ses1 _m ( ! accompli%m5ts ( o!r c\ntries 7 kn[n & practis$ "h by =eign or native arti/s4 ,x is true t ! w>s ( ! ,roses1 m bloody & ru9\s ?an any exp]i5c$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 delay$ t gr[? ( dome/ic luxury :i* might h be5 expect$ f ! !n weal? ( ,engl&4 ,b :5 ,h5ry ! sev5? e/abli%$ a settl$ gov]nm5t1 & f 8 "t d[nw>ds1 ! decorations & ! accumulation ( furniture 9 h\ses1 libr>ies1 & collections ( works ( art rapidly increas$4 ,_m ( ! books 9 ! ,k+'s libr>y1 & _m pictures & movables /ill 9 possession ( ! cr[n1 may be trac$ to t day4 ,x is difficult1 inde$1 to imag9e ! ,engl& :i* ,lel& saw 9 8 travels4 ,x mu/ h be5 full ( spl5did objects1 & dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ! feudal mansions1 z well z ! num]\s royal palaces ( ,w9dsor1 ,ri*mond1 ,hav]+1 & o!rs1 7 fill$ ) magnific5t furniture4 ,mabuse & ,torrigiano 7 employ$ by ! k+1 & ?is example f\nd _m imitations2 arti/s1 bo? =eign & ,engli%1 made secul> furniture1 z ri* & beautiful z t ( ! *ur*es & religi\s h\ses :i* cov]$ ! c\ntry4 ,ta/e 9 furniture1 z 9 ar*itecture1 bo? 9 cont95tal ,europe & 9 ^! isl&s _h nev]!less pass$ ! f9e p]iod ( m$ival design4 ,! ,go?ic or po9t$ =ms & details _h become un9v5tive & commonplace4 ,! :ole sy/em await$ a *ange4 ,! figure sculpture1 h[ev]1 ( ! latt] ye>s ( ?is c5tury1 ?\gh life-siz$ /atues _h lo/ mu* ( ! dignity & simplicity ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 0 approa*+ ! realization ( natural =m1 :i* x atta9$ 9 su* excell5ce 9 ! succe$+ c5tury4 ,! +5uity & rac9ess ( ! small] figure c>v+ bo? 9 /all-"w ( *ur*es & on ! tops & fronts ( boxes & caskets1 9 panel-"w ( cab9ets or doors1 c41 dur+ ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury are sc>cely surpass$ by ! m academic & classical figure design ( ! sixte5?4 ,c>v]s on all k9ds ( wood furniture & decoration ( h\ses delight$ 9 d\bl+ _! figures up into qua9t & +5i\s attitudes1 & if ! ar*itecture 0 latt]ly tame1 ?\gh %[y & co/ly1 imag]y cont9u$ to be full ( individuality & inv5tiv5ess4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,italy4 ,!re are few matt]s reg>d+ art m wor?y ( consid]ation ?an ! n>r[ness ( ! limits t b\nd human inv5tion3 or1 to speak m exactly1 we %\ld say ! simplicity ( ! laws & pr9ciples 9 ob$i5ce to :i* ! imag9ations ( m5 are ex]cis$4 ,! return ( ! pa9t]s1 sculptors1 & ar*itects to ! old types ( classical art aft] ! reign ( ! ,go?ic seems at fir/ sight z if 9 ! arts !re c\ld be no?+ new "u ! sun3 z if ! imag9ation1 s f]tile 9 creation dur+ _m c5turies s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 _h be5 utt]ly work$ out & come to an end1 & t !re 0 no?+ left b to repeat & copy :at _h be5 done ages be=e4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 reality m connection betwe5 classic & m$ival art ?an appe>s on ! surface1 & al?\gh all ! great ma/]s ( ! revival /udi$ eag]ly su* rema9s ( antique art z 7 discov]$ 9 ,italy dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! r5aissance1 !y only came into direct contact ) or absolute imitation ( ^? models occasionally2 & ! works ( t age h a grace t is peculi>ly _! own1 & an inv5tiv5ess 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 if n 9 ar*itecture1 t seems1 :5 we look at su* cities z ,v5ice & ,flor5ce1 inexhau/ible4 ,! r5aissance began 9 ,italy _m ye>s be=e ! ye> #aejj4 ,mo/ *anges1 inde$1 ( mann]s or arts :i* are designat$ by any c5tury are p]haps m correctly dat$ tw5ty ye>s be=e or aft] its beg9n+1 & 9 ! notices :i* we are "h putt+ toge!r we are compell$ to make divisions ( "t occasionally ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,! revival ( le>n+ 9 ,italy 0 accompani$ by o!r circum/ances :i* _h a p[]ful influ5ce on ! arts1 & p>ticul>ly on ! sumptu>y arts ( ! c5tury4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t :ile ! nations ( ,europe 7 m or less convuls$ ) w> x 0 n easy or possible = ! inhabitants1 ev5 ! weal?y1 to d mu* 9 furni%+ dwell+-h\ses ) any k9d ( com=t4 ,ri* furniture consi/$ 9 a few co/ly objects & 9 hang+s su* z c\ld be c>ri$ ab\t on sumpt] horses or 9 waggons1 &1 ) ! addition ( r\gh b5*es1 tables1 & b$/eads1 c\ld make b>e walls look gay & com=table1 & (f] suffici5t accommodation 9 ! empty halls ( granges & manors seldom liv$ 91 = ! occasions ( a visit or a tempor>y occupation4 ,*ur*es inde$ 7 9 ^? ages respect$ by bo? sides 9 ! furi\s conte/s t rag$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! violation ( holy places 0 a crime held 9 abhorr5ce by all combatants1 & ! treasuries & sacri/ies1 !re=e1 ( *ur*es 7 full ( examples ( e k9d ( accompli%m5t possess$ by ! arti/s ( ! day4 ,!y conta9$ objects collect$ !re dur+ _m g5]ations1 z 0 ! case ( %r9es l t ( ! ,virg9 del ,pill> 9 ,spa91 ( :i* ! (f]+s s long pres]v$ h be5 v lately sold & disp]s$1 & repres5t$ ! art ( _m successive ages4 ,b 9 private h\ses x 0 sc>cely possible to h any correspond+ ri*ness1 ?\gh 9 ! in/ance ( k+s & pot5tates !re 0 (t5 mu* spl5d\r4 ,z 9 ,engl& ! fifte5? c5tury saw ! close ( a s]ies ( great w>s & ! e/abli%m5t ( "o p[]ful gov]nm5t1 s dur+ its conclusion & ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury a simil> disord] gradually gave place to tranquillity 9 ,italy4 ,! practices ( pa9t+ gilt furniture ( all k9ds1 & ( modell+ t]ra-cotta "w on ! wood1 7 n altoge!r new accompli%m5ts or conf9$ to ! arti/s ( "o city4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,fr5* hav+ be5 driv5 out ( ,italy1 ! popes 7 9 security 9 ,rome & ! accompli%$ ,m$ici family reign$ 9 ,flor5ce1 ^? /ates z well z ,urb9o1 ,f]r>a1 & o!r indep5d5t cities 7 free f ! p]petual attitude ( def5ce aga9/ =eign invasion2 !y c\ld indulge _! en?usiasm = classic art1 & ! impulse giv5 to ! /udy ( x f\nd a ready response1 z great noblem5 :ile build+ palaces & digg+ g>d5s came ^u /atues1 frescoes1 vases1 bronzes1 & _m glori\s remnants ( antiquity4 ,9 ! v>i\s ,italian /ates 7 arti/s well skill$ & c>efully tra9$1 & !re 0 no difficulty 9 f9d+ di/+ui%$ names ) :ole s*ools ( en?usia/ic admir]s beh9d !m :o1 ) ^! preci\s objects 9 _! view1 =m$ _! /yle on ! old classic models4 ,we are to consid] su* acquirem5ts "h only s f> z !y came to be appli$ to secul> woodwork 7( :i* ?is cornice f ,v5ice is an example7 & ! objects ( daily use2 to c(f]s1 *e/s1 caskets1 mirrors1 or cab9ets1 sidebo>ds ( v>i\s k9ds1 seats1 tables1 c>riages & furniture ( e description4 ,illu/ration ,! be/ arti/s ( ! day did n hesitate to give _! m9ds to ! mak+ ( woodwork & furniture 9 v>i\s mat]ials & employ$ e k9d ( accompli%m5t 9 beautify+ !m4 ,( ?is f9e r5aissance p]iod !re are s _m examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection1 & "s ( !m ( su* excell5ce1 t ! /ud5t ne$ sc>cely h occasion to travel beyond ! limits ( t museum to illu/rate ! quattroc5to & c9quec5to furniture & woodwork4 ,_m mat]ials 7 employ$ by ! r5aissance arti/s4 ,wood fir/ & pr9cipally 9 mak+ furniture1 b decorat$ ) gild+ & pa9t+s2 inlaid ) agate1 c>nelian1 lapis lazuli & m>bles ( v>i\s t9ts2 ) ivory1 tortoise%ell1 "m-(-pe>l2 & ) o!r woods4 ,!y also made _m small] objects1 su* z mirror cases 9 iron1 damasc5$ or inlaid ) gold & silv]4 ,= _m ye>s1 h[ev]1 mirrors cont9u$ to be ( poli%$ metal1 ! enri*m5t be+ devot$ to ! out] case4 ,glass mirrors 7 n common till a some:at lat] p]iod4 ,z ! g5]al mat]ial ( furniture 9 ! sixte5? c5tury cont9u$ to be wood1 its *ief decoration 0 sculpture4 ,! numb] ( rem>kable pieces ( c>v$ wood furniture belong+ to ?is p]iod 9 ! museum is consid]able4 ,! mo/ /rik+ are ! *e/s1 cassoni1 l>ge c(f]s = conta9+ clo!s or ornam5tal hang+s & /uffs t 7 kept 9 !m :5 n 9 use4 ,rooms1 h[ev] l>ge1 ( :i* ! walls1 floors1 & ceil+s are decorat$1 d n require _m sub/antial objects 9 addition2 & ^! *e/s1 ) a table & *airs plac$ aga9/ ! wall1 ne>ly complete ! requirem5ts ( great ,italian halls & corridors4 ,illu/ration ,! g5]al =m ( ! c>v$ *e/s is t ( a s>cophagus4 ,!y are support$ on claw feet1 & h masks1 brackets1 or c>yatid figures work$ into ! con/ruction z 9 ! accompany+ woodcut1 leav+ panels1 bord]s1 or o!r spaces = hi/oric sculpture4 ,! subjects are sometimes f ,scripture1 (t5 f ! poems ( ,ovid4 ,!y are c>v$ 9 walnut wood1 :i* is free 9 gra9 & v t5aci\s3 & ! "w1 l mo/ ( ! old furniture c>v+1 is help$ out ) gild+4 ,sometimes ! gr\nd1 at o!rs ! reliev$ c>v+s are t\*$ or completely cov]$ ) gild+4 ,mo/ ( ^! f9e *e/s are 9 pairs1 & probably =m$ p>ts ( /ill l>g] sets1 f\rs or sixes1 accord+ z !y 7 int5d$ = ! wall spaces ( l>g] or small] rooms or portions ( wall betwe5 two doors4 ,c>v$ *e/s commonly 9 use1 & giv5 to brides z "p ( _! d[ry or z pres5ts to m>ri$ c\ples1 or simply provid$ z ! mo/ conv5i5t objects bo? = receptacles & occasionally = seats1 7 (t5 made at less co/ 9 cypress wood4 ,!y are g5]ally decorat$ ) surface designs et*$ ) a p5 on ! absorb5t gra9 ( t wood1 ! gr\nd be+ slightly cut out & work$ ov] ) pun*es %ap$ l nail heads1 />s1 c4 ,cypress *e/s 7 especially us$ = keep+ dresses or tape/ries2 ! aromatic prop]ties ( t timb] be+ consid]$ z a specific aga9/ mo?4 ,?is k9d ( *e/1 :5 int5d$ to hold a bridal tr\sseau1 0 occasionally made ) small draw]s & receptacles inside = fans1 lace1 combs1 or o!r fem99e ornam5ts4 ,allusions to cypress *e/s 9 ,engl& are num]\s 9 ! w>drobe & privy purse acc\nts ( ,edw>d ! f\r? & 8 successors4 ,! tables ( ?is p]iod are sometimes solid 7z no4 #afb1 :i* is cov]$ ) spirit$ designs ( my?ological subjects74 ,d9n] tables 7 bo>ds fa/5$ on tre/les1 accord+ to ! old usage already allud$ to1 & c\ld be remov$ :5 ! meal 0 ov]2 or sev]al c\ld be laid toge!r1 z 9 our mod]n d9+-room tables1 to meet ! dem&s ( ! noble hospitality ex]cis$ 9 ^? days4 ,! ,italian *airs ( ! quattroc5to p]iod h be5 spok5 ( above4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 ano!r v ri* & effective =m ( *airs usual 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & :i* 7 9 g5]al use 9 ,v5ice4 ,9 ^! ! seat is fa/5$ into two planks1 "o be=e & "o beh9d1 z 9 ! woodcut4 ,! planks are ri*ly c>v$1 & a ?ird plank is let 9 to =m a back4 ,! sev]al portions1 p>ticul>ly ! back1 7 sometimes suffici5tly ?ick to admit ( c>v+ 9 massive relief4 ,! flanks ( ! back piece are usually grotesque mon/]s1 & ! arms ( ! own] c>v$ on a scut*eon 9 ! c5tre4 ,!y seem to h be5 g5]ally ri*ly gilt4 ,!y also =m$ ! decoration ( a great corridor or hall1 & 7 us$ )\t cu%ions4 ,illu/ration ,! frames ( pictures 7 bold & ri*4 ,^? ( ! previ\s c5tury _h be5 mo/ly imitative ( small ,go?ic %r9es1 be+ g5]ally = religi\s subjects & = use 9 *ur*es or oratories4 ,9 ! c9quec5to p]iod !y 7 squ>e panels1 c>v$ & ri*ly gilt4 ,!re are 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum rem>kable examples ( frames made = mirrors1 ei!r = ! sitt+-rooms or saloons ( ! lady ( ! h\se1 or = h] b$room4 ,?ree ( ^! are type pieces ( su* productions4 ,no4 #gfie is a squ>e frame c>v$ 9 walnut1 /&+ on a foot1 & meant to be c>ri$ ab\t4 ,f ! daisies 9 relief on ! foot x may p]haps be ascrib$ to ,m>gu]ite ( ,valois1 & h be5 us$ 9 ! c\rt ( ,prov5ce4 ,no?+ 9 ! collection surpasses ! elegance & p]fection ( ! ornam5tal "w on ! m\ld+s4 ,! mirror itself is ( poli%$ metal4 ,ano!r is 9 a circul> frame1 no4 #gfid1 %ap$ l a %ield1 & meant to be hung up4 ,x 0 probably made = a du*ess ( ,f]r>a4 ,!re are classical details ( ar*itectonic k9d on ! edges ( ! c>v+1 :i* is highly f9i%$4 ,! mirror itself is ( metal1 & ! back has figures on x 9 relief & is solidly gilt4 ,! ?ird ( ^!1 no4 #gbbf1 is l>g]4 ,9 design x is l a monum5tal mural tablet1 ) a c>v$ ri* f9i% on ! f\r sides1 & ! mirror furni%$ ) a slid+ cov] 9 ! =m ( a m$allion1 conta9+ a female head ( s+ul> nobl5ess & beauty4 ,9 ?is case ! mat]ial is walnut reliev$ by broad surfaces ( inlaid wood4 ,we may also m5tion ! sup]b ,soltyk(f mirror1 no4 #gfdh4 ,?is is an example ( metal "w ?r\gh\t1 ! case1 /&1 & slid+ cov] be+ ( iron damasc5$ ) gold & silv] 9 e v>iety ( t co/ly process4 ,illu/ration ,"s ( ! ri*e/ pieces ( c>v$ walnut furniture belong+ to ?is p]iod are ! bell[s4 ,z ^! are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,italian /yle ( ! p]iod 9 furniture ( v>i\s k9ds1 we give woodcuts ( two examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4 ,!y are g5]ally ( walnut t\*$ ) gild+2 & 9 ! =m /ill famili> to ourselves1 :i* is z old z ! classic times4 ,illu/ration ,besides furniture c>v$ 9 ?is way out ( solid wood1 !re 7 o!r mat]ials us$ & o!r me?ods ( decorat+ h\sehold furniture4 ,! t>sia or inlaid "w has be5 allud$ to4 ,! fir/ me?ods 7 by geometrical arrangem5ts ( small dies2 b magnific5t figure designs _h be5 execut$ 9 inlaid wood 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! r5aissance1 & be=e x4 ,"w ( ?is k9d 0 made 9 two or ?ree woods1 & mu* ( x is 9 p9e or cypress4 ,! l>ge gra9 is us$ to express l9es ( drap]y & o!r movem5ts by putt+ :ole folds or portions ( a dress or figure ) ! gra9 9 "o direction or ano!r1 z may be requir$4 ,! picture is ?us compos$ ( pieces incl9$ toge!r2 a few bold l9es incis$ & black5$ give su* outl9es ( ! =m z are n atta9able by ! o!r me?od1 & slight burn+ ) an iron is sometimes add$ to produce tone or %ad[4 ',t>sie' or ',t>siatura1' says ,mrs4 ,m]rifield1 0 a k9d ( mosaic 9 woods4 ,?is consi/$ 9 repres5t+ h\ses & p]spective views ( build+s1 by inlay+ pieces ( wood ( v>i\s col\rs & %ades into panels ( walnut wood4 ,vas>i speaks r slight+ly ( ?is art1 & says t x 0 practis$ *iefly by ^? p]sons :o possess$ m pati5ce ?an skill 9 design2 t al?\gh he _h se5 "s good repres5tations 9 figures1 fruits1 & animals1 yet ! "w soon becomes d>k1 & 0 always 9 dang] ( p]i%+ f ! worms & by fire4 ,t>sia "w 0 frequ5tly employ$ 9 decorat+ ! *oirs ( *ur*es z well z ! backs ( seats & ! wa9scot+4 ,x 0 also us$ 9 ! panels ( doors4 ,ano!r me?od ( ornam5tation dep5d5t on mat]ial t came into use 9 ?is c5tury 0 ! ,pietra ,dura or mosaic panell+ ( h>d pebbles4 ,! "w is labori\s & co/ly4 ,n only are ! mat]ials 7agate1 c>nelian1 ame?y/ & m>bles ( all col\rs7 exp5sive1 b ea* "p mu/ be gr\nd labori\sly to an exact %ape & ! :ole mosaic fitt$ toge!r1 a k9d ( ref9em5t ( ! old m>ble "w call$ ,alex&r9um4 ,besides be+ =m$ into m>ble panels = table tops & cab9et fronts1 pietra dura 0 let into wood1 & help$ out ) gay col\rs ! m sombre walnut or ebony base ( ! furniture4 ,vas>i1 speak+ ( p>ticul> pieces ( furniture ( 8 day1 m5tions a spl5did libr>y table made at ! exp5se & by ! ord] ( ,francesco de' ,m$ici 9 ,flor5ce4 ,?is table 0 con/ruct$ ( ebony1 t is1 v5e]$ ) ebony1 divid$ into comp>tm5ts by columns ( heliotrope1 ori5tal jasp]1 & lapis lazuli1 :i* h ! bases & capitals ( *as$ silv]4 ,! "w is fur!rmore enri*$ ) jewels1 beautiful ornam5ts ( silv]1 & exquisite little figures1 int]sp]s$ ) m9iatures & t]m9al figures ( silv] & gold1 9 full relief1 unit$ 9 pairs4 ,!re are1 besides1 o!r comp>tm5ts =m$ ( jasp]1 agates1 heliotropes1 s>donyxes1 c>nelians1 & o!r preci\s /ones4 ,?is piece 0 ! "w ( ,b]n>do ,buontal5ti4 ,ano!r piece ( su* "w is describ$ z a table :olly =m$ ( ori5tal alaba/]1 int]m+l$ ) great pieces ( c>nelian1 jasp]1 heliotrope1 lapis1 & agate1 ) o!r /ones & jewels1 wor? tw5ty ?\s& cr[ns4 ,ano!r arti/1 ,b]n>d9o di ,porfirio ( ,leccio1 execut$ an octangul> table ( ebony & ivory inlaid ) jasp]s4 ,?is preci\s manufacture has be5 patronis$ 9 ! gr& ducal factories d[n to rec5t times1 & is cont9u$ 9 ! royal e/abli%m5ts ( ! k+ ( ,italy4 ,a feature :i* 0 /rongly develop$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury furniture is ! ar*itectural "* ( ! outl9es4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 *e/s1 scre5s1 /all fronts1 doors & panell+ foll[$ or fell into ! prevail+ arrangem5ts ( ar*itectural design 9 /onework1 su* z w9d[ trac]y1 or wall trac]y4 ,b 9 ! c9quec5to furniture an ar*itectural "*1 n prop] to woodwork = any con/ructive reasons1 0 imp>t$ to cab9ets1 *e/s1 c4 ,!y 7 artificially provid$ ) p>ts t imitat$ ! l9es1 brackets1 & all ! details ( classic entablatures :i* h con/ructive reasons 9 ar*itecture1 b :i*1 r$uc$ to ! proportions ( furniture1 h n ! same propriety4 ,^! subdivisions br\ght into use ! art ( jo9]y4 ,! p>ts obvi\sly necess>y = ! purpose ( fram+ up wood1 :e!r a box or *e/1 a door1 a piece ( panell+1 or a *air1 (f] c]ta9 opportunities = m\ld+s or c>v+s2 "s are ! ?ick] portions =m+ ! frames1 "s ! ?9 flat bo>ds t fill up ! spaces4 ,to add a v>iety ( m\ld+s1 su* z subdivide ! ro(s ( temples or _! p]i/yles1 is1 ( c\rse1 to dep>t f ! c>p5t]'s prov9ce & "w1 & r to take furniture out ( its obvi\s =ms = ! express purpose ( impress+ on x ! r5aissance type4 ,illu/ration3 ,knife case4 ,dat$ #aefd4 ,! arti/s ( t "t did ?is ) ! object ( design+ 9 "*1 & special models1 su* z ! old triumphal ar*es1 & s>cophagi1 at ,rome1 7 9 view 9 ^! designs4 ,on bo? ar*es & tombs sculptur$ bas-reliefs ab\nd$4 ,figures recl9$ ov] ! ar*es1 & 7 arrang$ 9 squ>e compositions 9 ! panels1 = :i* ! upp] /ories ( ! ar*es made provision4 ,! r5aissance cab9ets fell into modifications ( ?is ideal4 ,a c5tury lat] !y grew into h\se fronts1 & %[$ doors1 ar*es1 & balu/rades inside1 ) imitative pav$ floors1 look+-glasses set at angles ( #de1 s z to make reflections ( ^! v>i\s p>ts2 & 9 ?is humor\s fa%ion ! inside ( a walnut or ebony cab9et 0 turn$ into ! model ( an ,italian villa4 ,aga91 9 place ( ! runn+ foliat$ bord]s & m\ld+s hav+ a cont9u\s design1 or ( compositions ( foliage1 animals1 c41 =m+ 9 ea* ar* m\ld+ or cornice l9e a homog5e\s l9e or circle1 ! r5aissance arabesques introduc$ an entirely new me?od ( decoration4 ,9 arabesque ornam5t all sorts ( natural objects are graft$ on a c5tral /alk1 or1 z 9 ! be/ "w1 on some?+ l ! /em ( a c&elabrum4 ,! res\rces ( ?is me?od are limit$ only by ! fancy & skill ( ! arti/1 :o grafts "h a mask1 !re a leaf on 8 /em1 & s on4 ,! temptation is ! lic5se & discordance t come 9 :5 no unity is ne$$ 9 a piece ( ornam5t1 & no cont9u\s ef=t ( m9d requir$ to ?9k out & execute "o def9ite idea 9 design+ x4 ,! c5tral /em leads to an exact balance or rev]sal ( "o half ( ea* elem5t 9 ! ornam5t1 s t "o half only ( a panel or bord] has to be design$4 ,9 ! h&s ( great arti/s ?is k9d ( ornam5tation has be5 us$ ) consummate grace4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,9 ,,engl&1 ,,fl&]s1 ,,france1 ,,g]many1 ,,& ,,spa94 ,9 ! =ego+ sket* ( ! furniture1 designs1 & manufactures ( c5tral ,italy1 we h describ$ ! hi/ory ( contemporane\s furniture ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,pope ,leo ! t5? gave e enc\ragem5t to ! reviv+ arts 9 ,rome1 & left t capital ! great nurs]y ( art d[n to our day4 ,to ,italy ! great pr9ces ( ,europe s5t ! mo/ promis+ arti/s ( _! dom9ions1 or enc\rag$ su* resort4 ,mo/ ( ^! m5 7 ar*itects & sculptors4 ,classical le>n+ & spl5did liv+ 7 bo? enc\rag$ by ,h5ry ! eigh?4 ,he is1 probably1 to be cr$it$ ) ! impulse giv5 to ! c\rt & ! c\ntry 9 ! direction ( ! arts & accompli%m5ts ( ,italy4 ,if ,jean de ,mabuse _h be5 patronis$ by ,h5ry ! sev5?1 8 successor (f]$ tempt+ t]ms to ,primaticcio to ex*ange ! s]vice ( 8 bro!r k+1 ,francis1 = 8 own4 ,o!r arti/s1 contempor>ies ( ,raphael & 8 s*ol>s1 f\nd _! way to ,engl&2 to ^! we mu/ add ! great ma/] ( ! ,g]man or ,swiss s*ool1 ,holbe94 ,t ! arti/s bo? ( ,holbe9's & ( ! ,italian s*ools design$ furniture 9 ?is c\ntry we h pro(s 9 ! draw+ = a panell$ *imney-piece n[ 9 ! ,briti% museum1 & ! woodwork ( ,k+'s college *apel 9 ,cambridge4 ,ano!r piece ( furniture ( ?is date1 %[+ ! mix$ "* ( ,italian & ,holbe9esque design1 is ! v f9e ,tudor cab9et at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,?\gh ! c\rt ( ,h5ry & ! palaces ( 8 wives 7 furni%$ ) spl5d\r1 & works ( art1 especially ^? ( ! gold & silv]smi?1 & jewell]y1 f\nd _! way f =eign p>ts to su* great h\ses1 ! g5]al mann]s ( ! c\ntry *ang$ less 9 ^! respects ?an 0 ! case 9 ,france & ! m weal?y /ates & c\rts ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! portrait pictures ( ,h5ry & 8 family we see furniture ( a r5aissance "*1 b 9 ! great monum5ts ( ! woodwork ( ! day ! old /yle prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! reign4 ,! ro(s1 magnific5t specim5s ( wood con/ruction1 7 /ill subdivid$1 & support$ by k+ po/s1 que5 po/s1 hamm] beams1 ar*es connect+ ^! portions & trac]y panels 9 ! sp&rels1 z 9 ! two previ\s c5turies4 ,all p>ts 7 c>v$ & col\r$4 ,! ar*itecture ( c\ntry h\ses began to *ange f ! old =m ( a ca/le or a =tress to t ( ! beautiful & *>act]i/ic /yle to :i* we give ! "n ( ,tudor4 ,moats 7 reta9$1 b /ill ! pr9cipal features ( ! build+ 7 ! depress$ ar*es & p]p5dicul> w9d[ mullions t _h be5 long famili> 9 ,engl&1 & 7 sugge/$ by ! wood5 h\ses s g5]al 9 ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies4 ,! woodwork also & ! panell+ ( halls & *amb]s reta9$ ! upright l9es & m\ld+s =m+ ! v>i\s l95 patt]ns4 ,leafwork & heads1 bu/s ( ! reign+ pr9ces1 or ( h]oes su* z ! ,cs>s1 fill$ up ! m ornam5tal sections1 giv+ a c]ta9 classical elem5t :i* 0 n fully develop$ till lat]3 & mo/ ( ! r5aissance ornam5tation ( ?is reign has a ,flemi% r ?an an ,italian "*4 ,! woodcuts on ! next page %[ a s]ies ( panels ( diff]5t c\ntries1 _m ( :i* are to be f\nd introduc$ ) slight v>iations 9 ,engli% "w ( ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,fl&]s 0 9 advance ( ?is c\ntry 9 r5aissance art4 ,?is rem>k ext5ds to ornam5t ( all k9ds1 :e!r ( *ur* woodwork1 glass-pa9t+1 or dome/ic furniture4 ,/ill ! ,flemi% "w ( ?is r5aissance1 or 7speak+ ( ,engl&7 ?is e>ly ,tudor p]iod reta9s a mixture ( details ( ! po9t$ /yle t makes u sometimes d\btful h[ to *>act]ise ! /yle ( individual pieces4 ,we may po9t to sidebo>ds & *e/s 9 illu/ration4 ,belgium ab\nds 9 examples ( ?is transition p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,engli%1 #ae? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,flemi%1 #af? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fr5*1 #af? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,g]man1 #ae? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,italian1 #af? c5tury4 ,9 ,france1 ! mo/ advanc$ & mo/ luxuri\s & cultivat$ ( ! transalp9e c\rts1 ! r5aissance art _h advanc$ f> beyond t ( ,engl&4 ,n only _h ,francis ! fir/ & ! ,m$ici pr9cesses invit$ fam\s arti/s out ( ,italy1 b !y aim$ at imitat+ ,flor5t9e luxuries & ref9em5ts z completely z !y c\ld4 ,admirable s*ools ( ornam5tal art1 su* z t ( ! ,limoges enamell]s & c>v]s 9 ivory1 7 & _h be5 long e/abli%$ 9 ,france4 ,classic sculpture 0 produc$ ( great m]it 9 all mat]ials4 ,primaticcio & ,cell9i f\nd$ new s*ools ( ar*itects1 pa9t]s1 & sculptors 9 ,france4 ,!y employ$ pupils1 & ! mo/ promis+ f\nd _! way to ,rome & ,flor5ce1 associat$ !mselves ) ! great ma/]s !n practis+1 & br\ght back all ! in/ruction !y c\ld obta94 ,illu/ration ,jean ,g\jon /&s at ! head ( ^! ,fr5* ma/]s4 ,besides be+ a sculptor & ar*itect1 !re is little d\bt ( 8 hav+ design$ & ev5 sculptur$ wood furniture4 ,probably ! c>v$ woodwork ( ! k+'s b$room & adjo9+ rooms 9 ! old ,l\vre are by 8 h&4 ,ba*eli]1 ( ,t\l\se1 did ! same1 & pieces are attribut$ to him n[ 9 ! ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,philib]t de ,l',orme 0 ano!r arti/ 9 a simil> field4 ,bo? ,g\jon & ,ba*eli] %[$ ! influ5ce ( ! great ,italian ma/]s 9 _! "w4 ,! table engrav$ 7p4 #ha7 is a v elegant example ( ,fr5* sixte5? c5tury furniture4 ,illu/ration ,,semp] ,,fe/9a ,,l5te #aegg ,a4 ,,reid4 ,,del4 ,! woodwork 9 ! r5aissance h\ses--! panell+ & fitt+s ( ! rooms--0 design$ by ! ar*itect1 & 0 full ( qua9t1 sometimes extravagant imag]y4 ,= example1 ! ar*itectural & decorative plates ( ,jacques ,&r\et du ,c]ceau w give "s idea ( ! dep5d5ce ( all ^! details on ! ar*itects ( ! day4 ,?is au?or publi%$ designs = m>quetry or wood mosaics1 z well z = all sorts ( woodwork4 ,a glance at ! heavy cab9ets ( ! lat] sixte5? c5tury1 ( ,fr5* orig91 w %[ h[ completely great pieces ( furniture fell into ! same "* ( =ms4 ,%elves are support$ on grotesque figures1 :ile 9 ! m\ld+s1 in/ead ( simple runn+ l9es work$ ) ! plane1 z 9 fifte5? c5tury woodwork1 we see ! egg & tongue1 acan?us leaves1 d5tils & o!r memb]s ( classical ar*itecture1 con/antly recurr+4 ,! ornam5ts ( ,fr5* woodwork]s %[ a fondness = conv5tional b&s or /raps int]sp]s$ ) figures & o!r ornam5ts4 ,! panel1 ( :i* we give a woodcut1 is ,fr5*1 & dat$ #aegg4 ,x conta9s armorial be>+s & a monogram1 said to be ( ! ,ald9e family4 ,9 #aegg1 h[ev]1 ,aldus ,manutius ! eld] 0 dead1 & 8 son did n live 9 ,france4 ,g]many & ,spa9 took up ! r5aissance art 9 a /ill m ,italian _s ?an ,engl& or ,france4 ,p>ts ( ,italy z well z ,spa9 7 "u ! same rul]2 !y bo?1 z f> z reg>ds art1 felt ! influ5ce ( p[]ful imp]ial patronage4 ,we are only conc]n$ ) _! art "h z x ref]s to woodwork4 ,g]man wood c>v]s 7 m qua9t1 m9ute1 & r$undant z to decoration4 ,some?+ ( ! vig\r1 manl9ess1 & inexhau/ible s5se ( hum\r ( ! ,g]mans *>act]ises _! woodwork1 z x does o!r art1 ( :i* ornam5t =ms ! ma9 feature4 ,! well-kn[n ,triumph ( ,maximilian1 ?\gh a woodcut only1 may be tak5 z a type ( ,g]man treatm5t4 ,! great cities ( ! empire are full ( c>v$ woodwork1 h\se fronts1 & gables4 ,timb] 0 abundant4 ,! imag]y ( ! p]iod1 9 wood z 9 /one1 is int5tionally qua9t1 contort$1 humor\s4 ,x w\ld be ess5tially ugly b = ! inexhau/ible fecundity ( ?\ght1 allegory1 & satire t p]vades x4 ,x %\ld be add$ also t design]s & ar*itects _h an imm5se s5se ( dignity1 :i* we recognise imm$iately :5 we see _! ar*itectural compositions z a :ole4 ,dep?s & holl[s1 po9ts ( light1 prom95ces & relative retirem5t ( p>ts 9 _! arrangem5ts ( c>v$ ornam5t1 7 matt]s ?or\ghly und]/ood2 & !y succe$ 9 imp>t+ t g5]al agreeabl5ess :i* we call effect to ! m9d ( ! obs]v]s4 ,z reg>ds ,spani% art we _c d bett] ?an adopt ! /atem5ts ( ,seor ,j4 ,f4 ,riao1 :o says t ! brilliant epo* ( sculpture 9 wood belongs to ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 due to ! great impulse x receiv$ f ! works ( ,b]ruguete & ,felipe de ,borgoa4 ,he 0 ! *ief promot] ( ! ,italian /yle1 & ! *oir ( ! ca!dral ( ,tol$o1 :]e he work$ s mu*1 is ! f9e/ specim5 ( ! k9d 9 ,spa94 ,tol$o1 ,seville1 & ,valladolid 7 at t "t great productive & arti/ic c5tres4 ,z a specim5 ( wood c>v+ ( ! ,italian r5aissance p]iod1 appli$ to an object ( furniture1 ! magnific5t w>drobe by ,gregorio ,p>do 7#aedi7 outside ! *apt] h\se at ,tol$o may be m5tion$ z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ?+s ( its k9d4 ,^! v>i\s /yles ( ornam5tation 7 appli$ to ! cab9ets ',bufetes' ( su* v>i$ =m & mat]ials :i* 7 s mu* ! fa%ion 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,spa9 are su* z are call$ ',v>gueos4' ,^! cab9ets are decorat$ outside ) f9e ironwork1 & inside ) columns ( bone pa9t$ & gilt4 ,! o!r cab9ets or escritoires belong+ to t p]iod1 :i* are s frequ5tly met ) 9 ,spa91 7 to a l>ge ext5t import$ f ,g]many & ,italy1 :ile o!rs 7 made 9 ,spa9 9 imitation ( ^! 7! italics are ours71 & z ! copies 7 v simil> x is difficult to classify !m4 ,x may be ass]t$1 h[ev]1 t cab9ets ( inlaid wood 7 made 9 great p]fection 9 ,spa9 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 = 9 a memorial writt5 by a mak] ( tape/ry1 ,p$ro ,greti]ez1 :o work$ = que5 ,isabella1 he says1 ',! escritoires & cab9ets br\ght f ,g]many are wor? #ejj1 #fjj1 & #gjj reales ea*1 & ^? ( ! same k9d made 9 ,spa9 by ,spani>ds are to be _h = #bej & #cjj reales4' ,besides ^! inlaid cab9ets o!rs mu/ h be5 made 9 ! sixte5? c5tury inlaid ) silv]4 ,an edict 0 issu$ 9 #aeid prohibit+1 ) ! utmo/ rig\r1 ! mak+ & sell+ ( ?is k9d ( m]*&ise1 9 ord] n to increase ! sc>city ( silv]4 ,! edict says t 'no cab9ets1 desks1 c(f]s1 brasi]s1 %oes1 tables1 or o!r articles decorat$ ) /amp$1 rais$1 c>v$1 or pla9 silv]1 %\ld be manufactur$4' ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,tudor ,,& ,,/u>t ,,/yles4 ,! li/ ( reigns supplies m conv5i5t dates ?an ! beg9n+ or ! end ( a c5tury = m>k+ *anges ( national ta/es 9 su* matt]s z furniture4 ,! names ( k+s or que5s are ju/ly giv5 to d5ote /yles1 :e!r ( ar*itecture1 dress1 or p]sonal ornam5ts1 & ut5sils ( ! h\sehold4 ,society 9 mo/ c\ntries adopts ^? habits t are fir/ tak5 up by ! sov]eign4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! reign ( ,elizabe? 0 pre-em95tly a p]iod dur+ :i* ! ta/es1 ev5 ! fancies1 ( ! que5 7 foll[$ en?usia/ically by h] p4 ,elizabe?an is ! "n ( ! /yle ( ar*itecture gradually develop$ dur+ h] reign4 ,italian ta/e1 ?\gh n p]haps s pure z x _h be5 a few ye>s e>li]1 _h become f> m g5]al2 classical details1 h[ev]1 7 mix$ ev5 m 9 ,engl& ?an 9 o!r c\ntries 7,fl&]s except$7 ) relics ( old] /yles1 ! love ( :i* 0 /ill /rong 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! fireplaces & ! panell+ ( our old h\ses1 ,crewe hall1 ,speke 9 ,lanca%ire1 ,haddon hall 9 ,d]by%ire1 ,k5ilwor? ca/le1 ,raglan ca/le1 & _m o!r old build+s1 are ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ?is mix$ classical revival4 ,! fa%ion is qua9t & grotesque1 ! figure sculpture be+ good en\gh to look well 9 ! =m ( c>yatid mon/]s1 half m51 half t]m9al po/s or acan?us foliations1 b n suffici5tly correct or graceful to /& altoge!r alone4 ,specim5s1 h[ev]1 ( v good "w c be po9t$ out1 & we give "h "s ( ! details ( a panell$ room br\ght lately f ,exet]1 & n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4 ,we may say t ! "* ( ! woodwork ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod consi/s 9 actual ar*itectural faades or portions ( faades1 %[y arrangem5ts :]ev] !y are possible ( ! five ord]s ( ar*itecture1 or ( p$im5tal fronts4 ,doorways & *imney fronts are ! pr9cipal opportunities 9 int]iors = ! ex]cise ( ?is compos+ skill4 ,panell+ rema9$ 9 use 9 ! great halls & mo/ ( ! *amb]s ( ! h\se1 b ! l95 patt]n1 s graceful & effective1 w5t out ( fa%ion4 ,! angles ( ! rooms1 ! cornices1 & spaces above ! doors 7 fitt$ ) gr\ps ( ar*itectural cornice m\ld+s1 consi/+ ( d5til1 egg & tongue1 & runn+ m\lds1 & sometimes room walls 7 divid$ into panels by regul> columns4 ,illu/ration ,h]aldry1 ) ri* c>v$ mantl+s & qua9t =ms ( scut*eons 7! edges not*$ & roll$ ab\t z if made ( ! not*$ edges ( a scroll ( p>*m5t71 0 a frequ5t ornam5t4 ,grotesque t]m9al figures1 human-head$1 support$ ! front ( ! dress]--! *ief furniture ( ! d9+-room & ( ! cab9et4 ,table supports & newels ( /air rails grew into heavy acorn-%ap$ balu/]s4 ,9 ! case ( /air balu/]s1 ^! 7 (t5 ornam5t$ ) well-cut sculpture ( fanciful & h]aldic figures4 ,inlaid "w also began to be us$ 9 room-panell+ z well z furniture2 b$ heads & te/]s1 *e/ fronts1 cab9ets1 c41 7 inlaid1 b sc>cely ) delicacy1 dur+ ! e>ly ,elizabe?an p]iod4 ,! art 0 develop$ dur+ ! reign ( ,james1 :51 9 po9t ( fact1 ! l>g] numb] ( ! ,tudor h\ses 7 erect$4 ,:5 ! ,tudor p]iod 0 succe$$ by t ( ! ,/u>ts ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics rema9$1 b all ! =ms ( c>v+ grew heavi] & ! execution co>s]4 ,! table legs1 balu/] newels1 & cab9et supports1 _h enorm\s acorn-%ap$ masses 9 ! middle4 ,! objects !mselves1 su* z ! great hall tables1 in/ead ( be+ moveable on tre/les1 became ( unwieldy size & weight4 ,! g5]al "* ( ,flemi% "w 0 mu* ( ! same k9d & =m4 ,x is n easy to di/+ui% ! nationality ( pieces ( ,flemi% & ,engli% oak furniture ( ?is p]iod4 ,! ,flem+s1 h[ev]1 reta9$ a high] s*ool ( figure c>v]s1 & _! *ur*-/all "w & "s ( _! be/ ?+s are ( a high] /amp & bett] design$2 & :]e figure sculpture 0 employ$ ?is sup]iority is always app>5t4 ,a good example ( ,flemi% panell+ c be /udi$ 9 ! doorway at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #dcbi4 ,_! furniture is repres5t$ by an excell5t specim51 among/ o!rs1 ( ?is mix$ p]iod 9 ! cab9et1 no4 #aef4 ,?\gh l>ge & heavy1 & divid$ into massive p>ts1 ! treatm5t ( ornam5t is well und]/ood on su* pieces4 ,! scroll-"w is bold b light1 & ! g5]al surface ( important m\ld+s or divid+ memb]s is n cut up by ! ornam5tation4 ,! panels are v g5]ally c>v$ ) graceful figure subjects1 commonly biblical4 ,z ! ye>s advanc$ into ! sev5te5? c5tury ,flemi% "w became bigg] & less ref9$4 ,diamond-%ap$ panels 7 sup]impos$ on ! squ>e1 turn$ "w 0 split & laid on1 drop ornam5ts 7 add$ bel[ tables & f ! c5tres ( ! ar*es ( ar*$ panels2 all ^! unnecess>y ornam5ts 7 m]e additions & encumbrances to ! g5]al /ructure4 ,illu/ration ,our own lat] ,jacobean or ,/u>t /yle borr[$ ?is f ! ,flemi%4 ,! ,flem+s & ! ,dut* _h long import$ woodwork into ,engl&1 & x is to t comm]ce t we may trace ! great] lik5ess betwe5 ! late ,flemi% r5aissance c>v+ & correspond+ ,engli% woodwork1 ?an betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*4 ,dut* designs 9 furniture1 ?\gh alli$ to ! ,flemi%1 7 swell$ out into enorm\s proportions4 ,! huge w>drobe cab9ets made by ! ,dut* ( walnut wood ) ebony inlaid "w & wav$ ebony m\ld+s are /ill to be met )4 ,! panels ( ! fronts are brok5 up into num]\s angles & po9ts4 ,9 ,france ! f9e ar*itectural wood con/ruction ( ! /yle ( ,philib]t de l',orme & s _m great ma/]s ma9ta9$ itself1 & a numb] ( f9e cab9ets & sidebo>ds 9 v>i\s collections atte/ ! excell5ce ( ! "w4 ,! cab9et on ! opposite page 7no4 #begc 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum7 is ( late ,fr5* sixte5? c5tury "w1 & comb9es ! *>act]i/ics ( ! heavy furniture made 9 ! nor? ( ,europe ) a propriety ( treatm5t 9 ! ornam5tation ( m\ld+s & cornices peculi> to ,fr5* ar*itects1 :o cont9u$ to design su* /ructures = ! h\ses !y built & fitt$ up4 ,! desc5dants ( ,ca!r9e de' ,m$icis & _! g5]ation 7 tra9$ by ,italian arti/s & altoge!r 9 ,italian ta/es1 & no great *ange occurr$ 9 ,france 9 woodwork or furniture till ! sixte5? c5tury _h clos$4 ,9 ,g]man & 9 ,italian furniture ! pr9cipal *anges 7 9 ! direction ( v5e]$ & m>quetry "w4 ,! same vigor\s qua9tness cont9u$ to di/+ui% ,g]man decorative detail z has be5 already notic$4 ,! ,italians c>v$ wood dur+ ! lat] sixte5? & ! :ole ( ! sev5te5? c5turies ) extraord9>y grace & vig\r4 ,! next woodcut1 a p$e/al 9 oak1 %[s _! p[] 9 h>d mat]ial3 & small] objects1 su* z ! frames ( pictures1 7 cut out 9 great sweep+ leaves1 p]haps ( ! acan?us1 %[+ an ease & c]ta9ty 9 ! arti/ t look z if he 7 employ$ ^u "s sub/ance m yield+ ?an ! s(te/ wood4 ,*airs 7 cut 9 ! same ri* /yle1 & ?is luxuri\s c>v+ 0 n unfrequ5tly appli$ to ! decoration ( /ate c>riages4 ,v5ice ma9ta9$ a pre-em95ce 9 ?is p]haps 9 a great] degree ?an ,flor5ce1 ?\gh 9 ! valley ( ! ,arno ! will[1 lime1 sycamore1 & o!r s(t :ite woods 7 to be _h 9 abundance1 & invit$ great fre$om 9 c>v+4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,we may n[ treat ( an important epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n furniture4 ,v5ice 0 ! seat ( ! manufacture ( glass4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury workm5 _h receiv$ /ate protection = ! manufacture ( mirrors1 :i* till t "t _h be5 m]e h& mirrors & made ( mix$ metals highly poli%$4 ,gilt wood frames 7 ext5sively manufactur$ = ^! ,v5etian look+-glasses1 :i* f\nd _! way all ov] ,europe4 ,besides gilt frames1 gilt *airs1 c>v$ consoles1 & o!r highly ornate furniture 7 introduc$ z ! c5tury w5t on1 & mo/ ( ?is took its orig9 f ,v5ice4 ,! woodcut repres5ts a small frame1 no4 #afje1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,ano!r rem>kable class ( gilt woodwork1 = :i* ,flor5ce & o!r cities _h f\nd tra9$ c>v]s1 0 ! framework ( c>riages4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy c>riages dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 /ately1 & c]ta9ly wond]ful pieces ( furniture4 ,examples ( ^! %[y c>riages exi/ /ill4 ,!re is a collection belong+ to ! royal family ( ,portugal1 n[ pres]v$ at ,lisbon1 "o or two 9 ! museum ( ! htel de ,cluny at ,p>is1 dat+ f ! "t ( ,m>t9 & pa9t$ by him1 & !re are a few c>riages ( old date at ,vi5na & probably 9 "s private h\ses4 ,! /ate-coa* ( ! ,speak] is an ,engli% example ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,g]many diff]$ less f ,italy ev5 ?an ,france 9 wood c>v+1 int]ior room fitt+s1 & ! frequ5t p$im5tal compositions conta9+ grotesques1 or h]aldic a*ievem5ts on a scale ( sumptu\s display4 ,! ,g]man pr9ces 7 _m ( !m skilful & intellig5t patrons ( art1 & made collections 9 _! resid5ces4 ,a well-kn[n piece belong+ to ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury is pres]v$ 9 ! royal museum at ,b]l94 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,pom]anian art cab9et4 ,x is #d ft4 #aj 94 high1 #c ft4 #d 94 wide by #b ft4 #aj 94 deep1 made ( ebony ) draw]s ( s&al wood l9$ ) r$ morocco lea!r1 & is m\nt$ ) silv] & pietra dura "w1 & fitt$ inside ) ut5sils ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! *air1 ( :i* we give a woodcut1 is ,g]man ( ab\t ! same date4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! we/ ( ,europe1 dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 m>quetry 0 ext5sively us$1 & became ! lead+ feature ( furniture decoration4 ,inlay+ _h long be5 9 use2 b ! new m>quetry 0 a picturesque composition1 a m complete attempt at pictorial repres5tation4 ,x comes be=e u 9 old furniture "u v>i\s =ms1 & _m examples ( x may be /udi$ 9 diff]5t collections4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we may consid] x ma9ly z an import$ art ( ! reign ( ,william & ,m>y1 :5 ,dut* m>quetry furniture became ! fa%ion 9 ! =m ( b&y-legg$ *airs1 upright clock fronts1 secrtaires or bureaux1 or writ+ cab9ets :i* 7 clos$ 9 ! upp] & middle p>ts ) doors1 & o!r pieces t (f]$ surfaces available = su* decoration4 ,! old] designs on "w ( ?is k9d repres5t tulips & o!r fl[]s1 foliage1 birds1 c41 all 9 gay col\rs1 g5]ally ! self col\rs ( ! woods us$4 ,sometimes ! eyes & o!r sali5t po9ts are 9 ivory or "m-(-pe>l4 ,9 ,france1 9 ! e>li] m>quetry designs1 picturesque l&scapes1 brok5 ar*itecture1 & figures are repres5t$4 ,col\rs are occasionally /a9$ on ! wood4 ,ivory & ebony 7 fav\rite mat]ials2 z also 9 ,g]many & 9 ,italy4 ,x is to be not$ t z ! vig\r ( ! great sixte5? c5tury movem5t di$ out1 ! mania = mak+ furniture 9 ! =m ( ar*itectural models di$ out also2 nor d we f9d x becom+ a fa%ion aga9 till q mod]n times1 "u ! ,go?ic & o!r revivals at ! end ( ! la/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! ar*itectural idea 0 9 itself full ( gr&eur1 & x 0 productive ( v beautiful examples 9 ! s>cophagus-%ap$ *e/s or cassoni1 & 9 cab9et "w1 ?\gh ! faades ( temples & ! vaults & columns ( triumphal ar*es 9 ,rome d n be> to be too completely r$uc$ to su* small proportions4 ,) ! introduction ( m>quetry into m g5]al use we recognise n only a new or r5ew$ me?od ( decoration1 b a *ang$ ideal ( con/ruction4 ,boxes1 *e/s1 tables1 cab9ets1 c41 7 conceiv$ z su*4 ,!y 7 made m conv5i5t = use1 & 7 no long] subdivid$ by ar*itectural m\ld+s & columns1 all s mu* extra "w add$ to ! sides & fronts4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a k9d ( "w altoge!r new 9 ! manufactory ( mod]n furniture made its appe>ance "u ! reign ( ,l\is ! f\rte5? ( ,france4 ,t k+ rose to a position 9 ,europe t no mon>* ( mod]n times _h occupi$ be=e1 & ! great m9i/]s ( 8 reign _h ! wisdom to take special measures = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! v>i\s arts & manufactures 9 :i* ei!r ! ,italians or ,flem+s excell$ ! ,fr5* z well z o!r nations4 ,colb]t1 8 m9i/] ( f9ance1 among/ 8 comm]cial re=ms ( le>n$ societies & s*ools ( art1 f\nd$ 9 #affd an ,academie royale de pe9ture d'ar*itecture et de sculpture4 ,x 0 into ?is t ! design]s ( ar*itecture1 woodwork1 ornam5t or furniture1 7 admitt$4 ,he e/abli%$ also ! fam\s factory ( ! ,gobel9s = mak+ pictorial tape/ry4 ,! place took its "n f ! bro!rs ,gobel91 ,flem+s1 :o _h a dye+-h\se 9 ! ,rue ,m\ffet>d4 ,lebrun1 ! pa9t]1 0 ! fir/ head ( x4 ,ano!r important "n is t ( ,jean ,lepautre4 ,he has left num]\s designs ( ornam5t beh9d him = panell+1 mirror frames1 c>riages1 c4 ,lepautre 0 a pupil ( ,adam ,philippon4 ,?is arti/1 ^: *ief call+ 0 t ( a jo9] & cab9et mak]1 has also left designs4 ,to ,colb]t is due ! cr$it ( pu%+ =w>d ! r5ewal or completion ( ! royal palaces2 especially ! *teau ( ,v]sailles4 ,= ! furniture ( ?is palace we f9d ! new mat]ial employ$1 namely1 b\le m>quetry1 :i* owes its "n to ! mak]4 ,! or?ography ( prop] names 0 /ill (t5 unsettl$ at t "t1 & we f9d ! "n v>i\sly spelt4 ,! correct way seems to h be5 ,b\lle2 b we %all reta9 ! m usual mode1 bo? = ! arti/ & = 8 "w4 ,&r ,*>les ,b\le 0 born 9 #afdb1 & made ! peculi> k9d ( v5e]$ "w compos$ ( tortoise%ell & ?9 brass1 to :i* are sometimes add$ ivory & enamell$ metal2 brass & %ell1 h[ev]1 are ! g5]al mat]ials4 ,b\le 0 made head ( ! royal furniture dep>tm5t & 0 lodg$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,a v int]e/+ e>ly specim5 ( ?is "w is n[ at ,w9dsor ca/le1 & o!r e>ly pieces belong to ,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace4 ,! date attribut$ to ! fir/ makes x d\btful :e!r ,b\le may n h se5 ! same sort ( "w practis$ 9 o!r work%ops4 ,?is k9d ( m>quetry has1 h[ev]1 be5 assign$ by g5]al cons5t to ,b\le4 ,9 ! e>li] "w ( ,b\le ! inlay 0 produc$ at great co/1 ow+ to ! wa/e ( valuable mat]ial 9 cutt+2 & ! %ell is left ( its natural col\r2 9 lat] "w ! manufacture 0 m economical4 ,two or ?ree ?icknesses ( ! diff]5t mat]ial 7 glu$ or /uck toge!r & sawn ?r\gh at "o op]ation4 ,an equal numb] ( figures & ( matrices or holl[ pieces exactly correspond+ 7 ?us produc$1 & by c\nt]-*>g+ two or m designs 7 obta9$ by ! same saw+4 ,^! are te*nically kn[n z b\le & c\nt]1 ! brass =m+ ! gr\ndwork & ! patt]n alt]nately4 ,9 ! lat] or new b\le1 ! %ell is laid on a gilt gr\nd or on v]milion4 ,! brass is elaborately *as$ ) a grav]4 ,besides ^! plates ( brass = m>quetry ornam5ts1 ,b\le1 :o 0 a sculptor ( no mean pret5sions1 f\nd$ & *as$ up feet1 edg+s1 bracket supports1 c41 to 8 "w 9 relief1 or 9 ! r\nd1 also 9 brass4 ,! orig9al use ( ^! p>ts 0 to protect ! edges & angles1 & b9d ! ?9 inlaid "w toge!r :]e x 0 int]rupt$ by angles 9 ! /ructure4 ,aft]w>ds brass m\nts1 m or less reliev$1 7 add$ to enri* ! flat designs ( ! surfaces4 ,classical alt>s1 engrav$ or *as$ z m]e surface decoration1 w\ld receive ! addition ( claw feet actually reliev$4 ,figures /&+ on su* alt>s1 p$e/als1 c41 7 made 9 relief m or less bold4 ,9 ?is way ,b\le's lat] "w is n only a brilliant & ri* piece ( surface decoration1 b its metallic p>ts are rep\ss or emboss$ ) ?icknesses ( metal ornam5t4 ,9 b\le "w all p>ts ( ! m>quetry are held d[n by glue to ! b$1 usually ( oak4 ,! metal is occasionally fa/5$ d[n by small brass p9s or nails1 :i* are hamm]$ flat & *as$ ov] s z to be imp]ceptible4 ,illu/ration ,9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ! second & ( ,james1 ,fr5* furniture 0 import$2 ! old ,tudor oak l+]$ 9 c\ntry h\ses4 ,b\le h>dly f\nd its way till ! foll[+ c5tury to ,engl&4 ,spl5did silv] furniture consi/+ ( plates emboss$ & rep\ss1 height5$ ) ! grav] & ( admirable design1 0 occasionally made = ! ,c\rt & = great families4 ,wood c>v+1 9 ! mann] ( ! s*ool ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 z 9 ! bracket "h %[n1 0 long cont9u$ 9 connexion ) ar*itecture & furniture4 ,ano!r /yle 0 c>ri$ to ! highe/ pit* ( te*nical execution & f9i%1 z well z ( tru? ( natural =ms 9 ! c>v+ ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons4 ,?is arti/ 0 ,engli%1 b p>tially ( ,dut* desc5t4 ,he c>v$ foliage1 birds1 fl[]s1 bu/s & figures1 pieces ( drap]y1 c41 ) a/oni%+ dext]ity4 ,we f9d 8 "w pr9cipally on mirror frames1 wall panels1 *imney pieces1 c4 ,specim5s may be se5 ov] ! communion table ( ,/4 ,james's *ur*1 ,we/m9/]1 & 9 ! *oir ( ,/4 ,paul's ca!dral4 ,! f9e/ examples kn[n are probably ! c>v$ "w at ,petwor? h\se 9 ,sussex1 & at ,*atswor?4 ,8 mat]ial is g5]ally lime & o!r :ite woods4 ,! fl[]s & foliage ( 8 gr\ps or g>l&s sweep r\nd 9 bold & h>moni\s curves1 mak+ an agreeable :ole1 ?\gh = ar*itectural decorative c>v+ no "w 0 ev] s free f conv5tional arrangem5ts4 ,8 animals or 8 fl[]s appe> to be s _m sep>ate creations f nature1 laid or ti$ toge!r sep>ately1 ?\gh 9 reality =m$ out ( a block1 & rema9+ /ill portions ( a gr\p cut 9 ! solid wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,reid ,,pe>son1 ,s4,c4 ,gibbons di$ 9 #agba4 ,walpole m5tions ,watson z hav+ be5 8 pupil & assi/ant at ,*atswor?4 ,drevot ( ,brussels & ,laur5s ( ,me*l9 7 o!r pupils3 ! =m] did n survive him4 ,8 s*ool _h _m foll[]s1 = we f9d ! acan?us c>v+s on m\ld+s1 r\nd doorways & *imney pieces1 d[n to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 execut$ 9 ,engl& ) a ma/]ly h&4 ,specim5s ( su* "w h be5 rec5tly acquir$ 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum1 ! fruits ( ! demolition ( old ,london1 cont9ually 9 progress4 ,! bord] ( ?is page repres5ts "o ( ^! admirable pieces2 a door & frame f a h\se 9 ,l9coln's-inn4 ,no?+ c surpass ! p]fect ma/]y ( execution4 ,all ! "w is cut clean & %>p out ( wood :i* admits ( no t5tative cuts1 & requires no rubb+ d[n ) s& pap]1 & 9 :i* errors are n to be repair$4 ,l5g?s ( ^! m\ld+s 7 work$ (f by h&1 evid5tly )\t hesitation & )\t mi%ap4 ,c\ntry h\ses ab\nd ) ?is f9e ?\gh unpret5d+ "w1 & give ample evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a s*ool ( f9e workm51 c>v]s at ! comm& ( ! ar*itects ( ! day4 ,we may "h rev]t to an important addition to room furniture1 :i* became ,european dur+ ?is c5tury4 ,mirrors _h be5 made f ! e>lie/ times 9 poli%$ metal1 b 7 fir/ made ( glass at ,v5ice4 ,9 #aejg ,&rea & ,dom9ico1 two glass work]s ( ,murano1 decl>$ be=e ! ,c\ncil ( t5 t !y _h f\nd a me?od ( mak+ good & p]fect mirrors ( cry/al glass4 ,a monopoly ( ! "r ( manufacture 0 grant$ to ! two inv5tors = tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 #aefd1 ! mirror mak]s became a di/9ct guild ( glass work]s4 ,! plates 7 n l>ge3 f f\r to five feet are ! l>ge/ dim5sions met ) till late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 commonly bevill$ on ! edges4 ,! frames 9 s(t wood 7z 9 ! woodcut1 p4 #ajj7 are specim5s ( free c>v+ dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,bo? 9 ,v5ice & 9 ,flor5ce s(t woods1 su* z will[ or lime1 7 us$4 ,! mirror-plates 71 at fir/1 squ>e or oblong4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury we f9d !m %ap$ at ! top4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !y 7 g5]ally %ap$ at ! top & bottom4 ,figures 7 sunk 9 ! /yle ( intaglio or gem cutt+ on ! back ( ! glass & left ) a dead surface1 ! silv] surface ( ! m]cury %[+ ?r\gh z ! mirror is se5 f ! front4 ,! look+-glasses made 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies by colonies ( ,v5etian workm5 9 ,engl& & ,france _h ! plates f9i%$ by an edge g5tly bevill$ ( an in* 9 wid?1 foll[+ ! =m ( ! frame1 :e!r squ>e or %ap$ 9 curves4 ,?is gives preci\sness & prismatic light to ! :ole glass4 ,x is ( great difficulty 9 execution1 ! plate be+ held by ! workman ov] 8 head & ! edge cut by gr9d+4 ,! feats ( skill ( ?is k9d 9 ! =m ( int]rupt$ curves & %ort l9es & angles are r>ely accompli%$ by mod]n workm51 & ! angle ( ! bevil itself is g5]ally too acute1 :]eby ! prismatic light produc$ by ?is portion ( ! mirror is 9 viol5t & too %[y contra/ to ! rema9d]4 ,illu/ration ,9 ,engl&1 look+-glasses came into g5]al use soon aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,sir ,samuel ,morl& built a f9e room at ,vauxhall 9 #affg1 ! inside all ( look+-glass1 & f\nta9s1 v pleasant to behold4 ,x /&s 9 ! middle ( ! g>d5 cov]$ ) ,corni% slate1 on ! po9t :]e( he plac$ a ,pun*9ello4 ,at ab\t ! same p]iod ! h\se ( ,nell ,gwynne1 ! fir/ good "o z we ent] ,/4 ,james' ,squ>e f ,pall ,mall1 _h ! back room on ! gr\nd floor entirely l9$ ) look+-glass )9 memory1 writes ,p5nant1 z 0 said to h be5 ! ceil+4 ,la rue ,/4 ,&r-des-arts1 says ,sav>91 speak+ ( ,p>is 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 eut le premi] caf orne de glaces et de tables de m>bre peu prs comme on les voit de nos j\rs4 ,illu/ration ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 tape/ry1 ! mat]ial 9 use = hang+ & decorat+ ! walls ( spl5did rooms 9 ,france1 0 made also 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,factories 7 set up at ,mortlake1 :]e sev]al copies 7 made ( ! ,raphael tape/ries1 ! c>toons ( :i* 7 9 ?is c\ntry2 & 9 ,soho fields4 ,sometimes tape/ry 0 hung on b>e walls2 occasionally x 0 /ra9$ ov] ! old] panell$ "w ( ! days ( ! ,tudor & ,/u>t sov]eigns1 ! fruitful p]iod ( c\ntry h\se ar*itecture 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,engli% table & *airs ( ! ye> #afcc1 f a woodcut ( t date4 ,) a woodcut 7on prec$+ page7 ( a b$room holy-wat] vessel we f9i% ! acc\nt ( ?is p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,furniture ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4 ,z ! eighte5? c5tury draws on1 we arrive at furniture ( :i* examples are m readily to be met )1 & we are rem9d$ ( h\ses & rooms m or less unalt]$ :i* h come "u g5]al obs]vation4 ,! fa%ions 7 l$ 9 ,france4 ,b\le "w grew into bigg] & m impos+ /ructures z ! manufacture pass$ into ! h&s ( a great] numb] ( workm54 ,commodes or l>ge presses 7 made ) edg+s & m\nts1 9 ! =m ( egg & tongue & o!r classic or r5aissance m\ld+s4 ,! tops 7 =m$ into "o or ?ree p$e/als1 to hold clocks & c&elabra4 ,o!r *anges 7 introduc$ to c>ry out ! ta/e = gild+ :i* !n prevail$1 & ! brok5 %ell-%ap$ woodwork1 popul>ly kn[n z ,l\is qu9ze "w1 began to be adopt$ = ! frames ( l>ge glasses & ! m\ld+s ( room panels4 ,! panels grew tall1 7 ar*$ or %ap$ at ! top1 & occupi$ ! wall space f ! dado to ! m\ld$ & pa9t$ ceil+s1 9 n>r[ panels4 ,! fanta/ic =ms ( curve1 emblems ( ! affect$ mann]s ( ! day1 call$ ,rococo f ! words rocaille coquille1 rock & %ell curves1 7 well calculat$ to %[ (f ! lu/re ( gild+4 ,! gold 0 admirably laid on1 ?ick & v pure1 & bo? 9 bronze gild+ & 9 ! woodwork1 ma9ta9s its lu/re to ! pres5t "t4 ,! sev]e classical gr&eur ( ! old roll m\ld+s ( fireplace jambs1 wall & door panels1 ( ! =m] reign gave way ev]y:]e to ?is light] "w4 ,mu* e>ly eighte5? c5tury furniture 0 bomb1 or roll$ ab\t 9 curi\s curves or undulations ( surface1 p>tly to display ! skill ( ! cab9et-mak]s1 & p>tly to %[ (f ! m>quetry1 :i* =m$ its only decoration4 ,ano!r /ep 0 ! introduction ( me*anical applications & contrivances4 ,! tops ( tables lift (f1 & ! action causes o!r portions to rise1 to op51 & s on4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t b$rooms 7 (t5 us$ z b\doirs or /udies1 & t furniture :i* c\ld %ut private pap]s up )\t requir+ t !y %\ld be put away into draw]s 0 conv5i5t 9 su* rooms4 ,z ! c5tury advanc$1 x became cu/om>y to =m a sort ( alcove at ! end ( b$rooms 9 ,france4 ,! c5tre portion conta9$ ! b$1 hidd5 by curta9s1 ! spaces betwe5 x & ! two walls 7 %ut 9 ) doors1 & =m$ dress+ closets1 :i* c\ld be us$ :ile ! re/ ( ! room 0 %ut (f4 ,! b$room !n became a reception room & 0 ?r[n op5 ) o!r receiv+ rooms ( ! h\se4 ,bureaux or me*anically %utt+ tables1 writ+ desks1 & ! l1 "u ?is arrangem5t 7 a necessity = small rooms4 ,a s*ool ( pa9t]s arose 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ! fifte5? :o devot$ !mselves to ! decoration ( room woodwork & ceil+s2 ,*>les ,delafosse1 ,anto9e ,coypel1 ,jean ,re/\t1 & _m pupils4 ,we mu/ associate ! names ( ^! arti/s ) ^? ( ! ,le ,pautre family4 ,jean di$ be=e ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b ,pi]re took "p 9 ! lat] works ( ! ,l\vre & ( ,v]sailles "u ,jules ,h>d\9 ,mans>d1 sur9t5dant des ba/im5ts4 ,ju/e ,aurle ,meissonni] did /ill m to make ?is %[y "w popul>4 ,he design$ all sorts ( room furniture & woodwork4 ,x is among/ ! publi%$ works ( ^! arti/s t we mu/ seek ! eighte5? c5tury designs ( ,fr5* fa%ion4 ,pa9t$ panels 7 ins]t$ into ! wood ceil+s1 ov] ! tops ( look+-glasses1 & dessus-portes or ! %ort panels betwe5 ! tops ( doors & ! l9e ( cornice4 ,^! are g5]ally 9 *i>o scuro1 or light & %ade only1 & repres5t families ( cupids4 ,nymphs & fauns1 %eph]desses1 & ! suppos$ inhabitants ( a fanciful ,arcadia1 =m$ ! g5]al subjects ( room decorations4 ,a process belong+ to ! same reign %\ld be notic$1 call$ aft] ! inv5tor1 ,v]nis-,m>t91 a c>riage pa9t]1 born ab\t ! ye> #agjf4 ,by c>riage pa9t] we mu/ und]/& a pa9t] ( h]aldic ornam5ts1 fl[] bord]s1 c4 ,8 v>ni% is a f9e transp>5t lac poli%1 probably d]iv$ f ,japan ?r\gh mission>ies1 :o _h resid$ !re be=e ! occurr5ce ( ! great massacres :i* clos$ ,japan to all b ! ,dut* trad]s4 ,! "w :i* we commonly associate ) 8 "n is g5]ally f\nd on furniture su* z tables or book cases1 z well z on ne$le cases1 snuff boxes1 fans1 & tuis1 on a gold gr\nd4 ,! gold is wav$ or /riat$ by "s ( ^? +5i\s processes /ill 9 use among/ ! ,japanese1 by :i* ! pa/e or prep>ation on :i* _! gold is laid is work$ ov] :ile /ill s(t4 ,"o or two c>riages beautifully pa9t$ 9 v]nis-m>t9 are kept 9 ! hotel de ,cluny at ,p>is4 ,al?\gh x is popul>ly held t ,m>t9 decl>$ 8 secret %\ld die ) him1 & t he kept 8 ^w1 yet x is c]ta9 t he left imitators & pupils :o pa9t$ & enamell$ 9 8 mann] furniture ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 ,sir ,r4 ,wallace's collection !re are two pieces1 col\r$ gre5 & v>ni%$1 "o a table & ! o!r a cab9et or bookcase1 ( v]nis-m>t9 "w4 ,!re is on ^! no ornam5t except+ ! v>ni% & ! gold m\nts t are add$ at ! edges4 ,! mo/ beautiful objects t be> 8 "n are ! small w>es1 su* z fans1 ne$le books1 or snuff boxes4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury we meet ) o!r ,fr5* names1 ,ries5]1 ,david1 & ,g\?ire1 :o ga9$ great reputation1 ! two fir/ z mak]s ( m>quetry1 & ! latt] z a f\nd] & *as] ( metal furniture m\nts1 su* z edg+s & lock scut*eons4 ,! hi/ory ( ,fr5* furniture is 9 g5]al ! hi/ory ( t ( o!r nations4 ,! art ( wood c>v+ 0 /ill ma9ta9$ 9 ,italy & appli$1 z 9 ! in/ance ( ?is di/aff1 to ut5sils ( all k9ds4 ,9 ,engl& we _h1 ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 a s*ool ( c>v]s1 gild]s1 & ornam5t]s foll[+ ! extravagant /yle ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! mo/ prom95t "n is t ( ,?omas ,*ipp5dale1 :o work$ f ! middle till t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f a family ( c>v]s1 & inh]it$ ! skill :i* _h be5 g5]al 9 8 craft s9ce ! days ( ,gibbons4 ,we f9d mu* rococo c>v+ on b$ te/]s1 r\nd fireplaces1 ov] doors1 c41 9 our ,engli% h\ses built dur+ ! reign ( ,anne & ! two fir/ ,georges4 ,o!r pieces ( furniture1 su* z c>v$ tables1 w>drobe cab9ets1 *air backs or d9n] trays1 g by ,*ipp5dale's "n4 ,!y are 9 mahogany1 & foll[ ! ar*itectural m\ld+ l9es (t5 se5 9 ! works ( ,sir ,william ,*amb]s & ! bro!rs ,adam4 ,illu/ration ,among ! room decorations ( ! c5tury we may notice ! %elves = hold+ ,*9ese porcela9 & imitations ( ,*9ese designs 9 delft pott]y1 a ta/e import$ by ,william ! ?ird & ! memb]s ( 8 c\rt :o _h liv$ 9 ,holl&4 ,! *imney pieces at ,hampton c\rt & else:]e are provid$ ) woodwork to hold ^! ornam5ts4 ,hog>? pa9ts !m 9 8 int]iors1 & ! rage = pur*as+ su* objects at sales became a popul> subject ( ridicule4 ,to ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury belongs a class ( furniture ( :i* ! decorations consi/$ ( panels ( old ,*9ese & ,japanese lac "w2 fitt$1 z ! m>quetry ( ! day 01 ) ri* gilt metal m\nts4 ,9 ,engl& x 0 ! fa%ion to imitate ! ,japan "w1 & su* old furniture is occasionally met )3 black1 ) rais$ figure decorations ( ,*9ese "* done 9 gold du/4 ,a great *ange is obs]vable 9 ! ,fr5* furniture1 panel c>v+ & su* decorations f ! p]iod ( ,l\is ! sixte5?4 ,sev]al causes at ! "t comb9$ to give art ( ?is k9d a new z well z a heal?i] direction4 ,among/ ^! we may m5tion ! discov]ies made at ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! peculi> cause ( ! de/ruction ( bo? ^? t[ns _h pres]v$ 9 !m p]fect memorials1 9 _m =ms1 ( ! social life ( antiquity4 ,decorations1 ut5sils & furniture ( all k9ds t 7 made ( metal1 & _h resi/$ ! action ( damp & "t1 7 recov]$ 9 fair condition4 ,"o result1 bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&1 0 a return to a bett] feel+ = classical /yle4 ,room decorations & furniture soon rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( elegance :i* ,fr5* r5aissance art ( a sumptu\s k9d has t\*$ s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! panell+ ( rooms1 usually 9 oak & pa9t$ :ite1 0 design$ 9 sev]e l9es ) /raight m\ld+s & pila/]s4 ,! pila/]s 7 decorat$ ) well-design$ c>v$ "w1 small1 close1 & spl5didly gilt4 ,! quills t fill ! flut$ columns /ill se5 r\nd s _m int]iors 7 cut into beads or o!r subdivisions ) mu* c>e4 ,f9e arabesque "w 9 ! /yle ( ! loggie ( ,raphael 0 p>tly c>v$ 9 relief1 p>tly drawn & pa9t$1 or gilt1 ) gold ( a yell[ or ( a gre5 hue2 ! gre5 be+ l>gely alloy$ ) silv]4 ,an example ( ! be/ "w ( ?is k9d may be ref]r$ to 9 ! beautiful room br\ght f ,p>is & n[ pres]v$1 recon/ruct$1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! h\ses built = memb]s ( ! brilliant c\rt ( que5 ,m>ie ,anto9ette 7 fill$ ) admirable "w 9 ?is mann]1 or 9 ! sev]] b /ill delicate c>v$ panell+ 9 wood pla9ly pa9t$4 ,! royal factories ( ! ,gobel9s & ( ,svres turn$ out also _! mo/ beautiful productions to decorate rooms1 furniture1 & table s]vice4 ,9 ! =m] ( ^!1 tape/ries 7 made = wall hang+s1 = *air backs1 seats1 & s(as4 ,ri* silks f ! looms ( ,lyons1 & f ^? ( ,lucca1 ,g5oa1 & ,v5ice 7 also employ$ = ?is k9d ( furniture bo? 9 ,france & ,fl&]s1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,spa91 z well z 9 our own c\ntry4 ,9 all ^! matt]s ,france l$ ! fa%ions4 ,dur+ ?is brilliant p]iod1 f #aggd to #agij1 we meet ) ! names ( sev]al arti/s employ$ = pa9t+ ! panell+ ( rooms1 ! lunettes ov] *imney fronts1 & ! panels ( ceil+s4 ,fragon>d1 ,natoire1 ,b\*] 7! director ( ! ,academy7 are among ! =emo/ ( ^!4 ,_! hi/ory p]haps belongs r to t ( pa9t]s ?an ( our pres5t subject2 b !y are too mu* mix$ up ) eighte5? c5tury furniture n to f9d m5tion ev5 9 a sket* l ! pres5t4 ,o!r arti/s su* z ,delafosse1 ,lalonde1 ,cauvet & ,salembi] design$ arabesques1 decorative woodwork1 & furniture4 ,! designs ( _m ( !m are /ill extant3 & ,cauvet d$icat$ a book ( !m to ,monsieur1 ! k+'s bro!r4 ,f\r tables ) silv]-gilt m\nts ( 8 design 7 made = ! que5's h\se ( ! ,trianon1 & aft]w>ds remov$ to ! fav\rite resid5ce ( ! emp]or ,napoleon at ,/4 ,cl\d4 ,rob]t & ,b>?lemy 7 sculptors & bronze work]s :o made m\nts = furniture1 & engrav]s4 ,meissonni]1 ,opp5ord1 ,quev]do work$ 9 ! same way4 ,hub]t ,rob]t1 a pa9t]1 help$ ,micque 9 all ! decorations ( ! ,trianon4 ,two or ?ree cab9et-mak]s h transmitt$ a great "n1 ?\gh little seems to be kn[n ( _! hi/ory4 ,( ^! ,ries5] & ,david ,ro5tg5 7 bni/es1 or work]s 9 f9e cab9et mak+4 ,! designation is tak5 f ! ebony & o!r exotic woods1 :i* _h come into m g5]al use 9 ,europe f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury subsequ5tly to #afie1 :5 ! ,dut* settl$ 9 ,ceylon4 ,! ,fr5* obta9$ ebony f ,madagasc>1 b 9 v small quantities4 ,aft] ! settlem5ts at ,ceylon we f9d x introduc$ into ,europe on a l>g] scale4 ,!re are gre5 & yell[ v>ieties b ! black wood is ! mo/ valuable1 & ,ceylon is ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! greate/ quantities are produc$4 ,we /ill f9d 9 ,engli% h\ses mu* old c>v$ ebony furniture1 ma9ly *airs & cab9ets1 dat+ g5]ally f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,dut* occupation4 ,ries5] us$ tulip 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a71 rosewood1 holly 7ilex aquifolium71 maple 7ac] campe/re71 laburnum 7cytisus ,alp9us71 purple wood 7copaif]a pubiflora71 c4 ,wrea?s & bun*es ( fl[]s1 exquisitely work$ & boldly design$1 =m c5tres ( 8 m>quetry panels :i* are (t5 pla9 surfaces ( "o wood4 ,on ! sides1 9 bord]s & comp>tm5ts1 we f9d diap] patt]ns 9 ?ree or f\r quiet col\rs4 ,^! conv5tional sides or corn]s ( diap] "w help to give po9t to ! graceful compositions t =m ! pr9cipal feature 9 8 m>quetry4 ,*e/s ( draw]s & cab9ets are sometimes met ) 9 snake wood & o!r v>ieties ( br[n wood1 ( :i* ! gra9 is wav$ or curl$ )\t m>quetry4 ,! "n ( ,ries5] is to be f\nd /amp$ sometimes on ! panel itself1 sometimes on ! oak l9+ ( ! pieces ( furniture made by him4 ,a numb] ( exceptional examples ( ,ries5]'s cab9ets are describ$ 9 ! app5dix to ! detail$ catalogue ( furniture 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,! be/ pieces are f ! collection n[ belong+ to ,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace4 ,! mo/ impos+ ( ^! is ! r\nd$ bureau or secrtaire1 made = ,/anislaus1 k+ ( ,pol&4 ,x is beautifully inlaid on ! top1 ends1 & back ) designs emblematic ( ! sci5ces1 c41 & ) bu/ heads4 ,! lett]s ,s4 ,r4 are put ^u a broad b& ( decoration t runs r\nd ! l[] portion ( ! bureau4 ,a simil> piece ( furniture ) gilt bronze c&le bran*es by ,g\?ire1 on ! sides1 is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,bo? are sign$4 ,david ,ro5tg5 0 born at ,niewid ne> ,luneville1 9 :i* latt] city he work$ z a contempor>y ( ,ries5]1 b y\ng] by "s ye>s 9 age4 ,he also made m>quetry 9 light] woods & ( r a gay] tone ?an ^? ( ,ries5]4 ,bo? ( !m (t5 work$ 9 pla9 mahogany1 & 9 su* cases tru/$ = ! effectiv5ess ( _! pieces to ! excell5ce ( ! m\nts ( *as$ & gilt metal by _! contempor>y1 ,g\?ire4 ,9 8 light m>quetry ,david us$ v>i\s :ite woods4 ,pe>1 lime1 & light-col\r$ woods 7 occasionally t9t$ ) v>i\s %ades by burn+4 ,?is process1 orig9ally effect$ by hot irons1 is bett] & m delicately manag$ by hot s&4 ,only br[ns & d>k o*r\s yell[s are obta9$ by ?is means1 & ! m delicately ton$ m>quetry is )\t hues ( gre5 or blue4 ,^? t9ts1 h[ev]1 c be obta9$ by /eep+ ! wood 9 v>i\s *emical solutions4 ,z a mak] ( gilt bronze furniture m\nts ,g\?ire _h a wide reputation4 ,he belongs to ! p]iod ( ,l\is ! sixte5?4 ,) him ,ries5] & ,david work$ 9 conc]t2 all _! be/ pieces are f9i%$ ) ! m\nts ( ,g\?ire4 ,among examples 9 ?is c\ntry is ! cab9et 9 ! royal collection at ,w9dsor4 ,no signature has be5 discov]$ on ?is piece1 b ! exquisite modell+ ( ! fl[] bord]s1 ! metal m\ld+s & m\nts1 & ! cr[n support$ by figures ( cupids t surm\nts ! :ole1 leave u 9 no hesitation z to its au?or%ip4 ,g\?ire modell$ & *as$ up simil> "w = c>riages1 & m\nts = m>ble *imney pieces1 su* z t 9 ! b\doir j above ref]r$ to4 ,! gild+ on ^! m\nts is s good & has be5 laid on s massively t ! metal has 9 g5]al suff]$ no sub/antial injury d[n to our own times1 & c be re/or$ to its orig9al lu/re by soap & wat]4 ,inde$1 ! f9e old "w dat+ f ! two previ\s reigns by ,&r ,b\le & o!r arti/s1 aft] ! designs ( ,b]a91 has suff]$ little4 ,! b\le clocks1 ) ar*$ glass panels 9 front & spread+ supports & figure compositions on ! top1 h 9 mo/ cases come d[n to u clo!d 9 _! orig9al wat] gild+1 easily to be clean$ ?\gh look+ black :5 !y h be5 long left to neglect4 ,contemporane\s ) ,ries5] 9 ,france 0 ! ,italian mak] ( m>quetry1 ,maggiol9o4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 ,milan1 & ,g5oa1 cab9ets & commodes ( m>quetry 7 produc$4 ,g]man cab9et-mak]s manufactur$ ! same "w ?r\gh ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury4 ,bomb or curv$ furniture 0 also made by ! ,g]mans ) great1 we may almo/ say ) extravagant1 skill4 ,to ma9ta9 m\ld+s on ! angles ( ^! curv$ & wav+ surfaces is a feat 9 workman%ip ( difficult atta9m5t1 & ,g]man cab9et-mak]s seem to h tak5 delight 9 exhibit+ su* skill4 ,! qua9t "w ( ! m9ute c>v+s 9 box & o!r h>d woods1 admirably c>ri$ out dur+ ! times ( ! imm$iate pupils ( ,dr] & ! s*ool ( well-tra9$ arti/s :o succe$$ him1 0 no long] to be f\nd4 ,! desolat+ w>s t swept ov] ?is "p ( ,europe dur+ ! days ( ,l\is ! f\rte5? & ,fr$]ick ! great seem to h exhau/$ ! c\ntry1 & worn out ! anci5t indu/ry ( ! cities4 ,guilds di$ away1 ! m5 :o compos$ !m be+ requir$ = ! exig5cies ( w>1 & ! weal? ( ! inhabitants 0 s r$uc$ t ! leisure to enjoy & ev5 ! means to buy f9e productions ( art exi/$ no long]4 ,few collectors h done great] s]vice to ! /udy ( ,engli% art ?an ,horace ,walpole2 & few h _h ! opportunities he enjoy$ a c5tury ago1 :5 he 0 able to fill ,/rawb]ry ,hill ) a collection ( m$ival1 r5aissance1 & lat] works ( art ( e description4 ,a lively passage1 allud+ to ! contract = ! ro( & ! glaz+ ( ,k+'s college *apel1 ,cambridge1 commemorates 8 value = ^! art traditions4 ,z mu*1 he says1 z we imag9e ourselves arriv$ at high] p]fection 9 ! arts1 x w\ld n be easy = a ma/] ( a college to g into ,/4 ,m>g>et's p>i%1 ,s\?w>k1 to bespeak su* a ro( z t ( ,k+'s college1 & a doz5 or two ( w9d[s s admirably drawn1 & ord] !m to be s5t home by su* a day1 z if !y 7 bespeak+ a *equ]$ pavem5t4 ,a c]ta9 sort ( revival ( ,go?ic design took place 9 ,engl& ab\t ?is p]iod3 & lat] 9 ! c5tury feeble attempts at ,go?ic woodwork 7 made "h & !re2 b !re 0 little national ta/e 9 furniture ap>t f a close imitation ( ,fr5* fa%ions4 ,a /ill great] *ange 0 produc$ by ,sir ,william ,*amb]s1 ! ar*itect ( mod]n ,som]set h\se1 :o wrote a book on civil ar*itecture & room decorations4 ,ano!r "n connect$ ) furniture has be5 already m5tion$1 t ( ,?omas ,*ipp5dale4 ,he publi%$ 8 book ( designs 9 #agfd1 conta9+ complete sides ( rooms1 look+-glass frames1 *imney fronts1 c4 ,he & 8 contempor>ies design$ tables1 cab9ets & moveable furniture ( e description1 includ+ c>riages1 on :i*1 inde$1 furniture design]s ( all p]iods 7 employ$4 ,*ipp5dale & 8 sons or assi/ants produc$ frames & cornices = gild+ s diff]5t f 8 well-made w>drobes1 c41 t !re mu/ h be5 m ?an "o ( ! family engag$ 9 sup]9t5d+ ^! dissimil> k9ds ( objects4 ,he is a repres5tative mak]4 ,! son has be5 sometimes cr$it$ ) ! mahogany woodwork ( :i* delicacy & exactness are ! *>act]i/ics4 ,sat9 wood came into fa%ion 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,bo? ,cipriani & ,angelica ,kauffmann pa9t$ m$allions1 cameo ornam5ts & bord]s on table tops & fronts1 h>psi*ord cases1 c41 made ( sat9 wood or col\r$ 9 ! mann] ( ! v]nis-m>t9 "w4 ,! =m] decorat$ ,c>lton h\se4 ,ma?ias ,lock1 ) :om 0 associat$ a cab9et mak] nam$ ,copel&1 also publi%$ designs ( furniture ( e k9d4 ,a semi-classic ,pompeian or ,roman arabesque feel+ runs ?r\gh ! ornam5tation ( ^! pieces ( furniture4 ,!y are light 9 make1 (t5 elegant1 & m or less foll[ ! ta/e prevail+ 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,gill[1 ! f\nd] ( a respectable exi/+ firm1 belongs to ?is p]iod2 b1 z yet1 no?+ has come to light reg>d+ 8 e>ly hi/ory or appr5tice%ip4 ,ano!r "n connect$ bo? ) furniture & decorative arts ( all k9ds 0 t ( ,rob]t ,adam2 he 0 ( ,scot* extraction & _h travell$ 9 ,italy2 & 8 bro!r ,john built _m private h\ses2 = example1 ! ,adelphi & ,portl& place4 ,furniture1 c>riages1 s$an *airs1 & plate 7 among/ ! objects = :i* ,rob]t1 p]haps bo? ! bro!rs1 gave designs4 ,classical capitals1 m\ld+s & ni*es1 circles & lunettes1 ) %ell flut+s & light g>l&s1 7 fav\rite features 9 _! faade ornam5ts4 ,! sidebo>ds1 bu/ t]ms 7or p$e/als71 urn-%ap$ knife boxes2 ! *airs1 commodes1 c41 7 all design$ to accord ) ! ar*itectural decorations4 ,poli%$-/eel fire-grates belong to ?is p]iod1 & we believe to ! au?or%ip ( ! bro!rs ,adam4 ,a cab9et mak] nam$ ,a4 ,heppel:ite publi%$ 9 #aghi a l>ge set ( designs = e sort ( reception room & b$room furniture4 ,we see 9 ^! ! mahogany *airs ) pi]c$ /rapwork backs1 libr>y & p$e/al tables1 me*anical desks & bureaux1 :i* cont9u$ 9 fa%ion dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury4 ,fanciful sa%$ glass doors clos$ 9 ! bookcases2 int]rupt$ p$im5ts & p$e/als provid$ space = bu/s r\nd ! tops ( ^! cases4 ,flut$ legs1 & occasionally lion-head$ supports1 uphold ! tables & *airs4 ,knife cases to set on ! sidebo>d1 & urn /ools = ! breakfa/ table1 are among ^! designs4 ,tea *e/s & tea caddies indicate t tea 0 !n com+ into g5]al use4 ,?omas ,%]aton1 ano!r cab9et-mak]1 publi%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury an ext5sive ,diction>y ( 8 trade4 ,8 designs1 l ^? j m5tion$1 embrace b$s1 s(as1 c4 ,me*anical dress+ & wa%+ tables1 v +5i\sly contriv$1 7 among 8 productions4 ,we meet ) ^! /ill2 ( ,spani% mahogany1 & admirable workman%ip4 ,! /ructure ( all ^! pieces 0 light & /rong4 ,"t has _h little effect on wood s well season$ & on pieces put toge!r 9 s workmanlike a mann]4 ,! ,fr5* revolution put a complete /op to ! old arts ( dome/ic life 9 ,france4 ,z 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 s 9 ! eighte5? ! new ideas ru%$ extravagantly 9 ! direction ( republican antiquity & ,roman ta/e & s5tim5t4 ,x 0 "u ! empire1 aft] ! ,italian w>s & ! ,egyptian exp$ition1 t ! means & ta/e = exp5diture ^u civil furniture & decorations reviv$1 ) an assumption ( classicalism4 ,! art ( ! "t h[ev]1 inspir$ by ! h>d pa9t+s ( ,david1 is b a dry & affect$ attempt at a fre% r5aissance4 ,9 furniture m\nts1 *airs1 c41 ( suppos$ classical designs1 x is kn[n z ! art ( ! empire4 ,?is c\ntry copi$ ! fa%ion z soon z ! return ( peace op5$ ! cont95t to ,engli% travell]s4 ,furniture & room decorations 7 design$ aft] classical ideals1 & we see *airs & tables imitat+ bas-reliefs & ! draw+s on antique vases4 ,x is probable t collectors1 su* z ,sir ,william ,hamilton & ! memb]s ( ! ,dilettanti society1 s5sibly influ5c$ ! prevail+ /yle4 ,james ,wyatt ! ar*itect1 ab\t ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 rebuilt or cle>$ out _m ( our m$ival *ur*es & h\ses1 & took to design+ :at he call$ ,go?ic = room decoration & furniture4 ,sir ,jeffrey ,wyatt or ,sir ,jeffrey ,wyattville 7z he became7 made great *anges at ,w9dsor ca/le1 "u ,george ! f\r?4 ,pug9 design$ "s flimsy ,go?ic furniture = ! same palace4 ,at a lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 h[ev]1 he did mu*1 bo? z a design] & a writ] ^u art1 to turn att5tion to ! pr9ciples on :i* m$ival designs ( all k9ds 7 bas$4 ,we are n[1 p]haps1 return+ to r5aissance art 9 furniture1 & x is c]ta9 t collections su* z ^? lately exhibit$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace2 ! ,exposition ,retrospective 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfe2 ! loan exhibitions ( #ahfb 9 ,london1 & t ( ,gore h\se at an e>li] p]iod2 & above all ! great p]man5t collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 mu/ contribute to =m ! public ta/e4 ,9 ! review :i* we h made ( :at may be call$ ! h\sehold art ( s _m ages1 x w\ld be difficult to assign an absolute sup]iority to ! arti/s ( any "o g5]ation1 consid]+ :at c\ntless beautiful objects h be5 made = ! p]sonal use & enjoym5t ( m54 ,! sculptur$ ?rones ( ivory & gold1 ! seats & c\*es ( bronze ov]laid ) gold & damasc5$ ) ! preci\s metals1 ! inlaid *>iots1 tables1 *e/s1 & jewell$ caskets ( antiquity2 ! imag]y1 ! %r9es1 ! /alls1 & ro(s ( ! middle ages2 ! wood sculpture1 t>sia1 pietra dura1 damasc5+ & ! endless v>iety ( objects produc$ dur+ ! days ( ,leon>do1 ,mi*el ,angelo1 & ,raphael1 d[n to ! c>v+ ( ,gibbons1 & ! spl5did "w ( ,b\le1 ,ries5] & ,g\?ire1 are all 9 v>i\s ways excell5t4 ,we mu/ n v5ture to call "o class ( productions f9] ?an ano!r :]e ! diff]5ces are s great & su* high p]fection has be5 atta9$ 9 ea*4 ,e /yle & fa%ion :5 at its be/ has result$ f ! utmo/ application ( m9d & "t on ! "p ( tra9$ arti/s2 & ! highe/ art c nev] be *eap1 nei!r c any ma*9]y or any help f me*anical assi/ance become sub/itutes = art4 ,beauty :i* is creat$ by ! h& ( man is n ! clev] application ( me*anical =ces or ( sci5tific inv5tions1 b is br\ght to light1 :e!r x be a cab9et front or ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 (t5 ) pa91 always by ! entire devotion ( ! lab\r1 ! intellect1 ! exp]i5ce1 ! imag9ation & ! affection1 ( ! arti/ & ! workman4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,*anges ,,( ,,ta/e ,,& ,,/yle4 ,x is int]e/+ to trace ! *anges t ! m common & necess>y pieces ( furniture h und]gone dur+ successive hi/oric ages4 ,! social life ( anci5t times1 ev5 ( ! middle ages :i* come s mu* ne>] to u 9 po9t ( ye>s1 diff]s f t ( our own 9 its :ole aspect4 ,yet ?\gh p]sonal habits h s greatly alt]$ ! g5]al wants ( m5 rema9 mu* ! same4 ,h5ce su* objects z b$s1 *airs1 tables1 *e/s1 dress]s1 w>drobes or cab9ets1 c>riages or litt]s1 h be5 always us$ & ma9ta9$ a c]ta9 id5tity4 ,) a summ>y ( ! *anges ( =m & me?ods ( decoration ( a few ( ! pr9cipal objects ( p]sonal use we %all conclude4 ,b$/eads & ,c\*es4 ,b$s s]v$ (t5 9 antiquity & 9 ! middle ages1 & h s]v$ at all times1 almo/ z mu* = sitt+ or recl9+ by day z = sleep+ on at night4 ,to :at has be5 already said on ! subject ( antique b$s little ne$ be add$4 ,! ,egyptian b$ & ! pill[ or crut*1 ( wood or m valuable mat]ials1 h be5 describ$4 ,examples ( ! crut* are num]\s 9 ! ,briti% museum & 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! ,egyptians _h c\*es1 says ,sir ,g4 ,wilk9son1 b !y d n appe> to h recl9$ ^u !m m frequ5tly ?an mod]n ,europeans1 9 ^: h\ses !y are equally common4 ,! ottomans 7 simple squ>e s(as )\t backs1 rais$ f ! gr\nd ne>ly to ! same level z ! *air4 ,! upp] "p 0 ( lea!r1 or ( cotton /uff1 ri*ly col\r$1 l ! cu%ions ( ! fauteuils1 & ! box 0 ( wood pa9t$ ) v>i\s devices & ornam5t$ ) ! figures ( captives1 :o 7 suppos$ to be degrad$ by hold+ s humiliat+ a position4 ,& ! same idea gave !m a place on ! foot/ools ( a royal ?rone4 ,! b$1 ,greek3 lexos1 ( ! ,greeks 0 cov]$ ) sk9s1 ov] ! sk9s ) wooll5 blankets2 sometimes a l95 clo? or %eet 0 add$4 ,! f9e/ cov]lids 7 f ,miletus1 ,c>?age1 & ,cor9?4 ,^! v>i$ 9 ! s(tness ( _! wooll5 texture & ! delicate disposition ( ! col\rs4 ,lat] ,greek b$s _h gir?s ( lea!r or /r+2 a mattress2 & a pill[4 ,! ,roman b$ _h ! side by :i* x 0 ent]$ op51 ! o!r 0 protect$ by a %elf4 ,! mattresses 7 /uff$ ) h]bs1 9 lat] times ) wool or fea!rs4 ,preci\s c\nt]panes embroid]$ ) gold 7 occasionally us$4 ,canopies or frames = curta9s1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 h always be5 necess>y adjuncts to b$s4 ,te/]s 7 plac$ on cradles1 ) gauze curta9s to keep (f flies4 ,b$s on :eels 7 9 use = ! sick 9 classical & m$ival times3 z also a l[ & portable b$1 grabatum1 ) mats = b$d+4 ,?is is ! ^w us$ 9 ,/4 ,john's gospel1 translat$ take up ?y b$ & walk4 ,illu/ration ,besides b$s1 c\*es1 & /ools1 us$ 9 antiquity1 z 9 our own times1 we f9d among/ ! anci5ts ! habit1 unkn[n s9ce1 ( recl9+ on ! left elb[ at meals4 ,! ,romans call$ ! conv5tional arrangem5t ! tricl9ium4 ,! accompany+ woodcut repres5ts ! plan ( a tricl9ium1 ! gue/ recl9+ on ! left elb[ & ! faces ( ea* direct$ f #a to #c1 #d to #f1 & s on4 ,^! numb]s & positions indicat$ a sort ( sup]iority1 or a highe/1 middle1 & l[e/ to e table4 ,a passage f ,horace1 (t5 quot$1 enum]ates ! gue/s 9 ?is ord]4 ,fundanius1 :o 0 at ! top1 giv+ an acc\nt ( a d9n] to 8 fri5ds1 says3 ,i sat at ! top1 ,viscus ,?ur9us next to me2 ,v>ius1 if my memory s]ves me1 bel[ him2 ,vibidius along ) ,s]vilius ,balatro1 :om ,mc5as br\ght z humble companions4 ,nom5tanus 0 above1 & ,porcius bel[ ! ho/ himself4 ,! b$s ( ! e>ly middle ages 9 ,engl& _h te/]s ) curta9s1 (t5 ( valuable mat]ial4 ,^! slid on r+s on an iron rod4 ,sometimes ! rod1 ) a frame to su/a9 x1 0 on "o or on ?ree sides ( ! b$1 & ! te/] want+4 ,sometimes ! b$s 7 slung on uprights1 z cots are at sea4 ,no great exp5se 0 incurr$ 9 ! framework till ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! spl5d\r ( /ate b$s1 or ^? ( great p1 consi/$ 9 ! curta9s1 :i* 7 occasionally tak5 d[n1 & hung up 9 *ur*es on fe/ivals4 ,9 ! illum9ations ( manuscripts & 9 pictures repres5t+ sc5es 9 :i* !re is a b$1 we f9d ! te/] /ra9$ by cords to ! sides ( ! room or to ! ceil+1 z 9 ! accompany+ woodcut4 ,! curta9s ran r\nd ?is frame1 z 9 our mod]n f\r-po/]s2 b we see !m hoi/$ out ( ! way dur+ ! daytime1 n r\nd a po/1 only rais$ beyond rea*4 ,illu/ration ,! f9e/ examples ( b$/eads t c be call$ m$ival are ,fr5*1 & only met ) 9 fragm5ts1 or m or less complete4 ,?is is un=tunately ! case also z reg>ds e>ly ,engli% b$/eads4 ,we may ref] ! read] to ! ,mobili] ,franais ( ,viollet le ,duc1 = an idea ( ! sumptu\s c>v$ oak b$/ead ( ! great palaces & hotels ( ,france4 ,x 0 a frame panell$ d[n to ! gr\nd1 (t5 conta9+ *e/s1 draw]s1 presses1 or o!r safe places "u ! sleep]4 ,! back resembl$ m or less ! r]$os ( an alt>1 or ! great panell$ presses t fill$ ! sides ( sacri/ies4 ,f\r po/s support$ ! canopy4 ,a b$/ead ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 long pres]v$ at ,leice/]1 & said to h be5 slept on by ,ri*>d ! ?ird4 ,! "u "p ( x =m$ 8 milit>y *e/1 & ! discov]y ( ! treasure a c5tury aft]w>ds occasion$ a b>b>\s murd]4 ,none ( ! co9 f\nd 0 ( a lat] m9t ?an 8 reign4 ,x is also said by ,p5nant t a /ump b$/ead /ill 9 ,b]keley ca/le is ! same on :i* ! murd] ( ,edw>d ! second 0 committ$4 ,f9e examples ( ,tudor b$/eads are pres]v$ !re4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,w>e 9 ,h]t=d%ire is1 & has long be51 an inn "u ! sign ( ! ,s>ac5's head1 ,9 ?is1 says ,clutt]buck1 !re is a b$ ( enorm\s proportions1 twelve feet squ>e4 ,! head is panell$ 9 ! ,elizabe?an /yle ( ar*$ panels1 & a date is pa9t$ on x--#adfj4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n au!ntic4 ,x is ( c>v$ oak4 ,! top is cov]$ by a panell$ te/]1 support$ on balu/] columns at ! feet4 ,! bases ( ^! re/ on a clu/] ( f\r ar*es or supports to ea* column4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! orig9al hi/ory ( ! b$/ead4 ,%akespe>e alludes to x 9 ,twelf? ,night4 ,illu/ration ,to ! ,tudor & ,jacobean p]iod ( heavy oak furniture succe$$ ! cu/om ( supply+ ! place ( oak-panell$ te/]s & headbo>ds ) ri* hang+s ei!r ( tape/ry1 cut ,g5oa1 or ,v5ice velvets & o!r co/ly mat]ials1 ) o/ri* fea!rs or o!r ornam5ts on ! angles4 ,! royal b$s at ,hampton c\rt admirably illu/rate ?is /ately fa%ion1 z 9 ! accompany+ woodcut4 ,m mod]n *anges x is unnecess>y to trace4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,c\*es = recl9+ or sitt+ ^u 71 9 ! middle ages1 r b5*es ) cu%ions on !m4 ,! k+ conv]s+ ) a lady 9 h] *amb] is f a manuscript ( ab\t #acij 7! ,romance ( ,meliadus7 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d ! same ornam5ts t 7 us$ 9 *air backs ext5d$ to l>ge frames s z to =m !m into c\*es1 & ! same plait$ cane panels4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury1 s(as 7 sometimes made 9 ! =m ( sev]al *air backs1 ) arms at ea* end1 ! backs be+ pi]c$ "w or fram+ made ( b>s 9 fancy %apes4 ,?is "w 0 9 mahogany or sat9 wood1 or 0 pa9t$ aft] ! fa%ion ( v]nis-m>t9 "w4 ,9 all cases su* pieces 7 made to accord ) suites ( *airs1 tables1 c4 ,cradles h be5 made 9 _m %apes4 ,! mo/ approv$ 9 antiquity 0 t ( a boat1 ,greek3 skaphos1 or a %ield2 9 ei!r case !y c\ld be rock$4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! m5 ( ,gh5t de/roy$ ! h\se ( ! e>l ( ,fl&]s1 accord+ to ,froiss>t1 & all 8 furniture includ+ ! cradle 9 :i* he 0 nurs$1 :i* 0 ( silv]4 ,! cradle ( ,h5ry ! fif? is /ill pres]v$4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a *e/1 mu* l ! cradle 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum1 no4 #agfi2 & sw+s on po/s1 "o at ea* end1 /&+ on cross-b>s to keep !m /eady3 b !re is no high] portion1 z 9 ! example 9 ! museum1 to support a te/]4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] ! %ape seems to h become heavi]4 ,illu/ration ,*airs4 ,9 ! anci5t ,egyptian pa9t+s at ,!bes1 & else:]e1 *airs are m9utely repres5t$ l ! ?rone or arm *air ( ! ,greeks1 ea* conta9+ "o p]son4 ,occasionally !y us$ /ools & l[ seats rais$ a little above ! gr\nd4 ,"s sat cross-legg$ on ! gr\nd1 ?\gh ?is is m r>e1 or kneel+ on "o knee4 ,! m5 & wom5 g5]ally 7 ap>t1 b 9 ! same room1 :ile conv]s+ !y sat1 & did n recl9e4 ,wilk9son gives a full description ( ! old ,egyptian *airs & /ools4 ,! classical curule *airs 7 made ( ivory2 sometimes ( solid & entire elephants' tee?1 :i* seems to h be5 ! typical idea ( ! ivory *air2 sometimes ! ivory 0 v5e]$ on a wood5 base4 ,! foot or po9t ( ! tusk 0 c>v$ into a head or beak4 ,x is f ?is curv$ *air ( /ate t ! lat] *airs 7 d]iv$1 ( :i* ! =m rema9$ popul> 9 ,italy ?r\gh ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! m$ival "n 0 faldi/orium1 r5d]$ fald/ool1 a /ool or seat to support ! arms :5 kneel+1 or to act z a *air :5 sitt+4 ,illu/ration ,! e>lie/ type ( ! ar*itectural ?rones or *airs ( ! middle ages is ! anci5t *air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 at ,rome1 ( :i* a woodcut has be5 giv5 9 p4 #ce4 ,a full description & plates ( x w be f\nd 9 ! ,vetu/a monum5ta ( ! ,society ( antiqu>ies = #ahgj4 ,ano!r fam\s *air1 t ( ,/4 ,m>k1 is pres]v$ at ,v5ice1 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's4 ,anci5tly ?is *air1 l t ( ,/4 ,pet] 9 ,rome1 0 cov]$ ) plates ( ivory1 c>v$ panels probably fitt$ into frame pieces ( wood z a cov]+ to ! /one4 ,z x is n[ se51 h[ev]1 ! "w is ( ori5tal m>ble4 ,x is a rudely %ap$ arm *air1 ) high back slop+ upw>ds 9 ! =m ( a p$im5t1 truncat$ & surm\nt$ by a /one1 cut into an imp]fect circle or oval1 & hav+ an arm or volute l ! rev]s$ angle-volute ( a column project+ f ! l[] "p ( ea* side4 ,! *air ( ,/4 ,maximian at ,rav5na dates f ! six? c5tury2 ?is is describ$ 9 ,mr4 ,maskell's ,ivories4 ,a magnific5t f\rte5? c5tury ar*itectural *air ( silv] is pres]v$ at ,b>celona4 ,! supports repres5t w9d[ trac]y4 ,"o l>ge ar* supplies ! front support1 be+ cusp$1 & ^! cusps are aga9 subdivid$4 ,! two sides =m ea* a pair ( w9d[s ( two lights or divisions1 ) a circle above1 ! :ole cusp$ & hav+ trefoil leaves on ! cusps4 ,! back is op5 trac]y "w1 repres5t+ ?ree n>r[ w9d[s1 ) two lights or op5+s ea*4 ,!y f9i% 9 ?ree l(ty gables1 crocket$ outside & divid$ into trac]y )94 ,illu/ration ,*airs 9 ,engl& dur+ ! m$ival p]iod 7 sometimes made ( turn$ wood4 ,sometimes !y 7 clev]ly arrang$ to fold up1 z 9 our own days3 ! engrav+ 7p4 #abb7 is f a beautiful manuscript ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! *air kn[n z t ( ,gla/onbury is a squ>e bo>d on two pairs ( cross-tre/les1 ) a squ>e bo>d = a back1 held to ! seat by slop+ arm pieces1 %ap$ out to receive ! arms ( a sitt]4 ,on ! edges ( ! seat & back t5ons protrude1 long en\gh to pass ?r\gh mortices 9 ! leg & arm pieces1 :i* are pegg$ to keep !m firm4 ,l ! sixte5? c5tury curule *airs ^! c easily be tak5 to pieces = travell+4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ,elizabe? & ,james1 high-back$ *airs1 ri*ly cut & pi]c$1 ) wood51 aft]w>ds ) cane1 seats 7 us$ & rema9$ 9 use simplifi$ & light5$ dur+ m ?an a c5tury4 ,! woodcut 7p4 #abc7 repres5ts ! fa%ion ( *air common 9 ,italy ab\t ! ye> #afbj3 & f !nce introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,! use ( m>quetry 0 n conf9$ to tables & cab9ets4 ,ri* *airs 7 made 9 ?is mat]ial 7r>ely 9 b\le7 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,holl&1 f :5ce !y came to ?is c\ntry4 ,light & v elegant yell[ sat9-wood m>quetry *airs 7 also !n 9 fa%ion4 ,! use ( mahogany = *airs1 (t5 delicately c>v$ & admirably con/ruct$1 0 g5]al dur+ ! la/ c5tury 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,fr5* c>v$ *airs ( ! "t ( ,l\is ! sixte5? cov]$ ) silk all b ! legs & framework1 & pa9t$ :ite or gilt1 7 made to accord ) ! s(as & c>v$ woodwork ( ! rooms4 ,?is example 0 foll[$ 9 ,engl&1 ) c]ta9 national diff]5ces4 ,tables4 ,! anci5t ,egyptian tables 7 r\nd1 squ>e1 or oblong2 ! =m] 7 g5]ally us$ dur+ _! repa/s1 & consi/$ ( a circul> flat summit1 support$1 l ! monopodium ( ! ,romans1 on a s+le %aft or leg 9 ! c5tre or by ! figure ( a man int5d$ to repres5t a captive4 ,l>ge tables _h usually ?ree or f\r legs1 b "s 7 made ) solid sides2 & ?\gh g5]ally ( wood _m 7 ( metal or /one2 & !y v>i$ 9 size accord+ to ! diff]5t purposes = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,(t5 !y 7 ?ree-legg$1 ! legs 9 a concave %ape4 ,an antique m>ble table ( ,grco-,roman "w is pres]v$ at ,naples1 support$ by a c5taur 9 full relief at "o end1 & a sea mon/]1 ,scylla x is suppos$1 involv+ a %ipwreck$ m>9] 9 ! folds ( h] tail1 ) indications ( waves1 c41 r\nd h] body4 ,o!r ,roman tables ( l>g] dim5sions _h ?ree1 f\r1 or five supports ( sph9xes1 lions1 & ! l4 ,we give repres5tations ( ?ree k9ds ( tables f pa9t+s on vases2 & ano!r1 on ?ree m>ble legs1 f\nd at ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,9 ! middle ages1 z has be5 be=e said1 tables 7 g5]ally fold+ bo>ds laid on tre/les & moveable4 ,! g5]al disposition ( ! d9+ table 0 tak5 f ^? ( abbeys & conv5ts1 & may be se5 cont9u$ 9 "s ( our own colleges to ?is day4 ,! pr9cipal table 0 on a rais$ plat=m or floor at ! upp] end ( ! hall1 & !nce call$ ! ,high table4 ,! gue/s sat on "o side only1 z 9 ! traditional repres5tations ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & ! place ( hon\r 0 ! c5tre1 ! opposite side be+ left = ! s]vice4 ,! pr9cipal p]son sat "u a canopy or clo? ( e/ate1 ei!r made = ! occasion1 or "u a panell$ canopy curv+ outw>d & p]man5t4 ,occasionally m$ival tables 9 ,engl& 7 ( /one or m>ble4 ,( ! =m] mat]ial a table is pres]v$ belong+ to ! /rang]s' hall at ,w9*e/]2 & a wood5 "o 9 ! *apt]-h\se at ,salisbury4 ,! tops ( "s old ,engli% tables are made ) two ?icknesses1 ! l[] pull+ out on ei!r side to re/ on supports drawn f ! b$4 ,a table ( ?is description is kept at ,hill hall1 ,essex2 & ! woodcut repres5ts a fold+ table ( ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 long pres]v$ at ,flaxton ,hall1 9 ,suffolk4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury mahogany tables ) delicate pi]c$ gall]ies r\nd ! edge1 & simil> "w to ornam5t ! b$ or frame1 7 made by ,*ipp5dale & 8 contempor>ies4 ,_m ( !m are light & graceful pieces ( con/ruction4 ,o!rs 7 massively made ) goat-foot$ legs t bulge well beyond ! l9es ( ! table top1 :i* 9 ^! cases is (t5 a slab ( m>ble4 ,! workman%ip is admirable4 ,mahogany _h !n supplant$ ! use ( oak = l>ge tables4 ,illu/ration ,*e/s1 ,cab9ets1 & ,sidebo>ds4 ,! w>drobe1 bo? 9 ! ,roman h\se & ! m$ival ca/le1 0 a small room suitably fitt$ up & provid$ ) receptacles4 ,*e/s1 c(f]s1 & caskets 7 also 9 use1 & impli$ moveability4 ,9 lat] days ! r5aissance *e/s 7 ei!r m\nt$ on /&s or gave place to mix$ /ructures2 & cab9ets ( v>i\s =ms t c\ld be kept p]man5tly 9 ! hall or *amb] became ! fa%ion4 ,!y 7 l>ge1 important objects1 7 nev] mov$ or c>ri$ abroad1 desc5d$ f fa!r to son1 & 7 ! monum5tal objects1 z ! panell$ sup]/ructure ( ! fireplace 01 ( halls & reception rooms4 ,^! pieces h v>i\s =ms4 ,9 d9+ halls or rooms occasionally s us$1 !y 7 cupbo>ds1 dress]s1 or places ) a small receptacle to hold food1 & a flat top ) p]haps a /ep or %elf above x to c>ry plate1 c&le/icks1 c4 ,:5 plac$ 9 receiv+ rooms or to hold dresses !y 7 cab9ets or w>drobes2 = ! conv5i5ces ( writ+ !y are bureaux1 scrtaires1 or escritoires4 ,illu/ration ,we h e>ly notices ( ! use ( cypress *e/s1 p]haps cab9ets z "s ( !m are fitt$ ) draw]s1 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,john ( ,gaunt 9 8 w1 #acig1 specifies a little box ( cypress wood2 probably some?+ l ! *e/ engrav$ f a manuscript ( t date3 out ( :i* ! s]vant is tak+ a robe evid5tly ri*ly embroid]$ ) armorial be>+s4 ,9 ! memoirs ( ! antiquities ( ,great ,brita91 relat+ to ! re=mation1 we f9d an acc\nt ( *ur* plate1 money1 gold & silv] images1 c41 deliv]$ to ,h5ry ! eigh?3 ,paid ,william ,gr5e1 ! k+'s c(f]-mak]1 = mak+ ( a c(f] cov]$ ) fu/yan ( ,naples1 & be+ full ( draw]s & boxes l9$ ) r$ & gr5e s>cynet to put 9 /ones ( div]s sorts1 vi4 li4 xviij4 s4 ij4 d41 by :i* we may ga!r some?+ ( its co/ly con/ruction1 & to ,cornelys ! locke smy! = mak+ all ! iron worke1 t is to say1 ! locke1 gym\rs1 h&els1 ryngs to e draw] box1 ! price xxxvi4 s4 iv4 d4 ,! m>quetry inv5t$ or br\ght to p]fection by ,b\le 0 display$ 9 great] magnific5ce on cab9ets ( v>i\s %apes ?an on any o!r pieces ( furniture4 ,! same may be said ( ! m>quetry cab9ets 9 wood execut$ dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france by ,ries5] & ,david1 ) ! help ( ! metal m\nts ( ,g\?ire & 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 ^! f9e pieces ! int]ior is g5]ally simple & ! conceits ( ! previ\s c5tury are omitt$4 ,japan cab9ets obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,dut* 7 frequ5tly import$ into ,engl&4 ,! h+es & m\nts 7 ( silv] or gilt metal1 ri*ly *as$4 ,! bureau1 escritoire1 or (fice desk1 call$ 9 ,g]many ,kaunitz aft] a pr9cely inv5tor1 0 a knee-hole table4 ,^! tall bureaux 7 ( g5]al1 almo/ univ]sal1 use 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,sidebo>ds4 ,!re are sev]al old sidebo>ds 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum1 describ$ "u ! names ( dressoir or dressoir de salle mang] 9 ! l>ge catalogue4 ,!y are small cupbo>ds & w\ld be call$ cab9ets b = ! draw]s half-way d[n1 & ! r[s ( ! %elves on ! top2 & are ( ! sixte5? c5tury date4 ,accord+ to ,willem91 ! old etiquette ( ,france1 c]ta9ly t ( ,burgundy1 prescrib$ five /eps or %elves to ^! dress]s = use dur+ meals = que5s2 f\r = du*esses or pr9cesses2 ?ree = _! *ildr5 & = c\ntesses & gr&es dames2 two = o!r noble ladies4 ,9 ! middle ages cupbo>ds or dress]s 7 m]e cov]$ bo>ds or %elves aga9/ a wall on :i* plate 0 set out1 & 7 made ( ?ree or f\r or m /ages accord+ to ! spl5d\r ( ! occasion4 ,! cupbo>d dress] ( m mode/ pret5sions 0 consid]$ z a piece ( d9+-room furniture4 ,x 0 ord9>ily cov]$ ) a piece ( embroid]y4 ,rob]t ,frevyll bequea?s1 #aeba1 to 8 son ,john a /one cob>d 9 ! hall4 ,a manuscript inv5tory ( ,h5ry ! eigh? names1 ,item1 "o l>ge cuppbord c>pet ( gr5e clo? ( gold ) workes lyn$ ) bock]am1 conteyn+ 9 l5g? ?ree y>ds1 iii4 q't]s1 & ?ree br$!s4 ,9 ! h]ald's acc\nt ( ! fea/ at ,we/m9/]1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( pr9ce ,ar?ur1 we f9d ,!re 0 also a /age ( dyv]s greas & hannes 7degrees & enhanc+s ( height7 = ! cuppbord t ! plate %ulde /&e inn1 ! :i* plate = ! moo/ "p 0 cl5e 7pure7 goold1 & ! residue all gilte & non silv]1 & 0 9 l5g? f ! closet doore to ! *imney4 ,& :5 9 ! next reign ,h5ry ent]ta9$ ,francis at ,calais1 a cupbo>d ( sev5 /ages 0 provid$ & furni%$ ) gold & silv] gilt plate4 ,be=e conclud+ ^! rem>ks on d9+-room furniture some?+ may be said on pa9t$ r\ndels or wood5 platt]s4 ,?\gh !y h long ceas$ to be us$ = _! orig9al purpose1 sev]al sets /ill complete rema9 9 c\ntry h\ses & collections ( diff]5t k9ds2 & ?ree sets are 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum4 ,!y are usually twelve 9 numb]3 & all seem to be ( ! date ( ! late ,tudor pr9ces4 ,!y 7 kept 9 boxes turn$ out ( a block1 & decorat$ ) pa9t+ & gild+4 ,_! size does n diff] mat]ially1 all ! sets v>y+ f #e-c_/h to #e-e_/h in*es4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 small] sets to be se5 :i* range f #b-c_/d to #e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! top surface is 9 all in/ances pla9 & ! "u surface pa9t$ ) a bord] ( fl[]s1 g5]ally alt]nat+ ) knots m or less arti/ically drawn 9 v]milion3 posyes or a c\ple ( v]ses are g5]ally add$4 ,^! platt]s 7 us$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury z dess]t plates1 ! pla9 side be+ at ! top4 ,lel& speaks ( ! confettes at ! end ( a d9n]1 sug> plate f]tes1 ) o!r subtilties ) ippocrass 7a sweet w9e74 ,e>!nw>e plates ?\gh n unkn[n 7 /ill v uncommon 9 ,engl& be=e ! reign ( ,elizabe?4 ,! d9n] 0 s]v$ on plate 9 royal or v great h\ses1 on pewt] & wood5 tr5*]s 9 m humble & unpret5d+ h\seholds4 ,specim5s ( ! latt] may /ill be se5 9 our old collegiate e/abli%m5ts4 ,probably ! e>lie/ in/ance ( ! use ( e>!nw>e may be f\nd 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ! fir/1 :5 "s di%es & plates ( t mat]ial 7 b\ght f a ,spani% %ip4 ,pit*]s1 jugs & ! l _h be5 = c5turies commonly made4 ,porselyn is m5tion$ 9 #aehg3 :]e we read ( five di%es ( e>? pa9t$1 su* z are br\ght f ,v5ice be+ pres5t$ to ! que5 on "o ( h] progresses4 ,c>riages4 ,illu/ration ,! %ape & decoration ( c>riages h *ang$ cont9ually1 b ^! *anges h n always be5 9 ! direction ( conv5i5ce & h&9ess = rapid motion4 ,our space w n all[ u to ent] "h ^u a hi/ory ( ! *>iots ( anci5t nations2 ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 or ,romans4 ,a detail$ acc\nt ( !m w be f\nd 9 ! introduction to ! l>ge catalogue ( furniture at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! woodcut repres5ts ! ,roman biga1 ! orig9al ( :i* 79 m>ble7 is 9 ! ,vatican2 & ! pil5tum1 or cov]$ c>riage1 f ! column ( ,!odosius4 ,illu/ration ,we "k b little ( ! p]iod succe$+ ! de/ruction ( ,rome & ! ext9ction ( classic cu/oms4 ,9 ! middle ages we f9d c>ts1 l ^? n[ 9 use = agricultural purposes 9 ,france2 a long frame ) spread+ rails balanc$ on "o pair ( :eels ( l>ge dim5sions1 drawn by a /r+ ( horses4 ,! woodcut ( a family c>riage is f ! well-kn[n ,luttrell psalt]1 an illum9at$ manuscript ( ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury4 ,su* vehicles seem to h be5 clumsy en\gh & _h no spr+s3 nev]!less !y 7 mu* ornam5t$ ) v>i\s decorations4 ,!y _h ro(s z a protection f ! wea!r1 ) silk or lea!r curta9s2 & ! int]ior 0 fitt$ ) cu%ions4 ,9 ! ,squire ( l[ degree ! fa!r ( ! pr9cess ( ,hung>y promises1 ,to-morr[ ye %all on hunt+ f>e1 ,& ride my daught] 9 a *>e1 ,x %all be cov]$ ) velvet r$1 ,& clo?s ( f9e gold all ab\t y\r head1 ,) damask :ite & azure blue1 ,well diap]$ ) lilies new ,y\r pomelles 7knobs7 %all be end$ ) gold1 ,y\r *a9s enamell$ _m a fold4 ,! olde/ k9d ( :eel-c>riages kn[n 9 ,engl& 7 call$ :irlecotes1 & "o ( ^! belong$ to ! "m ( ,ri*>d ! second4 ,:irlecotes 7 us$ also at ! m>riage ( ,ka!r9e ( ,arragon4 ,coa*es 7 probably fir/ introduc$ f ,hung>y4 ,!y seem to h be5 squ>e1 n diff]+ greatly 9 outl9e f ! /ate coa*es ( :i* num]\s engrav$ plates c be se52 & 7 consid]$ z too effem9ate a conveyance = m5 9 ! days ( ,elizabe?4 ,! coa* ( ,h5ry ! f\r? ( ,france may be /udi$ 9 ! plate by ,van ,luyk5 t repres5ts 8 murd] by ,ravaillac1 #afaj4 ,x is f\r-:eel$1 squ>e1 ) a flat awn+ on f\r corn] pill>s or supports1 & curta9s4 ,! c5tre desc5ds into a k9d ( boot ) lea!r sides4 ,! accompany+ woodcut repres5ts ! c>riage ( ! ,engli% ambassador at ,rome 9 #afhh3 & we add also an engrav+ ( a /ate c>riage ( ab\t fifty ye>s lat]1 /ill 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,d>nley4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,app5dix4 ,,names ,,( ,,design]s ,,( ,,woodwork ,,& ,,mak]s ,,( ,,furniture4 ,only v meagre notices are to be f\nd ( ! arti/s to :om we owe ! designs ( mod]n furniture4 ,= a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ! r5aissance1 furniture p>took s g5]ally1 & ! woodwork ( rooms s entirely1 ( ! "* & foll[$ s cont9ually ! details ( ar*itecture t ! hi/ory ( furniture-design]s is t ( ! ar*itects ( ! day4 ,^! f\nd 9 ! memb]s ( guilds ( c>v]s1 c>p5t]s1 or image sculptors admirable h&s to c>ry out ! ornam5tal details ( _! woodwork1 su* z *imney-pieces1 c41 & :o made sidebo>ds1 cab9ets1 *airs1 & tables to suit ! woodwork4 ,we h space "h only = ! names2 9 ! l>ge catalogue a brief notice ( almo/ e "o ( !m is also giv54 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,c\ntry 9 :i* ,names ( ,arti/s4 !y work$4 ,date4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a ,adam1 ,j4 7& ,r47 ,engl& #agbh-agib4 ,agnolo1 ,b4 da ,italy #adfj-aefc4 ,agnolo1 ,d4 da #af? c5tury4 ,agnola1 ,j4 da ,ambrogio1 ,g4 #ag? ,ards1 ,w4 ,fl&]s #ae? ,as9elis1 ,a4 ,italy #af? ,b ,ba*eli]1 -- ,france #af? c5tury4 ,ba]ze1 ,j4 de ,fl&]s #ad? ,bak]1 -- ,engl& #ah? ,b>ili1 ,a4 ,italy #af? ,b>ili1 ,g4 ,b>ili1 ,s4 ,baumg>tn]1 ,u4 ,g]many #ag? c5tury4 ,beaugreant1 ,g4 de ,fl&]s #af? ,beck1 ,s4 ,g]many ,belli1 ,a4 ,a4 ,italy ,belli1 ,g4 ,b]a91 ,j4 ,france #afcf-agaa4 ,b]gamo1 ,d4 da ,italy #adij-aeej4 ,b]gamo1 ,s4 da #af? c5tury4 ,b]n>do1 -- ,b]ruguete1 -- ,spa9 #adhj-aefa4 ,b]tol9a1 ,b4 ,j4 ,italy #af? c5tury4 ,beyd]t1 ,j4 ,fl&]s #ae? ,blondeel1 ,l4 #adie-aefj4 ,bolgi1 ,g ,italy #ah? c5tury4 ,bonzanigo1 ,g4 ,m4 ,borello1 ,f4 #af? ,borgona1 ,f4 de ,spa9 ,botto1 ,b4 ,italy ,botto1 ,g4 ,b4 ,botto1 ,p4 ,botto1 ,s4 ,a4 ,b\lle1 ,a4 ,c4 ,france #afdb-agcb4 ,b\lle1 ,p4 #ag? c5tury4 ,brescia1 ,r4 da ,italy #af? ,bross1 -- de ,france #ag? ,bruggemann1 ,h4 ,g]many #ae? ,bruhl1 ,a4 ,fl&]s #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,brunelles*i1 ,f4 ,italy #acgg-addf4 ,bru/olone1 ,a4 #afgj-agcb4 ,buontal5ti1 ,b4 ,t4 #af? c5tury4 ,c ,caffi]i1 ,ph4 ,france #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,cano1 ,a4 ,spa9 #ag? c5tury4 ,canova1 ,j4 de ,italy #af? ,canozii1 ,c4 ,canozii1 ,g4 ,m4 ,canozii1 ,l4 ,capitsoldi1 -- ,engl& #ah? ,capo di ,f]ro1 ,bro!rs ,italy #af? ,c>lone1 ,j4 #ah? ,c>nic]o1 ,a4 ,spa9 #afic-agef4 ,ca/elli1 ,q4 ,italy #af? c5tury ,caun]1 -- ,france #ah? ,cauvet1 ,g4 ,p4 ,france #agca-aghh ,c]acci1 ,g4 ,engl& #ah? c5tury4 ,c]velli]a1 ,b4 del ,italy ,*amb]s1 ,sir ,w4 ,engl& #agbf-agif4 ,*ipp5dale1 ,t4 #ah? c5tury4 ,cipriani1 ,g4 ,b4 ,coit1 -- ,collet1 ,a4 ,copel&1 -- ,cotte1 ,j4 de ,france ,cotte1 ,r4 de #afef-agce4 ,cotton1 ,c4 ,engl& #ah? c5tury4 ,cress5t1 -- ,france ,d ,davy1 ,r4 ,engl& #agej-agid4 ,dello ,delli ,italy #ad? & #ae? c5turies ,dol51 -- van ,fl&]s #ah? c5tury4 ,donatello1 -- ,italy #achj-adff4 ,dorsi5t1 ,a ,c42 ,c4 ,oc4 ,fl&]s #af? c5tury ,duc]ceau1 ,a4 ,france #aeae-aehe4 ,dug>1 ,e4 ,italy #af? c5tury4 ,du ,quesnoy1 ,f4 ,h4 & ,j4 ,fl&]s #ag? ,f ,faydh]be1 ,l4 ,fl&]s #afbg-afid4 ,filippo1 ,d4 di ,italy #af? c5tury4 ,flre91 ,j4 ,fl&]s #ae? ,fltn]1 ,p4 ,g]many #af? ,g ,gabl]1 ,m4 ,g]many #ag? c5tury4 ,galletti1 ,g4 ,italy #ah? ,g>ni]1 ,p4 ,france ,g5s]1 ,m4 ,g]many #ag? ,g]vasius ,engl& ,getti*1 ,p4 ,g]many #ag? ,geus]1 ,m4 ,gheel1 ,f4 van ,fl&]s #ah? ,gibbons1 ,g4 ,engl& #ag? ,giovanni1 ,fra ,italy #af? ,glos5camp1 ,h4 ,fl&]s ,g\jon1 ,j4 ,france ,h ,hab]mann1 -- ,france #ah? c5tury4 ,haegh51-- van d] ,fl&]s ,hek+]1 ,j4 ,g]many #ag? ,he9h(]1 ,ph4 #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,helmont1 -- van ,fl&]s #ah? c5tury4 ,heppel:ite1 ,a ,engl& ,h]n&ez1 ,g4 ,spa9 #aehf-afdf4 ,hool1 ,j4 ,b4 van ,fl&]s #ah? c5tury4 ,huet1 -- ,france ,hyman1 ,f4 ,engl& ,j ,john ( ,/4 ,om] ,engl& #ac? c5tury4 ,johnson1 ,t4 #ah? ,juni1 ,j4 ,d4 ,spa9 #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,k ,kauffmann1 ,a4 ,engl& #ah? c5tury4 ,kiskn]1 ,u4 ,g]many #ag? ,ku5l91 ,j4 ,l ,ladetto1 ,f4 ,italy #ah? c5tury4 ,lalonde1 -- ,france ,lawreans1 -- ,engl& #ag? ,lecreux1 ,n4 ,a4 ,j4 ,fl&]s #ageg-ahcf4 ,le ,moyne1 ,j4 ,france #afde-agah4 ,leop>di1 ,a4 ,italy #adej-aebe4 ,le ,pautre1 ,j4 ,france #afag-afhb4 ,le ,r\x1 ,j4 ,b4 #ah? c5tury4 ,l9nell1 ,j4 ,engl& ,lock1 ,m4 ,loir1 ,a4 ,france #afcj-agac4 ,l',orme1 ,ph4 de4 #af? c5tury4 ,lunigia1 ,a4 da ,italy ,m ,mac1 ,j4 ,france #ah? c5tury4 ,maifeis1 ,p4 di ,italy #ae? ,maggiol9o1 -- #ah? ,magi/]1 ,o4 #af? ,majano1 ,b4 da #ae? ,majano1 ,g4 da ,italy #adcb-adij4 ,m>g>itone1 -- #abcf-acac4 ,m>ot1 ,d4 ,france #afej-agjj8 ,m>ot1 ,g4 #ag? c5tury4 ,m>ot1 ,j4 #afbe-afgi4 ,m>t91 ,r4 #agjf-agfe4 ,m>t9c\rt1 -- #ah? c5tury4 ,meissonni]1 ,j4 ,a4 #afic-agej4 ,m5del]1 ,g4 ,g]many #ag? c5tury4 ,meul51 ,r4 van d] ,fl&]s #afde-agag4 ,m9ore1 ,g4 ,italy #ae? c5tury4 ,mod5a1 ,p4 da ,mo5>t1 ,m4 ,fl&]s #ag? ,montepulciano1 ,g4 da ,italy #af? ,mos]1 ,l4 ,g]many #ae? ,mll]1 ,d4 #ag? ,mll]1 ,j4 ,n ,newrone1 ,g4 ,c4 ,italy #af? c5tury4 ,nilson1 -- ,france #ah? ,nys1 ,l4 de ,fl&]s ,nys1 ,p4 de ,o ,oo/1 ,p4 van ,fl&]s #ad? c5tury4 ,opp5ord1 -- ,france #ah? ,p ,pa*]1 ,m4 ,g]many #ae? c5tury4 ,padova1 ,z4 da ,italy #af? ,panturmo1 ,j4 di #adib-aeef4 ,p>do1 ,g4 ,spa9 #af? c5tury4 ,p>eta1 ,g4 di ,italy ,passe1 ,c4 de ,france #ag? ,passe1 ,c4 de1 ! y\ng] ,p]golese1 -- ,engl& #ah? ,p]real1 ,j4 ,france #ae? ,philippon1 ,a4 #af? ,picau1 -- #ah? ,picq1 ,j4 ,fl&]s #ag? ,pigalle1 -- ,engl& #ah? ,piffetti1 ,a4 ,p4 ,italy #agjj-aggg4 ,plumi]1 ,p4 ,d4 ,fl&]s #afhh-agba4 ,porfirio1 ,b4 di ,italy #af? c5tury ,q ,quell91 ,a4 ,fl&]s #afji-affh4 ,quell91 ,a41 ! y\ng] #afbe-agjj4 ,quell91 ,e4 #ag? c5tury4 ,r ,raephor/1 ,b4 van ,fl&]s #ae? 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