,,wat]f[l ,,id5tification ,,guide       
,publi%$ by                         ,!  
,c5tral ,flyway ,c\ncil                 
,,c\ncil ,,memb]s      ,colorado        
,kansas    ,montana    ,nebraska    ,new
 ,mexico    ,nor? ,dakota    ,oklahoma  
,s\? ,dakota    ,texas    ,wyom+        
,ackn[l$gm5ts    ,! ,c5tral ,flyway     
,c\ncil wi%es to ?ank ! ,atlantic       
,flyway ,c\ncil  = mak+ available !     
illu/rations & mo/ ( ! text ( ?is       
booklet4    ,! ,c\ncil also wi%es to    
?ank ! _m p]sons :o assi/$ 9  prep>ation
 ( ?is publication1 p>ticul>ly ! ,v]mont
 ,fi% & ,game  ,commission & ,alan ,r4  
,munro1 ! arti/4                        
,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,u4,s4,a4               ,,by
 ,,! ,,lane ,,press4 ,,inc4  ,,burl+ton1
 ,,v]mont                               
,,cont5ts        ,c\ncil ,memb]s        
#a    ,ackn[l$gem5ts                    
#b    ,=eword                           
#e    ,id5tification                    
#f    ,individual ,problems             
#g    ,nonhunt+ ,enjoym5ts              

#h    ,rese>* & ,managem5t              
#h    ,flyway ,c\ncil ,approa*          
#i    ,y\r ,responsibility              
#aj    ,p>ts ( a ,duck                  
#aa    ,:i/l+ ,swan                     
#ab    ,canada ,goose                   
#ac    ,sn[ ,goose                      
#ad    ,ross ,goose                     
#ae    ,:ite-,front$ ,goose             
#af    ,blue ,goose                     
#ag    ,puddle or ,dabbl+ ,duck         
,*>act]i/ics                            
#ah    ,mall>d                          
#ai    ,black ,duck                     
#bj    ,mottl$ ,duck                    
#ba    ,new ,mexico ,duck               
#bb    ,gadwall                         
#bc    ,p9tail                          
#bd    ,gre5-,w+$ ,teal                 
#be    ,blue-,w+$ ,teal                 
#bf    ,c9namon ,teal                   
#bg    ,am]ican ,widgeon                
#bh    ,%ovel]                          
#bi    ,wood ,duck                      
#cj    ,h>lequ9 ,duck                   

#ca    ,div+ ,duck ,*>act]i/ics         
#cb    ,r$head                          
#cc    ,r+-,neck$ ,duck                 
#cd    ,canvasback                      
#ce    ,great] ,scaup                   
#cf    ,less] ,scaup                    
#cg    ,common ,gold5eye                
#ch    ,b>r['s ,gold5eye                
#ci    ,bufflehead                      
#dj    ,:ite-,w+$ ,scot]                
#da    ,fulv\s ,tree ,duck              
#db    ,black-,belli$ ,tree ,duck       
#dc    ,ruddy ,duck                     
#dd    ,hood$ ,m]gans]                  
#de    ,common ,m]gans]                 
#df    ,d\ble-,cre/$ ,cormorant         
#dg    ,common ,loon                    
#dh    ,horn$ ,grebe                    
#di    ,pi$-,bill$ ,grebe               
#di    ,we/]n ,grebe                    
#ej    ,am]ican ,coot                   
#ea    ,k+ ,rail                        
#eb    ,clapp] ,rail                    
#eb    ,virg9ia ,rail                   
#ec    ,sora                            

#ec    ,common ,snipe 7,jacksnipe7      
#ed    ,wat]f[l]'s ,code                
#ee                                     
,,=eword      ,! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1
 at ! "t ( its discov]y & e>ly          
settlem5t1 _h a wat]f[l population :i* 0
 "o ( its _m  wond]s4 ,s f> z ! evid5ce 
%[s1 no equal area ( ! e>?'s  surface   
ev] support$ su* va/ numb]s ( s _m      
diff]5t ducks &  geese1 & ?is situation 
p]si/$ to a "t )9 ! memory (  liv+ m54  
,long aft] ! end ( e>ly settlem5t on ?is
 cont95t1  hunt+ 0 free & h>ve/         
unlimit$4 ,b z ! advanc+ tide (         
settlem5t rea*$ into ! nor?-c5tral      
prairie /ates & prov9ces  9 ! f9al ye>s 
( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 radical *anges    
began4  ,f t "t on ,nor? ,am]ican       
wat]f[l habitat began to det]iorate4    
,lit]ally millions ( acres ( =m] ne/+   
gr\nd 9 ! nor? h  n[ be5 dra9$ & put to 
! pl[4 ,s\? ( ! bre$+ range1 n  only    
agriculture1 b indu/rialization &       
urbanization also h  /eadily r$uc$      
available re/+ & w9t]+ gr\nds4    ,!    

progressive decl9e 9 wat]f[l numb]s :i* 
foll[$ ^!  *anges 9 l& use l$ ev5tually 
to ! sci5tific managem5t (  wat]f[l4    
,spr+ %oot+ & m>ket hunt+ 7 aboli%$ 9 ! 
second decade ( ?is c5tury4 ,t5 ye>s    
lat] ! f$]al gov]nm5t  und]took detail$ 
regulation ( migratory wat]f[l s !      
annual  h>ve/ c\ld be made proportional 
to ! annual production4 ,?is 0          
accompli%$ ?r\gh collective ef=t by     
,/ate1 ,prov9cial & ,f$]al  ag5cies (   
,canada1 ,mexico & ! ,unit$ ,/ates to   
obta9 sci5tific  in=mation4 ,9 keep+ )  
biological pr9ciples1 mo/ ( !           
re/rictions on bag limit & means ( tak+ 
h be5 us$ ) "s  flexibility4    ,?r\gh\t
 ! decl9e ( all wat]f[l populations "s  
species h  be5 und]h>ve/$4 ,^! species h
 decl9$ 9 ab\t ! same  proportion z ^?  
species on :i* ! bulk ( ! h>ve/ occurr$4
  ,! ,c5tral ,flyway ,c\ncil feels t a  
ref9em5t 9 wat]f[l  managem5t is        
possible by direct+ hunt+ pressure on ^!
 previ\sly  und]h>ve/$ species4 ,?is    
goal c only be accompli%$ ?r\gh a  k (  

species id5tification by ! wat]f[l      
hunt]4 ,?is  booklet is a />t 9 t       
direction4    ,9 rec5t ye>s mo/ wat]f[l 
populations h made enc\rag+  recov]ies f
 ! l[ po9t ( ! e>ly #aicj's1 :5 disa/r\s
  dr\?s1 dra9age & *ang+ l& use patt]ns 
took _! toll4 ,/ill  dra9age cont9ues1 &
 indu/rialization is fur!r r$uc+ !      
habitat4 ,hunt+ cont9ues z a major      
sport1 h[ev]1 maximum  utilization ( all
 species mu/ be accompli%$ if hunt+ is  
to be  fo/]$ at a reasonable level (    
fre$om & enjoym5t4    ,! v future ( duck
 hunt+ dep5ds ^u a m effective  p>tn]%ip
 betwe5 regulatory ag5cies & ! _m ?\s&s 
(  gunn]s :om !y s]ve4 ,! f$]al ag5cy is
 *>g$ by treaty & law  ) husb&ry ( !    
wat]f[l res\rce4 ,! ,/ate ag5cies assi/ 
9  ! responsibility4 ,h[ev]1 !y ne$ !   
help ( all sportsm51 &  p>ticul>ly !y   
ne$ ! und]/&+ help ( wat]f[l]s :o "k  _!
 birds & :o keep abrea/ ( curr5t plans =
 managem5t4 ,to  fo/] ?is ess5tial      
coop]ation betwe5 ag5cies & gunn]s is a 
prim>y purpose ( ?is booklet4           

,id5tification    ,id5tification ( birds
 9 ! field1 & p>ticul>ly on ! w+1 z     
ducks & geese are usually se5 ov]       
decoys1 is easi] ?an appe>s at  fir/    
try4 ,! trick is to note1 9 addition to 
%ape & approximate  size1 ! g5]al       
arrangem5t ( light & d>k areas 9 !      
plumage1  = ne>ly e species has its own 
di/9ctive patt]n4 ,) practice1  ! eye c 
be tra9$ to pick out ?is patt]n at a    
glance1 & )9  a %ort "t recognition     
becomes automatic4 ,! illu/rations :i*  
foll[1 "o = ea* important species (     
,c5tral ,flyway wat]f[l1 make  use ( ?is
 practice ( 8patt]n recognition0 9 ! two
 or m fly+  birds at ! top ( ! page4    
,actually 9 _m cases recognition by     
flight patt]n & flight *>act]i/ics w    
soon become evid5t4    ,9 ea* draw+ (   
ducks ! fly+ female leads1 ) ! drake    
foll[+1 = ?is is ! usual ord] 9 a mat$  
pair dur+ w9t]1  & spr+4 ,on ! l[] "p ( 
ea* page are %[n enl>g$ heads1  adult   
male on ! left1 female on ! "r1 ) an    
immature head add$  :5 ! diff]5ce is    

sub/antial1 or ) c]ta9 details :i*      
fur!r aid id5tification :5 ! bird is 9  
h&4 ,all ducks1 bo?  fly+ pairs & heads1
 are drawn 9 direct proportion to ea*   
o!r1  b geese1 because ( _! l>g] size1  
are r$uc$ "o ?ird f !  duck proportion4 
,draw+s ( geese %[ only a s+le enl>g$   
head on ea* plate because  male & female
 geese are alike 9 color patt]n4        
,f9ally1 "s birds  :i* are n 8wat]f[l0 9
 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 b are  nev]!less  
(t5 se51 are %[n 9 ! la/ few            
illu/rations4 ,"s  ( !m 7loon1 grebe1 & 
cormorant71 al?\gh protect$ at all      
times1  are includ$ because !y are (t5  
mi/ak5ly %ot = wat]f[l4  ,o!rs 7rails1  
coot1 & snipes7 are includ$ because !y  
occupy  wet-l& habitat along ) ducks4   
,individual ,problems    ,al?\gh 8patt]n
 recognition0 simplifies ! problem (    
id5tification  = ! wat]f[l]1 !re are    
/ill sev]al complications to be         
consid]$4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ tr\blesome by f> 
is ! matt] (  m\lts4 ,! adult drakes (  
mo/ species ( ducks1 v soon aft] !  h5s 

beg9 to incubate eggs1 m\lt ! bright    
body-fea!rs ( _!  bre$+ dress & assume  
an 8eclipse0 plumage :i* resembles !    
ye>-r\nd coloration ( ! female4 ,?is    
dull plumage1 s]v+ z a  protective      
factor dur+ ! w+-m\lt :i* foll[s1 is    
reta9$ until  ! new flight fea!rs are   
fully develop$4 ,by ,septemb] a second  
body-m\lt is "u way by :i* ^! old drakes
 assume ! bright  c\rt+ plumage ( late  
fall & w9t]4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod1 !  "y  
males ( ! ye>1 ^: juv5ile plumage       
likewise resembles !  female dress1 are 
also assum+ ! adult plumage4 ,foll[+    
,decemb] #a  mo/ difficulties (         
id5tification by reason ( ! m\lt are    
resolv$1  b 9 e>ly fall ! hunt] may be  
puzzl$ by "s ( ! transition  plumages   
not$ on birds 9 8 bag4 ,id5tification   
dur+ ?is p]iod  may appe> extremely     
difficult1 b x is well to rememb] t w+  
patt]ns rema9 virtually un*ang$         
reg>dless ( /age ( ! m\lt4    ,! rema9+ 
problems ( id5tification require only   
brief m5tion =  !y appe> b r>ely4 ,9 !  

fir/ place1 ?is booklet includes all    
species ( ducks & geese :i* occur 9     
numb]s 9 any "p ( !  ,c5tral ,flyway1 b 
omits o!rs :i* may be occasional        
visitors4  ,second1 hybrids are r       
frequ5t among wat]f[l1 & "s are         
extremely puzzl+4 ,9 su* special cases z
 ^! y\r local wildlife  manag] or       
biologi/ may be able to help4    ,!     
foll[+ publications conta9 fur!r        
in=mation = ! hunt]  int]e/$ 9          
additional facts ( natural hi/ory1      
di/ribution &  description3             
,kortright1 8,ducks1 ,geese & ,swans (  
,nor? ,am]ica0      ,pet]son1 8,a ,field
 ,guide to ! ,birds0      ,p\gh1        
8,audubon ,wat] ,bird ,guide0           
,nonhunt+ ,enjoym5ts    ,= ! nonhunt]--&
 _m avid outdoorsm5 pref] to wat* r ?an 
%oot--?is guide to wat]f[l c provide    
enjoym5t beyond ! simple  pleasure (    
see+ ducks & geese4 ,mo/ ( u rememb]    
see+ "s  8oldtim]0 id5tify flights or   
s+les or rafts ( birds at :at seem$     
impossible di/ances4 ,! ability to d ?is

 does n really /em f  "s my/ic communion
 ) ! birds4 ,r1 ?r\gh su* a booklet z   
?is ! wat]f[l+ layman c develop ! same  
p[]s 9 himself4 ,=  ! co/ ( a little    
conc5trat$ ef=t he c ga9 great p]sonal  
satisfaction & ! increas$ und]/&+ t     
comes f resolv+  8ducks0 into ! wide    
v>iety ( individual species !y really   
are4    ,fur!r1 "s k ( wat]f[l          
di/ribution1 annual abundance &  !      
approximate s\rce & de/9ation ( ! ducks 
& geese he hunts1  w (t5 help ! wat]f[l]
 und]/& ! ov]all picture (  wat]f[l     
managem5t4 ,= bo? adm9i/rative &        
biological purposes (  wat]f[l          
managem5t1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is divid$    
into f\r flyways--!  ,atlantic1 !       
,mississippi1 ! ,pacific1 & ! "o = :i*  
?is  booklet is writt51 ! ,c5tral4 ,ea* 
flyway has its own segm5t ( !  wat]f[l  
population1 subject to diff]5t          
conditions & pressures ?an  !           
populations ( o!r flyways1 & !re=e is   
adm9i/]$ z a  sep>ate unit4 ,9 g5]al ?is
 is a s\nd premise1 b x mu/ n be        

consid]$ too rigid4 ,s9ce ! flyway      
pr9ciple is 9 "p an  adm9i/rative       
device1 x is important pr9cipally 9 fall
 & w9t]  :5 mo/ ,nor? ,am]ican wat]f[l  
are )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z !  w9t]+     
populations beg9 to move nor?w>d 9 !    
spr+1 _m  species disp]se ?r\gh\t ! ne/+
 gr\nds ( ! nor!rn /ates  & ,canada4    
,mu* ov]lapp+ ( ! populations f v>i\s   
flyways 9  :i* ! birds w9t]$ occurs4    
,rese>* & ,managem5t    ,me?ods develop$
 ov] ! ye>s & appli$ sy/ematically      
supply  in=mation :i* is necess>y to    
intellig5t managem5t4 ,bre$+ pair  &    
brood surveys indicate ! di/ribution (  
ne/+ populations1 &  _! success f ye> to
 ye> 9 hat*+ & rais+ _! broods (  "y4 ,!
 b&+ ( wat]f[l1 c>efully ag$1 sex$1 &   
releas$1  gives specific in=mation on ! 
travels ( individual birds1 on          
mortality1 & on "s phases ( hunt+       
pressure4 ,p]iodic air-c\nts  9 late    
summ] & fall s]ve to measure1 9 a r\gh  
way1 !  di/ribution ( diff]5t species   
dur+ s\?w>d migration1 & !  rate (      

movem5t4 ,hunt]-bag *ecks1 c>ri$ out 9 !
 field dur+ !  %oot+ season1 complem5t  
fall c\nts ) reg>d to di/ribution at    
giv5 po9ts4 ,a po/-season sampl+ ( hunt]
 success1 by mail1  supplies data on    
additional aspects ( hunt+ pressure1 &  
gives an  index ( total kill4 ,f9ally1 !
 annual w9t] c\nt indicates !           
di/ribution & relative size (           
populations rema9+ aft] !  %oot+ season 
ends4 ,9 comb9ation1 ^! me?ods are      
/eadily  increas+ our k ( ,nor? ,am]ican
 wat]f[l1 & 9 p>ticul>  are provid+ !   
sort ( 8runn+ inv5tory0 :i* is ! fir/   
requirem5t = intellig5t managem5t ( ?is 
res\rce4    ,! ,c5tral ,flyway ,c\ncil  
is ! cle>+ h\se = coord9at$  plann+ 9   
?is ,flyway4 ,x is a delegate           
organization1 includ+ 9 its  memb]%ip   
adm9i/rative & te*nical repres5tatives f
 ! fi%  & game dep>tm5ts ( all /ates &  
prov9ces 9 ! flyway4 ,a ,flyway         
,repres5tative has be5 assign$ f ! ,fi% 
& ,wildlife ,s]vice4  ,?is gr\p is      
conc]n$ ) all phases ( wat]f[l rese>* & 

managem5t 9 ! flyway4 ,! ,c5tral ,flyway
 ,c\ncil provides = an  effective       
int]*ange ( in=mation betwe5 memb]      
ag5cies & assi/s  9 ! coord9ation &     
integration ( flyway managem5t programs4
 ,^!  purposes h be5 fur!r$ by regul>   
meet+s = ! op5 discussion  ( flyway     
problems4                               
,flyway ,c\ncil ,approa*    ,9 e>ly     
#aiec1 ! ,c\ncil & ! ,fi% & ,wildlife   
,s]vice1 act+  jo9tly1 adopt$ a flyway  
program :i* has be5 exp&$ & improv$  z  
factual in=mation & exp]i5ce dictate4   
,?is program outl9es  objectives &      
sugge/s me?ods & priorities =           
accompli%m5t4 ,/ate  game dep>tm5ts n[  
patt]n _! activities ar\nd ! flyway     
program4    ,ext5d+ ! coop]ative idea1 !
 ,c\ncil has jo9$ )  correspond+        
organizations f ! o!r flyways to =m !   
,national  ,wat]f[l ,c\ncil1 :i*        
annually p>ticipates 9 ! (ficial        
discussion ( cont95tal & flyway         
managem5t problems &  regulations4 ,f _!
 inception1 ! flyway c\ncils h be5      

successful 9 promot+ und]/&+ & teamwork 
s necess>y = !  p]petuation ( ! wat]f[l 
res\rce4                                
,y\r ,responsibility    ,z an individual
 read] ( ?is booklet1 y h a "p to play 9
 !  ess5tial p>tn]%ip betwe5 ag5cies &  
wat]f[l]s4 ,y\r "p may  be small & may  
take v>i\s =ms1 dep5d+ on !             
circum/ances1 b  c]ta9ly x is !re4      
,p]haps1 hav+ s5t 9 "o or two wat]f[l   
b&s 9 ! pa/ & hav+ exp]i5c$ ! initial   
novelty ( he>+  :]e y\r birds came f1 y 
n[ =get to report !m4 ,! next "t  y h   
?is *oice betwe5 report+ or =gett+ a b&1
 rememb]  t its prompt recov]y1 ) full  
data1 might be ! clue to "s  miss+ fact 
to improve y\r future gunn+4    ,hunt]  
bag *ecks indicate crippl+ losses 9 !   
,c5tral ,flyway run to  an av]age ( ab\t
 "o qu>t] ( ! total kill4 ,9 c]ta9      
m>%es1  e>ly 9 ! season1 crippl+ c      
greatly exce$ ! "o qu>t] loss4  ,%oot+  
at birds on ! fr+e ( effective kill+    
range is a  crippl+ practice &1 moreov]1
 z y probably "k f obs]vation  is       

contagi\s4 ,! usual effect ( "o 8sky    
%oot]0 9 a m>% is to  =ce o!r gunn]s    
ne>by to attempt impossible %ots :i*    
increase  crippl+ losses & soon ru9     
%oot+ = ev]ybody4 ,controll+ su*        
practices lies solely 9 ! h&s (         
individual gunn]s4 ,)  l>ge-gauge guns (
 modifi$ bore1 ! %ot-patt]n t w produce 
kills %\ld be consi/5t up to =ty y>ds1 a
 di/ance well )9  capabilities ( !      
av]age gunn] to hold & compute necess>y 
lead4  ,successful duck %oot+ is a matt]
 ( good judgm5t4 ,to avoid errors  9    
judgm5t drive /akes 9 front ( y\r bl9d  
at di/ances ( ?irty  & =ty y>ds to      
indicate safe kill+ range4 ,hold y\r    
fire until !  feet ( an incom+ duck c be
 se5 di/9ctly1 = only !n w !  bird be 9 
range4 ,good sportsman%ip 9 duck bl9ds &
 m>%es is  equally z important z rema9+ 
fri5dly ) y\r home neighbors4  ,tra9 a  
good retriev+ dog1 & add to y\r day's   
pleasure by wat*+  him at "w on d[n$    
birds4    ,above all1 rememb] t ! future
 ( wat]f[l+ is p>tly 9 y\r  h&s--t y\r  

good sportsman%ip & coop]ation are z    
necess>y to  ! "w ( ! ,c5tral ,flyway   
,c\ncil & its memb] ag5cies z _!        
activities are to y4                    
,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,duck                    
,illu/ration3 ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,duck      
,,cr[n    ,,=ehead    ,,occiput         
,,*eek    ,,nape    ,,side ,,neck       
,,back    ,,scapul>s    ,,rump    ,,*9  
,,?roat    ,,=5eck    ,,t]tials         
,,upp] ,,tail ,,cov]ts    ,,brea/       
,,tail    ,,"u ,,tail ,,cov]ts          
,,belly    ,,side      ,,less] ,,cov]ts 
,,spuri\s ,,w+    ,,great] ,,cov]ts     
,,prim>ies    ,,second>ies    ,,t]tials 
,,tibia    ,,scutellate ,,t>sus         
,,heel    ,,h9d ,,toe    ,,toe    ,,web 
,,nail    ,,lamellae    ,,l[] ,,m&ible  
,,upp] ,,m&ible    ,,no/ril    ,,nail   
,,male    ,,female                      
,,:i/l+ ,,swan                          
7,cygnus columbianus7                   
,illu/ration3 ,,:i/l+ ,,swan 7,cygnus   
columbianus7      ,,entire ,,plumage    
,,:ite    ,,immature ,,birds ,,h        

,,gray-,,:ite ,,plumage ,,) ,,dull      
,,p9ki% ,,bill    ,,yell[ ,,spot        
,,black ,,bill    ,,sexes ,,are ,,simil>
    ,,c>ries ,,neck ,,held ,,erect      
,,head ,,( ,,mute ,,swan ,,%[+ ,,black  
,,knob ,,& ,,orange ,,bill              
,,canada ,,goose                        
7,branta canad5sis7        ,illu/ration3
 ,,canada ,,goose 7,branta canad5sis7   
,,:ite ,,rump    ,,br[ni% ,,gray ,,body 
,,& ,,w+s    ,,black ,,bill    ,,:ite   
,,pat*    ,,black ,,neck    ,,all       
,,geese ,,h ,,reticulate ,,t>sus        
,,sexes ,,are ,,simil>                  
,,sn[ ,,goose                           
7,*5 hyp]borea7        ,illu/ration3    
,,sn[ ,,goose 7,*5 hyp]borea7           
,,:ite ,,body    ,,black ,,w+ ,,tips    
,,p9k ,,feet    ,,light ,,p9k ,,bill    
,,black 8,,gr9n+0 ,,pat*    ,,fea!rs ,,(
 ,,*eeks1 ,,brea/ ,,& ,,belly ,,(t5     
,,/a9$ ,,) ,,ru/y ,,br[n    ,,immature  
,,birds ,,t5d ,,t[>d ,a ,,m ,,gray      
,,plumage    ,,sexes ,,are ,,simil>     
,,ross ,,goose                          

7,*5 rossi7        ,illu/ration3 ,,ross 
,,goose 7,*5 rossi7      ,,ab\t ,,size  
,,( ,,mall>d    ,,adult      ,,w>ty     
,,protub]ances ,,on ,,bill4      ,,no   
,,black 8,,gr9n+0 ,,pat*      ,,p9ki%   
,,bill    ,,immature                    
,,:ite-,,front$ ,,goose                 
7,ans] albifrons7        ,illu/ration3  
,,:ite-,,front$ ,,goose 7,ans]          
albifrons7      ,,adult      ,,b>r$     
,,belly    ,,immature      ,,yell[i%    
,,bill      ,,pale ,,brea/    ,,:ite    
,,pat*    ,,br[ni% ,,=ep>ts    ,,yell[i%
 ,,legs                                 
,,blue ,,goose                          
7,*5 ca]ulesc5s7        ,illu/ration3   
,,blue ,,goose 7,*5 ca]ulesc5s7         
,,adult      ,,p9k ,,feet1 ,,immature   
,,dusky ,,feet    ,,immature    ,,p9k   
,,bill    ,,:ite ,,nail    ,,black      
8,,gr9n+0 ,,pat*    ,,:ite ,,head ,,&   
,,neck    ,,sexes ,,are ,,simil>        
,,puddle ,,or ,,dabbl+ ,,duck           
,,*>act]i/ics                           
7,anat9ae7        ,illu/ration3 ,,puddle

 ,,or ,,dabbl+ ,,duck ,,*>act]i/ics     
7,anat9ae7      ,,tip ,,up ,,to ,,fe$1  
,,r>ely ,,dive    ,,legs ,,plac$ ,,ne>  
,,c5t] ,,( ,,body    ,,g5]ally ,,h      
,,metallic ,,speculum    ,,usually      
,,swim ,,) ,,tail ,,held ,,cle> ,,(     
,,wat]    ,,foot ,,small] ,,?an ,,9     
,,div+ ,,ducks      ,,h9d ,,toe ,,n     
,,lob$    ,,spr+ ,,into ,,air ,,on      
,,take ,,(f                             
,,mall>d                                
7,anas platyrhyn*os7                    
,illu/ration3 ,,mall>d 7,anas           
platyrhyn*os7      ,,:ite ,,tail        
,,:ite ,,bord]s ,,on ,,purple ,,speculum
    ,,:iti% ,,tail          ,,gre5      
,,head      ,,yell[ ,,bill      ,,:ite  
,,coll>      ,,ruddy ,,brea/            
,,orange ,,bill ,,mottl$ ,,) ,,black    
,,mottl$ ,,br[n                         
,,black ,,duck                          
7,anas rubripes7        ,illu/ration3   
,,black ,,duck 7,anas rubripes7         
,,yell[i%-,,br[n ,,head                 
,,dusky-,,br[n ,,body    ,,:ite         

,,w+-,,l9+s    ,,immature ,,has ,,/reak$
 ,,brea/    ,,purple ,,speculum         
,,immature ,,side ,,brea/ ,,fea!r       
,,adult ,,male ,,side ,,brea/ ,,fea!r   
,,adult ,,female ,,side ,,brea/ ,,fea!r 
,,bill ,,color ,,v>ies ,,f ,,solid      
,,gre5i% ,,yell[ ,,to ,,high ,,*rome    
,,yell[            ,,dep5d+ ,,^u ,,age  
,,& ,,season ,,kill$          ,,female  
,,bill ,,%[s ,,v>y+ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,black 
,,spott+                                
,,mottl$ ,,duck                         
7,anas fulvigula7        ,illu/ration3  
,,mottl$ ,,duck 7,anas fulvigula7       
,,trail+ ,,edge ,,(t5 ,,:ite    ,,light 
,,tan ,,head    ,,purple ,,speculum     
,,feet ,,orange    ,,*9 ,,& ,,?roat     
,,pale ,,buff 7,,) ,,or7 ,,)\t ,,/reak+ 
,,d>k ,,base ,,( ,,bill      ,,bill     
,,yell[1 ,,d>k ,,nail          ,,d>k    
,,spot 7(t5 abs5t7      ,,v>iable       
,,spott+                                
,,new ,,mexican ,,duck                  
7,anas diazi novimexicana7              
,illu/ration3 ,,new ,,mexican ,,duck    

7,anas diazi novimexicana7      ,,tail  
,,d>k4    ,,speculum ,,blui% ,,purple   
,,to ,,gre54 ,,:ite ,,edge ,,above      
,,sometimes ,,abs5t4    ,,feet ,,orange4
          ,,bill ,,yell[1 ,,d>k ,,nail4 
,,*9 ,,p9ki% ,,buff ,,)\t ,,/reak+4     
,,bill ,,d>k ,,olive ,,or ,,orange1     
,,d>k ,,on ,,ridge4      ,,small ,,spots
 ,,ne> ,,base ,,limit$ ,,or ,,abs5t4    
,,gadwall                               
7,anas /rep]a7        ,illu/ration3     
,,gadwall 7,anas /rep]a7      ,,black   
,,rump    ,,:ite ,,belly    ,,:ite      
,,speculum    ,,:ite ,,belly    ,,bo?   
,,sexes ,,h ,,yell[ ,,feet              
,,bill ,,blui% ,,black          ,,bill  
,,dull ,,orange ,,v>y+ ,,spott+         
,,p9tail                                
7,anas acuta7        ,illu/ration3      
,,p9tail 7,anas acuta7      ,,:ite      
,,/ripe    ,,c9namon-,,buff ,,bord]     
,,po9t$ ,,tail    ,,:ite ,,/ripe        
,,br[n ,,head      ,,gray ,,bill        
,,gray ,,bill      ,,mottl$ ,,br[n      
,,gre5-,,w+$ ,,teal                     

7,anas c>ol95sis7        ,illu/ration3  
,,gre5-,,w+$ ,,teal 7,anas c>ol95sis7   
,,gre5 ,,speculum    ,,:ite ,,belly     
,,br[n ,,head      ,,gre5 ,,pat*        
,,:ite ,,m>k                            
,,blue-,,w+$ ,,teal                     
7,anas discors7        ,illu/ration3    
,,blue-,,w+$ ,,teal 7,anas discors7     
,,*alky-,,blue ,,pat*    ,,gre5         
,,speculum          ,,male ,,has ,,d>k  
,,belly      ,,:ite ,,cresc5t           
,,female ,,has ,,light ,,belly          
,,c9namon ,,teal                        
7,anas cyanopt]a7        ,illu/ration3  
,,c9namon ,,teal 7,anas cyanopt]a7      
,,*alky-,,blue ,,pat*    ,,gre5         
,,speculum          ,,uni=m ,,c9namon   
,,body ,,color          ,,female ,,has  
,,light ,,belly                         
,,am]ican ,,widgeon 7,baldpate7         
7,m>eca am]icana7        ,illu/ration3  
,,am]ican ,,widgeon 7,baldpate7 7,m>eca 
am]icana7      ,,:ite ,,pat*    ,,:ite  
,,belly    ,,gre5 ,,speculum    ,,:ite  
,,bord]          ,,:ite ,,cr[n          

,,gre5 ,,pat*      ,,gray ,,bill1       
,,black ,,tipp$      ,,:ite ,,pat*      
,,%ovel]                                
7,spatula clypeata7        ,illu/ration3
 ,,%ovel] 7,spatula clypeata7           
,,*alky-,,blue ,,pat*    ,,gre5         
,,speculum ,,bord]$ ,,) ,,:ite          
,,iridesc5t ,,gre5i% ,,black      ,,l>ge
 ,,%ovel ,,bill      ,,conspicu\s       
,,bri/le-,,l ,,lamellae      ,,:ite     
,,brea/      ,,*e/nut ,,sides ,,&       
,,belly                                 
,,wood ,,duck                           
7,aix sponsa7        ,illu/ration3      
,,wood ,,duck 7,aix sponsa7      ,,:ite 
,,bord]    ,,:ite ,,belly    ,,silv]y   
,,bord]$          ,,r$ ,,iris      ,,r$ 
,,& ,,:ite ,,bill      ,,adult ,,male   
,,highly ,,color$        ,,eclipse ,,&  
,,immature ,,male      ,,:ite ,,pat*    
,,conspicu\s ,,:ite ,,eye-,,r+          
,,cre/$                                 
,,h>lequ9 ,,duck                        
7,hi/rionicus hi/rionicus7              
,illu/ration3 ,,h>lequ9 ,,duck          

7,hi/rionicus hi/rionicus7      ,,:ite  
,,m>ks          ,,/ocky1 ,,d>k1 ,,small 
,,bill          ,,female ,,has ,,small] 
,,bill      ,,pla9 ,,d>k ,,body         
,,div+ ,,duck ,,*>act]i/ics             
7,ay?y9ae7        ,illu/ration3 ,,div+  
,,duck ,,*>act]i/ics 7,ay?y9ae7         
,,legs ,,set ,,ne> ,,re> ,,( ,,body     
,,dive ,,completely ,,"u ,,wat] ,,to    
,,secure ,,fe$    ,,speculum ,,g5]ally  
,,dull1 ,,lacks ,,iridesc5ce            
,,usually ,,swim ,,) ,,tail ,,held      
,,close ,,to ,,wat]    ,,h9d ,,toe      
,,lob$1 ,,foot ,,l>ge    ,,on ,,take    
,,(f ,,patt] ,,along ,,surface ,,= ,,"s 
,,di/ance                               
,,r$head                                
7,ay?ya am]icana7        ,illu/ration3  
,,r$head 7,ay?ya am]icana7      ,,gray  
,,back    ,,gray ,,w+ ,,/ripe           
,,*e/nut ,,head      ,,high ,,abrupt    
,,=ehead      ,,blue ,,bill1 ,,black    
,,tip      ,,black ,,brea/              
,,light ,,pat*                          
,,r+-,,neck$ ,,duck                     

7,ay?ya coll>is7        ,illu/ration3   
,,r+-,,neck$ ,,duck 7,ay?ya coll>is7    
,,black ,,back    ,,gray ,,w+ ,,/ripe   
,,di/9ct ,,cre/      ,,conspicu\s ,,bill
 ,,r+      ,,*e/nut ,,coll>      ,,black
 ,,brea/      ,,:ite ,,pat*             
,,:ite ,,eye ,,r+      ,,light ,,pat*   
,,canvasback                            
7,ay?ya valis9]ia7        ,illu/ration3 
,,canvasback 7,ay?ya valis9]ia7         
,,:ite ,,back    ,,gray ,,w+ ,,/ripe    
,,*e/nut ,,head      ,,long ,,slop+     
,,pr(ile1 ,,black ,,bill      ,,black   
,,brea/          ,,gray ,,back          
,,br[n ,,brea/                          
,,great] ,,scaup                        
7,ay?ya m>ila7        ,illu/ration3     
,,great] ,,scaup 7,ay?ya m>ila7         
,,d>k ,,rump    ,,:ite ,,w+ ,,/ripe     
,,ext5d+ ,,into ,,prim>ies    ,,:ite    
,,belly    ,,nail ,,( ,,bill #g4j-i4j   
,,millimet]s ,,wide          ,,gray     
,,back      ,,black ,,head ,,) ,,gre5i% 
,,t+e      ,,broad ,,blue ,,bill        
,,black ,,brea/      ,,:ite ,,flanks    

,,br[n ,,body ,,& ,,head      ,,di/9ct  
,,:ite ,,mask                           
,,less] ,,scaup                         
7,ay?ya aff9is7        ,illu/ration3    
,,less] ,,scaup 7,ay?ya aff9is7         
,,d>k ,,rump    ,,:ite ,,w+ ,,/ripe     
,,does ,,n ,,ext5d ,,into ,,prim>ies    
,,:ite ,,belly    ,,nail ,,( ,,bill     
#e4j-f4e ,,millimet]s ,,wide            
,,slight ,,cre/      ,,gray ,,back      
,,black ,,head ,,) ,,purpli% ,,t+e      
,,broad ,,blue ,,bill      ,,black      
,,brea/      ,,light ,,flanks           
,,br[n ,,body ,,& ,,head      ,,di/9ct  
,,:ite ,,mask                           
,,common ,,gold5eye                     
7,bucephala clangula7                   
,illu/ration3 ,,common ,,gold5eye       
7,bucephala clangula7      ,,:ite ,,w+  
,,pat*es          ,,gre5i% ,,black      
,,head      ,,light ,,iris      ,,di/9ct
 ,,:ite ,,pat*      ,,:ite ,,brea/ ,,&  
,,belly    #b,,nd ,,season ,,male ,,)   
,,br[n ,,head ,,& ,,fa9t ,,:ite ,,pat*  
,,br[n ,,head      ,,orange ,,tip ,,9   

,,bre$+ ,,plumage      ,,gray ,,back ,,&
 ,,flanks      ,,:ite ,,neck      ,,gray
 ,,brea/      ,,:ite ,,belly    #a,,/   
,,season ,,male ,,is ,,simil> ,,9       
,,coloration ,,to ,,female ,,b ,,)      
,,heavi]            ,,body ,,& ,,m      
,,rugg$ ,,head ,,& ,,bill               
,,b>r[',s ,,gold5eye                    
7,bucephala isl&ica7                    
,illu/ration3 ,,b>r[',s ,,gold5eye      
7,bucephala isl&ica7      ,,:ite ,,w+   
,,pat*es          ,,purpli% ,,black     
,,head      ,,:ite ,,cresc5t ,,pat*     
,,black ,,back      ,,black ,,bill      
,,:ite ,,brea/ ,,& ,,belly              
,,light ,,iris      ,,gray ,,back ,,&   
,,flanks      ,,orange ,,tip ,,9 ,,bre$+
 ,,plumage      ,,:ite ,,neck           
,,gray ,,brea/      ,,:ite ,,belly      
,,bufflehead                            
7,bucephala albeola7                    
,illu/ration3 ,,bufflehead 7,bucephala  
albeola7      ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,back 
,,d>k ,,back    ,,:ite ,,w+ ,,pat*es    
,,:ite ,,belly          ,,black ,,)     

,,iridesc5t ,,gre5 ,,& ,,purple         
,,di/9ct ,,:ite ,,pat*                  
,,blue-,,gray ,,bill          ,,d>k     
,,grayi% ,,br[n      ,,di/9ct ,,:ite    
,,pat*                                  
,,:ite-,,w+$ ,,scot]                    
7,melanitta degl&i7        ,illu/ration3
 ,,:ite-,,w+$ ,,scot] 7,melanitta       
degl&i7      ,,black ,,*unky ,,body     
,,:ite ,,pat*          ,,:ite ,,eye     
,,pat*      ,,prom95t ,,black ,,knob    
,,r$di% ,,orange    ,,immature ,,has    
,,di/9ct ,,:ite ,,pat*es                
,,fea!r+ ,,ext5ds ,,almo/ ,,to ,,no/ril 
,,adult ,,female ,,*eek ,,pat*es ,,range
 ,,f ,,slightly ,,d>k] ,,?an ,,immature 
,,to ,,no ,,:ite ,,at ,,all             
,,fulv\s ,,tree ,,duck                  
7,d5drocygna bicolor helva7             
,illu/ration3 ,,fulv\s ,,tree ,,duck    
7,d5drocygna bicolor helva7      ,,long 
,,neck    ,,adult    ,,:ite ,,l9e       
,,immature    ,,adult      ,,long ,,legs
                                        
,,black-,,belli$ ,,tree ,,duck          

7,d5drocygna autumnalis autumnalis7     
,illu/ration3 ,,black-,,belli$ ,,tree   
,,duck 7,d5drocygna autumnalis          
autumnalis7      ,,:ite ,,upp] ,,w+     
,,adult      ,,long ,,neck    ,,immature
      ,,:ite ,,w+ ,,pat*                
,,ruddy ,,duck                          
7,oxyura jamaic5sis7                    
,illu/ration3 ,,ruddy ,,duck 7,oxyura   
jamaic5sis7      ,,d>k ,,br[n    ,,belly
 ,,silv]y ,,:ite     ,,summ] ,,plumage  
,,:ite ,,*eek      ,,cr[n ,,glossy      
,,black      ,,bill ,,blue      ,,ri*   
,,*e/nut     ,,w9t] ,,plumage           
,,cr[n ,,br[ni%-,,black      ,,bill     
,,dusky      ,,a%y ,,:ite               
,,mottl$ ,,*eek ,,) ,,d>k ,,/ripe       
,,bill ,,nail ,,di/9ctly ,,%>p-,,po9t$  
,,grayi% ,,br[n                         
,,hood$ ,,m]gans]                       
7,lophodytes cucullatus7                
,illu/ration3 ,,hood$ ,,m]gans]         
7,lophodytes cucullatus7      ,,:ite    
,,w+ ,,pat*          ,,:ite ,,cre/      
,,outl9$ ,,) ,,black      ,,?91         

,,spike-,,l ,,black ,,bill      ,,tee?  
,,n ,,incl9$ ,,backw>d ,,z ,,9 ,,o!r    
,,m]gans]s      ,,:ite ,,brea/          
,,d\ble ,,black ,,b&s          ,,cre/1  
,,light ,,br[n      ,,light ,,?roat     
,,9 ,,flight ,,all ,,m]gans]s ,,c>ry    
,,bill1 ,,neck ,,& ,,body ,,9           
,,horizontal            ,,plane1 ,,giv+ 
,,!m ,a ,,*>act]i/ic ,,long-,,drawn     
,,appe>ance4                            
,,common ,,m]gans]                      
7,m]gus m]gans]7        ,illu/ration3   
,,common ,,m]gans] 7,m]gus m]gans]7     
,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,patt]n    ,,:ite   
,,w+ ,,pat*          ,,metallic         
,,gre5i%-,,black      ,,n ,,cre/$       
,,r$ ,,bill      ,,no/ril ,,position$   
,,ne> ,,c5t] ,,( ,,bill                 
,,di/9ct ,,cre/      ,,:ite ,,?roat     
,,r$ ,,bill      ,,tee? ,,incl9$        
,,backw>ds      ,,gray ,,back           
,,d\ble-,,cre/$ ,,cormorant             
7,phalacrocorax auritus7                
,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble-,,cre/$           
,,cormorant 7,phalacrocorax auritus7    

,,adult    ,,immature      ,,pale       
,,brea/    ,,yell[-,,orange ,,?roat     
,,p\*    ,,black ,,body                 
,,common ,,loon                         
7,gavia imm]7        ,illu/ration3      
,,common ,,loon 7,gavia imm]7           
,,summ] ,,adult      ,,*eck]$ ,,back    
,,9 ,,flight ,,has ,,d[nw>d ,,curve ,,to
 ,,neck    ,,w9t] ,,adult      ,,feet   
,,ext5d ,,beyond ,,tail      ,,gray     
,,summ] ,,adult      ,,black ,,head1    
,,purpli% ,,iridesc5ce      ,,black     
,,bill      ,,:ite ,,ribb$      ,,:ite  
,,brea/ ,,& ,,belly    ,,w9t] ,,adult   
,,gray      ,,:ite    ,,sexes ,,are     
,,simil>                                
,,horn$ ,,grebe                         
7,colymbus auritus7        ,illu/ration3
 ,,horn$ ,,grebe 7,colymbus auritus7    
,,w9t] ,,plumage      ,,d>k ,,back      
,,?9 ,,bill      ,,r$ ,,eye      ,,:ite 
,,*eeks1 ,,?roat ,,& ,,belly    ,,head1 
,,summ] ,,plumage    ,,lob$ ,,toes      
,,pi$-,,bill$ ,,grebe                   
7,podilymbus podiceps7                  

,illu/ration3 ,,pi$-,,bill$ ,,grebe     
7,podilymbus podiceps7      ,,t>sus     
,,flatt5$ ,,lat]ally    ,,adult ,,head  
,,black    ,,immature      ,,*ick5-,,l  
,,bill      ,,:ite      ,,/rip$ ,,facial
 ,,patt]n    ,,sexes ,,are ,,simil>     
,,we/]n ,,grebe                         
7,ae*mophorus occid5talis7              
,illu/ration3 ,,we/]n ,,grebe           
7,ae*mophorus occid5talis7      ,,:ite  
,,und]p>ts    ,,long ,,sl5d] ,,neck     
,,am]ican ,,coot                        
7,fulica am]icana7        ,illu/ration3 
,,am]ican ,,coot 7,fulica am]icana7     
,,:ite    ,,scallop$ ,,flaps    ,,:ite  
,,pat*    ,,slate ,,gray ,,body         
,,:ite ,,bill                           
,,k+ ,,rail                             
7,rallus elegans7        ,illu/ration3  
,,k+ ,,rail 7,rallus elegans7           
,,commonly ,,inhabits ,,fre% ,,wat]     
,,m>%es    ,,g5]ally ,,has ,a ,,ru/y    
,,coloration    ,,d>k ,,b>r+    ,,sexes 
,,are ,,simil>                          
,,clapp] ,,rail                         

7,rallus longiro/ris7                   
,illu/ration3 ,,clapp] ,,rail 7,rallus  
longiro/ris7      ,,g5]ally ,,has ,a    
,,gray] ,,coloration    ,,commonly      
,,inhabits ,,tidal ,,m>%es    ,,light   
,,b>r+    ,,immature ,,birds ,,simil>   
,,to ,,adults3 ,,species ,,diff]5tiation
 ,,(t5            ,,difficult           
,,virg9ia ,,rail                        
7,rallus limicola7        ,illu/ration3 
,,virg9ia ,,rail 7,rallus limicola7     
,,immature      ,,blacki% ,,body        
,,adult      ,,r$di% ,,body      ,,gray 
,,*eeks      ,,long ,,bill      ,,:ite  
,,sexes ,,are ,,simil>                  
,,sora                                  
7,porzana ,c>ol9a7        ,illu/ration3 
,,sora 7,porzana ,c>ol9a7               
,,immature      ,,buffy ,,br[n ,,body   
,,adult      ,,:ite ,,pat*              
,,gray-,,br[n ,,body      ,,%ort ,,yell[
 ,,bill      ,,black ,,facial ,,&       
,,?roat ,,pat*                          
,,common ,,snipe 7,,jacksnipe7          
7,capella gall9ago7        ,illu/ration3

 ,,common ,,snipe 7,,jacksnipe7         
7,capella gall9ago7      ,,long ,,bill  
,,/rip$ ,,back ,,& ,,head    ,,orange   
,,tail    ,,has ,a ,,*>act]i/ic         
,,zig-,,zag ,,flight    ,,po9t$ ,,w+    
,,sexes ,,are ,,simil>                  
,,am]ican ,,woodcock                    
7,philohela m9or7        ,illu/ration3  
,,am]ican ,,woodcock 7,philohela m9or7  
,,b>r$ ,,head    ,,long ,,bill    ,,%ort
 ,,tail    ,,*unky ,,body    ,,l>ge     
,,eye    ,,appe>s ,,neckless    ,,blunt 
,,w+                                    
,,wat]f[l]',s ,,code      ,buy a ,/ate  
,lic5se1 & if ,y ,are #af ,ye>s ( ,age  
or ,old] ,obta9  ,f$]al ,duck ,/amp4 ,x 
is illegal to hunt wat]f[l )\t ^!       
lic5ses1 & ! doll>s y sp5d = !m help to 
ma9ta9 y\r  sport4    ,"k ,y\r ,/ate1   
,prov9cial & ,f$]al ,migratory ,bird    
,laws4 ,:5 9  d\bt consult y\r local    
game protector or ,u4,s4 ,game          
,managem5t ,ag5t4    ,treat ! ,l&[n] )  
,respect & ,c\rtesy4 ,own]%ip ( game is 
ve/$ 9 ! ,/ate & ,prov9ce1 b l&[n]s h ! 

"r to  prev5t trespass on _! l&4        
,le>n to ,id5tify ,be=e ,y ,%oot4 ,a    
mi/ake may prove bo?  emb>rass+ & co/ly1
 a correct id5tification adds to y\r    
day's  enjoym5t4    ,coop]ate ) ,y\r    
,f$]al1 ,/ate & ,prov9cial ,ag5cies4    
,solv+ !  _m problems ( wat]f[l         
production1 h>ve/ & rese>* is possible  
only ?r\gh cont9u$ coop]ation ( ! duck  
hunt] &  cons]vationi/4    ,use a       
,retriev] if ,possible1 or at ,lea/     
,pick ,up ,e ,bird ,y ,%oot4 ,a  good   
dog w pick up cripples y w\ld o!rwise h 
to leave4 ,a good  sportsman w nev] kill
 game ne$lessly4 ,! use ( retriev+ dogs 
is  a s\nd cons]vation practice 9 r$uc+ 
crippl+ losses 9 addition  to provid+ ! 
pleasure ( wat*+ a good dog 9 action4   
,good ,sportsman%ip 9 ! ,duck ,bl9d & on
 ! ,m>%es ,is ,equally  ,important z    
,rema9+ ,fri5dly ) ,y\r ,neighbors4     
,,di/ribut$ ,,by3                       
,,texas ,,game & ,,fi% ,,commission     
,transcrib]'s ,notes      --,reta9$     
publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3

 ?is e,book    is public-doma9 9 !      
c\ntry ( publication4    --,add$ sev]al 
birds to ! ,table ( ,cont5ts to mat* !  
text4    --,sil5tly correct$ a few      
typos4    --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text
 9 italics is delimit$ by    und]scores4