file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #edecg-;h4htm or #edecg-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #edecg_/pg#edecg-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#edec g_/edecg-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/musical9/ rum5#jj;engeiala ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum ,,art ,,h&books4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,maskell4 ,,no4 #e4--,,musical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,^! ,h&books are repr9ts ( ! diss]tations prefix$ to ! l>ge catalogues ( ! *ief divisions ( works ( art 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 arrang$ & s f> abridg$ z to br+ ea* into a portable %ape4 ,! ,lords ( ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education hav+ det]m9$ on ! publication ( !m1 ! editor tru/s t !y w meet ! purpose int5d$2 namely1 to be useful1 n alone = ! collections at ,s\? ,k5s+ton b = o!r collections1 by enabl+ ! public at a trifl+ co/ to und]/& some?+ ( ! hi/ory & "* ( ! subjects treat$ (4 ,! au?orities ref]r$ to 9 ea* book are giv5 9 ! l>ge catalogues2 :]e w also be f\nd detail$ descriptions ( ! v num]\s examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,w4 ,m4 ,augu/1 #ahge4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts by ,,c>l ,,engel ,) ,num]\s ,woodcuts ,illu/ration ,publi%$ = ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education by ,*apman & ,hall1 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,woodcuts4 ,,page ,prehi/oric :i/le #i ,anci5t ,egyptian flute conc]t #ac ,! suppos$ ,hebrew lyre at ,b5i ,hassan #bb ,anci5t bagpipe f ,t>sus #bd ,hebrew trumpets1 f ! ar* ( ,titus #be ,grecian h>p & lyre #bh ,greek lyres #bi ,greek flutes #ca ,! diaulos #cb ,etruscan cornu #cc ,hydraulic organ #cd ,roman girl & tibia #cf ,roman trumpets #cf ,*9ese k+ #ci pi5-t*ung #da hiu5-t*ung #db ou #dc t*\ #dc k9-k\ #dd hiu5 #de *5g #df ,h9du/an1 v9a #di ,p]sian1 *ang #ea bagpipe #eb ,turki% h>p #ec ,p]sian dulcim] #ee ,! rebab #ef ,aztec :i/les #fj ,antique pipe f c5tral ,am]ica #fa ,pipes ( ! ,aztecs #fb ,p]uvian bone pipe #fd huayra-puhura #fe #ff ,or9oco ,indian trumpet #fg ,s\? ,am]ican ,jurup>is #fh ,indian trumpets #gj ,aztec drums #gb ,san ,dom+o drum #gc ,p]uvian bell #ge ,aztec clu/] ( bells #gf ,ci?>a1 n9? c5tury #hf ,psalt]ium #hg ,nablum #hg ,citole #hh ,anglo-saxon h>p #hi ,h>p1 n9? c5tury #ij ,anci5t ,iri% h>p #ia ,g]man rotte #ia ,rotta #ib ,iri% rotta #ic ,! crw? #id ,! old ,engli% cr[d #ie ,! ,fr5* cr\t #if ,anglo-saxon fiddle #ig ,g]man fiddle1 n9? c5tury #ig ,organi/rum #ii ,mono*ord #ajj ,s+le *orus #aja ,d\ble *orus #aja ,sackbut #aja ,syr9x #ajb ,pneumatic organ1 f\r? c5tury #ajc ,organ1 twelf? c5tury #ajd ,regal #ajd ,cymbalum1 n9? c5tury #aje ,bunibulum #ajf ,or*e/ra on bas-relief #ajh ,vielle #aji ,or*e/ra1 twelf? c5tury1 at ,santiago #aaj ,! m9/rels' gall]y1 at ,exet] ca!dral #aab ,virg9al #aad ,lute1 ,elizabe?an #aaf ,viola da gamba #aah ,record] #aai ,scot* bagpipe1 eighte5? c5tury #abj ,iri% bagpipe1 sixte5? c5tury #aba ,c>illon1 ,ne!rl&s #abb ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,music1 9 h[ev] primitive a /age ( developm5t x may be ) "s nations1 is univ]sally appreciat$ z "o ( ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,! orig9 ( vocal music may h be5 coeval ) t ( language2 & ! con/ruction ( musical in/rum5ts evid5tly dates ) ! e>lie/ inv5tions :i* sugge/$ !mselves to human +5uity4 ,!re exi/ ev5 at ! pres5t day "s savage tribes 9 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica :o1 al?\gh !y h no m ?an ! five fir/ num]als 9 _! language & are !reby unable to c\nt ! f+]s ( bo? h&s toge!r1 nev]!less possess musical in/rum5ts ( _! own contrivance1 ) :i* !y accompany _! songs & dances4 ,wood1 metal1 & ! hide ( animals1 are ! mo/ common sub/ances us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,9 tropical c\ntries bamboo or "s simil> k9d ( cane & g\rds are especially made use ( = ?is purpose4 ,! +5uity ( man has contriv$ to employ 9 produc+ music1 horn1 bone1 glass1 pott]y1 slabs ( sonor\s /one1--9 fact1 almo/ all vibrat+ matt]4 ,! /r+s ( in/rum5ts h be5 made ( ! hair ( animals1 ( silk1 ! runn]s ( creep+ plants1 ! fibr\s roots ( c]ta9 trees1 ( cane1 catgut 7:i* absurdly ref]r$ to ! cat1 is f ! %eep1 goat1 lamb1 camel1 & "s o!r animals71 metal1 c4 ,! mode 9 :i* individual nations or tribes are 9 ! habit ( embelli%+ _! musical in/rum5ts is sometimes z *>act]i/ic z x is s+ul>4 ,! negroes 9 sev]al di/ricts ( we/]n ,africa affix to _! drums human skulls4 ,a w>-trumpet ( ! k+ ( ,a%antee :i* 0 br\ght to ,engl& is surr\nd$ by human jawbones4 ,! ,maories 9 ,new ,zeal& c>ve ar\nd ! m\?-hole ( _! trumpets a figure int5d$1 x is said1 to repres5t female lips4 ,! mat]ials = ornam5tation *iefly employ$ by savages are bright col\rs1 beads1 %ells1 grasses1 ! b>k ( trees1 fea!rs1 /ones1 gild+1 pieces ( look+-glass inlaid l mosaic1 c4 ,unciviliz$ nations are sure to consid] any?+ :i* is bright & glitt]+ ornam5tal1 especially if x is also sc>ce4 ,capta9 ,tuckey saw 9 ,congo a negro in/rum5t :i* 0 ornam5t$ ) "p ( ! brok5 frame ( a look+-glass1 to :i* 7 affix$ 9 a semicircle a numb] ( brass buttons ) ! head ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 on !m1--p]haps a relic ( "s ,fr5* sailor dr[n$ ne> ! coa/ ye>s ago4 ,aga91 musical in/rum5ts are n unfrequ5tly =m$ 9 ! %ape ( c]ta9 animals4 ,?us1 a k9d ( h>monicon ( ! ,*9ese repres5ts ! figure ( a cr\*+ tig]4 ,! ,burmese possess a /r+$ in/rum5t 9 ! %ape ( an alligator4 ,ev5 m grotesque are ! imitations ( v>i\s bea/s adopt$ by ! ,javanese4 ,! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea h a s+ul>ly %ap$ drum1 t]m9at+ 9 ! head ( a reptile4 ,a wood5 rattle l a bird is a fav\rite in/rum5t ( ! ,indians ( ,nootka ,s\nd4 ,9 %ort1 n only ! inn] con/ruction ( ! in/rum5ts & _! peculi> quality ( s\nd exhibit 9 mo/ nations c]ta9 di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 b x is also 9 great measure true z to _! outw>d appe>ance4 ,an arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( musical in/rum5ts 9 a regul> ord]1 beg9n+ ) t k9d :i* is ! mo/ univ]sally kn[n & progress+ gradually to ! lea/ usual1 gives ! foll[+ results4 ,in/rum5ts ( p]cussion ( indef9ite sonor\sness or1 9 o!r words1 pulsatile in/rum5ts :i* h n a s\nd ( a fix$ pit*1 z ! drum1 rattle1 ca/anets1 c41 are mo/ univ]sal4 ,w9d in/rum5ts ( ! flute k9d1--includ+ pipes1 :i/les1 flutes1 ,p&ean pipes1 c4--are also to be f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,mu* ! same is ! case ) w9d in/rum5ts ( ! trumpet k9d4 ,^! are (t5 made ( ! horns1 bones1 & tusks ( animals2 frequ5tly ( vegetable sub/ances & ( metal4 ,in/rum5ts ( p]cussion ( def9ite sonor\sness are *iefly met ) 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,burmah1 ,siam1 & ,java4 ,!y n unfrequ5tly conta9 a s]ies ( tones produc$ by slabs ( wood or metal1 :i* are beat5 ) a sort ( hamm]1 z our h>monicon is play$4 ,/r+$ in/rum5ts )\t a f+] bo>d1 or any simil> contrivance :i* enables ! p]=m] to produce a numb] ( diff]5t tones on "o /r+1 are g5]ally f\nd among nations ^: musical accompli%m5ts h em]g$ f ! e>lie/ /ate ( infancy4 ,! /r+s are twang$ ) ! f+]s or ) a piece ( wood1 horn1 metal1 or any o!r suitable sub/ance s]v+ z a plectrum2 or are made to vibrate by be+ beat5 ) a hamm]1 z our dulcim]4 ,/r+$ in/rum5ts provid$ ) a f+]-bo>d on :i* diff]5t tones are producible on "o /r+ by ! p]=m] %ort5+ x m or less1--z on ! guit> & viol91--are met ) almo/ exclusively among nations 9 a some:at advanc$ /age ( musical progress4 ,su* z are play$ ) a b[ are ! lea/ common2 !y are1 h[ev]1 kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ,h9dus1 ,p]sians1 ,arabs1 & a few o!r nations1 besides ^? ( ,europe & _! desc5dants 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,w9d in/rum5ts ( ! organ k9d1--i4e41 su* z are con/ruct$ ( a numb] ( tubes :i* c be s\nd$ toge!r by means ( a common m\?piece or "s simil> contrivance1 & ^u :i* !re=e *ords & comb9ations ( *ords1 or h>mony1 c be produc$1--are comp>atively ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,"s int]e/+ specim5s ( !m exi/ 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,laos1 & ,siam4 ,besides ^! v>i\s k9ds ( s\nd-produc+ means employ$ 9 musical p]=mances1 a few o!rs less widely diffus$ c\ld be po9t$ out1 :i* are ( a con/ruction n repres5t$ 9 any ( our well-kn[n ,european specim5s4 ,= in/ance1 "s nations h peculi> in/rum5ts ( friction1 :i* c h>dly be class$ ) our in/rum5ts ( p]cussion4 ,aga91 !re are contrivances 9 :i* a numb] ( /r+s are caus$ to vibrate by a curr5t ( air1 mu* z is ! case ) ! olian h>p2 :i* might ) equal propriety be consid]$ ei!r z /r+$ in/rum5ts or z w9d in/rum5ts4 ,9 %ort1 our usual classification ( all ! v>i\s species into ?ree di/9ct divisions1 viz4 ,/r+$ ,in/rum5ts1 ,w9d ,in/rum5ts1 & ,in/rum5ts ( ,p]cussion1 is n t5able if we ext5d our rese>*es ov] ! :ole globe4 ,! collection at ,s\? ,k5s+ton conta9s sev]al =eign in/rum5ts :i* _c fail to prove int]e/+ to ! musician4 ,rec5t inve/igations h m & m elicit$ ! fact t ! music ( e nation exhibits "s di/9ctive *>act]i/ics :i* may af=d valuable h9ts to a compos] or p]=m]4 ,a famili>ity ) ! popul> songs ( diff]5t c\ntries is advisable on acc\nt ( ! rem>kable orig9ality ( ! airs3 ^! mo/ly spr+ f ! he>t4 ,h5ce ! natural & true expression1 ! delightful heal? & vig\r by :i* !y are g5]ally di/+ui%$4 ,our m artificial compositions are1 on ! o!r h&1 n unfrequ5tly defici5t 9 ^! *>ms1 because !y (t5 emanate f ! f+]s or ! p5 r ?an f ! he>t4 ,h[beit1 ! pr$om9ance ( expressive melody & effective rhy?m ov] h>moni\s comb9ations1 s usual 9 ! popul> compositions ( v>i\s nations1 w\ld alone suffice to recomm5d !m to ! c>eful att5tion ( our mod]n musicians4 ,! same may be said ) reg>d to ! surpris+ v>iety 9 con/ruction & 9 mann] ( expression prevail+ 9 ! popul> songs & dance-tunes ( diff]5t c\ntries4 ,inde$1 e nation's musical effusions exhibit a "* peculi>ly _! own1 ) :i* ! musician w\ld f9d x advantage\s to famili>ize himself4 ,n[1 x w easily be und]/ood t an acqua9tance ) ! musical in/rum5ts ( a nation conveys a m correct idea ?an c\ld o!rwise be obta9$ ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! nation's musical compositions4 ,fur!rmore1 9 _m in/ances ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5ts reveals to u ! nature ( ! musical int]vals1 scales1 modulations1 & su*like notewor?y facts4 ,true1 inquiries l ^! h hi!rto n receiv$ f musicians ! att5tion :i* !y des]ve4 ,! adepts 9 mo/ o!r arts are 9 ?is respect 9 advance4 ,!y are conv9c$ t useful in=mation may be ga!r$ by inve/igat+ ! productions ev5 ( unciviliz$ nations1 & by ?us trac+ ! gradual progress ( an art f its primitive infancy to its highe/ degree ( developm5t4 ,aga91 f an exam9ation ( ! musical in/rum5ts ( =eign nations we may d]ive valuable h9ts = ! improvem5t ( our own2 or ev5 = ! inv5tion ( new4 ,sev]al pr9ciples ( con/ruction h ?us be5 adopt$ by u f ea/]n nations4 ,= in/ance1 ! free re$ us$ 9 ! h>monium is an importation f ,*9a4 ,! organ build] ,kratz5/e91 :o liv$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg dur+ ! reign ( ,ca?>9e ,,ii41 happ5$ to see ! ,*9ese in/rum5t *5g1 :i* is ( ?is con/ruction1 & x sugge/$ to him1 ab\t ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 to apply ! free re$ to c]ta9 organ /ops4 ,at ! pres5t day in/rum5ts ( ! h>monium class h become su* univ]sal fav\rites 9 we/]n ,europe z almo/ to compete ) ! pian(orte4 ,sev]al o!r well-au!nticat$ in/ances c\ld be cit$ 9 :i* "o in/rum5t has sugge/$ ! con/ruction ( ano!r ( a sup]ior k9d4 ,! prototype ( our pian(orte 0 evid5tly ! dulcim]1 kn[n at an e>ly "t to ! ,arabs & ,p]sians :o call x santir4 ,"o ( ! old names giv5 to ! dulcim] by ,european nations is cimbal4 ,! ,poles at ! pres5t day call x cymbaly1 & ! ,magy>s 9 ,hung>y cimbalom4 ,! clavicembalo1 ! pr$ecessor ( ! pian(orte1 0 9 fact no?+ b a cembalo ) a key-bo>d atta*$ to x2 & "s ( ! old clavicembali1 /ill pres]v$1 exhibit ! trapezium %ape1 ! r\nd hole 9 ! middle ( ! s\nd-bo>d1 & o!r peculi>ities ( ! fir/ dulcim]4 ,aga91 ! gradual developm5t ( ! dulcim] f a rude contrivance1 consi/+ m]ely ( a wood5 bo>d across :i* a few /r+s are /ret*$1 is di/9ctly traceable by a ref]5ce to ! musical in/rum5ts ( nations 9 diff]5t /ages ( civilization4 ,! same is ! case ) our highly p]fect$ h>p1 ( :i* curi\s specim5s1 repres5t+ ! in/rum5t 9 its mo/ primitive condition1 are /ill to be f\nd among sev]al b>b>\s tribes4 ,we might p]haps inf] f its %ape t x orig9ally consi/$ ( no?+ m ?an an ela/ic /ick b5t by a /r+4 ,! ,dam>as1 a native tribe ( ,s\?-we/]n ,africa1 actually use _! b[ occasionally z a musical in/rum5t1 :5 !y are n engag$ 9 w> or 9 ! *ase4 ,!y tight5 ! /r+ ne>ly 9 ! middle by means ( a lea!rn ?ong1 :]eby !y obta9 two di/9ct s\nds1 :i*1 = want ( a s\nd-bo>d1 are ( c\rse v weak & sc>cely audible to anyone b ! p]=m]4 ,"s neighb\r+ tribes1 h[ev]1 possess a musical in/rum5t v simil> 9 appe>ance to ! b[1 to :i* !y atta* a g\rd1 holl[$ & op5 at ! top1 :i* s]ves z a s\nd-bo>d4 ,aga91 o!r ,african tribes h a simil> in/rum5t1 sup]ior 9 con/ruction only inasmu* z x conta9s m ?an "o /r+1 & is provid$ ) a s\nd-bo>d consi/+ ( a suitable piece ( sonor\s wood4 ,9 %ort1 ! m improv$ we f9d ^! contrivances ! clos] !y approa* our h>p4 ,& x c\ld be %[n if ?is 7 requisite = our pres5t purpose t mu* ! same gradual progress t[>ds p]fection1 :i* we obs]ve 9 ! ,african h>p1 is traceable 9 ! h>ps ( sev]al nations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,moreov]1 a collection ( musical in/rum5ts des]ves ! att5tion ( ! e?nologi/ z mu* z ( ! musician4 ,inde$1 ?is may be ass]t$ ( national music 9 g5]al2 = x gives u an insight into ! he>t ( man1 reveals to u ! feel+s & pr$ilections ( diff]5t races on ! globe1 & af=ds u a clue to ! natural aff9ity :i* exi/s betwe5 diff]5t families ( m54 ,aga91 a collection mu/ prove int]e/+ 9 a hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,s*ol>s w f9d among old in/rum5ts specim5s :i* 7 9 common use 9 ,engl& at ! "t ( que5 ,elizabe?1 & :i* are n unfrequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! lit]ature ( t p]iod4 ,9 _m in/ances ! passages 9 :i* allusion is made to !m c h>dly be und]/ood1 if we are unacqua9t$ ) ! %ape & con/ruction ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! relics ( bygone times br+ be=e our eyes ! mann]s & cu/oms ( our =efa!rs1 & assi/ u 9 und]/&+ !m correctly4 ,x w be se5 t ! modification :i* our or*e/ra has und]gone1 9 ! c\rse ( sc>cely m ?an a c5tury1 is great inde$4 ,mo/ ( ! in/rum5ts :i* 7 highly popul> ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago h ei!r fall5 into disuse or are n[ s mu* alt]$ t !y may almo/ be consid]$ z new inv5tions4 ,among ,asiatic nations1 on ! o!r h&1 we meet ) sev]al in/rum5ts :i* h reta9$ un*ang$ ?r\gh _m c5turies _! old con/ruction & outw>d appe>ance4 ,at ,s\? ,k5s+ton may be se5 in/rum5ts /ill 9 use 9 ,egypt & we/]n ,asia1 precisely l specim5s repres5t$ on monum5ts dat+ f a p]iod ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,by a ref]5ce to ! ea/]n in/rum5ts ( ! pres5t "t we obta9 !re=e a key = inve/igat+ ! e>li] ,egyptian & ,assyrian repres5tations ( musical p]=mances2 &1 likewise1 = appreciat+ m exactly ! biblical records respect+ ! music ( ! ,hebrews4 ,p]haps ^! evid5ces w convey to "s inquir]s a less high op9ion ?an !y h hi!rto ent]ta9$1 reg>d+ ! musical accompli%m5ts ( ! ,hebrew b&s 9 ! solemn processions ( k+ ,david or 9 ,solomon's temple2 b ! op9ion w be all ! ne>] to ! tru?4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( int]e/ ab\t su* collections1 & especially t at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :i* mu/ n be left unnotic$4 ,sev]al in/rum5ts are rem>kable on acc\nt ( _! elegant %ape & ta/eful ornam5tation4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) "s specim5s f ,asiatic c\ntries4 ,! beautiful designs ) :i* !y are embelli%$ may af=d valuable patt]ns = /udy & = adoption 9 works ( art4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,a really complete acc\nt ( all ! musical in/rum5ts f ! e>lie/ "t kn[n to u w\ld require mu* m space ?an c "h be af=d$4 ,we c attempt only a concise hi/orical survey4 ,we v5ture to hope t ! illu/rations int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! text w to ! intellig5t read] elucidate _m facts :i*1 = ! reason /at$1 are t\*$ ^u b cursorily4 ,,pre-,,hi/oric ,,relics4 ,illu/ration ,a musical relic has rec5tly be5 exhum$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,dordogne 9 ,france1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ 9 an age :5 ! fauna ( ,france includ$ ! re9de]1 ! rh9oc]os1 & ! mammo?1 ! hyna1 ! be>1 & ! cave-lion4 ,x is a small bone some:at less ?an two in*es 9 l5g?1 9 :i* is a hole1 evid5tly bor$ by means ( "o ( ! little fl9t knives :i* m5 us$ be=e acqua9tance ) ! employm5t ( metal = tools & weapons4 ,_m ( ^! fl9ts 7 f\nd 9 ! same place ) ! bones4 ,only ab\t half a doz5 ( ! bones1 ( :i* a consid]able numb] h be5 exhum$1 possess ! artificial hole4 ,we give a woodcut ( "o ( !m4 ,m4 ,l>tet surmises ! p]=at$ bone to h be5 us$ z a :i/le 9 hunt+ animals4 ,x is ! fir/ digital phalanx ( a rum9ant1 drill$ to a c]ta9 dep? by a smoo? cyl9drical bore on its l[] surface ne> ! exp&$ upp] articulation4 ,on apply+ x to ! l[] lip & bl[+ into x a %rill s\nd is yield$4 ,?ree ( ^! phalanges are ( re9de]1 "o is ( ,*amois4 ,aga91 among ! relics :i* h be5 br\ght to light f ! cave ( ,lombrive1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,arige1 occur sev]al eye-tee? ( ! dog :i* h a hole drill$ into !m ne> ! root4 ,probably !y also yield s\nds l ^? re9de] bones1 or l ! tube ( a key4 ,ano!r :i/le--or r a pipe1 = x has ?ree f+]-holes by means ( :i* diff]5t tones c\ld be produc$--0 f\nd 9 a bury+-place1 dat+ f ! /one p]iod1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,poiti]s 9 ,france3 x is rudely con/ruct$ f a fragm5t ( /ag's-horn4 ,x is bl[n at ! end1 l a flte bec & ! ?ree f+]-holes are plac$ equidi/antly4 ,f\r di/9ct tones mu/ h be5 easily obta9able on x3 ! l[e/1 :5 all ! f+]-holes 7 cov]$2 ! o!r ?ree1 by op5+ ! f+]-holes successively4 ,f ! "* ( ! /one ut5sils & weapons discov]$ ) ?is pipe x is conjectur$ t ! bury+-place f :i* x 0 exhum$ dates f ! late/ "t ( ! /one age4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] old x may be1 x is a m rec5t contrivance ?an ! re9de]-bone :i/le f ! cav]n ( ! ,dordogne4 ,,! ,,anci5t ,,egyptians4 ,! mo/ anci5t nations hi/orically kn[n possess$ musical in/rum5ts :i*1 ?\gh 9 ac\/ic con/ruction greatly inf]ior to our own1 exhibit a degree ( p]fection :i* c\ld h be5 atta9$ only aft] a long p]iod ( cultivation4 ,_m tribes ( ! pres5t day h n yet rea*$ ?is /age ( musical progress4 ,z reg>ds ! in/rum5ts ( ! anci5t ,egyptians we n[ possess p]haps m detail$ in=mation ?an ( ^? app]ta9+ to any o!r nation ( antiquity4 ,?is in=mation we owe especially to ! exactness ) :i* ! in/rum5ts are depict$ 9 sculptures & pa9t+s4 ,:oev] has exam9$ ^! int]e/+ monum5ts ) ev5 ord9>y c>e _c b be conv9c$ t ! repres5tations :i* !y exhibit are fai?ful transcripts f life4 ,moreov]1 if !re rema9$ any d\bt respect+ ! accuracy ( ! repres5tations ( ! musical in/rum5ts x might be dispell$ by exi/+ evid5ce4 ,sev]al specim5s h be5 discov]$ 9 tombs pres]v$ 9 a m or less p]fect condition4 ,! ,egyptians possess$ v>i\s k9ds ( h>ps1 "s ( :i* 7 elegantly %ap$ & ta/efully ornam5t$4 ,! l>ge/ 7 ab\t six & a half feet high2 & ! small ones frequ5tly _h "s sort ( /& :i* enabl$ ! p]=m] to play ^u ! in/rum5t :ile /&+4 ,! "n ( ! h>p 0 buni4 ,its frame _h no front pill>2 ! t5sion ( ! /r+s !re=e _c h be5 any?+ l s /rong z on our pres5t h>p4 ,! ,egyptian h>ps mo/ rem>kable = elegance ( =m & elaborate decoration are ! two :i* 7 fir/ notic$ by ,bruce1 :o f\nd !m pa9t$ 9 fresco on ! wall ( a sepul*re at ,!bes1 suppos$ to be ! tomb ( ,rameses ,,iii4 :o reign$ ab\t #abej ,b4,c4 ,bruce's discov]y creat$ s5sation among ! musicians4 ,! fact t at s remote an age ! ,egyptians %\ld h possess$ h>ps :i* vie ) our own 9 elegance & beauty ( =m appe>$ to "s s incr$ible t ! correctness ( ,bruce's repres5tations1 z engrav$ 9 8 8,travels10 0 greatly d\bt$4 ,sket*es ( ! same h>ps1 tak5 subsequ5tly & at diff]5t times f ! frescoes1 h s9ce be5 publi%$1 b !y diff] m or less f ea* o!r 9 appe>ance & 9 ! numb] ( /r+s4 ,a k9d ( triangul> h>p ( ! ,egyptians 0 discov]$ 9 a well-pres]v$ condition & is n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,x has tw5ty-"o /r+s2 a great] numb] ?an is g5]ally repres5t$ on ! monum5ts4 ,all ^! in/rum5ts1 h[ev] mu* !y diff]$ f ea* o!r 9 =m1 _h "o peculi>ity 9 common1 namely ! abs5ce ( ! =e pill>4 ,! n(re1 a k9d ( guit>1 0 almo/ id5tical 9 con/ruction ) ! ,tamb\ra at ! pres5t day 9 use among sev]al ea/]n nations4 ,x 0 evid5tly a great fav\rite ) ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,a figure ( x is f\nd among _! hi]oglyphs1 signify+ 8good40 ,x occurs 9 repres5tations ( conc]ts dat+ e>li] ?an f ,b4,c4 #aejj4 ,! n(re af=ds ! be/ pro( t ! ,egyptians _h made consid]able progress 9 music at a v e>ly age2 s9ce x %[s t !y und]/ood h[ to produce on a few /r+s1 by means ( ! f+]-bo>d1 a great] numb] ( notes ?an 7 obta9able ev5 on _! h>ps4 ,! in/rum5t _h two or f\r /r+s1 0 play$ ) a plectrum & appe>s to h be5 sometimes1 if n always1 provid$ ) frets4 ,9 ! ,briti% museum is a fragm5t ( a fresco obta9$ f a tomb at ,!bes1 on :i* two female p]=m]s on ! n(re are repres5t$4 ,! pa9t] has di/9ctly indicat$ ! frets4 ,small pipes ( ! ,egyptians h be5 discov]$1 made ( re$1 ) ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or m f+]-holes4 ,!re are "s int]e/+ examples 9 ! ,briti% museum2 "o ( :i* has sev5 holes burnt 9 at ! side4 ,two /raws 7 f\nd ) x ( ne>ly ! same l5g? z ! pipe1 :i* is ab\t "o foot long4 ,9 "s o!r pipes pieces ( a k9d ( ?ick /raw h also be5 f\nd ins]t$ into ! tube1 obvi\sly s]v+ = a simil> purpose z ! re$ 9 our oboe or cl>ionet4 ,! sbi1 a s+le flute1 0 ( consid]able l5g?1 & ! p]=m] appe>s to h be5 oblig$ to ext5d 8 arms almo/ at full l5g? 9 ord] to rea* ! fur!/ f+]-hole4 ,z sbi is also ! "n ( ! leg-bone 7l ! ,lat9 tibia7 x may be suppos$ t ! ,egyptian flute 0 orig9ally made ( bone4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :i* h be5 f\nd are ( wood or re$4 ,a flute-conc]t is pa9t$ on "o ( ! tombs 9 ! pyramids ( ,gizeh & dates1 accord+ to ,lepsius1 f an age e>li] ?an ,b4,c4 #bjjj4 ,eight musicians 7z se5 9 ! woodcut7 are p]=m+ on flutes4 ,?ree ( !m1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 are kneel+ & hold+ _! flutes 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,fac+ ^! are ?ree o!rs1 9 a precisely simil> position4 ,a sev5? is sitt+ on ! gr\nd to ! left ( ! six1 ) 8 back turn$ t[>ds !m1 b also 9 ! act ( bl[+ 8 flute1 l ! o!rs4 ,an eigh? is /&+ at ! "r side ( ! gr\p ) 8 face turn$ t[>ds !m1 hold+ 8 flute be=e him ) bo? h&s1 z if he 7 go+ to put x to 8 m\?1 or _h j left (f play+4 ,he is clo!d1 :ile ! o!rs h only a n>r[ girdle r\nd _! lo9s4 ,p]haps he is ! director ( ?is s+ul> b&1 or ! solo p]=m] :o is wait+ = ! t]m9ation ( ! tutti be=e r5ew+ 8 "p ( ! p]=mance4 ,! division ( ! play]s into two sets1 fac+ ea* o!r1 sugge/s ! possibility t ! in/rum5ts 7 class$ some:at l ! fir/ & second viol9s1 or ! flauto primo & flauto secondo ( our or*e/ras4 ,! occasional employm5t ( ! int]val ( ! ?ird1 or ! fif?1 z accompanim5t to ! melody1 is n unusual ev5 ) nations less advanc$ 9 music ?an 7 ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,illu/ration ,! ,d\ble-,pipe1 call$ mam1 appe>s to h be5 a v popul> in/rum5t1 if we judge f ! frequ5cy ( its occurr5ce 9 ! repres5tations ( musical p]=mances4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,egyptians _h1 z f> z is kn[n to u1 two k9ds ( trumpets2 ?ree k9ds ( tamb\r9es1 or little h& drums2 ?ree k9ds ( drums1 *iefly b>rel-%ap$2 & v>i\s k9ds ( gongs1 bells1 cymbals1 & ca/anets4 ,! trumpet appe>s to h be5 usually ( brass4 ,a peculi> w9d-in/rum5t1 some:at ! %ape ( a *ampagne bottle & p]haps made ( pott]y or wood1 occurs only once 9 ! repres5tations transmitt$ to u4 ,! ,egyptian drum 0 f two to ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 cov]$ ) p>*m5t at bo? ends & brac$ by cords4 ,! p]=m] c>ri$ x be=e him1 g5]ally by means ( a b& ov] 8 %\ld]1 :ile he 0 beat+ x ) 8 h&s on bo? ends4 ,( ano!r k9d ( drum an actual specim5 has be5 f\nd 9 ! excavations made 9 ! ye> #ahbc at ,!bes4 ,x 0 #a feet high & #b feet broad1 & _h cords = brac+ x4 ,a piece ( catgut encircl$ ea* end ( ! drum1 be+ w\nd r\nd ea* cord1 by means ( :i* ! cords c\ld be tight5$ or slack5$ at pleasure by pu%+ ! two b&s ( catgut t[>ds or f ea* o!r4 ,x 0 beat5 ) two drum/icks slightly b5t4 ,! ,egyptians _h also /raight drum/icks ) a h&le1 & a knob at ! end4 ,! ,b]l9 museum possesses "s ( ^!4 ,! ?ird k9d ( drum 0 almo/ id5tical ) ! d>ab\ka 7or d>abukkeh7 ( ! mod]n ,egyptians4 ,! ,tamb\r9e 0 ei!r r\nd1 l t :i* is at ! pres5t "t 9 use 9 ,europe z well z 9 ! ea/2 or x 0 ( an oblong squ>e %ape1 slightly incurv$ on ! f\r sides4 ,! ,si/rum consi/$ ( a frame ( bronze or brass into :i* ?ree or f\r metal b>s 7 loosely ins]t$1 s z to produce a j+l+ noise :5 ! in/rum5t 0 %ak54 ,! b>s 7 (t5 made 9 ! =m ( snakes1 or !y t]m9at$ 9 ! head ( a goose4 ,n unfrequ5tly a few metal r+s 7 /rung on ! b>s1 to increase ! noise4 ,! frame 0 sometimes ornam5t$ ) ! figure ( a cat4 ,! l>ge/ si/ra :i* h be5 f\nd are ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! smalle/ ab\t n9e in*es4 ,! si/rum 0 pr9cipally us$ by females 9 religi\s p]=mances4 ,its ,egyptian "n 0 se%e%4 ,! ,egyptian cymbals closely resembl$ our own 9 %ape4 ,!re are two pairs ( !m 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,"o pair 0 f\nd 9 a c(f9 enclos+ ! mummy ( a sacr$ musician1 & is deposit$ 9 ! same case ) ! mummy & c(f94 ,among ! ,egyptian antiquities 9 ! ,briti% museum are also sev]al small bells ( bronze4 ,! l>ge/ is #b in*es 9 height1 & ! smalle/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,"s ( !m h a hole at ! side ne> ! top :]e9 ! clapp] 0 fa/5$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,assyrians4 ,our acqua9tance ) ! ,assyrian in/rum5ts has be5 d]iv$ almo/ entirely f ! fam\s bas-reliefs :i* h be5 excavat$ f ! m\nds ( ,nimr\d1 ,khorsabad1 & ,k\yunjik1 situat$ ne> ! riv] ,tigris 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n ( ,mosul 9 ,asiatic ,turkey4 ,! ,assyrian h>p 0 ab\t f\r feet high1 & appe>s ( l>g] size ?an x actually 0 on acc\nt ( ! ornam5tal app5dages :i* 7 affix$ to ! l[] "p ( its frame4 ,x mu/ h be5 b light 9 weight1 s9ce we f9d x n unfrequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! h&s ( p]sons :o are play+ ^u x :ile !y are danc+4 ,l all ! ,ori5tal h>ps1 mod]n z well z anci5t1 x 0 n provid$ ) a front pill>4 ,! upp] portion ( ! frame conta9$ ! s\nd-holes1 some:at 9 ! %ape ( an h\r-glass4 ,bel[ !m 7 ! screws1 or tun+-pegs1 arrang$ 9 regul> ord]4 ,! /r+s 7 p]haps made ( silk1 l ^? :i* ! ,burmese use at ! pres5t "t on _! h>ps2 or !y may h be5 ( catgut1 :i* 0 us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,! l>ge/ assemblage ( ,assyrian musicians :i* has be5 discov]$ on any monum5t consi/s ( elev5 p]=m]s ^u in/rum5ts1 besides a *orus ( s+]s4 ,! fir/ musician--probably ! lead] ( ! b&1 z he m>*es alone at ! head ( ! procession--is play+ ^u a h>p4 ,beh9d him are two m52 "o ) a dulcim] & ! o!r ) a d\ble-pipe3 !n foll[ two m5 ) h>ps4 ,next come six female musicians1 f\r ( :om are play+ ^u h>ps1 :ile "o is bl[+ a d\ble-pipe & ano!r is beat+ a small h&-drum cov]$ only at ! top4 ,close beh9d ! in/rum5tal p]=m]s are ! s+]s1 consi/+ ( a *orus ( females & *ildr54 ,!y are clapp+ _! h&s 9 "t ) ! music1 & "s ( ! musicians are danc+ to ! measure4 ,"o ( ! female s+]s is hold+ h] h& to h] ?roat 9 ! same mann] z ! wom5 9 ,syria1 ,arabia1 & ,p]sia are 9 ! habit ( do+ at ! pres5t day :5 produc+1 on fe/ive occasions1 ^? peculi>ly %rill s\nds ( rejoic+ :i* h be5 repeat$ly notic$ by travell]s4 ,! dulcim] is 9 too imp]fect a /ate on ! bas-relief to famili>ize u ) its con/ruction4 ,! slab repres5t+ ! procession 9 :i* x occurs has be5 injur$2 ! defect :i* ext5d$ ov] a portion ( ! dulcim] has be5 repair$1 & x _c be said t 9 repair+ x mu* musical k has be5 ev9c$4 ,! in/rum5t ( ! ,trigonon species 0 held horizontally1 & 0 twang$ ) a r long plectrum slightly b5t at ! end at :i* x 0 held by ! p]=m]4 ,x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce on ! bas-reliefs4 ,a numb] ( !m appe> to h be5 g5]ally play$ toge!r4 ,at any rate1 we f9d almo/ inv>iably on ! monum5ts two toge!r1 evid5tly imply+ 8m ?an "o10 8a numb]40 ,! left h& ( ! p]=m] seems to h be5 occupi$ 9 *eck+ ! vibration ( ! /r+s :5 its discont9uance 0 requir$4 ,f ! position ( ! /r+s ! p]=m] c\ld n h /ruck !m z ^? ( ! dulcim] are /ruck4 ,if he did n twang !m1 he may h drawn ! plectrum across !m4 ,inde$1 = twang+1 a %ort plectrum w\ld h be5 m practical1 consid]+ t ! /r+s are plac$ horizontally "o above ! o!r at regul> di/ances4 ,x is !re=e by no means improbable t we h "h a rude prototype ( ! viol9 b[4 ,! ,lyre occurs 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms1 & is held horizontally 9 play+1 or at lea/ ne>ly s4 ,its front b> 0 g5]ally ei!r oblique or slightly curv$4 ,! /r+s 7 ti$ r\nd ! b> s z to all[ ( _! be+ pu%$ upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 ,9 ! =m] case ! t5sion ( ! /r+s increases1 & ! notes become !re=e high]2 on ! o!r h&1 if ! /r+s are pu%$ l[] d[n ! pit* ( ! notes mu/ become deep]4 ,! lyre 0 play$ ) a small plectrum z well z ) ! f+]s4 ,! ,assyrian trumpet 0 v simil> to ! ,egyptian4 ,fur!rmore1 we meet ) ?ree k9ds ( drums1 ( :i* "o is especially notewor?y on acc\nt ( its odd %ape1 some:at resembl+ a sug>-loaf2 ) ! tamb\r9e2 ) two k9ds ( cymbals2 & ) bells1 ( :i* a consid]able numb] h be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nd ( ,nimr\d4 ,^! bells1 :i* h greatly )/ood ! deva/ation ( "t1 are b small 9 size1 ! l>ge/ ( !m be+ only #c in*es 9 height & #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,mo/ ( !m h a hole at ! top1 9 :i* probably ! clapp] 0 fa/5$4 ,!y are made ( copp] mix$ ) #ad p] c5t4 ( t94 ,in/rum5tal music 0 us$ by ! ,assyrians & ,babylonians 9 _! religi\s obs]vances4 ,?is is obvi\s f ! sculptures1 & is to "s ext5t confirm$ by ! mode ( wor%ip paid by comm& ( k+ ,nebu*adnezz> to ! gold5 image3 8,!n an h]ald cri$ al\d1 ,to y x is comm&$1 ,o p1 nations1 & languages1 t at :at "t ye he> ! s\nd ( ! cornet1 flute1 h>p1 sackbut1 psalt]y1 dulcim]1 & all k9ds ( musick1 ye fall d[n & wor%ip ! gold5 image t ,nebu*adnezz> ! k+ ha? set up40 ,! k+s appe> to h ma9ta9$ at _! c\rts musical b&s1 ^: (fice x 0 to p]=m secul> music at c]ta9 times ( ! day or on fix$ occasions4 ,( k+ ,d>ius we are told t1 :5 he _h ca/ ,daniel into ! d5 ( lions1 he 8w5t to 8 palace1 & pass$ ! night fa/+1 nei!r 7 in/rum5ts ( musick br\ght be=e him20 f :i* we may conclude t 8 b& 0 9 ! habit ( play+ be=e him 9 ! ev5+4 ,a simil> cu/om prevail$ also at ! c\rt ( ,j]usalem1 at lea/ 9 ! "t ( ,david & ,solomon2 bo? ( :om appe> to h _h _! royal private b&s1 besides a l>ge numb] ( s+]s & in/rum5tal p]=m]s ( sacr$ music :o 7 engag$ 9 ! ,temple4 ,,! ,,hebrews4 ,z reg>ds ! musical in/rum5ts ( ! ,hebrews1 we are f biblical records acqua9t$ ) ! names ( _m ( !m2 b repres5tations to be tru/$ are /ill want+1 & x is *iefly f an exam9ation ( ! anci5t ,egyptian & ,assyrian in/rum5ts t we c conjecture almo/ to a c]ta9ty _! con/ruction & capabilities4 ,f v>i\s indications1 :i* x w\ld be too circum/antial "h to po9t out1 we believe ! ,hebrews to h possess$ ! foll[+ in/rum5ts3 ,,! ,,h>p4 ,!re _c be a d\bt t ! ,hebrews possess$ ! h>p1 see+ t x 0 a common in/rum5t among ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians4 ,b x is unc]ta9 :i* ( ! ,hebrew names ( ! /r+$ in/rum5ts occurr+ 9 ! ,bible really designates ! h>p4 ,,! ,,dulcim]4 ,"s writ]s on ,hebrew music consid] ! nebel to h be5 a k9d ( dulcim]2 o!rs conjecture ! same ( ! psant]9 m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,daniel1--a "n :i* appe>s to be synonym\s ) ! psalt]ion ( ! ,greeks1 & f :i* also ! pres5t ori5tal dulcim]1 santir1 may h be5 d]iv$4 ,"s ( ! in/rum5ts m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,daniel may h be5 synonym\s ) "s :i* occur 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,bible "u ,hebrew names2 ! names giv5 9 ,daniel be+ ,*aldan4 ,! asor 0 a t5-/r+$ in/rum5t play$ ) a plectrum1 & is suppos$ to h borne "s resemblance to ! nebel4 ,,! ,,lyre4 ,?is in/rum5t is repres5t$ on "s ,hebrew co9s g5]ally ascrib$ to ,judas ,maccabu1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!re are sev]al ( !m 9 ! ,briti% museum2 "s are ( silv]1 & ! o!rs ( copp]4 ,on ?ree ( !m are lyres ) ?ree /r+s1 ano!r has "o ) five1 & ano!r "o ) six /r+s4 ,! two sides ( ! frame appe> to h be5 made ( ! horns ( animals1 or !y may h be5 ( wood =m$ 9 imitation ( two horns :i* orig9ally 7 us$4 ,lyres ?us con/ruct$ are /ill f\nd 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,! ,hebrew squ>e-%ap$ lyre ( ! "t ( ,simon ,maccabu is probably id5tical ) ! psalt]ion4 ,! k9nor1 ! fav\rite in/rum5t ( k+ ,david1 0 mo/ likely a lyre if n a small triangul> h>p4 ,! lyre 0 evid5tly an univ]sally kn[n & fav\r$ in/rum5t among anci5t ea/]n nations4 ,be+ m simple 9 con/ruction ?an mo/ o!r /r+$ in/rum5ts x und\bt$ly prec$$ !m 9 antiquity4 ,! k9nor is m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible z ! olde/ /r+$ in/rum5t1 & z ! inv5tion ( ,jubal4 ,ev5 if ! "n ( "o p>ticul> /r+$ in/rum5t is "h us$ = /r+$ in/rum5ts 9 g5]al1 :i* may possibly be ! case1 x is only reasonable to suppose t ! olde/ & mo/ univ]sally kn[n /r+$ in/rum5t w\ld be m5tion$ z a repres5tative ( ! :ole class r ?an any o!r4 ,besides1 ! k9nor 0 a light & easily portable in/rum5t2 k+ ,david1 accord+ to ! ,rabb9ic records1 us$ to susp5d x dur+ ! night ov] 8 pill[4 ,all its uses m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible are especially applicable to ! lyre4 ,& ! resemblance ( ! ^w k9nor to ki?>a1 kiss>1 & simil> names kn[n to d5ote ! lyre1 also t5ds to confirm ! supposition t x ref]s to ?is in/rum5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n likely t ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,hebrews--inde$ _! music altoge!r--%\ld h rema9$ entirely un*ang$ dur+ a p]iod ( _m c5turies4 ,"s modifications 7 likely to occur ev5 f accid5tal causes2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! influ5ce ( neighb\r+ nations :5 ! ,hebrews came into clos] contact ) !m4 ,?us may be expla9$ :y ! acc\nts ( ! ,hebrew in/rum5ts giv5 by ,josephus1 :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 are n 9 exact accordance ) ^? 9 ! ,bible4 ,! lyres at ! "t ( ,simon ,maccabu may probably be diff]5t f ^? :i* 7 9 use ab\t a ?\s& ye>s e>li]1 or at ! "t ( ,david & ,solomon :5 ! art ( music ) ! ,hebrews 0 at its z5i?4 ,!re appe>s to be a probability t a ,hebrew lyre ( ! "t ( ,joseph 7ab\t #agjj ,b4,c47 is repres5t$ on an anci5t ,egyptian pa9t+ discov]$ 9 a tomb at ,b5i ,hassan1--:i* is ! "n ( c]ta9 grottoes on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,nile4 ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son1 9 8 8,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians10 obs]ves3 8,if1 :5 we become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! int]pretation ( hi]oglyphics1 ! #8,/rang]s' at ,b5i ,hassan %\ld prove to be ! arrival ( ,jacob's family 9 ,egypt1 we may exam9e ! ,jewi% lyre drawn by an ,egyptian arti/4 ,t ?is ev5t took place ab\t ! p]iod :5 ! inmate ( ! tomb liv$ is highly probable--at lea/1 if ,i am correct 9 consid]+ ,osirtas5 ,i4 to be ! ,ph>aoh ! patron ( ,joseph2 & x rema9s = u to decide :e!r ! disagreem5t 9 ! numb] ( p]sons "h introduc$--?irty-sev5 be+ writt5 ov] !m 9 hi]oglyphics--is a suffici5t objection to _! id5tity4 ,x w n be =eign to ! pres5t subject to introduce ^? figures :i* are curi\s1 if only consid]$ z illu/rative ( anci5t cu/oms at t e>ly p]iod1 & :i* w be look$ ^u ) unb\nd$ int]e/ %\ld !y ev] be f\nd to ref] to ! ,jews4 ,! fir/ figure is an ,egyptian scribe1 :o pres5ts an acc\nt ( _! arrival to a p]son seat$1 ! own] ( ! tomb1 & "o ( ! pr9cipal (fic]s ( ! reign+ ,ph>aoh4 ,! next1 also an ,egyptian1 u%]s !m into 8 pres5ce2 & two advance br++ pres5ts1 ! wild goat or ibex & ! gazelle1 ! productions ( _! c\ntry4 ,f\r m51 c>ry+ b[s & clubs1 foll[1 lead+ an ass on :i* two *ildr5 are plac$ 9 panni]s1 accompani$ by a boy & f\r wom52 &1 la/ ( all1 ano!r ass lad51 & two m5--"o hold+ a b[ & club1 ! o!r a lyre1 :i* he plays ) a plectrum4 ,all ! m5 h be>ds1 contr>y to ! cu/om ( ! ,egyptians1 b v g5]al 9 ! ,ea/ at t p]iod1 & notic$ z a peculi>ity ( =eign unciviliz$ nations ?r\gh\t _! sculptures4 ,! m5 h s&als1 ! wom5 a sort ( boot rea*+ to ! ankle--bo? :i* 7 worn by _m ,asiatic p4 ,! lyre is rude1 & diff]s 9 =m f ^? g5]ally us$ 9 ,egypt40 ,9 ! engrav+ ! lyre-play]1 ano!r man1 & "s /range animals f ?is gr\p1 are repres5t$4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,tamb\ra4 ,m9nim1 ma*ala?1 & nebel are usually suppos$ to be ! names ( in/rum5ts ( ! lute or guit> k9d4 ,m9nim1 h[ev]1 appe>s m likely to imply /r+$ in/rum5ts 9 g5]al ?an any p>ticul> in/rum5t4 ,,! ,,s+le ,,pipe4 ,*alil & nekeb 7 ! names ( ! ,hebrew pipes or flutes4 ,,! ,,d\ble ,,pipe4 ,probably ! mi%roki?a m5tion$ 9 ,daniel4 ,! mi%roki?a is repres5t$ 9 ! draw+s ( our hi/ories ( music z a small organ1 consi/+ ( sev5 pipes plac$ 9 a box ) a m\?piece = bl[+4 ,b ! %ape ( ! pipes & ( ! box z well z ! r[ ( keys = ! f+]s exhibit$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! mi%roki?a h too mu* ( ! ,european type n to sugge/ t !y are probably a product ( ! imag9ation4 ,respect+ ! illu/rations ( ,hebrew in/rum5ts :i* usually accompany hi/orical treatises on music & comm5t>ies on ! ,bible1 x ought to be borne 9 m9d t mo/ ( !m are m]ely ! (fspr+ ( conjectures f\nd$ on "s obscure h9ts 9 ! ,bible1 or vague acc\nts by ! ,rabb9s4 ,,! ,,syr9x ,,or ,,p&ean ,,pipe4 ,probably ! ugab1 :i* 9 ! ,engli% au?oriz$ v]sion ( ! ,bible is r5d]$ 8organ40 ,,! ,,bagpipe4 ,! ^w sumphonia1 :i* occurs 9 ! book ( ,daniel1 is1 by ,=kel & o!rs1 suppos$ to d5ote a bagpipe4 ,x is rem>kable t at ! pres5t day ! bagpipe is call$ by ! ,italian peasantry ,zampogna4 ,ano!r ,hebrew in/rum5t1 ! magrepha1 g5]ally describ$ z an organ1 0 m likely only a k9d ( bagpipe4 ,! magrepha is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible b is describ$ 9 ! ,talmud4 ,9 tract ,era*9 x is record$ to h be5 a p[]ful organ :i* /ood 9 ! temple at ,j]usalem1 & consi/$ ( a case or w9d-*e/1 ) t5 holes1 conta9+ t5 pipes4 ,ea* pipe 0 capable ( emitt+ t5 diff]5t s\nds1 by means ( f+]-holes or "s simil> contrivance3 ?us "o hundr$ diff]5t s\nds c\ld be produc$ on ?is in/rum5t4 ,fur!r1 ! magrepha is said to h be5 provid$ ) two pairs ( bell[s & ) t5 keys1 by means ( :i* x 0 play$ ) ! f+]s4 ,its tone 01 accord+ to ! ,rabb9ic acc\nts1 s l\d t x c\ld be he>d at an incr$ibly long di/ance f ! temple4 ,au?orities s widely diff] t we mu/ leave x unc]ta9 :e!r ! mu*-laud$ magrepha 0 a bagpipe1 an organ1 or a kettle-drum4 ,( ! real nature ( ! ,hebrew bagpipe p]haps "s idea may be =m$ f a syr9x ) bell[s1 :i* has be5 f\nd repres5t$ on "o ( ! anci5t t]ra-cottas excavat$ 9 ,t>sus1 ,asia-m9or1 "s ye>s s9ce1 & "h engrav$4 ,^! rema9s are believ$ to be ab\t #bjjj ye>s old1 judg+ f ! figures ^u !m1 & f "s co9s /ruck ab\t #bjj ye>s ,b4,c4 hav+ be5 f\nd emb$d$ ) !m4 ,we h !re=e be=e u1 probably1 ! olde/ repres5tation ( a bagpipe hi!rto discov]$4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,trumpet4 ,?ree k9ds are m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 viz4 ! k]51 ! %oph>1 & ! *atzoz]ah4 ,! fir/ two 7 m or less curv$ & might prop]ly be consid]$ z horns4 ,mo/ comm5tators are ( op9ion t ! k]5--made ( ram's horn--0 almo/ id5tical ) ! %oph>1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! latt] 0 m curv$ ?an ! =m]4 ,! %oph> is especially rem>kable z be+ ! only ,hebrew musical in/rum5t :i* has be5 pres]v$ to ! pres5t day 9 ! religi\s s]vices ( ! ,jews4 ,x is /ill bl[n 9 ! synagogue1 z 9 "t ( old1 at ! ,jewi% new-ye>'s fe/ival1 accord+ to ! comm& ( ,moses 7,numb4 ,,xxix4 ,i74 ,! *atzoz]ah 0 a /raight trumpet1 ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 & 0 sometimes made ( silv]4 ,two ( ^! /raight trumpets are %[n 9 ! fam\s triumphal procession aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem on ! ar* ( ,titus1 engrav$ on ! next page4 ,,! ,,drum4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ,hebrews _h sev]al k9ds ( drums4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 only ( ! toph1 :i* appe>s to h be5 a tamb\r9e or a small h&-drum l ! ,egyptian d>ab\ka4 ,9 ! ,engli% v]sion ( ! ,bible ! ^w is r5d]$ timbrel or tabret4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 especially us$ 9 processions on occasions ( rejoic+1 & also frequ5tly by females4 ,we f9d x 9 ! h&s ( ,miriam1 :5 %e 0 celebrat+ ) ! ,israeliti% wom5 9 songs ( joy ! de/ruction ( ,ph>aoh's ho/2 & 9 ! h&s ( ,jeph?a's daught]1 :5 %e w5t out to welcome h] fa!r4 ,!re exi/s at ! pres5t day 9 ! ,ea/ a small h&-drum call$ d(f1 diff1 or adufe--a "n :i* appe>s to be synonym\s ) ! ,hebrew toph4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,si/rum4 ,w9]1 ,saalf*tz1 & sev]al o!r comm5tators are ( op9ion t ! m5aaneim1 m5tion$ 9 #b ,sam4 vi4 #e1 d5otes ! si/rum4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,bible ! orig9al is translat$ cymbals4 ,,cymbals4 ,! tzeltzclim1 metzillo?1 & metzil?aim1 appe> to h be5 cymbals or simil> metallic in/rum5ts ( p]cussion1 diff]+ 9 %ape & s\nd4 ,,bells4 ,! little bells on ! ve/m5ts ( ! high-prie/ 7 call$ phaamon4 ,small gold5 bells 7 atta*$ to ! l[] "p ( ! robes ( ! high-prie/ 9 8 sacr$ m9i/rations4 ,! ,jews h1 at ! pres5t day1 9 _! synagogues small bells fa/5$ to ! rolls ( ! ,law conta9+ ! ,p5tateu*3 a k9d ( ornam5tation :i* is suppos$ to h be5 9 use f "t immemorial4 ,besides ! names ( ,hebrew in/rum5ts already giv5 !re occur sev]al o!rs 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ^u ! real mean+ ( :i* mu* div]sity ( op9ion prevails4 ,jobel is by "s comm5tators class$ ) ! trumpets1 b x is by o!rs believ$ to designate a l\d & *e]ful bla/ ( ! trumpet1 us$ on p>ticul> occasions4 ,if ,jobel 7f :i* jubil>e is suppos$ to be d]iv$7 is id5tical ) ! "n ,jubal1 ! inv5tor ( musical in/rum5ts1 x w\ld appe> t ! ,hebrews appreciat$ pre-em95tly ! exhil>at+ p[] ( music4 ,%alisbim is suppos$ to d5ote a triangle4 ,ne*ilo?1 gitti?1 & ma*ala?1 :i* occur 9 ! head+s ( "s psalms1 are also by comm5tators suppos$ to be musical in/rum5ts4 ,ne*ilo? is said to h be5 a flute1 & gitti? & ma*ala? to h be5 /r+$ in/rum5ts1 & ma*ol a k9d ( flute4 ,aga91 o!rs ma9ta9 t ! words d5ote peculi> modes ( p]=mance or c]ta9 fav\rite melodies to :i* ! psalms 7 direct$ to be sung1 or *ant$4 ,accord+ to ! records ( ! ,rabb9s1 ! ,hebrews 9 ! "t ( ,david & ,solomon possess$ ?irty-six diff]5t musical in/rum5ts4 ,9 ! ,bible only ab\t half t numb] are m5tion$4 ,mo/ nations ( antiquity ascrib$ ! inv5tion ( _! musical in/rum5ts to _! gods1 or to c]ta9 sup]human be+s4 ,! ,hebrews attribut$ x to man2 ,jubal is m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis z 8! fa!r ( all su* z h&le ! h>p & organ0 7i4e41 p]=m]s on /r+$ in/rum5ts & w9d in/rum5ts74 ,z in/rum5ts ( p]cussion are almo/ inv>iably 9 use long be=e p are l$ to con/ruct /r+$ & w9d in/rum5ts x might p]haps be surmis$ t ,jubal 0 n reg>d$ z ! inv5tor ( all ! ,hebrew in/rum5ts1 b r z ! fir/ pr(essional cultivator ( in/rum5tal music4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,greeks4 ,_m musical in/rum5ts ( ! anci5t ,greeks are kn[n to u by "n2 b respect+ _! exact con/ruction & capabilities !re /ill prevails almo/ z mu* div]sity ( op9ion z is ! case ) ^? ( ! ,hebrews4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! ,greeks d]iv$ _! musical sy/em f ! ,egyptians4 ,py?agoras & o!r philosoph]s are said to h /udi$ music 9 ,egypt4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe> t ! ,egyptian influ5ce ^u ,greece1 z f> z reg>ds ?is art1 has be5 ov]rat$4 ,n only h ! m p]fect ,egyptian in/rum5ts--su* z ! l>g] h>ps1 ! tamb\ra--nev] be5 mu* 9 fav\r ) ! ,greeks1 b almo/ all ! /r+$ in/rum5ts :i* ! ,greeks possess$ are /at$ to h be5 orig9ally d]iv$ f ,asia4 ,/rabo says3 8,^? :o reg>d ! :ole ( ,asia1 z f> z ,india1 z consecrat$ to ,bac*us1 po9t to t c\ntry z ! orig9 ( a great portion ( ! pres5t music4 ,"o au?or speaks ( #8/rik+ =cibly ! ,asiatic ki?>a1' ano!r calls ! pipes ,b]ecyn?ian & ,phrygian4 ,"s ( ! in/rum5ts also h =eign names1 z ,nabla1 ,sambuka1 ,b>biton1 ,magadis1 & _m o!rs40 ,we "k at pres5t little m ( ^! in/rum5ts ?an t !y 7 9 use 9 ,greece4 ,( ! ,magadis x is ev5 n satisfactorily asc]ta9$ :e!r x 0 a /r+$ or a w9d in/rum5t4 ,! o!r ?ree are kn[n to h be5 /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,b !y _c h be5 any?+ l su* univ]sal fav\rites z ! lyre1 because ?is in/rum5t & p]haps ! trigonon are almo/ ! only /r+$ in/rum5ts repres5t$ 9 ! ,greek pa9t+s on pott]y & o!r monum5tal records4 ,if1 z might p]haps be sugge/$1 _! ta/e = beauty ( =m induc$ ! ,greeks to repres5t ! elegant lyre 9 pref]5ce to o!r /r+$ in/rum5ts1 we might at lea/ expect to meet ) ! h>p2 an in/rum5t :i* equals if x does n surpass ! lyre 9 elegance ( =m4 ,illu/ration ,! repres5tation ( ,polyhymnia ) a h>p1 depict$ on a spl5did ,greek vase n[ 9 ! ,muni* museum1 may be not$ z an exceptional in/ance4 ,?is valuable relic dates f ! "t ( ,alex&] ! great4 ,! in/rum5t resembles 9 con/ruction z well z 9 %ape ! ,assyrian h>p1 & has ?irte5 /r+s4 ,polyhymnia is t\*+ !m ) bo? h&s1 us+ ! "r h& = ! treble & ! left = ! bass4 ,%e is seat$1 hold+ ! in/rum5t 9 h] lap4 ,ev5 ! little tun+-pegs1 :i* 9 numb] are n 9 accordance ) ! /r+s1 are plac$ on ! s\nd-bo>d at ! upp] "p ( ! frame1 exactly z on ! ,assyrian h>p4 ,if !n we h "h ! ,greek h>p1 x 0 m likely an importation f ,asia ?an f ,egypt4 ,9 %ort1 z f> z c be asc]ta9$1 ! mo/ complete ( ! ,greek in/rum5ts appe> to be ( ,asiatic orig94 ,especially f ! nations :o inhabit$ ,asia-m9or ! ,greeks are /at$ to h adopt$ sev]al ( ! mo/ popul>4 ,?us we may read ( ! %ort & %rill-s\nd+ pipes ( ! ,c>ians2 ( ! ,phrygian pa/oral flute1 consi/+ ( sev]al tubes unit$2 ( ! ?ree-/r+$ ki?>a ( ! ,lydians2 & s on4 ,! ,greeks call$ ! h>p k9yra1 & ?is may be ! reason :y 9 ! ,engli% translation ( ! ,bible ! k9nor ( ! ,hebrews1 ! fav\rite in/rum5t ( k+ ,david1 is r5d]$ h>p4 ,illu/ration ,! ,greeks _h lyres ( v>i\s k9ds1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ woodcuts1 m or less diff]+ 9 con/ruction1 =m1 & size1 & di/+ui%$ by diff]5t names2 su* z lyra1 i?>a1 *elys1 phorm9x1 etc4 ,lyra appe>s to h impli$ in/rum5ts ( ?is class 9 g5]al1 & also ! lyre ) a body oval at ! base & held ^u ! lap or 9 ! arms ( ! p]=m]2 :ile ! ki?>a _h a squ>e base & 0 held aga9/ ! brea/4 ,^! di/9ctions h1 h[ev]1 n be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$4 ,! *elys 0 a small lyre ) ! body made ( ! %ell ( a tortoise1 or ( wood 9 imitation ( ! tortoise4 ,! phorm9x 0 a l>ge lyre2 &1 l ! ki?>a1 0 us$ at an e>ly p]iod s+ly1 = accompany+ recitations4 ,x is record$ t ! ki?>a 0 employ$ = solo p]=mances z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #gjj4 ,! design on ! ,grecian vase at ,muni* 7already allud$ to7 repres5ts ! n9e muses1 ( :om ?ree are giv5 9 ! engrav+1 viz41 ,polyhymnia ) ! h>p1 & ,kalliope & ,erato ) lyres4 ,x w be obs]v$ t "s ( ! lyres engrav$ 9 ! woodcuts on page #bi are provid$ ) a bridge1 :ile o!rs are )\t x4 ,! l>ge/ 7 held probably on or betwe5 ! knees1 or 7 atta*$ to ! left arm by means ( a b&1 to enable ! p]=m] to use 8 h&s )\t imp$im5t4 ,! /r+s1 made ( catgut or s9ew1 7 m usually twang$ ) a plektron ?an m]ely ) ! f+]s4 ,! plektron 0 a %ort /em ( ivory or metal po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,a fragm5t ( a ,greek lyre :i* 0 f\nd 9 a tomb ne> ,a!ns is deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,! two pieces con/itut+ its frame are ( wood4 ,_! l5g? is ab\t eighte5 in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! cross-b> at ! top is ab\t n9e in*es4 ,! in/rum5t is unhappily 9 a condition too dilapidat$ & imp]fect to be ( any ess5tial use to ! musical inquir]4 ,! trigonon consi/$ orig9ally ( an angul> frame1 to :i* ! /r+s 7 affix$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t a ?ird b> 0 add$ to resi/ ! t5sion ( ! /r+s1 & its triangul> frame resembl$ 9 %ape ! ,greek delta4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 /ill fur!r improv$1 ! upp] b> ( ! frame be+ made slightly curv$1 :]eby ! in/rum5t obta9$ great] /r5g? & m elegance ( =m4 ,! magadis1 also call$ pektis1 _h tw5ty /r+s :i* 7 tun$ 9 octaves1 & !re=e produc$ only t5 tones4 ,x appe>s to h be5 "s sort ( dulcim]1 b in=mation respect+ its con/ruction is /ill want+4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 also a k9d ( bagpipe 9 use call$ magadis1 ( :i* no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n4 ,possibly1 ! same "n may h be5 appli$ to two diff]5t in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration ,! b>biton 0 likewise a /r+$ in/rum5t ( ?is k9d4 ,! sambyke is traditionally said to h be5 inv5t$ by ,ibykos1 ,b4,c4 #edj4 ,! simmikon _h ?irty-five /r+s1 & d]iv$ its "n f its inv5tor1 ,simos1 :o liv$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #fjj4 ,x 0 p]haps a k9d ( dulcim]4 ,! nabla _h only two /r+s1 & probably resembl$ ! nebel ( ! ,hebrews1 ( :i* b little is kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,! p&\ra is suppos$ to h be5 a k9d ( lute ) ?ree /r+s4 ,sev]al ( ! in/rum5ts j notic$ 7 us$ 9 ,greece1 *iefly by musicians :o _h immigrat$ f ,asia2 !y c !re=e h>dly be consid]$ z national musical in/rum5ts ( ! ,greeks4 ,! mono*ord _h 7z its "n implies7 only a s+le /r+1 & 0 us$ 9 tea*+ s++ & ! laws ( ac\/ics4 ,illu/ration ,! flute1 aulos1 ( :i* !re 7 _m v>ieties1 z %[n 9 ! woodcut p4 #ca1 0 a highly popul> in/rum5t1 & diff]$ 9 con/ruction f ! flutes & pipes ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,in/ead ( be+ bl[n ?r\gh a hole at ! side ne> ! top x 0 held l a flageolet1 & a vibrat+ re$ 0 ins]t$ into ! m\?-piece1 s t x might be m prop]ly describ$ z a k9d ( oboe or cl>ionet4 ,! ,greeks 7 accu/om$ to designate by ! "n ( aulos all w9d in/rum5ts ( ! flute & oboe k9d1 "s ( :i* 7 con/ruct$ l ! flageolet or l our antiquat$ flte bec4 ,! s+le flute 0 call$ monaulos1 & ! d\ble "o diaulos4 ,a diaulos1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 a tomb at ,a!ns1 is 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,! wood ( :i* x is made seems to be c$>1 & ! tubes are fifte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,ea* tube has a sep>ate m\?-piece & six f+]-holes1 five ( :i* are at ! upp] side & "o is und]nea?4 ,! syr9x1 or ,p&ean pipe1 _h f ?ree to n9e tubes1 b sev5 0 ! usual numb]4 ,! /raight trumpet1 salp9x1 & ! curv$ horn1 k]as1 made ( brass1 7 us$ exclusively 9 w>4 ,! small h&-drum1 call$ tympanon1 resembl$ 9 %ape our tamb\r9e1 b 0 cov]$ ) p>*m5t at ! back z well z at ! front4 ,! kymbala 7 made ( metal1 & resembl$ our small cymbals4 ,! krotala 7 almo/ id5tical ) our ca/anets1 & 7 made ( wood or metal4 ,,! ,,etruscans ,,& ,,romans4 ,! ,romans are record$ to h d]iv$ "s ( _! mo/ popul> in/rum5ts orig9ally f ! ,etruscans2 a p :i* at an e>ly p]iod excell$ all o!r ,italian nations 9 ! cultivation ( ! arts z well z 9 social ref9em5t1 & :i* possess$ musical in/rum5ts simil> to ^? ( ! ,greeks4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t _m ( ! vases & o!r specim5s ( art :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,etruscan tombs1 & on :i* del9eations ( lyres & o!r in/rum5ts occur1 are suppos$ to be productions ( ,greek arti/s ^: works 7 obta9$ f ,greece by ! ,etruscans1 or :o 7 induc$ to settle 9 ,etruria4 ,! flutes ( ! ,etruscans 7 n unfrequ5tly made ( ivory2 ^? us$ 9 religi\s sacrifices 7 ( box-wood1 ( a species ( ! lotus1 ( ass' bone1 bronze & silv]4 ,a bronze flute1 some:at resembl+ our flageolet1 has be5 f\nd 9 a tomb2 likewise a huge trumpet ( bronze4 ,an ,etruscan cornu 7engrav$7 is deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% museum1 & measures ab\t f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration ,to ! ,etruscans is also attribut$ by "s ! inv5tion ( ! hydraulic organ4 ,! ,greeks possess$ a some:at simil> contrivance :i* !y call$ hydraulos1 i4e4 wat]-flute1 & :i* probably 0 id5tical ) ! organum hydraulicum ( ! ,romans4 ,! in/rum5t ought m prop]ly to be reg>d$ z a pneumatic organ1 = ! s\nd 0 produc$ by ! curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! pipes2 ! wat] appli$ s]v+ m]ely to give ! necess>y pressure to ! bell[s & to regulate _! action4 ,! pipes 7 probably caus$ to s\nd by means ( /ops1 p]haps resembl+ ^? on our organ1 :i* 7 drawn out or pu%$ 94 ,! con/ruction 0 evid5tly b a primitive contrivance1 conta9$ 9 a case :i* c\ld be c>ri$ by "o or two p]sons & :i* 0 plac$ on a table4 ,! highe/ degree ( p]fection :i* ! hydraulic organ obta9$ ) ! anci5ts is p]haps %[n 9 a repres5tation on a co9 ( ! emp]or ,n]o1 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,only t5 pipes are giv5 to x & !re is no indication ( any key bo>d1 :i* w\ld probably h be5 %[n _h x exi/$4 ,! man /&+ at ! side & hold+ a laurel leaf 9 8 h& is surmis$ to repres5t a victor 9 ! exhibitions ( ! circus or ! amphi!atre4 ,! hydraulic organ probably 0 play$ on su* occasions2 & ! m$al conta9+ an impression ( x may h be5 be/[$ ^u ! victor4 ,illu/ration ,dur+ ! "t ( ! republic1 & especially subsequ5tly "u ! reign ( ! emp]ors1 ! ,romans adopt$ _m new in/rum5ts f ,greece1 ,egypt1 & ev5 f we/]n ,asia2 )\t ess5tially improv+ any ( _! importations4 ,_! mo/ fav\rite /r+$ in/rum5t 0 ! lyre1 ( :i* !y _h v>i\s k9ds1 call$1 accord+ to _! =m & arrangem5t ( /r+s1 lyra1 ci?>a1 *elys1 te/udo1 fidis 7or fides71 & cornu4 ,! "n cornu 0 giv5 to ! lyre :5 ! sides ( ! frame t]m9at$ at ! top 9 ! %ape ( two horns4 ,! b>bitos 0 a k9d ( lyre ) a l>ge body1 :i* gave ! in/rum5t some:at ! %ape ( ! ,wel% crw?4 ,! psalt]ium 0 a k9d ( lyre ( an oblong squ>e %ape4 ,l mo/ ( ! ,roman lyres1 x 0 play$ ) a r l>ge plectrum4 ,! trigonum 0 ! same z ! ,greek trigonon1 & 0 probably orig9ally d]iv$ f ,egypt4 ,x is record$ t a c]ta9 musician ( ! "n ( ,alex&] ,alex&r9us 0 s admirable a p]=m] ^u x t :5 exhibit+ 8 skill 9 ,rome he creat$ ! greate/ furore4 ,less common1 & d]iv$ f ,asia1 7 ! sambuca & nablia1 ! exact con/ruction ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,! flute1 tibia1 0 orig9ally made ( ! %9 bone1 & _h a m\?-hole & f\r f+]-holes4 ,its %ape 0 reta9$ ev5 :51 at a lat] p]iod1 x 0 con/ruct$ ( o!r sub/ances ?an bone4 ,! tibia g+r9a consi/$ ( a long & ?9 tube ( re$ ) a m\?-hole at ! side ( "o end4 ,! tibia obliqua & tibia vasca 7 provid$ ) m\?-pieces affix$ at a "r angle to ! tube2 a contrivance some:at simil> to t on our bassoon4 ,! tibia longa 0 especially us$ 9 religi\s wor%ip4 ,! tibia curva 0 curv$ at its broade/ end4 ,! tibia ligula appe>s to h resembl$ our flageolet4 ,! calamus 0 no?+ m ?an a simple pipe cut (f ! k9d ( re$ :i* ! anci5ts us$ z a p5 = writ+4 ,! ,romans _h d\ble flutes z well z s+le flutes4 ,! d\ble flute consi/$ ( two tubes unit$1 ei!r s z to h a m\?-piece 9 common or to h ea* a sep>ate m\?-piece4 ,if ! tubes 7 exactly alike ! d\ble flute 0 call$ ,tibi p>es2 if !y 7 diff]5t f ea* o!r1 ,tibi imp>es4 ,little plugs1 or /opp]s1 7 ins]t$ into ! f+]-holes to regulate ! ord] ( int]vals4 ,! tibia 0 made 9 v>i\s %apes4 ,! tibia dextra 0 usually con/ruct$ ( ! upp] & ?9n] "p ( a re$2 & ! tibia s9i/ra1 ( ! l[] & broad] "p4 ,! p]=m]s us$ also ! capi/rum1--a b&age r\nd ! *eeks id5tical ) ! phorbeia ( ! ,greeks4 ,! ,briti% museum conta9s a mosaic figure ( a ,roman girl play+ ! tibia1 :i* is /at$ to h be5 dis9t]r$ 9 ! ye> #ahbc on ! ,via ,appia4 ,"h ! holmos or m\?-piece1 some:at resembl+ ! re$ ( our oboe1 is di/9ctly %[n4 ,! f+]-holes1 probably f\r1 are n indicat$1 al?\gh !y und\bt$ly exi/$ on ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration ,fur!rmore1 ! ,romans _h two k9ds ( ,p&ean pipes1 viz4 ! syr9x & ! fi/ula4 ,! bagpipe1 tibia utricul>is1 is said to h be5 a fav\rite in/rum5t ( ! emp]or ,n]o4 ,illu/ration ,! cornu 0 a l>ge horn ( bronze1 curv$4 ,! p]=m] held x "u 8 arm ) ! broad end upw>ds ov] 8 %\ld]4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+1 ) ! tuba & ! lituus4 ,! tuba 0 a /raight trumpet4 ,bo? ! cornu & ! tuba 7 employ$ 9 w> to convey signals4 ,! same 0 ! case ) ! bucc9a1--orig9ally p]haps a con* %ell1 & aft]w>ds a simple horn ( an animal1--& ! lituus1 :i* 0 b5t at ! broad end b o!rwise /raight4 ,! tympanum resembl$ ! tamb\r9e & 0 beat5 l ! latt] ) ! h&s4 ,among ! ,roman in/rum5ts ( p]cussion ! scabillum1 :i* consi/$ ( two plates comb9$ by means ( a sort ( h+e1 des]ves to be notic$2 x 0 fa/5$ "u ! foot & trodd5 9 "t1 to produce c]ta9 rhy?mical effects 9 musical p]=mances4 ,! cymbalum consi/$ ( two metal plates simil> to our cymbals4 ,! crotala & ! crusmata 7 k9ds ( ca/anets1 ! =m] be+ oblong & ( a l>g] size ?an ! latt]4 ,! ,romans _h also a triangulum1 :i* resembl$ ! triangle occasionally us$ 9 our or*e/ra4 ,! si/rum !y d]iv$ f ,egypt ) ! introduction ( ! wor%ip ( ,isis4 ,metal bells1 arrang$ accord+ to a regul> ord] ( int]vals & plac$ 9 a frame1 7 call$ t9t9nabula4 ,! crepitaculum appe>s to h be5 a some:at simil> contrivance on a hoop ) a h&le4 ,?r\gh ! ,greeks & ,romans we h ! fir/ well-au!nticat$ pro( ( musical in/rum5ts hav+ be5 introduc$ into ,europe f ,asia4 ,! ,romans 9 _! conque/s und\bt$ly made _! musical in/rum5ts kn[n1 to "s ext5t1 also 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,b ! ,greeks & ,romans are n ! only nations :i* introduc$ ea/]n in/rum5ts into ,europe4 ,! ,phnicians at an e>ly p]iod coloniz$ ,s>d9ia1 & traces ( !m are /ill to be f\nd on t isl&4 ,among ^! is a peculi>ly con/ruct$ d\ble-pipe1 call$ lion$da or laun$da4 ,aga91 at a mu* lat] p]iod ! ,arabs introduc$ sev]al ( _! in/rum5ts into ,spa91 f :i* c\ntry !y became kn[n 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,also ! crusad]s1 dur+ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 may h help$ to famili>ize ! we/]n ,european nations ) in/rum5ts ( ! ea/4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,*9ese4 ,all[+ = any exagg]ation z to *ronology1 natural to ! lively imag9ation ( ,asiatics1 !re is no reason to d\bt t ! ,*9ese possess$ long be=e our ,*ri/ian era musical in/rum5ts to :i* !y attribute a fabul\sly high antiquity4 ,!re is an anci5t tradition1 accord+ to :i* !y obta9$ _! musical scale f a miracul\s bird1 call$ f\ng-hoang1 :i* appe>s to h be5 a sort ( phnix4 ,:5 ,confucius1 :o liv$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #ejj1 happ5$ to he> on a c]ta9 occasion "s ,*9ese music1 he became s greatly enraptur$ t he c\ld n take any food = ?ree mon?s aft]w>ds4 ,! s\nds :i* produc$ ?is effect 7 ^? ( ,k\ei1 ! ,orpheus ( ! ,*9ese1 ^: p]=mance on ! k+--a k9d ( h>monicon con/ruct$ ( slabs ( sonor\s /one--w\ld draw wild animals ar\nd him & make !m subs]vi5t to 8 w4 ,z reg>ds ! inv5tion ( musical in/rum5ts ! ,*9ese h o!r traditions4 ,9 "o ( ^! we are told t ! orig9 ( "s ( _! mo/ popul> in/rum5ts dates f ! p]iod :5 ,*9a 0 "u ! dom9ion ( heav5ly spirits1 call$ ,ki4 ,ano!r assigns ! inv5tion ( sev]al /r+$ in/rum5ts to ! great ,fohi :o 0 ! f\nd] ( ! empire & :o liv$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #cjjj1 :i* 0 long aft] ! dom9ion ( ! ,ki1 or spirits4 ,aga91 ano!r tradition holds t ! mo/ important in/rum5ts & sy/ematic arrangem5ts ( s\nds are an inv5tion ( ,niuva1 a sup]natural female1 :o liv$ at ! "t ( ,fohi4 ,illu/ration ,accord+ to _! records1 ! ,*9ese possess$ _! mu*-e/eem$ k+ #bbjj ye>s be=e our ,*ri/ian era1 & employ$ x = accompany+ songs ( praise4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z a sacr$ in/rum5t4 ,dur+ religi\s obs]vances at ! solemn mom5t :5 ! k+ 0 s\nd$ /icks ( inc5se 7 burnt4 ,x 0 likewise play$ be=e ! emp]or e>ly 9 ! morn+ :5 he awoke4 ,! ,*9ese h long s9ce con/ruct$ v>i\s k9ds ( ! k+1 "o ( :i* is "h engrav$1 by us+ diff]5t species ( /ones4 ,_! mo/ fam\s /one select$ = ?is purpose is call$ yu4 ,x is n only v sonor\s b also beautiful 9 appe>ance4 ,! yu is f\nd 9 m\nta9 /reams & crevices ( rocks4 ,! l>ge/ specim5s f\nd measure f two to ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 b ( ?is size examples r>ely occur4 ,! yu is v h>d & heavy4 ,"s ,european m9]alogi/s1 to :om ! mission>ies transmitt$ specim5s = exam9ation1 pron\nce x to be a species ( agate4 ,x is f\nd ( diff]5t col\rs1 & ! ,*9ese appe> to h pref]r$ 9 diff]5t c5turies p>ticul> col\rs = ! k+4 ,! ,*9ese consid] ! yu especially valuable = musical purposes1 because x always reta9s exactly ! same pit*4 ,all o!r musical in/rum5ts1 !y say1 are 9 ?is respect d\btful2 b ! tone ( ! yu is nei!r influ5c$ by cold nor heat1 nor by humidity1 nor dryness4 ,! /ones us$ = ! k+ h be5 cut f "t to "t 9 v>i\s grotesque %apes4 ,"s repres5t animals3 z1 = in/ance1 a bat ) out/ret*$ w+s2 or two fi%es plac$ side by side3 o!rs are 9 ! %ape ( an anci5t ,*9ese bell4 ,! angul> %ape %[n 9 ! engrav+ appe>s to be ! olde/ & is /ill reta9$ 9 ! ornam5t$ /ones ( ! pi5-k+1 :i* is a m mod]n in/rum5t ?an ! k+4 ,! tones ( ! pi5-k+ are attun$ accord+ to ! ,*9ese int]vals call$ lu1 ( :i* !re are twelve 9 ! compass ( an octave4 ,! same is ! case ) ! o!r ,*9ese in/rum5ts ( ?is class4 ,!y v>y1 h[ev]1 9 pit*4 ,! pit* ( ! s\ng-k+1 = in/ance1 is f\r int]vals l[] ?an t ( ! pi5-k+4 ,sonor\s /ones h always be5 us$ by ! ,*9ese also s+ly1 z rhy?mical in/rum5ts4 ,su* a s+le /one is call$ tse-k+4 ,probably c]ta9 curi\s relics belong+ to a temple 9 ,pek+1 erect$ = ! wor%ip ( ,confucius1 s]ve a simil> purpose4 ,9 "o ( ! outbuild+s or ! temple are t5 sonor\s /ones1 %ap$ l drums1 :i* are ass]t$ to h be5 cut ab\t ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! primitive ,*9ese *>act]s engrav5 ^u !m are ne>ly oblit]at$4 ,! anci5t ,*9ese _h sev]al k9ds ( bells1 frequ5tly arrang$ 9 sets s z to con/itute a musical scale4 ,! ,*9ese "n = ! bell is t*ung4 ,at an e>ly p]iod !y _h a some:at squ>e-%ap$ bell call$ t-t*ung4 ,l o!r anci5t ,*9ese bells x 0 made ( copp] alloy$ ) t91 ! proportion be+ "o p\nd ( t9 to six ( copp]4 ,! t-t*ung1 :i* is also kn[n by ! "n ( piao1 0 pr9cipally us$ to indicate ! "t & divisions 9 musical p]=mances4 ,x _h a fix$ pit* ( s\nd1 & sev]al ( ^! bells attun$ to a c]ta9 ord] ( int]vals 7 n unfrequ5tly rang$ 9 a regul> succession1 ?us =m+ a musical in/rum5t :i* 0 call$ pi5-t*ung4 ,! musical scale ( ! sixte5 bells :i* ! pi5-t*ung conta9$ 0 ! same z t ( ! k+ be=e m5tion$4 ,illu/ration ,! hiu5-t*ung 01 accord+ to popul> tradition1 includ$ ) ! antique in/rum5ts at ! "t ( ,confucius1 & came into popul> use dur+ ! ,han dyna/y 7f ,b4,c4 #bjj until ,a4,d4 #bjj74 ,x 0 ( a peculi> oval %ape & _h ne>ly ! same qua9t ornam5tation z ! t-t*ung2 ?is consi/$ ( symbolical figures1 9 f\r divisions1 ea* conta9+ n9e mammals4 ,! m\? 0 cresc5t-%ap$4 ,e figure _h a deep mean+ ref]r+ to ! seasons & to ! my/]ies ( ! ,buddhi/ religion4 ,! l>ge/ hiu5-t*ung 0 ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?2 &1 l ! t-t*ung1 0 s\nd$ by means ( a small wood5 mallet ) an oval knob4 ,none ( ! bells ( ?is description _h a clapp]4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe> t ! ,*9ese _h at an e>ly p]iod "s k9d ( bell provid$ ) a wood5 tongue3 ?is 0 us$ = milit>y purposes z well z = call+ ! p toge!r :5 an imp]ial mess5g] promulgat$ 8 sov]eign's comm&s4 ,an expression ( ,confucius is record$ to ! effect t he wi%$ to be 8,a wood5-tongu$ bell ( ,heav510 i4e4 a h]ald ( heav5 to proclaim ! div9e purposes to ! multitude4 ,illu/ration ,! fang-hiang 0 a k9d ( wood-h>monicon4 ,x conta9$ sixte5 wood5 slabs ( an oblong squ>e %ape1 susp5d$ 9 a wood5 frame elegantly decorat$4 ,! slabs 7 arrang$ 9 two ti]s1 "o above ! o!r1 & 7 all ( equal l5g? & bread? b diff]$ 9 ?ickness4 ,! t*\ng-t\ consi/$ ( twelve slips ( bamboo1 & 0 us$ = beat+ "t & = rhy?mical purposes4 ,! slips be+ b&$ toge!r at "o end c\ld be exp&$ some:at l a fan4 ,! ,*9ese /ate t !y us$ ! t*\ng-t\ = writ+ ^u be=e !y inv5t$ pap]4 ,! ou1 ( :i* we give a woodcut1 likewise an anci5t ,*9ese in/rum5t ( p]cussion & /ill 9 use1 is made ( wood 9 ! %ape ( a cr\*+ tig]4 ,x is holl[1 & along its back are ab\t tw5ty small pieces ( metal1 po9t$1 & 9 appe>ance n unlike ! tee? ( a saw4 ,! p]=m] /rikes !m ) a sort ( plectrum resembl+ a bru%1 or ) a small /ick call$ t*54 ,occasionally ! ou is made ) pieces ( metal %ap$ l re$s4 ,illu/ration ,! anci5t ou 0 con/ruct$ ) only six tones :i* 7 attun$ ?us--f1 g1 a1 c1 d1 f4 ,! in/rum5t appe>s to h become det]iorat$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 =1 al?\gh x has gradually acquir$ z _m z tw5ty-sev5 pieces ( metal1 x evid5tly s]ves at ! pres5t day m = ! production ( rhy?mical noise ?an = ! execution ( any melody4 ,! mod]n ou is made ( a species ( wood call$ kie\ or tsie\3 & ! tig] re/s g5]ally on a holl[ wood5 p$e/al ab\t ?ree feet six in*es long1 :i* s]ves z a s\nd-bo>d4 ,illu/ration ,! t*\1 likewise an in/rum5t ( p]cussion1 0 made ( ! wood ( a tree call$ kie\-m\1 ! /em ( :i* resembles t ( ! p9e & ^: foliage is mu* l t ( ! cypress4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ ( bo>ds ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ! middle ( "o ( ! sides 0 an ap]ture into :i* ! h& 0 pass$ = ! purpose ( hold+ ! h&le ( a wood5 hamm]1 ! end ( :i* ent]$ into a hole situat$ 9 ! bottom ( ! t*\4 ,! h&le 0 kept 9 its place by means ( a wood5 p91 on :i* x mov$ "r & left :5 ! in/rum5t 0 /ruck ) a hamm]4 ,! ,*9ese ascribe to ! t*\ a v high antiquity1 z !y almo/ inv>iably d ) any ( _! inv5tions :5 ! date ( its orig9 is unkn[n to !m4 ,! po-f\ 0 a drum1 ab\t "o foot f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x _h a p>*m5t at ea* end1 :i* 0 prep>$ 9 a peculi> way by be+ boil$ 9 wat]4 ,! po-f\ us$ to be p>tly fill$ ) a prep>ation made f ! husk ( rice1 9 ord] to mell[ ! s\nd4 ,! ,*9ese "n = ! drum is k\4 ,illu/ration ,! k9-k\ 7engrav$71 a l>ge drum fix$ on a p$e/al :i* raises x above six feet f ! gr\nd1 is embelli%$ ) symbolical designs4 ,a simil> drum on :i* natural ph5om5a are depict$ is call$ lei-k\2 & ano!r ( ! k9d1 ) figures ( c]ta9 birds & bea/s :i* are reg>d$ z symbols ( long life1 is call$ l+-k\1 & also l\-k\4 ,! flutes1 ty1 yo1 & t* 7 g5]ally made ( bamboo4 ,! koan-tsee 0 a ,p&ean pipe conta9+ twelve tubes ( bamboo4 ,! siao1 likewise a ,p&ean pipe1 conta9$ sixte5 tubes4 ,! pai-siao diff]$ f ! siao inasmu* z ! tubes 7 ins]t$ into an oddly-%ap$ case highly ornam5t$ ) grotesque designs & silk5 app5dages4 ,illu/ration ,! ,*9ese are kn[n to h con/ruct$ at an e>ly p]iod a curi\s w9d-in/rum5t1 call$ hiu54 ,x 0 made ( bak$ clay & _h five f+]-holes1 ?ree ( :i* 7 plac$ on "o side & two on ! opposite side1 z 9 ! cut4 ,its tones 7 9 con=mity ) ! p5tatonic scale4 ,! read] unacqua9t$ ) ! p5tatonic scale may asc]ta9 its "* by play+ on ! pian(orte ! scale ( ,c major ) ! omission ( f & b 7! f\r? & sev5?72 or by /rik+ ! black keys 9 regul> succession f f-%>p to ! next f-%>p above or bel[4 ,ano!r curi\s w9d-in/rum5t ( high antiquity1 ! *5g1 7engrav$1 p4 #df7 is /ill 9 use4 ,=m]ly x _h ei!r #ac1 #ai1 or #bd tubes1 plac$ 9 a calaba%2 & a long curv$ tube s]v$ z a m\?-piece4 ,9 old5 "t x 0 call$ yu4 ,! anci5t /r+$ in/rum5ts1 ! k9 & *1 7 ( ! dulcim] k9d3 !y are /ill 9 use1 & specim5s ( !m are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,! ,buddhi/s introduc$ f ,?ibet into ,*9a _! god ( music1 :o is repres5t$ z a r jovial-look+ man ) a m\/a*e & an imp]ial1 play+ ! pepa1 a k9d ( lute ) f\r silk5 /r+s4 ,p]haps "s int]e/+ in=mation respect+ ! anci5t ,*9ese musical in/rum5ts may be ga!r$ f ! fam\s ru9s ( ! ,buddhi/ temples ,ongcor-,wat & ,ongcor-,?m1 9 ,cambodia4 ,^! spl5did ru9s are suppos$ to be above two ?\s& ye>s old3 &1 at any rate1 ! circum/ance ( _! age n be+ kn[n to ! ,cambodians sugge/s a high antiquity4 ,on ! bas-reliefs ) :i* ! temples 7 enri*$ are figur$ musical in/rum5ts1 :i* ,european travell]s describe z 8flutes1 organs1 trumpets1 & drums1 resembl+ ^? ( ! ,*9ese40 ,fai?ful sket*es ( ^! repres5tations might1 v likely1 af=d valuable h9ts to ! /ud5t ( musical hi/ory4 ,,! ,,h9dus4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! ,brahm9 my?ology ( ! ,h9dus ! god ,n>$a is ! inv5tor ( ! v9a1 ! pr9cipal national in/rum5t ( ,h9du/an4 ,s>aswati1 ! consort ( ,brahma1 may be reg>d$ z ! ,m9]va ( ! ,h9dus4 ,%e is ! goddess ( music z well z ( spee*2 to h] is attribut$ ! inv5tion ( ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! s\nds into a musical scale4 ,%e is repres5t$ seat$ on a peacock & play+ on a /r+$ in/rum5t ( ! lute k9d4 ,brahma himself we f9d depict$ z a vigor\s man ) f\r h&some heads1 beat+ ) 8 h&s ^u a small drum2 & ,vi%nu1 9 8 inc>nation z ,kri%na1 is repres5t$ z a beautiful y\? play+ ^u a flute4 ,! ,h9dus con/ruct a peculi> k9d ( flute1 :i* !y consid] z ! fav\rite in/rum5t ( ,kri%na4 ,!y h also ! div9ity ,ganesa1 ! god ( ,wisdom1 :o is repres5t$ z a man ) ! head ( an elephant1 hold+ a tamb\ra 9 8 h&s4 ,x is a sugge/ive fact t we f9d among sev]al nations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w an anci5t tradition1 accord+ to :i* _! mo/ popul> /r+$ in/rum5t 0 orig9ally d]iv$ f ! wat]4 ,9 ,h9du my?ology ! god ,n>$a inv5t$ ! v9a--! pr9cipal national in/rum5t ( ,h9du/an--:i* has also ! "n ca*'-hapi1 signify+ a tortoise 7te/udo74 ,moreov]1 n>a d5otes 9 ,sanskrit wat]1 & n>ada1 or n>$a1 ! giv] ( wat]4 ,l ,n>$a1 ,n]eus & 8 fifty daught]s1 ! ,n]eides1 7 mu* r5[n$ = _! musical accompli%m5ts2 & ,h]mes 7x w be rememb]$7 made 8 lyre1 ! *elys1 ( a tortoise-%ell4 ,! ,sc&9avian god ,od91 ! orig9ator ( magic songs1 is m5tion$ z ! rul] ( ! sea1 & z su* he _h ! "n ( ,nik>r4 ,9 ! dep? ( ! sea he play$ ! h>p ) 8 subord9ate spirits1 :o occasionally came up to ! surface ( ! wat] to tea* "s fav\r$ human be+ _! wond]ful in/rum5t4 ,w9min51 ! div9e play] on ! ,f9ni% kantele 7accord+ to ! ,kalewala1 ! old national epic ( ! ,f9ns7 con/ruct$ 8 in/rum5t ( fi%-bones4 ,! frame he made out ( ! bones ( ! pike2 & ! tee? ( ! pike he us$ = ! tun+-pegs4 ,jacob ,grimm 9 8 "w on ,g]man my?ology po9ts out an old tradition1 pres]v$ 9 ,sw$i% & ,scot* national ballads1 ( a skilful h>p] :o con/ructs 8 in/rum5t out ( ! bones ( a "y girl dr[n$ by a wick$ woman4 ,h] f+]s he uses = ! tun+ screws1 & h] gold5 hair = ! /r+s4 ,! h>p] plays1 & 8 music kills ! murd]ess4 ,a simil> /ory is told 9 ! old ,icel&ic national songs2 & ! same tradition has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,f>oe isl&s1 z well z 9 ,norway & ,d5m>k4 ,may n ! agreeable impression produc$ by ! rhy?mical fl[ ( ! waves & ! soo?+ murmur ( runn+ wat] h l$ v>i\s nations1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 to ! widespread conception t !y obta9$ _! fav\rite in/rum5t ( music f ! wat]8 ,or is ! notion traceable to a common s\rce dat+ f a pre-hi/oric age1 p]haps f ! e>ly p]iod :5 ! ,aryan race is surmis$ to h diffus$ its lore ?r\gh v>i\s c\ntries8 ,or did x orig9ate 9 ! old belief t ! _w1 ) all its *>ms & delights1 arose f a *aos 9 :i* wat] con/itut$ ! pr$om9ant elem5t8 ,h[beit1 ,n>$a1 ! giv] ( wat]1 0 evid5tly also ! rul] ( ! cl\ds2 & ,od9 _h 8 ?rone 9 ! skies4 ,inde$1 _m ( ! musical wat]-spirits appe> to h be5 orig9ally consid]$ z ra9 deities4 ,_! music may !re=e be reg>d$ z d]iv$ f ! cl\ds r ?an f ! sea4 ,9 %ort1 ! traditions respect+ spirits & wat] are n 9 contradiction to ! op9ion ( ! anci5t ,h9dus t music is ( heav5ly orig91 b r t5d to support x4 ,! e>lie/ musical in/rum5ts ( ! ,h9dus on record h1 almo/ all ( !m1 rema9$ 9 popul> use until ! pres5t day sc>cely alt]$4 ,besides ^!1 ! ,h9dus possess sev]al ,arabic & ,p]sian in/rum5ts :i* are ( comp>atively mod]n date 9 ,h9du/an3 evid5tly hav+ be5 introduc$ into t c\ntry sc>cely a ?\s& ye>s ago1 at ! "t ( ! ,mahom$an irruption4 ,!re is a treatise on music extant1 writt5 9 ,sanskrit1 :i* conta9s a description ( ! anci5t in/rum5ts4 ,its title is ,sngita r?nak>a4 ,if1 z may be hop$1 x be translat$ by a ,sanskrit s*ol> :o is at ! same "t a good musician1 we %all probably be enabl$ to asc]ta9 m exactly :i* ( ! ,h9du in/rum5ts ( ! pres5t day are ( comp>atively mod]n orig94 ,! v9a is und\bt$ly ( high antiquity4 ,x has sev5 wire /r+s1 & movable frets :i* are g5]ally fa/5$ ) wax4 ,two holl[$ g\rds1 (t5 ta/efully ornam5t$1 are affix$ to x = ! purpose ( increas+ ! sonor\sness4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( ! v9a 9 diff]5t di/ricts2 b t repres5t$ 9 ! illu/ration is reg>d$ z ! olde/4 ,! p]=m] %[n is ,jeewan ,%ah1 a celebrat$ virtuoso on ! v9a1 :o liv$ ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! ,h9dus divid$ _! musical scale into sev]al int]vals small] ?an our mod]n semitones4 ,!y adopt$ tw5ty-two int]vals call$ sruti 9 ! compass ( an octave1 :i* may !re=e be comp>$ to our *romatic int]vals4 ,z ! frets ( ! v9a are movable ! p]=m] c easily regulate !m accord+ to ! scale1 or mode1 :i* he requires = 8 music4 ,illu/ration ,! h>p1 *ang1 has become almo/ obsolete4 ,if "s ,h9du draw+s ( x c be reli$ ^u1 x _h at an e>ly "t a triangul> frame & 0 9 con/ruction z well z 9 %ape & size almo/ id5tical ) ! ,assyrian h>p4 ,! ,h9dus claim to h inv5t$ ! viol9 b[4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! ravana/ron1 "o ( _! old in/rum5ts play$ ) ! b[1 0 inv5t$ ab\t five ?\s& ye>s ago by ,ravanon1 a mighty k+ ( ,ceylon4 ,h[ev] ?is may be !re is a great probability t ! fiddle-b[ orig9at$ 9 ,h9du/an2 because ,sanskrit s*ol>s in=m u t !re are names = x 9 works :i* _c be less ?an f #aejj to #bjjj ye>s old4 ,! non-occurr5ce ( any in/rum5t play$ ) a b[ on ! monum5ts ( ! nations ( antiquity is by no means s sure a pro( z has g5]ally be5 suppos$1 t ! b[ 0 unkn[n4 ,! fiddle 9 its primitive condition mu/ h be5 a poor contrivance4 ,x probably 0 despis$ by play]s :o c\ld produce bett] tones ) great] facility by twang+ ! /r+s ) _! f+]s1 or ) a plectrum4 ,?us x may h rema9$ ?r\gh _m c5turies )\t exp]i5c+ any mat]ial improvem5t4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ! monum5ts transmitt$ to u *iefly repres5t hi/orical ev5ts1 religi\s c]emonies1 & royal ent]ta9m5ts4 ,on su* occasions in/rum5ts ( a c]ta9 k9d only 7 us$1 & ^! we f9d repres5t$2 :ile o!rs1 :i* may h be5 ev5 m common1 nev] occur4 ,9 two ?\s& ye>s' "t p w possibly ma9ta9 t "s highly p]fect$ in/rum5t popul> ) !m 0 entirely unkn[n to u1 because x is at pres5t 9 s primitive a condition t no "o h>dly notices x4 ,if ! ravana/ron 0 an importation ( ! ,mahom$ans x w\ld mo/ likely be> "s resemblance to ! ,arabian & ,p]sian in/rum5ts1 & x w\ld be f\nd r 9 ! h&s ( ! high] classes 9 ! t[ns2 :]eas x is pr9cipally met ) among ! l[] ord] ( p1 9 isolat$ & m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,x is fur!r rem>kable t ! mo/ simple k9d ( ravana/ron is almo/ id5tical ) ! ,*9ese fiddle call$ ur-he54 ,?is species has only two /r+s1 & its body consi/s ( a small block ( wood1 holl[$ out & cov]$ ) ! sk9 ( a s]p5t4 ,! ur-he5 has n be5 m5tion$ among ! mo/ anci5t in/rum5ts ( ! ,*9ese1 s9ce !re is no evid5ce ( its hav+ be5 kn[n 9 ,*9a be=e ! introduction ( ! ,buddhi/ religion into t c\ntry4 ,f indications1 :i* to po9t out w\ld lead too f> "h1 x w\ld appe> t sev]al in/rum5ts f\nd 9 ,*9a orig9at$ 9 ,h9du/an4 ,!y seem to h be5 gradually diffus$ f ,h9du/an & ,?ibet1 m or less alt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ?r\gh ! ea/ z f> z ,japan4 ,ano!r curi\s ,h9du in/rum5t1 probably ( v high antiquity1 is ! poongi1 also call$ t\mrie & mag\di4 ,x consi/s ( a g\rd or ( ! ,cuddos nut1 holl[$1 into :i* two pipes are ins]t$4 ,! poongi !re=e some:at resembles 9 appe>ance a bagpipe4 ,x is g5]ally us$ by ! ,sampuris or snake *>m]s1 :o play ^u x :5 !y exhibit ! antics ( ! cobra4 ,! "n mag\di1 giv5 9 c]ta9 di/ricts to ?is in/rum5t1 r t5ds to corroborate ! op9ion ( "s musical hi/orians t ! magadis ( ! anci5t ,greeks 0 a sort ( d\ble-pipe1 or bagpipe4 ,_m in/rum5ts ( ,h9du/an are kn[n by diff]5t names 9 diff]5t di/ricts2 &1 besides1 !re are v>ieties ( !m4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,h9dus possess ab\t fifty in/rum5ts4 ,to describe !m prop]ly w\ld fill a volume4 ,"s1 :i* are 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum1 w be f\nd notic$ 9 ! l>ge catalogue ( t collection4 ,,! ,,p]sians ,,& ,,arabs4 ,( ! musical in/rum5ts ( ! anci5t ,p]sians1 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 sc>cely any?+ is kn[n4 ,x may be surmis$ t !y closely resembl$ ^? ( ! ,assyrians1 & probably also ^? ( ! ,hebrews4 ,illu/ration ,! h>p1 *ang1 9 old5 "t a fav\rite in/rum5t ( ! ,p]sians1 has gradually fall5 into desuetude4 ,! illu/ration ( a small h>p giv5 9 ! woodcut has be5 sket*$ f ! celebrat$ sculptures1 p]haps ( ! six? c5tury1 :i* exi/ on a /up5d\s rock1 call$ ,tackt-i-,bo/an1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n ( ,k]man%ah4 ,^! sculptures are said to h be5 execut$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ! ,p]sian mon>* ,khosroo ,purviz4 ,!y =m ! ornam5ts ( two l(ty ar*es1 & consi/ ( repres5tations ( field sports & aquatic amusem5ts4 ,9 "o ( ! boats is seat$ a man 9 an ornam5tal dress1 ) a halo r\nd 8 head1 :o is receiv+ an arr[ f "o ( 8 att5dants2 :ile a female1 :o is sitt+ ne> him1 plays on a ,trigonon4 ,t[>ds ! top ( ! bas-relief is repres5t$ a /age1 on :i* are p]=m]s on small /raight trumpets & little h& drums2 six h>p]s2 & f\r o!r musicians1 app>5tly females1--! fir/ ( :om plays a flute2 ! second1 a sort ( p&ean pipe2 ! ?ird1 an in/rum5t :i* is too mu* defac$ to be recognizable2 & ! f\r?1 a bagpipe4 ,two h>ps ( a peculi> %ape 7 copi$ by ,sir ,gore ,ousely f ,p]sian manuscripts ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s old resembl+1 9 ! pr9ciple on :i* !y are con/ruct$1 all o!r ori5tal h>ps4 ,!re exi/$ evid5tly v>i\s k9ds ( ! *ang4 ,x may be rem>k$ "h t ! in/rum5t ts*5k 7or *ang7 9 use at ! pres5t day 9 ,p]sia1 is m l a dulcim] ?an a h>p4 ,! ,arabs adopt$ ! h>p f ! ,p]sians1 & call$ x junk4 ,an int]e/+ repres5tation ( a ,turki% woman play+ ! h>p 7p4 #ec7 sket*$ f life by ,mel*ior ,lori* 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 probably exhibits an old ,p]sian *ang2 = ! ,turks d]iv$ _! music pr9cipally f ,p]sia4 ,"h we h an introduction into ,europe ( ! ori5tal frame )\t a front pill>4 ,illu/ration ,! ,p]sians appe> to h adopt$1 at an e>ly p]iod1 small] musical int]vals ?an semitones4 ,:5 ! ,arabs conqu]$ ,p]sia 7,a4,d4 #fda7 ! ,p]sians _h already atta9$ a high] degree ( civilisation ?an _! conqu]ors4 ,! latt] f\nd 9 ,p]sia ! cultivation ( music consid]ably 9 advance ( _! own1 & ! musical in/rum5ts sup]ior also4 ,!y soon adopt$ ! ,p]sian in/rum5ts1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! musical sy/em exhibit$ by ! e>lie/ ,arab writ]s ^: works on ! !ory ( music h be5 pres]v$ 0 bas$ ^u an old] sy/em ( ! ,p]sians4 ,9 ^! works ! octave is divid$ 9 sev5te5 "o-?ird-tones--int]vals :i* are /ill made use ( 9 ! ea/4 ,"s ( ! ,arabian in/rum5ts are con/ruct$ s z to enable ! p]=m] to produce ! int]vals ) exactness4 ,! frets on ! lute & tamb\ra1 = in/ance1 are regulat$ ) a view to ?is object4 ,illu/ration ,! ,arabs _h to "s ext5t become acqua9t$ ) _m ( ! ,p]sian in/rum5ts be=e ! "t ( _! conque/ ( ,p]sia4 ,an ,arab musician ( ! "n ( ,nadr ,b5 el-,h>es ,b5 ,kelde is record$ z hav+ be5 s5t to ! ,p]sian k+ ,khosroo ,purviz1 9 ! six? c5tury1 = ! purpose ( le>n+ ,p]sian s++ & p]=m+ on ! lute4 ,?r\gh him1 x is said1 ! lute 0 br\ght to ,mekka4 ,saib ,*atir1 ! son ( a ,p]sian1 is spok5 ( z ! fir/ p]=m] on ! lute 9 ,m$9a1 ,a4,d4 #fhb2 & ( an ,arab luti/1 ,ebn ,soreids* f ,mekka1 ,a4,d4 #fhc1 x is especially m5tion$ t he play$ 9 ! ,p]sian /yle2 evid5tly ! sup]ior "o4 ,! lute1 el-oud1 _h be=e ! t5? c5tury only f\r /r+s1 or f\r pairs produc+ f\r tones1 ea* tone hav+ two /r+s tun$ 9 unison4 ,ab\t ! t5? c5tury a /r+ = a fif? tone 0 add$4 ,! /r+s 7 made ( silk neatly twi/$4 ,! neck ( ! in/rum5t 0 provid$ ) frets ( /r+1 :i* 7 c>efully regulat$ accord+ to ! sy/em ( sev5te5 int]vals 9 ! compass ( an octave be=e m5tion$4 ,o!r fav\rite /r+$ in/rum5ts 7 ! tamb\ra1 a k9d ( lute ) a long neck1 & ! kanoon1 a k9d ( dulcim] /rung ) lamb's gut /r+s 7g5]ally ?ree 9 unison = ea* tone7 & play$ ^u ) two little plectra :i* ! p]=m] _h fa/5$ to 8 f+]s4 ,! kanoon is likewise /ill 9 use 9 c\ntries inhabit$ by ,mahom$ans4 ,! engrav+1 tak5 f a ,p]sian pa9t+ at ,teh]an1 repres5ts an old ,p]sian santir1 ! prototype ( our dulcim]1 m\nt$ ) wire /r+s & play$ ^u ) two slightly curv$ /icks4 ,illu/ration ,al-,f>abi1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,arabian musical !ori/s kn[n1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury1 does n allude to ! fiddle-b[4 ,?is is notewor?y inasmu* z x seems 9 "s measure to support ! op9ion ma9ta9$ by "s hi/orians t ! b[ orig9at$ 9 ,engl& or ,wales4 ,un=tunately we possess no exact descriptions ( ! ,p]sian & ,arabian in/rum5ts betwe5 ! t5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 o!rwise we %\ld probably h e>li] acc\nts ( "s in/rum5t ( ! viol9 k9d 9 ,p]sia4 ,a%-%ak&i1 :o liv$ 9 ,spa9 ab\t ,a4,d4 #abjj1 m5tions ! rebab1 :i* may h be5 9 use = c5turies )\t hav+ be5 ?\ght wor?y ( notice on acc\nt ( its rud5ess4 ,p]sian writ]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury speak ( two in/rum5ts ( ! viol9 class1 viz41 ! rebab & ! kemangeh4 ,z reg>ds ! kemangeh1 ! ,arabs !mselves ass]t t !y obta9$ x f ,p]sia1 & _! /atem5t appe>s all ! m wor?y ( belief f ! fact t bo? names1 rebab & kemangeh1 are orig9ally ,p]sian4 ,we engrave ! rebab f an example at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,illu/ration ,! nay1 a flute1 & ! surnay1 a species ( oboe1 are /ill popul> 9 ! ea/4 ,! ,arabs mu/ h be5 indefatigable con/ructors ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,kiesewett] gives a li/ ( above two hundr$ names ( ,arabian in/rum5ts1 & ?is does n include _m kn[n to u ?r\gh ,spani% hi/orians4 ,a c>eful inve/igation ( ! musical in/rum5ts ( ! ,arabs dur+ _! soj\rn 9 ,spa9 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( m$ival music1 inasmu* z x reveals ! ea/]n orig9 ( _m in/rum5ts :i* are g5]ally reg>d$ z ,european inv5tions4 ,introduc$ into ,spa9 by ! ,s>ac5s & ! ,moors !y 7 gradually diffus$ t[>ds nor!rn ,europe4 ,! ,engli%1 = in/ance1 adopt$ n only ! ,moori% dance 7morrice dance7 b also ! kuitra 7gitt]n71 ! el-oud 7lute71 ! rebab 7rebec71 ! nakk>ah 7nak]71 & sev]al o!rs4 ,9 an old ,corni% sacr$ drama1 suppos$ to date f ! f\rte5? c5tury1 we h 9 an enum]ation ( musical in/rum5ts ! nakrys1 designat+ 8kettle-drums40 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,corni% language1 :i* has n[ become obsolete1 0 ne>ly ak9 to ! ,wel%4 ,inde$1 names ( musical in/rum5ts d]iv$ f ! ,moors 9 ,spa9 occur 9 almo/ e ,european language4 ,n a few fanciful /ories are traditionally pres]v$ among ! ,arabs te/ify+ to ! wond]ful effects !y ascrib$ to ! p[] ( _! in/rum5tal p]=mances4 ,"o example w suffice4 ,al-,f>abi _h acquir$ 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ,spa91 9 "o ( ! s*ools at ,cordova :i* fl\ri%$ z e>ly z t[>ds ! end ( ! n9? c5tury3 & 8 reputation became s great t ultimately x ext5d$ to ,asia4 ,! mighty caliph ( ,bagdad himself desir$ to he> ! celebrat$ musician1 & s5t mess5g]s to ,spa9 ) in/ructions to (f] ri* pres5ts to him & to convey him to ! c\rt4 ,b ,al-,f>abi fe>$ t if he w5t he %\ld be reta9$ 9 ,asia1 & %\ld nev] aga9 see ! home to :i* he felt deeply atta*$4 ,at la/ he resolv$ to disguise himself1 & v5tur$ to und]take ! j\rney :i* promis$ him a ri* h>ve/4 ,dress$ 9 a mean co/ume1 he made 8 appe>ance at ! c\rt j at ! "t :5 ! caliph 0 be+ ent]ta9$ ) 8 daily conc]t4 ,al-,f>abi1 unkn[n to ev]yone1 0 p]mitt$ to exhibit 8 skill on ! lute4 ,sc>c] _h he comm5c$ 8 p]=mance 9 a c]ta9 musical mode :5 he set all 8 audi5ce laugh+ al\d1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( ! c\rti]s to suppress s unbecom+ an exhibition ( mir? 9 ! royal pres5ce4 ,9 tru?1 ev5 ! caliph himself 0 compell$ to bur/ out into a fit ( laught]4 ,pres5tly ! p]=m] *ang$ to ano!r mode1 & ! effect 0 t imm$iately all 8 he>]s began to sigh1 & soon te>s ( sadness replac$ ! previ\s te>s ( mir?4 ,aga9 he play$ 9 ano!r mode1 :i* excit$ 8 audi5ce to su* a rage t !y w\ld h f\ght ea* o!r if he1 see+ ! dang]1 _h n directly gone ov] to an appeas+ mode4 ,aft] ?is wond]ful exhibition ( 8 skill ,al-,f>abi conclud$ 9 a mode :i* _h ! effect ( mak+ 8 li/5]s fall into a pr(\nd sleep1 dur+ :i* he took 8 dep>ture4 ,x w be se5 t ?is incid5t is almo/ id5tical ) "o record$ z hav+ happ5$ ab\t twelve hundr$ ye>s e>li] at ! c\rt ( ,alex&] ! great1 & :i* =ms ! subject ( ,dryd5's 8,alex&]'s ,fea/40 ,! di/+ui%$ fluti/ ,timo!us successively ar\s$ & subdu$ diff]5t passions by *ang+ ! musical modes dur+ 8 p]=mance1 exactly 9 ! same way z did ,al-,f>abi4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,indians4 ,if ! pres]v$ antiquities ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 dat+ f a p]iod ant]ior to our discov]y ( ! we/]n hemisph]e1 possess an extraord9>y int]e/ because !y af=d tru/wor?y evid5ce ( ! degree ( progress :i* ! aborig9es _h atta9$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! arts & 9 _! social condition be=e !y came 9 contact ) ,europeans1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! anci5t musical in/rum5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,indians are also wor?y ( exam9ation4 ,sev]al ( !m are con/ruct$ 9 a mann] :i*1 9 "s degree1 reveals ! *>act]i/ics ( ! musical sy/em preval5t among ! p :o us$ ! in/rum5ts4 ,& al?\gh mo/ ( ^! int]e/+ relics1 :i* h be5 obta9$ f tombs & o!r hid+-places1 may n be ( great antiquity1 x has be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$ t !y are g5u9e contrivances ( ! ,indians be=e !y 7 influ5c$ by ,european civilization4 ,"s acc\nt ( ^! relics is !re=e likely to prove ( int]e/ also to ! e?nologi/1 especially z sev]al facts may p]haps be f\nd ( assi/ance 9 elucidat+ ! /ill unsolv$ problem z to ! probable orig9al connection ( ! ,am]ican ) ,asiatic races4 ,among ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,aztecs 9 ,mexico & ( ! ,p]uvians none h be5 f\nd s frequ5tly1 & h be5 pres]v$ 9 _! =m] condition s unalt]$1 z pipes & flutes4 ,!y are g5]ally made ( pott]y or ( bone1 sub/ances :i* are unsuitable = ! con/ruction ( mo/ o!r in/rum5ts1 b :i* are rem>kably well qualifi$ to )/& ! decay+ influ5ce ( "t4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason to conclude f ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( su* in/rum5ts t !y 7 m common ?an o!r k9ds ( :i* specim5s h r>ely be5 discov]$4 ,illu/ration ,! ,mexicans possess$ a small :i/le =m$ ( bak$ clay1 a consid]able numb] ( :i* h be5 f\nd4 ,"s specim5s 7( :i* we give engrav+s7 are s+ul>ly grotesque 9 %ape1 repres5t+ c>icatures ( ! human face & figure1 birds1 bea/s1 & fl[]s4 ,"s 7 provid$ at ! top ) a f+]-hole :i*1 :5 clos$1 alt]$ ! pit* ( ! s\nd1 s t two diff]5t tones 7 producible on ! in/rum5t4 ,o!rs _h a little ball ( bak$ clay ly+ loose inside ! air-*amb]4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t 0 bl[n ! curr5t ( air set ! ball 9 a vibrat+ motion1 !reby caus+ a %rill & :irr+ s\nd4 ,a simil> contrivance is sometimes made use ( by ,engli%m5 = convey+ signals4 ,! ,mexican :i/le mo/ likely s]v$ pr9cipally ! same purpose1 b x may possibly h be5 us$ also 9 musical ent]ta9m5ts4 ,9 ! ,russian horn b& ea* musician is re/rict$ to a s+le tone2 & simil> comb9ations ( p]=m]s--only1 ( c\rse1 mu* m rude--h be5 witness$ by travell]s among "s tribes 9 ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration ,r m complete ?an ! above specim5s are "s ( ! :i/les & small pipes :i* h be5 f\nd 9 graves ( ! ,indians ( ,*iriqui 9 c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! pipe or :i/le :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ engrav+ appe>s1 to judge f ! some:at obscure description transmitt$ to u1 to possess ab\t half a doz5 tones4 ,x is ( pott]y1 pa9t$ 9 r$ & black on a cream-col\r$ gr\nd1 & 9 l5g? ab\t five in*es4 ,among ! in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d f c5tral ,am]ica ! mo/ complete h f\r f+]-holes4 ,by means ( ?ree ! foll[+ f\r s\nds 7includ+ ! s\nd :i* is produc$ :5 none ( ! holes are clos$7 c be emitt$3 ,illu/ration ! f\r? f+]-hole1 :5 clos$1 has ! effect ( l[]+ ! pit* a semitone4 ,by a p>ticul> process two or ?ree l[] notes are obta9able4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! pipe ( ! ,aztecs1 :i* is call$ by ! ,mexican ,spani>ds pito1 some:at resembl$ our flageolet3 ! mat]ial 0 a r$di% pott]y1 & x 0 provid$ ) f\r f+]-holes4 ,al?\gh among ab\t half a doz5 specim5s :i* ! writ] has exam9$ "s are consid]ably l>g] ?an o!rs !y all h1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! same pit* ( s\nd4 ,! smalle/ is ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?1 & ! l>ge/ ab\t n9e in*es4 ,sev]al pitos h be5 f\nd 9 a rem>kably well-pres]v$ condition4 ,!y are easy to bl[1 & _! ord] ( int]vals is 9 con=mity ) ! p5tatonic scale1 ?us3 ,illu/ration ,! usual %ape ( ! pito is t "h repres5t$2 %[+ ! upp] side ( "o pipe1 & a side view ( ano!r4 ,a specim5 ( a less common %ape1 also engrav$1 is 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,indications sugge/ive ( ! popul> e/imation 9 :i* ! flute 7or p]haps1 m /rictly speak+1 ! pipe7 0 held by ! ,aztecs are n want+4 ,x 0 play$ 9 religi\s obs]vances & we f9d x ref]r$ to allegorically 9 orations deliv]$ on solemn occasions4 ,= in/ance1 at ! religi\s fe/ival :i* 0 held 9 hon\r ( ,tezcatlepoca--a div9ity depict$ z a h&some y\?1 & consid]$ second only to ! supreme be+--a "y man 0 sacrific$ :o1 9 prep>ation = ! c]emony1 _h be5 in/ruct$ 9 ! art ( play+ ! flute4 ,tw5ty days be=e 8 dea? f\r "y girls1 nam$ aft] ! pr9cipal goddesses1 7 giv5 to him z companions2 & :5 ! h\r arriv$ 9 :i* he 0 to be sacrific$ he obs]v$ ! e/abli%$ symbolical rite ( break+ a flute on ea* ( ! /eps1 z he asc5d$ ! temple4 ,aga91 at ! public c]emonies :i* took place on ! accession ( a pr9ce to ! ?rone ! new mon>* address$ a pray] to ! god1 9 :i* occurr$ ! foll[+ allegorical expression3--8,i am ?y flute2 reveal to me ?y w2 brea! into me ?y brea? l into a flute1 z ?\ ha/ done to my pr$ecessors on ! ?rone4 ,z ?\ ha/ op5$ _! eyes1 _! e>s1 & _! m\? to utt] :at is good1 s likewise d to me4 ,i resign myself entirely to ?y guidance40 ,simil> s5t5ces occur 9 ! orations address$ to ! mon>*4 ,9 read+ !m "o c h>dly fail to be rem9d$ ( ,hamlet's reflections address$ to ,guild5/]n1 :5 ! s]vile c\rti] expresses 8 inability to 8gov]n ! v5tages0 ( ! pipe & to make ! in/rum5t 8disc\rse mo/ eloqu5t music10 :i* ! pr9ce bids him to d4 ,m4 de ,ca/elnau 9 8 8,expdition dans l',amrique0 gives among ! illu/rations ( objects discov]$ 9 anci5t ,p]uvian tombs a flute made ( a human bone4 ,x has f\r f+]-holes at its upp] surface & appe>s to h be5 bl[n into at "o end4 ,two bone-flutes1 9 appe>ance simil> to ! engrav+ giv5 by ,m4 de ,ca/elnau1 :i* h be5 dis9t]r$ at ,truxillo are deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,!y are ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?1 & ea* is provid$ ) five f+]-holes4 ,"o ( ^! has all ! holes at its upp] side1 & "o ( ! holes is consid]ably small] ?an ! re/4 ,! specim5 :i* we engrave 7p4 #fd7 is ornam5t$ ) "s simple designs 9 black4 ,! o!r has f\r holes at its upp] side & "o und]nea?1 ! latt] be+ plac$ ne> to ! end at :i* ! in/rum5t evid5tly 0 bl[n4 ,9 ! ap]ture ( ?is end "s rema9s ( a h>d5$ pa/e1 or res9\s sub/ance1 are /ill pres]v$4 ,?is sub/ance probably 0 ins]t$ = ! purpose ( n>r[+ ! end ( ! tube1 9 ord] to facilitate ! produc+ ( ! s\nds4 ,! same contrivance is /ill resort$ to 9 ! con/ruction ( ! bone-flutes by "s ,indian tribes 9 ,guiana4 ,! bones ( sla9 enemies appe> to h be5 consid]$ especially appropriate = su* flutes4 ,! ,araucanians1 hav+ kill$ a prison]1 made flutes ( 8 bones1 & danc$ & 8?und]$ out _! dreadful w>-songs1 accompani$ by ! m\rnful s\nds ( ^! horrid in/rum5ts40 ,alonso de ,ovalle says ( ! ,indians 9 ,*ili3 8,_! flutes1 :i* !y play ^u 9 _! dances1 are made ( ! bones ( ! ,spani>ds & o!r enemies :om !y h ov]come 9 w>4 ,?is !y d by way ( triumph & glory = _! victory4 ,!y make !m likewise ( bones ( animals2 b ! w>riors dance only to ! flutes made ( _! enemies40 ,! ,mexicans & ,p]uvians obvi\sly possess$ a great v>iety ( pipes & flutes1 "s ( :i* are /ill 9 use among c]ta9 ,indian tribes4 ,^? :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! fam\s ru9s at ,pal5que are deposit$ 9 ! museum 9 ,mexico4 ,!y are3--,! cuyvi1 a pipe on :i* only five tones 7 producible2 ! huayllaca1 a sort ( flageolet2 ! p9cullu1 a flute2 & ! *ayna1 :i* is describ$ z 8a flute ^: lugubri\s & melan*oly tones fill$ ! he>t ) indescribable sadness1 & br\ght involunt>y te>s into ! eyes40 ,x 0 p]haps a k9d ( oboe4 ,illu/ration ,! ,p]uvians _h ! syr9x1 :i* !y call$ huayra-puhura4 ,"s clue to ! prop] mean+ ( ?is "n may p]haps be ga!r$ f ! ^w huayra1 :i* signifies 8air40 ,! huayra-puhura 0 made ( cane1 & also ( /one4 ,sometimes an embroid]y ( ne$le-"w 0 atta*$ to x z an ornam5t4 ,"o specim5 :i* has be5 dis9t]r$ is adorn$ ) twelve figures precisely resembl+ ,maltese crosses4 ,! cross is a figure :i* may readily be suppos$ to sugge/ itself v naturally2 & x is !re=e n s surpris+1 z x may appe> at a fir/ glance1 t ! ,am]ican ,indians us$ x n unfrequ5tly 9 designs & sculptures be=e !y came 9 contact ) ,*ri/ians4 ,illu/ration ,! ,briti% museum possesses a huayra-puhura consi/+ ( f\rte5 re$ pipes ( a br[ni% col\r1 ti$ toge!r 9 two r[s by means ( ?read1 s z to =m a d\ble set ( sev5 re$s4 ,bo? sets are almo/ exactly ( ! same dim5sions & are plac$ side by side4 ,! %orte/ ( ^! re$s measure ?ree in*es1 & ! longe/ six & a half4 ,9 "o set !y are op5 at ! bottom1 & 9 ! o!r !y are clos$4 ,consequ5tly1 octaves are produc$4 ,! read] is probably aw>e t ! clos+ ( a pipe at ! end raises its pit* an octave4 ,?us1 9 our organ1 ! s-call$ /opp$ diapason1 a set ( clos$ pipes1 requires tubes ( only half ! l5g? ( ^? :i* con/itute ! op5 diapason1 al?\gh bo? ^! /ops produce tones 9 ! same pit*2 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m be+ ! quality ( s\nd1 :i* 9 ! =m] is less bright ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,! tones yield$ by ! huayra-puhura 9 "q are z foll[s3 ,illu/ration ,! highe/ octave is indi/9ct1 ow+ to "s injury done to ! %orte/ tubes2 b suffici5t evid5ce rema9s to %[ t ! int]vals 7 purposely arrang$ accord+ to ! p5tatonic scale4 ,?is int]e/+ relic 0 br\ght to light f a tomb at ,arica4 ,illu/ration ,ano!r huayra-puhura1 likewise /ill yield+ s\nds1 0 discov]$ plac$ ov] a corpse 9 a ,p]uvian tomb1 & 0 procur$ by ! ,fr5* g5]al1 ,p>oissi54 ,?is in/rum5t is made ( a gre5i% /one :i* is a species ( talc1 & conta9s eight pipes4 ,9 ! ,b]l9 museum may be se5 a good pla/] ca/ tak5 f ?is curi\s relic4 ,! height is #e in*es1 & its wid? #f in*es4 ,f\r ( ! tubes h small lat]al f+]-holes :i*1 :5 clos$1 l[] ! pit* a semitone4 ,^! holes are on ! second1 f\r?1 six?1 & sev5? pipe1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,:5 ! holes are op51 ! tones are3 ,illu/ration & :5 !y are clos$3 ,illu/ration ,! o!r tubes h unalt]able tones4 ,! foll[+ notation exhibits all ! tones producible on ! in/rum5t3 ,illu/ration ,! musician is likely to speculate :at c\ld h induc$ ! ,p]uvians to adopt s /range a s]ies ( int]vals3 x seems r arbitr>y ?an prem$itat$4 ,illu/ration ,if 7& ?is seems n to be improbable7 ! ,p]uvians consid]$ ^? tones :i* are produc$ by clos+ ! lat]al holes z additional int]vals only1 a v>iety ( scales or k9ds ( modes may h be5 contriv$ by ! admission ( "o or o!r ( ^! tones among ! ess5tial ones4 ,if we may conjecture f "s rem>ks ( ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 & o!r hi/orians1 ! ,p]uvians appe> to h us$ diff]5t ord]s ( int]vals = diff]5t k9ds ( tunes1 9 a way simil> to :at we f9d to be ! case ) c]ta9 ,asiatic nations4 ,we are told = in/ance 8,ea* poem1 or song1 _h its appropriate tune1 & !y c\ld n put two diff]5t songs to "o tune2 & ?is 0 :y ! enam\r$ gallant1 mak+ music at night on 8 flute1 ) ! tune :i* belong$ to x1 told ! lady & all ! _w ! joy or sorr[ ( 8 s\l1 ! fav\r or ill-w :i* he possess$2 s t x might be said t he spoke by ! flute40 ,?us also ! ,h9dus h c]ta9 tunes = c]ta9 seasons & fix$ occasions1 & likewise a numb] ( diff]5t modes or scales us$ = p>ticul> k9ds ( songs4 ,trumpets are (t5 m5tion$ by writ]s :o h record$ ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,indians at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sc>cely any illu/rations to be reli$ on ( ^! in/rum5ts transmitt$ to u4 ,! ,con* 0 frequ5tly us$ z a trumpet = convey+ signals 9 w>4 ,illu/ration ,! engrav+ repres5ts a k9d ( trumpet made ( wood1 & ne>ly sev5 feet 9 l5g?1 :i* ,gumilla f\nd among ! ,indians 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x some:at resembles ! jurup>is1 a my/]i\s in/rum5t ( ! ,indians on ! ,rio ,haups1 a tribut>y ( ! ,rio ,negro1 s\? ,am]ica4 ,! jurup>is is reg>d$ z an object ( great v5]ation4 ,wom5 are nev] p]mitt$ to see x4 ,s /r+5t is ?is law t any woman obta9+ a sight ( x is put to dea?--usually by poison4 ,no y\?s are all[$ to see x until !y h be5 subject$ to a s]ies ( initiatory fa/+s & sc\rg+s4 ,! jurup>is is usually kept hidd5 9 ! b$ ( "s /ream1 deep 9 ! =e/2 & no "o d>es to dr9k out ( t sanctifi$ /ream1 or to ba! 9 its wat]4 ,at fea/s ! jurup>is is br\ght out dur+ ! night1 & is bl[n outside ! h\ses ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,! inn] portion ( ! in/rum5t consi/s ( a tube made ( slips ( ! ,paxiaba palm 7,tri>tea exorrhiza74 ,:5 ! ,indians are ab\t to use ! in/rum5t !y ne>ly close ! upp] end ( ! tube ) clay1 & also tie above ! oblong squ>e hole 7%[n 9 ! engrav+7 a portion ( ! leaf ( ! ,u>uma1 "o ( ! arr[-root family4 ,r\nd ! tube are wrapp$ long /rips ( ! t\gh b>k ( ! ,jb>u 7,p>ivoa gr&iflora74 ,?is cov]+ desc5ds 9 folds bel[ ! tube4 ,! l5g? ( ! in/rum5t is f f\r to five feet4 ,! illu/ration1 :i* exhibits ! jurup>is ) its cov] & )\t x1 has be5 tak5 f a specim5 9 ! museum at ,kew g>d5s4 ,! my/]ies connect$ ) ?is trumpet are evid5tly f\nd$ on an old tradition f prehi/oric ,indian ance/ors4 ,jurup>i means 8demon02 & ) sev]al ,indian tribes on ! ,amazon cu/oms & c]emonies /ill prevail 9 hon\r ( ,jurup>i4 ,! ,c>oados1 an ,indian tribe 9 ,brazil1 h a w> trumpet :i* closely resembles ! jurup>is4 ,) ?is p x is ! cu/om = ! *ief to give on 8 w> trumpet ! signal = battle1 & to cont9ue bl[+ z long z he wi%es ! battle to la/4 ,! trumpet is made ( wood1 & its s\nd is describ$ by travell]s z v deep b r pleasant4 ,! s\nd is easily produc$1 & its cont9uance does n require mu* ex]tion2 b a peculi> vibration ( ! lips is necess>y :i* requires practice4 ,ano!r trumpet1 ! tur1 is common ) _m ,indian tribes on ! ,amazon :o use x *iefly 9 w>4 ,x is made ( a long & ?ick bamboo1 & !re is a split re$ 9 ! m\?piece4 ,x !re=e p>takes r ( ! "* ( an oboe or cl>9et4 ,its tone is describ$ z l\d & h>%4 ,! tur is especially us$ by ! s5t9els ( pr$atory hordes1 :o1 m\nt$ on a l(ty tree1 give ! signal ( attack to _! comrades4 ,aga91 ! aborig9es 9 ,mexico _h a curi\s contrivance ( ?is k9d1 ! acocotl1 n[ m usually call$ cl>94 ,! =m] ^w is its old ,indian "n1 & ! latt] appe>s to h be5 fir/ giv5 to ! in/rum5t by ! ,spani>ds4 ,! acocotl consi/s ( a v ?9 tube f eight to t5 feet 9 l5g?1 & g5]ally n q /raight b ) "s irregul> curves4 ,?is tube1 :i* is (t5 n ?ick] ?an a c\ple ( in*es 9 diamet]1 t]m9ates at "o end 9 a sort ( bell1 & has at ! o!r end a small m\?piece resembl+ 9 %ape t ( a cl>9et4 ,! tube is made ( ! dry /alk ( a plant :i* is common 9 ,mexico1 & :i* likewise ! ,indians call acocotl4 ,! mo/ s+ul> *>act]i/ic ( ! in/rum5t is t ! p]=m] does n bl[ into x1 b inhales ! air ?r\gh x2 or r1 he produces ! s\nd by suck+ ! m\?piece4 ,x is said to require /rong lungs to p]=m on ! acocotl effectively accord+ to ,indian notions ( ta/e4 ,illu/ration ,! botuto1 :i* ,gumilla saw us$ by "s tribes ne> ! riv] ,or9oco 7( :i* we engrave two examples71 0 evid5tly an anci5t ,indian contrivance1 b appe>s to h fall5 almo/ into oblivion dur+ ! la/ two c5turies4 ,x 0 made ( bak$ clay & 0 commonly f ?ree to f\r feet long3 b "s trumpets ( ?is k9d 7 ( enorm\s size4 ,! botuto ) two bellies 0 usually made ?ick] ?an t ) ?ree bellies & emitt$ a deep] s\nd1 :i* is describ$ z hav+ be5 really t]rific4 ,^! trumpets 7 us$ on occasions ( m\rn+ & fun]al dances4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt saw ! botuto among "s ,indian tribes ne> ! riv] ,or9oco4 ,besides ^? :i* h be5 notic$1 o!r antique w9d in/rum5ts ( ! ,indians are m5tion$ by hi/orians2 b ! descriptions giv5 ( !m are too sup]ficial to convey a di/9ct notion z to _! =m & purport4 ,sev]al ( ^! b>b>\s contrivances sc>cely des]ve to be class$ ) musical in/rum5ts4 ,?is may1 = in/ance1 be said ( c]ta9 musical j>s or e>!n vessels produc+ s\nds1 :i* ! ,p]uvians con/ruct$ = _! amusem5t4 ,^! vessels 7 made d\ble2 & ! s\nds imitat$ ! cries ( animals or birds4 ,a simil> contrivance ( ! ,indians 9 ,*ili1 pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,santiago1 is describ$ by ! travell] ,s4 ,s4 ,hill z foll[s3--8,x consi/s ( two e>!n vessels 9 ! =m ( our india-rubb] bottles1 b some:at l>g]1 ) a flat tube f f\r to six in*es 9 l5g?1 unit+ _! necks ne> ! top & slightly curv$ upw>ds1 & ) a small hole on ! upp] side "o ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! tube f "o side ( ! necks4 ,to produce ! s\nds ! bottles 7 fill$ ) wat] & susp5d$ to ! b\gh ( a tree1 or to a beam1 by a /r+ atta*$ to ! middle ( ! curv$ tube1 & !n swung backw>ds & =w>ds 9 su* a mann] z to cause ea* end to be alt]nately ! highe/ & l[e/1 s t ! wat] might pass backw>ds & =w>ds f "o bottle to ! o!r ?r\gh ! tube betwe5 !m4 ,by ?is means soo?+ s\nds 7 produc$ :i*1 x is said1 7 employ$ to lull to repose ! dr[sy *iefs :o usually slept away ! hotte/ h\rs ( ! day4 ,9 ! meantime1 z ! bottles 7 por\s1 ! wat] )9 !m dim9i%$ by evaporation1 & ! s\nd di$ gradually away40 ,illu/ration ,z reg>ds in/rum5ts ( p]cussion1 a k9d ( drum des]ves special notice on acc\nt ( ! +5uity ev9c$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,! ,mexicans call$ x teponaztli4 ,!y g5]ally made x ( a s+le block ( v h>d wood1 some:at oblong squ>e 9 %ape1 :i* !y holl[$1 leav+ at ea* end a solid piece ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 & at its upp] side a k9d ( s\nd-bo>d ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ?is s\nd-bo>d1 if x may be call$ s1 !y made ?ree incisions2 namely1 two runn+ p>allel "s di/ance l5g?wise ( ! drum1 & a ?ird runn+ across f "o ( ^! to ! o!r j 9 ! c5tre4 ,by ?is means !y obta9$ two vibrat+ tongues ( wood :i*1 :5 beat5 ) a /ick1 produc$ s\nds z cle>ly def9$ z are ^? ( our kettle drums4 ,by mak+ "o ( ! tongues ?9n] ?an ! o!r !y ensur$ two diff]5t s\nds1 ! pit* ( :i* !y 7 enabl$ to regulate by %av+ (f m or less ( ! wood4 ,! bottom ( ! drum !y cut almo/ entirely op54 ,! travell]1 ,m4 ,nebel1 0 told by ar*ologi/s 9 ,mexico t ^! in/rum5ts always conta9$ ! int]val ( a ?ird1 b on exam9+ sev]al specim5s :i* he saw 9 museums he f\nd "s 9 :i* ! two s\nds /ood t[>ds ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( a f\r?2 :ile 9 o!rs !y con/itut$ a fif?1 9 o!rs a six?1 & 9 "s ev5 an octave4 ,?is is notewor?y 9 s f> z x po9ts to a con=mity ) our diatonic s]ies ( int]vals1 except+ ! sev5?4 ,! teponaztli 7engrav$ above7 0 g5]ally c>v$ ) v>i\s fanciful & +5i\s designs4 ,x 0 beat5 ) two drum/icks cov]$ at ! end ) an ela/ic gum1 call$ ule1 :i* 0 obta9$ f ! milky juice extract$ f ! ule-tree4 ,"s ( ^! drums 7 small en\gh to be c>ri$ on a /r+ or /rap susp5d$ r\nd ! neck ( ! play]2 o!rs1 aga91 measur$ upw>ds ( five feet 9 l5g?1 & _! s\nd 0 s p[]ful t x c\ld be he>d at a di/ance ( ?ree miles4 ,9 "s r>e in/ances a specim5 ( ! teponaztli is /ill pres]v$ by ! ,indians 9 ,mexico1 especially among tribes :o h be5 comp>atively b little affect$ by int]c\rse ) _! ,european aggressors4 ,h]r ,hell] saw su* an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! ,indians ( ,huatusco--a village ne> ,mirador 9 ! ,ti]ra templada1 or temp]ate region1 occupy+ ! slopes ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,its s\nd is describ$ z s v l\d z to be di/9ctly audible at an incr$ibly great di/ance4 ,?is circum/ance1 :i* has be5 notic$ by sev]al travell]s1 may p]haps be ow+ 9 "s measure to ! condition ( ! atmosph]e 9 ,mexico4 ,illu/ration ,in/rum5ts ( p]cussion con/ruct$ on a pr9ciple m or less simil> to ! teponaztli 7 9 use 9 sev]al o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica1 z well z 9 ,mexico4 ,ovi$o gives a draw+ ( a drum f ,san ,dom+o :i*1 z x %[s di/9ctly bo? ! upp] & "u side ( ! in/rum5t1 is "h ins]t$4 ,! l>ge/ k9d ( ,mexican teponaztli appe>s to h be5 g5]ally ( a cyl9drical %ape4 ,clavig]o gives a draw+ ( su* an in/rum5t4 ,drums1 also1 con/ruct$ ( sk9 or p>*m5t 9 comb9ation ) wood 7 n unkn[n to ! ,indians4 ,( ?is description 01 = in/ance1 ! huehuetl ( ! ,aztecs 9 ,mexico1 :i* consi/$1 accord+ to ,clavig]o1 ( a wood5 cyl9d] some:at above ?ree feet 9 height1 curi\sly c>v$ & pa9t$ & cov]$ at ! top ) c>efully prep>$ de]-sk94 ,&1 :at appe>s ! mo/ rem>kable1 ! p>*m5t 7we are told7 c\ld be tight5$ or slack5$ by means ( cords 9 ne>ly ! same way z ) our own drum4 ,! huehuetl 0 n beat5 ) drum/icks b m]ely /ruck ) ! f+]s1 & mu* dext]ity 0 requir$ to /rike x 9 ! prop] mann]4 ,ovi$o /ates t ! ,indians 9 ,cuba _h drums :i* 7 /ret*$ ) human sk94 ,& ,b]nal ,diaz relates t :5 he 0 ) ,corts 9 ,mexico !y asc5d$ toge!r ! ,teocalli 78,h\se ( ,god071 a l>ge temple 9 :i* human sacrifices 7 (f]$ by ! aborig9es2 & !re ! ,spani% visitors saw a l>ge drum :i* 0 made1 ,diaz tells u1 ) sk9s ( great s]p5ts4 ,?is 8helli% in/rum5t10 z he calls x1 produc$1 :5 /ruck1 a doleful s\nd :i* 0 s l\d t x c\ld be he>d at a di/ance ( two leagues4 ,! "n ( ! ,p]uvian drum 0 huanca3 !y _h also an in/rum5t ( p]cussion1 call$ *hil*iles1 :i* appe>s to h be5 a sort ( tamb\r9e4 ,! rattle 0 likewise popul> ) ! ,indians be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,mexicans call$ x ajacaxtli4 ,9 con/ruction x 0 simil> to ! rattle at ! pres5t day commonly us$ by ! ,indians4 ,x 0 oval or r\nd 9 %ape1 & appe>s to h be5 usually made ( a g\rd into :i* holes 7 pi]c$1 & to :i* a wood5 h&le 0 affix$4 ,a numb] ( little pebbles 7 enclos$ 9 ! holl[$ g\rd4 ,!y 7 also made ( pott]y4 ,! little balls 9 ! ajacaxtli ( pott]y1 enclos$ z !y are1 may at a fir/ glance appe> a puzzle4 ,probably1 :5 ! rattle 0 be+ =m$ !y 7 atta*$ to ! inside z slightly z possible2 & aft] ! clay _h be5 bak$ !y 7 deta*$ by means ( an implem5t pass$ ?r\gh ! holes4 ,illu/ration ,! ,tezcucans 7or ,acolhuans7 belong$ to ! same race z ! ,aztecs1 :om !y greatly surpass$ 9 k & social ref9em5t4 ,nezahualcoyotl1 a wise mon>* ( ! ,tezcucans1 abhorr$ human sacrifices1 & erect$ a l>ge temple :i* he d$icat$ to 8,! unkn[n god1 ! cause ( causes40 ,?is edifice _h a t[] n9e /ories high1 on ! top ( :i* 7 plac$ a numb] ( musical in/rum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds :i* 7 us$ to summon ! wor%ipp]s to pray]4 ,respect+ ^! in/rum5ts especial m5tion is made ( a sonor\s metal :i* 0 /ruck ) a mallet4 ,?is is /at$ 9 a hi/orical essay writt5 by ,ixtlilxo*itl1 a native ( ,mexico & ( royal desc5t1 :o liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & :o may be suppos$ to h be5 famili> ) ! musical practices ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,b :e!r ! sonor\s metal allud$ to 0 a gong or a bell is n cle> f ! vague record transmitt$ to u4 ,t ! bell 0 kn[n to ! ,p]uvians appe>s to be no long] d\btful1 s9ce a small copp] specim5 has be5 f\nd 9 "o ( ! old ,p]uvian tombs4 ,?is int]e/+ relic is n[ deposit$ 9 ! museum at ,lima4 ,m4 de ,ca/elnau has publi%$ a draw+ ( x1 :i* is "h reproduc$4 ,! ,p]uvians call$ _! bells *anr>es2 x rema9s que/ionable :e!r ?is "n did n designate r ! s-call$ horse bells1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly kn[n to ! ,mexicans :o call$ !m yotl4 ,x is notewor?y t ^! yotl are f\nd figur$ 9 ! picture-writ+s repres5t+ ! v>i\s objects :i* ! ,aztecs us$ to pay z tribute to _! sov]eigns4 ,! collection ( ,mexican antiquities 9 ! ,briti% museum conta9s a clu/] ( yotl-bells4 ,be+ ne>ly r\nd1 !y closely resemble ! ,s*ell5 :i* ! ,g]mans are 9 ! habit ( affix+ to _! horses1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! w9t] :5 !y are driv+ _! noiseless sl$ges4 ,illu/ration ,aga91 9 s\? ,am]ica sonor\s /ones are n unkn[n1 & 7 us$ 9 old5 "t = musical purposes4 ,! travell] ,g4 ,t4 ,vigne saw among ! ,indian antiquities pres]v$ 9 ! t[n ( ,cuzco1 9 ,p]u1 8a musical in/rum5t ( gre5 sonor\s /one1 ab\t a foot long1 & an in* & a half wide1 flat-sid$1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 & ar*$ at ! back1 :]e x 0 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 :5ce x dim9i%$ to an edge1 l ! blade ( a knife4444 ,9 ! middle ( ! back 0 a small hole1 ?r\gh :i* a piece ( /r+ 0 pass$2 & :5 susp5d$ & /ruck by any h>d sub/ance a s+ul>ly musical note 0 produc$40 ,humboldt m5tions ! ,amazon-/one1 :i* on be+ /ruck by any h>d sub/ance yields a metallic s\nd4 ,x 0 =m]ly cut by ! ,am]ican ,indians into v ?9 plates1 p]=at$ 9 ! c5tre & susp5d$ by a /r+4 ,^! plates 7 rem>kably sonor\s4 ,?is k9d ( /one is n1 z might be conjectur$ f its "n1 f\nd exclusively ne> ! ,amazon4 ,! "n 0 giv5 to x z well z to ! riv] by ! fir/ ,european visitors to ,am]ica1 9 allusion to ! female w>riors respect+ :om /range /ories are told4 ,! natives pret5d+1 accord+ to an anci5t tradition1 t ! /one came f ! c\ntry ( 8,wom5 )\t husb&s10 or 8,wom5 liv+ alone40 ,z reg>ds ! anci5t /r+$ in/rum5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,indians our in=mation is inde$ b scanty4 ,clavig]o says t ! ,mexicans 7 entirely unacqua9t$ ) /r+$ in/rum5ts3 a /atem5t ! correctness ( :i* is que/ionable1 consid]+ ! /age ( civilization to :i* ^! p _h atta9$4 ,at any rate1 we g5]ally f9d "o or o!r k9d ( su* in/rum5ts ) nations ^: intellectual progress & social condition are decid$ly inf]ior4 ,! ,aztecs _h _m claims to ! "* ( a civiliz$ community & 7z be=e said7 ! ,tezcucans 7 ev5 m advanc$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! arts & sci5ces ?an ! ,aztecs4 8,! be/ hi/ories10 ,prescott obs]ves1 8! be/ poems1 ! be/ code ( laws1 ! pure/ dialect1 7 all all[$ to be ,tezcucan4 ,! ,aztecs rivall$ _! neighb\rs 9 spl5d\r ( liv+1 & ev5 9 ! magnific5ce ( _! /ructures4 ,!y display$ a pomp & o/5tati\s pageantry1 truly ,asiatic40 ,un=tunately hi/orians are sometimes n suffici5tly disc]n+ 9 _! communications respect+ musical que/ions4 ,j4 ,rank+1 9 describ+ ! gr&eur ( ! e/abli%m5t ma9ta9$ by ,montezuma1 says t dur+ ! repa/s ( ?is mon>* 8!re 0 music ( fiddle1 flute1 snail-%ell1 a kettle-drum1 & o!r /range in/rum5ts40 ,b z ?is writ] does n indicate ! s\rce :5ce he drew 8 in=mation respect+ ,montezuma's or*e/ra includ+ ! fiddle1 ! ass]tion des]ves sc>cely a pass+ notice4 ,! ,p]uvians possess$ a /r+$ in/rum5t1 call$ t9ya1 :i* 0 provid$ ) five or sev5 /r+s4 ,to conjecture f ! unsatisfactory acc\nt ( x transmitt$ to u1 ! t9ya appe>s to h be5 a k9d ( guit>4 ,consid]+ ! fragility ( ! mat]ials ( :i* su* in/rum5ts are g5]ally con/ruct$1 x is p]haps n surpris+ t we d n meet ) any specim5s ( !m 9 ! museums ( ,am]ican antiquities4 ,a few rem>ks w n be out ( place "h ref]r+ to ! musical p]=mances ( ! anci5t ,indians2 s9ce an acqua9tance ) ! nature ( ! p]=mances is likely to af=d additional assi/ance 9 appreciat+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,9 ,p]u1 :]e ! milit>y sy/em 0 c>efully organis$1 ea* division ( ! army _h its trumpet]s1 call$ cqueppacamayo1 & its drumm]s1 call$ huanc>camayo4 ,:5 ! ,inca return$ ) 8 troops victori\s f battle 8 fir/ act 0 to repair to ! temple ( ! ,sun 9 ord] to (f] up ?anksgiv+2 & aft] ! conclusion ( ?is c]emony ! p celebrat$ ! ev5t ) fe/ivities1 ( :i* music & danc+ con/itut$ a pr9cipal "p4 ,musical p]=mances appe> to h be5 consid]$ indisp5sable on occasions ( public celebrations2 & frequ5t m5tion is made ( !m by hi/orians :o h describ$ ! fe/ivals annually obs]v$ by ! ,p]uvians4 ,ab\t ! mon? ( ,octob] ! ,p]uvians celebrat$ a solemn fea/ 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 at :i* c]emony !y execut$ lugubri\s songs & pla9tive in/rum5tal music4 ,compositions ( a simil> "* 7 p]=m$ on occasion ( ! decease ( a mon>*4 ,z soon z x 0 made kn[n to ! p t _! ,inca _h be5 8call$ home to ! mansions ( 8 fa!r ! sun0 !y prep>$ to celebrate 8 obsequies ) becom+ solemnity4 ,prescott1 9 8 graphic description ( ^! obs]vances1 says3 8,at /at$ int]vals1 = a ye>1 ! p assembl$ to r5ew ! expressions ( _! sorr[2 processions 7 made display+ ! bann] ( ! dep>t$ mon>*2 b>ds & m9/rels 7 appo9t$ to *ronicle 8 a*ievem5ts1 & _! songs cont9u$ to be rehe>s$ at high fe/ivals 9 ! pres5ce ( ! reign+ mon>*1--?us /imulat+ ! liv+ by ! glori\s example ( ! dead40 ,! ,p]uvians _h also p>ticul> agricultural songs1 :i* !y 7 9 ! habit ( s++ :ile engag$ 9 till+ ! l&s ( ! ,inca2 a duty :i* devolv$ ^u ! :ole nation4 ,! subject ( ^! songs1 or r hymns1 ref]r$ especially to ! noble de$s & glori\s a*ievem5ts ( ! ,inca & 8 dyna/y4 ,:ile ?us s++1 ! lab\r]s regulat$ _! "w to ! rhy?m ( ! music1 !reby ensur+ a pleasant excitem5t & a /imulant 9 _! occupation1 l soldi]s regulat+ _! /eps to ! music ( ! milit>y b&4 ,^! hymns pleas$ ! ,spani% invad]s s greatly t !y n only adopt$ sev]al ( !m b also compos$ "s 9 a simil> =m & /yle4 ,?is appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h be5 ! case r ) ! poetry ?an ) ! music4 ,! "n ( ! ,p]uvian elegiac songs 0 h>avi4 ,"s tunes ( ^! songs1 pron\nc$ to be g5u9e specim5s1 h be5 publi%$ 9 rec5t works2 b _! g5u95ess is que/ionable4 ,at all ev5ts !y mu/ h be5 mu* tamp]$ )1 z !y exhibit exactly ! =m ( ! ,spani% bol]o4 ,ev5 all[+ t ! melodies ( ^! compositions h be5 d]iv$ f ,p]uvian h>iv>is1 x is impossible to det]m9e ) any degree ( c]ta9ty h[ mu* 9 !m has be5 reta9$ ( ! orig9al tunes1 & h[ mu* has be5 suppli$ besides ! h>mony1 :i* is entirely an addition ( ! ,european arrang]4 ,! ,p]uvians _h m9/rels1 call$ h>avecs 7i4e41 8inv5tors071 ^: occupation x 0 to compose & to recite ! h>avis4 ,! ,mexicans possess$ a class ( songs :i* s]v$ z a record ( hi/orical ev5ts4 ,fur!rmore !y _h w>-songs1 love-songs1 & o!r secul> vocal compositions1 z well z sacr$ *ants1 9 ! practice ( :i* boys 7 in/ruct$ by ! prie/s 9 ord] t !y might assi/ 9 ! musical p]=mances ( ! temple4 ,x app]ta9$ to ! (fice ( ! prie/s to burn inc5se1 & to p]=m music 9 ! temple at /at$ times ( ! day4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! religi\s obs]vances :i* took place regul>ly at sunrise1 at mid-day1 at sunset1 & at midnight1 0 ann\nc$ by signals bl[n on trumpets & pipes4 ,p]sons ( high position reta9$ 9 _! s]vice pr(essional musicians ^: duty x 0 to compose ballads1 & to p]=m vocal music ) in/rum5tal accompanim5t4 ,! nobles !mselves1 & occasionally ev5 ! mon>*1 n unfrequ5tly delight$ 9 compos+ ballads & odes4 ,especially to be notic$ is ! in/itution t]m$ 8,c\ncil ( music10 :i* ! wise mon>* ,nezahualcoyotl f\nd$ 9 ,tezcuco4 ,?is in/itution 0 n int5d$ exclusively = promot+ ! cultivation ( music2 its aim compris$ ! advancem5t ( v>i\s arts1 & ( sci5ces su* z hi/ory1 a/ronomy1 c4 ,9 fact1 x 0 an academy = g5]al education4 ,probably no bett] evid5ce c\ld be cit$ te/ify+ to ! rem>kable intellectual atta9m5ts ( ! ,mexican ,indians be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica ?an ?is c\ncil ( music4 ,al?\gh 9 "s respects x appe>s to h resembl$ ! bo>d ( music ( ! ,*9ese1 x 0 plann$ on a m enlight5$ & m compreh5sive pr9ciple4 ,! ,*9ese 8bo>d ( music10 call$ ,yo ,poo1 is an (fice connect$ ) ! ,l ,poo or 8bo>d ( rites10 e/abli%$ by ! imp]ial gov]nm5t at ,pek+4 ,! pr9cipal object ( ! bo>d ( rites is to regulate ! c]emonies on occasions ( sacrifices (f]$ to ! gods2 ( fe/ivals & c]ta9 c\rt solemnities2 ( milit>y reviews2 ( pres5tations1 congratulations1 m>riages1 dea?s1 burials1--9 %ort1 conc]n+ almo/ e possible ev5t 9 social & public life4 ,! read] is probably aw>e t 9 "o ( ! v>i\s hypo!ses :i* h be5 advanc$ respect+ ! ,asiatic orig9 ( ! ,am]ican ,indians ,*9a is assign$ to !m z _! anci5t home4 ,"s hi/orians suppose !m to be emigrants f ,mongolia1 ,?ibet1 or ,h9du/an2 o!rs ma9ta9 t !y are ! (fspr+ ( ,phnician coloni/s :o settl$ 9 c5tral ,am]ica4 ,ev5 m curi\s are ! argum5ts ( c]ta9 inquir]s :o h no d\bt :atev] t ! ance/ors ( ! ,am]ican ,indians 7 ! lo/ t5 tribes ( ,israel1 ( :om s9ce ab\t ! "t ( ! ,babylonian captivity hi/ory is sil5t4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght z to :i* p>ticul> "o ( ^! speculations hits ! tru?1 !y c]ta9ly h all prov$ useful 9 s f> z !y h made e?nologi/s m exactly acqua9t$ ) ! habits & pr$ilections ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 ! case4 ,=1 z ! advocates ( ea* hypo!sis h c>efully collect$ & adduc$ e evid5ce !y 7 able to obta9 t5d+ to support _! views1 ! result is t 7s to say7 no /one has be5 left unturn$4 ,nev]!less1 any su* h9ts z sugge/ !mselves f an exam9ation ( musical in/rum5ts h hi!rto rema9$ unhe$$4 ,x may !re=e p]haps int]e/ ! read] to h 8 att5tion drawn to a few sugge/ive simil>ities occurr+ betwe5 in/rum5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,indians & ( c]ta9 nations inhabit+ ! ea/]n hemisph]e4 ,we h se5 t ! ,mexican pipe & ! ,p]uvian syr9x 7 purposely con/ruct$ s z to produce ! int]vals ( ! p5tatonic scale only4 ,!re are "s additional indications ( ?is scale hav+ be5 at "o "t 9 use ) ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,= in/ance1 ! music ( ! ,p]uvian dance ca*ua is describ$ z hav+ be5 v simil> to "s ,scot* national dances2 & ! mo/ conspicu\s *>act]i/ics ( ! ,scot* tunes are occasion$ by ! frequ5tly exclusive employm5t ( int]vals app]ta9+ to ! p5tatonic scale4 ,we f9d precisely ! same s]ies ( int]vals adopt$ on c]ta9 ,*9ese in/rum5ts1 & evid5ces are n want+ ( ! p5tatonic scale hav+ be5 popul> among v>i\s races 9 ,asia at a remote p]iod4 ,! s]ies ( int]vals app]ta9+ to ! ,*iriqui pipe1 m5tion$ page #fa1 consi/$ ( a semitone & two :ole tones1 l ! tetra*ord ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,9 ! ,p]uvian huayra-puhura made ( talc "s ( ! pipes possess lat]al holes4 ,?is contrivance1 :i* is r unusual1 occurs on ! ,*9ese *5g4 ,! *ayna1 m5tion$ page #fd1 seems to h be5 provid$ ) a re$1 l ! oboe3 & 9 ,h9du/an we f9d a species ( oboe call$ %ehna4 ,! tur ( ! ,indian tribes on ! ,amazon1 m5tion$ page #fi1 rem9ds u ( ! trumpets tooree1 or tootooree1 ( ! ,h9dus4 ,! "n appe>s to h be5 kn[n also to ! ,arabs2 b !re is no indication :atev] ( its hav+ be5 transmitt$ to ! p59sula by ! ,moors1 & aft]w>ds to s\? ,am]ica by ! ,portuguese & ,spani>ds4 ,! wood5 tongues 9 ! drum teponaztli may be consid]$ z a contrivance exclusively ( ! anci5t ,am]ican ,indians4 ,nev]!less a con/ruction ne>ly ak9 to x may be obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 drums ( ! ,tonga & ,feejee isl&]s1 & ( ! natives ( "s isl&s 9 ,torres /rait4 ,likewise "s negro tribes 9 we/]n & c5tral ,africa h c]ta9 in/rum5ts ( p]cussion :i* are con/ruct$ on a pr9ciple some:at rem9d+ u ( ! teponaztli4 ,! me?od ( brac+ ! drum by means ( cords1 z exhibit$ 9 ! huehueil ( ! ,mexican ,indians1 is evid5tly ( v high antiquity 9 ! ea/4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,rattles1 p&ean pipes made ( re$1 & con* trumpets1 are f\nd almo/ all ov] ! _w1 :]ev] ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are con/ruct$ are easily obta9able4 ,/ill1 x may be notewor?y t ! ,mexicans employ$ ! con* trumpet 9 _! religi\s obs]vances app>5tly 9 mu* ! same way z x is us$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ wor%ip ( ! ,?ibetans & ,kalmuks4 ,z reg>ds ! sonor\s metal 9 ! great temple at ,tezcuco "s inquir]s are sure t x 0 a gong3 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^! inquir]s detect ev]y:]e traces prov+ an invasion ( ! ,mongols1 :i* !y ma9ta9 to h happ5$ ab\t six hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,_h !y be5 acqua9t$ ) ! little ,p]uvian bell 7engrav$ on page #ge7 !y w\ld h _h m tangible musical evid5ce 9 support ( _! !ory ?an ! suppos$ gong2 = ?is bell c]ta9ly be>s a sugge/ive resemblance to ! little h&-bell :i* ! ,buddhi/s use 9 _! religi\s c]emonies4 ,! ,p]uvians int]polat$ c]ta9 songs1 especially ^? :i* !y 7 9 ! habit ( s++ :ile cultivat+ ! fields1 ) ! ^w hailli :i* signifi$ 8,triumph40 ,z ! subject ( ^! compositions 0 pr9cipally ! glorification ( ! ,inca1 ! burd5 hailli is p]haps all ! m likely to rem9d ,europeans ( ! ,hebrew hallelujah4 ,moreov]1 ,adair1 :o liv$ among ! ,indians ( nor? ,am]ica dur+ a p]iod ( ab\t =ty ye>s1 speaks ( "s o!r words :i* he f\nd us$ z burd5s 9 hymns sung on solemn occasions1 & :i* appe>$ to him to correspond ) c]ta9 ,hebrew words ( a sacr$ import4 ,z reg>ds ! musical accompli%m5ts ( ! ,indian tribes at ! pres5t day !y are f> bel[ ! /&>d :i* we h f\nd among _! ance/ors4 ,a p]iod ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( oppression has evid5tly _h ! effect ( subdu+ ! melodi\s expressions ( happ9ess & cont5t$ness :i* 9 =m] times appe> to h be5 q z preval5t ) ! ,indians z !y g5]ally are ) indep5d5t & fl\ri%+ nations4 ,! innate tal5t = music ev9c$ by ^? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians :o 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity soon aft] ! emigration ( ! puritans to ,new ,engl& is v fav\rably comm5t$ on by "s old writ]s4 ,9 ! ye> #affa ,john ,elliot publi%$ a translation ( ! psalms into ,indian v]se4 ,! s++ ( ^! metrical psalms by ! ,indian conv]ts 9 _! places ( wor%ip appe>s to h be5 actually sup]ior to ! sacr$ vocal p]=mances ( _! ,*ri/ian bre?r5 f ,europe2 = we f9d x describ$ by sev]al witnesses z 8excell5t0 & 8mo/ ravi%+40 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica ! ca?olic prie/s f ,spa9 did n neglect to turn to acc\nt ! susceptibility ( ! ,indians = music4 ,?us1 9 c5tral ,am]ica ! ,dom9icans compos$ z e>ly z 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury a sacr$ poem 9 ! ,guatemalian dialect conta9+ a n>rative ( ! mo/ important ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,?is production !y sang to ! natives1 & to enhance ! effect !y accompani$ ! s++ ) musical in/rum5ts4 ,! allur+ music soon captivat$ ! he>t ( a p[]ful cazique1 :o 0 ?us induc$ to adopt ! doctr9es embodi$ 9 ! composition1 & to diffuse !m among 8 subjects :o likewise delight$ 9 ! p]=mances4 ,9 ,p]u a simil> exp]im5t1 resort$ to by ! prie/s :o accompani$ ,piz>ro's exp$ition1 prov$ equally successful4 ,!y dramatiz$ c]ta9 sc5es 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ & repres5t$ !m ) music1 :i* s greatly fasc9at$ ! ,indians t _m ( !m readily embrac$ ! new fai?4 ,nor are ^! ent]ta9m5ts disp5s$ ) ev5 at ! pres5t day by ! ,indian ,*ri/ians1 especially 9 ! village *ur*es ( ! ,si]ra 9 ,p]u2 & z sev]al religi\s c]emonies h be5 reta9$ by ^! p f _! hea!n =efa!rs1 x may be conjectur$ t _! sacr$ musical p]=mances also reta9 mu* ( _! anci5t hea!n "*4 ,mo/ ( ! musical in/rum5ts f\nd among ! ,am]ican ,indians at ! pres5t day are evid5tly g5u9e old ,indian contrivances z !y exi/$ long be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,take1 = example1 ! peculi>ly %ap$ rattles1 drums1 flutes1 & :i/les ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ( :i* "s specim5s 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum are describ$ 9 ! l>ge catalogue4 ,a few ,african in/rum5ts1 introduc$ by ! negro slaves1 are n[ occasionally f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ! ,indians1 & h be5 by "s travell]s errone\sly describ$ z g5u9e ,indian inv5tions4 ,?is is ! case ) ! ,african m>imba1 :i* has become r popul> ) ! natives ( ,guatemala 9 c5tral ,am]ica3 b su* adaptations are v easily disc]nible4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,european ,,nations ,,dur+ ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,_m repres5tations ( musical in/rum5ts ( ! middle ages h be5 pres]v$ 9 manuscripts1 z well z 9 sculptures & pa9t+s =m+ ornam5tal portions ( *ur*es & o!r build+s4 ,valuable facts & h9ts are obta9able f ^! evid5ces1 provid$ !y are judici\sly select$ & c>efully exam9$4 ,! subject is1 h[ev]1 s l>ge t only a few obs]vations on ! mo/ int]e/+ in/rum5ts c be (f]$ "h4 ,un=tunately !re /ill prevails mu* unc]ta9ty respect+ sev]al ( ! e>lie/ repres5tations z to ! precise c5tury f :i* !y date1 & !re is reason to believe t 9 "s in/ances ! ar*ological zeal ( musical inve/igators has assign$ a high] antiquity to su* discov]ies ?an c be satisfactorily prov$4 ,x appe>s c]ta9 t ! mo/ anci5t ,european in/rum5ts kn[n to u 7 9 =m & con/ruction m l ! ,asiatic ?an 0 ! case ) lat] ones4 ,be=e a nation has atta9$ to a r high degree ( civilisation its progress 9 ! cultivation ( music1 z an art1 is v sl[ inde$4 ,! in/rum5ts f\nd at ! pres5t day 9 ,asia are sc>cely sup]ior to ^? :i* 7 9 use among ori5tal nations ab\t ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x is1 !re=e1 p]haps n surpris+ t no mat]ial improvem5t is p]ceptible 9 ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5ts ( ,european c\ntries dur+ ! lapse ( ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s4 ,true1 evid5ces to be reli$ on ref]r+ to ! fir/ five or six c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era are b scanty2 al?\gh indications are n want+ :i* may help ! reflect+ musician4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,!re are "s e>ly monum5ts ( ,*ri/ian art dat+ f ! f\r? c5tury 9 :i* ! lyre is repres5t$4 ,9 "o ( !m ,*ri/ is depict$ z ,apollo t\*+ ! lyre4 ,?is in/rum5t occurs at an e>ly p]iod 9 we/]n ,europe z us$ 9 popul> pa/imes4 ,9 an ,anglo-saxon manuscript ( ! n9? c5tury 9 ! ,briti% museum 7,cleopatra ,c4 ,,viii47 are ! figures ( two gleem51 "o play+ ! lyre & ! o!r a d\ble-pipe4 ,m4 de ,c\ssemak] has publi%$ 9 ! 8,annales ,ar*ologiques0 ! figure ( a cr[n$ p]sonage play+ ! lyre1 :i* he f\nd 9 a manuscript ( ! n9? or t5? c5tury 9 ! libr>y at ,ang]s4 ,! play] twangs ! /r+s ) 8 f+]s1 :ile ! ,anglo-saxon gleeman be=e m5tion$ uses a plectrum4 ,ci?>a 0 a "n appli$ to sev]al /r+$ in/rum5ts greatly v>y+ 9 =m1 p[] ( s\nd1 & compass4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts a ci?>a f a manuscript ( ! n9? c5tury1 =m]ly 9 ! libr>y ( ! great mona/]y ( ,/4 ,blasius 9 ! ,black ,=e/4 ,:5 9 ! ye> #agfh ! mona/]y 0 de/roy$ by fire1 ?is valuable book p]i%$ 9 ! flames2 =tunately ! celebrat$ abbot ,g]b]t possess$ trac+s ( ! illu/rations1 :i* 7 sav$ f de/ruction4 ,he publi%$ !m1 9 ! ye> #aggd1 9 8 "w 8,de cantu et musica sacra40 ,sev]al illu/rations 9 ! foll[+ pages1 x w be se51 h be5 d]iv$ f ?is int]e/+ s\rce4 ,z ! old] works on music 7 g5]ally writt5 9 ,lat9 we d n le>n f !m ! popul> names ( ! in/rum5ts2 ! writ]s m]ely adopt$ su* ,lat9 names z !y ?\ght ! mo/ appropriate4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a v simple /r+$ in/rum5t ( a triangul> %ape1 & a some:at simil> "o ( a squ>e %ape 7 designat$ by ! "n ( psalt]ium2 & we fur!r give a woodcut ( ! squ>e k9d 7p4 #hf71 & ( a ci?>a 7above7 f ! same manuscript4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,?is la/ in/rum5t is evid5tly an improvem5t ^u ! triangul> psalt]ium1 because x has a sort ( small s\nd-bo>d at ! top4 ,sc>cely bett]1 ) reg>d to ac\/ics1 appe>s to h be5 ! in/rum5t designat$ z nablum1 :i* we engrave 7p4 #hg7 f a manuscript ( ! n9? c5tury at ,ang]s4 ,illu/ration ,a small psalt]ium ) /r+s plac$ ov] a s\nd-bo>d 0 app>5tly ! prototype ( ! citole2 a k9d ( dulcim] :i* 0 play$ ) ! f+]s4 ,! names 7 n only (t5 vaguely appli$ by ! m$ival writ]s b !y *ang$ also 9 almo/ e c5tury4 ,! psalt]ium1 or psalt]ion 7,italian salt]io1 ,engli% psalt]y71 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury & lat] _h ! trapezium %ape ( ! dulcim]4 ,illu/ration ,! ,anglo-saxons frequ5tly accompani$ _! vocal effusions ) a h>p1 m or less triangul> 9 %ape1--an in/rum5t :i* may be consid]$ r z con/itut+ ! transition ( ! lyre into ! h>p4 ,! repres5tation ( k+ ,david play+ ! h>p is f an ,anglo-saxon manuscript ( ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,! h>p 0 especially popul> 9 c5tral & nor!rn ,europe1 & 0 ! fav\rite in/rum5t ( ! ,g]man & ,celtic b>ds & ( ! ,sc&9avian skalds4 ,9 ! next illu/ration f ! manuscript ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,blasius twelve /r+s & two s\nd holes are giv5 to x4 ,a h>p simil> 9 =m & size1 b )\t ! front pill>1 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,p]haps ! addition 0 also non-exi/5t 9 ! e>lie/ specim5s app]ta9+ to ,european nations2 & a sculptur$ figure ( a small h>p con/ruct$ l ! anci5t ea/]n h>p has be5 discov]$ 9 ! old *ur* ( ,ull>d 9 ! c\nty ( ,kilk5ny4 ,( ?is curi\s relic1 :i* is said to date f a p]iod ant]ior to ! ye> #hjj1 a fac-simile tak5 f ,bunt+'s 8,anci5t ,music ( ,irel&0 is giv5 7p4 #ia74 ,z ,bunt+ 0 ! fir/ :o drew att5tion to ?is sculpture 8 acc\nt ( x may int]e/ ! read]4 8,! draw+0 he says 8is tak5 f "o ( ! ornam5tal comp>tm5ts ( a sculptur$ cross1 at ! old *ur* ( ,ull>d4 ,f ! /yle ( ! workman%ip1 z well z f ! worn condition ( ! cross1 x seems old] ?an ! simil> monum5t at ,mona/]boice :i* is kn[n to h be5 set up be=e ! ye> #hcj4 ,! sculpture is rude2 ! circul> rim :i* b9ds ! arms ( ! cross toge!r is n pi]c$ 9 ! quadrants1 & _m ( ! figures orig9ally 9 relievo are n[ :olly abrad$4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! numb] ( /r+s repres5t$ is six or sev52 b1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 accuracy 9 ?is respect _c be expect$ ei!r 9 sculptures or 9 _m picturesque draw+s40 ,! ,f9ns _h a h>p 7h>pu1 kantele7 ) a simil> frame1 devoid ( a front pill>1 /ill 9 use until ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ /r+$ in/rum5ts ( ! middle ages is ! rotta 7,g]man1 rotte2 ,engli%1 rote74 ,x 0 s\nd$ by twang+ ! /r+s1 & also by ! application ( ! b[4 ,! fir/ me?od 01 ( c\rse1 ! eld] "o4 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t :5 ! b[ came into use x 0 appli$ to c]ta9 popul> in/rum5ts :i* previ\sly _h be5 treat$ l ! ci?>a or ! psalt]ium4 ,! ,h9dus at ! pres5t day use _! suroda sometimes z a lute & sometimes z a fiddle4 ,9 "s measure we d ! same ) ! viol9 by play+ occasionally pizzicato4 ,! rotta 7%[n p4 #ia7 f ! manuscript ( ,/4 ,blasius is call$ 9 ,g]b]t's "w ci?>a teutonica1 :ile ! h>p is call$ ci?>a anglica2 f :i* x w\ld appe> t ! =m] 0 reg>d$ z pre-em95tly a ,g]man in/rum5t4 ,possibly its "n may h be5 orig9ally *rotta & ! cont95tal nations may h adopt$ x f ! ,celtic races ( ! ,briti% isles1 dropp+ ! guttural s\nd4 ,?is hypo!sis is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ^? :i* h be5 advanc$ by "s musical hi/orians )\t any satisfactory evid5ce4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,we engrave also ano!r repres5tation ( ,david play+ on ! rotta1 f a psalt] ( ! sev5? c5tury 9 ! ,briti% museum 7,cott4 ,vesp4 ,a4 ,i74 ,accord+ to tradition1 ?is psalt] is "o ( ! manuscripts :i* 7 s5t by pope ,gregory to ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,! in/rum5t mu* resembles ! lyre 9 ! h& ( ! musician 7see p4 #bb7 :o is suppos$ to be a ,hebrew ( ! "t ( ,joseph4 ,9 ! rotta ! anci5t ,asiatic lyre is easily to be recogniz$4 ,an illum9ation ( k+ ,david play+ ! rotta =ms ! frontispiece ( a manuscript ( ! eigh? c5tury pres]v$ 9 ! ca!dral libr>y ( ,durham2 & :i* is musically int]e/+ inasmu* z x repres5ts a rotta ( an oblong squ>e %ape l t j notic$ & resembl+ ! ,wel% crw?4 ,x has only five /r+s :i* ! p]=m] twangs ) 8 f+]s4 ,aga91 a v int]e/+ repres5tation 7:i* we engrave7 ( ! ,psalmi/ ) a k9d ( rotta occurs 9 a manuscript ( ! t5? c5tury1 9 ! ,briti% museum 7,vitellius ,f4 ,,xi474 ,! manuscript has be5 mu* injur$ by a fire 9 ! ye> #agca1 b ,pr(essor ,we/wood has succe$$1 ) great c>e1 & ) ! aid ( a magnify+ glass1 9 mak+ out ! l9es ( ! figure4 ,z x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! psalt] is writt5 9 ! ,iri% semi-uncial "* x is highly probable t ! k9d ( rotta repres5ts ! ,iri% cion> cruit1 :i* 0 play$ by twang+ ! /r+s & also by ! application ( a b[4 ,un=tunately we possess no well-au!nticat$ repres5tation ( ! ,wel% crw? ( an e>ly p]iod2 o!rwise we %\ld 9 all probability f9d x play$ ) ! f+]s1 or ) a plectrum4 ,v5antius ,=tunatus1 an ,italian :o liv$ 9 ! second half ( ! six? c5tury1 m5tions 9 a poem ! 8,*rotta ,britanna40 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 allude to ! b[1 & !re is no reason to suppose t x exi/$ 9 ,engl&4 ,h[beit1 ! ,wel% crw? 7,anglo-saxon1 crudh2 ,engli%1 cr[d7 is only kn[n z a species ( fiddle closely resembl+ ! rotta1 b hav+ a f+]-bo>d 9 ! middle ( ! op5 frame & be+ /rung ) only a few /r+s2 :ile ! rotta _h sometimes above tw5ty /r+s4 ,z x may int]e/ ! read] to exam9e ! =m ( ! mod]n crw? we give a woodcut ( x4 ,edw>d ,jones1 9 8 8,musical & poetical relicks ( ! ,wel% b>ds10 records t ! ,wel% _h be=e ?is k9d ( crw? a ?ree-/r+$ "o call$ 8,crw? ,tri?ant10 :i* 01 he says1 8a sort ( viol91 or m prop]ly a rebeck40 ,! ?ree-/r+$ crw? 0 *iefly us$ by ! inf]ior class ( b>ds2 & 0 probably ! ,moori% fiddle :i* is /ill ! fav\rite in/rum5t ( ! it9]ant b>ds ( ! ,bretons 9 ,france1 :o call x rbek4 ,! ,bretons1 x w be rememb]$1 are close k9sm5 ( ! ,wel%4 ,illu/ration ,a play] on ! crw? or cr[d 7a cr[d]7 f a bas-relief on ! "u "p ( ! seats ( ! *oir 9 ,worce/] ca!dral 7engrav$ p4 #ie7 dates f ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury2 & we give 7p4 #if7 a copy ( an illum9ation f a manuscript 9 ! ,biblio?que royale at ,p>is ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! play] we>s a cr[n on 8 head2 & 9 ! orig9al "s musicians plac$ at 8 side are p]=m+ on ! psalt]ium & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,^! la/ are figur$ ) uncov]$ heads2 :5ce ,m4 de ,c\ssemak] concludes t ! cr\t 0 consid]$ by ! arti/ :o drew ! figures z ! noble/ in/rum5t4 ,x 0 probably id5tical ) ! rotta ( ! same c5tury on ! cont95t4 ,illu/ration ,an int]e/+ draw+ ( an ,anglo-saxon fiddle--or fi!le1 z x 0 call$--is giv5 9 a manuscript ( ! elev5? c5tury 9 ! ,briti% museum 7,cotton1 ,tib]ius1 c4 #f74 ,! in/rum5t is ( a pe> %ape1 ) f\r /r+s1 & ! bridge is n indicat$4 ,a ,g]man fiddle ( ! n9? c5tury1 call$ lyra1 copi$ by ,g]b]t f ! manuscript ( ,/4 ,blasius1 has only "o /r+4 ,^! are %[n 9 ! woodcuts 7p4 #ig74 ,o!r records ( ! employm5t ( ! fiddle-b[ 9 ,g]many 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies are n want+4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! fam\s #8,nibelung5li$' ,volk] is describ$ z wield+ ! fiddle-b[ n less dext]\sly ?an ! sword4 ,& 9 #8,*ronicon picturatum ,brunswic5se' ( ! ye> #abjc1 ! foll[+ miracul\s sign is record$ z hav+ occurr$ 9 ! village ( ,ossem]3 8,on ,w$nesday 9 ,:itsun-week1 :ile ! p>son 0 fiddl+ to 8 peasants :o 7 danc+1 !re came a fla% ( lightn+ & /ruck ! p>son's arm :i* held ! fiddle-b[1 & kill$ tw5ty-f\r p on ! spot40 ,illu/ration ,among ! olde/ repres5tations ( p]=m]s on in/rum5ts ( ! viol9 k9d f\nd 9 ,engl& ^? des]ve to be notic$ :i* are pa9t$ on ! int]ior ( ! ro( ( ,pet]bor\gh ca!dral4 ,!y are said to date f ! twelf? c5tury4 ,"o ( ^! figures is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! surpris+ resemblance :i* 8 in/rum5t be>s to our pres5t viol94 ,n only ! incurvations on ! sides ( ! body b also ! two s\nd-holes are ne>ly id5tical 9 %ape ) ^? made at ! pres5t day4 ,respect+ ! reliance to be plac$ on su* evid5ce1 x is necess>y to /ate t ! ro(1 orig9ally con/ruct$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aagg & #aaid1 0 ?or\ghly repair$ 9 ! ye> #ahce4 ,al?\gh we f9d x ass]t$ t 8! greate/ c>e 0 tak5 to reta9 e "p1 or to re/ore x to its orig9al /ate1 s t ! figures1 ev5 :]e ret\*$1 are 9 effect ! same z :5 fir/ pa9t$10 x nev]!less rema9s a debatable "q :e!r ! re/or]s h n admitt$ "s slight alt]ations1 & h !reby some:at mod]nis$ ! appe>ance ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,a slight t\* ) ! bru% at ! s\nd-holes1 ! screws1 or ! curvatures1 w\ld suffice to produce modifications :i* might to ! arti/ appe> z be+ only a r5ovation ( ! orig9al repres5tation1 b :i* to ! musical inve/igator greatly impair ! value ( ! evid5ce4 ,sculptures are1 !re=e1 m to be reli$ ^u 9 evid5ce ?an frescoes4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! con/ruction ( ! organi/rum requires b little explanation4 ,a glance at ! f+]-bo>d reveals at once t ! diff]5t tones 7 obta9$ by rais+ ! keys plac$ on ! neck "u ! /r+s1 & t ! keys 7 rais$ by means ( ! h&les at ! side ( ! neck4 ,( ! two bridges %[n on ! body1 ! "o situat$ ne>e/ ! middle 0 =m$ by a :eel 9 ! inside1 :i* project$ ?r\gh ! s\nd-bo>d4 ,! :eel :i* slightly t\*$ ! /r+s vibrat$ !m by friction :5 turn$ by ! h&le at ! end4 ,! ord] ( int]vals 0 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 a1 b-flat1 b-natural1 c1 & 7 obta9able on ! highe/ /r+4 ,!re is reason to suppose t ! o!r two /r+s 7 g5]ally tun$ a fif? & an octave bel[ ! highe/4 ,! organi/rum may be reg>d$ z ! pr$ecessor ( ! hurdy-gurdy1 & 0 a r cumbr\s contrivance4 ,two p]sons seem to h be5 requir$ to s\nd x1 "o to turn ! h&le & ! o!r to manage ! keys4 ,?us x is g5]ally repres5t$ 9 m$ival conc]ts4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! mono*ord 7p4 #ajj7 0 m\nt$ ) a s+le /r+ /ret*$ ov] two bridges :i* 7 fix$ on an oblong box4 ,! /r+ c\ld be tight5$ or slack5$ by means ( a turn+ screw ins]t$ into "o end ( ! box4 ,! int]vals ( ! scale 7 m>k$ on ! side1 & 7 regulat$ by a sort ( movable bridge plac$ b5ea? ! /r+ :5 requir$4 ,z might be expect$1 ! mono*ord 0 *iefly us$ by !ori/s2 = any musical p]=mance x 0 b little suitable4 ,ab\t a ?\s& ye>s ago :5 ?is mono*ord 0 9 use ! musical scale 0 diatonic1 ) ! exception ( ! int]val ( ! sev5?1 :i* 0 *romatic inasmu* z bo? b-flat & b-natural =m$ "p ( ! scale4 ,! notation on ! prec$+ page exhibits ! compass z well z ! ord] ( int]vals adh]$ to ab\t ! t5? c5tury4 ,?is ought to be borne 9 m9d 9 exam9+ ! repres5tations ( musical in/rum5ts transmitt$ to u f t p]iod4 ,z reg>ds ! w9d in/rum5ts popul> dur+ ! middle ages1 "s 7 ( qua9t =m z well z ( rude con/ruction4 ,! *orus1 or *oron1 _h ei!r "o or two tubes1 z 9 ! woodcut page #aja4 ,!re 7 sev]al v>ieties ( ?is in/rum5t2 sometimes x 0 con/ruct$ ) a bladd] into :i* ! tube is ins]t$2 ?is k9d ( *orus resembl$ ! bagpipe2 ano!r k9d resembl$ ! poongi ( ! ,h9dus1 m5tion$ page #ea4 ,! "n *orus 0 also appli$ to c]ta9 /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,"o ( ^! _h mu* ! =m ( ! ci?>a1 page #hf4 ,x appe>s h[ev]1 probable t *orus or *oron orig9ally designat$ a horn 7,hebrew1 ,k]52 ,greek1 ,k]as2 ,lat91 cornu74 ,illu/ration ,! flutes ( ! middle ages 7 bl[n at ! end1 l ! flageolet4 ,( ! syr9x !re are extant "s illu/rations ( ! n9? & t5? c5turies1 :i* exhibit ! in/rum5t ) a numb] ( tubes ti$ toge!r1 j l ! ,p&ean pipe /ill 9 use4 ,9 "o specim5 engrav$ 7page #ajb7 f a manuscript ( ! elev5? c5tury ! tubes 7 ins]t$ into a b[l-%ap$ box4 ,?is is probably ! fre/ele1 fretel1 or fretiau1 :i* 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies 0 9 fav\r ) ! ,fr5* mntri]s4 ,"s l>ge ,anglo-saxon trumpets may be se5 9 a manuscript ( ! eigh? c5tury 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,! l>ge/ k9d ( trumpet 0 plac$ on a /& :5 bl[n4 ,( ! oliphant1 or hunt+ horn1 "s f9e specim5s are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4 ,! sackbut 7( :i* we give a woodcut7 probably made ( metal1 c\ld be drawn out to alt] ! pit* ( s\nd4 ,! sackbut ( ! n9? c5tury _h1 h[ev]1 a v diff]5t %ape to t 9 use ab\t ?ree c5turies ago1 & mu* m resembl$ ! pres5t trombone4 ,! "n sackbut is suppos$ to be a corruption ( sambuca4 ,! ,fr5*1 ab\t ! fifte5? c5tury1 call$ x sacqueb\te & saquebutte4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! mo/ important w9d in/rum5t--9 fact1 ! k+ ( all ! musical in/rum5ts--is ! organ4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! pneumatic organ is sculptur$ on an obelisk :i* 0 erect$ 9 ,con/ant9ople "u ,!odosius ! great1 t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! bell[s 7 press$ by m5 /&+ on !m3 see page #ajc4 ,?is int]e/+ monum5t also exhibits p]=m]s on ! d\ble flute4 ,! hydraulic organ1 :i* is record$ to h be5 already kn[n ab\t two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 0 accord+ to "s /atem5ts occasionally employ$ 9 *ur*es dur+ ! e>li] c5turies ( ! middle ages4 ,probably x 0 m frequ5tly he>d 9 secul> ent]ta9m5ts = :i* x 0 m suitable2 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury appe>s to h be5 entirely supplant$ by ! pneumatic organ4 ,! e>lie/ organs _h only ab\t a doz5 pipes4 ,! l>ge/1 :i* 7 made ab\t n9e hundr$ ye>s ago1 _h only ?ree octaves1 9 :i* ! *romatic int]vals did n occur4 ,"s progress 9 ! con/ruction ( ! organ is exhibit$ 9 an illu/ration 7engrav$ p4 #ajd7 dat+ f ! twelf? c5tury1 9 a psalt] ( ,eadw9e1 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity college1 ,cambridge4 ,! in/rum5t has t5 pipes1 or p]haps f\rte51 z f\r ( !m appe> to be d\ble pipes4 ,x requir$ f\r m5 ex]t+ all _! p[] to produce ! necess>y w9d1 & two m5 to play ! in/rum5t4 ,moreov]1 bo? play]s seem also to be busily engag$ 9 direct+ ! bl[]s ab\t ! prop] supply ( w9d4 ,six m5 & only f\rte5 pipes6 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t s9ce ! twelf? c5tury "s progress has be5 made1 at all ev5ts1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! organ4 ,illu/ration ,! p$al is g5]ally believ$ to h be5 inv5t$ by ,b]nh>d1 a ,g]man1 :o liv$ 9 ,v5ice ab\t ! ye> #adgj4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 indications extant po9t+ to an e>li] date ( its inv5tion4 ,p]haps ,b]nh>d 0 ! fir/ :o1 by adopt+ a m practicable con/ruction1 made ! p$al m g5]ally kn[n4 ,on ! e>lie/ organs ! keys ( ! f+]-bo>d 7 ( enorm\s size1 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! pres5t day2 s t a f+]-bo>d ) only n9e keys _h a bread? ( f f\r to five feet4 ,! organi/ /ruck ! keys d[n ) 8 fi/1 z is done 9 play+ ! c>illon /ill 9 use on ! cont95t1 ( :i* pres5tly "s acc\nt w be giv54 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,( ! little portable organ1 kn[n z ! regal or regals1 (t5 ta/efully %ap$ & embelli%$1 "s int]e/+ sculptur$ repres5tations are /ill extant 9 ! old ecclesia/ical edifices ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 9 ,bev]ley m9/] a figure ( a man play+ on a s+le regal1 or a regal provid$ ) only "o set ( pipes2 & 9 ,melrose abbey ! figure ( an angel hold+ 9 8 arms a d\ble regal1 ! pipes ( :i* are 9 two sets4 ,! regal g5]ally _h keys l ^? ( ! organ b small]4 ,a pa9t+ 9 ! national ,gall]y1 by ,melozzo da ,=li :o liv$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 conta9s a regal :i* has keys ( a peculi> %ape1 r resembl+ ! pi/ons ( c]ta9 brass in/rum5ts4 ,! illu/ration has be5 drawn f t pa9t+4 ,to avoid misappreh5sion1 x is necess>y to m5tion t ! "n regal 7or regals1 rigols7 0 also appli$ to an in/rum5t ( p]cussion ) sonor\s slabs ( wood4 ,?is contrivance 01 9 %ort1 a k9d ( h>monica1 resembl+ 9 %ape z well z 9 ! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction ! little glass h>monica1 a m]e toy1 9 :i* slips ( glass are arrang$ accord+ to our musical scale4 ,9 ,engl& x appe>s to h be5 /ill kn[n 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,grass9eau describes ! 8,rigols0 z 8a k9d ( musical in/rum5t consi/+ ( sev]al /icks b\nd toge!r1 only sep>at$ by beads4 ,x makes a tol]able h>mony1 be+ well /ruck ) a ball at ! end ( a /ick40 ,9 ! e>li] c5turies ( ! middle ages !re appe> to h be5 "s in/rum5ts ( p]cussion 9 fav\r1 to :i* ,grass9eau's expression 8a tol]able h>mony0 w\ld sc>cely h be5 applicable4 ,drums1 ( c\rse1 7 kn[n2 & _! rhy?mical noise mu/ h be5 s(t music1 comp>$ ) ! %rill s\nds ( ! cymbalum2 a contrivance consi/+ ( a numb] ( metal plates susp5d$ on cords1 s t !y c\ld be cla%$ toge!r simultane\sly2 or ) ! clang\r ( ! cymbalum con/ruct$ ) bells in/ead ( plates2 or ) ! pi]c+ noise ( ! bunibulum1 or bombulom2 an in/rum5t :i* consi/$ ( an angul> frame to :i* 7 loosely atta*$ metal plates ( v>i\s %apes & sizes4 ,! l[] "p ( ! frame con/itut$ ! h&le3 & to produce ! noise x evid5tly 0 %ak5 some:at l ! si/rum ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,we give woodcuts ( ! ?ree in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration ,! triangle ne>ly resembl$ ! in/rum5t ( ?is "n 9 use at ! pres5t day2 x 0 m elegant 9 %ape & _h "s metal ornam5tation 9 ! middle4 ,! t9t9nabulum consi/$ ( a numb] ( bells arrang$ 9 regul> ord] & susp5d$ 9 a frame4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,respect+ ! or*e/ras1 or musical b&s1 repres5t$ on monum5ts ( ! middle ages1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! arti/s :o sculptur$ !m 7 n unfrequ5tly l$ by _! imag9ation r ?an by an adh]5ce to actual fact4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n likely t !y introduc$ into su* repres5tations in/rum5ts t 7 nev] admitt$ 9 ! or*e/ras1 & :i* w\ld h appe>$ inappropriate to ! contempor>ies ( ! arti/s4 ,an exam9ation ( "o or two ( ! or*e/ras may !re=e f9d a place "h1 especially z !y ?r[ "s additional light ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ! in/rum5tal music ( m$ival "t4 ,a v int]e/+ gr\p ( music p]=m]s dat+1 x is said1 f ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury is pres]v$ 9 a bas-relief :i* =m]ly ornam5t$ ! abbey ( ,/4 ,georges de ,bos*]ville & :i* is n[ remov$ to ! museum ( ,r\54 ,! or*e/ra comprises twelve p]=m]s1 mo/ ( :om we> a cr[n4 ,! fir/ ( !m plays ^u a viol1 :i* he holds betwe5 8 knees z ! violoncello is held4 ,8 in/rum5t is sc>cely z l>ge z ! smalle/ viola da gamba4 ,by 8 side are a royal lady & h] att5dant1 ! =m] play+ on an organi/rum ( :i* ! latt] is turn+ ! :eel4 ,next to ^! is repres5t$ a p]=m] on a syr9x ( ! k9d %[n 9 ! engrav+ p4 #aab2 & next to him a p]=m] on a /r+$ in/rum5t resembl+ a lute1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is too mu* dilapidat$ to be recognisable4 ,!n we h a musician ) a small /r+$ in/rum5t resembl+ ! nablum1 p4 #hg4 ,! next musician1 also repres5t$ z a royal p]sonage1 plays on a small species ( h>p4 ,!n foll[s a cr[n$ musician play+ ! viol :i* he holds 9 almo/ precisely ! same mann] z ! viol9 is held4 ,aga91 ano!r1 likewise cr[n$1 plays ^u a h>p1 us+ ) ! "r h& a plectrum & ) ! left h& m]ely 8 f+]s4 ,! la/ two p]=m]s1 app>5tly a g5tleman & a g5tlewoman1 are engag$ 9 /rik+ ! t9t9nabulum1--a set ( bells 9 a frame4 ,illu/ration ,9 ?is gr\p ( cr[n$ m9/rels ! sculptor has introduc$ a tumbl] /&+ on 8 head1 p]haps ! vocali/ ( ! company1 z he has no in/rum5t to play ^u4 ,possibly ! sculptor desir$ to symbolise ! hil>i\s effects :i* music is capable ( produc+1 z well z its elevat+ influ5ce ^u ! devotional feel+s4 ,illu/ration ,! two positions 9 :i* we f9d ! viol held is wor?y ( notice1 inasmu* z x ref]s ! inquir] fur!r back ?an might be expect$ = ! orig9 ( our peculi> me?od ( hold+ ! viol91 & ! violoncello1 9 play+4 ,!re 7 sev]al k9ds ( ! viol 9 use diff]+ 9 size & 9 compass ( s\nd4 ,! mo/ common numb] ( /r+s 0 five1 & x 0 tun$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"o k9d _h a /r+ tun$ to ! note ,illu/ration runn+ at ! side ( ! f+]-bo>d in/ead ( ov] x2 ?is /r+ 01 !re=e1 only capable ( produc+ a s+le tone4 ,! f\r o!r /r+s 7 tun$ ?us3 ,illu/ration ,two o!r species1 on :i* all ! /r+s 7 plac$ ov] ! f+]-bo>d1 7 tun$3 ,illu/ration &3 ,illu/ration ,! woodcut above repres5ts a v beautiful vielle2 ,fr5*1 ( ab\t #aeej1 ) monograms ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,?is is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! contrivance ( plac+ a /r+ or two at ! side ( ! f+]-bo>d is evid5tly v old1 & 0 also gradually adopt$ on o!r in/rum5ts ( ! viol9 class ( a some:at lat] p]iod ?an t ( ! vielle2 = in/ance1 on ! lira di braccio ( ! ,italians4 ,x 0 likewise adopt$ on ! lute1 to obta9 a full] p[] 9 ! bass2 & h5ce arose ! !orbo1 ! ar*lute1 & o!r v>ieties ( ! old lute4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,reid4 ,,del4 ,,or*e/ra1 ,,twelf? ,,c5tury1 ,,at ,,santiago4 ,a gr& assemblage ( musical p]=m]s is repres5t$ on ! ,portico della gloria ( ! fam\s pilgrimage *ur* ( ,santiago da ,compo/ella1 9 ,spa94 ,?is triple portal1 :i* is /at$ by an inscription on ! l9tel to h be5 execut$ 9 ! ye> #aahh1 consi/s ( a l>ge semicircul> ar* ) a small] ar* on ei!r side4 ,! c5tral ar* is fill$ by a tympanum1 r\nd :i* are tw5ty-f\r life-siz$ seat$ figures1 9 high relief1 repres5t+ ! tw5ty-f\r eld]s se5 by ,/4 ,john 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ea* ) an in/rum5t ( music4 ,^! in/rum5ts are c>efully repres5t$ & are ( great int]e/ z %[+ ^? 9 use 9 ,spa9 at ab\t ! twelf? c5tury4 ,a ca/ ( ?is sculpture is 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum4 ,9 exam9+ ! gr\p ( musicians on ?is sculpture ! read] w probably recognise sev]al in/rum5ts 9 _! h&s1 :i* are id5tical ) ^? already describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! organi/rum1 play$ by two p]sons1 is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr\p1 p]haps ow+ to its be+ ! l>ge/ ( ! in/rum5ts r ?an t x 0 di/+ui%$ by any sup]iority 9 s\nd or musical effect4 ,besides ! small h>p se5 9 ! h&s ( ! eigh? & n9ete5? musicians 79 =m ne>ly id5tical ) ! ,anglo-saxon h>p7 we f9d a small triangul> h>p1 )\t a front-pill>1 held on ! lap by ! fif? & eighte5? musicians4 ,! salt]io on ! lap ( ! t5? & sev5te5? musicians resembles ! dulcim]1 b seems to be play$ ) ! f+]s in/ead ( ) hamm]s4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ in/rum5t 9 ?is or*e/ra is ! vihuela1 or ,spani% viol1 ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 six?1 sev5?1 n9?1 tw5tie?1 tw5ty-second1 tw5ty-?ird1 & tw5ty-f\r? musicians are depict$ ) a vihuela :i* be>s a close resemblance to ! rebec4 ,! in/rum5t is repres5t$ ) ?ree /r+s1 al?\gh 9 "o or two in/ances five tun+-pegs are indicat$4 ,a l>ge species ( vihuela is giv5 to ! elev5?1 f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? musicians4 ,?is in/rum5t diff]s f ! rebec 9 z f> z its body is broad] & has incurvations at ! sides4 ,also ! s\nd-holes are diff]5t 9 =m & position4 ,! b[ does n occur ) any ( ^! viols4 ,b1 z w be obs]v$1 ! musicians are n repres5t$ 9 ! act ( play+2 !y are tun+ & prep>+ = ! p]=mance1 & ! second ( !m is adju/+ ! bridge ( 8 in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,( ,,! ,,m9/rels' ,,gall]y1 ,,exet] ,,ca!dral4 ,x,i,vth c5tury4 ,! m9/rels' gall]y ( ,exet] ca!dral dates f ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! front is divid$ into twelve ni*es1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a w+$ figure or an angel play+ on an in/rum5t ( music4 ,!re is a ca/ also ( ?is fam\s sculpture at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! in/rum5ts are s mu* dilapidat$ t "s ( !m _c be cle>ly recogniz$2 b1 z f> z may be asc]ta9$1 !y appe> to be z foll[s3--#a4 ,! citt]n4 #b4 ,! bagpipe4 #c4 ,! cl>ion1 a small trumpet hav+ a %rill s\nd4 #d4 ,! rebec4 #e4 ,! psalt]y4 #f4 ,! syr9x4 #g4 ,! sackbut4 #h4 ,! regals4 #i4 ,! gitt]n1 a small guit> /rung ) catgut4 #aj4 ,! %alm4 #aa4 ,! timbrel2 resembl+ our pres5t tamb\r9e1 ) a d\ble r[ ( g+les4 #ab4 ,cymbals4 ,mo/ ( ^! in/rum5ts h be5 already notic$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! %alm1 or %awm1 0 a pipe ) a re$ 9 ! m\?-hole4 ,! wait 0 an ,engli% w9d in/rum5t ( ! same con/ruction4 ,if x diff]$ 9 any respect f ! %alm1 ! diff]5ce consi/$ probably 9 ! size only4 ,! wait obta9$ its "n f be+ us$ pr9cipally by wat*m51 or waights1 to proclaim ! "t ( night4 ,su* 7 ! poor ance/ors ( our f9e oboe & cl>9et4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,po/-,,m$i,,val ,,musical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,att5tion mu/ n[ be drawn to "s in/rum5ts :i* orig9at$ dur+ ! middle ages1 b :i* atta9$ _! highe/ popul>ity at a some:at lat] p]iod4 ,illu/ration ,among ! be/ kn[n ( ^! 0 ! virg9al1 ( :i* we give an engrav+ f a specim5 ( ! "t ( ,elizabe? at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,ano!r 0 ! lute1 :i* ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago 0 almo/ z popul> z is at ! pres5t day ! pian(orte4 ,orig9ally x _h eight ?9 catgut /r+s arrang$ 9 f\r pairs1 ea* pair be+ tun$ 9 unison2 s t its op5 /r+s produc$ f\r tones2 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t m /r+s 7 add$4 ,until ! sixte5? c5tury twelve 0 ! l>ge/ numb] or1 r1 six pairs4 ,elev5 appe> = "s c5turies to h be5 ! mo/ usual numb] ( /r+s3 ^! produc$ six tones1 s9ce !y 7 arrang$ 9 five pairs & a s+le /r+4 ,! latt]1 call$ ! *ant]elle1 0 ! highe/4 ,accord+ to ,?omas ,mace1 ! ,engli% lute 9 common use dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury _h tw5ty-f\r /r+s1 arrang$ 9 twelve pairs1 ( :i* six pairs ran ov] ! f+]-bo>d & ! o!r six by ! side ( x4 ,?is lute 0 !re=e1 m prop]ly speak+1 a !orbo4 ,! neck ( ! lute1 & also ( ! !orbo1 _h frets consi/+ ( catgut /r+s tightly fa/5$ r\nd x at ! prop] di/ances requir$ = ensur+ a *romatic succession ( int]vals4 ,! illu/ration on ! next page repres5ts a lute-play] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! frets are n indicat$ 9 ! old engrav+ f :i* ! illu/ration has be5 tak54 ,! ord] ( tones adopt$ = ! op5 /r+s v>i$ 9 diff]5t c5turies & c\ntries3 & ?is 0 also ! case ) ! notation ( lute music4 ,! mo/ common practice 0 to write ! music on six l9es1 ! upp] l9e repres5t+ ! fir/ /r+2 ! second l9e1 ! second /r+1 c41 & to m>k ) lett]s on ! l9es ! frets at :i* ! f+]s ought to be plac$--a indicat+ ! op5 /r+1 b ! fir/ fret1 c ! second fret1 & s on4 ,! lute 0 made ( v>i\s sizes accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$ 9 p]=mance4 ,! treble-lute 0 ( ! smalle/ dim5sions1 & ! bass-lute ( ! l>ge/4 ,! !orbo1 or d\ble-neck$ lute :i* appe>s to h come into use dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 _h 9 addition to ! /r+s situat$ ov] ! f+]-bo>d a numb] ( o!rs runn+ at ! left side ( ! f+]-bo>d :i* c\ld n be %ort5$ by ! f+]s1 & :i* produc$ ! bass tones4 ,! l>ge/ k9ds ( !orbo 7 ! ar*lute & ! *it>rone4 ,x is unnecess>y to ent] "h into a detail$ description ( "s o!r in/rum5ts :i* h be5 popul> dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 = ! museum at ,k5s+ton conta9s specim5s ( _m ( !m ( :i* an acc\nt is giv5 9 ! l>ge catalogue ( t collection4 ,x mu/ suffice to ref] ! read] to ! illu/rations !re ( ! ci!r1 virg9al1 sp9et1 clavi*ord1 h>psi*ord1 & o!r antiquat$ in/rum5ts mu* e/eem$ by our =efa!rs4 ,/ud5ts :o exam9e ^! old relics w probably wi% to "k some?+ ab\t _! quality ( tone4 8,h[ d !y s\nd8 ,might !y /ill be made effective 9 our pres5t /ate ( ! art80 are que/ions :i* naturally occur to ! musical inquir] hav+ su* in/rum5ts br\ght be=e him4 ,a few words be>+ on ^! que/ions may !re=e n be out ( place "h4 ,illu/ration ,x is g5]ally & ju/ly admitt$ t 9 no o!r bran* ( ! art ( music has great] progress be5 made s9ce ! la/ c5tury ?an 9 ! con/ruction ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,nev]!less1 !re are p :o ?9k t we h also lo/ some?+ "h :i* might ) advantage be re/or$4 ,our v>i\s in/rum5ts by be+ m & m p]fect$ are becom+ too mu* alike 9 quality ( s\nd1 or 9 t "* ( tone :i* ! ,fr5* call timbre1 & ! ,g]mans ,klangf>be1 & :i* pr(essor ,tyndall 9 8 lectures on s\nd has translat$ clang-t9t4 ,e musical compos] kn[s h[ mu* m suitable "o clang-t9t is = ! expression ( a c]ta9 emotion ?an ano!r4 ,our old in/rum5ts1 imp]fect ?\gh !y 7 9 _m respects1 possess$ ?is v>iety ( clang-t9t to a high degree4 ,nei!r 7 !y on ?is acc\nt less capable ( expression ?an ! mod]n ones4 ,t no improvem5t has be5 made dur+ ! la/ two c5turies 9 in/rum5ts ( ! viol9 class is a well-kn[n fact4 ,z to lutes & ci!rs ! collection at ,k5s+ton conta9s specim5s s ri* & mell[ 9 tone z to cause musicians to regret t ^! in/rum5ts h entirely fall5 into oblivion4 ,z reg>ds beauty ( appe>ance our e>li] in/rum5ts 7 c]ta9ly sup]ior to ! mod]n4 ,inde$1 we h n[ sc>cely a musical in/rum5t :i* c be call$ beautiful4 ,! old lutes1 sp9ets1 viols1 dulcim]s1 c41 are n only elegant 9 %ape b are also (t5 ta/efully ornam5t$ ) c>v+s1 designs 9 m>quetry1 & pa9t+4 ,illu/ration ,! play] on ! viola da gamba1 %[n 9 ! next engrav+1 is a r$uc$ copy ( an illu/ration 9 8,! ,division ,violi/10 ,london1 #afei4 ,x %[s exactly h[ ! frets 7 regulat$1 & h[ ! b[ 0 held4 ,! mo/ popul> in/rum5ts play$ ) a b[1 at t "t1 7 ! treble-viol1 ! t5or-viol1 & ! bass-viol4 ,x 0 usual = viol play]s to h 8a *e/ ( viols10 a case conta9+ f\r or m viols1 ( diff]5t sizes4 ,?us1 ,?omas ,mace 9 8 directions = ! use ( ! viol1 8,musick's ,monum5t0 #afgf1 rem>ks1 8,y\r be/ provision1 & mo/ complete1 w be a good *e/ ( viols1 six 9 numb]1 viz41 two basses1 two t5ors1 & two trebles1 all truly & proportionably suit$40 ,! violi/1 to be prop]ly furni%$ ) 8 requirem5ts1 _h !re=e to supply himself ) a l>g] /ock ( in/rum5ts ?an ! viol9i/ ( ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration ,t !re 01 9 ! "t ( ,%akespe>e1 a musical in/rum5t call$ record] is und\bt$ly kn[n to mo/ read]s f ! /age direction 9 ,hamlet3 ,re-ent] play]s ) record]s4 ,b n _m are likely to h ev] se5 a record]1 z x has n[ become v sc>ce3 we !re=e give an illu/ration ( ?is old in/rum5t1 :i* is copi$ f 8,! ,g5teel ,companion2 ,be+ exact ,directions = ! ,record]3 etc40 ,london1 #afhc4 ,! bagpipe appe>s to h be5 f "t immemorial a special fav\rite in/rum5t ) ! ,celtic races2 b x 0 p]haps q z mu* admir$ by ! ,slavonic nations4 ,9 ,pol&1 & 9 ! ,ukra9e1 x us$ to be made ( ! :ole sk9 ( ! goat 9 :i* ! %ape ( ! animal1 :5ev] ! bagpipe 0 exp&$ ) air1 appe>$ fully reta9$1 exhibit+ ev5 ! head ) ! horns2 h5ce ! bagpipe 0 call$ kosa1 :i* signifies a goat4 ,! woodcut p4 #abj repres5ts a ,scot* bagpipe ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! bagpipe is ( high antiquity 9 ,irel&1 & is allud$ to 9 ,iri% poetry & prose said to date f ! t5? c5tury4 ,a pig gravely engag$ 9 play+ ! bagpipe is repres5t$ 9 an illum9at$ ,iri% manuscript1 ( ! ye> #acjj3 & we give p4 #aba a copy ( a woodcut f 8,! ,image ( ,irel&10 a book pr9t$ 9 ,london 9 #aeha4 ,illu/ration ,! bell has always be5 s mu* 9 popul> fav\r 9 ,engl& t "s acc\nt ( x mu/ n be omitt$4 ,paul ,h5tzn] a ,g]man1 :o visit$ ,engl& 9 ! ye> #aeih1 records 9 8 j\rnal3 8,! p are va/ly fond ( great noises t fill ! e>1 su* z ! fir+ ( cannon1 drums1 & ! r++ ( bells2 s t 9 ,london x is common = a numb] ( !m t h got a glass 9 _! heads to g up into "s belfry1 & r+ ! bells = h\rs toge!r = ! sake ( ex]cise40 ,?is may be exagg]ation1--n unusual ) travell]s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a fact t bell-r++ has be5 a fav\rite amusem5t ) ,engli%m5 = c5turies4 ,! way 9 :i* *ur* bells are susp5d$ & fa/5$1 s z to p]mit ( _! be+ made to vibrate 9 ! mo/ effective mann] )\t damag+ by _! vibration ! build+ 9 :i* !y are plac$1 is 9 "s c\ntries v peculi>4 ,! ,italian campanile1 or t[] ( bells1 is n unfrequ5tly sep>at$ f ! *ur* itself4 ,9 ,s]via ! *ur* bells are (t5 hung 9 a frame-"w ( timb] built ne> ! we/ end ( ! *ur*4 ,9 ,zante & o!r isl&s ( ,greece ! belfry is usually sep>ate f ! *ur*4 ,! reason assign$ by ! ,greeks = hav+ adopt$ ?is plan is t 9 case ( an e>?quake ! bells are likely to fall &1 7 !y plac$ 9 a t[]1 w\ld de/roy ! ro( ( ! *ur* & might cause ! de/ruction ( ! :ole build+4 ,also 9 ,russia a special edifice = ! bells is g5]ally sep>ate f ! *ur*4 ,9 ! ,russian villages ! bells are n unfrequ5tly hung 9 ! bran*es ( an oak-tree ne> ! *ur*4 ,9 ,icel& ! bell is usually plac$ 9 ! ly*-gate lead+ to ! gravey>d4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! idea ( =m+ ( a numb] ( bells a musical in/rum5t su* z ! c>illon is said by "s to h sugge/$ itself fir/ to ! ,engli% & ,dut*2 b :at we h se5 9 ,asiatic c\ntries suffici5tly refutes ?is4 ,moreov]1 n only ! ,romans employ$ v>i\sly arrang$ & attun$ bells1 b also among ! ,etruscan antiquities an in/rum5t has be5 discov]$ :i* is con/ruct$ ( a numb] ( bronze vessels plac$ 9 a r[ on a metal rod4 ,num]\s bells1 v>y+ 9 size & tone1 h also be5 f\nd 9 ,etruscan tombs4 ,among ! lat] contrivances ( ?is k9d 9 ,european c\ntries ! sets ( bells susp5d$ 9 a wood5 frame1 :i* we f9d 9 m$ival illum9ations1 des]ve notice4 ,9 ! ,briti% museum is a manuscript ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 :i* k+ ,david is depict$ hold+ 9 ea* h& a hamm] ) :i* he /rikes ^u bells ( diff]5t dim5sions1 susp5d$ on a wood5 /&4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! device ( play+ tunes by means ( bells m]ely swung by ! h& is also ( anci5t date4 ,9 ,lanca%ire ea* ( ! r+]s manages two bells1 hold+ "o 9 ei!r h&4 ,?us1 an assemblage ( sev5 r+]s insures f\rte5 diff]5t tones2 & z ea* r+] may *ange 8 two notes by sub/itut+ two o!r bells if requir$1 ev5 compositions ) v>i\s modulations1 & ( a some:at intricate "*1 may be execut$1--provid$ ! r+]s are good timei/s2 = ea* has1 ( c\rse1 to take c>e to fall 9 ) 8 note1 j z a memb] ( ! ,russian horn b& contributes 8 s+le note :5ev] x occurs4 ,peal-r++ is ano!r pa/ime ( ! k9d :i* may be reg>d$ z pre-em95tly national to ,engl&4 ,! bells con/itut+ a peal are frequ5tly ( ! numb] ( eight1 attun$ to ! diatonic scale4 ,also peals ( t5 bells1 & ev5 ( twelve1 are occasionally =m$4 ,a peculi> feature ( peal-r++ is t ! bells1 :i* are provid$ ) clapp]s1 are g5]ally swung s =cibly z to raise ! m\? completely upw>ds4 ,! l>ge/ peal1 & "o ( ! f9e/1 is at ,exet] ca!dral3 ano!r celebrat$ "o is t ( ,/4 ,m>g>et's1 ,leice/]1 :i* consi/s ( t5 bells4 ,peal-r++ is ( an e>ly date 9 ,engl&2 ,egelric1 abbot ( ,croyl&1 is record$ to h ca/ ab\t ! ye> #ifj a set ( six bells4 ,! c>illon 7engrav$ on ! opposite page7 is especially popul> 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,belgium1 b is also f\nd 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & "s o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,x is g5]ally plac$ 9 ! *ur* t[] & also sometimes 9 o!r public edifices4 ,! /atem5t repeat$ by sev]al writ]s t ! fir/ c>illon 0 inv5t$ 9 ! ye> #adha 9 ! t[n ( ,alo/ is n to be tru/$1 = ! t[n ( ,bruges claims to h possess$ simil> *imes 9 ! ye> #acjj4 ,!re are two k9ds ( c>illons 9 use on ! cont95t1 viz43 clock *imes1 :i* are mov$ by ma*9]y1 l a self-act+ b>rel-organ2 & su* z are provid$ ) a set ( keys1 by means ( :i* ! tunes are play$ by a musician4 ,! c>illon 9 ! #8,p>o*ial-,kir*e' at ,b]l91 :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ,g]many1 conta9s ?irty-sev5 bells2 & is provid$ ) a key-bo>d = ! h&s & ) a p$al1 :i* toge!r place at ! disposal ( ! p]=m] a compass ( r m ?an ?ree octaves4 ,! keys ( ! manual are metal rods some:at above a foot 9 l5g?2 & are press$ d[n ) ! palms ( ! h&4 ,! keys ( ! p$al are ( wood2 ! in/rum5t requires n only great dext]ity b also a consid]able physical p[]4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ rapidly passages c be execut$ ^u x by ! play]1 :o is g5]ally ! organi/ ( ! *ur* 9 :i* he acts z c>illoneur4 ,:5 engag$ 9 ! la/-nam$ capacity he usually we>s lea!rn gloves to protect 8 f+]s1 z !y are o!rwise apt to become ill fit = ! m delicate treatm5t ( ! organ4 ,! want ( a contrivance 9 ! c>illon = /opp+ ! vibration has ! effect ( mak+ rapid passages1 if he>d ne>1 s\nd z a confus$ noise2 only at "s di/ance are !y tol]able4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! c>illon is int5d$ especially to be he>d f a di/ance4 ,successions ( tones :i* =m a consonant *ord1 & :i* h "s duration1 are evid5tly ! mo/ suitable = ?is in/rum5t4 ,inde$1 e musical in/rum5t possesses c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* r5d] x especially suitable = ! production ( "s p>ticul> effects4 ,! inv5tion ( a new in/rum5t ( music has1 !re=e1 n unfrequ5tly l$ to ! adoption ( new effects 9 compositions4 ,take ! pian(orte1 :i* 0 inv5t$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & :i* has n[ obta9$ s great a popul>ity3 its *>act]i/ics inspir$ our great compos]s to ! inv5tion ( effects1 or expressions1 :i* _c be prop]ly r5d]$ on any o!r in/rum5t1 h[ev] sup]ior 9 "s respects x may be to ! pian(orte4 ,?us also ! improvem5ts :i* h be5 made dur+ ! pres5t c5tury 9 ! con/ruction ( our brass in/rum5ts1 & ! inv5tion ( sev]al new brass in/rum5ts1 h evid5tly be5 n )\t influ5ce ^u ! conceptions display$ 9 our mod]n or*e/ral works4 ,imp]fect ?\gh ?is essay may be x w probably h conv9c$ ! read] t a ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! music ( diff]5t nations elucidates _m facts illu/rative ( our own musical in/rum5ts1 :i* to ! unprep>$ obs]v] mu/ appe> mi/y & imp5etrable4 ,9 tru?1 x is ) ?is /udy z ) any o!r sci5tific pursuit4 ,! unassi/$ eye sees only fa9t nebul :]e ) ! aid ( ! telescope bright />s are reveal$4 ,,index4 ,al-,f>abi1 a great p]=m] on ! lute1 #eg ,am]ican ,indian in/rum5ts1 #ei1 #gg value ( inquiry1 #ei trumpets1 #fg !ories z to orig9 f musical in/rum5ts1 #hj ,arab in/rum5ts v num]\s1 #ef ,ar*lute1 #aji1 #aae ,a%antee trumpet1 #b ,asor expla9$1 #ai ,assyrian in/rum5ts1 #af 8,aulos10 #cb ,bagpipe1 ,hebrew1 #bc ,greek1 #ca ,celtic1 #aai ,b>biton1 #ca1 #cd ,bells1 ,hebrew1 #be ,p]uvian1 #ge & r++1 #aba-abc ,blasius1 ,sa9t1 ! manuscript1 #hf ,bones1 traditions ab\t !m1 #dg made into flutes1 #fd ,bottles1 z musical in/rum5ts1 #ga ,b[1 see ,viol9 ,bruce1 8 discov]y ( h>ps on frescoes1 #aa ,capi/rum1 #ce ,c>illon1 #aba1 #abd ,catgut1 h[ made1 #a ,*ant]elle1 #aad ,*elys1 #cj ,*9ese in/rum5ts1 #ch bells1 #dj drum1 #dd flutes1 #de bo>d ( music1 #hj ,*orus1 #ii ,cimbal1 or dulcim]1 #e ,ci?>a1 #hf ,anglican1 #ib ,citt]n1 #aac ,cl>ion1 #aac ,cornu1 #cf ,cr[d1 #id ,crw?1 #cd1 #ic ,cymbals1 ,hebrew1 #be or cymbalum1 #aje #aac ,david's 7,k+7 private b&1 #ai 8 fav\rite in/rum5t1 #bj ,diaulos1 #cb ,drum1 ,hebrew1 #bd ,greek1 #cb ,*9ese1 #dd ,mexican1 #ga1 #gc ,dulcim]1 #e ,assyrian1 #ag ,hebrew1 #ai ,p]sian prototype1 #ed ,egyptian 7anci5t7 musical in/rum5ts1 #aj ,egyptian h>ps1 #aa flutes1 #ab ,etruscan in/rum5ts1 #cc flutes1 #cc trumpet1 #cc ,fiddle1 orig9ally a poor contrivance1 #ej ,fiddle1 ,anglo-saxon1 #ie e>ly ,g]man1 #ie ,fi/ula1 #cf ,flute1 ,greek1 #cb ,p]sian1 #ef ,mexican1 #fc ,p]uvian1 #fc m$ival1 #ajj 8,free re$10 :5ce import$1 #e ,g]b]t1 abbot1 #hf ,greek in/rum5ts1 #bg music1 :5ce d]iv$1 #bg ,hallelujah1 comp>$ ) ,p]uvian song1 #hb ,h>monicon1 ,*9ese1 #db ,h>p1 ,egyptian1 #aa ,assyrian1 #af ,hebrew1 #ai ,greek1 #bh ,anglo-saxon1 #hi ,iri%1 #ij ,hebrew in/rum5ts1 #ai1 #bf pipe1 #bb drum1 #bd cymbals1 #be words among ,indians1 #hc ,h9du in/rum5ts1 #df-dh ,hurdy-gurdy1 #ajg ,hydraulos1 hydraulic organ1 #cc ,in/rum5ts1 curi\s %apes1 #b value & use ( collections1 #d1 #e1 #g ,in/rum5ts1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian1 #ah ,jubal1 #bf ,jurup>is1 its sacr$ "*1 #fh ,k9nor1 #bj ,k+1 ,*9ese1 #ci v>i\s %apes1 #dj ,lute1 ,*9ese1 #df ,p]sian1 #ed ,moori%1 #eg ,elizabe?an1 #aad ,lyre1 ,assyrian1 #ag ,hebrew1 #ai ( ! "t ( ,joseph1 #ba ,lyre1 ,greek1 #bi1 #cj ,roman1 #cd v>i\s k9ds1 #cd e>ly ,*ri/ian1 #hf e>ly ,g]man 8lyra10 #ie ,magadis1 #bg1 #ca ,magrepha1 #bc ,maori trumpet1 #b ,mat]ials1 commonly1 ( in/rum5ts1 #a ,m$ival musical in/rum5ts1 #he d]iv$ f ,asia1 #he ,mexican in/rum5ts1 #fj :i/le1 #fj pipe1 #fa1 #ha flute1 #fc trumpet1 #fi1 #hb drum1 #ga songs1 #gi c\ncil ( music1 #hj ,m9nim1 #bb ,mono*ord1 #ih ,moori% in/rum5ts adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 #ef ,muses on a vase at ,muni*1 #cj ,music "o ( ! f9e arts1 #a ,nablia1 #ce1 #hh ,nadr b5 el-,h>es1 #ed ,n>$a1 inv5tor ( ,h9du in/rum5ts1 #df ,n]o co9 ) an organ1 #cd ,n(re1 a guit>1 #aa ,oboe1 ,p]sian1 #ef ,oliphant1 #aja ,or*e/ra1 #ajg modifications1 #g ,organi/rum1 #ih1 #aaa ,organ1 #aja pneumatic & hydraulic1 #aja 9 ,,ms4 ( ,eadw9e1 #ajc ,p&\ra1 #ca ,p$al1 inv5t$1 #ajc ,p]sian in/rum5ts1 #ea h>p1 #ea ,p]uvian pipes1 #fe drum1 #gd bells1 #ge /r+$ in/rum5ts1 #gg songs1 #gh1 #gi ,pet]bor\gh pa9t+s ( viol9s1 #ie ,pipe1 s+le & d\ble1 #bb ,mexican1 #fa ,p]uvian1 #fe ,plektron1 #cj ,poongi1 ,h9du1 #ea ,pre-hi/oric in/rum5ts1 #i ,psalt]ium1 #ce1 #hg1 #hi1 #aaa1 #aac ,rattle ( ,nootka ,s\nd1 #b ,am]ican ,indian1 #gd ,rebeck1 #id1 #aac ,record]1 #aai ,regal1 #ajc ,roman musical in/rum5ts1 #cd lyre1 #cd ,rotta1 or rote1 #ia1 #ib ,sackbut1 #aja1 #aac ,sambuca1 #ce ,santir1 #e1 #ed ,sbi1 !1 #ab ,%alm1 #aac ,%oph>1 /ill us$ by ! ,jews1 #bd ,si/rum1 ,hebrew1 #be ,roman1 #cg ,songs1 ,p]uvian & ,mexican1 #gi ,/r+$ in/rum5ts1 #c ,syr9x1 #bc1 #aac ,greek1 #cb ,roman1 #cf ,p]uvian1 #fd1 #ha ,tamb\ra1 #bb1 #dg ,temples 9 ,*9a1 #df ,!orbo1 #aji1 #aae ,tibia1 #ce ,timbrel1 #aac ,t9t9nabulum1 #ajf ,triangle1 #ajf ,trigonon1 #bg1 #cj1 #ce ,trumpet1 ,assyrian1 #ah ,hebrew1 #bd ,greek1 #cb ,roman1 #cf ,am]ican ,indian1 #fg ( ! ,c>oados1 #fi ,mexican1 #fi1 #hb ,tympanon1 #cb ,univ]sality ( musical in/rum5ts1 #a ,vielle1 #ajg1 #ajh ,vihuela1 #aaa ,v9a1 ,h9du1 #dg p]=m]1 #dh ,viol1 ,spani%1 #aaa1 #aag da gamba1 #aag ,viol9 b[ inv5t$ by ,h9dus8 #di ,p]sian1 #ej m$ival1 #ie ,virg9al1 #aad ,wait1 ! in/rum5t1 #aac ,wat]1 suppos$ orig9 ( musical in/rum5ts1 #dg ,:i/le1 prehi/oric1 #i ,mexican1 #fj ,w9d in/rum5ts1 #c ,yu1 ,*9ese /one1 #ci w9d in/rum5t1 #de ,,dalziel ,,& ,,co41 ,,camd5 ,,press1 ,n4,w4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,inconsi/5t punctuation & capitalization are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al4