,,r\gh ,,ways ,,made ,,smoo? ,,r\gh ,,ways ,,made ,,smoo? ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,famili> ,essays on ,sci5tific ,subjects ,,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor ,illu/ration ,,new ,,impression ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,bombay #aijc ,all rights res]v$ ',let k gr[ f m to m' ,,t5nyson ,,preface4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y = me to expla9 ! plan ( ! pres5t "w1 because ,i h already--9 introduc+ my ',light ,sci5ce = ,leisure ,h\rs1' my ',sci5ce ,byways1' & my ',pleasant ,ways 9 ,sci5ce'--describ$ ! me?od on :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 su* treatises z ! pres5t %\ld be writt54 ,?is "w deals ) simil> subjects 9 a simil> way2 b ,i ?9k ! exp]i5ce ,i h acquir$ 9 writ+ o!r works on ! same plan has enabl$ me to avoid "s defects 9 ! pres5t "w :i* ,i h recognis$ 9 ! o!rs4 ,! li/ ( subjects indicates suffici5tly ! range ov] :i* ! pres5t volume ext5ds4 ,"s ( !m might be judg$ by _! names to be 9 no way connect$ ) sci5ce1 b x w be f\nd t none h be5 treat$ except 9 _! sci5tific significance1 ?\gh 9 famili> & unte*nical t]ms4 ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,s4,s4 ',,arizona1' ,,iri% ,,sea ,octob] #ah1 #ahgi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,! ,,sun',s ,,corona ,,& ,,8 ,,spots #a ,,sun-,,spots ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,panics #bf ,,new ,,planets ,,ne> ,,! ,,sun #cb ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,transit ,,exp$itions #eh ,,! ,,pa/ ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,our ,,moon #ha ,a ,,new ,,crat] ,,9 ,,! ,,moon #ih ,,! ,,novemb] ,,meteors #aaa ,,expect$ ,,meteor ,,%[] #aag ,,cold ,,w9t]s #abe ,,ox=d ,,& ,,cambridge ,,r[+ #adh ,,r[+ ,,/yles #afi ,,artificial ,,somnambulism #agh ,,h]$it>y ,,traits #bje ,,bodily ,,illness ,,z ,a ,,m5tal ,,/imulant #bcf ,,dual ,,consci\sness #bei ,,electric ,,light+ #bhi ,,r\gh ,,ways ,,made ,,smoo?4 ,,! ,,sun',s ,,corona ,,& ,,8 ,,spots4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important results ( obs]vations made ^u ! eclipse ( ,july #bi1 #ahgh1 indicates ! exi/5ce ( a law ( sympa?y1 s to speak1 betwe5 ! sol> corona & ! sun-spots4 ,! inquiry into ?is relation seems to me likely to lead to a v int]e/+ s]ies ( rese>*es1 f :i* may possibly result an int]pretation n only ( ! relation itself1 %\ld x be f\nd really to exi/1 b ( ! my/]y ( ! sun-spot p]iod4 ,i speak ( ! sun-spot p]iod z my/]i\s1 because ev5 if we admit 7:i* ,i ?9k we _c d7 t ! sun-spots are produc$ 9 "s way by ! action ( ! planets ^u ! sun1 x w\ld /ill rema9 altoge!r a my/]y h[ ?is action op]at$4 ,:5 all ! kn[n facts respect+ ! sun-spots are c>efully consid]$1 no !ory yet advanc$ respect+ !m seems at all satisfactory1 :ile no approa* ev5 has be5 made to an explanation ( _! p]iodic increase & dim9ution 9 numb]4 ,?is seems to me "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems :i* a/ronom]s h at pres5t to deal )2 nor d ,i despair ( see+ x satisfactorily solv$ )9 no v long int]val ( "t4 ,%\ld ! recognition ( a sympa?y betwe5 ! corona & ! sun-spots be satisfactorily e/abli%$1 an important /ep 9 advance w h be5 made1--possibly ev5 ! key to ! enigma w be f\nd to h be5 discov]$4 ,i propose n[ to consid]1 fir/1 :e!r ! evid5ce we h on ?is subject is suffici5t1 & aft]w>ds to discuss "s ( ! ideas sugge/$ by ! relations :i* h be5 recognis$ z exi/+ betwe5 ! sun-spots1 ! si]ra1 ! col\r$ prom95ces1 & ! zodiacal light4 ,! evid5ce f ! rec5t eclipses indicates beyond all possibility ( d\bt or "q1 t dur+ ! ye>s :5 sun-spots 7 num]\s1 9 #ahgj & #ahga1 ! corona1 at lea/ on ! days ( ! total sol> eclipses 9 ^? ye>s1 pres5t$ an appe>ance entirely diff]5t f t ( ! corona se5 on ,july #bi1 #ahgh1 :5 ! sun 0 almo/ free f spots4 ,?is w be m fully indicat$ fur!r on4 ,at pres5t x is necess>y to notice only 7#a7 t :]eas 9 #ahgj & #ahga ! inn] corona ext5d$ at lea/ #bej1jjj miles f ! sun1 x rea*$ only to a height ( "s #gj1jjj miles 9 #ahgh2 7#b7 9 #ahgj & #ahga x possess$ a v complicat$ /ructure1 :]eas 9 #ahgh ! def9ite /ructure c\ld be recognis$ only 9 two p>ts ( ! inn] corona2 7#c7 9 #ahga ! corona 0 p9k1 :]eas 9 #ahgh x 0 pe>ly :ite2 7#d7 ! corona 0 t5 times bright] 9 #ahga ?an 9 #ahgh2 la/ly1 9 #ahga ! light ( ! corona came 9 "p f gl[+ gas1 :]eas 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 ! light came *iefly1 if n :olly1 f gl[+ solid or liquid matt]4 ,i mu/ "h po9t out1 t ! evid5ce ( *ange1 h[ev] satisfactory 9 itself1 w\ld be q insuffici5t to e/abli% ! g5]al !ory t ! corona sympa?ises ) ! sol> photosph]e 9 ! special mann] sugge/$ by ! rec5t eclipse obs]vations4 ,!re are few practices m unsci5tific1 or m likely to lead to errone\s !oris+1 ?an t ( bas+ a g5]al !ory on a small numb] ( obs]vations4 ,9 ?is case we h1 9 fact1 b a s+le obs]v$ correspond5ce1 ?\gh ! obs]vations e/abli%+ x =m a s]ies4 ,x has be5 %[n t s f> z ! special sun-spot p]iod f ! m9imum ( #ahfg to ! m9imum ( #ahgh is conc]n$1 !re has be5 a c]ta9 correspond5ce betwe5 ! aspect ( ! corona & ! /ate ( ! sun's surface1 ) reg>d to spots4 ,to assume f t s+le correspond5ce t ! corona & ! sun-spots are relat$ 9 ! same way1 w\ld be haz>d\s 9 ! extreme4 ,we may inde$ f9d1 :5 we consid] o!r matt]s1 t ! probability ( a g5]al relation ( ?is sort exi/+ is s great antec$5tly1 t b slight direct evid5ce w\ld be requir$ to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ! relation4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t be=e ! eclipse ( #ahgh 0 obs]v$1 ) ! special result ,i h notic$1 few 7 bold en\gh to ass]t ! probable exi/5ce ( any su* relation%ip2 & c]ta9ly no "o ass]t$ t ! probability 0 v /rong4 ,i believe1 inde$1 t no "o spoke m def9itely 9 fav\r ( ! !ory t ! corona probably sympa?ises ) ! sun-spots ?an ,i did myself be=e ! rec5t eclipse2 b c]ta9ly ,i %\ld n !n h be5 will+ to say t ,i consid]$ ! evid5ce v /rong4 ,we mu/ !n look = evid5ce ( a m satisfactory k9d4 ,n[1 al?\gh dur+ ! two c5turies prec$+ ! inv5tion ( ! spectroscope & ! initiation ( ! sol> physical rese>*es n[ 9 progress1 obs]vations ( eclipses 7 n v c>efully conduct$1 yet we h "s records ( ! appe>ance ( ! corona on diff]5t occasions1 :i*1 comb9$ ) ! kn[n law ( sun-spot p]iodicity1 may enable u to g5]alise m safely ?an we c\ld f obs]vations dur+ ! pres5t spot-p]iod1 ?\gh ^! obs]vations h be5 f> m exact ?an ! old] ones4 ,i propose to exam9e "s ( ^!4 ,necess>ily ,i mu/ make "s selection4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ev5 if !re 7 no su* relation z t :i* seems to be indicat$ by rec5t obs]vations1 & if my purpose 7 simply to prove1 ei!r t su* a relation exi/s or t x does n1 ,i c\ld v readily br+ be=e ! read] ( ^! pages :at w\ld seem l ! mo/ satisfactory evid5ce t ! relation is real4 ,i mu/ ask him to believe1 h[ev]1 t my purpose is to asc]ta9 :]e ! tru? lies4 ,i %all nei!r introduce any obs]vation ( ! corona because x seems specially fav\rable to ! !ory t ! corona sympa?ises ) ! photosph]e1 nor omit any1 because x seems def9itely oppos$ to t !ory4 ,to prev5t any possibility ( be+ unconsci\sly prejudic$1 ,i %all take a s]ies ( coronal obs]vations collect$ toge!r by myself1 on acc\nt ( _! intr9sic int]e/1 sev]al ye>s ago1 :5 ,i _h n 9 my ?\ghts any !ory respect+ p]iodic *anges 9 ! corona--! s]ies1 namely1 :i* is includ$ 9 ! six? *apt] ( my treatise on ! sun4 ,ea* ( ^! obs]vations ,i %all consid] 9 connection ) ! kn[n condition ( ! sun z to spots1 & ^? results :i* seem to be> cle>ly1 :e!r fav\rably or unfav\rably1 on ! !ory we are enquir+ into1 ,i %all br+ be=e ! read]4 ,kepl]1 ^: att5tion _h be5 specially drawn to ! subject ( ! light se5 r\nd ! sun dur+ total eclipse1 by c]ta9 /atem5ts :i* ,clavius _h made respect+ ! eclipse ( #aefg1 describes ! eclipse ( #afje 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--',! :ole body ( ! sun 0 completely cov]$ = a %ort "t1 b ar\nd x !re %one a brilliant light ( a r$di% hue & uni=m bread?1 :i* occupi$ a consid]able portion ( ! heav5s4' ,! corona ?us se5 may fairly be assum$ to h resembl$ 9 ext5t t ( #ahga4 ,a bright corona1 rea*+ l t se5 dur+ ! eclipse ( ,july #ahgh to a height ( only ab\t #gj1jjj miles f ! sun's surface1 w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 describ$ by ,kepl] z occupy+ a consid]able portion ( ! heav5s1 = a height ( #gj1jjj miles w\ld correspond only to ab\t a twelf? ( ! sun's diamet]2 & a r+ s n>r[ w\ld be describ$ v diff]5tly4 ,x seems1 !n1 t 9 #afje a corona 0 se5 :i* correspond$ ) t obs]v$ :5 ! sun has _h _m spots on 8 surface4 ,n[ we h no record ( ! condition ( ! sun ) reg>d to spots 9 #afje2 b we "k t ! ye> #afae 0 "o ( _m spots1 & ! ye> #afaj "o ( few spots2 :5ce we may conclude safely t ! ye> #afje 0 "o ( _m spots4 ,?is case !n is 9 fav\r ( ! !ory we are exam9+4 ,9 pass+ we may ask :e!r ! obs]vation by ,clavius :i* _h p]plex$ ,kepl]1 may n ?r[ "s light on our subject4 ,clavius says t ! eclipse ( #aefg :i* %\ld h be5 total 0 annul>4 ,! usual explanation ( ?is has be5 t ! corona 0 int5sely bright close to ! sun4 ,& ?\gh ,kepl] consid]$ t 8 own obs]vation ( a broad r$di% corona satisfactorily remov$ ,clavius's difficulty1 x seems tol]ably cle> t ! corona se5 by ,clavius mu/ h be5 v unlike ! corona se5 by ,kepl]4 ,9 fact ! =m] mu/ h be5 l ! corona se5 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 mu* small] ?an ! av]age1 b correspond+ly increas$ 9 lu/re4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! sun-spot p]iod we c g back to ! ye> #aefg1 ?\gh n q s securely z we c\ld wi%4 ,tak+ ! av]age sun-spot p]iod at elev5 ye>s1 & calculat+ back f ! m9imum ( spots 9 ! ye> #afaj1 we get f\r ye>s ( m9imum sol> di/urbance1 #aeii1 #aehh1 #aegg1 & #aeff4 ,we %\ld h obta9$ ! same result if we _h us$ ! m exact p]iod1 elev5 "o-n9? ye>s1 & _h tak5 #afajh = ! epo* ( lea/ sol> di/urbance 7#afajh mean+ ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 #afaj74 ,?us ! ye> #aefg 0 a ye> ( few sun-spots1 probably occupy+ almo/ exactly ! same position 9 ! sun spot p]iod z ! ye> #ahgh4 ,clavius's obs]vation1 !n1 is 9 fav\r ( our !ory4 ,b ano!r obs]vation betwe5 ,clavius's & ,kepl]'s may "h be notic$4 ,j5s5ius1 :o obs]v$ ! eclipse ( #aeih at ,torgau 9 ,g]many1 notic$ t1 at ! "t ( mid-totality1 a bright light %one r\nd ! moon4 ,on ?is occasion1 rem>ks ,grant1 ! ph5om5on 0 g5]ally suppos$ to arise f a defect 9 ! totality ( ! eclipse1 ?\gh ,kepl] /r5u\sly cont5d$ t su* an explanation 0 at v>iance ) ! relation betwe5 ! values ( ! app>5t diamet]s ( ! sun & moon z comput$ = ! "t ( ! eclipse by aid ( ! sol> & lun> tables4 ,! corona1 !n1 mu/ h resembl$ t se5 by ,clavius1 & s9ce ! ye> #aeih mu/ h be5 v ne> ! "t ( fewe/ spots1 ?is obs]vation accords ) ! !ory we are exam9+4 ,! next obs]vation is t made by ,wyb]d dur+ ! eclipse ( #afeb4 ,"h !re is a difficulty aris+ f ! /range way 9 :i* ! sun-spots behav$ dur+ ! int]val f #afde to #afgi4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,wolf1 ^: inve/igation ( ! subject has be5 v close & se>*+1 !re 0 a maximum ( sun-spots 9 #afci foll[$ by a m9imum 9 #afde1 ! usual int]val ( ab\t six ye>s hav+ elaps$2 b !re came a maximum 9 #afee1 t5 ye>s lat]1 foll[$ by a m9imum 9 #afff1 elev5 ye>s lat]1 s t actually tw5ty-"o ye>s w\ld seem to h elaps$ betwe5 successive m9ima 7#afde & #afff74 ,!n came a maximum 9 #afge1 n9e ye>s lat]1 & a m9imum 9 #afgi1 f\r ye>s lat]4 ,betwe5 ! maxima ( #afci & #afge1 includ+ two spot p]iods1 an int]val ( ?irty-six ye>s elaps$4 ,!re is no o!r in/ance on record1 s f> z ,i "k1 ( s long an int]val z ?is = two spot-p]iods4 ,9 pass+1 ,i w\ld notice h[ little ?is circum/ance accords ) ! !ory t ! sun-spots foll[ an exact law1 or t f obs]vations ( ! sun1 means c ev] be f\nd = =m+ a tru/wor?y sy/em ( wea!r pr$iction1 ev5 if we assum$ 7:i* has always seem$ to me a v d>+ assumption71 t t]re/rial wea!r is directly dep5d5t on ! progress ( ! sun-spot p]iod4 ,b "h ! irregul>ity ( ! spot *anges affects u only z prev5t+ u f det]m9+ or ev5 f guess+ :at may h be5 ! condition ( ! sun's surface 9 ! ye> #afeb4 ,?is ye> foll[$ by sev5 ye>s a p]iod ( m9imum di/urbance1 & prec$$ by ?ree ye>s a p]iod ( maximum di/urbance2 b x w\ld be unsafe to assume t ! sun's condition 9 #afeb 0 ne>] t ( maximum ?an t ( m9imum di/urbance4 ,we mu/ pass ov] ,wyb]d's obs]vations ( ! corona 9 #afeb1 at lea/ until "s direct evid5ce z to ! sun's condition %all h be5 obta9$ f ! pap]s or writ+s ( ! obs]v]s ( t ye>4 ,i note only t ,wyb]d saw a corona ( v limit$ ext5t1 hav+ inde$ a height n half s great z t ( _m prom95ces :i* h be5 obs]v$ dur+ rec5t eclipses4 ,if ! !ory we are exam9+ %\ld be e/abli%$ beyond dispute1 we %\ld be l$ to inf] t ! ye> #afeb 0 9 reality a ye> ( m9imum sol> di/urbance4 ,p]haps by ?r[+ 9 su* a m9imum betwe5 #afde & #afff1 ) ( c\rse a correspond+ maximum1 ! wild irregul>ity ( ! sun-spot *anges betwe5 #afde & #afgi w\ld be to "s degree dim9i%$4 ,we are n[ approa*+ times :5 m satisfactory obs]vations 7 made ^u ! corona1 & :5 also we h m complete records ( ! aspect ( ! sun's surface4 ,9 #agjf ,plantade & ,capies saw a bright r+ ( :ite light ext5d+ r\nd ! eclips$ sun to a di/ance ( ab\t #he1jjj miles1 b m]g+ into a fa9t] light1 :i* ext5d$ no less ?an f\r degrees f ! eclips$ sun1 fad+ (f ins5sibly until its light 0 lo/ 9 ! obscure backgr\nd ( ! sky4 ,?is corresponds unmi/akably ) su* a corona z we %\ld expect only to see at a "t ( _m sun-spots1 if ! !ory we are exam9+ is s\nd4 ,turn+ to ,wolf's li/1 we f9d t ! ye> #agje is m>k$ z a ye> ( maximum sol> di/urbance1 & ! ye> #agab z t ( ! next m9imum4 ,!re=e #agjf 0 a ye> ( _m sun-spots--9 fact1 #agjf may h be5 ! ye> ( actual maximum di/urbance1 = x is )9 ! limits ( d\bt indicat$ by ,wolf4 ,c]ta9ly a corona ext5d+ s f> z t :i* ,plantade & ,capies saw w\ld imply an altoge!r exceptional degree ( sol> di/urbance1 if ! !ory we are consid]+ is correct4 ,9 #agae ,halley gave ! foll[+ description ( ! corona3--',a few seconds be=e ! sun 0 all hid1 !re discov]$ itself r\nd ! moon a lum9\s r+ ab\t a digit' 7a twelf?7 'or p]haps a t5? "p ( ! moon's diamet] 9 bread?4 ,x 0 ( a pale :it5ess or r pe>l col\r1 seem+ to me a little t+$ ) ! col\rs ( ! ,iris1 & to be conc5tric ) ! moon4' ,he add$ t ! r+ appe>$ mu* :it] & bright] ne> ! body ( ! moon ?an at a di/ance f x1 & t its ext]ior b\nd>y 0 v ill-def9$1 seem+ to be det]m9$ only by ! extreme r>ity ( ! lum9\s matt]4 ,! ,fr5* a/ronom] ,l\ville gave a simil> acc\nt ( ! appe>ance ( ! r+4 ,he add$1 h[ev]1 t '!re 7 int]ruptions 9 its brightness1 caus+ x to resemble ! radial glory ) :i* pa9t]s encircle ! heads ( ! sa9ts4' ,! smallness ( ! corona on ?is occasion corresponds ) ! description ( ! corona se5 9 ,july #ahgh2 & ?\gh ,l\ville's description ( gaps is sugge/ive ( a some:at diff]5t aspect1 yet1 on ! :ole1 ! corona se5 9 #agae m closely resembles "o :i* w\ld be se5 at a "t ( m9imum sol> di/urbance1 if our !ory c be tru/$1 ?an "o :i* w\ld be se5 at a "t ( maximum di/urbance4 ,wolf's li/ puts ! ye> #agab z "o ( m9imum di/urbance1 ) "o ye> ( d\bt ei!r way1 & ! middle ( ! ye> #ahag z ! epo* ( maximum di/urbance1 ) a simil> range ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! case1 !n1 is d\btful1 b on ! :ole incl9es to be+ unfav\rable4 ,i may rem>k t because ( its unfav\rable nature1 ,i dep>t$ f ! rule ,i _h set myself1 ( tak+ only ! cases includ$ 9 my treatise on ! sun4 ,= ! corona ( #agae is n describ$ 9 t treatise1 z inde$ af=d+ no evid5ce respect+ ?is sol> app5dage4 ,! evid5ce giv5 9 ?is case is probably affect$ 9 "s degree by ! unfav\rable atmosph]ic conditions "u :i* ,halley c]ta9ly1 & ,l\ville probably1 obs]v$ ! eclipse4 ,9 any case ! evid5ce is n /rong2 only ,i w\ld call att5tion "h to ! circum/ance t if1 z we proce$1 we %\ld come to a case 9 :i* ! evid5ce is pla9ly aga9/ ! !ory we are exam9+1 we mu/ give up ! !ory at once4 ,= "o case ( discordance does m to de/roy a !ory respect+ association betwe5 su* & su* ph5om5a1 ?an a hundr$ cases ( agreem5t w\ld d 9 ! way ( confirm+ x4 ,9 #agbd1 ,m>aldi notic$ t ! corona 0 broade/ fir/ on ! side t[>ds :i* ! moon 0 advanc+1 & aft]w>ds on ! side :i* ! moon 0 leav+4 ,f ?is we may inf] t ! corona 0 only a n>r[ r+ on t occasion1 s9ce o!rwise ! slight diff]5ce ( bread? due to ! moon's ecc5tric position at ! beg9n+ & end ( totality w\ld n h be5 noticeable4 ,n[1 ! ye> #agbc 0 "o ( m9imum di/urbance1 ) "o ye> ( d\bt ei!r way4 ,?us #agbd 0 c]ta9ly a ye> ( few sun-spots1 & may h be5 ! actual ye> ( m9imum di/urbance4 ,! corona !n pres5t$ an appe>ance accord+ ) ! !ory we are consid]+4 ,few eclipses h be5 bett] obs]v$ ?an t ( ! ye> #agcc4 ,! ,royal ,society ( ,sw$5 invit$ all :o c\ld sp>e ! "t to assi/1 z f> z _! ability p]mitt$1 9 record+ ! ph5om5a pres5t$ dur+ totality4 ,! pa/or ( ,/ona ,malm /ates t at ,ca!r9e%olm1 !re 0 a r+ ar\nd ! sun ab\t #gj1jjj miles 9 height4 7,( c\rse ^! are n 8 exact words2 :at he actually /at$ 0 t ! r+ 0 ab\t a digit 9 bread?47 ,?is is ! exact height assign$ to ! coronal r+ by ! obs]v]s ( ! eclipse ( la/ ye>4 ,! r+ seem$ to be ( a r$di% col\r4 ,ano!r cl]gyman1 ,vall]ius1 /ates also t ! r+ 0 ( ?is col\r1 b adds t at a consid]able di/ance f ! sun x _h a gre5i% hue4 ,?is sugge/s ! idea t ! out] corona 0 se5 also by ,vall]ius1 & t x _h consid]able bread?4 ,! r$di% col\r ( ! inn] light portion w\ld correspond to ! col\r x w\ld h if x consi/$ 9 ! ma9 ( gl[+ hydrog54 ,if t really 0 its con/itution1 !n ! !ory advanc$ by "o obs]v] ( ! la/ eclipse1 t at ! "t ( m9imum sol> di/urbance ! gl[+ hydrog5 is )drawn f ! corona1 w\ld be %[n to be incorrect4 ,= #agcc 0 ! actual ye> ( m9imum sol> di/urbance4 ,! pa/or ( ,smol& /ates t 'dur+ ! total obscuration ! edge ( ! moon's disc resembl$ gild$ brass1 & ! fa9t r+ r\nd x emitt$ rays 9 an upw>d z well z 9 a d[nw>d direction1 simil> to ^? se5 b5ea? ! sun :5 a %[] ( ra9 is imp5d+4' ,! ma!matical lectur] ( ! ,academy ( ,*>les-/adt1 ,m4 ,ed/rom1 obs]v$ ^! rays ) special att5tion3 he says t '!y pla9ly ma9ta9$ ! same position1 until !y vani%$ along ) ! r+ ^u ! re-appe>ance ( ! sun4' ,on ! o!r h&1 at ,l9copia no rays 7 se54 ,on ! :ole x seems cle> f ! acc\nts ( ?is eclipse t ! inn] corona 0 bright & n>r[2 rays issu$ f ! out] fa9t r+2 b !y 7 v delicate ph5om5a1 easily conceal$ by atmosph]ic haze1 & ?us 7 n ev]y:]e obs]v$4 ,z rays 7 se5 9 ,july #ahgh1 !re is no?+ 9 ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! eclipse ( #agcc1 occurr+ at a "t ( few spots1 :i* opposes itself def9itely to ! !ory we are consid]+4 ,b ! r$di% col\r ( ! corona z already notic$ is a d\btful feature3 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 ! bright inn] corona 0 ( a pe>l col\r & lu/re4 ,dur+ ! eclipse ( ,febru>y1 #agff1 ! corona pres5t$ f\r lum9\s expansions1 & seems to h pres5t$ a great] expansion ?an we %\ld expect 9 a ye> ( m9imum sol> di/urbance4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 ! ye> #agff c]ta9ly 04 ,! evid5ce 9 ?is case is unfav\rable to our !ory--n q decisively s1 b /rongly4 ,= we %\ld expect t 9 ! ye> ( actual m9imum di/urbance ! corona w\ld be ev5 n>r[] ?an 9 ! ye> #ahgh1 :i* 0 ! ye> foll[+ t ( lea/ di/urbance4 ,& aga91 a /rongly di/9ctive feature 9 ! corona ( ,july1 #ahgh1 0 ! abs5ce ( wide expansions1 su* z 7 se5 9 #ahgj & #ahga4 ,n[ if ?is peculi>ity %\ld really be attribut$ to ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! corona & ! sun-spots1 we %\ld inf] t 9 #agff ! corona w\ld h be5 /ill m m>k$ly uni=m 9 %ape4 ,! exi/5ce ( f\r well m>k$ expansions on t occasion =ces u to assume t ei!r ! relation ref]r$ to has no real exi/5ce1 or else t ! corona may *ange f week to week z ! condition ( ! sun's surface *anges1 & t 9 ,febru>y1 #agff1 ! sun 0 tempor>ily di/urb$1 ?\gh ! ye>1 z a :ole1 0 "o ( m9imum di/urbance4 ,b z ! epo* ( actual m9imum 0 ! middle ( #agff1 ,febru>y #agff %\ld h be5 a "t ( v slight di/urbance4 ,i d n "k ( any obs]vations ( ! sun record$ = ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 #agff4 ,on ! :ole1 ! eclipse ( #agff mu/ be reg>d$ z ?r[+ grave d\bt on ! relation assum$ by our !ory z exi/+ betwe5 ! corona & ! sun-spots2 & z t5d+ to sugge/ t "s wid] law mu/ be 9 "q ?an ! "o we h be5 consid]+--if any association really exi/s4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,don ,antonio d',ulloa ( ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! corona dur+ ! total eclipse ( #aggh1 is r5d]$ d\btful by 8 ref]5ce to an app>5t rotatory motion ( ! normal rays4 ,he says t ab\t five or six seconds aft] totality _h begun1 a brilliant lum9\s r+ 0 se5 ar\nd ! d>k body ( ! moon4 ,! r+ became bright] z ! middle ( totality approa*$4 ',ab\t ! middle ( ! eclipse1 ! bread? ( ! r+ 0 equal to ab\t a six? ( ! moon's diamet]4 ,!re seem$ to issue f x a great numb] ( rays ( unequal l5g?1 :i* c\ld be disc]n$ to a di/ance equal to ! moon's diamet]4' ,!n comes ! "p ( d',ulloa's description :i* seems difficult to accept4 ,he says t ! corona 'seem$ to be endu$ ) a rapid rotatory motion1 :i* caus$ x to resemble a firework turn+ r\nd its c5tre4' ,! col\r ( ! light1 he proce$s1 '0 n uni=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole bread? ( ! r+4 ,t[>ds ! m>g9 ( ! moon's disc x appe>$ ( a r$di% hue2 !n x *ang$ to a pale yell[1 & f ! middle to ! out] bord] ! yell[ gradually became fa9t]1 until at l5g? x seem$ almo/ q :ite4' ,sett+ aside ! rays & _! rotation1 d',ulloa's acc\nt ( ! inn] corona may be accept$ z satisfactory4 ,! height ( ?is r+ 01 x seems1 ab\t #adj1jjj miles1 or twice t ( ! r+ se5 9 ,july #ahgh4 ,z ! ye> #aggi 0 "o ( maximum sol> di/urbance1 !re 7 d\btless _m spots 9 #aggh2 & ! aspect ( ! corona accord$ well ) ! !ory t ! corona exp&s z ! numb] ( sun-spots increases4 ,we come n[ to ?ree eclipses :i* are especially int]e/+ z hav+ be5 all c>efully obs]v$1 "s obs]v]s hav+ se5 all ?ree1--! eclipses1 namely1 ( #ahdb1 #ahea1 & #ahfj4 ,un=tunately ! eclipses ( #ahdb & #ahea occurr$ :5 ! sun-spots 7 nei!r at _! greate/ nor at _! lea/ degree ( frequ5cy4 ,= a maximum ( sun-spots occurr$ 9 #ahcg1 & a m9imum 9 #ahdd1 s t #ahdb 0 on :at may be call$ ! desc5d+ slope ( a sun-spot wave1 ne>] ! holl[ ?an ! cre/1 b n v ne> ei!r3 aga91 a maximum occurr$ 9 #ahdh1 & a m9imum 9 #ahef1 s t #ahea 0 also on ! desc5d+ slope ( a sun-spot wave1 r ne>] ! cre/ ?an ! holl[1 b "o may fairly say ab\t midway betwe5 !m4 ,/ill x is ess5tial 9 an inquiry ( ?is sort to consid] int]m$iate cases4 ,we mu/ n only apply ! comp>5tia ad intellectum in/anti>um conv5i5tium1 b also ! comp>5tia in/anti>um secundum magis ac m9us4 ,if ! exi/5ce ( great sol> di/urbances causes ! corona to be greatly enl>g$1 z comp>$ ) ! corona se5 :5 ! sun %[s no spots1 we %\ld expect to f9d ! corona mod]ately enl>g$ only :5 ! sun %[s a consid]able b n ! maximum numb] ( spots4 ,& aga91 x is conceivable t we may f9d "s notewor?y diff]5ce betwe5 ! aspect ( ! corona :5 sun-spots are dim9i%+ 9 numb]1 & its aspect :5 !y are increas+4 ,?is po9t seems ! m to ne$ inve/igation :5 we note t ! evid5ce d]iv$ f eclipses occurr+ ne> ! "t ei!r ( maximum or ( m9imum sol> di/urbance has n be5 altoge!r satisfactory4 ,x may be t we may f9d an explanation ( ! discrepancies we h recognis$1 9 "s di/9ction betwe5 ! /ate ( ! corona :5 spots are increas+ & :5 !y are dim9i%+ 9 numb]4 ,x is notewor?y t sev]al c>eful obs]v]s ( ! corona 9 #ahdb believ$ t !y c\ld recognise motion 9 ! coronal rays4 ,francis ,baily comp>$ ! appe>ance ( ! corona to ! flick]+ light ( a gas illum9ation4 ,o4 ,/ruve also 0 mu* /ruck by ! appe>ance ( viol5t agitation 9 ! light ( ! r+4 ,x seems probable t ! appe>ance 0 due to movem5ts 9 t "p ( our atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* ! corona 0 obs]v$4 ,! ext5t ( ! corona 0 v>i\sly e/imat$ by diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,petit1 at ,montpeli]1 assign$ to x a bread? correspond+ to a height ( ab\t #bjj1jjj miles2 ,baily a height ( ab\t #ejj1jjj miles2 & ,o4 ,/ruve a height ( m ?an #hjj1jjj miles4 ,! la/-nam$ obs]v] also recognis$ lum9\s expansions ext5d+ fully f\r degrees 7correspond+ to ne>ly sev5 million miles7 f ! sun4 ,picozzi1 at ,milan1 notic$ two jets ( light1 :i* 7 se5 also by obs]v]s 9 ,france4 ,rays also 7 se5 by ,mauvais at ,p]pignan1 & by ,baily at ,p>ia4 ,b ,airy1 obs]v+ ! corona f ! ,sup]ga1 c\ld see no radiation2 he says 'al?\gh a slight radiation might h be5 p]ceptible1 x 0 n suffici5tly int5se to affect 9 a s5sible degree ! annul> /ructure by :i* ! lum9\s appe>ance 0 pla9ly di/+ui%$4' ,^! v>ieties 9 ! aspect ( ! corona 7 d\btless due to v>ieties 9 ! condition ( ! atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* ! corona 0 se54 ,n[ x _c be que/ion$ t1 s f> z ext5sion is conc]n$1 ! corona se5 9 #ahdb 0 "o :i*1 if ! !ory we are consid]+ 7 s\nd1 we %\ld expect to see ne> ! "t ( maximum r ?an ( m9imum sol> di/urbance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 brightness ! corona ( #ahdb resembl$1 if x did n surpass1 t ( ,july #ahgh4 ',i _h imag9$1' says ,baily1 't ! corona1 z to its brilliant or lum9\s appe>ance1 w\ld n be great] ?an t fa9t crepuscul> light :i* sometimes takes place 7sic7 9 a summ] ev5+1 & t x w\ld encircle ! moon l a r+4 ,i 0 !re=e some:at surpris$ & a/oni%$ at ! spl5did sc5e :i* n[ s sudd5ly bur/ ^u my view4' ,! light ( ! corona 0 s bright1 ,o4 ,/ruve /ates1 t ! nak$ eye c\ld sc>cely endure x2 '_m c\ld n believe1 inde$1 t ! eclipse 0 total1 s /rongly did ! corona's light resemble direct sunlight4' ,?us :ile z to ext5t ! corona 9 #ahdb pres5t$ ! appe>ance to be expect$ at ! "t ( maximum sol> di/urbance1 if our !ory is s\nd1 its brightness 0 t correspond+ to a "t ( m9imum di/urbance4 ,its /ructure correspond$ ) ! =m] condition4 ,! light ( ! corona 0 n uni=m1 nor m]ely m>k$ by radiations1 b 9 sev]al places int]lac+ l9es ( light c\ld be se54 ,arago1 at ,p]pignan1 obs]v$ ) ! unaid$ eye a region ( ! corona :]e ! /ructure 0 z ( int]tw9$ jets giv+ an appe>ance resembl+ a hank ( ?read 9 disord]4 ,c]ta9ly1 = an eclipse occurr+ two ye>s f ! "t ( m9imum1 & five ye>s f ! "t ( maximum di/urbance1 t ( ,july1 #ahdb1a has n suppli$ evid5ce fav\r+ ! !ory ) :i* we />t$4 ,:e!r any o!r !ory ( association betwe5 ! corona & ! sun-spots w bett] accord ) ! evid5ce hi!rto collect$ rema9s to be se54 ,turn we n[ to ! eclipse ( #ahea1 occurr+ ne>ly midway betwe5 ! epo*s ( maximum sol> di/urbance 7#ahdh7 & m9imum sol> di/urbance 7#ahef74 ,i take ! acc\nt giv5 by ,airy1 our ,gov]nm5t a/ronom]1 z he 0 "o ( ! obs]v]s ( ! eclipse ( #ahdb4 ',! corona 0 f> broad]1' he says1 '?an t :i* ,i saw 9 #ahdb4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! bread? 0 little less ?an ! moon's diamet]1 b its outl9e 0 v irregul>4 ,i did n notice any beams project+ f x :i* des]v$ notice z mu* m conspicu\s ?an ! o!rs2 b ! :ole 0 beamy1 radiat$ 9 /ructure1 & t]m9at$--?\gh v indef9itely--9 a way :i* rem9d$ me ( ! ornam5t frequ5tly plac$ r\nd a m>9]'s compass4 ,its col\r 0 :ite1 or resembl+ t ( ,v5us4 ,i saw no flick]+ or un/ead9ess ( light4 ,x 0 n sep>at$ f ! moon by any int]val1 nor _h x any annul> /ructure4 ,x look$ l a radiat$ lum9\s cl\d beh9d ! moon4' ,! corona ?us describ$ belongs to t :i* our !ory associates ) ! p]iod ( maximum r ?an ( m9imum sol> di/urbance4 ,def9ite peculi>ities ( /ructure seem to h be5 m num]\s & bett] m>k$ ?an 9 #ahdb4 ,x accords ) our !ory t #ahea 0 a ye> ( great] sol> di/urbance ?an 0 obs]v$ 9 #ahdb1 z ! foll[+ numb]s %[3-- ,days ( ,days )\t ,new gr\ps obs]vation spots obs]v$ #ahdb #cjg #fd #fh #ahea #cjh #j #ada #ahfj #ccb #j #baa ,i h includ$ ! ye> #ahfj1 z we n[ proce$ to consid] ! corona !n se5 by ,airy4 ,! ye> #ahfj did n diff] v m>k$ly1 x w be obs]v$1 f #ahea1 z reg>ds ! numb] ( new gr\ps ( spots obs]v$ by ,s*wabe1 especially :5 acc\nt is tak5 ( ! numb] ( days 9 :i* ! sun 0 obs]v$ 9 ^! two ye>s4 ,b #ahfj 0 a ye> ( maximum sol> di/urbance1 :]eas #ahea 0 n4#b ,airy rem>ks ( ! corona 9 #ahfj3--';,x gave a consid]able body1 b ,i did n rem>k ei!r by eye-view or by telescope-view any?+ annul> 9 its /ructure2 x appe>$ to me to resemble1 ) "s irregul>ities 7z ,i /at$ 9 #ahea71 ! ornam5t r\nd a compass-c>d4' ,bruhns ( ,leipsic not$ t ! corona %one ) an int5se :ite light1 s lu/r\s z to dim ! protub]ances4 ,he notic$ t a ray %ot out to a di/ance ( ab\t "o degree indicat+ a di/ance ( at lea/ #a1ejj1jjj miles f ! sun's surface4 ,?is 0 unque/ionably a coronal app5dage z nei!r ! direction nor ! l5g? ( ! ray v>i$ = t5 seconds1 dur+ :i* ,bruhns direct$ 8 att5tion to x4 ,its light 0 consid]ably feebl] ?an t ( ! corona1 :i* 0 ( a gl[+ :ite1 & seem$ to coruscate or tw9kle4 ,bruhns assign$ to ! inn] corona a height v>y+ f ab\t #dj1jjj to ab\t #hj1jjj miles4 ,b ?is 0 unque/ionably f> %ort ( ! true height4 ,9 fact1 ,sec*i's photographs %[ ! corona ext5d+ to a di/ance ( at lea/ #age1jjj miles f ! surface ( ! sun4 ,!re=e probably :at ,bruhns calls ! base ( ! corona 0 9 reality only ! prom95ce region1 & ! inn] corona 0 t :i* he describes z v>y+ 9 bread? or height f ne>ly "o-half to a qu>t] ( a degree--t is f ab\t #hjj1jjj to ab\t #djj1jjj miles4 ,de la ,rue gives a some:at simil> g5]al description ( ! corona se5 9 #ahfj4 ,he rem>ks t x 0 extremely bright ne> ! moon's body1 & ( a silv]y :it5ess4 ,! picture ( ! corona by ,feilits* 7giv5 at p4 #cdc ( my book on ! ,sun7 accords ) ^! descriptions4 ,on ! :ole1 ! eclipse ( #ahfj af=ds evid5ce accord+ well ) ! !ory we h be5 consid]+1 except z reg>ds ! brightness & ! col\r ( ! corona1 :i* correspond m closely ) :at 0 obs]v$ 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 ) ! lu/re & col\r ( ! corona 9 #ahgj & #ahga4 ,9 ?is respect1 x is s+ul> t ! eclipse ( #ahfg1 :i* occurr$ 7see prec$+ note7 :5 ! sun spots 7 few] 9 numb]1 pres5t$ a decid$ contra/ to t ( #ahfj1--! contra/ be+1 h[ev]1 precisely ! rev]se ( t :i* our !ory w\ld require1 if ! col\r & brightness ( ! corona be consid]$ ess5tial features ( any law ( association4 ,h]r ,gros*1 describ+ ! corona ( #ahfg1 says1 ',!re appe>$ ar\nd ! moon a r$di% glimm]+ light simil> to t ( ! aurora1 & almo/ simultane\sly ) ?is 7,i mean v %ortly aft] x7 ! corona4' ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 f :at foll[s1 t ! r$di% light 0 :at is n[ commonly call$ ! inn] corona1 :i* la/ ,july1 :5 ! sun 0 9 almo/ exactly ! same condition z reg>ds ! spots1 0 pe>ly :ite & int5sely bright4 ',?is r$di% glimm]1' he proce$s1 ':i* surr\nd$ ! moon ) a bord] ( ! bread? ( at mo/ five m9utes' 7ab\t #adj1jjj miles7 '0 n %>ply b\nd$ 9 any "p1 b 0 extremely diffus$ & less di/9ct 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! poles4' ,( ! out] corona he rem>ks t 'its app>5t height am\nt$ to ab\t #bhj1jjj miles opposite ! sol> poles1 b opposite ! pol> equator to ab\t #fgj1jjj miles4 ,its light 0 :ite4 ,?is :ite light 0 n 9 ! lea/ radiat$ itself1 b x _h ! appe>ance ( rays p5etrat+ ?r\gh x2 or r z if rays ran ov] x1 =m+ symmetrical p5cils div]g+ outw>ds1 & pass+ f> beyond ! b\nd>y ( ! :ite light4 ,^! rays _h a m blui% appe>ance1 & might be/ be comp>$ to ^? produc$ by a great electro-magnetic light4 ,_! simil>ity to ^!1 inde$1 0 s /rik+1 t "u o!r circum/ances ,i %\ld h tak5 !m = su*1 %9+ at a great di/ance4 ,! view ( ! corona ,i h describ$ is t se5 ) ! nak$ eye4444 ,9 ! :ite light ( ! corona1 close ^u ! moon's edge1 !re appe>$ sev]al d>k curves4 ,!y 7 symmetrically ar*$ t[>ds ! ea/ & we/1 %>ply drawn1 & resembl+ 9 t9t l9es drawn ) a lead p5cil ^u :ite pap]4444 ,beg9n+ at a di/ance ( "o m9ute 7ab\t #bf1jjj miles71 !y c\ld be trac$ up to a di/ance ( ab\t n9e m9utes 7"s #bcf1jjj miles7 f ! moon's edge4' ,almo/ all ! features obs]v$ 9 ?is case correspond closely ) ^? not$ & photograph$ dur+ ! eclipse ( ,decemb]1 #ahga4 ,9 o!r words ! corona se5 9 #ahfg1 :5 ! sun 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( lea/ sol> di/urbance1 closely resembl$ ! corona se5 9 #ahga1 :5 ! sun 0 ne>ly 9 its /age ( greate/ di/urbance4 ,ev5 ! spectroscopic evid5ce obta9$ 9 #ahga & ,july1 #ahgh1 may be s ext5d$ z to %[ ) extreme probability :at w\ld h be5 se5 9 #ahfg if spectroscopic analysis _h !n be5 appli$4 ,we _c d\bt t ! r$di% inn] corona1 ext5d+ to a height ( ab\t #adj1jjj miles1 w\ld h be5 f\nd "u spectroscopic analysis to %9e 9 "p ) ! light ( gl[+ hydrog51 z ! r$di% corona ( #ahga did4 ,! :ite corona ( ,july1 #ahgh1 on ! contr>y1 %one only ) su* light z comes f gl[+ solid or liquid matt]4 ,"h !n1 aga91 ! evid5ce is unfav\rable to our !ory2 = ! corona 9 #ahfg %\ld h closely resembl$ ! corona ( #ahgh1 if ?is !ory 7 s\nd4 ,x w\ld be idle1 ,i ?9k1 to seek = f>!r evid5ce ei!r 9 fav\r ( ! !ory we orig9ally propos$ to discuss1 or aga9/ x3 = ! evid5ce ( ! eclipse ( #ahfg disposes f9ally ( ! !ory 9 t =m4 ,i may note 9 pass+ t ! eclipse ( #ahfh gave evid5ce almo/ equally unfav\rable to ! !ory1 :ile ! evid5ce giv5 by ! eclipse ( #ahfi 0 neutral4 ,x w be desirable1 h[ev]1 to consid]1 be=e conclud+ our inquiry1 ! evid5ce obta9$ 9 #ahga & la/ ,july1 9 ord] t we may see :at1 aft] all1 t evid5ce may be reg>d$ z fairly prov+ ) reg>d to coronal v>iations4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 z ,i h consid]$ two eclipses :i* occurr$ :5 ! sun spots 7 decreas+ 9 numb]--namely1 ^? ( #ahdb & #ahea1 midway 7r\ghly speak+7 betwe5 ! cre/ & holl[ ( ! sun-spot wave on its desc5d+ slope1 x may be well to consid] an eclipse :i* 0 simil>ly situat$ ) respect to ! asc5d+ slope ( a sun-spot wave4 ,i take1 !n1 ! eclipse ( #aheh1 z se5 9 ,brazil by ,liais4 ,! picture drawn by ?is obs]v] is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable views ( ! corona ev] obta9$4 ,x is giv5 at p4 #cci ( my book on ! ,sun4 ,=m]ly x 0 ! cu/om to d]ide ?is draw+1 b s9ce ! eclipse ( #ahga1 :5 ! corona 0 photograph$1 x has be5 admitt$ t ,liais's draw+ may be accept$ z ?or\ghly tru/wor?y4 ,x %[s a wond]fully complex corona1 l t ( #ahga1 ext5d+ "s #gjj1jjj miles f ! sun1 & correspond+ 9 all respects ) su* a corona z our !ory 7if e/abli%$7 w\ld h associat$ ) ! /age ( maximum sol> di/urbance4 ,z 9 ?is respect ! eclipse ( #aheh1 :5 sun-spots 7 increas+1 resembl$ ^? ( #ahdb & #ahea1 :5 sun-spots 7 dim9i%+ 9 numb]1 we f9d no trace ( any law ( association dep5d+ on ! rate ( increase or dim9ution ( sol> di/urbance4 ,if we limit$ our att5tion to ! eclipses ( #ahga & ( ,july1 #ahgh1 we %\ld unque/ionably be l$ to adopt ! belief t ! corona dur+ a ye> ( _m spots diff]s m>k$ly f ! corona :5 ! sun %[s few spots1 or none4 ,s f> z ! aspect ( ! corona is conc]n$1 ,i take ! description giv5 by ! same obs]v] 9 bo? cases1 z ! comp>ison is ?us fre$ z f> z possible f ! effect ( p]sonal diff]5ces4 ,mr4 ,locky] recognis$ 9 #ahga a corona resembl+ a />-l decoration1 ) its rays arrang$ almo/ symmetrically--?ree above & ?ree bel[ two d>k spaces or rifts at ! extremity ( a horizontal diamet]4 ,! rays 7 built up ( innum]able bright l9es ( diff]5t l5g?1 ) m or less d>k spaces betwe5 !m4 ,ne> ! sun ?is /ructure 0 lo/ 9 ! brightness ( ! c5tral r+1 or inn] corona4 ,9 ! telescope he saw ?\s&s ( int]lac+ filam5ts1 v>y+ 9 int5sity4 ,! rays s def9ite to ! eye 7 n se5 9 ! telescope4 ,! complex /ructure ( int]lac+ filam5ts c\ld be trac$ only to a height ( "s five or six m9utes 7f #ace1jjj to #afe1jjj miles7 f ! sun1 !re dy+ out sudd5ly4 ,! spectroscope %[$ t ! inn] corona1 to ?is height at lea/ 7b ,respighi's spectroscopic obs]vations prove ! same = a mu* great] di/ance f ! sun71 0 =m$ 9 "p ( gl[+ gas--hydrog5--& ! vap\r ( "s z yet undet]m9$ sub/ance1 %9+ ) light ( a gre5 t9t1 correspond+ to #adgd ( ,kir*h(f's scale4 ,b also a "p ( ! coronal light came f matt] :i* reflect$ sunlight2 = its spectrum 0 ! ra9b[-t9t$ /reak cross$ by d>k l9es1 :i* we obta9 f any object illum9at$ by ! sun's rays4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! photographs ( ! corona 9 #ahga %[ ! ?ree great rays above & ?ree bel[1 =m+ ! appe>ance z ( a />-l decoration1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,locky]2 insomu* z x is r /range to f9d ,mr4 ,locky] rem>k+ t '! diff]5ce betwe5 ! photographic & ! visible corona came out /rongly1 444 & ! non sol> orig9 ( ! radial /ructure 0 conclusively e/abli%$4' ,! resemblance is1 inde$1 n indicat$ 9 ! r\gh copy ( ! photographs :i* illu/rates ,mr4 ,locky]'s pap]2 b x is cle>ly se5 9 ! photographs !mselves1 & 9 ! f9e engrav+ :i* has be5 =m$ f !m = ! illu/ration ( ! volume :i* ! ,a/ronomical ,society proposes to issue 7"s "t 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 p]haps74 ,n[1 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 ! corona pres5t$ an entirely diff]5t appe>ance4 ,mr4 ,locky]1 9 a telegram s5t to ! ,daily ,news1 describes x z small1 ( pe>ly lu/re1 & hav+ indications ( def9ite /ructure 9 two places only4 ,sev]al long rays 7 se52 b ! inn] corona 0 e/imat$ z ext5d+ to a height ( ab\t #gj1jjj miles f ! sun's surface4 ,! mo/ rem>kable *ange1 h[ev]1 0 t :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! "* ( ! corona's spectrum--or1 9 o!r words1 9 ! physical /ructure ( ! corona4 ,! bright l9es or bright images ( ! inn] corona 7accord+ z x 0 exam9$ ?r\gh a slit or )\t "o7 7 n se5 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 %[+ t no "p1 or at lea/ no appreciable "p1 ( its light came f gl[+ gase\s matt]4 ,b also ! d>k l9es se5 by ,janss5 9 #ahga 7 want+ on ?is occasion1 %[+ t ! corona did n %9e appreciably by reflect+ sunlight4 ,! spectrum 01 9 f9e1 a cont9u\s ra9b[-t9t$ /reak1 su* z t giv5 by gl[+ solid or liquid matt]4 ,! inf]5ce cle>ly is3 #a4 ,t 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 ! gase\s matt] :i* _h be5 pres5t 9 ! corona 9 #ahga 0 ei!r entirely abs5t or greatly r$uc$ 9 quantity2 #b4 ,! p>ticles ( solid or liquid 7b probably solid7 matt] :i*1 by reflect+ sunlight1 produc$ a consid]able portion ( ! corona's light 9 #ahga1 7 gl[+ ) heat 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 & %one 9 ! ma9 ) ?is inh]5t light2 & #c4 ,! entire corona 0 greatly r$uc$ 9 size 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 z comp>$ ) t :i* =m$ ! '/>-l decoration' ar\nd ! black body ( ! moon 9 ,decemb]1 #ahga4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 accept ! !ory t su* a corona z 0 se5 9 #ahga inv>iably surr\nds ! sun 9 ye>s ( great di/urbance1 :ile ! corona ( la/ mon? is ! typical corona = ye>s ( small sol> di/urbance4 ,! g5]alisation is flatly contradict$ by ! evid5ce :i* ,i h pres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,x may be t su* a corona z 0 se5 9 #ahga is common 9 ye>s ( great di/urbance1 j z spots are !n m common1 ?\gh n always pres5t2 :ile su* a corona z 0 se5 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 is m common 9 ye>s ( small di/urbance1 j z days :5 ! sun is :olly )\t spots are !n m common1 ?\gh f "t to "t sev]al spots1 & sometimes v l>ge spots1 are se5 9 su* ye>s4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k ! evid5ce ,i h collect$ fav\rs r /rongly ! inf]5ce t an association ( ?is sort really exi/s betwe5 ! corona & ! sun-spots4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be unsafe at pres5t to g5]alise ev5 to ?is ext5t2 :ile c]ta9ly ! wide g5]alisation telegraph$ to ,europe f ,am]ica z ! great result ( ! eclipse obs]vations 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 mu/ unhesitat+ly be reject$4 ,x rema9s to be consid]$ h[ sci5ce may hope to obta9 m tru/wor?y evid5ce ?an we yet h respect+ ! corona & its *anges ( =m1 ext5t1 lu/re1 & physical con/itution4 ,9 ! case ( ! prom95ces1 we h ! means ( mak+ sy/ematic obs]vations on e f9e1 cle> day4 ,x has be51 inde$1 ?r\gh obs]vations ?us effect$ by ! spectroscopic me?od t an association has be5 recognis$ betwe5 ! numb]1 size1 & brilliancy ( ! prom95ces on ! "o h&1 & ! numb]1 size1 & activity ( ! sun-spots on ! o!r4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! corona1 we are z yet unable to make any obs]vations except at ! "t ( total sol> eclipse4 ,x seems almo/ impossible to hope t any means c be devis$ = see+ ! corona at any o!r "t4 ,( c\rse1 )\t ! aid ( ! spectroscope ! corona1 z ord9>ily se5 dur+ total eclipses1 mu/ be entirely invisible :5 ! sun is %9+ 9 full spl5d\r4 ,no "o acqua9t$ ) ev5 ! m]e/ elem5ts ( optics c\ld hope to see ! corona ) an ord9>y telescope at su* a "t4 ,! spectroscope1 aga91 w\ld n help 9 ! slighte/ degree to %[ su* a corona z 0 %9+ 9 ,july1 #ahgh4 ,= ! p[] ( ! spectroscope to %[ objects :i* "u ord9>y conditions are invisible1 dep5ds on ! sep>ation ( rays ( c]ta9 t9ts f ! rays ( all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 :i* make up sol> light2 & z ! corona 9 ,july1 #ahgh1 %one ) all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 & n ) c]ta9 special t9ts1 ! p[] ( ! spectroscope w\ld be ?r[n away on a corona ( t k9d4 ,all t we c ev] hope to d is to disc]n ! gase\s corona :51 z 9 #ahga1 x is well develop$1 by spectroscopic appliances m effective = t purpose ?an any :i* h hi!rto be5 adopt$2 = all :i* h z yet be5 adopt$ h fail$4 ,n[1 ! difficulty ( ! problem w be recognis$ :5 we rememb] t ! /ronge/ t9ts ( ! corona's light--! gre5 t9t classifi$ z #adgd ,kir*h(f--has be5 specially b ineffectually se>*$ = 9 ! sun's neighb\rhood ) ! mo/ p[]ful spectroscopic appliances yet employ$ 9 ! /udy ( ! col\r$ prom95ces4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 ! light ( our own air ov] ! region occupi$ by ! corona has be5 dilut$ z f> z possible by spectroscopic contrivances1 ! /ronge/ ( ! special coronal t9ts has yet fail$ to %[ ?r\gh ! dilut$ spectrum ( ! sky4 ,aga91 we h ev5 /rong] evid5ce ( ! difficulty ( ! task 9 ! spectroscopic obs]vations made by ,respighi dur+ ! eclipse ( #ahga4 ,! in/rum5t1 or ,i %\ld r1 p]haps1 say ! arrangem5t1 :i* dur+ mid totality %[$ ! gre5 image ( ! corona to a height ( ab\t #bhj1jjj miles1 did n %[ any gre5 r+ at all at ! beg9n+ ( totality4 ,9 o!r words1 s fa9t is ! light ( ! gase\s corona1 ev5 at its brighte/ "p1 close to ! sun1 t ! fa9t residual atmosph]ic light :i* illum9ates ! sky ov] ! eclips$ sun at ! beg9n+ ( totality suffic$ to oblit]ate ?is "p ( ! coronal light4 ,:e!r ) any comb9ation specially direct$ to meet ! difficulties ( ?is obs]vation1 ! gase\s corona c be r5d]$ disc]nible1 rema9s to be se54 ,i mu/ confess my own hopes t ! problem w ev] be successfully dealt ) are v slight1 ?\gh n absolutely evanesc5t4 ,x seems to me b>ely possible t ! problem might be successfully attack$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,us+ a telescope ( small size1 = ! l>g] ! telescope ! fa9t] is ! image 7because ( great] loss ( light by absorption71 let ! image ( ! sun be receiv$ 9 a small1 p]fectly d>k5$ cam]a atta*$ to ! eye-end ( ! telescope4 ,n[ if ! image ( ! sun 7 receiv$ on a smoo? :ite surface we "k t ! prom95ces & ! corona w\ld n be visible4 ,& aga91 if ! "p ( su* a surface on :i* ! image ( ! sun itself fell 7 exactly remov$1 we "k 7! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ by ,airy7 t ! prom95ces w\ld n be se5 on ! r+ ( :ite surface left aft] su* excision4 ,/ill less1 !n1 w\ld ! mu* fa9t] image ( ! corona be se54 ,b if ?is r+ ( :ite surface1 illum9at$ 9 reality by ! sky1 by ! r+ ( prom95ces & si]ra1 & by ! corona1 7 exam9$ ?r\gh a batt]y ( prisms 7us$ )\t a slit7 adju/$ to any "o ( ! kn[n prom95ce t9ts1 ! r+ ( prom95ces & si]ra w\ld be se5 9 t special t9t4 ,if ! batt]y ( prisms 7 suffici5tly effective1 & ! t9t 7 "o ( ! hydrog5 t9ts--pref]ably1 p]haps1 ! r$--we might possibly be able to trace ! fa9t image ( ! corona 9 t t9t4 ,b we %\ld h a bett] *ance ) ! gre5 t9t correspond+ to ! spectral l9e #adgd ,kir*h(f4 ,if ! r+ ( :ite surface 7 replac$ by a r+ ( gre5 surface1 ! t9t be+ z ne>ly t ( #adgd ,kir*h(f z possible1 ! *ance ( see+ ! coronal r+ 9 t t9t w\ld be some:at increas$2 &1 /ill fur!r1 p]haps1 if ! field ( view 7 exam9$ ?r\gh gre5 glass ( ! same t9t4 ,x seems j possible t if prisms ( triple height 7 us$1 ?r\gh :i* ! rays 7 c>ri$ ?ree times1 by an obvi\s modification ( ! usual arrangem5t = alt]+ ! level ( ! rays1 ?us giv+ a p[] ( eighte5 fl9t glass prisms ( sixty degrees ea*1 evid5ce1 ?\gh slight p]haps1 might be obta9$ ( ! pres5ce ( ! sub/ance :i* produces ! gre5 l9e4 ,?us v>iations 9 ! condition ( ! corona might be recognis$1 & any law affect+ su* v>iations might be detect$4 ,i mu/ confess1 h[ev]1 t a consid]ation ( ! optical relations involv$ 9 ! problem leads me to reg>d ! attempt to recognise any traces ( ! corona :5 ! sun is n eclips$ z almo/ hopeless4 ,x is cle> t until "s me?od = ?us obs]v+ ! corona has be5 devis$1 future eclipse obs]vations w acquire a new int]e/ f ! light :i* !y may ?r[ on ! coronal v>iations1 & _! possible association 9 "s way1 n z yet detect$1 ) ! sun-spot p]iod4 ,ev5 :5 a me?od has be5 devis$ = obs]v+ ! gase\s corona1 ! corona ^: light comes ei!r directly or by reflection f solid or liquid matt] w /ill rema9 undisc]nible save only dur+ total eclipses ( ! sun4 ,_m ye>s mu/ d\btless pass1 !n1 be=e ! relation ( ! corona to ! prom95ces & ! sun-spots %all be fully recognis$4 ,b !re c be no "q t ! solution ( ?is problem w be well wor? wait+ =1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld n lead up 7z x mo/ probably w7 to ! solution ( ! my/]y ( ! p]iodic *anges :i* affect ! surface ( ! sun4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,! actual condition ( ! sun 9 #ahdb may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! numb] ( spots obs]v$ 9 #ahcg ! prec$+ ye> ( maximum di/urbance1 9 #ahdb1 & 9 #ahdd ! foll[+ ye> ( m9imum di/urbance2 ! obs]v] 0 ,s*wabe ( ,dessau3 ,days ( ,days )\t ,new gr\ps obs]vation spots obs]v$ #ahcg #afh #j #ccc #ahdb #cjg #fd #fh #ahdd #cba #aaa #eb ,only x %\ld be notic$ t ne>ly all ! spots se5 9 ! ye> #ahdd belong$ to ! next p]iod1 ! "t ( actual m9imum occurr+ e>ly 9 #ahdd4 ,footnote #b3 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! position occupi$ by ! ye>s #ahea & #ahfj 9 ?is report1 z comp>$ ) ! ye> #ahdh 7maximum next prec$+ #ahea71 #ahef 7m9imum next foll[+ #ahea7 & #ahfg1 m9imum next foll[+ #ahfj3-- ,days ( ,days )\t ,new gr\ps obs]vation spots obs]v$ #ahdh #bgh #j #icj #ahea #cjh #j #ada #ahef #cba #aic #cd #ahfj #ccb #j #baa #ahfg #cab #aie #be ,a comp>ison ( ! ?ree tables giv5 9 ^! notes & ! text w af=d "s idea ( ! irregul>ities exi/+ 9 ! v>i\s waves ( sun-spots4 ,,sun-,,spots ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,panics4 ,we are n only1 x w\ld seem1 to reg>d ! sun z ! ultimate s\rce ( all =ms ( t]re/rial en]gy1 exi/5t or pot5tial1 b z regulat+ 9 a mu* m special mann] ! progress ( mundane ev5ts4 ,_m ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,sab9e1 ,wolf1 & ,gau?i] ass]t$ t v>iations 9 ! daily oscillations ( ! magnetic ne$le appe> to syn*ronise ) ! *anges tak+ place 9 ! sun's condition1 ! oscillations atta9+ _! maximum av]age range 9 ye>s :5 ! sun %[s mo/ spots1 & _! m9imum range :5 !re are fewe/ spots4 ,& al?\gh x is well kn[n t ! ,a/ronom] ,royal 9 ,engl& & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,france reject ?is doctr9e1 x /ill rema9s 9 vogue4 ,true1 ! av]age magnetic p]iod appe>s to be ab\t #aj4de ye>s1 :ile ,wolf obta9s = ! sun-spot p]iod #aa4aa ye>s2 b believ]s 9 ! connection betwe5 t]re/rial magnetic di/urbances & sun-spots consid] t among ! imp]fect records ( ! pa/ condition ( ! sun ,wolf mu/ h lo/ sight ( "o p>ticul> wave ( sun-spots1 s to speak4 ,if !re h be5 #bd su* waves betwe5 #afaa & #ahgg1 :5 sun-spots 7 fewe/1 we get ,wolf's p]iod ( #aa4aa ye>s2 if !re h be5 #be su* waves !n1 tak+ an admissible e/imate = ! e>lie/ epo*1 we get #aj4de ye>s1 ! p]iod requir$ to syn*ronise ) ! p]iod ( t]re/rial magnetic *anges4 ,! matt] mu/ be reg>d$ z /ill sub judice4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only "o relation out ( _m n[ sugge/$4 ,displays ( ! aurora1 be+ unque/ionably dep5d5t on ! magnetic condition ( ! e>?1 w\ld ( c\rse be associat$ ) ! sun spot p]iod1 if ! magnetic p]iod is s2 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ rem>kable displays ( ! aurora 9 rec5t times h occurr$ :5 ! sun has %[n _m spots4 ,yet ?is ( itself proves no?+ m ?an _h be5 already kn[n--namely1 t ! la/ few magnetic p]iods h ne>ly syn*ronis$ ) ! la/ few sun-spot p]iods4 ,x is r /range1 too1 t no auroras are m5tion$ 9 ! ,engli% records = #hj ye>s prec$+ ! aurora ( #agaf1 & 9 ! records ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces "o only--t ( #afff1 :i* occurr$ :5 sun-spots 7 fewe/4 ,! great aurora ( #agbc1 se5 z f> s\? z ,bologna1 also occurr$ at ! "t ( m9imum sol> activity4 ,"h we are n dep5d+ on ei!r ,wolf's p]iod ( #aa ye>s or ,br[n's ( #aj-a_/b ye>s2 f records ( actual obs]vation x is kn[n t 9 #afff & #agac !re 7 no sun-spots4 ,9 fact x is wor? m5tion+ t ,cass9i1 writ+ 9 #afga1 says1 ',x is n[ ab\t #bj ye>s s9ce a/ronom]s h se5 any consid]able spots on ! sun1' a circum/ance :i* ?r[s grave d\bt on ! law ( sun-spot p]iodicity itself4 ,x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! int]val f maximum1 spot-frequ5cy to maximum1 or f m9imum to m9imum1 has sometimes fall5 f> %ort ( #i ye>s1 & has at o!rs exce$$ #ah ye>s4 ,x appe>s aga9 t c]ta9 meteorological ph5om5a %[ a t5d5cy1 m or less m>k$1 to run ?r\gh a t5-ye> cycle4 ,?us1 f ! records ( ra9fall kept at ,ox=d x appe>s t m ra9 fell "u we/ & s\?-we/ w9ds :5 sun-spots 7 l>ge/ & mo/ num]\s ?an "u s\? & s\?-ea/ w9ds1 ^! la/ be+ ! m ra9y w9ds :5 sun-spots 7 lea/ 9 size & fewe/ 9 numb]4 ,?is is a some:at recondite relation1 & at lea/ proves t e>ne/ se>* has be5 made = su* cyclic relations z we are consid]+4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,:5 o!r records 7 exam9$1 ! /rik+ circum/ance 0 discov]$ t else:]e1 z at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ! /ate ( ?+s obs]v$ at ,ox=d 0 precisely rev]s$4 ,at "s int]m$iate po9t betwe5 ,ox=d & ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 no d\bt ! ra9fall "u ! w9ds nam$ 0 equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! spot p]iod4 ,moreov]1 z ! conditions ?us diff] at diff]5t places1 we may assume t !y diff] also at diff]5t times4 ,su* relations appe> !n to be n only recondite1 b complicat$4 ,:5 we le>n t dur+ ne>ly two entire sun-spot p]iods cyclones h be5 some:at m num]\s 9 ! ,indian ,seas :5 spots are mo/ num]\s ?an :5 ! sun is )\t spots1 & vice v]s1 we recognise ! possible exi/5ce ( cyclic relations bett] wor? kn[+ ?an ^? h]et(ore m5tion$4 ,! evid5ce is n absolutely decisive2 "s1 inde$1 reg>d x z sc>cely tru/wor?y4 ,yet !re does seem to h be5 an excess ( cyclonic di/urbance dur+ ! la/ two p]iods ( great sol> di/urbance1 precisely z !re 0 also an excess ( magnetic di/urbance dur+ ^? p]iods4 ,! excess 0 sc>cely suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to ju/ify ! r d>+ /atem5t made by "o obs]v]1 t '! :ole "q ( cyclones is m]ely a "q ( sol> activity4' ,we _h records ( "s v rem>kable cyclonic di/urbances dur+ ! ye>s #ahgf & #ahgg1 :5 ! sun %[$ v few spots1 ! actual m9imum ( di/urbance hav+ probably be5 rea*$ late 9 #ahgg4 ,a pr$iction t #ahgg w\ld be a ye> ( few & slight /orms w\ld h prov$ disa/r\s if implicit reliance _h be5 plac$ on x by seam5 & travell]s4 ,ra9fall & atmosph]ic pressure 9 ,india h be5 f\nd to v>y 9 a cyclic mann]1 ( late ye>s at any rate1 ! p]iods be+ g5]ally ab\t #aj or #aa ye>s4 ,! activity ( ! sun1 z %[n by ! exi/5ce ( _m spots1 app>5tly makes m ra9fall at ,madras1 ,najpore1 & "s o!r places2 :ile at ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 ,mysore1 & else:]e x produces a contr>y effect4 ,yet ^! effects are produc$ 9 a some:at caprici\s way3 = sometimes ! ye> ( actual maximum spot frequ5cy is "o 9 :i* ra9fall is bel[ ! av]age 7in/ead ( above7 at ! =m] /ations1 & above ! av]age 7in/ead ( bel[7 at ! latt]4 ,x is only by tak+ av]ages--& 9 a some:at artificial mann]--t ! relation seems to be indicat$ on :i* /ress has be5 laid4 ,s9ce ,indian fam9es are directly dep5d5t on defective ra9fall1 x is natural t dur+ ! ye>s ov] :i* obs]vation has hi!rto ext5d$ ! connection app>5tly exi/+ betwe5 sun-spots & ,indian ra9fall %\ld seem also to ext5d itself to ,indian fam9es4 ,x 0 equally to be expect$ t s9ce cyclones h be5 r m num]\s1 = "s "t pa/1 9 ye>s :5 sun-spots h be5 mo/ num]\s1 %ipwrecks %\ld also h be5 some:at m frequ5t 9 su* ye>s4 ,two ye>s ago ,mr4 ,jeula gave "s evid5ce :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 indicat$ su* a connection betwe5 sun-spots & %ipwrecks4 ,he %[$ t 9 ! f\r ye>s ( fewe/ spots ! mean p]c5tage ( losses 0 #h4fd2 9 f\r int]m$iate ye>s ! mean p]c5tage 0 #i4ba2 9 ?ree rema9+ ye>s ( ! elev5-ye> cycle--t is1 9 ?ree ye>s ( greate/ spot frequ5cy ! mean p]c5tage 0 #i4ec4 ,"s sugge/$ t possibly su* ev5ts z ! ,am]ican w>1 :i* includ$ two ( ! ?ree ye>s ( greate/ spot frequ5cy1 may h _h m effect ?an sun-spots 9 increas+ ! p]c5tage ( %ips lo/2 :ile p]haps1 ! depression foll[+ ! comm]cial panic ( #ahff 7at a "t ( fewe/ sun-spots7 may h be5 almo/ z effective 9 r$uc+ ! p]c5tage ( losses z ! dim9i%$ area ( sol> maculation4 ,b o!rs consid] t we ought r to reg>d ! ,am]ican w> z yet ano!r product ( ! sun's increas$ activity 9 #ahfj-fa1 & ! great comm]cial panic ( #ahff z directly result+ f dim9i%$ sun-spots at t "t1 ?us obta9+ fre% evid5ce ( ! sun's specific influ5ce on t]re/rial ph5om5a in/ead ( expla9+ away ! evid5ce d]iv$ f ,lloyd's li/ ( losses4 ,?is leads u to ! la/1 &1 9 "s respects1 ! mo/ s+ul> sugge/ion respect+ sol> influ5ce on mundane ev5ts--! idea1 namely1 t comm]cial crises syn*ronise ) ! sun-spot p]iod1 occurr+ ne> ! "t :5 spots are lea/ 9 size & fewe/ 9 numb]2 or1 z ,pr(essor ,jevons 7to :om ! def9ite enunciation ( ?is !ory is due7 poetically pres5ts ! matt]1 t f '! sun1 :i* is truly ( ?is great _w bo? eye & s\l1 we d]ive our /r5g? & our weakness1 our success & our failure1 our elation 9 comm]cial mania1 & our despond5cy & ru9 9 comm]cial collapse4' ,we h bett] opportunities ( deal+ ) ?is !ory ?an ) ! o!rs1 = we h records ( comm]cial matt]s ext5d+ z f> back z ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 fact1 we h bett] evid5ce ?an ,pr(essor ,jevons seems to h suppos$1 = :]eas 9 8 discussion ( ! matt] he consid]s only ! probable av]age ( ! sun-spot p]iod1 we "k approximately ! epo*s !mselves at :i* ! maxima & m9ima ( sun spots h occurr$ s9ce ! ye> #agjj4 ,! evid5ce z pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,jevons is v /rik+1 ?\gh :5 exam9$ 9 detail x is r disappo9t+4 ,he pres5ts ! :ole s]ies ( dec5nial crises z foll[s3--#agja8 7su* qu]y m>ks are 8 own71 #agaa1 #agba1 #agca-cb1 #agdb 7871 #ageb 7871 #agfc1 #aggb-gc1 #aghc1 #agic1 #ahjd-e 7871 #ahae1 #ahbe1 #ahcf-i 7#ahcg 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 #ahdg1 #aheg1 #ahff & #ahgh4 ,! av]age int]val comes out #aj4dff ye>s1 %[+1 z ,jevons po9ts out1 'almo/ p]fect co9cid5ce ) ,br[n's e/imate ( ! av]age sun-spot p]iod4' ,let u see1 h[ev]1 :e!r ^! dates correspond s closely ) ! ye>s ( m9imum spot-frequ5cy z to remove all d\bt4 ,tak+ #e-a_/d ye>s z ! av]age int]val betwe5 maximum & m9imum sun-spot frequ5cy1 we %\ld l to f9d e crisis occurr+ )9 a ye> or s on ei!r side ( ! m9imum ?\gh we %\ld pref] p]haps to f9d ! crisis always foll[+ ! "t ( fewe/ sun-spots1 z ?is w\ld m directly %[ ! depress+ effect ( a spotless sun4 ,no crisis ought to occur )9 a ye> or s ( maximum sol> di/urbance2 = t1 x %\ld seem1 w\ld be fatal to ! sugge/$ !ory4 ,tak+ ! comm]cial crises 9 ord]1 & comp>+ !m ) ! kn[n 7or approximately kn[n7 epo*s ( maximum & m9imum spot frequ5cy1 we obta9 ! foll[+ results 7we italicize numb]s or results unfav\rable to ! !ory73--,! d\btful crisis ( #agja foll[$ a spot m9imum by ?ree ye>s2 ! crisis ( #agaa prec$$ a m9imum by "o ye>2 t ( #agba prec$$ a m9imum by two ye>s2 #agca-cb1 prec$$ a m9imum by "o ye>2 #agdb prec$$ a m9imum by ?ree ye>s2 #ageb foll[$ a maximum by two ye>s2 #agfc foll[$ a maximum by a ye> & a half2 #aggb-gc came midway betwe5 a maximum & a m9imum2 #aghc prec$$ a m9imum by ne>ly two ye>s2 #agic came ne>ly midway betwe5 a maximum & a m9imum2 #ahjd-e co9cid$ ) a maximum2 #ahae prec$$ a maximum by two ye>s2 #ahbe foll[$ a m9imum by two ye>s2 #ahcf-ci includ$ ! ye> #ahcg ( maximum sol> activity 7t ye> be+ ! "t also :5 a comm]cial crisis occurr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates72 #ahdg prec$$ a maximum by a ye> & a half2 #ahff prec$$ a m9imum by a ye>2 & #ahgh foll[$ a m9imum by a ye>4 ,f\r fav\rable cases out ( #ag c h>dly be consid]$ conv9c+4 ,if we include cases ly+ )9 two ye>s ( a m9imum1 ! fav\rable cases m\nt up to sev51 leav+ t5 unfav\rable ones4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t a s+le decid$ly unfav\rable case 7z #ahjd1 #ahae1 #ahcg7 does m to disprove su* a !ory ?an #bj fav\rable cases w\ld d t[>ds e/abli%+ x4 ,! ,am]ican panic ( #ahgc1 by ! way1 :i* occurr$ :5 spots 7 v num]\s1 decid$ly impairs ! evid5ce d]iv$ f ! crises ( #ahff & #ahgh4 ,,new ,,planets ,,ne> ,,! ,,sun4 ,p]haps no sci5tific a*ievem5t dur+ ! pres5t c5tury has be5 deem$ m m>vell\s ?an ! discov]y ( ! out]mo/ memb] 7s f> z is kn[n7 ( ! sun's family ( planets4 ,9 _m respects1 ap>t f ! great difficulty ( ! ma!matical problem involv$1 ! discov]y appeal$ /rongly to ! imag9ation4 ,a planet sev5te5 hundr$ millions ( miles f ! sun _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,m>*1 #agha1 by a m]e accid5t1 ?\gh ! accid5t 0 n "o likely to occur to any "o b an a/ronom] con/antly /udy+ ! />-dep?s4 ,engag$ 9 su* obs]vation1 b ) no idea ( enl>g+ ! kn[n doma9 ( ! sun1 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el p]ceiv$ ! di/ant planet ,uranus4 ,8 exp]i5c$ eye at once recognis$ ! fact t ! /rang] 0 n a fix$ />4 ,he judg$ x to be a comet4 ,x 0 n until sev]al weeks _h elaps$ t ! newly discov]$ body 0 prov$ to be a planet1 travell+ ne>ly twice z f> away f ! sun z ,saturn1 ! remote/ planet be=e kn[n4 ,a c5tury only _h elaps$ s9ce ! !ory ( gravitation _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,yet x 0 at once p]ceiv$ h[ greatly ?is !ory _h increas$ ! p[] ( ! a/ronom] to deal ) planet>y motions4 ,be=e a ye> _h pass$ m 0 kn[n ab\t ! motions ( ,uranus ?an _h be5 le>n$ ab\t ! motion ( any ( ! old planets dur+ ! two ?\s& ye>s prec$+ ! "t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,x 0 possible to calculate 9 advance ! position ( ! newly discov]$ planet1 to calculate retrogressively ! pa? along :i* x _h be5 travell+1 unse5 & unsuspect$1 dur+ ! c5tury prec$+ its discov]y4 ,& n[ obs]vations :i* _m might h judg$ to be ( little value1 came 9 mo/ usefully4 ,a/ronom]s s9ce ! discov]y ( ! telescope _h =m$ catalogues ( ! places ( _m hundr$s ( />s invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,se>* among ! obs]vations by :i* su* catalogues _h be5 =m$1 reveal$ ! fact t ,uranus _h be5 se5 & catalogu$ z a fix$ /> tw5ty-"o sev]al times6 ,flam/e$ _h se5 x five times1 ea* "t record+ x z a /> ( ! six? magnitude1 s t five ( ,flam/e$'s />s _h to be cancell$ f 8 li/s4 ,lemonni] _h actually se5 ,uranus twelve times1 & only escap$ ! hon\r ( discov]+ ! planet 7z su*7 ?r\gh ! mo/ m>vell\s c>elessness1 8 a/ronomical pap]s be+1 z ,arago said1 'a v picture ( *aos4' ,bradley saw ,uranus ?ree times4#c ,may] saw ! planet once only4 ,x 0 f ! /udy ( ! movem5ts ( ,uranus z ?us se51 comb9$ ) ! planet's progress aft] its discov]y1 t ma!maticians fir/ began to suspect ! exi/5ce ( "s unkn[n di/urb+ body4 ,! obs]vations prec$+ ! discov]y ( ! planet range ov] an int]val ( n9ety ye>s & a few mon?s1 ! e>lie/ obs]vation us$ be+ "o made by ,flam/e$ on ,decemb] #bc1 #afij4 ,!re is some?+ v /range 9 ! ?\ght t sci5ce 0 able ?us to deal ) ! motions ( a planet = ne>ly a c5tury be=e ! planet 0 kn[n4 ,a/ronomy calculat$ 9 ! fir/ place :]e ! planet _h be5 dur+ t "t2 & !n1 f records made by dep>t$ obs]v]s1 :o _h _h no suspicion ( ! real nature ( ! body !y 7 obs]v+1 ,a/ronomy correct$ h] calculations1 & d$uc$ m rigor\sly ! true nature ( ! new planet's motions4 ,b /ill /rang] & m impressive is ! ?\ght t f rese>*es su* z ^!1 ,a/ronomy %\ld be able to inf] ! exi/5ce ( a planet a ?\s& million miles fur!r away ?an ,uranus itself4 ,h[ amaz+ x w\ld h seem$ to ,flam/e$1 = example1 if on t w9t] ev5+ 9 #afic1 :5 he fir/ obs]v$ ,uranus1 he _h be5 told t ! orb :i* he 0 ent]+ 9 8 li/s z a /> ( ! six? magnitude 0 n a /> at all1 & t ! obs]vation he 0 !n mak+ w\ld help a/ronom]s a c5tury & a half lat] to discov] an orb a hundr$ times l>g] ?an ! e>?1 & travell+ ?irty times f>!r away f ! sun4 ,ev5 m surpris+1 h[ev]1 ?an any ( ! incid5ts :i* prec$$ ! discov]y ( ,neptune 0 ?is a*ievem5t itself4 ,t a planet s remote z to be q invisible to ! nak$ eye1 nev] approa*+ our own e>? )9 less ?an tw5ty-six hundr$ millions ( miles1 nev] ev5 approa*+ ,uranus )9 less ?an n9e hundr$ & fifty millions ( miles1 %\ld be detect$ by means ( ^? p>ticul> p]turbations 7among _m o!rs7 :i* x produc$ ^u a planet n yet kn[n = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 seem$ inde$ surpris+4 ,yet ev5 ?is 0 n all4 ,z if to turn a wond]ful a*ievem5t into a miracle ( comb9$ skill & good =tune1 came ! ann\ncem5t t1 aft] all1 ! planet discov]$ 9 ! spot to :i* ,adams & ,lev]ri] po9t$ 0 n ! planet ( _! calculations1 b travell$ 9 an orbit f\r or five hundr$ millions ( miles ne>] to ! sun ?an ! orbit :i* _h be5 assign$ to ! unkn[n body4 ,_m 7 l$ to suppose t no?+ b a mo/ m>vell\s accid5t _h rew>d$ ) su* s+ul> success ! calculations ( ,adams & ,lev]ri]4 ,o!rs 7 ev5 m surpris$ to le>n t ! new planet dep>t$ /rangely f ! law ( di/ances :i* all ! o!r planets ( ! sol> sy/em seem$ to obey4 ,= accord+ to t law 7call$ ,bode's law7 ! di/ance ( ,neptune1 in/ead ( be+ ab\t ?irty times1 %\ld h be5 ?irty-n9e times ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun4 ,9 "s respects ! discov]y ( a planet ne>] to ! sun ?an ,m]cury may seem to _m f> inf]ior 9 int]e/ to ! detection ( ! remote giant ,neptune4 ,betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun !re int]v5es a mean di/ance ( only ?irty-six millions ( miles1 a di/ance seem+ q insignificant beside ^? :i* h be5 dealt ) 9 describ+ ! discov]y ( ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,aga9 x is q c]ta9 t any planet betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun mu/ be f> inf]ior to our own e>? 9 size & mass1 :]eas ,neptune exce$s ! e>? #aje times 9 size & #ag times 9 mass4 ,?us a mu* small] region has to be se>*$ ov] = a mu* small] body4 ,moreov]1 :ile ma!matical calculation _c deal ne>ly s exactly ) an intra-,m]curial planet z ) ,neptune1 = !re are no p]turbations ( ,m]cury :i* give ! slighte/ in=mation z to ! orbital position ( 8 di/urb]1 ! "p ( ! heav5s occupi$ by ! intra-,m]curial planet is kn[n )\t calculation1 see+ t ! planet mu/ always lie )9 six or sev5 degrees or s ( ! sun1 & c nev] be v f> f ! ecliptic4 ,yet 9 reality ! detection ( an intra-,m]curial planet is a problem ( f> great] difficulty ?an t ( su* a planet z ,neptune1 :ile ev5 n[ :5 mo/ a/ronom]s consid] t an intra-,m]curial planet has be5 detect$1 ! det]m9ation ( its orbit is a problem :i* seems to pres5t almo/ insup]able difficulties4 ,i may rem>k1 inde$1 ) reg>d to ,neptune1 t he might h be5 successfully se>*$ = )\t a hundr$? "p ( ! lab\r & ?\ght actually devot$ to 8 detection4 ,x may s\nd r d>+ to ass]t t any fairly good geometrician c\ld h po9t$ aft] less ?an an h\r's calculation1 bas$ on ! facts kn[n respect+ ,uranus 9 #ahdb1 to a region )9 :i* ! di/urb+ planet mu/ c]ta9ly lie1--a region l>g] consid]ably no d\bt ?an t to :i* ,adams & ,lev]ri] po9t$1 yet a region :i* a s+le obs]v] c\ld h swept ov] adequately 9 half-a-doz5 fav\rable ev5+s1 two su* surveys suffic+ to discov] ! di/urb+ planet4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t no "o :o exam9es ! evid5ce w d5y ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t4 ,x 0 manife/1 f ! nature ( ! p]turbations exp]i5c$ by ,uranus1 t betwe5 #ahbj & #ahbe ,uranus & ! unkn[n body _h be5 9 conjunction4 ,f ?is x foll[$ t ! di/urb] mu/ be beh9d ,uranus 9 #ahdj-ahde by ab\t "o-eigh? ( a revolution r\nd ! sun4 ,) ! assumptions made by ,adams & ,lev]ri]1 inde$1 ! position ( ! /rang] 9 ?is respect c\ld h be5 m closely det]m9$4 ,!re c\ld be little d\bt t ! di/urb+ planet mu/ be ne> ! ecliptic4 ,x foll[$ t ! planet mu/ lie some:]e on a /rip ( ! heav5s1 c]ta9ly n m ?an t5 degrees long & ab\t ?ree degrees broad1 b ! probable position ( ! planet w\ld be indicat$ z )9 a /rip f\r degrees long & two broad4#d ,su* a /rip c\ld be se>*$ ov] effectually 9 ! "t ,i h nam$ above1 & ! planet w\ld h be5 f\nd 9 x4 ,! l>g] region 7t5 degrees long & ?ree broad7 c\ld h be5 se>*$ ov] 9 ! same "t by two obs]v]s4 ,if inde$ ! s+le obs]v] us$ a telescope p[]ful en\gh to detect ! diff]5ce ( aspect betwe5 ! disc ( ,neptune & ! po9t-l image ( a /> 7! feature by :i* ,galle1 x w be rememb]$1 recognis$ ,neptune71 a s+le night w\ld h suffic$ = ! se>* ov] ! small] ( ! above-m5tion$ regions1 & two nights = ! se>* ov] ! l>g]4 ,! se>* ov] ! small]1 z already /at$1 w\ld h reveal$ ! di/urb+ planet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! a/ronom] c\ld n det]m9e ! direction ( an intra-,m]curial planet )9 a consid]ably l>g] space on ! heav5s1 :ile ! se>* ov] ! space )9 :i* su* a planet 0 to be look$ = 0 att5d$ by f> m s]i\s difficulties ?an ! se>* = ,neptune4 ,9 fact1 x seems z ?\gh1 ev5 :5 a/ronom]s h le>n$ :]e to look = su* a planet1 !y _c expect to see x "u ord9>y atmosph]ic conditions :5 ! sun is n eclips$4 ,let u consid] ! hi/ory ( ! se>* = an intra-,m]curial planet f ! "t :5 fir/ ! idea 0 sugge/$ t su* a planet exi/s until ! "t ( its actual discov]y--= s x seems we mu/ reg>d ! obs]vations made dur+ ! total eclipse ( ,july1 #ahgh4 ,on ,janu>y #b1 #ahfj1 ,m4 ,lev]ri] ann\nc$1 9 a pap] address$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 t ! obs]vations ( ,m]cury c\ld n be reconcil$ ) ! receiv$ elem5ts ( ! planet4 ,accord+ to ^? elem5ts1 ! po9t ( ,m]cury's orbit :i* lies ne>e/ to ! sun und]goes a c]ta9 motion :i* w\ld c>ry x entirely r\nd 9 ab\t #bcj1jjj ye>s4 ,b to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ motions ( ,m]cury z det]m9$ f tw5ty-"o transits ov] ! sun betwe5 ! ye>s #afig & #ahdh1 a slight increase 9 ?is motion ( ! p]ihelion 0 requir$1 an increase1 9 fact1 f #eha seconds ( arc 9 a c5tury to ne>ly #ehe4 ,! result w\ld involve1 he %[$1 an increase 9 our e/imate ( ! mass ( ,v5us by a full t5?4 ,b su* a *ange w\ld necess>ily lead to difficulties 9 o!r directions2 = ! mass ( ,v5us _h be5 det]m9$ f obs]vations ( *anges 9 ! position ( ! e>?'s pa?1 & ^! *anges _h be5 too c>efully det]m9$ to be readily reg>d$ z errone\s4 ',?is result naturally fill$ me ) inquietude1' said ,lev]ri] lat]4 ',_h ,i n all[$ "s error 9 ! !ory to escape me8 ,new rese>*es1 9 :i* e circum/ance 0 tak5 into acc\nt by diff]5t me?ods1 end$ only 9 ! conclusion t ! !ory 0 correct1 b t x did n agree ) ! obs]vations4' ,at la/1 aft] long & c>eful inve/igation ( ! matt]1 he f\nd t a c]ta9 slight *ange w\ld br+ obs]vation & !ory into agreem5t4 ,all t 0 necess>y 0 to assume t matt] z yet undiscov]$ exi/s 9 ! sun's neighb\rhood4 ',does x consi/1' he ask$1 '( "o or m planets1 or o!r m m9ute a/]oids1 or only ( cosmical du/8 ,! !ory tells u no?+ on ?is po9t4' ,lev]ri] po9t$ out t a planet half ! size ( ,m]cury betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun w\ld acc\nt = ! discrepancy betwe5 obs]vation & !ory4 ,b a planet ( t size w\ld be a v conspicu\s object at c]ta9 times1 ev5 :5 ! sun 0 n eclips$2 & :5 fav\rably plac$ dur+ eclipses w\ld be a respl5d5t orb :i* w\ld attract ! notice ( ev5 ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t ! brightness ( a planet dep5ds 9 "p on its size & its di/ance f ! e>?1 & 9 "p on its di/ance f ! sun4 ,a planet half z l>ge z ,m]cury w\ld h a diamet] ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ,m]cury's1 & at equal di/ance w\ld pres5t a disc ab\t two-?irds ( ,m]cury's 9 app>5t size4 ,b suppos+ ! planet to be half z f> f ! sun z ,m]cury 7& !ory requir$ t ! planet %\ld be r ne>] ! sun71 its surface w\ld be illum9at$ f\r times z brightly z t ( ,m]cury4 ,h5ce1 ) a disc two-?irds z l>ge z ,m]cury's1 b illum9at$ f\r times z brightly1 ! planet w\ld %9e ne>ly ?ree times z brilliantly :5 se5 "u equally fav\rable conditions dur+ eclipse4 ,9 su* an inquiry1 ! mean di/ance ( ! two bodies ne$ n be specially consid]$4 ,ea* planet w\ld be se5 mo/ fav\rably :5 9 ! "p ( its pa? remote/ f ! e>?1 s t ! planet ne>e/ to ! sun w\ld on ! :ole h ! advantage ( any diff]5ce due to t cause4 ,=1 ( c\rse1 :ile ,m]cury1 be+ f>!r f ! sun1 approa*es ! e>? ne>] :5 betwe5 ! e>? & sun1 he rec$es f>!r f ! sun = ! same reason :5 on ! "p ( 8 pa? beyond ! sun4 ,x 0 p]fectly cle> t no su* planet z ,lev]ri] consid]$ necess>y to reconcile !ory & obs]vation exi/s betwe5 ! sun & ,m]cury's orbit4 ,x appe>$ necess>y1 !re=e1 to assume t ei!r !re mu/ be sev]al small] planets1 or else t a cl\d ( cosmical du/ surr\nds ! sun4 ,n[ x is to be notic$ t 9 ei!r case ! entire mass ( matt] betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun mu/ be great] to produce ! obs]v$ di/urbance ?an ! mass ( a s+le planet travell+ at ! outside ( ! region suppos$ to be occupi$ ei!r by a gr\p ( planets or a cl\d ( meteorites4 ,lev]ri] consid]$ ! exi/5ce ( a r+ ( small planets af=d$ ! mo/ probable explanation4 ,he recomm5d$ a/ronom]s to se>* = su* bodies4 ,x is notewor?y t x 0 9 ref]5ce to ?is sugge/ion t ,m4 ,faye 7foll[+ a sugge/ion ( ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's7 propos$ t at sev]al obs]vatories1 suitably select$1 ! sun %\ld be photograph$ sev]al times e day ) a p[]ful telescope4 ',i h myself1' he says1 '%[n h[ to give ^! photographs ! value ( an a/ronomical obs]vation by tak+ two impressions on ! same plate aft] an int]val ( two m9utes4 ,x w be suffici5t to sup]pose ! transp>5t negatives ( ?is size tak5 at a qu>t] ( an h\r's int]val1 to di/+ui% imm$iately ! movable projection ( a small planet 9 ! middle ( ! mo/ complex gr\ps ( small spots4' ,x 0 :ile ,lev]ri] & ,faye 7 discuss+ ?is matt]1 t news came ( ! recognition ( an intra-,m]curial planet by ,lesc>bault1 a doctor resid+ at ,orgres1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,eure et ,loire4 ,! /ory has be5 s (t5 told t ,i am lo? to occupy space ) x "h4 ,an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! lead+ incid5ts 9 an article call$ ',! ,planets put 9 ,lev]ri]'s ,balance1' 9 my ',sci5ce ,byways1' & a some:at m detail$ n>rative 9 my ',my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy4' ,"h1 x w suffice to give a v slight sket* ( ?is int]e/+ episode 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,on ,janu>y #b1 #ahfj1 news rea*$ ,lev]ri] t ,lesc>bault _h on ,m>* #bf1 #ahei1 se5 a r\nd black spot on ! sun's face1 & _h wat*$ x travell+ across l a planet 9 transit4 ,x _h rema9$ 9 view = "o h\r & a qu>t]4 ,lev]ri] c\ld n und]/& :y ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ye> _h be5 all[$ to elapse be=e s important an obs]vation _h be5 publi%$4 ,he w5t to ,orgres ) ! idea ( expos+ a pret5d]4 ,! int]view 0 a /range "o4 ,lev]ri] 0 /]n &1 to say ! tru?1 exce$+ly rude 9 8 demean\r1 ,lesc>bault s+ul>ly lamb-l4 ,if our *ief (ficial a/ronom] call$ un9vit$ ^u "s c\ntry g5tleman :o _h ann\nc$ an a/ronomical discov]y1 & behav$ z ,lev]ri] did to ,lesc>bault1 !re w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly h be5 tr\ble2 b ,lesc>bault seems to h be5 r pleas$ ?an o!rwise4 ',s y are ! man1' said ,lev]ri]1 look+ fi]cely at ! doctor1 ':o pret5ds to h se5 an intra-,m]curial planet4 ,y h committ$ a grave (f5ce 9 hid+ y\r obs]vation1 suppos+ y really h made x1 = n9e mon?s4 ,y are ei!r di%one/ or deceiv$4 ,tell me at once & )\t equivocation :at y h se54' ,lesc>bault describ$ 8 obs]vation4 ,lev]ri] ask$ = 8 *ronomet]1 &1 he>+ t ! doctor us$ only 8 wat*1 ! companion ( 8 pr(essional j\rneys1 ask$ h[ he c\ld pret5d to e/imate seconds ) an old wat*4 ,lesc>bault %[$ a silk p5dulum 'beat+ seconds1'--?\gh x w\ld h be5 m correct to say 'sw++ seconds4' ,lev]ri] !n exam9$ ! doctor's telescope1 & pres5tly ask$ = ! record ( ! obs]vations4 ,lesc>bault produc$ x1 writt5 on a piece ( laudanum-/a9$ pap] :i* at ! mom5t 0 do+ s]vice z a m>k] 9 ! ,connaissance des ,temps4 ,lev]ri] ask$ ,lesc>bault :at di/ance he _h d$uc$ = ! new planet4 ,! doctor repli$ t he _h be5 unable to d$uce any1 n be+ a ma!matician3 he _h made _m attempts1 h[ev]4#e ,he>+ ?is1 ,lev]ri] ask$ = ! r\gh draft ( ^! ineffective calculations4 ',my r\gh draft8' said ! doctor4 ',pap] is r sc>ce ) u "h4 ,i am a jo9] z well z an a/ronom]' 7we c imag9e ! expression ( ,lev]ri]'s face at ?is mom5t72 ',i calculate 9 my work%op1 & ,i write ^u ! bo>ds2 & :5 ,i wi% to use !m 9 new calculations1 ,i remove ! old ones by plan+4' ,on adj\rn+ to ! c>p5t]'s %op1 h[ev]1 !y f\nd ! bo>d ) its l9es & its numb]s 9 *alk /ill unoblit]at$4 ,?is la/ piece ( evid5ce1 ?\gh conv9c+ ,lev]ri] t ,lesc>bault 0 no ma!matician1 & !re=e probably 9 8 eyes no a/ronom]1 yet satisfi$ him z to ! good fai? ( ! doctor ( ,orgres4 ,) a grace & dignity full ( k9dness1 :i* mu/ h af=d$ a s+ul> contra/ to 8 previ\s mann]1 he congratulat$ ,lesc>bault on 8 important discov]y4 ,he made "s inquiry also at ,orgres1 conc]n+ ! private "* ( ,lesc>bault1 & le>n+ f ! village cur1 ! juge de paix1 & o!r function>ies1 t he 0 a skilful physician1 he det]m9$ to secure "s rew>d = 8 lab\rs4 ,at ,lev]ri]'s reque/ ,m4 ,r\l&1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 communicat$ to ,napoleon ,,iii4 ! result ( ,lev]ri]'s visit1 & on ,janu>y #be ! ,emp]or be/[$ on ! village doctor ! decoration ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,to return to a/ronomical facts4 ,x appe>s f ,lesc>bault's obs]vation1 t on ,m>* #bf1 #ahei1 at ab\t f\r 9 ! aft]noon1 a r\nd black spot ent]$ on ! sun's disc4 ,x _h a diamet] less ?an "o-f\r? t ( ,m]cury 7:i* he _h se5 9 transit ) ! same telescope & ! same magnify+ p[] on ,may #h1 #ahde74 ,! "t occupi$ 9 ! transit ( ?is spot 0 ab\t "o h\r sev5te5 m9utes1 &1 ! *ord ( transit be+ some:at m ?an a qu>t] ( ! sun's diamet] 9 l5g?1 ,lesc>bault calculat$ t ! "t necess>y to describe ! sun's diamet] w\ld h be5 ne>ly f\r & a half h\rs4 ,! incl9ation ( ! body's pa? to ! ecliptic seem$ to be r m ?an #f degrees1 & 0 probably compris$ betwe5 #e-a_/c & #g-a_/c degrees4 ,f ,lev]ri]'s calculations1 x appe>$ t ! "t ( revolution ( ! new planet w\ld be #ai days #ag h\rs1 its di/ance f ! sun ab\t #adg1 ! e>?'s be+ tak5 z #a1jjj2 giv+ = ,m>s1 ! e>?1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 & ,vulcan 7z ! new planet 0 nam$71 ! respective di/ances #a1 #ebd1 #a1jjj1 #gbc1 #chg1 & #adg4 ,lev]ri] assign$ #ab-a_/e degrees z ,vulcan's incl9ation1 & ! places :]e x crosses ! ecliptic he consid]$ to be 9 l9e ) ^? occupi$ by ! e>? on or ab\t ,april #c & ,octob] #f4 ,judg+ f ,lesc>bault's /atem5t respect+ ! app>5t size ( ! d>k spot1 ,lev]ri] conclud$ t ! volume ( ! /rang] mu/ be ab\t "o-sev5te5? ( ,m]cury's1 ! masses be+ presumably 9 ! same proportion4 ,h5ce he inf]r$ t ! new planet w\ld be q incompet5t to produce ! obs]v$ *ange 9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury4 ,lev]ri] fur!r f\nd t ! brilliancy ( ,vulcan :5 ! planet 0 fur!/ f ! sun on ! sky 7ab\t eight degrees7 w\ld be less ?an t ( ,m]cury :5 simil>ly plac$ 9 8 orbit1 & he h5ce inf]r$ t ,vulcan might readily rema9 unse51 ev5 dur+ total eclipse4 ,"h1 z x seems to me1 ,lev]ri]'s reason+ 0 errone\s4 ,if ,vulcan really has a volume equal to "o-sev5te5? ( ,m]cury's1 ! diamet] ( ,vulcan w\ld be r less ?an two fif?s ( ,m]cury's & ! disc ( ,vulcan at ! same di/ance ab\t two-?irte5?s ( ,m]cury's4 ,b ,vulcan1 be+ ne>] ! sun ?an ,m]cury 9 ! ratio ( #adg to #chg1 or say #ae to #ci1 w\ld be m brightly illum9at$ 9 ! ratio ( #ci times #ci to #ae times #ae1 or ne>ly z #bj to #c4 ,h5ce if we fir/ dim9i% ,m]cury's lu/re :5 at 8 greate/ app>5t di/ance f ! sun 9 ! ratio ( #b to #ac1 & increase ! result 9 ! ratio ( #bj to #c1 we get ,vulcan's lu/re :5 he is at 8 greate/ app>5t di/ance f ! sun4 ,! result is t 8 lu/re %\ld exce$ ,m]cury's 9 ! same degree t #dj exce$s #ci4 ,or practically1 = all ! numb]s us$ h be5 m]e approximations1 ! inf]5ce is t ,vulcan & ,m]cury1 if bo? se5 :5 at _! greate/ di/ance f ! sun dur+ eclipse1 w\ld probably %9e ) equal lu/re4 ,b 9 t case ,vulcan w\ld be a v conspicu\s object inde$1 at su* a "t2 = ,m]cury :5 at 8 greate/ di/ance f ! sun1 or greate/ elongation1 is a bright /> ev5 on a /rongly illum9at$ twilight sky2 moreov]1 ,vulcan1 :5 at ei!r ( 8 greate/ elongations1 ought to be visible 9 full daylight 9 a suitably adju/$ telescope4 ,= ,m]cury is well se5 :5 simil>ly plac$1 & ev5 :5 mu* ne>] to ! sun & on ! ne>] "p ( 8 pa? :]e he turns mu* m ( 8 d>k5$ ?an ( 8 illum9at$ hemisph]e t[>ds u4 ,v5us has be5 se5 :5 s ne> ! sun t ! illum9at$ portion ( h] disc is a m]e ?read-l sickle ( light4 ,nay1 ,pr(essor ,lyman1 ( ,yale ,college1 9 ,am]ica1 has se5 h] :5 s ne> ! sun t %e appe>$ to be a m]e circul> ?read ( light1 ! completion ( ! circle be+ ! be/ possible pro( h[ exce$+ly f9e ! ?read mu/ h be51 & also h[ small its intr9sic lu/re4 ,?is is inde$ ! *ief difficulty 9 ,lesc>bault's suppos$ obs]vation4 ,if he really saw a body 9 transit across ! sun1 mov+ at ! obs]v$ rate1 & hav+ any?+ l ! obs]v$ diamet]1 t body ought to h be5 se5 repeat$ly dur+ total eclipses ( ! sun1 & ought n to h escap$ ! se>* :i* has be5 made ov] & ov] aga9 ne> ! sun = intra-,m]curial planets4 ,ei!r we mu/ reject ,lesc>bault's n>rative absolutely1 or we mu/ suppose t he greatly ov]-e/imat$ ! size ( ! body he obs]v$4 ,ano!r difficulty almo/ equally important is f\nd to exi/ :5 we consid] ! circum/ances ( ,lesc>bault's suppos$ discov]y4 ,suppose ! pa? ( ,vulcan to be incl9$ ab\t twelve degrees or !reab\ts to ! ecliptic or to ! plane 9 :i* ! e>? travels4 ,!n1 z se5 f ! e>? on ,april #c1 & ,octob] #f1 ?is pa?1 if x 7 a mat]ial r+1 w\ld appe> z a /raight l9e across ! sun's c5tre1 & ext5d+ on ei!r side ( ! sun to a di/ance ( ab\t #af sun-bread?s4 ,z se5 on ,janu>y #c & ,july #e1 :5 x w\ld h its greate/ op5+1 ,vulcan's pa? w\ld appe> z an oval ^: longe/ axis w\ld be ab\t #cb sun-bread?s1 :ile its %orte/ w\ld be little m ?an #f sun-bread?s1 ! sun ( c\rse occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! ellipse1 :i*1 :]e close/ to him1 w\ld lie b ab\t #b-a_/b sun-bread?s only f ! outl9e ( 8 disc4 ,n[ x is easily se5 t ! pa? ( ,vulcan1 *ang+ 9 ?is way f app>5t /raightness to a long oval 7^: bread? is ab\t "o-fif? its l5g?71 back to /raightness b diff]5tly incl9$1 !n to ! same oval z be=e b op5$ out ! o!r way1 & s back to its orig9al /raightness & incl9ation1 mu/1 = no inconsid]able portion ( ! ye> on ei!r side ( ,april #c & ,octob] #f1 int]sect ! outl9e ( ! sun's disc4 ,f a r\gh b suffici5tly accurate calculation :i* ,i h made1 ,i f9d t ! int]val w\ld la/ ab\t #cf days at ea* season1 t is1 f ab\t ,m>* #af to ,april #ba 9 spr+1 & f ab\t ,septemb] #ah to ab\t ,octob] #bd 9 autumn4 ,b dur+ a p]iod ( #cf days !re w\ld g5]ally be two passages ( ,vulcan betwe5 ! e>? & sun1 & !re w\ld always be "o 79 any long p]iod ( "t two su* passages w\ld be five times z common an ev5t dur+ "o ( ^! int]vals z a s+le passage74 ,consequ5tly !re w\ld be at lea/ two transits ( ,vulcan e ye>1 & !re w\ld g5]ally be f\r transits2 ! av]age numb] ( transits w\ld be ab\t elev5 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,) a wid] orbit & a great] incl9ation transits w\ld be few]2 b ev5 ) ! wide/ orbit & ! greate/ incl9ation t c possibly be all[$1 !re w\ld be at lea/ "o transit a ye> on ! av]age4 ,n[ :5 we rememb] t1 s f> z ! nor!rn hemisph]e is conc]n$1 ! sun is obs]v$ on e f9e day 9 almo/ e c\ntry 9 ,europe & 9 half ! ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 to say no?+ ( obs]vations 9 ,asia1 :]e ,engl& & ,russia h sev]al obs]vatories1 :ile 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e !re are _m obs]vatories1 9 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica 7on bo? side ( ! ,&es71 we see h[ exce$+ly small mu/ be ! *ance t ,vulcan c\ld escape detection ev5 = a s+le ye>4 ,f> less c\ld ,vulcan h escap$ all ! ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ,lesc>bault ann\nc$ 8 discov]y1 to say no?+ ( all ! obs]vations made by ,c>r+ton1 ,s*wabe1 & _m o!rs1 be=e ! ye> #ahfj4 ,if ,vulcan really exi/s1 & really has ! dim5sions & motions describ$ by ,lesc>bault1 ! planet mu/ long ere ?is h be5 repeat$ly se5 ^u ! sun's disc by exp]i5c$ obs]v]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,wolf has collect$ n9ete5 obs]vations ( d>k bodies unlike spots on ! sun1 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 #agfa & #ahfe4 ,b z ,pr(essor ,newcomb ju/ly po9ts out1 ) two or ?ree exceptions1 ! obs]v]s are almo/ unkn[n z a/ronom]s4 ,9 "o case at lea/ ! object se5 0 c]ta9ly n a planet1 s9ce x 0 describ$ z a cl\d-l appe>ance4 ',on ! o!r h&1' says ,newcomb1 '= fifty ye>s pa/ ! sun has be5 con/antly & assidu\sly obs]v$ by su* m5 z ,s*wabe1 ,c>r+ton1 ,sec*i1 & ,spr]1 none ( :om h ev] record$ any?+ ( ! sort4 ,t planets 9 su* numb]s %\ld pass ov] ! sol> disc1 & be se5 by amateur a/ronom]s1 & yet escape all ^! skill$ a/ronom]s1 is beyond all moral probability4' ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t an inexp]i5c$ obs]v] ( ! sun might readily mi/ake a spot ( unusual r\ndness & d>kness = a planet's disc4 ,! practis$ obs]v] w\ld p]ceive peculi>ities at once indicat+ ! object z a spot on ! sun2 b ^! peculi>ities w\ld escape ! notice ( a beg9n]1 or ( "o us+ a telescope ( small p[]4 ,aga91 an inexp]i5c$ obs]v] is apt to mi/ake ! *ange ( position :i* a spot on ! sun und]goes on acc\nt ( ! diurnal motion1 = a *ange ( place on ! sun's disc4 ,at noon1 = in/ance1 ! upp]mo/ po9t ( ! sun's disc is ! nor? po9t2 b 9 ! aft]noon ! upp]mo/ po9t is ea/ ( ! true nor? po9t4 ,?us a spot :i* at noon 0 a %ort di/ance bel[ ! highe/ po9t ( ! sun's disc w\ld at two or ?ree be consid]ably to ! we/ ( ! highe/ po9t1 ?\gh x _h und]gone 9 ! int]val no appreciable *ange ( position on ! sol> disc4 ,suppose n[ t at two or ?ree 9 ! aft]noon cl\ds come ov] ! sun's face1 & he is n se5 aga9 t day4 ,on ! morr[ ! spot may h disappe>$1 z sol> spots are apt en\gh to d4 ,! obs]v]1 !n 7assum+ him to be inexp]i5c$ l mo/ ( ^? :o h describ$ su* spots71 w\ld say1 ,i saw at noon a small r\nd spot :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! next ?ree h\rs mov$ ov] an appreciable arc t[>ds ! we/ 7! "r direction1 be x rememb]$1 = a planet to cross ! sun's face74 ,an exp]i5c$ obs]v] w\ld n make su* a mi/ake4 ,b let "o po9t be c>efully not$4 ,an exp]i5c$ a/ronom] w\ld be v apt to =get t su* a mi/ake c\ld be made4 ,he w\ld take x = grant$ t ! obs]v] :o describ$ su* a *ange 9 a spot's position meant a real *ange1 n a *ange due to ! diurnal motion4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ,lev]ri]1 ,moigno1 ,h9d1 & o!r m5 ( sci5ce1 h adopt$ ,lesc>bault's acc\nt1 ,i hold x to be absolutely c]ta9 t t acc\nt is 9 "s respect or o!r errone\s4 ,newcomb goes ev5 f>!r4 ,he says1 x is v c]ta9 t if ! di/urbance ( ,m]cury is due to a gr\p ( planets1 '!y are ea* s small z to be invisible 9 transits across ! sun4 ,!y mu/ also1' he proce$s1 'be s small z to be invisible dur+ total eclipses ( ! sun1 because !y h always fail$ to %[ !mselves !n4' ,?is rem>k relates1 ( c\rse1 to nak$-eye vision4 ,z no intra-,m]curial planet _h ev] be5 se>*$ = sy/ematically ) ! telescope1 be=e ! rec5t eclipse1 !re 0 no?+ to prev5t a/ronom]s f believ+ t a gr\p ( planets1 visible 9 ! telescope dur+ total eclipse1 may travel betwe5 ! sun & ! pa? ( ,m]cury4 ,i proce$ at once to consid] ! evid5ce af=d$ dur+ ! eclipse ( ,july1 #ahgh1 n discuss+ fur!r ! "q ( ,lesc>bault's ,vulcan1 because x appe>s to me s cle> t !re mu/ h be5 "s mi/ake1 & because lat] obs]vations seem to ?r[ cle>] evid5ce on ! matt] ?an any :i* _h be5 be=e obta9$4 ,yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ev5 n[ ! evid5ce is n all t c\ld be desir$4 ,pr(essor ,watson1 ( ,ann ,arbor1 ! discov]] ( m ?an a score ( ! small planets :i* travel betwe5 ! pa?s ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 _h be5 se>*+ = an extra-,neptunian planet1 :5 ! approa* ( ! eclipse ( ,july1 #ahgh1 sugge/$ ! idea t he %\ld return = a :ile f ^? dismal dep?s :i* lie beyond ! pa? ( ,neptune to seek = a new planet )9 ! gl[+ region betwe5 ! sun & ! pa? ( ,m]cury4 ,! occasion 0 exceptionally fav\rable because ( ! great height above ! sea-level f :i* ! eclipse c\ld be obs]v$4 ,accord+ly he betook himself to ,rawl9s1 ,wyom+1 & prep>$ = ! se>* by provid+ 8 telescope ) c>d circles 9 su* sort t ! place ( any obs]v$ /> c\ld be record$ by a p5cil-m>k on ^! circles1 in/ead ( be+ read (f 7) ! possibility ( error7 9 ! usual way4 ,x is unnecess>y to expla9 fur!r1 because e "o :o has ev] us$ an equatorial telescope1 or is acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! in/rum5t1 w at once und]/& ,pr(essor ,watson's plan1 :]eas ^? unfamili> ) ! in/rum5t1 w\ld n ga9 any insight into ! nature ( 8 plan )\t mu* m explanatory matt] ?an c\ld be conv5i5tly giv5 "h1 ev5 if any explanation )\t illu/rations c\ld make ! matt] cle>4 ,let x suffice to note t1 hav+ br\ght any /> c5trally into ! telescopic field ( view1 ,pr(essor ,watson m>k$ 9 p5cil :]e ! ends ( c]ta9 po9t]s came2 & t ^! m>ks s]v$ to indicate1 aft] ! eclipse 0 ov]1 ! position ( ! obs]v$ />4 ,?us provid$1 ,pr(essor ,watson1 s soon z totality began1 se>*$ on ! ea/]n side ( ! sun1 & !re saw c]ta9 />s belong+ to ! con/ellation ,canc]1 :]e ! sun 0 situate at ! "t4 ,he !n exam9$ ! we/]n side ( ! sun1 & hav+ swept out to a /> :i* he took to be ,zeta ,cancri 7?\gh he 0 r surpris$ at its brightness1--b ( t m anon7 he return$ t[>ds ! sun1 enc\nt]+ on 8 way a /> ( ! f\r? magnitude or r less1 ab\t two degrees to ! we/ ( ! sun4 ,close by 0 ! /> ,!ta ,cancri2 b ,!ta 0 mu* fa9t]1 & 0 se5 at ! same "t a little fur!r we/4 ,x is n easy to und]/& :y ,watson did n make comp>ison betwe5 ! position ( ! new /> & ,!ta1 in/ead ( mak+ comp>ison betwe5 ! new />1 ! sun1 & ! /> :i* he took to be ,zeta4 ,= a comp>ison ) a kn[n object s close z ,!ta w\ld h giv5 m satisfactory evid5ce ?an a comp>ison ) objects f>!r away4 ,h[ev]1 z he di/9ctly /ates 9 a lett] to ,sir ,g4 ,airy t ! new /> 0 v mu* bright] ?an ,!ta ,cancri1 :i* 0 se5 a little f>!r to ! we/1 we _c d\bt t he _h suffici5t evid5ce to prove ! new /> & ,!ta ,cancri to be di/9ct orbs4 ,he adds t !re 0 no appe>ance ( elongation1 z might be expect$ if ! new object 7 a comet4 ,x _h a p]ceptible disc1 ?\gh ! magnify+ p[] 0 only =ty five4 ,! accompany+ figure w s]ve to give a fair idea ( ! position ( ! /rang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,watson's new ,planet4 ,n[ comes ! evid5ce :i* 0 at fir/ suppos$ to be /rongly corroborative ( ,watson's obs]vation1--! recognition ( a /> ( ab\t ! f\r? magnitude1 ne> ,!ta ,cancri1 by ,pr(essor ,l\is ,swift1 :o obs]v$ ! eclipse f ,pike's ,peak1 9 ,colorado4 ,pr(essor ,swift also made "s r unusual arrangem5ts ) 8 telescope1 b !y 7 n altoge!r s well adapt$ to advance 8 purpose z 7 ,pr(essor ,watson's4 ,to prev5t ! in/rum5t f sway+ he ti$ :at he calls a pole 7b :at 9 ,engl& ,i imag9e w\ld be call$ a /ick71 t5 feet long1 ab\t a foot f ! eye-end ( ! telescope1 leav+ ! o!r end ( ?is s+ul> app5dage to trail on ! gr\nd4 7,! telescope 0 set l[1 ,pr(essor ,swift judg+1 x w\ld seem1 t ! mo/ com=table way to obs]ve 0 to lie on 8 back47 ,z a natural consequ5ce1 :ile he c\ld move 8 telescope v readily "o way1 trail+ ! /ick along1 he c\ld n move x ! o!r way1 because ! /ick's end imm$iately /uck into ! gr\nd4 ,z ! /ick 0 on ! we/ ( ! telescope1 ,pr(essor ,swift c\ld move ! eye-end ea/w>ds1 foll[+ ! sun's we/w>dly motion4 ,( c\rse ! telescope 0 to h be5 releas$ f ! /ick :5 totality began1 b un=tunately ,pr(essor ,swift omitt$ to d ?is1 s t he _h to "w dur+ totality ) a hamp]$ telescope4 ,! foll[+ is 8 acc\nt ( :at he saw3-- ',my hamp]$ telescope behav$ badly1 & no regul>ity 9 ! sweeps c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,almo/ at once my eye caught two r$ />s ab\t ?ree degrees s\?-we/ ( ! sun1 ) l>ge r\nd & equally bright discs :i* ,i e/imat$ z ( ! fif? magnitude1 appe>+ 7?is 0 my ?\ght at ! "t7 ab\t z bright 9 ! telescope z ! pole-/> does to ! nak$ eye4 ,i !n c>efully not$ _! di/ance f ! sun & f ea* o!r1 & ! direction 9 :i* !y po9t$1 c41 & record$ !m 9 my memory1 :]e1 to my m9d's eye1 !y are /ill di/9ctly visible4 ,i !n swept s\?w>d1 n d>+ to v5ture f> to ! we/1 = fe> ,i %\ld be unable to get back aga91 & soon came ^u two />s resembl+ 9 e p>ticul> ! =m] two ,i _h f\nd1 &1 sight+ along ! outside ( ! tube1 0 surpris$ to f9d ,i 0 view+ ! same objects4 ,aga9 ,i obs]v$ !m ) ! utmo/ c>e1 & !n recomm5c$ my sweeps 9 ano!r direction2 b ,i soon _h !m aga91 & = ! ?ird "t1 9 ! field4 ,?is 0 also ! la/1 z a small cl\d h9d]$ a f9al leave-tak+ j be=e ! end ( totality1 z ,i _h int5d$4 ,i saw no o!r /> besides ^! two1 n ev5 ,delta1 s close to ! ea/]n edge ( ! sun4' ,he adds t ! app>5t di/ance betwe5 ! two bodies 0 ab\t "o-f\r? ! sun's diamet]4 7,^! are n 8 words1 b convey ! same mean+47 ,aga91 he adds t1 f ?ree c>eful e/imates1 he f\nd ! two />s po9t$ exactly to ! sun's c5tre4 ,he knew "o ( ! two bodies 0 ,!ta2 b un=tunately he c\ld n tell :i* 0 ,!ta & :i* ! new /> or planet4 ',b1' he says1 ',pr(essor ,watson happily comes to ! rescue1 & ) 8 means ( measur+ f9ds ! planet ne>e/ to ! sun4' ,unhappily1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,watson does n come absolutely to ! rescue "h4 ,on ! contr>y1 to use ,pr(essor ,swift's words 9 ano!r "p ( 8 lett] 7& speak+ ( ano!r matt]71 'x is j "h :]e ! tr\ble beg9s4' ,if we con/ruct a little map illu/rat+ :at ,pr(essor ,swift describes1 we get ! accompany+ arrangem5t 7fig4 #b74 ,x is cle>ly q impossible to reconcile ?is view ( ! suppos$ new planet ) ,pr(essor ,watson's4 ,if ?ree c>eful e/imates %[$ ,swift ! /rang] & ,!ta situat$ z 9 fig4 #b1 x is absolutely c]ta9 t ei!r ,watson's obs]vation 0 v f> f ! tru?1 or else ! /range orb he saw 0 n ! same t ,swift saw4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,watson's obs]vation 0 tru/wor?y1 x is c]ta9 t ei!r ,swift's ?ree e/imates 7 inexact or he saw a diff]5t new body4 ,aga91 _! acc\nts ( ! relative brightness ( ,!ta & ! /rang] c\ld n possibly be reconcil$ if we suppos$ !y 7 obs]v+ ! same new planet1 = ,watson says di/9ctly t ! /rang] 0 v mu* bright] ?an ,!ta2 :ile ,swift says1 ) equal di/9ctness1 t ! two />s 7 equally bright4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,swift's new ,planet8 ,if we accept bo? obs]vations1 we mu/ consid] t ! /range orb se5 by ,swift 0 n ! ne>] to ! sun1 b ! o!r1 = ,watson1 9 8 lett] to ,sir ,g4 ,airy1 says t he saw bo? ,!ta & 8 own new planet1 & he c\ld n h ov]look$ ,swift's new planet1 if plac$ z 9 fig4 #b1 :]eas if ! /> !re m>k$ z ! /rang] 7 really ,!ta1 ,watson might readily en\gh h ov]look$ ! o!r />1 z f>!r away f 8 newly-discov]$ planet4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! actual arrangem5t at ! "t ( ! eclipse 0 z %[n 9 fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,sugge/$ explanation ( ,watson's & ,swift's obs]vations4 ,b ?is is n q all4 ,pr(essor ,watson saw ano!r body1 :i* 9 8 op9ion 0 a planet4 ,i h already m5tion$ t he ?\ght ,zeta rem>kably bright4 ,x seem$ to him a /> ( ne>ly ! ?ird magnitude1 :]eas ,zeta ,cancri is only ( ! fif?4 ,nay1 speak+ ( ! planet ne> ,!ta1 & ( ?is /> :i* he took = ,zeta1 he says1 '!y 7 probably really bright] ?an ! #d-a_/b & #c-a_/b magnitude respectively1 because ! illum9ation ( ! sky 0 n consid]$ 9 ! e/imates4' ,be=e he _h ?or\ghly exam9$ ! p5cil m>ks on 8 c>d circles1 & made ! necess>y calculations1 he suppos$ ! bright] /> to be ,zeta1 because he did n see ! latt] />4 ,b :5 he exam9$ 8 result c>efully1 he f\nd t ! bright /> 0 set 7accord+ to 8 p5cil m>ks7 m ?an "o degree ea/ ( ,zeta4 ,writ+ on ,augu/ #bb1 he says1 ',! m ,i consid] ! case ! m improbable x seems to me t ! second /> :i* ,i obs]v$1 & ?\ght x might be ,zeta1 0 t kn[n />4 ,i 0 n c]ta91 9 ?is case1 :e!r ! w9d _h di/urb$ ! telescope or n4 ,z x _h n done s 9 ! case ( any o!r ( six po9t+s :i* ,i record$1 x seems almo/ c]ta9 t ! second 0 a new />4' ,x w\ld be easy to und]/& :y ,pr(essor ,watson _h n se5 ,zeta1 = he only swept z f> z ! /> he mi/ook = ,zeta1 &1 z ! accompany+ figure %[s1 ,zeta 0 beyond t /> on ! we/4#f ,fig4 #d repres5ts ! app>5t result ( ! obs]vations made by ,pr(essors ,watson & ,swift1 if all ! obs]vations are reg>d$ z tru/wor?y4 ,! six />s %[n 9 ! figure 7 probably ! six ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! two unnam$ ones are well-kn[n r$ />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,%[+ all ! />s obs]v$ by ,watson & ,swift4 ,let x be notic$1 t we _c reject planet #a1 )\t reject+ all ,watson's obs]vations4 ,we _c reject planet #b1 )\t reject+ all ,swift's obs]vations4 ,we _c set ?is planet to ! left ( ,!ta )\t ?r[+ d\bt on ,watson's obs]vations4 ,if ,watson swept ov] ,!ta we/w>d )\t see+ #b1 ,swift mu/ h made "s mi/ake z yet unexpla9$4 ,z = planet #c1 if we admit ! possibility t ?is object really 0 ,zeta1 we mu/ admit also ! possibility t ! object m>k$ z planet #a 0 really ,!ta1 or r we %\ld h to d s1 7 x n t ,watson saw ,!ta also1 & 7,i suppose7 9 ! same field ( view1 s9ce he speaks confid5tly ( ! inf]iority ( ,!ta 9 brightness4 ,x %\ld fur!r be notic$1 t ?\gh ,swift's & ,watson's obs]vations by no means agree 9 details1 !y d 9 reality support ea* o!r 7unless ,watson %\ld def9itely ass]t t no /> z bright z ,!ta exi/$ ei!r to ! we/ or to ! ea/ ( t />1 at ! di/ance indicat$ by ,swift47 ,= !y agree 9 indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( small planets ne> ! sun1 su* z c only be se5 ) ! telescope4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is to be not$ t o!r obs]v]s fail$ to see any ( ^! bodies1 ?\gh !y look$ specially = intra-,m]curial planets4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,hall1 ( ! ,wa%+ton ,obs]vatory1 se>*$ ov] a l>g] space ?an is includ$ 9 fig4 #d1 )\t see+ any unkn[n body4 ,b z he also fail$ to see _m kn[n bodies :i* %\ld h be5 se51 x is probable t ! se>* 0 too hurri$ to be tru/wor?y4 ,x w\ld be satisfactory to be able to say t any ( ! suppos$ planets might h be5 ,lesc>bault's ,vulcan4 ,b 9 reality1 ,i fe>1 ?is _c h be5 ! case4 ,9 ! ,times1 ,i express$1 9 an article dat$ ,augu/ #ad1 #ahgh1 ! op9ion t ! evid5ce obta9$ e/abli%es ! exi/5ce ( ! planet :i* _h s long be5 reg>d$ z a my?4 ,t op9ion 0 bas$ on a v c>eful inve/igation ( ! evid5ce available at ! "t4 ,b x does n accord ) :at has s9ce be5 le>n$ respect+ ,watson's obs]vations4 ,we may dismiss planet #c at once4 ,if ,watson is "r ab\t ?is body be+ di/9ct f ,zeta 7a po9t ab\t :i*1 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i feel grave d\bts71 !n ?is mu/ be a planet travell+ 9 an orbit mu* wid] ?an we c possibly assign to ,vulcan4 ,= ev5 at ! di/ance ( "s sev5 degrees f ! sun x %[$ no sign ( gibbosity4 ,if x _h !n be5 at its greate/ elongation x w\ld h appe>$ only half-full4 ,b ) ! p[] ,watson 0 us+1 :i* enabl$ him to pron\nce t ! small] body ne> ,!ta %[$ no elongation1 he w\ld at once h notic$ any su* peculi>ity ( %ape4 ,he c\ld n h fail$ to obs]ve any gibbosity approa*+ to t ( ! moon :5 ?ree-qu>t]s full4 ,moreov] on ,july #bi a planet :i* has its po9ts ( cross+ ! ecliptic opposite ! e>?'s place on ,april #c & ,octob] #f1 c\ld n appe> :]e ,watson saw ?is body 7fully two degrees f ! ecliptic7 unless ei!r its orbit 7 f> wid] ?an t :i* ,lev]ri] assign$ to ,vulcan1 or else its incl9ation f> great]4 ,nei!r supposition c be reconcil$ ) ,lesc>bault's obs]vation4 ,) reg>d to planets #a & #b1 ! case is equally /rong aga9/ ! !ory t ,vulcan 0 obs]v$4 ,! same reason+ applies to bo? ^! bodies4 ,:5 ,i speak !re=e ( planet #a1 x w be und]/ood t planet #b also is dealt )4 ,fir/1 z ?is planet appe>$ ) a disc appreciably r\nd1 x is cle> t x mu/ h be5 ne> ! po9t ( its orbit f>!/ f ! e>?1 t is1 ! po9t directly beyond ! sun4 ,x 0 !n ne>ly at its brighte/4 ,yet x appe>$ z a f\r?-magnitude /> only4 ,we h se5 t ,lesc>bault's ,vulcan1 ev5 :5 only half-full1 w\ld appe> z bright z ,m]cury at 8 brighte/1 if ,lesc>bault's acc\nt c be accept$ 9 all its details4 ,situat$ z planet #a 01 ,vulcan w\ld h %[n mu* m brightly ?an an av]age fir/-magnitude />4 ,at a v mod]ate computation x w\ld h be5 twice z bright z su* a />4 ,b planet #a appe>$ fa9t] ?an a f\r?-magnitude />4 ,assume1 h[ev]1 t 9 reality x 0 %9+ z brightly z an av]age ?ird-magnitude />4 ,!n x %one ) mu* less ?an a tw5tie? ( ! lu/re ,vulcan %\ld h _h1 if ,lesc>bault's e/imate 7 correct4 ,its diamet] !n _c be great] ?an a qu>t] ( t :i* ,lev]ri] assign$ to ,vulcan on ! /r5g? ( ,lesc>bault's obs]vation4 ,9 fact1 ! app>5t diamet] ( planet #a1 :5 9 transit ov] ! sun's face1 c\ld n be m ?an a sixte5? ( ,m]cury's 9 transit1 or ab\t two-fif?s ( a second1--r\ghly1 ab\t a #ejjj? "p ( ! sun's app>5t diamet]4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,lesc>bault c\ld n h made s consid]able a mi/ake z ?is4 ,nay1 x is c]ta91 t ) ! telescope he us$ he c\ld n h se5 a spot ( ?is size at all on ! sun's face4 ,x w be se5 t ,lesc>bault's obs]vation /ill rema9s unconfirm$1 or r1 to speak m correctly1 ! d\bts :i* h be5 rais$ respect+ ,lesc>bault's ,vulcan are n[ m ?an ev] ju/ifi$4 ,if su* a body z he suppos$ he saw really travels r\nd ! sun )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 x is c]ta9 t ! obs]vations made la/ ,july by ^? :o 7 specially engag$ 9 seek+ = ,vulcan mu/ h be5 rew>d$ by a view ( t planet4 ,9 ,july1 ,lesc>bault's ,vulcan c\ld n h be5 invisible1 no matt] 9 :at "p ( 8 orbit x might be1 & ! *ances w\ld h be5 greatly 9 fav\r ( its appe>+ z a v bright />1 )\t telescopic aid4 ,b on ! o!r h& x seems extremely probable1--9 fact1 unless any "o be dispos$ to "q ! v]acity ( ! obs]v]s1 x is c]ta91--t )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury !re are sev]al small planets1 ( :i* c]ta9ly two1 & probably ?ree1 7 se5 dur+ ! eclipse ( ,july #bi1 #ahgh4 ,all ^! bodies mu/ be beyond ! range ( any except ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 :e!r s\ght = z bright bodies outside ! sun 7n eclips$7 or z d>k bodies 9 transit across ! sun's face4 ,! se>* = su* bodies 9 transit w\ld 9 fact be hopeless ) any telescope :i* w\ld n easily sep>ate d\ble />s "o second ( arc ap>t4 ,x is ) l>ge telescopes1 !n1 & "u fav\rable conditions ( atmosph]e1 locality1 & s =?1 t ! se>* = intra-,m]curial planets 9 transit mu/ 9 future be conduct$4 ,z ! obs]v$ di/urbance ( ,m]cury's p]ihelion1 & ! abs5ce ( any correspond+ di/urbance ( 8 nodes 7! po9ts :]e he crosses ! plane ( ! e>?'s motion7 %[ t ! di/urb+ bodies mu/ =m a r+ or disc ^: c5tral plane mu/ ne>ly co9cide ) ! plane ( ,m]cury's pa?1 ! mo/ fav\rable "t = see+ ^! bodies 9 transit w\ld be ! fir/ =tnights 9 ,may & ,novemb]2 = ! e>? crosses ! plane ( ,m]cury's orbit on or ab\t ,may #h & ,novemb] #aj4 ,i believe t a se>* c>ri$ out 9 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june1 & 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]1 ) ! express object ( discov]+ v small planets 9 transit1 c\ld n fail to be quickly rew>d$1--unless ! obs]vations made by ,watson & ,swift are to be :olly reject$4 ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 ,pr(essor ,swift has express$ ! op9ion t 8 planet _c possibly h be5 ! "o se5 ne> ,!ta ,cancri by ,pr(essor ,watson1--:o x seems saw ,!ta 9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge field ( view1 & mu/ !re=e h se5 ,swift's planet _h t object be5 plac$ ei!r z %[n 9 fig4 #b or fig4 #c4 ,h5ce ,pr(essor ,swift consid]s t bo? ! />s he himself saw 7 planets1 & t he did n see ,!ta at all4 ,! reason+ 9 ! la/ five p>agraphs ( ! above essay w\ld n be 9 ! lea/ affect$ if we adopt$ ,pr(essor ,swift's conclusion1 t f\r & n ?ree intra-,m]curial planets 7 detect$ dur+ ! eclipse ( ,july la/4 ,yet lat] ,pr(essor ,pet]s ( ,cl9ton has indicat$ reasons = believ+ t :ile ,watson simply mi/ook = planets ! two fix$ />s1 ,!ta & ,zeta ,cancri1 ,pr(essor ,swift saw no planets at all4 ,?is int]pretation w\ld acc\nt fully1 ?\gh n v satisfactorily1 = all t is my/]i\s 9 ! two n>ratives4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,two obs]vations ( ,uranus1 by ,bradley1 7 discov]$ by ! late ,mr4 ,bre51 & publi%$ 9 ,no4 #adfc ( ! ,a/ronomis*e ,na*ri*t54 ,footnote #d3 ,let ! /ud5t make ! foll[+ con/ruction if he ent]ta9s any d\bt z to ! /atem5ts made above4 ,hav+ trac$ ! orbits ( ! e>? & ,uranus f my *>t illu/rat+ ! article ',a/ronomy' 9 ! ,encyc4 ,brit41 let him describe a circle ne>ly twice z l>ge to repres5t ! orbit ( ,neptune z ,bode's law w\ld give x4 ,let him fir/ suppose ,neptune 9 conjunction ) ,uranus 9 #ahbj1 m>k ! place ( ! e>? on any giv5 day 9 #ahdb1 & ! place ( ! fictiti\s ,neptune2 a l9e jo9+ ^! po9ts w indicate ! direction ( ,neptune on ! assumptions made4 ,let him next make a simil> con/ruction on ! assumption t conjunction took place 9 #ahbe4 7,f ! way 9 :i* ! p]turbation ( ,uranus rea*$ a maximum betwe5 #ahbj & #ahbe1 x 0 practically c]ta9 t ! di/urb] 0 9 conjunction ) ,uranus betwe5 ^? ye>s47 ,^! two con/ructions w give limit+ directions = ,neptune z view$ f ! e>?1 on ! assumption t 8 orbit has ! dim5sions nam$4 ,he w f9d t ! l9es include an angle ( a few degrees only1 & t ! direction l9e ( ! true ,neptune is includ$ betwe5 !m4 ,footnote #e3 ,! problem is 9 reality1 at lea/ 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,lesc>bault attack$ x1 an exce$+ly simple "o4 ,a solution ( ! g5]al problem is giv5 at p4 #aha ( my treatise on ! ,geometry ( ,cycloids4 ,x is1 9 fact1 almo/ id5tical ) ! problem ( det]m9+ ! di/ance ( a planet f obs]vations made dur+ a s+le night4 ,footnote #f3 ,x may be necess>y1 p]haps1 to expla9 to "s :y ! we/]n side is on ! "r 9 ! little maps illu/rat+ ?is pap]1 & n1 z usual ) maps1 on ! left4 ,we are suppos$ to look d[n t[>ds ! e>? 9 ! case ( a t]re/rial map1 & to look up f ! e>? 9 ! case ( a cele/ial map1 & naturally "r & left = ! =m] attitude become respectively left & "r = ! latt]4 ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,transit ,,exp$itions4 ,ano!r notewor?y attempt has be5 made to e/imate ! di/ance :i* sep>ates our e>? f ! mighty c5tral orb r\nd :i* %e travels ) h] fell[-worlds ! planets4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sol> sy/em itself has be5 remeasur$2 = ! measurem5t ( any "p ( ! sy/em is 9 fact ! measurem5t ( ! entire sy/em1 ! proportions ( :i*1 z di/+ui%$ f its actual dim5sions1 h long be5 accurately kn[n4 ,i propose briefly to describe ! results :i* h be5 obta9$ 7aft] "s ?ree ye>s ( c>eful exam9ation7 f ! obs]vations made by ! ,briti% p>ties s5t nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/ to obs]ve ! transit ( ,v5us on ,decemb] #i1 #ahgd2 & !n to consid] h[ ^! results comp>e ) ^? :i* _h be=e be5 obta9$4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 x may be well to rem9d ! read] ( ! unfav\rable conditions "u :i* ! task ( measur+ our di/ance f ! remote sun mu/ ( necessity be attack$4 ,n unfrequ5tly we he> ! measurem5t ( ! sun's di/ance1 & ! v>i\s errors :i* a/ronom]s h _h to correct dur+ ! progress ( _! ef=ts to deal ) ! problem1 ref]r$ to 9 t]ms :i* w\ld imply t a/ronomy _h "s reason to be a%am$ ( lab\rs :i* are 9 reality among ! mo/ notewor?y a*ievem5ts ( _! sci5ce4 ,because1 "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! e/imate ( #ie million miles1 :i* _h = half a c5tury held its gr\nd 9 our books ( a/ronomy z ! true di/ance ( ! sun1 0 replac$ = a :ile by an e/imate ( ab\t #ia-a_/b million miles1 :i* has 9 turn be5 displac$ = an e/imate ( ab\t #ib-a_/c million miles1 x has be5 said t a/ronomy has v little claim to be call$ ! exact sci5ce4 ,x is ev5 suppos$ by "s t a/ronomy is altoge!r at sea respect+ ! sun's di/ance--:i*1 if ! e/imates ( a/ronom]s ?us v>y 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 may 9 reality1 x is ?\ght1 be v diff]5t f any ( ! values hi!rto assign$4 ,o!rs suppose t possibly ! sun's di/ance may v>y1 & t ! dim9ution ( ?ree or f\r million miles 9 ! e/imates adopt$ by a/ronom]s may correspond to an approa* ( ! e>? t[>ds ! sun by t am\nt1 an approa* :i*1 if cont9u$ at ! same rate1 w\ld1 be=e _m c5turies1 br+ ! e>? ^u ! surface ( ! sun1 to be consum$ z fuel p]haps = ! w>m+ ( ! out] planets1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ! re/4 ,all ^! imag9+s are mi/ak51 h[ev]4 ,! exactness ( a/ronomy1 z a sci5ce1 does n dep5d on ! measurem5t ( ! sun's di/ance or size1 any m ?an ! accuracy ( a clock z a timekeep] dep5ds on ! exactness ) :i* ! h&s ( ! clock are limit$ to c]ta9 def9ite l5g?s4 ,! skill ) :i* a/ronomy has dealt ) ?is p>ticul> problem ( cele/ial survey+ has be5 great inde$2 & ! results1 :5 consid]$ ) due ref]5ce to ! conditions ( ! problem1 are excell5t3 b 9 reality1 if a/ronom]s _h fail$ utt]ly to =m any ideas :atev] z to ! sun's di/ance1 if = aught !y knew ! sun might be less ?an "o million1 or m ?an a million millions ( miles f u1 ! exactness ( a/ronomy z a sci5ce w\ld be no :it impair$4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 no d\bts :atev] ne$ be ent]ta9$ z to ! g5]al inf]5ce f a/ronomical obs]vations t ! sun's di/ance is betwe5 #ib & #ic millions ( miles4 ,all ! measurem5ts made dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury lie betwe5 #ij & #ie millions ( miles1 & by f> ! great] numb] ( ^? made by ! be/ me?ods1 & "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 lie betwe5 #ia & #id millions ( miles4 ,all ! v be/ clu/] closely ar\nd a di/ance ( #ib-a_/c millions ( miles4 ,we are n = ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 conc]n$ ) ! "q ( ! exact di/ance1 b ) ! "q :e!r a/ronomy has obta9$ satisfactory evid5ce t ! sun's di/ance lies 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! di/ances d$uc$ by ! v>i\s me?ods lately employ$4 ,putt+ ! matt] z "o ( probabilities1 z all sci5tific /atem5ts mu/ be1 x may be said z confid5tly t ! sun's di/ance lies betwe5 #he millions & #ajj millions ( miles z t ! sun w rise to-morr[2 & ! probability t ! sun's di/ance is less ?an #ij millions1 or great] ?an #ie millions ( miles1 is s small t x may 9 effect be c\nt$ almo/ z no?+4 ,?irdly1 ! possibility t ! e>? may be draw+ ne>] to ! sun by ?ree or f\r millions ( miles 9 a c5tury may be dismiss$ entirely f consid]ation4 ,=1 "o ( ! inevitable consequ5ces ( su* a *ange ( di/ance w\ld be a *ange 9 ! l5g? ( ! ye> by ab\t ?ree weeks2 & s f> f ! ye> dim9i%+ by tw5ty days or s 9 l5g? dur+ a c5tury1 x has n dim9i%$ t5 seconds 9 l5g? dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,if !re has be5 any *ange ye> by ye> 9 ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun1 x is "o to be measur$ by y>ds r ?an by miles4 ,a/ronom]s w\ld be well cont5t if _! 'probable error' 9 e/imat+ ! sun's di/ance c\ld be measur$ by ?\s&s ( miles2 s t any possible approa* ( ! e>? t[>ds ! sun w\ld g b a v little way t[>ds acc\nt+ = ! discrepancies betwe5 ! diff]5t e/imates ( ! di/ance1 ev5 if ^! e/imates grew always small] z "t pass$1 :i* is assur$ly n ! case4 ,b 9 tru?1 if we consid] ! nature ( ! task und]tak5 by a/ronom]s 9 ?is case1 we c only too readily und]/& t _! measurem5ts %\ld diff] some:at widely f ea* o!r4 ,let u picture to ourselves = a mom5t ! c5tral sun1 ! e>?1 & ! e>?'s pa?1 n z !y really are1 = ! m9d refuses altoge!r to picture ! dim5sions ev5 ( ! e>?1 :i* is b an atom comp>$ ) ! sun1 ^: own proportions1 9 turn1 mighty ?\gh !y are1 s9k into utt] insignificance comp>$ ) ! enorm\s scale ( ! orbit 9 :i* ! e>? travels ar\nd him4 ,let u r$uce ! scale ( ! entire sy/em to "o #ejj-million? "p ( its real value3 ev5 !n we h a tol]ably l>ge orbit to imag9e4 ,we mu/ picture to ourselves a fi]y globe #c y>ds 9 diamet] to repres5t ! sun1 & ! e>? z a "o-in* ball circl+ r\nd t globe at a di/ance ( ab\t #cbe y>ds1 or ab\t #cej paces4 ,! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit w\ld on ?is scale1 !re=e1 be some:at m ?an a ?ird ( a mile4 ,if we imag9e ! "o-in* ball mov+ r\nd ! fi]y globe once 9 a ye>1 :ile turn+ on its axis once 9 a day1 we f9d ourselves "u a difficulty aris+ f ! sl[ness ( ! result+ motions4 ,we %\ld h f\nd ourselves "u a difficulty aris+ f ! rapidity ( ! actual motions if we _h consid]$ !m in/ead4 ,! only res\rce is to r$uce our "t-scale1 9 ! same way t we h r$uc$ our space-scale3 b n 9 ! same degree2 = if we did we %\ld h ! "o-in* ball circl+ r\nd its orbit1 a ?ird ( a mile 9 diamet]1 sixte5 times 9 a second1 & turn+ on its axis five ?\s& times 9 a second4 ,say1 in/ead1 t = conv5i5ce we suppose days r$uc$ to seconds4 ,!n we h to picture a "o-in* globe circl+ once 9 r m ?an six m9utes ab\t a globe ( fire #c y>ds 9 diamet]1 "o-six? ( a mile f x1 & turn+ on its axis once 9 a second4 ,we mu/ fur!r picture ! "o-in* globe z inhabit$ by "s #a1ejj millions ( creatures f> too small to be se5 ) ! mo/ p[]ful microscope--9 fact1 s small t ! talle/ w\ld be 9 height b ab\t ! sev5-million? ( an in*--& we mu/ imag9e t a few ( ^! creatures und]take ! task ( det]m9+ f _! t9y home swiftly rotat+ z x ru%es 9 its orbit ar\nd a l>ge globe ( fire1 #cbe y>ds f !m--! numb] ( y>ds really int]v5+ betwe5 t globe & _! home4 ,if we rightly picture ^! conditions1 :i* fairly repres5t ^? "u :i* ! a/ronom] has to det]m9e ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?1 we %all p]ceive t ! wond] r is t any idea ( ! sun's di/ance %\ld be obta9$ at all1 ?an t ! e/imates obta9$ %\ld diff] f ea* o!r1 & t ! be/ ( !m %\ld err 9 measurable degree f ! true di/ance4 ,any?+ l a full explanation ( ! way 9 :i* transits ( ,v5us across ! sun's face are utilis$ 9 ! solution ( ! problem ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance w\ld be out ( place 9 ^! pages4 ,b p]haps ! foll[+ illu/ration may s]ve suffici5tly1 yet simply1 to indicate ! qualities ( ! two lead+ me?ods ( us+ a transit4 ,imag9e a bird fly+ 9 a circle r\nd a di/ant globe 9 su* a way t1 z se5 f a c]ta9 w9d[ 7a circul> w9d[ suppose71 ! bird w seem to cross ! face ( ! globe once 9 ea* circuit4 ,suppose t ?\gh ! di/ance ( ! globe is n kn[n1 ! w9d[ is kn[n to be exactly half z f> aga9 f ! globe z ! bird's pa? is1 & t ! w9d[ is exactly a y>d 9 diamet]4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ place1 suppose two obs]v]s wat* ! bird1 "o 7,a7 f ! extreme "r side1 & ! o!r 7,b7 f ! extreme left side ( ! w9d[1 ! bird fly+ across f "r to left4 ,a sees ! bird beg9 to cross ! face ( ! globe be=e ,b does1--say !y f9d t ,a sees ?is exactly "o second be=e ,b does4 ,b ,a's eye & ,b's be+ #c feet ap>t1 & ! bird two-?irds z f> f ! globe z ! w9d[ is1 ! l9e trav]s$ by ! bird 9 ?is int]val is ( c\rse only #b feet 9 l5g?4 ,! bird !n flies #b feet 9 a second 7?is is r sl[ = a bird1 b ! pr9ciple ( ! explanation is n affect$ on t acc\nt74 ,say x is fur!r obs]v$ t he completes a circuit 9 exactly t5 m9utes or six hundr$ seconds4 ,?us ! entire l5g? ( a circuit is #a1bjj feet1--:5ce by ! well-kn[n relation betwe5 ! circumf]5ce & ! diamet] ( a circle1 x foll[s t ! diamet] ( ! bird's pa? is ab\t #chb feet1 & 8 di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! globe #aia feet4 ,s t ! di/ance ( ! globe f ! w9d[1 kn[n to be half z great aga91 is ab\t #bhf-a_/b feet4 ,if we reg>d ! globe z repres5t+ ! sun2 ! w9d[ ( kn[n size z repres5t+ our e>? ( kn[n dim5sions2 ! bird travell+ r\nd 9 a kn[n p]iod & at a di/ance ^: proportion to ! w9d['s di/ance is kn[n1 z repres5t+ ,v5us travell+ 9 a kn[n p]iod r\nd ! sun & at a di/ance be>+ a kn[n proportion to ! e>?'s2 ?is way ( det]m9+ ! di/ance ( a remote globe illu/rates :at is call$ ,delisle's me?od ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance4 ,x requires t ! two obs]v]s1 ,a & ,b1 %\ld ea* make exact note ( ! mom5t :5 ! bird seem$ to beg9 to cross ! disc ( ! remote globe2 & 9 l mann] ,delisle's me?od requires t two obs]v]s1 widely sep>at$ on ! e>? 9 a direction ne>ly p>allel to t 9 :i* ,v5us is travell+1 %\ld make ! mo/ exact note ( ! mom5t :5 ,v5us beg9s to cross ! sun's face4 ,also1 z all ,i h said ab\t ! bird's beg9n+ to cross ! face ( ! di/ant globe w\ld apply equally well if said ab\t ! end ( 8 seem+ passage across t disc1 s two obs]v]s1 widely sep>at$ on ! e>?1 c det]m9e ! sun's di/ance by not+ ! end ( h] transit in/ead ( ! beg9n+1 if !y are suitably plac$ = ! purpose4 ,! w9d[ ( our illu/ration rema9s un*ang$ dur+ ! bird's imag9$ flight1 b z ! face ( ! e>? turn$ sunw>ds 7:i* corresponds to t w9d[7 is all ! "t *ang+ ) ! e>?'s rotation1 a diff]5t pair ( /ations w\ld h to be select$ = obs]v+ ! end ( transit1 ?an w\ld be suitable = obs]v+ ! beg9n+4 ,s mu* = ! me?od call$ ,delisle's4 ,! o!r is 9 pr9ciple equally simple4 ,9 ! imag9>y exp]im5t j describ$ we suppos$ ! two obs]v]s at ! "r & left sides ( ! circul> w9d[4 ,imag9e !m n[ to wat* ! bird f ! top & bottom ( ! w9d[1 #c feet ap>t4 ,suppose !y note t ! two tracks along :i*1 z se5 f ^! two po9ts1 ! bird seems to cross ! face ( ! di/ant globe1 lie at a di/ance f ea* o!r equal to "o-?ird ( ! globe's app>5t diamet]4 ,n[1 ! bird be+ twice z f> f ! globe z f ! w9d[1 ! two tracks on ! globe necess>ily lie twice z f> ap>t z ! two po9ts f :i* !y are se5--or !y lie #f feet ap>t4 ,! globe's diamet] !re=e is #ah feet4 ,kn[+ ?us h[ l>ge x is1 & kn[+ also h[ l>ge x looks1 ! obs]v]s "k h[ f> f !m x lies4 ,s1 9 ! ,halleyan me?od ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance by obs]v+ ,v5us 9 transit1 a/ronom]s are /ation$ f> nor? & f> s\? on ! sunlit half ( ! e>?1 correspond+ to ! w9d[ ( ! imag9>y exp]im5t4 ,v5us corresponds to ! bird4 ,! obs]v]s note along :at track %e travels across ! sun's face4 7,t !y p>tially det]m9e ?is by not+ h[ long %e is 9 cross+1 9 no s5se affects ! pr9ciple ( ! me?od47 ,!y ?us le>n t su* & su* a portion ( ! sun's diamet] equals ! di/ance sep>at+ !m1--"s six or sev5 ?\s& miles p]haps1--:5ce ! sun's diamet] is kn[n4 ,& z we "k h[ l>ge he looks1 8 di/ance f ! e>? is det]m9$4 ,a peculi>ity di/+ui%+ ?is me?od f ! =m] is t ! obs]v]s mu/ h a /ation :5ce ! :ole transit c be se52 = practically ! place ( ,v5us's track c only be asc]ta9$ satisfactorily by tim+ h] passage across ! sun's disc1 s t ! beg9n+ & end mu/ be obs]v$ & v c>efully tim$4 ,?is is to "s degree a disadvantage2 = dur+ a transit la/+ sev]al h\rs ! e>? turns consid]ably on h] axis1 & ! face turn$ sunw>ds at ! beg9n+ is ?us v diff]5t f ! face turn$ sunw>ds at ! end ( transit4 ,x is (t5 exce$+ly difficult to f9d suitable nor!rn & s\!rn /ations belong+ to bo? ^! faces ( ! e>?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! o!r me?od has its peculi> disadvantage4 ,to apply x effectively1 ! obs]v] mu/ "k ! exact ,gre5wi* "t 7or any o!r select$ /&>d "t7 at 8 /ation1--or 9 o!r words he mu/ "k exactly h[ f> ea/ or we/ 8 /ation is f ,gre5wi* 7or "s o!r /&>d obs]vatory74 ,= all ! obs]vations made by ?is me?od mu/ be comp>$ toge!r by "s absolute "t /&>d4 ,9 ! ,halleyan me?od ! duration ( transit only is want$1 & ?is c be z readily det]m9$ by a clock %[+ local "t 7or inde$ by a clock set go+ a few m9utes be=e transit began & %[+ wrong "t altoge!r1 s only t x goes at ! "r rate7 z by a clock %[+ ,gre5wi*1 ,p>is1 or ,wa%+ton "t4 ,! clock mu/ n ga9 or lose 9 ! int]val4 ,b a clock :i* w\ld ga9 or lose appreciably 9 f\r or five h\rs1 w\ld be wor?less to ! a/ronom]2 & any clock employ$ = sci5tific obs]vation might safely be tru/$ = an int]val ( t l5g?2 :]eas a clock :i* c\ld be tru/$ to reta9 true "t = sev]al days1 is n s readily to be obta9$4 ,we ne$ n consid] "h ! orig9 ( ! misappreh5sion 7"u :i* our pr9cipal ,gov]nm5t a/ronom] lay = "s "t71 t ! ,delislean me?od 0 alone available dur+ ! transit ( #ahgd1 ! ,halleyan me?od1 to use 8 words1 'fail+ totally4' ,! ,briti% /ations 7 select$ :ile ?is misappreh5sion rema9$ z yet uncorrect$4 ,=tunately ! s\!rn /ations 7 suitable = bo? me?ods4 ,! nor!rn 7 n3 = ?is reason1 simply1 t "o set 7 s situat$ t night began soon aft] ! beg9n+ ( transit1 :i* alone c\ld be obs]v$2 :ile ! o!r set 7 s situat$ t night only came to an end a %ort "t be=e ! transit end$1 s t ! end ( transit only c\ld be obs]v$4 ,no d\bt :5 ! mi/ake j m5tion$ _h be5 cle>ly recognis$1--z x 0 e>ly 9 #ahgc1--measures w\ld h be5 tak5 to rectify its effect by occupy+ "s suitable nor!rn /ations = obs]v+ ! :ole transit1 if ,great ,brita9 _h be5 ! only nation tak+ "p 9 ! "w4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 o!r nations might be tru/$ to occupy ! nor!rn region1 :i* _h s long be5 ov]look$4 ,engl& simply /r5g!n$ ! s\!rn obs]v+ corps3 ?is c\ld be done )\t any *ange by :i* ! ,gov]nm5t a/ronom]s w\ld h seem$ to admit t '"s "o _h blund]$4' ,?us ! matt] 0 arrang$--,am]ica1 ,russia1 & ,g]many occupy+ a l>ge numb] ( /ations admirably suit$ = apply+ ! me?od :i* _h be5 suppos$ to 'fail totally4' ,! ,briti% ,(ficial a/ronom]s1 on :om ( c\rse responsibility = adequately obs]v+ ! transit 7or at lea/ = prop]ly apply+ money grant$ by ! nation = ! purpose7 alone re/$1 did 9 reality all1 or ne>ly all1 t 0 necess>y 9 d\bl+ "s ( ! s\!rn obs]v+ p>ties1 & /r5g!n+ all ( !m2 = unque/ionably o!r nations occupi$ suitable nor!rn /ations 9 suffici5tly /rong =ce4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 9 e/imat+ ! probable value ( ! result :i* has be5 d$uc$ f ! ,briti% obs]vations1 t z yet only a portion ( ^! obs]vations has be5 effectively dealt )4 ,! ,briti% obs]vations ( ! beg9n+ ( transit at nor!rn & s\!rn /ations give1 :5 comb9$ toge!r1 a value ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,! ,briti% obs]vations ( ! end ( transit at o!r nor!rn & s\!rn /ations give also1 :5 comb9$ toge!r1 a value ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,& bo? sets comb9$ give ( c\rse a mean value ( ! sun's di/ance1 m likely on ! :ole to be correct ?an ei!r value tak5 sep>ately4 ,b ! ,briti% obs]vations ( ! duration ( transit z obs]v$ f s\!rn /ations d n ( !mselves give any means ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance4 ,!y mu/ be comb9$ ) obs]vations ( ! duration ( transit z obs]v$ f nor!rn /ations2 & no ,briti% p>ty 0 /ation$ :]e su* obs]vations c\ld be obta9$4 ,! value1 !n1 ( ^! p>ticul> ,briti% s\!rn obs]vations c only be educ$ :5 comp>ison is made betwe5 !m & ! nor!rn obs]vations by ,am]ican1 ,g]man1 & ,russian a/ronom]s4 ,we mu/ n1 !n1 be di%e>t5$ if ! results ( ! ,briti% op]ations alone %\ld n seem to be altoge!r satisfactory4 ,= x may /ill happ5 t t portion ( ! ,briti% op]ations :i* only has value :5 comb9$ ) ! "w ( o!r c\ntries may be f\nd to possess extreme value4 ,we _h good reason = d\bt+ be=eh& :e!r results ( any great value c\ld be obta9$ by ,delisle's me?od4 ,x 0 only because ,halley's 0 suppos$ to fail totally t ! ,gov]nm5t a/ronom]s ev] ?\ght ( employ+ t me?od1 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( =m] transits _h taught u to reg>d z ( v little value4 ,x may be ask$1 h[ev]1 h[ we are to =m an op9ion f ! result ( calculations bas$ on ! ,delislean op]ations dur+ ! la/ transit1 :e!r ! me?od 9 satisfactory or n4 ,if z yet ! sun's di/ance is n exactly det]m9$1 a result diff]+ f =m] results may be bett] ?an any ( !m1 _m w ?9k2 & !re=e ! me?od employ$ to obta9 x may be m satisfactory ?an o!rs4 ,if1 !y may reason1 we place reliance on a c]ta9 me?od to measure = u a c]ta9 unkn[n di/ance1 h[ c we possibly tell f ! di/ance s det]m9$ :e!r ! me?od is tru/wor?y or n8 ,p]haps ! readie/ way ( remov+ ?is difficulty1 & also ( illu/rat+ g5]ally ! pr9ciples on :i* ! det]m9ation ( ! mo/ probable mean value ( _m diff]5t e/imates dep5ds1 is by consid]+ a famili> exp]i5ce ( _m1 a case 9 :i* ! po9t to be det]m9$ is ! mo/ probable "t ( day4 ,suppose t we are walk+ along a r\te :]e !re are sev]al clocks1 ! "t %[n by our own wat* be+1 = :atev] reason1 op5 to "q4 ,we f9d1 say1 t z comp>$ ) our wat* "t1 "o clock is two m9utes fa/1 ! next ?ree m9utes fa/1 ! next "o m9ute sl[1 & s on1 two or ?ree p]haps be+ z mu* z six or sev5 m9utes fa/1 & two or ?ree be+ z mu* z ?ree or f\r m9utes sl[ z comp>$ ) ! wat*4 ,we note1 h[ev]1 t ^! wid] ranges ( diff]5ce occur only 9 ! case ( clocks presumably inf]ior--*eap clocks 9 small %ops1 old clocks 9 build+s :]e manife/ly ! flight ( "t is n mu* not$1 & s =?4 ,reject+ ^! f consid]ation1 we f9d o!r clocks rang+ f "o m9ute or s be=e our wat* "t to f\r m9utes or s aft] x4 ,be=e /rik+ a r\gh av]age1 h[ev]1 we consid] t "s among ^! clocks are plac$ :]e x is on ! :ole bett] to be a m9ute or two be=e ! "t ?an a second late1--z1 = in/ance1 at banks1 :]e !re may be occasion to s5d out cl]ks s z to make sure ( rea*+ c]ta9 places 7,cle>+-,h\se1 ,g5]al ,po/-(fice1 & s =?7 )9 specifi$ "t limits4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we note t o!rs ( ^! clocks are plac$ :]e x is bett] to be a m9ute or two aft] "t ?an a second be=e x1--z at railway /ations1 po/-(fices1 & s on1 :]e x is ess5tial t ! public %\ld be all[$ "t fully up to a specifi$ h\r1 = "s p>ticul> s]vice4 ,tak+ fair acc\nt ( su* consid]ations1 we might f9d t mo/ probably ! true "t lay betwe5 half a m9ute be=e & two m9utes & a half aft] our wat* "t4 ,& ?us we might inf] t 9 reality ! true "t 0 "o m9ute or s lat] ?an t %[n by our wat*4 ,b if we 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( diff]5t clocks along our r\te1 we might inf] ! "t 7nay1 we might to all int5ts & purposes "k ! "t7 f> m accurately ?an ?is4 ,we might1 = in/ance1 pass six or sev5 %op-w9d[s :]e fir/-class specim5s ( horological "w 7 %[n1--9 ea* w9d[1 p]haps1 sev]al excell5t clocks1 ) comp5sat$ p5dulums & o!r contrivances = secur+ p]fect work+4 ,we might f9d at "o ( ^! %ops all su* clocks %[+ ! same "t )9 two or ?ree seconds2 at ! next all su* clocks also agree+ int] se )9 two or ?ree seconds1 b p]haps _! mean diff]+ f ! mean at ! la/ %op ( ! k9d by sev5 or eight seconds2 & all six or sev5 %ops1 :ile %[+ simil> agreem5t z reg>ds ! clocks sev]ally display$ at ea*1 agree+ also ) ea* o!r s closely t t5 or twelve seconds w\ld cov] ! entire range betwe5 _! sev]al mean times4 ,if ?is 7 obs]v$1 we %\ld n hesitate to place entire reliance on ^! special sets ( clocks2 & we %\ld feel c]ta9 t if we took ! mean ( all _! means z ! true "t 7p]haps slightly modify+ ?is mean 9 ord] to give due weight to ! kn[n sup]iority ( "o or o!r ( ^! clock-%ops71 we %\ld n be 9 error by m ?an five or six seconds1 :ile mo/ probably we %\ld h ! "t true )9 two or ?ree seconds4 ,s f> ! illu/ration corresponds well ) :at _h be5 done dur+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury or s be=e ! la/ transit ( ,v5us4 ,sev]al diff]5t me?ods ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance _h be5 appli$ to correct a value :i* = _m reasons _h come to be look$ ^u ) suspicion4 ,?is value--#ie1cfe1jjj miles--0 kn[n to be c]ta9ly too l>ge4 ,! me?ods us$ to te/ x gave results v>y+ betwe5 ab\t #ij million miles & ab\t #if million miles4 ,b all ! me?ods wor?y ( any real reliance gave results ly+ betwe5 #ia million miles & #id million miles4 ,n to ent] m fully into details ?an w\ld "h be suitable1 we may pass on at once to say t ^? mo/ exp]i5c$ 9 ! matt] recognis$ sev5 me?ods ( det]m9+ ! di/ance1 on :i* *ief reliance mu/ be plac$4 ,( ^! sev5 me?ods1 six--ea* appli$1 ( c\rse1 by _m diff]5t obs]v]s--7 dealt ) exhau/ively by ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 ( ! ,wa%+ton ,obs]vatory1 a ma!matician :o has und\bt$ly giv5 clos] att5tion to ! g5]al problem ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance ?an any liv+ a/ronom]4 ,! six me?ods give six sev]al results rang+ f ab\t #ib1bej1jjj miles to ab\t #ib1hej1jjj miles2 b :5 due weight is giv5 to ^? ( ! six me?ods :i* are und\bt$ly ! be/1 ! mo/ probable mean value is f\nd to be ab\t #ib1cej1jjj miles4 ,! sev5? me?od1 conceiv$ by ,lev]ri]1 ! a/ronom] to :om1 ) our own ,adams1 ! discov]y ( ,neptune 0 due1 & appli$ by him z he only c\ld h appli$ x 7he alone possess+ at once ! necess>y mat]ial & ! necess>y skill71 gives ! value1 #ib1bej1jjj miles4 ,f ?is x may fairly be conclud$ t ,newcomb's mean value1 :i* has 9 fact be5 acc5t$ by all ,am]ican & ,cont95tal a/ronom]s1 is c]ta9ly )9 #fjj1jjj miles1 & mo/ probably )9 #cjj1jjj miles ( ! true mean di/ance ( ! sun4 ,b n[1 to rev]t to our illu/rative case1 let u suppose t aft] pass+ ! w9d[s ( six or sev5 horologi/s1 f ^: clocks we h obta9$ su* satisfactory evid5ce z to ! probable h\r1 we be?\ght ourselves ( a place :]e1 f :at we _h he>d1 a /ill m exact det]m9ation ( ! h\r might be obta9$4 ,:ile /ill on ! way1 h[ev]1 we le>n f a fri5d c]ta9 circum/ances sugge/+ ! possibility t ! clocks at ! place 9 "q may n be s correct z we _h suppos$4 ,p]si/+1 h[ev]1 9 our purpose1 we arrive at ! place1 & c>efully comp>e ! indications ( ! v>i\s clocks !re ) ! "t indicat$ by our wat*1 correct$ 7be x suppos$7 9 accordance ) ! results ( our =m] obs]vations4 ,suppose n[ t ! h\r indicat$ by ! v>i\s clocks at ?is place1 in/ead ( agree+ closely ) t :i* we _h ?us inf]r$1 diff]s f x by fully half a m9ute4 ,is x n cle> t in/ead ( be+ l$ by ?is result to correct our =m] e/imate ( ! probable h\r1 we %\ld at once inf] t ! d\bts :i* _h be5 sugge/$ z to ! correctness ( ! v>i\s clocks at ?is place 7 fully ju/ifi$8 ,! evid5ce ( ! o!r sets ( clocks w\ld c]ta9ly n be invalidat$ by ! evid5ce giv5 by ! set la/ visit$1 ev5 if ! accuracy ( ^! _h n be5 call$ 9 "q4 ,b if1 z suppos$1 "s good reason _h be5 giv5 = d\bt on ?is po9t1--z = in/ance1 t ( late ! sup]vision ( ! clocks _h be5 int]rupt$1--we %\ld n hesitate = a mom5t to reject ! evid5ce giv5 by ^! clocks1 or at lea/ to reg>d x z only t5d+ to demon/rate :at be=e we _h be5 l$ to surmise1 namely1 t ^! clocks c\ld n be reli$ ^u to %[ true "t4 ,if h[ev]1 fur!rmore1 we f\nd1 n only t ! mean ( ! v>i\s times indicat$ by ! clocks at ?is la/-visit$ place diff]$ ?us widely f ! "t :i* we _h e reason to consid] v ne>ly exact1 b t ! diff]5t clocks "h diff]$ z widely f ea* o!r1 x w\ld be absurd to rely ^u _! evid5ce4 ,! circum/ance t !re 0 a range ( diff]5ce ( fully half a m9ute 9 _! indications w\ld ( itself suffice to %[ h[ untru/wor?y !y 71 at lea/ = ! use ( any "o :o wi%$ to obta9 ! "t ) great accuracy4 ,comb9$ ) ! obs]v$ diff]5ce betwe5 _! mean "t & t be=e obta9$1 ?is circum/ance w\ld prove ! inaccuracy ( ! clocks beyond all possibility ( d\bt or "q4 ,n[ ! case "h imag9$ corresponds v closely ) ! circum/ances ( ! rec5t attempt to correct our e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance by ,delisle's me?od4 ,our ,gov]nm5t a/ronom]s be?\ght !mselves ( ?is me?od z likely to give ! be/ possible means = correct+1 by obs]vations ( ,v5us 9 transit1 ! e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance :i* _h be5 d$uc$ by ,newcomb1 & confirm$ by ,lev]ri]4 ,:ile z yet _! plans 7 n f9ally decid$ ^u1 reasons = que/ion+ ?is conclusion 7 indicat$ to ^? (ficials by un(ficial a/ronom]s ent]ta9+ v fri5dly feel+s t[>ds !m4 ,reta9+1 h[ev]1 _! reliance on ! me?od ?us call$ 9 "q1 !y c>ri$ out _! purpose1 ?\gh =tunately mak+ provision1 v ne>ly suffici5t1 = ! use ( ano!r me?od4 ,n[1 in/ead ( ! e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance obta9$ f ! obs]vations by ,delisle's me?od agree+ closely ) ,newcomb's mean value1--ab\t #ib1cej1jjj miles1--x exce$s ?is value by ab\t a million miles4 7,see1 h[ev]1 note on ! la/ page ( ?is article47 ,accord+ to v>i\s ways ( consid]+ ! results s5t 9 by 8 obs]v]s1 ! *ief (ficial a/ronom] obta9s a mean value rang+ f ab\t #ic1cjj1jjj miles to ab\t #ic1cge1jjj miles4 ,! la/ nam$ e/imate seems pref]r$ on ! :ole2 b if we take #ic1cej1jjj miles1 we %all probably give ab\t ! faire/ f9al mean value4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t ! results ( obs]vations by sev5 di/9ct me?ods give values rang+ only betwe5 #ib1bej1jjj miles & #ib1hej1jjj miles1--! six be/ me?ods giv+ values rang+ only betwe5 #ib1bej1jjj miles & ab\t #ib1dhj1jjj miles4 ,! new value ?us lies #ejj1jjj miles above ! l>ge/ & admitt$ly ! lea/ tru/wor?y ( ! sev5 results1 #hgj1jjj miles above ! next l>ge/1 a million miles above ! mean value1 & #a1ajj1jjj miles above ! lea/ value4 ,x c]ta9ly ranges #ejj1jjj miles above ! l>ge/ admissible value f ^? sev5 tru/$ me?ods1 dealt ) mo/ skilfully1 cauti\sly1 & labori\sly1 by su* ma!maticians z ,newcomb & ,lev]ri]4 ,c we hesitate z to ! inf]5ce we %\ld d$uce f ?is result8 ,we ne$ n = a mom5t call 9 "q ! skill or c>e ) :i* ! ,briti% obs]v+ p>ties c>ri$ out _! op]ations4 ,nor ne$ we d\bt t ! results obta9$ h be5 mo/ skilfully & cauti\sly inve/igat$ by ^? to :om ! "w ( sup]vision & ( r$uction has be5 entru/$4 ,we ne$ n ev5 "q ! policy ( devot+ s l>ge a %>e ( lab\r & exp5se to ! employm5t ( a me?od held 9 little fav\r by mo/ exp]i5c$ ,cont95tal & ,am]ican a/ronom]s1 & object$ to by _m 9 ,engl&1 includ+ "s ev5 among (ficial a/ronom]s4 ,x 0 p]haps well t ! me?od %\ld h "o fair & full trial4 ,& x is c]ta9 t all :o h tak5 "p 9 ! "w h done _! duty zeal\sly & skilfully4 ,capta9 ,tupman1 to :om ,sir ,george ,airy1 our *ief (ficial a/ronom]1 entru/$ ! managem5t ( ! calculations1 has receiv$1 & ju/ly1 f 8 (ficial sup]ior1 ! highe/ comm5dation = 8 en]gy & discrim9ation4 ,b beyond all mann] ( d\bt ! me?od employ$ has fail$ "u ! te/ ?us appli$ to x4 ,i d n say t h]eaft] ! me?od may n succe$4 ,"s ( ! conditions :i* at pres5t r5d] x untru/wor?y are su* z may be expect$ to be modifi$ ) ! progress ( improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,b z yet ! me?od is c]ta9ly n tru/wor?y4 ,?is might be safely conclud$ f ! wide discrepancy betwe5 ! new result & ! mean ( ^? be=e obta9$4 ,yet if all ! v>i\s obs]vations made by ! ,briti% obs]v+ p>ties agre$ closely toge!r1 ! circum/ance1 ?\gh x c\ld h>dly %ake our inf]5ce on ?is po9t1 w\ld yet cause "s degree ( p]plexity1 s9ce1 ( itself1 x w\ld seem to imply t ! me?od 0 tru/wor?y4 ,=tunately we are n ?us tr\bl$ by conflict+ evid5ce4 ,! indications ( ! untru/wor?y nature ( ! me?od1 d]iv$ f ! discordance betwe5 ! results obta9$ by x & ^? be=e inf]r$1 are n a :it cle>]1 cle> & conv9c+ ?\gh !y are1 ?an are ! indications af=d$ by _! discordance int] se4 ,! di/ance d]iv$ f nor!rn & s\!rn obs]vations ( ! beg9n+ ( transit ought ( c\rse to be ! same z t d]iv$ f nor!rn & s\!rn obs]vations ( ! end ( transit4 ,if bo? sets ( obs]vations 7 exactly correct1 ! agreem5t betwe5 ! results w\ld be exact4 ,! discordance betwe5 !m c\ld only be wide z a consequ5ce ( "s s]i\s imp]fection 9 ?is me?od ( obs]v+ a transit4 ,b ! discordance is v wide4 ,! obs]vations ( ! beg9n+ ( transit by ! ,briti% p>ties give a di/ance ( ! sun exce$+ by r m ?an a million miles t d$uc$ f ! obs]vations ( ! end ( transit4 ,i am well assur$ t nei!r ,cont95tal nor ,am]ican a/ronom]s w accept ! new e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance1 unless--:i* ,i v5ture to pr$ict w n be ! case--! entire s]ies ( transit obs]vations %\ld seem to po9t to ! same value z ! mo/ probable mean4 ,ev5 !n mo/ a/ronom]s w1 ,i believe1 ?9k r t transits ( ,v5us d n af=d su* satisfactory means ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance z _h be5 suppos$4 ,?is op9ion1 x is well kn[n1 0 held by ,lev]ri]1 insomu* t he decl9$ to support ) ! weight ( 8 influ5ce ! proposals = heavy exp5diture by ,france ^u exp$itions = obs]v+ ! rec5t transit & ! approa*+ transit ( ! ye> #ahhb4 ,i d\bt :e!r _m1 ev5 among ,briti% a/ronom]s1 w accept ! new value4 ,already ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,almanac has giv5 8 op9ion ^u x 9 t]ms :i* _c be reg>d$ z fav\rable4 ',x is well kn[n1' he says 7,i quote at lea/ f an article :i* has be5 attribut$ to him )\t contradiction on 8 "p71 't "s a/ronom]s h n expect$ our k ( ! sun's di/ance to be greatly improv$ f ! obs]vations ( ! transit ( ,v5us4 ,_m1 we c imag9e1 w reg>d ) "s suspicion' s great a value z #ic1cjj1jjj miles 7,i sub/itute ^! words = te*nical expressions id5tical 9 real mean+74 ',nev]!less1 :atev] degree ( d\bt might be ent]ta9$ by compet5t au?orities1 x appe>s to h be5 felt by ^? imm$iately responsible = action1 9 diff]5t civilis$ nations :]e sci5ce is enc\rag$1 t s r>e a ph5om5on z a transit ( ,v5us c\ld n be all[$ to pass )\t e ex]tion be+ made to utilise x4' ,sir ,george ,airy1 v naturally1 atta*es m value to ! result ( ! ,briti% exp$itions1 or at lea/ ( t "p ( ! op]ations = :i* he 0 responsible1 ?an o!rs are dispos$ to d4 ,9 an address to ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 he express$ ! op9ion t '! results n[ pres5t$ are well wor?y ( v great confid5ce4444 ,consid]+ t ! numb] ( obs]v]s 0 eighte51 & t !y made fifty-f\r obs]vations1 & consid]+ also ! degree ( tra9+ !y _h1 & _! zeal1 & ! extreme c>e t 0 tak5 9 ! *oice ( /ations1 ,i ?9k1' he said1 't !re w n be any?+ to compete ) ! value :i* has be5 d$uc$4' ,?is is1 z ,i h said1 v naturally 8 op9ion2 & al?\gh ord9>ily x is r = ! employ]s ?an = ! employ$ to e/imate ! value ( ! results s5t 91 yet at lea/ we _c object to 8 j & g5]\s praise ( ^? :o h work$ "u 8 ord]s4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t on a =m] occasion :5 equal satisfaction 0 express$ ) ! result ( a r less co/ly b /ill a labori\s & difficult exp]im5t1 ! sci5tific _w did n accept 7& has s9ce def9itely reject$7 ! conclusion ?us confid5tly advanc$4 ,i ref] to ! fam\s ,h>ton ,colli]y exp]im5t = det]m9+ ! mass ( ! e>?4 ,! case is s closely analog\s to t we are deal+ )1 t x w be in/ructive briefly to describe its lead+ features4 ,maskelyne1 =m]ly ! *ief ,gov]nm5t a/ronom] ( ?is c\ntry1 f obs]vations ( ! effect ( ! mass ( ,m\nt ,s*ehalli5 9 deflect+ a plumb-l9e1 _h inf]r$ t ! d5sity ( ! e>? is five times t ( wat]4 ,b\gu] f obs]vations 9 ,*imborazo1 & ,colonel ,james f obs]vations on ,ar?ur's ,seat1 _h d$uc$ v simil> results4 ,f p5dulum obs]vations on high m\nta9s1 ,c>l9i & ,plana made ! e>?'s d5sity v ne>ly ! same4 ,cav5di%1 ,rei*1 & our own ,francis ,baily1 weigh$ ! e>? aga9/ two great globes ( lead1 by a me?od commonly kn[n z ! ,cav5di% exp]im5t1 b really inv5t$ by ,mi*ell4 ,^! exp]im5ts agre$ closely toge!r1 mak+ ! e>?'s d5sity ab\t #e-a_/b times t ( wat]1 or giv+ to ! e>? a mass equival5t to t :i* w\ld be conta9$ 9 #f1jjj millions ( millions ( millions ( tons4 ,n[1 f ! ,h>ton ,colli]y exp]im5ts1 9 #ahed1 9 :i* ! e>?'s weight 0 e/imat$ by comp>+ ! vibrations ( a p5dulum at ! m\? ( ! m9e ) ^? ( a simil> p5dulum at a dep? ( ab\t #a1bfj feet1 x appe>$ t ! e>?'s d5sity is r m ?an #f-a_/b times t ( wat]1 correspond+ to an increase 9 our e/imate ( ! e>?'s mass by ne>ly #a1ajj millions ( millions ( millions ( tons1 or by m ?an a six? ( ! entire mass result+ f ! mo/ tru/wor?y =m] measurem5ts4 ,sir ,g4 ,airy consid]$ t '?is result w compete on at lea/ equal t]ms ) ^? obta9$ by o!r me?ods2' b ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury has pass$ dur+ :i* no compet5t a/ronom] has adopt$ ?is op9ion1 or ev5 sugge/$ any modification ( ! =m] mean e/imate ( ! e>?'s mass on acc\nt ( ! unexpect$ly l>ge value d$uc$ f ! ,h>ton exp]im5t4 ,x appe>s to me probable t a simil> =tune w att5d ! late/ measurem5t ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,b =tunately ! matt] w n re/ m]ely on measurem5ts already made4 ,_m fre% measurem5ts w be made dur+ ! next few ye>s by me?ods already tri$ & n 7l ,delisle's transit me?od7 f\nd want+4 ,! rec5t close approa* ( ! planet ,m>s 0 n all[$ to pass )\t a s]ies ( obs]vations specially direct$ to ! det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance2 & we "k t obs]vations ( ,m>s are among ! mo/ advantage\s means available = ! solution ( ?is difficult problem4 ,x 0 inde$ f su* obs]vations t ! fir/ really tru/wor?y measures ( ! sun's di/ance 7 obta9$ two c5turies ago4 ,! small planets :i* travel 9 hundr$s betwe5 ! pa?s ( ,m>s & ,jupit] h also be5 press$ into ! s]vice4 ,& n[ s _m ( ^! are kn[n t sc>cely a mon? passes )\t "o or o!r ( !m be+ fav\rably plac$ = ! purpose ( di/ance measurem5ts4 ,= ?is too _! />-l discs make ^! bodies specially suitable4 ,! mo/ probable inf]5ce respect+ ! results obta9$ by ! ,briti% exp$ition is t _! *ief value resides 9 ! evid5ce :i* !y af=d respect+ ! ,delislean me?od ( obs]vation4 ,!y seem to demon/rate :at _h be=e be5 only surmis$ 7?\gh ) consid]able confid5ce by "s a/ronom]s71 t ?is me?od _c be reli$ ^u to correct our e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,9 ! transit ( #ahhb1 :i* by ! way w be visible 9 ?is c\ntry1 we may be c]ta9 t o!r & m satisfactory me?ods ( obs]vation w be employ$4 ,be=e conclud+1 x may be well to make a few rem>ks ^u "s misappreh5sions :i* seem to exi/ z to ! propriety 9 ! fir/ place1 & ! desirability 9 ! second1 ( comm5ts ^u ! arrangem5ts adopt$ by ,gov]nm5t a/ronom]s to utilize p>ticul> a/ronomical ph5om5a1 & ^u ! value ( ! results :i* may be obta9$ by means ( su* arrangem5ts4 ,_m seem to suppose t a/ronomical matt]s are 9 "s s5se l milit>y or naval 7w>like7 manoeuvres1 to be discuss$ effectively only by ^? :o 'are "u au?ority1 hav+ 7also7 soldi]s "u !m1' 9 o!r words by ,gov]nm5t a/ronom]s4 ,x w\ld be v un=tunate = sci5ce 7 ?is s1 see+ t 9 t case ^? *iefly responsible = ! selection ( me?ods & ! sup]vision ( op]ations w\ld be p]fectly free f all possibility ( criticism4 ,no "o "u _! au?ority w\ld be v likely to speak unfav\rably ( _! plans4 ,& no "o possess+ high] g5]al au?ority w\ld be likely to h any adequate k ( a/ronomy to =m an op9ion1 ei!r z to ! effici5cy ( ! arrangem5ts adopt$ 9 any case1 or z to ! significance ( ! results obta9$4 ,9 w>like matt]s1 to "s degree1 ! wisdom ( ! /rategy employ$ is te/$ by results :i* all c appreciate1 see+ t !y affect directly ! well-be+ ( ! nation4 ,moreov]1 !re are special reasons 9 ^! cases :y 9 ! fir/ place !re %\ld be a complete sy/em ( subord9ation1 & :y 9 ! second few %\ld und]take ! /udy ( ! sci5ce unless !y propos$ to take _! "p 9 its practical application & !re=e to submit to its discipl9>y sy/em4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,! nation requires1 *iefly = ! regulation ( its comm]ce1 a c]ta9 numb] ( tra9$ a/ronom]s1 to c>ry out sy/ematically obs]vations ( a c]ta9 class1--obs]vations hav+ 9 ! ma9 sc>cely any clos] relation to ! real liv+ sci5ce ( a/ronomy ?an l& survey+ has to su* geology z ,lyell taught1 or ! bone-trade to ! sci5ce ( anatomy4 ,! />s by _! diurnal motion =m ! mo/ p]fect "t-measur]s1 !re=e !y mu/ be con/antly tim$ by tra9$ obs]v]s4 ,! sun & moon are ! mo/ effective "t-indicators = seam51 & !re=e _! movem5ts mu/ be mo/ c>efully not$4 ,our ,nautical ,almanac 9 fact embodies ! k9d ( a/ronomical mat]ials :i* ,gov]nm5t a/ronom]s are employ$ to collect & arrange4 ,su* "w may r be call$ cele/ial survey+ ?an a/ronomy4 ,b f ! days ( ,flam/e$1 ! fir/ ( our ,a/ronom]s ,royal 7z ! *ief ,gov]nm5t a/ronom] is te*nically call$7 ^: contempor>y1 ,newton1 discov]$ ! great law ( ! univ]se1 to ^? ( ,maskelyne & ,sir ,g4 ,airy1 ^: contempor>ies1 ! eld] & ! y\ng] ,h]s*el1 disclos$ ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 !re h always be5 a/ronom]s outside ! ranks ( (ficial a/ronomy1 9 no way desir\s ( ent]+ ^? ranks1 & 9 fact s tak+ _! c\rse f ! beg9n+ ( _! /udy ( ! sci5ce z to preclude !mselves f all possibility ( und]tak+ any (ficial duties 9 a/ronomy4 ',non sua se voluntas1' necess>ily1 's$ su vit rationes1 hoc aditu laudis1 qui semp] optimo cuique maxime patuit1 prohibu]unt3' ?\gh1 inde$1 x may n untruly be said t to "o :o appreh5ds ! true sublimity ( a/ronomy z a sci5ce ! r\t9e ( (ficial a/ronomy is by no means invit+1 & probably p]sonal ta/es h _h v mu* to d ) ! *oice1 by su* m51 ( ! m attractive dep>tm5ts ( a/ronomy4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t ! a/ronom]s :o ?us keep outside ! (ficial ranks are n only free1 & may n only be fully compet5t1 to express an op9ion on ! arrangem5ts made by ,gov]nm5t a/ronom]s1 or on ! results obta9$ by !m1 b z ! only memb]s ( ! community :o are at once free & able s to d1 _! "r to speak may (t5 involve1 9 "s degree1 ! duty ( speak+4 ,if ?r\gh "s mi/ake wrong arrangem5ts 7 propos$ = in/ance1--& all m51 ev5 (ficials 7,h]b]t ,sp5c] says1 especially (ficials71 are apt to make mi/akes1--!n1 unless non-(ficial a/ronom]s1 :o _h c>efully exam9$ ! subject1 express$ _! d\bts1 x is c]ta9 t !re w\ld be no means :atev] ( correct+ ! error1 or ev5 ( detect+ its consequ5ce1 until _m ye>s _h elaps$4 ,! lead+ (ficial a/ronom]s w\ld 9 su* a case be apt1 9 fact !y are apt en\gh z x is1 to /& by ea* o!r1--a *ief 9 "o dep>tm5t comm5d+ ! zeal & en]gy ( ! *ief 9 ano!r dep>tm5t1 ?is *ief 9 turn comm5d+ ! indu/ry & ability ( ! o!r1 & s =?1--:ile subord9ates ( all ranks might be apt ei!r to ma9ta9 a judici\s sil5ce1 or else at lea/ to avoid any utt]ance :i* w\ld endang] _! position4 ,x may1 on ! "o h&1 be to "s degree que/ion$ :e!r x w\ld be fitt+ t discipl9e %\ld be s f> neglect$ 9 su* a case t a subord9ate %\ld h eyes to see1 or e>s to he>1 or ?\ghts to note1 any error on ! "p ( 8 sup]ior 9 (fice4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o "k little or no?+ ( a/ronomy c ( c\rse =m no op9ion on a/ronomical matt]s1 h[ev] high !y may be 9 au?ority outside matt]s sci5tific4 ,to ass]t1 !n1 t x is ei!r improp] or undesirable = un(ficial a/ronom]s to comm5t on ! plans or results ( a/ronom]s employ$ & paid by ! nation is practically equival5t to ass]t+ t x is improp] or undesirable = ! "w ( ^! paid a/ronom]s to be exam9$ at all1--a conclusion manife/ly absurd4#g ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #g3 ,! foll[+ l9es are f a lett] ( m9e1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,times ( ,april #ac1 "s "t aft] ! pres5t article 0 writt53-- ',a few mon?s ago ,i said 9 ^! columns t ! det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance1 !n rec5tly communicat$ to ,p>liam5t--namely1 #ic1cge1jjj miles--0 probably "s #hjj1jjj miles too great2 & ,i spoke ( ! me?od on :i* ! det]m9ation 0 bas$ z to "s degree discr$it$ by ! wide range ( diff]5ce bo? betwe5 t result & ! mean ( ! be/ =m] measurem5ts1 & betwe5 ! sev]al results ( :i* t "o 0 itself ! mean4 ,capta9 ,tupman1 z /raight=w>d z he is skilful & zeal\s1 ann\nces z ! result ( a re-exam9ation ( ! ,briti% obs]vations a di/ance ab\t #fjj1jjj miles less ?an ! above1 or1 m exactly1 ab\t #ib1gij1jjj miles1 z ! sun's mean di/ance4 ,b :ile he obta9s f ! +ress obs]vations a mean di/ance ( only #ib1cjj1jjj miles1 he obta9s f ! egress obs]vations a mean di/ance ( ab\t #ic1jdj1jjj miles2 & ! value1 #ib1gij1jjj miles1 is only obta9$ z ! mean ( ^! two values duly weight$1 ! egress obs]vations be+ m satisfactory ?an ! +ress obs]vations4 ',x appe>s to me t ! d\bts :i* ,i =m]ly express$ z to ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! me?od employ$1 are to "s degree ju/ifi$4 ',to ! g5]al public x w be m int]e/+ to inquire :at probably is ! true mean di/ance ( ! sun4 ,to ?is x may be repli$ t 9 all probability ! sun's mean di/ance does n lie s mu* z #fjj1jjj miles on ei!r side ( ! value #ib1cjj1jjj miles' 7x %\ld be #ib1djj1jjj74 ,,! ,,pa/ ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,our ,,moon4 ,! moon1 commonly reg>d$ z a m]e satellite ( ! e>?1 is 9 tru? a planet1 ! lea/ memb] ( t family ( five bodies circl+ )9 ! a/]oidal zone1 to :i* a/ronom]s h giv5 ! "n ( ! t]re/rial planets4 ,!re c be no "q t ?is is ! true position ( ! moon 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 fact1 ! fa%ion ( reg>d+ h] z a m]e att5dant ( our e>? may be look$ ^u z ! la/ relic ( ! old a/ronomy 9 :i* our e>? figur$ z ! fix$ c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & ! body = ^: sake all ! cele/ial orbs 7 fa%ion$4 ,9 ?is aspect1 also1 ! moon is a f> m int]e/+ object ( rese>* ?an :5 view$ z belong+ to ano!r & an inf]ior ord]4 ,we are able to recognise1 9 h]1 appe>ances probably result+ f ! relative smallness ( h] dim5sions1 & h5ce to d]ive probable in=mation z to ! condition ( o!r orbs 9 ! sol> sy/em :i* fall bel[ ! e>? 9 po9t ( size4 ,precisely z ! /udy ( ! giant planets1 ,jupit] & ,saturn1 has l$ a/ronom]s to inf] t c]ta9 peculi>ities mu/ result f va/ness ( dim5sions1 s ! /udy ( ! dw>f planets1 ,m>s1 our moon1 & ,m]cury1 may indicate ! relations we are to associate ) inf]iority ( size4 ,?is ?\ght imm$iately introduces u to ano!r conception1 :i* causes u to reg>d ) ev5 great] int]e/ ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! moon's pres5t condition4 ,x c sc>cely be que/ion$ t ! size ( any memb] ( ! sol> sy/em1 or r ! quantity ( matt] 9 its orb1 assigns1 s to speak1 ! duration ( t orb's exi/5ce1 or r ( ! v>i\s /ages ( t exi/5ce4 ,! small] body mu/ cool m rapidly ?an ! l>g]1 & h5ce ! v>i\s p]iods dur+ :i* ! =m] is fit = ?is or t purpose ( planet>y life 7,i speak ) purpos$ vagu5ess "h7 are %ort] ?an ! correspond+ p]iods 9 ! life ( ! latt]4 ,?us ! sun1 view$ 9 ?is way1 is ! y\nge/ memb] ( ! sol> sy/em1 :ile ! t9ie/ memb]s ( ! a/]oid family1 if n ! olde/ 9 reality1 are ! olde/ to :i* ! telescope has introduc$ u4 ,jupit] & ,saturn come next to ! sun 9 y\?2 !y are /ill pass+ ?r\gh ! e>lie/ /ages ( planet>y exi/5ce1 ev5 if we ought n r to adopt t !ory ( _! condition :i* reg>ds !m z subord9ate suns1 help+ ! c5tral sun to support life on ! satellites :i* circle ar\nd !m4 ,uranus & ,neptune are 9 a lat] /age1 & p]*ance :5 telescopes h be5 con/ruct$ l>ge en\gh to /udy ^! planets ) advantage1 we may le>n some?+ ( t /age1 int]e/+ z be+ int]m$iate to ! /ages ?r\gh :i* our e>? & ,v5us on ! "o h&1 & ! giant bro!rs ,jupit] & ,saturn on ! o!r1 are at pres5t pass+4 ,aft] our e>? & ,v5us1 :i* are probably at ab\t ! same /age ( planet>y developm5t 7?\gh ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 _! position !y may n be equally adapt$ = ! support ( life71 we come to ,m>s & ,m]cury1 bo? ( :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z 9 all probability mu* m advanc$ & 9 a s5se m ag$ ?an ! e>? on :i* we live4 ,9 a simil> s5se1--ev5 z an ephem]on is m ag$ aft] a few h\rs ( exi/5ce ?an a man aft] z _m ye>s1--! small planet :i* we call 'our moon' may be describ$ z 9 ! v decrepitude ( planet>y exi/5ce1 nay 7"s pref] to ?9k71 z ev5 absolutely dead1 ?\gh its lifeless body /ill cont9ues to advance ^u its accu/om$ orbit1 & to obey ! law ( univ]sal attraction4 ,consid]ations su* z ^! give s+ul> int]e/ to ! discussion ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( our moon1 ?\gh !y add to ! difficulty ( int]pret+ ! problems %e pres5ts to u4 ,= we h manife/ly to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! effects due to ! moon's relative smallness on ! "o h&1 & ^? due to h] great age on ! o!r4 ,if we c\ld believe ! moon to be an orb :i* simply repres5ts ! condition to :i* our e>? w "o day atta91 we c\ld /udy h] peculi>ities ( appe>ance ) "s hope ( und]/&+ h[ !y _h be5 br\ght ab\t1 z well z ( le>n+ f su* /udy ! future hi/ory ( our own e>?4 ,b cle>ly ! moon has _h ano!r hi/ory ?an our e>?4 ,h] relative smallness has l$ to relations su* z ! e>? nev] has pres5t$ & nev] w pres5t4 ,if our e>? is1 z a/ronom]s & physici/s believe1 to gr[ dead & cold1 all life p]i%+ f h] surface1 x is tol]ably cle>1 f :at we already "k ( h] hi/ory1 t ! appe>ance %e w pres5t 9 h] decrepitude w be utt]ly unlike t pres5t$ by ! moon4 ,grant t aft] ! lapse ( enorm\s "t-int]vals ! oceans n[ exi/+ on ! e>? w be )drawn b5ea? h] solid cru/1 & ev5 7:i* seems incr$ible7 t at a m di/ant future ! atmosph]e n[ surr\nd+ h] w h become greatly r$uc$ 9 quantity1 ei!r by simil> )drawal or 9 any o!r mann]1 yet ! surface ( ! e>? w\ld pres5t few features ( resemblance to t ( ! moon4 ,view$ f ! di/ance at :i* we view ! moon1 !re w\ld be few crat]i=m m\nta9s inde$ comp>$ ) ^? on ! moon2 ^? visible w\ld be small by comp>ison ) lun> crat]s ev5 ( m$ium dim5sions2 & ! radiat$ regions se5 on ! moon's surface w\ld h no disc]nible c\nt]p>t on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! only features ( resemblance1 "u ! imag9$ conditions1 w\ld be probably ! p>tially flat sea bottoms 7?\gh ^! w\ld be> a diff]5t proportion to ! m elevat$ regions7 & ! m\nta9 ranges1 ! only t]re/rial features ( volcanic di/urbance :i* w\ld be relatively m important ?an _! lun> c\nt]p>ts4 ,i d n purpose1 h[ev]1 to discuss ! probable future ( ! e>?1 hav+ only indicat$ ! diff]5ces j t\*$ ^u 9 ord] to rem9d ! read] at ! outset t we h n 9 '! moon' a repres5tation ( ! e>? at any /age ( h] hi/ory4 ,o!r & diff]5t relations are pres5t$ = our consid]ation1 al?\gh x may well be t by c>efully discuss+ !m we may le>n some:at respect+ our e>?1 z also respect+ ! pa/ hi/ory & future developm5t ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,x appe>s reasonable to reg>d ! moon1 aft] h] fir/ =mation z a di/9ct orb1 z pres5t+ ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics t we ascribe to our e>? 9 its prim>y /age z a planet4 ,9 "o respect ! moon1 ev5 at t e>ly /age1 may h diff]$ f ! e>?4 ,i ref] to its rotation1 ! correspond5ce betwe5 :i* & its revolution may probably h exi/$ f ! moon's fir/ =mation4 ,b ?is w\ld n mat]ially h affect$ ! relations ) :i* we h to deal at pres5t4 ,we may apply1 !n1 to ! moon ! argum5ts :i* h be5 appli$ to ! discussion ( ! fir/ /ages ( our e>?'s hi/ory4 ,adopt+ ?is view1 we see t at ! fir/ /age ( its exi/5ce z an indep5d5t planet1 ! moon mu/ h be5 an int5sely heat$ gase\s globe1 gl[+ ) inh]5t light1 & und]go+ a process ( cond5sation1 'go+ on at fir/ at ! surface only1 until by cool+ x mu/ h rea*$ ! po9t :]e ! gase\s c5tre 0 ex*ang$ = "o ( comb9$ & liquefi$ matt]4' ,to apply n[ to ! moon at ?is /age ! description :i* ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt gives ( ! e>?4 ',"h comm5ces ! *emi/ry ( ! moon4 ,s long z ! gase\s condition ( ! moon la/$1 we may suppose ! :ole mass to h be5 homog5e\s2 b :5 ! temp]ature became s r$uc$ t ! exi/5ce ( *emical comp\nds at ! c5tre became possible1 ^? :i* 7 mo/ /able at ! elevat$ temp]ature !n prevail+ w\ld be fir/ =m$4 ,?us1 = example1 :ile comp\nds ( oxyg5 ) m]cury1 or ev5 ) hydrog51 c\ld n exi/1 oxides ( silicon1 alum9ium1 calcium1 magnesium1 & iron1 might be =m$ & cond5s$ 9 a liquid =m at ! c5tre ( ! globe4 ,by progressive cool+ /ill o!r elem5ts w\ld be remov$ f ! gase\s mass1 :i* w\ld =m ! atmosph]e ( ! non-gase\s nucleus4' ',! processes ( cond5sation & cool+ hav+ gone on until ^? elem5ts :i* are n volatile 9 ! heat ( our ord9>y furnaces 7 cond5s$ into a liquid =m1 we may "h inquire :at w\ld be ! result on ! mass ( a fur!r r$uction ( temp]ature4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t 9 ! cool+ ( a liquid globe ( m9]al matt] congelation w\ld comm5ce at ! surface1 z 9 ! case ( wat]2 b wat] (f]s an exception to mo/ o!r liquids1 inasmu* z x is d5s] 9 ! liquid ?an 9 ! solid =m4 ,h5ce1 ice floats on wat]1 & freez+ wat] becomes cov]$ ) a lay] ( ice :i* protects ! liquid bel[4 ,"s metals & alloys resemble wat] 9 ?is respect4 ,) reg>d to mo/ o!r e>?y sub/ances1 & notably ! v>i\s m9]als & e>?y comp\nds l ^? :i* may be suppos$ to h made up ! mass ( ! molt5 globe1 ! case is entirely diff]5t4 ,! num]\s & detail$ exp]im5ts ( ,*>les ,deville & ^? ( ,delesse1 besides ! e>li] ones ( ,bis*(f1 unite 9 %[+ t ! d5sity ( fus$ rocks is mu* less ?an t ( ! cry/all9e products result+ f _! sl[ cool+1 ^! be+1 accord+ to ,deville1 f "o-sev5? to "o-sixte5? heavi] ?an ! fus$ mass1 s t if =m$ at ! surface !y w\ld1 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( gravity1 t5d to s9k z soon z =m$4' ,"h x has to be not$ t possibly !re exi/$ a p]iod 7= our e>? z well z = ! moon7 dur+ :i*1 not)/&+ ! relations indicat$ by ,dr4 ,hunt1 ! ext]ior portions ( ! moon 7 solid1 :ile ! int]ior rema9$ liquid4 ,a /ate ( ?+s correspond+ to :at we recognise z possible 9 ! sun may h exi/$4 ,= al?\gh und\bt$ly any liquid matt] =m+ 9 ! sun s9ks 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( gravity t[>ds ! c5tre1 yet ! great] heat :i* x enc\nt]s z x s9ks mu/ vap\rise x1 not)/&+ increas+ pressure1 s t x c only rema9 liquid ne> ! region :]e rapid radiation all[s ( suffici5t cool+ to produce liquefaction4 ,& 9 ! same way we may conceive t ! solidification tak+ place at any portion ( ! surface ( ! moon's or ! e>?'s liquid globe1 ow+ to rapid radiation ( heat !nce1 al?\gh x might be foll[$ imm$iately by ! s9k+ ( ! solidifi$ matt]1 w\ld yet result 9 ! cont9uance 7r ?an ! exi/5ce7 ( a p>tially solid cru/4 ,= ! s9k+ solid matt]1 ?\gh subject$ to an increase ( pressure 7:i*1 9 ! case ( matt] exp&+ on liquefaction1 w\ld fav\r solidification71 w\ld nev]!less1 ow+ to ! great increase ( heat1 become liquefi$1 &1 exp&+1 w\ld no long] be s mu* d5s]#h ?an ! liquid ?r\gh :i* x 0 s9k+ z to cont9ue to s9k rapidly4 ,nev]!less1 x is cle> t aft] a "t ! heat ( ! int]ior p>ts ( ! liquid mass w\ld no long] suffice to liquefy ! solid matt] desc5d+ f ! surface1 & !n w\ld comm5ce ! process ( aggregation at ! c5tre describ$ by ,dr4 ,hunt4 ,! matt] =m+ ! solid c5tre ( ! e>? consi/s probably ( metallic & metalloidal comp\nds ( elem5ts d5s] ?an ^? =m+ ! kn[n portions ( ! e>?'s cru/4#i ,9 ! case ( ! moon1 ^: mean d5sity is v little great] ?an ! mean d5sity ( ! matt] =m+ ! e>?'s cru/1 we mu/ assume t ! matt] =m+ ! solid nucleus at t e>ly /age 0 relatively less 9 am\nt1 or else t we may attribute "p ( ! diff]5ce to ! comp>atively small =ce ) :i* lun> gravity op]at$ dur+ v>i\s /ages ( contraction & solidification4 ,9 ! case ( ! moon1 z 9 t ( ! e>?1 be=e ! la/ portions became solidifi$1 !re w\ld exi/ a condition ( imp]fect liquidity1 z conceiv$ by ,hopk9s1 'prev5t+ ! s9k+ ( ! cool$ & heavi] p>ticles1 & giv+ rise to a sup]ficial cru/1 f :i* solidification w\ld proce$ d[nw>ds4 ,!re w\ld ?us be enclos$ betwe5 ! inn] & out] solid p>ts a portion ( uncongeal$ matt]1' :i* may be suppos$ to h reta9$ its liquid condition to a late p]iod1 & to h be5 ! pr9cipal seat ( volcanic action1 :e!r exi/+ 9 isolat$ res]voirs or subt]ranean lakes1 or :e!r1 z sugge/$ by ,scrope1 =m+ a cont9u\s %eet surr\nd+ ! solid nucleus4 ,?us f> we h _h to deal ) relations m or less involv$ 9 d\bt4 ,we h few means ( =m+ a satisfactory op9ion z to ! ord] ( ! v>i\s *anges to :i*1 9 ! fir/ /ages ( h] exi/5ce z a planet1 our moon 0 subject4 ,nor c we cle>ly def9e ! nature ( ^? *anges4 ,9 ^! matt]s1 z ) ! correspond+ processes 9 our e>?'s case1 !re is mu* room = v>iety ( op9ion4 ,b few c d\bt t1 by :atev] processes su* condition may h be5 atta9$1 ! moon1 :5 h] surface began to =m itself into its pres5t appe>ance1 consi/$ ( a globe p>tially molt5 surr\nd$ by a cru/ at lea/ p>tially solidifi$4 ,"s portions ( ! actual surface may h rema9$ liquid or visc\s lat] ?an o!rs b at l5g? ! "t mu/ h arriv$ :5 ! radiat+ surface 0 almo/ :olly solid4 ,x is f ?is /age t we h to trace ! *anges :i* h l$ to ! pres5t condition ( ! moon's surface4 ,x c sc>cely be que/ion$ t ^? seismologi/s are 9 ! "r :o h ma9ta9$ 9 rec5t times ! !ory t 9 ! case ( a cool+ globe1 su* z ! e>? or moon at ! /age j describ$1 ! cru/ w\ld 9 ! fir/ place contract m quickly ?an ! nucleus1 :ile lat] ! nucleus w\ld contract m quickly ?an ! cru/4 ,?is am\nts1 9 fact1 to little m ?an ! ass]tion t ! process ( heat radiation f ! surface w\ld be m rapid1 & s la/ a %ort] "t ?an ! process ( conduction by :i* 9 ! ma9 ! nucleus w\ld "p ) its heat4 ,! cru/ w\ld "p rapidly ) its heat1 contract+ ^u ! nucleus2 b ! v rapidity 7relative7 ( ! process1 by complet+ at an e>ly /age ! radiation ( ! great] portion ( ! heat orig9ally belong+ to ! cru/1 w\ld cause ! subsequ5t radiation to be comp>atively sl[1 :ile ! conduction ( heat f ! nucleus to ! cru/ w\ld take place m rapidly1 n only relatively b actually4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! results accru+ dur+ ! two /ages into :i* we ?us divide ! cool+ ( ! lun> globe w\ld be m>k$ly diff]5t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /age =ces ( t5sion 7tang5tial7 w\ld be call$ to play 9 ! lun> cru/2 dur+ ! lat] /age ! =ces w\ld be ^? ( pressure4 ,tak+ ! e>li] /age1 dur+ :i* ! =ces w\ld be t5sional1 let u consid] 9 :at way ^! =ces w\ld op]ate4 ,at ! beg9n+1 :5 ! cru/ w\ld be comp>atively ?91 ,i conceive t ! m g5]al result ( ! rapid contraction ( ! cru/ w\ld be ! division ( ! cru/ into segm5ts1 by ! =mation ( num]\s fissures due to ! lat]al contraction ( ! ?9 cru/4 ,! molt5 matt] 9 ^! fissures w\ld film ov] rapidly1 h[ev]1 & all ! "t ! cru/ w\ld be gr[+ ?ick] & ?ick]1 until at l5g? ! =mation ( di/9ct segm5ts w\ld no long] be possible4 ,! ?ick5+ cru/1 pla/ic 9 its l[] /rata1 w\ld n[ resi/ m effectively ! tang5tial t5sions1 & :5 yield+ w\ld yield 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,x 0 at ?is /age1 9 all probability1 t processes su* z ^? illu/rat$ by ,nasmy?'s globe exp]im5ts took place1 & t f "t to "t ! cru/ yield$ at p>ticul> po9ts1 :i* became ! c5tres ( sy/ems ( radiat+ fissures4 ,be=e proce$+1 h[ev]1 to consid] ! results ( su* processes1 let x be not$ t we h se5 reason to believe t among ! v e>lie/ lun> =mations w\ld be rifts break+ ! anci5t surface ( ! lun> cru/4 ,i di/+ui% 9 ?is way ! anci5t surface f portions ( surface :]e( ,i %all pres5tly h to speak z =m$ at a lat] "t4 ,n[ let u conceive ! some:at ?ick5$ cru/ contract+ ^u ! p>tially fluid nucleus4 ,if ! cru/ 7 tol]ably uni=m 9 /r5g? & ?ickness we %\ld expect to f9d x yield+ 7:5 =c$ to yield7 at _m po9ts1 di/ribut$ some:at uni=mly ov] its ext5t4 ,b ?is w\ld n be ! case if--z we might = _m reasons expect--! cru/ 7 want+ 9 uni=mity4 ,!re w\ld be regions :]e ! cru/ w\ld be m pla/ic1 & s readi] to yield to ! tang5tial t5sions4 ,t[>ds su* portions ( ! cru/ ! liquid matt] )9 w\ld t5d1 because !re alone w\ld room exi/ = x4 ,! d[n-draw+1 or r 9-draw+1 cru/ else:]e w\ld =ce away ! liquid matt] b5ea?1 t[>ds su* regions ( less resi/ance1 :i* w\ld ?us rema9 at 7& be p>tly =c$ to7 a high] level4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! increas+ t5sions ?us result+ w\ld h _! natural effect2 ! cru/ w\ld break op5 at ! middle ( ! rais$ region1 & 9 radiat+ rifts1 & ! molt5 matt] w\ld f9d v5t ?r\gh ! rifts z well z at ! c5tral op5+4 ,! matt] s extrud$1 be+ liquid1 w\ld spread1 s t--?\gh ! radiat+ nature ( ! rifts w\ld /ill be indicat$ by ! position ( ! extrud$ matt]--!re w\ld be no abrupt *anges ( level4 ,x is cle>1 also1 t s soon z ! outlet _h be5 =m$ ! long & sl[ly slop+ sides ( ! region ( elevation w\ld gradually s9k1 press+ ! liquid matt] bel[ t[>ds ! c5tre ( outlet1 :5ce x w\ld cont9ue to p\r out s long z ?is process ( contraction cont9u$4 ,all r\nd ! bord]s ( ! ap]ture ! cru/ w\ld be melt$1 & w\ld cont9ue pla/ic long aft] ! matt] :i* _h fill$ ! fissures & fl[$ out ?r\gh !m _h solidifi$4 ,?us !re w\ld be =m$ a wide circul> orifice1 :i* w\ld f ! beg9n+ be consid]ably above ! mean level ( ! moon's surface1 because ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! liquid matt] )9 _h be5 ga!r$ !re by ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ slopes4#aj ,moreov]1 ar\nd ! orifice1 ! matt] outfl[+ z ! cru/ cont9u$ to contract w\ld =m a rais$ wall4 ,until ! "t came :5 ! liquid nucleus began to contract m rapidly ?an ! cru/1 ! l>ge crat]i=m orifice w\ld be full to ! brim 7or ne>ly s71 at all times1 ) occasional ov]fl[s3 & z a writ] :o has rec5tly adopt$ ?is !ory has rem>k$1 ',we %\ld ultimately h a l>ge c5tral lake ( lava surr\nd$ by a range ( hills1 t]rac$ on ! outside1--! lake fill+ up ! space !y enclos$4' ,! cru/ might bur/ 9 ! mann] "h consid]$1 at sev]al places at ! same--or ne>ly ! same--"t1 ! range ( ! radiat+ fissures1 dep5d+ on ! ext5t ( ! und]ly+ lakes ( molt5 matt] ?us f9d+ _! outlet2 or !re might be a s]ies ( outbur/s at widely sep>at$ int]vals ( "t & at diff]5t regions1 gradually dim9i%+ 9 ext5t z ! cru/ gradually ?ick5$ & ! molt5 matt] b5ea? gradually became r$uc$ 9 relative am\nt4 ,probably ! latt] view %\ld be accept$1 s9ce1 if we consid] ! ?ree sy/ems ( radiations f ,cop]nicus1 ,ari/>*us1 & ,kepl]1 :i* 7 manife/ly n =m$ contemporane\sly1 b 9 ! ord] 9 :i* _! c5tral crat]s h j be5 nam$1 we see t _! dim5sions dim9i%$ z _! date ( =mation 0 lat]4 ,accord+ to ?is view we %\ld reg>d ! radiat+ sy/em f ,ty*o z ! olde/ ( all ^! =mations4 ,at ?is v e>ly /age ( ! moon's hi/ory1 !n1 we reg>d ! moon z a some:at de=m$ sph]oid1 ! regions :5ce ! radiations ext5d$ be+ ! highe/ p>ts1 & ! regions f>!/ remov$ f ! ray c5tres be+ ! l[e/4#aa ,to ^! l[] regions :atev] 0 liquid on ! moon's surface w\ld f9d its way4 ,! d[n-fl[+ lava w\ld n be includ$ 9 ?is description1 z be+ r visc\s ?an liquid2 b if any wat] exi/$ at t "t x w\ld occupy ! depress$ regions :i* at ! pres5t "t are call$ ,m>ia or ,seas4 ,x is a "q ( "s int]e/1 & "o on :i* diff]5t op9ions h be5 ent]ta9$1 :e!r ! moon at any /age ( its exi/5ce _h oceans & an atmosph]e correspond+ 9 relative ext5t to ^? ( ! e>?4 ,x appe>s to me t1 ap>t f all ! o!r consid]ations :i* h be5 sugge/$ 9 support ( ! view t ! moon =m]ly _h oceans & an atmosph]e1 x is exce$+ly difficult to imag9e h[1 "u any circum/ances1 a globe s l>ge z ! moon c\ld h be5 =m$ "u conditions n altoge!r unlike1 z we suppose1 ^? "u :i* ! e>? 0 =m$ 7hav+ a simil> orig91 & presumably con/ruct$ ( ! same elem5ts71 )\t hav+ oceans & an atmosph]e ( consid]able ext5t4 ,! atmosph]e w\ld n consi/ ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 only or *iefly1 any m ?an1 9 all probability1 ! primeval atmosph]e ( our own e>? 0 s con/itut$4 ,we may adopt "s su* view ( ! moon's atmosph]e--mutatis mut&is--z ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt has adopt$ respect+ ! anci5t atmosph]e ( ! e>?4 ,hunt1 x w be rememb]$1 bases 8 op9ion on ! =m] condition ( ! e>? by conceiv+ an int5se heat appli$ to ! e>? z n[ exi/+1 & inf]r+ ! *emical results4 ',to ! *emi/1' he rem>ks1 'x is evid5t t f su* a process appli$ to our globe w\ld result ! oxidation ( all c>bonace\s matt]2 ! conv]sion ( all c>bonates1 *lorides1 & sulphates into silicates2 & ! sep>ation ( ! c>bon1 *lor9e1 & sulphur 9 ! =m ( acid gases2 :i*1 ) nitrog51 wat]y vap\r1 & an excess ( oxyg51 w\ld =m an exce$+ly d5se atmosph]e4 ,! result+ fus$ mass w\ld conta9 all ! bases z silicates1 & w\ld probably ne>ly resemble 9 composition c]ta9 furnace-slags or basic volcanic glasses4 ,su* we may conceive to h be5 ! nature ( ! primitive igne\s rock1 & su* ! composition ( ! primeval atmosph]e1 :i* mu/ h be5 "o ( v great d5sity4' ,all ?is1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! italicis$ rem>k1 may be appli$ to ! case ( ! moon4 ,! lun> atmosph]e w\ld n probably be d5se at t primeval "t1 ev5 ?\gh con/itut$ l ! t]re/rial atmosph]e j describ$4 ,x w\ld p]haps h be5 z d5se1 or ne>ly s1 z our pres5t atmosph]e4 ,accord+ly cond5sation w\ld take place at a temp]ature n f> f ! pres5t boil+-po9t1 & ! l[] levels ( ! half-cool$ cru/ w\ld be dr5*$ ) a heat$ solution ( hydro*loric acid1 ^: decompos+ action w\ld be rapid1 ?\gh n aid$--z 9 ! case ( our primeval e>?--by an excessively high temp]ature4 ',! =mation ( ! *lorides ( ! v>i\s bases & ! sep>ation ( silica w\ld g on until ! aff9ities ( ! acid 7 satisfi$4' ',at a lat] p]iod ! gradual comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) sulphur\s acid w\ld elim9ate ?is f ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( sulphuric acid4' ',c>bonic acid w\ld /ill be a l>ge con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e1 b !nce=w>d 7t is1 aft] ! sep>ation ( ! comp\nds ( sulphur & *lor9e f ! air7 !re w\ld foll[ ! conv]sion ( ! complex alum9\s silicates1 "u ! influ5ce ( c>bonic acid & moi/ure1 into a hydrat$ silicate ( alum9a or clay1 :ile ! sep>at$ lime1 magnesia1 & alkalies w\ld be *ang$ into bic>bonates1 & convey$ to ! sea 9 a /ate ( solution4' ,x seems to me t x is necess>y to adopt "s su* !ory z to ! =m] exi/5ce ( lun> oceans 9 ord] to expla9 "s ( ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! s-call$ lun> seas4 ,z reg>ds ! pres5t abs5ce ( wat] we may adopt ! !ory ( ,frankl&1 t ! lun> oceans h )drawn b5ea? ! cru/ z room 0 provid$ = !m by ! contraction ( ! nucleus4 ,i ?9k1 inde$1 t !re are good gr\nds = look+ ) fav\r on ! !ory ( ,/anislas ,meuni]1 accord+ to :i* ! oceans surr\nd+ any planet--our own e>? or ,m>s1 = example--are gradually )drawn f ! surface to ! int]ior4 ,& 9 view ( ! enorm\s l5g? ( ! "t-int]vals requir$ = su* a process1 we mu/ consid] t :ile ! process 0 go+ on ! lun> atmosph]e w\ld n only "p completely ) ! comp\nds ( sulphur1 *lor9e1 & c>bon1 b w\ld be ev5 /ill fur!r r$uc$ by *emical processes act+ ) exce$+ sl[ness1 yet effectively 9 p]iods s enorm\s4 ,b )\t insi/+ on ?is consid]ation1 x is manife/ t--) v reasonable assumptions z to ! d5sity ( ! lun> atmosph]e 9 its orig9al complex condition--:at w\ld rema9 aft] ! removal ( ! *ief portion by *emical processes1 & aft] ! )drawal ( ano!r consid]able portion along ) ! seas b5ea? ! lun> cru/1 w\ld be s inconsid]able 9 quantity z to accord satisfactorily ) ! evid5ce :i* demon/rates ! exce$+ t5uity ( any lun> atmosph]e at pres5t exi/+4 ,^! consid]ations introduce u to ! second "p ( ! moon's hi/ory1--t correspond+ to ! p]iod :5 ! nucleus 0 contract+ m rapidly ?an ! cru/4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & mo/ obvi\s effects ( ?is m rapid nucle> contraction w\ld be ! l[]+ ( ! level ( ! molt5 matt]1 :i* up to ?is p]iod _h be5 kept up to1 or ne>ly up to1 ! lips ( ! great r+$ crat]s4 ,if ! subsid5ce took place int]mitt5tly !re w\ld result a t]rac+ ( ! int]ior ( ! r+$ elevation1 su* z we see 9 _m lun> crat]s4 ,nor w\ld !re be any uni=mity ( level 9 ! sev]al crat] floors ?us =m$1 s9ce ! fluid lava w\ld n =m p>ts ( a s+le fluid mass 79 :i* case1 ( c\rse1 ! level ( ! fluid surface w\ld be ev]y:]e ! same71 b w\ld belong to indep5d5t fluid masses4 ,inde$ x may be notic$ t ! v nature ( ! case requires u to adopt ?is view1 s9ce no o!r w acc\nt = ! v>iety ( level obs]v$ 9 ! diff]5t lun> crat]-floors4 ,if ^! ceas$ to be liquid at diff]5t times1 ! indep5d5ce ( ! fluid masses is by t v fact e/abli%$2 & if !y ceas$ to be liquid at ! same "t1 !y mu/ h be5 indep5d5t1 s9ce1 if communication _h exi/$ betwe5 !m1 !y w\ld h %[n ! uni=mity ( surface :i* ! laws ( hydro/atics require4#ab ,! next effect :i* w\ld foll[ f ! gradual retreat ( ! nucleus f ! cru/ 7sett+ aside ! )drawal ( lun> seas7 w\ld be ! =mation ( corrugations1--9 o!r words1 ( m\nta9-ranges4 ,mallet describes ! =mation ( m\nta9-*a9s z belong+ to ! p]iod :5 '! cont9ually increas+ ?ickness ( ! cru/ rema9$ su* t x 0 /ill z a :ole flexible en\gh1 or oppos$ suffici5t resi/ance ( cru%+ to admit ( ! uprise ( m\nta9-*a9s by resolv$ tang5tial pressures4' ,apply+ ?is to ! case ( ! moon1 ,i ?9k x is cle> t--) h] mu* small] orb & comp>atively rapid rate ( cool+--! era ( ! =mation ( m\nta9-*a9s w\ld be a %ort "o1 & t ^! w\ld !re=e =m a less important *>act]i/ic ( h] surface ?an ( ! e>?'s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p]iod ( volcanic activity :i* w\ld foll[ t ( *a9-=mation w\ld be relatively long cont9u$2 = reg>d+ ?is p]iod z beg9n+ :5 ! ?ickness ( ! moon's cru/ _h become too great to admit ( adju/m5t by corrugation1 ! comp>atively small pressure to :i* ! :ole mass ( ! moon _h be5 subject$ by lun> gravity1 :ile x w\ld on ! "o h& cause ! p]iod to h an e>li] comm5cem5t 7relatively71 w\ld on ! o!r leave great] play to ! effects ( contraction4 ,?us we c und]/& :y ! signs ( volcanic action1 z di/+ui%$ f ! action to :i* m\nta9-ranges are due1 %\ld be f> m num]\s & important on ! moon ?an on ! e>?4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 9 ?is place ent] specially into ! consid]ation ( ! moon's /age ( volcanic activity1 because already1 9 ! pages ( my ,treatise on ! ,moon 7,*apt] ,,vi471 ,i h giv5 a full acc\nt ( t portion ( my pres5t subject4 ,i may make a few rem>ks1 h[ev]1 on ! !ory respect+ lun> crat]s t\*$ on 9 my "w on ',! ,moon4' ,i h m5tion$ ! possibility t "s among ! enorm\s numb] ( r+-%ap$ depressions :i* are se5 on ! moon's surface may h be5 ! result ( meteoric d[nfalls 9 long pa/ ages ( ! moon's hi/ory4 ,"o or two critics h spok5 ( ?is view z ?\gh x 7 too fanta/ic = s]i\s consid]ation4 ,n[1 ?\gh ,i ?rew out ! op9ion m]ely z a sugge/ion1 di/9ctly /at+ t ,i %\ld n c>e to ma9ta9 x z a !ory1 & al?\gh my own op9ion is unfav\rable to ! supposition t any ( ! m consid]able lun> m>k+s c be expla9$ 9 ! sugge/$ way1 yet x is necess>y to notice t on ! g5]al "q :e!r ! moon's surface has be5 m>k$ or n by meteoric d[nfalls sc>cely any reasonable d\bts c be ent]ta9$4 ,=1 fir/1 we c sc>cely "q t ! moon's surface 0 = long ages pla/ic1 & ?\gh we may n assign to ?is p]iod ne>ly s great a l5g? 7#cej millions ( ye>s7 z ,tyndall--foll[+ ,bis*(f--assigns to ! p]iod :5 our e>?'s surface 0 cool+ f a temp]ature ( #bjjj ,c4 to #bjj1 yet /ill x mu/ h la/$ millions ( ye>s2 &1 secondly1 we _c d\bt t ! process ( meteoric d[nfall n[ go+ on is n a new ?+1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is r ! f9al /age ( a process :i* once took place f> m actively4 ,n[ ,pr(4 ,newton has e/imat$1 by a fair e/imate ( obs]v$ facts1 t ea* day on ! av]age #djj millions ( meteors fall1 ( all sizes d[n to ! m9ute/ disc]nible 9 a telescope1 ^u ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 s t on ! moon's unprotect$ globe--) its surface "o ?irte5? ( ! e>?'s--ab\t #cj millions fall ea* day1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,( l>ge meteoric masses only a few hundr$s fall ea* ye> on ! e>?1 & p]haps ab\t a hundr$ on ! moon2 b /ill1 ev5 at ! pres5t rate ( d[nfall1 millions ( l>ge masses mu/ h fall5 on ! moon dur+ ! "t :5 h] surface 0 pla/ic1 :ile probably a mu* l>g] numb]--includ+ _m mu* l>g] masses--mu/ h fall5 dur+ t p]iod4 ,?us1 n only )\t /ra9+ probabilities1 b by tak+ only ! mo/ probable assumptions z to ! pa/1 we h arriv$ at a result :i* compels u to believe t ! moon's surface has be5 v mu* m>k$ by meteoric d[nfall1 :ile x r5d]s x by no means unlikely t a l>ge proportion ( ! m>k+s s left w\ld be disc]nible "u telescopic scrut9y4 ,i w\ld1 9 conclusion1 invite ^? :o h ! requisite leisure to a c>eful /udy ( ! di/ribution ( v>i\s ord]s ( lun> m>k+4 ,x w\ld be well if ! moon's surface 7 isographically *>t$1 & ! di/ribution ( ! seas1 m\nta9 ranges1 & crat]s ( diff]5t dim5sions & "*1 ( rills1 radiat+ /reaks1 bright & d>k regions1 & s on1 c>efully comp>$ int] se1 ) ! object ( det]m9+ :e!r ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! moon's surface 7 probably br\ght to _! pres5t condition dur+ e>li] or lat] p]iods1 & ( int]pret+ also ! significance ( ! moon's *>act]i/ic peculi>ities4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ( a/ronomy1 z 9 "s o!rs1 ! effectiv5ess ( well-devis$ processes ( *>t+ has be5 hi!rto ov]look$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #h3 ,x w\ld /ill be some:at d5s]1 because "u ! circum/ances x w\ld be some:at cool]4 ,footnote #i3 ,x is ?us1 & n by ! effects due to increas+ pressure 7effects :i* probably d n increase beyond a c]ta9 po9t71 t we are to expla9 ! fact t ! e>?'s d5sity z a :ole is ab\t twice ! mean d5sity ( ! matt]s :i* =m its solid surface4 ,x may be t ?is consid]ation1 support$ by ! results ( rec5t exp]im5tal rese>*es1 may give a significance hi!rto n not$ to ! relatively small mean d5sity ( ! moon4 ,footnote #aj3 ,i h occasion to make "s rem>ks at ?is /age to avoid possible & 7my exp]i5ce has %[n me7 n altoge!r improbable misconception1 or ev5 misrepres5tation4 ,! !ory enunciat$ above w be reg>d$ by "s1 :o may h read a c]ta9 review ( my ,treatise on ! ,moon1 z totally diff]5t f :at ,i h advocat$ 9 t "w1 &1 fur!rmore1 z a !ory :i* ,i h borr[$ f ! a=esaid review4 ,i %\ld n be p>ticul>ly conc]n$ if ,i _h occasion to modify views ,i _h =m]ly express$1 s9ce ,i appreh5d t e active /ud5t ( sci5ce %\ld hope1 r ?an dread1 t z 8 "w proce$s he w\ld =m new op9ions4 ,b ,i mu/ po9t out t e>li] 9 my book ,i _h advocat$ ! !ory urg$ above4 ,aft] describ+ ! radiations f ,ty*o & o!r crat]s1 ,i proce$ z foll[s 9 *apt] iv4--',x appe>s to me impossible to ref] ^! ph5om5a to any g5]al cause b ! reaction ( ! moon's int]ior ov]com+ ! t5sion ( ! cru/1 & to ?is degree ,nasmy?'s !ory seems correct2 b x appe>s manife/1 also1 t ! cru/ _c h be5 fractur$ 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x results f ,mallet's inve/igations t ! t5sion ( ! cru/ is call$ into play 9 ! e>li] /ages ( contraction1 & its p[] to resi/ contraction 9 ! lat] /ages1--9 o!r words1 s9ce ! cru/ at fir/ contracts fa/] ?an ! nucleus1 & aft]w>ds n s fa/ z ! nucleus1--we may assume t ! radiat+ sy/ems 7 =m$ 9 s e>ly an era t ! cru/ 0 pla/ic4 ,& x seems reasonable to conclude t ! outfl[+ matt] w\ld reta9 its liquid condition long en\gh 7! cru/ itself be+ int5sely hot7 to spread widely1--a circum/ance :i* w\ld acc\nt at once = ! bread? ( _m ( ! rays1 & = ! re/oration ( level to su* a degree t no %ad[s are ?r[n4 ,x appe>s probable1 also1 t n only 7:i* is manife/7 7 ! crat]s =m$ lat] :i* are se5 ar\nd & ^u ! radiations1 b t ! c5tral crat] itself acquir$ its actual =m long aft] ! epo* :5 ! rays 7 =m$4' ,footnote #aa3 ,:]e sev]al ray c5tres are ne> toge!r1 a region directly betwe5 two ray c5tres w\ld be at a level int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ! ray c5tres & t ( a region c5trally plac$ )9 a triangle or quadrangle ( ray c5tres2 b ! latt] region might be at a high] level ?an ano!r v f> remov$ f ! "p :]e ! ray c5tres 7 ne> toge!r4 ,= in/ance1 ! space 9 ! middle ( ! triangle hav+ ,cop]nicus1 ,ari/>*us1 & ,kepl] at its angles 7or m exactly betwe5 ,mili*ius & ,bess>ion7 is l[] ?an ! surface ar\nd ,hort5sius 7betwe5 ,cop]nicus & ,kepl]71 b n s l[ z ! ,m>e ,imbrium1 f> away f ! region ( ray c5tres ( :i* ,cop]nicus1 ,ari/>*us1 & ,kepl] are ! pr9cipal4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x is important to notice t we may d]ive f ^! consid]ations an argum5t z to ! condition ( ! fluid matt] n[ exi/+ b5ea? ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,a ,,new ,,crat] ,,9 ,,! ,,moon4 ,dr4 ,kle91 a ,g]man a/ronom]1 has rec5tly call$ ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s to a lun> crat] "s ?ree miles wide1 :i* _h n be=e be5 obs]v$1 & :i*1 he feels sure1 0 n 9 exi/5ce two ye>s ago4 ,a/ronom]s h long s9ce giv5 up all hope ( trac+ ei!r ! signs ( actual life ^u ! moon or traces ( ! pa/ exi/5ce ( liv+ creatures !re4 ,b !re are /ill among !m ^? :o believe t by s$ul\s & c>eful scrut9y processes ( mat]ial *ange may be recognis$ 9 t seem+ly in]t mass4 ,9 reality1 p]haps1 ! wond] r is t signs ( *ange %\ld n be (t5 recognis$1 ?an t f "t to "t a new crat] %\ld appe> or ! walls ( old crat]s fall 94 ,! moon's surface is expos$ to v>iations ( temp]ature comp>$ ) :i* ^? affect+ ! surface ( our e>? are altoge!r trifl+4 ,x is true !re is no summ] or w9t] 9 ! moon4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el has spok5 ( ! lun> seasons z ?\gh !y resembl$ our own1 b 9 reality !y are v diff]5t4 ,! sun's midday height at any lun> /ation is only ab\t ?ree degrees great] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]2 :]eas our summ] sun is #dg high] 9 ! sky at noon ?an our w9t] sun4 ,9 fact1 a midsumm]'s day on ! moon does n diff] m f a midw9t]'s day1 z f> z ! sun's actual pa? on ! sky is conc]n$1 ?an ) u ! #ag? ( ,m>* diff]s f ! #be?1 or ! #ai? ( ,septemb] f ! #bg?4 ,x is ! *ange f day to night :i* *iefly affects ! moon's surface4 ,9 ! lun> ye> ( seasons1 la/+ #cdf-b_/c ( our days1 !re are only #aa-c_/d lun> days1 ea* la/+ #bi-c_/d ( ours4 ,?us day la/s m ?an a =tnight1 & is foll[$ by a night ( equal l5g?4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,!re is nei!r air nor moi/ure to produce su* effects z are produc$ by our air & ! moi/ure x conta9s 9 mitigat+ ! heat ( day & ! cold ( night4 ,"u ! sun's rays ! moon's surface becomes hott] & hott] z ! long lun> day proce$s1 until at la/ its heat exce$s t ( boil+ wat]4 ,b s soon z ! sun has set ! heat ?us receiv$ is rapidly radiat$ away into space 7no scre5 ( moi/ure-lad5 air *eck+ its escape71 & long be=e lun> midnight a cold exi/s comp>$ ) :i* ! bitt]e/ wea!r ev] exp]i5c$ by ,arctic voyag]s w\ld be oppressively hot4 ,^! are n m]ely !oretical conclusions1 ?\gh ev5 z su* !y c\ld be ?or\ghly reli$ ^u4 ,! moon's heat has be5 measur$ by ! pres5t ,"l ,rosse 7us+ 8 fa!r's spl5did six-feet mirror74 ,he sep>at$ ! heat :i* ! moon simply reflects to u f t :i* h] heat$ surface itself gives out 7or1 te*nically1 he sep>at$ ! reflect$ f ! radiat$ heat71 by us+ a glass scre5 :i* all[$ ! =m] heat to pass :ile x int]cept$ ! latt]4 ,he ?us f\nd t ab\t six-sev5?s ( ! heat we receive f ! moon is due to ! heat+ ( h] own sub/ance4 ,f ! entire s]ies ( obs]vations x appe>$ t ! *ange ( temp]ature dur+ ! entire lun> day--t is1 f ne> midnight to ne> midday on ! moon--am\nts to fully #ejj ,fahr5heit4 ,if we assume t ! cold at lun> midnight corresponds ) ab\t #bej bel[ z]o 7! greate/ cold exp]i5c$ 9 ,arctic travell+ has nev] exce$$ #adj bel[ z]o71 x w\ld foll[ t ! midday heat is consid]ably great] ?an t ( boil+ wat] on ! e>? at ! sea-level4 ,b ! range ( *ange is n a matt] ( speculation4 ,x c]ta9ly am\nts to ab\t #ejj1 & 9 :atev] way we di/ribute x1 we mu/ admit1 fir/1 t no su* life z we are famili> ) c\ld possibly exi/ on ! moon2 &1 secondly1 t ! moon's cru/ mu/ possess a life ( its own1 s to speak1 exp&+ & contract+ unceas+ly & en]getically4 ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 by ! way1 9 8 f9e "w on ,popul> ,a/ronomy1 rejects ! idea t ! expansions & contractions due to ^! great *anges ( temp]ature c cause any dis9tegration at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re might1 he says1 be bodies s friable t !y w\ld crumble1 'b :atev] crumbl+ might ?us be caus$ w\ld soon be done )1 & !n no fur!r *ange w\ld occur4' ,= my own "p1 ,i _c consid] t su* a surface z ! moon at pres5t possesses c und]go ^! cont9ual expansions & contractions )\t sl[ dis9tegration4 ,x seems to me also extremely probable t f "t to "t ! ov]?r[ ( great masses1 ! break+ up ( ar*$ crat]-floors1 & o!r sudd5 *anges disc]nible f ! e>?1 might be expect$ to occur4 ,pr(essor ,newcomb has1 ,i conceive1 omitt$ to consid] ! enorm\s volumetric expansion z di/+ui%$ f m]e lat]al ext5sion1 result+ f ! heat+ ( ! moon's cru/ to consid]able dep?s4 ,on a v mod]ate computation1 ! surface ( ! c5tral region ( ! full moon mu/ at t "t rise above its mean position to su* a degree t hundr$s1 if n ?\s&s1 ( cubic miles ( ! moon's volume lie above ! mean position ( ! surface !re4 ,at new moon--t is1 at lun> midnight = ! same region--! same enorm\s quantity ( matt] is correspond+ly depress$4 ,& ?\gh ! actual range 9 v]tical height at any giv5 po9t may be small1 we _c d\bt t ! total effect produc$ by ^! con/ant oscillations is consid]able4 ,ye>s or c5turies may pass )\t any great or sudd5 *ange1 b f "t to "t su* cata/rophes mu/ surely occur4 ,i believe t all ! cases ( suppos$ *ange 9 ! moon1 if all 7 reg>d$ z prov$1 c\ld be ?us fully acc\nt$ = )\t any occasion to assume ! action ( volcanic =ces prop]ly s call$4 ,be=e consid]+ ! evid5ce = ! new lun> volcano to :i* ,dr4 ,kle9 has rec5tly call$ ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s1 x may be well briefly to describe ! condition ( ! moon's surface4 ,?is surface1 :i* is equal 9 ext5t to ab\t t ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 or to ,europe & ,africa toge!r 7)\t _! isl&s71 is divid$ into two *ief portions--! high] levels1 :i* are 9 ! ma9 ( light] t9t1 & ! l[] levels1 :i* are1 almo/ )\t exception1 d>k4 ,x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+ t v errone\s ideas are commonly ent]ta9$ respect+ ! moon's g5]al col\r4 ,! moon is v f> f be+ :ite1 z _m suppose4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e is f> m ne>ly black ?an :ite4 ,x has be5 well rem>k$ by ,tyndall t if ! moon 7 cov]$ ) black velvet 7#ad1fjj1jjj squ>e miles ( t mat]ial w\ld be requir$ = ! purpose71 %e w\ld /ill appe> :ite to u1 = we %\ld see h] disc project$ on ! blackness ( />-/rewn space4 ,! actual t9t ( ! moon z a :ole is ne>ly ! same z t ( gray wea!r$ s&/one4 ,! brighte/ p>ts1 h[ev]1 are mu* :it]2 ,zlln] inf]s f 8 photometric exp]im5ts t !y c be comp>$ ) ! :ite/ ( t]re/rial sub/ances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! d>ke/ p>ts ( ! moon are probably f> d>k] ?an porphyry1 ev5 if !y are n s d>k t on e>? we %\ld call !m black4 ,! fact t ! l[-ly+ p>ts ( ! moon are mu* d>k] ?an ! high] regions is full ( mean+1 ?\gh hi!rto its significance does n seem to h be5 mu* notic$4 ,ei!r we mu/ assume t ^! l[] regions1 ! s-call$ seas 7c]ta9ly n[ dry71 are old sea bottoms1 & owe _! d>kness to ! quality ( ! matt] deposit$ !re 9 remote ages1 or else we mu/ suppose t ! matt] :i* la/ rema9$ fluid :5 ! moon's surface 0 consolidat+ 0 ( d>k] mat]ial ?an ! re/4 ,= su* matt] w\ld occupy ! l[e/ lun> regions4 ,!re is "h room = a v pr(itable /udy ( ! moon's aspect by geologi/s4 ,i d\bt n t1 h[ev] diff]5t ! g5]al pa/ hi/ory ( our e>? may h be5 f ! moon's1 t]re/rial regions exi/ :]e ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! moon's surface are m or less closely illu/rat$4 ,on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 = example1 !re are peculi>ities ( geological =mation :i* seem to correspond closely ) "s ( ! features ( ! lun> globe1 pres5tly to be notic$2 & x seems to me n improbable t geologi/s might f9d 9 ! /udy ( c]ta9 regions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! means ( int]pret+ ! diff]5ce ( t9t betwe5 high] & l[] levels on ! moon4 ,if s1 light w\ld probably be ?r[n on v difficult que/ions relat+ to ! remote pa/1 n only ( ! moon1 b ( our own e>?4 ,! lun> feature :i* comes next 9 importance to ! diff]5ce ( t9t betwe5 ! s-call$ 'seas' & ! high] l&s is ! exi/5ce ( rem>kable s]ies ( radiat+ /reaks ext5d+ f c]ta9 important crat]s--c5tres probably ( pa/ di/urbance4 ,x is impossible to contemplate ! disc ( ! full moon1 z se5 ) a p[]ful telescope1 )\t feel+ t ^! sy/ems ( rays mu/ h result$ f ! op]ation ( =ces ( ! mo/ /up5d\s nature1 ?\gh z yet _! true mean+ is hid f u4 ,!y w\ld be m>vell\s ph5om5a1 ev5 if !y 7 n s my/]i\s--m>vell\s 9 _! enorm\s ext5sion1 _! s+ul> brightness1 & _! mann] ( trav]s+ 'seas1' crat]s1 & m\nta9-ranges indiff]5tly4 ,b _! *ief m>vel resides 9 ! my/]i\s mann] ( _! appe>ance z ! moon approa*es h] full illum9ation4 ,o!r lun> features are mo/ cle>ly recognis$ :5 ! moon is n full1 = !n ! %ad[s :i* af=d our only means ( e/imat+ ! height ( lun> irregul>ities are cle>ly se5 along ! bord] betwe5 ! bright & d>k p>ts ( h] face1 & we h only to wait until ?is bord] passes ov] any object we wi% to /udy to obta9 satisfactory evid5ce ( its nature4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! rays4 ,! regions occupi$ by ^! radiat+ /reaks are nei!r rais$ nor depress$ 9 su* sort z ei!r to ?r[ %ad[s or to lie 9 %ad[ :5 surr\nd+ regions are 9 sunlight4 ,b :5 ! moon approa*es h] full illum9ation1 ! radiat+ regions come into view1 z bright /reaks--bright ev5 on ! light-t9t$ lun> upl&s4 ,a mighty sy/em ( rays c be se5 ext5d+ f ! great crat] ,ty*o 9 all directions4 ,o!r sy/ems1 sc>cely less wond]ful1 ext5d f ! battlem5t$ crat]1 ,cop]nicus1 ! brilliant ,ari/>*us1 & ! solit>y ,kepl]4 ,"o ray f ,ty*o c be trac$ r\nd ne>ly an entire hemisph]e ( ! moon's surface4 ,x is specially notewor?y ( ?is great ray t1 :]e x crosses ! lun> ,sea ( ,s]5ity1 t great pla9 seems to be divid$ z by a sort ( ridge l9e1 ! slope ( ! pla9 f ei!r side ( ! ray's track be+ cle>ly disc]nible :5 ! moon is ne> h] fir/ qu>t]4 ,:at are ^! my/]i\s ray sy/ems8 ,h[ are we to expla9 ! circum/ance t ?\gh only ! mo/ trem5d\s =ces seem compet5t to acc\nt = b&s su* z ^!1 _m miles broad & _m hundr$s ( miles 9 l5g?1 !re are yet none ( ! usual signs ( ! action ( volcanic =ces8 ,if mighty rifts _h be5 =m$ 9 ! moon's cru/ by ! outbur/+ action ( a hot nucleus1 or ?r\gh ! contraction ( ! cru/ on an unyield+ nucleus 7= ! effect w\ld be ! same 9 ei!r case71 we %\ld sc>cely expect to f9d t aft] su* rifts _h =m$ no signs ( any diff]5ce ( level w\ld appe>4 ,if lava fl[$ out all along ! rift1 "o w\ld imag9e t x w\ld =m a long dyke :i* w\ld ?r[ an obvi\s %ad[1 except "u full sol> illum9ation4 ,if ! rift 7 n fill$ ) lava1 ! bottom ( ! rift w\ld c]ta9ly rema9 9 %ad[ long aft] ! surr\nd+ region 0 illum9at$4 ,t lava %\ld exactly fill ! rift along its entire l5g? seems incr$ible4 ,?is might happ5 by a /range *ance 9 ! case ( a s+le rift1 b n ) all ! rifts ( a radiat+ sy/em1 /ill less ) all ! rifts ( all ! radiat+ sy/ems4 ,yet ,i believe t nei!r a/ronom]s nor geologi/s c =m any o!r op9ion respect+ ^! my/]i\s ray-sy/ems ?an t !y 7 caus$ by :at ,humboldt 7speak+ ( ! e>?7 calls ! reaction ( ! int]ior on ! cru/4 ,nasmy? has admirably indicat$ _! appe>ance1 or r _! radiat+ =m1 by fill+ a globul> glass %ell ) wat]1 h]metically clos$1 & !n freez+ ! wat]4 ,! expansion ( ! wat] bur/s ! glass %ell1 & ! l9es ( fracture are f\nd to ext5d 9 a s]ies ( rays f ! "p ( ! %ell :i* fir/ gave way4 ,b ?is exp]im5t ( itself does n expla9 ! my/]y ( ! lun> rays4 ,accept+ ! !ory t ! moon's cru/ yield$ 9 "s su* way1 we h /ill to expla9 h[ ! rifts :i* 7 ?us =m$ came to be cov]$ ov] ) matt] ly+ ne>ly at ! same level z ! surr\nd+ surface4 ,x appe>s to me t ! only available way ( expla9+ ?is is some:at z foll[s4 ,fir/1 f ! way 9 :i* ! /reaks are cov]$ l ! surr\nd+ region ) crat]s1 we may conclude t ! /reaks are old] ?an any except ! l>ge/ crat]s2 f ! great ext5sion ( _m ( !m1 we may safely inf] t ! lun> cru/ possess$ a l>ge measure ( pla/icity :5 !y 7 =m$ 7= o!rwise x w\ld h yield$ ov] a small] area74 ,x 01 !re=e1 probably /ill hot dur+ ! era 7:i* may h la/$ millions ( ye>s7 to :i* ! =mation ( ! rifts belong$3 accord+ly ! lava :i* fl[$ out ?r\gh ! rifts rema9$ liquid = a consid]able "t1 & 0 ?us able to spread widely on ei!r side ( ! rift1 =m+ a broad b& ( lava-cov]$ surface1 in/ead ( a /eep & n>r[ dyke4 ,?is seems n only to acc\nt = ! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity ( ! b&s1 b to accord well ) all t is kn[n ab\t !m1 & ev5 to sugge/ explanations ( "s o!r lun> features :i* _h appe>$ p]plex+4 ,i und]/& t 9 c]ta9 regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re are lava-cov]$ rifts l>ge en\gh to =m geographical features1 &1 !re=e1 fairly comp>able ) ! lun> radiat+ /reaks4 ,b z yet ,am]ican geologi/s h n pres5t$ 9 an accessible =m a description ( ! peculi> features ( ! ,am]ican cont95t2 9 fact1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r z yet ! mat]ials = su* a description exi/4 ,! m\nta9-ranges ( ! moon d n diff] to any m>k$ degree f ^? ( our own e>?4 ,!y are few 9 numb]2 9 fact1 m\nta9-ranges =m a less important feature ( lun> ?an ( t]re/rial geography4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lun> r+-m\nta9s & crat]s f> exce$ ^? ( our e>? 9 size & importance4 ,! l>ge crat]s may1 9 fact1 be reg>d$ z *>act]i/ic features ( lun> sc5]y4 ,!re are sev]al crat]s exce$+ #ajj miles 9 diamet]4 ,x is /range to consid] t ?\gh ! r+$ wall surr\nd+ "s ( ^! l>g] crat]s exce$s #aj1jjj feet 9 height1 no trace ( ! highe/ peaks ( su* a wall w\ld be visible f ! middle ( ! enclos$ pla94 ,conv]sely1 an obs]v] /&+ on "o ( ! highe/ peaks beside "o ( ^! great crat]s1 w\ld n see half ! floor ( ! crat]1 :ile m ?an half ! horizon l9e ar\nd him w\ld belong to ! enclos$ pla91 & w\ld appe> z level z ! horizon se5 f a height ov]look+ a great prairie4 ,^! r+$ pla9s & l>g] crat]s seem to belong to ! ?ird great era ( ! moon's hi/ory4 ,! bright high regions & d>k l[ levels call$ seas mu/ h be5 =m$ :ile ! great] "p ( ! cru/ 0 int5sely hot4 ,! contraction ( ! cool+ cru/ on ! nucleus1 :i* cool$ f> less sl[ly1 l$ to ! =mation ( ! great ray sy/ems4 ,b ?\gh su* sy/ems ext5d f great crat]s1 ^! crat]s !mselves probably atta9$ _! pres5t =m f> lat]4 ,! cru/ hav+ 9 great "p cool$1 ! nucleus began 9 turn to %r9k m quickly ?an ! cru/1 hav+ m heat to "p )4 ,?us ! cru/1 clos+ 9 ^u ! %r9k+ nucleus1 =m$ ! corrugations & wr9kles :i* c be se5 "u telescopic scrut9y 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! visible lun> surface4 ,! process 0 accompani$ necess>ily by ! developm5t ( great heat--! !rmal equival5t ( ! me*anical process ( contraction4 ,mallet has %[n t ! process ( contraction at pres5t occurr+ 9 ! e>?'s cru/ gives rise to ! great] "p ( ! heat to :i* volcanic ph5om5a are due4 ,if ?is is s 9 ! e>?'s case at pres5t1 h[ trem5d\s mu/ h be5 ! heat evolv$ by ! f> m rapid contraction ( ! moon's mass 9 ! remote era we are consid]+1 :5 probably h] heat pass$ into space un*eck$ by ! action ( a d5se moi/ure-lad5 atmosph]e6 ,we c well und]/& t enorm\s volumes ( heat$ gas w\ld be =m$--includ+ /eam1 = !re is good reason to believe t wat] is pres5t 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! moon's int]ior4 ,! imprison$ gas w\ld f9d an outlet at po9ts ( lea/ resi/ance1 ! c5tres1 namely1 ( ! great radiat+ sy/ems ( /reaks4 ,^! c5tres w\ld c]ta9ly be regions ( outlet4 ,b !y w\ld n be suffici5t4 ,we c und]/& !n :y e ray sy/em ext5ds f a great crat]1 ?\gh t crat] 0 really =m$ aft] ! sy/em ( radiat+ /reaks2 & we c equally und]/& :y ^! c5tral crat]s are n ! only or ev5 ! *ief ( ! great crat]s 9 ! moon4 ,"h aga9 ,i w\ld sugge/ t possibly ! c>eful /udy ( ,am]ican geology might disclose features illu/rat+ ! great lun> crat]s4 ,:5 we pass to ! small] crat]s1 rang+ 9 diamet] f sev5 or eight miles to less ?an a qu>t] ( a mile1 ev5 if !re be n "s f> small] & beyond ! range ( ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes man c con/ruct1 we f9d ourselves among objects resembl+ ^? ) :i* ! /udy ( our own e>? has r5d]$ u famili>4 ,:5 ,s>torius's map ( ,etna & ! surr\nd+ region 0 fir/ se5 at ! ,geological ,society's rooms1 _m suppos$ t x repres5t$ lun> features4 ,! ,vesuvian volcanic region1 aga91 is pres5t$ side by side ) a lun> region ( simil> ext5t 9 ,nasmy?'s f9e treatise on ! moon1 & ! resemblance is v close4 ,consid]+ ! "p :i* wat] plays 9 produc+ t]re/rial volcanic ph5om5a1 x may reasonably be d\bt$ :e!r !re is 9 reality s close a resemblance z a sup]ficial comp>ison 7& we c make no o!r7 w\ld sugge/4 ,!re are ^?1 inde$1 :o believe t "s ( ! multitud9\s small crat]s ( ! moon h _h _! orig9 9 ! d[nfall ( meteoric masses on h] once pla/ic surface2 & /range ?\gh ! ?\ght may seem1 !re w\ld be consid]able difficulty 9 %[+ h[ ! surface ( ! moon c\ld h rema9$ )\t traces ( ! meteoric d[nfall to :i* dur+ myriads ( c5turies %e 0 expos$ undef5d$ by t atmosph]ic %ield :i* protects our e>? f millions ( meteors ye>ly fall+ ^u h]4 ,we c\ld only attribute ! smalle/ lun> crat]s1 h[ev]1 to ?is cause4 ,x may be notic$ 9 pass+ t ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 app>5tly ref]r+ to ?is sugge/ion1 :i* "s _h ?\ght too fanciful to be s]i\sly advanc$1 says t '! figures ( ^! inequalities 7! small crat]s7 c be closely imitat$ by ?r[+ pebbles ^u ! surface ( "s smoo? pla/ic mass1 z mud or mort>4' ,crat]s1 h[ev]1 l>g] ?an a mile or s 9 diamet]1 & _m also ( small] dim5sions1 mu/ be reg>d$ z due to ! same process ( contraction :i* produc$ ! great crat]s1 b z belong+ to an era :5 ?is process w5t on less actively4 ,9 l mann] ano!r feature ( ! moon's surface1 ! exi/5ce ( n>r[ furr[s call$ rilles1 :i* sometimes ext5d to a consid]able di/ance1 pass+ across levels1 int]sect+ crat] walls1 & reappe>+ beyond m\nta9-ranges z ?\gh c>ri$ "u l tunnels1 mu/ be reg>d$ z due to ! crack+ ( ! cru/ ?us sl[ly %r9k+4 ,x is notewor?y t ! signs ( *ange :i* h be5 suspect$ dur+ rec5t ye>s belong to ^! small] & probably m rec5t lun> =mations4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahff1 ,dr4 ,s*midt1 *ief ( ! ,a!ns ,obs]vatory1 ann\nc$ t ! crat] ,l9n 9 ! lun> ,sea ( ,s]5ity 0 miss+4 ,to und]/& ! importance ( ?is ann\ncem5t1 let x simply be not$ t ! quantity ( matt] necess>y to fill t crat] up w\ld be at lea/ equal to t :i* w\ld be requir$ to =m a m\nta9 cov]+ ! :ole area ( ,london to a height ( two miles6 ,! crat] 0 describ$ by =m] lun> obs]v]s z at lea/ five miles 9 diamet] & v deep4 ,x is n n[ actually miss+1 z ,s*midt suppos$1 b x is c]ta9ly no long] deep4 ,x is1 9 fact1 exce$+ly %all[4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's op9ion 0 t ! crat] _h be5 fill$ up f b5ea? by an effusion ( visc\s lava1 :i*1 ov]fl[+ ! rim on all sides1 p\r$ d[n ! out] slope s z to efface its rugg$ness & conv]t x into a gradual declivity ca/+ no /ray %ad[s4 ,b ! /up5d\s nature ( ! di/urb+ =ces necess>y to produce su* an ov]fl[ ( molt5 matt] has l$ mo/ a/ronom]s to adopt 9 pref]5ce ! !ory t ! wall surr\nd+ ! crat] has be5 ov]?r[n1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce solely ( ! processes ( contraction & expansion describ$ above1 or f ! re9=cem5t ( _! action by ! effects due to sublun>ian en]gies4 ,"s consid] t ! descriptions ( ! crat] by ,mdl] & ,lohrmann 7:i* slightly diff]7 7 errone\s1 & t !re has be5 no real *ange4 ,o!rs d5y t any *ange has occurr$1 on ! gr\nd t ,l9n v>ies 9 aspect accord+ to ! mann] ( its illum9ation4 ,?is ,i p]ceive is ,pr(essor ,newcomb's explanation1 :o consid]s su* v>iations 'suffici5t to acc\nt = ! suppos$ *ange4' ,b s9ce ! "t ( ,s*midt's ann\ncem5t ,l9n has sev]al times be5 obs]v$ "u ne>ly ! same conditions z by ,mdl] & ,lohrmann1 z ! great %ad[s =m]ly se5 9 its int]ior h n reappe>$4 ,!re seems to be great reason = believ+ t a *ange has really occurr$ !re4 ,! discov]y ann\nc$ by ,dr4 ,kle9 is ( a diff]5t nature4 ,ne> ! middle ( ! visible half ( ! moon !re is a well-kn[n ?\gh small crat] call$ ,hyg9us1 ! neighb\rhood ( :i* has be5 (t5 & c>efully exam9$4 ,:ile exam9+ ?is "p ( ! moon's surface ) an excell5t #e-a_/b;94 telescope1 9 ,may1 #ahgg1 ,dr4 ,kle9 obs]v$ a small crat] full ( %ad[1 & app>5tly ne>ly ?ree miles 9 diamet]4 ,x =m$ a conspicu\s object on ! ,sea ( ,vap\rs4 ,hav+ frequ5tly obs]v$ ?is region dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 he felt c]ta9 t no su* crat] exi/$ !re 9 #ahgf4 ,he communicat$ 8 discov]y to ,dr4 ,s*midt1 :o /at$1 9 reply1 t 9 all ! num]\s draw+s he _h made ( ?is lun> region no su* crat] 0 indicat$4 ,x is n %[n 9 ! great *>t by ,be] & ,mdl]1 or 9 ,lohrmann's map4 ,fur!r obs]vation %[$ t ! crat] is a deep1 conical op5+ 9 ! moon's surface4 ,soon aft] ! sun has ris5 at t "p ( ! moon1 &1 z lat] obs]vations confirm1 %ortly be=e sunset !re1 ! op5+ is entirely 9 %ad[1 & appe>s black4 ,b :5 ! sun is r high] x appe>s grey1 & ) a yet high] sun x c no long] be di/+ui%$4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be se5 :5 ! sun is v high on t "p ( ! moon1 appe>+ !n some:at bright] ?an ! surr\nd+ region1 a circum/ance :i* does n hi!rto seem to h be5 notic$ by ei!r ,kle9 or ,s*midt4 ,! moon's surface has be5 s long & s c>efully /udi$1 t x is almo/ impossible to und]/& h[ su* a crat] z n[ c]ta9ly exi/s 9 ! ,sea ( ,vap\rs ne> ,hyg9us c\ld h escap$ detection4 ,crat]s ( ! k9d exi/1 inde$1 9 hundr$s on ! moon's surface4 ,b _m a/ronom]s h giv5 ye>s ( _! life to ! /udy ( su* objects2 & ! c5tre ( ! moon's disc1 = reasons :i* a/ronom]s w und]/&1 has be5 /udi$ ) exceptional c>e4 ,x seems s unlikely t a deep crat] ?ree miles 9 diamet] c\ld escape recognition1 t "s a/ronom]s h n hesitat$ to reg>d ! newly-detect$ crat] z c]ta9ly a new =mation4 ,= my own "p1 ?\gh x seems almo/ impossible to expla9 h[ su* a crat] c\ld h rema9$ s long unnotic$1 ,i c reg>d ! evid5ce ( *ange z am\nt+ only to extreme probability s f> z x dep5ds on ! result ( pa/ telescopic scrut9y ( ! moon4 ,admitt+ t a *ange _h occurr$1 x w\ld n foll[ t x _h be5 produc$ by volcanic =ces4 ,x seems f> m likely t a floor orig9ally cov]+ ! conical hole n[ exi/+ 9 ! ,sea ( ,vap\rs has giv5 way at la/ "u ! effect ( long-cont9u$ processes ( expansion & contraction1 :i* w\ld op]ate ) special en]gy ov] a region1 l ! ,sea ( ,vap\rs1 ne> ! moon's equator4 ,b !re rema9s to be m5tion$ a =m ( evid5ce respect+ lun> features :i* c\ld n be effectively appli$ to ! case ( ! crat] ,l9n1 because ! moon _h only be5 subject to ! necess>y me?od ( exam9ation dur+ a few ye>s be=e t crat] 0 miss$4 ,i ref] to lun> photography4 ,_m objects less ?an two miles 9 diamet] are %[n 9 ! be/ photographs ( our satellite by ,ru!rfurd1 ,de la ,rue1 ,ell]y1 & ,drap]2 & z ! moon has be5 photograph$ 9 e phase1 "s among ! views might fairly be expect$ to %[ ,kle9's crat] if x really exi/$ be=e #ahgg4 ,i d n f9d t 9 any lun> photographs ! crat] is %[n z a black or d>k gray spot4 ,b 9 ,ru!rfurd's spl5did photograph ( ! moon on ,m>* #f1 #ahfe 7:5 ! moon 0 ab\t n9e days five h\rs old71 ! place ( ,kle9's crat] is occupi$ by a small spot light] ?an ! surr\nd+ 'sea4' ,?is is ! usual appe>ance ( a small crat] "u a high sun2 & ?\gh x may indicate only ! exi/5ce ( a flat crat] floor 9 #ahfe :]e n[ a great conical hole exi/s1 x ?r[s "s degree ( d\bt on ! occurr5ce ( any *ange at all !re4 ,! case /rongly sugge/s ! necessity = cont9u+ ! "w ( lun> photography1 :i* seems ( late ye>s to h flagg$4 ,photographs ( ! moon %\ld be tak5 9 e aspect & 9 e /age ( h] librational sway+s4 ,possess+ su* a s]ies1 we %\ld be able to decide at once :e!r any newly-recognis$ crat] 0 9 reality a new =mation or n4 ,,! ,,novemb] ,,meteors4 ,dur+ ,novemb] #ac & #ad ! e>? is pass+ ?r\gh ! region along :i* lies ! c\rse ( ! family ( meteors call$ ! ,leonides1 sometimes famili>ly kn[n z ! ,novemb] meteors4 ,:5 at ?is "t ( ! ye> ! meteor region ?us trav]s$ by ! e>? is d5sely /rewn ) meteors1 !re occurs a display ( fall+ />s1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 &1 rightly und]/ood1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( all cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,( old1 inde$1 :5 x 0 suppos$ t ^! meteors 7 purely meteorological ph5om5a1 !y 7 n ?\ght specially int]e/+ objects4 ,!y 7 held by "s z m]e wea!r-port5ts4 ,x 0 only :5 a /orm ( w9d 0 approa*+1 v5to imp5d5te1 accord+ to ,virgil1 t a %[] ( meteors 0 to be se54 ,gross ignorance1 inde$1 has giv5 to %[]s ( fall+ />s an int]e/ surpass+ ev5 t :i* has become atta*$ to !m ?r\gh ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 = !y h be5 reg>d$ z port5d+ ! end ( ! _w4 ,! %[] ( ,novemb] #ac1 #ahcc1 :i* 0 se5 9 great spl5d\r 9 ,am]ica1 fright5$ ! negroes ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ne>ly out ( _! wits4 ,a plant] ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a relates t he 0 awak5$ by %rieks ( horror & cries = m]cy f #fjj or #gjj negroes4 ,:5 he w5t out to see :at 0 ! matt]1 he f\nd ! negroes pro/rate on ! gr\nd1 '"s spee*less1 "s ) bitt]e/ cries implor+ ,god to sp>e ! _w & !m4' ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a gr&eur 9 ! int]pretation plac$ by mod]n sci5ce ^u ^! beautiful displays :i* dw>fs into littl5ess ev5 su* ideas z h be5 sugge/$ by ! t]rors ( sup]/ition4 ,we p]ceive t meteors are n m]e t]re/rial ph5om5a1 nor ( brief exi/5ce4 ,!y speak to u ( doma9s 9 space comp>$ ) :i* ! volume ( our e>?--nay1 ev5 ! volume ( ! sun himself--is a m]e po9t3 ( "t-int]vals comp>$ ) :i* ! millions ( ye>s spok5 ( by geologi/s appe> b z m]e seconds4 ,! special meteor family ^: track ! e>? crosses on ,novemb] #ac-ad =ms a mighty ellipse r\nd ! sun1 ext5d+ m ?an #ai times f>!r f him ?an ! track ( our e>?1 :i* yet1 z we "k1 lies m ?an #ib1jjj1jjj miles f ! sun4 ,along ?is trem5d\s orbit ! meteors spe$ ) planet>y b v>y+ velocity1 cross+ ! track ( our e>? ) a velocity exce$+ by m ?an a ?ird h] own swift motion ( ab\t #ai miles 9 e second ( "t4 ,com+ d[n some:at aslant1 b o!rwise meet+ ! e>? almo/ full tilt1 ! meteors ru% into our air at ! rate ( m ?an #dj miles p] second4 ,!y are s int5sely heat$ z !y ru% ?r\gh x t !y are turn$ into ! =m ( vap\r1 insomu* t we nev] make acqua9tance ) ! memb]s ( ?is p>ticul> meteoric family 9 ! solid =m4 ,9 ?is respect !y resemble ! great] numb] ( our meteoric visitants4 ,x is1 inde$1 a some:at =tunate circum/ance = u t ?is is s1 = if ,pr(essor ,newton1 ( ,yale ,college 7,unit$ ,/ates71 is "r 9 e/imat+ ! total numb] ( meteors1 l>ge & small1 :i* ! e>? enc\nt]s p] annum at #djj1jjj1jjj1 x w\ld be r a s]i\s matt] if all or mo/ ( ^! bodies 7 n w>d$ (f4 ,! lea/ ( !m1 ev5 ?\gh a m]e gra9 p]haps 9 weight1 w\ld yet1 arriv+ ) planet>y velocity exce$+ a hundr$fold or m ! velocity ( a cannon-ball1 prove an awkw>d missile if x /ruck man or animal4 ,b ! air effectually saves u f all save a few fire-balls :i* are l>ge en\gh to rema9 9 great "p solid until !y actually /rike ! e>? itself4 ,! importance ( ! meteors 9 ! planet>y sy/em w be recognis$ :5 we rememb] t ! ,novemb] gr\p alone ext5ds along its oval c\rse 9 "o complete sy/em ( meteors = a l5g? ( m ?an #a1gjj millions ( miles1 ) an av]age ?ickness ( ab\t a million miles 7det]m9$ by not+ ! av]age "t occupi$ by ! e>? 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! sy/em on ,novemb] #ac-ad71 & an unkn[n cross bread? :i* probably does n fall %ort ( ?ree or f\r millions ( miles4 ,o!r sy/ems are1 no d\bt1 f> m important1 = x has be5 f\nd t meteors foll[ 9 ! track ( comets4 ,n[ ! ,novemb] meteors foll[ 9 ! track ( a comet 7,tempel's comet ( #ahff71 :i* 0 s small :5 la/ fav\rably plac$ = obs]vation t x escap$ detection by ! nak$ eye4 ,if s small a comet z ?is is foll[$ by s l>ge a meteoric sy/em1 9 :i* also meteors are /rewn s ri*ly t dur+ ! passage ( ! e>? ?r\gh x1 t5s ( ?\s&s ( meteors h be5 c\nt$1 h[ va/ mu/ be ! numb]s & h[ l>ge probably ! individual bodies foll[+ 9 ! track ( su* spl5did comets z ,newton's1 ,donati's 7#aheh71 ! comets ( #ahaa1 #ahdg1 #ahfa1 & o!rs6 ,= x %\ld be rememb]$ t we become cognisant ( ! exi/5ce ( a meteoric sy/em only :5 ! e>? ?reads its way ?r\gh "o1 :5 ^? :i* %e enc\nt]s may become visible z fall+ />s if x s *ances t %e enc\nt]s !m on ! d>k or night half ( h] surface4 ,b ! e>? is f> small] comp>$ ) a sy/em l ! ,novemb] meteor-flight ?an a rifle-ball comp>$ ) ! l>ge/ flight ( birds ev] yet se54 ,su* a ball fir$ into a v d5se & widely ext5d+ flock ( birds might enc\nt] "h & !re along its c\rse "s five or six birds--n "o 9 #aj1jjj1 p]haps1 ( ! entire flight2 & if ! flock cont9u$ fly+ ) un*ang+ c\rse1 a hundr$ rifle balls might be fir$ ?r\gh x )\t seem+ly r$uc+ its numb]s4 ,our e>? has pass$ hundr$s ( times ?r\gh ! ,novemb] meteor sy/em1 yet its meteoric weal? has sc>cely be5 r$uc$ at all1 s exce$+ly m9ute is ! track ( ! e>? ?r\gh ! meteor sy/em comp>$ ) ! ext5sion ( ! sy/em itself4 ,! region ?r\gh :i* ! e>? has pass$ is less ?an a billion? "p ( ! entire region occupi$ by ! sy/em4 ,b ! ,novemb] sy/em is b "o among sev]al hundr$s ?r\gh :i* ! e>? passes--9 o!r words1 ! sy/ems :i* *ance to be trav]s$ by t m]e ?read-l r+ 9 space trav]s$ ea* ye> by ! e>?1 are n a million?1 n a billion?1 ( ! total numb] ( su* sy/ems4 ,x w be conceiv$1 !re=e1 t ! total am\nt ( meteoric matt]1 travell+ on orbits ( all degrees ( ecc5tricity & ext5sion f ! sun & incl9$ at all angles to ! g5]al plane ( ! sol> sy/em1 mu/ be enorm\sly great4 ,! idea once advanc$ by an em95t a/ronom] t ! total quantity ( unatta*$ matt]1 s to speak1 exi/+ )9 ! sol> doma9 mu/ be e/imat$ r by p\nds ?an by tons is n[ altoge!r explod$4 ,x w\ld be tru] to say t ! totality ( matt] ?us freely travell+ ar\nd ! sun mu/ be e/imat$ by billions ( tons r ?an by millions4 ,:e!r x is likely t !re w be a display ( meteors to-night 7or1 r1 to-morr[ morn+71 is a "q to :i* mo/ a/ronom]s w\ld be dispos$1 we believe1 to reply def9itely 9 ! negative4 ,! display ( ,novemb] #ac-ad1 #ahff1 0 v brilliant2 t ( #ahfg 7be/ se5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 0 almo/ equally s2 b successive %[]s /eadily dim9i%$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "p ( ! sy/em cross$ by ! e>? 9 #ahff & #ahfg 0 v ri*1 b ! "p :i* %e cross$ aft]w>ds 7! ri* "p hav+ pass$ f> on t[>ds ! remote aphelion ( ! sy/em outside ! orbit ( ,uranus7 0 less ri*4 ,= ! la/ few ye>s v few ,novemb] meteors h be5 se51 ?\gh ! few /raggl]s :i* h be5 se51 & h be5 id5tifi$ z belong+ to ! family by _! pa?s a?w>t ! />-dep?s1 h be5 almo/ z int]e/+ to a/ronom]s z ! %[]s ( su* bodies se5 9 #agii1 #ahcc1 #ahff1 & #ahfg4 ,b x is n altoge!r impossible t 9 ! small h\rs 'ayont ! twal' to-morr[ morn+ a %[] ( meteors may be se54 ,= ,s*iap>elli 7! ,italian a/ronom] :o fir/ />t$ ! ideas :i* l$ :5 prop]ly foll[$ up to ! discov]y ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 meteors & comets7 ass]ts t x has happ5$ be=e n[ t ! ,novemb] meteors h appe>$ 9 great numb]s 9 ye>s ly+ midway betwe5 ! times ( maximum display4 ,^! times are sep>at$ on ! av]age by ab\t #cc-a_/d ye>s4 ,?us1 9 #agii1 !re 0 a great display ( ,novemb] meteors1 a %[] r5d]$ specially celebrat$ by ,humboldt's description4 ,9 #ahcc !re 0 ano!r1 ! display :i* s t]rifi$ ! negroes ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 b m int]e/+ sci5tifically z describ$ by ,arago4 ,9 #ahff ! %[] aga9 atta9$ its maximum spl5d\r1 ?\gh ! display ( #ahfg 0 little inf]ior4 ,x w n be till #ahii t ano!r great %[] ( ,novemb] meteors may be confid5tly look$ =4 ,b if ,s*iap>elli be "r1 x is q possible t !re may be a %[] ?is ye>1 due to "s scatt]$ flight ( ! ,novemb] meteors :i*1 delay$ accid5tally 7?r\gh "s special p]turbation7 _m hundr$s ( ye>s ago1 has come 9 ! c\rse ( ages to travel ne>ly half a circuit beh9d ! ri*e/ "p ( ! sy/em1 ! 'gem ( ! meteor-r+1' z x has be5 poetically call$4 ,ev51 h[ev]1 ?\gh no display ( ,novemb] meteors %\ld be se51 yet ! recognition ( ev5 a few scatt]$ /raggl]s w\ld be exce$+ly int]e/+ to a/ronom]s4 ,a s+le meteor se5 to-night :i* c\ld be reg>d$ z c]ta9ly belong+ to ! ,novemb] sy/em w\ld suffice to %[ ! possibility t a :ole flight ( ! ,novemb] meteors might travel at a simil> di/ance beh9d ! ma9 body4 ,x w\ld be m easy1 h[ev]1 to id5tify two su* meteors ?an "o1 six ?an two1 & a score ?an half-a-doz54 ,! only way 9 :i* a meteor c be que/ion$1 s to speak1 respect+ ! family x belongs to1 is by not+ its pa? across ! sky4 ,if ?is pa? t5ds directly f ! con/ellation ,leo 7h[ev] remote ,leo may be f ! "p ( ! heav5s trav]s$ by ! meteor71 ! *ances are t ! meteor is a ,leonid1 or "o ( ! ,novemb] family4 ,if ! pa? t5ds f t p>ticul> "p ( ! con/ellation ,leo 7ne> ! end ( ! curv$ blade ( ! s-call$ ,sickle 9 ,leo71 ! probability ( ! meteor be+ a ,leonid is increas$4 ,if two or m meteors are se5 to-morr[ morn+ 7aft] #ab4cj7 :i* bo? t5d f ! ,sickle 9 ,leo1 ev5 ?\gh !y seem to t5d 9 opposite directions1 ! *ances are yet great] t !y are travell+ 9 p>allel pa?s along ! track ( ! ,novemb] meteors1 b "s #b1jjj million miles beh9d ! ma9 body4 ,%\ld ! numb] m\nt up to a score or s1 ! conclusion w\ld be1 to all int5ts & purposes1 c]ta92 & ! possible occurr5ce ( ev5 a %[] ( ,leonids at a "t midway betwe5 ! cu/om>y maxima ( ! meteoric displays w\ld be plac$ beyond "q4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 admit t x seems less likely !re w be any?+ l a display ( ,leonids to-night ?an t pati5t obs]v]s may be able to id5tify a few ( ^! bodies1 & ?us--?\gh by obs]vations ( a less attractive k9d--to advance our k ( ?is int]e/+ sy/em4 ,f> m likely is x t t[>ds ! end ( ! mon? !re w be a display ( meteors belong+ to ano!r & an entirely di/9ct family1 a family sc>cely less wor?y to be call$ ,novemb] meteors p> excell5ce1 b actually rejoic+ 9 ! classically unsatisfactory "n ( ,&rom$s4 ,,expect$ ,,meteor ,,%[]4 7,f ! ,times ( ,novemb] #be1 #ahgh47 ,x is probable t dur+ ! next ?ree nights "s light may be ?r[n on "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ yet mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! problems rec5tly sugge/$ to ! /udy ( a/ronom]s4 ,x is confid5tly expect$ t _m ( ^? ,novemb] meteors call$ ,&rom$s w be se5 on "o or o!r ( ^? nights1 if n on all ?ree4 ,no meteor sy/ems1 n ev5 ! fam\s sy/ems ( ,augu/ & ,novemb]1 are m rem>kable ?an ?is s+ul> family4 ,to expla9 :y a/ronom]s reg>d ! ,&rom$s ) s mu* int]e/1 x w be necess>y to speak ( an object :i* at fir/ sight seems 9 no way connect$ ) !m--an object1 9 fact1 :i*1 s long z x 0 actually kn[n to a/ronom]s1 0 nev] suppos$ to be connect$ ) any family ( meteors--! celebrat$ lo/ comet call$ ,biela's 7or1 by ,fr5*m51 ,gamb>t's comet74 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahbf1 ,biela discov]$ 9 ! con/ellation ,aries a comet :i* 0 f\nd to be travell+ 9 an oval pa? r\nd ! sun1 9 a p]iod ( ab\t six ye>s sev5 & a half mon?s4 ,trac+ its c\rse backw>ds1 a/ronom]s f\nd t x _h be5 se5 9 #aggb by ,montaigne1 & obs]v$ = two or ?ree weeks 9 t ye> by ,messi]1 ! great comet hunt]4 ,no?+ v rem>kable 0 recognis$ reg>d+ ?is comet 9 #ahbf1 except ! fact t its pa? ne>ly int]sects t ( our own e>?2 s t if ev] ! e>? is to enc\nt] a comet1 "h seem$ to be ! comet %e _h to fe>4 ,great t]ror 01 inde$1 excit$ by ! ann\ncem5t t 9 #ahcb ! comet w\ld cross ! e>?'s track only f\r or five weeks be=e ! e>? came to ! place ( dang]4 ,b no h>m happ5$4 ,9 t ye>1 & aga9 9 #ahci1 ! comet return$ quietly en\gh1 ?\gh 9 #ahci x 0 n obs]v$1 be+ s plac$ t x 0 lo/ 9 ! spl5d\r ( ! sol> rays4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahdf1 ! comet 0 aga9 se51 ?is be+ ! ?ird return s9ce its discov]y 9 #ahbf1 or r1 s9ce its recognition z a memb] ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! elev5? s9ce x 0 fir/ se5 by ,montaigne4 ,at ?is "t ev]y?+ seem$ to sugge/ t ?is comet1 unless our e>? at "s future "t %\ld absorb x1 w\ld rema9 = a long "t a /eady memb] ( ! sun's comet family4 ,b only a few days aft] its detection 9 ,febru>y1 #ahdf1 ! comet 0 f\nd to h divid$ into two1 :i* travell$ side by side until bo? vani%$ f view ) increas+ di/ance4 ,9 #aheb ! companion comets reappe>$1 & aga9 bo? cont9u$ 9 view till _! motion c>ri$ !m beyond telescopic range4 ,z ! di/ance betwe5 ! c\pl$ comets _h increas$ f ab\t #afj1jjj miles 9 #ahdf to ab\t #a1bej1jjj miles 9 #aheb1 a/ronom]s anticipat$ a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( obs]vations at ! successive returns ( ! d\ble comet to ! e>?'s neighb\rhood4 ,un=tunately1 9 #ahei ! comet's c\rse c>ri$ x a?w>t a "p ( ! sky illum9at$ by ! sun's rays1 s t a/ronom]s c\ld n !n expect to see x4 ,b 9 #ahff x 0 look$ = hopefully4 ,its orbit _h n[ be5 mo/ c>efully comput$1 & _m obs]v]s1 arm$ ) excell5t telescopes1 7 on ! wat* = x1 ) v accurate k ( ! c\rse along :i* x might be expect$ to travel1 & ev5 ( its position f day to day & f h\r to h\r4 ,b x 0 n se54 ,nor1 aga91 0 x se5 9 #ahgb1 :5 fre% computations _h be5 made1 & obs]vations 7 ext5d$ ov] a wid] range1 to make sure1 z 0 hopefully ?\ght1 t ?is "t x %\ld n escape recognition4 ,c\ld x h come1 ask$ ,h]s*el 9 #ahff--;& 9 #ahgb ! same "q might /ill m p]t95tly be ask$--into contact or exce$+ly close approa* to "s a/]oid z yet undiscov]$8 or1 p]adv5ture1 _h x plung$ into & got bewild]$ among ! r+s ( meteorolites1 :i* a/ronom]s m ?an suspect$8 ,betwe5 #ahff1 :5 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ?us wrote1 & #ahgb1 :5 aga9 ,biela's comet 0 s\ght 9 va91 a s]ies ( /range discov]ies _h be5 made respect+ meteors1 :i* l$ a/ronom]s to believe t1 ev5 ?\gh ! miss+ comet might nev] aga9 be se5 z a comet1 we might /ill le>n some?+ respect+ its pres5t condition4 ,x _h be5 notic$ t ! rem>kable comet ( #ahfb 7comet #aa ( t ye>7 cross$ ! e>?'s track ne> ! place :]e %e is on ,augu/ #aj-aa1 ! "t ( ! ,augu/ meteors1 call$ ! ,te>s ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 old times1 b n[ kn[n z ! ,p]seids1 because !y seem to radiate f ! con/ellation ,p]seus4 ,lat] ! idea occurr$ to ,s*iap>elli1 an ,italian a/ronom]1 t ! ,augu/ meteors may travel along ! pa? ( t comet4 ,he c\ld n prove ?is1 b he advanc$ v /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion1 = he f\nd t bodies travell+ along ! pa? ( ! comet ( #ahfb w\ld seem to radiate f ,p]seus z !y trav]s$ ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,x 0 z if a p]son suspect$ t a /eam-cl\d se5 on a di/ant railway track belong$ to a p>ticul> tra91 &1 ?\gh unable actually to prove ?is1 0 yet able to %[ t1 ) ! w9d & wea!r !n prevail+1 t tra91 travell+ at its cu/om>y rate1 w\ld leave a /eam-cl\d beh9d x precisely ( ! app>5t l5g? & position ( ! obs]v$ /eam-cl\d4 ,?is cl\d might h ! obs]v$ position ?\gh o!rwise produc$1 yet ! evid5ce w\ld be ?\ght /rongly to fav\r ! supposition t x came f ! tra9 9 "q4 ,9 l mann] ! ,augu/ meteors might be travell+ on any "o ( a great numb] ( tracks int]sect+ ! e>?'s orbit 9 ! place occupi$ by ! e>? on ,augu/ #aj-aa2 yet x 0 at lea/ a /rik+ co9cid5ce t a flight ( meteors travell+ 9 ! orbit ( ! *ief comet ( #ahfb w\ld seem to radiate f ! con/ellation ,p]seus1 precisely z ! ,augu/ meteors d4 ,:ile a/ronom]s 7 /ill discuss+ ! ideas ( ,s*iap>elli1 ,pr(essor ,newton ( ,yale ,college1 9 ,am]ica1 call$ _! att5tion to ! great display ( ,novemb] meteors :i* might be expect$ on ,novemb] #ac-ad1 #ahff4 ,! f9e %[] ( t ye> 0 well obs]v$1 & ! "p--we may almo/ say ! po9t--( ! con/ellation ,leo f :i* ! meteors radiat$ 0 correctly det]m9$4 ,& n[ a /range ?+ happ5$4 ,^? :o believ$ 9 ,s*iap>elli's acc\nt ( ! ,augu/ meteors suppos$ ( necessity t ! bodies =m+ t sy/em travel 9 an orbit ( enorm\s ext5t1 = ! comet ( #ahfb travels on a pa? ext5d+ mu* fur!r f ! sun ?an ! pa? ( ,neptune4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 no?+ to prev5t !m f believ+ t ! ,leonides travel 9 a track c>ry+ !m f> away f ! sun4 ,! recurr5ce ( great displays ( ^! meteors at int]vals ( ab\t #cc ye>s might be readily expla9$ on su* an assumption1 = if ! ,leonides h a p]iod ( ab\t #cc ye>s1 _! pa? mu/ ext5d f> beyond ! pa? ( ,uranus4 ,b hi!rto a/ronom]s _h n be5 ready to admit su* an explanation ( ! p]iodic recurr5ce ( great displays ( ! ,novemb] meteors4 ,!y pref]r$ !ories 7= sev]al 7 available7 :i* acc\nt$ = ! #cc-ye> p]iod1 :ile assign+ to ! ,leonides pa?s ( mu* less ext5t4 ,n[ t ! idea ( va/ meteoric orbits _h be5 fairly broa*$1 "s a/ronom]s ?\ght x might at lea/ be wor? :ile to calculate ! pa? ( ! ,novemb] meteors on ! assumption t _! true p]iod is ab\t #cc-a_/d ye>s4 ,?is 0 p]fectly easy1 because ! p]iod ( a body travell+ r\nd ! sun det]m9es ! velocity at any giv5 di/ance f ! sun1 & kn[+ ?us 7at lea/1 on ?is assumption7 ! true velocity ( ! ,leonides z !y ru% into our air1 :ile _! app>5t pa? is kn[n1 _! true c\rse is z readily det]m9$ z ! true c\rse ( ! w9d c be det]m9$ by a seaman f ! app>5t direction & velocity ) :i* x rea*es 8 %ip4 ,:5 ! pa? ( ! ,novemb] meteors _h be5 det]m9$ 7on ! assumption m5tion$71 x 0 f\nd to be id5tical ) ! pa? ( a comet :i* _h only be5 discov]$ a few mon?s be=e-! comet call$ ,tempel's4 ,t a comet :i* is invisible to ! nak$ eye %\ld h be5 discov]$ 9 ! v ye> :5 fir/ a/ronom]s made exact obs]vations ( ! meteors :i* travel 9 its track--= x w pres5tly be se5 t ! assumption above m5tion$ 0 a j "o--_c b be reg>d$ z a v s+ul> co9cid5ce4 ,x 0 a mo/ =tunate co9cid5ce = a/ronom]s1 s9ce !re c be b little d\bt t b = x ,s*iap>elli's !ory w\ld v soon h be5 =gott54 ,z t !ory 0 itself sugge/$ by ! =tuit\s recognition ( ano!r comet 7only visible at int]vals ( m ?an a c5tury7 at a "t :5 att5tion _h be5 specially direct$ to ! ,augu/ meteors1 x may fairly be said t ! !ory :i* n[ associates meteors & comets 9 ! mo/ unmi/akable mann] 0 sugge/$ by "o accid5t & confirm$ by ano!r4 ,albeit su* accid5ts happ5 only to ! zeal\s /ud5t ( nature's secrets4 ,we %all pres5tly see t ! =tunate detection ( ,tempel's comet 9 #ahff 0 n ! la/ ( ! s]ies ( co9cid5ces by :i* ! !ory ( meteors 0 e/abli%$4 ,al?\gh ! evid5ce fav\r+ ,s*iap>elli's !ory 0 n[ /rong1 yet x 0 well t at ?is /age /ill m conv9c+ evid5ce 0 =?com+4 ,! date ( ! ,novemb] display has *ang$ s9ce ! ,leonides 7 fir/ recognis$1 9 su* sort z to %[ t ! position ( _! pa? has *ang$4 ,! *ange is due to ! di/urb+ attractions ( ! planets4 ,x occurr$ to our great a/ronom] ,adams1 discov]] ) ,lev]ri] ( di/ant ,neptune1 to inquire :e!r ! obs]v$ *ange accord$ ) ! calculat$ effects ( planet>y attraction1 if ! ,leonides are suppos$ to travel 9 any ( ! small] pa?s sugge/$ by a/ronom]s1 or c\ld be expla9$ only by ! assumption t ! meteors travel on ! widely-ext5d+ pa? correspond+ to ! #cc-a_/d ye>s p]iod4 ,! problem 0 wor?y ( 8 p[]s--9 o!r words1 x 0 a problem ( exce$+ difficulty4 ,by solv+ x1 ,adams made t c]ta9 :i* ,s*iap>elli & 8 foll[]s _h m]ely assum$4 ,he %[$ beyond all possibility ( d\bt or "q t ( all ! pa?s by :i* ! p]iodic meteoric displays c\ld be acc\nt$ =1 ! wide pa? c>ry+ ! ,novemb] meteors f> beyond ! track ( ,uranus 0 ! only "o :i* accord$ ) ! obs]v$ effects ( planet>y p]turbation4 ,x 0 9 ! confid5ce result+ f ?is ma/]ly a*ievem5t t 9 #ahgb "s a/ronom]s 7among !m ,pr(essor ,alex4 ,h]s*el1 "o ( ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's sons7 ann\nc$ ! probable occurr5ce ( a display ( meteors :5 ! e>? cross$ ! track ( ,biela's miss+ comet4 ,an occurr5ce ( ?is sort 0 alone want+ to complete ! evid5ce = ! meteoric !ory4 ,x _h be5 f\nd t ! ,augu/ ,p]seids move z if !y foll[$ 9 ! track ( a kn[n comet2 ! pa? ( ! ,novemb] ,leonides _h be5 %[n to be id5tical ) t ( ano!r comet2 if a/ronom]s c\ld pr$ict ! appe>ance ( meteors at ! "t :5 ! e>? %\ld pass ?r\gh ! track ( a kn[n comet1 ev5 ^? :o c\ld n appreciate ! =ce ( ! ma!matical evid5ce = ! new !ory w\ld be conv9c$ by ! meteoric display4 ,possibly su* obs]v]s w\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) a meteor %[] :i* w\ld n h cont5t$ a/ronom]s4 ,! display mu/ h special *>act]i/ics to satisfy sci5tific obs]v]s4 ,! pa? ( a body foll[+ ,biela's comet be+ kn[n1 & its exact rate ( motion1 ! direction 9 :i* x mu/ ent] our e>?'s atmosph]e 7if at all7 is det]m9$4 ,calculation %[$ ?is direction to be su* t e meteor w\ld appe> to travel directly f ! con/ellation ,&rom$a1--f a po9t ne> ! feet ( ! ,*a9$ ,lady4 ,a meteor might appe> 9 any "p ( ! sky1 b its c\rse mu/ be direct$ f t po9t1 o!rwise x c\ld n possibly be travell+ 9 ! track ( ,biela's comet4 ,! ev5t correspond$ exactly ) ! anticipations ( a/ronom]s4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb1 _m ?\s&s ( small meteors 7 se54 ,9 ,engl& betwe5 #dj1jjj & #ej1jjj 7 c\nt$4 ,9 ,italy ! meteors 7 s num]\s t at "o "t !re seem$ to be a cl\d ( light ar\nd ! region ne> ! feet ( ,&rom$a :5ce all ! meteor-tracks seem$ to radiate4 ,! meteors 7 unmi/akably travell+ on ! track ( ,biela's comet4 ,!y ov]took ! e>? on a pa? slant+ d[nw>ds some:at f ! nor?--precisely 9 ! direction 9 :i* ,biela's comet w\ld itself h desc5d$ ^u ! e>? if at any "t ! e>? _h *anc$ to rea* ! "p ( h] pa? cross$ by ! comet's :5 ! comet 0 pass+ t way4 ,/rangely en\gh1 a ,g]man a/ronom]1 ,kl9k]fues1 seems to h reg>d$ ! meteoric display ( ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb1 z an actual visit f ,biela's comet4 ,he telegraph$ to ,pogson1 ,gov]nm5t ,a/ronom] at ,madras1 ',biela t\*$ e>? on ,novemb] #bg1 look out = x ne> ,!ta ,c5tauri2' :i*1 be+ int]pret$1 means1 ,biela's comet !n graz$ ! e>?1 com+ f ! feet ( ,&rom$a1 look = x :]e x is travell+ onw>ds 9 ! opposite direction--t is t[>ds ! %\ld] ( ! ,c5taur4 ,z ,biela's comet _h 9 reality pass$ t way twelve weeks e>li]1 ! in/ructions ( ,kl9k]fues 7 some:at wide ( ! m>k4 ,h[ev]1 ,pogson foll[$ !m1 & ne> ! spot indicat$ he saw two fa9t cl\d-l objects1 sl[ly mov+ a?w>t ! heav5s4 ,^! he suppos$ to be ! two comets into :i* ! miss+ comet _h divid$4 ,x s happ5s1 /rangely en\gh1 t ^! objects1 ?\gh mov+ p>allel to ! track ( ! miss+ comets1 7 nei!r ^? comets !mselves1 nor ! meteor flight ?r\gh :i* ! e>? _h pass$ a few h\rs be=e4 ,!y 7 probably some:at ri*] meteor cl\ds1 fragm5ts 7l ! cl\d ?r\gh :i* our e>? _h pass$7 ( ?is mo/ my/]i\s ( all kn[n comets4 ,to-night1 or p]haps to-morr[ or next night 7= ! position ( ! meteor flights is n c]ta9ly kn[n7 we %all probably see meteors travell+ 9 advance ( ! ma9 body4 ,= ! e>? passes dur+ ! next ?ree days across ! orbit ( ,biela's comet1 ab\t z f> 9 front ( ! head z %e pass$ beh9d ! head 9 #ahgb4 ,n[1 !re is no kn[n reason = suppos+ 7on priori gr\nds7 t meteors get /rewn beh9d a comet's nucleus m readily ?an 9 front ( x4 ,! di/urb+ =ces :i* w\ld t5d to delay "s meteoric att5dants w\ld be balanc$ by =ces :i* w\ld t5d to ha/5 o!rs4 ,z a matt] ( fact x w\ld seem t ! meteor flights :i* foll[ a comet's nucleus are commonly d5s] ?an ^? :i* prec$e ! nucleus4 ,yet 9 #ahfe _m ?\s&s ( ,leonides 7 se5 :i* 7 9 advance ( ! ma9 body =m+ ! comet ( #ahff4 ,9 #ahei1 #ahfj1 & #ahfa1 _m ,p]seids 7 se51 :i* 7 9 advance ( ! comet ( #ahfb4 ,s t we might fairly expect to see a great numb] ( ,&rom$s to-night 7or on ! foll[+ nights7 ev5 if we _h none b ! probabilities ?us sugge/$ to guide u4 ,b s9ce _m 7 se5 on ,novemb] #bg la/1 :5 ! head ( ! comet1 n[ "s f\r mon?s' j\rney f u1 0 a :ole ye>'s j\rney fur!r away1 x seems probable t on ! pres5t occasion a display well wor? obs]v+ w be se5 %\ld f9e wea!r prevail4 ,x w be specially int]e/+ to a/ronom]s1 z %[+ h[ meteors are /rewn 9 front ( a comet4 ,h[ meteors are /rewn beh9d a comet we already "k tol]ably well f obs]vations made on ! ,p]seids s9ce #ahfb & on ! ,leonides s9ce #ahfe4 ,,cold ,,w9t]s4 ,dur+ ! cold wea!r ( la/ ,decemb] 7#ahgh7 we he>d mu* ab\t old-fa%ion$ w9t]s4 ,x 0 g5]ally assum$ t "s ?irty or =ty ye>s ago ! w9t]s 7 cold] ?an !y n[ are4 ,"s began to speculate on ! probability t we may be ab\t to h a cycle ( cold w9t]s1 cont9u+ p]haps = ?irty or =ty ye>s1 z ! cycle ( mild w9t]s is commonly suppos$ to h done4 ,if any d\bts 7 express$ z to ! great] sev]ity ( w9t] wea!r ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 evid5ce 0 =?com+ to %[ t at t "t our small] riv]s 7 commonly froz5 ov] dur+ ! w9t]1 & ! l>g] riv]s always encumb]$ ) masses ( ice1 & n unfrequ5tly froz5 f s\rce to e/u>y4 ,skat+ 0 spok5 ( z a half-=gott5 pa/ime 9 ^! days1 z comp>$ ) :at x 0 :5 ! s5iors ( our "t 7 lads4 ,nor 7 dismal /ories want+ ( villages sn[$ up = mon?s1 ( m5 & wom5 :o _h be5 lo/ amid sn[drifts1 & ( o!r tr\bles su* z we n[ associate r ) ,sib]ian ?an ) ,briti% w9t]s4 ,turn+ ov] rec5tly ! volume ( ! ',p5ny ,magaz9e' = ! ye> #ahcg1 ,i came across a passage :i* %[s t ^! ideas ab\t w9t] wea!r =ty ye>s ago 7 ent]ta9$ =ty ye>s ago ab\t w9t] wea!r eighty or n9ety ye>s ago4 ,x occurs 9 an article on ! ',peculi>ities ( ! ,climate ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4' ,discuss+ ! !ory :e!r ! cle>+ away ( =e/s has any influ5ce 9 mitigat+ ! sev]ity ( w9t] wea!r1 ! writ] ( ! article says1 ',_m p]sons ass]t1 & ,i believe ) "s degree ( accuracy1 t ! seasons 9 ,europe1 & 9 our own isl& p>ticul>ly1 h und]gone a rem>kable *ange )9 ! memory ( _m p]sons n[ liv+2 & if su* really be ! case1 h[ few attempts h be5 made to acc\nt = ?is *ange1 s9ce no great natural ph5om5on1 l t ( cle>+ away millions ( acres ( =e/ timb]1 & !reby expos+ ! cold & moi/ soil to ! action ( ! sun's rays1 has rec5tly tak5 place "h2 s t if ! climate ( ,great ,brita9 has actually und]gone a *ange1 ! cause1 :atev] t may be1 mu/ be ( a diff]5t nature f t g5]ally suppos$ to affect ! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica4' ,x mu/ be expla9$ t1 ?\gh 9 ?is passage ! writ] does n speak ( a dim9ution 9 ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]s1 x is a *ange ( t sort t he is really ref]r+ to4 ,he _h said1 a few l9es be=e1 t '"s ( ! old] inhabitants ( ,nor? ,am]ica w decl>e to y t ! w9t]s are mu* less sev]e n[ ?an !y 7 =ty or fifty ye>s ago1' & 9 ! passage quot$ he is discuss+ ! possibility ( a simil> *ange 9 ,europe1 :]e1 h[ev]1 z he po9ts out1 ! cause assign$ to ! suppos$ *ange 9 ,am]ica has c]ta9ly no exi/5ce4 ,s9ce #ahcj1 by ! way1 ! !ory has be5 advanc$ t ! suppos$ mildness ( rec5t w9t]s may h be5 caus$ by ! l>ge increase 9 ! consumption ( coal1 ow+ to ! use ( /eam ma*9]y1 gas = light+ purposes1 & s =?4 ,i believe x w be f\nd on c>eful inquiry t ! *ange = :i* =ty ye>s ago m5 s\ght a cause 9 va91 & = :i* at pres5t !y assign a p]fectly inadequate cause1 has _h no real exi/5ce4 ,! /udy ( meteorological records gives no valid support to ! !ory ( *ange4 ,nor is x difficult to und]/& h[ ! idea t !re has be5 a *ange has aris5 f ! *ang$ conditions "u :i* m5 9 middle life1 z comp>$ ) *ildr51 obs]ve or feel ! effects ( mild] wea!r4 ,a *ild gives no he$ to mild w9t]s4 ,!y pass1 l ord9>y spr+ or autumn days1 unnot$ & unrememb]$4 ,b a bitt] w9t]1 or ev5 a spell ( bitt] wea!r su* z is felt almo/ e ye>1 is rememb]$4 ,ev5 ?\gh x la/s b = a %ort "t1 x produces z mu* effect on ! *ildi% imag9ation z a long & bitt] w9t] produces on ! m9ds ( gr[n folk4 ,look+ back at ! days ( *ildhood1 ! middle-ag$ man or woman recalls :at seems l a s]ies ( bitt] w9t]s1 because recall+ _m occasions :51 dur+ :at seem$ a long "t1 ! sn[ lay deep1 ! wat]s 7 froz51 & ! outdoor air 0 %rewd & bit+4 ,be=e consid]+ "s ( ! rem>kable w9t]s :i* dur+ ! la/ c5tury h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ,europe g5]ally1 ,i w\ld discuss briefly ! evid5ce on :i* ,i base ! belief t ! w9t] wea!r ( ,europe1 & ( ,great ,brita9 especially1 has und]gone no notewor?y *ange dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,if !re is any validity 9 ! !ory at pres5t 9 vogue t our w9t]s are mild] n[ ?an !y 7 =ty or fifty ye>s ago1 & ! !ory 9 vogue z we h se5 =ty ye>s ago t ! w9t]s !n 7 mild] ?an !y _h be5 =ty or fifty ye>s e>li]1 x is manife/ t !re ought to be a v rem>kable contra/ betwe5 our pres5t w9t] wea!r & t :i* 0 commonly exp]i5c$ eighty or n9ety ye>s s9ce4 ,n[1 x s *ances t we possess a record ( ! wea!r f #agfh to #agib1 by a v compet5t obs]v]--,gilb]t ,:ite ( ,selborne--:i* s]ves to %[ :at wea!r prevail$ g5]ally dur+ t int]val2 :ile ! same writ] has describ$ at l5g?1 9 8 own happy & effective mann]1 "s ( ! w9t]s :i* 7 specially rem>kable = sev]ity4 ,let u see :e!r ! w9t]s dur+ ! la/ ?ird ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 s mu* m bitt] or long-la/+ ?an ^? n[ exp]i5c$ z common ideas on ! subject w\ld sugge/4 ,9 #agfh1 ! ye> began ) a =tnight's fro/ & sn[4 ,! cold 0 v sev]e1 z w pres5tly be m p>ticul>ly not$4 ,!reaft] wet & ra9y wea!r prevail$ to ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,! w9t] ( #agfh-fi 0 m>k$ ?r\gh\t by alt]nations ( ra9 & fro/2 ?us f ! middle ( ,novemb] to ! end ( #agfh !re 7 'alt]nate ra9s & fro/s2' 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #agfi1 ! wea!r 0 'fro/y & ra9y1 ) gleams ( f9e wea!r 9 ! int]vals2 !n to ! middle ( ,m>*1 w9d & ra94' ,! la/ half ( ,novemb]1 #agfi1 0 dry & fro/y1 ,decemb] w9dy1 ) ra9 & int]vals ( fro/1 & ! fir/ =tnight v foggy2 ! fir/ =tnight ( ,janu>y1 #aggj1 fro/y1 b on ! #ad? & #ae? all ! sn[ melt$ & to ! end ( ,febru>y mild hazy wea!r prevail$2 ,m>* 0 fro/y & bright4 ,f ! middle ( ,octob]1 #aggj1 to ! end ( ! ye>1 !re 7 almo/ incessant ra9s2 !n sev]e fro/s till ! la/ week ( ,janu>y1 #agga1 aft] :i* ra9 & sn[ prevail$ = a =tnight1 foll[$ by spr+ wea!r till ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,m>* & ,april 7 fro/y4 ,! spr+ ( #agga 0 s exceptionally sev]e 9 ! ,isle ( ,skye t x 0 call$ ! ,black ,spr+2 9 ! s\? also x 0 sev]e4 ,novemb]1 #agga1 fro/ ) int]vals ( fog & ra92 ,decemb]1 mild & bright wea!r ) ho> fro/s2 ,janu>y & ! fir/ week ( ,febru>y1 #aggb1 fro/ & sn[2 !nce to ! end ( ! fir/ =tnight 9 ,m>*1 fro/1 sleet1 ra91 & sn[4 ,! w9t] ( #aggb-gc w\ld fairly comp>e ) ! milde/ 9 rec5t ye>s1 except = "o =tnight ( h>d fro/ 9 ,febru>y1 #aggc4 ,= f ! end ( ,septemb] to ,decemb] #bb !re 7 ra9 & mild wea!r--! fir/ ice on ,decemb] #bc--;b !nce to ! end ( ! mon? foggy wea!r4 ,! fir/ week 9 ,janu>y1 fro/1 b ! re/ ( ! mon? d>k ra9y wea!r2 & aft] ! =tnight ( h>d fro/ 9 ,febru>y1 mi/y %[]y wea!r to ! end ( ! fir/ week 9 ,m>*1 & bright spr+ days till ,april4 ,!re 7 f\r weeks ( fro/ aft] ! end ( ! fir/ =tnight 9 ,novemb]1 #aggc1 !n ra9 to ! end ( ! ye>1 & ra9 & fro/ alt]nately to ! middle ( ,m>*1 #aggd4 ,9 #aggd-agge !re seems to h be5 no w9t] at all wor? m5tion+4 ,f ,augu/ #bd to ! end ( ! ?ird week 9 ,novemb] !re 0 ra91 ) frequ5t int]vals ( sunny wea!r4 ,!n to ! end ( ,decemb]1 d>k dripp+ fogs4 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ! fir/ half ( ,m>*1 #agge1 ra9 almo/ e day2 & to ! end ( ! fir/ week 9 ,april1 cold w9ds1 ) %[]s ( ra9 & sn[4 ,! end ( ! ye> #agge 0 ra9y1 ) int]vals ( ho> fro/ & sun%9e4 ,d>k fro/y wea!r prevail$ dur+ ! fir/ ?ree weeks ( ,janu>y1 #aggf1 ) mu* sn[4 ,aft]w>ds foggy wea!r & ho> fro/4 ,! cold ( ,janu>y1 #aggf1 0 rem>kable1 & w pres5tly be m fully describ$4 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #aggf1 7 dry & fro/y1 ) "s days ( h>d ra94 ,!n to ,janu>y #aj1 #aggg1 h>d fro/2 to ! #bj? foggy ) frequ5t %[]s2 & to ,febru>y #ah1 h>d dry fro/ ) sn[1 foll[$ by heavy ra9s1 ) int]vals ( w>m dry spr+ wea!r to ! end ( ,may4 ,! w9t] ( #aggg-gh 0 ano!r :i* resembl$ closely en\gh ^? w9t]s :i* _m suppose to be peculi> to rec5t ye>s4 ,! autumn wea!r to ,octob] #ab _h be5 rem>kably f9e & w>m4 ,f !n to ! end ( ! ye>1 grey mild wea!r prevail$1 ) b little ra9 & /ill less fro/4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?irte5 days ( ,janu>y !re 0 fro/ ) a little sn[2 !n ra9 to ,janu>y #bd1 foll[$ by six days ( h>d fro/4 ,aft] ?is1 h>% foggy wea!r ) ra9 prevail$ till ,febru>y #bc2 !n five days ( fro/2 a =tnight ( d>k h>% wea!r2 & spr+ wea!r to ! end ( ! fir/ =tnight 9 ,april4 ,! second =tnight ( ,april1 h[ev]1 0 cold1 ) sn[ & fro/4 ,simil>ly v>i$ 9 "* 0 ! w9t] ( #aggh-gi4 ,f ! end ( ,septemb]1 #aggh1 to ! end ( ! ye> ! wea!r 0 wet1 ) consid]able int]vals ( sun%9e4 ,janu>y1 #aggi1 0 *>act]is$ by alt]nations ( fro/ & %[]s4 ,aft] ?is1 to ,april #ba1 w>m dry wea!r prevail$4 ,! w9t] ( #aggi-hj 0 r m sev]e4 ,dur+ ,octob] & ,novemb] ! wea!r 0 f9e ) int]vals ( ra94 ,decemb] ra9y1 ) fro/ & sn[ occasionally4 ,janu>y #aghj1 fro/y4 ,dur+ ,febru>y d>k h>% wea!r prevail$1 ) frequ5t int]vals ( fro/4 ,m>* 0 *>act]is$ by w>m1 %[]y1 spr+ wea!r4 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #agha1 7 w>m & ra9y2 & ! same mild op5 wea!r prevail$ till ,febru>y #d4 ,!n foll[$ eighte5 days ( h>d fro/1 aft] :i* to ! end ( ,m>* ! wea!r 0 cold & w9dy1 ) fro/1 sn[1 & ra94 ,?us ! fir/ two-?irds ( ! w9t] ( #agha-hb 7 exceptionally mild1 :ile ! la/ ?ird 0 cold & bleak4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aghb1 we f9d = ! fir/ "t 9 ^! records an in/ance ( e>ly & long-cont9u$ cold4 ',novemb] began ) a h>d fro/1 & cont9u$ ?r\gh\t1 ) alt]nate fro/ & ?aw4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,decemb] fro/y4' ,! latt] half ( ,decemb]1 h[ev]1 & ! fir/ sixte5 days ( ,janu>y 7 mild1 ) mu* ra9 & w9d4 ,!n came a week ( h>d fro/1 foll[$ by /ormy dripp+ wea!r to ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,!nce to ,may #i1 cold h>% w9ds prevail$4 ,on ,may #e !re 0 ?ick ice4 ,! next two w9t]s 71 on ! :ole1 ! sev]e/ ( ! entire s]ies record$ by ,gilb]t ,:ite1 ?\gh at no "t 9 ! w9t] ( #aghc-hd 0 ! cold great] ?an has (t5 be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:ite's record runs ?us3 ,f ,septemb] #bc to ,novemb] #ab1 dry mild wea!r4 ,to ,decemb] #ah1 grey s(t wea!r ) a few %[]s4 ,!nce to ,febru>y #ai1 #aghd1 h>d fro/1 ) two ?aws1 "o on ,janu>y #ad1 ! o!r on ,febru>y #e4 ,to ,febru>y #bh1 mild wet fogs4 ,to ,m>* #c1 fro/ ) ice4 ,to ,m>* #aj1 sleet & sn[4 ,to ,april #b1 sn[ ) h>d fro/4 ,! w9t] ( #aghd-he 0 rem>kable = ! exce$+ly sev]e cold ( ,decemb]1 #aghd1 :i* w pres5tly be ref]r$ to m p>ticul>ly4 ,f ,novemb] #f to ! end ( ! ye> #aghd1 fog1 ra91 & h>d fro/ alt]nat$1 ! fro/ cont9u+ longe/ & be+ sev]e/ 9 ,decemb]4 ,on ,janu>y #b a ?aw began1 & ra9y wea!r ) w9d cont9u$ to ,janu>y #bh4 ,!nce to ,m>* #ae h>d fro/2 to ,m>* #ba mild wea!r ) spr9kl+ %[]s2 to ,april #g h>d fro/4 ,aft] ra9y wea!r till ,decemb] #bc1 #aghf1 came fro/ & sn[ till ,janu>y #g1 #aghg4 ,!n a week ( mild & v ra9y wea!r1 foll[$ by a week ( heavy sn[4 ,f ,janu>y #ba to ,febru>y #aa1 mild wea!r ) frequ5t ra9s2 to ,febru>y #ba dry wea!r ) high w9ds2 & to ,m>* #aj1 h>d fro/4 ,!n alt]nate ra9s & fro/s to ,april #ac4 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 #aghf1 !re 0 fro/1 b !nce to ,decemb] #af ra9 ) only 'a few deta*$ days ( fro/4' ,aft] a =tnight ( fro/ & sn[1 came #bd days ( d>k1 moi/1 mild wea!r4 ,!n f\r days 7f ,janu>y #bd to ,janu>y #bh1 #aghg7 ( fro/ & sn[2 aft] :i* mild %[]y wea!r to ,febru>y #af1 dry cool wea!r to ,febru>y #bh1 /ormy & ra9y wea!r to ,m>* #aj4 ,! next =tnight bright & fro/y2 !n mild ra9y wea!r to ! end ( ,april4 ,novemb]1 #aghg1 0 mild till ! #bcrd1 ! la/ week fro/y4 ,! fir/ ?ree weeks ( ,decemb] /ill & mild1 ) ra91 ! la/ week fro/y4 ,! fir/ ?irte5 days ( ,janu>y mild & wet2 !n five days ( fro/1 foll[$ by dry1 w9dy wea!r4 ,febru>y fro/y1 b ) frequ5t %[]s4 ,! fir/ half ( ,m>* h>d fro/1 ! re/ d>k h>% wea!r ) mu* ra94 ,! w9t] ( #aghh-hi 0 v sev]e1 h>d fro/ cont9u+ f ,novemb] #bb1 #aghh1 to ,janu>y #ac1 #aghi4 ,! re/ ( ,janu>y 0 mild ) %[]s4 ,febru>y ra9y1 ) sn[ %[]s & heavy gales ( w9d4 ,! fir/ ?irte5 days ( ,m>* h>d fro/1 ) sn[1 & !n till ,april #ah1 heavy ra91 ) fro/1 sn[1 & sleet4 ,?is w9t] 0 v sev]e also on ! ,cont95t4 ,! w9t] ( #aghi-ij 0 z mild z t ( #aghh-hi _h be5 sev]e4 ,! record runs ?us3--',novemb] to #ag?1 heavy ra9s ) viol5t gales ( w9d4 ,to ,decemb] #ah1 mild dry wea!r ) a few %[]s4 ,to ! end ( ! ye> ra9 & w9d4 ,to ,janu>y #af1 #agij1 mild foggy wea!r1 ) occasional ra9s4 ,to ,janu>y #ba' 7five days only7 'fro/4 ,to ,janu>y #bh1 d>k1 ) driv+ ra9s4 ,to ,febru>y #ad1 mild dry wea!r4 ,to ,febru>y #bb' 7eight days7 'h>d fro/4' ,to ,april #e bright cold wea!r ) a few %[]s4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #agij1 mild autumnal wea!r prevail$ till ! #bf?1 aft] :i* !re 7 five days ( h>d fro/4 ,!nce to ! end ( ! ye>1 ra9 & sn[1 ) a few days ( fro/4 ,! :ole ( ,janu>y1 #agia1 0 mild ) heavy ra9s2 ,febru>y w9dy1 ) mu* ra9 & sn[4 ,!n to ! end ( ,april dry1 b 'r cold & fro/y4' ,novemb]1 #agia1 0 v wet & /ormy1 ,decemb] fro/y4 ,!re 0 "s h>d fro/ 9 ,janu>y1 #agib1 b ! wea!r mo/ly wet & mild4 ,9 ,febru>y also !re 0 "s h>d fro/ & a little sn[4 ,m>* 0 wet & cold4 ,! record ends ) ! ye> #agib1 ! la/ ?ree mon?s ( :i* are ?us describ$3 ',octob] %[]y & mild4 ,novemb] dry & f9e4 ,decemb] mild4' ,c]ta9ly ! acc\nt ( ! #bc ye>s betwe5 #agfh & #agib does n sugge/ t !re is any mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 ! w9t] wea!r n[ common & ! av]age w9t] wea!r a c5tury ago4 ,/ill x may be necess>y to %[1 t :5 m5 spoke ( mild wea!r 9 old times1 !y meant :at we %\ld und]/& by ! same expression4 ,a ref]5ce to ra9 or %[]y wea!r %[s suffici5tly t a temp]ature above ! freez+ po9t exi/$ :ile su* wea!r prevail$4 ,b x might be t :at ,:ite speaks ( z mild wea!r1 is su* z we %\ld consid] sev]e4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ?is is n ! case1 x w suffice to exam9e 8 /atem5t respect+ ! actual temp]ature 9 p>ticul> w9t]s1 consid]+ !m always ) due ref]5ce to :at he says z to _! exceptional "*4 ,take = in/ance 8 acc\nt ( ! fro/ 9 ,janu>y1 #agfh4 ,he says t1 = ! %ort "t x la/$1 ?is fro/ '0 ! mo/ sev]e t we _h !n kn[n = _m ye>s1 & 0 rem>kably injuri\s to ev]gre5s4' ',! co9cid5ts att5d+ ?is %ort b int5se fro/1' he proce$s1 aft] describ+ 8 vegetable losses1 '71 t ! horses fell sick ) an epidemic di/emp]1 :i* injur$ ! w9ds ( _m & kill$ "s2 t colds & c\ghs 7 g5]al among ! human species2 t x froze "u p's b$s = sev]al nights2 t meat 0 s h>d froz5 t x c\ld n be spitt$1 & c\ld n be secur$ b 9 cell>s1 c4' ,on ! #crd ( ,janu>y a !rmomet] )9 doors1 9 a close p>l\r1 :]e !re 0 no fire1 fell 9 ! night to #bj2 on ! #d? to #ah2 & on ! #g? to #ag-a_/b degrees1 'a degree ( cold :i* ! own] nev] s9ce saw 9 ! same situation4' ,! evid5ce f ! !rmomet] is unsatisfactory1 because we d n "k h[ ! p>l\r 0 situat$4 ,b !re is reason = suppos+ t 9 ! bitt]e/ w9t]s kn[n dur+ ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 a great] degree ( cold ?an t ( ,janu>y1 #agfh1 has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! fro/ ( ,janu>y1 #aggf1 0 also reg>d$ z rem>kable1 & an acc\nt ( x w !re=e enable u to judge :at 0 ! ord9>y w9t] wea!r ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,:ite notices t '! fir/ week ( ,janu>y1 #aggf1 0 v wet1 & dr[n$ ) va/ ra9s f e qu>t]2 f :5ce may be inf]r$1 z !re is great reason to believe is ! case1 t int5se fro/s seldom take place till ! e>? is p]fectly glutt$ & *ill$ ) wat]2 & h5ce dry autumns are seldom foll[$ by rigor\s w9t]s4' ,on ! #ad?1 aft] a week ( fro/1 sleet1 & sn[1 :i* aft] ! #ab? 'ov]:elm$ all ! works ( m51 drift+ ov] ! tops ( gates1 & fill+ ! holl[ lanes1' ,:ite _h occasion to be mu* abroad4 ,he ?\ght he _h nev] be=e or s9ce enc\nt]$ su* rugg$ ,sib]ian wea!r4 ',_m ( ! n>r[ roads 7 n[ fill$ above ! tops ( ! h$ges1 ?r\gh :i* ! sn[ 0 driv5 into mo/ romantic & grotesque %apes1 s /rik+ to ! imag9ation z n to be se5 )\t wond] & pleasure4 ,! p\ltry d>$ n to /ir out ( _! roo/+ places3 = cocks & h5s are s dazzl$ & conf\nd$ by ! gl>e ( sn[1 t !y w\ld soon p]i% )\t assi/ance4 ,! h>es also lay sull5ly 9 _! seats1 & w\ld n move till compell$ by hung]3 be+ consci\s1 poor animals1 t ! drifts & heaps trea*]\sly betray _! foot/eps & prove fatal to _m ( !m4' ,f ! #ad? ! sn[ cont9u$ to increase1 & began to /op ! road-wagons & coa*es1 :i* c\ld no long] keep _! regul> /ages2 & especially on ! ,we/]n roads4 ',! company at ,ba? t want$ to att5d ! ,que5's bir?day 7 /rangely incommod$2 _m c>riages ( p]sons :o got on _! way to t[n f ,ba?1 z f> z ,m>lbor\gh1 aft] /range emb>rassm5ts1 "h met ) a ne plus ultra4 ,! ladies frett$1 & (f]$ l>ge rew>ds to lab\r]s1 if !y w\ld %ovel !m a road to ,london2 b ! rel5tless heaps ( sn[ 7 too bulky to be remov$2 & s ! #ah? pass$ ov]1 leav+ ! company 9 v uncom=table circum/ances1 at ! ,ca/le & o!r inns4' ,yet all ?is "t & till ! #ba/ ! cold 0 n s int5se z x 0 9 ,decemb] #ahgh4 ,on ! #ba/ ! !rmomet] %[$ #bj degrees1 & _h x n be5 = ! deep sn[s1 ! w9t] w\ld n h be5 v sev]ely felt4 ,on ! #bbnd1 ! au?or _h occasion to g to ,london '?r\gh a sort ( ,lapl&ian sc5e1 v wild & grotesque inde$4' ,b ,london exhibit$ an ev5 /rang] appe>ance ?an ! c\ntry4 ',be+ b$d$ deep 9 sn[1 ! pavem5t ( ! /reets c\ld n be t\*$ by ! :eels or ! horses' feet1 s t ! c>riages ran almo/ )\t ! lea/ noise4' ',su* an exemption f d9 & clatt]1' says ,:ite1 '0 /range b n pleasant2 x seem$ to convey an uncom=table idea ( desolation3 ,ipsa sil5tia t]r5t4 ',! wor/ _h n yet1 h[ev]1 be5 rea*$4 ,on ! #bg? mu* sn[ fell all day1 & 9 ! ev5+ ! fro/ became v int5se4 ,at ,s\? ,lambe?1 = ! f\r foll[+ nights1 ! !rmomet] fell to elev51 sev51 six1 six2 & at ,selborne to sev51 six1 t52 & on ! #ca/1 j be=e sunrise1 ) rime on ! trees & on ! tube ( ! glass1 ! quicksilv] sank exactly to z]o--a mo/ unusual degree ( cold ?is = ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4' ,dur+ ^! f\r nights1 ! cold 0 s p5etrat+ t ice =m$ "u b$s2 & 9 ! day ! w9d 0 s ke51 t p]sons ( robu/ con/itutions c\ld h>dly endure to face x4 ',! ,?ames 0 at once froz5 ov]1 bo? above & bel[ bridge1 t cr[ds ran ab\t on ! ice4 ,! /reets 7 n[ /rangely encumb]$ ) sn[1 :i* crumbl$ & trod du/y2 & turn+ gray1 resembl$ bay salt2 :at _h fall5 on ! ro(s 0 s p]fectly dry t f fir/ to la/ x lay tw5ty-six days on ! h\ses 9 ! city2 a long] "t ?an _h be5 rememb]$ by ! olde/ h\sekeep]s liv+4' ,accord+ to all appe>ances rigor\s wea!r might n[ h be5 expect$ = weeks to come1 s9ce e night increas$ 9 sev]ity4 ',b behold1' says ,:ite1 ')\t any app>5t cause1 on ,febru>y #a1 a ?aw took place1 & "s ra9 foll[$ be=e night1 mak+ good ! obs]vation t fro/s (t5 g (f z x 7 at once )\t any gradual decl5sion ( cold4 ,on ,febru>y #b ! ?aw p]si/$1 & on ! #crd sw>ms ( little insects 7 frisk+ & sport+ 9 a c\rt-y>d at ,s\? ,lambe?1 z if !y _h felt no fro/4 ,:y ! juices 9 ! small bodies & small] limbs ( su* m9ute be+s are n froz51 is a matt] ( curi\s inquiry4' ,al?\gh x is manife/ t ! wea!r ( ,janu>y1 #aggf1 0 sev]e1 yet ! rem>ks italicis$ %[ t su* wea!r 0 reg>d$ a c5tury ago z altoge!r exceptional4 ,aga91 ! cold la/$ only ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,& x may be d\bt$ :e!r 9 actual int5sity x ev5 equall$ t :i* 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ,london & ! s\? ( ,engl& g5]ally dur+ ! fir/ week ( #ahee4 ,c]ta9ly ! evid5ce af=d$ by su* rem>ks z ,i h italicis$ 9 ! above-quot$ passage t5ds m to prove t w9t] wea!r 9 ,engl& a hundr$ ye>s h5ce 0 on ! av]age mu* l w9t] at pres5t1 ?an ! unusual sev]ity ( ! wea!r dur+ ab\t tw5ty-f\r days 9 ,janu>y1 #aggf1 t5ds to sugge/ t a m>k$ *ange has tak5 place4 ,simil> evid5ce is af=d$ by ,:ite's rem>ks respect+ ! sev]e cold ( ,decemb]1 #aghd4 ,z 9 ,janu>y1 #aggf1 s 9 ,decemb]1 #aghd--;a week ( v wet wea!r h]ald$ ! approa* ( sev]e cold4 ',! fir/ week ( ,decemb]1' says ,:ite1 '0 v wet1 ) ! b>omet] v l[4 ,on ! #g?1 ) ! b>omet] at #bh4e1 came on a va/ sn[1 :i* cont9u$ all t day & ! next1 & mo/ "p ( ! foll[+ night3 s t by ! morn+ ( ! #i? ! works ( m5 7 q ov]:elm$' 7!re is some?+ q ,hom]ic 9 ,:ite's use ( ?is fav\rite expression71 '! lanes fill$ s z to be impassable1 & ! gr\nd cov]$ twelve or fifte5 in*es )\t any drift+4 ,9 ! ev5+ ( ! #i? ! air began to be s v %>p t we ?\ght x w\ld be curi\s to att5d to ! motions ( a !rmomet]2 we !re=e hung out two1 "o made by ,m>t9 & "o by ,doll&' 7probably ,dollond71 ':i* soon began to %[ u :at we 7 to expect2 = by t5 o'clock !y fell to tw5ty-"o1 & at elev5 to f\r1 :5 we w5t to b$4 ,on ! #aj? 9 ! morn+ ! quicksilv] ( ,doll&'s glass 0 d[n to half a degree bel[ z]o & t ( ,m>t9's1 :i* 0 absurdly graduat$ only to f\r degrees above z]o1 sunk q into ! brass gu>d ( ! ball1 s t1 :5 ! wea!r became mo/ int]e/+1 ?is 0 useless4 ,on ! #aj?1 at elev5 at night1 ?\gh ! air 0 p]fectly /ill1 ,doll&'s glass w5t d[n to "o degree bel[ z]o6 ,?is /range sev]ity ( ! wea!r made me v desir\s to "k :at degree ( cold !re might be 9 su* an exalt$ & ne> situation z ,newton4 ,we _h1 !re=e1 on ! morn+ ( ! #aj?1 writt5 to ,mr4 ----1 & entreat$ him to hang out 8 !rmomet]1 made by ,adams1 & to pay "s att5tion to x1 morn+ & ev5+1 expect+ wond]ful ph5om5a 9 s elevat$ a region1 at two hundr$ feet or m above my h\se4 ,b1 behold6 on ! #aj?1 at elev5 at night1 x 0 d[n only to sev5te51 & ! next morn+ at tw5ty-two1 :5 m9e 0 at t56 ,we 7 s di/urb$ at ?is unexpect$ rev]se ( comp>ative cold t we s5t "o ( my glasses up1 ?9k+ t ( ,mr4 ---- mu/ someh[ be wrongly con/ruct$4 ,b :5 ! in/rum5ts came to be confront$ !y w5t exactly toge!r1 s t = "o night at lea/ ! cold at ,newton 0 eighte5 degrees less ?an at ,selborne1 & ?r\gh ! :ole fro/ t5 or twelve degrees2 & inde$1 :5 we came to obs]ve consequ5ces1 we c\ld readily cr$it ?is1 = all my lauru/9es1 bays1 ilexes1 arbutuses1 cypresses1 & ev5 my ,portugal laurels--&1 :i* occasions m regret1 my f9e slop+ laurel h$ge--7 scor*$ up1 :ile at ,newton ! same trees h n lo/ a leaf4444' ,"o circum/ance not$ by ,:ite1 ?\gh n be>+ specially on ! degree ( cold :i* prevail$ on ?is occasion1 is v int]e/+4 ',i mu/ n omit to tell y1' says ,:ite1 't dur+ ^? two ,sib]ian days my p>l\r cat 0 s electric t _h a p]son /rok$ h] & be5 prop]ly insulat$1 ! %ock might h be5 giv5 to a :ole circle ( p4' ,:ite's acc\nt ( ?is sev]e fro/ be>s v significantly on ! !ory t our w9t] wea!r has und]gone a great *ange4 ,x is obvi\s1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! situation ( 8 !rmomet]s 0 su* t !y 7 likely to %[ a l[ temp]ature z comp>$ ) ! indications 9 o!r places4 ,x is also cle> t ! !rmomet] he us$ 0 tru/wor?y4 ,if x 7 "o ( ,dollond's x w\ld presumably be a good "o1 & ,i d n ?9k t 9 ,:ite's "t ! trick ( m>k+ inf]ior in/rum5ts ) ! "n ,doll& _h come into vogue4 ,b 9 any case ,adams's sci5tific in/rum5ts 7 excell5t2 &1 z ! acc\nt %[s1 ! !rmomet] us$ by ,:ite indicat$ ! same temp]ature z ,adams's4 ,n[1 ! l[e/ temp]ature record$ 0 only "o degree bel[ z]o2 & t ?is 0 altoge!r exceptional is %[n n only by :at ,:ite says 9 ! passage ,i h quot$1 b also by 8 rem>k+ a little lat] t ?is fro/ 'may be all[$1 f its effects1 to h exce$$ any s9ce #agci-dj4' ,ev5 ?is is n all4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly prove beyond dispute t our w9t]s 7 n mild] ?an ^? ( a c5tury ago2 = a great] degree ( cold ?an t record$ by ,:ite 9 ,decemb]1 #aghd1 has be5 m ?an once exp]i5c$ 9 ! same "p ( ,engl& dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,b x seems f a /atem5t 9 ,mill]'s ',g>d5]'s ,diction>y1' t ! ,portugal laurels 7 unt\*$ 9 ! great fro/ ( #agci-dj1 :i* w\ld %[ t ! fro/ ( #aghd 0 m sev]e & de/ructive ?an t ( #agci-dj4 ,if ?is 7 really s1 ! fro/ ( #aghd 0 ! sev]e/ 7?\gh ow+ to its %ort duration x did n produce ! mo/ rem>kable effects 9 ! c\ntry at l>ge7 ( any dur+ ! p]iods not$ betwe5 ! ye>s #agji & #aghh4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 ! fro/ ( ,decemb]1 #aghh1 0 m sev]e 9 "s places1 ?\gh r less sev]e at ,p>is1 ?an t ( #agji2 b ,i d n "k ( any records :i* w\ld enable u to make a direct comp>ison betwe5 ! cold 9 #agji1 #aghd1 & #aghh1 at any giv5 place 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x w be well n[ to take a wid] survey & consid] "s ( ! mo/ sev]e w9t]s exp]i5c$ 9 ,europe g5]ally4 ,! w9t] ( #aedd 0 rem>kably sev]e all ov] ,europe4 ,9 ,fl&]s1 accord+ to ,mz]ai1 w9e froze 9 casks1 & 0 sold 9 blocks by ! p\nd weight4 ,! w9t] ( #afjh 0 also v sev]e4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #agji ! !rmomet] at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory record$ a cold ( ne>ly t5 degrees bel[ z]o4 ,pass+ ov] ! w9t] ( #aggf1 ( ^: effects 9 ,engl& we h le>n$ en\gh to enable u to judge h[ sev]ely x mu/ h be5 felt 9 ^? cont95tal c\ntries :]e ! w9t] is always m sev]e ?an ) u1 we come to ! sev]e w9t] ( #aghh-hi4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,engl& h>d fro/ began on ,novemb] #bb & cont9u$ till ,janu>y #ac4 ,9 ,france 7or r at ,p>is7 ! fro/ began ?ree days lat]1 b ! ?aw began on ! same day1 ,janu>y #ac4 ,!re 0 no int]mission except on ,*ri/mas ,day1 :5 x did n freeze4 ,9 ! great canal at ,v]sailles ! ice 0 two feet ?ick4 ',! wat] also froze1' says ,flamm>ion1 '9 sev]al v deep wells1 & w9e became congeal$ 9 cell>s4 ,! ,se9e began to freeze z e>ly z ,novemb] #bf1 & = sev]al days its c\rse 0 imp$$1 ! break+ up ( ! ice n tak+ place until ,janu>y #bj 7#aghi74 ,! l[e/ temp]ature obs]v$ at ,p>is 0 sev5 degrees bel[ z]o1 on ,decemb] #ca4 ,! fro/ 0 equally sev]e 9 o!r p>ts ( ,france & ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! ,rhone 0 q froz5 ov] at ,lyons1 ! ,g>onne at ,t\l\se1 & at ,m>seilles ! sides ( ! docks 7 cov]$ ) ice4 ,^u ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic ! sea 0 froz5 to a di/ance ( sev]al leagues4 ,! ice ^u ! ,rh9e 0 s ?ick t load$ wagons 7 able to cross x4 ,! ,elbe 0 cov]$ ) ice1 & also bore up heavy c>ts4 ,! h>b\r at ,o/5d 0 froz5 s h>d t p c\ld cross x on horseback2 ! sea 0 congeal$ to a di/ance ( f\r leagues f ! ext]ior =tifications1 & no vessel c\ld approa* ! h>b\r4' ,x 0 dur+ ! fro/ ( #aghh-hi t a fair 0 held on ! ,?ames4 ,! riv] 0 froz5 z l[ z ,graves5d2 b x 0 only 9 ,london t boo?s 7 set up4 ,! ,?ames fair la/$ dur+ ! ,*ri/mas holidays & ! fir/ twelve days ( ,janu>y4 ,at ,/rasburg1 on ,decemb] #ca1 a temp]ature ( fifte5 degrees bel[ z]o 0 %[n4 ,at ,b]l9 on ! #bj?1 & ,/4 ,pet]sburg on ! #ab?1 temp]atures ( tw5ty & tw5ty-?ree degrees bel[ z]o respectively 7 not$4 ,b 9 ,pol& & p>ts ( ,g]many an ev5 great] degree ( cold 0 record$4 ,= in/ance1 at ,w>saw1 #bf-a_/b degrees bel[ z]o2 & at ,brem5 ?irty-two degrees4 ,at ,basle1 on ,decemb] #ah1 ! !rmomet] indicat$ ne>ly ?irty-six degrees bel[ z]o4 ,9 ! di/rict ar\nd ,t\l\se bread 0 froz5 s h>d t x c\ld n be cut till x _h be5 laid be=e ! fire4 ,_m travell]s p]i%$ 9 ! sn[4 ,at ,lemburg1 9 ,galicia1 ?irty-sev5 p]sons 7 f\nd dead 9 ?ree days t[>ds ! end ( ,decemb]4 ,! ice froze s ?ick 9 ponds t 9 mo/ ( !m all ! fi% 7 kill$4 ,! w9t] ( #agid-ie 0 rem>kable 9 ?is c\ntry z giv+ ! l[e/ av]age temp]ature = a mon? ev] record$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! mean temp]ature = ,janu>y1 #agie1 0 only #bf4e degrees2 or m ?an ?ree degrees l[] ?an t ( la/ ,janu>y4 ,janu>y #be1 #agie1 is commonly suppos$ to h be5 ! colde/ day ev] kn[n4 ,! !rmomet] 9 ,london /ood at eight degrees bel[ z]o dur+ "p ( t bitt] day2 & 9 ,p>is1 :]e also !re 7 six consecutive weeks ( fro/1 at #aj-c_/g degrees bel[ z]o4 ,! ,?ames 0 froz5 ov] at ,:itehall 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y4 ,! ,m>ne1 ! ,s*eldt1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,se9e 7 s froz5 ov] t army corps & heavy c>riages cross$ ov] !m4 ,p]haps ! /range/ ( all ! record$ results ( cold wea!r occurr$ dur+ ! same mon?4 ,! ,fr5* ,g5]al ,pi*egru1 :o 0 !n op]at+ 9 ! ,nor? ( ,holl&1 s5t deta*m5ts ( cavalry & infantry ab\t ,janu>y #bj1 ) ord]s to ! =m] to cross ! ,texel & to capture ! enemy's vessels1 :i* 7 'imprison$ by ! ice4' ',! ,fr5* horsem5 cross$ ! pla9s ( ice at full gallop1' we are told1 'approa*$ ! vessels1 call$ on !m to surr5d]1 captur$ !m )\t a /ruggle1 & took ! crews prison]s3' probably ! only occasion 9 hi/ory :5 effective use c\ld h be5 made ( a corps ( horse-m>9es4 ,! w9t] ( #agih-ii 0 v cold1 b n s exceptionally cold 9 ,engl& z on ! ,cont95t4 ,! ,se9e 0 completely froz5 ov] f ! #bi? ( ,decemb] to ! #ai? ( ,janu>y1 f ! ,pont de la ,t\rnelle to ! ,pont ,royal4 ,f>!r ea/ ! cold 0 mu* great]4 ,! ,meuse 0 froz5 ov] s ?ickly t c>riages c\ld cross x1 & at ! ,hague & at ,rott]dam fairs 7 held on ! riv]4 ,a regim5t ( dragoons />t+ f ,may5ce1 cross$ ! ,rh9e ^u ! ice4 ,! w9t] ( #ahab-ac 0 exce$+ cold 9 ,novemb]1 ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 ,x 0 ?is unusually e>ly & bitt] w9t] :i* occasion$ ! de/ruction ( ,napoleon's army 9 ,russia1 & ! ev5tual ov]?r[ ( 8 p[]4 7,= no "o :o consid]s 8 a*ievem5ts dur+ ! campaigns ( #ahac & #ahad c d\bt t1 _h ! army ) :i* he invad$ ,russia be5 at 8 comm&1 he w\ld h foil$ all ! ef=ts ( comb9$ ,europe aga9/ him47 ,! cold became v int5se 9 ,russia aft] ! #g? ( ,novemb]4 ,on ! #ag? ! !rmomet] fell to #ae degrees bel[ z]o1 accord+ to ,l>rey1 :o c>ri$ a !rmomet] susp5d$ f 8 button hole4 ,! retreat f ,mosc[ began on ! #ah?1 ,napoleon leav+ ! /ill burn+ city on ! #ai?1 & ! evacuation be+ complete on ! #bcrd4 ,ev]y?+ seem$ to conspire aga9/ ,napoleon & 8 army4 ,dur+ ! m>* to ,smol5sk sn[ fell almo/ incessantly4 ,ev5 ! only int]mission ( ! cold dur+ ! retreat caus$ additional disa/]4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,novemb]1 ,russian troops _h cross$ ! froz5 ,dw9a ) _! artill]y4 ,a ?aw begun on ! #bd?1 b cont9u$ only = a %ort "t2 's t f ! #bf? to ! #bi? ! ,b]es9a conta9$ num]\s blocks ( ice1 b yet 0 n s froz5 ov] z to af=d a passage to ! ,fr5* troops4' ,x 0 to ?is circum/ance t ! t]ribly disa/r\s nature ( ! passage ( ! ,b]es9a mu/ ma9ly be attribut$4 ,! w9t] ( #ahac-ad 0 cold] 9 ,engl& ?an on ! ,cont95t--,i mean1 ! w9t] "h 0 cold] = ,engl& ?an ! w9t] 9 any region ( cont95tal ,europe 0 = t region4 ,! fro/ la/$ f ,decemb] #bf to ,m>* #ba1 & ! mean temp]ature ( ,janu>y 0 only #bf4h degrees4 ,! ,?ames 0 froz5 ov] v ?ickly1 & a fair 0 held on ! froz5 riv]4 ,! w9t] ( #ahai-bj 0 bitt] ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,plant1 9 an int]e/+ lett] to ! ,times ( ,febru>y #d1 says t ?is w9t] 0 "o long spell ( int5se fro/ f ,novemb] to ,m>*1 & 0 almo/ z sev]e z t ( #ahac-ad4 ,9 ,p>is !re 7 =ty-sev5 days ( fro/1 n9ete5 ( :i* 7 consecutive1 f ,decemb] #cj1 #ahah1 to ,janu>y #ag4 ',9 ,france1' says ,flamm>ion1 '! int5sity ( ! cold 0 h]ald$ by ! passage along ! coa/ ( ! ,pas de ,calais ( a great numb] ( birds com+ f ! f>!/ regions ( ! nor? by wild swans & ducks ( v>iegat$ plumage4 ,sev]al travell]s p]i%$ ( cold2 among/ o!rs a f>m] ne> ,arras1 a gamekeep] ne> ,nog5t 7,haute ,m>ne7 a man & woman 9 ! ,cte d',or1 two travell]s at ,breuil1 on ! ,meuse1 a woman & a *ild on ! road f ,eta9 to ,v]dun1 six p]sons ne> ,*teau ,sal9s 7,meur!71 & two little ,savoy>ds on ! road f ,cl]mont to ,*alons-sur-,sane4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts made at ! ,metz ,s*ool ( ,artill]y1 on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y1 to asc]ta9 h[ iron resi/$ l[ temp]atures1 sev]al soldi]s _h _! h&s or _! e>s froz54' ,dur+ ?is w9t] ! ,?ames1 ! ,se9e1 ! ,rhne1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,danube1 ! ,g>onne1 ! lagoons ( ,v5ice1 & ! ,s\nd1 7 s f> froz5 t x 0 possible to walk across !m on ! ice4 ,! w9t] ( #ahbi-cj 0 rem>kable z ! longe/ w9t] ( ! fir/ half ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! cold 0 n exceptionally int5se1 b ! long cont9uance ( bitt] wea!r occasion$ m mis*ief 9 ! long run ?an has att5d$ %ort spells ( sev]] cold4 ,! riv] ,se9e 0 froz5 at ,p>is fir/ = tw5ty-n9e days1 f ,decemb] #bh? to ,janu>y #bf?1 & !n = five days f ,febru>y #e? to ,febru>y #aj?4 ,! riv] _h n be5 s _m days fro/-b\nd 9 any w9t] s9ce #agfc4 ,ev5 at ,havre ! ,se9e 0 froz5 ov]2 & at ,r\5 a fair 0 held ^u ! riv] on ,janu>y #ah?4 ,on ,janu>y #be1 aft] a ?aw ( six days1 ! ice f ,corbeil & ,melun block$ up ! bridge at ,*oisy1 =m+ a wall #af-a_/b feet high4 ,! w9t] ( #ahcg-ch 0 rem>kable = ! long fro/ ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #ahch4 ,x la/$ eight weeks4 ,mr4 ,plant m5tions t '! l[e/ po9t ( ! !rmomet] dur+ ?is long & sev]e fro/ occurr$ on ,janu>y #bj1 :5 ! read+s 7 f #e degrees bel[ z]o1 9 ?is di/rict' 7,moseley1 ne> ,birm+ham71 'to #h & #aj degrees bel[ z]o 9 m expos$ aspects4' ',on ! #ac? ( ,janu>y1 ! old ,royal ,ex*ange1 ,london1 0 de/roy$ by fire2 & ! fro/ 0 s great t1 :5 ! fire brigade _h ceas$ play+ on "o portion ( ! burn+ pile1 ! wat] 9 a %ort "t became icicles ( su* l>ge dim5sions1 t ! effect has be5 describ$ z gr& 9 ! extreme4' ,! w9t] ( #ahcg-ch is n usually includ$ z "o among ! exceptionally cold w9t]s on ! ,cont95t1 & ! w9t] ( #ahdj-da1 ?\gh c]ta9ly cold 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 is n includ$ by ,mr4 ,plant 9 8 li/ ( ! colde/ w9t]s s9ce #agie4 ,b ?is w9t] 0 exce$+ly cold on ! ,cont95t4 ,at ,p>is !re 7 fifty-n9e days' fro/1 tw5ty-sev5 ( !m consecutive--viz4 f ,decemb] #e?1 :5 ! cold began1 to ,janu>y #a/4 ,! int]mission :i* began on ,janu>y #a1 la/$ only till ,janu>y #c1 :5 !re 0 ano!r week ( fro/4 ,!re 0 fro/ aga9 f ,janu>y #cj to ,febru>y #aj4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable /ories connect$ ) ! cold ( ?is w9t] is ?us told by ,flamm>ion3--',on ! #ae? ( ,decemb]1 ! a%es ( ,napoleon1 br\ght back f ,/4 ,hel5a1 ent]$ ,p>is by ! ,arc de ,triomphe4 ,! !rmomet] 9 places expos$ to nocturnal radiation1 _h t day m>k$ #f4h degrees above z]o4 ,an imm5se cr[d1 ! ,national ,gu>d ( ,p>is & its suburbs1 & num]\s regim5ts l9$ ! ,*amps ,elyses1 f ! e>ly morn+ until two 9 ! aft]noon4 ,e "o suff]$ sev]ely f ! cold4 ,soldi]s & workm51 hop+ to obta9 w>m? by dr9k+ br&y' 7! mo/ *ill+ process !y c\ld h ?\ght (71 '7 seiz$ by ! cold1 & dropp$ d[n dead ( conge/ion4 ,sev]al p]sons p]i%$1 victims ( _! curiosity3 hav+ climb$ up into ! trees to see ! procession1 _! extremities1 b5umb$ by ! cold1 fail$ to support !m1 & !y 7 kill$ by ! fall4' ,! w9t] ( #ahdd-de 0 rem>kable = ! long duration ( cold wea!r4 ,! :ole ( ,decemb] 0 v cold1 ,janu>y n s sev]e1 b /ill cold1 ,febru>y s+ul>ly cold1 & ! fro/ s sev]e 9 ,m>* t on ,good ,friday 7,m>* #ba/7 ! boats1 :i* _h be5 fro/-b\nd = weeks 9 ! canals1 7 /ill lock$ tightly 9 ice4 ,mr4 ,plant omits to notice 9 ! lett] above-m5tion$ ! long w9t] ( #ahec-ed1 :i* 0 inde$ less sev]e 7relatively z well z absolutely7 9 ,engl& ?an on ! ,cont95t4 ,/ill1 he is h>dly "r 9 say+1 t aft] #ahde !re 0 no w9t] ( long & int5se "* until ,janu>y & ,febru>y #ahee4 ,on ! ,cont95t ! w9t] ( #ahec-ed 0 n only protract$ b sev]e1 especially t[>ds ! end ( ,decemb]4 ,sev]al riv]s 7 froz5 ov]4 ,! cold la/$ f ,m>* till ,novemb]1 ) sc>cely any int]mission4 ,! w9t] ( #ahed-ee 0 /ill m sev]e ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,! fro/s comm5c$ 9 ! ea/ ( ,france 9 ,octob] & la/$ till ! #bh? ( ,april4 ,! mean temp]atures = ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 9 ,engl&1 7 #ca degrees & #bi degrees respectively4 ,?is ye> w be rememb]$ z t dur+ :i* our army suff]$ s t]ribly f cold 9 ! ,crimea4 ,b our brave fell[s w\ld h resi/$ ,g5]als ,janu>y & ,febru>y 79 :om ! ,cz> ,ni*olas express$ su* /rong reliance71 z well z ! ,russians !mselves did1 or maybe a trifle bett] 7if we c judge f ! way 9 :i* ,engli%m5 h borne ,arctic w9t]s71 _h x n be5 = ! gross neglig5ce ( ! ,r$ ,tapi/s4 ,! w9t] ( #aheg-eh 0 r sev]] ?an ! av]age1 b n mu*4 ,! ,danube & ,russian ports 9 ! ,black ,sea 7 froz5 ov] 9 ,janu>y1 #aheh4 ,! fro/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahfj1 & ,janu>y1 #ahfa1 0 rem>kable4 ,! colde/ record$ mean temp]ature = a mon? 9 "t 7n ! colde/ mon?71 0 t = ! ?irty days end+ ,janu>y #af1 #ahfa1--namely1 #bf degrees4 ,mr4 ,plant rem>ks t '! int5se cold on ,*ri/mas-eve1 #ahfj1 f9ds no equal 9 8 records1 s9ce ,janu>y #bj1 #ahch4 ,! !rmomet] regi/]$ #cd degrees ( fro/1 & 9 ! valley ( ! ,rea1 five to sev5 degrees bel[ z]o4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ,flamm>ion makes no m5tion ( ?is bitt] w9t] 9 8 li/ ( exceptionally cold w9t]s4 ,! w9t] ( #ahfd-fe la/$ f ,decemb] to ! end ( ,m>*1 all ( :i* f\r mon?s1 ,mr4 ,plant notes1 7 ( ! true w9t] type4 ,! ,se9e 0 froz5 ov] at ,p>is1 & p cross$ ! ice ne> ! ,pont des ,arts4 ,! w9t] ( #ahgj-ga w always be rememb]$ z t dur+ :i* ! siege ( ,p>is 0 c>ri$ on1 & ! la/ sc5es ( ! ,franco-,prussian w> took place4 ,z ,flamm>ion ju/ly rem>ks1 ?is w9t] w be class$ among sev]e w9t]s1 because ( ! extreme cold 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y 7not)/&+ ! mild wea!r ( ,febru>y71 & also because ( ! fatal influ5ce :i* ! cold ex]cis$ ^u ! public heal? at ! close ( ! w> ) ,g]many4 ',! great equatorial curr5t1' he proce$s 7mean+1 no d\bt1 ! w9ds :i* bl[ ov] ! prolongation ( ! ,gulf ,/ream71 ':i* g5]ally ext5ds to ,norway1 /opp$ ?is ye> at ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ! prevail+ w9d be+ f ! nor?4 ,on ! #e? ( ,decemb] !re 0 a temp]ature ( #e degrees1 & on ! #h?1 at ,montpelli]1 ! !rmomet] /ood at #ag4f degrees4 ,a second p]iod ( cold set 9 on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb]1 la/+ until ! #e? ( ,janu>y4 ,9 ,p>is ! ,se9e 0 block$ ) ice1 & seem$ likely to become froz5 ov]4 ,on ! #bd? !re 7 #ba4f degrees ( fro/1 & at ,montpelli]1 on ! #ca/1 #bh4h degrees4 ,x is well kn[n t _m ( ! outpo/s ar\nd ,p>is1 & sev]al ( ! w\nd$ :o _h be5 ly+ = fifte5 h\rs ^u ! field1 7 f\nd froz5 to dea?4 ,f ! #i? to ! #ae? ( ,janu>y a ?ird p]iod ( cold set 91 ! !rmomet] m>k+ #ag4f degrees' 7#ad4d degrees ( fro/7 'at ,p>is1 & #h4f degrees at ,montpelli]4 ,! mo/ curi\s fact 0 t ! cold 0 great] 9 ! s\? ?an 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,at ,brussels ! l[e/ temp]atures 7 #aa4a degree 9 ,decemb] & #h4b degrees 9 ,janu>y4 ,!re 7 =ty days' fro/ at ,montpelli]1 =ty-two at ,p>is1 & =ty-sev5 at ,brussels dur+ ^! two mon?s4 ,f9ally1 ! w9t] av]age 7,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y7 0 #ce4b degrees 9 ,p>is1 :]eas ! g5]al av]age is #cg4i degrees4' ,9 ! nor? ( ,europe ?is 0 also a v h>d w9t]1 ?\gh ! cold set 9 at a diff]5t "t ?an t not$ = ,france4 ,!re 7 =ty degrees ( fro/ at ,cop5hag5 on ,febru>y #ab--t is1 ! temp]ature 0 #e degrees bel[ z]o4 ,by ! docum5ts :i* ,m4 ,r5on furni%$ ,flamm>ion ) = ,france1 ',i discov]1' says ! latt]1 'a m9imum ( #i4d degrees bel[ z]o at ,prigueux1 & ( #ac degrees bel[ z]o at ,m\l9s6 ,i f9d by ! docum5ts suppli$ me by ,mr4 ,glai%]1' he proce$s1 't he also consid]s ! w9t] ( #ahgj-ga z app]ta9+ to ! class ( w9t]s memorable = _! sev]ity4' ,la/ly1 9 ! w9t] :i* z ,i write 7,febru>y #aj1 #ahgi7 seems to be ne>ly ov]1 we h _h = ,decemb] a mean temp]ature ( only #ca degrees 9 ! midl&s--! colde/ ,decemb] kn[n !re1 foll[$ by a ,janu>y s cold t ! mean temp]ature = ! midl&s 0 only #bi4h degrees4 ,mr4 ,g4,j4 ,symons1 ! well-kn[n meteorologi/1 says ( ! pa/ w9t]1 t ,janu>y 0 ! colde/ = at lea/ tw5ty-"o1 & he believes = =ty-"o ye>s1 foll[+ a ,decemb] :i* 0 also1 ) "o exception1 ! colde/ = tw5ty-"o ye>s4' ,he gives an ab/ract ( ! temp]atures 7bo? maximum & m9imum7 = ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 & ,janu>y dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-"o ye>s1 f :i* x appe>s3-- #a4 ,t ! av]age maximum temp]ature ( ,novemb] 0 ! l[e/ dur+ ! p]iod ) two exceptions1 t ( ,decemb] ! l[e/ ) "o exception1 & t ( ,janu>y ! l[e/ ( ! :ole p]iod4 #b4 ,t ! av]age m9imum ( ,novemb] 0 ! l[e/ dur+ ! p]iod ) f\r exceptions1 t ( ,decemb] ! l[e/ ) "o exception1 & t ( ,janu>y ! l[e/4 #c4 ,t ! mean temp]ature ( ! ?ree mon?s 0 n only five degrees bel[ ! av]age1 b also l[] ?an 9 any previ\s ye> out ( ! tw5ty-"o4 ,on ! :ole1 ! w9t] ( #ahgh-gi mu/ be reg>d$ z ! colde/ we h _h dur+ at lea/ ! la/ score ( ye>s1 & probably dur+ twice t "t4 ,x 0 n *>act]is$ by exceptionally sev]e %ort p]iods ( int5se cold1 l ^? :i* occurr$ dur+ ! w9t]s ( #ahed-ee1 #ahee-ef1 & #ahfj-fa2 b x has be5 surpass$ by few w9t]s dur+ ! la/ two c5turies = con/ant l[ temp]ature & long-cont9u$ mod]ate fro/4 ,dur+ ! la/ n9ety ye>s !re h be5 only f\r w9t]s mat*+ t ( #ahgh-gi 9 ^! respects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce ! prec$+ pages 7 writt5 ! wea!r record = ,febru>y #ahgi has be5 complet$4 ,l ! ?ree prec$+ mon?s1 ,febru>y %[$ a mean temp]ature bel[ ! av]age1 ?\gh ! deficit 0 n q s great z 9 ^? mon?s4 ,! foll[+ table1 drawn out by ,mr4 ,plant1 %[s ! mean temp]ature at ,moseley = f\r w9t] mon?s ( #ahgh-gi1 & ! av]age temp]ature = ^? mon?s at ,moseley dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s3-- #ahgh-gi ,deg4 ,novemb] #cg4j ,decemb] #ca4j ,janu>y #bi4h ,febru>y #ce4h ---- ,mean ( ! f\r mon?s 9 #cc4d ,av]age ( #bj ye>s ,deg4 ,novemb] #da4e ,decemb] #ci4j ,janu>y #ce4e ,febru>y #ci4j ---- ,av]age ( f\r mon?s 9 #bj ye>s obs]vations #ch4h ,,ox=d ,,& ,,cambridge ,,r[+4 ,! records ( ! la/ eighte5 boat-races betwe5 ,cambridge & ,ox=d indicate cle>ly en\gh ! exi/5ce ( a diff]5ce ( /yle 9 ! r[+ ( ! two univ]sities1 a circum/ance q z pla9ly sugge/$ by ! five successive victories ( ,cambridge 9 ! ye>s #ahgj-gd1 z by ! n9e successive victories ( ,ox=d :i* prec$$ !m4 ,= x is1 or %\ld be1 kn[n t ! victories ( ,cambridge only began :5 ,morrison1 "o ( ! f9e/ ,ox=d o>sm51 _h taught ! ,cambridge m5 ! ,ox=d /yle1 s f> z x c\ld be imp>t$ to r[]s accu/om$1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 int]collegiate /ruggles1 to a diff]5t sy/em4 ,) reg>d to ! long succession ( ,ox=d victories :i* began 9 #ahfa1 & :i*1 be x notic$1 foll[$ on ,cambridge successes obta9$ :5 ! light-blue /roke r[$ 9 ! ,ox=d /yle1 ,i may rem>k t1 view+ ! matt] z a "q ( probabilities1 x may safely be said t ! n9e successive victories ( ,ox=d c\ld n reasonably be reg>d$ z accid5tal4 ,! loss ( ?ree or f\r successive races w\ld n h suffic$ to %[ t !re 0 any assignable diff]5ce 9 ! conditions "u :i* ! rival univ]sities enc\nt]$ ea* o!r on ! ,?ames4 ,9 cases :]e ! *ance ( "o or o!r ( two ev5ts happ5+ is exactly equal1 !re w repeat$ly be obs]v$ recurr5ces ( ?is sort4 ,b :5 ! same ev5t recurs s (t5 z n9e successive times1 x is ju/ifiable to inf] t ! *ances are n precisely--or p]haps ev5 ne>ly--equal4 ,i believe ,i %all be able to indicate ! exi/5ce ( a cause q suffici5t to acc\nt = ! s]ies ( defeats su/a9$ 9 ! ye>s #ahfa-fi by ,cambridge1 & = ! *ange ( =tune exp]i5c$ :5 = a :ile ! ,cambridge o>sm5 adopt$ ! /yle ( r[+ :i* has prevail$ = _m ye>s at ! si/] univ]sity4 ,i may premise t ,cambridge has an important advantage ov] ,ox=d 9 ! fact t %e has a f> l>g] numb] ( m5 to *oose f 9 select+ a univ]sity crew4 ,x may seem to _m1 at fir/ sight1 t z good a crew might well be select$ f ?ree hundr$ z f five hundr$ boat+-m52 because x is n to be suppos$ t ei!r numb] w\ld supply _m m ?an eight fir/-rate o>sm54 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are fir/-rate o>sm5 & fir/-rate o>sm54 ,! unpractis$ eye may detect v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! be/ & ! wor/ o>sm5 9 su* crews z ,ox=d & ,cambridge ye>ly s5d to cont5d = ! blue-rib& ( ! riv]4 ,b diff]5ces exi/2 & if ! be/ man ( ! crew 7 replac$ by "o equal 9 r[+ ability to ! wor/1 or vice v]s1 an important diff]5ce w\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! "t ( r[+ ov] ! rac+ c\rse1 "u simil> conditions ( w9d1 tide1 & s =?4 ,accord+ly1 a l>ge field = ! selection ( ! m5 is a mo/ important advantage4 ,tak+1 = in/ance1 ! five hundr$ r[+ m5 ( ,cambridge & divid+ !m into two sets--"o ( ?ree hundr$ m51 correspond+ to ! ?ree hundr$ r[+ m5 ( ,ox=d1 & ! o!r ( two hundr$ m5--we see t ! fir/ set ought to supply a crew /rong en\gh to meet ,ox=d1 & ! second a crew ne>ly z /rong4 ,n[1 if ! be/ m5 ( ! two ,cambridge crews ?us suppos$ to be =m$ are comb9$--say five tak5 f ! fir/ & ?ree f ! second1 all ! inf]ior m5 be+ /ruck out--a f> /rong] crew ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs w\ld und\bt$ly be =m$4 ,s t if ,cambridge 7 g5]ally ! w9n] 9 ^! conte/s1 ! ,oxonians w\ld be able to acc\nt = _! want ( success 9 a suffici5tly satisfactory mann]4 ,! successive defeats su/a9$ by ! ,cambridge crews 9 #ahfa-fi are !re=e s mu* ! less readily expla9$ z due to m]e accid5t1 by :i* ( c\rse ,i mean simply su* an accid5tal circum/ance z t bett] o>sm5 *anc$ to be at ,ox=d ?an at ,cambridge 9 ^! ye>s1 n to accid5t occurr+ 9 ! race itself4 ,sev]al reasons 7 assign$ f "t to "t = ! repeat$ victories ( ,ox=d4 ,"s ( ^! may conv5i5tly be exam9$ "h1 be=e discuss+ :at ,i take to be ! true explanation4 ,"s writ]s 9 ! pap]s advanc$ ! g5]al proposition t ,ox=d m5 are z a rule /rong] & m endur+ ?an ,cambridge m54 ,!y did n tell u :y ?is %\ld be ! case--to :at peculi> influ5ces x 0 due t ! m p[]ful & en]getic ( our ,engli% y\? %\ld g to "o univ]sity r ?an ! o!r4 ,no evid5ce ( ?is peculi>ity c\ld be f\nd 9 ! univ]sity a?letic sports1 9 :i* success 01 z x has s9ce be51 v equally divid$4 ,& :at made ! !ory ! less satisfactory 0 ! circum/ance t x af=d$ no explanation ( ! e>ly triumphs ( ! ,cantabs1 :o won sev5 ( ! n9e races !y r[$ aga9/ ,ox=d4 ,( ^! races five 7 r[$ f ,we/m9/] to ,putney1 a c\rse two miles long] ?an ! pres5t c\rse f ,putney to ,mortlake4 ,a race ov] su* a c\rse & 9 ! heavi] old-fa%ion$ rac+-boats 0 a suffici5t te/ ( /r5g? & endurance2 yet ! ,cambridge m5 manag$ to w9 f\r out ( ^! five ev5ts1 & t n by a few seconds1 b 9 ?ree in/ances by upw>ds ( a m9ute4 ,if !re 7 any reason = conceiv+ t ,oxonians 7 z a rule /rong] ?an ,cantabs 9 ! ye>s #ahfa-fi1 !re is at lea/ no reason = conceiv+ t any *ange c h tak5 place 9 ! "t betwe5 ! e>li] races & t dur+ :i* ,ox=d won s p]si/5tly4 ,& z ! e>li] races %[ no traces ( any diff]5ce su* z 0 insi/$ ^u by _m j\rnali/s 9 ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod ( ! ,ox=d successes1 we may reasonably conclude t ! diff]5ce _h no real exi/5ce4 ,ano!r !ory resembl+ ! prec$+ 0 also (t5 urg$4 ,x 0 said repeat$ly 9 ! pap]s t ,cambridge traditions enc\rag$ a light fla%y /roke1 pretty to look at b n effective2 t aga91 ,cambridge r[$ ! fir/ "p ( ! c\rse well b exhau/$ !mselves be=e ! conclusion ( ! race1 ?r\gh _! ov]-anxiety to get ! advantage ( _! oppon5ts 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! conte/4 ,critics und]took to say t ! ,ox=d m5 'r[$ )9 !mselves' at fir/1 res]v+ _! /r5g? = ! la/ mile or two ( ! c\rse4 ,n[1 x w pres5tly appe> t !re does exi/ 9 a c]ta9 peculi>ity ( :at may ju/ly be call$ ! ,cambridge /yle1 a true cause = want ( success1 & ev5 = su* a repeat$ s]ies ( defeats z ! light-blue flag su/a9$ 9 #ahfh-fi4 ,b ! ,cambridge /yle r[$ dur+ ^! ye>s 0 v f> f be+ a fla%y /yle4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! old ,cambridge /yle1 :i* is /ill too (t5 se5 9 ,college conte/s1 & has )9 ! la/ f\r ye>s be5 se5 on ! ,?ames1 involves ! r[+ ( a long] /roke ?an seems to be r[$ 9 ! true ,ox=d /yle4 ,ox=d r[+ is pre-em95tly lively4 ,anyone :o _h be5 at ! pa9s to "t ! /rokes ( ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge crews dur+ ! ye>s #ahfa-fi1 w\ld h be5 able at once to dispose ( ! notion t ,cambridge m5 r[ ! m rapid /roke4 ,9 ^! n9e races1 z 9 ! practice prec$+ !m1 ! ,ox=d crew (t5 took =ty-f\r /rokes p] m9ute4 ,especially did !y rise to ?is swift /roke 9 "s ( ^? gr& spurts :i* s (t5 c>ri$ ! d>k-blue flag 9 front4 ,i d n rememb] t ! ,cambridge crews ev] w5t beyond =ty-two /rokes p] m9ute4 ,!n aga9 z to />t+ e>ly & be+ quickly sp5t1 a good deal ( nons5se 0 writt54 ,9 "s ( ! lat] conte/s ( ! s]ies #ahfa-fi1 inde$1 ! ,cambridge crews1 urg$ by ! ?\ght ( num]\s pa/ defeats1 made unduly exhau/+ ef=ts 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! race4 ,b no?+ 0 done 9 ?is way :i* w\ld h caus$ ! loss ( ! race if ! ,cambridge crew _h really _h x 9 !m to w94 ,if ! bett] ( two crews puts on r too mu* /eam at fir/1 !y draw s quickly ahead t !y soon beg9 to feel t !y h ! race 9 h&1 & s proce$ to take matt]s m /eadily4 ,9 su* p[]ful & well-tra9$ crews z bo? univ]sities usually s5d to ! conte/1 v little h>m is done by v>y+ ! ord] ( ! "w a little--r[+ h>d at fir/ & /eadily aft]w>ds1 or vice v]s4 ,x is easy = look]s-on1 mo/ ( :om h nev] tak5 "p 9 a boat-race1 to !orise on ^! matt]s4 ,b ^? :o "k :at boat rac+ is 7z di/+ui%$1 be x notic$1 f mo/ conte/s ( spe$7 "k t ! bett] boat is almo/ sure to w9 9 :atev] way ! /roke may set !m _! "w4 ,a good crew1 unlike a good horse1 requires no jockey+4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! riv]s ,cam & ,isis has be5 urg$ z a suffici5t reason = inf]iority on ! "p ( ! ,cambridge crews4 ,t ! diff]5ce us$ to tell unfav\rably ^u ! *ances ( ! light blue flag be=e ! riv] _h be5 wid5$ & ! railway bridge modifi$1 & t ev5 n[ ! ,cambridge crews w\ld n be all ! bett] = a bett] riv] to practice on1 _c be d5i$4 ,b ,i "q :e!r ev5 be=e ! wid5+ ( ! riv]1 ?is p>ticul> cause suffic$ to c\nt]balance ! advantage ( ! ,cantabs 9 po9t ( numb]s4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t ^? :o urg$ ! inf]iority ( ! ,cambridge riv] h recognis$ ! pr9cipal disadvantage :i* x entail$ ^u ! light-blue o>sm54 ,! fir/ circum/ance to be notic$1 9 ?is connection1 is ! diff]5ce 9 ! conditions "u :i* rac+-boats 7 & are /e]$ along ! two riv]s4 ,a ,cambridge coxswa9 has 9 "s respects an easi]1 9 o!rs a m difficult task ?an ! ,oxonian4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he has v little *oice z to ! c\rse along :i* he %all take 8 boat4 ,all he has to d is to /e] z closely r\nd ea* corn] z possible2 & ! n>r[ness ( ! riv] r5d]s x difficult = him to fall into any error 9 runn+ a /raight l9e f corn] to corn]4 ,! ,oxonian coxswa91 on ! o!r h&1 requires to be m c>efully on ! wat* le/ he %\ld suff] 8 boat to div]ge f ! j c\rse1 :i* is f> less obvi\s on ! wid] ,isis ?an on ! ,cam4 ,b al?\gh ! ,cambridge coxswa9 has ! %ores ( ! riv] close to him on ei!r h&1 & c ?us nev] be at a loss z to 8 j c\rse1 yet to ma9ta9 ?is obvi\s c\rse he has to be cont9ually mov+ ! rudd]-l9es4 ,9 fact1 !re are "s 'eights' :i* /e] s ill t x is no easy matt] to keep !m f ! %ores :5 ! crew are s5d+ !m along at rac+ spe$4 ,9 r\nd+ ! ?ree great corn]s :i* h to be pass$ 9 ! ord9>y rac+-c\rse at ,cambridge--viz41 ,fir/ ,po/ ,corn]1 ,grassy ,corn]1 & ,ditton ,corn]--! rudd] has to be made use ( 9 a mu* m decid$ mann] ?an 9 ! /raight] c\rse along :i* ! ,ox=d rac+ eights h to travel4 ,i h se5 ! wat] bubbl+ ov] ! rudd] ( a rac+ eight1 z %e r\nd$ ,grassy ,corn]1 9 a mann] :i* %[$ cle>ly en\gh h[ h] 'way' mu/ h be5 *eck$2 yet1 probably1 if ! rudd]-l9es _h be5 relax$ = a mom5t1 ! ill-/e]+ craft w\ld h gone irretrievably out ( h] c\rse1 & be5 pres5tly /r&$ on ! f>!r bank4 ,& ev5 eights :i* /e] well _h to be v c>efully h&l$ along ! n>r[ & w9d+ dit* :i* we ,cantabs us$ to call '! riv]4' ,a m s]i\s disadvantage1 s f> z ! prospects ( ,univ]sity ,boats 7 conc]n$1 lay 9 ! circum/ance t !re 0 no "p ( ! ,cam 7)9 easy rea*1 at lea/1 ( ,cambridge7 along :i* ! crew c\ld r[ )\t a break1 = f\r or five miles1 z !y _h to d 9 ! actual enc\nt] ) ! ,ox=d boat4 ,! :ole range ( ! riv] betwe5 ! locks next bel[ ,cambridge & ,bait's ,bite ,locks1 is some:at "u f\r miles & a half4 ,b ab\t a mile & a qu>t] f ,bait's ,bite sluice1 ! railway-bridge crosses ! riv]1 & until a few ye>s ago1 ! supports ( ?is bridge divid$ ! riv] into ?ree p>ts4 ,!re 0 9 my "t a vague tradition t ! ,univ]sity ,eight _h once or twice be5 /e]$ ?r\gh ! wide/ ( ^! passages )\t /opp+2 b ,i d\bt mu* :e!r !re c\ld h be5 any tru? 9 ! /ory4 ,c]ta9ly no coxswa9 9 my "t at ,cambridge ev] a*iev$ ! feat1 nor c\ld x be safely attempt$ ev5 by ! mo/ skilful /e]sman4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t !re 0 a break 9 ! long c\rse :i* took away all its value z a prep>ation = ! actual race4 ,x may seem to ! un9itiat$ a trifl+ matt] t a crew %\ld get a few seconds ( re/ 9 s long a pull4 ,b ^? :o "k :at rac+ is1 are aw>e t ! slighte/ break--"o /roke ev51 %irk$--is an imm5se relief to ! tugg+ o>sman4 ,beyond ,bait's ,bite ,locks !re is a ?ree-&-a-half-miles c\rse1 liable to be brok5 by ! manoeuvres ( a float+ bridge or f]ry boat opposite ,clayhi!4 ,next comes ano!r %ort c\rse ext5d+ to ,upw>e4 ,& la/ly f ,upw>e to ,ely !re is a f9e five-&-a-half-miles c\rse1 consid]ably wid] ?an ! ,cam1 & pres5t+ sev]al spl5did rea*es4 ,to ?is c\rse ! ,cambridge m5 us$ to betake !mselves f\r or five times 9 ! c\rse ( _! prep>ation = ! great race4 ,b a c\rse s f> remov$ f ! univ]sity itself 0 cle>ly f> less advantage\s ?an ! conv5i5t ,ox=d long c\rse1 ext5d+ f ! f]ry at ,*ri/ ,*ur* mead[s to ,newnham4 ,/ill1 annoy+ z ! want ( a conv5i5t long-c\rse mu/ be consid]$1 ,i _c attribute ! long succession ( ,cambridge defeats 9 #ahfa-fi to su* a cause z ?is4 ,x is true t be=e ! railway-bridge 0 built1 ! ,cambridge crew us$ g5]ally to w91 & t s9ce x has be5 s f> modifi$ z n to int]f]e ) ! passage ( a rac+ eight1 !y h aga9 be5 successful1 :]eas1 :ile ! supports ( ! bridge *eck$ !m midway on _! c\rse1 !y 7 less =tunate4 ,b to connect ^! circum/ances z cause & effect1 w\ld be z unsafe z ! !ory ( ! ,m>gate fi%]m5 :o ascrib$ ! ,goodw9 ,s&s to ! build+ ( ! ,reculv]s4 ,x has be5 said t ! %all[ness ( ! ,cam affects ! /yle ( ,cambridge o>sm54 ,?is seems to me a fanciful !ory4 ,occasionally 9 ! c\rse ( a race close /e]+ r\nd "o or o!r ( ! %>p] corn]s might p]mit ! o>sm5 to 'feel ! bottom1' = two or ?ree /rokes2 b dur+ all ! re/ ( ! c\rse ! o>s f9d pl5ty ( wat] to take good hold (4 ,! ,cam 0 und\bt$ly gr[+ %all[] = "s "t aft] #ahfj2 & ! *ange gave "s degree ( support to ! !ory t ! peculi>ities ( ! ,cambridge /yle 7 due to ! peculi>ities ( ! ,cambridge riv]4 ,b ,i believe ! notion 0 a :olly mi/ak5 "o2 & ,i am confirm$ 9 ?is belief by notic+ t ! ,cambridge /yle f #ahfj to #ahfi 0 9 all ess5tial respects1 & especially 9 t feature :i* ,i %all pres5tly describe z its radical & fatal defect1 ! same precisely z x _h be5 9 e>li] times :5 ,cambridge 0 (t5] successful ?an defeat$4 ,i h he>d ,cambridge m5 say1 inde$1 t aft] r[+ on ! ,cam !y feel q /range on ,?ames wat]4 ,!y feel1 !y say1 z if ! boat 7 runn+ away ) !m4 ,i h exp]i5c$ ! feel+ myself1 :5 r[+ on ! ,?ames any:]e bel[ ,t$d+ton2 b mo/ m>k$ly bel[ ,kew4 ,x is n due1 h[ev]1 to ! m]e diff]5ce 9 ! dep? ( ! two /reams1 b ma9ly1 if n :olly1 to ! circum/ance t ! l[] "p ( ! ,?ames is a tidal riv]4 ,x is n noticeable above ,t$d+ton1 save 79 a some:at modifi$ =m7 9 ^? portions ( ! riv] call$ 'races1' :]e ! /ream runs ) unusual rapidity4 ,i %\ld suppose t ,oxonians felt ! influ5ce ( ?is peculi>ity fully z mu* z ,cambridge o>sm5 d2 9 fact1 ,i "k t ?is is ! exp]i5ce ( "s ,oxonians1 = !y h told me z mu*4 ,i believe t ! pr9cipal disadvantage :i* ! n>r[ness ( ! ,cam entail$ ^u boat+-m5 at ,cambridge1 lay 9 ! circum/ance t ,cambridge m5 nev] _h an opportunity ( r[+ a level race4 ,!y _h 'bump+ races' = ! college eights--z ! ,oxonians _h--& "t-races to decide betwe5 ! m]its ( two or ?ree boats1 :]eas at ,ox=d two boats c\ld cont5d side by side4 ,?us x 0 to _m ,cambridge m5 a novel & some:at di/urb+ exp]i5ce to f9d !mselves r[+ close alongside ( _! oppon5ts4 ,x may seem fanciful to notice any disadvantage 9 su* a matt] z ?is2 yet ,i believe t ! matt] 0 n a trifle4 ,! excitem5t :i* m5 feel j be=e a race beg9s1 & dur+ ! fir/ half-mile or s ( its progress1 is s int5se t a small diff]5ce ( ?is sort is apt to produce mu* m effect ?an might be expect$4 ,i ?9k ! some:at flurri$ /yle 9 :i* ! ,cantabs 7 (t5 obs]v$ to r[ ! fir/ half-mile ( ! great race might be p>tly ascrib$ to ?is cause4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am f> f say+ t if a ,cambridge crew _h be5 decid$ly bett] ?an _! oppon5ts1 ! race c\ld h be5 lo/ or ev5 endang]$ f su* a cause z ?is4 ,& n[ x rema9s t ,i %\ld po9t out t peculi>ity 9 :at may be call$ ! ,cambridge /yle ( r[+--?\gh x is n n[ sy/ematically adopt$ by ,cambridge crews--to :i* ! defeats ( ! light-blue flag 9 ! ye>s #ahfa-fi 7 ,i believe to be *iefly attribut$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t be=e we c recognise a peculi>ity ( /yle z ! cause ( a long s]ies ( defeats1 x mu/ be %[n t ! peculi>ity is nei!r trifl+ nor accid5tal4 ,!re are peculi>ities 9 r[+ :i* h a v slight effect ^u ! spe$ ) :i* ! boat is propell$ by ! crew4 ,among/ ^! may be fairly includ$ su* po9ts z ! foll[+3--! habit ( ?r[+ out ! elb[s j be=e fea!r+1 fea!r+ high or l[1 r[+ %ort or long 7a te*nical expression n[ commonly1 ?\gh incorrectly1 appli$ to ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 b prop]ly relat+ to ! di/ance at :i* ! /ret*] or foot-bo>d is plac$ f ! seat71 sitt+ high or l[1 & s on4 ,all ^! peculi>ities--( c\rse )9 reasonable limits--are unimportant1 save 9 s f> z !y indicate t ! /yle ( ! /roke itself is faulty4 ,!n aga9 !re are accid5tal peculi>ities1 :i* may be exce$+ly important 9 !mselves1 b :i* yet produce only a transi5t influ5ce1 because !y are p]sonal peculi>ities ( su* & su* a /roke1 & :5 he has left 8 univ]sity !y rema9 no long] 9 vogue4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is sort ( peculi>ity1 ,i may notice ! rem>kably effective /roke r[$ by ,hall ( ,magdal5 9 ! ye> #aheh-fj4 ,!re ! radical defect ( ! ,cambridge /yle 0 almo/ oblit]at$1 & all ! good po9ts ( t /yle 7 fully br\ght out4 ,! result 0 t1 out ( ?ree races r[$ ) ,ox=d1 ,cambridge won two1 & ?\gh !y lo/ ! ?ird1 yet !y lo/ x 9 su* a mann] z to obta9 m cr$it ?an any w9n+ race c\ld h br\ght !m4 ,i ref] to ! memorable race ( #ahei1 9 :i* ! ,cambridge boat 01 at />t+1 half full ( wat]1 & gradually fill+ z ! race proce$$1 sank ab\t half-a-mile f ! w9n+-po/1 be+ at ! mom5t ( s9k+ only f\r l5g?s beh9d ,ox=d1 not)/&+ ! trem5d\s difficulties "u :i* ! crew _h all along be5 r[+4#ac ,mr4 ,hall also r[$ /roke 9 ! great race ) ! fam\s ,london crew--,casamajor1 ,play=d1 ! two ,paynes1 c4--:5 ,cambridge won by half a boat's l5g?4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 to inquire :e!r !re is any po9t held to be ess5tial by ,cambridge o>sm51 :i* is suffici5tly important & suffici5tly faulty to acc\nt = ! m>k$ want ( success :i* att5d$ ! light-blue flag 9 ! ye>s #ahfa-fi4 ,! foll[+ peculi>ity appe>s to me to be precisely ( su* a "*4 ,x 0 =m]ly held by ne>ly all ! ,cambridge o>sm5 t '! in/ant ! o> t\*es ! wat]' 7,i am quot+ f a pamphlet call$ ',pr9ciples ( ,r[+1' mu* read by r[+-m5 at ,cambridge7 '! arms & body %\ld beg9 to fall backw>ds1 ! =m] cont9u+ at _! full /ret* till ! back is p]p5dicul>2 !y are !n b5t1 ! elb[s be+ br\ght close pa/ ! sides1' etc4 ,if a ,cambridge o>sman broke ?is rule1 s t 8 arms began to b5d be=e 8 back 0 upright1 he w\ld be told t he 0 j]k+4 ',?is is caus$1' says our au?ority1 'by pull+ ! fir/ "p ( ! /roke ) viol5ce & n fall+ gradually backw>ds to f9i% x4 ,! mo/ muscul> m5 are m ?an o!rs guilty ( x1 because !y tru/ too mu* to _! arms1 in/ead ( mak+ ea* "p ( ! body d its proportionate quantity ( "w4 ,x is mo/ annoy+ to ! re/ ( ! crew1 injures ! uni=m sw+ ?r\gh\t ! boat1 & soon tires out ! man himself1 h[ev] /rong he may be1 because he is virtually r[+ unsupport$1 & he has ne>ly ! :ole weight ( ! boat on 8 arms alone4' ,i 0 myself tra9$ to r[ ! ,cambridge /yle1 & :5 ,i became capta9 ( a boat-club1 ,i 0 c>eful to inculcate ?is /yle on my crew1 & on o!r crews :i* came m or less directly "u my sup]vision4 ,b ,i am conv9c$ t ! peculi>ity s c>efully enjo9$ 9 pa/ "t by ! ,cambridge club-capta9s1 & /ill reta9$1 is altoge!r errone\s = boats ( ! mod]n build4 ,i fir/ became aw>e t ! ,cambridge /yle is n ! wat]-man's--&1 !re=e1 presumably n ! mo/ effective--?r\gh practis+ 9 a rac+-f\r ) ?ree ( our mo/ not$ ,?ames wat]m5--! two ,mack9nys1 & ,*itty ( ,ri*mond4 ,!y 7 !n prep>+ = ! ,?ames ,national ,regatta1 ?\gh n z a set crew4 ,accord+ly ! coxswa9 w\ld frequ5tly call ^u u = a good lift+ spurt ( a qu>t] ( a mile or s4 ,dur+ ^! spurts ! coxswa9 0 cont9ually tell+ me t ,i 0 n keep+ /roke1 & ,i 0 s5sible myself t some?+ 0 go+ wrong4 ,"o :o has tak5 "p 9 boat-races v soon detects any irregul>ity 9 ! r[+--by :i* ,i d n ( c\rse ref] to s gross a defect z n keep+ "t4 ,all ! m5 ( a crew may be keep+ mo/ p]fect "t1 & may ev5 pres5t ! appe>ance ( keep+ /roke toge!r1 & yet may n be feel+ _! "w simultane\sly4 ,i 0 aw>e t some?+ 0 go+ wrong1 b ,i f\nd x impossible1 )\t ab&on+ ! /yle ( r[+ 9 :i* ,i _h be5 s c>efully tra9$1 to keep /roke ) ! re/ ( ! crew4 ,x seem$ to me t !y 7 d\bl+ ov] _! "w1 because :ile ,i 0 /ill sway+ backw>ds !y _h rea*$ ! limit ( _! sw+4 ,!n !y did n seem to me to fea!r ) t lightn+ fla% :i* ! ,cambridge /yle enjo9s4 ,altoge!r1 ,i left !m aft] ?ree or f\r long pulls ) ! impression t1 ?\gh !y might be v effective wat]m51 !y _h b a poor /yle4 ,soon aft]1 h[ev]1 ,i _h occasion to wat* ,ox=d o>sm5 at _! "w1 & ,i f\nd t !y r[ 9 a /yle :i*1 )\t be+ actually id5tical ) t ( ! ,london wat]man1 resembles x 9 all ess5tial respects4 ,! mom5t ! o> cat*es ! wat]1 ! body is ?r[n back z 9 ! ,cambridge /yle1 b ! arms1 in/ead ( be+ kept /raight1 imm$iately beg9 to d _! %>e ( ! "w4 ,! result is t :5 ! body is upright ! arms are already b5t1 & ! /roke is f9i%$ :5 ! body is v little beyond ! p]p5dicul> position4 ,n[ let u comp>e ! two /rokes !oretically4 ,9 ea* /roke ! body does a %>e ( ! "w1 & 9 ! ,cambridge /roke ! body ev5 seems to d m "w ?an 9 ! ,ox=d /roke1 s9ce x is sway$ f>!r back4 ,9 ea* /roke1 aga91 ! arms d a %>e ( ! "w1 b 9 ! ,ox=d /roke ! "w ( ! arms is di/ribut$ equally z a help to t ( ! body1 :]eas 9 ! ,cambridge /roke ! "w ( ! arms is all ?r[n ^u ! f9i% ( ! /roke4 ,at fir/ sight x seems to matt] v little 9 :at ord] ! "w is done1 s long z ! same am\nt ( "w is done 9 ! same space ( "t4 ,b "h an important consid]ation has to be att5d$ to4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* ! o>sman does 9 :atev] /yle he r[s4 ,he propels ! boat along1 by press+ ! blade ( 8 o> aga9/ ! wat] z a fulcrum2 b he also propels 8 o> m or less ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,if in/ead ( ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 ! boat 7 to slide along an oil$ groove 9 "s solid sub/ance1 ^: surface 0 s ridg$ t ! o> c\ld be> ^u ! ridges )\t any flexure1 !n inde$ x w\ld matt] v little 9 :at way ! o> 0 pull$1 s long z x 0 pull$ ?r\gh a good range 9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,b ! actual /ate ( ?+s be+ diff]5t1 we h to inquire :e!r x is n possible t "o /yle ( r[+ may s]ve m ?an ano!r to make ! slip ( ! o> ?r\gh ! wat] 7a dead loss1 be x rem>k$1 s f> z ! propulsion ( ! boat is conc]n$7 be> too l>ge a proportion to ! actual "w done by ! r[]4 ,let u make a simple illu/ration4 ,suppose a p]son /&+ on ! edge ( a %eet ( wat] seeks to propel across ! %eet a heavy log ly+ ne> ! bank4 ,if he gives ! log a viol5t kick1 x w sc>cely move at all ?r\gh ! wat]1 b aft] a few vibrations w be se5 to lie a few in*es f its =m] position4 ,! =ce exp5d$ has n be5 ?r[n away1 h[ev]1 b has result$ 9 a viol5t %ock to ! kick]4 ,b if in/ead ( kick+ ! log ! p]son apply ! same am\nt ( =ce g5tly at fir/ & !n ) gradually increas+ int5sity1 ! log w receive a mu* m effective impetus1 & its motion w cont9ue long aft] ! =ce has ceas$ to be ex]t$4 ,! same am\nt ( =ce :i* be=e produc$ a motion ( a few in*es w n[ project ! log sev]al y>ds4 ,& n[ to apply ?is illu/ration4 ,if ! object ( ! r[] 7 to move 8 o> ?r\gh ! wat]--! boat be+ suppos$ = ! mom5t to be a fixture--he c\ld n d bett] ?an to adopt ! ,cambridge /yle ( pull+4 ,= ?is /yle gives a /eady pressure on ! o> at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 foll[$ by a gradual increase1 & end+ by a %>p lift ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,ox=d /yle1 9 :i* arms & body apply all _! /r5g? at once to ! o>1 w\ld probably1 z 9 ! case ( our imag9>y fix$ boats1 result 9 ! fracture ( ! o>4 ,if ! boat 7 n fix$1 b v heavy & clumsy1 conclusions v diff]5t f ! above w\ld be arriv$ at4 ,! ,ox=d /yle w\ld be unsuitable to ! propulsion ( a heavy boat1 because1 al?\gh ! o> w\ld h v little slip ?r\gh ! wat]1 yet ! boat itself c\ld n be mov$ 9 s sudd5 a mann] z to make ! appli$ =ce available4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,cambridge /yle w\ld be v suitable2 because1 al?\gh !re w\ld be consid]able 'slip' ?is w\ld 9 any case be inevitable1 & ! =ce w\ld be appli$ to ! boat 7z well z to ! o>7 9 ! gradual increas+ mann] be/ suit$ to produce motion ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,h5ce we c und]/& ! long s]ies ( victories ga9$ by ! light-blue o>sm5 9 ! 'old fa%ion$ rac+ eights'4 ,b :5 we come to consid] ! case ( a boat l ! pres5t wag]-boat--a boat :i* answ]s imm$iately to ! slighte/ propell+ =ce--we see t t mode ( r[+ mu/ be ! mo/ effective :i* p]mits ! o> to h ! lea/ possible motion ?r\gh ! wat]1 :i* lifts ! boat along f ! wat] z f an almo/ /able fulcrum4 ,h5ce x is t t %>p grip ( ! wat] :i* is tak5 by ,london wat]m51 & by r[]s at ,ox=d1 ,eton1 ,radley1 & ,we/m9/]1 is s mu* m effective ?an ! heavy drag foll[$ by a rapid & almo/ j]k+ f9i% :i* m>ks ! ,cambridge /yle4 ,! m5tion ( public-s*ool r[+ leads me to urge ano!r consid]ation4 ,!re are public-s*ool o>sm5 at ,cambridge1 & !y hold1 z might be suppos$1 a high position among/ univ]sity r[+-m54 ,9 g5]al !y =m s small a m9ority ( college rac+-m51 t !y h to give up _! own workmanlike /yle1 & adopt ! /yle ( ^? !y r[ )4 ,b !re is "o club--! ,?ird ,tr9ity ,club--:i* consi/s exclusively ( ,eton & ,we/m9/] m51 & al?\gh x is a small club1 x has be5 repeat$ly at ! head ( ! riv]1 hold+ its own successfully aga9/ clubs :i* h s5t 9 f> heavi] & bett]-tra9$ crews4 ,b ev5 m rem>kable is ! fact t p[]ful college crews 7 s5t f ,cambridge to ,h5ley betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfj-fi :i* h actually be5 unable to ma9ta9 _! own aga9/ ,eton lads6 ,?is ( itself suffices to %[ t !re 0 some?+ radically wrong 9 ! /yle !n preval5t at ,cambridge2 = 9 su* races age1 weight1 /r5g?1 & l5g? ( practice 7 all 9 fav\r ( ! ,cambridge crews4 ,:5 ,i fir/ express$ ^! views ab\t ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge /yle 9 ! ',daily ,news' 9 ,april #ahfi1 sev]al ,ox=d & ,cambridge m5 d5i$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two /yles 0 t :i* ,i h indicat$1 ass]t+ t nei!r ,ox=d nor ,cambridge o>sm5 advocat$ work+ ) ! arms 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke4 ,x 0 s great a novelty to myself to le>n1 9 #aheh1 t ,london wat]m5 r[ 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 & ,i f\nd ! v wat]m5 :o r[$ 9 t way s confid5tly d5y+ t !y did s1 t ,i 0 n greatly surpris$ to f9d _m ,univ]sity m51 & n a few ( ! fir/ ,univ]sity o>sm51 p]si/+ t ! rules laid d[n 9 ',pr9ciples ( ,r[+' be=e ! mod]n rac+-boats 7 us$ are /ill valid & are /ill foll[$ at ,ox=d z well z ,cambridge4 ,x 0 d5\nc$ z a special h]esy to tea* t "w %\ld be done by ! arms at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 in/ead ( ! old rule be+ foll[$ accord+ to :i* ! arms 7 to rema9 /raight till ! body 0 upright 9 ! backw>d sw+1 ! "w be+ done entirely by ! body & legs up to t mom5t1 & !n f9i%$ by ! arms4 ,b be=e ,i v5tur$ to enunciate a !ory on ! subject ,i _h be5 c>eful to apply a numb] ( te/s n only :ile wat*+ ,ox=d & ,cambridge eights1 b 9 actual practice4 ,i _h inquir$ dilig5tly also ( ^? :o are n m]ely able to adopt a good r[+ /yle b to analyse x1 s z to le>n precisely :]e & h[ !y d _! "w4 ,9 "s cases1 ,i f\nd fir/-rate o>sm5 _h giv5 v little ?\ght to ! matt]2 b on ! "q be+ put to !m1 !y quickly recognis$ ! ess5tial pr9ciples on :i* ! mo/ effective & ! lea/ tir+ /yle = ! mod]n rac+-boat dep5ds4 ,"o su* o>sman said to me1 aft] giv+ a few days' trial z well z ?\ght to ! matt]--',y are q "r2 arms1 legs1 & body mu/ "w toge!r f ! v beg9n+'2 ! "w is done :5 ! body comes upright2 & n only mu/ ?is be s = ! "w to be done 9 ! mo/ effective way1 b x is ess5tial also if ! h&s are to be quickly dis5gag$1 ! recov]y quick1 & a good rea* =w>d obta9$4 ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 a good /yle 9 ! mod]n rac+ eight1 & a good /yle 9 ! old-fa%ion$ boats1 _h be5 recognis$ 7at lea/1 s f> z ! mod]n boats are conc]n$7 a ye> be=e my article 9 ! ',daily ,news' appe>$4 ,9 an article on ',wat] ,d]bies1' ',wat ,bradwood1' describ+ ! ,univ]sity race ( #ahfh1 draws ! foll[+ di/9ctions betwe5 ! two crews1 :i* precisely accord ) my own obs]vations on t occasion2 only x is to be notic$ t1 :]eas he is describ+ ! beg9n+ ( ! race1 ! :ole ( :i* he witness$ f ! ,umpire's boat1 my obs]vations 7 made f ! %ore n f> f ! f9i%1 :5 ,ox=d 0 s f> ahead t !re 0 ample "t to note sep>ately & closely ! /yle ( ea* boat3--',! /yles ( progress ( ! two boats !mselves are palpably di/9ct1' he says2 ',cambridge take a %ort] "t to come ?r\gh ! air ?an to r[ ?r\gh ! wat]2 !y g mu* f>!r backw>d ?an ,ox=d1 & are v sl[ 9 gett+ ! h&s (f ! *e/2 _! boat is drawn ?r\gh ! wat] at ea* /roke1 b has h>dly any p]ceptible lift4 ,ox=d1 on ! o!r h&1 sw+ j ! rev]se ( ,cambridge1 a long "t 9 gett+ =w>d' 7he means ( c\rse1 a relatively long] "t1 = no good o>sman w\ld ev] take a long "t 9 gett+ =w>d71 '& v fa/ ?r\gh ! wat]1 driv+ ! o>s ?r\gh ) a hit l sl$gehamm]s1 :ile ! boat jumps out ( ! wat] sev]al in*es at ea* /roke4' ,^! la/ words aga9 relate r to contra/ betwe5 ! boats ?an to ! actual lift4 ,! 'drag at ! end' 9 ! ,cambridge /yle us$ always to dip ! nose ( ! eight1 :]eas ! quick dis5gagem5t ( ! h&s 9 ! ,ox=d /yle prev5ts any dipp+1 s t by contra/ ! ,ox=d boat se5 beside ! ,cambridge seem$ lift$ at ! end ( ea* /roke4 ,9 reality !re 0 v little if any lift+1 ?\gh ! %>p grip ( ! wat] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke caus$ ! boat to dip a little z comp>$ ) h] position at ! end4 ,!oretically1 ! less *ange ( level ?r\gh\t ! /roke 7f fea!r to f9i%7 ! bett]2 b if !re is any su* *ange1 x is f> bett] x %\ld be ( ! nature ( a lift above ! flotation-level ?an ( ! nature ( a dip bel[ t level4 ,aga91 t[>ds ! close ( ! same article ',wat ,bradwood' made ! foll[+ p]t95t rem>ks respect+ ! ,ox=d /yle 9 #ahfh & g5]ally3 ',! g5]al /yle ( ,ox=d has n det]iorat$2 ?\gh _m outsid]s fanci$ t ,ox=d r[$ a %ort /roke1 x 0 m t ! "t occupi$ by !m 9 sla%+ ! o> ?r\gh ! wat] 0 %ort ?an ! rea* itself2 ?is deceiv$ inexp]i5c$ eyes1 especially :5 comp>$ to ! sl[ 'draw ?r\gh' 7qu]y 'drag'7 ( ,cambridge1 :i* (t5 appe>$ = simil> reasons a long] /roke ?an x really 04#ad ,he attribut$ ! defeat ( ! ,cantabs1 :o 7 a /rong] set ( m5 ?an ! ,oxonians1 to ! tea*+ ( _! 'coa*1' :o _h be5 7?\gh ?is he does n m5tion7 z good a 'coa*' z ev] exi/$ = r[+ 9 ! old fa%ion$ /yle ( boats1 b ^: 'exp]i5ce avail$ no?+ to tea* ! mod]n /yle ( light-boat r[+4' ,9 ano!r article by ! same writ]1 9 ! ',pall ,mall ,gazette1' 7#ahfh71 a notewor?y illu/ration is giv5 ( ! value ( a good /yle4 ',among ! college boats 9 ! fir/ division at ,cambridge ?is ye>1 ! /ronge/ 7 p]haps ,fir/ ,tr9ity1 ,tr9ity ,flail1 & notably ,emmanuel2 ! weake/ 9 ! division 0 ! ,lady ,m>g>et crew1'--! crew repres5t+ ,/4 ,john's ,college4 ',b not)/&+ ?is1 ,lady ,m>g>et w5t up "o place1 & press$ ,tr9ity v hotly4 ,!re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be "s special reason to acc\nt = eight weak m5 prov+ sup]ior to eight /rong ones4' ,!re is a little 7un9t5tional7 exagg]ation "h2 ! /roke ( ! ,lady ,m>g>et crew 0 a /rong z well z an elegant o>sman1 & two o!rs ( ! crew c\ld c]ta9ly n be call$ weak2 nev]!less ! crew z a :ole 0 und\bt$ly weak comp>$ ) mo/ ( ! o!r crews ( ! fir/ division1 ',t reason1' proce$s our au?or1 'is to be f\nd 9 /yle4 ,e day ( practice on ! ,cam y he> ! coa*es ( ! diff]5t rac+-boats giv+ _! crews c]ta9 directions1 "s absurd1 & ne>ly all1 f "s accid5tal reason1 useless4 ,! *ief ( ^! is to keep x long1 & if y object to ! results ( ?is tea*+1 y are told t l5g? is ! great requisite ( good r[+1 & t ,ox=d1 sir1 always beat u1 because !y are long] ?an we are4 ,n[1 ?is is true & yet untrue4 ,at ,cambridge l5g? is acquir$ by mak+ ! m5 f9i% ! /roke1 t is1 by mak+ !m sw+ well back beyond ! p]p5dicul>4 ,( c\rse ! o> rema9s long] 9 ! wat]1 b we ma9ta9 t ! extra "t x is kept !re by ! backw>d motion ( ! body is "t lo/4 ,! sw++ back ?r[s a trem5d\s /ra9 on ! abdom9al muscles1 ! weake/ r[+ muscles 9 ! body2 v soon ! m5 feel ?is /ra91 become exhau/$1 & unable to get =w>d1 & f9ally lose "t & sw+ & g all to pieces4 ,l5g? obta9$ by go+ backw>ds is ( no possible use4 ,a crew ought to be coa*$ to get z f> =w>d z !y c1 to f9i% ! /roke by br++ _! elb[s pa/ _! sides1 & _! h&s well into _! bodies1 & !n compla9ts ab\t w9d & la/ w be few]4 ,?is 0 abundantly prov$ 9 ! late ,may races4 ,fir/ ,tr9ity1 x is true1 kept head1 b only because ( _! great /r5g?1 & because !y _h a /roke :o und]/ood ! duties ( 8 position4 ,be=e1 ! races e sport+ newspap]1 e suppos$ judge ( r[+ 9 ! ,univ]sity1 0 c]ta9 ab\t only "o ?+1 & t 0 t ,lady ,m>g>et mu/ g d[n2 ! only "q 0 :]e !y w\ld /op4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 n only kept away f ,tr9ity ,hall1 b f9i%$ above ,emmanuel & ,?ird ,tr9ity1 inf9itely /rong]' 7:i* no d\bt mu/ be und]/ood z mean+ 'f> /rong]'7 'boats4 ,! reason 0 t !y 7 ! only boat on ! riv] :i* r[$ 9 any?+ l a good /yle4 ,!y _h ! rea* =w>d1 ! quick recov]y1 & ! equally quick dis5gagem5t ( ! h&s1 :i* m>k$ ! ,ox=d crew ( #ahfh4 ,consequ5tly al?\gh a v weak lot ( m51 !y 7 able to v9dicate /yle aga9/ /r5g?4 ,we hope' 7add$ ,wat ,bradwood7 't ,cambridge g5]ally w appreciate ! lesson2 x is "o t has n be5 taught !m = ye>s1 & results on _! own riv] ought to %[ its value4' ,less ?an a ye> aft] ?is 0 writt51 ! ,cambridge boat1 ) ,goldie1 ! ,lady ,m>g>et /roke1 at ! aft ?w>t1 7 j beat5 by ,ox=d 9 "o ( ! be/ races ev] r[$1 & ! ye> aft]1 ) ! same /roke1 !y won = ! fir/ "t 9 t5 ye>s4 ,! subsequ5t successes ( ! ,jesus boat on ! ,cam af=d$ fur!r illu/rations ( ! sup]iority ( /yle ov] /r5g?4 ,= ! ,jesus boat has rema9$ = ye>s at ! head ( ! riv]1 ?\gh ! crew z a :ole has (t5 be5 f> surpass$ 9 /r5g? by ! crews ( ,tr9ity1 ,john's1 & o!r colleges4 ,!re is1 z ! writ] f :om ,i h quot$ above correctly says1 'no opposition betwe5 !ory & practice 9 ?is matt]1 any m ?an !re is 9 metaphysics or moral philosophy4' ,! ill-success ( ,cambridge 9 pa/ ye>s 0 9 ! ma9 due to a want ( appreciation ( !ory1 & ! abs5ce ( due recognition ( ! entire *ange :i* ! introduction ( ! light outrigg$ rac+-boat _h produc$ 9 ! art ( effective r[+4 ,! ,cambridge 'f9i% to ! /roke1' ! 'lug at ! end1' z sailors call x1 0 excell5t ) ! old fa%ion$ boats4 ,x 0 inde$ ess5tial to success 9 a race1 z 0 ! lightn+ fea!r4 ,b n[ ! ess5tial conditions are a %>p grasp ( ! wat] at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 ! int5se/ possible action !n & ?r\gh\t ! "t ! o> is 9 ! wat]1 s t ! o> may be z %ort a "t z possible 9 ! wat]1 b 9 ! "t may h ! l>ge/ possible range4 ,?is result mu/ n m]ely be obta9$ f ea* individual memb] ( ! crew1 b f all toge!r 9 precisely ! same "t4 ,x is necess>y t ! /roke %\ld m>k ! "t 9 ! mo/ di/9ct & emphatic mann]4 ,9 ! ,cambridge /yle1 or :at at lea/ us$ s to be call$1 p]fect "t1 ?\gh ( c\rse always desirable1 0 n s absolutely ess5tial z 9 ! ,ox=d /yle4 ,! o>s be+ a long "t 9 ! wat]1 x matt]$ less if any o>sman 0 = a small fraction ( a second beh9d or 9 advance ( 8 fell[s4 ,b ) ! %>p da% ^u ! wat] & ! quick te> ?r\gh ! wat] ( ! bett] /yle1 p]fect simultaneity is all-important4 ,! /roke mu/ n only h fir/ a good /yle himself1 & secondly a ke5 s5se ( "t1 b he mu/ h t p[] ( mak+ 8 crew "k & feel :at he is do+1 & :at he wants !m to d1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! m]ely /eady /roke & su* a /roke z e man ( ! crew feels to be made = ! place4 ,:5 "o ( ^! 'born /rokes' occupies ! aft ?w>t1 !re is no occasion = ! coxswa9 to tell ! crew :5 to quick5 or :5 to r[ /eadily at _! h>de/2 = ! :ole crew kn[s & feels ! purpose ( ! /roke z di/9ctly z he kn[s & feels x himself4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 writt5 a few days be=e ! race 7#ahgi7 is left unalt]$4 ,i may note t ,m>riott1 ! successful ,ox=d /roke ( #ahgh1 s f> succe$$ 9 improv+ ! /yle ( ! ,ox=d boat :5 he took ! aft ?w>t 9 '#gi 7f> too late by ! way71 t ,cambridge did n w9 by any?+ l ! expect$ di/ance4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,i h se5 bo? ! crews = ! pres5t ye>'s race at "w4 ,x is too e>ly to v5ture a pr$iction z to ! result ( ! race1 ?\gh ! odds (f]$ on ,cambridge w\ld seem to imply t no?+ %ort ( an accid5t c save ,ox=d f a cru%+ defeat4 ,x is manife/ t ,cambridge has ! /rong] crew1 & ! /yle ( ! ,ox=d crew at pres5t is n su* z to indicate t ?is ye> ! ,ox=d /yle w defeat sup]ior /r5g?4 ,9 fact1 at pres5t1 ,ox=d %[s defects :i* h be5 wont to *>act]ise ,cambridge crews1 & :i* unmi/akably d *>act]ise ! pres5t ,cambridge crew1 f9e ?\gh x und\bt$ly is4 ,b if1 z has be=e n[ happ5$1 ! ,ox=d crew fall into ! true ,ox=d /yle dur+ ! =tnight be=e ! race1 ! odds w n be #b to #a z at pres5t1 nor ev5 #c to #b1 on ,cambridge4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ac3 ',wat ,bradwood1' 9 an article on ',wat] ,d]bies1' aft]w>ds ref]r$ to1 says t ,cambridge 0 fairly beat5 :5 ! boat sank4 ,he might ) equal ju/ice h said t !y 7 fairly beat5 :5 !y />t$4 ,!y nev] _h a *ance ( w9n+ f ! />t1 hav+ !n half a boat-full1 & = "s "t be=e !y sank a :ole boat-full1 ( wat] to take along ) !m4 ,footnote #ad3 ,?is agrees closely ) my own description writt5 lat]1 b indep5d5tly1 & flatly contradict$ by m ?an "o ,ox=d o>sman at ! "t3 ',9 ! case ( ,ox=d1' ,i said1 aft] describ+ ! lightn+ fea!r foll[+ ! long sweep+ /roke ( ,cambridge1 'we obs]ve a /yle :i* at fir/ sight seems less excell5t4 ,z soon z ! o>s are da%$ d[n & cat* _! fir/ hold ( ! wat]1 ! arms z well z ! %\ld]s ( ea* o>sman are at "w4 ,! result is t :5 ! back has rea*$ an upright position ! h&s h already rea*$ ! *e/1 & ! /roke is f9i%$4 ,?us ! ,ox=d /roke takes a p]ceptibly %ort] "t ?an ! ,cambridge /roke2 x is also necess>ily some:at %ort] 9 ! wat]4 ,"o w\ld !re=e say x mu/ be less effective4 ,especially w\ld an unpractis$ obs]v] =m ?is op9ion1 because ! ,ox=d /roke seems to be mu* %ort] 9 range ?an x is 9 reality4 ,!re we h ! secret ( its effici5cy4 ,x is actually z long z ! ,cambridge /roke1 b is tak5 9 a p]ceptibly %ort] "t4 ,:at does ?is mean b t ! o> is tak5 m %>ply1 & !re=e mu* m effectively1 ?r\gh ! wat]8 ,mu* m effectively1 ,i proce$$1 's f> z ! actual conditions ( ! conte/ are conc]n$1' go+ on to consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mod]n & ! old fa%ion$ rac+ boats4--,light ,sci5ce = ,leisure ,h\rs3 ,essay on ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,r[+ ,/yles4 ,,r[+ ,,/yles4 ,pr(essor ,m>cy has rec5tly discuss$1 9 a lecture on ,liv+ ,locomotors 7,moteurs ,anims71 ! pr9ciples ( propulsion4 ,_h he be5 an ,engli%man he w\ld probably h f\nd "s ( 8 mo/ /rik+ illu/rations among diff]5t cases ( propulsion ?r\gh wat]4 ,b1 al?\gh he limit$ 8 discussion ( animat$ motors to ^? :i* "w on l&1 he yet laid d[n ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all propulsion1 :i* is t z little z possible--& !re=e1 if possible1 none at all--( ! en]gy employ$ to produce propulsion %\ld be exp5d$ 9 injuri\s "w4 ,ev5 ) ! be/ c>riages1 he po9t$ out1 !re rema9 vibrations & %ocks :i* mu/ be attack$ & de/roy$ to r5d] ! conditions ( traction m p]fect2 !y are v]itable %ocks1 :i* use up "p ( ! "w ( ! horse 9 giv+ only hurtful effects1 bruis+ ! animal's brea/1 injur+ 8 muscles1 &1 9 spite ( ! padd+ ( ! coll>1 sometimes w\nd+ him4 ,!n he %[$ a simple exp]im5t sugge/$ by ! able dynamician1 ,poncelet4 ,to a weight ( five kilos1 7ab\t #aalb47 a /r+ is atta*$ by :i* ! weight c be lift$1 b n mu* m4 ,!n ! exp]im5t] tries to lift ! weight rapidly ) ! /r+1 :i* breaks )\t mov+ ! weight1 :ile ! f+]s are m or less hurt by ! sudd5 %ock4 ,if n[1 a cord ( equal /r5g?1 b slightly ela/ic1 is sub/itut$1 ! exp]im5t ends diff]5tly4 ,! sudd5 ef=t ( elevation is trans=m$ into a m prolong$ action1 & ! weight is rais$ )\t bruis+ ! f+]s or break+ ! cord4 ,yet a /ill m sudd5 movem5t w\ld break ! cord 9 ?is case1 ?\gh a yet m ext5sible cord w\ld resi/ ev5 a yet m sudd5 j]k4 ,accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! cord1 its ext5sibility1 & ! weight to be lift$1 mu/ be ! nature ( ! upw>d pull 9 ord] t ! greate/ possible velocity may be communicat$ )\t injury to ! cord or to ! lift]'s h&4 ,?is simple s]ies ( exp]im5ts involves ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( effective propulsion1 :]e1 at lea/1 great velocity is among ! results to be atta9$4 ,al?\gh1 p]haps1 at pres5t1 ! public are dispos$ to consid] ! ,univ]sity race f a sport+ r ?an f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 yet x has long be5 admitt$1 ev5 by ! mo/ ard5t lov]s ( r[+ z a sport1 t x has its sci5tific side4 ,9 a pamphlet on ! ',pr9ciples ( ,r[+1' by ',o>sm51' writt5 some:]e ab\t ! ye> #ahdg1--;x be>s no date1 b speaks ( r[+ z hav+ fir/ appe>$ z a public amusem5t #aa ye>s ago1 & ! fir/ ,univ]sity race on ! ,?ames 0 r[$ 9 #ahcf1--! writ]s urge t r[+ surely des]ves to be call$ a sci5tific pursuit1 & proce$ to trace out ! 'ma9 pr9ciples 9 virtue ( :i* x claims a sci5tific "*4' ,^! pr9ciples1 :i* 7 g5]ally consid]$ s\nd :5 !y 7 orig9ally enunciat$1 ?\gh ev5 !n !y 7 beg9n+ to be to "s degree que/ionable1 h be5 quot$ ov] & ov] aga9 s9ce1 or1 if n v]bally quot$1 h be51 9 effect1 adopt$ by writ]s on r[+4 ,! ju/ice ( "s ( !m has caus$ ! entire set to be receiv$ )\t "q1 ev5 by o>sm5 :o 9 practice dep>t f sev]al ( !m 9 a v m>k$ degree4 ,! assumption has be5 t !re is b "o good r[+ /yle1 & t1 !re=e1 a /yle adopt$ & prov$ by practice to be ! be/ 9 ! ye>s #ahcf-ahdf %\ld be adopt$ z ! be/ n[4 ',!re is b "o /yle1' says "o au?ority1 '& "o alone1' he adds ) "s r$undancy4 ,n[1 9 s f> z riv] rac+ is almo/ always c>ri$ on 9 boats ( ! same k9d = ea* class--eight o>s1 f\r o>s1 pairs1 & sculls--x is 9 a s5se true t !re is b "o rac+ /yle4 ,b ev5 9 riv] r[+1 z di/+ui%$ f riv] rac+1 !re are m /yles ?an "o1--by :i* we mean m correct /yles1 =1 ( c\rse1 !re are multitud9\s bad /yles 9 e k9d ( r[+4 ,! /yle suitable = a rac+ boat mov+ at full spe$ w\ld n be suitable ev5 = ! same boat at />t+1 & w\ld be utt]ly unsuitable = a pleasure boat4 ,we may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t1 h[ev] suitable tubb+ practice may be sev]al weeks be=e a race1 x is op5 to objection aft] a crew has settl$ into its rac+ /roke4 ,no "o :o und]/&s r[+ w ass]t t ev5 ! two /ronge/ memb]s ( ei!r ,univ]sity crew c r[ 9 ! same /yle 9 tub practice z 9 _! eight at h] full spe$1 or1 see+ !m1 w fail to p]ceive t !y r[ entirely diff]5t /rokes 9 ! tub & 9 ! eight4 ,aga91 ! /yle ( r[+ prov$ by practical exp]i5ce to be be/ 9 seaside rac+ is entirely diff]5t f ! /yle successful 9 riv] rac+4 ,yet ano!r /yle is ess5tial to success 9 races r[$ 9 ! heavi] boats us$ by m5-(-w>'s m54 ,& x w be admitt$1 we ?9k1 ?\gh no exp]im5ts h yet1 to our k1 be5 made 9 ?is direction1 t if mat*es 7 arrang$ among our be/ b>gem5 & light]m5 we %\ld see a mode ( pull+ :i* w\ld diff] z m>k$ly f ! man-(-w>'s man's /rokes z t does f ! /roke :i* ,o',le>y1 ( ,folke/one1 r[s1 & ?is 9 turn f ! /yle ( ! be/ ,london or ,univ]sity o>sm54 ,s f> z ^! la/ two /yles are conc]n$1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t !y h be5 put to ! te/ 9 ! mo/ decisive mann]4 ,! be/ ,london o>sm5 h be5 repeat$ly defeat$ 9 seaside r[+ 7ev5 9 /ill wea!r71 & ! be/ seaside o>sm5 h be5 beat5 9 riv] r[+4 ,x w\ld be absurd to attribute ?is to awkw>dness 9 unfamili> boats1 = any good o>sman c v soon r[ )\t awkw>dness 9 any k9d ( boat4 ,x 0 ! /yle :i* made ! diff]5ce--! /yle only4 ,on priori gr\nds1 !n1 we %\ld expect to f9d ! "q :e!r ! /yle approv$ by ',o>sm5' #cj ye>s ago %\ld be1 z x is1 ! /yle con/antly recomm5d$ n[-a-days dep5d+ simply on ! "q :e!r ! rac+ boat ( our "t is simil>1 s f> z ! requirem5ts ( propulsion are conc]n$1 to ! old-fa%ion$ rac+ boats1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 appe>ance ! two k9ds ( boat may be4 ,to ass]t ?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be almo/ equival5t to ass]t+ t !re has be5 no real improvem5t 9 ! qualities ( rac+ boats--nay1 :5 "o consid]s ! great advantages possess$1 9 "s respects1 by ! old fa%ion$ boats & _! mu* sup]ior durability1 we %\ld h to ackn[l$ge t rac+ boats _h det]iorat$4 ,no "o w = a mom5t ass]t ?is4 ,we "k t ! rac+ boat ( our "t is n only mu* light]1 b travels ) mu* less resi/ance ?r\gh ! wat]1 ma9ta9s its velocity f> bett] betwe5 ! /rokes1 & c be made ) equal ef=t to g at lea/ "o-fif? fa/] ?an ! old fa%ion$ rac+ boat4 ,! antec$5t probability is1 !n1 t ! mod]n rac+ boat requires a mode ( propulsion unlike t :i* 0 approv$ 9 #ahdj or !reab\ts--requires1 9 fact1 a /yle :i* 9 ^? days w\ld h be5 ju/ly reg>d$ z radically bad4 ,!re is direct evid5ce f ! results ( _m ye>s ( rac+ to %[ t ?is diff]5ce really exi/s1 z might be expect$1 ?\gh ! evid5ce may probably be que/ion$ by ^? :o ma9ta9 t !re is b "o good r[+ /yle4 ,x is well kn[n t ! /yle approv$ by ',o>sm5' 9 ! "w above m5tion$ 0 fir/ def9itely inculcat$ by ,cambridge o>sm54 ,!re is int]nal evid5ce 9 ! pamphlet itself 7z :]e ! mis]ies ( ! ,l5t races at ,cambridge are describ$7 to %[ t "s1 &1 !re=e1 probably all1 :o took "p 9 prep>+ ! "w 7 ,cambridge m54 ,aga91 x is well kn[n t c]ta9ly until #ahfh1 & p]haps lat]1 ! ,univ]sity crew at ,cambridge 0 'coa*$' by an 'anci5t m>9]1' :o1 if n "o ( ! ',o>sm5' &1 z 0 g5]ally report$1 ! actual writ] ( ! ',pr9ciples ( ,r[+1' 0 unque/ionably imbu$ ) ! old fa%ion$ doctr9es4 ,n[1 ( ! six races r[$ on ! ,?ames 9 ! old fa%ion$ rac+ boats1 ,cambridge won no less ?an five4 ,! ,ox=d crews1 :o r[$ 9 a /yle m ne>ly resembl+ t n[ r[$ by ! mo/ successful crews 7?\gh sc>cely ev] inculcat$ 9 v]bal in/ructions71 7 n only beat5 9 e race save "o1 b 9 ?ree cases 7 beat5 out ( all reason4 ,half a m9ute 0 ! am\nt by :i* ,cambridge won 9 #ahde2 b 9 #ahcf 7c]ta9ly ov] a long] c\rse7 !y won by "o m9ute1 9 #ahda by "o m9ute & a qu>t]1 & 9 #ahci by ne>ly two m9utes4 ,no wond] t :5 outrigg$ boats came 9 ,cambridge o>sm5 7 lo? to modify a /yle :i* _h ga9$ !m s _m & su* /rik+ successes4 ,nor did x greatly matt]1 :5 ?is happ5$ 9 #ahdf1 :e!r ! /yle ( r[+ 0 modifi$ or n4 ,! fir/ specim5s ( outrigg$ rac+ boats occupi$ a sort ( half-way position betwe5 ! old-fa%ion$ inrigg$ craft & ! exce$+ly light1 keelless boats n[ us$4 ,?us1 dur+ ! sev5 races r[$ 9 ! e>li] =m ( outrigg$ boats1 success 0 pretty equally divid$ betwe5 ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,9 "o race ,ox=d won on a f\l2 ( ! o!r six ,cambridge won ?ree1 & ,ox=d also won ?ree4 ,b s9ce ! pres5t =m ( rac+ boat 0 adopt$ 79 #aheg7 ,ox=d has be5 almo/ z successful z ,cambridge _h be5 9 ! fir/ n9e or t5 races4 ,9 #aheg ,ox=d won easily2 9 #aheh ,cambridge won1 b ! /roke ( ! ,ox=d boat c\ld use b half 8 /r5g?1 ! =w>d or work+ ?ole ( 8 r[locks hav+ be5 b5t outw>ds by a wave :i* caught 8 o> be=e ! race began4 7,! outrigg]s & r[locks 7 %[n to me at ,se>le's boat-h\se a few days aft] ! race1 & !re c\ld be no "q t ! *ances ( ! ,ox=d boat mu/ h be5 s]i\sly impair$ by ! accid5t47 ,9 #ahei ,cambridge sank1 &1 ?\gh %e 0 f\r l5g?s beh9d :5 ?is happ5$1 !re c be little d\bt %e w\ld h won b = ! orig9al cause ( ! disa/]--a wave :i* _h half fill$ ! ,cambridge boat z %e 0 turn+ to take h] place at ! />t+-po9t4 ,9 #ahfj ,cambridge won by "o l5g? only4 ,!n1 z ev]yone rememb]s1 !re foll[$ n9e successive ,ox=d victories1 "s ( :i* 7 ( ! mo/ holl[ k9d4 ,cambridge !n gave up ! /yle to :i* %e _h s long be5 fai?ful4 ,"o ( ! able/ ( ! ,ox=d o>sm51 :o 01 h[ev]1 connect$ 9 "s degree ) ,cambridge1 tra9$ & coa*$ ! ,cambridge crew ( #ahgj1 ! /roke ( :i*1 x %\ld be m5tion$1 0 pr(ici5t 9 ! correct /yle be=e he w5t to ,cambridge4 ,t ye> & = ! f\r next ye>s ,cambridge won1 ?\gh nev] 9 ! holl[ fa%ion 9 :i* ,ox=d _h won ! victories ( #ahfa1 #ahfb1 #ahfc1 #ahfd1 & #ahfh4 ,! lead ( ,ox=d at ! f9i% ( ^! five races av]ag$ ov] n9e l5g?s1 :ile ! lead ( ,cambridge 9 ! five races ( #ahgj-gd av]ag$ little ov] two l5g?s4 ,9 #ahge ,ox=d won by t5 l5g?s1 ,cambridge 9 #ahgf by five4 ,9 #ahgg occurr$ ! celebrat$ dead heat2 b be=e b['s o> broke ,ox=d _h won 'b> accid5ts4' ,9 #ahgh ,ox=d won1 & aga9 by t5 l5g?s4 ,( ! #be races actually r[$ to a f9i% 7exclud+ ! dead heat7 s9ce outrigg]s 7 introduc$1 ,ox=d has won #ad1 ,cambridge #aa2 ( ! #ai s r[$ out s9ce ! true mod]n rac+ boat 0 us$1 ,ox=d has won #aa & ,cambridge #h4 ,! diff]5ce is suffici5t 9 ei!r case to %[ 7! numb]s be+ consid]able7 t !re is a true diff]5ce ( /yle1 ! /yle ( ,ox=d be+ ! bett]4 ,b :5 we consid] h[ ! victories h be5 won ?is comes out /ill m cle>ly4 ,mak+ due e/imate ( ! numb] ( l5g?s correspond+ to s _m seconds ( "t diff]5ce 7:]e ! result ( a race is s indicat$ 9 ! li/71 = :i* purpose x is suffici5t to note t z _m seconds z ! race itself has occupi$ m9utes are equival5t to ab\t #f-a_/b l5g?s1 we f9d = ! #aa victories ( ,cambridge s9ce #ahdf ab\t #cj-a_/d l5g?s1 & = ! #ad r[$-out victories ( ,ox=d ab\t #ajf-a_/b l5g?s--! ,cambridge av]age lead be+ ?us f\nd to be less ?an ?ree l5g?s1 :ile ! ,ox=d av]age lead at ! f9i% has be5 close on eight l5g?s4 ,! diff]5ce _c reasonably be assign$ to any cause :i* 0 9 op]ation :5 ,cambridge _h ! l>g] %>e ( victories4 ,ne>ly e cause :i* has be5 commonly assign$1 includ+ ! unque/ionably inf]ior arrangem5ts = college rac+ at ,cambridge1 falls into ?is category4 ,!re c be v little d\bt t ! true explanation1 z well ( ,cambridge success be=e #ahej z ( ,ox=d success s9ce !n1 resides 9 ! circum/ance t ! two ,univ]sities h 9 ! ma9 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( conte/s two diff]5t /yles--ea* /yle excell5t 9 itself1 b ! ,cambridge z unque/ionably sup]ior to ! ,ox=d = ! heavi] k9ds ( riv] boats z ! ,ox=d /yle is sup]ior to ! ,cambridge = ! boats n[ actually us$ 9 riv] races4 ,:at ! diff]5ce 9 ! two /yles is ,i %all n[ briefly indicate4 ,i am satisfi$ t ! ess5tial excell5ce ( ! old fa%ion$ rac+ /yle z us$ 9 ! old fa%ion$ boats becomes an inh]5t defect 9 ! same /yle z us$ 9 mod]n rac+ boats4 ,i ref] to ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! words italicis$ 7by myself7 9 ! foll[+ quotation f ',pr9ciples ( ,r[+'3--',! in/ant ! o> t\*es ! wat] ! arms & body beg9 to fall backw>ds1 ! =m] cont9u+ at _! full /ret* till ! back is p]p5dicul>4 ,!y are !n b5t1 ! elb[s be+ br\ght close pa/ ! sides1 till ! h&s1 :i* are n[ br\ght home %>ply1 /rike ! body above ! l[e/ ribs4' ,su* 0 ! /roke t brave old ,coombes us$ to tea*1 & su* 0 ! /roke by :i*1 "t & aga91 races 7 won be=e #ahej4 ,b 9 proportion z ! rac+ boat has be5 improv$1 bo? by dim9ution ( weight & resi/ance & by *ange ( lev]age1 ! necessity has increas$ = a m en]getic application ( ! o>sman's p[]4 ,a /roke :i* result$ 9 m]e j]k+1 injuri\s to ! r[] & n add+ to spe$1 9 ! old rac+ boats1 is absolutely ess5tial to ! effective propulsion ( ! mod]n rac+ boat1 :5 once at lea/ full spe$ has be5 atta9$1 = be=e ?is ! old fa%ion$ long drag ) lightn+ fea!r is z useful n[ z ev]4 ,n[1 no "o :o has wat*$ a really good ,ox=d crew at full spe$ c fail to obs]ve ! way 9 :i* ! o>s lit]ally smite ! wat] at ! beg9n+ ( ea* /roke4 ,no "o :o consid]s ! velocity ) :i* !y mu/ move to give ?is sl$ge-hamm] /roke at ! beg9n+ c fail to p]ceive t ! body alone _c give ?is velocity ( impulse 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! /roke4 ,!re is only "o way 9 :i* x c be atta9$1 & t is by mak+ ! arms "w f ! beg9n+1 n m]ely 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y may be said to "w :5 cont9u+ at _! full /ret*1 b by actual & en]getic contraction4 ,9 ! ,cambridge /yle arms & body only "w toge!r aft] ! back is p]p5dicul>2 9 ! ,ox=d /yle !y "w toge!r f ! beg9n+4 ,! result is t by ! "t ! ,ox=d o>s man has br\ght 8 back p]p5dicul> 8 /roke is f9i%$2 :]eas ! ,cambridge o>sman has /ill to give t drag at ! end :i* us$ to be s mu* e/eem$1 & /ill is ju/ly e/eem$1 by sailors = sea-rac+4 ,! o> ( ! ,ox=d r[] is a mu* %ort] "t 9 ! wat]1 simply because x is propell$ ?r\gh ! wat] ) f> great]1 or r ) mu* m conc5trat$ en]gy4 ,! ,ox=d /roke1 aga91 is necess>ily a few in*es %ort]4 ,= z ,cambridge m5 g z f> =w>d & sw+ fur!r backw>d1 x /&s to reason t !y get a little m l5g?4 ,b !y get ?is additional l5g? at ! co/ ( a great /ra9 on ! abdom9al muscles1 & ) no proportional effect4 ,a v /rong crew :i* c ma9ta9 ! long1 dragg+ /roke ) ! lightn+ fea!r f beg9n+ to end may w91 z ,cambridge m5 h won1 b only because ( _! sup]ior /r5g?1 n by virtue ( t lift at ! end1 :i* we>ies ! mo/ /alw>t1 causes sluggi% dis5gagem5t ( ! h&s1 & 9 a long race has (t5 caus$ a p[]ful crew to be beat5 by weak] m5 r[+ 9 a m sci5tific mann]4 ,x is n impossible1 n[ t ! ,ox=d crew h _h set !m ! true ,ox=d /roke t we may h an opportunity ( witness+ some?+ ( ?is k9d on ,saturday1 ?\gh ! manife/ sup]iority ( ! ,cambridge crew 9 /r5g? & ! lat5ess ( ! *ange 9 ! ,ox=d boat are unfav\rable to ! *ances ( ! d>k blue4 ,to return to ! po9t f :i* we />t$4 ,! j /yle ( propulsion = ea* class ( boat is a matt] to be det]m9$ on sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,!re is no real conflict betwe5 !ory & practice 9 ?is matt]4 ,e *ange :i* has t5d$ to increase ! spe$ ( rac+ boats has 7l ! *anges 9 ,poncelet's exp]im5t7 r5d]$ necess>y an increas$ en]gy1 or1 z "o may say1 an increas$ int5sity ( propulsion4 ,,artificial ,,somnambulism4 ,r m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago two ,am]icans visit$ ,london1 :o call$ !mselves pr(essors ( ,electro-,biology1 & claim$ ! p[] ( 'subjugat+ ! mo/ det]m9$ wills1 p>alys+ ! /ronge/ muscles1 prev5t+ ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 de/roy+ ! memory ( ! mo/ famili> ev5ts or ( ! mo/ rec5t occurr5ces1 induc+ ob$i5ce to any comm&1 & mak+ an individual believe himself trans=m$ into any "o else4' ,all ?is & m 0 to be effect$1 !y said1 by ! action ( a small disc ( z9c & copp] held 9 ! h& ( ! 'subject1' & /eadily gaz$ at by him1 's z to conc5trate ! electro-magnetic action4' ,! pret5sions ( ^! pr(essors receiv$ be=e long a %ock z decisive z t :i* ov]?rew ! cr$it ( ! pr(essors ( animal magnetism :5 ,hayg>? & ,falcon] successfully sub/itut$ wood5 tractors = ! metallic tractors :i* _h be5 suppos$ to convey ! magnetic fluid4 ,9 #ahea1 ,mr4 ,braid1 a ,scot* surgeon1 :o _h witness$ "s ( ! exhibitions ( ! electro-biologi/s1 conceiv$ ! idea t ! ph5om5a 7 n due to any special qualities possess$ by ! discs ( z9c & copp]1 b simply to ! fix$ look ( ! 'subject' & ! entire ab/raction ( 8 att5tion4 ,! same explanation appli$ to ! s-call$ 'magnetic passes' ( ! mesm]i/s4 ,! monoton\s manipulation ( ! op]ator produc$ ! same effect z ! fix$ />e ( ! 'subject4' ,he %[$ by 8 exp]im5ts t no magnetis]1 ) 8 imag9>y secret ag5ts or fluids1 is 9 ! lea/ want$2 b t ! subjects c place !mselves 9 ! same condition z ! suppos$ subjects ( electro-biological influ5ces by simply gaz+ fix$ly at "s object = a long "t ) fix$ att5tion4 ,! condition ?us sup]9duc$ is n hypnotism1 or artificial somnambulism1 prop]ly s call$4 ',! electro-biological' condition may be reg>d$ z simply a k9d ( rev]ie or ab/raction artificially produc$4 ,b ,braid discov]$ t a m p]fect control might be obta9$ ov] 'subjects1' & a condition resembl+ t ( ! sleepwalk] artificially induc$1 by modify+ ! me?od ( fix+ ! att5tion4 ,in/ead ( direct+ ! subject's gaze ^u a bright object plac$ at a consid]able di/ance f ! eyes1 s t no effect 0 requir$ to conc5trate vision ^u x1 he plac$ a bright object some:at above & 9 front ( ! eyes at s %ort a di/ance t ! conv]g5ce ( _! axes ^u x 0 accompani$ ) suffici5t effect to produce ev5 a slight am\nt ( pa94 ,! condition to :i* ! 'subjects' ( ?is new me?od 7 r$uc$ 0 m>k$ly diff]5t f ! ord9>y 'electro-biological' /ate4 ,?us on "o occasion1 9 ! pres5ce ( #hjj p]sons1 f\rte5 m5 7 exp]im5t$ ^u4 ',all began ! exp]im5t at ! same "t2 ! =m] ) _! eyes fix$ ^u a project+ cork1 plac$ securely on _! =eheads2 ! o!rs at _! own w gaz$ /eadily at c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! direction ( ! audi5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t5 m9utes ! eyelids ( ^! t5 p]sons _h involunt>ily clos$4 ,) "s1 consci\sness rema9$2 o!rs 7 9 catalepsy1 & entirely ins5sible to be+ /uck ) ne$les2 & o!rs on awak5+ knew absolutely no?+ ( :at _h tak5 place dur+ _! sleep4' ,! o!r f\r simply pass$ into ! ord9>y condition ( electro-biologis$ 'subjects1' reta9+ ! recollection ( all t happ5$ to !m :ile 9 ! /ate ( artificial ab/raction or rev]ie4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 9 t mo/ int]e/+ "w ( 81 ',m5tal ,physiology1' ?us describes ! /ate ( hypnotism3--',! process is ( ! same k9d z t employ$ = ! induction ( ! biological /ate2 ! only diff]5ce ly+ 9 ! great] int5sity ( ! gaze1 & 9 ! m complete conc5tration ( w ^u ! direction ( ! eyes1 :i* ! ne>] approximation ( ! object requires = ! ma9t5ance ( ! conv]g5ce4 ,9 hypnotism1 z 9 ord9>y somnambulism1 no remembrance :atev] is pres]v$ 9 ! wak+ /ate ( any?+ t may h occurr$ dur+ its cont9uance2 al?\gh ! previ\s tra9 ( ?\ght may be tak5 up & cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly on ! next occasion t ! hypnotism is induc$4 ,& :5 ! m9d is n excit$ to activity by ! /imulus ( ext]nal impressions1 ! hypnotis$ subject appe>s to be pr(\ndly asleep2 a /ate ( complete torpor1 9 fact1 be+ usually ! fir/ result ( ! process1 & any subsequ5t manife/ation ( activity be+ procurable only by ! prompt+ ( ! op]ator4 ,! hypnotis$ subject1 too1 r>ely op5s 8 eyes2 8 bodily movem5ts are usually sl[2 8 m5tal op]ations require a consid]able "t 9 _! p]=mance2 & !re is altoge!r an appe>ance ( heav9ess ab\t him1 :i* contra/s /rongly ) ! comp>atively wide-awake air ( him :o has n pass$ beyond ! ord9>y biological /ate4' ,we mu/ note1 h[ev]1 9 pass+1 t ! condition ( complete hypnotism _h be5 obta9$ 9 sev]al in/ances by "s ( ! e>li] exp]im5t]s 9 animal magnetism4 ,"o rem>kable in/ance 0 communicat$ to ! surgical section ( ! ,fr5* ,academy on ,april #af1 #ahbi1 by ,jules ,cloquet4 ,two meet+s 7 entirely devot$ to its inve/igation4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt pres5ts all ! *ief po9ts ( ! case1 surgical details be+ entirely omitt$1 h[ev]1 z n necess>y = our pres5t purpose3--,a lady1 ag$ sixty-f\r1 consult$ ,m4 ,cloquet on ,april #h1 #ahbi1 on acc\nt ( an ulc]at$ canc] ( ! "r brea/ :i* _h cont9u$1 gradually gr[+ worse1 dur+ sev]al ye>s4 ,m4 ,*apela91 ! physician att5d+ ! lady1 _h 'magnetis$' h] = "s mon?s1 produc+ no rem$ial effects1 b only a v pr(\nd sleep or torpor1 dur+ :i* all s5sibility seem$ to be annihilat$1 :ile ! ideas reta9$ all _! cle>ness4 ,he propos$ to ,m4 ,cloquet to op]ate ^u h] :ile %e 0 9 ?is /ate ( torpor1 &1 ! latt]1 consid]+ ! op]ation ! only means ( sav+ h] life1 cons5t$4 ,! two doctors d n appe> to h be5 tr\bl$ by any scruples z to _! "r ?us to conduct an op]ation to :i*1 :5 9 h] normal condition1 ! pati5t /r5u\sly object$4 ,x suffic$ = !m t :5 !y _h put h] to sleep artificially1 %e c\ld be p]suad$ to submit to x4 ,on ! appo9t$ day ,m4 ,cloquet f\nd ! pati5t ready 'dress$ & seat$ 9 an elb[-*air1 9 ! attitude ( a p]son enjoy+ a quiet natural sleep4' ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 %e 0 9 ! somnambuli/ic /ate1 & talk$ calmly ( ! op]ation4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t t ! op]ation la/$--f t5 to twelve m9utes--%e cont9u$ to conv]se quietly ) ,m4 ,cloquet1 '& did n exhibit ! slighte/ sign ( s5sibility4 ,!re 0 no motion ( ! limbs or ( ! features1 no *ange 9 ! respiration nor 9 ! voice2 no motions ev5 9 ! pulse4 ,! pati5t cont9u$ 9 ! same /ate ( automatic indiff]5ce & impassibility 9 :i* %e _h be5 "s m9utes be=e ! op]ation4' ,= =ty-eight h\rs aft] ?is1 ! pati5t rema9$ 9 ! somnambuli/ic /ate1 %[+ no sign ( pa9 dur+ ! subsequ5t dress+ ( ! w\nd4 ,:5 awak5$ f ?is prolong$ sleep %e _h no recollection ( :at _h pass$ 9 ! int]val2 'b on be+ in=m$ ( ! op]ation1 & see+ h] *ildr5 ar\nd h]1 %e exp]i5c$ a v lively emotion :i* ! magnetis] *eck$ by imm$iately sett+ h] asleep4' ,c]ta9ly none ( ! hypnotis$ 'subjects' ( ,mr4 ,braid's exp]im5ts %[$ m complete ab/raction f _! normal condition ?an ?is lady2 & o!r cases cit$ 9 ,b]tr&'s "w1 ',le ,magnetisme ,animal en ,france' 7#ahbf71 are almo/ equally rem>kable4 ,z x does n appe> t 9 any ( ^! cases ,braid's me?od ( produc+ hypnotism by caus+ ! eyes1 or r _! optical axes1 to be conv]g$ ^u a po9t1 0 adopt$1 we mu/ conclude t ?is "p ( ! me?od is n absolutely ess5tial to success4 ,inde$1 ! circum/ance t 9 "s ( ,braid's public exp]im5ts numb]s ( ! audi5ce became hypnotis$ )\t 8 k1 %[s t ! m susceptible 'subjects' d n require to contemplate a po9t ne> & slightly above ! eyes1 b may be put into ! true hypnotic /ate by me?ods :i*1 ) ! less susceptible1 produce only ! electro-biological condition4 ,x w be well1 h[ev]1 to inquire some:at c>efully into ?is po9t4 ,my pres5t object1 ,i w\ld note1 is n m]ely to indicate ! rem>kable nature ( ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism1 b to consid] ^! ph5om5a ) direct ref]5ce to _! probable cause4 ,x may n be possible to obta9 a satisfactory explanation ( !m4 ,b x is bett] to view !m z ph5om5a to be acc\nt$ = ?an m]ely z surpris+ b utt]ly inexplicable circum/ances4 ,n[ we h =tunately ! means ( det]m9+ ! effect ( ! physical relations involv$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ap>t f ^? :i* are *iefly due to imag9ation4 ,= animals c be hypnotis$1 & ! conditions necess>y = ?is effect to be fully produc$ h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! mo/ famili> exp]im5t ( ?is sort is sometimes kn[n z ,kir*]'s4 ,let ! feet ( a h5 be ti$ toge!r 7?\gh ?is is n necess>y 9 all cases71 & ! h5 plac$ on a level surface4 ,!n if ! body ( ! h5 is g5tly press$ d[n1 ! head ext5d$ ) ! beak po9t+ d[nw>ds1 t\*+ ! surface on :i* ! h5 /&s1 & a *alk m>k is drawn sl[ly along ! surface1 f ! tip ( ! beak 9 a l9e ext5d+ directly f ! bird's eye1 x is f\nd t ! h5 w rema9 = a consid]able "t p]fectly /ill1 ?\gh left q free to move4 ,%e is1 9 fact1 hypnotis$4 ,we h n[ to inquire :at p>ts ( ! process j describ$ are effective 9 produc+ ! hypnotic condition1 or :e!r all are ess5tial to success 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fa/5+ ( ! feet may be disp5s$ )4 ,b x has its influ5ce1 & makes ! exp]im5t easi]4 ,an explanation1 or r an illu/ration1 ( its effect is af=d$ by a s+ul> & int]e/+ exp]im5t devis$ by ,lewissohn ( ,b]l93--,if a frog is plac$ on its back1 x imm$iately1 :5 ! h& :i* _h held x is remov$1 turns ov] & escapes4 ,b if ! two =e-legs are ti$ ) a /r+1 ! frog1 :5 plac$ on its back1 brea!s heavily b is o!rwise q motionless1 & does n make ! lea/ attempt to escape1 ev5 :5 ! exp]im5t] tries to move x4 ',x is z ?\gh1' say ,cz]mak1 describ+ ! exp]im5t z p]=m$ by himself1 'its small am\nt ( reason+ p[] _h be5 *>m$ away1 or else t x slept ) op5 eyes4 ,n[ ,i press ^u ! cutane\s n]ves ( ! frog1 :ile ,i loos5 & remove ! ?reads on ! =e-legs4 ,/ill ! animal rema9s motionless ^u its back1 9 consequ5ce ( "s rema9+ aft]-effect2 at la/1 h[ev]1 x returns to itself1 turns ov]1 & quickly escapes4' ,?us f> ! idea sugge/$ is t ! animal is s affect$ by ! cutane\s pressure z to suppose itself ti$ & !re=e unable to move4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is exp]im5t sugge/s t imag9ation acts on animals z on m51 only 9 a diff]5t degree4 ,i may cite "h a curi\s case :i* ,i once notic$ & h nev] be5 able to und]/&1 ?\gh x seems to sugge/ ! influ5ce ( imag9ation on an animal "o w\ld h>dly suspect ( be+ at all "u ! influ5ce ( any b purely physical influ5ces4 ,he>+ a noise z ( a cat leap+ d[n f a pantry w9d[ :i* look$ out on an enclos$ y>d1 ,i w5t directly into ! y>d1 & !re saw a /range cat runn+ (f ) a fi% %e _h /ol54 ,%e 0 at ! mom5t leap+ on to a b91 f ! top ( :i*1 by ano!r v easy leap1 %e c\ld get on to ! wall enclos+ ! y>d1 & s escape4 ,) ! idea r ( fright5+ h] ?an ( hurt+ h] 7does "o missile out ( a hundr$ flung at cats ev] hit !m87 ,i ?rew at ! ?ief a small piece ( wood :i* ,i _h 9 my h& at ! mom5t4 ,x /ruck ! wall above h] j z %e 0 go+ to leap to ! top ( ! wall1 & x fell1 )\t t\*+ h]1 betwe5 h] & ! wall4 ,to my surprise1 %e /ood p]fectly /ill1 look+ at ! piece ( wood2 h] m\?1 f :i* ! fi% _h fall51 rema9+ op51 & h] :ole attitude express+ /upid wond]4 ,i make no d\bt ,i c\ld h tak5 h] prison]1 or /ruck h] heavily1 if ,i _h wi%$1 = %e made no ef=t to escape1 until1 ) a p>l\r broom :i* /ood by1 ,i pu%$ h] along ! top ( ! b9 t[>ds ! wall1 :5 %e seem$ sudd5ly to ar\se h]self1 & leap+ to ! top ( ! wall %e made (f4 ,my wife witness$ ! la/ sc5e ( ?is curi\s little com$y4 ,9 fact1 x 0 *iefly1 p]haps1 because %e plead$ = m]cy on '! poor ?+' t ! s(t end ( ! broom alone came into op]ation2 =1 ?\gh n altoge!r agree+ ) ! ,c\nt ( ,r\sillon t any?+ c be endur$ be=e a cat1 ,i did n at ! mom5t reg>d t p>ticul> cat ) special fav\r4 ,! ext5sion ( ! neck & depression ( ! head1 9 ! exp]im5t ) ! h51 h no special significance1 = ,cz]mak has be5 able to produce ! same ph5om5a ( hypnotism )\t !m1 & has fail$ to produce ! hypnotic effect on pigeons :5 att5d+ to ?is po9t1 & 9 o!r respects proce$+ z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same way z ) h5s4 ',) ! h5s1' he says1 ',i (t5 hung a piece ( tw9e1 or a small piece ( wood1 directly ov] _! cre/s1 s t ! end fell be=e _! eyes4 ,! h5s n only rema9$ p]fectly motionless1 b clos$ _! eyes1 & slept ) _! heads s9k+ until !y came 9 contact ) ! table4 ,be=e fall+ asleep1 ! h5s' heads c be ei!r press$ d[n or rais$ up1 & !y w rema9 9 ?is position z if !y 7 pieces ( wax4 ,t is1 h[ev]1 a symptom ( a cataleptic condition1 su* z is se5 9 human be+s1 "u c]ta9 pa?ological conditions ( ! n]v\s sy/em4' ,on ! o!r h&1 repeat$ exp]im5ts conv9c$ ,cz]mak t ! pressure on ! animal z x is held is ( prim>y importance4 ,x is frequ5tly ! case1 he says1 t a h51 :i* = a m9ute has be5 9 a motionless /ate1 caus$ by simply ext5d+ ! neck & depress+ ! head1 awakes & flies away1 b on be+ caught aga9 imm$iately1 %e c be plac$ once m 9 ! condition ( le?>gy1 if we place ! animal 9 a squatt+ position1 & ov]come ) g5tle =ce ! resi/ance ( ! muscles1 by firmly plac+ ! h& ^u its back4 ,dur+ ! sl[ & measur$ suppression1 "o (t5 p]ceives an extremely rem>kable position ( ! head & neck1 :i* are left entirely free4 ,! head rema9s z if held by an invisible h& 9 its prop] place1 ! neck be+ /ret*$ out ( proportion1 :ile ! body by degrees is pu%$ d[nw>ds4 ,if ! animal is ?us left entirely free1 x rema9s = a m9ute or s 9 ?is peculi> condition ) wide-op5 />+ eyes4 ',"h1' z ,cz]mak rem>ks1 '! actual circum/ances are only ! effect ( ! emotion :i* ! n]ves ( ! sk9 excite1 & ! g5tle =ce :i* ov]comes ! animal's resi/ance4 ,c]ta9ly ! creature a %ort "t be=e _h be5 9 a condition ( immobility1 & might h reta9$ "s special incl9ation to fall back into ! same1 al?\gh ! awak5+1 flight1 & recapture1 toge!r ) ! refre%m5t giv5 to ! n]v\s sy/em1 are int]m$iate circum/ances4' ,simil> exp]im5ts are be/ made ^u small birds4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n to bird fanci]s t goldf9*es1 can>y-birds1 c4 c be made to rema9 motionless = "s "t by simply hold+ !m firmly = a mom5t & !n lett+ !m g4 ',"h1 9 my h&1' said ,cz]mak1 9 8 lecture1 'is a timid bird1 j br\ght f m>ket4 ,if ,i place x on its back1 & hold its head ) my left h&1 keep+ x /ill = a few seconds1 x w lie p]fectly motionless aft] ,i h remov$ my h&s1 z if *>m$1 brea?+ heavily1 & )\t mak+ any attempt to *ange its position or to fly away4' 7',two ( ! birds1' says ! report1 '7 treat$ 9 ?is mann] )\t effect2 b ! ?ird1 a sisk91 fell into a sleep+ condition1 & rema9$ completely immovable on its back1 until pu%$ ) a glass tube1 :5 x awoke & flew actively ar\nd ! room4'7 ,also :5 a bird is 9 a sitt+ position1 & ! head is press$ slightly back1 ! bird falls into a sleep+ condition1 ev5 ?\gh ! eyes _h be5 op54 ',i h (t5 notic$1' says ,cz]mak1 't ! birds "u ^! circum/ances close _! eyes = a few m9utes or ev5 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & are m or less fa/ asleep4' ,la/ly1 z to ! *alk-l9e 9 ,kir*]'s exp]im5t4 ,cz]mak f\nd1 z already said1 t pigeons d n become motionless1 z happ5s to h5s1 if m]ely held firmly 9 ! h&1 & _! heads & necks press$ g5tly on ! table4 ,nor c !y be hypnotis$ l small birds 9 ! exp]im5t la/ m5tion$4 ',t is1' he says1 ',i held !m ) a ?umb plac$ on ea* side ( ! head1 :i* ,i b5t ov] a little1 :ile ! o!r h& held ! body g5tly press$ d[n ^u ! table2 b ev5 ?is treatm5t1 :i* has su* an effect on little birds1 did n seem to succe$ at fir/ ) ! pigeons3 almo/ always !y flew away z soon z ,i lib]at$ !m & entirely remov$ my h&s4' ,b he pres5tly notic$ t ! %ort "t dur+ :i* ! pigeons rema9$ quiet l5g!n$ consid]ably :5 ! f+] only ( ! h& :i* held ! head 0 remov$4 ,remov+ ! h& hold+ ! body made no diff]5ce1 b reta9+ ! o!r h& ne> ! bird's head1 ! h& made all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w4 ,pursu+ ! l9e ( rese>* ?us indicat$1 ,cz]mak f\nd to 8 a/oni%m5t t ! fix+ ( ! pigeon's look on ! f+] plac$ be=e its eyes 0 ! secret ( ! matt]4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! "q /ill m cle>ly1 he tri$ ! exp]im5t on a pigeon :i* he _h clasp$ firmly by ! body 9 8 left h&1 b ^: neck & head 7 p]fectly free4 ',i held "o f+] ( my "r h& /eadily be=e ! top ( its beak1--& :at did ,i see8 ,! fir/ pigeon ) :i* ,i made ?is attempt rema9$ rigid & motionless1 z if b\nd1 = sev]al m9utes1 be=e ! out/ret*$ =ef+] ( my "r h&6 ,yes1 ,i c\ld take my left h&1 ) :i* ,i _h held ! bird1 & aga9 t\* ! pigeon )\t wak+ x up2 ! animal rema9$ 9 ! same position :ile ,i held my out/ret*$ f+] /ill po9t+ t[>ds ! beak4' ',! lectur]1' says ! report1 'demon/rat$ ?is exp]im5t 9 ! mo/ successful mann] ) a pigeon :i* 0 br\ght to him4' ,yet x is to be notic$ t among animals z among m51 diff]5t degrees ( subjectivity exi/4 ',individual inw>d relations1' says ,cz]mak1 'z well z outw>d conditions1 mu/ necess>ily ex]cise "s di/urb+ influ5ce1 :e!r ! animal w give itself up to ! requisite ex]tions ( c]ta9 p>ts ( its bra9 ) m or less incl9ation or o!rwise4 ,we (t5 see1 = example1 t a pigeon endeav\rs to escape f conf9em5t by a quick turn+ ( its head f side to side4 ,9 foll[+ ^! s+ul> & *>act]i/ic movem5ts ( ! head & neck1 ) ! f+] held be=e ! bird1 "o ei!r ga9s 8 po9t1 or else makes ! pigeon s p]plex$ & excit$ t x at la/ becomes quiet1 s t1 if x is held firmly by ! body & head1 x c be =c$ g5tly d[n ^u ! table4 ,z ,s*op5hau] says ( sleep+1 ,! bra9 mu/ bite4 ,i w also m5tion "h1 by ! way1 t a tame p>rot1 :i* ,i h 9 my h\se1 c be plac$ 9 ?is sleepy condition by simply hold+ ! f+] /eadily be=e ! top ( its beak4' ,i may cite "h a s+ul> illu/ration ( ! effect ( p]plexity 9 ! case ( a creature 9 all o!r respects mu* m naturally circum/anc$ ?an ! h5s1 pigeons1 & small birds ( ,cz]mak's exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahei1 :5 ,i 0 an und]graduate at ,cambridge1 ,i & a fri5d ( m9e 7 9 canoes on ! "p ( ! ,cam :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! ,college gr\nds4 ,"h !re are _m ducks & a few swans4 ,x occurr$ to u1 n1 ,i fe>1 f any special sci5tific _s1 b z a matt] ( curiosity1 to inquire :e!r x 0 possible to pass ov] a duck 9 a canoe4 ,( c\rse on ! approa* ( ei!r canoe a duck w\ld try to get out ( ! way on "o side or ! o!r2 b on ! c\rse ( ! canoe be+ rapidly *ang$1 ! duck w\ld h to *ange 8 c\rse4 ,!n ! canoe's c\rse w\ld aga9 be *ang$1 s z to compel ! duck to try ! o!r side4 ,! canoe draw+ all ! "t ne>]1 & h] *anges ( c\rse be+ made v lightly & 9 quick] & quick] alt]nation z %e approa*$1 ! duck w\ld g5]ally get bewild]$1 & f9ally w\ld all[ ! canoe to pass ov] him1 g5tly press+ him "u wat] 9 its c\rse4 ,! process1 9 fact1 0 a sort ( mild keelhaul+4 ,! absolute rigidity ( body & ! dull /upid />e ) :i* "s ( ! ducks met _! fate seems to me 7n[3 ,i 0 n 9 #ahei famili> ) ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism7 to sugge/ t ! effect 0 to be expla9$ z ,cz]mak expla9s ! hypnotism ( ! pigeons on :i* he exp]im5t$4 ,we %all be bett] able n[ to und]/& ! ph5om5a ( artificial somnambulism 9 ! case ( human be+s4 ,if ! circum/ances obs]v$ by ,kir*]1 ,cz]mak1 ,lewissohn1 & o!rs1 sugge/1 z ,i ?9k !y d1 t animal hypnotism is a =m ( ! ph5om5on sometimes call$ fasc9ation1 we may be l$ to reg>d ! possibility ( artificial somnambulism 9 m5 z a survival ( a prop]ty play+ 9 all probability an important & valuable "p 9 ! economy ( animal life4 ,x is 9 ?is direction1 at pres5t1 t ! evid5ce seems to t5d4 ,! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance ab\t ! completely hypnotis$ subject is ! seem+ly complete control ( ! w ( ! 'subject' & ev5 ( 8 op9ions4 ,ev5 ! m]e sugge/ions ( ! op]ator1 n express$ v]bally or by signs1 b by movem5ts imp>t$ to ! body ( ! subject1 are at once respond$ to1 z ?\gh1 to use ,dr4 ,g>? ,wilk9son's expression1 ! :ole man 7 giv5 to ea* p]ception4 ,?us1 'if ! h& be plac$1' says ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 '^u ! top ( ! head1 ! somnambuli/ w frequ5tly1 ( 8 own accord1 draw up 8 body to its fulle/ height1 & ?r[ 8 head slightly back2 8 c\nt5ance !n assumes an expression ( ! mo/ l(ty pride1 & 8 :ole m9d is obvi\sly possess$ by t feel+4 ,:5 ! fir/ action does n ( itself call =? ! re/1 x is suffici5t = ! op]ator to /raight5 ! legs & sp9e1 & to ?r[ ! head some:at back1 to ar\se t feel+ & ! correspond+ expression to its fulle/ int5sity4 ,dur+ ! mo/ complete dom9ation ( ?is emotion1 let ! head be b5t =w>d1 & ! body & limbs g5tly flex$2 & ! mo/ pr(\nd humility !n in/antane\sly takes its place4' ,( c\rse 9 "s cases we may well believe t ! expressions ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,c>p5t] h be5 simulat$ by ! subject4 ,b !re c be no reason to d\bt ! reality ( ! op]ator's control 9 _m cases4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] says t he has n only be5 an eye-witness ( !m on v>i\s occasions1 b t he places full reliance on ! te/imony ( an intellig5t fri5d1 :o submitt$ himself to ,mr4 ,braid's manipulations1 b reta9$ suffici5t self-consci\sness & volunt>y p[] to endeav\r to ex]cise "s resi/ance to _! influ5ce at ! "t1 & subsequ5tly to retrace 8 c\rse ( ?\ght & feel+4 ',?is g5tleman decl>es1' says ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 't1 al?\gh accu/om$ to ! /udy ( "* & to self-obs]vation1 he c\ld n h conceiv$ t ! :ole m5tal /ate %\ld h und]gone s in/antane\s & complete a metamorphosis1 z he rememb]s x to h done1 :5 8 head & body 7 b5t =w>d 9 ! attitude ( humility1 aft] hav+ be5 drawn to _! full height 9 t ( self-e/eem4' ,a mo/ graphic description ( ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism is giv5 by ,dr4 ,g>? ,wilk9son3--',! prelim9>y /ate is t ( ab/raction1 produc$ by fix$ gaze ^u "s unexcit+ & empty ?+ 7= pov]ty ( object eng5d]s ab/raction71 & ?is ab/raction is ! logical premiss ( :at foll[s4 ,ab/raction t5ds to become m & m ab/ract1 n>r[] & n>r[]2 x t5ds to unity & aft]w>ds to nullity4 ,!re1 !n1 ! pati5t is1 at ! summit ( att5tion1 ) no object left1 a m]e /atue ( att5tion1 a li/5+1 expectant life2 a p]fectly undi/ract$ faculty1 dream+ ( a less5+ & less5+ ma!matical po9t3 ! end ( 8 m9d %>p5$ away to no?+4 ,:at happ5s8 ,any s5sation t appeals is met by ?is brilliant att5tion1 & receives its diamond gl>e2 be+ p]ceiv$ ) a =ce ( leisure ( :i* our di/ract$ life af=ds only ! rudim5ts4 ,ext]nal influ5ces are s5sat$1 sympa?is$ )1 to an extraord9>y degree2 h>moni\s music sways ! body into graces ! mo/ affect+2 discords j>s x1 z ?\gh !y w\ld te> x limb f limb4 ,cold & heat are p]ceiv$ ) simil> exaltation2 s also smells & t\*es4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole man appe>s to be giv5 to ea* p]ception4 ,! body trembles l d[n ) ! wafts ( ! atmosph]e2 ! _w plays ^u x z ^u a spiritual in/rum5t f9ely attun$4' ,?is /ate1 :i* may be call$ ! natural hypnotic /ate1 may be artificially modifi$4 ',! p[] ( sugge/ion ov] ! pati5t1' says ,dr4 ,g>? ,wilk9son1 'is excessive4 ,if y say1 ,:at animal is x8 ! pati5t w tell y x is a lamb1 or a rabbit1 or any o!r4 ,does he see x8 ,yes4 ,:at animal is x n[8 putt+ dep? & gloom into ! tone ( n[1 & !reby sugge/+ a diff]5ce4 ,oh6 ) a %udd]1 x is a wolf6 ,:at col\r is x8 /ill gloom+ ! phrase4 ,black4 ,:at col\r is x n[8 giv+ ! n[ a *e]ful air4 ,oh6 a beautiful blue6 7r an unusual col\r = a wolf1 ,i w\ld sugge/71 spok5 ) ! utmo/ delight 7& no wond]6 especially if ! hypnotic subject 7 a naturali/74 ,& s y lead ! subject ?r\gh any dreams y please1 by v>iations ( que/ions & ( inflections ( ! voice6 & he sees & feels all z real4' ,we h se5 h[ ! pati5t's m9d c be influ5c$ by *ang+ ! po/ure ( 8 body4 ,dr4 ,wilk9son gives v rem>kable evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ',d\ble 8 fi/ & pull up 8 arm1 if y d>e1' he says1 ( ! subject1 '= y w h ! /r5g? ( y\r ribs rudely te/$4 ,put him on 8 knees & clasp 8 h&s1 & ! sa9ts & devotees ( ! arti/s w pale be=e ! tru5ess ( 8 dev\t act+s4 ,raise 8 head :ile 9 pray]1 & 8 lips p\r =? exult+ glorifications1 z he sees heav5 op5$1 & ! maje/y ( ,god rais+ him to 8 place2 !n 9 a mom5t depress ! head1 & he is 9 du/ & a%es1 an unwor?y s9n]1 ) ! pit ( hell yawn+ at 8 feet4 ,or compress ! =ehead1 s z to wr9kle x v]tically1 & ?orny-too!d cl\ds contract 9 f ! v horizon' 79 ! subject's imag9ation1 x w be und]/ood72 '& :at is rem>kable1 ! smalle/ p9* & wr9kle1 su* z w lie betwe5 y\r nipp+ nails1 is suffici5t nucleus to cry/allise ! man into t %ape1 & to make him all =ebod+1 z1 aga91 ! smalle/ expansion 9 a mom5t br+s ! opposite /ate1 ) a full brea?+ ( delight4' ,"s w p]haps ?9k ! next in/ance ! mo/ rem>kable ( all1 p]fectly natural ?\gh "o half ( ! p]=mance may h be54 ,! subject be+ a "y lady1 ! op]ator asks :e!r %e or ano!r is ! pretti]1 rais+ h] head z he puts ! "q4 ',obs]ve1' says ,dr4 ,wilk9son1 '! inexpressible hauteur1 & ! puff sne]s let (f f ! lips' 7see ,d>w9's treatise on ! ',expression ( ! ,emotions1' plate ,,iv4 i1 & plate ,v4 i7 ':i* indicate a conclusion too c]ta9 to ne$ utt]ance4 ,depress ! head1 & repeat ! "q1 & m>k ! self-abasem5t ) :i* %e n[ says ,%e is1 z h>dly wor?y to make ! comp>ison4' ,9 ?is /ate1 9 fact1 ':atev] po/ure ( any passion is induc$1 ! passion comes into x at once1 & dramatises ! body accord+ly4' ,x might seem t !re mu/ ( necessity be "s degree ( exagg]ation 9 ?is description1 simply because ! p[] ( adequately express+ any giv5 emotion is n possess$ by all4 ,"s c 9 a mom5t br+ any expression into ! face1 or ev5 simulate at once ! expression & ! aspect ( ano!r p]son1 :ile _m p]sons1 probably mo/1 possess sc>cely any p[] ( ! sort1 & fail ridicul\sly ev5 9 attempt+ to reproduce ! expressions correspond+ to ! commone/ emotions4 ,b x is abundantly cle> t ! hypnotis$ subject possesses = ! "t be+ abnormal p[]s4 ,no d\bt ?is is due to ! circum/ance t = ! "t be+ '! :ole man is giv5 to ea* p]ception4' ,! /ories illu/rative ( ?is peculi>ity ( ! hypnotis$ /ate are s rem>kable t !y h be5 reject$ z utt]ly incr$ible by _m :o are n acqua9t$ ) ! am\nt ( evid5ce we h ^u ?is po9t4 ,! in/ances above cit$ by ,dr4 ,g>? ,wilk9son1 rem>kable ?\gh !y may be1 are surpass$ altoge!r 9 int]e/ by a case :i* ,dr4 ,c>p5t] m5tions1--( a factory girl1 ^: musical p[]s _h receiv$ little cultivation1 & :o c\ld sc>cely speak h] own language correctly1 :o nev]!less exactly imitat$ bo? ! words & ! music ( vocal p]=mances by ,j5ny ,l9d4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] 0 assur$ by witnesses 9 :om he c\ld place implicit reliance1 t ?is girl1 9 ! hypnotis$ /ate1 foll[$ ! ,sw$i% night+ale's songs 9 diff]5t languages 's in/antane\sly & correctly1 z to bo? words & music1 t x 0 difficult to di/+ui% ! two voices4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! p[]s ( ! somnambuli/ to ! utmo/1 ,mademoiselle ,l9d extemporis$ a long & elaborate *romatic ex]cise1 :i* ! girl imitat$ ) no less precision1 ?\gh 9 h] wak+ /ate %e dur/ n ev5 attempt any?+ ( ! sort4' ,! exaltation ( ! s5ses ( hypnotis$ subjects is an equally wond]ful ph5om5on4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] relates _m v rem>kable in/ances z occurr+ )9 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,he has 'kn[n a y\?1 9 ! hypnotis$ /ate1' he says1 'to f9d out1 by ! s5se ( smell1 ! own] ( a glove :i* 0 plac$ 9 8 h&1 f among/ a p>ty ( m ?an sixty p]sons1 sc5t+ at ea* ( !m "o aft] ! o!r until he came to ! "r individual4 ,9 ano!r case1 ! own] ( a r+ 0 unhesitat+ly f\nd out f among/ a company ( twelve1 ! r+ hav+ be5 )drawn f ! f+] be=e ! somnambule 0 introduc$4' ,! s5se ( t\* has1 9 o!r cases1 be5 s+ul>ly int5sifi$1 insomu* t slight diff]5ces ( heat1 :i* to ord9>y feel+ 7 q inappreciable1 w\ld be at once detect$1 :ile su* diff]5ces z c be b j p]ceiv$ 9 ! ord9>y /ate w\ld produce int5se di/ress4 ,9 "s respects1 ! increase ( muscul> p[]1 or r ( ! p[] ( special muscles1 is ev5 m /rik+1 because x is commonly suppos$ by mo/ p]sons t ! muscul> p[] dep5ds entirely on ! size & quality ( ! muscles1 ! /ate ( heal?1 & l conditions1 n on ! imag9ation4 ,( c\rse e "o kn[s t ! muscles are capable ( great] ef=ts :5 ! m9d is mu* excit$ by fe> & o!r emotions4 ,b ! g5]al idea is1 ,i ?9k1 t :atev] ! body is capable ( do+ "u circum/ances ( great excitem5t1 x is 9 reality capable ( do+ at all times if only a resolute ef=t is made4 ,nor is x commonly suppos$ t a v wide diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ! greate/ ef=ts ( ! body "u excitem5t & ^? ( :i* x is ord9>ily capable4 ,n[1 ! condition ( ! hypnotis$ subject is c]ta9ly n "o ( excitem5t4 ,! attempts :i* he is direct$ to make are influ5c$ only by ! idea t he c d :at he is told1 n t he mu/ d s4 ,:5 a man pursu$ by a bull leaps ov] a wall :i* "u ord9>y conditions he w\ld n ev5 ?9k ( climb+1 we c und]/& t he only does1 because he mu/1 :at if he lik$ he c\ld d at any "t4 ,b if a man :o _h be5 mak+ 8 be/ ef=ts 9 jump+1 cle>$ only a height ( f\r feet1 & pres5tly be+ told to jump ov] an eight-feet wall1 cle>$ t height ) app>5t ease1 we %\ld be dispos$ to reg>d ! feat z sav\r+ ( ! miracul\s4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,c>p5t] saw "o ( ,mr4 ,braid's hypnotis$ subjects--a man s rem>kable = ! pov]ty ( 8 physical developm5t t he _h n = _m ye>s v5tur$ to lift up a weight ( tw5ty p\nds 9 8 ord9>y /ate--take up a qu>t] ( a hundr$weight ^u 8 little f+]1 & sw+ x r\nd 8 head ) ! utmo/ app>5t ease1 on be+ told t x 0 z light z a fea!r4 ',on ano!r occasion he lift$ a half-hundr$weight on ! la/ jo9t ( 8 =ef+] z high z 8 knee4' ,! p]sonal "* ( ! man plac$ him above all suspicion ( deceit1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o be/ knew him2 & z ,dr4 ,c>p5t] acutely rem>ks1 '! impossibility ( any trick]y 9 su* a case w\ld be evid5t to ! educat$ eye1 s9ce1 if he _h practis$ su* feats 7:i* v few1 ev5 ( ! /ronge/ m5 c\ld accompli% )\t practice71 ! effect w\ld h made itself visible 9 8 muscul> developm5t4' ',consequ5tly1' he adds1 ':5 ! same individual aft]w>ds decl>$ himself unable1 ) ! greate/ ef=t1 to lift a h&k]*ief f ! table1 aft] hav+ be5 assur$ t he c\ld n possibly move x1 !re 0 no reason = que/ion+ ! tru? ( 8 conviction1 bas$ z ?is 0 ^u ! same k9d ( sugge/ion z t by :i* he _h be5 j be=e prompt$ to :at seem$ an o!rwise impossible action4' ,! explanation ( ?is & ! prec$+ cases _c be mi/ak5 by physiologi/s1 & is v important 9 its be>+ on ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism g5]ally1 at once involv+ an int]pretation ( ! :ole s]ies ( ph5om5a1 & sugge/+ o!r relations n z yet illu/rat$ exp]im5tally4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 our ord9>y use ( any muscles we employ b a small "p ( ! muscle at any giv5 mom5t4 ,:at ! muscle is actually capable ( is %[n 9 convulsive contractions1 9 :i* f> m =ce is put =? ?an ! /ronge/ ef=t ( ! w c\ld call into play4 ,we expla91 !n1 ! seem+ increase ( /r5g? 9 any set ( muscles dur+ ! hypnotic /ate z due to ! conc5tration ( ! subject's w 9 an abnormal mann]1 or to an abnormal degree1 on t set ( muscles4 ,9 a simil> way1 ! great increase ( c]ta9 p[]s ( p]ception may be expla9$ z due to ! conc5tration ( ! w ^u ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 l mann]1 ! w may be direct$ s entirely to ! op]ations necess>y = ! p]=mances ( difficult feats1 t ! hypnotis$ or somnambuli/ic subject may be able to accompli% :at 9 8 ord9>y condition w\ld be impossible or ev5 utt]ly appall+ to him4 ,?us sleep-walk]s 7^: condition precisely resembles t ( ! artificially hypnotis$1 except t ! sugge/ions !y exp]i5ce come f contact ) inanimate objects1 in/ead ( be+ ar\s$ by ! actions ( ano!r p]son7 'c clamb] walls & ro(s1 trav]se n>r[ planks1 /ep firmly along high p>apets1 & p]=m o!r feats :i* !y w\ld %r9k f attempt+ 9 _! wak+ /ate4' ,?is is simply1 z ,dr4 ,c>p5t] po9ts out1 because !y are n di/ract$ by ! s5se ( dang] :i* _! vision w\ld call up1 f conc5trat+ _! exclusive att5tion on ! guidance af=d$ by _! muscul> s5se4' ,b ! mo/ rem>kable & sugge/ive ( all ! facts kn[n respect+ hypnotism is ! influ5ce :i* c by its means be br\ght to be> ^u special p>ts or functions ( ! body4 ,we "k t imag9ation w ha/5 or ret>d c]ta9 processes commonly reg>d$ z involunt>y 7inde$1 ! influ5ce ( imag9ation is itself 9 great degree involunt>y74 ,we "k fur!r t 9 "s cases imag9ation w d mu* m ?an ?is1 z 9 ! famili> cases ( ! disappe>ance ( w>ts "u ! suppos$ influ5ce ( *>ms1 ! cure ( scr(ula at a t\*1 & hundr$s ( well-atte/$ cases ( s-call$ miracul\s cures4 ,b al?\gh ! actual cases ( ! curative influ5ce obta9$ ov] hypnotis$ pati5ts may n be 9 reality m /rik+ ?an "s ( ^!1 yet !y are m sugge/ive at any rate to ord9>y m9ds1 because !y are kn[n n to be ! result ( any *>m or miracul\s int]f]5ce1 b to be due to simply natural processes initiat$ by natural ?\gh unfamili> means4 ,take1 = in/ance1 su* a case z ! foll[+1 relat$ by ,dr4 ,c>p5t] 7:o has himself witness$ _m rem>kable cases ( hypnotic cure73--',a female relative ( ,mr4 ,braid's 0 ! subject ( a sev]e rheumatic fev]1 dur+ ! c\rse ( :i* ! left eye became s]i\sly implicat$1 s t aft] ! inflammatory action _h pass$ away1 !re 0 an opacity ov] m ?an "o half ( ! cornea1 :i* n only prev5t$ di/9ct vision1 b occasion$ an annoy+ disfigurem5t4 ,hav+ plac$ h]self "u ,mr4 ,braid's hypnotic treatm5t = ! relief ( viol5t pa9 9 h] arm & %\ld]1 %e f\nd1 to ! surprise alike ( h]self & ,mr4 ,braid1 t h] sight began to improve v p]ceptibly4 ,! op]ation 0 !re=e cont9u$ daily2 & 9 a v %ort "t ! cornea became s transp>5t t close inspection 0 requir$ to discov] any rema9s ( ! opacity4' ,on ?is1 ,c>p5t] rem>ks t he has kn[n o!r cases 9 :i* secretions t _h be5 morbidly susp5d$ h be5 re9duc$ by ?is process2 & is satisfi$ t1 if appli$ ) skill & discrim9ation1 x w\ld take rank z "o ( ! mo/ pot5t me?ods ( treatm5t :i* ! physician has at 8 comm&4 ,he adds t '! *annel ( influ5ce is obvi\sly ! sy/em ( n]ves :i* regulates ! secretions--n]ves :i*1 ?\gh n "u direct subjection to ! w1 are peculi>ly affect$ by emotional /ates4' ,i may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t n]ves :i* are n ord9>ily "u ! influ5ce ( ! w1 b ^: (fice w\ld be to direct muscul> movem5ts if only ! w c\ld influ5ce !m1 may by p]si/5t att5tion become ob$i5t to ! w4 ,:5 ,i 0 la/ 9 ,new ,york1 ,i met a g5tleman :o gave me a long & mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* he _h made on himself4 ,! acc\nt 0 n =c$ on me1 ! read] mu/ und]/&1 b 0 elicit$ by que/ions sugge/$ by "o or two rem>kable facts :i* he _h casually m5tion$ z fall+ )9 8 exp]i5ce4 ,i _h only 8 own ^w = mu* t he told me1 & "s may p]haps consid] t !re 0 v little tru? 9 ! n>rative4 ,i may pause "h to make "s rem>ks by ! way1 on ! traits ( tru?ful & untru?ful p]sons4 ,i believe v slight p[]s ( obs]vation are necess>y to detect want ( v]acity 9 any man1 ?\gh abs5ce ( v]acity 9 any p>ticul> /ory may n be easily detect$ or e/abli%$4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o believe e /ory !y he>1 & tru/ 9 e "o !y meet4 ,b ,i h notic$ "o or two features by :i* ! habitual tell] ( untru?s may be detect$ v readily1 z may also "o :o1 )\t tell+ actual falsehoods1 tries to height5 ! effect ( any /ory he may h to tell1 by /r5g!n+ all ! p>ticul>s4 ,my exp]i5ce 9 ?is respect is unlike ,dick5s's1 :o believ$1 & inde$ f\nd1 t a man :om on fir/ see+ he di/ru/$1 & ju/ly1 c\ld expla9 away ! unfav\rable impression4 ',my fir/ impression1' he says1 'ab\t su* p1 f\nd$ on face & mann] alone1 0 inv>iably true2 my mi/ake 0 9 suff]+ !m to come ne>] to me & expla9 !mselves away4' ,i h f\nd x o!rwise2 ?\gh ( c\rse ,dick5s 0 "r ab\t 8 own exp]i5ce3 ! matt] dep5ds entirely on ! idiosyncrasies ( ! obs]v]4 ,i h (t5 be5 deceiv$ by face & expression3 nev]1 to ! be/ ( my belief 7& belief 9 ?is case is n m]e op9ion1 b is bas$ on results71 by mann] ( speak+4 ,"o peculi>ity ,i h nev] f\nd want+ 9 habitually m5daci\s p]sons--a c]ta9 intonation :i* ,i _c describe1 b recognise 9 a mom5t1 sugge/ive ( ! weigh+ ( ea* s5t5ce z x is be+ utt]$1 z ?\gh to consid] h[ x w\ld tell4 ,ano!r1 is a peculi>ity ( mann]1 b x only %[s itself dur+ spee*2 x is a sort ( wat*fulness (t5 disguis$ "u a c>eless tone1 b p]fectly recognisable h[ev] disguis$4 ,n[1 ! g5tleman :o gave me ! exp]i5ce ,i am ab\t to relate1 convey$ to my m9d1 by e intonation ( 8 voice & e peculi>ity & *ange ( mann]1 ! idea ( tru?fulness4 ,i _c convey to o!rs ! impression ?us convey$ to myself3 nor d ,i expect t o!rs w %>e my own confid5ce3 ,i simply /ate ! case z ,i "k x1 & z f> z ,i "k x4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be se5 t a "p ( ! evid5ce 0 confirm$ on ! spot4 ,! conv]sation turn$ on ! curability ( consumption4 ,my in=mant1 :om ,i w h5ce=? call ,a41 said t1 ?\gh he c\ld n ass]t f exp]i5ce t consumption 0 curable1 he believ$ t 9 _m cases :]e ! t5d5cy to consumption is inh]it$1 & ! consumptive con/itution indicat$ s manife/ly t "u ord9>y conditions ! p]son w\ld be=e long be hopelessly consumptive1 an entire *ange may be made 9 ! condition ( ! body1 & ! p]son become /rong & heal?y4 ,he said3 ',i belong myself to a family _m ( ^: memb]s h di$ ( consumption4 ,my fa!r & "m bo? di$ ( x1 & all my bro!rs & si/]s save "o bro!r2 yet ,i d n look consumptive1 d ,i8' & c]ta9ly he did n4 ,he !n took f a pocket-book a portrait ( 8 bro!r1 %[+ a "y man manife/ly 9 v bad heal?1 look+ worn1 we>y1 & emaciat$4 ,f ! same pocket-book ,a4 !n took ano!r portrait1 ask+ if ,i recognis$ x4 ,i saw "h aga9 a worn & emaciat$ face & figure4 ,! picture 0 utt]ly unlike ! he>ty well-built man be=e me1 yet x manife/ly repres5t$ no o!r4 ,if ,i _h be5 at all d\btful1 my d\bts w\ld h be5 remov$ by c]ta9 peculi>ities to :i* ,a4 call$ my att5tion4 ,i ask$ h[ ! *ange 9 8 heal? _h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,he told me a v rem>kable /ory ( 8 treatm5t ( himself1 "p ( :i* ,i omit because ,i am satisfi$ he 0 mi/ak5 9 attribut+ to t portion ( 8 self-treatm5t any "p ( ! good result :i* he _h obta9$1 & t if _m consumptive pati5ts adopt$ ! rem$y1 a l>ge proportion1 if n all1 w\ld inevitably succumb v quickly4 ,! o!r portion ( 8 acc\nt is all t conc]ns u "h1 be+ all t illu/rates our pres5t subject4 ,he said3 ',i det]m9$ to ex]cise e muscle ( my body2 ,i set myself 9 front ( a mirror & conc5trat$ my att5tion & all ! p[] ( my w on ! muscle or set ( muscles ,i propos$ to br+ into action4 ,!n ,i ex]cis$ ^? muscles 9 e way ,i c\ld ?9k (1 cont9u+ ! process till ,i _h us$ 9 succession e muscle ov] :i* ! w has control4 ,:ile c>ry+ out ?is sy/em1 ,i notic$ t gradually ! w acquir$ p[] ov] muscles :i* be=e ,i _h be5 q unable to move4 ,i may say1 inde$1 t e set ( muscles recognis$ by anatomi/s1 except ^? belong+ to int]nal organs1 gradually came "u ! control ( my w4' ,"h ,i int]rupt$1 ask+ 7n by any means z d\bt+ 8 v]acity1 = ,i did n73 ',c y d :at ,dundre>y said he ?\ght "s fell[ might be able to d8 c y waggle y\r left e>8' ',:y1 c]ta9ly1' he repli$2 & turn+ ! left side ( 8 head t[>ds me1 he mov$ 8 left e> ab\t2 n1 x is true1 waggl+ x1 b draw+ x up & d[n 9 a s+ul> way1 :i* 01 he said1 ! only ex]cise he ev] gave x4 ,he said1 on ?is1 t !re are _m o!r muscles ov] :i* ! w has ord9>ily no control1 b may be made to obta9 control2 & =?)1 draw+ ! clo? ( 8 tr\s]s r tight r\nd ! "r ?igh 7s t ! movem5t he 0 ab\t to %[ might be disc]nible7 he made 9 succession ! ?ree muscles ( ! front & inn] side ( ! ?igh rise ab\t half an in* along "s n9e or t5 in*es ( _! l5g?4 ,n[1 ?\gh ^! muscles are among ^? :i* are gov]n$ by ! w1 = !y are us$ 9 a v>iety ( movem5ts1 yet n "o 9 t5 ?\s&1 p]haps 9 a million1 c move !m 9 ! way describ$4 ,h[ f> ,a4's sy/em ( excit+ ! muscles individually z well z 9 gr\ps may h op]at$ 9 improv+ 8 heal?1 z he suppos$1 ,i am n n[ inquir+4 ,:at ,i wi% specially to notice is ! influ5ce :i* ! w may be made to obta9 ov] muscles ord9>ily beyond its control4 ,x may be t "u ! exceptional influ5ce ( ! imag9ation1 9 ! hypnotic condition1 ! w obta9s a simil> control = a :ile ov] ev5 ^? p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* app]ta9 to ! s-call$ involunt>y processes4 ,9 o!r words1 ! case ,i h cit$ may be reg>d$ z occupy+ a sort ( middle position betwe5 ord9>y cases ( muscul> action & ^? p]plex+ cases 9 :i* ! hypnotic subject seems able to influ5ce pulsation1 circulation1 & processes ( secretion 9 ! v>i\s p>ts or organs ( 8 body4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism are due solely to ! influ5ce ( ! imag9ation4 ,! quasi-sci5tific explanations :i* attribut$ !m to magnetism1 electricity1 "s subtle animal fluid1 "s occult =ce1 & s =?1 h be5 z completely negativ$ z ! sup]natural explanation4 ,we h se5 t pa9t$ wood5 tractors 7 z effectual z ! metal tractors ( ! e>li] mesm]i/s2 a small disc ( c>d or wood is z effective z ! disc ( z9c & copp] us$ by ! electro-biologi/s2 & n[ x appe>s t ! my/ical influ5ce1 or :at 0 ?\ght su*1 ( ! op]ator is no m ess5tial to success ?an magnetic or electric app>atus4 ,dr4 ,noble ( ,man*e/] made sev]al exp]im5ts to det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,"s among !m seem absolutely decisive4 ,?us1 a fri5d ( ,dr4 ,noble's _h a female s]vant :om he _h frequ5tly ?r[n into ! hypnotic /ate1 try+ a v>iety ( exp]im5ts1 _m ( :i* ,dr4 ,noble _h witness$4 ,dr4 ,noble 0 at l5g? told t 8 fri5d _h succe$$ 9 magnetis+ h] f ano!r room & )\t h] k1 ) "s o!r /ories ev5 m m>vell\s1 circum/antially relat$ by eye-witnesses1 'among/ o!rs by ! m$ical att5dant ( ! family1 a mo/ respectable & intellig5t fri5d' ( ,dr4 ,noble's own4 ,z he rema9$ unsatisfi$1 ,dr4 ,noble 0 invit$ to come & judge = himself1 propos+ :atev] te/ he pleas$4 ',n[ _h we visit$ ! h\se1' he says1 'we %\ld h felt dissatisfi$ ) any result1' kn[+ 't ! pres5ce ( a visitor or ! occurr5ce ( any?+ unusual 0 sure to excite expectation ( "s mesm]ic process4' ',we !re=e propos$1' he proce$s1 't ! exp]im5t %\ld be c>ri$ on at our own resid5ce2 & x 0 made "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3--,! g5tleman e>ly "o ev5+ wrote a note z if on bus9ess1 direct+ x to ourselves4 ,he !reupon summon$ ! female s]vant 7! mesm]ic subject71 reque/+ h] to convey ! note to its de/9ation1 & to wait = an answ]4 ,! g5tleman himself1 9 h] he>+1 ord]$ a cab1 /at+ t if anyone call$ he 0 go+ to a place nam$1 b 0 expect$ to return by a c]ta9 h\r4 ,:il/ ! female s]vant 0 dress+ = h] err&1 ! ma/] plac$ himself 9 ! vehicle & rapidly arriv$ at our dwell+4 ,9 ab\t t5 m9utes aft] ! note arriv$1 ! g5tleman 9 ! meantime be+ secret$ 9 an adjo9+ ap>tm5t1 we reque/$ ! "y woman :o _h be5 %[n into our /udy1 to take a seat :il/ we wrote ! answ]2 at ! same "t plac+ ! *air ) its back to ! door lead+ into ! next room :i* 0 left aj>4 ,x _h be5 agre$ t aft] ! admission ( ! girl into ! place :]e we 71 ! magnetis]1 approa*+ ! door 9 sil5ce on ! o!r side1 %\ld comm5ce op]ations4 ,!re1 !n1 0 ! pati5t or subject plac$ )9 two feet ( h] magnetis]1 a door only int]v5+1 & t b p>tially clos$2 b %e1 all ! :ile1 p]fectly free f all idea ( :at 0 go+ on4 ,we 7 c>eful to avoid any unnecess>y conv]sation ) ! girl1 or ev5 to look t[>ds h]1 le/ we %\ld raise "s suspicion 9 h] own m9d4 ,we wrote our lett] 7z if 9 answ]7 = ne>ly a qu>t] ( an h\r1 once or twice only mak+ an indiff]5t rem>k1 & on leav+ ! room = a light to seal ! suppos$ lett]1 we beckon$ ! op]ator away4 ,no effect :atev] _h be5 produc$1 al?\gh we _h be5 told t two or ?ree m9utes 7 suffici5t1 ev5 :5 mesm]is+ f ! draw+-room1 ?r\gh walls & ap>tm5ts1 into ! kit*54 ,9 our own exp]im5t ! int]v5+ di/ance _h be5 v mu* less1 & only "o solid sub/ance int]v5$1 & t n completely2 b "h we suspect 0 ! diff]5ce--! subject 0 unconsci\s ( ! magnetism & expect$ no?+4' ,9 ano!r case ,dr4 ,noble tri$ ! conv]se exp]im5t ) equally conv9c+ results4 ,be+ 9 company "o ev5+ ) a "y lady said to be ( high mesm]ic susceptibility1 he reque/$ & receiv$ p]mission to te/ ?is quality 9 h]4 ,9 "o ( ! usual ways he 'magnetis$' h]1 & hav+ s f> satisfi$ himself1 he 'demagnetis$' h]4 ,he next proce$$ to 'hypnotise' h]1 adopt+ ,mr4 ,braid's me?od ( direct+ ! />e at a fix$ po9t4 ',! result v>i$ 9 no respect f t :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5t2 ! duration ( ! process 0 ! same1 & its int5sity ( effect nei!r great] nor less4' ',de-hypnotisation' aga9 re/or$ ! "y lady to h]self4 ',& n[1' says ,dr4 ,noble1 'we reque/$ our pati5t to re/ quietly at ! fire-place1 to ?9k ( j :at %e lik$1 & to look :]e %e pleas$1 except+ at ourselves1 :o retreat$ beh9d h] *air1 say+ t a new mode 0 ab\t to be tri$1 & t h] turn+ r\nd w\ld di/urb ! process4 ,we v compos$ly took up a volume :i* lay ^u a table1 & amus$ ourselves ) x = ab\t five m9utes1 :5 on rais+ our eyes1 we c\ld see by ! excit$ features ( o!r memb]s ( ! p>ty t ! "y lady 0 once m magnetis$4 ,we 7 in=m$ by ^? :o _h att5tively wat*$ h] dur+ ! progress ( our little exp]im5t1 t all _h be5 9 e respect j z be=e4 ,! lady h]self1 be=e %e 0 undeceiv$1 express$ a di/9ct consci\sness ( hav+ felt our unse5 passes /ream+ d[n ! neck4' ,9 a simil> way1 ,mr4 ,b]tr&1 :o 0 ! fir/ 7,dr4 ,c>p5t] tells u7 to und]take a really sci5tific inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( mesm]ism1 prov$ t ! suppos$ effect ( a magnetis$ lett] f him to a female somnambule 0 entirely ! "w ( h] own lively imag9ation4 ,he magnetis$ a lett] fir/1 :i* on receipt 0 plac$ at 8 sugge/ion ^u ! epiga/rium ( ! pati5t1 :o 0 ?r[n into ! magnetic sleep ) all ! cu/om>y ph5om5a4 ,he !n wrote ano!r lett]1 :i* he did n magnetise1 & aga9 ! same effect 0 produc$4 ,la/ly he set ab\t an exp]im5t :i* %\ld det]m9e ! real /ate ( ! case4 ',i ask$ "o ( my fri5ds1' he says1 'to write a few l9es 9 my place1 & to /rive to imitate my writ+1 s t ^? :o %\ld read ! lett] %\ld mi/ake x = m9e 7,i knew he c\ld d s74 ,he did ?is2 our /ratagem succe$$1 & ! sleep 0 produc$ j z x w\ld h be5 by "o ( my own lett]s4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say1 p]haps1 t none ( ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism require1 z inde$ none ( !m1 rightly und]/ood1 sugge/1 ! action ( any su* occult =ces z spirituali/s believe 94 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i believe t _m ( ! ph5om5a record$ by spirituali/s z hav+ occurr$ "u _! actual obs]vation are v readily to be expla9$ z ph5om5a ( hypnotism4 ,( c\rse ,i w\ld n = a mom5t d5y t 9 ! great majority ( cases mu* gross] =ms ( deception are employ$4 ,b 9 o!rs1 & especially 9 ^? :]e ! conc5tration ( ! att5tion = "s "t is a necess>y prelim9>y to ! exhibition ( ! ph5om5a 7:i* suitable 'subjects' only are privileg$ to see71 ,i consid] ! result+ self-deception z hypnotic4 ,we may reg>d ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism 9 two aspects--fir/ & *iefly z illu/rat+ ! influ5ce ( imag9ation on ! functions ( ! body2 secondly1 z %[+ "u :at conditions ! imag9ation may be mo/ readily br\ght to be> 9 produc+ su* influ5ce4 ,^! ph5om5a des]ve f> clos] & at ! same "t f> wid] att5tion ?an !y h yet receiv$4 ,d\bt has be5 ?r[n ^u !m because !y h be5 associat$ ) false !ories1 & 9 _m cases ) fraud & delusion4 ,b1 rightly view$1 !y are at once in/ructive & valuable4 ,on ! "o h& !y ?r[ light on "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ problems ( m5tal physiology2 on ! o!r !y promise to af=d valuable means ( cur+ c]ta9 ailm5ts1 & ( influ5c+ 9 useful ways c]ta9 p[]s & functions ( ! body4 ,all t is necess>y1 x %\ld seem1 to give hypnotic rese>*es _! full value1 is t all association ( ^! purely m5tal ph5om5a ) *>latanry & fraud %\ld be abruptly & def9itely brok5 (f4 ,^? :o make practical application ( ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism %\ld n only dive/ _! own m9ds ( all idea t "s occult & z x 7 extra-natural =ce is at "w1 b %\ld enc\rage no belief 9 su* =ce 9 ^? on :om ! hypnotic me?od is employ$4 ,_! influ5ce on ! pati5t w n be less5$1 ,i believe1 by ! fulle/ k on ! pati5t's "p t all :i* is to happ5 to him is purely natural--t1 9 fact1 advantage is simply to be tak5 ( an obs]v$ prop]ty ( ! imag9ation to obta9 an influ5ce n o!rwise atta9able ov] ! body z a :ole 7z :5 ! s-call$ magnetic sleep is to be produc$71 or ov] special p>ts ( ! body4 ,:e!r advantage might n be tak5 ( o!r ?an ! curative influ5ces ( hypnotism is a "q :i* w probably h occurr$ to "s :o may h foll[$ ! curi\s acc\nts giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,if special p[]s may be obta9$1 ev5 = a %ort "t1 by ! hypnotis$ subject1 ^! p[]s might be sy/ematically us$ = o!r purposes ?an m]e exp]im5t4 ,if1 aga91 ! repetition ( hypnotic curative processes ev5tually leads to a complete & la/+ *ange 9 ! condition ( c]ta9 p>ts or organs ( ! body1 ! repetition ( ! ex]cise ( special p[]s dur+ ! hypnotic /ate may aft] a :ile lead to ! def9ite acquisition ( su* p[]s4 ,z x n[ appe>s t ! hypnotic control may be obta9$ )\t any ef=t on ! "p ( ! op]ator1 ! ef=t =m]ly suppos$ to be requir$ be+ purely imag9>y & ! hypnotic /ate be+ 9 fact readily atta9able )\t any op]ation :atev]1 we seem to recognise possibilities :i*1 duly develop$1 might be f\nd ( extreme value to ! human race4 ,9 f9e1 x w\ld seem t man possesses a p[] :i* has hi!rto la9 almo/ entirely dormant1 by :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( prop]ly-guid$ imag9ation1 ! w c be s conc5trat$ on special actions t feats ( /r5g?1 dext]ity1 arti/ic 7& ev5 p]haps sci5tific7 skill may be accompli%$ by p]sons :o1 9 ! ord9>y /ate1 are q incapable ( su* a*ievem5ts4 ,,h]$it>y ,,traits4 ,9 ,montaigne's well-kn[n essay on ! ',resemblance ( ,*ildr5 to _! ,fa!rs1' ! philosoph] ( ,prigord rem>ks t '!re is a c]ta9 sort ( crafty humility t spr+s f presumption2 z ?is1 = example1 t we confess our ignorance 9 _m ?+s1 & are s c\rte\s z to ackn[l$ge t !re are 9 works ( nature "s qualities & conditions t are imp]ceptible to u1 & ( :i* our und]/&+ _c disc]n ! means & causes2 by :i* hone/ decl>ation we hope to obta9 t p %all also believe u ( ^? t we say we d und]/&4' ',we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves1' he goes on1 'to seek out miracles & /range difficulties2 me?9ks !re are su* incompreh5sible wond]s among/ ! ?+s t we ord9>ily see z surpass all difficulties ( miracles4' ,he applies ^! rem>ks to inh]it$ peculi>ities ( feature1 figure1 "*1 con/itution1 habits1 & s =?4 ,& c]ta9ly few ( ! ph5om5a ( nature are m wond]ful ?an ^!1 9 ! s5se ( be+ less obvi\sly ref]able to any cause :i* seems compet5t to produce !m4 ,_m ( ^? natural ph5om5a :i* are reg>d$ z mo/ /rik+ are 9 ?is respect n to be comp>$ ) ! kn[n ph5om5a ( h]$ity4 ,! motions ( ! planets c all be ref]r$ to regul> laws2 *emical *anges are sy/ematic1 & _! sequ5ce at lea/ is und]/ood2 ! ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 & electricity are gradually f9d+ int]pretation4 ,x is true t all ^! ph5om5a become 9 a s5se z miracles :5 we endeav\r to asc]ta9 _! real cause4 ,9 _! case we c asc]ta9 ! 'h[1' b 9 no s5se ! ':y4' ,gravity is a ma/]y ( my/]ies to ! a/ronom]1 & has almo/ compell$ u to believe 9 t 'action at a di/ance' :i* ,newton ass]t$ to be unimag9able by anyone ) a compet5t p[] ( reason+ ab\t ?+s philosophical4 ,! ultimate cause ( *emical *anges is z great a my/]y n[ z x 0 :5 ! f\r elem5ts 7 believ$ 94 ,& ! nature ( ! e!r itself 9 :i* ! undulations ( heat1 light1 & electricity are transmitt$ is utt]ly my/]i\s ev5 to ^? /ud5ts ( sci5ce :o h be5 mo/ successful 9 det]m9+ ! laws accord+ to :i* ^? undulations proce$4 ,b ! ph5om5a !mselves be+ at once ref]able 79 our own "t at lea/7 to law1 h no long] ! my/]i\s & 9 a s5se miracul\s "* recognis$ 9 !m be=e ! laws ( motion1 ( *emical aff9ity1 ( light & heat & electricity1 _h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity4 ,we "k no?+ ev5 ( ! proximate cause ( any s+le ph5om5on2 f> less ( t ultimate cause 9 :i* all ^! ph5om5a _h _! orig94 ,! inh]itance ( a trait ( bodily figure1 "*1 or mann] is a my/]y z great z t o!r & cognate my/]y1 ! appe>ance ( "s seem+ly sudd5 v>iation 9 a race :i* has = _m g5]ations pres5t$ an app>5tly unv>y+ succession ( attributes1 bodily1 physical1 or m5tal4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ?is w\ld n be ! place = ! discussion ( ! problems ( h]$ity & v>iation1 ev5 if 9 ! pres5t position ( sci5ce we c\ld hope = any pr(itable result f ! inve/igation ( ei!r subject4 ,b "s ( ! curi\s facts :i* h be5 not$ by v>i\s /ud5ts ( h]$ity w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd int]e/+2 & ?\gh n sugge/+ 9 ! remote/ degree any solution ( ! real difficulties ( ! subject1 !y may af=d "s indication ( ! laws accord+ to :i* p>5tal traits are inh]it$1 or seem+ly sudd5 v>iations introduc$4 ,! commone/1 & !re=e ! lea/ int]e/+1 ?\gh p]haps ! mo/ in/ructive ( ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity1 are ^? affect+ ! features & ! outw>d configuration ( ! body4 ,^! h be5 recognis$ 9 all ages & among all nations4 ,a portion ( ! ,jewi% sy/em ( legislature 0 bas$ on a recognition ( ! law t *ildr5 inh]it ! bodily qualities ( ! p>5ts4 ,! ,greeks not$ ! same fact4 ,among ! ,sp>tans1 inde$1 a sy/em ( selection f among new-born *ildr5 prevail$1 :i*1 ?\gh probably int5d$ only to elim9ate ! weak] individuals1 correspond$ closely to :at w\ld be done by a nation hav+ full belief 9 ! efficacy ( bo? natural & artificial selection1 & n tr\bl$ ) any /rong scruples z to ! me?od ( apply+ _! doctr9es on su* matt]s4 ,among ! ,romans we f9d c]ta9 families describ$ by _! physical *>act]i/ics1 z ! ,nasones or ,big-nos$1 ! ,labeones or ,?ick-lipp$1 ! ,capitones or ,big-head$1 ! ,buccones or ,swoll5-*eek$4 ,9 m rec5t times simil> traits h be5 recognis$ 9 v>i\s families4 ,! ,au/rian lip & ! ,b\rbon nose are well-kn[n in/ances4#ae ,peculi>ities ( /ructure h a d\ble int]e/1 z illu/rat+ bo? v>iation & p]si/5ce4 ,we usually f9d !m introduc$ )\t any app>5t cause into a family1 & aft]w>ds !y rema9 z h]$it>y traits1 fir/ inh]it$ regul>ly1 !n int]mitt5tly1 & ev5tually1 9 mo/ cases1 dy+ out or becom+ s exceptional t _! occurr5ce is n reg>d$ z an h]$it>y peculi>ity4 ,montaigne m5tions t 9 ! family ( ,lepidus1 at ,rome1 !re 7 ?ree1 n successively b by int]vals1 t 7 born ) ! same eye cov]$ ) a c>tilage4 ,at ,!bes !re 0 a family almo/ e memb] ( :i* _h ! cr[n ( ! head po9t$ l a lance-head2 all ^: heads 7 n s =m$ be+ reg>d$ z illegitimate4 ,a bett] au!nticat$ case is t ( ! ,lamb]t family4 ,! peculi>ity affect+ ?is family appe>$ fir/ 9 ! p]son ( ,edw>d ,lamb]t1 ^: :ole body1 except ! face1 ! palms ( ! h&s1 & ! soles ( ! feet1 0 cov]$ ) a sort ( %ell consi/+ ( horny excresc5ces4 ,he 0 ! fa!r ( six *ildr51 all ( :om1 s soon z !y _h rea*$ ! age ( six weeks1 pres5t$ ! same peculi>ity4 ,only "o ( !m liv$4 ,he m>ri$1 & transmitt$ ! peculi>ity to all 8 sons4 ,= five g5]ations all ! male memb]s ( ! ,lamb]t family 7 di/+ui%$ by ! horny excresc5ces :i* _h adorn$ ! body ( ,edw>d ,lamb]t4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! transmission ( anomal\s *>act]i/ics is f\nd 9 ! case ( ,&rian ,jefti*jew1 :o1 ?ree or f\r ye>s ago1 0 exhibit$ ) 8 son ,f$or ,jefti*jew 9 ,b]l9 & ,p>is4 ,!y 7 call$ 9 ,p>is les hommes-*i5s1 or dog-m51 ! fa!r's face be+ s cov]$ ) hair z to pres5t a /rik+ resemblance to ! face ( a ,skye t]ri]4 ,&rian 0 ?us describ$3--',he is ab\t fifty-five ye>s ( age1 & is said to h be5 ! son ( a ,russian soldi]4 ,9 ord] to escape ! d]ision & ! unk9d usage ( 8 fell[-villag]s1 ,&rian 9 e>ly life fl$ to ! woods1 :]e = "s "t he liv$ 9 a cave4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( seclusion he 0 mu* giv5 to drunk5ness4 ,8 m5tal condition does n seem to h suff]$1 h[ev]1 & he is on ! :ole ( a k9dly & affectionate disposition4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to /ate t he is an or?odox memb] ( ! ,russo-,greek ,*ur*1 & t1 degrad$ z he is intellectually1 he has v def9ite notions ab\t heav5 & ! h]eaft]4 ,he hopes to introduce 8 frightful c\nt5ance into ! c\rt ( heav51 & he devotes all ! money he makes1 ov] & above 8 outlay = creature com=ts1 to pur*as+ ! pray]s ( a dev\t community ( monks 9 8 native village1 ,ko/roma1 aft] 8 mortal c>e] is end$4 ,he is ( m$ium /ature1 b v /rongly built4 ,8 excessive capill>y developm5t is n true hair1 b simply an abnormal gr[? ( ! d[n or f9e hairs :i* usually cov] ne>ly ! entire surface ( ! human body4 ,/rictly speak+1 he has nei!r head-hair1 be>d1 m\/a*e1 eyebr[s1 nor eyela%es1 _! place be+ tak5 by ?is s+ul> gr[? ( long silky d[n4 ,9 col\r ?is is ( a dirty yell[2 x is ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g? all ov] ! face1 & feels l ! hair ( a ,newf\ndl& dog4 ,! v eyelids are cov]$ ) ?is long hair1 :ile fl[+ locks come out ( 8 no/rils & e>s4 ,on 8 body are isolat$ pat*es1 /rew$ b n ?ickly ) hairs "o & a half to two in*es long4' ,dr4 ,b]tillon1 ( ,p>is1 comp>$ a hair f ,&rian's *9 ) a v f9e hair f a man's be>d1 & f\nd t ! latt] 0 ?ree times z ?ick z ! =m]2 & a hair f ,&rian's head is only "o-half z ?ick z an av]age human hair4 ,pr(essor ,vir*[1 ( ,b]l91 made c>eful inquiry into ! family hi/ory ( ,&rian ,jefti*jew4 ,s f> z c\ld be le>n$1 ,&rian 0 ! fir/ 9 :om ?is wond]ful hirsut5ess _h be5 notic$4 ,nei!r 8 reput$ fa!r nor 8 "m pres5t$ any peculi>ity ( ! k9d1 & a bro!r & si/] ( 81 :o are /ill liv+1 are 9 no way rem>kable = capill>y developm5t4 ,! son ,f$or1 :o 0 exhibit$ 9 company ) ,&rian1 0 illegitimate1 & ab\t ?ree ye>s ( age4 ,&rian's legitimate *ildr51 a son & a daught]1 bo? di$ "y4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! =m]2 b ! daught] resembl$ ! fa!r4 ',f$or is a sprightly *ild1' said ! acc\nt f :i* we h already quot$1 '& appe>s m intellig5t ?an ! fa!r4' ,! gr[? ( d[n on 8 face is n s heavy z to conceal 8 features1 b !re is no d\bt t :5 ! *ild comes to maturity he w be at lea/ z hirsute z 8 p>5t ,! hairs are z :ite & z s(t z ! fur ( ! ,angora cat1 & are longe/ at ! out] angles ( ! eyes4 ,!re is a ?ick tuft betwe5 ! eyes1 & ! nose is well cov]$4 ,! m\/a*e jo9s ! :isk]s on ea* side1 aft] ! ,engli% fa%ion1 & ?is circum/ance gives to accurate pictures ( ! *ild a ludicr\s resemblance to a well-f$ ,engli%man ( ab\t fifty4 ,z 9 ! fa!r's case1 ! inside ( ,f$or's no/rils & e>s has a ?ick crop ( hair4' ',bo? fa!r & son are almo/ too?less1 ,&rian hav+ only five tee?1 "o 9 ! upp] jaw & f\r 9 ! l[]1 :ile ! *ild has only f\r tee?1 all 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,9 bo? cases ! f\r l[] tee? are all incisors4 ,to ! "r ( ,&rian's "o upp] too? !re /ill rema9s ! m>k ( ano!r :i* has disappe>$4 ,t beyond ^! six tee? ! man nev] _h any o!rs is evid5t to anyone :o feels ! gums ) ! f+]4' ,! defici5cy ( tee?1 accompani$ z x is by :at is 9 reality a defici5cy n a r$undancy ( hair--= ,&rian & 8 son h no real hair--accords well ) ,d>w9's view1 t a con/ant correlation exi/s betwe5 hair & tee?4 ,he m5tions z an illu/ration ! defici5cy ( tee? 9 hairless dogs4 ,! tusks ( ! bo>1 aga91 are greatly r$uc$ "u dome/ication1 & ! r$uction is accompani$ by a correspond+ dim9ution ( ! bri/les4 ,he m5tions also ! case ( ,julia ,pa/rana1 a ,spani% danc] or op]a s+]1 :o _h a ?ick mascul9e be>d & a hairy =ehead1 :ile h] tee? 7 s r$undant t h] m\? project$1 & h] face _h a gorilla-l appe>ance4 ,x %\ld r be said t 9 g5]al ^? creatures :i* pres5t an abnormal developm5t 9 ! cov]+ ( _! sk91 :e!r 9 ! way ( r$undancy or defici5cy1 pres5t1 g5]ally1 p]haps always1 an abnormal d5tal developm5t1 z we see 9 slo?s & armadilloes on ! "o h&1 :i* h ! front tee? defici5t1 & 9 "s bran*es ( ! :ale family on ! o!r1 9 :i* ! tee? are r$undant ei!r 9 numb] or 9 size4 ,9 individual memb]s ( ! human family x c]ta9ly is n always ! case t ! developm5t ( ! hair & t ( ! tee? are directly correlat$2 = "s :o are bald :5 q "y h excell5t tee?1 & "s :o h lo/ mo/ ( _! tee? :ile /ill on ! "r side ( =ty h excell5t hair to an advanc$ age4#af ,ano!r case1 some:at simil> to t ( ,&rian & 8 son1 is f\nd 9 a ,burmese family1 liv+ at ,ava1 & fir/ describ$ by ,craw=d 9 #ahbi4 ,%we-,maong1 ! head ( ! family1 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s old4 ,8 :ole body 0 cov]$ ) silky hairs1 :i* atta9$ a l5g? ( ne>ly five in*es on ! %\ld]s & sp9e4 ,he _h f\r daught]s1 b only "o ( !m resembl$ him4 ,%e 0 liv+ at ,ava 9 #ahee1 &1 accord+ to ! acc\nt giv5 by a ,briti% (fic] :o saw h] !re1 %e _h a son :o 0 hairy l 8 gr&fa!r1 ,%we-,maong4 ,! case ( ?is family illu/rates r curi\sly ! relation betwe5 ! hair & tee?4 ,= ,%we-,maong reta9$ 8 milk-tee? till he 0 tw5ty ye>s old 7:5 he atta9$ pub]ty71 & !y 7 replac$ by n9e tee? only1 five 9 ! upp] & f\r 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,eight ( ^! 7 incisors1 ! n9? 79 ! upp] jaw7 be+ a can9e too?4 ,sex-digitism1 or ! possession ( h&s & feet ) six digits ea*1 has occurr$ 9 sev]al families z a sudd5 v>iation f ! normal =mation1 b aft] x has appe>$ has usually be5 transmitt$ = sev]al g5]ations4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,colburn family ?is peculi>ity la/$ = f\r g5]ations )\t int]ruption1 & /ill reappe>s occasionally4 ,9 a bran* ( a well-kn[n ,scot* family sex-digitism--aft] cont9u+ = ?ree or f\r g5]ations--has app>5tly disappe>$2 b x /ill frequ5tly happ5s t ! edge ( ! h&s on ! side ( ! little f+] is p>tially de=m$4 ,h>e-lip1 alb9ism1 halt+1 & o!r peculi>ities1 commonly reappe> = f\r or five g5]ations1 & are seldom altoge!r eradicat$ 9 less ?an t5 or twelve4 ,! t5d5cy to v>iation %[n 9 ! introduction ( ^! peculi>ities1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h be5 ev5tually eradicat$1 is wor? notic+ 9 its be>+ on our views respect+ ! =mation ( new & p]si/5t v>ieties ( ! human z ( o!r races4 ,x mu/ be notic$ t 9 ! case ( ! human race ! conditions n only d n fav\r ! cont9uance ( su* v>ieties1 b practically =bid _! p]si/5ce4 ,x is o!rwise ) "s v>ieties1 at lea/1 ( dome/ic animals1 insomu* t v>ieties :i* pres5t any notewor?y ev5 ?\gh accid5tally obs]v$ advantage h be5 made practically p]si/5t2 we say practically1 because !re seems little reason to d\bt t 9 e case :i* has hi!rto be5 obs]v$ ! normal type w\ld ev5tually be rev]t$ to if special pa9s 7 n tak5 to sep>ate ! normal f ! abnormal =m4 ,an excell5t illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! human race & a race ( animals "u dome/ication1 9 ?is p>ticul> respect1 is f\nd 9 ! case ( ! ,kelleia family on ! "o h&1 & t ( ! ,ancon or ,ott] %eep on ! o!r4 ,! =m] case is describ$ by ,raumur4 ,a ,maltese c\ple nam$ ,kelleia1 ^: h&s & feet 7 ( ! ord9>y type1 _h a son ,gratio :o _h six movable f+]s on ea* h& & six some:at less p]fect toes on ea* foot4 ,gratio ,kelleia m>ri$ a woman possess+ only ! ord9>y numb] ( f+]s & toes4 ,!re 7 f\r *ildr5 ( ?is m>riage--,salvator1 ,george1 ,&r1 & ,m>ie4 ,salvator _h six f+]s & six toes l ! fa!r2 ,george & ,&r _h ea* five f+]s & five toes l ! "m1 b ! h&s & feet ( ,george 7 slightly de=m$2 ,m>ie _h five f+]s & five toes1 b h] ?umbs 7 slightly de=m$4 ,all f\r *ildr5 grew up1 & m>ri$ folk ) ! ord9>y numb] ( f+]s & toes4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,&r alone 7:o 7 _m7 7 )\t exception ( ! normal type1 l _! fa!r4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,salvator1 :o alone 0 six-f+]$ & six-to$ l ,gratio ! gr&fa!r1 7 f\r 9 numb]2 ?ree ( !m resembl$ ! fa!r1 :ile ! o!r--! y\nge/--0 ( ! normal type l 8 "m & gr&mo!r4 ,z ^! f\r *ildr5 7 ! desc5dants ( f\r gr&p>5ts ( :om "o only 0 hexadactylic1 we see t ! v>iety _h be5 /rong en\gh 9 _! case to ov]come ! normal type 9 ?reefold great] /r5g?4 ,b ! /range/ "p ( ! /ory is t relat+ to ,george & ,m>ie4 ,george1 :o 0 a p5tadactyle1 ?\gh some:at de=m$ ab\t ! h&s & feet1 0 ! fa!r ( f\r *ildr53 fir/1 two girls1 bo? purely hexadactylic2 next1 a girl hexadactylic on ! "r side ( ! body & p5tadactylic on ! left side2 & la/ly1 a boy1 purely p5tadactylic4 ,m>ie1 a p5tadactyle ) de=m$ ?umbs1 gave bir? to a boy ) six toes1 & ?ree normally =m$ *ildr54 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t ! normal type %[$ itself 9 great] =ce ?an ! v>iety 9 ! ?ird g5]ation f ,gratio3 = :ile "o *ild ( ,salvator's1 "o ( ,george's1 ?ree ( ,m>ie's1 & all ( ,&r's 7"s sev5 or eight7 7 ( ! normal type--twelve or ?irte5 9 all--only five1 viz41 ?ree ( ,salvator's & two ( ,george's1 pres5t$ ! v>iety purely4 ,?ree o!rs 7 m or less abnormally =m$ 9 f+]s & toes2 b ev5 c\nt+ ^!1 ! influ5ce ( ! v>iety 0 %[n only 9 eight ( ! gr&*ildr5 ( ,gratio1 :]eas twelve or ?irte5 7 ( ! normal type4 ,! /ory ( ! ,ancon or ,ott] %eep1 z n>rat$ by ,colonel ,david ,humphreys 9 a lett] to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahac1 has be5 ?us abridg$ by ,huxley3--',x appe>s t "o ,se? ,wright1 ! proprietor ( a f>m on ! banks ( ! ,*>les ,riv]1 9 ,massa*usetts1 possess$ a flock ( fifte5 ewes & a ram ( ! ord9>y k9d4 ,9 ! ye> #agia "o ( ! ewes pres5t$ h] own] ) a male lamb diff]+1 = no assignable reason1 f its p>5ts by a disproportionately long body & %ort b&y legs2 :5ce x 0 unable to emulate its relatives 9 ^? sportive leaps ov] ! neighb\rs' f5ces 9 :i* !y 7 9 ! habit ( indulg+1 mu* to ! good f>m]'s vexation4 ,) ! cut5ess *>act]i/ic ( _! nation1 ! neighb\rs ( ! ,massa*usetts f>m] imag9$ x w\ld be an excell5t ?+ if all 8 %eep 7 imbu$ ) ! /ay-at-home t5d5cies en=c$ by ,nature ^u ! newly-arriv$ ram2 & !y advis$ ,wright to kill ! old patri>* ( 8 fold & in/al ! new ,ancon ram 9 8 place4 ,! result ju/ifi$ _! sagaci\s anticipations4444 ,! "y lambs 7 almo/ always ei!r pure ,ancons or pure ord9>y %eep4 ,b :5 suffici5t ,ancon %eep 7 obta9$ to int]bre$ ) "o ano!r1 x 0 f\nd t ! (fspr+ 7 always pure ,ancon4 ,colonel ,humphreys1 9 fact1 /ates t he 0 acqua9t$ ) only "o que/ionable case ( a contr>y nature4 ,by tak+ c>e to select ,ancons ( bo? sexes = bre$+ f1 x ?us became easy to e/abli% an exce$+ly well-m>k$ race--s peculi> t ev5 :5 h]d$ ) o!r %eep1 x 0 not$ t ! ,ancons kept toge!r4 ,& !re is e reason to believe t ! exi/5ce ( ?is bre$ might h be5 indef9itely protract$3 b ! introduction ( ! ,m]9o %eep--:i* 7 n only v sup]ior to ! ,ancons 9 wool & meat1 b q z quiet & ord]ly--l$ to ! complete neglect ( ! new bre$1 s t 9 #ahac ,colonel ,humphreys f\nd x difficult to obta9 ! specim5 ^: skeleton 0 pres5t$ to ,sir ,joseph ,banks4 ,we believe t = _m ye>s no remnant ( x has exi/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4' ,x is easy1 z ,huxley rem>ks1 to und]/& :y1 :]eas ,gratio ,kelleia did n become ! ance/or ( a race ( six-figur$ & six-to$ m51 ,se? ,wright's ,ancon ram became a nation ( long-bodi$1 %ort-legg$ %eep4 ,if ! purely hexadactylic desc5dants ( ,gratio ,kelleia1 & all ! purely hexadactylic memb]s ( ! ,colburn family1 9 ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ations1 _h migrat$ to "s des]t isl&1 & _h be5 c>eful n only to exclude all visitors hav+ ! normal numb] ( f+]s & toes1 b to s5d away be=e ! age ( pub]ty all *ildr5 ( _! own :i* might dep>t 9 any degree f ! pure hexadactylic type1 !re c be no d\bt t "u fav\rable conditions ! colony w\ld h become a nation ( six-f+]$ folk4 ,among su* a nation ! duodecimal sy/em ( notation w\ld fl\ri%1 & "s rem>kable p]=m]s on ! pian(orte1 flute1 & o!r in/rum5ts1 might be look$ =2 b we d n "k t !y w\ld possess any o!r advantage ov] _! p5tadactylic contempor>ies4 ,see+ t ! sy/em ( colonis+ above describ$ is antec$5tly unlikely1 & t no special advantage c\ld be d]iv$ f ! p]si/5ce ( any hi!rto kn[n abnormal v>iety ( ! human race1 x is unlikely t = _m g5]ations yet to come we %all he> ( six-f+]$1 hairy-fac$1 horny-sk9n$1 or h>e-lipp$ nations4 ,! only peculi>ities :i* h any *ance ( becom+ p]man5t are su* z1 :ile n v uncommon1 /& 9 ! way ( int]m>riage ) p]sons n simil>ly affect$4 ,a simil> rem>k1 z w pres5tly appe>1 applies to m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics4 ,! law accord+ to :i* contra/ is f\nd attractive & similitude repugnant1 ?\gh wide 9 its range1 is n univ]sal2 & !re are cases 9 :i* resemblance1 if x has n ! *>m f\nd 7"u ord9>y circum/ances7 9 contra/1 is yet a necess>y elem5t 9 matrimonial alliances4 ,! inh]itance ( con/itutional traits comes next to be consid]$4 ,x is probably n less frequ5tly obs]v$1 & is 9 sev]al respects m int]e/+ ?an ! inh]itance ( peculi>ities ( bodily configuration4 ,longevity1 :i* may be reg>d$ z measur+ ! aggregate con/itutional en]gy1 is well kn[n to be h]$it>y 9 c]ta9 families1 z is %ort duration ( life 9 o!r families4 ,! be/ pro( t ?is is ! case is f\nd 9 ! action ( insurance companies1 9 asc]ta9+ ?r\gh _! ag5ts ! longevity ( ! ance/ors ( p]sons propos+ to insure _! lives4 ,in/ances ( longevity dur+ sev]al successive g5]ations are too common to be wor? cit+4 ,cases 9 :i*1 = g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 a c]ta9 age1 f> %ort ( ! ?reescore ye>s & t51 has n be5 pass$1 ev5 :5 all ! circum/ances h fav\r$ longevity1 are m int]e/+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s among ^! is ! case ( ! ,turgot family1 9 :i* ! age ( fifty-n9e _h n be5 = g5]ations exce$$1 to ! "t :5 ,turgot made ! "n fam\s4 ,at ! age ( fifty1 :5 he 0 9 excell5t heal?1 & app>5tly _h promise ( _m ye>s ( life1 he express$ to 8 fri5ds 8 conviction t ! end ( 8 life 0 ne> at h&4 ,f t "t =w>d he held himself prep>$ = dea?1 &1 z we "k1 he di$ be=e he _h complet$ 8 fifty-f\r? ye>4 ,fecundity is associat$ sometimes ) longevity1 b 9 o!r cases x is z significantly associat$ ) %ort duration ( life4 ,( families 9 :i* _m *ildr5 are born b few survive1 we naturally h less /rik+ evid5ce ?an we h ( families 9 :i* _m *ildr5 ( /rong con/itutions are born = sev]al successive g5]ations4 ,:at may be call$ ! fecundity ( ! %ort-liv$ is a quality commonly lead+ 9 no long "t to ! disappe>ance ( ! family 9 :i* x makes its appe>ance4 ,x is ! rev]se1 ( c\rse1 ) fecundity 9 families ^: memb]s %[ individually great vig\r ( con/itution & high vital p[]4 ,ribot m5tions sev]al cases ( ?is sort among ! families ( ! old ,fr5* noblesse4 ,?us ,anne de ,montmor5cy--:o1 despite 8 fem99e "n1 0 c]ta9ly by no means fem99e 9 "* 7at ! ,battle ( ,/4 ,d5is1 9 8 sixty-six? ye>1 he sma%$ ) 8 sword ! tee? ( ! ,scot* soldi] :o 0 giv+ him 8 dea?-bl[7 0 ! fa!r ( twelve *ildr54 ,?ree ( 8 ance/ors1 ,mat!w ,i41 ,mat!w ,,ii41 & ,mat!w ,,iii41 _h1 9 all1 eighte5 *ildr51 ( :om fifte5 7 boys4 ',! son & gr&son ( ! great ,cond _h n9ete5 betwe5 !m1 & _! great-gr&fa!r1 :o lo/ 8 life at ,j>nac1 _h t54 ,! fir/ f\r ,guises reckon$ 9 all =ty-?ree *ildr51 ( :om ?irty 7 boys4 ,a*ille de ,h>ley _h n9e *ildr51 8 fa!r t51 & 8 great-gr&fa!r eighte54' ,9 ! family ( ! ,h]s*els 9 ,hanov] & 9 ,engl&1 a simil> fecundity has be5 %[n 9 two g5]ations out ( ?ree4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 0 "o ( a family ( twelve *ildr51 ( :om five 7 sons4 ,he himself did n m>ry till 8 fiftie? ye>1 & _h only "o son4 ,b ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 0 ! fa!r ( elev5 *ildr54 ,( con/itutional peculi>ities ^? affect+ ! n]v\s sy/em are mo/ frequ5tly transmitt$4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 consid] !m at ?is po9t1 because !y are view$ ord9>ily r z !y relate to m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics ?an z affections ( ! body4 ,! bodily affections mo/ commonly transmitt$ are ^? dep5d+ on :at is call$ dia!sis--a g5]al /ate or disposition ( ! con/itution pr$ispos+ to "s special disease4 ,su* are scr(ula1 canc]1 tub]cul> consumption1 g\t1 ar?ritis1 & "s diseases specially affect+ ! sk94 ,x w\ld n be desirable to discuss "h ?is p>ticul> "p ( our subject1 int]e/+ ?\gh x und\bt$ly is4 ,b x may be wor? :ile to note t we h1 9 ! v>iety ( =ms 9 :i* ! same con/itutional bad quality may pres5t itself1 evid5ce t :at is actually transmitt$ is n a peculi>ity affect+ a p>ticul> organ1 ev5 ?\gh 9 sev]al successive g5]ations ! disease may %[ itself 9 ! same "p ( ! body1 b an affection ( ! con/itution g5]ally4 ,we h "h an answ] to ! "q ask$ by ,montaigne 9 ! essay f :i* we h already quot$4 ,! essay 0 writt5 soon aft] he _h = ! fir/ "t exp]i5c$ ! pangs ( r5al calculus3--'',tis to be believ$1' he says1 't ,i d]iv$ ?is infirmity f my fa!r1 = he di$ wond]fully torm5t$' ) x2 he 0 'nev] s5sible ( 8 disease till ! sixty-sev5? ye> ( 8 age1 & be=e t _h nev] felt any grudg+ or symptom ( x' 444 'b liv$ till !n 9 a happy vigor\s /ate ( heal?1 little subject to infirmities1 & cont9u$ sev5 ye>s aft] 9 ?is disease1 & dy$ a v pa9ful dea?4 ,i 0 born ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s be=e 8 disease seiz$ him1 & 9 ! "t ( 8 mo/ fl\ri%+ & heal?ful /ate ( body1 8 ?ird *ild 9 ord] ( bir?3 :]e c\ld 8 prop5sion to ?is malady lie lurk+ all t :ile8 ,& he be+ s f> f ! infirmity1 h[ c\ld t small "p ( 8 sub/ance c>ry away s great an impression ( its %>e8 ,& h[ s conceal$ t1 till five-&-=ty ye>s aft]1 ,i did n beg9 to be s5sible ( x8 be+ ! only "o to ?is h\r1 among/ s _m bro!rs & si/]s1 & all ( "o "m1 t 0 ev] tr\bl$ ) x4 ,he t c satisfie me 9 ?is po9t1 ,i w believe him 9 z _m o!r miracles z he pleases1 always provid$ t1 z _! mann] is1 he does n give me a doctr9e mu* m intricate & fanta/ic ?an ! ?+ itself1 = curr5t pay4' ,:5 we note1 h[ev]1 t 9 _m cases ! *ildr5 ( p]sons affect$ l ! eld] ,montaigne are n affect$ l ! p>5ts1 b ) o!r infirmities1 z ! t5d5cy to g\t1 & vice v]s 7a circum/ance ( :i* ,i myself h b too good reason to be cognisant1 a p>5t's t5d5cy to g\t hav+ 9 my case be5 transmitt$ 9 ! modifi$ b ev5 m tr\blesome =m ( ! disease :i* occasion$ ,montaigne s mu* angui%71 we p]ceive t x is n '"s small "p ( ! sub/ance' :i* transmits its condition to ! *ild1 b ! g5]al /ate ( ! con/itution4 ,moreov]1 x may be hop$ 9 _m cases 7:i* w\ld sc>cely be ! case if ! condition or qualities ( "s "p ( ! body only 7 transmitt$7 t ! g]ms ( disease1 or r ! pr$isposition to disease1 may be greatly dim9i%$1 or ev5 entirely eradicat$1 by suitable precautions4 ,?us p]sons inh]it+ a t5d5cy to consumption h become1 9 _m cases1 vigor\s & heal?y by pass+ z mu* ( _! "t z possible 9 ! op5 air1 by avoid+ cr[d$ & ov]-heat$ rooms1 tak+ mod]ate b regul> ex]cise1 judici\s diet1 & s =?4 ,we believe t ! disease :i* tr\bl$ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ( ! life ( ,montaigne might readily h be5 prev5t$1 & ! t5d5cy to x eradicat$1 dur+ 8 y\?4 ,let u turn1 h[ev]1 f ^! consid]ations to o!rs m int]e/+1 ?\gh less important1 & on ! :ole p]haps bett] suit$ to ^! pages4 ,! inh]itance ( tricks or habits is "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ ( all ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity4 ,! less /rik+ ! habit1 ! m rem>kable1 p]haps1 is its p]si/5ce z an inh]it$ trait4 ,giron de ,buz>e+ues /ates t he knew a man :o1 :5 he lay on 8 back1 0 wont to ?r[ 8 "r leg across ! left2 "o ( ?is p]son's daught]s _h ! same habit f h] bir?1 con/antly assum+ t position 9 ! cradle1 not)/&+ ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! swaddl+ b&s4#ag ,d>w9 m5tions ano!r case 9 8 ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication3--,a *ild _h ! odd habit ( sett+ its f+]s 9 rapid motion :5ev] x 0 p>ticul>ly pleas$ ) any?+4 ,:5 greatly excit$1 ! same *ild w\ld raise ! h& on bo? sides z high z ! eyes1 ) ! f+]s 9 rapid motion z be=e4 ,ev5 9 old age he exp]i5c$ a difficulty 9 refra9+ f ^! ge/ures4 ,he _h eight *ildr51 "o ( :om1 a little girl1 :5 f\r ye>s ( age1 us$ to set h] f+]s go+1 & to lift up h] h&s aft] ! mann] ( h] fa!r4 ,a /ill m rem>kable case is describ$ by ,galton4 ,a g5tleman's wife notic$ t :5 he lay fa/ asleep on 8 back 9 b$ he _h ! curi\s trick ( rais+ 8 "r arm sl[ly 9 front ( 8 face1 up to 8 =ehead1 & !n dropp+ x ) a j]k1 s t ! wri/ fell heavily on ! bridge ( 8 nose4 ,! trick did n occur e night1 b occasionally1 & 0 indep5d5t ( any asc]ta9$ cause4 ,sometimes x 0 repeat$ incessantly = an h\r or m4 ,! g5tleman's nose 0 prom95t1 & its bridge (t5 became sore f bl[s :i* x receiv$4 ,at "o "t an awkw>d sore 0 produc$ t 0 long 9 heal+1 on acc\nt ( ! recurr5ce1 night aft] night1 ( ! bl[s :i* fir/ caus$ x4 ,8 wife _h to remove ! button f ! wri/ ( 8 night-g[n1 z x made sev]e scrat*es1 & "s means 7 attempt$ ( ty+ 8 arm4 ,_m ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 8 son m>ri$ a lady :o _h nev] he>d ( ! family incid5t4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ precisely ! same peculi>ity 9 h] husb&2 b 8 nose1 f n be+ p>ticul>ly prom95t1 has nev] z yet suff]$ f ! bl[s4 ,! trick does n occur :5 he is half asleep1 z1 = example1 :5 he is doz+ 9 8 arm-*air2 b ! mom5t he is fa/ asleep1 he is apt to beg94 ,x is1 z ) 8 fa!r1 int]mitt5t2 sometimes ceas+ = _m nights1 & sometimes almo/ incessant dur+ a "p ( e night4 ,x is p]=m$1 z x 0 ) 8 fa!r1 ) 8 "r h&4 ,"o ( 8 *ildr51 a girl1 has inh]it$ ! same trick4 ,%e p]=ms x1 likewise1 ) ! "r h&1 b 9 a slightly modifi$ =m2 = aft] rais+ ! arm1 %e does n all[ ! wri/ to drop ^u ! bridge ( ! nose1 b ! palm ( h] half-clos$ h& falls ov] & d[n ! nose1 /rik+ x r rapidly--a decid$ improvem5t on ! fa!r's & gr&fa!r's me?od4 ,! trick is int]mitt5t 9 ?is girl's case also1 sometimes n occurr+ = p]iods ( sev]al mon?s b sometimes almo/ incessantly4 ,/r5g? 9 p>ticul> limbs or muscles is (t5 transmitt$ h]$it>ily4 ,s also is skill 9 special ex]cises4 ,?us 9 ! nor? c\ntry !re are families ( fam\s wre/l]s4 ,among pr(essional o>sm51 aga91 we may note su* cases z ! ,clasp] family 9 ! nor?1 ! ,mack9neys 9 ! s\?2 :ile among amateur o>sm5 we h ! case ( ! ,play=d family1 to :i* ! pres5t amateur *ampion scull] belongs4 ,9 cricket1 ! ,walk] family & ! ,grace family may be cit$ among amateurs1 ! ,humphreys among pr(essional play]s4 ,grace 9 danc+ 0 transmitt$ = ?ree g5]ations 9 ! ,ve/ris family4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be not$ t 9 "s ( ^! cases we may fairly consid] t example & tea*+ h _h mu* to d ) ! result4 ,take r[+ = in/ance4 ,a good o>sman w imp>t 8 /yle to a :ole crew if he r[s /roke = !m2 & ev5 if he only tra9s !m 7z ,morrison1 = in/ance1 tra9$ ! ,cambridge crew a few ye>s ago71 he w make good o>sm5 ( m5 suitably fram$ & possess+ ord9>y aptitude = r[+4 ,i rememb] well h[ a fam\s /roke-o> at ,cambridge 7,john ,hall1 ( ,magdal517 imp>t$ to "o at lea/ ( ! ,univ]sity crew 7a fell[-collegian ( 81 & !re=e r[+ ) him con/antly also 9 8 ,college boat7 s exact an imitation ( 8 /yle t "o r dusky ev5+1 :5 ! latt] 0 '/rok+' a scrat* f\r pa/ a ?rong ( ,univ]sity m51 a dispute arose z to :i* ( ! two 0 really /roke ( ! f\r4 ,anyone :o kn[s h[ *>act]i/ic commonly is ! r[+ ( any fir/-class /roke1 & /ill m anyone :o *ances to "k h[ peculi> 0 ! /yle ( ! ,univ]sity '/roke-o>' ref]r$ to1 w und]/& h[ closely 8 /yle mu/ h be5 adopt$1 :5 exp]i5c$ o>sm51 n _m y>ds f ! pass+ f\r1 7 unable to decide at once :i* ( ! two m5 7 r[+1--ev5 ?\gh ! ev5+ 0 dusky en\gh to prev5t ! features ( ! /roke 7^: face 0 n fully 9 view at ! mom5t7 f be+ disc]n$4 ,see+ t a fir/-rate o>sman c ?us communicate 8 /yle s p]fectly to ano!r1 x _c be reg>d$ z demon/rably a case ( h]$it>y transmission if ! ,clasp]s r[$ 9 ! same /yle z _! fa!r1 or if ! pres5t *ampion amateur scull] 7mak+ all[ances = ! *ange introduc$ by ! slid+ seat7 r[s v mu* l 8 fa!r & 8 uncle4 ,"s peculi>ities1 su* z /amm]+1 lisp+1 babbl+1 & ! l1 are n easily ref]able to any special class ( h]$it>y traits1 because x is n cle> h[ f> !y are to be reg>d$ z dep5d+ on bodily or h[ f> on m5tal peculi>ities4 ,x might seem obvi\s t /amm]+ 0 9 mo/ cases uncontrollable by ! w1 & babbl+ might seem z c]ta9ly controllable4 ,yet !re are cases :i* ?r[ d\bt on ei!r conclusion4 ,?us1 ,dr4 ,lucas tells u ( a s]vant-maid ^: loquacity 0 app>5tly q uncontrollable4 ,%e w\ld talk to p till !y 7 ready to fa9t2 & if !re 7 no human be+ to li/5 to h]1 %e w\ld talk to animals & inanimate objects1 or w\ld talk al\d to h]self4 ,%e _h to be dis*>g$4 ',b1' %e said to h] ma/]1 ',i am n to blame2 x all comes f my fa!r4 ,he _h ! same fault1 & x drove my "m to di/raction2 & 8 fa!r 0 j ! same4' ,/amm]+ has be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh z _m z five g5]ations4 ,! same has be5 notic$ ( peculi>ities ( vision4 ,! ,montmor5cy look1 a sort ( half squ9t1 affect$ ne>ly all ! memb]s ( ! ,montmor5cy family4 ,! peculi>ity call$ ,daltonism1 an inability to di/+ui% betwe5 c]ta9 col\rs ( ! spectrum1 0 n s nam$1 z is (t5 ass]t$1 m]ely because ! di/+ui%$ *emi/ ,dalton 0 affect$ by x1 b because ?ree memb]s ( ! same family 7 simil>ly affect$4 ,deafness & bl9dness are n commonly h]$it>y :]e ! p>5ts h lo/ sight or he>+ ei!r by accid5t or ?r\gh illness1 ev5 ?\gh ! illness or accid5t occur dur+ infancy2 b p]sons born ei!r bl9d or deaf frequ5tly if n commonly transmit ! defect to "s at lea/ among _! (fspr+4 ,simil> rem>ks apply to deaf-mutism4 ,! s5ses ( ta/e & smell mu/ also be includ$ 9 ! li/ ( ^? :i* are affect$ by transmitt$ peculi>ities4 ,if we include ! crav+ = liquor among su* peculi>ities1 we might at once cite a long li/ ( cases2 b ?is crav+ mu/ be reg>d$ z n]vo-psy*ical1 ! s5se ( ta/e hav+ 9 reality v little to d ) x4 ,x is d\btful h[ ! foll[+ hide\s in/ance %\ld be class$4 ,x is relat$ by ,dr4 ,lucas4 ',a man 9 ,scotl& _h an irresi/ible desire to eat human fle%4 ,he _h a daught]2 al?\gh remov$ f h] fa!r & "m1 :o 7 bo? s5t to ! /ake be=e %e 0 a ye> old1 & al?\gh br\ght up among respectable p1 ?is girl1 l h] fa!r1 yield$ to ! horrible crav+ = human fle%4' ,he mu/ be an ard5t /ud5t ( physiological sci5ce :o regrets t at ?is /age circum/ances int]v5$ :i* prev5t$ ! _w f asc]ta9+ :e!r ! peculi>ity w\ld h desc5d$ to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ations4 ,among/ ! /range/ cases ( h]$it>y transmissions are ^? relat+ to h&writ+4 ,d>w9 cites sev]al curi\s in/ances 9 8 ,v>iation ( ,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication4 ',on :at a curi\s comb9ation ( corporeal /ructure1 m5tal "*1 & tra9+1' he rem>ks1 'mu/ h&writ+ dep5d4 ,yet ev]yone mu/ h not$ ! occasional close simil>ity ( ! h&writ+ 9 fa!r & son1 ev5 al?\gh ! fa!r _h n taught ! son4 ,a great collector ( franks assur$ me t 9 8 collection !re 7 sev]al franks ( fa!r & son h>dly di/+ui%able except by _! dates4' ,h(ack]1 9 ,g]many1 rem>ks on ! inh]itance ( h&writ+1 & x has be5 ev5 ass]t$ t ,engli% boys :5 taught to write 9 ,france naturally cl+ to _! ,engli% mann] ( writ+4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] m5tions ! foll[+ in/ance z hav+ occurr$ 9 8 own family1 z %[+ t ! "* ( ! h&writ+ is indep5d5t ( ! special tea*+ :i* ! "r h& receives 9 ?is art3--',a g5tleman :o emigrat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & settl$ 9 ! back woods1 be=e ! end ( la/ c5tury1 0 accu/om$ f "t to "t to write long lett]s to 8 si/] 9 ,engl&1 giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 family affairs4 ,hav+ lo/ 8 "r arm by an accid5t1 ! correspond5ce 0 tempor>ily kept up by "o or o!r ( 8 *ildr52 b 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s he le>n$ to write ) 8 left h&1 & be=e long1 ! h&writ+ ( ! lett]s ?us writt5 came to be indi/+ui%able f t ( 8 =m] lett]s4' ,i _h occasion two or ?ree ye>s ago to consid] 9 an article on ',/range ,m5tal ,feats1' 9 my ,sci5ce ,byeways1 ! "q ( inh]it$ m5tal qualities & arti/ic habits1 & w\ld ref] ! read] = "s rem>kable in/ances ( transmitt$ p[]s to t article4#ah ,galton 9 8 "w on ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 & ,ribot 9 8 treatise on ,h]$ity1 h collect$ _m facts be>+ on ?is int]e/+ "q4 ,bo? writ]s %[ a decid$ bias 9 fav\r ( a view :i* w\ld give to h]$ity a r too important position among ! factors ( g5ius4 ,cases are cit$ :i* seem v little to ! purpose1 & multitudes ( in/ances are omitt$ :i* oppose !mselves1 at a fir/ view at any rate1 to ! belief t h]$ity plays ! fir/ "p 9 ! g5esis ( great m9ds4 ,ne>ly all ! greate/ names 9 philosophy1 lit]ature1 & sci5ce1 & a great numb] ( ! greate/ names 9 art1 /& absolutely alone4 ,we "k no?+ a*iev$ by ! fa!r or gr&fa!r ( ,%akspe>e1 or ( ,goe!1 or ,s*ill]1 or ,evans 7,george ,eliot71 or ,?ack]ay1 or ,dick5s1 or ,huxley4 ,none ( ,newton's family 7 9 any way di/+ui%$ 9 ma!matical or sci5tific "w2 nor d we "k ( a di/+ui%$ ,laplace1 or ,lagrange1 or ,lavoisi]1 or ,h>vey1 or ,dalton1 or ,volta1 or ,f>aday1 besides ^? :o made ^! names illu/ri\s4 ,z to g5]al lit]ature1 page aft] page might be fill$ ) ! m]e names ( ^? ^: ance/ry has be5 q undi/+ui%$4 ,to say t among ! ance/ors ( ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,byron1 & s =?1 c]ta9 qualities1 virtues or vices1 passions or ins5sibilities to passion1 may be recognis$ 'among ! ance/ors ( m5 ( sci5ce1 c]ta9 aptitudes = special subjects or me?ods ( rese>*1' among ! ance/ors ( philosoph]s & lit]>y m5 c]ta9 qualities or capabilities1 & t su* ance/ral peculi>ities det]m9$ ! poetic1 sci5tific1 or lit]>y g5ius ( ! desc5dant1 is 9 reality to little purpose1 = !re is probably n a s+le family possess+ claims to culture 9 any civilis$ c\ntry among ! memb]s ( :i* individuals might n be f\nd ) qualities ?us emphasis$ s to speak4 ,su* po/]iori reason+ is valueless4 ,if in/ances c\ld be s classifi$ t aft] c>efully /udy+ !m we c\ld make ev5 ! r\ghe/ approa* to a guess respect+ ! cases 9 :i* a family might be expect$ to produce m5 ( any p>ticul> qualities1 !re w\ld be "s use 9 ^! attempts at g5]alisation2 at pres5t all t c be said is t "s m5tal qualities & "s arti/ic aptitudes h unque/ionably 9 c]ta9 in/ances be5 transmitt$1 & t on ! :ole m5 ( great di/9ction 9 philosophy1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art1 are r m likely ?an o!rs to h among _! relations 7m or less remote7 p]sons some:at above ! av]age 9 m5tal or arti/ic qualities4 ,b x is n altoge!r c]ta9 t ?is sup]iority is ev5 q s great z x might be expect$ to be if h]$it>y transmission play$ no "p at all 9 ! matt]4 ,= x _c be d5i$ t a great ma!matician's son has r a bett] *ance ?an o!rs ( be+ a ma!matician1 a great au?or's son ( be+ a writ]1 a great arti/'s son ( be+ skilful 9 art1 a great philosoph]'s son ( tak+ philosophic views ( ?+s4 ,ne>ly e son looks =w>d :ile /ill "y to ! "t :5 he %all be do+ 8 fa!r's "w2 ne>ly e fa!r hopes :ile 8 *ildr5 are yet "y t "s at lea/ among !m w foll[ 8 pursuits4 ,! fact t s few sons ( great m5 d foll[ 9 _! fa!rs' foot/eps %[s t1 despite ! /rong ambition ( ! son & ! anxi\s hope ( ! fa!r1 ! son 9 ! majority ( in/ances has n _h ability ev5 to take a fairly good position 9 ! "w :]e9 ! fa!r has be5 p]haps pre-em95tly di/+ui%$4 ,i h said t c]ta9 m5tal qualities h c]ta9ly be5 transmitt$ 9 "s cases4 ,galton m5tions "o notewor?y in/ance relat+ to memory4 ,9 ! family ( ,porson good memory 0 s notable a faculty z to give rise to ! byword1 '! ,porson memory4' ,lady ,he/] ,/anhope1 says ! late ,f4 ,papillon1 '%e ^: life 0 s full ( adv5ture1 gives1 z "o among _m po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 h]self & h] gr&fa!r1 h] ret5tive memory4 ,i h my gr&fa!r's grey eyes1 said %e1 & 8 memory ( places4 ,if he saw a /one on ! road1 he rememb]$ x2 x is ! same ) myself4 ,8 eye1 :i* 0 ord9>ily dull & lu/reless1 0 light$ up1 l my own1 ) a dull gleam :5ev] he 0 seiz$ ) passion4' ,9 endeav\r+ to =m an op9ion on ! law ( h]$ity 9 its relation to g5ius1 we mu/ rememb] t a rem>k some:at simil> to "o made by ,huxley respect+ ! orig9 ( new species applies to ! orig9 ( a man ( g5ius4 ,be=e su* a man became celebrat$ no "o c>$ p>ticul>ly to inquire ab\t 8 ance/ry or relations2 :5 8 fame 0 e/abli%$1 ! "t = mak+ ! inquiry _h pass$ away4 ,x is q possible t1 if we _h exact & full in=mation1 9 a great numb] ( cases we might f9d ! position tak5 up by ,mr ,galton & ,m4 ,ribot greatly /r5g!n$2 x is1 h[ev]1 also possible t we might f9d x mu* weak5$1 n only by ! recognition ( a multitude ( cases 9 :i* ! approa* ( a great man 0 9 no sort indicat$ by sc9tillations ( brightness along ! g5ealogical track1 b by a yet great] numb] ( cases 9 :i* families conta9+ numb]s ( clev]1 witty1 & le>n$ folks h produc$ none :o atta9$ real di/9ction4 ,!re is an excell5t rem>k 9 a ?\ghtful b anonym\s pap] on ,h]$ity 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 two ye>s or s ago1 :i* sugge/s "s consid]ations well wor? not+4 ',if we look1' says ! writ]1 'on ! intellect z n a s+le =ce b a complex ( faculties1 we %all f9d little to p]plex u 9 ! ph5om5on ( spontaneity'--t is 79 ?is case71 9 ! appe>ance ( a man ( g5ius 9 a family n be=e rem>kable 9 any way4 ',suppose a family :o h possess$ "s ( ! attributes ( greatness1 b :o1 9 virtue ( a pr9ciple equally true 9 psy*ology & 9 me*anics1 t no?+ is /rong] ?an its weake/ "p1 has rema9$ 9 obscurity4 ,let a man ( ?is family m>ry a woman ^: faculties are ! complem5t ( 8 own4 ,x is possible t a *ild ( su* a c\ple may comb9e ! defects or weaknesses ( bo? p>5ts1 & we h !n ! case ( spontane\s imbecility or crim9ality4 ,b x is also possible t he may comb9e ! excell5ces ( bo?1 & bur/ ^u ! _w z a spontane\s g5ius4444 ,aga91 we mu/ rememb] t1 ev5 if we consid] ! intellect z "o & indivisible1 x is f> f be+ ! only faculty ne$ful = ! atta9m5t ( excell5ce1 ev5 9 ! fields ( pure sci5ce4 ,comb9$ ) x !re mu/ be ! moral faculties ( pati5ce1 p]sev]ance1 & conc5tration4 ,! w mu/ be /rong en\gh to ov]come all di/ract+ temptations1 :e!r 9 !mselves good or evil4 ,la/ly1 !re mu/ be con/itutional en]gy & endurance4 ,fail+ ^!1 ! man w m]ely leave among 8 fri5ds ! conviction t he might h a*iev$ greatness1 if----4 ,we once knew a physician1 resid5t 9 a small c\ntry t[n1 :o f "t to "t />tl$ 8 associates by "s pr(\nd & sugge/ive idea1 "s brilliant ap]u4 ,b a con/itutional languor prev5t$ him f ev] complet+ an inve/igation1 or f leav+ ! _w "o writt5 l9e4' ,! effect ( circum/ances also mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,x is c]ta9 t "s ( ^? :o /& highe/ 9 ! _w's repute w\ld h done no?+ to make _! names rememb]$ b = circum/ances :i* ei!r aid$ _! ef=ts or compell$ !m to ex]tion2 & x _c be d\bt$1 !re=e1 t _m :o h be5 by no means celebrat$ h requir$ b fav\r+ opportunities or ! spur ( adv]se circum/ances to h a*iev$ di/9ction4 ,we note ! cases 9 :i* m5 :o h be5 int5d$ by _! p>5ts = ! desk or r\t9e "w h =tunately be5 fre$ = nobl] "w1 to :i* _! p[]s h specially fitt$ !m4 ,b we are apt to =get t = ea* su* case !re mu/ be _m in/ances 9 :i* no =tunate *ance has int]v5$4 ,! !ory t g5ius w make its way1 despite all ob/acles1 is l ! popul> notion t 'murd] w out1' & o!r su* fancies4 ,we note :5 ev5ts happ5 :i* fav\r su* notions1 b we n only d n note--9 ! v nature ( ?+s x is impossible t we %\ld h ! *ance ( not+--cases unfav\rable to a notion :i*1 aft] all1 is b a "p ( ! g5]al & altoge!r errone\s idea t :at we ?9k ought to be1 w be4 ,t among millions ( m5 9 a civilis$ community1 tra9$ "u multitud9\s conditions1 = div]se pr(essions1 trades1 & s =?1 expos$ to _m vicissitudes ( =tune1 good & bad1 !re %\ld be m5 f "t to "t-- ,:o break _! bir?'s invidi\s b>1 ,& grasp ! skirts ( happy *ance1 ,& brea/ ! bl[s ( circum/ance1 ,& grapple ) _! evil />1 is no tru] pro( ( ! g5]al !ory t g5ius w make its m>k1 despite circum/ance1 ?an is ! occasional occurr5ce ( /range in/ances 9 :i* murd] has be5 detect$ despite seem+ly p]fect precautions4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be 9 a g5]al s5se admitt$ t m5tal p[]s1 l bodily p[]s1 are inh]it$4 ,if ! ance/ry ( m5 ( g5ius c\ld be trac$1 we %\ld 9 ea* case probably f9d en\gh1 9 ! hi/ory ( "s l9e at lea/ along :i* desc5t c\ld be trac$1 to acc\nt = ! possession ( special p[]s1 & en\gh 9 ! hi/ory ( t & o!r l9es ( desc5t to acc\nt = ! o!r qualities or *>act]i/ics :i*1 comb9$ ) ^? special p[]s1 gave to ! man's :ole nature ! capacity by :i* he 0 enabl$ to /& above ! av]age level ( 8 fell[-m54 ,we might1 ) k at once wid] & deep] ?an we actually possess ( ! v>i\s families ( ea* nation1 & _! relation%ips1 pr$ict 9 _m cases1 n t any giv5 *ild w\ld prove a g5ius1 b t "s "o or o!r ( a family w\ld probably rise to di/9ction4 ,to pr$ict ! adv5t ( a man ( great g5ius z we pr$ict ! approa* ( an eclipse or a transit1 w d\btless nev] be 9 m5's p[]2 b x is conceivable t at "s p]haps n v remote epo*1 anticipations may be =m$ some:at l ^? :i* a/ronom]s are able to make respect+ ! recurr5ce ( meteoric %[]s at p>ticul> times & seasons1 & visible 9 p>ticul> regions4 ,already we "k s mu* z ?is1 t 9 c]ta9 races ( m5 only c special =ms ( m5tal en]gy1 l special bodily *>act]i/ics1 be expect$ to appe>4 ,x may well be t h]eaft] su* anticipations may be limit$ to special gr\ps ( families4 ,:5 we pass f m5tal to moral qualities1 we f9d ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( problems :i* c\ld n be ?or\ghly dealt ) 9 ^! pages4 ,! g5]al "q1 h[ f> ! moral *>act]i/ics ( ea* p]son born into ! _w dep5ds on ^? ( ! p>5ts1 or m g5]ally ( ! ance/ry1 is "o involv+ _m consid]ations :i*1 p]haps un=tunately1 h be5 associat$ ) religi\s que/ions4 ,& ap>t f ?is1 ! answ]s to ?is "q h be5 f\nd to h a v wide range--f ! op9ion ( ^? :o 7l ,miss ,m>t9eau7 consid] t our *>act]s1 ev5 :]e !y seem to und]go *anges result+ f ! ex]cise ( w1 are entirely due to inh]itance1 to ! view ( ^? :o consid]1 l ,he9ro?1 t no moral *>act]i/ic c possibly be reg>d$ z inh]it$ 9 su* sort z to modify ei!r responsibility = evil-do+ or cr$it = well-do+4 ,probably mo/ w be cont5t to accept a view betwe5 ^! extremes1 )\t too nicely consid]+ h[ f> moral responsibility is affect$ by ! influ5ce ( inh]it$ t5d5cies4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s illu/rations relat+ to exceptional habits1 :i* may be m5tion$ "h )\t br++ 9 ! g5]al "q4 ,i h n ref]r$ to insanity 9 speak+ ( inh]it$ m5tal qualities1 because insanity mu/ be reg>d$ z a disease ( ! moral r ?an ( ! m5tal nature4 ,its orig9 may be 9 ! m9d1 z ! orig9 ( m5tal diseases is 9 ! bra91 t is1 is 9 ! body2 b ! pr9cipal manife/ations ( insanity1 ^? :i* mu/ guide u 9 det]m9+ its true position1 are unque/ionably ^? relat+ to moral habitudes4 ,insanity is n always1 or at lea/ n always demon/rably h]$it>y4 ,esquirol f\nd among #a1cge lunatics #ccg unque/ionable cases ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,guisla9 & o!rs reg>d h]$it>y lunacy z includ+1 r\ghly1 "o-f\r? ( ! cases ( insanity4 ,moreau & o!rs hold t ! proportion is great]4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t m5tal ali5ation is n ! only =m 9 :i* ! insanity ( an ance/or may manife/ itself4 ,dr4 ,morel gives ! foll[+ in/ructive illu/ration ( ! 'v>i$ & odd complications occurr+ 9 ! h]$it>y transmission ( n]v\s disease4' ,he att5d$ f\r bro!rs belong+ to "o family4 ,! gr&fa!r ( ^! *ildr5 _h di$ insane2 _! fa!r _h nev] be5 able to cont9ue long at any?+2 _! uncle1 a man ( great intellect & a di/+ui%$ physician1 0 not$ = 8 ecc5tricities4 ,n[ ^! f\r *ildr51 sprung f "o /ock1 pres5t$ v diff]5t =ms ( physical disord]4 ,"o ( !m 0 a maniac1 ^: wild p>oxysms occurr$ p]iodically4 ,! disord] ( ! second 0 melan*oly madness2 he 0 r$uc$ by 8 /upor to a m]ely automatic condition4 ,! ?ird 0 *>act]is$ by an extreme irascibility & suicidal disposition4 ,! f\r? manife/$ a /rong lik+ = art2 b he 0 ( a timor\s & suspici\s nature4 ,?is /ory seems 9 "s degree to give support to ! !ory t g5ius & m5tal ab]ration are n altoge!r ali52 t1 9 fact1 ,great wit to madness ne>ly is alli$1 ,& ?9 p>titions d _! b\nds divide4 ,( ! h]$it>y transmission ( idiotcy we naturally h n ! same k9d ( evid5ce4 ,madness (t51 if n g5]ally1 comes on or %[s itself late 9 life1 :]eas idiotcy is n (t5 develop$ 9 ! adult4 ,insanity is ! diseas$ or weak5$ condition ( a m9d possess+ all ! ord9>y ?9k+ faculties2 idiotcy implies t "s ( ^! faculties are altoge!r want+4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 by ! way1 t idiotcy is a product ( civilisation4 ,! civilis$ 'pres5t1 z peoples1' says ,dr4 ,duncan1 'indications ( defective vital =ce1 :i* are n witness$ among ^? human be+s t live 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ rott5 9 "s p>ts ( our boa/$ civilisation3 & n only a some?+ :i* has to d ) our psy*ology1 b a great deal m ) our p[] ( physical p]si/5ce4 ,x is a fact t ! type ( ! p]fect m9d$1 j above ! highe/ idiots1 or ! simpletons1 is m di/+ui%able among/ ! mo/ civilis$ ( ! civilis$ ?an among ^? :o are ! s-call$ *ildr5 ( nature4 ,dolts1 boobies1 /upids1 et hoc g5us omne1 ab\nd 9 "y ,saxondom2 b _! repres5tatives are r>e among/ ! tribes t are sl[ly disappe>+ be=e ! :ite man4' ,b x seems b>ely possible t ! diff]5ce may be due to ! c>e ) :i* civilis$ communities int]f]e to prev5t ! elim9ation ( idiot infants by ! summ>y process ( de/roy+ !m4 ,! writ] f :om ,i h j quot$ ref]s to ! fact t1 ev5 "u ! ,roman ,empire1 z dur+ ! ,republic1 idiots 7 look$ ^u z 'useless entities by ! practical ,roman4' ,!y _h no sanctity 9 8 eyes1 & h5ce _! probable r>ity2 d\btless ! un=tunate *ildr5 7 neglect$1 & !re is mu* reason = believ+ t !y 7 'expos$4' ',a cong5ital idiot soon beg9s to give tr\ble1' proce$s ,dr4 ,duncan1 '& to excite unusual att5tion2 &1 moreov]1 unless extra c>e is giv5 to x1 dea? is sure to ensue 9 e>ly *ildhood4' ,may n idiot *ildr5 9 savage communities h an ev5 worse *ance ( survival ?an "u ! ,roman ,empire8 & may n dolts1 boobies1 & /upids1 et hoc g5us omne1 among savages1 h su* inf]ior *ances 9 ! infant9e & lat] 9 ! adult /ruggle = exi/5ce1 t we may expla9 ?us ! comp>ative r>ity ( ^! v>ieties 9 savage communities8 ,x c]ta9ly does n seem to h be5 prov$ z yet t civilisation p] se is fav\rable to ! developm5t ( insanity4 ,! lik+ = /rong dr9k1 z is too well kn[n1 is (t5 transmitt$4 ,x is rem>k$ by ,dr4 ,h[e t '! *ildr5 ( drunk>ds are defici5t 9 bodily & vital en]gy1 & are pr$ispos$ by _! v organisation to h crav+s = alcoholic /imulants4 ,if !y pursue ! c\rse ( _! fa!rs1 :i* !y h m temptation to foll[ & less p[] to avoid ?an ! *ildr5 ( ! temp]ate1 !y add to _! h]$it>y weakness1 & increase ! t5d5cy to idiotcy or insanity 9 _! con/itution2 & ?is !y leave to _! *ildr5 aft] !m4' ,:atev] op9ion we may =m on ! g5]al "q ( responsibility = (f5ces ( commission or ( omission1 on ?is special po9t all :o are acqua9t$ ) ! facts mu/ agree1 admitt+ t 9 "s cases ( inh]it$ crav+ = alcoholic /imulants ! responsibility ( ^? :o h fail$ & fall5 9 ! /ruggle has be5 b small4 ',! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & ! *ildr5's tee? are set on edge4' ,rob]t ,colly] ( ,*icago1 9 8 noble s]mon ',! ,?orn 9 ! ,fle%1' has well said1 ',9 ! f>-rea*+ influ5ces t g to e life1 & away backw>d z c]ta9ly z =w>d1 *ildr5 are sometimes born ) appetites fatally /rong 9 _! nature4 ,z !y gr[ up ! appetite gr[s ) !m1 & spe$ily becomes a ma/]1 ! ma/] a tyrant2 & by ! "t he arrives at manhood1 ! man is a slave4 ,i he>d a man say t = eight-&-tw5ty ye>s ! s\l )9 him _h _h to /& l an unsleep+ s5t9el1 gu>d+ 8 appetite = /rong dr9k4 ,to be a man at la/ "u su* a disadvantage1 n to m5tion a sa9t1 is z f9e a piece ( grace z c well be se54 ,!re is no doctr9e t dem&s a l>g] vision ?an ?is ( ! depravity ( human nature4 ,old ,dr4 ,mason us$ to say t z mu* grace z w\ld make ,john a sa9t1 w\ld h>dly keep ,pet] f knock+ a man d[n4' ,!re are "s curi\s /ories ( special vices transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild1 :i*1 if true1 are exce$+ly significant1 to say ! lea/4#ai ,gama ,ma*ado relates t a lady ) :om he 0 acqua9t$1 :o possess$ a l>ge =tune1 _h a passion = gambl+ & pass$ :ole nights at play4 ',%e di$ "y1' he proce$s1 '( a pulmon>y compla9t4 ,h] elde/ son :o 0 9 appe>ance ! image ( 8 "m1 _h ! same passion = play4 ,he di$ ( consumption l 8 "m1 & at ! same age2 8 daught] :o resembl$ him1 inh]it$ ! same ta/es1 & di$ "y4' ,h]$it>y pr$isposition to !ft1 murd]1 & suicide1 has be5 demon/rat$ 9 sev]al cases4 ,b ! _w at l>ge is naturally indispos$ to recognise cong5ital t5d5cy to crime z l>gely dim9i%+ responsibility = (f5ces or attempt$ (f5ces ( ?is k9d4 ,s f> z ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! community are conc]n$1 ! demon/rat$ fact t a ?ief or murd]] has inh]it$ 8 unpleasant t5d5cy %\ld be a raison de plus = prev5t+ ! t5d5cy f be+ transmitt$ any f>!r4 ,9 /amp+ out ! h]$it>y ruffian or rascal by life imprisonm5t1 we n only get rid ( ! 'gr[n s]p5t' b ( ! worm :i* ,ha? nature t 9 "t w\ld v5om bre$4 ,an illu/ration ( ! policy at lea/ 7we d n say ! ju/ice7 ( prev5tive measures 9 su* cases1 is %[n 9 ! case ( a woman 9 ,am]ica1 ( :om ! _w may fairly say :at ,fa!r ,paul rem>k$ to g5tle ,alice ,br[n2 x 'nev] knew s crim9al a family z h]s4' ,a "y woman ( rem>kably deprav$ "*1 infe/$1 "s sev5ty ye>s s9ce1 ! di/rict ( ! ,upp] ,hudson4 ,at "o /age ( h] y\? %e n>r[ly1 & some:at un=tunately1 escap$ dea?4 ,surviv+1 h[ev]1 %e bore _m *ildr51 :o 9 turn _h l>ge families1 insomu* t !re are n[ "s eighty direct desc5dants1 ( :om "o-f\r? are convict$ crim9als1 :il/ ! re/ are drunk>ds1 lunatics1 paup]s1 & o!rwise undesirable memb]s ( ! community4 ,) facts su* z ^! be=e u1 we _c d\bt t 9 :atev] degree v>iability may elim9ate aft] a:ile peculi> m5tal or moral t5d5cies1 ^! are (t5 transmitt$ = _m g5]ations be=e !y die out4 ,if x be unsafe to argue t ! responsibility ( ^? inh]it+ special *>act]i/ics is dim9i%$1 ! duties ( o!rs t[>ds !m may ju/ly be consid]$ to be modifi$4 ,o!r duties ?an ! m]e p]sonal control ( t5d5cies :i* m5 may recognise 9 !mselves are also introduc$4 ,if a man f9ds )9 himself an inh]5t t5d5cy t[>ds "s s91 :i* yet he utt]ly dete/s1 insomu* t :ile ! _s is will+ ! fle% is weak or p]*ance utt]ly p[]less1 he mu/ recognise 9 8 own life a /ruggle too pa9ful & too hopeless to be h&$ d[n to o!rs4 ,z reg>ds our relations to families 9 :i* crim9al t5d5cies h be5 develop$1 ei!r ?r\gh ! neglig5ce ( ^? ar\nd 7z 9 c]ta9 d5s 9 ,london :]e = c5turies crime has sw>m$ & multipli$71 or by un=tunate alliances1 we may 'p]ceive "h a divid$ duty4' ,x has be5 rem>k$ t 'we d n set ourselves to tra9 tig]s & wolves into peaceful dome/ic animals2 we seek to extirpate !m1' & ! "q has be5 ask$1 ':y %\ld we act o!rwise ) be+s1 :o1 if human 9 =m1 are worse ?an wild bea/s8' ',to educate ! son ( a g>ott] or a corn]-man into an av]age ,engli%man1' may be 'ab\t z promis+ a task z to tra9 "o ( ! latt] into a ,newton or a ,milton4' ,b we mu/ n too quickly despair ( a task :i* may be reg>d$ z a duty inh]it$ f ^? :o 9 pa/ g5]ations neglect$ x4 ,!re is no hope ( ! rev]sion ( tig] or wolf to less savage types1 =1 f> back z we c trace _! ance/ry1 we f9d !m savage ( nature4 ,) our crim9al families ! case is n s utt]ly hopeless4 ,extirpation be+ impossible 7?\gh easily talk$ (7 )\t inju/ice :i* w\ld be ! p>5t ( f> great] tr\bles ev5 ?an our crim9al classes br+ ^u u1 we %\ld consid] ! elem5ts ( hope :i* ! problem unque/ionably af=ds4 ,by mak+ x ! manife/ int]e/ ( our crim9al population to scatt]1 or1 fail+ t1 by leav+ !m no *oice 9 ! matt]1 ! poison 9 _! blood may be=e _m g5]ations be eradicat$1 n by wide-spread+ m]ely1 b because ( ! circum/ance t only ! bett] sort among !m w\ld h 7:5 scatt]$7 mu* *ance ( re>+ families z well z ( escap+ imprisonm5t4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ae3 ,x is said by ,ribot t ( all ! features ! nose is ! "o :i* h]$ity pres]ves be/4 ,footnote #af3 ,%akspe>e1 :o 0 bald "y 7&1 s f> z "o c judge f 8 portraits1 _h a good set ( tee?71 sugge/s a correlation betwe5 hair9ess & want ( wit1 :i* is at lea/ likely to be reg>d$ by ^? :o 'we> 8 baldness :ile !y're "y' z a s\nd !ory4 ',:y1' asks ,antipholus ( ,syracuse1 'is ,"t su* a nigg>d ( hair1 be+1 z x is1 s pl5tiful an excrem5t8' ',because1' says ,dromio ( ,syracuse1 'x is a bless+ t he be/[s on bea/s2 & :at he ha? scant$ m5 9 hair he ha? giv5 !m 9 wit4' ,footnote #ag3 ,:ile p5n+ ! above l9es ,i h be5 rem9d$ ( an exp]i5ce ( my own1 :i* ,i _h nev] be=e ?\ght ( z connect$ ) ! subject ( h]$ity2 yet x seems n unlikely t x may be reg>d$ z a case 9 po9t4 ,dur+ ! infancy ( my elde/ son x s *anc$ t ! "q ( re/ at night1 & consequ5tly ! "q ( f9d+ "s conv5i5t way ( keep+ ! *ild quiet1 became "o ( consid]able int]e/ to me4 ,cradle-rock+ 0 effective b c>ri$ on 9 ! usual way prev5t$ my own sleep1 ?\gh caus+ ! *ild to sleep4 ,i devis$1 h[ev]1 a way ( rock+ ! cradle ) ! foot1 :i* c\ld be c>ri$ on 9 my sleep1 aft] a few nights' practice4 ,n[ x is an odd co9cid5ce 7only1 p]haps7 t ! writ]'s next *ild1 a girl1 _h :ile /ill an infant a trick :i* ,i h notic$ 9 no o!r case4 ,%e w\ld rock h]self 9 ! cradle by ?r[+ ! "r leg ov] ! left at regul> int]vals1 ! sw+ ( ! cradle be+ /eadily kept up = _m m9utes1 & be+ q z wide 9 range z a nurse c\ld h giv54 ,x 0 (t5 cont9u$ :5 ! *ild 0 asleep4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,i h le>n$ f my elde/ daught]1 ! girl :o z a *ild _h ! habit describ$1 t a rec5t little bro!r ( h]s1 "o ( tw9s1 & rem>kably l h]1 _h ! same habit1 rock+ 8 own cradle s vigor\sly z to di/urb h] 9 ! next room ) ! noise4 ,^! two only ( twelve *ildr5 h _h ?is curi\s habit2 b z ?is *ild is ?irte5 ye>s y\ng] ?an %e is1 ! =ce ( ! co9cid5ce 9 po9t ( "t is to "s degree impair$4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see my ,sci5ce ,byeways1 p4 #ccg et seq4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! foll[+ /atem5t f ! rese>*es ( ,br[n-,sequ>d seems well wor? not+ 9 ?is connection3--',9 ! c\rse ( 8 ma/]ly exp]im5tal inve/igations into ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em he discov]$ t1 aft] a p>ticul> lesion ( ! sp9al cord ( gu9ea-pigs1 a slight p9*+ ( ! sk9 ( ! face w\ld ?r[ ! animal into a k9d ( epileptic convulsion4 ,t ?is artificial epilepsy %\ld be con/antly producible 9 gu9ea-pigs1 & n 9 any o!r animals exp]im5t$ on1 0 9 itself suffici5tly s+ul>2 & x 0 n less surpris+ t ! t5d5cy to x p]si/$ aft] ! lesion ( ! sp9al cord seem$ to h be5 entirely recov]$ f4 ,b x 0 f> m wond]ful t ! (fspr+ ( ^! epileptic gu9ea-pigs %[$ ! same pr$isposition1 )\t hav+ be5 !mselves subject$ to any lesion :atev]2 :il/ no su* t5d5cy %[$ itself 9 any ( ! l>ge numb] ( "y br$ by ! same accurate obs]v] f p>5ts t _h n ?us be5 op]at$ on4' ,,bodily ,,illness ,,z ,a ,,m5tal ,,/imulant4 ,dur+ special /ates ( disease ! m9d sometimes develops faculties su* z x does n possess :5 ! body is 9 full heal?4 ,"s ( ! abnormal qualities ?us exhibit$ by ! m9d seem /rik+ly sugge/ive ( ! possible acquisition by ! human race ( simil> p[]s "u ord9>y conditions4 ,= ?is reason1 ?\gh we fe> !re is no likelihood at pres5t ( any practical application ( ! k we may obta9 on ?is subject1 x seems to me t !re is consid]able int]e/ 9 exam9+ ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! /range p[]s :i* ! m9d occasionally %[s dur+ diseases ( ! body1 & especially dur+ su* diseases z are said1 9 unsci5tific b expressive language1 to l[] ! tone ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,we may beg9 by cit+ a case :i* seems exce$+ly significant4 ,miss ,h4 ,m>t9eau relates t a cong5ital idiot1 :o _h lo/ 8 "m :5 he 0 less ?an two ye>s old1 :5 dy+1 'sudd5ly turn$ 8 head1 look$ bright & s5sible1 & exclaim$1 9 a tone nev] he>d f him be=e1 ,oh my "m6 h[ beautiful6 & sank d[n aga9--dead4' ,dr4 ,c>p5t] cites ?is z a case ( abnormal memory1 illu/rat+ 8 !sis t ! basis ( recollection 'may be laid at a v e>ly p]iod ( life4' ,b ! /ory seems to conta9 a deep] mean+4 ,! poor idiot n only recall$ a long-pa/ "t1 a face t he _h n se5 = ye>s except 9 dreams1 b he ga9$ = a mom5t a degree ( intellig5ce :i* he _h n possess$ :5 9 heal?4 ,! quality ( 8 bra9 0 su*1 x appe>s1 t ) ! ord9>y activity ( ! circulation1 ! ord9>y vitality ( ! organ1 m5tal action 0 unc]ta9 & feeble2 b :5 ! circulation _h all b ceas$1 :5 ! n]v\s p[]s 7 all b pro/rate1 ! feeble bra91 ?\gh x may h become no /rong] actually1 became relatively /rong]1 9 su* sort t = ! "t specifi$1 a m]e mom5t be=e dissolution1 ! idiot became an intellig5t be+4 ,a some:at simil> case is on record 9 :i* an insane p]son1 dur+ t /age ( typhus fev] 9 :i* sane p]sons are apt to become deliri\s1 became p]fectly sane & reasonable1 8 insanity return+ ) return+ heal?4 ,p]sons ( /ronge/ m9d 9 heal? are (t5 deliri\s = a %ort "t be=e dea?4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! idiot 9 ! same /age ( approa*+ dissolution may become intellig5t1 :ile ! insane may become sane "u ! conditions :i* make ! sane become deliri\s1 we recognise a relation%ip betwe5 ! m5tal & bodily /ates :i* might be ( consid]able use 9 ! treatm5t ( m5tal diseases4 ,x may well be t conditions ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* are to be avoid$ by p]sons ( normal m5tal qualities may be advantage\sly sup]9duc$ 9 ! case ( ^? ( abnormally weak or abnormally viol5t m9d4 ,x is notewor?y t diff]5t conditions w\ld seem to be necess>y = ! idiotic & = ! insane1 if ! cases cit$ suffic$ to af=d basis = g5]alisation4 ,= ! idiot ( ,miss ,m>t9eau's /ory became intellig5t dur+ ! int5se depression ( ! bodily p[]s imm$iately prec$+ dissolution1 :]eas ! insane p]son became sane dur+ t height ( fev] :5 delirium commonly makes its appe>ance4 ,sir ,h4 ,holl& m5tions a case :i* %[s t great bodily depression may affect a p]son ( ord9>y cle> & p[]ful m9d4 ',i desc5d$ on "o & ! same day1' he says1 'two v deep m9es 9 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 rema9+ "s h\rs "u gr\nd 9 ea*4 ,:ile 9 ! second m9e1 & exhau/$ bo? f fatigue & inanition1 ,i felt ! utt] impossibility ( talk+ long] ) ! ,g]man ,inspector :o accompani$ me4 ,e ,g]man ^w & phrase des]t$ my recollection2 & x 0 n until ,i _h tak5 food & w9e1 & be5 "s "t at re/1 t ,i rega9$ !m aga94' ,a *ange 9 ! m5tal condition is sometimes a sign ( approa*+ s]i\s illness1 & is felt to be s by ! p]son exp]i5c+ x4 ,an ,am]ican writ]1 ,mr4 ,butt]wor?1 quotes ! foll[+ description giv5 by a ne> relative ( 8 :o 0 suff]+ f extreme n]v\s debility4 ',i am 9 con/ant fe> ( insanity1' %e said1 '& ,i wi% ,i c\ld be mov$ to "s retreat = ! insane4 ,i und]/& my condition p]fectly2 my reason does n seem to be impair$2 b ,i c ?9k ( two ?+s at ! same "t4 ,?is is an indication ( m5tal uns\ndness1 & is a t]ror to me4 ,i d n seem to h slept at all = ! la/ six mon?s4 ,if ,i sleep1 x mu/ be 9 a succession ( vivid dreams t de/roy all impression ( somnol5ce4 ,s9ce ,i h be5 9 ?is condition ,i seem to h a v vivid impression ( :at happ5s to my *ildr5 :o are away f home1 & ,i am (t5 />tl$ to he> t ^! impressions are correct4 ,i seem to h also a c]ta9 p[] ( anticipat+ :at "o is ab\t to say1 & to read ! motives ( o!rs4 ,i take no pleasure 9 ?is /range increase ( m5tal p[]2 x is all unnatural4 ,i _c live 9 ?is /ate long1 & ,i (t5 wi% ,i 7 dead4' ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t p]sons :o are 9 a /ate ( extreme n]v\s debility1 n only possess at times abnormal m5tal qualities1 b are also affect$ morally4 ,z ,huxley has well rem>k$ ( "s /ories be>+ on spiritualism1 !y come f p]sons :o c h>dly be tru/$ ev5 accord+ to _! own acc\nt ( !mselves4 ,mr4 ,butt]wor?'s relation describ$ a m5tal condition :i*1 ev5 if q correctly pictur$ z %e und]/ood x1 may yet be expla9$ )\t believ+ t any v m>vell\s increase _h tak5 place 9 h] m5tal p[]s4 ,among ! vivid impressions :i* %e con/antly _h ( :at might be happ5+ to h] *ildr5 away f home1 x w\ld h be5 /range if "s _h n be5 correct4 ,! p[] ( anticipat+ :at o!rs 7 ab\t to say is "o :i* _m imag9e !y h1 mi/ak+ ! occasional co9cid5ce betwe5 _! guesses & :at has be5 next said1 = indications ( a p[] :i* 9 reality !y d n possess4 ,& s also ) reg>d to ! motives ( o!rs4 ,_m are apt1 especially :5 out ( heal?1 to guess at o!rs' motives1 sometimes rightly1 b (t5] v wrongly1 yet always rightly 9 _! own belief1 no matt] :at evid5ce may pres5tly appe> to ! contr>y4 ,! case cit$ by ,mr4 ,butt]wor? af=ds evid5ce r ( ! unheal?y condition ( ! pati5t's m9d ?an ( abnormal p[]s1 except z reg>ds ! p[] ( ?9k+ ( two ?+s at ! same "t1 :i* we may fairly assume 0 n ord9>ily possess$ by its relative4 ,x is r difficult to def9e su* a p[]1 h[ev]4 ,sev]al p]sons h app>5tly possess$ ! p[]1 %[+ x by do+ two ?+s at ! same "t :i* bo? appe> to require ?\ght1 & ev5 close att5tion4 ,julius ,cs>1 = example1 c\ld write on "o subject & dictate on ano!r simultane\sly4 ,b 9 reality1 ev5 9 cases su* z ^!1 ! m9d does n ?9k ( two ?+s at once4 ,x simply takes !m 9 turn1 do+ en\gh ) ea*1 9 a %ort "t1 a m]e in/ant1 p]haps1 to give "w to ! p5 or to ! voice1 z ! case may be1 = a long] "t4 ,:5 ,cs> 0 writ+ a s5t5ce1 he 0 n necess>ily ?9k+ ( :at he 0 writ+4 ,he _h done ! ?9k+ "p ( ! "w be=e2 & 0 free1 :ile cont9u+ ! m]e me*anical process ( writ+1 to ?9k ( matt] = dictation to 8 secret>y4 ,s also :ile he 0 speak+ he 0 free to ?9k ( matt] = writ+4 ,if1 inde$1 ! ?\ght = ea* s5t5ce ( ei!r k9d _h occupi$ an appreciable "t1 !re w\ld h be5 int]ruptions ( 8 writ+1 if n ( 8 dictation 7dictation is n commonly a cont9u\s process "u any circum/ances1 ev5 :5 %or?& writ]s take d[n ! words74 ,b a practis$ writ] or speak] c 9 a mom5t =m a s5t5ce :i* %all occupy a m9ute 9 writ+ & sev]al seconds 9 speak+4 ,i c]ta9ly d n myself claim ! p[] ( ?9k+ ( two ?+s at once1--nay1 ,i believe t no "o ev] _h or c\ld h su* a p[]3 yet ,i f9d x p]fectly easy1 :5 lectur+1 to arrange ! plan = ! next t5 m9utes' exposition ( a sci5tific subject1 & to adopt ! words !mselves = ! next tw5ty seconds or s1 :ile cont9u+ to speak )\t ! lea/ int]ruption4 ,i c also "w out a calculation on ! black-bo>d :ile cont9u+ to speak ( matt]s outside ! subject ( ! calculation4 ,x is m a matt] ( habit ?an an indication ( any m5tal p[]1 natural or acquir$1 to speak or write s5t5ces2 ev5 ( consid]able l5g?1 aft] ! m9d has pass$ on to o!r matt]s4 ,9 a simil> way "s p]sons c write diff]5t words ) ! "r & left h&s1 & ?is1 too1 :ile speak+ ( o!r matt]s4 7,i h se5 ?is done by ,pr(essor ,morse1 ! ,am]ican naturali/1 ^: two h&s add$ words to ! diagrams he _h drawn :ile 8 voice dealt ) o!r p>ts ( ! draw+3 to add to ! wond]1 too1 he wrote ! words indiff]5tly f "r to left or f left to "r47 ,9 reality ! p]son :o ?us does two ?+s at once is no m ?9k+ ( two ?+s at once ?an a clock is1 :5 ! /rik+ & ! work+ ma*9]y are bo? 9 action at ! same "t4#bj ,z an illu/ration ( special m5tal p[] %[n 9 heal?1 by a p]son ^: m5tal condition 9 illness we %all consid] aft]w>ds1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott may be m5tion$4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by 8 amanu5sis has seem$ surpris+ to _m1 unfamili> ) ! nature ( lit]>y composition 7at lea/ aft] long practice71 b is 9 reality su* z anyone :o writes mu* c q readily und]/&1 or might ev5 h kn[n mu/ necess>ily be correct4 ',8 ?\ghts1' says ! secret>y to :om ,scott dictat$ 8 ,life ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te1 'fl[$ easily & felicit\sly1 )\t any difficulty to lay hold ( !m or to f9d appropriate language' 7:i*1 by ! way1 is m ?an all w\ld say :o _h read ,scott's ,life ( ,buonap>te1 & c]ta9ly m ?an c be said ( 8 secret>y1 unless x really 0 a famili> exp]i5ce ) him to be unable to lay hold ( 8 ?\ghts74 ',?is 0 evid5t by ! abs5ce ( all solicitude 7mis]ia cogit&i7 f 8 c\nt5ance4 ,he sat 9 8 *air1 f :i* he rose n[ & !n1 took a volume f ! book-case1 consult$ x1 & re/or$ x to ! %elf--all )\t int]mission 9 ! curr5t ( ideas1 :i* cont9u$ to be deliv]$ ) no less read9ess ?an if 8 m9d _h be5 :olly occupi$ ) ! words he 0 utt]+4 ,x soon became app>5t to me1 h[ev]1 t he 0 c>ry+ on two di/9ct tra9s ( ?\ght1 "o ( :i* 0 already arrang$ & 9 ! act ( be+ spok51 :ile at ! same "t he 0 9 advance1 consid]+ :at 0 aft]w>ds to be said4 ,?is ,i discov]$' 7he %\ld r h said1 '?is ,i 0 l$ to inf]'7 'by 8 sometimes introduc+ a ^w :i* 0 :olly out ( place--ent]ta9$ in/ead ( d5i$1 = example--b :i* ,i pres5tly f\nd to belong to ! next s5t5ce1 p]haps f\r or five l9es fur!r on1 :i* he _h be5 prep>+ at ! v mom5t :5 he gave me ! words ( ! "o t prec$$ x4' ,9 ! same way ,i h (t5 unconsci\sly sub/itut$ "o ^w = ano!r 9 lectur+1 ! ^w us$ always belong+ to a lat] s5t5ce ?an ! ^w int5d$ to be us$4 ,i h notic$ also ?is peculi>ity1 t :5 a sub/itution ( ?is k9d has be5 once made1 an ef=t is requir$ to avoid repeat+ ! mi/ake1 ev5 if x be n repeat$ q unconsci\sly to ! end ( ! disc\rse4 ,9 ?is way1 = example1 ,i once ?r\gh\t an entire lecture us$ ! ^w 'heav5s' = ! ^w 'scre5' 7! scre5 on :i* lant]n pictures 7 %[n74 ,a simil> peculi>ity may be notic$ ) writt5 errors4 ,?us 9 my treatise on a sci5tific subject1 9 :i* ! utmo/ c>e _h be5 giv5 to m9ute po9ts ( detail1 ,i once wrote 'seconds' = 'm9utes' ?r\gh\t sev]al pages--9 fact1 f ! place :]e fir/ ! error 0 made1 to ! end ( ! *apt]4 7,see ! fir/ edition ( my ,transits ( ,v5us1 pp4 #aca-acf1 not+ z an additional peculi>ity t ! :ole object ( ! *apt] 9 :i* ?is mi/ake 0 made 0 to %[ h[ _m m9utes ( diff]5ce exi/$ betwe5 ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 ev5ts47 ,an ev5 m curi\s in/ance ( a mi/ake aris+ f do+ "o ?+ :ile ?9k+ ( ano!r occurr$ to me f\rte5 ye>s ago4 ,i 0 correct+ ! pro(-%eets ( an a/ronomical treatise 9 :i* occurr$ ^! words3 ',call+ ! mean di/ance ( ! e>? #a1 ,saturn's mean di/ance is #ieci2 aga91 call+ ! e>?'s p]iod #a1 ,saturn's mean p]iod is #bideg3--n[ :at relation exi/s betwe5 ^! numb]s #ieci & #bideg & _! p[]s8 ,! fir/ is less ?an ! second1 b ! squ>e ( ! fir/ is pla9ly great] ?an ! second2 we mu/ !re=e try high] p[]s1 c4 c4' ,! passage 0 q correct z x /ood1 & if ! two processes by :i* ,i 0 correct+ v]bal errors & foll[+ ! s5se ( ! passage _h be5 really cont9u\s processes ( ?\ght1 unque/ionably ! passage w\ld h be5 left alone4 ,if ! passage _h be5 errone\s & _h be5 simply left 9 t condition ! case w\ld h be5 "o only too famili> to ^? :o h _h occasion to correct pro(s4 ,b :at ,i actually did 0 delib]ately to make nons5se ( ! passage :ile improv+ ! s\nd ( ! second s5t5ce4 ,i made x run1 '! fir/ is less ?an ! second1 b ! squ>e ( ! fir/ is pla9ly great] ?an ! squ>e ( ! second1' ! absurdity ( :i* /atem5t a *ild w\ld detect4 ,if ! fir/ pro( 9 its correct =m1 ) ! incorrect correction c>efully writt5 d[n 9 ! m>g91 _h n exi/$ :51 sev]al mon?s lat]1 ! error 0 po9t$ out 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,i %\ld h felt sure t ,i _h writt5 ! words wrongly at ! outset4 ,= blund]s su* z ?is are common en\gh4 ,b t ,i %\ld delib]ately h tak5 a correctly word$ s5t5ce & alt]$ x into utt] absurdity ,i c\ld n1 b = ! evid5ce1 h believ$ to be possible4 ,! case pla9ly %[s t n only may two ?+s be done at once :5 ! m9d1 nev]!less1 is ?9k+ only ( "o1 b t some?+ may be done :i* sugge/s delib]ate reflection :5 9 reality ! m9d is else:]e or n occupi$ at all4 ,= 9 ?is case bo? ! processes on :i* ,i 0 engag$ 7 manife/ly c>ri$ on )\t ?\ght1 "o be+ purely me*anical & ! o!r1 ?\gh requir+ ?\ght if prop]ly att5d$ to1 be+ s imp]fectly effect$ z to %[ t no ?\ght 0 giv5 to x4 ,to return to ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,x is kn[n b too well t dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life !re came ) bodily pro/ration a great b n con/ant failure ( 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,"s ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ dur+ ?is "p ( 8 c>e] are /rik+ly illu/rative ( abnormal m5tal action occurr+ ev5 at times :5 ! m5tal p[] is on ! :ole mu* weak5$4 ,! ,bride ( ,lamm]moor1 ?\gh n "o ( ! be/ ( ,scott's novels1 is c]ta9ly f> above su* works z ,c\nt ,rob]t ( ,p>is1 ,! ,betro!d1 & ,ca/le ,dang]\s4 ,its popul>ity may p]haps be attribut$ *iefly to ! deep int]e/ ( ! 'ow] true tale' on :i* x is f\nd$3 b "s ( ! *>act]s are pa9t$ ) exce$+ skill4 ,lucy h]self is almo/ a non5tity1 & ,edg> is little m ?an a gloomy1 unpleasant man1 made int]e/+ only by ! tr\bles :i* fall on him4 ,b ,caleb ,bald]/one & ,ailsie ,g\rlay /& out f ! canvas z if alive2 !y are z lifelike & natural1 yet z ?or\ghly individualis$ z ,edie ,o*iltree & ,meg ,m]rilies4 ,! novel nei!r sugge/$ :5 x fir/ appe>$1 nor has be5 reg>d$ ev5 aft] ! facts became kn[n1 z sugge/+ t ,scott1 :5 he wrote x1 0 9 bad heal?4 ,yet x 0 produc$ "u pressure ( sev]e illness1 & :5 ,scott 0 at lea/ 9 ?is s5se unconsci\s1 t no?+ ( :at he said & did 9 connection ) ! "w 0 rememb]$ :5 he recov]$4 ',! book1' says ,james ,ballantyne1 '0 n only writt51 b publi%$1 be=e ,mr4 ,scott 0 able to rise f 8 b$2 & he assur$ me t :5 x 0 fir/ put into 8 h&s 9 a complete %ape1 he did n recollect "o s+le incid5t1 "*1 or conv]sation x conta9$6 ,he did n desire me to und]/&1 nor did ,i und]/&1 t 8 illness _h eras$ f 8 memory ! orig9al incid5ts ( ! /ory1 ) :i* he _h be5 acqua9t$ f 8 boyhood4 ,^! rema9$ root$ :]e !y _h ev] be52 or1 to speak m explicitly1 he rememb]$ ! g5]al facts ( ! exi/5ce ( ! fa!r & "m1 ( ! son & daught]1 ( ! rival lov]s1 ( ! compulsory m>riage1 & ! attack made by ! bride ^u ! hapless bridegroom1 ) ! g5]al cata/rophe ( ! :ole4 ,all ^! ?+s he recollect$1 j z he did be=e he took to 8 b$2 b he lit]ally recollect$ no?+ else--n a s+le "* wov5 by ! romanc]1 n "o ( ! _m sc5es & po9ts ( hum\r1 n any?+ ) :i* he 0 himself connect$1 z ! writ] ( ! "w4 ,lat]1 :5 ,scott 0 break+ d[n "u sev]e & long-cont9u$ lab\r1 & fir/ felt ! approa* ( ! illness :i* ultimately end$ 9 dea?1 he exp]i5c$ /range m5tal ph5om5a4 ,9 8 di>y = ,febru>y #ag1 #ahbi1 he notes t on ! prec$+ day1 at d9n]1 ?\gh 9 company ) two or ?ree old fri5ds1 he 0 haunt$ by 'a s5se ( pre-exi/5ce1' a confus$ idea t no?+ t pass$ 0 said = ! fir/ "t2 t ! same topics _h be5 discuss$1 & t ! same p]sons _h express$ ! same op9ions be=e4 ',!re 0 a vile s5se ( a want ( reality 9 all t ,i did or said4' ,dr4 ,reynolds relat$ to ,dr4 ,c>p5t] a case 9 :i* a ,diss5t+ m9i/]1 :o 0 9 app>5tly s\nd heal?1 0 r5d]$ appreh5sive ( bra9-disease--?\gh1 z x seem$1 )\t occasion--by a lapse ( memory simil> to t exp]i5c$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,he 'w5t ?r\gh an entire pulpit s]vice on a c]ta9 ,sunday morn+ ) ! mo/ p]fect consi/5cy--8 *oice ( hymns & lessons1 & 8 extempore pray] be+ all relat$ to ! subject ( 8 s]mon4 ,on ! foll[+ ,sunday morn+ he w5t ?r\gh ! introductory "p ( ! s]vice 9 precisely ! same mann]--giv+ out ! same hymns1 read+ ! same lessons1 & direct+ ! extempore pray] 9 ! same *annel4 ,he !n gave out ! same text & prea*$ ! v same s]mon z he _h done on ! previ\s ,sunday4 ,:5 he came d[n f ! pulpit1 x 0 f\nd t he _h n ! smalle/ remembrance ( hav+ gone ?r\gh precisely ! same s]vice on ! previ\s ,sunday2 & :5 he 0 assur$ ( x1 he felt consid]able uneas9ess le/ 8 lapse ( memory %\ld indicate "s imp5d+ attack ( illness4 ,none su*1 h[ev]1 sup]v5$2 & no rationale c be giv5 ( ?is curi\s occurr5ce1 ! subject ( x n be+ liable to fits ( abs5ce ( m9d & n hav+ _h 8 ?\ghts engross$ at ! "t by any o!r special pre-occupation4' ,x is possible t ! explanation "h is ! simple "o ( m]e co9cid5ce4 ,:e!r ?is explanation is available or n w\ld dep5d entirely on ! "q :e!r ! prea*]'s memory 0 ord9>ily tru/wor?y or n1 :e!r 9 fact he w\ld rememb] ! arrangem5ts1 pray]s1 s]mon1 c41 he _h giv5 on any occasion4 ,^! matt]s becom+1 aft] long habit1 almo/ automatic1 x might v well happ5 t ! p]son go+ ?r\gh su* duties w\ld rememb] !m no long] & no bett] ?an "o :o _h be5 pres5t :5 !y 7 p]=m$1 & :o _h n paid special att5tion to !m4 ,t if he _h ?us unconsci\sly c>ri$ out 8 duties on "o ,sunday he %\ld 7be+ to ?is degree =getful7 conduct !m 9 precisely ! same way on ! next ,sunday1 w\ld r t5d to %[ t 8 m5tal faculties 7 9 excell5t work+ ord] ?an ! rev]se4 ,w5dell ,holmes tells a /ory :i* effectively illu/rates my mean+2 & he tells x s pleasantly 7z usual7 t ,i %all quote x unalt]$4 ',sometimes1 b r>ely1' he says1 '"o may be caught mak+ ! same spee* twice ov]1 & yet be held blameless4 ,?us a c]ta9 lectur]' 7,holmes himself1 d\btless71 'aft] p]=m+ 9 an inl& city1 :]e dwells a littratrice ( note1 0 invit$ to meet h] & o!rs ov] ! social tea-cup4 ,%e pleasantly ref]r$ to 8 _m w&]+s 9 8 new occupation4 ,yes1 he repli$1 ,i am l ! huma1 ! bird t nev] lights1 be+ always 9 ! c>s1 z he is always on ! w+4 ,ye>s elaps$4 ,! lectur] visit$ ! same place once m = ! same purpose4 ,ano!r social cup aft] ! lecture1 & a second meet+ ) ! di/+ui%$ lady4 ,y are con/antly go+ f place to place1 %e said4 ,yes1 he answ]$1 ,i am l ! huma1 & f9i%$ ! s5t5ce z be=e4 ,:at horror :5 x fla%$ ov] him t he _h made ?is f9e spee*1 ^w = ^w1 twice ov]6 ,yet x 0 n true1 z ! lady might p]haps h fairly inf]r$1 t he _h embelli%$ 8 conv]sation ) ! huma daily dur+ t :ole int]val ( ye>s4 ,on ! contr>y1 he _h nev] once ?\ght ( ! odi\s f[l until ! recurr5ce ( precisely ! same circum/ances br\ght up precisely ! same idea4' ,he 0 n 9 ! slighte/ degree afraid ( bra9-disease4 ,on ! contr>y1 he consid]$ ! circum/ance indicative ( good ord] 9 ! m5tal me*anism4 ',he ought to h be5 pr\d1' says ,holmes1 speak+ = him1 & mean+ no d\bt t he 0 pr\d1 '( ! accuracy ( 8 m5tal adju/m5ts4 ,giv5 c]ta9 factors1 & a s\nd bra9 %\ld always evolve ! same fix$ product ) ! c]ta9ty ( ,babbage's calculat+ ma*9e4' ,some:at ak9 to ! unconsci\s recurr5ce ( m5tal processes aft] consid]able int]vals ( "t is ! t5d5cy to imitate ! actions ( o!rs z ?\gh %>+ 9 _! ?\ghts1 & accord+ to _m because m9d acts ^u m9d4 ,?is t5d5cy1 ?\gh n always associat$ ) disease1 is usually a sign ( bodily illness4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] m5tions ! foll[+ s+ul> case1 b r z illu/rat+ g5]ally ! influ5ce ( sugge/ions d]iv$ f ext]nal s\rces 9 det]m9+ ! curr5t ( ?\ght1 ?an z %[+ h[ prone ! ?\ghts are to run 9 undesirable curr5ts :5 ! body is out ( heal?3--',dur+ an epidemic ( fev]1 9 :i* an active delirium _h be5 a common symptom1 x 0 obs]v$ t _m ( ! pati5ts ( "o p>ticul> physician 7 possess$ by a /rong t5d5cy to ?r[ !mselves out ( ! w9d[1 :il/ no su* t5d5cy pres5t$ itself 9 unusual frequ5cy 9 ! practice ( o!rs4 ,! au?or's in=mant1 ,dr4 ,c41 himself a di/+ui%$ pr(essor 9 ! univ]sity1 expla9$ ! t5d5cy ( :at _h occurr$ )9 8 own k2 he hav+ be5 himself attack$ by ! fev]1 & hav+ be5 "u ! c>e ( ?is physician1 8 fri5d & colleague1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,ano!r ( ,dr4 ,a4's pati5ts :om we %all call ,mr4 ,b41 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to make ! attempt 9 "q2 & impress$ ) ! necessity ( tak+ due precautions1 ,dr4 ,a4 !n visit$ ,dr4 ,c41 9 ^: he>+ he gave directions to h ! w9d[s prop]ly secur$1 z ,mr4 ,b4 _h attempt$ to ?r[ himself out4 ,n[ ,dr4 ,c4 di/9ctly rememb]s1 t al?\gh he _h n previ\sly exp]i5c$ any su* desire1 x came ^u him ) great urg5cy z soon z ev] ! idea 0 ?us sugge/$ to him2 8 m9d be+ j 9 t /ate ( incipi5t delirium :i* is m>k$ by ! tempor>y dom9ance ( "s "o idea1 & by ! want ( volitional p[] to )draw ! att5tion f x4 ,& he deem$ x probable t1 z ,dr4 ,a4 w5t on to ,mr4 ,d41 ,mr4 ,e41 c41 & gave simil> directions1 a l desire w\ld be excit$ 9 ! m9ds ( all ^? :o might happ5 to be 9 ! same impressible condition4' ,! case is n only int]e/+ z %[+ h[ ! m9d 9 disease receives c]ta9 impressions m /rongly ?an 9 heal?1 & 9 a s5se may ?us be said to possess = ! "t an abnormal p[]1 b x af=ds a useful h9t to doctors & nurses1 :o d n always 7! latt] inde$ sc>cely ev]7 consid] ! necessity ( extreme caution :5 speak+ ab\t _! pati5ts & 9 _! pres5ce4 ,x is probable t a consid]able proportion ( ! accid5ts1 fatal & o!rwise1 :i* h befall5 deliri\s pati5ts might be trac$ to incauti\s rem>ks made 9 _! he>+ by fooli% nurses or =getful doctors4 ,9 "s cases doctors h _h to excite a /rong antagoni/ic feel+ aga9/ t5d5cies ( ?is k9d4 ,?us ,z]ffi relates t an ,engli% physician 0 once consult$ by ! mi/ress ( a ladies' s*ool :]e _m girls _h become liable to fits ( hy/]ics4 ,he tri$ sev]al rem$ies1 b 9 va94 ,at la/1 ju/ly reg>d+ ! epidemic z aris+ f ! influ5ce ( imag9ation on ! weak] girls 7"o hy/]ical girl hav+ infect$ ! o!rs71 he det]m9$ to ex]t a /rong] antagoni/ic influ5ce on ! weak m9ds ( 8 pati5ts4 ,he !re=e rem>k$ casually to ! mi/ress ( ! s*ool1 9 ! he>+ ( ! girls1 t he _h n[ tri$ all me?ods b "o1 :i* he w\ld try1 z a la/ res\rce1 :5 next he call$--'! application ( a r$-hot iron to ! sp9e ( ! pati5ts s z to quiet _! n]v\sly-excit$ sy/ems4' ',/range to say1' rem>ks ,z]ffi--mean+1 no d\bt1 'x is h>dly necess>y to say t'--'! r$-hot iron 0 nev] appli$1 = ! hy/]ical attacks ceas$ z if by magic4' ,9 ano!r case m5tion$ by ,z]ffi1 a revival mania 9 a l>ge s*ool ne> ,cologne 0 simil>ly br\ght to an abrupt end4 ,! ,gov]nm5t s5t an inspector4 ,he f\nd t ! boys _h visions ( ,*ri/1 ! ,virg91 & dep>t$ sa9ts4 ,he ?reat5$ to close ! s*ool if ^! visions cont9u$1 & ?us to exclude ! /ud5ts f all ! prospects :i* _! /udies af=d$ !m4 ',! effect 0 z magical z ! r$-hot iron rem$y--! revivals ceas$ z if by magic4' ,! foll[+ s+ul> cases are relat$ 9 ,zimm]mann's ,solitude3--,a nun1 9 a v l>ge conv5t 9 ,france1 began to mew l a cat4 ,at la/ all ! nuns began to mew toge!r e day at a c]ta9 "t1 & cont9u$ mew+ = sev]al h\rs toge!r4 ,?is daily cat-conc]t cont9u$1 until ! nuns 7 in=m$ t a company ( soldi]s 0 plac$ by ! police be=e ! entrance to ! conv5t1 & t ! soldi]s 7 provid$ ) rods ) :i* !y w\ld :ip ! nuns until !y promis$ n to mew any m1' 444 ',9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 a nun 9 a ,g]man conv5t fell to bit+ h] companions4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t all ! nuns ( ?is conv5t began bit+ ea* o!r4 ,! news ( ?is infatuation among ! nuns soon spread1 & excit$ ! same else:]e2 ! bit+ mania pass+ f conv5t to conv5t ?r\gh a great "p ( ,g]many4 ,x aft]w>ds visit$ ! nunn]ies ( ,holl&1 & ev5 spread z f> z ,rome4' ,no sugge/ion ( bodily disease is made 9 ei!r case4 ,b anyone :o consid]s h[ utt]ly unnatural is ! mann] ( life 9 mona/ic communities w n ne$ ! evid5ce d]iv$ f ! spread ( su* prepo/]\s habits to be assur$ t 9 conv5ts ! p]fectly sane m9d 9 a p]fectly heal?y body mu/ be ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,! danc+ mania1 :i* spread ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( ,europe 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 al?\gh x ev5tually attack$ p]sons :o 7 seem+ly 9 robu/ heal?1 yet _h its orig9 9 disease4 ,dr4 ,heck]1 :o has giv5 ! mo/ complete acc\nt we h ( ?is /range mania1 9 8 ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages1 says t :5 ! disease 0 completely develop$ ! attack comm5c$ ) epileptic convulsions4 ',^? affect$ fell to ! gr\nd s5seless1 pant+ & lab\r+ = brea?4 ,!y foam$ at ! m\?1 & sudd5ly spr++ up began _! dance amid/ /range contortions4 ,!y =m$ circles h& 9 h&1 & appe>+ to h lo/ all control ov] _! s5ses cont9u$ danc+1 reg>dless ( ! by/&]s1 = h\rs toge!r1 9 wild delirium1 until at l5g? !y fell to ! gr\nd 9 a /ate ( exhau/ion4 ,!y !n compla9$ ( extreme oppression1 & groan$ z if 9 ! agonies ( dea?1 until !y 7 swa!d 9 clo!s b\nd tightly r\nd _! wai/s2 ^u :i* !y aga9 recov]$1 & rema9$ free f compla9t until ! next attack4444 ,:ile danc+ !y nei!r saw nor he>d1 be+ ins5sible to ext]nal impressions ?r\gh ! s5ses2 b !y 7 haunt$ by visions1 _! fancies conjur+ up spirits1 ^: names !y %riek$ out2 & "s ( !m aft]w>ds ass]t$ t !y felt z if !y _h be5 imm]s$ 9 a /ream ( blood1 :i* oblig$ !m to leap s high4 ,o!rs dur+ ! p>oxysm saw ! heav5s op51 & ! ,savi\r en?ron$ ) ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 accord+ z ! religi\s notions ( ! age 7 /rangely & v>i\sly reflect$ 9 _! imag9ations4' ,! epidemic attack$ p ( all /ations1 b especially ^? :o l$ a s$5t>y life1 su* z %oemak]s & tailors2 yet ev5 ! mo/ robu/ peasants f9ally yield$ to x4 ,!y 'ab&on$ _! lab\rs 9 ! fields z if !y 7 possess$ by evil spirits1 & ^? affect$ 7 se5 assembl+ indiscrim9ately f "t to "t1 at c]ta9 appo9t$ places1 & unless prev5t$ by ! look]s-on1 cont9u$ to dance )\t int]mission1 until _! v la/ brea? 0 exp5d$4 ,_! fury & extravagance ( demean\r s completely depriv$ !m ( _! s5ses1 t _m ( !m da%$ _! bra9s out aga9/ ! walls & corn]s ( build+s1 or ru%$ headlong 9 rapid riv]s1 :]e !y f\nd a wat]y grave4 ,ro>+ & foam+ z !y 71 ! by/&]s c\ld only succe$ 9 re/ra9+ !m by plac+ b5*es & *airs 9 _! way1 s t by ! high leaps !y 7 ?us tempt$ to take1 _! /r5g? might be exhau/$4 ,z soon z ?is 0 ! case !y fell1 z x 71 lifeless to ! gr\nd1 & by v sl[ degrees recov]$ _! /r5g?4 ,_m !re 7 :o ev5 ) all ?is ex]tion _h n exp5d$ ! viol5ce ( ! tempe/ :i* rag$ )9 !m2 b awoke ) newly reviv$ p[]s1 & aga9 & aga9 mix$ ) ! cr[d ( danc]s2 until at l5g? ! viol5t excitem5t ( _! disord]$ n]ves 0 allay$ by ! great involunt>y ex]tion ( _! limbs1 & ! m5tal disord] 0 calm$ by ! exhau/ion ( ! body4 ,! cure effect$ by ^! /ormy attacks 0 9 _m cases s p]fect1 t "s pati5ts return$ to ! factory or pl\gh1 z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 paid ! p5alty ( _! folly by s total a loss ( p[]1 t !y c\ld n rega9 _! =m] heal?1 ev5 by ! employm5t ( ! mo/ /r5g!n+ rem$ies4' ,x may be d\bt$1 p]haps1 by "s :e!r su* in/ances z ^! illu/rate s mu* ! /ate to :i* ! m9d is r$uc$ :5 ! body is diseas$1 z ! /ate to :i* ! body is r$uc$ :5 ! m9d is diseas$1 ?\gh1 z we h se51 ! danc+ mania :5 fully develop$ foll[$ always on bodily illness4 ,9 ! cases we n[ h to deal )1 ! diseas$ condition ( ! body 0 unmi/akable4 ,mrs4 ,hemans on h] dea?b$ said t x 0 impossible = imag9ation to picture or p5 to describe ! delightful visions :i* pass$ be=e h] m9d4 ,!y made h] wak+ h\rs m delightful ?an ^? pass$ 9 sleep4 ,x is evid5t t ^! visions _h _! orig9 9 ! processes ( *ange affect+ ! sub/ance ( ! bra9 z ! disease ( ! body progress$4 ,b x does n foll[ t ! sub/ance ( ! bra9 0 und]go+ *anges necess>ily t5d+ to its ultimate decay & dissolution4 ,q possibly ! *anges 7 su* z might occur "u ! influ5ce ( suitable m$ic9al or /imulant sub/ances1 & )\t any subsequ5t ill effects4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 9 an int]e/+ article on e!r-dr9k+ & extra-alcoholic intoxication 7,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = ,octob]71 makes a rem>k :i* sugge/s t ! m$ical m5 ( our day look =w>d to ! discov]y ( means = obta9+ "s su* influ5ce ov] ! action ( ! bra94 ,aft] describ+ ! action ( me?ylic & e?ylic e!rs 9 8 own case1 he says3 ',!y :o h felt ?is condition1 :o h liv$ z x 7 9 ano!r life1 h[ev] transitorily1 are easily l$ to decl>e ) ,davy t no?+ exi/s b ?\ghts6 ! univ]se is compos$ ( impressions1 ideas1 pleasures1 & pa9s6 ,i believe x is s1 & t we might by sci5tific art1 & !re is su* an art1 le>n to live altoge!r 9 a new sph]e ( impressions1 ideas1 pleasures1 & pa9s4' ,b /ay1' he adds1 z if he _h said too mu*1 ',i am anticipat+1 unconsci\sly1 some?+ else t is 9 my m9d4 ,! re/ is sil5ce2 ,i mu/ return to ! _w 9 :i* we n[ live1 & :i* all "k4' ,mr4 ,butt]wor? m5tions ! case ( ! ,rev4 ,william ,t5n5t1 ( ,freehold1 ,new ,j]sey1 z illu/rative ( /range m5tal faculties possess$ dur+ disease4 ,t5n5t 0 suppos$ to be f> gone 9 consumption4 ,at la/1 aft] a protract$ illness1 he seem+ly di$1 & prep>ations 7 made = 8 fun]al4 ,n only 7 8 fri5ds deceiv$1 b he 0 deceiv$ himself1 = he ?\ght he 0 dead1 & t 8 _s _h ent]$ ,p>adise4 ',8 s\l1 z he ?\ght1 0 borne al(t to cele/ial altitudes1 & 0 enraptur$ by visions ( ,god & all ! ho/s ( ,heav54 ,he seem$ to dwell 9 an en*ant$ region ( limitless light & inconceivable spl5d\r4 ,at la/ an angel came to him & told him t he mu/ g back4 ,d>kness1 l an ov]aw+ %ad[1 %ut out ! cele/ial glories2 &1 full ( sudd5 horror1 he utt]$ a deep groan4 ,?is dismal utt]ance 0 he>d by ^? ar\nd him1 & prev5t$ him f be+ buri$ alive1 aft] all ! prep>ations _h be5 made = ! removal ( ! body4' ,we mu/ n fall into ! mi/ake ( suppos+1 h[ev]1 z _m seem to d1 t ! visions se5 "u su* conditions1 or by ec/atics1 really pres5t tru?s ( :i* ! usual m5tal faculties c\ld n become cognisant4 ,we h he>d su* cases z ! dea?b$ visions ( ,mrs4 ,hemans1 & ! trance visions ( ,t5n5t1 urg$ z evid5ce 9 fav\r ( special =ms ( doctr9e4 ,we h no ?\ght ( attack+ ^!1 b assur$ly !y d]ive no support f evid5ce ( ?is sort4 ,! dy+ ,h9doo has visions :i* ! ,*ri/ian w\ld c]ta9ly n reg>d z heav5-born4 ,! ,mahom$an sees ! pla9s ( ,p>adise1 peopl$ by ! h\ris ( 8 heav51 b we d n on t acc\nt accept ! ,koran z ! sole guide to religi\s tru?4 ,! fact is1 t ! visions pictur$ by ! m9d dur+ ! disease ( ! body1 or 9 ! ec/atic condition1 h _! bir? 9 ! m9d itself1 & take _! =m f ! tea*+s ) :i* t m9d has be5 imbu$4 ,!y may1 inde$1 seem utt]ly unlike ^? we %\ld expect f ! kn[n "* ( ! vision>y1 j z ! ?\ghts ( a dy+ man may be1 & (t5 are1 v f> remov$ f ! objects :i* _h occupi$ all 8 att5tion dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life4 ,b if ! hi/ory ( ! *ildhood & y\? ( an ec/atic c\ld be fully kn[n1 or if 7:i* is exce$+ly unlikely7 we c\ld obta9 a /rictly tru?ful acc\nt ( su* matt]s f himself1 we %\ld f9d ne>ly e circum/ance ( 8 visions expla9$1 or at lea/ an explanation sugge/$4 ,=1 aft] all1 mu* :i* w\ld be necess>y to exactly %[ ! orig9 ( all he saw1 w\ld be lo/1 s9ce ! bra9 reta9s impressions ( _m ?+s ( :i* ! consci\s memory has entirely pass$ away4 ,! vivid pictur+ ( =gott5 ev5ts ( life is a famili> exp]i5ce ( ! opium-eat]4 ,?us ,de ,qu9cey says3 ',! m9ute/ incid5ts ( *ildhood or =gott5 sc5es ( lat] ye>s1 7 (t5 reviv$4 ,i c\ld n be said to recollect !m1 = if ,i _h be5 told ( !m :5 wak+1 ,i %\ld n h be5 able to ackn[l$ge !m z "p ( my pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,b plac$ z !y 7 be=e me 9 dreams l intuitions1 & clo!d 9 all _! evanesc5t circum/ances & accompany+ feel+s1 ,i recognis$ !m in/antane\sly4' ,a simil> return ( long-=gott5 sc5es & incid5ts to ! m9d may be notic$1 ?\gh n to ! same degree1 :5 w9e has be5 tak5 9 mod]ate quantity aft] a long fa/4 ,! effects ( ha*is* are specially int]e/+ 9 ?is connection1 because1 unless a v p[]ful dose has be5 tak51 ! ha*is*9 does n :olly lose ! p[] ( introspection1 s t he is able aft]w>ds to recall :at has pass$ ?r\gh 8 m9d :5 he 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! drug4 ,n[ ,moreau1 9 8 int]e/+ ,etudes ,psy*ologiques 7,du ,ha*i* et d',alination ,m5tale71 says t ! fir/ result ( a dose suffici5t to produce ! ha*is* fantasia is a feel+ ( int5se happ9ess4 ',x is really happ9ess :i* is produc$ by ! ha*is*2 & by ?is simply an enjoym5t entirely moral1 & by no means s5sual z we might be induc$ to suppose4 ,?is is surely a v curi\s circum/ance2 & "s rem>kable inf]5ces might be drawn f x2 ?is1 = in/ance1 among o!rs--t e feel+ ( joy & gladness1 ev5 :5 ! cause ( x is exclusively moral--t ^? enjoym5ts :i* are lea/ connect$ ) mat]ial objects1 ! mo/ spiritual1 ! mo/ ideal1 may be no?+ else ?an s5sations purely physical1 develop$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! sy/em1 z are ^? procur$ by ha*is*4 ,at lea/ s f> z relates to t ( :i* we are int]nally consci\s1 !re is no di/9ction betwe5 ^! two ord]s ( s5sations1 9 spite ( ! div]sity 9 ! causes to :i* !y are due2 = ! ha*is*-eat] is happy1 n l ! g\rm& or ! fami%$ man :5 satisfy+ 8 appetite1 or ! voluptu>y 9 gratify+ 8 amative desires1 b l him :o he>s tid+s :i* fill him ) joy1 l ! mis] c\nt+ 8 treasures1 ! gambl] :o is successful at play1 or ! ambiti\s man :o is intoxicat$ ) success4' ,my special object1 h[ev]1 9 not+ ! effects ( opium & ha*is*1 is r to note h[ ! m5tal processes or faculties obs]v$ dur+ c]ta9 /ates ( disease may be produc$ artificially1 ?an to ent] into ! consid]ations discuss$ by ,dr4 ,moreau4 ,x is s+ul> t :ile ! ,moham$an ord] ( ,ha*is*9 7or ,assass9s7 br+ ab\t by ! use ( _! fav\rite drug su* visions z accompany ! progress ( c]ta9 =ms ( disease1 ! ,h9doo devotees call$ ! ,yogi are able to produce artificially ! /ate ( m9d & body recognis$ 9 cataleptic pati5ts4 ,! less-advanc$ ,yogi c only ent] ! /ate ( ab/raction call$ rev]ie2 b ! high] ord]s c simulate absolute inanition1 ! he>t app>5tly ceas+ to beat1 ! lungs to act1 & ! n]ves to convey impressions to ! bra91 ev5 ?\gh ! body be subject$ to processes :i* w\ld cause extreme torture "u ord9>y conditions4 ',:5 9 ?is /ate1' says ,c>p5t]1 '! ,yogi are suppos$ to be completely possess$ by ,brahma1 ! supreme s\l1 & to be incapable ( s9 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 or de$4' ,x has be5 suppos$ t ?is 0 ! /ate into :i* ^? ent]$ :o 9 old times 7 resort$ to z oracles4 ,b x has happ5$ t 9 c]ta9 /ages ( disease ! p[] ( assum+ ! dea?-l /ate has be5 possess$ = a "t4 ,?us ,colonel ,t[ns5d1 :o di$ 9 #agig1 we read1 _h 9 8 la/ sickness ! extraord9>y p[] ( app>5tly dy+ & return+ to life aga9 at w4 ',i f\nd 8 pulse s9k gradually1' says ,dr4 ,*eyne1 :o att5d$ him1 's t ,i c\ld n feel x by ! mo/ exact or nice t\*4 ,dr4 ,raymond c\ld n detect ! lea/ motion ( ! he>t1 nor ,dr4 ,skr9e ! lea/ soil ( ! brea? ^u ! bright mirror held to ! m\?4 ,we began to fe> he 0 actually dead4 ,he !n began to brea! s(tly4' ,colonel ,t[ns5d repeat$ ! exp]im5t sev]al times dur+ 8 illness1 & c\ld always r5d] himself ins5sible at w4 ,la/ly1 ,i may m5tion a case1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ?\gh illu/rat+ 9 "s degree ! influ5ce ( bodily illness on ! m9d1 %[s /ill m /rik+ly h[ ! m9d may influ5ce ! body--t ( ,l\ise ,lateau1 ! ,belgian peasant4 ,?is girl _h be5 pro/rat$ by a long & exhau/+ illness1 f :i* %e recov]$ rapidly aft] receiv+ ! sacram5t4 ,?is circum/ance made a /rong impression on h] m9d4 ,h] ?\ghts dwelt con/antly on ! circum/ances att5d+ ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,at l5g? %e notic$ t1 on e ,friday1 blood came f a spot 9 h] left side4 ',9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s simil> ble$+ spots e/abli%$ !mselves on ! front & back ( ea* h&1 & on ! upp] surface ( ea* foot1 :ile a circle ( small spots =m$ 9 ! =ehead1 & ! hmorrhage f ^! recurr$ e ,friday1 sometimes to a consid]able am\nt4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 fits ( ec/asy began to occur1 comm5c+ e ,friday betwe5 eight & n9e 9 ! morn+1 & end+ ab\t six 9 ! ev5+2 int]rupt+ h] 9 conv]sation1 9 pray]1 or 9 manual occupations4 ,?is /ate1' says ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 'appe>s to h be5 int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ! biologis$ & t ( ! hypnotis$ subject2 = :il/ z unconsci\s z ! latt] ( all s5se-impressions1 %e reta9$1 l ! =m]1 a recollection ( all t _h pass$ ?r\gh h] m9d dur+ ! ec/asy4 ,%e describ$ h]self z sudd5ly plung$ into a va/ flood ( bright light1 f :i* m or less di/9ct =ms began to evolve !mselves2 & %e !n witness$ ! sev]al sc5es ( ! ,passion successively pass+ be=e h]4 ,%e m9utely describ$ ! cross & ! ve/m5ts1 ! w\nds1 ! cr[n ( ?orns ab\t ! head ( ! ,savi\r1 & gave v>i\s details reg>d+ ! p]sons ab\t ! cross1 ! disciples1 holy wom51 ,jews & ,roman soldi]s4 ,& ! progress ( h] vision might be trac$ by ! succession ( actions %e p]=m$ at v>i\s /ages ( x3 mo/ ( ^! movem5ts 7 expressive ( h] own emotions1 :il/ regul>ly ab\t ?ree 9 ! aft]noon %e ext5d$ h] limbs 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,! fit t]m9at$ ) a /ate ( extreme physical pro/ration2 ! pulse be+ sc>cely p]ceptible1 ! brea?+ sl[ & feeble1 & ! :ole surface b$ew$ ) a cold p]spiration4 ,aft] ?is /ate _h cont9u$ = ab\t t5 m9utes1 a return to ! normal condition rapidly took place4' ,!re seems no reason = suppos+ t !re 0 any deceit on ! "p ( ,l\ise ,lateau h]self1 ?\gh t %e 0 self-deceiv$ no "o c reasonably d\bt4 ,( c\rse _m 9 ,belgium1 especially ! m ignorant & sup]/iti\s 7includ+ l>ge numb]s ( ! cl]gy & ( religi\s ord]s ( m5 & wom571 believ$ t h] ec/asies 7 miracul\s1 & no d\bt %e believ$ s h]self4 ,b none ( ! circum/ances obs]v$ 9 h] case1 or relat$ by h]1 7 su* z ! physiologi/ w\ld f9d any difficulty 9 accept+ or expla9+4 ,h] visions 7 su* z might h be5 expect$ 9 a p]son ( h] peculi> n]v\s organisation1 weak5$ z h] body _h be5 by long illness1 & h] m9d affect$ by :at %e reg>d$ z h] miracul\s recov]y4 ,z to ! transudation ( blood f ! sk91 ,dr4 ,tuke1 9 8 ',illu/rations ( ! ,influ5ce ( ! ,m9d ^u ! ,body 9 ,heal? & ,disease' 7p4 #bfg71 %[s ! ph5om5on to be explicable naturally4 ,x is a well-au!nticat$ fact1 t "u /rong emotional excitem5t blood escapes ?r\gh ! p]spiratory ducts1 app>5tly ?r\gh ! rupture ( ! walls ( ! capill>y passages ( ! sk94 ,we see1 !n1 9 ,l\ise ,lateau's case1 h[ ! m9d affect$ by disease may acquire faculties n possess$ dur+ heal?1 & h[ 9 turn ! m9d ?us affect$ may influ5ce ! body s /rangely z to sugge/ to ignorant or fooli% p]sons ! op]ation ( sup]natural ag5cies4 ,! g5]al conclusion to :i* we seem l$ by ! obs]v$ peculi>ities 9 ! m5tal faculties dur+ disease is1 t ! m9d dep5ds greatly on ! /ate ( ! body = ! co-ord9ation ( its v>i\s p[]s4 ,9 heal?1 ^! are relat$ 9 :at may be call$ ! normal mann]4 ,faculties capable ( great developm5t "u o!r conditions exi/ 9 mod]ate degree only1 :ile probably1 ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 c]ta9 faculties are held 9 control by o!rs4 ,b dur+ illness1 faculties n ord9>ily us$ sudd5ly or v rapidly acquire undue pr$om9ance1 & controll+ faculties usually effective are greatly weak5$4 ,!n = a :ile ! m5tal capacity seems entirely *ang$4 ,p[]s suppos$ n to exi/ at all 7= ( m5tal faculties1 z ( c]ta9 o!r qualities1 de non exi/5tibus et de non app>5tibus eadem e/ ratio7 seem sudd5ly creat$1 z if by a miracle4 ,faculties ord9>ily s /rong z to be consid]$ *>act]i/ic seem sudd5ly de/roy$1 s9ce !y no long] produce any p]ceptible effect4 ,or1 z ,br[n-,sequ>d says1 summ+ up ! results ( a numb] ( illu/rative cases describ$ 9 a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ 9 ,bo/on3 ',x w\ld seem t ! m9d is l>gely dep5d5t on physical conditions = ! ex]cise ( its faculties1 & t its /r5g? & mo/ rem>kable p[]s1 z well z its app>5t weakness1 are (t5 mo/ cle>ly %[n & recognis$ by "s inequality ( action 9 p]iods ( di/urb$ & greatly impair$ heal?4' ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bj3 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,i h notic$ a passage 9 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s ,m5tal ,physiology1 p4 #gai1 be>+ on ! matt] ,i h be5 deal+ )3--',! foll[+ /atem5t rec5tly made to me by a g5tleman ( high intellig5ce1 ! editor ( a mo/ important prov9cial newspap]1 w\ld be almo/ incr$ible1 if cases some:at simil> 7 n already famili> to u3--',i 0 =m]ly1' he said1 'a report] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons2 & x sev]al times happ5$ to me t1 hav+ fall5 asleep f %e] fatigue t[>ds ! end ( a debate1 ,i _h f\nd1 on awak+ aft] a %ort int]val ( entire unconsci\sness1 t ,i _h cont9u$ to note d[n correctly ! speak]'s words4' ',i believe1' he add$1 't ?is is n an uncommon exp]i5ce among ,p>liam5t>y report]s4' ,! read+ al\d ) correct emphasis & intonation1 or ! p]=mance ( a piece ( music1 or 7z 9 ! case ( ,alb]t ,smi?7 ! recitation ( a frequ5tly repeat$ composition1 :il/ ! consci\s m9d is entirely engross$ 9 its own ?\ghts & feel+s1 may be ?us acc\nt$ = )\t ! supposition t ! m9d is actively engag$ 9 two diff]5t op]ations at ! same mom5t1 :i* w\ld seem tantam\nt to say+ t !re are two egos 9 ! same organism4' ,an in/ance 9 my own exp]i5ce seems ev5 m rem>kable ?an ! report]'s "w dur+ sleep1 = he _h b to cont9ue a me*anical process1 :]eas 9 my case !re mu/ h be5 ?\ght4 ,late "o ev5+ at ,cambridge ,i began a game ( *ess ) a fell[-/ud5t 7n[ a cl]gyman1 & well kn[n 9 *ess circles74 ,i 0 tir$ aft] a long day's r[+1 b cont9u$ ! game to ! be/ ( my ability1 until at a c]ta9 /age ,i fell asleep1 or r fell into a wak+ dream4 ,at any rate all remembrance ( :at pass$ aft] t "p ( ! game _h entirely escap$ me :5 ,i awoke or return$ to consci\sness ab\t ?ree 9 ! morn+4 ,! *essbo>d 0 !re1 b ! m5 7 n z :5 ! la/ consci\s move 0 made4 ,! oppon5t's k+ 0 *eckmat$4 ,i suppos$ my oppon5t _h set ! m5 9 ?is position ei!r z a joke or 9 try+ ov] "s end game4 ,b ,i 0 assur$ t ! game _h cont9u$ to ! end1 & t ,i _h won1 app>5tly play+ z if fully consci\s6 ,( c\rse ,i _c c]tify ?is ( my own k4 ,,dual ,,consci\sness4 ,r m ?an two ye>s ago ,i consid]$ 9 ! pages ( ',sci5ce ,byways' ! !ory orig9ally prop\nd$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,holl&1 b !n rec5tly advocat$ by ,dr4 ,br[n-,sequ>d1 ( ,new ,york1 t we h two bra9s1 ea* p]fectly suffici5t = ! full p]=mance ( m5tal functions4 ,i did n = my own "p ei!r advocate or oppose t !ory1 b simply consid]$ ! facts :i* _h be5 urg$ 9 support ( x1 or :i* !n occurr$ to me z be>+ ^u x1 :e!r = or aga9/4 ,i %[$1 h[ev]1 t "s classes ( ph5om5a :i* _h be5 quot$ 9 support ( ! !ory seem$ 9 reality oppos$ to x1 :5 all ! circum/ances 7 consid]$4 ,= example1 ,br[n-,sequ>d _h ref]r$ to "s ( ^? well-kn[n cases 9 :i* dur+ sev]e illness a language =gott5 9 ! pati5t's ord9>y condition _h be5 recall$1 ! recollection ( ! language endur+ only :ile ! illness la/$4 ,i po9t$ to a case 9 :i* !re _h n be5 two m5tal conditions only1 z indicat$ by ! language ( ! pati5t1 b ?ree2 ! p]son 9 "q hav+ 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 illness spok5 ,engli% only1 9 ! middle ( 8 illness ,fr5* only1 & on ! day ( 8 dea? ,italian only 7! language ( 8 *ildhood74 ,! int]pretation ( t case1 & ( o!rs ( a simil> k9d1 mu/1 ,i rem>k$1 be v diff]5t f t :i* ,br[n-,sequ>d assign$1 p]haps correctly1 'to cases ( tw(old m5tal life4' ,a case ( ! la/-nam$ k9d has rec5tly be5 discuss$ 9 sci5tific circles1 :i* seems to me to be> v =cibly on ! "q :e!r ,holl&'s !ory ( a dual bra9 is correct4 ,i propose briefly to describe & exam9e ?is case1 & "s o!rs belong+ to ! same class1 two ( :i* 7 t\*$ ^u 9 my =m] essay1 b slightly only1 z =m+ b a small "p ( ! evid5ce dealt ) by ,br[n-,sequ>d1 ^: argum5ts ,i 0 !n consid]+4 ,i wi% n[ to deal1 n ) ! "q ( ! duality ( ! bra91 b ) ! m g5]al "q ( dual or int]mitt5t consci\sness4 ,among ! cases dealt ) by ,br[n-,sequ>d 0 t ( a boy at ,nott+ ,hill1 :o _h two m5tal lives4 ,nei!r life pres5t$ any?+ specially rem>kable 9 itself4 ,! boy 0 a well-mann]$ lad 9 8 abnormal z well z 9 8 normal condition1--or "o might almo/ say 7z w appe> m cle>ly aft] o!r cases h be5 consid]$7 t ! two boys 7 quiet & well-behav$4 ,b ! two m5tal lives 7 entirely di/9ct4 ,9 8 normal condition ! boy rememb]$ no?+ :i* _h happ5$ 9 8 abnormal condition2 & vice v]s1 9 8 abnormal condition he rememb]$ no?+ :i* _h happ5$ 9 8 normal condition4 ,he *ang$ f ei!r condition to ! o!r 9 ! same mann]4 ',! head 0 se5 to fall sudd5ly1 & 8 eyes clos$1 b he rema9$ erect if /&+ at ! "t1 or if sitt+ he rema9$ 9 t position 7if talk+1 he /opp$ = a :ile1 & if mov+1 he /opp$ mov+72 & aft] a m9ute or two 8 head rose1 he />t$ up1 op5$ 8 eyes1 & 0 wide awake aga94' ,:ile ! head 0 droop$ he appe>$ z if ei!r sleep+ or fall+ asleep4 ,he rema9$ 9 ! abnormal /ate = a p]iod :i* v>i$ betwe5 "o h\r & ?ree h\rs2 x appe>s t e day1 or ne>ly e day1 he fell once into 8 abnormal condition4 ,?is case ne$ n deta9 u long2 b !re are "s po9ts 9 x :i* des]ve m att5tion ?an !y seem to h receiv$ f ,dr4 ,br[n-,sequ>d4 ,x is cle> t if ! normal & abnormal m5tal lives ( ?is boy _h be5 entirely di/9ct1 !n 9 ! abnormal condition he w\ld h be5 ignorant &--9 ^? po9ts 9 :i* mann]s dep5d on tra9+--ill-mann]$4 ,he w\ld h kn[n only1 9 ?is condition1 :at he _h le>n$ 9 ?is condition2 & z only ab\t a t5? "p ( 8 life 0 pass$ 9 ! abnormal condition1 & presumably t portion ( 8 life n usually select$ z a suitable "t = tea*+ him1 ! abnormal boy w\ld ( necessity h be5 mu* m backw>d 9 all ?+s :i* ! "y are taught ?an ! normal boy4 ,z no?+ ( ?is k9d 0 not$1 x w\ld appe> probable t ! boy's e>li] ye>s 7 common to bo? lives1 & t 8 unconsci\sness ( 8 ord9>y life dur+ ! abnormal condition ext5d$ only to ^? p>ts ( 8 ord9>y life :i* _h pass$ s9ce ^! seizures began4 ,un=tunately1 ,br[n-,sequ>d's acc\nt does n m5tion :5 ?is _h happ5$4 ,x does n appe> t ! dual bra9 !ory is requir$ s f> z ?is case is conc]n$4 ,! ph5om5a seem r to sugge/ a peculi>ity 9 ! circulation ( ! bra9 correspond+ 9 "s degree to ! condition probably prevail+ dur+ somnambulism or hypnotism1 ?\gh ) *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 ,x may at lea/ be said t no m valid reason exi/s = reg>d+ ?is boy's case z illu/rat+ ! di/9ctive duality ( ! bra9 ?an = s reg>d+ "s ( ! m rem>kable cases ( somnambulism2 = ?\gh ^! diff] 9 c]ta9 respects f ! boy's case1 !y resemble x 9 ! circum/ances on :i* ,br[n ,sequ>d's argum5t is f\nd$4 ,speak+ g5]ally ( hypnotism1--t is1 ( somnambulism artificially produc$1--,dr4 ,c>p5t] says1 ',9 hypnotism1 z 9 ord9>y somnambulism1 no remembrance :atev] is pres]v$1 9 ! wak+ /ate1 ( any?+ t may h occurr$ dur+ its cont9uance2 al?\gh ! previ\s tra9 ( ?\ght may be tak5 up & cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly on ! next occasion :5 hypnotism is induc$4' ,9 ^! respects ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism precisely resemble ^? ( dual consci\sness z obs]v$ 9 ! boy's case4 ,9 :at foll[s1 we obs]ve features ( div]g5ce4 ,?us ':5 ! m9d is n excit$ to activity by ! /imulus ( ext]nal impressions1 ! hypnotis$ subject appe>s to be pr(\ndly asleep2 a /ate ( complete torpor1 9 fact1 be+ usually ! fir/ result ( ! process j describ$1 & any subsequ5t manife/ation ( activity be+ procurable only by ! prompt+ ( ! op]ator4 ,! hypnotis$ subject1 too1 r>ely op5s 8 eyes2 8 bodily movem5ts are usually sl[2 8 m5tal op]ations require a consid]able "t = _! p]=mance2 & !re is altoge!r an appe>ance ( heav9ess ab\t him :i* contra/s /rongly ) ! comp>atively wide-awake air ( him :o has n pass$ beyond ! ord9>y biological /ate4' ,x w\ld n be easy to f9d an exact p>allel to ! case ( ! two-liv$ boy 9 any record$ in/ance ( somnambulism4 ,9 fact1 x is to be rememb]$ t record$ in/ances ( m5tal ph5om5a are all select$ = ! v reason t !y are exceptional1 s t x w\ld be unreasonable to expect !m closely to resemble ea* o!r4 ,"o case1 h[ev]1 may be cit$1 :i* 9 c]ta9 po9ts resembles ! case ( ,dr4 ,br[n-,sequ>d's pati5t4 ,x occurr$ )9 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s own exp]i5ce4 ,a "y lady ( highly n]v\s temp]am5t suff]$ f a long & sev]e illness1 *>act]is$ by all ! mo/ m>k$ =ms ( hy/]ical disord]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is illness came a "t :5 %e _h a succession ( somnambuli/ic seizures4 ',! /ate ( somnambulism usually sup]v5$ 9 ?is case 9 ! wak+ /ate1 in/ead ( aris+1 z x m commonly does1 out ( ! conditions ( ord9>y sleep4 ,9 ?is condition h] ideas 7 at fir/ entirely fix$ ^u "o subject--! dea? ( h] only bro!r1 :i* _h occurr$ "s ye>s previ\sly4 ,to ?is bro!r %e _h be5 v /rongly atta*$2 %e _h nurs$ him 9 8 la/ illness2 & x 0 p]haps ! return ( ! anniv]s>y ( 8 dea?1 ab\t ! "t :5 ! somnambulism fir/ occurr$1 t gave to h] ?\ghts t p>ticul> direction4 ,%e talk$ con/antly ( him1 retrac$ all ! circum/ances ( 8 illness1 & 0 unconsci\s ( any?+ t 0 said to h] :i* _h n ref]5ce to ?is subject4444 ,al?\gh h] eyes 7 op51 %e recognis$ no "o 9 ?is /ate1--n ev5 h] own si/]1 :o1 x %\ld be m5tion$1 _h n be5 at home at ! "t ( h] bro!r's la/ illness4' 7,x w pres5tly appe>1 h[ev]1 t %e 0 able to recognise ^? :o 7 ab\t h] dur+ ^! attacks1 s9ce %e reta9$ ill-feel+ aga9/ "o ( !m2 moreov]1 ! s5t5ces :i* imm$iately foll[ sugge/ t ! s5se ( sight 0 n dormant47 ',x happ5$ on "o occasion1 t :5 %e pass$ into ?is condition1 h] si/]1 :o 0 pres5t1 0 we>+ a locket conta9+ "s ( _! deceas$ bro!r's hair4 ,z soon z %e p]ceiv$ ?is locket %e made a viol5t snat* at x1 & w\ld n be satisfi$ until %e _h got x into h] possession1 :5 %e began to talk to x 9 ! mo/ ende>+ & ev5 extravagant t]ms4 ,h] feel+s 7 s /rongly excit$ on ?is subject1 t x 0 deem$ prud5t to *eck !m2 & z %e 0 inaccessible to all entreaties = ! rel9qui%m5t ( ! locket1 =ce 0 employ$ to obta9 x f h]4 ,%e 0 s det]m9$1 h[ev]1 n to give x up1 & 0 s angry at ! g5tle viol5ce us$1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to ab&on ! attempt1 & hav+ become calm] aft] a "t1 %e pass$ (f into ord9>y sleep4 ,be=e go+ to sleep1 h[ev]1 %e plac$ ! locket "u h] pill[1 rem>k+1 ,n[ ,i h hid x safely1 & !y %all n take x f me4 ,on awak+ 9 ! morn+ %e _h n ! slighte/ consci\sness ( :at _h pass$2 b ! impression ( ! excit$ feel+s /ill rema9$1 = %e rem>k$ to h] si/]1 ',i _c tell :at x is t makes me feel s1 b e "t t ,s4 comes ne> me ,i h a k9d ( %udd]+ s5sation2' ! individual nam$ be+ a s]vant1 ^: con/ant att5tion to h] _h giv5 rise to a feel+ ( /rong atta*m5t on ! side ( ! invalid1 b :o _h be5 ! *ief actor 9 ! sc5e ( ! previ\s ev5+4 ,?is feel+ wore (f 9 ! c\rse ( a day or two4 ,a few days aft]w>ds ! somnambulism aga9 return$2 & ! pati5t be+ ^u h] b$ at ! "t1 imm$iately began to se>* = ! locket "u h] pill[4' ,z x _h be5 remov$ 9 ! int]val1 '%e 0 unable to f9d x1 at :i* %e express$ great disappo9tm5t1 & cont9u$ se>*+ = x1 ) ! rem>k1 ,x mu/ be !re--,i put x !re myself a few m9utes ago1 & no "o c h tak5 x away4 ,9 ?is /ate ! pres5ce ( ,s4 r5ew$ h] previ\s feel+s ( ang]2 & x 0 only by s5d+ ,s4 out ( ! room t %e c\ld be calm$ & induc$ to sleep4 ,! pati5t 0 ! subject ( _m subsequ5t attacks1 9 e "o ( :i* ! ang] aga9/ ,s4 reviv$1 until ! curr5t ( ?\ght *ang$1 no long] runn+ exclusively ^u :at relat$ to h] bro!r1 b becom+ capable ( direction by sugge/ions ( v>i\s k9ds pres5t$ to h] m9d1 ei!r 9 conv]sation1 or1 m directly1 ?r\gh ! sev]al organs ( s5se4' ,i h be5 p>ticul> 9 quot+ ! above acc\nt1 because x appe>s to me to illu/rate well1 n only ! relation betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( dual consci\sness & somnambulism1 b ! dep5d5ce ( ei!r class ( ph5om5a on ! physical condition4 ,if x %\ld appe> t dual consci\sness is inv>iably associat$ ) "s disord] ei!r ( ! n]v\s sy/em or ( ! circulation1 x w\ld be impossible1 or at lea/ v difficult1 to ma9ta9 ,br[n-,sequ>d's explanation ( ! boy's case4 ,= "o c h>dly imag9e x possible t a disord] ( ! sort %\ld be localis$ s f> z ! bra9 is conc]n$1 :ile 9 o!r respects affect+ ! body g5]ally4 ,x s *ances t ! rem>kable case rec5tly dealt ) by ,fr5* m5 ( sci5ce =ms a sort ( connect+ l9k betwe5 ! boy's case & ! case j cit$4 ,x closely resembles ! =m] 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ic features1 :ile x resembles ! latt] 9 ! evid5ce :i* x af=ds ( ! influ5ce ( ! physical condition on ! ph5om5a ( d\ble consci\sness4 ,! orig9al n>rative by ,m4 ,azam is exce$+ly prolix2 b x has be5 skilfully cond5s$ by ,mr4 ,h4,j4 ,slack1 9 ! pages ( a qu>t]ly j\rnal ( sci5ce4 ,i foll[ 8 v]sion 9 ! ma94 ,! subject ( ! disord]1 ,felida ,x41 0 born 9 ,bordeaux 9 #ahdc4 ,until ! age ( ?irte5 %e diff]$ 9 no respect f o!r girls4 ,b ab\t t "t symptoms ( hy/]ical disord] pres5t$ !mselves1 & al?\gh %e 0 free f lung-disease1 %e 0 tr\bl$ ) frequ5t spitt+ ( blood4 ,aft] ?is _h cont9u$ ab\t a ye>1 %e = ! fir/ "t manife/$ ! ph5om5a ( d\ble consci\sness4 ,%>p pa9s attack$ bo? temples1 & 9 a few mom5ts %e became unconsci\s4 ,?is la/$ t5 m9utes1 aft] :i* %e op5$ h] eyes1 & ent]$ into :at ,m4 ,azam calls h] second /ate1 9 :i* %e rema9$ = an h\r or two1 aft] :i* ! pa9s & unconsci\sness came on aga91 & %e return$ to h] ord9>y condition4 ,at int]vals ( ab\t five or six days1 su* attacks 7 repeat$2 & h] relations notic$ t h] "* & conduct dur+ h] abnormal /ate 7 *ang$4 ,f9d+ also t 9 h] usual condition %e rememb]$ no?+ :i* _h pass$ :5 %e 0 9 ! o!r /ate1 !y ?\ght %e 0 becom+ idiotic2 & pres5tly call$ 9 ,m4 ,azam1 :o 0 connect$ ) a lunatic asylum4 ,=tunately1 he 0 n s en?usia/ic a /ud5t ( m5tal ab]ration z to recognise a case = ! lunatic asylum 9 e in/ance ( ph5om5al m5tal action4 ,he f\nd ,felida intellig5t1 b melan*oly1 morose1 & taciturn1 v indu/ri\s1 & ) a /rong w4 ,%e 0 v anxi\s ab\t h] bodily heal?4 ,at ?is "t ! m5tal *anges occurr$ m frequ5tly ?an be=e4 ,ne>ly e day1 z %e sat ) h] "w on h] knees1 a viol5t pa9 %ot sudd5ly ?r\gh h] temples1 h] head dropp$ ^u h] brea/1 h] arms fell by h] side1 & %e pass$ into a sort ( sleep1 f :i* nei!r noises1 p9*es1 nor pricks c\ld awak5 h]4 ,?is condition la/$ n[ only two or ?ree m9utes4 ',%e woke up 9 q ano!r /ate1 smil+ gaily1 speak+ briskly1 & trill+ 7fr$onnant7 ov] h] "w1 :i* %e recomm5c$ at ! po9t :]e %e left x4 ,%e w\ld get up1 walk actively1 & sc>cely compla9$ ( any ( ! pa9s %e _h suff]$ f s sev]ely a few m9utes be=e4 ,%e busi$ h]self ab\t ! h\se1 paid calls1 & behav$ l a heal?y "y girl ( h] age4 ,9 ?is /ate %e rememb]$ p]fectly all t _h happ5$ 9 h] two conditions4' 7,9 ?is respect h] case is di/9ct f bo? ! =m]1 & is q exceptional4 ,9 fact1 ! inclusion ( ! consci\sness ( bo? conditions dur+ ! cont9uance ( "o condition only1 r5d]s h] case n1 /rictly speak+1 "o ( d\ble consci\sness1 ! two conditions n be+ p]fectly di/9ct f ea* o!r47 ',9 ?is second life1 z 9 ! o!r1 h] moral & intellectual faculties1 ?\gh diff]5t1 7 inconte/ably s\nd4 ,aft] a "t 7:i* 9 #aheh la/$ ?ree or f\r h\rs71 h] gaiety disappe>$1 ! torpor sudd5ly ensu$1 & 9 two or ?ree m9utes %e op5$ h] eyes & re-ent]$ h] ord9>y life1 resum+ any "w %e 0 engag$ 9 j :]e %e left (f4 ,9 ?is /ate %e bemoan$ h] condition1 & 0 q unconsci\s ( :at _h pass$ 9 ! previ\s /ate4 ,if ask$ to cont9ue a ballad %e _h be5 s++1 %e knew no?+ ab\t x1 & if %e _h receiv$ a visitor1 %e believ$ %e _h se5 no "o4 ,! =getfulness ext5d$ to ev]y?+ :i* happ5$ dur+ h] second /ate1 & n to any ideas or in=mation acquir$ be=e h] illness4' ,?us h] e>ly life 0 held 9 remembrance dur+ bo? h] conditions1 h] consci\sness 9 ^! two conditions be+ 9 ?is respect s+le2 9 h] second or less usual condition %e rememb]$ also all ! ev5ts ( h] life1 includ+ :at _h pass$ s9ce ^! seizures began2 & x 0 only 9 h] m usual condition t a portion ( h] life 0 lo/ to h]--t1 namely1 :i* _h pass$ dur+ h] second condition4 ,9 #aheh a new ph5om5on 0 notic$ z occasionally occurr+--%e w\ld sometimes wake f h] second condition 9 a fit ( t]ror1 recognis+ no "o b h] husb&4 ,! t]ror did n la/ long1 h[ev]2 & dur+ sixte5 ye>s ( h] m>ri$ life1 h] husb& only notic$ ?is t]ror on ?irty occasions4 ,a pa9ful circum/ance prec$+ h] m>riage some:at =cibly exhibit$ ! di/9ction betwe5 h] two /ates ( consci\sness4 ,rigid 9 morality dur+ h] usual condition1 %e 0 %ock$ by ! insults ( a brutal neighb\r1 :o told h] ( a confession made to ,m4 ,azam dur+ h] second condition1 & accus$ h] ( %amm+ innoc5ce4 ,! attack--un=tunately1 b too well f\nd$ z f> z facts 7 conc]n$--br\ght on viol5t convulsions1 :i* requir$ m$ical att5dance dur+ two or ?ree h\rs4 ,x is important to notice ! diff]5ce ?us indicat$ betwe5 ! "* ( ! p]sonalities correspond+ to h] two conditions4 ',h] moral faculties1' says ,m4 ,azam1 '7 inconte/ably s\nd 9 h] second life1 ?\gh diff]5t1'--by :i*1 be x und]/ood1 he means simply t h] s5se ( "r & wrong 0 j dur+ h] second condition1 n1 ( c\rse1 t h] conduct 0 irreproa*able4 ,%e 0 9 ?is condition1 z 9 ! o!r1 altoge!r responsible = h] actions4 ,b h] p[] ( self-control1 or r p]haps ! relative p[] ( h] w z comp>$ ) t5d5cies to wrong-do+1 0 manife/ly weak] dur+ h] second condition4 ,9 fact1 9 "o condition %e 0 oppress$ & sadd5$ by pa9 & anxiety1 :]eas 9 ! o!r %e 0 almo/ free f pa91 gay1 light-he>t$1 & hopeful4 ,n[ ,i _c altoge!r agree ) ,mr4 ,slack's rem>k1 t if1 dur+ h] second /ate1 '%e _h committ$ a robb]y or an assass9ation1 no moral responsibility c\ld h be5 assum$ to re/ ^u h] ) any c]ta9ty1 by any "o acqua9t$ ) h] hi/ory1' = h] moral faculties 9 h] second condition be+ inconte/ably s\nd1 %e 0 cle>ly responsible = h] actions :ile 9 t condition4 ,b c]ta9ly1 ! "q ( puni%m5t = su* an (f5ce w\ld be n a little complicat$ by h] tw(old p]sonality4 ,to ! woman 9 h] ord9>y condition1 rememb]+ no?+ ( ! crime committ$ 7on ! supposition we are deal+ )71 9 h] abnormal condition1 puni%m5t = t crime w\ld c]ta9ly seem unju/1 see+ t h] liability to ent] into t condition _h n 9 any degree dep5d$ on h] own w4 ,! drunk>d :o1 wak+ 9 ! morn+ ) no recollection ( ! ev5ts ( ! pa/ night1 f9ds himself 9 gaol = "s crime committ$ dur+ t "t1 al?\gh he may ?9k ! puni%m5t he has to endure sev]e measure = a crime ( :i* 9 8 ord9>y condition he is incapable1 kn[s at lea/ t he is responsible = plac+ himself "u t influ5ce :i* made ! crime possible4 ,suppos+ ev5 he _h n _h suffici5t exp]i5ce ( 8 own "* :5 "u ! influ5ce ( liquor1 to h reason to fe> he might be guilty ( ! (f5ce1 he yet p]ceives t to make intoxication "u any circum/ances an excuse = crime w\ld be mo/ dang]\s to ! community1 & t he suff]s puni%m5t ju/ly4 ,b ! case ( dual consci\sness is altoge!r diff]5t1 & c]ta9ly :]e responsibility exi/s "u bo? conditions1 :ile yet impulse & ! re/ra9+ p[] ( w are diff]5tly relat$ 9 "o & ! o!r condition1 ! problem ( satisfy+ ju/ice is a mo/ p]plex+ "o4 ,"h are 9 effect two diff]5t p]sons resid+ 9 "o body1 & x is impossible to puni% "o )\t puni%+ ! o!r also4 ,suppos+ ju/ice wait$ until ! abnormal condition 0 resum$1 !n ! (f5d] w\ld probably recognise ! ju/ice ( puni%m5t2 b if ! effects ( ! puni%m5t cont9u$ until ! usual condition return$1 a p]son w\ld suff] :o 0 consci\s ( no crime4 ,if ! (f5ce 7 murd]1 & if capital puni%m5t 7 inflict$1 ! ord9>y individuality1 innoc5t entirely ( murd]1 w\ld be ext+ui%$ along ) ! fir/1 a manife/ inju/ice4 ,z ,huxley says ( a simil> case1 '! problem ( responsibility is "h z complicat$ z t ( ! pr9ce-bi%op1 :o swore z a pr9ce & n z a bi%op4 ',b1 y\r highness1 if ! pr9ce is damn$1 :at w become ( ! bi%op8' said ! peasant4'#ba ,x does n appe> to me t !re is 9 ! case ( ,felida ,x4 any valid reason = reg>d+ ! !ory ( two bra9s z ! only available explanation4 ,x is a notewor?y circum/ance1 t ! pa9s prec$+ ea* *ange ( condition affect$ bo? sides ( ! head4 ,"s modification ( ! circulation seems sugge/$ z ! true explanation ( ! *anges 9 condition1 ?\gh ! precise nature ( su* modification1 or h[ x may h be5 br\ght ab\t1 w\ld probably be v difficult to det]m9e4 ,! /ate ( heal?1 h[ev]1 on :i* ! attacks dep5d$ seems to h affect$ ! :ole body ( ! pati5t1 & ! case pres5ts no features sugge/+ any lat]al localisation ( ! c]ebral *anges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! case ( ,s]geant ,f4 7a few ( ! circum/ances ( :i* 7 m5tion$ 9 my essay entitl$ ',h we two ,bra9s8'71 seems to correspond ) ,dr4 ,holl&'s !ory1 ?\gh t !ory is f> f expla9+ all ! circum/ances4 ,! man 0 w\nd$ by a bullet :i* fractur$ 8 left p>ietal bone1 & 8 "r arm & leg 7 almo/ imm$iately p>alys$4 ,:5 he recov]$ consci\sness ?ree weeks lat]1 ! "r side ( ! body 0 completely p>alys$1 & rema9$ s = a ye>4 ,^! circum/ances indicate t ! cause ( ! mis*ief /ill exi/+ lay 9 ! %ock :i* ! left side ( ! bra9 receiv$ :5 ! man 0 w\nd$4 ,! "r side may h le>n$ 7z x 77 to ex]cise ! functions =m]ly belong+ to ! left side1 & ?us ! p>alysis affect+ ! "r side until ?is _h happ5$ may h pass$ away4 ,^! po9ts are discuss$ 9 ! essay above nam$1 h[ev]1 & ne$ n "h deta9 u4 ,o!rs :i* 7 n !n dealt ) may n[ be not$ ) advantage4 ,we w\ld specially note "s :i* r5d] x d\btful :e!r 9 ! abnormal condition ! man's bra9 acts at all1 :e!r 9 fact 8 condition1 s f> z consci\sness 0 conc]n$1 is n simil> to t ( a frog depriv$ ( its bra9 9 a c]ta9 well-kn[n exp]im5t4 7,?is appe>s to be ! op9ion to :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley incl9es1 ?\gh1 ) prop] sci5tific caution1 he seems dispos$ to susp5d 8 judgm5t47 ,! facts are v s+ul>1 :atev] ! explanation may be4 ,9 ! normal condition1 ! man is :at he 0 be=e he 0 w\nd$--an intellig5t1 k9dly fell[1 p]=m+ satisfactorily ! duties ( a hospital att5dant4 ,! abnormal /ate is u%]$ 9 by pa9s 9 ! =ehead1 z if caus$ by ! con/riction ( a b& ( iron4 ,9 ?is /ate ! eyes are op5 & ! pupils dilat$4 7,! read] w rememb] ,*>les ,reade's description ( ,david ,dodd's eyes1 'l ^? ( a seal4'7 ,! eyeballs "w incessantly1 & ! jaws ma9ta9 a *ew+ motion4 ,if ! man is en pays de connaissance1 he walks ab\t z usual2 b 9 a new place1 or if ob/acles are set 9 8 way1 he /umbles1 feels ab\t ) 8 h&s1 & s f9ds 8 way4 ,he (f]s no resi/ance to any =ces :i* may act ^u him1 & %[s no signs ( pa9 if p9s are ?ru/ into 8 body by k9dly exp]im5t]s4 ,no noise affects him4 ,he eats & dr9ks app>5tly )\t ta/+ or smell+ 8 food1 accept+ assafoetida or v9eg> z readily z ! f9e/ cl>et4 ,he is s5sible to light only "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,b ! s5se ( t\* is /rangely exalt$ 79 all respects app>5tly except z to s5sations ( pa9 or pleasure71 tak+ 9 fact ! place ( all ! o!r s5ses4 ,i say ! s5se ( t\*1 b x is n cle> :e!r !re is any real s5sation at all4 ,! man appe>s 9 ! abnormal condition to be a m]e ma*9e4 ,?is is /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! foll[+ case1 :i* ,i translate directly f ,dr4 ,mesnet's acc\nt3--',he 0 walk+ 9 ! g>d5 "u a gr\p ( trees1 & 8 /ick1 :i* he _h dropp$ a few m9utes be=e1 0 plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,he feels x1 moves 8 h& sev]al times along ! b5t h&le ( ! /ick1 becomes wat*ful1 seems to li/51 sudd5ly he calls out1 ,h5ry6 !n1 ,!re !y are6 !re are at lea/ a score ( !m6 jo9 u two1 we %all manage x4 ,& !n putt+ 8 h& beh9d 8 back z if to take a c>tridge1 he goes ?r\gh ! movem5t ( load+ 8 weapon1 lays himself flat on ! grass1 8 head conceal$ by a tree1 9 ! po/ure ( a %>p%oot]1 & ) %\ld]$ weapon foll[s all ! movem5ts ( ! enemy :om he fancies he sees at a %ort di/ance4' ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an assumption3 ! man _c 9 ?is /ate fancy he sees1 unless he has at lea/ a recollection ( ! s5sation ( sight1 & ?is w\ld imply c]ebral activity4 ,huxley1 m cauti\s1 says ju/ly t ! "q arises ':e!r ! s]ies ( actions con/itut+ ?is s+ul> pantomime 0 accompani$ by ! ord9>y /ates ( consci\sness or n8 ,did ! man dream t he 0 skirmi%+8 or 0 he 9 ! condition ( "o ( ,vaucanson's automata--a me*anism work$ by molecul> *anges 9 8 n]v\s sy/em8 ,! analogy ( ! frog %[s t ! latt] assumption is p]fectly ju/ifiable4' ,! pantomimic actions j relat$ correspond$ to :at probably happ5$ a few mom5ts be=e ! man 0 w\nd$2 b ?is human automaton 7s to call him1 )\t !oris+ z to 8 actual condition7 goes ?r\gh o!r p]=mances4 ,he has a good voice1 & 0 at "o "t a s+] 9 a caf4 ',9 "o ( 8 abnormal /ates he 0 obs]v$ to beg9 humm+ a tune4 ,he !n w5t to 8 room1 dress$ himself c>efully1 & took up "s p>ts ( a p]iodical novel :i* lay on 8 b$1 z if he 7 try+ to f9d some?+4 ,dr4 ,mesnet1 suspect+ t he 0 seek+ 8 music1 made up "o ( ^! into a roll & put x into 8 h&4 ,he appe>$ satisfi$1 took up 8 cane & w5t d[n/airs to ! door4 ,"h ,dr4 ,mesnet1 turn$ him r\nd1 & he walk$ q cont5t$ly 9 ! opposite direction1 t[>ds ! room ( ! conci]ge4 ,! light ( ! sun %9+ ?r\gh a w9d[ n[ happ5$ to fall ^u him1 & seem$ to sugge/ ! footlights ( ! /age on :i* he 0 accu/om$ to make 8 appe>ance4 ,he /opp$1 op5$ 8 roll ( imag9>y music1 put himself into ! attitude ( a s+]1 & sung1 ) p]fect execution1 ?ree songs1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,aft] :i* he wip$ 8 face ) 8 h&k]*ief & drank1 )\t a grimace1 a tumbl] ( /rong v9eg> & wat] :i* 0 put into 8 h&4' ,b ! mo/ rem>kable "p ( ! :ole /ory is t :i* foll[s4 ',sitt+ at a table 9 "o ( 8 abnormal /ates1 ,s]geant ,f4 took up a p51 felt = pap] & ink1 & began to write a lett] to 8 g5]al1 9 :i* he recomm5d$ himself = a m$al on acc\nt ( 8 good conduct & c\rage4' 7,r a /range ?+1 by ! way1 = a m]e automaton to d47 ',x occurr$ to ,dr4 ,mesnet to asc]ta9 exp]im5tally h[ f> vision 0 conc]n$ 9 ?is act ( writ+4 ,he !re=e int]pos$ a scre5 betwe5 ! man's eyes & 8 h&s2 "u ^! circum/ances1 ,f4 w5t on writ+ = a %ort "t1 b ! words became illegible1 & he f9ally /opp$1 )\t manife/+ any discont5t4 ,on ! )drawal ( ! scre51 he began to write aga9 :]e he _h left (f4 ,! sub/itution ( wat] = ink 9 ! ink/& _h a simil> result4 ,he /opp$1 look$ at 8 p51 wip$ x on 8 coat1 dipp$ x 9 ! wat]1 & began aga9 ) a simil> result4 ,on ano!r occasion1 he began to write ^u ! topmo/ ( t5 sup]impos$ %eets ( pap]4 ,aft] he _h writt5 a l9e or two1 ?is %eet 0 sudd5ly drawn away4 ,!re 0 a slight expression ( surprise1 b he cont9u$ 8 lett] on ! second %eet exactly z if x _h be5 ! fir/4 ,?is op]ation 0 repeat$ five times1 s t ! fif? %eet conta9$ no?+ b ! writ]'s signature at ! bottom ( ! page4 ,nev]!less1 :5 ! signature 0 f9i%$1 8 eyes turn$ to ! top ( ! blank %eet1 & he w5t ?r\gh ! =m ( read+ :at he _h writt5--a movem5t ( ! lips accompany+ ea* ^w2 moreov]1 ) 8 p51 he put 9 su* corrections z 7 ne$$1 9 t "p ( ! blank page :i* correspond$ ) ! position ( ! words :i* requir$ correction 9 ! %eets :i* _h be5 tak5 away4 ,if ! five %eets _h be5 transp>5t1 !re=e1 !y w\ld1 :5 sup]pos$1 h =m$ a prop]ly writt5 & correct$ lett]4 ,imm$iately aft] he _h writt5 8 lett]1 ,f4 got up1 walk$ d[n to ! g>d51 made himself a cig>ette1 light$ & smok$ x4 ,he 0 ab\t to prep>e ano!r1 b s\ght 9 va9 = 8 tobacco-p\*1 :i* _h be5 purposely tak5 away4 ,! p\* 0 n[ ?ru/ be=e 8 eyes & put "u 8 nose1 b he nei!r saw nor smelt x2 :51 h[ev]1 x 0 plac$ 9 8 h&1 he at once seiz$ x1 made a fre% cig>ette1 & ignit$ a mat* to light ! latt]4 ,! mat* 0 bl[n out1 & ano!r light$ mat* plac$ close be=e 8 eyes1 b he made no attempt to take x2 & if 8 cig>ette 0 light$ = him1 he made no attempt to smoke4 ,all ?is "t 8 eyes 7 vacant1 & nei!r w9k$ nor exhibit$ any contraction ( ! pupil4' ,^! & o!r simil> exp]im5ts are expla9$ by ,dr4 ,mesnet 7& ,pr(essor ,huxley appe>s to agree ) him7 by ! !ory t ,f4 'sees "s ?+s & n o!rs2 t ! s5se ( sight is accessible to all ?+s :i* are br\ght into relation ) him by ! s5se ( t\*1 &1 on ! contr>y1 ins5sible to all ?+s :i* lie outside ?is relation4' ,x seems to me t ! evid5ce sc>cely supports ?is conclusion4 ,9 e case :]e ,f4 appe>s to see1 x is q possible t 9 reality he is guid$ entirely by ! s5se ( t\*4 ,all ! circum/ances accord mu* bett] ) ?is explanation ?an ) ! !ory t ! s5se ( sight 0 9 any way affect$4 ,?us ! sunlight %9+ ?r\gh ! w9d[ mu/ h affect$ ! s5se ( t\*1 & 9 a mann] simil> to :at ,f4 _h exp]i5c$ :5 be=e ! footlights ( ! /age1 :]e he 0 accu/om$ to appe> z a s+]4 ,9 ?is respect !re 0 a mu* clos] resemblance betwe5 ! effect ( sunlight & t ( ! light f footlights1 ?an 9 ! circum/ances "u :i* bo? s\rces ( light affect ! s5se ( sight4 ,= 9 "o case ! light came f above1 9 ! o!r f bel[2 ! heat w\ld 9 nei!r case be s5sibly localis$4 ,aga91 :5 a scre5 0 int]pos$ betwe5 8 eyes & ! pap] on :i* he 0 writ+1 he probably became consci\s ( its pres5ce 9 ! same way t a bl9d man is consci\s ( ! pres5ce ( objects ne> him1 ev5 79 "s cases7 ( objects q remote1 by "s subtle effects disc]nible by ! s5se ( t\* excit$ to abnormal relative activity 9 ! abs5ce ( impressions d]iv$ f ! s5se ( sight4 ,x is true t "o might h expect$ him to cont9ue writ+ legibly1 not)/&+ ! int]pos$ scre52 b ! consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( :at 9 8 normal condition w\ld effectually h prev5t$ 8 writ+ legibly1 w\ld be suffici5t to expla9 8 failure4 ,if1 :ile 9 full possession ( all our s5ses1 ! expectation ( failure q commonly causes failure1 h[ mu* m likely w\ld ?is be to happ5 to a man 9 ,f4's un=tunate abnormal condition4 ,! s5se ( t\* aga9 w\ld suffice to indicate ! pres5ce ( wat] in/ead ( ink 9 8 p5 :5 he 0 writ+4 ,i "q :e!r ! diff]5ce might n be recognis$ by any p]son ( s5sitive t\* aft] a little practice2 b c]ta9ly a bl9d man1 ^: s5se ( t\* 0 abnormally develop$1 w\ld recognise ! diff]5ce1 z we "k f exp]im5ts :i* h indicat$ ev5 great] delicacy ( p]ception ?an w\ld be requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,! exp]im5t ) sup]pos$ %eets ( pap] is m rem>kable ?an any ( ! o!rs1 b c]ta9ly does n sugge/ t light makes any impression ^u ,s]geant ,f4 ,x proves1 9 fact1 s f> z any exp]im5t c\ld prove su* a po9t1 t ! s5se ( t\* alone regulates ! man's movem5ts4 ,unconsci\s ( any *ange 7because1 aft] ! mom5t>y surprise produc$ by ! )drawal ( ! pap]1 he /ill f\nd he _h pap] to write on71 he cont9u$ writ+4 ,he c]ta9ly did n 9 ?is case1 z ,dr4 ,mesnet sugge/s1 see all ?+s :i* are br\ght into relation ) him by ! s5se ( t\*2 = if he _h1 he w\ld n h cont9u$ to write :5 he f\nd ! words already writt5 no long] disc]nible4 ,on ! :ole1 x appe>s reasonable to conclude1 z ,pr(essor ,huxley does1 t ?\gh ,f4 may be consci\s 9 8 abnormal /ate1 he may also be a m]e automaton = ! "t be+4 ,! only circum/ance :i* seems to oppose itself v m>k$ly to ! latt] view is ! lett]-writ+4 ,ev]y?+ else t ?is man did 0 :at he _h already done prior to ! accid5t4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t ! lett]s writt5 9 8 abnormal /ate 7 transcripts1 n m]ely v]batim et lit]atim1 b exact 9 e po9t1 ( "s :i* he _h writt5 be=e he 0 w\nd$1 !n a /rong case w\ld be made out = ! automaton !ory4 ,c]ta9ly1 few in/ances h come "u ! exp]i5ce ( sci5tific m5 :]e a human be+ has s closely resembl$ a m]e ma*9e z ?is man appe>s to d 9 8 abnormal condition4 ,! moral nature ( ,f4 9 8 abnormal condition is = ?is reason a matt] ( less int]e/ ?an x w\ld be1 did he %[ m ( ! semblance ( consci\s humanity4 ,/ill x is wor?y ( notice1 t1 :]eas 9 8 normal condition he is a p]fectly hone/ man1 9 8 abnormal /ate 'he is an invet]ate ?ief1 /eal+ & hid+ away :atev] he c lay h&s on ) mu* dext]ity1 & ) an absolutely absurd indiff]5ce z to :e!r ! prop]ty is 8 own or n4' ,x w be obs]v$ t ! cases ( dual consci\sness ?us f> consid]$1 ?\gh alike 9 "s respects1 pres5t *>act]i/ic div]g5ces4 ,9 t ( ! boy at ,norwood1 ! two *>act]s 7 v simil>1 s f> z c be judg$1 & ea* life 0 di/9ct f ! o!r4 ,! next case 0 only introduc$ to illu/rate ! resemblance 9 c]ta9 respects betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( somnambulism & ^? ( d\ble or r alt]nat+ consci\sness4 ,! woman ,felida ,x4 *ang$ m>k$ly 9 "* :5 %e pass$ f "o /ate to ! o!r4 ,h] case 0 also di/+ui%$ f t ( ! boy by ! circum/ance t 9 "o /ate %e 0 consci\s ( :at _h pass$ 9 ! o!r1 b :ile 9 ?is o!r /ate 0 unconsci\s ( :at _h pass$ 9 ! =m]4 ,la/ly1 9 ,s]geant ,f4's case we h to deal ) ! effect ( an injury to ! bra91 & f9d a mu* great] diff]5ce betwe5 ! two conditions ?an 9 ! o!r cases4 ,n only does ! man *ange 9 "*1 b x may ju/ly be said t he is little m ?an an animal1 ev5 if he c be reg>d$ z m ?an a m]e automaton :ile 9 ! abnormal condition4 ,we f9d t a simil> v>iety *>act]ises o!r /ories ( d\ble consci\sness4 ,n only are no two cases closely alike1 b no case has be5 not$ :i* has n be5 di/+ui%$ by "s v m>k$ feature f all o!rs4 ,?us1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 respects ! case we h next to consid] resembles v significantly ! case ( ,s]geant ,f41 x also has a special significance ( its own1 & may help u to int]pret ! g5]al problem pres5t$ to u by ! ph5om5a ( dual consci\sness4 ,i abridge1 & 9 "s respects simplify1 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,dr4 ,c>p5t] 9 8 int]e/+ treatise on ,m5tal ,physiology4 ,comm5ts ( my own are di/+ui%$ f ! abridg$ n>rative by be+ plac$ )9 brackets3-- ,a "y woman ( robu/ con/itution _h n>r[ly escap$ dr[n+4 ,%e 0 ins5sible = six h\rs1 & cont9u$ unwell aft] be+ re/or$ to animation4 ,t5 days lat] %e 0 seiz$ ) a fit ( complete /upor1 :i* la/$ f\r h\rs2 :5 %e op5$ h] eyes %e seem$ to recognise no "o1 & appe>$ to be utt]ly depriv$ ( ! s5ses ( he>+1 ta/e1 & smell1 z well z ( ! p[] ( spee*4 ,sight & t\* rema9$1 b ?\gh movem5ts 7 excit$ & controll$ by ^! s5ses1 !y seem$ to ar\se no ideas 9 h] m9d4 ,9 fact1 h] m5tal faculties seem$ entirely susp5d$4 ,h] vision at %ort di/ances 0 quick1 & ! lea/ t\* />tl$ h]2 b unless %e 0 t\*$ or an object 7 plac$ :]e %e c\ld n help see+ x1 %e took no notice ( :at 0 pass+ ar\nd h]4 ,x does n appe> to me c]ta9 t at ?is /age ( h] illness %e saw 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w2 ! s5se ( t\* may alone h be5 affect$1 z x c]ta9ly is affect$ to "s degree by any object s plac$ t x c\ld n b be se5 by a %ort-sight$ p]son4 ,b x is cle> t lat] ! s5se ( sight 0 re/or$1 suppos+1 :i* is n p]haps probable1 t x 0 ev] lo/ 9 ! e>ly /age4 ,%e did n ev5 "k h] own "m1 :o att5d$ con/antly ^u h]4 ,:]ev] %e 0 plac$ %e rema9$4 ,h] appetite 0 good1 b l ,f4 %e ate indiff]5tly :atev] %e 0 f$ )1 & took nause\s m$ic9es z readily z agreeable food4 ,h] movem5ts 7 solely ( ! automatic k9d4 ,?us1 %e swall[$ food put into h] m\?1 b made no ef=t to fe$ h]self4 ,yet :5 h] "m _h convey$ ! spoon 9 ! pati5t's h& a few times to h] m\?1 ! pati5t cont9u$ ! op]ation4 ,x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 to repeat ?is lesson e "t %e 0 f$1 %[+ ! complete abs5ce ( memory4 ',! v limit$ nature ( h] faculties1 & ! automatic life %e 0 lead+1 appe> fur!r evid5t f ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 ,"o ( h] fir/ acts on recov]+ f ! fit _h be5 to busy h]self 9 pick+ ! b$clo!s2 & z soon z %e 0 able to sit up & be dress$1 %e cont9u$ ! habit by incessantly pick+ "s portion ( h] dress4 ,%e seem$ to want an occupation = h] f+]s1 & accord+ly "p ( an old /raw bonnet 0 giv5 to h]1 :i* %e pull$ into pieces ) great m9ut5ess2 %e 0 aft]w>ds b\ntifully suppli$ ) roses3 %e pick$ (f ! leaves1 & !n tore !m up into ! smalle/ p>ticles imag9able4 ,a few days subsequ5tly1 %e began =m+ ^u ! table1 out ( ^? m9ute p>ticles1 rude figures ( roses1 & o!r common g>d5 fl[]s2 %e _h nev] receiv$ any in/ructions 9 draw+4 ,roses n be+ s pl5tiful 9 ,london1 wa/e pap] & a pair ( scissors 7 put into h] h&1 & = "s days %e f\nd an occupation 9 cutt+ ! pap] into %r$s2 aft] a "t ^! cutt+s assum$ rude %apes & figures1 & m p>ticul>ly ! %apes us$ 9 pat*work4 ,at l5g? %e 0 suppli$ ) prop] mat]ials = pat*work1 & aft] "s initiatory in/ruction1 %e took to h] ne$le & to ?is employm5t 9 good e>ne/4 ,%e n[ lab\r$ incessantly at pat*work f morn+ till night1 & on ,sundays & week-days1 = %e knew no diff]5ce ( days2 nor c\ld %e be made to compreh5d ! diff]5ce4 ,%e _h no remembrance f day to day ( :at %e _h be5 do+ on ! previ\s day1 & s e morn+ comm5c$ de novo4 ,:atev] %e began1 t %e cont9u$ to "w at :ile daylight la/$2 manife/+ no uneas9ess = any?+ to eat or dr9k1 tak+ n ! slighte/ he$ ( any?+ :i* 0 go+ on ar\nd h]1 b int5t only on h] pat*work4' ,f ?is "t %e began to improve1 le>n+ l a *ild to regi/] ideas4 ,%e pres5tly le>n$ wor/$-"w1 & %[$ delight 9 ! h>mony ( col\rs & consid]able ta/e 9 select+ betwe5 good & bad patt]ns4 ,aft] a :ile %e began to devise patt]ns ( h] own4 ,b %e /ill _h no memory f day to day ( :at %e _h done1 & unless ! unf9i%$ "w ( "o day 0 set be=e h] on ! next1 %e w\ld beg9 some?+ new4 ,& n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 ideas d]iv$ f h] life be=e h] illness seem$ to be awak5$ )9 h]4 ,:5 pictures ( fl[]s1 trees1 & animals 7 %[n h]1 %e 0 pleas$2 b :5 %e 0 %[n a l&scape 9 :i* !re 0 a riv] or a tr\bl$ sea1 %e became viol5tly agitat$1 & a fit ( spasmodic rigidity & ins5sibility imm$iately foll[$4 ,! m]e sight ( wat] 9 motion made h] %udd]4 ,aga91 f an e>ly /age ( h] illness %e _h d]iv$ pleasure f ! proximity ( a "y man to :om %e _h be5 atta*$4 ,at a "t :5 %e did n rememb] f "o h\r to ano!r :at %e 0 do+1 %e w\ld anxi\sly await 8 ev5+ visit1 & be fretful if he fail$ to pay x4 ,:51 dur+ h] removal to ! c\ntry1 %e lo/ sight ( him1 %e became unhappy & suff]$ f frequ5t fits2 on ! o!r h&1 :5 he rema9$ con/antly ne> h]1 %e improv$ 9 heal?1 & e>ly associations 7 gradually awak5$4 ,at l5g? a day came :5 %e utt]$ h] fir/ ^w 9 ?is h] second life4 ,%e _h le>n$ to take he$ ( objects & p]sons ar\nd h]2 & on "o occasion1 see+ h] "m excessively agitat$1 %e became excit$ h]self1 & sudd5ly1 yet hesitat+ly1 exclaim$1 ',:at's ! matt]8' ,aft] ?is %e began to articulate a few words4 ,= a "t %e call$ e object & p]son '?is1' !n gave _! "r names to wild fl[]s 7( :i* %e _h be5 passionately fond :5 a *ild71 & ?is 'at a "t :5 %e exhibit$ n ! lea/ recollection ( ! old famili> fri5ds & places ( h] *ildhood4' ,! gradual expansion ( h] intellect 0 manife/$ *iefly at ?is "t 9 signs ( emotional excitem5t1 frequ5tly foll[$ by attacks ( spasmodic rigidity & ins5sibility4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! emotions t ! pati5t 0 re/or$ to ! consci\sness ( h] =m] self4 ,%e became aw>e t h] lov] 0 pay+ att5tion to ano!r woman1 & ! emotion ( jeal\sy 0 s /rongly excit$1 t %e _h a fit ( ins5sibility :i* resembl$ h] fir/ attack 9 duration & sev]ity4 ,b x re/or$ h] to h]self4 ',:5 ! ins5sibility pass$ (f1 %e 0 no long] spell-b\nd4 ,! veil ( oblivion 0 )drawn2 &1 z if awak5+ f a sleep ( twelve mon?s' duration1 %e f\nd h]self surr\nd$ by h] gr&fa!r1 gr&mo!r1 & _! famili> fri5ds & acqua9tances4 ,%e awoke 9 ! possession ( h] natural faculties & =m] k2 b )\t ! slighte/ remembrance ( any?+ :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! ye>'s int]val1 f ! invasion ( ! fir/ fit to ! !n pres5t "t4 ,%e spoke1 b %e he>d n2 %e 0 /ill deaf1 b be+ able to read & write z =m]ly1 %e 0 no long] cut (f f communication ) o!rs4 ,f ?is "t %e rapidly improv$1 b = "s "t cont9u$ deaf4 ,%e soon p]fectly und]/ood by ! motion ( h] lips :at h] "m said2 !y conv]s$ ) facility & quickness toge!r1 b %e did n und]/& ! language ( ! lips ( a /rang]4 ,%e 0 completely unaw>e ( ! *ange 9 h] lov]'s affections :i* _h tak5 place 9 h] /ate ( second consci\sness2 & a pa9ful explanation 0 necess>y4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %e bore v well2 & %e has s9ce recov]$ h] previ\s bodily & m5tal heal?4 ,!re is little 9 ?is int]e/+ n>rative to sugge/ t ! duality ( consci\sness 9 ?is case 0 9 any way dep5d5t on ! duality ( ! bra94 ,dur+ ! pati5t's abnormal condition1 ! functions ( ! bra9 prop] w\ld seem to h be5 = a "t 9 complete abeyance1 & !n to h be5 gradually re/or$4 ,"o c p]ceive no reason = suppos+ t ! %ock %e _h su/a9$ w\ld affect "o side r ?an ! o!r side ( ! bra91 nor :y h] recov]y %\ld re/ore "o side to activity & cause ! side :i* 7on ! dual bra9 hypo!sis7 _h be5 active dur+ h] second condition to resume its orig9al activity4 ,! ph5om5a appe> to sugge/ t 9 "s way ! molecul> arrangem5t ( ! bra9 matt] became modifi$ dur+ h] second condition2 & t :5 ! orig9al arrangem5t 0 re/or$ all recognisable traces ( impressions receiv$ :ile ! abnormal arrangem5t la/$ 7 oblit]at$4 ,z ,mr4 ,slack pres5ts "o =m ( ?is idea1 '! grey matt] ( ! bra9 may h its molecules arrang$ 9 patt]ns some:at analog\s to ^? ( /eel fil+s "u ! influ5ce ( a magnet1 b 9 "s way ! direction ( ! =ces--or vibrations--may be *ang$ 9 !m4 ,! patt]n w !n be diff]5t4' ,we "k c]ta9ly t ?\ght & s5sation dep5d on mat]ial processes1--*emical reactions betwe5 ! blood & ! muscul> tissues4 ,)\t ! free circulation ( blood 9 ! bra91 !re c be nei!r cle> ?\ght nor ready s5sation4 ,) *anges 9 ! nature ( ! circulation come *anges 9 ! quality ( ?\ght & ! nature ( s5sation1 & ) !m ! emotions are *ang$ also4 ,su* *anges affect all ( u to "s degree4 ,x may well be t su* cases z we h be5 deal+ ) are simply in/ances ( ! exagg]at$ op]ation ( causes ) :i* we are all famili>2 & x may also be t 9 ! exagg]ation itself ( ^! causes ( *ange lies ! explanation ( ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ity ( cases ( dual consci\sness1--! circum/ances1 namely1 t ei!r ! two /ates ( consci\sness are absolutely di/9ct "o f ! o!r1 or t 9 "o /ate only are ev5ts rememb]$ :i* happ5$ 9 ! o!r1 no recollection :atev] rema9+ 9 ?is latt] /ate ( :at happ5$ 9 ! o!r1 or1 la/ly1 t only fa9t impressions excit$ by "s int5se emotion exp]i5c$ 9 "o /ate rema9 9 ! o!r /ate4 ,x seems possible1 also1 t "s cases ( ano!r k9d may f9d _! explanation 9 ?is direction1 z1 = in/ance1 cases 9 :i*1 ?r\gh "s /range sympa?y1 ! bra9 ( "o p]son s responds to ! ?\ghts ( ano!r t = ! "t be+ ! p]sonality ( ! p]son ?us influ5c$ may be reg>d$ z 9 effect *ang$ into t ( ! p]son produc+ ! influ5ce4 ,?us1 9 "o s+ul> case cit$ by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 a lady 0 'metamorphos$ into ! wor?y cl]gyman on ^: m9i/ry %e att5d$1 & ) :om %e 0 p]sonally intimate4 ,i %all nev] =get1' he says1 '! int5sity ( ! lackadaisical tone 9 :i* %e repli$ to ! matrimonial c\nsels ( ! physician to :om he 7%e7 _h be5 l$ to give a long detail ( 8 7h]7 hypo*ondriacal symptoms3 ,a wife = a dy+ man1 doctor4 ,no int5tional simulation c\ld h approa*$ ! exactness ( ! imitation alike 9 tone1 mann]s1 & language1 :i* spontane\sly proce$$ f ! idea ) :i* ! fair subject 0 possess$1 t %e h]self exp]i5c$ all ! discom=ts ^: detail %e _h d\btless frequ5tly he>d f ! real suff]]4' ,! same lady1 at ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s reque/1 m5tally 'asc5d$ 9 a balloon & proc$$ to ! ,nor? ,pole 9 se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl91 :om %e f\nd alive1 & h] description ( 8 appe>ance & t ( 8 companions 0 giv5 ) an inimitable expression ( sorr[ & pity4' ,x appe>s to u t v great int]e/ atta*es to ! rese>*es made by ,pr(4 ,b>rett into cases ( ?is k9d1 & t x is 9 ?is direction we are to look = ! explanation ( _m my/]i\s ph5om5a =m]ly reg>d$ z sup]natural1 b probably all admitt+ 7at lea/ all t h be5 prop]ly au!nticat$7 ( be+ int]pret$ s soon z ! circum/ances on :i* consci\sness dep5ds %all h be5 det]m9$4 ,?us ! foll[+ acc\nt ( exp]im5ts made at ! village s*ool 9 ,we/mea? seem especially sugge/ive3 ',select+ "s ( ! village *ildr51 & plac+ !m 9 a quiet room1 giv+ ea* "s small object to look at /eadily1 he f\nd "o among/ ! numb] :o readily pass$ into a /ate ( rev]ie4 ,9 t /ate ! subject c\ld be made to believe ! mo/ extravagant /atem5ts1 su* z t ! table 0 a m\nta91 a *air a pony1 a m>k on ! floor1 an insup]able ob/acle4 ,! girl ?us mesm]is$ pass$ on ! second occasion into a /ate ( deep] sleep or trance1 :]e9 no s5sation :atev] 0 exp]i5c$1 unless accompani$ by pressure on ! eyebr[s ( ! subject4 ,:5 ! pressure ( ! f+]s 0 remov$1 ! girl fell back 9 h] *air utt]ly unconsci\s ( all ar\nd1 & _h lo/ all control ov] h] volunt>y muscles4 ,on reapply+ ! pressure1 ?\gh h] eyes rema9$ clos$1 %e sat up & answ]$ que/ions readily1 b ! mann] 9 :i* %e answ]$ !m1 h] acts & expressions1 7 capable ( wond]ful div]sity1 by m]ely alt]+ ! place on ! head :]e ! pressure 0 appli$4 ,s sudd5 & m>k$ 7 ! *anges produc$ by a movem5t ( ! f+]s1 t ! op]ation seem$ v l play+ on "s musical in/rum5t4 ,on a ?ird occasion ! subject1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ^!1 :i* h be5 t]m$ ! biological & phr5ological /ates1 became at l5g? ke5ly & wond]fully s5sitive to ! voice & acts ( ! op]ator4 ,x 0 impossible = ! latt] to call ! girl by h] "n1 h[ev] fa9tly & inaudibly to ^? ar\nd1 )\t at once elicit+ a prompt response4 ,if ! op]ator ta/$1 smelt1 or t\*$ any?+1 or exp]i5c$ any sudd5 s5sation ( w>m? or cold1 a correspond+ effect 0 produc$ on ! subject1 ?\gh no?+ 0 said1 nor c\ld ! subject h se5 :at _h occurr$ to ! op]ator4 ,to be assur$ ( ?is he b&ag$ ! girl's eyes ) great c>e1 & ! op]ator hav+ gone beh9d ! girl to ! o!r end ( ! room1 he wat*$ him & ! girl1 & repeat$ly assur$ himself ( ?is fact4' ,?us f>1 ,pr(essor ,b>rett's obs]vations1 dep5d+ 9 "p on :at ! op]ator exp]i5c$1 may be op5 to j s mu* d\bt z may affect our op9ion ( ! v]acity ( a p]son unkn[n2 b 9 :at foll[s we h 8 own exp]i5ce alone to consid]4 ',hav+ mesm]is$ ! girl himself1 he took a c>d at r&om f a pack :i* 0 9 a draw] 9 ano!r room4 ,glanc+ at ! c>d to see :at x 01 he plac$ x )9 a book1 & 9 t /ate br\ght x to ! girl4 ,giv+ h] ! clos$ book1 he ask$ h] to tell him :at he _h put )9 its leaves4 ,%e held ! book close to ! side ( h] head1 & said1 ',i see some?+ inside ) r$ spots on x2 & %e aft]w>ds said !re 7 five r$ spots on x4 ,! c>d 0 ! five ( diamonds4 ,! same result occurr$ ) ano!r c>d2 & :5 an ,iri% bank-note 0 sub/itut$ = ! c>d1 %e said1 ',oh1 n[ ,i see a numb] ( heads--s _m t ,i _c c\nt !m4' ,he f\nd t %e sometimes fail$ to guess correctly1 ass]t+ t ! ?+s 7 dim2 & %e c\ld give no in=mation ( :at 0 )9 ! book unless he _h previ\sly kn[n :at x 0 himself4 ,m rem>kable /ill1 he ask$ h] to g 9 imag9ation to ,reg5t ,/reet1 9 ,london1 & tell him :at %ops %e _h se54 ,! girl _h nev] be5 out ( h] remote village1 b %e correctly describ$ to him ,mr4 ,ladd's %op1 ( :i* he happ5$ to be ?9k+1 & m5tion$ ! l>ge clock t ov]hangs ! entrance to ,beak ,/reet4 ,9 _m o!r cases he conv9c$ himself t ! exi/5ce ( a di/9ct idea 9 8 own m9d gave rise to an image ( ! idea 7t is1 to a correspond+ image7 on ! m9d ( ! subject2 n always a cle> image1 b "o t c\ld n fail to be recognis$ z a m or less di/ort$ reflection ( 8 own ?\ght4' ,x is important to notice ! limit :i* a sci5tific obs]v] ?us recognis$ 9 ! range ( ! subjects' p]ception4 ,x has be5 /at$ t subjects 9 ?is condition h be5 able to describe occurr5ces n kn[n to any p]son1 :i* yet h be5 subsequ5tly v]ifi$4 ,al?\gh "s n>ratives ( ! k9d h come f p]sons n likely to relate :at !y knew to be untrue1 ! possibility ( error outweighs ! probability t su* n>ratives c really be true4 ,!re is a =m ( unconsci\s c]ebration by :i* untru?ful n>ratives come to be concoct$ 9 ! m9d4 ,= in/ance1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] he>d a scrupul\sly consci5ti\s lady assev]ate t a table 'rapp$' :5 nobody 0 )9 a y>d ( x2 b ! /ory 0 disprov$ by ! lady h]self1 :o f\nd f h] note-book1 record+ :at really took place1 t ! h&s ( six p]sons re/$ on ! table :5 x rapp$4 ,& ap>t f ! unconsci\s fiction-produc+ p[] ( ! m9d1 !re is always ! possibility1 nay1 (t5 ! extreme probability1 t ! facts ( a case may be misund]/ood4 ,p]sons may be suppos$ to "k no?+ ab\t an ev5t :o h be5 consci\s ( its e detail2 nay1 a p]son may himself be unconsci\s ( 8 hav+ kn[n1 & 9 fact ( 8 really kn[+1 ( a p>ticul> ev5t4 ,dual consci\sness 9 ?is p>ticul> s5se is a q common exp]i5ce1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a /ory is told u :i* we receive at fir/ z new1 until gradually ! recollection dawns ^u u & becomes mom5t>ily cle>] & cle>]1 n only t we h he>d x be=e1 b ( ! circum/ances "u :i* we he>d x1 & ev5 ( details :i* ! n>rator f :om a few mom5ts be=e we receive x z a new /ory has omitt$ to m5tion4#bb ,! mo/ important ( all ! que/ions dep5d+ on dual consci\sness is "o into :i* ,i c\ld n prop]ly ent] at any l5g? 9 ^! pages--! "q1 namely1 ( ! relation betwe5 ! condition ( ! bra9 & responsibility1 :e!r su* responsibility be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to human laws or to a high] & all-kn[+ tribunal4 ,b !re are "s po9ts n want+ 9 int]e/ :i* may be "h m prop]ly consid]$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is to be notic$ t a p]son :o has pass$ into a /ate ( abnormal consci\sness1 or :o is 9 ! habit ( do+ s1 c h no k ( ! fact 9 8 normal condition except f ! in=mation ( o!rs4 ,! boy at ,norwood might be told ( :at he _h said & done :ile 9 8 less usual condition1 b s f> z any exp]i5ce ( 8 own 0 conc]n$1 he might dur+ all t "t h be5 9 a pr(\nd sleep4 ,simil>ly ( all ! o!r cases4 ,s t we h "h ! s+ul> circum/ance to consid]1 t a p]son may h to dep5d on ! in=mation ( o!rs respect+ 8 own behavi\r--n dur+ sleep or m5tal ab]ration or ord9>y abs5ce ( m9d--b 79 "s cases at lea/7 :ile 9 possession ( all 8 faculties & unque/ionably responsible = 8 actions4 ,n only might a p]son f9d himself ?us held responsible = actions ( :i* he _h no k1 & p]haps undes]v$ly blam$ or condemn$1 b he might f9d himself reg>d$ z untru?ful because ( 8 p]fectly hone/ d5ial ( all k ( ! conduct attribut$ to him4 ,if su* cases 7 common1 aga91 x w\ld n improbably happ5 t ! simulation ( dual consci\sness w\ld become a frequ5t means ( attempt+ to evade responsibility4 ,ano!r curi\s po9t to be notic$ is ?is4 ,suppos+ "o subject to alt]nations ( consci\sness 7 told t 9 8 abnormal condition he suff]$ int5se pa9 or m5tal angui% 9 consequ5ce ( p>ticul> actions dur+ 8 normal /ate1 h[ f> w\ld he be influ5c$ to refra9 f su* actions by ! fe> ( caus+ pa9 or sorr[ to 8 'd\ble1' a be+ ( ^: pa9s & sorr[s1 nay1 ( ^: v exi/5ce1 he 0 unconsci\s8 ,9 ord9>y life a man refra9s f p>ticul> actions :i* h be5 foll[$ by unpleasant consequ5ces1 reason+1 9 "s cases1 ',i w n d s-&-s1 because ,i suff]$ on su* & su* occasions :5 ,i did s' 7we set religi\s consid]ations entirely on "o side by assum+ t ! p>ticul> actions are n contr>y to any moral law71 9 o!rs1 ',i w n d s-&-s because my s do+ on =m] occasions has caus$ tr\ble to my fri5d ,a or ,b3' b x is /range to imag9e any "o reason+1 ',i w n d s-&-s because my s do+ on =m] occasions has caus$ my second self to exp]i5ce pa9 & angui%1 ( :i* ,i myself h n ! slighte/ recollection4' ,a man may c>e = 8 own well-be+1 or be unwill+ to br+ tr\ble on 8 fri5ds1 b :o is t second self t 8 tr\bles %\ld excite ! sympa?y ( 8 fell[-consci\sness8 ,! consid]ations "h t\*$ on are n s entirely beyond ord9>y exp]i5ce z might be suppos$4 ,x may happ5 to any man to h occasion to ent] into an app>5tly unconsci\s condition dur+ :i* 9 reality sev]e pa9s may be suff]$ by ano!r self1 ?\gh on 8 return to 8 ord9>y condition no recollection ( ^? pa9s may rema91 & ?\gh to all appe>ance he has be5 all ! "t 9 a /ate ( absolute /upor2 & x may be a reasonable "q1 n p]haps :e!r he or 8 d\ble %all suff] su* pa9s1 b :e!r ! body :i* bo? inhabit w suff] :ile he is unconsci\s1 or :ile t o!r consci\sness comes into exi/5ce4 ,t ?is is no imag9>y supposition is %[n by sev]al cases 9 ,ab]crombie's treatise on ! ',intellectual ,p[]s4' ,take1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ n>rative3--',a boy1' he tells u1 'at ! age ( f\r suff]$ fracture ( ! skull1 = :i* he und]w5t ! op]ation ( ! trepan4 ,he 0 at ! "t 9 a /ate ( p]fect /upor1 & aft] 8 recov]y reta9$ no recollection ei!r ( ! accid5t or ( ! op]ation4 ,at ! age ( fifte51 h[ev]1 dur+ ! delirium ( fev]1 he gave 8 "m an acc\nt ( ! op]ation1 & ! p]sons :o 7 pres5t at x1 ) a correct description ( _! dress1 & o!r m9ute p>ticul>s4 ,he _h nev] be5 obs]v$ to allude to x be=e2 & no means 7 kn[n by :i* he c\ld h acquir$ ! circum/ances :i* he m5tion$4' ,suppose "o day a p]son 9 ! delirium ( fev] or "u "s o!r excit+ cause %\ld describe ! tortures exp]i5c$ dur+ "s op]ation1 :51 "u ! influ5ce ( an/hetics1 he _h appe>$ to all ar\nd to be totally unconsci\s1 dwell+ 9 a special mann] p]haps on ! horror ( pa9s accompani$ by utt] p[]lessness to %riek or groan1 or ev5 to move2 h[ f> w\ld ! possibilities sugge/$ by su* a n>rative influ5ce "o :o _h a pa9ful op]ation to und]go1 kn[+ z he w\ld q c]ta9ly1 t :atev] pa9s 8 alt] ego might h to suff]1 n ! slighte/ recollection ( !m w\ld rema9 9 8 ord9>y condition8 ,!re is inde$ almo/ z /range a my/]y 9 unconsci\sness z !re is 9 ! ph5om5a ( dual consci\sness4 ,! man :o has pass$ = a "t into unconsci\sness ?r\gh a bl[1 or fall1 or fit1 _c help ask+ himself l ,b]n>d ,langdon 9 t weird tale1 ,elsie ,v5n]1 ',:]e 0 ! m9d1 ! s\l1 ! ?9k+ pr9ciple all t "t8' ,x is irresi/ibly borne 9 ^u him t he has be5 dead = a "t4 ,z ,holmes reasons1 'a man is /unn$ by a bl[ & becomes unconsci\s1 ano!r gets a h>d] bl[ & x kills him4 ,does he become unconsci\s too8 ,if s1 :51 & h[ does he come to 8 consci\sness8 ,! man :o has _h a slight & mod]ate bl[ comes to himself :5 ! imm$iate %ock passes (f & ! organs beg9 to "w aga91 or :5 a bit ( ! skull is pri$ up1 if t happ5s to be brok54 ,suppose ! bl[ is h>d en\gh to spoil ! bra9 & /op ! play ( ! organs1 :at happ5s !n8' ,s f> z physical sci5ce is conc]n$1 !re is no answ] to ?is "q2 b physical sci5ce does n z yet compreh5d all ! kn[able1 & ! kn[able compreh5ds n all t has be51 is1 & w be4 ,:at we "k & c "k is no?+1 ! unkn[n & ! unkn[able are alike inf9ite4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ba3 ,%\ld any d\bt :e!r ^! conditions ( dual exi/5ce are a reality 7a d\bt1 h[ev]1 :i* ! next case dealt ) 9 ! text %\ld remove71 we w\ld rem9d !m t a simil> difficulty unmi/akably exi/$ 9 ! case ( ,eng & ,*ang1 ! ,siamese tw9s4 ,x w\ld h be5 almo/ impossible to inflict any puni%m5t on "o by :i* ! o!r w\ld n h suff]$1 & capital puni%m5t inflict$ on "o w\ld h involv$ ! dea? ( ! o!r4 ,footnote #bb3 ,an in/ance ( ! sort turns up 9 ,pope's correspond5ce ) ,addison1 & s]ves to expla9 a discrepancy betwe5 ,tickell's edition ( ! ,spectator & ! orig9al4 ,9 ,no4 #bec1 ,addison _h rem>k$ t none ( ! critics _h tak5 notice ( a peculi>ity 9 ! description ( ,sisyphus lift+ 8 /one up ! hill1 :i* is no soon] c>ri$ to ! top ( x b x imm$iately tumbles to ! bottom4 ',?is d\ble motion1' says ,addison1 'is admirably describ$ 9 ! numb]s ( ^? v]ses4 ,9 ! f\r fir/ x is heav$ up by sev]al spondees int]mix$ ) prop] brea?+ places1 & at la/ trundles d[n 9 a cont9ual l9e ( dactyls4' ,on ?is ,pope rem>ks3 ',i happ5$ to f9d ! same 9 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus's ,treatise1 :o treats v l>gely ^u ^! v]ses4 ,i "k y w ?9k fit to s(t5 y\r expression1 :5 y see ! passage1 :i* y mu/ ne$s h read1 ?\gh x be s9ce slipt out ( y\r memory4' ,^! words1 by ! way1 7 ! la/ 7except ',i am1 ) ! utmo/ e/eem1 c4'7 ev] address$ by ,pope to ,addison4 ,x 0 9 ?is lett] t ,pope ) sly malice ask$ ,addison to look ov] ! fir/ two books ( 8 7,pope's7 translation ( ,hom]4 ,,electric ,,light+4 ,al?\gh we c]ta9ly h no reason to compla9 ( ! infrequ5cy ( attempts 9 newspap]s1 c41 z well z 9 sci5tific j\rnals1 to expla9 ! pr9ciples on :i* electric light+ dep5ds1 x does n seem t v cle> ideas are ent]ta9$ on ?is subject by unsci5tific p]sons4 ,nor is ?is1 p]haps1 to be wond]$ at1 :5 we obs]ve t 9 ne>ly all ! explanations :i* h appe>$1 te*nical expressions are q freely us$1 :ile ^? matt]s ab\t :i* ! g5]al read] especially desires in=mation are pass$ ov] z po9ts ) :i* e "o is famili>4 ,n[1 )\t go+ q s f> z to say t !re is no exagg]ation 9 ! picture pres5t$ "s "t back 9 ,pun*1 ( "o :o ask$ :e!r ! electric fluid 0 'any?+ l be]1 = in/ance1' ,i may confid5tly ass]t t ! v vague/ notions are ent]ta9$ by n9e-t5?s ( ^? :o he> ab\t ! electric light1 respect+ ! nature ( electricity4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am n "h ref]r+ to ! d\bts & difficulties ( electricians on ?is subject4 ,x is well kn[n t ,f>aday1 aft] a life ( rese>* into electrical ph5om5a1 said t :5 he _h /udi$ electricity = a few ye>s he ?\ght he und]/ood mu*1 b :5 he _h ne>ly f9i%$ 8 obs]vational "w he f\nd he knew no?+4 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,f>aday spoke1 ! mo/ advanc$ /ud5ts ( sci5ce mu/ admit t !y "k no?+ ab\t electricity4 ,b ! great] numb] ( ^? :o read ab\t ! electric light are n famili> ev5 ) electrical ph5om5a1 z di/+ui%$ f ! int]pretation ( su* ph5om5a4 ,i am satisfi$ t !re is no exagg]ation 9 a passage :i* appe>$ rec5tly 9 ! ',table ,talk' ( ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 describ+ an acc\nt ( ! electric light z obta9$ f "s new k9d ( gas1 c>ri$ 9 pipes f c5tral res]voirs1 & *iefly diff]+ f common gas 9 ?is1 t ! heat result+ f its consumption melt$ ord9>y burn]s1 s t only burn]s ( c>bon or plat9um c\ld be safely employ$4 ,i d n propose "h to discuss1 or ev5 to describe 79 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w7 ! v>i\s me?ods ( electric light+ :i* h be5 ei!r us$ or sugge/$4 ,:at ,i wi% to d is to give a simple explanation ( ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* illum9ation by electricity dep5ds1 & to consid] ! advantages :i* ?is me?od ( illum9ation appe>s to promise or possess4 ,novel z ! idea ( us+ electricity = illum9at+ l>ge spaces may appe> to _m1 we h all ( u be5 long famili> ) ! fact t electricity is capable ( replac+ ! d>kness ( night by ! light ( broad day ov] areas f> l>g] ?an ^? :i* our electricians hope to illum9ate4 ,! lightn+ fla% makes 9 an in/ant e object visible on ! d>ke/ night1 n only 9 ! op5 air1 b 9 ! int]ior ( c>efully d>k5$ rooms4 ,nay1 ev5 if ! %utt]s ( a room are c>efully clos$ & ! room /rongly illum9at$1 ! lightn+ fla% c yet be cle>ly recognis$4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?\gh ! sudd5ness ( ! fla% makes u ! m readily p]ceive x 7"u su* circum/ances1 = in/ance71 yet its %ort duration dim9i%es its app>5t int5sity4 ,?is may appe> a contradiction 9 t]ms1 b is n s 9 reality4 ,! p]ception t !re has be5 a sudd5 light+ up ( ! sky or ( a room1 is di/9ct f ! recognition ( ! actual int5sity ( ! illum9ation ?us mom5t>ily produc$4 ,n[ x is q c]ta9 t ! eye _c assign less ?an a tw5ty-fif? ( a second or s to ! duration ( ! lightn+ fla%1 =1 z ,newton long s9ce %[$1 ! ret9a reta9s ! s5sation ( light = at lea/ ?is int]val aft] ! light has disappe>$4 ,x is equally c]ta91 f ,:eat/one's exp]im5ts1 t ! lightn+ fla% does n actually endure = ! #ajj1jjj? "p ( a second4 ,adopt+ ?is la/ numb]1 ?\gh x falls f> %ort ( ! tru?--! actual duration be+ probably less ?an #a1jjj1jjj? ( a second--we see t s f> z ! eye is conc]n$1 an am\nt ( light :i* 0 really emitt$ dur+ ! #ajj1jjj? "p ( a second is by ! eye judg$ to h be5 emitt$ dur+ an int]val #d1jjj times z long4 ,x is c]ta91 !n1 t ! eye's e/imate ( ! int5sity ( ! illum9ation result+ f a lightn+ fla% is f> %ort ( ! tru?4 ,?is is equally true ev5 9 ^? cases :]e lightn+ is said to be = a:ile cont9u\s4 ,if ! fla%es = a "t succe$ ea* o!r at less int]vals ?an a tw5ty-fif? ( a second1 ! illum9ation w appe> cont9u\s4 ,b x is n really s4 ,to be s1 ! fla%es %\ld succe$ ea* o!r at ! rate ( at lea/ #ajj1jjj1 & probably ( m ?an #a1jjj1jjj p] second4 ,:ile ! lightn+ fla% %[s ! brilliancy :i* ! electric illum9ation c atta91 x %[s also ! int5se heat result+ f ! electric dis*>ge4 ,?is might1 inde$1 be inf]r$ simply f ! brilliancy ( ! light1 s9ce we "k t ?is brilliancy c only be due to ! int5se heat to :i* ! p>ticles along ! track ( ! electric fla% h be5 rais$4 ,b x is %[n 9 a m conv9c+ mann] to ord9>y appreh5sion by ! effects :i* ! lightn+ fla% produces :]e--9 ! common way ( speak+--x /rikes4 ,! lea/ fusible sub/ances are melt$4 ,effects are produc$ also :i*1 ?\gh at fir/ n seem+ly attributable to int5se heat1 yet 9 reality c be no o!rwise expla9$4 ,?us1 :5 ! trunk ( a tree is torn into fragm5ts by ! lightn+ /roke1 ?\gh ! tree is scor*$ & black5$1 a small am\nt ( heat w\ld acc\nt = t p>ticul> effect1 :ile ! de/ruction ( ! tree seems attributable to me*anical causes4 ,x is1 inde$1 f effects su* z ^! t ! idea ( ! fall ( ?und]bolts has d\btless _h its orig91 ! notion be+ t "s mat]ial sub/ance has /ruck ! body ?us %att]$ or de/roy$4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 su* de/ructive effects are due entirely to ! int5se heat excit$ dur+ ! passage ( ! electricity4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( a tree de/roy$ by lightn+1 ! %att]+ ( b\ghs & trunk results f ! sudd5 conv]sion ( ! moi/ure ( ! tree 7t is1 ! moi/ure pres5t 9 ! sub/ance ( ! tree7 into /eam1 a *ange accompani$ ( c\rse by great & sudd5 expansion4 ,! tree is z c]ta9ly de/roy$ by ! effects ( heat z is a boil] :i* has bur/1 ?\gh 9 ea* case ! expansive p[] ( /eam directly works ! mis*ief4 ,x is ! m useful = our pres5t purpose ?us to note at ! outset bo? ! illum9at+ & ! heat+ p[] ( ! lightn+ fla% 7or r ( ! electric dis*>ge71 because1 z w pres5tly be se51 ! electric light1 :ile 9 all cases dep5d+ on int5sity ( heat1 may ei!r be obta9$ 9 ! =m ( a s]ies ( fla%es succe$+ ea* o!r s quickly z to be to all int5ts & purposes cont9u\s1 or f ! inc&esc5ce ( "s suitable sub/ance 9 ! pa? ( ! electric curr5t4 ,let u n[ consid] briefly ! g5]al nature ( electrical ph5om5a1 or at lea/ ( ^? electrical ph5om5a :i* are relat$ to our pres5t subject4 ,=m]ly1 :5 light 0 suppos$ to be a mat]ial emanation1 & heat 0 reg>d$ z an actual fluid1 electricity 0 9 l mann] reg>d$ z "s subtle fluid :i* c\ld be g5]at$ or disp]s$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,at pres5t1 x is saf] to speak ( electricity z a /ate or condition ( matt]4 ,if x 7 n t "s v em95t electricians 7& "o especially ^: em95ce z a practical electrician is v great7 are said to believe /ill t !re is su* a ?+ z an electric fluid1 we %\ld h simply ass]t$ t 9 ! pres5t position ( sci5tific rese>*1 ) ! kn[n velocity at :i* ! s-call$ electric curr5t fl[s1 & ! kn[n relations betwe5 electricity1 heat1 & light1 ! !ory ( an electric fluid is altoge!r unt5able4 ,x w suffice1 h[ev]1 "u ! actual circum/ances1 to speak simply ( electrical prop]ties1 )\t express+ any def9ite op9ion respect+ _! int]pretation4 ,a c]ta9 prop]ty1 call$ electricity1 is excit$ 9 any sub/ance by any cause affect+ ! condition ( ! sub/ance1 :e!r t cause be me*anical1 *emical1 !rmal1 or o!rwise4 ,no *ange c take place 9 ! physical condition ( any body )\t ! g5]ation ( a great] or less am\nt ( electricity1 al?\gh 9 f> ! great] numb] ( cases !re may be no obvi\s evid5ce ( ! fact1 :ile 9 _m cases no evid5ce may be obta9able ev5 by ! use ( ! mo/ delicate sci5tific te/s4 ,i h spok5 "h ( ! g5]ation ( a great] or less am\nt ( electricity1 b 9 reality x w\ld be m correct to speak simply ( a *ange 9 ! electrical condition ( ! sub/ance4 ,electricians speak ( positive & negative electricity z ?\gh !re actually 7 two di/9ct =ms ( ?is peculi> prop]ty ( matt]4 ,b x may be que/ion$ :e!r x w\ld n be m correct to speak ( electricity z we d ( heat4 ,we might speak ( cold z negative heat precisely z electricians give ! "n ( negative electricity to a relative defici5cy ( :at !y call positive electricity2 b 9 ! case ( heat & cold x is f\nd m conv5i5t1 & is m correct1 to speak ( diff]5t degrees ( "o & ! same quality4 ,! difficulty 9 ! case ( electricity is t at pres5t sci5ce has no means ( decid+ :e!r positive or negative electricity has 9 reality ! bett] claim to be reg>d$ z absolute electricity4 ,mak+ comp>ison betwe5 electrical & !rmal relations1 ! process :i* we call ! g5]ation ( positive electricity may 9 reality involve ! disp]sion ( absolute electricity1 & s correspond to cool+1 n to heat+4 ,9 ?is case ! g5]ation ( :at we call negative electricity w\ld 9 reality be ! positive process4 ,h[ev]1 x is n necess>y to discuss ?is po9t1 nor c any error arise f ! use ( ! ord9>y me?od ( expression1 s long z we c>efully hold 9 remembrance t x is only employ$ = conv5i5ce1 & mu/ n be reg>d$ z sci5tifically precise4 ,electricity may be excit$1 z ,i h said1 9 _m ways4 ,) ! ord9>y electrical ma*9e x is excit$ by ! friction ( a glass disc or cyl9d] aga9/ suitable rubb]s ( lea!r & silk4 ,! galvanic batt]y developes electricity by ! *emical action ( acid solutions on metal plates4 ,we may speak ( ! electricity g5]at$ by a ma*9e z frictional electricity1 & ( t g5]at$ by a galvanic batt]y z voltaic electricity2 9 reality1 h[ev]1 ^! are n diff]5t k9ds ( electricity1 b "o & ! same prop]ty develop$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! same also is ! case ) magnetic electricity1 ( :i* ,i %all pres5tly h mu* to say3 x is electricity produc$ by means ( magnets1 b is 9 no respect diff]5t f frictional or voltaic electricity4 ,( c\rse1 h[ev]1 x w be und]/ood t = special purposes "o me?od ( produc+ electricity may be m advantage\sly us$ ?an ano!r4 ,j z heat produc$ by burn+ coal is m conv5i5t = a numb] ( purposes ?an heat produc$ by burn+ wood1 ?\gh !re is no sci5tific di/9ction betwe5 coal-produc$ heat & wood-produc$ heat1 s = "s purposes voltaic electricity is m conv5i5t ?an frictional electricity1 ?\gh !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,e "o kn[s t :5 by means ( an ord9>y electrical ma*9e electricity has be5 g5]at$ 9 suffici5t quantity & "u suitable conditions to prev5t its disp]sion1 a sp>k ( int5se brilliancy & great] or less l5g?1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( electricity ?us collect$1 c be obta9$ :5 "s body1 n simil>ly electrifi$1 is br\ght ne> to :at is call$ ! conductor ( ! ma*9e4 ,! old-fa%ion$ explanation1 /ill repeat$ 9 _m ( our books1 ran some:at z foll[s3--',! positive electricity ( ! conductor decomposes ! neutral or mix$ fluid ( ! body1 attract+ ! negative fluid & repell+ ! positive4 ,:5 ! t5sion ( ! opposite electricities is great en\gh to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! air1 !y re-comb9e1 ! sp>k result+ f ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! process ( _! comb9ation4' ,?is explanation is all v well2 b x assumes mu* t is 9 reality by no means c]ta91 or ev5 likely4 ,all we "k is1 t :]eas be=e ! sp>k is se5 ! electrical conditions ( ! conductor & ! object pres5t$ to x 7 diff]5t1 !y are no long] diff]5t aft] ! fla%+ =? ( ! sp>k4 ,x is z ?\gh a c]ta9 l9e 7/raight1 crook$1 or bran*$7 9 ! air _h =m$ a *annel ( communication by :i* electricity _h pass$1 ei!r f ! conductor to ! object or f ! object to ! conductor1--or possibly 9 bo? directions1 two diff]5t k9ds ( electricity exi/+ 7be=e ! fla%7 9 ! conductor & ! object1 z ! old-fa%ion$ explanation assumes4#bc ,aga91 we "k t ! passage ( electricity along ! air-track suppos+ !re really is su* a passage1 b 9 any case ! obs]v$ *ange 9 ! relative electrical conditions ( ! conductor & ! object1 is accompani$ by ! g5]ation ( an int5se heat along ! arial track :]e ! sp>k is se54 ,9 ! case ( electricity g5]at$ by means ( a galvanic batt]y1 we d n note ! same ph5om5a unless ! batt]y is a /rong "o4 ,we h 9 su* a batt]y a /eady s\rce ( electricity1 b unless ! batt]y is p[]ful1 ! electricity is ( l[ int5sity1 & n compet5t to produce ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a ( frictional electricity4 ,= in/ance1 voltaic electricity1 z us$ 9 telegraphic communication1 is f> weak] ?an t obta9$ f ev5 a small electrical ma*9e4 ,:at is call$ ! positive extremity ( ! batt]y nei!r gives a sp>k1 nor attracts light bodies4 ,! same is true ( ! o!r1 or negative extremity4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! condition ( ^! extremities c only be asc]ta9$ by delicate te/s--! deflections ( ! ne$le1 9 fact1 by :i* telegraphic communications are made1 may 9 reality be reg>d$ z ! indications ( a v delicate electro-cope4 ,b :5 ! /r5g? ( a galvanic batt]y is suffici5tly great1 or1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! total am\nt ( *emical action br\ght into play to g5]ate electricity is suffici5t1 we obta9 voltaic electricity n only surpass+ 9 int5sity :at c be obta9$ f electrical ma*9es1 b capable ( produc+ sp>k aft] sp>k 9 a succession s exce$+ly rapid t ! light is to all int5ts & purposes cont9u\s4 ,)\t consid]+ ! details ( ! con/ruction ( a galvanic batt]y1 :i* w\ld occupy m space ?an c "h be sp>$1 & ev5 ) fulle/ explanation w\ld sc>cely be intelligible 7except to ^? already famili> ) ! subject71 unless illu/rations unsuit$ to ^! pages 7 employ$1 let u consid] :at we h 9 ! case ( e p[]ful galvanic batt]y1 on :atev] sy/em arrang$4 ,we h a s]ies ( simple batt]ies1 ea* consi/+ ( two plates ( diff]5t metal plac$ 9 dilute acid4 ,:]eas1 9 ! case ( a simple batt]y1 h[ev]1 ! two diff]5t metals are connect$ toge!r by wires to let ! electric curr5t pass 7! curr5t ceas+ to pass :5 ! wires are disconnect$71 9 a comp\nd batt]y1 9 :i* 7let u say7 ! metals are z9c & copp]1 ! z9c ( "o batt]y is connect$ ) ! copp] ( ! next1 ! z9c ( ?is ) ! copp] ( ano!r1 & s on1 ! wire to ! copp] ( ! fir/ batt]y & ! wire f ! z9c ( ! la/ batt]y be+ free1 & =m+ :at are call$ ! poles ( ! comp\nd batt]y--! =m] ! positive pole1 ! lat] ! negative pole4#bd ,:5 ^! free wires are connect$1 ! curr5t ( electricity passes1 :5 !y are disconnect$ ! curr5t ceases to pass1 unless ! break betwe5 !m is su* only t ! electricity c1 z x 71 =ce its way across ! gap4 ,:5 ! wires are connect$1 s t ! curr5t fl[s1 x is z ?\gh !re 7 a *annel = "s fluid :i* fl[$ readily & easily along ! *annel4 ,:5 ! circuit is absolutely brok51 x is z ?\gh su* a *annel 7 damm$ completely across4 ,if1 h[ev]1 :ile ! poles are n connect$ by copp] wires or by o!r freely conduct+ sub/ances1 yet ! gap is su* z ! electricity c pass ov]1 ! case may be comp>$ to ! p>tial int]ruption ( a *annel at "s spot :]e1 ?\gh ! fluid :i* passes freely along ! *annel is n able to move s freely2 x c yet =ce its way along1 ) mu* di/urbance & resi/ance4 ,j z at su* a "p ( ! c\rse ( a liquid /ream--say1 a riv]--we f9d1 in/ead ( ! quiet fl[ obs]v$ else:]e1 a great noise & tumult1 s1 :]e ! curr5t ( electricity is n able to pass readily we p]ceive evid5ce ( resi/ance 9 ! g5]ation ( mu* heat & light 7if ! resi/ance is great en\gh74 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i h spok5 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph ( ! passage ( a curr5t along ! wire connect+ ! two poles ( a p[]ful electric batt]y1 or along any sub/ance connect+ ^? poles :i* possesses ! prop]ty ( be+ :at is call$ a good conductor ( electricity4 ,b ! read] is n to assume t !re is su* a curr5t1 or t x is kn[n to fl[ ei!r f ! positive to ! negative pole1 or f negative to positive pole2 or1 aga91 t1 z "s h sugge/$1 !re are two curr5ts :i* fl[ simultane\sly 9 opposite directions4 ,we speak conv5tionally ( ! curr5t1 & = conv5i5ce we speak z ?\gh "s fluid really made its way 7:5 ! circuit is complete7 f ! positive to ! negative pole ( ! comp\nd batt]y4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( su* a curr5t1 or ( any curr5t at all1 is purely hypo!tical4 ,i %\ld be dispos$1 = my own "p1 to believe t ! motion is ( ! nature ( wave-motion1 ) no actual transf]5ce ( matt]1 at lea/ :5 ! circuit is complete4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 :]e resi/ance takes place we might conceive t ! waves are conv]t$ into roll]s or break]s1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! resi/ance--actual transf]5ce ( matt] tak+ place ?r\gh ! action ( ^! *ang$ waves1 j z waves :i* h trav]s$ ! free surface ( ocean )\t c>ry+ onw>d :atev] matt] may be float+ on ! surface1 ca/ su* matt] a%ore :51 by ! resi/ance ( ! %oal+ bottom or ( rocks1 !y become conv]t$ ei!r into roll]s or into break]s4 ,i may also notice1 ) reg>d to good conductors & bad conductors ( electricity1 t !y may be comp>$ to sub/ances respectively transp>5t & opaque = light-waves1 or aga91 to sub/ances :i* all[ heat to pass freely or ! rev]se4 ,j z light-waves fail to illum9ate a transp>5t body1 & heat-waves fail to w>m a body :i* all[s !m free passage1 s electricity-waves 7if electricity really is undulatory1 z ,i imag9e7 fail to affect any sub/ance along :i* !y travel freely4 ,b z light-waves illum9ate an opaque sub/ance1 & heat-waves raise ! temp]ature ( a sub/ance :i* imp$es _! progress1 s waves ( electricity1 :5 _! c\rse is imp$$1 produce effects :i* are indicat$ to u by ! result+ heat & light4 ,a p[]ful galvanic batt]y is capable ( produc+ light ( int5se brilliancy4 ,= ?is purpose1 in/ead ( tak+ sp>ks betwe5 ! two metallic poles1 ea* ( ^! is connect$ ) a piece ( c>bon 7:i* is ne>ly z good a conductor z ! metal71 & ! sp>ks are tak5 betwe5 ^! two pieces ( c>bon1 usually set s t ! "o connect$ ) ! negative pole is virtually above ! "o connect$ ) ! positive pole1 & at a di/ance ( a t5? ( an in* f ea* o!r or m1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! batt]y4 ,across ?is gap betwe5 ! c>bons an arc ( light is se51 :i* 9 reality results f a s]ies ( electric sp>ks foll[+ ea* o!r 9 rapid succession4 ,?is arc1 call$ ! voltaic arc1 is brilliant1 b x is n f ?is arc t ! *ief "p ( ! light comes4 ,! ends ( ! c>bon become int5sely bright1 be+ rais$ to a :ite heat4 ,bo? ! positive & negative c>bons are fi]cely heat$1 b ! positive is heat$ mo/4 ,z 7ord9>ily7 bo? c>bons are ?us heat$ 9 ! op5 air1 combu/ion necess>ily takes place1 ?\gh x is to be notic$ t ! lu/re ( ! c>bons is n due to combu/ion1 & w\ld rema9 undim9i%$ if combu/ion 7 prev5t$4 ,! c>bons are ?us gradually consum$1 ! positive ne>ly twice z fa/ z ! negative4 ,if !y are left unt\*$1 ?is process ( combu/ion soon increases ! di/ance betwe5 !m till x exce$s t :i* ! electricity c pass ov]4 ,!n ! light disappe>s1 ! curr5t ceas+ to fl[4 ,b by br++ ! c>bon po9ts ne> to ea* o!r 7!y mu/1 inde$1 be made to t\* = an in/ant71 ! curr5t is made to fl[ aga91 & ! light is re/or$4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks by ,m4,h4 ,fonta9e 7translat$ by ,dr4 ,higgs7 may help to expla9 ! nature ( ! voltaic arc3--',9 tru?1 ! voltaic arc is a portion ( ! electric circuit possess+ ! prop]ties ( all o!r p>ts ( ! same circuit4 ,! molecules swept away f po9t to po9t 7t is1 f "o c>bon end to ! o!r7 'con/itute betwe5 ^! po9ts a mobile *a91 m or less conductive1 & m or less heat$1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! curr5t & ! nature & sep>ation ( ! electrodes' 7t is1 ! quality & di/ance ap>t ( ! c>bon or o!r sub/ances betwe5 :i* ! arc is =m$74 ',^! ?+s happ5 exactly z if ! electrodes 7 unit$ by a metallic wire or c>bon rod ( small section' 7s z to make ! resi/ance to ! curr5t great71 ':i* is b say+ t ! light produc$ by ! voltaic arc & t obta9$ by inc&esc5ce arise f ! same cause--t is1 ! heat+ ( a resi/+ sub/ance int]pos$ 9 ! circuit4' ,! int5sity ( ! light f ! voltaic arc & ! c>bon po9ts v>ies ) circum/ances1 b dep5ds *iefly on ! am\nt ( electricity g5]at$ by ! batt]y4 ,a fair idea ( its brilliancy1 z comp>$ ) all o!r lights1 w be ga9$ f ! foll[+ /atem5ts3--,if we repres5t ! brightness ( ! sun at noon on a cle> day z #a1jjj1 ! brightness ( lime gl[+ "u ! int5se heat ( ! oxy-hydrog5 flame is ab\t #g2 t ( ! electric light obta9$ ) a batt]y ( #df elem5ts 7,buns5's71 #bce4 ,) a batt]y ( #hj elem5ts ! brightness is only #bch4 7,^! results 7 obta9$ 9 exp]im5ts by ,fizeau & ,f\cault47 ,! int5sity does n !re=e increase mu* ) ! numb] ( ! compon5t elem5ts aft] a c]ta9 numb] is pass$4 ,b x increases greatly ) ! surface1 = ! exp]im5t]s f\nd t ) a batt]y ( #df elem5ts1 ea* compos$ ( #c1 ) _! z9c & copp] respectively unit$ to =m "o elem5t ( triple surface1 ! brightness became #che1 or m ?an "o-?ird ( ! midday brightness ( ! sun 7t is1 ! app>5t intr9sic lu/re ( 8 disc's surface71 & #ee times ! brightness ( ! oxy-hydrog5 lime-light4 ,ano!r way ( obta9+ an int5se heat & light f ! electric curr5t g5]at$ by a /rong batt]y is to introduce into ! electric circuit a sub/ance ( small conduct+ p[]1 & capable ( su/a9+ an int5se heat )\t dis9tegration1 combu/ion1 or melt+4 ,plat9um has be5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,if ! conductive p[] ( copp] be repres5t$ by #ajj1 t ( plat9um w be repres5t$ by #ah only4 ,?us ! resi/ance exp]i5c$ by a curr5t 9 pass+ ?r\gh plat9um is relatively s great1 t if ! curr5t is /rong ! plat9um becomes int5sely heat$1 & %9es ) a brilliant light4 ,a difficulty arises 9 us+ ?is light practically1 f ! circum/ance t :5 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t rea*es a c]ta9 po9t1 ! plat9um melts1 & ! circuit be+ ?us brok51 ! light imm$iately goes out4 ,! use ( galvanic batt]ies to g5]ate an electric curr5t /rong en\gh = ! production ( a brilliant light1 is op5 to sev]al objections1 especially on ! score ( exp5se4 ,x may1 inde$1 be safely said t if no o!r way ( obta9+ curr5ts ( suffici5t int5sity _h ev] be5 devis$1 ! electric light w\ld sc>cely h be5 ?\ght ( = purposes ( g5]al illum9ation1 h[ev] useful 9 special cases4 7,9 ! electric light+ ( ! ,new ,op]a ,h\se at ,p>is1 batt]ies are us$47 ,! discov]y by ,or/$ t an electric curr5t c make iron magnetic1 & ! s]ies ( discov]ies by ,f>aday1 9 :i* ! relation betwe5 magnetism & electricity 0 expla9$1 made electric light+ practically possible4 ,"o ( ^! %[s t if a prop]ly insulat$ wire coil is rapidly rotat$ 9 front ( a fix$ p]man5t magnet 7or ( a set ( su* magnets71 curr5ts w be induc$ 9 ! coil1 :i* may be made to produce ei!r alt]nat+ curr5ts or curr5ts 9 "o direction only1 9 wire conductors4 ,an in/rum5t = g5]at+ electric curr5ts 9 ?is way1 by rapidly rotat+ a coil 9 front ( a s]ies ( p[]ful p]man5t magnets fix$ symmetrically ar\nd x1 is call$ a magneto-electric ma*9e4 ,ano!r me?od1 n[ g5]ally pref]r$1 dep5ds on ! rotation ( a coil 9 front ( an electro-magnet2 t is1 ( a b> ( s(t iron 7b5t 9 horse%oe =m71 :i* c be r5d]$ magnetic by ! passage ( an electric curr5t ?r\gh a coil surr\nd+ x4 ,! rapid rotation ( ! coil 9 front ( ! s(t iron g5]ates a weak curr5t1 because iron always has "s traces ( magnetism 9 x1 especially if x has once be5 magnetis$4 ,?is weak curr5t be+ caus$ to trav]se ! coil surr\nd+ ! s(t iron increases its magnetism1 s t some:at /rong] curr5ts are produc$ 9 ! revolv+ coil4 ,^! c>ri$ r\nd ! s(t iron /ill fur!r increase its magnetism1 & s /ill fur!r /r5g!n ! curr5t4 ,9 ?is way coil & magnet act & react on ea* o!r1 until f ! small effects due to ! initial slight magnetism ( ! iron1 bo? coil & ! magnet become1 s to speak1 saturat$4 ,ma*9es con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple are call$ dynamo-electric ma*9es1 because ! g5]ation ( electricity dep5ds on ! dynamical =ce employ$ 9 rapidly rotat+ ! coils4 ,we ne$ n consid] "h ! v>i\s =ms :i* magneto-electric & dynamo-electric ma*9es h receiv$4 ,x is suffici5t t ! read] %\ld recognise h[ we obta9 an electric curr5t ( great int5sity 9 "o case f me*anical action & p]man5t magnetism1#be & 9 ! o!r f me*anical action & ! m]e residue ( magnetism always pres5t 9 iron4 ,9 ! cases "h consid]$ x is 9 reality ! sudd5 pres5tation ( ! coil 7twice at ea* rotation7 be=e ! positive & negative poles ( ! magnet1 :i* induces a mom5t>y b int5se curr5t ( electricity4 ,! rotation be+ exce$+ly rapid1 ^! curr5ts succe$ ea* o!r ) suffici5t rapidity to be appreciably cont9u\s4 ,a simil> pr9ciple is involv$ 9 ! use ( :at is call$ ! inductive coil1 except t 9 ?is case ! sudd5 beg9n+ & ceas+ ( a curr5t 9 "o coil 7& n magnetic action7 induces a mom5t>y b /rong curr5t3 matt]s are s arrang$ t ! curr5t induc$ by ! />t+ ( ! induc+ curr5t1 imm$iately causes ?is to cease2 :ile ! curr5t induc$ by ! cessation ( ! induc+ curr5t imm$iately causes ?is curr5t to beg9 aga93 s t by a self-act+ process we h a con/ant s]ies ( int5se induc$ curr5ts1 succe$+ ea* o!r ) great rapidity1 s z to be practically cont9u\s1 z ) ^? produc$ by magneto-electric & dynamo-electric ma*9es4 ,all t ,i h said ab\t ! voltaic arc1 ! inc&esc5ce result+ f resi/ance to ! curr5t's fl[1 & s =?1 9 relation to electricity g5]at$ by galvanic batt]ies1 applies to electricity g5]at$ by induction coils1 or by magneto-electric & by dynamo-electric ma*9es4 ,only x is to be notic$ t 9 "s ( ^! ma*9es ! curr5ts alt]nate 9 direction ) ea* revolution ( ! swiftly turn+ coil1 9 o!rs ! curr5ts are always 9 ! same direction1 & 9 yet o!rs ! curr5ts may be made to alt]nate or n1 z may be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,we h n[ to consid] h[ light suitable = purposes ( illum9ation may be obta9$ f ! electric curr5t4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ only light su* z might be us$ = special purposes1 :]e a bright & v int5se light 0 requir$1 :]e exp5se & complexity ( con/ruction might n be op5 to special objections1 & :]e 9 g5]al ! absolute /ead9ess ( ! light 0 n an ess5tial po9t4 ,b ^? :o h se5 ! electric light us$ ev5 by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ manipulators = ! illu/ration ( lectures w "k t ! light z s obta9$1 ?\gh ( int5se brilliancy1 is altoge!r unsuit$ = purposes ( ord9>y illum9ation4 ,if we consid] a few ( ! me?ods :i* h be5 devis$ = ov]com+ ! difficulties inh]5t 9 ! problem ( electric light+1 ! read] w recognise at once ! nature ( ^! difficulties1 & ! probability ( _! be+ effectually ov]come 9 ! future1 = ?\gh mu* has be5 done1 mu* yet rema9s to be done 9 ma/]+ !m4 ,let u consid] fir/ ! ,jablo*k(f c&le1 ! inv5tion ( :i* br\ght ab\t1 9 ,july #ahgg1 ! fir/ great fall 9 ! value ( gas prop]ty4 ,! ,jablo*k(f c&le consi/s ( two c>bons plac$ side by side 7in/ead ( "o above ! o!r 9 a v]tical l9e74 ,?us plac$1 ) a slight int]val betwe5 !m1 ! c>bon rods w\ld all[ ! passage ( ! electric curr5t at ! place ( ne>e/ approa*1 & !re=e ( lea/ resi/ance to its passage4 ,a v>iable & imp]fect illum9ation w\ld result4 ,m4 ,jablo*k(f1 h[ev]1 int]poses betwe5 ! sep>ate c>bon rods a slip ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* is a non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,! upp] po9ts ( ! c>bon rods are ?us ! only p>ts at :i* ! curr5t c cross4 ,!y are connect$ by a little bridge ( c>bon1 :i* is necess>y = ! />t+ ( ! light--j z 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y electric light1 ! two c>bons mu/1 9 ord] to />t ! light1 be br\ght into contact4 ,:5 ! curr5t fl[s1 ! small bridge ( c>bon connect+ ! two po9ts is pres5tly consum$1 b ! arc betwe5 ! po9ts is /ill ma9ta9$3 = ! pla/] becomes vitrifi$ by ! int5se heat ( ! two c>bon po9ts on ea* side1 & melts d[n z ! c>bons are consum$4 ,if ! light is 9 any way put out1 h[ev]1 a small piece ( c>bon mu/ be set aga91 to =m a bridge betwe5 ! c>bon po9ts4 ,?r\gh\t ! burn+ ( ! ,jablo*k(f c&le ! fus$ portion ( ! insulat+ lay] =ms a conduct+ bridge betwe5 ! c>bon po9ts2 & h5ce !re is a consid]able loss ( electric =ce 7probably ab\t ?irty p] c5t471 :i* 9 ! ord9>y arrangem5t w\ld increase ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,! great advantage ( ! c&le consi/s 9 ! circum/ance t ?r\gh\t its consumption ! c>bon ends are at a con/ant di/ance f ea* o!r )\t any me*anical or o!r arrangem5t be+ necess>y to ma9ta9 !m 9 due position4 ,"o po9t %\ld be notic$ "h4 ,9 ! ord9>y arrangem5t ( c>bon po9ts1 ! positive c>bon1 z we h already said1 is mu* m int5sely heat$1 & consumes twice z fa/ z ! negative c>bon4 ,n[1 if "o c>bon ( ! ,jablo*k(f c&le 7 connect$ ) ! positive1 & ! o!r ) ! negative pole ( ! batt]y or ( a ma*9e1 ! =m] side w\ld consume twice z fa/ z ! latt]1 & ! two po9ts w\ld no long] rema9 at ! same horizontal level1 :i* is ess5tial to ! prop] burn+ ( ! ,jablo*k(f c&le4 ,by us+ a ma*9e :i* produces alt]nat+ curr5ts1 ,m4 ,jablo*k(f obviates ?is difficulty1 ! c>bons be+ alt]nately positive & negative 79 extremely rapid succession71 & !re=e consum+ at ! same rate4 ,! ,jablo*k(f c&le la/s only ab\t an h\r & a half4 ,b f\r1 six1 or m c&les may be us$ 9 ! same globe or lant]n1 & automatic arrangem5ts adopt$ to cause a fre% c&le to be ignit$ at ! mom5t :5 its pr$ecessor is burnt out4 ,9 ,p>is & else:]e 7z 9 ,holborn1 = in/ance71 ea* ,jablo*k(f lamp is enclos$ 9 an opal glass globe4 ,mr4 ,hepwor? rem>ks on ?is1 t 9 8 op9ion ! use ( ! opal globe is a mi/ake1 z x %uts (f q #ej p] c5t4 ( ! light )\t any correspond+ advantage1 except ! correction ( ! gl>e4 ',?is wa/eful disadvantage w no d\bt be rem$i$ 9 ! future1' he says1 by ! use ( "s less d5se m$ium4 ',mr4 ,%oolbr$ /ates t f a s]ies ( c>eful photometric exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ! municipal au?orities ) ! ,jablo*k(f lights1 ea* nak$ light is f\nd to possess a maximum int5sity ( #cjj c&les4 ,) ! opal globe ?is 0 r$uc$ to #ahj c&les1 %[+ a loss ( #dj p] c5t41 :ile dur+ ! d>k] p]iods ?r\gh :i* ! light pass$ ! light 0 z l[ z #ij c&les4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ,mr4 ,van d] ,weyde1 :o has long us$ ! electric light = photographic purposes1 has giv5 mu* att5tion to ! important problem ( r5d]+ ! electric light available z an illum9ator )\t wa/+ x1 & yet )\t ?r[+ ! rays directly ^u ! object to be illum9at$4 ,! rays are int]cept$ by an opal disc ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! :ole body ( ! rays is ga!r$ up by a concave reflector 7l9$ ) a :ite mat]ial71 & ?r[n out 9 a flood ( pure :ite light1 9 :i* ! mo/ delicate %ades ( t9t are disc]nible4 ,he c use any =m ( electric c&le 9 ?is way4 ,only x %\ld be notic$1 be=e ! employm5t ( 8 me?od is advocat$ = /reet illum9ation1 t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! problems :i* ! photograph] & ! /reet-light] h to solve4 ,! ,jablo*k(f c&le1 = in/ance1 mu/ be scre5$ on all sides1 & ev5 above1 :5 us$ to illum9ate ! /reets4 ,if its direct light is all[$ to escape 9 any direction1 !re w be a mis*iev\s & unsightly beam1 & f e po9t along ! pa? ( ! beam1 ! int5sely bright light ( ! c&le w be directly visible4 ,aga93 x is ess5tial t :atev] sub/ance is us$ to scre5 ! light %\ld be d5se en\gh to cause ! :ole globe to seem uni=mly bright or ne>ly s4 ,! only modification :i* seems available 7:5 ^! ess5tial po9ts h be5 secur$7 is t ! t9t ( ! globe %\ld be su* z to correct any col\r :i* ! light may be f\nd to h 9 injuri\s excess4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 rem>k t ! objection :i* has be5 (t5 rais$ aga9/ ! col\r ( ! electric light c h>dly be j--! injury to ! eyes 9 c]ta9 cases aris+ probably f ! /rong contra/ betwe5 ! light & ! backgr\nd on :i* x is project$4 ,=1 z to col\r1 ! electric light d]iv$ ei!r f ! gl[+ c>bon or f inc&esc5t metal is appreciably ! same z sunlight4 ,! ,rapieff burn]1 employ$ 9 ! ',times' (fice1 consi/s ( f\r c>bon p5cils1 arrang$ ?us ,symbol 7except t ! two v's are n 9 ! same plane1 b 9 planes at "r angles to ea* o!r74 ,! sp>k crosses ! space betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! v's1 & arrangem5ts are made = keep+ ! two po9ts at ! "r di/ance f ea* o!r1 & also = keep+ ! ends ( ! two p5cils :i* =m ea* po9t 9 _! prop] position4 ,if ! curr5t is f any cause int]rupt$1 an automatic arrangem5t is adopt$ to all[ ! curr5t to pass to ! o!r lamps 9 ! same circuit4 ,!re are six lamps 9 circuit at ! ',times' (fice2 & ,m4 ,rapieff has exhibit$ z _m z t54 ,! advantages claim$ = ?is light are ! foll[+3--',fir/1 its production by any description ( dynamo-electric ma*9e ) ei!r alt]nat+ or cont9u\s curr5ts2 secondly1 great div]sibility & complete indep5d5ce ( ! sev]al lights1 & long duration )\t *ange ( c>bons2 & la/ly1 ! extreme facility ) :i* any ord9>y workman or s]vant c r5ew ! c>bons :5 necess>y1 )\t ext+ui%+ ! lights4' ,! la/-nam$ advantage results1 x ne$ h>dly p]haps be said1 f ! use ( two c>bons to =m ea* po9t4 ,"o c be remov$1 ! o!r rema9+ to keep ! voltaic arc intact until a new c>bon has be5 sub/itut$ = its fell[2 !n x 9 turn c be replac$ by a new c>bon1 ! new c>bon already ins]t$ keep+ ! voltaic arc intact4 ,! six lamps at ! ',times' (fice ?or\ghly illum9ate ! room1 & give light = work+ ! eight ,walt] presses us$ 9 pr9t+ ! pap]4 ,! light has be5 ?us us$ s9ce ! middle ( la/ ,octob]1 & x is said t o!r rooms 9 ! build+ are %ortly to be illum9at$ 9 ! same mann]4 ',ea* lamp is enclos$ 9 an opal globe ( ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & s little heat is giv5 (f1 t ! h& c be plac$ on ! globe )\t inconv5i5ce1 ev5 aft] ! light has be5 burn+ = "s "t4' ,9 ! ,wallace lamp !re are two horizontal plates ( c>bon1 ab\t n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 in/ead ( m]e c>bon po9ts4 ,:5 ! curr5t is pass+1 ^! c>bon plates are sep>at$ by a suitable small di/ance :i* rema9s un*ang$4 ,! electric arc1 be+ />t$ at ! po9t along ! edge ( ! c>bons :]e !re is lea/ resi/ance to ! passage ( ! curr5t1 gradually passes along ! edge ( ! c>bons z combu/ion goes on1 *ang+ ! position ( ! place ( ne>e/ approa* & consequ5tly ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! light w ?us burn = _m h\rs 7ev5 = a hundr$ ) l>ge c>bon plates71 & any numb] ( lights up to t5 c be work$ f ! ma*9e4 ,! objection to ! ,wallace lamp is1 t ! light does n rema9 at "o po9t1 b travels along ! :ole ext5t ( ! c>bons4 ,x w n be easy to design a glass %ade :i* w be suitable = a light ?us *ang+ 9 position4 ,! ,w]d]mann regulator is on an entirely new plan2 b x has n yet be5 submitt$ to ! te/ ( practical work+ outside ! laboratory4 ,! positive c>bon1 :i* is l[e/1 ends 9 a %>p po9t1 :i* /rangely en\gh reta9s its figure1 :ile ! c>bon burns away at ! rate ( ab\t two in*es p] h\r4 ,! negative c>bon is a block hav+ its "u side1 aga9/ :i* ! positive c>bon presses1 slightly convex4 ,! positive c>bon is press$ /eadily aga9/ ! negative by ! action ( a weight4 ,! increas$ resi/ance to ! passage ( ! curr5t1 at ! %>p po9t ( ! positive c>bon1 g5]ates suffici5t heat to produce a p[]ful light4 ,! light resembles a /eadily radiant />1 b ') all its s(tness & purity ( t9t1 x is s int5se1 t adjac5t gas-flames are ?r[n on ! wall z transp>5t %ad[s4' ,! light w la/ = fifte5 h\rs )\t att5tion1 ! positive c>bon rod be+ us$ 9 l5g?s ( ?ree feet4 ,! c>bon block h>dly und]goes any *ange4 ,:5 ! lamp has be5 burn+ a long "t1 a slight depression c be se5 at ! place :]e ! positive c>bon t\*es x1 b by %ift+ ! c>bon 9 its hold] ?is is easily rem$i$4 ,mr4 ,w]d]mann lately exhibit$ a r[ ( t5 small lamps burn+ side by side at ! same "t4 ',! two wires f ! ma*9e1' says ,mr4 ,hepwor?1 7 c>ri$ "o on ei!r side ( ?is r[ ( lamps1 bran* wires be+ l$ f !m = ! s]vice ( ea* lamp4 ,mr4 ,w]d]mann says t 8 p]fect$ lamps w be furni%$ ) keys1 by :i* ! curr5t c be turn$ on or (f1 z 9 ! case ( gas4 ,we may say 9 fact1 t 9 ! nature ( its connections & v>i\s arrangem5ts1 x 7! ,w]d]mann lamp7 mo/ ne>ly comes up 9 conv5i5ce to ! use ( gas4' ,we d n yet "k c]ta9ly :at arrangem5t ,mr4 ,edison employs to obta9 ! light ( :i* s mu* has be5 he>d4 ,x is ass]t$ t 8 light is obta9$ f ! inc&esc5ce ( an alloy ( iridium & plat9um1 :i* w be> )\t fusion a heat#bf ( #e1jjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,x w\ld be unsafe1 h[ev]1 to assume t ?is acc\nt is tru/wor?y1 or to inf] 7z we might 9 ! case ( almo/ any o!r inv5tor71 t su* be+ ! nature ( 8 plan1 x c\ld lead to no result ( practical value4 ,z has be5 well rem>k$ by a contempor>y writ]1 :atev] ,edison's inv5tion may be1 'x is c]ta9 to be some?+ to comm& respect1 ev5 if x does n q come up to ! gl[+ acc\nts :i* h rea*$ u 9 advance4' ,! foll[+ passage f "o ( ^! acc\nts1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ',new ,york ,h]ald1' w be read ) int]e/1 & may be accept$ z tru/wor?y s f> z x goes4 ',! writ] la/ night saw ! inv5tion 9 op]ation 9 ,mr4 ,edison's laboratory4 ,! inv5tor 0 deep 9 exp]im5tal rese>*es4 ,:at he call$ ! app>atus consi/$ ( a small metal /& plac$ on ! table4 ,surr\nd+ ! light 0 a small glass globe4 ,ne> by 0 a gas jet burn+ l[4 ,! ,pr(essor look$ up f 8 "w1 to greet ! report]1 & 9 reply to a reque/ to view ! inv5tion1 wav$ 8 h& t[>ds ! light1 ) ! exclamation1 ,!re %e is6 ,! illum9ation 0 su* z w\ld come f a brilliant gas jet surr\nd$ ) gr\nd glass1 only t ! light 0 cle>] & m brilliant4 ,n[ ,i ext+ui% x & light ! gas1 & y c see ! diff]5ce1 said ,mr4 ,edison1 & he t\*$ ! spr+4 ,in/antly all 0 d>kness4 ,!n he turn$ on ! gas4 ,! diff]5ce 0 q p]ceptible4 ,! light f ! gas appe>$ 9 comp>ison t9t$ ) yell[4 ,9 a mom5t1 h[ev]1 ! eye _h become accu/om$ to x1 & ! yell[i% t9t disappe>$4 ,!n ! ,pr(essor turn$ on ! electric light1 giv+ ! writ] ! opportunity ( see+ bo?1 side by side4 ,! electric light seem$ mu* s(t]2 a cont9u\s view ( x = ?ree m9utes did n pa9 ! eye2 :]eas look+ at ! gas = ! same l5g? ( "t caus$ "s little pa9 & confusion ( sight4 ,"o ( ! noticeable features ( ! light1 :5 fully turn$ on1 0 t all ! col\rs c\ld be di/+ui%$ z readily z by sunlight4 ,:5 d y expect to h ! inv5tion complet$1 ,mr4 ,edison8 ask$ ! report]4 ,! sub/ance ( x is all "r n[1 he answ]$1 putt+ ! app>atus away & turn+ on ! gas4 ,b !re are ! usual little details t mu/ be att5d$ to be=e x goes to ! p4 ,= in/ance1 we h got to devise "s arrangem5t = regi/]+ a sort ( met]1 & aga91 !re are sev]al diff]5t =ms t we are exp]im5t+ on n[1 9 ord] to select ! be/4 ,are ! lights to be all ( ! same degree ( brilliancy8 ask$ ! report]4 ,all ! same6 ,h y come across any s]i\s difficulties 9 x z yet8 ,well1 no1 repli$ ! inv5tor1 & t's :at worries me1 = 9 ! telephone ,i f\nd ab\t a ?\s&2#bg & s 9 ! quadruplex4 ,i work$ on bo? ov] two ye>s be=e ,i ov]came !m4' ,o!r me?ods1 z ! ,sawy]-,man sy/em1 & ! ,bru% sy/em1 ne$ n at pres5t deta9 u1 z little is c]ta9ly kn[n respect+ !m4 ,9 ! =m] x is said t ! light is obta9$ f an inc&esc5t c>bon p5cil1 )9 a space conta9+ nitrog5 & no oxyg51 s t !re is no combu/ion4 ,9 ! latt] ! c>bon po9ts are plac$ z 9 ! ord9>y electric lamp1 b are s susp5d$ 9 ! clasp ( a regulator1 t !y burn #ad in*es ( c>bon )\t adju/m5t1 ! c>bons la/+ eight h\rs1 & produc+ a flood ( int5se :ite light1 e/imat$ z equival5t to #c1jjj c&les4 ,i h little space to consid] ! co/ ( electric light+1 ev5 if ! "q 7 "o :i* c\ld be suitably dealt ) 9 ^! pages4 ,op9ions are v mu* divid$ z to ! relative co/ ( light+ by gas & by electricity2 b ! balance ( op9ion seem to be 9 fav\r ( ! belief t 9 ,am]ica & ,france c]ta9ly1 & probably 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e gas is *eap1 electric light+ w on ! :ole be z *eap z light+ by gas4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 9 mak+ a comp>ison betwe5 ?is c\ntry & o!rs 9 :i* coal is de>]1 t ! *eapness ( coal "h1 ?\gh fav\rable 9 ! ma9 to gas illum9ation1 is also fav\rable1 ?\gh 9 less degree 7relatively7 to electric light+4 ,ma*9es = g5]at+ electricity c be work$ m *eaply "h ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,nay1 x has ev5 be5 f\nd advantage\s 9 "s cases to use a gas eng9e to g5]ate electricity4 ,?us ,mr4 ,van d] ,weyde us$ an ,otto gas eng9e driv5 at ! co/ ( #f;d4 an h\r = gas1 to produce ! light :i* he exhibit$ publicly on ! night ( ,novemb] #i4 ,s t ! *eapness ( gas may make ! electric light *eap]4 ,!n x is to be rememb]$ t important ?\gh ! "q ( co/ is1 x is f> f be+ all-important4 ,! advantages ( electric light+ = _m purposes1 z 9 public libr>ies1 9 cases :]e _m p]sons "w toge!r "u conditions r5d]+ ! vitiation ( ! air by gas light+ exce$+ly mis*iev\s1 & 9 cases :]e ! recognition ( delicate diff]5ces ( t9t or texture is ess5tial1 mu/ f> m ?an comp5sate = "s slight diff]5ce 9 co/4 ,! possibility 7%[n by actual exp]i5ce to be real7 ( employ+ natural s\rces ( p[] to drive ma*9es = g5]at+ electricity1 is ano!r int]e/+ elem5t ( ! subject1 b c\ld n be prop]ly dealt ) save 9 great] space ?an ?is "h available4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bc3 ,x is suppos$ by _m1 t :5 ! sp>k is long en\gh we c note ! direction 9 :i* x travels2 & obs]vations ( ! motion ( lightn+ f ! e>? to ! cl\d h be5 collect$1 z %[+ t ! usually obs]v$ direction ( ! fla% is sometimes rev]s$4 ,9 reality1 no "o has ev] se5 a lightn+ fla% travel ei!r "o way or ! o!r4 ,if ! att5tion is fix$ on ! /orm cl\d1 z usual :5 a lightn+ /orm is wat*$1 e fla% appe>s to pass f ! cl\d to ! e>?4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 at ! mom5t :5 ! att5tion is fix$ on "s t]re/rial object ! lightn+ fla%es ne> t p>ticul> object1 ! fla% w seem to pass f ! object to ! cl\d4 ,9 ei!r case ! motion is app>5t only4 ,if !re is motion at all1 ! passage ( ! electric sp>k occupies less ?an ! #ajj1jjj? "p ( a second1 & ( c\rse x is utt]ly impossible t any eye c\ld tell at :i* end ( its track ! fla% fir/ appe>$4 ,9 e case ! fla% seems to travel f ! end to :i* att5tion 0 m ne>ly direct$4 ,! app>5t motion corresponds to ! *ance direction ( ! eye4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! extremity ( ! wire connect$ ) ! metal lea/ affect$ by ! acid solution is call$ ! positive pole1 t ( ! wire connect$ ) ! metal mo/ affect$ by ! solution is call$ ! negative pole4 ,footnote #be3 ,s call$1 ?\gh 9 reality ! be/ magnets gradually lose =ce4 ,footnote #bf3 ,my occasional use ( ! ^w 'heat' :]e 9 sci5tific writ+ 'temp]ature' w\ld be ! ^w us$1 has expos$ me to peevi%1 n to say petulant comm5ts f ,pr(essor ,p4,g4 ,tait1 :o has d5\nc$ half ! ma!matical _w = us+ ! ^w '=ce1' 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,newton us$ x1 & has spok5 ( an em95t physici/ z "o des]v+ univ]sal execration & opprobrium = n expla9+1 :5 speak+ ( "w done aga9/ gravity1 t t]re/rial gravity 0 meant1 & n gravity on ! sun1 or ,jupit]1 or ,m>s1 or any:]e 9 ! heav5s above or 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 b only at ! e>?'s surface4 ,:]e !re is no risk ( confusion1 ! ^w 'heat' may be us$ ei!r to signify temp]ature1 z :5 9 ord9>y spee* & writ+ we talk ( blood-heat1 fev]-heat1 summ]-heat1 & s =?4 ,sci5ce1 inde$1 v prop]ly =bids ! use ( ! ^w 9 any s5se save "o4 ,b outside ! pages ( sci5tific treatises1 !re is no inaccuracy 9 us+ a ^w 9 a s5se popul>ly attribut$ to x1 :5 no mi/ake c possibly arise4 ,no "o c suppose1 :5 ,i speak ( a heat ( s _m degrees ,fahr5heit or ,c5tigrade1 t ,i mean any?+ b su* & su* a degree ( heat1 any m ?an if ,i spoke ( ! int5se heat ( t savant entt1 ,pr(essor ,p4,g4 ,tait1 any "o w\ld imag9e t ,i ref]r$ to 8 calorific condition4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! comm5ts made by "o ( ,mr4 ,edison's assi/ants on ?is po9t are int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ',mr4 ,bat*elor1 ! ,pr(essor's assi/ant1 :o "h jo9$ 9 ! conv]sation1' proce$s ! report ( ! ,h]ald1 'said1 ,_m a "t ,mr4 ,edison sat d[n almo/ on ! po9t ( giv+ up ! telephone z a lo/ job2 b at ! la/ mom5t1 he w\ld see light4 ,( all ?+s t we h discov]$1 ?is is ab\t ! simple/1 cont9u$ ,mr4 ,edison1 & ! public w say s :5 x is expla9$4 ,we h got x pretty well advanc$ n[1 b !re are "s few improvem5ts ,i h 9 my m9d4 ,y see1 x has got to be s fix$ t x _c get out ( ord]4 ,suppose :5 "o light only is employ$ x got out ( ord] once a ye>1 :]e two 7 us$ x w\ld get out ( ord] twice a ye>1 & :]e a ?\s& 7 us$ y c see !re w\ld be mu* tr\ble 9 look+ aft] !m4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! light leaves ! laboratory1 ,i want x to be 9 su* a %ape t x _c get out ( ord] at all1 except ( c\rse by "s accid5t4' ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co4 ,,ltd41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,london ,trascrib]s ,note3 ,orig9al spell+ has be5 reta9$4