,,poison\s ,,dwell]s ,,( ,,! ,,des]t ,popul> ,s]ies ,no4 #c ,s\?we/ ,p>ks & ,monum5ts ,association ,illu/ration3 ,des]ts ( ! ,s\?we/ are n desolate expanses ( s& z _m p]sons believe4 ,?is photograph1 %[+ vegetation 9 ,organ ,pipe ,cactus ,national ,monum5t1 ,arizona1 is a typical illu/ration ( ! v>iety & d5sity ( plant gr[? 9 ! ,sonoran des]t area ( nor?we/]n ,mexico & s\?we/]n ,arizona4 ,,poison\s ,,dwell]s ,,( ,,! ,,des]t by ,,natt ,n4 ,,dodge ,,twelf? ,,edition 7revis$71 #aigj ,publi%$ 9 co-op]ation ) ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice by ! ,s\?we/ ,p>ks & ,monum5ts ,association 9 keep+ ) "o ( its objectives1 to provide accurate & au!ntic in=mation ab\t ! ,s\?we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,association logo ,s\?we/ ,p>ks & ,monum5ts ,association ,globe1 ,arizona 7=m]ly ,s\?we/]n ,monum5ts ,association7 ,copyright1 #aieb1 by ! ,s\?we/]n ,monum5ts ,association ,box #aefb1 ,gila ,pueblo1 ,globe1 ,arizona #heeja ,publi%$ ,octob] #ba1 #aidg ,second pr9t+1 revis$1 ,octob]1 #aidh ,?ird pr9t+1 revis$1 ,decemb]1 #aidh ,f\r? pr9t+1 revis$1 ,janu>y1 #aieb ,fif? pr9t+1 ,june1 #aiec ,six? pr9t+1 ,m>*1 #aiee ,sev5? pr9t+1 ,decemb]1 #aieg ,eigh? pr9t+1 revis$1 ,janu>y1 #aifa ,n9? pr9t+1 revis$1 ,m>*1 #aifd ,t5? pr9t+1 ,june1 #aiff ,elev5? pr9t+1 ,augu/1 #aifh ,twelf? pr9t+1 revis$1 ,augu/1 #aigj ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica by ,,pabsco ,pr9t+ & ,bus9ess ,supply ,co4 ,globe1 ,arizona ,,cont5ts ,,illu/rations vi ,,editorial ,,note ,,ab\t ,,insecticides vii ,,ackn[l$gem5ts vii ,,giant ,,des]t ,,c5tip$e #c ,,scorpions #d ,treatm5t ( scorpion /+s #f ,:]e scorpions live #g ,,black ,,wid[ ,,spid] #g ,:]e black wid[s live #h ,black wid[ bites #i ,treatm5t ( black wid[ bites #i ,control ( black wid[s #aj ,,br[n ,,recluse ,,spid] #aj ,:]e f\nd #aa ,! br[n recluse bite #aa ,treatm5t = bite ( ! br[n recluse spid] #ab ,,t>antulas #ac ,,con5ose ,,bug 7cross bug1 bell[s bug1 ,walpai tig]1 kiss+ bug7 #ad ,habitat ( con5ose bug #ad ,treatm5t ( con5ose bites #af ,control ( con5ose bugs #af ,,ants1 ,,wasps1 ,,hornets1 ,,bees #ag ,ants & velvet ants #ah ,control ( ants #ai ,wasps1 hornets1 yell[jackets1 bees #ai ,,honeybee #bj ,h[ a bee /+s #ba ,treatm5t ( bee /+s #bb ,,puss ,,cat]pill> #bc ,,arizona ,,coral ,,snake #bd ,,rattlesnakes #be ,:]e rattlesnakes are f\nd #be ,protective clo?+ #bf ,rattlesnake relatives #bf ,! sidew9d] #bf ,helpful precautions #bg ,fir/-aid = rattlesnake bite #bg ,,back-,,fang$ ,,snakes #cj ,,gila ,,mon/] #ca ,food & habits #cb ,poison ( ! ,gila mon/] #cc ,,h>mless ,,creatures ,,mi/ak5ly ,,believ$ ,,poison\s #cd ,,b&$ ,,gecko #ce ,,solpugid #cf ,,j]usalem ,,cricket #cf ,,v9eg>oon #cg ,,ref]5ces ,,cit$ #ci ,,index #dj ,,illu/rations ,des]ts ( ! ,s\?we/ ,frontispiece ,map ( we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates viii ,c5tip$e #b ,enl>g$ view ( "u side ( c5tip$e's head #b ,deadly & non-deadly scorpions #d ,giant des]t hairy scorpion 9 al]t position #e ,und]side ( black wid[ spid] #h ,br[n recluse spid] #aa ,t>antula #ac ,con5ose bugs #ae ,common ant #af ,wasp #ag ,velvet ant #ah ,bumblebee #ai ,honeybees on ! honeycomb #bj ,poison me*anism ( work] bee #ba ,puss cat]pill> #bc ,arizona coral snake #bd ,we/]n diamondback rattlesnake #be ,sidew9d] or 8horn$0 rattlesnake #bg ,poison me*anism ( ! rattlesnake #bh ,we/]n black-head$ snake #bi ,sonora lyre snake #cj ,gila mon/] #ca ,und]side ( ! ,gila mon/] #cb ,poison me*anism ( ! ,gila mon/] #cc ,two adult b&$ geckos #ce ,solpugid or sun spid] #cf ,j]usalem cricket 7s& cricket or *aco7 #cg ,v9eg>oon #ch ,,editorial ,,note ,,ab\t ,,insecticides ,recomm5dations giv5 9 previ\s editions ( ?is book reg>d+ use ( ,,ddt & o!r 8h>d0 pe/icides are )drawn 9 ?is #ab? edition4 ,we advise1 until que/ions ab\t m]its & dang]s ( ^! products are resolv$1 t y contact a local ag5cy be=e decid+ :at pe/icides1 if any1 to use4 ,we believe t e citiz5 %\ld make a real ef=t to become in=m$ ab\t pe/icides & pot5tial *anges 9 !m1 = use or non-use w likely h great impact on mank9d's future use ( ?is e>?4 ,,ackn[l$gem5ts ,! au?or has conduct$ no orig9al rese>*1 b has simply assembl$ in=mation provid$ by o!rs :o h made pa9/ak+ sci5tific inve/igations into ! lives1 habits1 & poisons ( des]t creatures4 ,to ^! m5 all cr$it = ! in=mation conta9$ h]e9 is due4 ,! writ] consid]s x a privilege to pres5t p>tially h]e9 ! results ( "w conduct$ by ,dr4 ,h]b]t ,l4 ,/ahnke1 ,poison\s ,animals ,laboratory1 ,arizona ,/ate ,univ]sity1 on scorpions & o!r poison\s creatures4 ,valuable assi/ance has be5 obta9$ f ,dr4 ,h[>d ,k4 ,gloyd1 =m] director ( ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,to ,laur5ce ,m4 ,klaub] & ! late ,c4 ,b4 ,p]k9s1 =m]ly ( ! ,san ,diego ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 are express$ our ?anks = mu* valuable in=mation relative to poison\s snakes4 ,! help & coop]ation ( ,dr4 ,%]w9 ,f4 ,wood ( ,los ,angeles ,city ,college has made possible inclusion ( ! section on ! con5ose bug4 ,! late ,dr4 ,=e/ ,%reve1 = _m ye>s director ( ! ,des]t ,laboratory 9 ,tucson1 & ! late ,dr4 ,*>les ,vorhies1 zoologi/ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,arizona1 prov$ to be f\nts ( k reg>d+ plant & animal life ( ! des]t4 ,! late ,dr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,russell1 ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 *eck$ _m /atem5ts to assure accuracy4 ,we are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,ray ,jones1 physician & hobby beekeep] 9 ,seattle1 ,wa%+ton = 8 f9d+s on1 & treatm5t (1 bee-/+ poison+4 ,also to ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,%annon ( ,wick5burg1 ,arizona = 8 especially helpful comm5t>y4 ,we take ?is opportunity to ?ank ,dr4 ,paul ,wehrle1 entomologi/1 ,univ]sity ( ,arizona1 & ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,g]ts* ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 = k9dly *eck+ ! cont5ts = au!nticity4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico %[+ location ( des]ts ,poison\s ,dwell]s ( ! ,des]t ,! late ,dr4 ,=re/ ,%reve ( ! ,des]t ,laboratory 9 ,tucson1 ,arizona1 /at$ t ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( a des]t is 8defici5t & unc]ta9 ra9fall40 ,f our gramm> s*ool geographies we ga9$ ! impression t a des]t is a great expanse ( s& pil$ into dunes by ! w9d1 )\t moi/ure or vegetation1 a l& ( ?ir/1 desolation1 ev5 dea?4 ,al?\gh s& dunes devoid ( vegetation are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,sah>a & "s o!r des]ts ( ! _w1 ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates support a v>iety ( plant & animal life :i*1 ?r\gh g5]ations ( adaptation1 are able to meet ! conditions impos$ by ?is environm5t 7see frontispiece74 ,p]sons :o misund]/& our des]ts fe> !m1 :ile o!rs :o h visit$ !m become fasc9at$ & return p]iodically or settle d[n & live 9 !m4 ,"s ( ! creatures liv+ 9 des]ts are kn[n to be poison\s to man4 ,we/]n ?rill] fiction ( press1 scre51 & ,,tv has emphasiz$ & exagg]at$ ?is fact1 develop+ 9 _m p a :olly mi/ak5 fe> ( ! des]t & its inhabitants4 ,9 contra/1 o!r p]sons may "u-e/imate ! possibility ( injury f ^! animals & become c>eless4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is booklet to discuss accurately ! v>i\s poison\s dwell]s ( ! des]t1 z well z to debunk "s ( ! sup]/itions & misund]/&+s :i* h develop$4 ,a majority ( ! poison\s creatures 9 ! des]t are by no means re/rict$ to t environm5t4 ,rattlesnakes1 = example1 s (t5 associat$ ) ! arid regions ( ! ,we/1 occur 9 ne>ly e section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 8,a poison10 /ates ,encyclop$ia ,brittanica1 8is a sub/ance :i*1 by its direct action on ! muc\s membrane1 tissues1 or sk91 or aft] absorption into ! circulatory sy/em c1 9 ! way :i* x is adm9i/]$1 injuri\sly affect heal? or de/roy life40 ,a poison\s creature may be def9$ z "o :i* produces a poison = ! adm9i/]+ ( :i* x has develop$ a special me*anism4 ,s9ce1 due to p]sonal diff]5ces1 ! bite or /+ ( a poison\s creature may injuri\sly affect ! heal? ( "o p]son & n t ( ano!r1 & s9ce ! poison ( "o individual creature may be insuffici5t to cause an unpleasant reaction1 :ile t f sev]al hundr$ might produce sev]e illness or ev5 dea?1 x is difficult to det]m9e :i* creature %\ld be includ$ 9 a publication ( ?is nature4 ,! writ]1 !re=e1 has ex]cis$ 8 judgm5t 9 discuss+ 9 ! foll[+ pages su* creatures z he feels may (f] a m5ace to ! welf>e ( a visitor to ! des]t4 ,9 addition1 a few p>agraphs are includ$ = ! def5se ( sev]al h>mless des]t dwell]s :i* are mi/ak5ly believ$ poison\s & :i*1 z a result1 h be5 m]cilessly p]secut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,giant des]t c5tip$e ,illu/ration3 ,enl>g$ view ( und]side ( c5tip$e's head1 %[+ ! d\ble pair ( jaws4 7,photographs by ,m>v9 ,h4 ,fro/ ,sr47 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! au?or has n himself conduct$ sci5tific rese>* among ! des]t animals reg>d+ :i* he writes4 ,! mat]ial 9 ?is book is a dige/ ( ! f9d+s ( v>i\s compet5t sci5tific & m$ical au?orities1 & has be5 c>efully *eck$ = accuracy & au!nticity4 ,don't be fright5$ z a result ( read+ ?is booklet4 ,! des]t is j z safe--p]haps saf]--= homemak+ z _m o!r p>ts ( our c\ntry4 ,giant des]t c5tip$e 7,scolop5dra h]os7 ,_m species ( c5tip$es ( v>i\s sizes & colors are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! majority are small1 h>mless1 & n suffici5tly num]\s to be consid]$ s]i\sly1 ev5 z pe/s4 ,usually !y are f\nd "u bo>ds1 9 cracks & crevices1 9 basem5ts & closets1 & 9 o!r moi/ locations :]e !y hide dur+ ! day & v5ture =? at night 9 se>* ( small insects = food4 ,! l>ge1 poison\s des]t c5tip$e atta9s a l5g? ( #f or ev5 #h in*es & has jaws ( suffici5t /r5g? to inflict a pa9ful bite4 ,gl&s at ! base ( ! jaw produce poison :i* causes ! area ab\t ! bite to swell & become fev]i% & pa9ful4 ,p]sons :o h be5 bitt5 report t ! swell+ & t5d]ness may p]si/ = sev]al weeks1 t ! bite sometimes suppurates & is difficult & sl[ to heal4 ,because ! bite ( ev5 a l>ge c5tip$e is usually a pa9ful inconv5i5ce r ?an a s]i\s injury1 no specific treatm5t has be5 develop$4 ,application ( an antiseptic su* z iod9e imm$iately foll[+ receipt ( ! bite1 work+ x well into ! fang punctures1 is advis$4 ,ba?+ ! site ( ! bite ) /rong ammonia w br+ relief if done imm$iately1 :ile soak+ ! area 9 a solution ( hot ,epsom salts may %ort5 ! p]iod ( discom=t4 ,prompt treatm5t by a physician w r$uce duration & int5sity ( pa94 ,al?\gh ! bite ( a l>ge c5tip$e is no joke1 x is n cause = fe> or worry4 ,exagg]at$ /ories ( ! deadly effects ( ! bite1 & reports t ! tip ( ea* leg c>ries a poison\s spur1 h caus$ _m p]sons to be ov]ly afraid ( c5tip$es4 ,hy/]ia & %ock result+ f ?is unf\nd$ fe> probably h be5 ! cause ( m suff]+ ?an ! bites !mselves4 ,! tip ( ea* ( ! #db legs ( ! giant des]t c5tip$e is equipp$ ) a %>p claw4 ,x is possible :5 ! c5tip$e scurries across a p]son's arm or leg = ^! claws to make p9-po9t punctures4 ,infection introduc$ ?r\gh ^! t9y op5+s readily leads to ! belief t poison has be5 inject$4 ,prompt application ( an antiseptic w greatly r$uce ! possibility ( infection4 ,illu/ration3 ,left3 ,yell[1 sl5d]-tail$4 ,deadly species4 ,c5truroides sculpturatus ,c5t]3 ,/rip$-tail4 ,n deadly4 ,vejovis sp9ig]is ,"r3 ,des]t hairy4 ,l>ge1 n deadly4 ,hadrurus hirsutus ,scorpions ,m dea?s h occurr$ 9 ,arizona f scorpion /+ ?an f ! bites & /+s ( all o!r creatures comb9$4 ,x is app>5t t scorpions are dang]\s1 t all p]sons %\ld be in=m$ reg>d+ !m1 & t details ( fir/-aid treatm5t %\ld be common k4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,s\?1 scorpions are call$ 8/++ liz>ds40 ,?is is un=tunate because x has caus$ _m p to ?9k ( liz>ds z poison\s & capable ( /++4 ,n all scorpions are deadly4 ,dang] f ! two deadly species 7"o %[n above7 :i* look s mu* alike t only an exp]t c tell !m ap>t1 is greate/ to *ildr5 "u #d ye>s ( age4 ,unless prompt action is tak5 small *ildr5 might succumb to ! poison f a s+le /+ f an individual ( ei!r ( ! deadly species4 ,old] *ildr5 may die f ! effect ( sev]al /+s1 & adults1 especially ^? 9 poor heal?1 may suff] s]i\s injuries4 ,( ! m ?an #bj species ( scorpions record$ 9 ,arizona :]e detail$ /udies h be5 made1 ! two deadly =ms h be5 f\nd only across ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,/ate & 9 ! bottom ( ,gr& ,canyon4 ,z f> z is n[ kn[n1 no o!r deadly species occur 9 ! ,s\?we/1 except 9 ,mexico :]e !re are sev]al4 ,x is important1 !n1 t all p]sons %\ld recognize ! deadly species4 ,/udy ! photograph4 ,note t ! deadly species 7left7 is ab\t #b in*es 9 l5g?1 is /raw color$1 & t its entire body1 especially ! jo9ts ( ! legs1 p9c]s1 & 8tail10 are long & sl5d]4 ,x has a /reaml9$ appe>ance4 ,?is is 9 contra/ ) ! /ubby or *unky appe>ance ( ! _m non-deadly species4 ,scorpions /+1 !y d n bite4 ,! p9c]s at ! head end ( ! body are = ! purpose ( hold+ ! prey1 :i* consi/s prim>ily ( s(t-bodi$ insects1 :ile ! scorpion te>s x to pieces ) its jaws4 ,! /+ is locat$ at ! extremity ( ! 8tail0 & consi/s ( a v %>p1 curv$ tip atta*$ to a bulb\s organ conta9+ ! poison-secret+ gl&s & poison res]voir4 ,! /+ is driv5 into ! fle% ( ! victim by means ( a quick1 spr+-l flick ( ! 8tail40 ,muscul> pressure =ces ! poison into ! w\nd ?r\gh two t9y op5+s v ne> ! /+ tip4 ,?us ! poison is inject$ b5ea? ! sk91 mak+ treatm5t difficult1 z ! imp]vi\s sk9 r5d]s surface application ineffective4 ,:]eas ! poison ( non-deadly species ( scorpions is local 9 effect1 caus+ swell+ & discoloration ( ! tissues 9 imm$iate proximity to ! po9t ( puncture1 t ( ! deadly species is g5]al ov] ! entire body ( ! victim4 ,!re is int5se pa9 at ! site ( ! /+ b v little inflammation or swell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,giant des]t hairy scorpion 9 al]t position4 ,accord+ to ,k5t & ,/ahnke#a1 8! victim soon becomes re/less4 ,?is increases to a degree t1 9 cases ( small *ildr51 ! pati5t is entirely unable to coop]ate ) att5dants4 ,x turns1 frets1 & does n rema9 quiet = an in/ant4 ,! abdom9al muscles may become rigid1 & !re may be contractions ( ! arms & legs4 ,drool+ ( saliva beg9s1 & ! he>t rate increases4 ,! temp]ature may rea* #ajc or #ajd degrees4 ,cyanosis 7sk9 turn+ blue7 gradually appe>s1 & respiration becomes increas+ly difficult1 caus+ a reaction n unlike t obs]v$ 9 a sev]e case ( bron*ial a/hma4 ,involunt>y ur9ation & defecation may occur4 ,9 fatal cases ! above symptoms may become s m>k$ t app>5tly ! *ild dies f exhau/ion4 8,9 cases t recov]1 ! acute symptoms subside 9 #ab h\rs or less4 ,9 ! adult1 symptoms z enum]at$ may be enc\nt]$1 b z a rule !y are less sev]e4 ,numbness is usually exp]i5c$ at ! site ( ! /+4 ,if "o ( ! app5dages is /ung1 ! memb] may become tempor>ily useless4 ,two cases ( tempor>y bl9dness h be5 exp]i5c$4 ,"s pati5ts compla9 ( malaise 7discom=t7 = _m days foll[+ ! /+4 ,"o pati5t develop$ a ta*yc>dia 7rapid he>t7 la/+ two weeks40 ,treatm5t ( scorpion /+s ,dr4 ,/ahnke recomm5ds ! foll[+ treatm5t = a p]son /ung by "o ( ! deadly scorpions3 8,fir/1 apply a tight t\rniquet ne> ! po9t ( puncture & betwe5 x & ! he>t4444 ,z soon z possible1 place an ice pack on ! site ( ! /+4 ,h a pack ( f9ely cru%$ ice wrapp$ 9 z ?9 a clo? z possible4 ,cov] & surr\nd ! area = ab\t #aj to #ab in*es4 ,aft] ! ice pack has be5 9 place = approximately #e m9utes1 remove ! t\rniquet4 8,if a p]son is /ung on ! h&1 foot1 or o!r region t c be subm]g$ completely1 place ! portion1 z soon z possible1 9 an ice-&-wat] mixture made ( small lumps ( ice 7ab\t half ! size ( ice cubes7 9 a proportion ( half ice & half wat]4 ,treatm5t %\ld n be cont9u$ long] ?an #b h\rs4 8,,nev] put salt 9 ! wat]4 ,aft] ! fir/ #ae m9utes1 ! h& or foot mu/ be remov$ = relief = #a m9ute e #aj m9utes 9 ! ic$ wat]40 ,dr4 ,/ahnke cont9ues3 8,if ! pati5t is less ?an #c ye>s old1 if ! pati5t has be5 /ung sev]al times1 or if ! pati5t has be5 /ung on ! back ( ! neck1 any:]e along ! backbone1 or on an area ( deep fle% l ! buttock1 ?igh1 or trunk ( ! body1 or especially on ! g5ital organs1 m$ical assi/ance %\ld be obta9$ at once40 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,%annon advises t no p]son ) disease involv+ ! circulation ( ! extremities %\ld use ic$ wat]4 ,morph9e is a necess>y tool 9 controll+ pa91 & b>biturates are useful = control ( convulsions4 ,sev]al hospitals 9 s\!rn ,arizona keep a supply ( scorpion antiv59 &1 9 any case1 ! pati5t %\ld be tak5 to a hospital z quickly z possible4 ,9 all cases ! fir/-aid treatm5t %\ld be appli$ & ma9ta9$ until ! pati5t is "u ! c>e ( a physician4 ,) adults1 9 case a physician is n available1 ! ic$-wat] treatm5t usually proves suffici5t4 ,g5]ally1 aft] #b h\rs ( ic$-wat] use1 !re is no long] any dang]1 b %\ld symptoms reappe>1 treatm5t %\ld be resum$4 ,scorpion antiv59 = /+s ( ,c5truroides sculpturatus & ,c4 g]ts*i is available at ! ,poison\s ,animals ,rese>* ,laboratory1 ,arizona ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,tempe1 ,arizona4 ,! recomm5d$ me?od ( treatm5t is ! 8,l-,c0 me?od4 ,! ,l /&s = ligature & ,c = cryo!rapy 7t\rniquet & ice pack treatm5t74 ,treatm5t is z foll[s3 8,z soon z possible 7aft] ! /+ has be5 receiv$7 inject intramuscul>ly or subcutane\sly1 #e to #aj cc4 ( natural s]um or #c cc4 ( ! conc5trat$4 ,9 s]i\s cases1 inject intrav5\sly40 ,no imm$iate unt[>d results h be5 not$1 b "s cases ( sk9 irritation develop lat]4 ,9 cases ( scorpion poison+ :5 antiv59 is n available1 ! foll[+ treatm5t is recomm5d$#ab3 8,use morph9e ) extreme caution4 ,x has n be5 f\nd effective 9 ! usual doses4 ,b>biturates are m effective & less dang]\s4 ,bromides 9 l>ge doses are app>5tly ( value4 ,9 ^? cases *>act]iz$ by sev]e pulmon>y edema 7accumulation ( fluid 9 ! lungs7 atrop9e is indicat$ along ) g5]al supportive measures4 ,compresses1 us+ a fairly conc5trat$ ammonium hydroxide solution1 h be5 f\nd helpful if appli$ )9 a few mom5ts4 ,if appli$ = ! fir/ "t ab\t #aj m9utes aft] ! /+1 no app>5t b5efit is atta9$40 ,:]e scorpions live ,scorpions normally rema9 9 hid+ dur+ ! day1 com+ out 9 se>* ( insects at night4 ,! deadly species are commonly f\nd "u b>k on old /umps1 9 lumb] piles1 or 9 firewood pil$ 9 d>k corn]s4 ,x is n unusual to f9d !m 9 basem5ts or 9 l95 closets4 ,adults may f9d an unpleasant surprise 9 a %oe or a piece ( clo?+ tak5 f a closet or dress] draw]4 ,legs ( cribs or *ildr5's b$s may be plac$ 9 cans conta9+ k]os5e or 9 wide-m\!d j>s4 ,moral3 ,keep y\r g>age1 basem5t1 & premises 9 g5]al1 clean1 tidy1 & free f insects on :i* scorpions fe$4 ,scre5 *ildr5's cribs1 & pull ! %eets cle> back be=e putt+ ! y\ng/]s to b$4 ,%ake out y\r %oes be=e putt+ !m on1 & inspect %eets1 blankets1 or clo?+ :i* h be5 9 closets or draw]s4 ,black wid[ spid] 7,lactrodectus mactans7 ,al?\gh spid]s 9 g5]al produce v5om ) :i* to p>alyze _! prey1 only a v few h fangs ( suffici5t l5g? or p[] to p5etrate human sk91 or v5om ( suffici5t quantity or pot5cy to affect human heal?4 ,!re are two poisons pres5t 9 spid] v5om3 a tox9 :i* cause local symptoms1 & a toxalbum9 produc+ g5]al symptoms4 ,9 ^? spid]s ^: bites produce sy/ematic di/urbances x is believ$ t ! latt] poison pr$om9ates4 ,:]e black wid[s live ,black wid[s sp9 _! webs 9 crevices betwe5 rocks1 "u logs or ov]hang+ banks1 9 ab&on$ rod5t holes1 & 9 rock & wood piles4 ,indoors !y are mo/ frequ5tly enc\nt]$ 9 d>k corn]s ( g>ages1 basem5ts1 & /ables4 ,illu/ration3 ,und]side ( black wid[ spid] %[+ *>act]i/ic r$ 8h\rglass0 m>k on ! abdom5 by :i* ?is species may be recogniz$4 ,a favorite & especially dang]\s location 9 :i* a black wid[ e/abli%es h] home is b5ea? ! seat ( a pit toilet4 ,su* a location is ideal = ! spid] because x is d>k1 is n usually di/urb$1 & insects1 especially flies1 ^u :i* ! spid]s fe$1 are abundant4 ,humans us+ ! toilet1 unaw>e ( ! pres5ce ( ! spid]1 ar\se h] by break+ or agitat+ h] web1 & (f] especially t5d] & susceptible portions ( _! anatomies = h] bite4 ,pit toilets 9 w>m climates %\ld always be built ) h+$ seats :i* %\ld be rais$ & inspect$ frequ5tly4 ,z a fur!r precaution1 ! und]side ( ! seats %\ld be treat$ ) creosote1 an effective repell5t4 ,al?\gh ! majority ( p n[ recognize ! black wid[1 "s d n1 h5ce !y kill all d>k-color$ spid]s on g5]al pr9ciples4 ,?is is nei!r necess>y nor desirable4 ,! female black wid[ is a m$ium-siz$1 glossy black1 solit>y spid] ) a globul> abdom5 spectacul>ly m>k$ on ! und]side ) a bright r$ spot r\ghly ! %ape ( an h\rglass4 ,! normal position ( ! spid] is hang+ upside d[n 9 h] web s t ! 8h\rglass0 is pla9ly visible if %e is bel[ ! level ( ! eye4 ,h] ov]all l5g? is #a to #a in*es4 ,! males are mu* small] &1 l ! immature females1 are grey 9 color & v>i\sly /rip$ & spott$4 ,adult females sp9 egg cocoons dur+ ! w>m season2 ea* cocoon conta9s approximately #cjj to #ejj eggs :i* hat* 9 ab\t #cj days4 ,z _m z n9e broods p] ye> h be5 record$4 ,! "y gr[ fa/ b d n mature until ! foll[+ spr+ or summ]4 ,black wid[ bites ,al?\gh black wid[s f]oci\sly p\nce ^u insects or o!r spid]s mu* l>g] ?an !mselves :i* become entangl$ 9 _! webs1 !y are by nature retir+ & bite humans only :5 re/ra9$ f escape by contact ) ! body ( man4 ,! fangs1 :i* are ab\t "o-fiftie? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 s]ve to inject f two l>ge gl&s ! v5om :i* is report$ to be mu* m virul5t p] unit ?an t ( ! rattlesnake4 ,!re is "s pa9 & swell+ at ! site ( ! bite4 ,! pa9 spreads ?r\gh\t ! body1 c5t]+ at ! extremities1 :i* become cramp$1 & ov] ! abdom51 :]e ! muscles become rigid4 ,!re is nausea & vomit+1 difficulty 9 brea?+1 dizz9ess1 r++ 9 ! e>s1 & heada*e4 ,blood pressure is rais$1 eye pupils are dilat$ & ! reflexes are ov]active4 ,m$ical records1 accord+ to ,bog5#b1 %[ t 8despite its sev]e symptoms1 ara*nidism 7poison+ by spid]1 tick1 or scorpion7 is1 9 ! majority ( cases1 a self-limit+ condition1 & g5]ally cle>s up spontane\sly )9 a few days10 al?\gh cases ( dea? result+ f black wid[ bites are on record#c4 ,treatm5t ( black wid[ bites ,s9ce ! v5om ( ! black wid[1 among o!r prop]ties1 appe>s to affect ! n]v\s sy/em1 its effect is almo/ in/antane\s1 & mo/ fir/-aid measures are ( little value4 ,/ahnke has f\nd t ! ic$-wat] treatm5t 7z describ$ 9 detail 9 ! scorpion section ( ?is booklet7 is b5eficial4 ,! po9ts ( puncture %\ld be treat$ ) iod9e1 ! pati5t kept z quiet z possible1 & an ice pack appli$ or ! "p subm]g$ 9 ic$-wat]1 & a physician summon$ imm$iately4 ,ba]g#d recomm5ds hot ba?s--z hot z ! pati5t c endure4 ,^! %\ld be us$ only 9 cases ( advanc$ poison+1 nev] imm$iately aft] ! bite is receiv$4 ,int]nal use ( alcohol is dang]\s1 & a p]son bitt5 :5 intoxicat$ w\ld h mu* less *ance ( recov]y4 ,pr(essional treatm5t consi/s mo/ly 9 ! use ( opiates1 hydro!rapy1 & simil> measures to alleviate ! acute pa94 ,( m ?an #ge diff]5t rem$ies us$1 ?ree seem to be out/&+ z palliatives3 sp9al puncture1 intrav5\s injections ( ,epsom salts1 & intramuscul> adm9i/ration ( convalesc5t s]um :5 giv5 )9 #h h\rs4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,b>ton1 ( ,los ,angeles1 recomm5ds intramuscul> or intrav5\s injection ( calcium gluconate1 #aj cc4 9 a #aj p] c5t solution4 ,! pati5t %\ld be enc\rag$ to dr9k z mu* wat] z he w4 ,he usually leaves ! hospital on ! f\r? day4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts ) an injection ( neo/igm9e foll[$ by "o ( atrop9e h _h enc\rag+ results1 & ! use ( ,,ac? 9 sev]al cases has _h spectacul> results1 accord+ to ,read]s' ,dige/ 7,nov4 #aiea1 p4 #de74 ,control ( black wid[s ,because ( _! wide di/ribution & secretive habits1 black wid[s are difficult to control4 ,basem5ts1 outbuild+s1 & g>ages %\ld be clean$ frequ5tly1 & black wid[ webs & eggs de/roy$4 ,if accessible1 ! spid] may be dislodg$ f h] web ) a broom1 & sma%$4 ,! use ( a bl[tor*1 :]e !re is no fire haz>d1 is effective = bo? spid]s & egg cocoons4 ,insect sprays1 9 g5]al1 are ineffectual4 ,br[n recluse spid] & its v5om\s relatives ,until rec5tly ! black wid[ 0 consid]$ ! only spid] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dang]\s to man4 ,9 #aiee1 physicians 9 ,miss\ri & ,arkansas began treat+ p]sons suff]+ f ! bite ( ! br[n recluse spid]1 ^: poison caus$ s]i\s damage to ! sk9 at ! site ( ! puncture & (t5 produc$ a sev]e sy/emic reaction sometimes fatal to "y *ildr54 ,! spid] is approximately _/ in* 9 l5g?1 d>k br[n to fawn1 ) long legs4 ,a viol9-%ap$ spot on ! upp] side ( ! cephalo?orax 7head portion7 is ! only noticeable id5tification giv+ rise to ano!r common "n--fiddleback spid]4 ,x is also kn[n z br[n spid]1 or br[n h\se spid]4 ,little has be5 publi%$ on its life hi/ory1 b x has be5 report$ f ,kansas1 ,ill9ois1 ! ,gulf ,coa/1 & f ,t5nessee to ,oklahoma4 ,x is ext5d+ its t]ritory we/w>d & has rec5tly be5 report$ f s\!a/]n ,new ,mexico & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,p are contribut+ to ! rapid geographical spread ( ?is species by unkn[+ly c>ry+ x across /ate l9es 9 _! luggage4 ,! br[n recluse spid]1 accord+ to ,paul ,n4 ,morgan1 rese>* microbiologi/ at ! ,little ,rock1 ,arkansas1 ,vet]ans ,adm9i/ration ,hospital1 8con/itutes a haz>d to ! heal? ( man1 p]haps great] ?an ! ,black ,wid[40 ,illu/ration3 ,br[n recluse spid] 7,photo--,division ( ,d]matology ,dept4 ( ,m$ic9e ,u4 ( ,arkansas ,m$ical ,c5t]7 ,:]e f\nd ,x is f\nd 9 op5 fields & rocky bluffs b ?rives p>ticul>ly well 9 ou?\ses1 g>ages1 d>k closets1 /or]ooms1 & 9 piles ( sack+ or old clo?+4 ,its web is l>ge & irregul>4 ,! br[n recluse bite ,because ( ! spid]'s nocturnal & retir+ habits few p are bitt51 9 spite ( a l>ge spid] population4 ,accord+ to an article 9 ! ,augu/1 #aifc ,j\rnal ( ! ,arkansas ,m$ical ,society1 8!re may be mild transitory /++ at ! "t ( ! bite1 b !re is little associat$ e>ly pa94 ,! pati5t may be completely unaw>e he has be5 bitt51 & ! spid] is seldom se54 ,only aft] #b to #h h\rs does pa91 v>y+ f mild to sev]e1 beg94 ,aft] sev]al days an ulc] may =m at ! site ( ! bite4 ,! v5om appe>s to conta9 a spread+ factor result+ 9 a spread ( ! necrosis or tissue de/ruction4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! ulc] may be s l>ge t sk9 graft+ is requir$1 b ! graft may take poorly or n at all4 8,! bite may also produce s]i\s sy/emic symptoms includ+ fev]1 *ills1 weakness1 vomit+1 jo9t pa91 & a spotty sk9 eruption1 all occurr+ )9 #bd-dh h\rs aft] ! v5om injection40 ,treatm5t = bite ( ! br[n recluse spid] ,physicians at ! ,univ]sity ( ,arkansas ,m$ical ,c5t]1 ,little ,rock1 pref] ! prompt adm9i/ration ( cortico/]oids1 /at+1 8,l>ge doses giv5 e>ly may completely prev5t ! gangr5\s response z well z ! sy/emic reaction4 ,! dosage s*$ule :i* we h f\nd mo/ effective is3 #hj mg4 ( me?ylpr$nisolone 7,deep-,m$rol7 intramuscul>ly imm$iately foll[$ by "o or two additional doses ( same am\nt at #bd-dh h\r int]vals4 ,subsequ5tly1 /ep wise decrease to #dj1 #bj1 #aj mg41 e #bd-dh h\rs1 dep5d+ on ! pati5t's response1 is c>ri$ out40 ,dr4 ,h]b]t ,l ,/ahnke1 ,director ( ! ,arizona ,poison\s ,animals ,rese>* ,laboratory1 reports t an antiv59 has be5 prep>$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica to control bo? ! local & g5]al symptoms f ! bite ( a closely relat$ species ( ,loxosceles4 ,he /ates1 8locally !re seems to be a favorable response to hydroxyz9e1 #ajj mg4 f\r times a day4 ,i w\ld say t cryo!rapy1 z we recomm5d x1 w\ld prev5t all symptoms4 ,i w\ld recomm5d t ! site ( ! bite be pack$ 9 cru%$ ice = #f to #h h\rs1 aft] :i* ! pati5t %\ld be kept w>m to ! po9t ( p]spiration ) ! ice pack cont9u+ = a total ( #bd h\rs4 ,9 o!r words1 treat$ l a pit vip] bite1 b ov] a mu* %ort] p]iod ( "t40 ,avoid n>cotics 7morph9e1 dem]ol1 dilaudid1 code9e1 etc47 s9ce !y enhance ! sy/emic effects4 ,al?\gh ! br[n recluse has n yet be5 report$ 9 ,arizona1 x may be expect$ at any "t1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,mont ,a4 ,cazi]1 pr(essor ( zoology at ,arizona ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,tempe4 ,9 ! meantime1 /udies are be+ made ( ! sev]al close relatives ( ,loxosceles reclusa kn[n to be pres5t 9 ! /ate4 ,among ^! is ,l4 unicolor1 fir/ collect$ ne> ,littlefield & ,virg9 ,n>r[s 9 #aicb4 ,equally poison\s ) reclusa is ! simil> ,l4 laeta1 also f\nd 9 ,arizona4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! g5us1 ,l4 des]ta & ,l4 arizonica1 h be5 kn[n to live 9 ,arizona & else:]e 9 ! ,s\?we/ = m ?an ?ree decades1 b no /udies h be5 made ( _! v5om4 ,dr4 ,willis ,j4 ,g]ts*1 _w fam\s au?ority on spid]s1 believes t !re may be z _m z #bj species ( ,loxosceles 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,sev]al reports by p]sons :o h be5 bitt5 by spid]s describe reactions simil> to ^? caus$ by ! bite ( ! br[n recluse4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,f9dley ,e4 ,russell1 toxicology rese>*] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ,m$ical ,s*ool1 ! 8v5om0 inject$ by ! br[n spid] is n really a tox9 b a complete *emical t inhibits ! normal action ( infection-fight+ antibodies 9 ! human anatomy4 ,t>antulas 7,avicul>ia sp47 ,kn[n to naturali/s z bird spid]s1 ! l>ge hairy memb]s ( ! g5]a ,avicul>ia1 ,dugesiella1 & ,aphonopelma ( ! arid ,s\?we/ are commonly call$ t>antulas4 ,illu/ration3 ,t>antula 7,photo by ,m>v9 ,h4 ,fro/ ,sr47 ,?is "n orig9at$ 9 s\!rn ,italy :]e1 c5turies ago1 accord+ to a /ory1 9 ! little t[n ( ,t>antum 7n[ ,t>anto7 !re develop$ an epidemic ( 8t>5tism0 suppos$ly result+ f ! bite ( a l>ge wolf spid] 7,lycosa t>antula74 ,victims 7 affect$ ) melan*oly1 /upor1 & an irresi/ible desire to dance4 ,presumably1 ! ,neapolitan folk dance1 ,t>5tella1 came ab\t z a result ( an ef=t to develop a cure = t>5tism4 ,e>ly day immigrants br\ght to ! we/]n hemisph]e bo? ! unreason+ fe> ( spid] bites & ! "n 8t>antula10 :i* !y appli$ to ! l>ge & fe>some-look+ bird spid] ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,s9ce t "t ?is sup]/iti\s fe> has become e/abli%$ among ! un$ucat$ & un9=m$ p ( ! s\?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! bird spid]s are num]\s4 ,x has be5 spread & aggravat$ by prolific writ]s ( we/]n ?rill]s1 publi%$ 9 ! pulp-pap] magaz9es4 ,fanta/ic tales 9 :i* ! big spid]s foll[$ _! victims1 sprang ^u !m f di/ances ( f #f to #aj feet1 & inflict$ pa9ful bites result+ 9 l+]+1 agoniz+ dea? h _h wide circulation & h f\nd a cr$ul\s audi5ce4 ,t>antulas are ne>sight$1 & _! habit ( p\nc+ ^u gras%opp]s & o!r l>ge insects on :i* !y prey is probably ! basis = exagg]at$ /ories ( _! jump+ abilities4 ,_! /rong1 %>p fangs c inflict a pa9ful bite1 b !y use !m only r>ely 9 def5se aga9/ human mole/ation4 ,/ahnke /ates t any effects produc$ appe> to be ! result ( bact]ial infection r ?an t ( poison1 al?\gh a mild poison is pres5t4 ,treatm5t ( t>antula bite ) iod9e or simil> antiseptic is recomm5d$4 ,"o species ( ,avicul>ia & sev]al ( ,aphonopelma range ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?we/ :]e !y are active dur+ spr+1 summ]1 & autumn mon?s4 ,!y live 9 web-l9$ holes 9 ! gr\nd1 usually locat$ on s\?-fac+ slopes4 ,! males are commonly enc\nt]$ travel+ across c\ntry1 & are p>ticul>ly noticeable z !y cross a highway4 ,prey+ ^u insects1 ^! l>ge & int]e/+ des]t dwell]s are b5eficial r ?an h>mful to mank9d1 & des]ve protection4 ,un=tunately1 _m become ! innoc5t victims ( ! :olly unw>rant$ fe> 9 :i* !y are held because ( ! fanta/ic /ories reg>d+ _! purport$ poison\s *>act]i/ics4 ,con5ose bug 7,kiss+ bug1 ,bell[s bug1 ,walpai tig]1 ,cross bug1 o!rs7 7,triatoma sp47 ,al?\gh n limit$ to ! des]ts ( ! ,s\?we/1 con5ose bugs1 ( :i* !re are sev]al species1 are commonly associat$ ) subtropical climates4 ,c]ta9 ,s\? ,am]ican species ( ! family ,r$uviidae are disease c>ry+ & !re is evid5ce ! con5oses 9 ,san ,diego ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 are infect$ ) a disease-produc+ flagellate4 ,lack ( l>ge bug populations 9 close contact ) man & ineffective transmission habits protect man 9 ! ,s\?we/ f disease contacts4 ,h[ev]1 ! site ( ! bug's bite becomes inflam$1 & swell+ may spread ov] an area up to a foot 9 diamet]4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance1 con5ose bugs resemble assass9 & squa% bugs1 ) protrud+ eyes at ! base ( a cone-%ap$ sn\t & are ab\t ! same size4 ,"s species are consid]ably small]1 :ile o!rs atta9 a l5g? ( an in* or m4 ,habitat ( con5ose bugs ,s9ce con5ose bugs subsi/ ^u animal blood :i* !y suck f ! capill>ies by ins]t+ ! /ylets ( ! proboscis1 !y seek locations :]e !re is a s\rce ( blood4 ,^! include live/ock b>ns1 p\ltry h\ses1 & human habitations4 ,illu/ration3 ,con5ose bugs--,triatoma protracta ,adult male 7r\nd$ abdom572 ,adult female 7po9t$ abdom57 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,%]w9 ,f4 ,wood7 ,/udies conduct$ by ,wehrle#e %[ t con5oses are p>asitic on woodrats & bre$ 9 ! d5s ( ^! rod5ts4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 mead[ vole 7m\se7 ne/s4 ,e>ly 9 ,may ! w+$ con5ose adults beg9 disp]sal flights1 invad+ human habitations 9 ! vic9ity ( woodrat d5s4 ,al?\gh report$ z mo/ active 9 ,may & ,june1 !y may be expect$ ?r\gh\t ! summ] until ,octob]1 & are mu* m num]\s 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 cities4 ,dur+ ! daytime1 ! insects rema9 hidd5 "u rugs1 betwe5 quilts1 or ev5 9 b$d+ or beh9d drapes4 ,!y may be se5 dur+ ! ev5+ on ceil+ beams1 walls1 curta9s1 & ar\nd w9d[s4 ,!y are al]t & difficult to cat*4 ,con5ose bugs d n attack p until ! victim is quiet or asleep1 & may take blood )\t awak5+ ! ho/4 ,imm$iately aft] be+ bitt51 h[ev]1 ! victim is awak5$ by sev]e it*+4 ,! area ab\t ! puncture swells & becomes r$ & fev]i%4 ,welts at ! po9t ( puncture are h>d1 & may be #a to #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ab\t #e ( ! p repeat$ly bitt5 develop sev]e all]gic reactions ) burn+ pa9 & it*+ at ! site ( ! bite1 it*+ on ! palms ( ! h&s1 soles ( ! feet1 neck1 & gro92 g5]al body swell+1 & a nettle-l ra% ov] ! body4 ,"s p]sons feel ill1 ) light depression foll[$ by quick5+ ( ! pulse4 ,o!rs are fa9t1 weak1 & nauseat$4 ,9 v sev]e all]gy ^! symptoms may lead to anaphylactic %ock & unconsci\sness4 ,treatm5t ( con5ose bites ,al?\gh a specific treatm5t = con5ose bites has n be5 develop$1 "s physicians use ep9ephr9e4 ,m promis+ results appe> possible ) antihi/am9e prep>ations 7"u doctor's prescription7 su* z b5adryl & pyrib5zam9e1 :i* h be5 effective by m\?1 & 9 sev]e reactions1 by intrav5\s injections4 ,ma!son#f writes3 8,:5 a blood-suck+ insect bites1 x is always possible t ! proboscis may be contam9at$ ) pa?og5ic organisms4 ,if su* organisms become localiz$ ne> ! po9t ( puncture or ga9 access to ! blood /ream1 results may be s]i\s4 ,x is always wise to use "s dis9fectant su* z alcohol1 t9cture ( iod9e1 etc41 & to press out ! blood1 if possible1 f bites made by insects40 ,antibiotics are frequ5tly necess>y to control ! extremely high p]c5tage ( second>y infections4 ,physicians recomm5d ! application ( a hot ,epsom salt pack ov] ! po9t ( puncture z soon z possible aft] ! bite has be5 receiv$4 ,application ( antiphlogi/9e alleviates ! sev]e it*+4 ,,ac? is recomm5d$ by "s physicians4 ,hydrocortizone o9tm5ts r$uce ! sk9 eruptions & local pa94 ,control ( con5ose bugs ,prev5tion is m satisfactory ?an treatm5t1 & s9ce con5oses live 9 woodrat d5s1 ^! rod5ts %\ld be elim9at$ f ! vic9ity4 ,wea!r/ripp+ ar\nd all p]man5t doors & scre5 doors1 tight-fitt+1 holeless scre5s 9 all w9d[s1 & f9e scre5s 9 fireplace *imneys w help to keep ! bugs out ( h\ses4 ,occasionally !y may be se5 on walls & ceil+s 9 ! ev5+1 & may be kill$ ) a flyswatt]4 ,if impossible to keep ! insects out ( ! h\se1 sleep+ p]sons may be protect$ by ! use ( mosquito nett+4 ,x is especially important t ! b$s ( babies & "y *ildr5 %\ld be safe-gu>d$ because ( ! dang] f scorpions4 ,illu/ration3 ,common ant ,b$d+ %\ld be %ak5 ?or\ghly j be=e *ildr5 retire1 because bo? scorpions & con5ose bugs h a habit ( conceal+ !mselves 9 b$d+ dur+ ! daytime4 ,ants1 wasps1 hornets1 bees ,/++ insects all belong to ! gr\p ,hym5opt]a & consi/ ( ! families ,apidae 7honeybee1 etc471 ,bombidae 7bumblebee71 ,vespidae 7wasps & hornets71 ,sphecidae 7?read-wai/$ wasps71 ,mutillidae 7velvet ants71 & ,=micidae 7! ants74 ,illu/ration3 ,wasp ,9 g5]al1 ! only treatm5t recomm5d$ = insect /+s is to ba! ! p>ts ) ord9>y liquid h\sehold blu+ j z soon z possible aft] ! /+ has be5 receiv$1 & apply hot compresses4 ,h[ev]1 c]ta9 specific treatm5ts are advis$1 dep5d+ ^u ! p>ticul> species or condition4 ,"s p]sons are extremely susceptible to insect bites & /+s1 & prelim9>y "w has be5 done 9 try+ to immunize ^? s5sitive individuals1 b1 9 g5]al1 ) v little success4 ,! problem ( immuniz+ or des5sitiz+ p]sons :o are all]gic to insect bites & /+s is "o ( consid]able importance1 z su* un=tunate p]sons w te/ify4 ,because ( ! fact t honeybees are ( su* great economic importance1 n only z produc]s ( an important food b also z poll5iz]s ( fruit1 vegetable1 se$1 & o!r crops1 !y w be discuss$ sep>ately f ! o!r /++ insects4 ,ev]yone is famili> ) ants1 wasps1 hornets1 & bumblebees1 & !re are v few p]sons :o h n _h unpleasant exp]i5ces ) "o or m ( ^! gr\ps ( insects4 ,ants & velvet ants ,velvet ants1 :i* are 9 reality w+less wasps & n true ants1 are n z well kn[n z ! o!rs1 al?\gh ! little creatures t scurry ab\t l brightly dy$ bits ( cotton are q num]\s 9 ! des]t4 ,! prim>y purpose ( ! /+ is to p>alyze or kill _! prey1 al?\gh x becomes m important z a weapon ( def5se ) insects :i* d n prey ^u or p>asitize o!r creatures4 ,al?\gh ! solit>y insects use _! poison z a means ( p]sonal def5se if attack$ or impos$ ^u1 ! social insects su* z ants1 social wasps & hornets1 honeybees1 & o!rs1 rally to ! def5se ( _! ne/s & 9 mass attacks aga9/ an intrud] may cause pa9ful & sometimes s]i\s injury4 ,al?\gh ! small am\nt ( poison introduc$ b5ea? ! sk9 by ! /+ ( "o ( ^! creatures usually causes only tempor>y discom=t1 !re are sometimes aft] effects :i* may be m int5se & ( long] duration ) "s p]sons ?an ) o!rs4 ,9 g5]al1 /++ insects may be consid]$ m z a nuisance ?an a m5ace1 al?\gh a p]son attack$ by a l>ge numb]1 or subject$ to _! /+s = "s l5g? ( "t1 might receive s]i\s & p]haps fatal injuries4 ,kn[n dea?s h be5 caus$ by ! /+ ( import$ fire ants 9 s\!a/]n ,/ates4 ,! species is believ$ to be spread+4 ,treatm5t by a physician may include ! use ( ,,ac? & calmitol4 ,al?\gh ants & velvet ants are commonly consid]$ z w+less1 !y are1 actually1 w+$4 ,male velvet ants h w+s :]eas ! females are normally )\t w+s4 ,! females h a v effective /+1 & if pick$ up or p9*$ !y make e ef=t to use x1 at ! same "t emitt+ a peculi> fa9t squeak+ s\nd4 ,true ants1 ( :i* !re are hundr$s ( species1 are social insects liv+ 9 colonies conta9+ ! "m1 or que51 :i* becomes w+less aft] f]tilization2 num]\s work]s1 or non-f]tile females2 & "y w+$ males & females4 ,illu/ration3 ,velvet ant ,control ( ants ,ants ( v>i\s species are num]\s on ! des]t1 "s ( !m becom+ s]i\s h\sehold pe/s1 difficult to control4 ,!re are effective ant poisons on ! m>ket1 b ! sure/ me?od ( control is to f9d ! ne/ & de/roy x4 ,ants t are h\sehold pe/s usually are ei!r grease eat]s or sweet eat]s1 & ! prop] poison = ! specific type %\ld be obta9$ 9 attempt+ to rid ! h\se ( ^! insects4 ,wasps1 hornets1 yell[jackets1 bees ,wasps1 hornets1 yell[jackets1 & bees ( _m species are common 9 ! des]t1 "s species be+ solit>y 9 habit :ile o!rs live 9 colonies or ne/s :i* !y def5d ) great pugnacity4 ,illu/ration3 ,bumblebee ,al?\gh humans h little to fe> f ^! insects if !y leave !m /rictly alone1 "s species select ne/ sites b5ea? ov]hang+ eaves or 9 attics or l(ts1 ?us becom+ p]si/5t pe/s4 ,!y are usually tol]at$ until "o or m memb]s ( ! family are /ung4 ,o!r species are attract$ to human habitations by ! pres5ce ( sweets or o!r edibles1 & make p]si/5t nuisances ( !mselves4 ,!y are capable ( inflict+ pa9ful injuries1 & are greatly fe>$ by _m p]sons4 ,n usually s]i\s1 ^! injuries d n respond to any treatm5t t has yet be5 develop$4 ,imm$iate application ( /rong ammonium hydroxide 7h\sehold ammonia7 is a home treatm5t :i* has be5 f\nd helpful = ant /+s1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 = ! /+s ( o!r insects4 ,a piece ( ice held at ! po9t ( puncture w relieve ! pa9 & burn+ s5sation 9 ! majority ( cases ( insect /+4 ,9 s]i\s cases1 ( c\rse1 ! s]vices ( a physician %\ld be obta9$ imm$iately4 ,honeybee 7,apis mellif]a7 ,at fir/ ?\ght x may seem unju/ifi$ to include ! common honeybee 9 a discussion ( poison\s creatures ( ! des]t4 ,al?\gh ! honeybee is n a des]t native1 hav+ be5 import$ f ,europe1 x has e/abli%$ itself 9 ! wild /ate ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?we/ 9 locations provid+ adequate moi/ure & suffici5t nect>-produc+ fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,honeybees on ! honeycomb ,?r\gh\t mu* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates honeybees are enc\nt]$ 9 numb]s only 9 api>ies op]at$ by beekeep]s1 or 9 bee trees :]e ! insects h e/abli%$ !mselves4 ,9 ! des]t climatic conditions are ideal = honeybees1 & !y h become widespread & well e/abli%$4 ,!y obta9 wat] at spr+s1 seeps1 wat]holes1 cattle tanks1 dripp+ faucets1 & leak+ wat] conta9]s1 (t5 congregat+ 9 su* numb]s ar\nd s\rces ( wat] t !y become a di/9ct nuisance to m5 & to animals4 ,individual honeybees are frequ5tly f\nd 9 fl[]s1 or may fly 9 ?r\gh an op5 automobile w9d[1 & /+ "o ( ! c>'s occupants4 ,small *ildr5 sometimes receive /+s :ile play+ on :ite clov] lawns or go+ b>efoot4 ,f>m boys may be sev]ely /ung z a result ( mole/+ beehives or ?r[+ /ones at bees' ne/s 9 trees or caves4 ,normally1 poison introduc$ by ! /+ ( a honeybee is local 9 effect & little m ?an a pa9ful inconv5i5ce to ! p]son /ung4 ,!re are _m cases on record1 h[ev]1 ( p]sons & dome/ic animals receiv+ /+s f s _m ( ! enrag$ insects t s]i\s & ev5 fatal results h foll[$4 ,dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury1 m$ical records %[ a numb] ( dea?s ea* result+ f a s+le /+4 ,jones#g made an int5sive /udy ( ?is problem & 0 able to %[ conclusively t occasional individuals become sup]s5sitive to honeybee v5om4 ,if p]sons 9 su* condition receive ev5 ! small am\nt ( poison inject$ by a s+le /+1 ! result+ excessive susceptibility may be fatal unless prop] treatm5t is adm9i/]$ imm$iately4 ,to su* p]sons ! honeybee is def9itely a poison\s & dang]\s creature4 ,illu/ration3 ,poison me*anism ( work] bee1 greatly enl>g$4 #a4 ,poison sack or res]voir4 #b4 ,muscles :i* =ce /+ into fle% & pump poison f sack4 ,^! muscles cont9ue op]at+ = z long z #bj m9utes aft] ! /+ has be5 torn f ! bee's body4 #c4 ,%ea? )9 :i* %afts ( /+ slide4 #d4 ,b>b$ tip ( /+4 ,^! b>bs hold ! /+ 9 ! fle% ( ! victim s securely z to te> ! /+ f ! body ( ! bee4 ,h[ a bee /+s ,! poison-inject+ me*anism ( ! work] bee is locat$ )9 ! extremity ( ! abdom5 & consi/s ( a b>b$ /+ at ! base ( :i* is atta*$ a sack1 or res]voir1 conta9+ ! poison4 ,male bees 7drones7 h no /+1 & ! que5 res]ves h]s = possible use 9 battle ) a rival que54 ,9 ! act ( /++1 ! bee =ces ! tip ( ! /+ ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! victim1 :]e x becomes imb$d$1 be+ held by ! b>bs4 ,9 escap+ ! bee te>s away1 leav+ ! /+1 poison sack1 & atta*$ muscles & visc]a4 ,incid5tally1 ?is rupture results 9 ! dea? ( ! bee4 ,capill>ity & ! spasmodic movem5t ( ! atta*$ muscles =ce ! poison f ! sack ?r\gh ! holl[ %aft ( ! /+ into ! w\nd4 ,treatm5t ( bee /+ ,to c\nt]act ?is1 ! fir/ ?+ t anyone %\ld d :5 /ung by a honeybee is to ,,scrape out ! /+4 ,?is may be done ) a knife blade or ev5 ) ! f+]nail1 al?\gh ! latt] is f> f sanit>y4 ,,nev] ,,pull ,,out ,,! ,,/+1 because 9 grasp+ ! protrud+ poison sack betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+]1 ! sack is c]ta9 to be p9*$ & ! poison squeez$ into ! w\nd4 ,s9ce1 "u normal conditions1 x takes sev]al seconds = ! cont5ts ( ! sack to "w into ! puncture1 prompt removal ( ! /+ ) ! atta*$ sack prev5ts mu* ( ! poison f be+ inject$4 ,application ( /rong h\sehold ammonia j z soon z ! /+ is scrap$ out is helpful 9 allay+ ! pa94 ,if a p]son receives a great numb] ( /+s1 a physician %\ld be summon$ at once4 ,! victim %\ld be undress$1 put 9 b$1 & all ( ! /+ scrap$ out4 ,all p>ts ( ! body t h receiv$ /+s %\ld be cov]$ ) clo?s soak$ 9 hot wat] & wrung out4 ,^! applications %\ld be z hot z ! victim c endure4 ,p]sons :o are sup]s5sitive to bee-/+ v5om %[ ! foll[+ symptoms :5 /ung3 ! sk9 ov] ! entire body breaks out 9 lumpy welts1 palms ( ! h&s & soles ( ! feet it*4 ,?is is foll[$ by heada*e1 nausea1 & vomit+4 ,brea?+ becomes labor$ & he>t action is rapid & weak4 ,z soon z su* symptoms are not$1 a physician %\ld be summon$ or ! victim tak5 to a hospital4 ,treatm5t consi/s ( frequ5t1 small1 hypod]mic injections ( ep9ephr9e 9 ! ratio ( "o "p ( ep9ephr9e to #a1jjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,ray ,jones#g1 :o develop$ & p]fect$ ?is treatm5t1 reports t x is imm$iately effective & recomm5ds t all comm]cial beekeep]s provide !mselves ) hypod]mic kits & a small supply ( ep9ephr9e4 ,ev5 p]sons :o are app>5tly immune to bee-/+ v5om ?r\gh hav+ receiv$ bee /+s dur+ ! c\rse ( _m ye>s ( "w 9 ! api>y1 may sudd5ly develop sup]s5sitivity4 ,! treatm5t is relatively simple1 may be self-adm9i/]$1 & has already prov$ effective 9 treat+ s]i\s cases ( excessive susceptibility result+ f sup]s5sitive p]sons receiv+ bee /+s4 ,exp]im5tal use ( calcium lactate to c\nt]act 8/+ %ock0 indicates a high degree ( success4 ,physicians %\ld inve/igate 8,dea? by ,/+ ,%ock10 p #bcd1 ,sci5ce ,news ,lett]1 ,april #i1 #aiee4 ,use ( antihi/am9es or a hormone ( ! cortizone family has _h "s success4 ,puss ,cat]pill> 7,megalopyge op]cul>is7 ,sup]ficially resembl+ a t9y1 light1 gold5-yell[ kitt51 ! puss cat]pill> is a %ort1 bu%y l>va ( a small gray-br[n mo? ) :iti% und]w+s4 ,:5 di/urb$1 ! cat]pill> re>s back on its h9d legs & 8makes a face40 ,! species has long be5 widespread ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn /ates fe$+ on ! foliage ( oak1 elm1 plum1 & sycamore trees4 ,!y h be5 f\nd also 9 truck g>d5s & or*>ds4 ,rec5tly !y h invad$ ! des]t m\nta9s ( ! ,s\?we/1 hav+ be5 report$ by ,/ahnke z especially num]\s 9 ! ,globe-,miami area ( ,arizona1 fe$+ on ! foliage ( oaks4 ,illu/ration3 ,puss cat]pill> 7,c\rtesy ,dr4 ,h]b]t ,l4 ,/ahnke7 ,because ( _! long1 silky hairs1 *ildr5 are tempt$ to t\* !m4 ,"u ! hairs are small protrusions1 ea* be>+ a circlet ( v small sp9es resembl+ t9y porcup9e quills4 ,! v5om is inject$ :5 ^! sp9es pi]ce ! *ild's sk9 & ! tips break (f1 produc+ a burn+1 it*+1 irritat$1 inflam$ area4 ,! welts1 rang+ 9 size f a dime to a doll>1 are sometimes foll[$ by sev]e muscle cramps & heada*e4 ,n le?al1 ! tox9 may cause en\gh sleeplessness 9 a *ild to r$uce 8 resi/ance to o!r infections4 ,treatm5t sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,b]n>d ,j4 ,collopy1 ,assi/ant ,m$ical ,director ( ! ,miami-,inspiration ,hospital ( ,miami1 ,arizona1 consi/s ( imm]s+ ! inflam$ area 9 ic$ wat] = ?irty m9utes4 ,remove = "o m9ute at t5 m9ute int]vals = relief f ! cold4 ,! sk9 may bli/] & peel at ! site mu* z 9 ! case ( a fir/ degree burn1 b %\ld heal completely 9 t5 days4 ,"s physicians sugge/ an opiate = relief ( pa9 9 sev]e cases4 ,cool+ lotions may be appli$ to relieve ! it*+4 ,arizona coral snake 7,micruroides euryxan?us7 ,! coral snake1 ( :i* !re are two species 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 belongs to ! ,elap9e gr\p1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,_w by ! cobras & o!r poison\s snakes4 ,^! two species1 ! coral snake ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & ! small] ,arizona coral snake ^: range ext5ds into ! des]t l&s ( s\!rn ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 are ! only repres5tatives ( ! ,elap9e gr\p f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,arizona coral snake 7,photo by ,m>v9 ,h4 ,fro/1 ,sr47 ,! ,arizona coral is %y & secretive 9 its habits1 timid r ?an pugnaci\s1 & x is s r>ely se5 t little is kn[n ( its habits4 ,! poison me*anism ( ! coral snake is some:at diff]5t f t ( ! pit vip] gr\p1 to :i* ! copp]heads1 cottonm\?s1 & rattlesnakes belong4 ,! tee? ( ! coral are %ort1 & to be effective ! coral snake mu/ *ew r ?an /rike its victim4 ,! ,arizona coral snake is s small--r>ely rea*+ #b feet 9 l5g?--& its m\? is s t9y1 t x w\ld be v difficult = x to bite an adult human4 ,x is conceivable t a small *ild play+ ) "o might be bitt54 ,because ( its close resemblance to sev]al r+$ or b&$ snakes ( ! des]t & also to ! ,arizona m\nta9 k+snake1 or 8coral0 k+snake1 ( ! pond]osa p9e highl&s ( ! ,s\?we/1 a brief description ( ! ,arizona coral snake is indicat$4 ,"o ( ! beautifully spectacul> snakes ( ! des]t1 x is m>k$ by b&s ( d>k r$1 cream1 & black1 :i* encircle ! body4 ,sup]ficially ! m>k+s ( ! ,arizona m\nta9 k+snake & o!r tricolor$ r+$ snakes appe> simil>4 ,h[ev]1 ! r$ ( ! k+snake & ( o!rs is usually bright]1 & ! black b&s n>r[] ?an ^? ( ! coral4 ,def9ite id5tification is provid$ by ! relation%ip ( ! colors to ea* o!r1 ! arrangem5t on ! ,arizona coral snake be+ r$1 cream1 black1 cream1 r$1 cream1 black1 cream4 ,! b&s ( ! ,arizona coral snake entirely circle ! body & its sn\t is black4 ,rattlesnakes 7,g5us ,crotalus1 spp47 ,?irty species & subspecies ( rattlesnakes occur 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 m ?an half ( ?is numb] be+ f\nd 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,because !y h be5 kill$ on sight = ye>s1 _! numb]s h be5 consid]ably r$uc$ 9 d5sely populat$ areas4 ,= ?is reason1 toge!r ) emphasis plac$ ^u _! poison\s *>act]i/ics by "s writ]s ( we/]n ?rill] fiction1 rattlesnakes are consid]$ by _m p to be a s]i\s m5ace 9 ! ?9ly populat$ portions ( ! arid ,we/#h4 ,illu/ration3 ,we/]n diamondback rattlesnake 7,crotalus atrox47 7,photo by ,e>l ,jackson7 ,:]e rattlesnakes are f\nd ,9 ! hot des]t regions ( ! ,s\?we/ rattlesnakes are usually abroad at night dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 z !y h no controll+ sy/em = body temp]ature & _c endure ! heat at gr\nd surface dur+ ! h\rs ( sunlight4 ,9 spr+ & autumn !y may be enc\nt]$ 9 ! daytime b dur+ ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y !y are 9 hib]nation & are r>ely or nev] se54 ,_! food consi/s pr9cipally ( liz>ds & small rod5ts su* z gr\nd squirrels1 rats1 mice1 pocket goph]s & "y rabbits4 ,!y are sometimes f\nd along irrigation canal banks :]e !y g = wat]1 & because !y f9d rod5ts congregat+ !re = ! same reason4 ,unless surpris$1 corn]$1 teas$1 h&l$1 or injur$1 a rattlesnake usually w try to rema9 hidd5 or w endeavor to crawl away r ?an /rike4 ,because !y are attract$ to places :]e small rod5ts ab\nd1 !y are sometimes enc\nt]$ ar\nd b>ns & outbuild+s4 ,!y occasionally ent] ab&on$ /ructures 9 se>* ( food or to escape f ! heat ( ! sun4 ,protective clo?+ ,because a rattlesnake may be met at almo/ any "t1 except dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 by a p]son :o lives1 works1 or visits 9 ! des]t1 he %\ld be ev] al]t4 ,if hik+ or climb+ ?r\gh c\ntry :]e rattlesnakes are kn[n to be abundant1 he %\ld we> clo?+ t w protect him f a possible bite4 ,pope#i /ates t records kept dur+ #aibh & #aibi %[ t #ih p] c5t ( snake bites occurr$ bel[ ! knee or on ! h& or =e>m4 ,:5 9 snake c\ntry1 ! hik] %\ld we> knee-high boots or legg+s1 & %\ld nev] place 8 h& on a rock or l$ge above ! level ( 8 eyes4 ,9 o!r words1 wat* y\r /ep1 & look be=e y rea*6 ,app>5tly rattlesnakes may /rike at a quick movem5t & are v s5sitive to ! body w>m? ( a ne>by w>m-blood$ creature4 ,rattlesnake relatives ,rattlesnakes belong to ! gr\p kn[n z ! pit vip]s1 :i* includes ! cottonm\?s & ! copp]heads4 ,! latt] d n occur 9 ! des]t1 s !y d n come )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is publication4 ,snakes ( ! pit vip] gr\p are *>act]iz$ by a noticeable depression1 or pit1 f\nd almo/ halfway betwe5 ! eye & ! no/ril1 b slightly l[]1 on ea* side ( ! head4 ,( ! sev]al species f\nd 9 ! des]t1 "s1 su* z ! we/]n diamondback rattlesnake h a wide range1 :ile o!rs are re/rict$ to limit$ areas4 ,"s species atta9 l>ge size1 :ile o!rs are q small2 "s are incl9$ to be pugnaci\s1 :ile o!rs are m or less docile4 ,all are dang]\s6 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is publication to ent] into a discussion ( ! _m species1 s ! read] :o wi%es to pursue t subject fur!r is ref]r$ to ,klaub]'s publication on ! rattlesnakes#aj4 ,! ,sidew9d] ,!re is "o rattlesnake ( ! des]t t %\ld be especially m5tion$3 ! sidew9d]1 or ! little horn$ rattlesnake4 ,x is call$ sidew9d] because ( ! peculi> me?od ( locomotion t enables x to progress 9 ! s&y habitat :i* x frequ5ts4 ,unable to get suffici5t traction 9 loose s& by mov+ z o!r snakes d1 x ?r[s a portion ( its body ahead z a loop1 ?us s]v+ to an*or or pull ! re/ ( ! body ahead4 ,?us x progresses sideways 9 a loop+1 or w9d+1 motion mo/ int]e/+ to obs]ve4 ,illu/ration3 ,sidew9d] or 8horn$0 rattlesnake ,al?\gh ! t]m sidew9d] is (t5 us$ loosely 9 ref]r+ to o!r species ( rattlesnakes1 x actually applies only to ?is p>ticul> species--,crotalus c]a/es4 ,helpful precautions ,9 snake c\ntry1 x is important to take a fla%light along :5ev] !re is occasion to g outside at night 9 summ] to be sure t !re are no rattlesnakes ly+ across y\r pa?4 ,if y sleep out ( doors4 keep y\r b$ (f ! gr\nd if possible4 ,! widely believ$ /atem5t t1 8a rattlesnake w n crawl across a hair rope0 is n true1 al?\gh su* a /atem5t w (t5 precipitate an argum5t4 ,p]sons mu* 9 ! field %\ld provide !mselves ) a suction-type snakebite kit1 & %\ld "k h[ to use x4 ,al?\gh y /& #bjj *ances ( be+ kill$ by an automobile to "o ( dy+ f snakebite1 ! price ( a suction-type kit is *eap insurance aga9/ t possibility4 ,fir/ aid = rattlesnake bite ,if1 9 spite ( all precautions1 y or "s companion %\ld be bitt5 by a rattlesnake1 fir/-aid %\ld be r5d]$ at once4 ,?is is n difficult if y h a snakebite kit1 & x is possible ev5 if y d n4 ,! foll[+ /eps are q univ]sally accept$3 #a4 ,apply a t\rniquet a %ort di/ance above ! bite 7t is betwe5 x & ! he>t7 b d n make x too tight4 ,?is prev5ts ! blood & lymph c>ry+ ! poison f be+ spread rapidly ?r\gh ! body4 ,! t\rniquet %\ld be loos5$ = a few seconds e #bj m9utes4 #b4 ,make a %ort cut ab\t "o-f\r? in* deep & "o-f\r? in* long ne> ea* fang puncture ) a %>p1 /]ile in/rum5t4 ,a knife or razor blade /]iliz$ 9 ! flame ( a mat* w d4 #c4 ,apply suction to ! cuts4 ,if no suction cup is available1 ! m\? w d if x conta9s no op5 sores4 #d4 ,if antiv59 is available1 adm9i/] x accord+ to in/ructions1 b1 if possible1 ?is %\ld be left to a physician4 7,rec5t exp]im5ts ) antiv59 indicate t1 9 "s cases1 its reaction may be h>mful & t x %\ld be adm9i/]$ only "u ! c>e ( a physician47 #e4 ,get ! pati5t to m$ical help z soon z possible1 cont9u+ ! fir/-aid treatm5t enr\te4 ,keep ! pati5t quiet & d n let him get fright5$ or excit$4 ,r ?an require ! pati5t to walk or o!rwise ex]cise1 m$ical aid %\ld be br\ght to him4 #f4 ,if m$ical help is n available1 & if ,epsom salts c be obta9$1 apply clo?s soak$ 9 a /rong1 hot solution ( ,epsom salts ov] ! cuts4 ,! suck+1 h[ev]1 %\ld be cont9u$ = at lea/ half an h\r1 pref]ably = an h\r or m4 ,nev] give alcoholic /imulants or use p]manganate ( pota%4 ,snakebite kits give complete in/ructions2 foll[ !m c>efully4 ,illu/ration3 ,poison me*anism ( ! rattlesnake ,r$rawn f ,dr4 ,fox #a4 ,poison gl&4 #b4 ,holl[ fang4 #c4 ,poison duct4 #d4 ,con/rictor muscle4 #e4 ,eye4 #f4 ,nasal op5+4 #g4 ,p\* enclos+ fangs 7n %[n 9 draw+74 #h4 ,tongue4 ,rattlesnake v5om conta9s dige/ive enzymes :i* attack & de/roy tissue1 & because ( ?is & ! possibility ( bact]ial infection introduc$ by cutt+ ! sk91 ano!r me?od ( treatm5t--cryo!rapy 7treatm5t ) cold7--advocat$ by ,dr4 ,h]b]t ,l4 ,/ahnke1 ,poison\s ,animals ,laboratory1 ,arizona ,/ate ,univ]sity1 seems to be ga9+ m & m support4 ,?is te*nique is design$ to prev5t & control ! *emical action ( ! v5om & ( bact]ia1 z well z m9imiz+ /ress4 ,?is latt] action is extremely important1 s9ce rec5t rese>* "w has indicat$ t ! physiological products produc$ by ! body "u /ress may m ?an d\ble ! toxic effects ( ! v5om4 ,cut-&-suction1 or any simil> treatm5t1 t5ds to greatly increase /ress4 ,! foll[+ description ( treatm5t is exc]pt$ f 8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e & ,hygi5e10 ,volume #f1 ,numb] #b1 ,m>*1 #aieg1 ,! ,treatm5t ( ,snake ,bite1 by ,h]b]t ,l4 ,/ahnke1 ,fr$rick ,m4 ,all51 ,rob]t ,v4 ,horan1 & ,john ,h4 ,t5]y3 #a4 ,place a ligature 7tight t\rniquet7 at once betwe5 ! site ( ! bite & ! body1 b z ne> ! po9t ( entrance ( ! v5om z possible4 #b4 ,place a piece ( ice on ! site :ile prep>+ a suitable vessel ( cru%$ ice & wat]4 #c4 ,place ! bitt5 h& or o!r memb] 9 ! ic$ wat] well above ! po9t ( ligation4 #d4 ,aft] ! env5om$ memb] has be5 9 ! ic$ wat] = n less ?an #e m9utes 7,n4,b4 rese>* has %[n t ! dang] g5]ally attribut$ to a ligature is n pres5t :5 ! memb] is refrig]at$71 remove ! ligature1 b keep ! memb] 9 ! ic$ wat] = at lea/ #b h\rs4 #e4 ,pack ! env5om$ memb] 9 f9ely cru%$ ice4 ,?is hypo!rmia mu/ cont9ue = approximately #bd h\rs1 & ! pati5t mu/ n be p]mitt$ to *ill1 s9ce ?is increases body /ress4 #f4 ,*ange f hypo!rmia to cryo!rapy4 ,?is is accompli%$ z foll[s3 aft] ! fir/ #bd h\rs foll[+ ! bite1 ! pati5t %\ld be kept some:at uncom=tably w>m--t is1 to ! po9t ( p]spiration--& enc\rag$ to dr9k mu* wat]4 ,?is /ep is exce$+ly important4 ,unless ! pati5t is kept uncom=tably w>m ! proteolytic portion ( ! v5om w n leave ! site ( ! bite4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 hypo!rmia is /opp$1 ! conc5tration ( ?is "p ( ! v5om is great] & ! tissue de/ruction w be proportionately increas$4 ,hypo!rmia %\ld be avoid$ entirely if ?is /ep is n meticul\sly obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,we/]n black-head$ snake 7,tantilla eis5i74 7,c\rtesy ,san ,diego ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum7 ,illu/ration3 ,sonora lyre snake 7,trimorphodon lambda74 7,photo by ,m>v9 ,h4 ,fro/1 ,sr47 #g4 ,! w>m-up p]iod aft] ,cryo!rapy is important4 ,?is mu/ be done gradually4 ,remove ! memb] f ! cru%$ ice & place x 9 ice wat] 7)\t ice74 ,all[ ! wat] to w>m to room temp]ature4 ,dr4 ,walt] ,c4 ,alv>ez 9 ! ,santa ,fe ,new ,mexican1 #h-ah-eg3 8,rec5tly1 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,dei*mann1 ,john ,e4 ,dees1 ,m4 ,l4 ,kepl+]1 ,john ,j4 ,f>rell1 & ,w4 ,e4 ,mac,donald ,jr4 report$ t hydrocortizone is a life-sav+ drug :5 giv5 to animals t h suff]$ poison+ f rattlesnake v5om4 ,in/ead ( only ! #ag ( ! untreat$ animals t surviv$1 #ge ( treat$ animals 7 sav$40 ,back-fang$ snakes ,! s\?we/]n des]t regions are cr$it$ ) h>bor+ sev]al g5]a ( snakes ^: groov$ back tee? indicate t !y may h poison\s prop]ties4 ,( ^!1 ! ,sonora lyre snake#aa 7,trimorphodon lambda7 & ! ,mexican v9e snake 7,oxybelis a5eus auratus7 are ! only species ( suffici5t size to be consid]$ z ev5 remotely dang]\s to mank9d4 ,species ( ! g5]a ,tantilla 7black-head$ snake71 ,hypsigl5a1 & ,sonora are too small & too difficult = ! amateur to id5tify to be consid]$ 9 ?is publication4 ,gila mon/] 7,helod]ma suspectum7 ,m conflict+ /atem5ts are made ab\t ! ,gila 7,,hee-lah7 mon/] ?an ab\t any o!r des]t reptile4 ,"s p]sons insi/ t x is n poison\s1 o!rs are sure t ev5 its brea? is poison\s3 t x spits or bl[s its poison3 t ! animal has no anal op5+1 h5ce undige/$ fecal matt] rema9s 9 ! body1 decays1 & is ! basis ( its poison2 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,gila mon/] 7,helod]ma suspectum74 ,"h are ! facts4 ,! liz>d is poison\s & its bite may be s]i\s1 possibly fatal#ac4 ,its brea? is n poison\s1 & al?\gh ! animal seems to h a *ronic case ( halitosis1 ?is has no?+ to d ) its dang]\s prop]ties4 ,x does n spit poison1 b :5 ang]$ x frequ5tly hisses1 ! outcom+ bla/ ( air sometimes c>ry+ droplets ( saliva4 ,x has a normal anal op5+ & voids fecal matt] 9 a p]fectly normal mann]4 ,x is n a walk+ septic tank z _m p]sons believe4 ,l>ge/ ( ! liz>ds native to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! only species f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry :i* is poison\s1 ! ,gila mon/] r>ely atta9s a l5g? ( #b feet4 ,av]age specim5s are small]4 ,its beady sk91 heavy body1 %ort legs1 & waddl+ gait set x ap>t f all o!r liz>ds except its close relative1 ! also poison\s ,helod]ma horridum ( ,mexico4 ,! ,gila ,mon/] is a spectacul> black & corral color1 :ile ! o!r is black & yell[4 ,gila mon/]s are f\nd 9 s\!rn ,arizona1 _! range ext5d+ nor?we/w>d into ! s\!rn tip ( ,nevada & s\?we/]n ,utah4 ,illu/ration3 ,und]side ( ,gila mon/] %[+ anal op5+4 ,?is photograph is advanc$ z pro( t ! ,gila mon/] is a p]fectly normal creature 9 ?is respect4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,poison\s ,animals ,rese>* ,laboratory1 ,tempe1 ,arizona7 ,food & habits ,food consi/s *iefly ( bird & reptile eggs1 "y rod5ts1 & su* small or juv5ile creatures z x is able to capture4 ,x is especially fond ( h5 eggs & may be kept 9 captivity = a long "t )\t o!r food4 ,x is also fond ( cle> wat]1 :i* seems /range because ( ! sc>city ( ?is liquid 9 ! natural habitat ( ! liz>d4 ,if provid$ ) a bas9 ( wat] x may lie p>tly subm]g$ = h\rs4 ,occasionally enc\nt]$ ambl+ across /ret*es ( op5 des]t1 especially 9 ! spr+1 ! ,gila mon/] is normally docile & b5ds e ef=t t[>d escape among ! /iff /ems ( "s bu% or b5ea? ! protect+ sp9e-clad /ems ( a cactus plant4 ,sometimes an individual ) a 8*ip on its %\ld]0 may be met1 or "o 9 a normal /ate ( m9d may be teas$ or prodd$ into ang]1 :5 x advances ) op5 m\?1 sputt]+ & hiss+4 ,:5 ar\s$1 ! ,gila mon/] is rem>kably agile1 mak+ quick turns ( its head to snap at ne>by objects4 ,if x secures a grip1 x hangs on ) bulldog-l t5acity1 gr9d+ ! object betwe5 its tee?4 ,gila mon/]s reproduce by means ( eggs :i* are ab\t #b in*es long ) a t\gh1 p>*m5t-l sk94 ,f #e to #ac eggs are deposit$ by ! female 9 a hole :i* %e scoops 9 moi/ s& 9 a sunny location4 ,aft] lay+ ! eggs1 %e cov]s !m ) s&1 & leaves !m = ! heat ( ! sun to hat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,poison me*anism ( ! ,gila mon/] ,r$rawn f ,dr4 ,fox #a4 ,poison gl&4 #b4 ,groov$ too?4 #c4 ,poison duct4 #d4 ,op5+1 poison duct4 #e4 ,eye4 #f4 ,dissect$ l[] jaw4 ,! ,gila mon/]'s tail s]ves z a /oreh\se ( n\ri%m5t1 be+ ?ick & heavy 9 times ( pl5ty1 & ?9 & rope-l 9 ! e>ly spr+ :5 ! reptile fir/ appe>s aft] mon?s ( hib]nation1 dur+ :i* "t x has liv$ on ! res]voir ( fat /or$ 9 its tail4 ,poison ( ! ,gila mon/] ,! poison ( ! ,gila mon/] is produc$ by gl&s 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,to be mo/ effective1 ! poison mu/ be gr\nd into ! w\nd ?r\gh action ( ! groov$ tee?1 ! process tak+ a little "t4 ,bitt5 p]sons :o imm$iately h brok5 away sometimes %[ no effects ( ! v5om1 !re9 ly+ ! basis = ! widespread /atem5t t ,gila mon/]s are n poison\s4 ,bitt5 p]sons :o h be5 unable to release !mselves %[ symptoms ( poison+ simil> to p]sons suff]+ f rattlesnake bite1 al?\gh ! poison is m neurotoxic 9 action4 ,brea?+ & he>t action are spe$$ up1 foll[$ by a gradual p>alysis ( ! he>t & brea?+ muscles4 ,treatm5t is ess5tially ! same z t = rattlesnake bite1 :i* is describ$ e>li] 9 ?is booklet4 ,a physician %\ld be summon$ at once4 ,/imulants are dang]\s1 & no "o %\ld be p]mitt$ to give ! pati5t any alcohol :atev]4 ,prev5tion is mu* simpl] ?an cure1 s ,gila mon/]s %\ld be all[$ to m9d _! own affairs unmole/$4 ,normally !y are n pugnaci\s1 & x w\ld be v difficult = "o to bite a human unless x 7 be+ teas$ or h&l$ or 7 /epp$ ^u by a b>e-foot$ *ild4 ,please d n kill or capture ,gila mon/]s4 ,^! int]e/+ liz>ds are a unique feature ( native des]t wildlife ?reat5$ ) ext9ction4 ,please leave !m = o!r p to see & enjoy4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,gila mon/] is protect$ by ,/ate law4 ,h>mless ,creatures ,mi/ak5ly ,believ$ ,poison\s ,practically ev]yone is aw>e ( ! widespread fe> ( snakes exhibit$ by p ( all races & 9 all walks ( life4 ,?is fe> al?\gh l>gely emotional1 is rationaliz$ by _m p]sons ) ! /atem5t 8,well1 x ,,might be poison\s40 ,o!r p]sons believe t !re is "s rule ( ?umb1 su* z a flat or triangul>-%ap$ head1 by :i* all poison\s snakes may be recogniz$4 ,a great _m p]sons kill all snakes1 j on g5]al pr9ciples4 ,?us ! innoc5t suff] ) ! guilty1 ! h>mless ) ! dang]\s4 ,z sci5ti/s explore deep] & deep] into ! intricacies ( animal behavior & obta9 m & m k ( ! ecological relation%ips among animals & betwe5 animals & plants1 x becomes increas+ly cle> t ^! relation%ips pres5t a delicate balance or adju/m5t ( nature4 ,epidemic diseases1 disa/]s su* z fires & floods1 & radical climatic *anges may upset or alt] ^! relation%ips1 sometimes ) f>-rea*+ effects4 ,b ! greate/ & mo/ p]si/5t di/urb] ( ! biological peace is ,,man4 ,almo/ e "t man r$uces or de/roys "o phase ( nature1 he releases1 9 s do+1 previ\sly unrecogniz$ =ces :i* turn on him 9 a mann] t he lea/ expects4 ,snakes1 9 g5]al1 live on small rod5ts1 !reby help+ to ma9ta9 a balance :]eby rod5ts are unable to increase to su* a po9t t !y get out ( nature's control4 ,kill all ( ! snakes 9 a giv5 area1 & "s ( ! control on rod5t population is remov$ ) a result+ increase 9 ! de/ruction ( vegetation & consequ5t damage to f>m]s' crops4 ,s if y mu/ kill snakes1 by all means limit y\r activities to ^? :i* are kn[n def9itely to be poison\s4 ,"o ( ! purposes ( ?is booklet is to famili>ize ! des]t dwell] or visitor ) ! snakes t ,,are poison\s4 ,all ! re/ are h>mless1 9 fact !y are g5]ally b5eficial to mank9d1 ev5 ?\gh _! heads may be triangul> 9 %ape4 ,a giv5 t]ritory is capable ( support+ a r def9ite numb] ( snakes4 ,kill ! h>mless ones & ^? t come 9 to take _! place may be poison\s species4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry c]ta9 creatures1 p>ticul>ly reptiles1 are cr$it$ ) sup]natural p[]s = caus+ injury or aid to human be+s4 ,among aborig9al peoples1 ^! sup]/itions are a "p ( _! religion & h a p[]ful effect ^u _! ?9k+4 ,= example1 among ! ,hopi ,indians ( nor!rn ,arizona1 snakes may be mess5g]s :o1 if prop]ly indoctr9at$1 w convey to ! ra9 gods expressions ( ! p's ne$ = moi/ure 9 ord] t _! crops may mature4 ,ev5 among a p :o = ye>s h _h ! b5efit ( sci5tific k1 sup]/itions p]si/4 ,! hoopsnake & ! milksnake (f] cases 9 po9t1 & !re w be read]s ( ?is booklet :o w toss x aside 9 ang] because x /ates t bo? ( ^! my?s are )\t sub/antiation 9 fact4 ,illu/ration3 ,two adult b&$ gecko liz>ds ,^! imag9>y tales are pass$ f g5]ation to g5]ation & are ! /ronge/ 9 regions :]e ! p]c5tage ( un$ucat$ p is high4 ,?is situation exi/s 9 ! ,s\? & ,s\?we/4 ,_m p]sons :o h be5 d5i$ educational opportunities are extremely cr$ul\s & h a long li/ ( creatures to ea* ( :i* !y cr$it injuri\s or helpful p[]s4 ,a majority ( ^! creatures are p]fectly h>mless1 b !y are too num]\s to be giv5 space 9 ?is publication4 ,h[ev]1 x seems only fair to m5tion a few ( ! commone/ ( ^! p]secut$ species 9 ! hope t !y may be recogniz$ z n only h>mless1 b 9 _m cases actually b5eficial to man4 ,?us may _! unw>rant$ p]secution be some:at r$uc$4 ,b&$ gecko 7,coleonyx v>iegatus7 ,q small1 ) velvety sk9 & delicate m>k+s mak+ x appe> fragile & semitransp>5t1 ?is liz>d has little to inspire fe>4 ,hid+ away dur+ daylight h\rs 9 d>k & pref]ably moi/ retreats1 x comes =? at night 9 se>* ( insects = food4 ,x is r>ely se5 unless di/urb$ 9 its hid+ place1 :i* may be 9 ! corn] ( a closet or cupbo>d b5ea? ! s9k4 ,if captur$1 x /ruggles to escape1 emitt+ a fa9t1 high-pit*$ squeak4 ,al?\gh ! b&$ gecko is sometimes mi/ak5 = ! "y ( a ,gila mon/]1 9 g5]al ! des]t p accuse x ( no def9ite crime1 /at+ m]ely 8we h he>d t x is v poison\s10 & 9 consequ5ce1 kill x :5ev] !y f9d x4 ,solpugid 7,eremobates sp47 ,probably because ( its l>ge & prom95t jaws1 ! solpugid1 ,eremobates sp41 :i* is closely relat$ to ! spid]s1 is greatly fe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,solpugid or sun ,spid] 8,any?+ s ugly ,,mu/ be poison\s10 seems to be ! pr9cipal basis = its unhappy reputation4 ,x is (t5 f\nd inside build+s :]e x has gone 9 se>* ( insect prey1 & ,mexican families liv+ 9 adobe h\ses ) dirt floors are report$ to be t]roriz$ by x4 ,9 ,mexico & 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,s\?we/ x is kn[n z nia de la ti]ra or *ild-(-!-e>?4 ,! range ( ! solpugid or sun spid] is by no means limit$ to ! des]t1 b its reputation z a poison\s creature seems to be mu* worse 9 ! ,s\?we/ ?an else:]e4 ,! solpugid n only is p]fectly h>mless to man b does n rely on poison 9 captur+ its prey1 z x has no v5om gl&s :atev]4 ,j]usalem cricket 7,/5opelmatus sp47 ,:]eas ! solpugid is call$ *ild-(-!-e>? 9 ! s\!rn portions ( ! ,s\?we/1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ?is t]ritory ano!r creature1 ! ,j]usalem cricket1 s& cricket1 or *a*o is report$ z imbu$ ) ! same dang]\s qualities evid5tly cr$it$ to any creature to :i* ?is "n has be5 appli$4 ,illu/ration3 ,j]usalem cricket1 s& cricket1 or *a*o 7,photo by ,m>v9 ,h4 ,fro/1 ,sr47 ,al?\gh q common1 ! ,j]usalem cricket1 ,/5opelmatus sp41 is %y & nocturnal 9 its habits4 ,its /rik+ appe>ance is due to its head :i* is r\nd1 bald1 & ) m>k+s on top t =m1 ) ! use ( a little imag9ation1 a simple1 smil+ face4 ,x is ?is t sugge/s to ! ,spani%-speak+ p ( ! ,s\?we/1 :o occasionally dig x f its burr[1 ! "n 8nia de la ti]ra40 ,! ,navajo ,indians call x woh-seh-ts9ni1 mean+ ,old ,man ,bald-head4 ,by ! sup]/iti\s natives1 ?is creature is believ$ to be highly v5om\s & frequ5tly ! dea? ( a horse or c[ is blam$ by ! own] on a 8*a*o0 t has crawl$ into ! hay4 ,actually1 ! ,j]usalem cricket is h>mless & may be h&l$ ) p]fect impunity by anyone1 al?\gh x may inflict a pa9ful nip4 ,v9eg>oon 7,tri?yreus sp47 ,s9ce p com+ f ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma1 & ,texas br+ ! majority ( tales reg>d+ ! deadly *>act]i/ics ( ! little v9eg>oon or :ip-tail scorpion1 fe> ( x is app>5tly m widespread ov] ! cotton belt z a :ole ?an )9 ! des]t regions ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,v9eg>oon 7,photo by ,m>v9 ,h4 ,fro/1 ,sr47 ,! "n v9eg>oon /ems f ! fact t :5 ! little creature is injur$ or sma%$ x gives (f ! odor ( an acetate simil> to t ( acetic acid1 ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( v9eg>4 ,equipp$ ) a massive pair ( p9c]s1 ! v9eg>oon1 l ! solpugid1 gives an impression ( fi]c5ess :i* is probably ! basis = mu* ( its reputation z a dang]\s crim9al4 ,h[ev]1 ! p9c]s are us$ 9 cat*+ & hold+ prey & h no poison me*anism 9 connection4 ,! hairlike po/]ior app5dage1 or tail1 is )\t any protective or (f5sive me*anism :atev]1 s t ! creature is p]fectly h>mless ins(> z human be+s are conc]n$4 ,9 fact1 l ! solpugid & ! b&$ gecko1 its food habits cause x to rid ! _w ( a great _m insects dur+ ! c\rse ( its life & _m ( its victims are c]ta9 to be noxi\s to ! int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,all ( ^! creatures1 !n1 are n only h>mless1 b are actually b5eficial to man1 & !y des]ve to be fre$ f ! p]secution result+ f ignorance & sup]/ition1 & to be p]mitt$ to live 9 _! normal relation%ip ) o!r creatures4 ,,ref]5ces ,,cit$ #a,k5t1 ,melv91 & ,/ahnke1 ,h4 ,l41 8,effect & ,treatm5t ( ,arizona ,scorpion ,/+s10 ,s\?we/]n ,m$ic9e1 ,april1 #aici1 pp4 #ab-aba1 #abd4 #b;,bog51 ,emil1 8,poison\s ,spid] ,bites10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 ,vol4 #ii1 ,no4 #bd1 ,decemb] #aj1 #aicb4 #c,?orp1 ,raymond ,w41 & ,woodson1 ,weldon ,d41 ,black ,wid[1 ,am]ica's ,mo/ ,poison\s ,spid]1 ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,press1 #aide4 #d;,ba]g1 ,w4 ,j41 8,! ,effects ( ! ,bite ( ,latrodectus mactans10 ,j\rnal ( ,p>asitology1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,no4 #c1 ,m>*1 #aicc1 pp4 #afa-afi4 #e,wehrle1 ,l4 ,p41 8,obs]vations on ,?ree ,species ( ,triatoma10 ,bullet9 ( ! ,brooklyn ,entomological ,society1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #c1 ,june1 #aici1 pp4 #ade-aed4 #f,ma!son1 ,rob]t1 ,m$ical ,entomology1 ,*>les ,c4 ,?omas1 ,baltimore1 ,md41 #aicb4 #g;,jones1 ,w4 ,ray1 ,k+ ,c\nty ,m$ical ,association1 ,seattle1 ,wa%+ton4 #h;,gi!ns1 ,t4 ,h41 8,snake ,bite 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 ,sci5tific ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1 #aice1 pp4 #afc-afg4 #i,pope1 ,clif=d ,h41 ,snakes ,alive & ,h[ ,!y ,live1 ,vik+ ,press1 ,new ,york1 #aidb4 #aj,klaub]1 ,l4 ,m41 ,rattlesnakes1 ,_! ,habits1 ,life ,hi/ories1 & ,influ5ce on ,mank9d1 #b vol41 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 ,b]keley1 #aief4 #aa;,c[les1 ,r4 ,b41 & ,bog]t1 ,c4 ,m41 8,obs]vation on ! ,cali=nia ,lyre ,snake1 ,trimorphod5 v&5burghi1 ,klaub]4 ,) notes on ! ,effectiv5ess ( ,its ,v5om10 ,copeia1 ,july #af1 #aice4 #ab,/ahnke1 ,h]b]t ,l41 ,scorpions1 ,arizona ,/ate ,univ]sity ,book/ore1 ,tempe1 ,arizona1 #aidi4 #ac,loeb1 ,leo1 & collaborators1 ,! ,v5om ( ,helod]ma1 ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 #aiac4 ,,publications ,,y ,,may ,,wi% ,,to ,,read ,com/ock1 ,john ,h5ry3 8,! ,spid] ,book10 ,com/ock ,publi%+ ,co4 ,inc41 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 #aidh4 ,klaub] ,laur5ce ,m43 8,rattlesnakes1 ,_! ,habits1 ,life ,hi/ories1 & ,influ5ce on ,mank9d10 #b volumes1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,press1 ,b]keley1 #aief4 ,m9ton1 ,%]man ,a4 ,jr43 8,snakebite10 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 p4 #aad1 ,janu>y1 #aieg4 ,%annon1 ,f$]ick ,a43 8,comm5ts on ! ,treatm5t ( ,reptile ,poison+ 9 ! ,s\?we/10 repr9t$ f ,s\?we/]n ,m$ic9e1 ,volume ,,xxxiv1 ,no4 #aj1 ,octob]1 #aiec4 ,/ahnke1 ,h]b]t ,l43 8,scorpions10 ,poison\s ,animals ,rese>* ,laboratory1 ,tempe1 ,arizona1 #aief4 ,/ahnke1 ,h]b]t ,l43 8,! ,treatm5t ( ,v5om\s ,bites & ,/+s10 ,poison\s ,animals ,rese>* ,laboratory1 ,tempe1 ,arizona1 #aieh4 ,,index ,a ,ab\t des]ts & poisons #a ,ackn[l$gem5ts vii ,ants #ag-ai ,aphonopelma #ac ,apis mellif]a #bj ,arizona coral snake #bd-be ,arizona m\nta9 k+snake #bd-be ,assass9 bug #ad ,avicul>ia #ac-ad ,b ,back-fang$ snakes #cj ,b&$ gecko #ce ,bees #ag1 #ai1 #ba-bb ,bell[s bug #ad ,black-head$ snake #cj ,black wid[ spid] #g-aj ,bombidae #af ,br[n h\se spid] #aj ,br[n recluse spid] #aj-ab ,br[n spid] #aj ,bumblebee #ag1 #ai ,c ,c5tip$e #b-c ,c5truroides #d-g ,*a*o #cf-cg ,*ild-(-!-,e>? #cf-cg ,coleonyx v>iegatus #ce ,con5ose bug #ad-ag ,coral k+ snake #bd-be ,coral snake #bd-be ,crotalus #be ,d ,des]t1 a def9ition #a ,des]t hairy scorpion #e ,des]t sci5ti/s vii ,des]ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7map7 viii ,dugesiella #ac ,e ,eremobates #cf ,f ,fiddleback spid] #aj ,=micidae #ag ,g ,gecko #ce ,giant des]t c5tip$e #b-c ,gila mon/] #ca-cc ,h ,hadrurus hirsutus #d ,h>mless creatures #cd ,helod]ma #ca ,honeybee #ag1 #bj-bb ,hornet #ag1 #ai ,horn$ rattlesnake #bf-bg ,hym5opt]a #ag ,hypsigl5a #cj ,i ,insecticides vii ,j ,j]usalem cricket #cf-cg ,k ,kiss+ bug #ad ,l ,latrodectus mactans #g ,liz>d #ca-cb1 #ce ,lycosa #ac ,lyre snake #cj ,m ,mexican v9e snake #cj ,m\nta9 k+snake #bd-be ,micruroides euryxan?us #bd ,mutillidae #ag ,n ,nia de la ti]ra #cf-cg ,o ,oxybelis #cj ,p ,pe/icides vii ,poison 7def9ition7 #a ,poison\s animals 7def9ition7 #a ,poison liz>d #ca-cc ,publications y may wi% to read #ci ,r ,rattlesnakes #be-cj ,r$uviidae #ad ,ref]5ces cit$ #ci ,s ,s& cricket #cf-cg ,scolop5dra h]os #c ,scorpions #d-g ,sidew9d] #bf-bg ,solpugid #cf ,sonora #cj ,sonoran ,des]t ,frontispiece ,sphecidae #ag ,spid]s #g-ad ,/5opelmatus #cf-cg ,/rip$-tail scorpion #d ,sl5d]-tail scorpion #d ,squa% bug #ad ,t ,tantilla #cj ,t>antula #ac-ad ,triatoma #ad ,trimorphodon #cj ,tri?yreus #cg ,v ,vejovis sp9ig]is #d ,velvet ant #ag-ah ,vespidae #ag ,v9eg>oon #cg-ch ,w ,walpai tig] #ad ,wasps #ag1 #ai ,we/]n diamondback rattlesnake #be ,:ip-tail scorpion #cg ,y ,yell[jackets #ai ,?is booklet is publi%$ 9 coop]ation ) ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice by ! ,,s\?we/ ,,p>ks ,,& ,,monum5ts ,,association a non-pr(it di/ribut+ organization pl$g$ to aid 9 pres]vation & int]pretation ( ,s\?we/]n features ( out/&+ national int]e/4 ,! ,association li/s = sale _m excell5t publications = adults & *ildr5 & hundr$s ( color slides on ,s\?we/]n subjects4 ,we recomm5d ! foll[+ items = additional in=mation on ! ,s\?we/ & ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em3 ,,y\r ,,national ,,p>k ,,sy/em ,,9 ,,! ,,s\?we/4 ,,9 ,,words ,,& ,,color4 ,jackson4 #ejj ^w articles on ea* ,national ,p>k ,s]vice area 9 ! huge ,s\?we/ ,region1 ) full-color photograph = #ed ( ! #ef areas li/$4 ,mo/ au?oritative treatm5t possible1 by #cb-ye> =m] c>e] ,n4,p4,s4 employee1 ) e text *eck$ = accuracy by ,regional ,(fice & ea* area's sup]9t5d5t4 ,also conta9s 8,h[ to ,get ,!re0 app5dix4 #fd pages1 #ef full-color illu/rations1 color cov]1 pap]4 #a4ie #ajj ,,des]t ,,wildfl[]s ,,9 ,,natural ,,color4 ,dodge4 ,descriptions & full-color portraits ( #ajj ( ! mo/ int]e/+ des]t wildfl[]s4 ,photographic h9ts4 #fd pp41 full-color cov]1 pap]4 #a4ej #ajj ,,roadside ,,wildfl[]s ,,( ,,s\?we/ ,,upl&s ,,9 ,,natural ,,color4 ,dodge4 ,companion book to au?or's #ajj ,des]t ,wildfl[]s 9 ,natural ,color1 b = high] elevation fl[]s4 #fd pages & full-color cov]1 pap]4 #a4ej ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,! ,,s\?we/ ,,des]ts4 ,dodge & ,jani%4 ,m ?an #adj ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & common des]t plants beautifully drawn 9 #ajj plates1 ) descriptive text4 #aab pp41 color cov]1 pap]4 #a4jj ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,! ,,s\?we/ ,,mesas4 ,patraw & ,jani%4 ,companion volume to ! ,des]t fl[]s booklet1 b cov]+ ! plants ( ! plateau c\ntry ( ! ,s\?we/4 #aab pp41 color cov]1 pap]4 #a4jj ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,! ,,s\?we/ ,,m\nta9s4 ,arnb]g] & ,jani%4 ,descriptions & illu/rations ( plants & trees ( ! s\!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9s & o!r ,s\?we/]n ranges above #g1jjj feet elevation4 #aab pp41 color cov]1 pap]4 #a4jj ,,mammals ,,( ,,! ,,s\?we/ ,,des]ts 7=m]ly ,animals ( ! ,s\?we/ ,des]ts74 ,ol9 & ,cannon4 ,h&some illu/rations1 full descriptions1 & life habits ( ! #db mo/ int]e/+ & common mammals ( ! l[] des]t c\ntry ( ! ,s\?we/ bel[ ! #d1ejj-;foot elevation4 #aab pp41 #fj illu/rations1 color cov]1 pap]4 #a4jj ,,mammals ,,( ,,s\?we/ ,,m\nta9s ,,& ,,mesas4 ,ol9 & ,bi]ly4 ,companion volume to ,mammals ( ,s\?we/ ,des]ts4 ,fully illu/rat$ 9 exquisitely done f9e & scrat*bo>d draw+s1 & writt5 9 ,ol9's ma/]fully lucid /yle4 ,gives description1 ranges1 & life habits ( ! bett] kn[n ,s\?we/]n mammals ( ! upl&s4 ,color cov]1 pap] #b4jj ,clo? #c4be ,illu/ration3 ,,spma & ,,nps logos ,write ,= ,catalog ,,s\?we/ ,,p>ks ,,& ,,monum5ts ,,association ,box #aefb--;,globe1 ,arizona #heeja #ab? ,edition 7,revis$7 #h-gj--bj,m ,,erratum ,on page #bi1 we regretfully ackn[l$ge a typographical error4 ,/ep #c ( ! cryo!rapy treatm5t %\ld read3 #c4 ,place ! bitt5 h& or o!r memb] 9 ! ic$ wat] well above ! po9t ( ligation4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4 --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,tweak$ ! ord] ( ! ,table ( ,cont5ts to mat* ! text4 --,incorporat$ ! 8erratum0 7f an ins]t$ slip7 into ! text4 ,! errone\s ,/ep #c replicat$ ,/ep #b4 --,ins]t$ ref]5ces to unref]5c$ endnotes at app>5tly-appropriate places4