,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics71 & text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold 7bold74 ,additional ,transcrib]'s ,notes are at ! end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,volume ,i4 ,numb] #a4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,septemb]1 #aiji #a4jj a ye> #ae c5ts a copy 99 99 99 99 99 ,ann\ncem5ts = #aiji-aiaj ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e is devot$ to ! int]e/s ( tea*]s ( ,hi/ory1 ,civics1 & relat$ subjects 9 ! fields ( ,geography & ,economics4 ,x aims to br+ to ! tea*] ( ^! topics ! late/ news ( 8 pr(ession4 ,x w describe rec5t me?ods ( hi/ory tea*+1 & su* exp]im5ts z may be tri$ by tea*]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x w give ! results ( exp]im5tation 9 su* =m t !y may be ( value to e tea*]4 ,x w keep ! tea*] 9 t\* ) ! rec5t lit]ature ( hi/ory by giv+ an imp>tial judgm5t ^u rec5t text-books4 ,x w give ann\ncem5ts ( meet+s ( ,tea*]s' ,associations & acc\nts ( _! "w4 ,x w furni% p]sonal facts :5 ^! w be ( int]e/ to ! tea*]4 ,its columns be+ op5 to ! que/ions & contributions ( e hi/ory tea*]1 x w s]ve z a cle>+-h\se ( ideas & ideals 9 ! pr(ession ( hi/ory tea*+4 ,publi%$ mon?ly1 except ,july & ,augu/1 by ,mc,kinley ,publi%+ ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,copyright1 #aiji1 ,mc,kinley ,publi%+ ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/rong ,,text-,,books ,,9 ,,hi/ory ,,ess5tials ,,9 ,,hi/ory ,edit$ "u ! sup]vision ( ,,alb]t ,,bu%nell ,,h>t1 ,,ll4,d4 ,wolfson's ,ess5tials 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,wolfson1 ,,ph4,d41 ,fir/ ,assi/ant 9 ,hi/ory1 ,de,witt ,cl9ton ,high ,s*ool1 ,new ,york ,city1 #a4ej ,walk]'s ,ess5tials 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,by ,a4 ,p4 ,,walk]1 ,a4,m41 ,ma/] 9 ,hi/ory1 ,engli% ,high ,s*ool1 ,bo/on4 #a4ej ,h>d+'s ,ess5tials 9 ,m$ival & ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,by ,s4 ,b4 ,,h>d+1 ,,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,european ,hi/ory1 ,indiana ,univ]sity4 #a4ej ,h>t's ,ess5tials 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,h>t1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #a4ej ,ea* ( ^! writ]s is a tra9$ hi/orical s*ol>1 famili> ?r\gh direct p]sonal relations ) ! conditions & ne$s ( second>y s*ools4 ,special att5tion is paid to social hi/ory1 to ! *>act]i/ic life & /&>ds ( ! p1 z well z to ! movem5ts ( sov]eigns & political lead]s4 ,! books are readable & tea*able1 & furni% helpful maps1 illu/rations & p$agogical app>atus4 ,,h>d+',s ,,ess5tials ,,9 ,,m$i,,val ,,hi/ory ,by ,s4 ,b4 ,,h>d+1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,european ,hi/ory1 ,indiana ,univ]sity4 #a4jj ,a book = elem5t>y college classes :i* gives a g5]al survey ( m$ival hi/ory f ,*>lemagne to ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,:atev] is ( little importance has be5 elim9at$ 9 ord] to save ! /ud5t's "t4 ,! cont9uity ( hi/ory has be5 pres]v$ f beg9n+ to end1 & ! fundam5tal features ( m$ival life & in/itutions are cle>ly br\ght out4 ,,newton ,,& ,,treat',s ,,outl9es ,,= ,,review ,,9 ,,hi/ory ,by ,c4 ,b4 ,,newton4 ,a4,b41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory 9 ,lawr5ceville ,s*ool1 & ,e4 ,b4 ,,treat1 ,a4,m41 ,ma/] 9 ,lawr5ceville ,s*ool4 ,ea*1 #j4be ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,engli% ,hi/ory ,greek ,hi/ory ,roman ,hi/ory ,ea* outl9e br+s out ! subject z a :ole1 & makes ! picture cle>-cut & vivid 9 ! pupil's m9d4 ,by its use ! prom95t figures & ! small] details1 ! multitude ( memories & impressions1 w be fix$ & e/abli%$ 9 ! prop] p]spective4 ,brief summ>ies ( ! lead+ facts & ev5ts are giv5 9 *ronological ord]4 ,ease ( ref]5ce is made ( prim>y importance ?r\gh\t4 ,,ogg',s ,,s\rce ,,book ,,( ,,m$i,,val ,,hi/ory ,edit$ by ,,fr$]ic ,,au/9 ,,ogg1 ,a4,m41 ,assi/ant 9 ,hi/ory1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,in/ructor 9 ,simmons ,college4 #a4ej ,a collection ( docum5ts illu/rative ( ,european life & in/itutions f ! ,g]man invasions to ! ,r5aissance4 ,great discrim9ation has be5 ex]cis$ 9 ! selection & arrangem5t ( ^! s\rces1 :i* are int5d$ to be us$ 9 connection ) ! /udy ( m$ival hi/ory1 ei!r 9 second>y s*ools1 or 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( college4 ,?r\gh\t ! controll+ ?\ght has be5 to pres5t only ^? selections :i* are ( real value & ( g5u9e int]e/4 ,?is book c be us$ to v great advantage 9 connection ) ,h>d+'s ,m$ival ,hi/ory4 ,s5d = ! ,hi/ory ,section ( our ,descriptive ,catalogue ( ,text-,books = ,high ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,,am]ican ,,book ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,c9c9nati ,,*icago ,,bo/on ,,san ,,francisco ,,atlanta 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,publi%$ mon?ly1 except ,july & ,augu/1 at #ehje ,g]mant[n ,ave41 ,phila41 ,pa41 by ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y ,,publi%+ ,,company ,a4 ,e4 ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y1 ,proprietor ,,subscription ,,price4 ,"o doll> a ye>2 s+le copies1 #ae c5ts ea*4 ,,po/age ,,prepaid 9 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico2 = ,canada1 #bj c5ts additional %\ld be add$ to ! subscription price1 & to o!r =eign c\ntries 9 ! ,po/al ,union1 #cj c5ts additional4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,address4 ,bo? ! old & ! new address mu/ be giv5 :5 a *ange ( address is ord]$4 ,,adv]tis+ ,,rates furni%$ ^u application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,editors ( ! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,hi/ory 9 ! ,college & ! ,s*ool1 ,ar?ur ,c4 ,h[l&1 ,ph4,d41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,european ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! ,tra9+ ( ! ,hi/ory ,tea*]1 ,norman ,m4 ,tr5holme1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory1 ,s*ool ( ,education1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,"s ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,hi/ory1 ,fr$ ,morr[ ,fl+1 ,pr(essor ( ,european ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,reports f ! ,hi/ory ,field1 ,walt] ,h4 ,cu%+1 ,secret>y1 ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association4 ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,ar?ur ,m4 ,wolfson1 ,ph4,d41 ,de,witt ,cl9ton ,high ,s*ool1 ,new ,york4 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,civics 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool1 ,alb]t ,h4 ,san=d1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,la ,crosse1 ,wis4 ,european ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,daniel ,c4 ,kn[lton1 ,ph4,d41 ,b>r+] ,high ,s*ool1 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,engli% ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,c4 ,b4 ,newton1 ,lawr5ceville ,s*ool1 ,lawr5ceville1 ,n4 ,j4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,william ,fairley1 ,ph4,d41 ,comm]cial ,high ,s*ool1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hi/ory 9 ,! ,grades1 ,arm& ,j4 ,g]son1 ,sup]vis+ ,pr9cipal1 ,rob]t ,morris ,public ,s*ool1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,manag+ ,editor1 ,alb]t ,e4 ,mc,kinley1 ,ph4,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,hi/ory ,tea*]'s ,magaz9e ,volume ,i4 ,numb] #a4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,septemb]1 #aiji #a4jj a ye> #ae c5ts a copy ,,! ,,magaz9e4 ,editorial comm5t ^u ! plans = ! conduct ( ! ,,magaz9e is unnecess>y4 ,a g5]al /atem5t ( ! "* ( ! pap] w be f\nd on ! fir/ page ( ! cov]1 & a li/ ( ! editors is giv5 on ! second page4 ,pr(essor ,mc,laughlin's lett] %[s ! exi/+ ne$1 & ! field :i* ! pap] %\ld occupy4 ,b ! be/ introduction to _! fell[ tea*]s ( hi/ory & civics :i* ! editors c h1 is to be f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! articles pr9t$ 9 ?is numb]4 ,x has be5 ! aim to make ^! articles /imulat+1 lead+ to high] pr(essional /&>ds2 to make !m practical1 lead+ to valuable sugge/ions = ! conduct ( hi/ory classes2 & to h !m conduce to ! =mation ( a /rong] union1 a bett] esprit de corps1 among hi/ory tea*]s4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]4 ,leav+ normal s*ool1 college1 or graduate s*ool1 ! "y tea*] ( hi/ory1 if he or %e is =tunate en\gh to get a *ance to tea* 8 own subject at once1 ent]s a high s*ool1 or small college1 :]e1 9 _m cases1 he is p]mitt$ to "w out 8 own p$agogical salvation4 ,f alma mat] he has br\ght a k ( c]ta9 me?ods ( hi/ory tea*+ practis$ ^u him by 8 own in/ructors1 toge!r ) detail$ in=mation respect+ sev]al n>r[ fields ( human hi/ory4 ,r>ely has he receiv$ 9 college or graduate s*ool any intimation ( ! be/ me?ods to be pursu$ 9 second>y s*ool hi/ory tea*+4 ,r>ely does he 9 8 new position receive mu* inspiration or advice conc]n+ 8 actual class "w f 8 adm9i/rative sup]iors4 ,left to 8 own res\rces1 (t5 los+ contact ) 8 =m] in/ructors & intellectual lead]s1 he may lose en]gy1 ambition1 outlook1 & become at la/ a dread$ tea*] ( a dreadful subject4 ,on ! o!r h& ! "y tea*]1 if he succe$s1 keeps 9 contact ) ! be/ ?\ght 9 8 pr(ession1 & gr[s z ! pr(ession gr[s4 ,he w seek ! acqua9tance ( o!r & m exp]i5c$ hi/ory tea*]s1 z a bus9ess man mu/ be acqua9t$ 9 8 own l9e ( bus9ess2 he w keep 9 t\* ) new hi/orical works1 ! late/ reviews & magaz9es2 &1 if he c d x )\t sacrific+ 8 duty to 8 class1 he w engage 9 "s orig9al hi/orical "w4 ,b be/ ( all1 he w rema9 a good tea*]1 op5+ ! doors ^u vi/as :i* w delight & lure ! /ud5t into _m an untravel$ intellectual pa?4 ,,! ,,op5+ ,,days ,,( ,a ,,hi/ory ,,c\rse4 ,!re is no m important "t 9 ! :ole ye>'s "w ?an ! fir/ few class ex]cises4 ,9 ^! days adm9i/rative details are to be att5d$ to1 new /ud5ts are com+ 9 late1 ! wea!r is hot1 & ! /ud5ts are unaccu/om$ to /udy2 all ^! & _m o!r di/ractions t5d to prev5t ! smoo? runn+ ( ! class "w4 ,!re is a temptation to laxness bo? on ! "p ( /ud5t & ( in/ructor2 & _m a good in/ructor's "w is made m difficult 9 ! next few weeks because he & 8 class did n beg9 aright4 ,in/ead ( slight+ ! "w ( ^! op5+ days1 ! tea*] %\ld treat x m c>efully1 & plan x m def9itely ?an any o!r "p ( ! c\rse4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! tea*] mu/ be sure to make a good impression ^u 8 class 9 ! op5+ days1--a good impression n 9 ! purely p]sonal s5se1 b 9 ! p$agogical s5se ( w9n+ respect = 8 position1 ma9ta9+ ! dignity ( 8 subject1 & awak5+ ! int]e/ ( 8 /ud5ts4 ,su* a good impression is to be ga9$ n by amus+ ! /ud5ts1 nor by witty cynicisms1 nor by sev]e discipl9e alone4 ,!re mu/ be a comb9ation ( tact & /r5g?1 ( sympa?y & precision2 above all !re %\ld be no?+ 9 ! dress1 attitude1 or language ( ! tea*] :i* w lead ! /ud5ts to ridicule him4 ,secondly1 ! opportunity %\ld be tak5 9 ! op5+ days to impress cle>ly ^u ! class ! "* ( ! "w to be requir$ ( !m4 ,!re %\ld be a frank und]/&+ betwe5 tea*] & s*ol> ^u ! me?ods ( acquir+ k1 ! me?ods ( keep+ notes1 ! =ms ( recitations1 te/s1 & exam9ations1 & ! occasional use ( reports1 maps1 debates1 or lectures4 ,! tea*] %\ld "k exactly :at he or %e int5ds do+1 & he %\ld1 s f> z is necess>y = ! prop] conduct ( ! class1 expla9 8 plans to ! class4 ,bett] be too def9ite ^u ?is po9t1 ?an n to give en\gh4 ,( c\rse1 x is n be/ to take out altoge!r ! elem5t ( surprise f ! "w2 b ?is elem5t c be/ be giv5 by ! nature ( ! subject matt] z x unfolds be=e ! class1 r ?an by sudd5 *anges 9 ! me?od ( conduct+ ! class4 ,ano!r important topic to be consid]$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! c\rse is ! reason = ! /udy ( ! *os5 field ( hi/ory4 ,( :at value is ?is p>ticul> /ory8 ,:at influ5ce has ?is c\ntry _h ^u ! _w's hi/ory8 ,h[ has ?is influ5ce p]si/$ d[n into ! /ud5t's own life8 ,! pupil's int]e/ %\ld be ar\s$ by %[+ ! relation ( ! p]iod to be /udi$ to ! civilization ( 8 own nation4 ,if ! /udy is ,grecian hi/ory1 = in/ance1 ! tea*] c %[ ! influ5ce ( ,greek lit]ature & religion ^u our own lit]ature2 ! influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy & sci5ce ^u ! ,middle ,ages & ultimately ^u ourselves2 & ! influ5ce ( ,greek art1 p>ticul>ly 9 ar*itecture1 ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry1 :i*1 ?r\gh its passion = ,greek democracy1 has copi$ ext5sively n only ,greek names ( p]sons & places1 b also all ( its /yles ( ar*itecture & decoration4 ,next1 ! tea*] %\ld take up ! geography ( ! c\ntry to be /udi$2 po9t+ out its situation ^u ! g5]al map ( ! _w1 its coa/-l9es1 its riv]s & m\nta9s1 its natural products1 its l9es ( trade & communication4 ,9 ne>ly all ! c\ntries he mu/ /udy !re w be se5 a geographical unity :i* c be easily compreh5d$ by ! /ud5t4 ,mesopotamia1 ! ,nile ,valley1 ,greece1 ! ,m$it]ranean _w1 & ,engl& all possess a geographical simplicity :i* appeals to ! weake/ /ud5t4 ,9 ! case ( ,european hi/ory & ,am]ican hi/ory ! case is some:at complicat$ by ! v>iety ( geographical conditions2 b ?is v v>iety %\ld be %[n to be "o ( ! reasons = ! subsequ5t splitt+ ( ,europe into sep>ate /ates1 & = ! v>iation ( political & social ideals ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,la/ly1 be=e approa*+ 8 prop] subject1 ! hi/ory tea*] %\ld relate 8 *os5 field ( hi/ory to t ( previ\s nations4 ,?is "w is usually done = ! tea*] by ! text-book mak]s4 ,9 ,engli% hi/ory we h *apt]s ^u pre-hi/oric man1 ! ,britons1 & ! ,romans1 be=e ! ,anglo-,saxons are rea*$2 9 anci5t hi/ory ! relation ( ! ,greeks to e>li] civilizations is discuss$2 9 ,european hi/ory1 ! ,roman ,empire or ,*>lemagne's ,empire w be pres5t$2 :ile 9 ,am]ican hi/ory we h ! great problem ( ! ,european backgr\nd4 ,if ! tea*] has successfully ?\ght out ^! sev]al introductory topics1 & pres5t$ !m well to ! class1 !n ! pupils w be ready to ent] ^u _! /udy ) =ce & int]e/4 ,!y %\ld h acquir$ respect = ! in/ructor2 h become c]ta9 ( :at is expect$ ( !m2 h ga9$ int]e/ because ! /udy t\*es _! own life2 & h obta9$ ! antec$5t geographical & hi/orical k necess>y to a good und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,! ,field ( ! ,magaz9e ,,discuss$ ,,9 ,a ,,lett] ,,f ,,pr(essor ,,&rew ,c4 ,mc,l,a,u,g,h,l,i,n1 ,,head ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,dep>tm5t1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,*icago ,editor ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e3 ,a magaz9e devot$ to ! int]e/s & ! problems ( ! hi/ory tea*] ought to be ( s]vice4 ,we all h s mu* to le>n1 our tasks are s p]plex+ & try+1 t we c pr(it mu* by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs & ga9 some?+ by discussion & ex*ange ( op9ions4 ,?is is true ev5 if we admit t all c n foll[ ! same r\te & use ! same me?ods1 & t1 9 hi/ory tea*+1 success dep5ds 9 a peculi> degree on "*1 aptitude1 & native skill4 ,we are 9 special ne$ ( helpful discussion1 because we are /ill consid]+ ! elem5t>y phases ( our pr(ession2 we are n confid5t ( ! curriculum2 we h no cle> common op9ion z to ! purpose & end ( hi/orical in/ruction2 we are pond]+ dubi\sly ! problems t h long s9ce be5 solv$ = o!r /udies 9 ! program4 ,9 su* respects we are notably f> beh9d ! tea*]s ( ! classics1 ma!matics or physics2 9 fact1 we are probably beh9d ! tea*]s ( all o!r subjects commonly taught 9 ! s*ools1 =1 despite ! grumbl+s & compla9ts ( ! ubiquit\s critic1 ,engli% itself1 our =m] companion 9 unhapp9ess1 has f\nd a rgime & a me?od & is ga9+ 9 confid5ce & self-respect4 ,we are fur!r along1 x is true1 ?an we 7 a decade ago2 b we are f> f agreem5t & /ill fur!r f p]fection4 ,i sometimes ?9k :5 ,i gr[ we>y ( ! int]m9able discussion ( ! hi/ory curriculum t !re is no ne$ ( our try+ to e/abli% any?+ l uni=mity1 & t ! safe/ & easie/ way is to tell e program-mak] to g 8 own way & e tea*] to d :at he likes2 b ,i "k t su* despond5cy is weakness1 t 9 all probability we c rea* sub/antial agreem5t1 & t1 until we h a g5]al1 if incomplete1 cons5sus conc]n+ ! sequ5ce ( /udies f k9d]g>t5 to univ]sity1 we _c discuss1 z we %\ld1 _m o!r topics t dem& consid]ation4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 :5 we f9d ourselves involv$ 9 we>y+ argum5t ab\t ! m]e framework ( ! curriculum1 t hi/ory z an educational subject is b a *ild ( ye/]day--or to-morr[2 & t x has to f9d its place & ju/ify itself by results1 9 competition ) subjects l ,lat91 :i* h be5 taught ev] s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 or inde$ ev] s9ce flogg+ ,orbilius appli$ ! /imulat+ bir* to ,horace4 ,& s1 we mu/ be pati5t z well z eag] & appreciate ! difficulties ( our problem4 ,!re are s _m topics press+ = imm$iate consid]ation t ,i am tempt$ to prolong :at ,i mean to be a brief lett] into a catalogue ( our necessities2 b ,i w all[ myself only "o ^w4 ,!re is a wide-spread compla9t t1 ) all ! "t giv5 to hi/ory1 mu* m "t ?an 0 commonly giv5 t5 ye>s ago1 pupils leave ! high s*ools ) indef9ite k--,i _h almo/ said ) indef9ite ignorance--( ! subject4 ,college tea*]s are p]plex$ & disc\rag$ by ! frailty & inaccuracy ( ! /ud5ts' atta9m5ts :5 ! /ud5ts fir/ appe> 9 _! classes2 p]haps !re is l cause = disc\ragem5t :5 !y disappe> f _! classes4 ,! cold fact is t our boys & girls too (t5 d n h di/9ct1 decid$1 accurate in=mation2 b h aptitude 9 guess+1 suppos+1 & approximat+4 ,! fir/ ?+1 !n1 t we ne$ to consid] is ?is3 ,c we make ! mo/ & get ! be/ f ! new] me?ods ( tea*+8 ,c we tea* /ud5ts to h&le books & to ?9k z well z rememb]8 ,c we give !m ! hi/orical idea & ! hi/orical po9t ( view8 ,c we /imulate !m to read & ar\se _! imag9ation8 ,c we d ^! ?+s1 & /ill be sure t ?is in=mation is exact1 t !y h rev]5ce = tru?1 & t :at !y h le>n$ is firmly fa/5$ 9 _! m9ds8 ,if we _c1 ,i fe> t soon] or lat] we %all all slip back quickly into ! old rote me?od & make ea* day's lesson an unalloy$ gr9d on an unv>y+ modicum ( unadorn$ & unadorn+ fact2 & :5 we d slip back ?us f>1 we might z well slip out ( ! s*ool room altoge!r1 = !re is no "t or place 9 ! s*ool = hi/ory in/ruction t is cont5t ) /uff+ m9ds ) dates & names4 ,our task1 !n1 is to get & to give all ! educational value ( hi/ory2 & exp]i5ce proves t ! task is a heavy "o4 ,we all hope t ! new j\rnal w help u lift ! load & c>ry x4 ,cordially1 ,a4 ,c4 ,,mclaughl94 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,summ] ,s*ools ,! summ] s*ool admitt$ly is organiz$ = ! b5efit ( tea*]s :o wi% to ga9 intellectually1 or advance !mselves 9 _! pr(ession by /udy 9 ! vacation "t4 ,!re are inde$ 9 ! summ] s*ool regul> /ud5ts :o are mak+ up conditions1 or ambiti\s und]graduates seek+ to %ort5 _! c\rse2 b ^! are a negligible quantity4 ,glanc+ ?r\gh ! ann\ncem5ts ( "s tw5ty-five ( ^! summ] s*ools1 locat$ f ,ma9e to ,cali=nia & f ,m9nesota to ,l\isiana1 "o notices t ! hi/ory c\rses fall into ?ree gr\ps4 ,fir/1 & mo/ num]\s is ! gr\p conta9+ ! usual college "w 9 hi/ory4 ,9 _m respects ^! c\rses are valuable = ! tea*]-/ud5t2 !y ignore 8 (ficial position1 & treat+ him imp]sonally1 simply place him z /ud5t be=e ! hi/orical mat]ial4 ,he ga9s n only by virtue ( ! cultural value ( 8 /udy1 b by ! rev]sal ( 8 usual position4 ,9 ! second gr\p ( c\rses may be m5tion$ ^? :i* deal ) ,am]ican local hi/ory4 ,pr(essor ,dodd at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago gives a c\rse 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,s\?1 & a sem9> 9 ! hi/ory ( ,secession2 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,l4 ,c\g] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 gives a hi/ory ( nullification2 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,l4 ,flem+1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\isiana1 gives a c\rse 9 ! hi/ory ( ,l\isiana1 & ,pr(essor ,u4 ,b4 ,phillips1 at ,tulane ,univ]sity1 "o 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,s\?4 ,!re are sev]al ann\ncem5ts ( classes 9 ! ,recon/ruction p]iod4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,we/ is pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,turn] at ,wiscons91 & ,pr(essor ,f4 ,l4 ,paxson at ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,c\rses 9 ! hi/ory ( ,mexico & ( ,spa9 are giv5 by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,a4 ,*avey at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,! c\rses 9 ! ?ird gr\p are conc]n$ ) ! me?ods ( tea*+ hi/ory & civil gov]nm5t4 ,! purpose ( su* "w is well express$ 9 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,c4 ,sell]y's ann\ncem5t ( 8 c\rse 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons93 8,! prim>y object ( ! c\rse is to lay ! f\ndation = a me?od :i* w enable high-s*ool tea*]s to assign & pupils to prep>e hi/ory "w ) def9it5ess & effectiv5ess40 ,broad] 9 plan is ! c\rse ( ,pr(essor ,george ,l4 ,burr at ,cornell1 :i* discusses 8:at hi/ory is1 :at x is =1 :at are its mat]ials & its me?ods1 :at its relations to neighbor /udies1 h[ to read hi/ory1 h[ to /udy x1 h[ to tea* x1 h[ to write x40 ,less ( ! !ory & m ( ! practical is giv5 9 su* c\rses z ^? ( ,dr4 ,james ,sullivan1 at ,h>v>d2 ,pr(essor ,s*olz1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia2 ,pr(essor ,tr5holme1 at ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri2 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson1 at ,indiana ,univ]sity2 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,m4 ,wolfson1 at ,t5nessee1 & t ( ,pr(essor ,flem+1 at ,l\isiana4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ civil gov]nm5t are discuss$ by ,dr4 ,re$1 at ,cali=nia2 ,dr4 ,lunt1 at ,h>v>d2 ,pr(essor ,woodburn1 at ,cornell1 & ,pr(4 ,s*ap]1 at ,m9nesota4 ,"o ,use ( ,s\rces 9 ! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory ,,pr(essor ,,fr$ ,,morr[ ,,fl+1 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,nebraska4 ,i h be5 ask$ to write an article expla9+ 8j h[ a s\rce book is to be us$1 its relation to ! text-book1 ! k9d ( in=mation & ! k9d ( tra9+ a c>eful tea*] c imp>t ?r\gh x & ! advantage x (f]s ov] ! exclusive use ( second>y mat]ial40 ,in/ead ( answ]+ ! :ole "q & treat+ ( all ! uses ( ! s\rce book1 x seem$ wise to treat b "o1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic use to :i* ! s\rces c\ld be put1 namely1 ! critical /udy ( s\rces z evid5ce1 = ! purpose ( tra9+ ! pupil 9 ! me?ods ( hi/orical pro(4 ,! importance t ,i atta* to ?is matt] ( me?od is due to my conception ( educational !ory & ( ! logic ( hi/orical sci5ce4 ,ab\t ?is broad] basis ^u :i* ! tea*+ ( hi/ory mu/ re/1 x may be well to say a ^w by way ( preface4 ,me?od ! ,object ,s\ght4 ,p]sonally ,i am 9 he>ty sympa?y ) ! new educational !ory t attributes m importance to me?od ?an to matt]4 ,pr(essor ,lanson1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 ! di/+ui%$ hi/orian ( ,fr5* lit]ature1 has giv5 s satisfactory a =mulation ( ! aims ( ?is !ory 9 its application to second>y education t ,i _c d bett] ?an reproduce 8 /atem5t4#a 8,n[ x is necess>y10 he writes1 8to prove t :at we ne$ to-day is m9ds sci5tifically tra9$4 ,let u und]/& by ?is ^w 7sci5tifically7 t s\nds s ambiti\s1 m9ds t h ! ta/e or ! s5se = ! true1 t c>ry into all _! actions a s]i\s desire = cle> & exact k1 t are consci\s ( ! difficulties & dang]s t "o enc\nt]s 9 ! pursuit ( or 9 ! elaboration ( tru?1 t di/ru/+ ev]ybody1 !mselves z well z o!rs1 take all ! precautions indicat$ 9 ea* case 9 ord] n to deceive !mselves or to be deceiv$3 ^! precautions are :at we call me?ods4 ,! me?odical se>* = tru?8 ,!re1 9 a ^w1 is :at ! sci5tific _s means & to make x dom9ate 9 second>y education is to subord9ate all /udies to ! idea t _! common end1 _! conv]g5t directions ought to be to fa%ion m9ds t all _! lives1 9 all ?+s w "k h[ to practice ! me?odical se>* = tru?4444 ,9 e /udy & ex]cise1 ! aim ( ! ma/] ought to be to develop 9 ! m9ds ( 8 pupils ! s5se & ! ta/e = tru?1 to cause !m to note h[ 9 ea* subject ! tru? is f\nd or miss$1 to put !m1 f9ally1 9 possession ( a c]ta9 me?od or discipl9e appropriate to a c]ta9 object4 ,x is n a matt] ( hav+ !m le>n a l>ge numb] ( laws or facts1 b1 by well-*os5 examples1 to le>n :at a ma!matical tru? is & h[ x is elaborat$2 likewise a *emical tru?1 a physiological tru?1 an a/ronomical tru? & a hi/orical tru?4 ,h[ does ea* ( ^! tru?s ( diff]5t ord]s come into exi/5ce8 ,by :at means does x sep>ate itself f o!r tru?s8 ,:at are ! signs by :i* we recognize x z tru?8 ,!re is ! k t ought to be ! pr9cipal result ( _! /udies4 ,! "y p ought to leave ! high s*ool hav+ le>n$ well :at ! pr9cipal me?ods are by :i* human k is =m$ & to :at objects1 = :at results1 ea* me?od is appli$4 ,!y ought1 on leav+ s*ool1 to be tra9$ to d no?+ )\t me?od1 )\t a me?od *os5 ) disc]nm5t1 accord+ to ! object to be kn[n or ! end to be atta9$40 ,?is appeals to me z ! application to education ( ! be/ rec5t ?\ght 9 philosophy & logic4 ,n[ ! int]e/+ ?+ is t 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! mass ( ! tea*]s w\ld probably reject ! !ory & :]e supreme emphasis is be+ laid on ! acquisition ( in=mation z ! goal ( educational ef=t1 ! tea*]s ( natural sci5ce are do+ ! v ?+ ! !ory dem&s1 namely1 tea*+ me?ods or processes by :i* "o c get at ! tru? or te/ :at is suppos$ to be ! tru? 9 natural sci5ce1 & giv+ along ) ! k ( ^! processes b a modicum ( in=mation4 ,! in=mation acquir$ 9 a laboratory c\rse is n suffici5t to ju/ify ! "t giv5 to ! c\rse4 ,b x is n necess>y to ju/ify x on any su* gr\nd4 ,m4 ,lanson has giv5 ! !ory ( :i* ?is natural sci5ce laboratory "w is ! application4 ,x only rema9s to become consci\s ( :at x means1 to ext5d ! same me?od to o!r /udies & a great revolution has be5 wr\ght 9 education1 p]haps ! greate/ 9 ! hi/ory ( p$agogy4 ,! ,hi/orical ,me?od4 ,no subject w\ld be m trans=m$ 9 its tea*+ by ! introduction ( me?od "w ?an hi/ory4 ,b :at is hi/ory8 ,:at are ! mat]ials ) :i* ! /ud5t works & :at ! me?od by :i* he arrives at hi/orical tru?8 ,:at is pro( 9 hi/orical /udy8 ,! tea*] ( hi/ory mu/ be able to give an answ] to ^! que/ions1 if he w\ld d 8 "w intellig5tly & effectively4 ,:at is hi/ory8 ,h[ does x diff] 9 its aims & me?ods f natural sci5ce1 f political & economic sci5ce1 f sociology8 ,accord+ to ! new logic1 ! diff]5ces are fundam5tal4 ,hi/ory conc]ns itself ) ! unique evolution ( man 9 8 activities z a social be+4 ,x deals ) human pot5tialities 9 _! teleological connections4 ,out ( pa/ social facts x selects ! unique facts t h a value = ! p]iod t is be+ /udi$ & gr\ps ^! facts 9 complex1 evolv+ :oles4 ,hi/ory does n seek = :at is common to ! social facts ( ! pa/2 x does n attempt to g5]alize1 to e/abli% laws4 ,x c\ld n if x w\ld1 = x deals ) facts t h occurr$ b once1 t w n occur aga91 & a g5]alization assumes repetition4 ,! natural sci5ces1 on ! o!r h&1 includ+ economics1 political sci5ce & sociology1 deal ) sub/ances & causal law4 ,!y select = _! syn!ses :at is common to a gr\p ( facts2 !y g5]alize1 !y aim to e/abli% laws1 to =mulate ! conditions "u :i* a ?+ w repeat itself4 ,_! ideal is ! organization ( reality "u ! po9t ( view ( ! g5]al4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 b "o reality & natural sci5ce & hi/ory are simply two logical me?ods evolv$ by ! human m9d = ! purpose ( organiz+ x t x may be compreh5d$4 ,! ends ( ! two me?ods are diff]5t1 & _! me?ods ( gett+ at ! tru? are diff]5t4 ,! /ud5t tra9$ 9 ! "o me?od is n necess>ily acqua9t$ ) ! o!r4 ,! ,hi/orian's ,"w4 ,! natural sci5ce me?od consi/s ( a direct /udy ( ! facts1 &1 z x is n conc]n$ ) ! unique z unique1 x may create situations & conditions1 ?us secur+ abundant data = g5]alization4 ,= ! hi/orian ?is is impossible4 ,he /udies n ! fact1 z ! natural sci5ti/ /udies plants1 animals & *emicals 9 ! laboratory2 he has only ! record ( ! fact1 ! fact itself hav+ gone nev] to return4 ,8 k ( ! fact w dep5d ^u ! abundance & value ( ! records ! fact has left beh9d x4 ,su* records we call s\rces4 ,s\rces1 !n1 are ! rema9s ( man's social activities4 ,!y fall naturally into two gr\ps3 rema9s & tradition4 ,rema9s consi/ ( objects t 7 p>ts ( ! pa/ ev5t1 & h surviv$ ! de/ructive action ( "t2 tradition embraces ! impressions ( ! ev5t record$ by witnesses1 & may be oral1 writt5 or pictorial 9 =m4 ,! hi/orical recon/ruction1 f\nd 9 ! n>rative text1 is bas$1 9 a l>ge majority ( cases1 ^u writt5 tradition4 ,:at is ! me?od employ$ by ! hi/orian 9 re/or+ ! pa/ f a /udy ( ! s\rces8 ,9 simple language :at he does is ?is3 he selects a subject = inve/igation1 se>*es = all ! s\rces t c ?r[ any light ^u x1 criticises ^! s\rces to det]m9e _! value & relation%ip1 comp>es ! affirmations conta9$ 9 !m to le>n :at ! fact 01 &1 f9ally1 gr\ps ^! facts 9 a complex :ole4 ,x is only ?r\gh an acqua9tance ) ?is process1 ?r\gh ! practical application ( x1 t ! pupil really le>ns :at ! gr\nds = hi/orical belief are & is able to di/+ui% betwe5 fact & fiction4 ,no am\nt ( read+1 ev5 ( ! s\rces1 c ev] take ! place ( ?is critical tra9+ 9 ! hi/orical me?od1 j z no am\nt ( text-book "w 9 natural sci5ce c ev] take ! place ( ! k ( me?od obta9$ by actual "w at ! laboratory table4 ,i am aw>e t !re are well-kn[n tea*]s & ev5 v di/+ui%$ writ]s ( hi/ory 9 ?is c\ntry :o treat ?is idea ( tra9+ 9 hi/orical me?od1 ev5 = und]graduates 9 colleges1 z a matt] n wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,not)/&+ ?is opposition 9 high places1 ,i am ( ! op9ion t ! me?od c be taught & t x %\ld be taught & t 9 tea*+ x results h be5 obta9$ t are q z enc\rag+1 x seems to me1 z ^? obta9$ 9 ! laboratories ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,mo/ ( ! argum5ts made aga9/ ! tea*+ ( me?od 9 ! second>y s*ools are q aside f ! "q4 ,x is n to ! po9t to emphasize ! difficulties ( hi/orical "w1 ! impossibility ( obta9+ f "y p results t c be obta9$ only by tra9$ inve/igators1 or ! unwisdom ( inve/igat+ subjects t h nev] be5 inve/igat$ be=e1 al?\gh1 = my "p1 ,i c see no s]i\s objection to ?is la/ c\rse4 ,all t ! s5sible tea*]1 :o kn[s :at he is ab\t1 expects to accompli% by ! critical /udy ( ! s\rces is to op5 ! eyes ( 8 /ud5ts to ! mean+ ( pro( 9 hi/ory1 to create an attitude ( heal?y scepticism & to put into _! h&s an in/rum5t = gett+ at ! tru? t !y w h occasion to use e h\r 9 ! day4 ,if x is wor? :ile to acqua9t ! /ud5t ) ! me?ods ( ! natural sci5ces--& ,i believe t x is--x is c]ta9ly imp]atively important to give him "s tra9+ 9 ! use ( pro( t\*+ ! tru? ( ?+s t he is con/antly conc]n$ )1 namely1 ! facts ( social life4 ,?is position seems s self-evid5t to me t ,i c h>dly conceive x possible t a tea*]1 :o accepts ! new !ory ( education & realizes ! mean+ ( hi/orical me?od1 w\ld take any exceptions to x4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 be object$ t1 :ile ! me?od ought to be taught1 x is n practicable to tea* x4 ,x is to ?is objection t ! re/ ( ! pap] w be address$4 ,equipm5t = ,s\rce ,"w4 ,x is well to conc$e at ! outset t hi/orical me?od _c be taught successfully by a tea*] :o does n "k :at x means or :o has nev] appli$ ! me?od1 i4 e41 done "s rese>* "w4 ,b p]haps no?+ w\ld contribute m to ! developm5t ( a poorly-tra9$ hi/ory tea*] ?an to oblige him to tea* ! me?od2 he w\ld be =c$ to le>n some?+ ab\t x6 ,x is because we h n emphasiz$ ! me?od1 because we h n requir$ our c&idates = positions z tea*]s ( hi/ory to "k h[ to inve/igate--:at w\ld we ?9k ( a tea*] ( *emi/ry :o c\ld n direct ! "w 9 ! laboratory6--t we h s mu* absolutely impossible hi/ory tea*+4 ,! "q is1 !n1 c a tea*] :o kn[s :at hi/orical pro( means successfully conduct ex]cises 9 hi/orical me?od 9 a high s*ool8 ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt ( x4 ,x is be+ done4 ,to conduct ! "w successfully a s\rce book1 diff]+ 9 "s respects f ! majority ( s\rce books1 is ne$$4 ,!re are two k9ds ( hi/orical facts3 "o class c be e/abli%$ by a s+le s\rce1 ! o!r--& ?is is ! m difficult1 b at ! same "t ! m valuable z tra9+--c be prov$ to be true only by ! agreem5t ( indep5d5t s\rces or witnesses4 ,= ?is la/ k9d ( "w m ?an two s\rces treat+ ( ! same ev5t are necess>y4 ,z ! mo/ ( ! s\rce books are only int5d$ to supply collat]al read+1 !y conta9 little mat]ial t c\ld be us$ = critical ex]cises4 ,my s\rce book on ,greek hi/ory conta9s "s su* ex]cises1 & x w\ld be a matt] ( no great difficulty to supplem5t ! s\rces 9 any ( ! books by two or ?ree extracts deal+ ) ! same topic4 ,s\rces 9 ! ,class ,room4 ,two ex]cises a week w\ld be en\gh = int5sive critical "w4 ,! s\rces %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be 9 ! h&s ( ! pupils & ! att5tion ( ! class %\ld nev] be all[$ to /ray f ! evid5ce 9 ! text4 ,x is n necess>y t ! "w %\ld be sy/ematic at ! outset or t x %\ld be =c$4 ,x might be introduc$ 9 a v simple & natural way by an attempt to settle ! tru? ( "s po9t ^u :i* two s*ool texts disagree4 ,x is a common practice1 9 s*ools :]e sev]al n>ratives are us$1 to assign diff]5t texts to diff]5t pupils & 9 ! recitation h\r1 to comp>e ! /atem5ts ( ! writ]s4 ,suppose !y disagree8 ,i once ask$ a tea*] :o employs ?is me?od :at %e did 9 su* a case4 ,%e answ]$ t !y discuss$ ! matt]1 &1 if !y c\ld rea* no agreem5t z to :i* /atem5t 0 correct1 !y dropp$ x4 ,a m p]nici\s practice c\ld h>dly be imag9$4 ,! class 0 run into a bl9d alley & left !re6 ,! escape 0 easy en\gh1 if ! tea*] _h be5 ma/] ( ! situation4 ,x (f]$ an excell5t po9t ( dep>ture = ! introduction ( ! /udy ( hi/orical me?od4 ,! problem %\ld h be5 select$ by ! tea*]1 z "o easy ( solution1 ! trap laid & ! class l$ into x4 ,! texts disagree2 :i* /ates ! tru?8 ,:o wrote ! texts8 ,suppose ! ev5t treat$ is f ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,h[ did ! writ]s "k any?+ ab\t x8 ,:at 7 _! s\rces8 ,h[ c\ld we f9d out :at actually happ5$ a c5tury ago8 ,evid5tly ?r\gh ! records made by witnesses ( ! ev5ts4 ,h we any su* on ?is topic & :o are !y8 ,?is "q may be answ]$ by ! tea*]1 :o might put ! s\rces into ! h&s ( ! pupils1 or a simple problem 9 bibliography might be set ! class & ! ex]cise po/pon$ until ! next meet+4 ,let ! pupils br+ into ! class ! /atem5t ( at lea/ "o man :o1 !y assume1 knew some?+ ab\t ?is ev5t4 ,take up ^! s\rces 9 turn4 ,h[ d ! pupils "k t ?is acc\nt 0 really writt5 by ?is man8 7,g5u95ess47 ,h[ d !y "k t ! man really knew any?+ ab\t ! ev5t8 7,localization47 ,h[ d !y "k t he made a correct record ( :at he saw8 7,value ( ! s\rce1 bas$ on p]ception & memory47 ,ev5 if ! man is a good witness1 does 8 unsupport$ /atem5t 7affirmation7 prove ! fact8 ,dwell on ! possibilities ( error2 %[ t ev5 if he wi%es to tell ! tru?1 no man c be c]ta9 t 8 uncontroll$ memory is n play+ him false or t he saw ! ?+ correctly 9 ! fir/ place4 ,w ! agreem5t ( two witnesses be suffici5t to give u c]ta9ty8 ,%[ t ?is is true only :5 ! witnesses are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,9 ! problem tak5 up by ! class1 are !re two or m indep5d5t witnesses8 ,is ! fact ^u :i* ! s*ool texts disagree settl$ by ! agreem5t ( two indep5d5t witnesses8 ,if s1 :y d ! texts disagree8 ,x may be due to ! fact t ea* writ] us$ b "o s\rce1 & t ! /atem5t 9 t s\rce 0 incorrect1 or ! witnesses may disagree & "o writ] may h accept$ "o /atem5t1 ! o!r ano!r4 ,if ! conclusions are n equally probable1 try to %[ on :i* side ! weight ( probability lies4 ,po9t out1 fur!r1 9 conclusion1 t :]e we are n c]ta9 z to :at happ5$--:]e ! witnesses disagree--we h only probability1 n c]ta9ty1 & ! second>y text ought to make ?is cle>4 ,pupils ,h&l+ ,s\rces4 ,! "w may be cont9u$ 9 ?is way1 ! second>y text supply+ ! weekly problem1 or ! tea*] may cut loose f ! text & supply grad$ problems t increase 9 difficulty4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! class %\ld be suppli$ ) ! problem1 ! s\rces 7two or ?ree7 & su* biographical data z w enable ! pupils to criticise ! s\rces4 ,take ea* s\rce up 9 turn & require writt5 answ]s1 ) citation ( pro(1 to ! foll[+ que/ionnaire3 #a4 ,is ?is s\rce g5u9e8 #b4 ,:o wrote x & :5 & :]e 0 x writt58 #c4 ,h[ mu* ( x is fir/-h& evid5ce & h[ mu* second-h&1 i4 e41 h[ mu* did ! witness see & he> himself & h[ mu* did he get f "s o!r p]son8 #d4 ,:at is ! value ( ! s\rce z a :ole1 judg$ by ! "* ( ! s\rce 7spee*1 lett]1 newspap]1 pamphlet1 song1 poem1 etc471 ! p]sonality ( ! witness 7intellectually & morally7 & ! "t & place ( mak+ ! records4 #e4 ,make a note ( :at ! witness affirms conc]n+ ! ev5t 7int]pretation47 ,let ! indep5d5t criticism ( ! s\rces be foll[$ by a comp>ison ( !m to le>n :e!r or n !y are indep5d5t4 ,f9ally1 reque/ ! pupils to br+ toge!r "u "o head ! affirmations ( ! diff]5t witnesses on ! po9t "u inve/igation & endeavor to det]m9e by a comp>ison ( _! /atem5ts :at ! tru? is4 ,! result %\ld be =mulat$ 9 writ+ 9 ! %ape ( a def9ite ass]tion1 if ! agreem5t ( ! indep5d5t witnesses ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ ! fact z c]ta92 o!rwise x %\ld be repres5t$ simply z probable4 ,specific ,illu/ration--,salamis4 ,z a specific illu/ration1 take ! extracts on ! battle ( ,salamis giv5 9 my 8,s\rce ,book ( ,greek ,hi/ory0 7pp4 #aah-abg74 ,"h are ?ree s\rces1 s*ylus' 8,p]sians10 ,h]odotus' 8,hi/ory0 & ,plut>*'s 8,life ( ,!mi/ocles10 conta9+ almo/ all ! in=mation we possess ^u ! portion ( ! battle dealt ) 9 ! s\rce book4 ,! extracts are accompani$ by ! foll[+ que/ions t %\ld be answ]$ 9 writ+ by ! pupils & =m ! f\ndation ( ! classroom ex]cise3 8#a4 ,comp>e ! ?ree acc\nts ( ! battle ( ,salamis giv5 by s*ylus1 ,h]odotus & ,plut>*1 not+ 9 :at !y agree & 9 :at !y disagree4 ,are !y indep5d5t8 #b4 ,:i* acc\nt is ! mo/ valuable1 & :y8 #c4 ,po9t out ! my?s 9 ^! acc\nts1 i4 e41 ?+s t c\ld n h happ5$4 #d4 ,make an outl9e ( ! battle1 us+ ! s\rces1 & write a brief n>rative1 cit+ ! s\rces4 ,:]e !y disagree1 expla9 :y y foll[ "o s\rce r ?an ano!r40 ,! answ] to ! fir/ "q %\ld be giv5 9 ! =m ( ?ree p>allel columns conta9+ all ! s+le affirmations f\nd 9 ! diff]5t s\rces1 ref]5ces to simil> details appe>+ on ! same l9e 9 ! diff]5t columns1 ?us facilitat+ comp>ison4 ,^! columns %\ld be foll[$ by 7#a7 a column conta9+ ! common details f\nd 9 all ! s\rces1 7#b7 a second column ( details ref]r$ to by two s\rces1 & 7#c7 o!r columns conta9+ details giv5 by b "o s\rce4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh ?is op]ation all ! pupils w h notic$ t ,plut>* made use ( ! 8,p]sians10 &1 consequ5tly is n indep5d5t ( s*ylus4 ,be=e ! que/ions conc]n+ ! indep5d5ce & value ( ! s\rces c be answ]$1 ! s\rces mu/ be localiz$4 s*ylus probably f\ght 9 ! battle ( ,salamis & 0 ?us an eyewitness4 ,note1 h[ev]1 ! "* ( ?is s\rce2 a play p]=m$ be=e ! ,a!nian p & pres5t$ "s sev5 ye>s aft] ! ev5t4 ,a play does n (f] a good opportunity to describe a battle 9 detail2 ! dramati/ w\ld be influ5c$ by 8 desire to produce a "w ( art & to impress 8 audi5ce2 he w\ld h =gott5 mu* 9 ! ye>s t _h pass$ s9ce ! battle4 ,al?\gh ! record ( an eyewitness1 we _c look ^u ?is play z ! be/ k9d ( evid5ce4 ,h]odotus 0 an infant1 play+ 9 ! /reets ( ,halic>nassus1 :5 ! battle ( ,salamis 0 f\ght4 ,he wrote 8 acc\nt ne>ly fifty ye>s lat]1 bas+ x l>gely1 almo/ :olly1 ^u oral tradition1 al?\gh x is highly probable t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! 8,p]sians0 :5 he wrote4 ,no?+ t ,h]odotus tells u "h came f p]sonal obs]vation1 nor d we "k :]e he obta9$ 8 in=mation1 i4 e41 :e!r x 0 simply common report t he ga!r$ up1 or :e!r he talk$ ) ! mo/ reliable witnesses ( ! battle4 ,8 acc\nt is less valuable ?an t ( s*ylus z a second-h& record1 b its =m--a direct1 detail$ prose n>rative--is m favorable to tru?4 ,plut>* liv$ five hundr$ ye>s aft] ! battle & obta9$ 8 in=mation ab\t x z a read] to-day w\ld obta9 in=mation ab\t ! voyages ( ,columbus1 namely1 by read+ :at lat] writ]s _h to say ab\t !m4 ,he 0 n a critical hi/orian--nei!r 0 ,h]odotus--& (t5 bas$ 8 n>rative ^u ! poore/ k9d ( evid5ce4 ,he ref]s 9 ?is extract to f\r ( ! m5 ( ^: writ+s he has made use1 & "o ( !m is s*ylus4 ,unsatisfactory ,evid5ce4 ,! evid5ce is n1 z a :ole1 ( a satisfactory k9d2 ! "o witness says little1 & t 9 an un=tunate =m1 writt5 sev5 ye>s aft] ! battle2 ! second writ] dep5ds ^u oral tradition1 reproduc$ :5 x 0 s old t x _h become unreliable2 ! ?ird writ] is five c5turies remov$ f ! ev5t & an uncritical compil]4 ,h[ mu* c]ta9ty c we rea* ab\t ! battle ( ,salamis f su* evid5ce z ?is8 ,possibly only ! fact t ! battle took place1 = x is n ev5 c]ta9 t ! ,greeks won ! sweep+ victory t is claim$ 9 ! 8,p]sians40 ,! details ( ! battle are only probable1 & ! degree ( probability is decid$ly l[4 ,?is w become v cle> :5 ! outl9e is made & x is realiz$ h[ mu* ( our in=mation comes f ,h]odotus' late oral tradition4 ,! only safe basis ( hi/orical c]ta9ty1 ! agreem5t ( indep5d5t witnesses1 is lack+ "h4 ,aft] ! class has writt5 a n>rative ( ! battle1 let !m comp>e x ) ! n>rative 9 two or ?ree ( ! be/ s*ool hi/ories4 ,!y w be some:at surpris$ to le>n t ^! acc\nts conta9 no sugge/ion ( ! unc]ta9ty t surr\nds ! hi/ory ( ! battle1 b describe x ) all ! confid5ce t might be display$ by a hi/orian ( ev5ts e/abli%$ by a cl\d ( witnesses4 ,x may be object$ t ?is sort ( s\rce "w w raise v s]i\s d\bts 9 ! pupils' m9ds z to :e!r we "k any?+ ) c]ta9ty ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly c5turies4 ,b :at if x does8 ,:at h>m has be5 done1 if ! impression is a correct "o8 ,is n mu* ( our k conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans ( ! mo/ fragile "*8 ,:y attempt to conceal x8 ,%\ld n ! pupils be taught by ?is k9d ( critical /udy t mu* ( :at is repeat$ ) confid5ce z hi/ory has h>dly a %r$ ( valuable evid5ce to re/ on8 ,x is ! fir/ /ep t[>d ! atta9m5t ( ! ideal t ,m4 ,lanson has s cle>ly & conv9c+ly set be=e u4 ,,footnote3 #a ,lanson1 ,gu/ave4 ,l'univ]sit et la socit mod]ne 7,p>is1 #aijb71 p4 #ig4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,,william ,,fairley1 ,ph4,d41 ,editor4 ,initial ,problems4 ,:at is said 9 ! editorial ( ?is numb] on 8,! ,op5+ ,days ( a ,hi/ory ,c\rse0 has a deep significance at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,su* "w normally comes 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! high s*ool c\rse4 ,! pupils are fre% f ! gramm> s*ools1 & unus$ to ! k9d ( "w !y w h to d 9 ! high s*ool4 ,! *ild ( educat$ p>5ts1 f a m or less cultivat$ home1 w take to ! "w readily en\gh4 ,:at ab\t "s ( ! o!rs1 :o may ask1 8,:y d we h to /udy ?is /uff8 ,we d n c>e ab\t ^! old p40 ,! writ] has to confess t1 ow+ to a visit to ! ,briti% ,museum :5 he 0 ab\t five ye>s old1 ! fir/ association ( ideas t comes to 8 m9d :5 ! ,egyptians are m5tion$ is ( a lot ( mummies4 ,to _m ( our pupils is !re n a dang] t anci5t hi/ory %all seem to !m l an exhibition ( mummies r ?an ( p :o liv$ & mov$ & work$ l ourselves8 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! wise tea*] w beg91 n by plung+ into a recitation on ! fir/ five or t5 pages 7,i h he>d ( ?irty-five pages be+ assign$ 9 a city high s*ool71 b by be+ polite1 & introduc+ ! "y /rang]s to _! task & its mean+4 ,tell !m t !y h come to ! high s*ool to become educat$ p2 t all educat$ p read a great deal2 t 9 _! lat] read+ !y w v (t5 come across ref]5ces to ! old _w peoples2 ) ! rise & fall ( _! empires2 _! cre$s1 _! sup]/itions1 ! wick$ ?+s "s ( !m did1 ! good t is to be f\nd 9 _m ( _! codes4 ,above all1 ! "y /ud5t is to be taught t f ^! e>ly peoples h come directly ! majority ( ! ?+s t make up civiliz$ life ( to-day2 we are _! debtors4 ,! antiquity ( civilization ne$s to be impress$4 ,ow+ to ! great me*anical advances ( ! "t s9ce /eam p[] came 9 to use1 ,i f9d t "y p are prone to ?9k ( all ! ages back ( ! n9ete5? c5tury z v crude & com=tless4 ,b !y %\ld be made to feel t 9 _m ways ?is is untrue4 ,george ,wa%+ton liv$ a com=table life )\t ! telephone & ! ,pullman c>4 ,& x is a fact t1 b>r+ ! pr9t$ page & ! use ( gunp[d] & ! advantages ( ! compass1 a high-class ,citiz5 ( anci5t ,babylon1 ,n9eveh or ,memphis1 probably liv$ ne>ly z com=tably z did ,wa%+ton2 c]ta9ly ! m5 ( ! ,roman ,empire _h _m m conv5i5ces & ref9em5ts ?an he _h4 ,! "y pupil1 !n1 ne$s to be /imulat$ to 8 task by a wise pres5tation ( su* facts z ^? cit$4 ,! ,dim ,backgr\nd4 ,?is great developm5t ( civilization among ! peoples we are to /udy1 ( c\rse implies long prep>atory ages ( sl[ & bitt] /ruggle upw>d f savag]y4 ,^! /ages may be h9t$ at en\gh to make ! pupils reflect t !re has be5 su* a we>y fight 9 unrecord$ days4 ,& n[ our /ory beg9s 9 ! middle & n at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,9 our ye>'s "w we are to take up ! /udy ( "s eight or t5 ( ! great peoples :o h help$ make our mod]n _w :at x is4 ,we are to note :at is l & :at unlike our own ways ( do+ ?+s2 :at we owe to ^! bygone folk4 ,_m mighty peoples are to be pass$ by4 ,:y d we beg9 we/ ( ! ,indian p59sula1 & ignore ! ,h9doos1 ! ,*9ese1 ! ,japanese8 ,because ^! peoples are out ( ! great /ream ( developm5t4 ,! progressive life ( to-day's _w owes little to !m1 if any?+4 ,b ! nations we are to take up h _h a direct connection ) u4 ,"o has h&$ on to ano!r ! tor* ( progress :i* n[ burns ) electric spl5dor 9 our h&s4 ,! ,race ,"q4 ,! old confid5t classifications ( mank9d into races1 save = ^? made by ! obvi\s te/ ( color1 h be5 giv5 up4 ,yet x is wise to use ! ma9 l9es ( cleavage z a work+ basis4 ,! ,hamitic1 ,semitic & ,indo-,european di/9ctions are useful z guides4 ,& ! primacy ( ! la/ nam$ mu/ be taught1 n z a ?+ ^: causes we c trace1 b z a sob] fact4 ,& :ile !re is su* a primacy ,i ?9k "o ( ! wor?ie/ ?+s ! hi/ory tea*] c d all ?r\gh 8 "w is to emphasize ! good t has come f o!r races ?an our own4 ,probably e good hi/ory tea*] has be5 appall$ by ! ,*auv9ism ( ,"y ,am]ica4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory is its be/ corrective4 ,! ,use ( ,geography4 ,to make ^! p ( antiquity any?+ b mummies we mu/ comp>e !m & _! do+s con/antly ) ourselves4 ,we speak mu* ( our ,am]ican res\rces3 our broad prairies1 our mighty wat]-p[]s1 our f9e h>bors1 our maje/ic riv]s4 ,^! l>gely condition our lives4 ,be=e ! com+ ( mod]n means ( communication & transportation1 natural surr\nd+s _h ev5 m to d ) ! de/9y ( nations4 ,! use ( ! map 7pref]ably1 by all means1 ! outl9e map1 :e!r on bo>d or pap]1 s t x may be drawn on7 w be an e>ly ess5tial4 ,& ! /udy ( ! two great valleys1 ! ,tigris-,euphrates & ! ,nile1 w be emphasiz$4 ,a good subject = special report 9 ^! connections w\ld be a comp>ison ( ! ,nile ) ! ,hudson2 ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates ) ! ,mississippi & ! ,miss\ri4 ,a ,few ,concrete ,bits ( ,k4 ,9 _m ( our s*ools ! :ole ,ori5tal p]iod is m]ely skimm$1 ) ! idea ( leav+ simply a g5]al impression4 ,! dem& on "t seems to r5d] ?is imp]ative4 ,:at c we pick out f ^! e>li] lessons & insi/ on its be+ reta9$8 ,! late/ fa%ion is to reg>d ! ,babylonian or ,*aldean ,empire z ant$at+ ! ,egyptian4 ,beg9n+ ) t1 !n dwell on ! fact t ?is 0 a ,semitic race4 ,relate !m to ! ,jews ( to-day1 & to ,abraham1 a ,semite f 8,ur ( ! ,*aldees40 ,place ,s>gon ! ,eld] at #chjj ,b4,c4 z m>k+1 s we are told1 ! e>lie/ v]ifi$ date ( hi/ory4 ,com+ d[n to #bbej ,b4,c41 we rea* ,hammurabi1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ int]e/+ "* ( 8 p4 ,"h aga9 is a good occasion = special report4 ,"s ( ! text-books give extracts f 8 code4 ,let "o pupil f9d out f su* extracts1 or bett] yet1 f ! s*ool libr>y1 "s ( ! highly moral & k9dly edicts4 ,let ano!r %[ :at trades & bus9esses ^! ,babylonians _h correspond+ to our own1 mak+ special note ( ! fact t ! comm]cial & bus9ess practices 7 highly develop$4 ,! ess5tial ?+ ab\t ! ,assyrian ,empire is t x 0 ! fir/ p[] to rea* out broadly = _w control & to subjugate its neighbors4 ,! ,phnicians are notable z ! great trad]s ( antiquity4 ,_! skill 9 ! arts gave !m some?+ to sell1 & _! location on ! ,m$it]ranean develop$ _! p[]s ( navigation4 ,!y seem to h be5 ! fir/ ov]-sea coloniz]s4 ,_! trade r\tes & colonies w\ld =m a good report topic4 ,by way ( anticipation note ,c>?age1 ! com+ rival ( ,rome4 ,& our great debt to ! ,phnicians is = ! phonetic alphabet4 ,religi\s prejudice1 or ! fe> ( t\*+ 9 public s*ools any?+ be>+ on religion %\ld n be all[$ to make u neglect ! ,hebrew p4 ,true or false1 "r or wrong1 religion is "o ( ! prime =ces ) mank9d4 ,& "h we h ano!r ,semitic race develop+ z a matt] ( fact1 reg>dless ( any !ories z to its orig91 ! mo/ sublime mono!ism & ! pure/ code ( morals :i* ! _w _h yet se54 ,:y ?is %\ld h be5 s is z my/]i\s z 0 ! fl[]+ ( ,greece 9 ! ,p]iclean age4 ,b !re is ! fact1 & e "y /ud5t %\ld be made famili> ) x4 ,sugge/ions = a ,lesson on ,egypt4 ,:at foll[s is simply an illu/ration ( "o me?od sometimes us$4 ,! :ole class is direct$ to read ! acc\nt ( ,egypt4 ,! "w is !n subdivid$ = m m9ute /udy4 ,dep5d+ on ! size ( ! class1 x is divid$ into topics1 "o ( :i* is assign$ = special prep>ation to a /ud5t or a gr\p ( /ud5ts4 ,at ! recitation p]iod t5 m9utes are giv5 9 :i* ea* /ud5t or gr\p is to write out :at has be5 le>n$ on ! p>ticul> topic4 ,x w probably n be possible 9 a l>ge class = ea* pupil to read ! "w ?us writt54 ,b "o or two treatm5ts ( ea* topic may be read1 & a diff]5t set ( pupils call$ on at "s o!r "t4 ,?us ! "w w be p>ticipat$ 9 by all4 ,z ea* topic is read criticisms & sugge/ions f ! class are call$ =2 & fir/ ( all f ^? :o h n _h t special topic2 !n 9 clos+1 f "s /ud5t :o has writt5 b n read on t p>ticul> field4 ,if note-books are us$1 ! tea*] may guide z to :at %all be writt5 d[n z ! summ>y ( ea* topic aft] x is read4 ,a v>iation ( ! =ego+ s*eme is to s5d z _m pupils z possible to ! bo>d to write out _! topics4 ,appo9t to ea* writ] "o or two critics4 ,let "o criticize ! ,engli%1 ! spell+1 ! punctuation 7e lesson 9 hi/ory may be a lesson 9 ,engli%72 & ano!r ! facts4 ,a sample li/ ( su* topics = a lesson on ,egypt is (f]$4 #a4 ,! ,nile ,valley4 #b4 ,! p2 ! "o ,hamitic race ( prom95ce4 #c4 ,p]iods ( political hi/ory2 ! two capitals4 #d4 ,! gov]nm5t4 #e4 ,classes ( society4 #f4 ,occupations & products4 #g4 ,arts & sci5ces2 specially ar*itecture & sculpture4 #h4 ,religion2 ideas ( immortality4 #i4 ,decay ( moral ideals4 #aj4 ,=eign conflicts4 #aa4 ,subjugation by ,p]sia4 ,) ! com+ into view ( ,m$ia & ,p]sia1 we get our fir/ glimpse ( a conqu]+ ,indo-,european p4 ,_! /ruggle to get into ,europe is =e%ad[$ & we are br\ght to ! ?re%old ( ! ,greek /ory4 ,! ,college ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory ,,pr(essor ,,george ,,burton ,,adams1 ,,( ,,yale ,,univ]sity4 ,!re are _m ?+s :i* ! college tea*] ( hi/ory may set be=e him to d3 ,he may say1 8! ?+s mo/ fundam5tal are ! facts ( hi/ory10 & devote 8 "w to ?or\gh drill 9 names & dates4 ,he may h a ke5 s5se ( ! valuable discipl9e ( m9d & faculties to be obta9$ 9 hi/orical /udy & give himself to ?is4 ,he may p]haps be "u ! influ5ce ( ! reaction :i* has begun & seems c]ta9 to cont9ue & believe 9 reviv+ ! anci5t maxim1 8hi/ory is philosophy tea*+ by example10 seek+ prim>ily 9 8 tea*+ to en=ce lessons ( /atecraft & political wisdom4 ,m likely he may be imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! g5]ation j clos+ & be dispos$ to insi/ t ! only prop] me?od ( in/ruction is t by :i* ! s*ol> & speciali/ are tra9$4 ,or he may believe t ! opportunity (f]$ him 9 hi/ory to imp>t a broad & lib]al culture is ! "o :i* he %\ld lea/ ( all neglect4 ,any ( ^! purposes1 or m ?an "o ( !m at once1 are possible to ! college in/ructor 9 hi/ory4 ,8 field ( *oice is bewild]+ly wide4 ,is !re any "o ( !m :i* is m ?an ano!r ! prop] object ( college in/ruction8 ,any satisfactory answ] to ?is "q mu/ be s\ght by det]m9+ 9 ! fir/ place :at is ! prop] object ( ! college c\rse itself4 ,su* a prelim9>y "q w\ld be absurd _h we n by our educational re=ms ( ! pa/ fifty ye>s gone f> to put ! college into a place 9 advanc$ education :i* does n belong to x1 & 9 consequ5ce to confuse all our ideas z to its natural functions4 ,i am n f9d+ any fault ) ^! re=ms4 ,!y 7 s necess>y & h prov$ s valuable t !y c nev] be call$ 9 "q4 ,b 9 br++ !m ab\t1 "s ?+s 7 done1 unnecess>y & ill-advis$4 ,9 consequ5ce = "o ?+ ! duty lies ^u ! next g5]ation1 z "o ( its mo/ important tasks1 ( re/or+ ! college to its hi/orical & to its logical position 9 ! univ]sity4 ,= ! pres5t purpose x suffices to say t ! function ( ! college is g5]al tra9+ & g5]al prep>ation4 ,x is ! "o dep>tm5t ( ! univ]sity :i* has1 & :i* %\ld h1 no special object4 ,or x is m accurate to say t x c be adapt$ at ! same "t to a numb] ( diff]5t objects to meet ! ne$s ( /ud5ts ^: ultimate purposes are diff]5t1 & ! possibility ( do+ ?is wisely & effici5tly is "o ( ! happie/ results we h ga9$ f ! *anges ( ! la/ g5]ation4 ,! "w ( ! college is fundam5tal to t ( all ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! univ]sity1 & 9 ! normal univ]sity !y %\ld all require & build ^u x4 ,b x %\ld also n be =gott5 t ! "w ( ! college is n ( necessity fundam5tal to any special l9e ( advanc$ /udy4 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts 9 our colleges :o are n look+ =w>d to pr(essional or speciali/ "w1 b :o are expect+ to g into v>i\s l9es ( comm]cial activity1 is already l>ge & con/antly increas+4 ,!y h no desire to foll[ out a c\rse ( /udy ^: purpose is a te*nical prep>ation1 nor is su* a c\rse well adapt$ = !m4 ,! dem& :i* _! pres5ce 9 ! college makes is = :at we may call a g5]al prep>ation = life1 "s k ( facts1 "s tra9+ ( judgm5t & ta/e1 sympa?y ) a v>iety ( intellectual int]e/s1 su* broad5+ & lib]aliz+ ( m9d z is possible4 ,to ! in/ructor :o tea*es 9 ! eag] atmosph]e ( an active univ]sity su* a dem& may seem illegitimate1 because x seems vague & weak4 ,b ?is op9ion is prop] only to ! n>r[ speciali/ :o _c see beyond ! limits ( 8 own field4 ,! dem& is p]fectly legitimate2 x is c]ta9 to be increas+ly he>d2 & x is ! duty ( ! college to meet x4 ,x is to be rememb]$ also t ! be/ prep>ation = te*nical "w does n omit all /udies :i* are cultural m]ely1 j z ! be/ g5]al prep>ation = life %\ld embrace "s tra9+ 9 te*nical l9es4 ,) ^! consid]ations 9 m9d let u ask to :i* ( ! two ways by :i* ! college dis*>ges its prep>atory function1 te*nical prep>ation or g5]al prep>ation1 ! /udy ( hi/ory is mo/ naturally adapt$1 & :i* ( ! purposes already /at$ z ^? ! in/ructor may h 9 m9d is mo/ likely to secure ! desir$ end4 ,x is n easy to specify a l9e ( pr(essional "w to :i* ! /udy ( hi/ory /&s 9 a te*nical relation1 except t ( ! hi/ory tea*]1 ^: numb]s are at pres5t s small1 9 proportion to ! college z a :ole1 z to be almo/ negligible1 & :o p]haps ne$s above all o!rs t po9t ( view 9 reg>d to hi/ory :i* a g5]al r ?an a special tra9+ w give4 ,law & !ology come ! ne>e/ p]haps to hav+ a te*nical ne$ ( hi/orical /udy1 & yet x is also true ( !m t :at !y ne$ ( hi/ory is n te*nical b g5]al prep>ation4 ,! cl]gyman or lawy] may ne$ a m p]man5t hold ^u ! facts ( hi/ory ?an does ! bus9ess man4 ,!y are to him m an end 9 !mselves r ?an *iefly a means = produc+ a result1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r4 ,b prea*] & bus9ess man alike ne$ to /udy ! same facts 9 ! same way ea* = 8 own purpose4 ,x is 9 tru? ! lat] /udies ( ! pr(essional man :i* s]ve to keep alive ! facts :i* he & 8 classmate 9 bus9ess once le>n$ 9 ! same class room4 ,! prop] purpose !n ( ! /udy ( hi/ory 9 ! college c\rse is g5]al prep>ation--prep>ation = life 9 g5]al r ?an = "s special l9e ( lat] /udy :i* builds ^u x4 ,to accompli% ?is purpose1 & inde$ e o!r1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( drill 9 names & dates is indisp5sable4 ,)\t x e result is insecure & all ! in/ructor's lessons hang 9 ! air ) no f\ndation to re/ ^u4 ,b ! tea*] :o makes drill 9 ! facts 8 ma9 object ov]looks ! almo/ univ]sal exp]i5ce t no matt] h[ well a body ( details may once h be5 le>n$ !y inevitably fade out ( m9d 9 lat] ye>s unless ! necessities ( "o's daily occupation keep !m fre%4 ,:at rema9s a con/ant possession is ! g5]al effect1 ! g5]al impression once made by means ( ! details4 ,! tea*] :o makes ! g5]al 8 ma9 object1 drawn f & en=c$ by a k ( ! special :i* is = ! mom5t cle> & s\nd1 deals ) ! mo/ abid+ ( educational results4 ,! effectiv5ess ( hi/ory z a means ( m5tal discipl9e is s great t ! tea*] is con/antly tempt$ to make ?is 8 ma9 object4 ,) "o :o does ,i h no great qu>rel4 ,i h only to say t at be/ x is ! *oice ( an inf]ior good & t x is devot+ oneself to :at is already abundantly provid$ = 9 ! curriculum ( /udies4 ,!re is s mu* 9 any college c\rse ) :i* discipl9e ( ! m5tal faculties is necess>ily connect$1 ma!matics1 elem5t>y language /udies1 _m ( ! sci5ces1 t x seems a flagrant wa/e ( opportunities to use hi/ory = ! same purpose4 ,( ! maxim1 8hi/ory is philosophy tea*+ by example10 two diff]5t ?+s are to be said4 ,= ! s*ol> & inve/igator x is a maxim full ( dang]1 add+ gratuit\s p]ils to ^? :i* mu/ beset 8 way1 & x %\ld be summ>ily disc>d$4 ,= ! tea*] ( hi/ory ! dang] is n s great1 b he w\ld be a v unusual man :o c\ld int]pret ! facts ( hi/ory into political lessons = o!rs )\t a v decid$ p]sonal bias1 or ev5 succe$ 9 disguis+ ! influ5ce ( 8 private convictions ^u 8 doctr9es4 ,x is d\btless m effective 9 mo/ cases to let ! facts speak = !mselves1 aft] a pres5tation ( !m :i* hone/ly endeavors to make !m cle> & to /ate !m exactly z !y are4 ,! belief t graduate & und]graduate /ud5ts %\ld be taught alike1 t ! be/ me?od = all is ! me?od by :i* ! s*ol> %\ld be =m$1 t !re %\ld be no di/9ction 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory betwe5 g5]al & special prep>ation1 is 9 my op9ion "o ( ! mo/ pe/il5t h]esies accompany+ ! *anges ( rec5t ye>s4 ,x is a belief no m likely to be true because ! p>ticul> *ange :i* produc$ x is t by :i* ! true univ]sity has be5 creat$4 ,!re are c]ta9 /udies 9 :i* ,i am ready to admit its tru?4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ^? /udies only 9 :i* tra9+ 9 ! me?od ( advance peculi> to ! giv5 subject is s necess>y to an und]/&+ ( its nature t no real k is possible )\t x1 & _! numb] is1 ,i believe1 decid$ly less ?an is commonly ass]t$4 ,assur$ly hi/ory is n "o ( !m4 ,to acquire a k ( ! human pa/1 especially if t k is enri*$1 z x %\ld be1 ) an imag9ative conception ( ! process ( ! ages1 is a l>ge & wor?y intellectual task = tea*] & taught1 inde$ = ! lifetime ( a man4 ,to confuse x = ! great mass ( college /ud5ts ) ! ef=t to imp>t to !m ! me?od ( ! s*ol>1 :i* is ! prop] te*nical tra9+ ( ! graduate s*ool1 is1 ,i firmly hold1 morally little %ort ( a brea* ( tru/4 ,?is is only affirm+ 9 o!r t]ms my belief 9 ! transc5d5t importance ( t "o ( ! special purposes :i* ! tea*] may set be=e himself :i* rema9s1 ! ef=t to make ! /udy ( hi/ory "o t is direct$ to ! broad5+ & lib]aliz+ ( ! m9d4 ,! claim :i* ,i make = hi/ory is t ( all college /udies x mo/ naturally & simply produces ^! results4 ,did in/ructors 9 physics & *emi/ry realize m cle>ly ?an !y seem to me to d :at !y might accompli% ( ?is sort1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to admit _! "r to dispute ?is claim1 b = ! av]age ( college /ud5ts1 z !y come to u 9 masses1 ,i am n n[ ready to all[ any o!r exception4 ,if hi/ory be taught ) t degree ( imag9ation )\t :i* no man %\ld ent] ! tea*+ pr(ession1 x is n difficult to op5 ! m9d ( ! /ud5t to two impressions4 ,"o is ( :at may be call$ 9 simple/ phrase ! cont9uity ( hi/ory1 mean+ !reby no me*anical cont9uity1 b an organic & liv+ unity--! cont9u\s & cumulative progress ( civilization :i* makes u to-day n 9 a poetic s5se1 b z a bald & lit]al fact1 ! heirs ( all ! ages4 ,?is ne$s especially to be imag9atively pres5t$ to induce an imag9ative conception ( x4 ,! o!r is ( ! fact t some:]e 9 ! pa/ humanity has work$ ?r\gh crises :i* are ess5tially ! same z ^? :i* n[ confront x4 ,x is ! especial privilege ( ! tea*] ( hi/ory to br+ ! m9d ( ! /ud5t successively into contact ) almo/ e species ( political ef=t1 ( intellectual int]e/1 & ( moral /ruggle ( :i* ! race is capable4 ,to ! great majority ( m9ds ! optimi/ic inf]5ce is m natural ?an ! pessimi/ic1 & ! conclusion almo/ draws itself t endeavor is n 9 va91 t ! good result is 9 ! end secure4 ,if ! /ud5t c be giv5 9 "s degree ^! two ?+s1 a conception n m]ely intellectual1 b imag9ative1 x may be m or less emotional1 ( ! sweep ( humanity onw>d1 & a calm assurance ( ! ultimate good1 ,i c]ta9ly believe he w confess t no /ep ( 8 m5tal advancem5t has op5$ to him s wide a horizon or br\ght him to s /eady+ a confid5ce 9 ! wor? ( individual ef=t & ! f9al outcome ( ?+s4 ,i am p]fectly well aw>e t 9 ?is ,i am /at+ ! ideal4 ,i am n fooli% en\gh to believe t ^! results c be imp>t$ to :ole classes1 or imm$iately 9 full p]haps to anyone1 nor w\ld ,i claim = e in/ructor ! p[] to produce !m4 ,b ?\gh ! ideal is unatta9able1 ,i d wi% to say cle>ly ?ree ?+s4 ,"o is t to "s /ud5ts v mu* ( ^! results1 m probably ?an w\ld at fir/ be ?\ght possible1 c be giv51 & to ne>ly all some?+4 ,ano!r is t hi/ory ( all college /udies leads to !m mo/ directly & naturally4 ,! ?ird is t ! tea*] :o labors = !m wisely & ) prop] balance ( int]e/ is labor+ n m]ely = :at is likely to be mo/ p]man5t1 b = ! highe/ & be/ possible to him4 ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,,ar?ur ,m4 ,,wolfson1 ,,ph4,d41 ,editor4 ,dignity ( ! ,c\rse4 ,am]ican hi/ory 9 ! second>y s*ools is1 we feel safe 9 assum+1 ! cr[n ( a c\rse ext5d+ ov] at lea/ ?ree or m ye>s4 ,/ud5ts approa* x aft] hav+ devot$ "t & ?\ght to an elem5t>y c\rse 9 ,am]ican hi/ory--possibly ev5 a c\rse 9 ,engli% & ,european hi/ory--to a second>y c\rse 9 "s "o or m phases ( ,european hi/ory & to a c\rse 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,! tea*] :o und]takes to lead a class 9 ,am]ican hi/ory 9 ! second>y s*ool %\ld1 !re=e1 approa* ?is subject ) high] ideals & broad] purposes ?an he w\ld set 9 any o!r hi/ory c\rse 9 ! curriculum4 ,"h1 if ev]1 ! tea*] may hope to tra9 8 /ud5ts 9 ! use ( judgm5t & reason+ 9 ! exam9ation ( facts4 ,f ! beg9n+1 ! tea*] %\ld assume t 8 /ud5ts h a fair k ( ! elem5t>y facts ( ,am]ican & ( ,european hi/ory4 ,! tea*] w wa/e "t if he attempts to tea* ! m]e facts ( ,am]ican hi/ory )\t attempt+ to relate !m "o to ano!r4 ,am]ican hi/ory 9 ! second>y s*ool %\ld be a /udy ( ! relations ( ,am]ican hi/ory to ! hi/ory ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 & ( ! /eady developm5t ( ,am]ican political1 social1 & economic in/itutions4 ,:at we mean by ?is we tru/ w become cle> z we g on 9 ?is "w4 ,text-,books4 ,z to ! me?ods by :i* ^! ends %\ld be accompli%$1 x is our firm conviction t ea* tea*] c be/ "w ^! out = himself4 ,c]ta9 broad g5]alizations may1 h[ev]1 be ( value4 ,fir/1 no text-book is s p]fect t x c be accept$ z a complete1 an infallible guide4 ,( necessity1 e text-book w approa* ! subject f ! po9t ( view ( a s+le individual4 ,! tea*]1 at lea/1 %\ld !re=e be acqua9t$ ) ! po9t ( view ( sev]al o!r writ]s on ! same subject4 ,aga91 because x is design$ to meet ! ne$s ( _m diff]5t m9ds1 x w inevitably conta9 _m facts t ! tea*] w want to omit2 x w omit "s ?+s t ! tea*] may want to include4 ,f9ally1 x w (t5 pres5t facts 9 an ord] or 9 a way t ! tea*] may desire to *ange4 ,= ^! reasons1 :ile we believe t a s+le text-book %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e pupil1 ! tea*] %\ld insi/ f ! beg9n+ t ! book is to be us$ m]ely z a guide1 n z a ,scripture1 e page & l9e ( :i* is to be accept$ z infallible4 ,second1 bo? ! tea*] & ! /ud5t1 especially ! tea*]1 %\ld be famili> ) ! mo/ important s\rces ( ,am]ican hi/ory & ) ! be/ second>y au?orities on ! p]iod "u discussion4 ,x w be our aim z we g along to indicate f mon? to mon? :at are g5]ally consid]$ z ! be/ books 9 ea* p]iod4 ,p]iods ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,) ^! few g5]alizations 9 m9d1 we may n[ approa* ! p>ticul> subject ( ?is article4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ica divides itself into ?ree m or less well-def9$ epo*s4 ,fir/1 !re is ! p]iod ( discov]y1 exploration1 & settlem5t ext5d+ ov] ! two c5turies f ! "t ( ,columbus to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,second1 !re is ! c5tury f #affd to #agfc dur+ :i* ! v>i\s nations :i* _h plant$ colonies 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7 /ruggl+ = dom9ion & supremacy on ! cont95t4 ,?ird1 !re is ! p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s dur+ :i* ! ,engli% colonies 7 mov+ /eadily1 /ep by /ep1 t[>d _! complete indep5d5ce4 ,ne$less to say1 none ( ^! epo*s is cle> & di/9ct4 ,discov]y1 exploration1 & settlem5t g on f> into ! eighte5? c5tury1 ev5 into ! n9ete5?2 colonial w>s h _! roots 9 national diff]5ces :i* h _! beg9n+s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica long be=e ! ye> #agjj2 & ! causes = ! ,am]ican ,revolution mu/ be s\ght 9 colonial in/itutions :i* 7 9 process ( developm5t f ! day t ! fir/ ,engli%man l&$ on ! cont95t4 ,nev]!less1 = purposes ( class room discussion1 ! tea*] may safely insi/ ^u ?is ?reefold division ( colonial hi/ory4 ,! ,european ,backgr\nd4 ,9 ! /udy ( ! fir/ epo*1 c]ta9 subdivisions aga9 become cle>4 ,fir/1 x is necess>y1 if ! /ud5t is to und]/& ! mean+ ( e>ly ,am]ican hi/ory1 t he be made to compreh5d ! conditions 9 ,europe :i* l$ ! ,spani>d1 ! ,fr5*man & ! ,engli%man =? on _! voyages ( discov]y & colonization4 ,f> too _m tea*]s neglect almo/ entirely :at ,*eyney calls 8,! ,european ,backgr\nd ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory40 ,e "o :o has /udi$ ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ voyage ( ,columbus kn[s t ?is voyage 0 b ! culm9ation ( m ?an f\r c5turies ( ,european comm]cial hi/ory4 ,ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! crusades1 & ev5 be=e1 !re _h gone on 9 ,europe an ext5sive trade 9 ,asiatic w>es2 spices & gums1 drugs1 m$icam5ts & p]fumes1 diamonds1 pe>ls1 rubies & ivories1 silk1 cotton & wool5 fabrics _h be5 import$ 9 ev]-increas+ quantities by ! ,italian t[ns & di/ribut$ ?r\gh !m f ,seville to ,novgorod4 ,!n 9 ! fifte5? c5tury came a "t :5 ! ea/]n trade r\tes 7 clos$ by ! conqu]+ ,turks & ! nations ( ,we/]n ,europe 7 =c$ 9 consequ5ce to seek ^! luxuries by new & unaccu/om$ r\tes4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica 0 n an accid5t1 nor 0 ,columbus ! only h]o ( 8 age--?is ! /ud5t %\ld be made ?or\ghly to compreh5d4 ,second1 a slight k ( ! aborig9es mu/ be insi/$ ^u4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! tea*] w ne$ to ex]cise c>e & judgm5t le/ he wa/e "t on uness5tial details4 ,?ird 9 ord] comes ! geography ( ! new cont95t4 ,! /udy ( ! physiography ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 if prop]ly h&l$1 w prove to ! /ud5ts a fasc9at+1 an almo/ inexhau/ible subject4 ,if prop]ly l$1 boys & girls w /udy _! maps ) ev5 great] int]e/ ?an !y d _! text-books4 ,"o lesson at lea/ ! tea*] %\ld devote to ! %ore l9e1 ! wat] c\rses1 ! gaps & m\nta9 passes1 ! portages & ! wood roads1 else ! /ory ( ! exploration ( ! cont95t mu/ ev] rema9 to ! /ud5ts a bl9d /ory ( purposeless w&]+s 9 a trackless wild]ness4 7,see ,f>r& 8,basis ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 ,*aps4 ,i to ,,iv47 ,:5 ! /ud5t has grasp$ ^! fundam5tals x w be "t1 & !n only1 to beg9 to ?read ) him ! labyr9? ( voyages & explorations :i* m>k ! fir/ c5tury ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,"h ! tea*] w ne$ to ex]cise great +5uity & consid]able caution4 ,r a few facts well co-ord9at$1 ?an a multitude ( details )\t any unify+ pr9ciple is ! "o infallible rule4 ,! ,norsem51 = in/ance1 "o is tempt$ to say1 may ) pr(it be entirely neglect$4 8,no?+ is cle>]10 say ,fiske 78,discov]y ( ,am]ica10 ,i1 pp4 #bce-bed71 8f a survey ( ! :ole subject1 ?an t ^! pre-,columbus voyages 7 q b>r5 ( results ( hi/oric importance4444 ,t !y con/itut$ 9 any legitimate s5se ( ! phrase1 a discov]y ( ,am]ica is simply absurd40 ,columbus1 ,de ,soto1 ,cortez1 ,coronado are really ! only ,spani>ds ^: names ! /ud5t ne$ rememb]4 ,equally1 ! voyages ( ,v]razano1 ,ribault1 ,c>ti]1 ,*ampla91 ,la ,salle1 ,m>quette & ,joliet tell ! :ole tale ( ,fr5* activities ov] a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,?r\gh\t ?is p]iod1 ! tea*] %\ld keep ^! guid+ po/s con/antly be=e ! eyes ( 8 /ud5ts3 ,fir/1 t ! ,spani>ds1 :5 once !y realiz$ t !y _h discov]$ a new cont95t & _h n rea*$ ! long$ = %ores ( ,ca?ay1 7 lur$ f>!r & f>!r into ! he>t ( ! cont95t 9 se>* ( gold2 second1 t1 ow+ to ! direction ( _! approa*1 !y occupi$ ! s\!rn & s\?we/]n "p ( ! cont95t only2 ?ird1 t _! =w>d movem5t end$ 9 ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury because ( 7a7 _! loss ( naval supremacy 7! ,armada71 7b7 _! n>r[ int]nal national policy 7! expulsion ( ! ,moriscos & ! ,inquisition71 7c7 _! /ruggle to subdue ! revolt$ ,ne!rl&s4 ,fr5* ,explorations4 ,( ! ,fr5*1 x %\ld be not$3 ,fir/1 t !y approa*$ ! cont95t f ! nor?1 ent]+ x ?r\gh ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce2 second1 t !y rapidly turn$ _! entire att5tion to ! se>* = furs & to ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n ,indian1 8! qua9t alliance ( mission>y & m]*ant1 ! black-rob$ ,jesuit & ! deal] 9 peltries10 z ,fiske calls x 78,discov]y10 ,,ii1 p4 #ebi72 ?ird1 t ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! ,great ,lakes l$ !m f>!r & f>!r into ! cont95t1 & consequ5tly t ! ,fr5* settlem5ts lack$ ! unity & compactness :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] ,engli% settlem5ts ) :i* !y 7 soon to come into ho/ile contact4 ,f9ally1 ( ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod ( ,spani% & ,fr5* settlem5ts1 x may be said t x is bett] to foll[ ! hi/ory ( bo? nations d[n to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury be=e ent]+ ^u ! ,engli% & ,dut* settlem5ts4 ,engli% & ,dut* ,settlem5ts4 ,9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% & ,dut* settlem5ts ! way w aga9 be a way ?r\gh a trackless wild]ness unless ! tea*] is bold en\gh to make a judici\s selection among ! _m details :i* mu/ appe> 9 e text-book1 neglect+ all ! o!rs & insi/+ t 8 /ud5ts obta9 a cle> compreh5sion ( ! two or ?ree lead+ motives :i* are ev] pres5t 9 ! coloniz+ ef=ts ( bo? ^! nations4 ,fir/1 ! /ud5t %\ld be compell$ to grasp cle>ly ! significance ( ! trad+ & coloniz+ companies :i* 7 =m$ 9 su* pr(usion 9 bo? ,engl& & ,holl& 9 ! end ( ! sixte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,*eyney 78,european ,backgr\nd10 pp4 #acg-aci71 m5tions sev5ty ( !m4 ,if tea*] & /ud5t w foll[ c>efully ! activities ( ^! companies 9 ,am]ica !y w f9d a key to ! hi/ory ( ! f\nd+ ( mo/ ( ! ,atlantic coa/ colonies4 ,second1 be=e attempt+ to foll[ ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,prote/ant revolution 9 ,europe mu/ be review$ & ! attitude ( ,james ,i t[>d all diss5t]s1 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic alike1 mu/ be made cle>4 ,^! two f+] po/s1 ! trad+ companies & ! religi\s agitation 9 ,engl& w s]ve to guide _m a /ud5t :o might o!rwise lose 8 way4 ,to attempt at ?is "t to introduce into ! hi/ory ( ! colonies any?+ ab\t ! b\nd>y disputes1 ! attempts at colonial union1 ! gr[? ( colonial in/itutions or ev5 ! economic conditions :i* surr\nd$ ! life ( ! coloni/s is1 x seems to u1 a mi/ake4 ,lit]ature ( ! ,p]iod4 ,a ^w or two 9 clos+ ab\t ! lit]ature ( ?is p]iod4 ,( s\rces1 "h1 z ?r\gh\t ,am]ican hi/ory1 !re are f\r collections :i* are extremely valuable = use 9 ! second>y s*ools3 7a7 ,h>t's ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,told by ,contempor>ies1 7b7 ,macdonald's ,docum5ts ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 7c7 ,! ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,leaflets1 7d7 ,! ,old ,s\? ,leaflets4 ,( ! works ( second>y au?orities1 ^? especially fitt$ = use 9 second>y s*ools are 7a7 ,?waites1 8,colonies10 7b7 ,fi%]'s 8,colonial ,era10 7c7 ,fiske's 8,discov]y ( ,am]ica0 & 8 o!r works on ! settlem5t & hi/ory ( ! ,atlantic coa/ colonies1 7d7 ,p>kman's 8,pione]s ( ,france 9 ,am]ica0 & 8 o!r works on ! explorations ( ! ,fr5*1 7e7 ! e>li] volumes ( ,h>p]'s 8,! ,am]ican ,nation10 & 7f7 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ,doyle's & ,lodge's hi/ories ( ! ,engli% colonies 9 ,am]ica4 ,european ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,d4 ,c4 ,,kn[lton1 ,,ph4,d41 ,editor4 ,m$ieval ,hi/ory a ,problem4 ,x may be sup]flu\s to rem9d ! read] at ! beg9n+ ( ! difficulties inh]5t 9 ! pres5tation ( m$ieval hi/ory4 ,! appreciation ( ?is fact1 h[ev]1 may s]ve some:at to comp5sate ! consci5ti\s tea*] :o looks back ^u 8 successive ef=ts to pres5t ! subject ) any?+ b a feel+ ( satisfaction4 ,:5 ! ,g]man s*oolma/] admits1 z does ,dr4 ,jaeg]1 aft] ! read+ ( ?\s&s ( pages 9 prep>ation = 8 "w t 8! m$ieval _w is ess5tially ali5 to our compreh5sion1 & t vivid & reali/ic description--! mo/ fruitful "p ( our in/ruction--is only possible "h to a v mod]ate ext5t1#b0 ! tea*] on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic has no reason to feel *agr9$ ov] 8 own failures4 ,on ! contr>y he c approa* 8 task ) ! satisfaction :i* comes f ! feel+ t he is assi/+ o!rs 9 ! solution ( a mo/ difficult problem4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! ,g]man tea*] has ?is advantage--( :i* he makes full use--t he is pres5t+ ! middle ages z ! ,am]ican tea*] pres5ts ! colonial p]iod1 to furni% a backgr\nd = ! prop] und]/&+ ( 8 own hi/ory4 ,m$ieval ,culture4 ,! middle ages d n require ! elaborate1 detail$ treatm5t ( lat] p]iods2 & yet x mu/ be admitt$ t mu* "t w (t5 be consum$ 9 secur+ any?+ l an intellig5t compreh5sion ( ! rudim5ts or elem5ts ( ! subject4 ,! p]iod may be approa*$ f _m po9ts ( view4 ,possibly ! mo/ fruitful are ! culture side & ! ideali/ic side4 ,x is inde$ possible to comb9e ^! two ideas4 ,s mu* ( our lit]ature pictures m$ieval society1 especially z x has to d ) ! ca/le & ! mona/]y1 t ! fir/ phase _c fail to prove attractive4 ,dr4 ,jaeg] fur!r po9ts out t ! m5 ( ?is p]iod1 intellectually s n>r[ m9d$1 s uncultur$ & s limit$1 w\ld g to any extreme1 sacrific+ _! p]sonal com=t1 aye1 ev5 _! lives 9 _! devotion to an idea4 ,at "o extreme /&s ! w>rior1 at ! o!r ! monk1 & yet h[ mu* !y resemble ea* o!r4 ,! monk p5etrates ! =e/s ( ,g]many & braves unkn[n dang]s 9 8 devotion to "m *ur*2 ! crusad]1 no less ( a devotee1 lays d[n 8 life "u a =eign sky1 f> remov$ f home & fri5ds4 ,!re is !n mu* t is attractive 9 ! p]iod if we foll[ x ) ?is second ?\ght 9 m9d4 ,al?\gh ^! m5 7 liv+ embodim5ts ( ideas :i* may be 8ali5 to our compreh5sion10 _! v ardor & en?usiasm become contagi\s1 once ! tea*] cat*es a little ( ! _s :i* animat$ !m4 ,ar\nd "s ( ^! great p]sonalities1 too1 c be wov5 mu* ( ! life ( ! times4 ,a ,*>lemagne n only becomes ! embodim5t ( ! imp]ial idea1 b beh9d him looms ! %ad[y outl9es ( ! imp]ial sy/em2 a ,ri*>d ,i sugge/s ! ca/le1 ! t\rnam5t1 ! fl[] ( *ivalry1 ! knight-errant2 f9ally a ,gregory ,,vii becomes ! inc>nation ( a great ecclesia/ical hi]>*y1 m t]rible ) its ana!mas m>ana?as ?an ! bloodie/ battlefields4 ,! culture phase is admirably pres5t$ 9 ! rec5t text-books1 e4 g41 9 ,rob9son1 ,munro1 ,we/1 ,h>d+1 & ,my]s4 ,:5 once ! tea*] becomes saturat$ ) ! life & habits ( ?\ght ( ^! times1 x w n prove su* a difficult task to po9t out & emphasize ! ideals ( ! m5 ( ! p]iod1 _m ( :i* %\ld ent] into ! w>p & wo( ( ,am]ican "*4 ,9 ?is connection ! tea*] w f9d ,pr(essor ,em]ton's address be=e ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association on ! ,tea*+ ( ,m$ival ,hi/ory 9 ! ,s*ools mo/ helpful & inspir+4#c ,! ,old ,empire & ! ,new4 ,! discussion = ! fir/ few weeks ( ! c\rse mu/ ( necessity c5t] l>gely ab\t ! new field ^u :i* hi/ory is 9 ! process ( mak+1 ! empire ( ,*>lemagne1 its disruption z ! result ( its own inh]5t weaknesses & ! r5ew$ attacks ( ! b>b>ians & ! gr[? ( feudalism z a p>tial result ( ^! & o!r =ces :i* h be5 at "w 9 ! ,europe ( ! e>ly middle ages4 ,?ree po9ts w call = special emphasis3 ! field1 ! ess5tial =ces at "w 9 ?is field1 & ! p :o are responsible = _! developm5t4 ,! /ud5t c be/ realize conditions 9 #hjj ,a4,d4 by contra/+ ?is new empire ) ! old ,roman empire ) :i* he is already famili>4 ,two maps might be made1 "o ( ! ,roman empire at its greate/ ext5t1 ! o!r ( ,*>lemagne's possessions1 %[+ its ,slavic neighbors on ! ea/ & its ,s>ac5ic on ! s\?4 ,! /ud5t %\ld !n grasp ! fact t = ! next five hundr$ ye>s1 ) ! exception ( t9y ,engl&1 ! hi/ory ( ,european progress is circumscrib$ by ! n>r[ limits ( ?is new empire1 :i* al?\gh includ+ portions ( ! old1 has transf]r$ ! c5t] ( int]e/ to ! pla9s ( c5tral ,europe4 ,to ! ea/ & s\!a/ are ! ,slavs & ! rema9s ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,roman empire1 :i* hav+ play$ its "p 9 hi/ory1 rema9s m]ely z ! /oreh\se ( ! intellectual1 lit]>y & arti/ic treasures ( ! remote pa/2 to ! s\? are ! ,s>ac5s :o "o hundr$ ye>s be=e _h ?reat5$ to place ! cresc5t above ! cross1 b 7 beat5 back ^u ! sunny pla9s ( ,france4 ,out ( ?is empire are to em]ge ! ,france1 ,g]many & ,italy ( ! di/ant future4 ,spa9 is n to be rescu$ f h] infidel conqu]ors until a new & f> di/ant era dawns1 t ( ,columbus1 ,cortez & ,piz>ro4 ,*ri/5dom1 z x is kn[n w h no int]e/s beyond ^! conf9es except z x is oblig$ to beat (f ! d>+ ,nor?m5 or to admit !m z unwelcome gue/s2 or z x =ces its way ea/w>d ?r[+ out its outpo/s to *eck ! ,slavic tide mov+ we/w>d2 or z its en?usiasm is k9dl$ by "m *ur* to und]take ! rescue ( ,pale/9e f hea!n h&s2 or z ! zeal ( its trad]s1 :o ev5 at ?is e>ly date beg9 to long = new fields to conqu]1 /imulates !m to op5 communication ) ! /range & di/ant ,ea/4 ,! two great =ces at "w are ! two ideas ( a univ]sal *ur* & a univ]sal empire4 ,! rise ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 its relations ) ,rome & ! ,g]man invad]s might pr(itably be review$ "h1 especially its connection ) ! f\nd+ ( ?is new empire1 :i* diff]s f ! old 9 its dep5d5ce on & union ) ! papal p[]4 ,^! are ! ideals :i* m5 set be=e !m2 ?is w o' ! wisp ( univ]sal dom9ion 0 de/9$ to lead _m a man to 8 own ru9 & t ( ! p[] ^u :i* he reli$ to atta9 8 end4 ,*>lemagne4 ,! p]sonality ( ,*>lemagne1 s navely portray$ by ,e9h>d1 8 desire n only to conqu] b to s]ve ! high] ideal ( e/abli%+ a ,*ri/ian /ate1 _c fail to attract ! /ud5t1 especially if ! tea*] emphasizes ! fact t he 0 ! h]o p> excell5ce ( ! middle ages4 ,ample mat]ial = a /udy ( 8 arrangem5ts c be f\nd 9 ! s\rce books1 & 8 sy/em c easily be comp>$ ) ! organization ( ! old] empire4 ,al?\gh ! p :o 7 work+ out ^! new problems 7 l>gely ( ,g]man blood1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,rome's influ5ce _h n be5 = naught1 b 0 /ill to be se5 9 ! survival ( ! ,lat9 language & lit]ature & ! mat]ial aspects ( its civilization--its roads1 bridges1 aqu$ucts & wall$ t[ns1--& above all 9 ?is v tradition ( univ]sal dom9ion4 ,?is la/ idea _h be5 inh]it$ on ! "o h& by ! pope at ,rome & on ! o!r by ! k+ ( ! ,g]mans4 ,!re is no "o book :i* emphasizes ! treatm5t :i* has be5 sugge/$ = ?is fir/ p]iod4 ,! tea*] c easily foll[ ?is l9e ( developm5t ) any ( ! bett] text-books4 ,freeman1 8,hi/orical ,geography ( ,europe10 has a good *apt] on ! geographical developm5t 7,*apt] ,,vi71 also ,em]ton1 8,m$ival ,europe10 ,*apt] ,i2 ,seignobos1 8,hi/ory ( ,m$ival & ,mod]n ,civilization10 ,*apt] ,,vi1 w be f\nd v helpful on feudalism2 also ,em]ton1 8,introduction to ! ,middle ,ages10 ,*apt] ,,xv1 & ,adams1 8,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages10 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,a good life ( ,*>lemagne 9 ,engli% is ,hodgk91 8,*>les ! ,great40 ,!re is an abundance ( s\rce mat]ial4 ,special m5tion might be made ( ,?at*] & ,mc,neal1 ,nos4 #g-i1 #af-ai1 #aia-aid1 #bji-bag2 ,rob9son1 ,*apt] ,,vii1 on ,*>lemagne1 ,*apt] ,,viii on ! ,disruption ( ,*>lemagne's ,empire1 & ,*apt] ,,ix on ,feudalism2 ,ogg1 ,*apt] ,,ix1 on ! 8,age ( ,*>lemagne10 ,*apt] ,x on ! 8,era ( ! ,lat] ,c>ol+ians10 & ,*apt] ,,xiii on ! 8,feudal ,sy/em40 ,good maps may be f\nd 9 su* atlases z ,freeman1 ,putzg]1 & ,d[1 :i* %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e live tea*]4 ,college ,entrance ,que/ions4 ,! foll[+ que/ions are select$ f "s ( ! rec5t exam9ations3 ,/ate z def9itely z possible :at y conceive to be ! place ( ,*>lemagne 9 ,european hi/ory4 ,:at did ! ,holy ,roman ,empire include8 ,h[ 0 x gov]n$8 ,trace ! connection betwe5 ! break-up ( ! ,empire ( ,*>lemagne & ! beg9n+s ( 7a7 ,france1 7b7 ,g]many1 7c7 ,italy4 ,:at connection 0 !re betwe5 ! break-up ( ! ,c>ol+ian ,empire & ! rise ( feudalism8 ,"s ,sugge/ions on ,feudalism4 ,a good vantage po9t f :i* to approa* ! subject is to look ^u feudalism z ! result ( ! ne$ ( protection 9 an age ( disord] & confusion2 !n to foll[ ?is idea ) an explanation ( its relation to ! hold+ ( l&4 ,:5 ^! elem5t>y facts h be5 made reasonably cle>1 !y w s]ve z an excell5t basis = :at mu/ necess>ily foll[1 namely1 an explanation ( h[ ! v>i\s factors involv$ ea* play$ its "p 9 build+ up an organization :i* ?\gh call$ a sy/em is v (t5 extremely puzzl+ = its v lack ( ! same4 ,! 8feudal grant0 has n[ be5 made cle> & ! ent]+ w$ge has be5 driv5 = an und]/&+ ( vassalage4 ,x is n[ easy to expla9 immunity & to pass f ?is to ! practice ( sub9feudation1 & ! mutual responsibilities involv$ 9 ! feudal relation4 ,! diagram on page #aae ( ,rob9son's 8,we/]n ,europe0 w s]ve to give ! /ud5t an excell5t notion ( ! complexity ( ! feudal relation4 ,syllabi4 ,f9ally x is sugge/$ t be=e tak+ up ! m$ieval p]iod ) ! class ! tea*] make a c>eful /udy ( e available analysis1 e4 g41 ! ,syllabus ( ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 or ! ,syllabus ( ! ,reg5ts ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 7:i* conta9s ! same outl9e71 or ! ,hi/ory ,syllabus ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey 79 press7 or ! num]\s outl9es ( college lecture c\rses :i* h appe>$ 9 pr9t$ =m f "t to "t z ,ri*>dson1 8,syllabus ( ,cont95tal ,european ,hi/ory10 & ,%eph]d1 8,syllabus ( ! ,epo*s ( ,hi/ory40 ,illu/ration3 ,,explanation ,,( ,,*>t3 ,,european ,,developm5t1 #hjj ,,to #ifb4 ,! v]tical l9es repres5t dates & important ev5ts2 ! horizontal l9es1 political divisions4 ,ev5ts ( ,european importance z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( purely local int]e/ are indicat$ by l9es int]sect+ ! c\ntries conc]n$4 ,9 #hjj !re are two ma9 divisions1 ,engl& & ! ,empire4 7,egb]t & ,*>lemagne 7 contempor>ies47 ,9 #hdc1 on acc\nt ( ! division ( ! ,empire at ,v]dun1 x becomes necess>y to foll[ ! =tunes ( f\r units1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france & ! 8,middle ,k+dom10 sometimes call$ ,lo?>+ia4 ,! ,middle ,k+dom practically disappe>s by ! ,p>tition ( ,me]s5 7#hgj74 ,soon aft] ?is ev5t ! empire ( ,*>lemagne is tempor>ily reunit$ "u ,*>les ! ,fat4 ,at 8 deposition ! two l>g] units1 ,france & ,g]many1 reappe> ) sev]al small] ones1 ! mo/ important be+ ,burgundy & ,italy4 ,9 #ifb ! latt] is absorb$ 9 ! new ,g]man empire ( ,otto ! ,great4 ,mean:ile ,engl& is work+ out its local problems1 influ5c$ z is ! re/ ( ,europe by ! com+ ( ! ,nor?m5 & ! conditions att5dant on ! developm5t ( feudalism4 ,al?\gh ,odo 0 elect$ k+ ( ,france by ! nobles z e>ly z #hhg1 ! ?rone pass$ back & =? betwe5 8 h\se & ! ,c>ol+ians1 s t ,g]many came "u a p]man5t native dyna/y mu* e>li] ?an did ,france4 ,z w be se5 by ! diagram1 ,g]many & ,italy1 r ?an ,france1 are sacrific$ to ! ambition ( ! ,g]man rul]s to re/ore & p]petuate ! ,roman empire 9 ! ,we/4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,jaeg]1 ,osk>1 8,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory10 translat$ by ,h4 ,j4 ,*aytor4 ,ox=d & ,london1 #aijh4 #c ,report ( ! ,fall ,meet+ ( ,! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 #aijd1 publi%$ by ! ,association 9 #aije4 ,engli% ,hi/ory 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,c4 ,b4 ,,newton1 ,editor4 ,i4 ,?r\gh ! ,norman ,conque/#d ,i h j f9i%$ read+ 8,a ,c5turion ( ! ,?irtie?10 8,on ! ,great ,wall10 & 8,! ,w+$ ,hats0--all f ,kipl+'s 8,puck ( ,pook's ,hill0 & ,i n[ feel 9 ! prop] frame ( m9d to beg9 ! ye>'s "w 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,by ! prop] frame ( m9d ,i mean t :at ,i "k1 & :at ,i w\ld fa9 h my class "k1 is illum9at$ & enliv5$ by a s5se ( reality )\t :i* my tea*+ & _! le>n+ w\ld be z s\nd+ brass & t9kl+ cymbals4 ,! fundam5tal importance ( beg9n+ ) ?is 8prop] frame ( m9d0 is ! fir/ matt] :i* ,i wi% to emphasize1 ! />t+ po9t ( ! _m matt]s :i* we may pr(itably consid] toge!r 9 our mon?ly discussions4 ,= pond] ! magnitude ( ! task be=e u1 z we return f our vacation 9 ?is v mod]n _w ( ours to our v mod]n pupils4 ,h[ %all we be true int]pret]s ( ! life ( an e>ly day1 s remote1 s utt]ly remov$1 s unreal1 unless we c by "s magic t\* inve/ x all ) reality8 ,x is a solemn ?+1 fell[ workm5 9 ?is noble field ( ,engli% hi/ory1 to ?9k h[ _m ?\s&s ( u %all endeavor1 dur+ ! next few weeks1 to imp>t "s k1 "s realiz+ s5se ( prehi/oric man's dwell+ 9 ! s diff]5t ,albion :i* 0 ! "m ( ,engl&2 ( ,celt & ,roman & ,saxon & ,dane2 ( imp]ial ,cs> l&+ on ! unkn[n b>b>\s coa/ ( ,brita92 ( ,druids & ( monks2 & s on ?r\gh ^? long1 my/]i\s ?\s& ye>s :i* br+ u to a some:at cle>] day 7?\gh /ill remote en\gh = e ex]cise ( ! imag9ation671 :5 ! great ,duke became ! la/ conqu]or ( ! little isl&4 ,a solemn ?+1 ,i say1 = if we fail to illum9e ?is mass ( mat]ial ) any ray ( ! imag9ation1 if we m]ely cram facts & !ories into ! mis]able m9ds ( our victims until !y are /uff$ ) names & dates1 !n are we become bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d ( :om x may be said1 z ,i once he>d x said ( a pr(essor 9 "o ( our great colleges1 8,?9k ( ! hundr$s = :om he has ru9$ hi/ory40 ,s ,i believe1 9 all s]i\sness1 x %all pr(it u m to take d[n our ,kipl+ or to cull out "s ( ! v human episodes f our ,gre51 or f ,dr4 ,w>r5's little book ( selections1 & to saturate our m9ds !re9--insulat+ !m1 z x 71 f ! quick curr5ts ( ! pres5t--?an to refre% our memories labori\sly & consci5ti\sly f s\rces & au?orities until we are m]ely prim$ ) facts4 ,ne$ ,i say t ?is is no slur nor sne] at au?orities & s\rces8 ,( c\rse we h n neglect$ ^!--we mu/ n1 & we %all n1 neglect !m4 ,my emphasis is simply on :at is1 too (t5 neglect$2 my plea is = sett+ free ! imag9ation1 = lett+ ! 8magic0 "w :i* w help u to clo! ! dry bones ( fact ) ! fle% ( life6 ,we h all be5 taught to be consci5ti\s & fai?ful & pa9/ak+2 t is ! mod]n hi/orian's cre$4 ,b all consci5ce & no imag9ation make a mighty dull tea*]6 ,let u nev] =get t4 ,s9c]ity & ,frankness ,indisp5sable4 ,if ! imag9ation ne$s all ! ar\s+ & vivify+ x c get 9 deal+ ) ! e>ly ,britons & ,romans ( :om we receive vivid impressions 9 8,puck ( ,pook's ,hill10 h[ mu* m mu/ x cry = help 9 beg9n+1 z mo/ text-books ( ,engli% hi/ory d1 ) primitive man6 ,i mu/ confess ,i dread ^? op5+ lessons :i* deal ) ! orig9s ( ?+s4 8,paleoli?ic1 neoli?ic1 metal age0--h[ glibly ! names may be reel$ (f1 b :at d we really "k ab\t !m1 & :o are we to try to p5etrate ! seclusion ( ^? unfa?om$ ages6 ,i confess my imag9ation gropes bl9dly "h1 & ,i mu/ simply admit t ,i am baffl$1 t "h ,i c summon up v little s5se ( reality4 ,?is %\ld be made cle> en\gh to ! class--bo? t our s\rces ( k are limit$1 & t ! 8backw>d & abysm0 ( "t baffles ! /aun*e/ travel] to ! f> pa/4 ,our pupils w value our s9c]ity f ! outset if we make x pla9 t !re is no humbug ab\t u1 t we are n pret5d+ to a k :i* _! quick intellig5ce tells !m mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s be v limit$4 ,don't let u be too 8cock sure0 ab\t any?+--/ill less ab\t prehi/oric times4 ,= be sure ! y\?ful m9d1 if x is wor? any?+1 asks itself h[ 8!y0 "k s mu* :5 by our own admission !re are no writt5 records4 ,y w p]man5tly und]m9e confid5ce if y make a false />t "h4 ,s x appe>s to me t all ! p]iod be=e ! ,romans came %\ld be clo!d 9 a haze ( my/]y1 a few loom+ facts 9 ! gloom1 b no?+ too cle> cut or def9ite4 ,s1 too1 ?r\gh\t ! c\rse1 let u be frank 9 ackn[l$g+ ! _m unc]ta9ties :i* beset u1 s sett+ an invaluable example ( s9c]ity1 & unconsci\sly induc+ a _s ( hone/y 9 ! attitude ( our pupils t[>d hi/ory4 ,z to ,dates & ,discipl9e4 ,) ! l&+ ( ,julius ,cs> ! fog beg9s to lift1 & c]ta9 cle> headl&s ( k appe>4 ,?is may be br\ght out v %>ply by read+ to ! class1 or gett+ ! class to read to y1 an extract or two f 8,de ,bello ,gallico10 say ,*apt] #h ( ,book ,v1 or a *apt] f ! end ( ,book ,,iv4 ,?is br+s home to ! class ! 8b>b>ianness0 ( ! ,britons 9 contra/ ) civiliz$ ,rome1 & incid5tally gives ! av]age pupil a new & almo/ />tl+ view ( 8,cs>06 ,?is done1 ! next task is to prev5t ! class f unanim\sly jump+ at ! conclusion t ,cs> began ! ,roman conque/4 ,! only ?+ to d is to hamm] 9 ! f\r conque/s or invasions ) _! dates z l&m>ks1 & to try h]oically to get /raight ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,celt & ,roman & ,teuton4 ,no imag9ation "h1 b ! /]n] side ( ! ye>'s "w--! absolute def9ite le>n+ by rote ( ! ess5tial dates & facts :i* mu/ 9 no wise be slurr$ or pass$ by4 ,i d n believe hi/ory to be a 8discipl9>y /udy10 b !re is pl5ty ( discipl9e 9 x1 z !re is 9 all sub/antial "w1 & ! boy or girl :o has1 p]haps1 _h only "s smatt]+s ( elem5t>y hi/ory be=e1 might z well realize 9 ! beg9n+ t ent]+ ?is l>ge field ( ,engli% hi/ory means1 n only l>ge opportunities = ! imag9ation & = ab\nd+ intellectual int]e/1 b means also real "w = ! memory & = ! und]/&+4 ,h[ to br+ ?is ab\t aga9/ ! in]tia1 inaccuracy1 & ineffici5cy ( ! class8 ,!re is no royal road--pati5ce1 reit]ation1 insi/5ce on accuracy1 & f9ally1 :]e necess>y1 ! rod1 or :atev] sub/itute our ,am]ican delicacy along punitive l9es all[s1 are ! only me?ods op5 to u4 ,a good means ( reit]ation 9 ! matt] ( dates is to h "o pupil put a set ( dates on ! bo>d ea* day--= example1 ! dates ( ! invasions 7m>k+ ! approximate dates ) a plus or m9us sign71 & ( su* l&m>ks z ! ,l&+ ( ,augu/9e1 ! ,treaty ( ,w$more1 etc41 may well be put on ! bo>d e day :ile ! class is /udy+ ! p]iod be=e ! ,normans4 ,! same ?+ may well be done dur+ ea* dyna/y1 keep+ ! dates ( t dyna/y be=e ! class )\t sp5d+ mu* "t on !m4 ,! recitation ( ! class %\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be halt$ :ile ! dates are be+ writt52 a glance w s]ve to correct !m :5 !y are done4 ,conc]n+ ,maps & ,note ,books4 ,a ^w 9 reg>d to map "w & note books4 ,! correlation ( geography ) hi/ory is1 ( c\rse1 indisp5sable4 ,9 c]ta9 places ?r\gh\t our subject1 :i* ,i %all po9t out f "t to "t1 x is necess>y t ! geography ( ,engl& & ( ,europe %\ld be cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,dur+ ?is e>ly p]iod ^! notable po9ts are 7#a7 ! probable geographical conditions be=e 8! *annel0 0 cut2 7#b7 ! divisions ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& at ! "t ( ,roman occupation1 %[+ ! great walls & ! ,roman roads2 7#c7 ! ,saxon p]iod--! homes ( ! ,saxons1 & ! ,hept>*y2 7#d7 ! ,danelaw & ,alfr$'s k+dom2 7#e7 locations ( battles & o!r po9ts ( hi/orical int]e/ 7su* z ! 8holy isle0 ( ,/4 ,columba1 ,w$more1 etc47 ?r\gh #ajff4 ,i "k no bett] way to make ^! five or m topics cle> ?an by outl9e maps4 ,9 us+ outl9e maps1 neatness & cle>ness are ! two po9ts to emphasize4 ,unless y\r text-book has good maps y\r pupils %\ld get ,g>d9]'s 8,s*ool ,atlas ( ,engli% ,hi/ory0 7,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co474 ,z to note books1 ,i believe !y are v helpful 9 tea*+ ,engli% hi/ory2 b d n ov]do _! use4 ,if we insi/ on _! be+ v elaborate we make a feti% ( !m4 ,!y h two v simple uses--7a7 to emphasize important matt]s 9 ea* lesson2 7b7 to conta9 any po9ts outside ! text-book :i* ! tea*] gives ! class4 ,also _! by-products ( conc5tration & accuracy & practice = college "w are by no means to be despis$4 ,at ! beg9n+1 :5 a pupil is possibly tak+ notes = ! fir/ "t1 we mu/ be v pati5t1 speak+ sl[ly & practically dictat+ ! ?+s to be 8put d[n40 ,z a rule ,i w\ld n put facts on ! bo>d to be copi$4 ,t is too easy4 ,a class mu/ le>n to take notes f ! voice1 & gradually to cat* matt]s wor? sett+ d[n )\t special direction4 ,ref]5ce ,books4 ,two v useful books to :i* con/ant ref]5ce w be made dur+ ! com+ mon?s are ,be>d's 8,introduction to ! ,engli% ,hi/orians0 7,mac,millan71 & ,*eyney's 8,read+s 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory0 7,g9n ,co474 ,bo? ( ^! volumes give well-select$ quotations f _m s\rces inaccessible to _m ( u1 & ) "o or bo? ( !m 9 our possession we %all be tol]ably well equipp$ = ! ye>'s "w4 ,!n !re are two old 8/&>ds0 :i* mo/ ( u possess or may easily get at4 ,fir/ ( all1 9 my op9ion1 is ,gre5's 8,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p0 7,h>p]'s "o volume edition72 & second1 ,g>d9]'s 8,/ud5t's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&0 7,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co47 is n only a good "o-volume hi/ory1 b is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 pictures ( value & int]e/4 ,9 expla9+ ! mission>y ef=ts ( ! ,iri% *ur*1 ! fasc9at+ c>e] ( ,/4 ,patrick %\ld n be neglect$4 ,see 8,irel&0 9 ! 8,/ories ( ! ,nations10 s]ies1 by ,lawless1 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,anglo-,saxon gov]nm5t is an important subject4 ,g>d9] has a good brief explanation ( t]ms1 pp4 #bi-cc1 & #gb-ge ( ! 8,/ud5ts' ,hi/ory40 ,be>d & ,*eyney may be read quickly & ) helpful results on ?is subject4 ,alfr$ ! ,great1 ! noble/ figure1 %all we n say 9 all ,engli% hi/ory--c]ta9ly 9 ?is p]iod1 %\ld be sympa!tically /udi$4 ,( c\rse ,gre5 pa9ts him vividly1 pp4 #dh-eb1 b if possible get ,walt] ,besant's 8,/ory ( ,k+ ,alfr$10 9 ! 8,libr>y ( ,useful ,/ories0 7,d4 ,appleton ,co474 ,! colossus ( ! t5? c5tury 0 ,dun/an4 ,"s text-books slight him4 ,see ,gre51 pp4 #ee-eh = 8 rem>kable _m sid$ness4 ,( c\rse ,freeman's 8,norman ,conque/0 is full ( meat on ?is p]iod be=e ! ,normans1 z well z on ! ,normans !mselves4 ,a judici\s use ( ! index w make ^! volumes ( ,freeman v useful if y h "t = ! se>*4 ,! rise ( ,norm&y & ! wond]ful c>e] ( ,duke ,william %\ld ( c\rse be made sunlight cle>4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,subsequ5t topics3 ,,ii4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,engli% ,nation2 to ,edw>d ,i4 ,,iii4 ,advance & ,retrogression2 ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,,iv4 ,v>i\s ,phases ( ! #ad? & #ae? ,c5turies4 ,v4 ,! ,tudors & ! ,r5aissance4 ,,vi4 ,! ,great ,p>liam5t>y ,/ruggle4 ,,vii4 ,re/oration & ,reaction2 ,_m ,beg9n+s4 ,,viii4 ,! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,,ix4 ,! ,napoleonic ,era2 ,pre-,victorian ,re=ms4 ,x4 ,! ,victorian ,era4 ,,miss\ri ,,society ,,( ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,gov]nm5t4 ,?is society 0 organiz$ out ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory ( ! ,miss\ri ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,association at ! ,*ri/mas meet+ ( t body 9 #aijh4 ,x is also affiliat$ ) ! ,/ate ,hi/orical ,society1 & a numb] ( its memb]s belong to ! ,nor? ,c5tral ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association4 ,! object ( ! society is to promote & improve ! /udy & tea*+ ( hi/ory 9 ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri ?r\gh semi-annual meet+s1 ) pap]s & discussions1 ( hi/ory tea*]s1 inve/igations into ! condition ( hi/ory 9 ! ,/ate s*ools1 & ! publication 9 ! 8,miss\ri ,hi/orical ,review10 9 :i* space is (ficially res]v$ = ! society1 ( pap]s on ! /udy & tea*+ ( hi/ory1 reports ( meet+s1 & notes & news ( int]e/ to hi/ory tea*]s4 ,! society has held ?ree successful meet+s s9ce its organization1 ! mo/ rec5t be+ ! spr+ meet+ ( #aiji1 held ,may #a1 at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,at ?is meet+ valuable pap]s 7 read by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,m4 ,violette1 ( ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool at ,kirksville1 on 8,sett+ ! ,problem10 & by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,ellwood1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sociology ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri1 on 8,h[ ,hi/ory ,c be ,taught f a ,sociological ,po9t ( ,view40 ,! meet+s end$ by ! election ( ! foll[+ (fic]s3 ,presid5t1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,tuck]1 ,mc,kinley ,high ,s*ool1 ,/4 ,l\is2 vice-presid5t1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,%\se1 ,we/port ,high ,s*ool1 ,kansas ,city2 secret>y-treasur]1 ,pr(essor ,eug5e ,fair1 ,normal ,s*ool1 ,kirksville1 & editor1 ,pr(essor ,n4 ,m4 ,tr5holme1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri1 ,columbia4 ,! next meet+ ( ! society w be held at ,*ri/mas "t 9 ,/4 ,l\is 9 connection ) ! ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,association meet+4 ,,! ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi ,,valley ,,hi/orical ,,association ,,at ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,,june #ag-ai4 ,! semi-annual meet+ ( ?is organization 0 held 9 ! rooms ( ! ,miss\ri ,hi/orical ,society at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,june #ag-ai4 ,! g5]al subject ( discussion 0 ! hi/orical importance ( ! physiography & e?nology ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 & ! pap]s1 pres5t$ by well-kn[n middle we/]n s*ol>s1 s]v$ to br+ out ! great importance ( physical & racial factors 9 ,am]ican developm5t4 ,?is association is affiliat$ ) ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association 9 an un(ficial way1 & is do+ excell5t "w = ! hi/ory ( ! region 9 :i* x is specially int]e/$4 ,! secret>y-treasur] is ,cl>5ce ,s4 ,pa9e1 ( ,l9coln1 ,neb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,alive to ! ,/ud5t's ,ne$ ,= /irr+1 gripp+ "w 9 ,am]ican hi/ory look to ,pr(essor ,mace4 ,he comes to ! task ) e s5se al]t = ! /ud5t's help1 & ) e means 9 h& to give ! true/ & mo/ intellig5t conception ( hi/ory4 ,! impression he makes is un=gettable4 ,9 ,mace's ,prim>y ,hi/ory ,/ories ( ,h]oism ! au?or takes our great m5 9 e l9e ( life by p]iods--m5 :o f\ght = ! good aga9/ ! bad2 he %[s !m liv+1 ?robb+ ) p[]1 do+4 ,he cuts !m into ! *ild's memory4 ,& :5 ! /ud5t comes to ! lat] grades1 he kn[s 8 p1 *ooses 8 lead]s1 & foll[s !m4 ,9 ,mace's ,s*ool ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! treatm5t ( p]iods broad5s1 & ! m5 ! *ild n[ kn[s live _! big /irr+ lives ?r\gh ! family1 social & indu/rial developm5t1 ?r\gh ! religi\s1 educational & gov]nm5tal progress4 ,!y ?rill & move ! *ild1 /eady 8 ?\ght & build up 8 respect = ! greatness gone be=e--!y tea* him to "k 8 own responsibility 9 ! affairs ( ! _w to-day4 ,illu/rat$ ) p5-draw+s t mean some?+ ,r& ,mc,nally ,company ,,*icago ,,new ,,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,grades ,,arm& ,j4 ,,g]son1 ,editor4 ,! 8,type ,lesson0 9 ,hi/ory4 ,:atev] may be said z to ! evil effects ( ! pres5t ov]cr[d+ ( ! elem5t>y s*ool curriculum1 ?is condition has br\ght ab\t at lea/ "o la/+ b5efit 9 t x has l$ ?r\gh %e] /ress ( ne$ to ! inv5tion ( num]\s p$agogic devices = ! sav+ ( "t4 ,z subject aft] subject has be5 add$ to ! "w requir$ to be cov]$ 9 ! grades1 /]n necessity has develop$ 9 ! grade tea*] a wond]ful faculty ( class-room economy4 ,:ile x is true t _m ( ! "t-sav+ devices :i* h ?us f\nd _! way into our public s*ools h be5 unque/ionably h>mful1 !re are "s among !m :i* h prov$ !mselves efficaci\s & :i* may be said to h con/itut$ a p]man5t advance 9 educational practice4 ,among ?is class we mu/ include ! 8type lesson0 idea4 ,! idea ( ! type lesson is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t s9ce ! increas+ complexity ( ! mod]n elem5t>y curriculum precludes ! possibility ( tea*+ ) prop] ?or\ghness all ! details ( ! v>i\s subjects laid d[n 9 our c\rses ( /udy1 x behooves ! tea*] to select a few typical phases ( 8 subject1 tea* ^! ?or\ghly1 & use !m z ! basis = ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,in/ead ( a sup]ficial survey ( ! entire field1 :i* at be/ c leave b a hazy resultant 9 ! *ild's m9d1 let ! tea*] lead ! pupil to evolve a c]ta9 numb] ( consi/5t & int5sive 8type-ideas0 to s]ve z ! nuclei ( ! ye>'s in/ruction4 ,to express ?is p$agogic pr9ciple 9 t]ms ( psy*ology1 ?is me?od w develop 9 ! *ild's m9d c]ta9 fundam5tal concepts to :i* all lat] read+ & in/ruction w naturally relate & 9 ! light ( :i* he may int]pret all subsequ5t m5tal exp]i5ces4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! type lesson idea has f\nd its *ief expon5ts 9 ! field ( geography4 ,possibly ! ov]:elm+ mass ( detail ( :i* elem5t>y geography is compos$ & ! app>5t sep>at5ess ( ! facts :i* con/itute its subject matt] h l$ educators to seek = _! 8%ort cuts0 9 ?is subject fir/4 ,be ! reason = ?is activity :at x may1 tea*]s ( geography h evolv$ an effective type lesson sy/em = ! tea*+ ( _! subject4 ,! geograph] has ask$1 8,:y burd5 ! m9ds ( our "y pupils ) description ( ,,all ! great riv]s ( ! _w1 ( ,,all ! great m\nta9 sy/ems1 ( ,,all ! great cities8 ,:y n c>efully select "o or two typical riv]s1 two or ?ree typical cities8 ,9 ^! we c int]e/ ! *ildr5 )\t any difficulty4 ,moreov] we c !n require & expect a def9ite am\nt ( def9ite in=mation to be reta9$4 ,= ! re/1 let u tea* our pupils to read widely1 let u cultivate a broad geographical int]e/1 & tru/ to ! se$s we h plant$ s c>efully to yield 9 ! c\rse ( "t a pl5te\s h>ve/40 ,& ! geograph]'s =eca/ has n be5 f> amiss4 ,:y %\ld n ! tea*] ( hi/ory apply ! same mode ( ?9k+8 ,at fir/ glance x is evid5t t ! subject matt] ( hi/ory l5ds itself mo/ admirably to ! type lesson me?od ( developm5t4 ,! av]age grade tea*] is frankly dissatisfi$ ) 8 results 9 hi/ory4 ,9 spite ( 8 be/ ef=ts to /r+ hi/orical facts along ! *a9 ( cause & effect1 9 spite ( 8 mo/ c>efully prep>$ topical outl9es1 ! tea*] ( hi/ory 9 ! grades is too (t5 oblig$ at ! end ( 8 ye>'s "w to ackn[l$ge t 8 ef=ts to make ! facts ( hi/ory a real "p ( ! *ild's m5tal cont5t h be5 l>gely futile4 ,let u see to :at ext5t ! type lesson might simplify ! problem4 ,let ! tea*] ( a p>ticul> grade make a selection ( a s]ies ( type lessons :i* %all con/itute ! core ( ! ye>'s "w 9 hi/ory4 ,t5 or a doz5 su* lesson units c be c>efully plann$ 9 su* a way t ! re/ ( ! "w may be gr\p$ ab\t !m4 ,^! type lessons are to be us$ ?r\gh\t z bases = comp>isons1 relations & g5]alizations2 9 o!r words1 !y w con/itute ! framework ( ! hi/ory in/ruction = ! ye>4 ,to take a specific in/ance1 ! tea*] ( a c]ta9 grade f9ds by ref]5ce to ! c\rse ( /udy t 8 pupils are suppos$ to cov] 9 m or less detail ! p]iod ( ,am]ican hi/ory f #adib to #agfc4 ,?is p]iod falls naturally into ?ree divisions3 7#a7 ! p]iod ( exploration1 7#b7 ! p]iod ( colonization1 7#c7 ! p]iod ( int]colonial w>s4 ,9 tea*+ ! p]iod ( exploration ! v>i\s explor]s naturally gr\p !mselves accord+ to nationalities4 ,"o or two type lessons %\ld suffice = ea* gr\p4 ,columbus might be *os5 z ! typical ,spani% explor]4 ,9 t case 8 explorations %\ld be taught ) consid]able detail1 br++ out p>ticul>ly ^? phases ( 8 life & "w :i* =m ! basis = ! tea*+ ( o!r ,spani>ds :o took an active "p 9 op5+ up ! ,new ,_w4 ,?is type lesson %\ld furni% ! pupils ) def9ite notions ( ,spani% life1 ,spani% policies1 ,spani% motives1 ,spani% me?ods ( navigation1 etc4 ,) ?is basis ! subsequ5t ,spani% explorations c\ld be gone ov] v rapidly1 ! matt] ( results alone be+ emphasiz$4 ,simil>ly ! tea*] might give a type lesson on ,sir ,francis ,drake to =m ! basis = ! ,engli% explorations ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,m>quette might be select$ to repres5t ! ,fr5* mission>y activity4 ,= ! p]iod ( colonization "o typical colony 9 ea* ( ! ?ree gr\ps c\ld easily be select$4 ,virg9ia1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,massa*usetts at once sugge/ !mselves4 ,= ! p]iod ( ! int]colonial w>s a typical battle or two might be taught int5sively & reali/ically4 ,maps1 pictures1 lit]>y descriptions w all help to vivify ! picture s t ! result+ concept may =m a type or patt]n = ! compreh5sion ( all o!r battles to :i* ref]5ce may subsequ5tly be made4 ,! in/ance j cit$ w indicate ! way 9 :i* ! tea*] ( hi/ory 9 any p>ticul> grade may make a *oice ( topics = type lessons4 ,m important1 h[ev]1 ?an ! *oos+ ( ! topics w be ! actual plann+ ( ! lessons s t !y may be type lessons inde$4 ,?is dep>tm5t ( ! ,,hi/ory ,,tea*]',s ,,magaz9e w f "t to "t publi% illu/rative type lessons 9 hi/ory :i* x is hop$ may be f\nd ( practical value4 ,:ile ! me?od is n put =w>d z some?+ entirely novel1 nor z by any means a panacea = all ! tr\bles ( ! hi/ory tea*]1 x is our e>ne/ hope t ! lessons to be outl9$ 9 subsequ5t issues may conta9 "s sugge/ions :i* tea*]s ( hi/ory 9 ! grades may f9d applicable 9 _! daily "w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,libr>y ,,( ,hi/ory & ,exploration ,invaluable = ,e ,s*ool4 ,! ,trail ,mak]s ,pr(4 ,,john ,,ba* ,mc,m,a,s,t,e,r1 ,consult+ ,editor4 ,ea* ,volume ,small #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,illu/rat$4 ,) ,introductions1 ,illu/rations & ,maps4 #ag volumes4 ,ea* #a4jj net4 ,! ,j\rney ( ,alv> ,nunez ,cabeza de ,vaca1 & 8 companions f ,florida to ! ,pacific1 #aebh-aecf4 ,translat$ by ,fanny ,b&eli]4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,ad4 ,f4 ,b&eli]4 ,n>ratives ( ! ,c>e] ( ,h]n&o ,de ,soto 9 ! ,conque/ ( ,florida1 #aeci-aedb1 z told by a g5tleman ( ,elvas1 by ,luys ,h]n&ez ,de ,bi$ma & by ,rodrigo ,ranjel4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,gaylord ,b\rne1 ( ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,9 two volumes4 ,! ,j\rney ( ,coronado1 #aedj-db4 ,f ! ,city ( ,mexico to ! ,buffalo ,pla9s ( ,kansas & ,nebraska4 ,translat$ & ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,george ,p>k] ,w9%ip4 ,voyages & ,explorations ( ,samuel de ,*ampla91 n>rat$ by himself4 ,translat$ by ,annie ,nettleton ,b\rne4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,edw>d ,gaylord ,b\rne1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,9 two vols4 ,! ,j\rneys ( ,la ,salle & ,8 ,companions1 #afgh-afhg4 ,z relat$ by himself & 8 foll[]s4 ,edit$ ) an ,introduction by ,pr(4 ,i4 ,j4 ,cox1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati4 ,9 two volumes4 ,voyages f ,montreal ,?r\gh ! ,cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans 9 #aghi & #agic4 ,by ,alex&] ,mack5zie4 ,9 two volumes4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,exp$ition ,"u ! ,comm& ( ,capta9s ,lewis & ,cl>k4 ,) an acc\nt ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase1 by ,pr(4 ,john ,ba* ,mc,master1 & an ,introduction ,id5tify+ ! ,r\te4 ,9 ?ree volumes4 ,hi/ory ( ,five ,indian ,nations ( ,canada :i* are ,dep5d5t ^u ! ,prov9ce ( ,new ,york4 ,by ,cadwallad] ,cold51 ,surveyor-,g5]al ( ! ,colony ( ,new ,york4 ,9 two volumes4 ,a ,j\rnal ( ,voyage & ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,by ,daniel ,williams ,h>mon1 a p>tn] 9 ! ,nor?we/ ,company 7beg9n+ 9 #ahjj74 ,! ,wild ,nor?l&4 ,by ,g54 ,sir ,wm4 ,francis ,butl]1 ,k4 ,c4 ,b4 ,descriptive ,circul> on ,application to ! ,publi%]s ,a4 ,s4 ,,b>nes ,,co4 #aa-ae ,ea/ #bd? ,/reet1 ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,/ories ( ,h]oism ,,pr(essor ,,mace',s ,,new ,,book ,,review ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,c\lomb4 ,9 spite ( repeat$ attempts at produc+ a hi/ory suitable = class-room "w 9 ! f\r? or fif? grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 ! tea*+ public /ill awaits a satisfactory book4 ,*ildr5 _c be int]e/$ 9 a m]e *ronological n>rative1 nor are !y capable ( =m+ s\nd judgm5ts f gr\ps ( facts4 ,s9ce ! days ( 8,pet] ,p>ley10 !re=e1 ! mo/ satisfactory hi/ories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = *ildr5 h be5 biographical4 ,9 ! pres5t "w ,pr(essor ,mace has s f> foll[$ tradition4 ,b 9 ! endeavor to secure m cont9uity ( n>rative ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible1 ! /ories h be5 ga!r$ toge!r 9 gr\ps ( two or ?ree or m4 ,ea* man 9 ! gr\p appe>s 9 8 prop] hi/orical p]spective in/ead ( be+ p>tially eclips$ by ! fame ( "s great p]sonage ^: biography is us$ to cov] a long p]iod ( "t or sev]al hi/orical movem5ts4 ,! au?or has select$ 8 /ories f ^? 9 :i* he f9ds a c]ta9 elem5t ( h]oism1 ! t]m be+ broad en\gh1 h[ev]1 to cov] ! lives ( ,p5n & ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 z well z ^? ( ,drake & ,john ,paul ,jones4 ,! h]oism ( "s ( our great m5 is %[n by ov]com+ great ob/acles j z t ( o!rs is indicat$ by fight+ ! enemies ( _! c\ntry4 ,s we f9d ,william ,p5n & ,james ,ogle?orpe associat$ ) ,hudson1 ! explor]1 & ,/uyvesant1 ! fight+ ,dut* gov]nor ( ,new ,am/]dam1 9 ! *apt] ab\t 8,! ,m5 ,:o ,plant$ ,colonies = ,_m ,k9ds ( ,p40 ,out ( ! ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-six pages 9 ! book1 two hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e are devot$ to our hi/ory prior to #aghi1 leav+ b "o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 to our hi/ory "u ! ,con/itution4 ,! division seems to give a disproportionate am\nt ( space to our ,colonial & ,revolution>y hi/ory4 ,?is is ju/ifi$ to "s ext5t by ! plan ( ! au?or4 ,!re is no "q z to ! romance to be f\nd 9 ! voyages ( ,polo & ,drake1 & 9 ! life ( ,capta9 ,smi?4 ,at ! same "t !re are o!r equally dramatic features ( our lat] hi/ory t might h be5 includ$1 & s h giv5 a bett] di/ribution ( space4 ,m room is giv5 to ,wa%+ton's activities be=e ! ,revolution ?an to ! re/ ( 8 life1 :i* did n1 x is true1 cov] s _m ye>s1 b is c]ta9ly ( m importance4 ,) ! exception ( ! /atem5t t ,grant 0 twice elect$ presid5t1 & ! /ory ( ,edison & 8 inv5tions1 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry f #ahfe to ! battle ( ,manila ,bay conta9s no?+ wor? record+1 s f> z ?is book is conc]n$4 ,out ( ! sixty-six names we d n f9d "o juri/2 "o feels t ,*ief ,ju/ice ,m>%all's "n is c]ta9ly n sixty-sev5? 9 our hi/ory4 ,! attempt to fix ! facts ( ea* *apt] by a li/ ( que/ions = /udy is to be comm5d$1 z is ! unusually satisfactory index4 ,pr(essor ,mace has1 besides1 done :at few s*ol>s succe$ 9 do+4 ,he has writt5 8 book 9 su* simple1 cle> ,engli% t ! pupils = :om x is int5d$ w h little difficulty 9 und]/&+ x4 ,mo/ ( ! pictures h be5 select$ = _! dramatic value1 b _m portraits & pictures ( places & ?+s ( hi/oric int]e/ are includ$ 9 ! book4 ,on ! :ole1 ! book is a /ep =w>d1 & ! inequalities 9 x are no great] ?an ^? ( o!r books t h o!rwise less to comm5d !m4 ,9 classes :]e ! c\rse ( /udy 9 hi/ory does n ext5d beyond ! ,revolution1 ! book %\ld h a wide use4 ,a ,prim>y ,hi/ory3 ,/ories ( ,h]oism4 ,by ,william ,h4 ,mace1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 ,syracuse ,univ]sity4 ,clo?1 #hvo4 xxv #cif pp4 ,r&1 ,mc,nally ,co4 ,*icago1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,translations & ,repr9ts ,,f ,,! ,,orig9al ,,s\rces ,,( ,,european ,,hi/ory 8,an invaluable s]ies ( ,s\rces1 /ill 9 c\rse ( publication40--,report ( ! ,committee ( ,new ,engl& ,tea*]s' ,association1 p4 #fc4 ,?is s]ies conta9s translations f ! orig9al s\rces ( ,european hi/ory f ,roman times to ! reorganization ( ,europe by ! ,congress ( ,vi5na 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,complete1 ! set is 9 six volumes1 b ! sep>ate numb]s c be _h 9 pamphlet =m at f fifte5 to tw5ty-five c5ts4 ,! value ( orig9al s\rce mat]ial to aid ! pupil 9 obta9+ a vivid s5se ( ! life & mann]s ( pa/ ages is felt by all hi/ory tea*]s4 ,b x _c be emphasiz$ too mu*4 ,h[ mu* m reali/ic & impressive ?an ! cut-&-dri$ /atem5t on ! ,crusades ( ! av]age text-book1 are actual acc\nts by contempor>ies & ,crusad]s !mselves1 z1 = example1 ! /atem5t by ,ful*] ( ,*>tres ( ! />t3 8,"o saw an inf9ite multitude speak+ diff]5t languages & come f div]s c\ntries40 444 8,oh1 h[ great 0 ! grief 444 :5 husb& left ! wife s de> to him1 8 *ildr5 also44440 ,or ! lett] by ,c\nt ,/eph5 f be=e ! walls ( ,antio*1 ,m>* #bi1 #ajih3 8,^! :i* ,i write y are only a few ?+s1 de>e/1 ( ! _m :i* we h done1 & because ,i am n able to tell y1 de>e/1 :at is 9 my m9d1 ,i *>ge y to d "r1 to c>efully wat* ov] y\r l&1 to d y\r duty z y ought to y\r *ildr5 & y\r vassals4 ,y w c]ta9ly see j z soon z ,i c possibly return to y4 ,f>ewell40 ,! ,crusad]s ?us appe> z real m5 & wom5 to ! pupil4 ,or let him read ! text ( ! ,act ( ,supremacy3 8,an act conc]ny+e ! kynges ,highness to be supreme head ( ! ,*ur*e ( ,engl&e & to h auctoryte to re=me & r$resse all err\rs1 h]esyes & abuses 9 ! same10 & he _c b feel t he has gott5 back to ! s\rce ^u :i* ! /atem5ts ( ! text-book are bas$4 ,x is ?is k9d ( mat]ial 9 conv5i5t =m t ,translations & ,repr9ts conta94 ,! pamphlet =m comm5ds !m especially = classroom use4 ,9 ! b\nd =m ! six volumes are v well adapt$ = ref]5ce "w 9 ! s*ool libr>y4 ,besides ^! extracts f ! orig9al s\rces1 !re are publi%$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ! 8,s\rce ,book ( ! ,r5aissance10 by ,pr(essor ,m]rick ,:itcomb1 8,docum5ts on ,f$]al ,relations10 by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,v4 ,ames1 & v>i\s ,syllabuses1 ^? ( special int]e/ to tea*]s be+ ,munro & ,sell]y's ,syllabus ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #aiji1 & ,ames's ,syllabus ( ,am]ican ,colonial ,hi/ory1 revis$ edition1 #aijh4 ,publi%$ by ,dep>tm5t ( ,hi/ory ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,,philadelphia 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,s\rce-,book ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,t5 ye>s ago _h a high s*ool tea*] receiv$ a copy ( su* a "w z ,pr(essor ,mac,donald's 8,docum5t>y ,s\rce-,book ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory0 he w\ld h read x ) wond] t s _m really significant hi/orical docum5ts c\ld be b\nd toge!r betwe5 ! cov]s ( "o small volume4 ,to-day1 ?anks to ! ef=ts ( ,pr(essor ,mac,donald himself1 ( ,pr(essor ,h>t1 & ( _m o!rs1 we are well suppli$ ) s\rce-books = sev]al p]iods ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,consequ5tly1 ! late/ volume ( ,pr(essor ,mac,donald has be5 accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse2 & frequ5tly review]s h cont5t$ !mselves ) say+ t x conta9$ "s ( ! mat]ials already pr9t$ 9 ! au?or's e>li] volumes--8,select ,*>t]s10 8,select ,docum5ts10 & 8,select ,/atutes40 ,su* pass+ notice fails to d ! new "w ju/ice1 & x is ! purpose ( ?is %ort review to tell ! read] ! classes ( mat]ial :i* are conta9$ )9 ! six hundr$ pages ( ! ,docum5t>y ,s\rce-,book4 ,! extracts conta9$ 9 ! volume consi/1 9 ! ma91 ( con/itutional or /atutory docum5ts1 & 9 ?is respect diff] f ! mat]ial :i* has be5 pr9t$ by ,pr(essor ,h>t 9 8 8,s\rce-,read]s10 & 8 8,hi/ory by ,contempor>ies10 :]e ! emphasis is plac$ ^u n>ratives1 descriptions1 & p]sonal contempor>y op9ions4 ,colonial & ,revolution>y ,docum5ts4 ,out ( #ahg docum5ts1 #cb are devot$ to ! colonial p]iod d[n to #agfd2 ab\t #bb deal ) ! revolution>y p]iod f #agfe to #aghi2 & ! rema9+ #acc numb]s are conc]n$ ) ! national p]iod4 ,= ! colonial p]iod1 !re are *>t]s ( elev5 ( ! ?irte5 colonies2 !re are docum5ts illu/rative ( popul> gov]nm5t1 su* z ! ,mayfl[] ,compact1 ! ord9ance e/abli%+ repres5tative gov]nm5t 9 ,virg9ia1 ! ,fundam5tal ,ord]s ( ,connecticut1 & ( ,new ,hav54 ,! relation ( ! colonies to ,engl& is %[n by ! ,navigation ,acts1 ! ,molasses ,act1 ! ,sug> ,act1 & ! royal proclamation ( #agfc4 ,! relation to o!r c\ntries is %[n by extracts f ! treaty ( ,utre*t & ! treaty ( ,p>is 9 #agfc4 ,no p]son :o is tea*+ ! colonial p]iod ev5 to elem5t>y /ud5ts %\ld be )\t ! fre% contact ) ! docum5ts :i* ^! extracts make possible4 ,on ! ,revolution>y epo*1 ,pr(essor ,mac,donald gives u ! ,/amp ,act1 ! ,intol]able ,acts1 ! ,massa*usetts ,circul> ,lett] ( #agfh1 ! resolves ( ! ,/amp ,act ,congress1 ! ,association & resolves ( ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 ! pr9cipal acts ( ,p>liam5t = ! prosecution ( ! ,am]ican w>1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation1 ! ,ord9ance ( #aghg1 & ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,national ,p]iod4 ,! decl>ations ( w> & treaties ( peace are giv5 9 all cases2 & !re is a complete docum5t>y hi/ory ( t]ritorial acquisitions1 = extracts are giv5 f all treaties agree+ to ! cession ( t]ritory to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! treaty ) ,engl& & ,g]many respect+ ! ,samoan ,isl&s4 ,national problems :i* h ent]$ into politics are fully illu/rat$4 ,x is satisfy+ to f9d "h 9 conv5i5t =m ! ,ali5 & ,s$ition ,acts1 & ! c\nt]-bla/ ( ! ,republicans1 ! ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky ,resolutions4 ,! ,miss\ri ,compromise docum5ts numb] sev51 & are prefac$ by an excell5t introduction :i* gives ! congressional hi/ory ( ! compromise measures4 ,a simil> treatm5t is giv5 ! six docum5ts on ! ,compromise ( #ahej4 ,! ,civil ,w> p]iod furni%es tw5ty-?ree docum5ts includ+ secession ord9ances1 ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ,con/itution1 milit>y affairs1 f9ance1 & o!r matt]s4 ,! difficult subject ( recon/ruction1 ) its ramifications 9 ! impea*m5t ( ! ,presid5t & ! c>e ( ! fre$m51 receives ?irty-?ree extracts4 ,valuable ,introductions4 ,?is %ort /atem5t gives an idea ( ! scope ( ! book & ! nature ( ! extracts4 ,9 addition to ! docum5ts !mselves1 ano!r feature gives great value to ! book4 ,_m1 almo/ all1 ( ! docum5ts are prefac$ by %ort introductions :i* give ! hi/orical sett+ ( ! extracts4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates /atutes ! acc\nt ( congressional action is v valuable1 & 9 _m cases furni%es a succ9ct n>rative ( ! movem5t culm9at+ 9 ! act "u consid]ation4 ,abundant ref]5ces to second>y works & prim>y s\rces are to be f\nd 9 ^! introductory rem>ks4 ,?us ! book conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( p$agogical mat]ial2 s\rces1 bibliography1 & analytical introductions comb9+ to add to its usefulness4 ,su* a "w w protect ! tea*] & ! s*ol>1 :e!r 9 elem5t>y s*ool1 9 high s*ool1 or 9 college1 f loose ?9k+ & c>eless /atem5ts ab\t ! facts ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,!re ne$ be few errors 9 class if su* a "w is on ! tea*]'s desk1 or1 bett] /ill1 9 ! /ud5t's h&4 ,&1 incid5tally1 _m ( our newspap]s w\ld pr(it by ! addition ( ! ,s\rce-,book to _! libr>ies4 ,to tea*]s1 j\rnali/s1 & /atesm51 :o h n easy access to ! ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 ! collections ( treaties1 & ! congressional docum5ts1 or1 :o1 hav+ su* access1 desire ! mat]ial 9 conv5i5t desk =m1 ?is book w prove invaluable4 ,docum5t>y ,s\rce-,book ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 #afjf-ahih4 ,by ,william ,mac,donald4 ,new ,york3 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 #aijh1 pp4 xii-#faf4 ,price1 #a4ge4 ,*eyney's ,read+s 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory ,,review$ ,,by ,,pr(essor ,n4 ,m4 ,,tr5holme1 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,miss\ri4 ,! movem5t t[>ds utiliz+ ! rem>kably ri* & cont9u\s s\rce lit]ature ( ,engli% hi/ory 9 ! second>y & high] tea*+ ( ! subject is well illu/rat$ 9 ! appe>ance ( ?is full & int]e/+ collection ( s\rce read+s4 ,leav+ aside ! e>ly & r advanc$ collections ( docum5t>y s\rces by ,/ubbs1 ,pro!ro1 ,g>d9] & o!r ,engli% hi/orians1 we h _h dur+ ! la/ decade a succession ( s\rce-books = ,engli% hi/ory4 ,no book1 h[ev]1 has br\ght toge!r & organiz$ = purposes ( /udy & in/ruction s l>ge an am\nt ( div]se mat]ial z is to be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,*eyney's 8,read+s 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory40 ,al?\gh b rec5tly publi%$1 x is becom+ mo/ popul> & is prov+ invaluable to ! e>ne/ & en?usia/ic tea*] 9 se>* ( pr(itable collat]al read+4 ,! volume is a sub/antial "o ( ne>ly eight hundr$ pages1 & is divid$ into *apt]s to correspond ) ! au?or's 8,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 :i* ! 8,read+s0 is prim>ily int5d$ to illu/rate4 ,"r "h1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be said t ! 8,read+s0 c be us$ advantage\sly ) any /&>d text-book ( ,engli% hi/ory & t tea*]s :o d n use ,pr(essor ,*eyney's text-book w f9d ! 8,read+s0 almo/ z valuable = illu/rative purposes & collat]al ref]5ce z ^? :o d4 ,! 8,read+s0 c /& on its own m]its z a book 9 e way4 ,ea* g5]al *apt] is divid$ into excell5t topical divisions1 :ile ! extracts us$ are numb]$ consecutively ?r\gh\t1 %[+ a total ( f\r hundr$ & fifty-sev5 selections1 beg9n+ ) ,julius ,cs>'s description ( ,brita9 & end+ ) an editorial f ! 8,new ,york ,times0 on ! significance ( ,que5 ,victoria's ,diamond ,jubilee4 ,c\ld any?+ be m compreh5sive8 ,9 reg>d to ! special cont5ts ( ! volume1 space w p]mit ( only a v brief survey & m5tion4 ,! selections to illu/rate ! geography ( ,engl&1 prehi/oric & ,celtic ,brita91 & ,roman ,brita9 h be5 admirably made & furni% en\gh collat]al read+ = any high s*ool class /udy+ ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,classical & e>ly ,engli% s\rces h be5 skilfully drawn on & int]e/+ly pres5t$4 ,= ,anglo-,saxon ,engl& ! great lit]>y & hi/orical writ+s su* z ,tacitus' 8,g]mania10 ,b$e's 8,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory10 ! 8,be[ulf10 ! 8,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle10 ,ass]'s 8,life ( ,alfr$10 & v>i\s collections ( ,anglo-,saxon laws & docum5ts1 h be5 freely us$ & furni% a s*ol>ly & yet n too advanc$ a backgr\nd = ! ord9>y n>rative hi/ory4 ,9 select+ & organiz+ 8 mat]ial = ,norman & ,plantag5et ,engl& ,pr(essor ,*eyney has likewise %[n rem>kable judgm5t & discrim9ation4 ,x is 9 ! mod]n "p1 h[ev]1 t 8 skilful editorial "w is se5 to fulle/ advantage & ! v>iety & bread? ( selection is really rem>kable4 ,! light ?r[n on ! great ,puritan movem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & on ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,/u>ts & _! p>liam5ts is s int]e/+ & valuable t no ,am]ican tea*] ( ,engli% hi/ory c af=d to ignore or ov]look ,*apt] ,,xiv on 8,! ,p]sonal ,mon>*y ( ! ,e>ly ,/u>ts40 ,equally1 if n m1 important are ! extracts conta9$ 9 ! ?ree la/ *apt]s illu/rat+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,briti% ,empire ( to-day1 ! p]iod ( revolution 9 indu/ry & 9 politics & gov]nm5t1 & ! gr[? ( real democracy & social equality ?r\gh ! great re=ms ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,all =ms ( public & private record h be5 drawn on = illu/ration1 & x w be a poor tea*] :o _c make m vital & int]e/+ any lesson 9 mod]n ,engli% hi/ory by ! aid ( ^! illum9at+ & int]e/+ selections4 ,if any criticism is to be made ( ! cont5ts ( ! 8,read+s10 x is ( ! sort t is sometimes made aft] too elaborate & sub/antial a d9n]--t we h be5 p]haps a little ov]-suppli$ ) ri* & savory intellectual food by ! ef=ts & indu/ry ( ,pr(essor ,*eyney4 ,h[ ,tea*]s ,c ,be/ ,use ! 8,read+s40 ,tea*]s ( ,engli% hi/ory 9 high s*ools & colleges c make mo/ effective use ( ! 8,read+s0 by hav+ a copy 9 ! h&s ( ea* pupil & requir+ regul> /udy ( assignm5ts 9 conjunction ) ! text-book4 ,9 ?is way ! 8,read+s0 w furni% a libr>y ( valuable illu/rative mat]ial supplem5t>y to ! text-book & w meet ! problem ( outside read+4 ,! extracts h be5 s select$ & arrang$ t ^? = any giv5 topic are n excessive 9 numb] or l5g?4 ,if = any reason1 h[ev]1 x is n possible or advisable to h ea* pupil own a copy ( ! book1 a good plan w\ld be to h available 9 ! s*ool ref]5ce libr>y a consid]able numb] ( duplicate copies1 :i* memb]s ( ! class c /udy & consult4 ,! tea*] w1 ( c\rse1 be ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! mat]ial 9 ! 8,read+s0 & c introduce x z a "p ( ! recitation or discussion4 ,an int]e/+ & important extract read al\d 9 class is frequ5tly ( great value 9 giv+ life & mean+ to ! subject matt]4 ,! lea/ desirable way = any tea*] to use ! 8,read+s0 is t ( re/rict+ x to p]sonal use alone1 z _m tea*]s are prone to d 9 connection ) s\rce-books & o!r ref]5ce works4 ,9 ord] to fulfil its prop] function 9 education a book %\ld rea* bo? tea*]s & /ud5ts & be ! basis = discussion 9 ! class room4 ,a well-tra9$ & effici5t tea*] is always anxi\s t ! memb]s ( ! class %all h e opportunity = read+ & /udy outside ( ! text-book4 ,we w\ld1 !re=e1 urge on all tea*]s ( ,engli% hi/ory ! great desirability ( introduc+ into g5]al class use ?is new & exce$+ly valuable collection ( s\rce read+s4 8,read+s 9 ,engli% ,hi/ory ,drawn f ! ,orig9al ,s\rces10 int5d$ to illu/rate 8,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engl&10 by ,edw>d ,potts ,*eyney1 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 etc43 ,g9n ,co4 ,pp4 xxxvi1 #gha4 #a4fj4 ,reports f ! ,hi/orical ,field ,,walt] ,h4 ,,cu%+1 ,editor4 ,associations ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s4 ,an important result ( ! increas$ int]e/ 9 hi/ory tea*+ produc$ by ! publication ( ! report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev5 0 ! =mation ( associations ( hi/ory tea*]s4 ,9 addition to v>i\s local & ,/ate gr\ps1 ?ree associations1 compris+ hi/ory tea*]s ( diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry1 are do+ mu* to raise ! /&>d ( tea*+ 9 ?is subject3 ,! ,nor? ,c5tral ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association1 ! ,association ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s ( ! ,middle ,/ates1 & ! ,new ,engl& ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association4 ,besides ^!1 !re is ! ,nebraska ,association1 a bran* ( ! ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,association1 probably ! olde/ ( ! hi/ory tea*]s' organizations2 ! ,mississippi ,association ( ,hi/ory ,tea*]s1 organiz$ la/ ye> z an auxili>y ( ! ,mississippi ,hi/orical ,society2 & ! ,miss\ri ,society ( ,tea*]s ( ,hi/ory & ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,cali=nia !re is "u way a movem5t to create an association ( hi/ory tea*]s1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? engag$ 9 prim>y & second>y "w1 & "s def9ite results are expect$ ?is fall4 ,9 ,wa%+ton x is propos$ to e/abli% a hi/ory tea*]s' section ( ! ,wa%+ton ,/ate ,tea*]s' ,association at its next annual session4 ,! ,nebraska association1 to focus its "w m closely1 is plann+ a sep>ate & indep5d5t meet+ = two days 9 ,april4 ,( /rictly local associations ! ,bo/on ,hi/ory ,c\ncil may be tak5 z an example4 ,?is ,c\ncil is made up ( ! heads ( dep>tm5ts 9 ! v>i\s high s*ools ( ,bo/on1 & discusses su* que/ions z *anges 9 text-books1 c\rses ( /udy1 fundam5tal aims & me?ods4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> ! "q ( introduc+ ,engli% hi/ory 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! high s*ool has be5 discuss$4 ,"w ( ! ,associations4 ,memb]%ip 9 ^! associations is almo/ indisp5sable to ! be/ "w4 ,n only are ! live que/ions ( ! classroom discuss$1 b reports ( great] l5g? are pres5t$ by special or regul> committees2 :ile n ! lea/ valuable b5efit is t d]iv$ f p]sonal association ) o!r work]s 9 ! field4 ,! social side ( ! meet+ z f\nd 9 in=mal receptions & lun*eons is1 h[ev]1 capable ( mu* great] developm5t1 especially to ! end ( rea*+ ! new memb]4 ,! ?ree sectional associations h effect$ an int]*ange ( publications :]eby a memb] ( "o association receives )\t additional exp5se ! reports ( ! o!r two4 ,_m ( ! articles & discussions ( ^! associations are ( m ?an local or tempor>y value4 ,space does n p]mit publication ( a complete li/1 b m5tion %\ld be made ( a few3 ,middle ,/ates1 #aijg1 8,! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory10 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,sloane2 8,me?ods ( ,/imulat+ & ,te/+ ! ,"w ( ,hi/ory ,/ud5ts 9 ,college10 ,pr(4 ,eleanor ,l4 ,"l2 #aijh1 8,hi/ory & ,geography10 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,james ,bryce2 8,correlation ( ,hi/ory ) ,o!r ,subjects10 ,s>ah ,c4 ,brooks & o!rs2 ,nor? ,c5tral ,association1 #aijg1 8,influ5ce ( ! ,=eign ,population on ! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,civics10 ,jane ,addams & o!rs2 8,tea*+ ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory 9 ,s*ools & ,colleges10 ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,*ann+2 8,causes ( ,immigration ,dur+ ! ,p]iod #ahcj-ahej10 ,dr4 ,w4 ,v4 ,pooley2 8,an ,illu/ration ( ,rese>* ,me?ods 9 ! ,/udy ( ,engli% ,hi/ory10 ,pr(4 ,n4 ,m4 ,tr5holme2 #aijh1 8,results to be ,obta9$ 9 ! ,college ,/udy ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,we/2 8,hi/ory & ,its ,neighbors10 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,l4 ,burr2 8,geography & ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,campbell & ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,tuck]4 ,new ,engl& ,association1 #aijg1 8,! ,fall ( ,rome10 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,rob9son2 #aijh1 8,geography & ,hi/ory10 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,l4 ,burr2 8,are ,modifications 9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev5 ,desirable80 ,blan*e ,e4 ,haz>d1 *airman4 ,^! associations meet annually 9 ! spr+1 except ! ,new ,engl&1 :i* also meets 9 ,octob]4 ,in=mation reg>d+ memb]%ip1 publications1 & o!r details may be obta9$ f ! secret>ies3 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,ga/on1 ,w5dell ,phillips ,high ,s*ool1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 7,nor? ,c5tral72 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,johnson1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city 7,middle ,/ates72 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 ,s\? ,fram+ham1 ,mass4 7,new ,engl&72 ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ivy1 ,jr41 ,flora1 ,miss4 7,miss4 ,association72 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,n4 ,&]son1 ,ke>ney1 ,neb4 7,presid5t1 ,nebraska ,association74 ,rec5t ,meet+s4 ,! elev5? annual meet+ ( ! ,nor? ,c5tral ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association 0 held at ! ,reynolds ,club1 ,*icago1 on ,friday & ,saturday1 ,april #b ,& #c1 #aiji4 ,! ,friday aft]noon session 0 op5$ by ,pr(essor ,samuel ,b4 ,h>d+1 ( ,indiana ,univ]sity1 :o read a pap] on 8,"s ,concrete ,problems 9 ! ,tea*+ ( ,m$ieval & ,mod]n ,hi/ory40 ,! discussion 0 op5$ by ,pr(essor ,george ,c4 ,sell]y1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,9 ! ev5+ a pap] on 8,! ,/udy ( ! ,pres5t z an ,aid 9 ! ,int]pretation ( ! ,pa/0 0 read by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,a4 ,ross1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 & discuss$ by ,dean ,a4 ,w4 ,small1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago2 ,pr(essor ,paul ,%orey1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 & ,dean ,e4 ,b4 ,gre5e1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,! session ( ,saturday 0 devot$ to ! annual bus9ess meet+ & to ! pres5tation ( ! report on ! ,annual ,bibliography & ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,eight4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,laughlin1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 a memb] ( ! ,committee ( ,sev51 read a pap] on 8,:at ,*anges ,%\ld be ,made 9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,sev540 ,! ,april meet+ ( ! ,new ,engl& ,association 0 held 9 ! rooms ( ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society1 ,bo/on4 ,! subject = consid]ation 0 ! 8,syllabus = ! ,/udy ( ,am]ican ,civil ,gov]nm5t 9 ,second>y ,s*ools40 ,a special committee ( ! association has be5 at "w = sev]al ye>s 9 ! prep>ation ( a syllabus1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 ! next issue ( ?is magaz9e4 ,at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,nebraska ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,association a committee 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! "q ( ,am]ican hi/ory 9 ! ,gramm> grades1 ) special ref]5ce to ,nebraska hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lead+ ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,! ,,day ,rob9son--,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe ,by ,pr(essor ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,9 a "o volume edition & a two volume edition4 ,rob9son--,read+s 9 ,european ,hi/ory ,design$ to supplem5t ! 8,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe40 ,9 a two volume edition & an abridg$ edition4 ,rob9son & ,be>d--,! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,europe ,an introduction to ! /udy ( curr5t hi/ory4 ,by ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son & ,*>les ,a4 ,be>d1 ,adjunct ,pr(essor ( ,politics 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,volume ,i4 ,! ,eighte5? ,c5tury3 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! ,napoleonic ,p]iod4 ,volume ,,ii4 ,europe s9ce ! ,congress ( ,vi5na4 ,rob9son & ,be>d--,read+s 9 ,mod]n ,european ,hi/ory ,a collection ( extracts f s\rces *os5 ) ! purpose ( illu/rat+ "s ( ! *ief phases ( ! developm5t ( ,europe dur+ ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 two volumes arrang$ to accompany ^? ( 8,! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,europe40 ,montgom]y's ,hi/ories ,cle>1 accurate1 s*ol>ly--,montgom]y's ,hi/ories to-day af=d up-to-date c\rses 9 hi/ory = practically e grade4 ,_! simple1 n>rative /yle has made !m especially attractive to pupils & tea*]s4 ,beg9n]'s ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,an ,elem5t>y ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,lead+ facts ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,/ud5t's ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,lead+ facts ( ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,lead+ ,facts ( ,fr5* ,hi/ory4 ,my]s's ,hi/ories ,my]s's ,hi/ories are to-day1 m ?an ev] be=e1 ! /&>d texts = ! second>y s*ools ( ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are us$ 9 m ?an twice z _m s*ools z any compet+ books 9 correspond+ subjects4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 7,revis$ edition47 ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,9 a "o volume edition & a two volume edition4 ,m$ival & ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,,g9n ,,& ,,company h on _! li/ ( publications hi/ories = practically e c\rse usually taught f ! prim>y s*ool to ! univ]sity4 ,correspond5ce ) ! ne>e/ (fice 9 reg>d to any ( our books w be giv5 prompt att5tion4 ,g9n & ,company1 ,publi%]s ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,london ,,atlanta ,,dallas ,,columbus ,,san ,,francisco 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,new ,book on ,am]ican ,hi/ory ,by ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,caldwell ,( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska ,= a numb] ( ye>s we h publi%$ ,pr(essor ,caldwell's books1 8,survey ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory10 8,great ,am]ican ,legislators0 & 8,am]ican ,t]ritorial ,developm5t10 :i* 7 orig9ally issu$ 9 ! =m ( leaflets consi/+ practically ( lectures deliv]$ by ! au?or4 ,9 ! mak+ ( ! new book we propose to make x z ne>ly p]fect z possible1 typographically & me*anically4 ,x has be5 decid$ to ins]t maps1 ! book be+ int5d$ = advanc$ "w 9 high s*ools & = /ud5ts tak+ a special c\rse 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,x is propos$ to divide ! book into f\r *apt]s z foll[s3 ,,*apt] ,i4--,! ,mak+ ( ,colonial ,am]ica1 #adib-agfc ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,! ,revolution & ,indep5d5ce1 #agfc-aghf ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,! ,mak+ ( a ,democratic ,nation1 #aghf-ahda ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,! ,slav]y & ,sectional ,/ruggle1 #ahda-ahgg ,! t5tative plan ( ! book z propos$ is giv5 above & includes ! mat]ial z n[ prep>$4 ,x is e/imat$ ! book w conta9 ab\t #fjj pages4 ,price1 #a4dj ,,a9swor? ,,company ,,publi%]s #cgh-chh ,waba% ,ave41 ,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ea* article & relabel$ consecutively ?r\gh ! docum5t4 ,! "o illu/ration has be5 mov$ to a p>agraph break ne> :]e x is m5tion$4 ,adv]tisem5ts h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! article :]e !y appe> 9 ! orig9al text4 ,punctuation has be5 made consi/5t4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & hyph5ation 7 reta9$ z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al publication1 except t obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4