,,animal ,,behavi\r ,,by ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,spr+s ,,( ,,conduct10 8,,habit ,,& ,,in/9ct10 8,,psy*ology ,,= ,,tea*]s10 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,second ,,edition ,,?ird ,,impression ,,london ,,edw>d ,,arnold #aibj 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,my book on 8,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce0 be+ out ( pr9t1 ,i und]took to revise x = a new ,edition4 ,z ! "w ( revision proce$$1 h[ev]1 x appe>$ t ! am5d$ treatm5t w\ld n fall conv5i5tly "u ! previ\s s*eme ( arrangem5t4 ,i !re=e decid$ to write a new book "u ! title ( 8,animal ,behavi\r40 ,a few passages f ! old] "w h be5 introduc$1 & "s ( ! obs]vations & conclusions already publi%$ 9 great] detail 9 8,habit & ,in/9ct0 h be5 summ>iz$4 ,b x w be f\nd t ^! occupy a relatively small space 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,c4 ,,ll4 ,m4 ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,bri/ol1 ,,octob] #a/1 #aijj4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,organic ,,behavi\r ,,page ,i4 ,,behavi\r ,,9 ,,g5]al #a ,,ii4 ,,behavi\r ,,( ,,cells #c ,,iii4 ,,corporate ,,behavi\r #ad ,,iv4 ,,! ,,behavi\r ,,( ,,plants #bd ,v4 ,,reflex ,,action #ca ,,vi4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,organic ,,behavi\r #ce ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,consci\sness ,i4 ,,! ,,consci\s ,,accompanim5ts ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,organic ,,*anges #db ,,ii4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,/ages ,,( ,,m5tal ,,developm5t #dh ,,iii4 ,,lat] ,,phases ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,developm5t #ef ,,iv4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,consci\sness #fa ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r ,i4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r #fc ,,ii4 ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r ,,9 ,,insects #ga ,,iii4 ,,! ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r ,,( ,,"y ,,birds #hd ,,iv4 ,,! ,,consci\s ,,aspect ,,( ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r #ih ,v4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r #ajf ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,intellig5t ,,behavi\r ,i4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,intellig5t ,,behavi\r #aag ,,ii4 ,,intellig5t ,,behavi\r ,,9 ,,insects #abc ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,results ,,( ,,exp]im5t #acd ,,iv4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,intellig5t ,,behavi\r #aee ,v4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,on ,,in/9ct #afh ,,*apt] ,v ,,social ,,behavi\r ,i4 ,,imitation #agi ,,ii4 ,,int]communication #aic ,,iii4 ,,social ,,communities ,,( ,,bees ,,& ,,ants #bje ,,iv4 ,,animal ,,tradition #bbj ,v4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,social ,,behavi\r #bbe ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,feel+s ,,& ,,emotions ,i4 ,,impulse1 ,,int]e/1 ,,& ,,emotion #bce ,,ii4 ,,play #bdh ,,iii4 ,,c\rt%ip #beh ,,iv4 ,,animal 8,,/hetics0 ,,& 8,,e?ics0 #bgj ,v4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,feel+ ,,& ,,emotion #bhb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,animal ,,behavi\r ,i4 ,,! ,,physiological ,,aspect #bie ,,ii4 ,,! ,,biological ,,aspect #cje ,,iii4 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,aspect #cae ,,iv4 ,,cont9uity ,,9 ,,evolution #cbd ,,index #cch ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,p>amecium4 7,f 8,animal ,biology40 ,longmans7 #d #b4 ,behavi\r ( ,p>amecia4 7,aft] ,j5n+s1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology7 #h #c4 ,cell-division4 7,f 8,animal ,biology40 ,longmans7 #ac #d4 ,wapiti ) antl]s 9 velvet4 7,draw+ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,:ymp]1 aft] photograph by ,miss ,reynolds7 #af #e4 ,wapiti ) velvet %r$d+ (f4 7,draw+ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,:ymp]1 aft] photograph by ,miss ,reynolds7 #ag #f4 ,sun-dew leaf & t5tacles4 7,f ,d>w9's 8,insectivor\s ,plants40 ,murray4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w91 ,f4,r4,s47 #bf #g4 ,v5us's ,fly-trap4 7,f ,d>w9's 8,insectivor\s ,plants40 ,murray4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w91 ,f4,r4,s47 #bg #h4 ,fl[] ( ,valisn]ia #bh #i4 ,fl[] ( ,catasetum #cj #aj4 ,fl[] ( ,catasetum dissect$4 7,f ,d>w9's 8,f]tilization ( ,or*ids40 ,murray4 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w91 ,f4,r4,s47 #ca #aa4 ,solit>y ,wasp /++ ,cat]pill>4 7,aft] ,plate ,,iii4 9 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,peckham's 8,solit>y ,wasps07 #ge #ab4 ,solit>y ,wasp dragg+ a ,cat]pill> to its ,ne/4 7,aft] ,plate ,,iv4 9 ,dr4 ,peckham's 8,solit>y ,wasps07 #gf #ac4 ,insect ,l>v3 ,sit>is1 ,argyromba1 & ,leucopsis4 7,aft] ,fabre 8,s\v5irs07 #hj #ad4 ,yucca ,fl[] & ,mo? #hc #ae4 ,newly-hat*$ ,*ick swimm+4 7,drawn by ,mr4 ,*>les ,:ymp]1 aft] in/antane\s photographs & a sket* by ! au?or7 #he #af4 ,ne/l+ ,megapode4 7,f ,dr4 ,r4 ,b[dl] ,%>pe's 8,wond]s ( ! ,bird ,_w40 ,wells ,g>dn]7 #hg #ag4 ,cuckoo eject+ ,mead[ ,pipit4 7,f ,mrs4 ,hugh ,blackburn's sket* 9 8,birds f ,moid>t40 ,david ,d\glas7 #ia #ah4 ,leaf-case ( ,bir*-weevil #aba #ai4 ,solit>y ,wasp us+ a /one z a tool4 7,aft] ,plate ,v4 9 ,dr4 ,peckham's 8,solit>y ,wasps07 #abg #bj4 ,spid]s plac$ by ,solit>y ,wasps 9 crot*es ( bran*+ /ems4 7,aft] ,plate ,x4 9 ,dr4 ,peckham's 8,solit>y ,wasps07 #acc #ba4 ,fox-t]ri] lift+ ! lat* ( a gate4 7,drawn by ,mr4 ,*>les ,:ymp]1 aft] a photograph by ,miss ,alice ,worsley7 #ade #bb4 ,cage us$ by ,dr4 ,?orndike4 7,aft] figure 9 8,animal ,intellig5ce10 ,psy*ological ,review1 #ahih7 #adh #bc4 ,diagram illu/rat+ ,dr4 ,?orndike's ,exp]im5ts4 7,bas$ on data giv5 9 8 monograph on 8,animal ,intellig5ce07 #aej #bd4 ,wood ant4 7,f ,%ipley's 8,inv]tebrates40 ,a4 ,c4 ,black7 #bjg #be4 ,beetle solicit+ food f ,ant4 7,aft] ,wasmann4 ,enl>g$7 #bac #bf4 ,honey-pot ,ant4 7,enl>g$7 #bae ,,animal ,,behavi\r ,,*apt] ,i ,,organic ,,behavi\r ,i4--,,behavi\r ,,9 ,,g5]al ,we commonly use ! ^w 8behavi\r0 ) a wide range ( mean+4 ,we speak ( ! behavi\r ( troops 9 ! field1 ( ! prison] at ! b>1 ( a d&y 9 ! ball-room4 ,b ! *emi/ & ! physici/ (t5 speak ( ! behavi\r ( atoms & molecules1 or t ( a gas "u *ang+ conditions ( temp]ature & pressure4 ,! geologi/ tells u t a glaci] behaves 9 _m respects l a riv]1 & discusses h[ ! cru/ ( ! e>? behaves "u ! /resses to :i* x is subject$4 ,wea!r-wise p comm5t on ! behavi\r ( ! m]cury 9 a b>omet] z a /orm approa*es4 ,in/ances ( a simil> usage ne$ n be multipli$4 ,frequ5tly employ$ ) a moral significance1 ! ^w is at lea/ occasionally us$ 9 a wid] & m compreh5sive s5se4 ,:5 ,m>y1 ! nurse1 returns ) ! little ,miss ,smi?s f ,ma/] ,br[n's bir?day p>ty1 %e is n>r[ly que/ion$ z to _! behavi\r2 b mean:ile _! fa!r1 ! pr(essor1 has be5 disc\rs+ to 8 /ud5ts on ! behavi\r ( iron fil+s 9 ! magnetic field2 & 8 son ,jack1 ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,blund]]1 ent]ta9s 8 eld] si/]s ) a graphic description ( ! behavi\r ( a fir/-class battle-%ip 9 a heavy sea4 ,! ^w w be employ$ 9 ! foll[+ pages 9 a wide & compreh5sive s5se4 ,we %all h to consid]1 n only ! k9d ( animal behavi\r :i* implies intellig5ce1 sometimes ( a high ord]2 n only su* behavi\r z animal play & c\rt%ip1 :i* sugge/s emotional attributes2 b also =ms ( behavi\r :i*1 if n unconsci\s1 seem to lack consci\s guidance & control4 ,we %all deal ma9ly ) ! behavi\r ( ! animal z a :ole1 b also incid5tally ) t ( its con/itu5t p>ticles1 or cells2 & we %all n hesitate to cite 79 a p>5!tic section7 "s episodes ( plant life z examples ( organic behavi\r4 ,?us broadly us$1 ! t]m 9 all cases indicates & draws att5tion to ! reaction ( t :i* we speak ( z behav+1 9 response to c]ta9 surr\nd+ conditions or circum/ances :i* evoke ! behavi\r4 ,! middy w\ld n talk ( ! behavi\r ( 8 %ip z %e lay at an*or 9 ,portl& h>b\r2 ! ^w is only applicable :5 !re is action & reaction z ! vessel pl\ghs ?r\gh a heavy sea1 or :5 %e answ]s to ! helm4 ,ap>t f gravitation ! glaci] & ! riv] w\ld n 8behave 9 a simil> mann]40 ,only "u ! conditions compris$ "u ! t]m 8magnetic field0 d iron fil+s exhibit c]ta9 peculi>ities ( behavi\r4 ,& s1 also1 9 o!r cases4 ,! behavi\r ( cells is evok$ "u giv5 organic or ext]nal conditions2 in/9ctive1 intellig5t1 & emotional behavi\r are call$ =? 9 response to ^? circum/ances :i* ex]cise a con/ra9+ influ5ce at ! mom5t ( action4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 9 a discussion ( animal behavi\r1 t we %\ld endeav\r to realize1 z f> z possible1 9 e case1 fir/1 ! nature ( ! animal "u consid]ation2 secondly1 ! conditions "u :i* x is plac$2 ?irdly1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! response is call$ =? by ! circum/ances1 & f\r?ly1 h[ f> ! behavi\r adequately meets ! ess5tial conditions ( ! situation4 ,,ii4--,,behavi\r ,,( ,,cells ,f :at has already be5 said x may be inf]r$ t our use ( ! t]m 8behavi\r0 nei!r implies nor excludes ! pres5ce ( consci\sness4 ,few are prep>$ to cont5d t ! iron fil+s 9 a magnetic field consci\sly gr\p !mselves 9 def9ite & symmetrical patt]ns1 or t s& gra9s on a vibrat+ plate assemble along c]ta9 nodal l9es because !y are consci\s ( ! effects ( ! b[ by :i* ! plate is set 9 s\nd+ vibration4 ,b :]e organic response falls "u our obs]vation1 no matt] h[ simple & direct t response may be1 !re is a natural t5d5cy to suppose t ! behavi\r is consci\s2 & :]e ! response is less simple & m indirect1 ?is t5d5cy is s /r5g!n$ z to give rise to a /ate ( m9d bord]+ on1 or actually rea*+1 conviction4 ,nor is ?is surpris+3 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 organic responses1 ev5 ! simple/1 are less obvi\sly & directly relat$ to ! int]play ( surr\nd+ circum/ances2 &1 9 ! second place1 !y are m obvi\sly 9 relation to "s purpose 9 ! s5se t !y directly or indirectly contribute to ! ma9t5ance ( life or ! fur!rance ( well-be+4 ,n[ :]e behavi\r is complex & subs]ves an end :i* we c note & "n1 !re arises ! supposition t x may well be ( ! same nature z our own complex & consci\s behavi\r4 ,take = example ! behavi\r ( ! ,slipp]-animalcule1 ,p>amecium1 "o ( ! m9ute creatures kn[n to zoologi/s z ,protozoa4 ,! :ole animal is con/itut$ by a s+le cell1 some:at less ?an "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ! =m & behavi\r ( :i* may be readily /udi$ "u ! microscope4 ,?\s&s may be obta9$ f wat] 9 :i* "s hay has be5 all[$ to rot4 ,! surface ( ! ,p>amecium is cov]$ ) wav+ hair-l cilia1 by :i* x is propell$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 :ile /iff] hairs may be %ot out f ! surface at any po9t :]e !re is a local s\rce ( irritation1 z indicat$ at ! top ( ! accompany+ figure4 ,two little sacs exp& & contract1 & s]ve to dra9 (f wat] & wa/e products f ! sub/ance ( ! cell4 ,food is tak5 9 at ! end ( ! funnel1 %[n 9 ! l[] "p ( ! figure4 ,! cilia "h "w 9 su* mann] z to drive ! p>ticles into & d[n ! tube1 & on rea*+ its inn] end ^! p>ticles bur/ ?r\gh into ! semi-fluid sub/ance1 & circulate !re94 ,j above ! funnel !re are two bean-l bodies1 ! l>g] ( :i* is kn[n z ! macronucleus1 ! small] z ! micronucleus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,p>amecium4 ,! process ( multiplication is by 8fission10 or ! division ( ea* ,p>amecium into two simil> animalcules4 ,n infrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 two ,p>amecia may be se5 to approa* ea* o!r & come toge!r1 funnel to funnel2 & 9 ea* ! nuclei und]go curi\s *anges4 ,! macronucleus breaks up1 & is scatt]$4 ,! micronucleus 9 ea* divides into f\r portions1 ( :i* ?ree break up & disappe>2 :ile ! f\r? aga9 divides into two p>ts1 "o to be reta9$ & ! o!r to be ex*ang$ = ! simil> micronucle> product ( ! o!r ,p>amecium4 ,! reta9$ portion & t receiv$ 9 ex*ange !n unite to =m a new micronucleus4 ,m4 ,maupas concludes f 8 c>eful obs]vations t1 9 ! abs5ce ( su* 8conjugation0 9 ! mid-p]iod ( life1 ,p>amecia pass into a /ate ( s5ility :i* ends 9 decrepitude & dea?4 ,if ?is be s1 conjugation is 9 !m necess>y = ! cont9uance ( a heal?y race4 ,"h we h :at a zoologi/ w\ld describe z a specializ$ mode ( behavi\r ( ! nuclei2 & we h also ! behavi\r ( ! m9ute creatures 7:i* conta9 ! nuclei7 z !y approa* ea* o!r & come toge!r 9 conjugation4 ,c "o wond] t ! latt]1 at any rate1 has be5 reg>d$ z an example ( consci\s proc$ure8 ,9 tru? we d n "k 9 :at mann] & by :at subtle influ5ces ! ,p>amecia are drawn toge!r 9 conjugation4 ,b x is sc>cely logical to base on su* ignorance any positive ass]tion z to consci\s attraction4 ,x is bett] to confess t "h is a piece ( organic behavi\r1 ! exact conditions ( :i* are at pres5t unexpla9$4 ,we may take f ! writ+s#a ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,j5n+s1 ( ,h>v>d1 "s acc\nt ( o!r modes ( behavi\r among ,p>amecia4 ,!y l>gely fe$ ^u clott$ masses ( bact]ia4 ,if a numb] are plac$ ^u a glass slip1 toge!r ) a small bact]ial clot1 !y w be se5 to congregate ar\nd ! clot & to fe$ ^u x4 ,all app>5tly press 9 s z to rea* x1 or get z ne> x z possible4 ,& if a numb] be plac$ on ano!r slide )\t any clot1 !y soon collect 9 gr\ps 9 "o or m regions1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,,iii4 ,x appe>s z if !y 7 actuat$ by "s social impulse lead+ !m to cr[d toge!r & %un isolat$ positions4 ,nay1 m2 x seems z if1 aft] ?us collect+ & cr[d+ 9 to "s c5tre ( int]e/1 ! attractive influ5ce gradually wan$2 ! gr\p spreads1 & ! ,p>amecia are less d5sely pack$2 ! assembly scatt]s m & m1 b /ill seems to be reta9$ by an invisible b\nd>y beyond :i* ! little creatures d n pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,behavi\r ( ,p>amecia 7aft] ,j5n+s74 ,fur!rmore1 if kept 9 a j>1 ! ,p>amecia cr[d up t[>ds ! surface :]e ! bact]ia clots are float+2 & if1 b5ea? ! cov] glass ( a slip on :i* !y are "u microscopic exam9ation1 a drop ( liquid be introduc$ ?r\gh a v f9e tube1 !y w seem ei!r to be attract$ to x1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,i41 or repell$ f x1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,,ii41 accord+ to its nature4 ,f alkal9e liquids !y are repell$2 to slightly acid drops !y are attract$1 unless ! acidity be too pung5t4 ,heat & cold are alike repell5t1 & ev5 a drop ( pure di/ill$ wat] =ms an area into :i* ! ,p>amecia d n ent]4 ,) su* facts be=e him1 ! incauti\s obs]v] may be l$ to ! conclusion t ,p>amecia are n only consci\s1 b end[$ ) intellig5ce & volition4 ,ev5 ,m4 ,b9et1#b :o occupies a position :i* %\ld lead him to ex]cise m caution1 tells u t !re is n a s+le infusorian :i* _c be fright5$1 & does n manife/ its fe> by rapid flight2 he speaks ( "s ( ^! unicellul> animals z 8end[$ ) memory & volition10 & possess$ ( 8in/9ct ( great precision20 & he describes ! foll[+ /ages3-- 87#a7 ,! p]ception ( an ext]nal object2 87#b7 ,! *oice made betwe5 a numb] ( objects2 87#c7 ,! p]ception ( _! position 9 space2 87#d7 ,movem5ts calculat$ ei!r to approa* ! body & seize x1 or to flee f x40 ,b :5 we seem to h grasp$ 8 po9t ( view1 :5 we h catalogu$ ! memory1 fe>1 in/9ct1 p]ception1 *oice & volition1 ! :ole intellig5t edifice crumbles2 = we are told t 8we are n 9 a position to det]m9e :e!r ^! v>i\s acts are accompani$ by consci\sness1 or :e!r !y foll[ z simple physiological processes40 ,to mo/ ( u fe>1 memory1 *oice1 volition1 imply some?+ m ?an simple physiological processes2 !y imply n only consci\sness1 b highly elaborat$ consci\sness4 ,dr4 ,j5n+s's rese>*es %[ t no su* implication c be accept$ unless we are prep>$ to ca/ aside ! trammels ( reasonable caution4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! :ole matt] ( fe$+ appe>s to be ref]able to simple organic behavi\r n necess>ily involv+ consci\sness4 ,! cilia 9 ! m\?-groove & funnel con/antly wave 9 su* a mann] z to drive a curr5t ( wat]1 toge!r ) any p>ticles :i* float !re91 t[>ds ! int]ior2 & ! p>ticles are !n engulph$1 no matt] :at _! composition may be4 ,dige/ible or indige/ible1 9 !y g4 ,!re is no selection ( ! "o or rejection ( ! o!r4 ,b1 z we h se51 ! ,p>amecia collect ar\nd a bact]ial clot & fe$ ^u x4 ,surely "h !re is selection ( ! nutriti\s6 ,app>5tly n4 ,!y collect 9 j ! same way t[>ds a piece ( blott+-pap]1 cotton-wool1 clo?1 sponge1 or o!r fibr\s body1 & rema9 assembl$ r\nd su* an innutriti\s c5tre j z long z r\nd a bact]ial clot4 ,!re seems to be no *oice 9 ! matt]2 contact ) any sub/ance gives rise1 z an organic response1 to ! less5+ or cessation ( ! regul> movem5ts 9 all ! cilia except ^? ( ! m\?-groove & funnel4 ,z ! ,p>amecia swim hi!r & ?i!r1 fir/ "o1 !n ano!r1 !n m1 *ance to come 9 contact ) ! bact]ial clot1 ! blott+-pap]1 or o!r sub/ance1 & s9ce ! la%+ ( ! cilia is !n automatically less5$1 !re !y /ay2 o!rs f9d _! way to ! same spot 9 ! c\rse ( _! r&om movem5ts1 & !y1 too1 /ay2 ?us _m soon collect4 ,b ?is does n acc\nt = ! seem+ly social assemblages ( ,p>amecia :]e !re is no su* sub/ance to arre/ _! progress4 ,dr4 ,j5n+s attributes ?is to ! fact t a dilute solution ( c>bon-dioxide has1 :at we may call = ! pres5t1 an attractive influ5ce4 ,if a bubble ( air & a bubble ( c>bon dioxide be introduc$ into ! wat] 9 :i* ,p>amecia are swimm+ b5ea? a cov]-glass1 ! animalcules collect ar\nd ! c>bonic dioxide1 b n ar\nd ! air bubble4 ,at fir/ !y press up close to ! bubble ( c>bon dioxide1 b gradually =m a r+ f>!r & f>!r f its limit+ b\nd>y4 ,?is is held to be due to ! fact t x is only ! dilute solution ( c>bonic acid t has ! peculi> 8attraction0--a /rong] solution has a diff]5t effect4 ,&1 z ! gas dissolves1 ! ,p>amecia collect 9 a r+ j :]e ! solution is suffici5tly dilute4 ,n[ c>bon dioxide is a product ( ! organic wa/e ( liv+ sub/ance2 x is giv5 (f by active ,p>amecia4 ,:]e !re=e _m are collect$ toge!r !y =m a c5tre ( ! production ( ?is sub/ance2 & :5 o!r ,p>amecia come1 9 ! c\rse ( _! r&om movem5ts1 into su* a c5tre !y rema9 !re & help to swell ! numb]s 9 ! clu/]4 ,if ,p>amecia be plac$ 9 wat] to :i* a di/9ctly r$di% t+e is giv5 by mix+ x ) a small quantity ( rosol--a sub/ance :i* is decol\riz$ by c>bon dioxide1 & is n injuri\s to ,p>amecia--x w be se5 t1 :]e ! gr\ps are collect$1 ! r$di% t+e fades & disappe>s4 ,z ! gr\ps exp&1 & are less d5sely pack$1 ! col\rless area exp&s too3 & ! limits )9 :i* ! gr\p is circumscrib$ are also ! limits ( decol\rization4 ,dr4 ,j5n+s consid]s x beyond "q t ! assembl+ ( ,p>amecia is due to ! pres5ce 9 su* assemblages ( c>bonic acid produc$ by ! animals !mselves4 ,! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! cr[d may be "s small fragm5t ( bact]ial clot or o!r sub/ance4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ,p>amecia are attract$ by fa9tly acid solutions2 & "h at lea/ !re is1 x may be urg$1 an elem5t ( *oice4 ,b ev5 "h1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,j5n+s1 !re is n only no real *oice1 b n ev5 any real attraction4 ,:at takes place1 accord+ to 8 obs]vations1 is briefly z foll[s4 ,suppose a fa9tly acid drop be ins]t$ b5ea? ! cov]-glass4 ,p>amecia may almo/ graze its b\nd>y )\t be+ 9 any way affect$ by its pres5ce4 ,b 9 _! r&om movem5ts "s1 & ev5tually _m1 p]haps mo/1 ( ! little animals *ance to ent] ! fa9tly acid region2 b !re is no sign ( reaction or response2 !y swim on across ! drop until !y rea* its fur!r m>g94 ,"h a reaction does take place4 ,in/ead ( proce$+ onw>ds1 sl[ly revolv+ on its long axis1 a ,p>amecium ?us situat$ j]ks backw>ds by a rev]sal ( all ! cilia1 at ! same "t revolv+ on its axis 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* x 0 be=e turn+4 ,b ! cilia ( ! m\?-groove resume _! normal mode ( work+ soon] ?an ! o!rs1 & ?is causes ! ,p>amecium to turn aside4 ,x !n goes ahead until x aga9 rea*es ! b\nd>y at ano!r po9t1 :5 ! same behavi\r is se54 ,! c\rse ( su* a ,p>amecium is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,,iv4 ,if1 in/ead ( a fa9tly acid drop1 a little alkal9e liquid be introduc$ b5ea? ! cov]-glass1 ! ,p>amecium simil>ly j]ks backw>d & turns aside on rea*+ its out] b\nd>y4 ,! turn+ may c>ry x away f ! alkali1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,v42 b x j z (t5 br+s x aga9 t[>ds ! drop1 especially a l>ge "o4 ,x seems to be a matt] ( *ance :i* result foll[s4 ,b ev5tually ! little creature sails (f1 s9ce ea* "t x comes )9 ! influ5ce ( ! alkal9e fluid x j]ks back & turns4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t :5 x is swimm+ 9 a normal solution a fa9tly acid liquid does n mu* modify its behavi\r1 b an alkal9e fluid evokes a rev]sal ( ! cilia2 & t :5 x is a slightly acid solution1 n only does /rong] acid cause rev]sal1 b normal fluid produces a simil> result4 ,a reaction ( ess5tially ! same k9d is 9 fact call$ =? by su* diff]5t /imuli z *emical sub/ances1 wat] heat$ above ! normal temp]ature1 or cool$ consid]ably bel[ x1 & fluids :i* cause *anges ( int]nal pressure )9 ! sub/ance ( ! cell4 ,nor does x matt] :]e ! /imulus is appli$4 ,if x be appli$ at ! h9d] end ! infusorian /ill j]ks backw>d1 ?\gh ?is may drive x into a de/ructive solution & ?us cause dea?4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s evid5ce ( diff]5t behavi\r 9 "s infusorians accord+ z ! /imulus is "h or !re4 ,9 o!r words1 ! behavi\r is to "s ext5t relat$ to ! position ( ! "p /imulat$4 ,fur!rmore1 x may be ga!r$ f ,dr4 ,j5n+s's acc\nt t !re is no?+ to lead u to suppose t su* free liv+ cells %[ any indication ( :at may be reg>d$ z ! keynote ( intellig5t behavi\r4 ,!y d n pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,!y exhibit organic reactions :i* may be accompani$ by "s dim =m ( consci\sness1 b :i* d n seem to be "u ! guidance ( su* consci\sness1 if x exi/4 ,"o ( ! fir/ lessons :i* ! /udy ( animal behavi\r1 9 its organic aspect1 %\ld impress ^u our m9ds is1 t liv+ cells may react to /imuli 9 a mann] :i* we p]ceive to be subs]vi5t to a biological end1 & yet react )\t consci\s purpose--t is to say1 automatically4 ,! liv+ cell assimilates food & absorbs oxyg51 x gr[s & subdivides1 x elaborates secretions1 produces a skeletal framework or cov]+1 rids itself ( wa/e products1 responds to /imuli 9 a def9ite fa%ion1 moves hi!r & ?i!r at r&om1 its functional activities be+ /imulat$ or *eck$ by _m influ5ces2 & yet ?is v>i$ life may give no evid5ce ( a guid+ consci\sness3 if purpose !re be1 x lies deep] ?an its protoplasm1 deep] ?an ! dim s5ti5ce :i* may be pres5t or may be abs5t--we _c tell :i*4 ,& :5 ! cells are incorporat$ 9 ! body ( "o ( ! high] animals1 in/ead ( ea* pres]v+ a free & nomad exi/5ce2 :5 !y become ! multitud9\s con/itu5ts ( an organic republic ) unity ( plan & unity ( biological end1 !n ! behavi\r ( ea* is limit$ 9 range b p]fect$ )9 t range1 9 subs]vi5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ! m complex unity4 ,! muscle cell contracts1 ! gl&-cell secretes1 ! rods & cones ( ! ret9a respond to ! waves ( light1 & all ! normal responses ( ! special cells g on ) su* ord]ly regul>ity t ! t]m behavi\r seems sc>cely applicable to reactions s /]eotyp$4 ,b ! physiologi/ & ! physician "k well t su* uni=mity ( response is dep5d5t on uni=mity ( conditions4 ,a little dose ( "s drug w pr(\ndly modify & r5d] abnormal ! proc$ure :i* 0 be=e s me*anical 9 its exactitude2 & we are ?us l$ to see h[ dep5d5t ! ord]ly behavi\r really is on ! ma9t5ance ( c]ta9 surr\nd+ conditions4 ,moreov]1 ! exi/5ce ( e cell 9 ! body corporate is ! outcome ( a process ( division involv+ a special mode ( behavi\r 9 ! nucleus1 ( :i* we are only beg9n+ to guess ! mean+ & significance1 & ( :i* we seek 9 va9 to f9d an explanation 9 me*anical t]ms4 ,& :5 we trace ^! divisions back to _! prim>y s\rce 9 ! f]tiliz$ ovum1 we f9d *anges & evolutions 9 ! nucle> matt] ( :i* x c only be said t ! m !y are /udi$ ! m complex & v>i$ d !y appe>4 ,! egg1 or ovum1 is a s+le cell produc$ by ! female1 & v>y+ mu* 9 size1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( food-yolk ) :i* x is suppli$4 ,l o!r cells1 x has a nucleus1 & ?is und]goes *anges :i* are def9itely relat$ to ! f]tilization ( ! ovum1 :i* we describe z ! biological end4 ,su* prep>atory *anges = a future cont+5cy are especially *>act]i/ic ( organic behavi\r4 ,!re is no?+ l x 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,! nucleus divides into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* passes out ( ! ovum & is lo/4 ,! nucleus aga9 divides1 & aga9 "o "p passes out & is lo/4 ,?us only "o qu>t] ( ! orig9al am\nt ( nucle> matt] rema9s4 ,n[1 division ( ! nucleus occurs :5ev] an animal cell divides2 b 9 ?is case 7ap>t f details :i* w\ld "h be out ( place7 !re is ?is diff]5ce4 ,dur+ ! ord9>y division ( cells !re are f\nd 9 ! nucleus a def9ite numb] ( curv$ rods1 & ?is numb] is con/ant = any giv5 species2 b 9 ! nucleus :i* rema9s 9 ! ovum aft] ?ree p>ts ( its sub/ance are lo/1 ! numb] ( rods has be5 r$uc$ to half t :i* is common to ! species4 ,! egg is n[ ready = f]tilization4 ,a m9ute active cell1 :i* is produc$ by ! male1 & :i* also has only half ! normal numb] ( rods1 ent]s ! ovum4 ,! two nuclei approa* ea* o!r1 & give rise to ! s+le nucleus ( ! f]tiliz$ ovum1 :i* ?us has ! full numb] ( rods--half ( !m d]iv$ f "o p>5t1 half f ! o!r p>5t4 ,! sp]m cell ( ! male adds little to ! /ore ( protoplasm 9 ! ovum2 b x introduces a m9ute body1 :i* seems to initiate subsequ5t divisions ( ! cell4 ,! nature ( ^! divisions may be se5 9 ! accompany+ diagrammatic figure4 ,9 ,a ! cell is j prep>+ to divide4 ,above ! nucleus is ! m9ute body 7c5trosome7 j spok5 (1 :i* has already divid$4 ,9 ! nucleus ! matt] ( :i* ! rods w be con/itut$ is net-l4 ,9 ,b ?is net-"w has tak5 on ! new =m ( a coil$ ?read1 :ile ! divid$ body above is associat$ ) a sp9dle ( delicate fibres4 ,9 ,c ! membrane r\nd ! nucleus has disappe>$1 & ! coil$ ?read has brok5 up into curv$ rods 7*romosomes71 f\r ( :i* are %[n4 ,! two halves ( ! m9ute body =m ! c5tres ( radiat+ />s4 ,9 ,d ea* curv$ rod has split along its l5g?1 & ! two p>ts are be+ drawn asund] t[>ds ! c5tres ( ! two />s2 ! cell itself is beg9n+ to divide4 ,9 ,e ! process is c>ri$ a /ep fur!r1 :ile 9 ,f ! cell has completely divid$ into two3 ! rods h disappe>$ z su*1 & are replac$ by a net-"w2 a new nucle> membrane has be5 =m$1 & ! m9ute body has aga9 divid$ prep>atory to ! fur!r division ( ! cell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,cell-division4 ,su*1 /ripp$ z f> z possible ( te*nicalities1 are "s ( ! facts conc]n+ ! behavi\r ( cells & _! nuclei dur+ ! process ( cell-multiplication4 ,no good purpose w\ld be subs]v$ by pret5d+ t we fully und]/& !m4 ,! splitt+ ( ! rods does inde$ seem an effici5t means to ! end ( secur+ a fair division ( ! nucle> sub/ance1 :i*1 accord+ to _m biologi/s1 is ! organic be>] ( h]$it>y qualities 9 ! cells4 ,b t is ne>ly all t we c say4 ,is ! process accompani$ by "s =m ( s5ti5ce8 ,we d n "k4 ,t x is controll$ & guid$ by any consci\sness 9 ! cell is mo/ improbable4 ,b if x be a purely organic & unconsci\s process x %\ld at lea/ impress on our m9ds ! fact t su* organic behavi\r may rea* a high degree ( delicacy & complexity4 ,,iii4 ,,corporate ,,behavi\r ,! ^w 8corporate0 is "h appli$ to ! organic behavi\r ( cells :5 !y are n indep5d5t & free1 b are incorporat$ 9 ! animal body1 & act 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,if ! behavi\r ( ! individual cell dur+ division impresses u ) ! subtle intricacy ( organic processes1 ! behavi\r ( ! gr[+ cell-republic dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( organic developm5t mu/ impress u no less =cibly4 ,we place ! f]tiliz$ egg ( a h5 9 an incubator1 & supply ! requisite conditions ( w>m?1 moi/ure1 & fre% air4 ,be=e ! egg is laid cell-division has begun4 ,a small pat* ( closely simil> cells has =m$ on ! surface ( ! yolk4 ,fur!r subdivision is !n arre/$ until ! w>m? ( incubation quick5s aga9 ! pat* into life4 ,b :5 once ?us quick5$ no subsequ5t tempor>y arre/ is possible--life w n aga9 lie dormant4 ,if arre/ !re be x is t ( dea?4 ,& f t little pat* ( cells1 :i* spreads fur!r & fur!r ov] ! yolk1 a *ick is develop$4 ,into ! intricate te*nicalities ( embryology ?is is n ! place to ent]4 ,b x is a matt] ( common k t1 :]eas we h to-day an egg su* z we eat = breakfa/1 ?ree weeks h5ce we %all h a bright active bird1 a cunn+ly wr\ght piece ( me*anism1 &1 m ?an t1 a go+ ma*9e4 ,dur+ ?is wond]ful process ! cellul> con/itu5ts take on new =ms & p]=m new functions1 all 9 relation%ip to ea* o!r1 all z "p ( "o organic :ole4 ,"h bones are develop$ to =m a skeletal framework1 !re muscles are con/itut$ :i* %all r5d] ord]ly movem5ts possible2 fea!rs1 beak1 & claws take %ape z products ( ! sk92 gut & gl&s prep>e = future modes ( nutrition2 he>t & blood-vessels und]go _m *anges1 "s rem9isc5t ( bygone & ance/ral gill-respiration1 "s 9 relation to ! provisional respiration ( ! embryo by means ( a tempor>y organ t spreads out b5ea? ! %ell1 "s prep>atory to ! future use ( ! lungs1--"s1 aga91 relat$ to ! absorption ( food f ! yolk1 o!rs to subsequ5t means ( dige/ion2 n]ve1 bra91 & s5se-organs diff]5tiate4 ,a go+ ma*9e 9 ! egg1 ! *ick is hat*$1 & =?) ent]s on a wid] field ( behavi\r4 ,few w\ld ?9k ( attribut+ to ! consci\sness ( ! embryo *ick any guid+ influ5ce on ! developm5t ( its bodily /ructure1 any control ov] ! subtle *anges & dispositions ( its con/itu5t cells4 ,b no soon] does ! *ick1 :5 x is hat*$1 beg9 to %[ wid] modes ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 ?an we invoke consci\s intellig5ce = _! explanation1 seem+ly =getful ( ! fact t !re is no logical gr\nd = affirm+ t1 :ile ! m>vell\s delicacies ( /ructure are ( unconsci\s organic orig91 ! e>ly modes ( in/9ctive behavi\r are due to ! guidance ( consci\sness4 ,su* modes ( behavi\r w1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,"h we h to notice t ! unque/ionably organic behavi\r ( ! incorporat$ republic ( cells may atta9 to a high degree ( complexity1 & may s]ve a di/9ctly biological end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,wapiti ) antl]s 9 velvet4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no m /rik+ in/ance ( rapid & vigor\s gr[? ?an is af=d$ by ! antl]s ( de]1#c :i* are %$ & r5ew$ e ye>4 ,9 ! e>ly summ]1 :5 gr[+1 !y are cov]$ ov] ) a d>k hairy sk91 & are said to be 89 velvet40 ,if y lay y\r h& on ! gr[+ antl]1 y w feel t x is hot ) ! nutri5t blood t is c\rs+ b5ea? x4 ,x is1 too1 exce$+ly s5sitive & t5d]4 ,an army ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( busy liv+ cells is at "w b5ea? t velvet surface1 build+ ! bony antl]s1 prep>+ = ! battles ( autumn4 ,ea* m9ute cell1 work+ = ! g5]al good1 takes up f ! nutri5t blood ! special mat]ials x requires2 elaborates ! crude bone-/uff1 at fir/ s(t z wax1 b ere long to become h>d z /one2 & !n1 hav+ done its "w1 hav+ add$ its special morsel to ! fabric ( ! antl]1 rema9s emb$d$ & immur$1 buri$ b5ea? ! bone-products ( its successors or desc5dants4 ,no hive ( bees is busi] or m replete ) active life ?an ! antl] ( a /ag z x gr[s b5ea? ! s(t1 w>m velvet4 ,& ?us are built up 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks ^? spl5did 8beams10 ) _! 8tynes0 & 8snags10 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! wapiti1 ev5 9 ! conf9em5t ( our ,zoological ,g>d5s1 may rea* a weight ( ?irty-two p\nds1 & :i*1 9 ! fre$om ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 may rea* su* a size t a man may walk1 )\t /oop+1 b5ea? ! ar*way made by sett+ up ^u _! po9ts ! %$ antl]s4 ,:5 ! antl] has rea*$ its full size1 a circul> ridge makes its appe>ance at a %ort di/ance f ! base4 ,?is is ! 8burr10 :i* divides ! antl] into a %ort 8p$icel0 next ! skull1 & ! 8beam0 ) its bran*es above4 ,! circulation 9 ! blood-vessels ( ! beam n[ beg9s to langui%1 & ! velvet dies & peels (f1 leav+ ! h>d1 bony sub/ance expos$4 ,!n is ! "t = fight+1 :5 ! /ags *all5ge ea* o!r to s+le combat1 :ile ! h9ds /& timidly by4 ,b :5 ! p]iod ( battle is ov]1 & ! w>s & loves ( ! ye> are pa/1 ! bone b5ea? ! burr beg9s to be eat5 away1 ?r\gh ! activity ( c]ta9 l>ge bone-absorb+ cells1 &1 ! base ( atta*m5t be+ ?us weak5$1 ! antl]s are %$2 ! sc>r$ surface sk9s ov] & heals1 & only ! hair-cov]$ p$icel ( ! antl] is left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,wapiti ) velvet %r$d+ (f4 ,we h no reason to suppose t ?is corporate cellul> behavi\r1 involv+ ! nicely adju/$ co-op]ation ( s va/ an army ( organic units1 is "u ! consci\s guidance ( ! /ag4 ,& yet h[ ord]ly ! proc$ure6 h[ admirable ! result6 ,nor is !re an organ or /ructural "p ( ! /ag or any o!r animal t does n tell ! same tale4 ,?is is b "o p>agraph ( ! volume 9 :i* is inscrib$ ! v>i$ & wond]ful hi/ory ( organic behavi\r 9 its corporate aspect4 ,is x a matt] = wond] t ! cause ( su* ph5om5a has be5 reg>d$ z 8a my/]y transc5d+ naturali/ic conception2 z an ali5 influx into nature1 baffl+ sci5tific int]pretation08 ,& yet1 ?\gh n surpris+1 ?is attitude ( m9d1 9 face ( organic ph5om5a1 is illogical1 & is due p>tly to a misconception ( ! function ( sci5tific int]pretation1 p>tly to influ5ces aris+ f ! c\rse pursu$ by ! hi/orical developm5t ( sci5tific k4 ,! function ( biological sci5ce is to =mulate & to express 9 g5]aliz$ t]ms ! relat$ antec$5ces & sequ5ces :i* are obs]v$ to occur 9 animals & plants4 ,?is c already be done ) "s approa* to precision4 ,b ! und]ly+ cause ( ! obs]v$ ph5om5a does n fall )9 ! purview ( natural sci5ce2 x involves metaphysical conceptions4 ,x is no m 7& no less7 a 8my/]y0 ?an all causation 9 its la/ resort--z ! raison d'tre ( obs]v$ ph5om5a--is a my/]y4 ,gravitation1 *emical aff9ity1 cry/all9e =ce1--^! are all 8my/]ies40 ,if ! my/]y ( life1 ly+ b5ea? & beh9d organic behavi\r1 be said to baffle sci5tific int]pretation1 ?is is because x sugge/s ultimate problems ) :i* sci5ce z su* %\ld n attempt to deal4 ,! f9al causes ( vital ph5om5a 7z ( o!r ph5om5a7 lie deep] ?an ! probe ( sci5ce c rea*4 ,b :y is ?is s5se ( my/]y especially evok$ 9 "s m9ds by ! contemplation ( organic behavi\r1 by ! /udy ( life8 ,p>tly1 no d\bt1 because ! sci5tific int]pretation ( organic processes is b rec5t1 & 9 _m respects incomplete4 ,p h gr[n s accu/om$ to ! metaphysical assumptions employ$ by physici/s & *emi/s :5 !y speak ( ! play ( cry/all9e =ces & ! selective aff9ities ( atoms1 !y h be5 wont = s long to accept ! 8my/]ies0 ( cry/allization & ( *emical union1 t ^! assumptions h coalesc$ ) ! descriptions & explanations ( sci5ce2 & ! jo9t products are n[1 ?r\gh cu/om1 *e]fully accept$ z natural4 ,:]e ! ph5om5a ( organic behavi\r are 9 "q1 ?is coalesc5ce has n yet tak5 place2 ! metaphysical elem5t is on ! "o h& proclaim$ z inexplicable by natural sci5ce1 & on ! o!r h& d5i$ ev5 by ^? :o talk glibly ( physical =ces z ! f9al cause ( ! ph5om5a ( ! inorganic _w4 ,s mu* ref]5ce to ! problems :i* und]lie ! problems ( sci5ce seems necess>y4 ,x is "h assum$ t ! ph5om5a ( organic behavi\r are susceptible ( sci5tific discussion & elucidation4 ,b ev5 assum+ t an adequate explanation 9 t]ms ( antec$5ce & sequ5ce %all be ?us atta9$ by ! sci5ce ( ! future1 ?is w n !n satisfy1 any m ?an our inadequate explanations n[ satisfy1 ^? :o seek to "k ! ultimate mean+ & reason ( x all3 ,:at makes organic matt] behave z we see x behave8 :at drives ! :eels ( life1 z x drives ! planets 9 _! c\rses8 :at impels ! egg to g ?r\gh its s]ies ( developm5tal *anges8 :at guides ! cells along ! div]g5t c\rse ( _! life-hi/ory8 ,^! are que/ions ! ultimate answ]s to :i* lie beyond ! sph]e ( sci5ce--que/ions :i* man 7:o is a metaphysical be+7 always does & always w ask1 ev5 if he re/s cont5t ) ! answ] ( agno/icism2 b que/ions to :i* natural sci5ce nev] w be able1 & %\ld nev] s mu* z attempt1 to give an answ]4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to %[ t organic behavi\r is a ?+ sui g5]is1 c>ry+ its own peculi> m>ks ( di/9ction3 & fur!r1 t1 = sci5ce1 ?is is j "p ( ! con/itution ( nature1 nei!r m nor less my/]i\s ?an1 let u say1 cry/allization or *emical comb9ation4 ,b associat$ & closely int]wov5 ) all t is di/9ctively organic !re is mu* :i* c to "s ext5t be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,! animal#d has sometimes be5 lik5$ to a /eam-eng9e1 9 :i* ! food is ! fuel :i* ent]s into combu/ion ) ! oxyg5 tak5 9 ?r\gh ! lungs4 ,x may be wor? :ile to modify & mod]nize ?is analogy--always rememb]+1 h[ev]1 t su* an analogy mu/ n be pu%$ too f>4 ,9 ! ord9>y /eam-eng9e ! fuel is plac$ 9 ! fire-box1 to :i* ! oxyg5 ( ! air ga9s access2 ! heat produc$ by ! combu/ion conv]ts ! wat] 9 ! boil] into /eam1 :i* is made to act ^u ! pi/on1 & ?us set ! ma*9]y 9 motion4 ,b !re is ano!r k9d ( eng9e1 n[ ext5sively us$1 :i* works on a diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,9 ! gas-eng9e ! fuel is gase\s1 & x c ?us be introduc$ 9 a /ate ( intimate mixture ) ! oxyg5 ) :i* x is to unite 9 combu/ion4 ,?is is a great advantage4 ,! two c unite rapidly & explosively4 ,9 gunp[d] ! same end is effect$ by mix+ ! c>bon & sulphur ) nitre1 :i* conta9s ! oxyg5 necess>y = _! explosive combu/ion4 ,& ?is is c>ri$ /ill fur!r 9 dynamite & gun-cotton1 :]e ! elem5ts necess>y = explosive combu/ion are n m]ely me*anically mix$1 b are *emically comb9$ 9 a highly un/able comp\nd4 ,b 9 ! gas-eng9e1 n only are ! fuel & ! oxyg5 ?us intimately mix$1 b ! controll$ explosions are caus$ to act directly on ! pi/on1 & n ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( wat] 9 a boil]4 ,:]eas1 !re=e1 9 ! /eam-eng9e ! combu/ion is to "s ext5t ext]nal to ! work+ ( ! ma*9e1 9 ! gas-eng9e x is to a l>ge ext5t int]nal & direct4 ,n[1 in/ead ( lik5+ ! animal z a :ole to a /eam-eng9e1 x is m satisfactory to lik5 ea* cell to an automatic gas-eng9e :i* manufactures its own explosive4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( repose :i* int]v5es betwe5 p]iods ( activity1 its protoplasm is busy 9 con/ruction1 tak+ f ! blood-discs oxyg51 & f ! blood-fluid c>bonace\s & nitrog5\s mat]ials1 & knitt+ ^! toge!r into relatively un/able explosive comp\nds1 :i* play ! "p ( ! mix$ air & gas ( ! gas-eng9e4 ,a re/+ muscle may be lik5$ to a complex & well-organiz$ batt]y ( gas-eng9es4 ,on ! /imulus suppli$ ?r\gh a n]ve-*annel a s]ies ( co-ord9at$ explosions takes place3 ! gas-eng9es are set to "w2 ! muscul> fibres contract2 ! products ( ! sil5t explosions are tak5 up & hurri$ away by ! blood-/ream2 & ! protoplasm prep>es a fre% supply ( explosive mat]ial4 ,long be=e ! inv5tion ( ! gas-eng9e1 long be=e gun-cotton or dynamite 7 dreamt (1 long be=e "s ,*9ese or o!r inv5tor fir/ mix$ ! +r$i5ts ( gunp[d]1 organic nature _h utiliz$ ! pr9ciple ( controll$ explosions 9 ! protoplasmic cell1 & ?us r5d]$ animal behavi\r possible4 ,c]ta9 cells are1 h[ev]1 m delicately explosive ?an o!rs4 ,^?1 = example1 on or ne> ! ext]nal surface ( ! body--^?1 t is to say1 :i* con/itute ! end-organs ( ! special s5ses--conta9 explosive mat]ial :i* may be fir$ by a t\*1 a s\nd1 an od\r1 ! contact ) a sapid fluid or a ray ( light4 ,! effects ( ! explosions 9 ^! delicate cells1 re9=c$ 9 c]ta9 neighb\r+ n]ve-batt]ies1 are transmitt$ d[n ! n]ves z waves ( subtle *emical or electrolytic *ange1 & ?us rea* t wond]ful aggregation ( organiz$ & co-ord9at$ explosive cells1 ! bra94 ,"h x is aga9 re9=c$ & direct$ 7:o1 at pres5t1 c say h[87 along fre% n]ve-*annels to muscles1 or gl&s1 or o!r organiz$ gr\ps ( explosives4 ,& 9 ! bra91 someh[ associat$ ) ! explosion ( its cells1 consci\sness1 ! m9d-elem5t1 em]ges2 ( :i* we ne$ only notice "h t x belongs to a :olly diff]5t ord] ( be+ f ! physical activities & products ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$4 ,we mu/ n press ! explosion analogy too f>4 ,! ess5tial ?+ seems to be t ! protoplasm ( ! cell has ! p[] ( build+ up complex & un/able *emical comp\nds1 :i* are p]haps /or$ 9 its spongy sub/ance2 & t ^! un/able comp\nds1 "u ! influ5ce ( a /imulus 7or1 possibly1 sometimes spontane\sly71 break d[n into simpl] & m /able comp\nds4 ,9 ! case ( muscle-cells1 ?is latt] *ange is accompani$ by an alt]ation 9 l5g? ( ! fibres1 & consequ5t movem5ts 9 ! animal1 ! products ( ! disruptive *ange be+ useless or h>mful1 & be+1 !re=e1 remov$ z soon z possible4 ,b v frequ5tly ! products ( explosive activity are made use (4 ,9 ! case ( bone-cells1 "o ( ! products ( disruption is ( p]man5t use to ! organism1 & con/itutes ! solid framework ( ! skeleton4 ,9 ! case ( ! secret+ cells 9 ! saliv>y & o!r dige/ive gl&s1 "s ( ! disruptive products are ( tempor>y value = ! prep>ation ( ! food4 ,x is probable t ^! useful products ( disruption1 p]man5t or tempor>y1 took _! orig9 9 wa/e products = :i* natural selection has f\nd a use1 & :i* h be5 gradually r5d]$ m & m efficaci\s 9 modes ( organic behavi\r increas+ly complex4 ,9 ! busy hive ( cells :i* con/itutes :at we call ! animal body1 !re is ?us ceaseless activity4 ,dur+ p]iods ( app>5t re/ ! protoplasm is engag$ 9 con/ructive "w1 build+ up fre% supplies ( un/able mat]ials1 :i*1 dur+ p]iods ( app>5t activity1 break up into simpl] & m /able sub/ances1 "s ( :i* are useful to ! organism1 :ile o!rs mu/ be got rid ( z soon z possible4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 ! cells dur+ app>5t re/ are /or+ up en]gy to be utiliz$ by ! animal dur+ its p]iods ( activity4 ,! /or+ up ( available en]gy may be lik5$ to ! w9d+ up ( a wat* or clock2 x is :5 an organ is at re/ t ! cells are w9d+ !mselves up2 & ?us we h ! app>5t p>adox t ! cell is mo/ active & do+ mo/ "w :5 ! organ ( :i* x =ms a "p is at re/4 ,dur+ ! repose ( an organ1 9 fact1 ! cells are busily work+ 9 prep>ation = ! manife/ation ( en]getic action t is to foll[4 ,j z ! brilliant display ( intellectual activity 9 a great orator is ! result ( ! sil5t "w ( a lifetime1 s is ! physical manife/ation ( muscul> p[] ! result ( ! sil5t prep>atory "w ( ! muscle-cells4 ,x may1 p]haps1 seem /range t ! products ( cellul> life %\ld be rea*$ by ! r\ndab\t process ( fir/ produc+ un/able comp\nds1 f :i* are !n =m$ m /able sub/ances1 useful = p]man5t purposes z 9 bone1 or tempor>y purposes z 9 ! dige/ive fluids4 ,x seems a wa/e ( p[] to build up sub/ances unnecess>ily complex & /or$ ) an unnecess>ily abundant supply ( en]gy4 ,b only ?us c\ld ! organs be enabl$ to act "u ! influ5ce ( /imuli1 & af=d examples ( corporate behavi\r4 ,!y are l *>g$ batt]ies ready to dis*>ge "u ! influ5ce ( ! slighte/ organic t\*4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 is af=d$ a means by :i* ! organ is n dep5d5t only ^u ! products ( ! imm$iate activity ( ! protoplasm at ! "t ( action1 b c utilize ! /ore laid up dur+ prec$+ p]iods ( re/4 ,suffici5t has n[ be5 said to illu/rate ! nature ( "s ( ! physical processes :i* accompany organic behavi\r 9 its corporate aspect4 ,! fact t %\ld /& out cle>ly is t ! animal body is /or$ ) l>ge quantities ( available en]gy resid5t 9 highly complex & un/able *emical comp\nds1 elaborat$ by ! con/itu5t cells4 ,^! un/able comp\nds1 em95tly explosive accord+ to our analogy1 are built up ( mat]ials d]iv$ f two diff]5t s\rces--f ! nutritive matt] 7conta9+ c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog57 absorb$ dur+ dige/ion1 & f oxyg5 tak5 up f ! air dur+ respiration4 ,! cells ?us become *>g$ ) en]gy t c be set free on ! application ( ! appropriate /imulus1 :i* may be lik5$ to ! sp>k t fires ! explosive4 ,let u note1 9 conclusion1 t x is ?r\gh ! blood-sy/em1 ramify+ to all p>ts ( ! body1 & ! n]ve-sy/em1 ! ramifications ( :i* are n less p]fect1 t "o ( ! l>g] & high] animals is knit toge!r into an organic :ole4 ,! =m] c>ries to ! cell ! raw mat]ials = ! elaboration ( its explosive products1 &1 aft] ! explosions1 c>ries (f ! wa/e products :i* result !refrom4 ,! n]ve-fibres c>ry ! /imuli by :i* ! explosive is fir$1 :ile ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em organizes1 co-ord9ates1 & controls ! explosions1 & initiates ! elaboration ( ! explosive comp\nds4 ,blood & n]ves co-op]ate to r5d] corporate behavi\r possible4 ,,iv4--,,! ,,behavi\r ,,( ,,plants ,a %ort p>5!tic section on ! behavi\r ( plants may s]ve fur!r to illu/rate ! nature ( organic behavi\r4 ,we h se5 t ,p>amecium is app>5tly attract$ by fa9tly acid solutions1 & h briefly consid]$ ,dr4 ,j5n+s's int]pretation ( ! facts disclos$ by c>eful obs]vation4 ,9 ! f]ns ! female elem5t1 or ovum1 is conta9$ 9 a m9ute flask-%ap$ /ructure 7ar*egonium71 9 ! neck & m\? ( :i* mucilag9\s matt]1 ) a slightly acid reaction1 is develop$2 & ?is is said to ex]cise an attractive influ5ce on ! freely swimm+ ciliat$ male elem5ts1 or sp]matozoids1 :i* are necess>y = f]tilization4 8,n[1 x has be5 %[n by exp]im5t t ! sp]matozoids ( f]ns are attract$ by c]ta9 *emical sub/ances1 & especially by malic acid4 ,if artificial ar*egonia are prep>$ 7consi/+ ( t9y capill>y glass-tubes7 & fill$ ) mucilage to :i* a small quantity ( ?is acid has be5 add$1 !y are f\nd1 :5 plac$ 9 wat] conta9+ f]n-sp]matozoids1 to ex]cise ! same attraction ^u !m :i* ! real ar*egonia ex]cise 9 nature4 ,! malic acid gradually diffuses out into ! wat]1 & ! sp]matozoids are influ5c$ by x1 s t !y move 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! sub/ance is m conc5trat$1 i4e4 t[>ds ! tube4 ,al?\gh x _c be prov$ t ! ar*egonia !mselves conta9 malic acid1 z !y are too small = a recognizable quantity to be obta9$ f !m1 yet !re c be little d\bt t ! natural ar*egonia owe _! attractive influ5ce to ! same *emical ag5t :i* has prov$ efficaci\s 9 exp]im5t40#e ,9 ! light ( ,dr4 ,j5n+s's obs]vations1 x is p]haps n improbable t ?is s-call$ attractive influ5ce is simil> to t se5 9 ,p>amecium2 & t ! sp]matozoids ent] ! organic acid 9 ! c\rse ( _! r&om movem5ts1 & !re rema94 ,be t z x may1 ! male elem5ts collect 9 ! mucilag9\s mass1 & pass d[n ! neck ( ! flask until "o rea*es & coalesces ) ! female elem5t1 or ovum1 & effects its f]tilization4 ,"h we h organic behavi\r unmi/akably direct$ to a biological end--behavi\r :i* may inde$ be accompani$ by "s dim =m ( consci\sness1 b :i* is due to a purely organic reaction4 ,x is sc>cely satisfactory to say t ! sp]matozoids 8possess a c]ta9 p[] ( p]ception1 by :i* _! movem5ts are guid$40#f ,if consci\sness be pres5t1 x is probably m]ely an accompanim5t ( ! response1 & has no directive influ5ce on its nature & "*4 ,9 ! high] plants1 z 9 ! high] animals1 ! diff]5tiation & ! ord]ly m>%all+ ( ! cell-prog5y aris+ f ! coalesc5t male & female elem5ts1 af=d1 dur+ developm5t1 examples ( corporate organic behavi\r :i* c be m readily describ$ ?an expla9$1 b :i* n less cle>ly subs]ve def9ite biological ends1 & 9 _m cases1 su* z ! direction ( gr[? 9 radicles & roots1 ! curl+ ( t5drils1 & ! reaction to ! influ5ce ( light & w>m?1 are relat$ to & evok$ by ! environ+ conditions4 ,m closely resembl+ famili> modes ( behavi\r 9 animals are su* movem5ts z are se5 9 ! 8t5tacles0 :i* project f ! upp] surface & m>g9 ( ! ,sun-dew leaf4 ,_! knobb$ ends secrete a /icky matt]1 :i* gli/5s 9 ! sun1 & to :i* small =eign bodies readily adh]e4 ,if p>ticles ( lime/one1 s&1 or clay1 su* z may be bl[n by ! w9d1 t\* & /ick to ^! knobs1 !re foll[s an exudation ( acid liquid1 b no m>k$ & cont9u\s *ange occurs 9 ! position ( ! t5tacles4 ,b %\ld an insect alight on ! leaf1 or a small piece ( meat be plac$ ^u ! t5tacles1 n only is !re a dis*>ge ( acid juice1 b a f]m5t is also produc$1 :i* has a dige/ive action on ! nitrog5\s matt]4 ,sl[ly ! t5tacle curves inw>ds & d[nw>ds1 z "o's f+] may b5d t[>ds ! palm ( "o's h&2 neighb\r+ t5tacles also turn t[>ds & incl9e on to ! /imulat+ sub/ance2 !n o!rs1 fur!r (f1 behave 9 a simil> way1 until all ! t5tacles1 "s two hundr$ 9 numb]1 are inflect$ & conv]ge ^u ! nitrog5\s p>ticle4 ,nay1 m3 8,:5 two little bits ( meat are plac$ simultane\sly on ! "r & left halves ( ! same ,sun-dew leaf1 ! two hundr$ t5tacles divide into two gr\ps1 & ea* "o ( ! gr\ps directs its aim to "o ( ! bits ( meat40#g ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,sun-dew 7,dros]a74 ,leaf 7enl>g$7 ) ! t5tacles on "o side inflect$ ov] a bit ( meat plac$ on ! disc4 7,f ,d>w9's 8,insectivor\s ,plants407 ,! movem5ts1 ?\gh sl[1 are ord]ly1 me?odical1 & effective1 ! secretions ( _m gl&s be+ br\ght to be> on j ^? sub/ances :i* are capable ( dige/ion & absorption by ! plant4 ,! seem+ly conc]t$ action is moreov] due to an organic transmission ( impulses f cell to cell--a transmission accompani$ by visible *anges 9 a purple sub/ance conta9$ )9 ! cells4 ,9 ! ,sun-dew any t5tacle may =m ! />t+-po9t ( ! spread+ wave ( impulse4 ,b 9 ! ,v5us's ,fly-trap !re are six delicate sp9es1 ! slighte/ t\* on any "o ( :i* causes ! two halves ( ! specially modifi$ leaf-end to fold inw>ds on ! midrib z a h+e4 ,! transmission ( impulse is m rapid1 ! trap clos+ 9 a few seconds2 & electric curr5ts h be5 obs]v$ to accompany ! *ange4 ,too?-l sp9es at ! edge ( ! trap int]lock1 & s]ve to prev5t ! escape ( small insects1 :ile %ort-/alk$ purple gl&s secrete an acid dige/ive juice4 ,division ( lab\r has be5 c>ri$ fur!r2 & organic behavi\r1 n less purposive1 is c>ri$ out 9 a mann] ev5 m effective4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,v5us's ,fly-trap 7,diona74 ,leaf view$ lat]ally 9 its exp&$ /ate4 7,f ,d>w9's 8,insectivor\s ,plants407 ,9 o!r plants adaptive movem5ts are well kn[n4 8,few ph5om5a h su* a peculi> appe>ance z ! movem5ts :i* occur 9 ! s5sitive ,oxalis :5 ra9 comes on4 ,n only d ! leaflets on :i* ! f9e/ ra9-drops fall fold toge!r 9 a d[nw>d direction1 b all ! neighb\r+ ones p]=m ! same movem5t1 al?\gh !y h n !mselves be5 %ak5 by ! impact ( ! fall+ drops4 ,! movem5t is cont9u$ to ! common leaf-/alk be>+ ! num]\s leaflets4 ,?is also b5ds d[n t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,! ra9-drops n[ slide ov] ! b5t leaf-/alk & d[n ov] ! depress$ leaflets1 & n a drop rema9s beh9d on _! delicate surfaces40#h ,! waves ( impulse are said to be transmitt$ along def9ite l9es1 & to cause ! expulsion ( wat] f c]ta9 cells at ! po9t ( ins]tion ( ! leaflets or leaf-/alks1 r5d]+ !m flaccid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,fl[] ( ,valisn]ia4 ,appeal+ ev5 m /rongly to ! popul> imag9ation1 ?\gh probably n ( deep] biological significance1 is ! behavi\r ( plants 9 relation to ! ess5tial process ( f]tilization4 ,only two examples c "h be cit$4 ,valisn]ia spiralis is an aquatic plant1 ) long subm]g$ /rap-l leaves1 :i* gr[s 9 /ill wat] 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! female fl[] is enclos$ 9 two transluc5t bracts1 :i* =m a protective bladd] s long z ! fl[] is b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]2 b ! fl[]-/alk cont9ues to gr[ until ! fl[] rea*es ! surface1 :5 x becomes freely expos$ by ! splitt+ ( ! bracts4 ,!re are ?ree boat-%ap$ sepals1 :i* act z floats2 ?ree q m9ute petals2 & ?ree l>ge fr+$ /igmas1 :i* project ov] ! abortive petals 9 ! space betwe5 ! boat-l sepals4 ,! fl[] is n[ ready = f]tilization4 ,! male fl[]s1 :i* are develop$ on diff]5t individuals f ^? :i* produce ! female fl[]s1 gr[ 9 bun*es b5ea? an inve/+ bladd]4 ,! /alk does n elongate1 s t ! bladd] nev] rises f> above ! bottom1 & rema9s completely subm]g$4 ,"h ! bladd] bur/s1 & ! male fl[]s1 ) %ort /alks1 are deta*$4 ,ea* has ?ree sepals1 :i* enclose & protect ! /am5s4 ,! sep>at$ fl[] n[ asc5ds to ! surface1 ! sepals op5 & =m ?ree holl[ boats1 by means ( :i* ! fl[] floats freely1 :ile ! two functional /am5s project upw>ds & some:at obliquely into ! air1 expos+ ! l>ge /icky poll5-cells4 ,bl[n hi!r & ?i!r by ! w9d1 ^! little fl[]-boats 8accumulate 9 ! neighb\rhood ( fix$ bodies1 especially 9 _! recesses1 :]e !y re/ l %ips 9 h>b\r4 ,:5 ! little craft happ5 to get /r&$ 9 ! recesses ( a female ,valisn]ia fl[]1 !y adh]e to ! tri-lob$ /igma1 & "s ( ! poll5-cells are sure to be left /ick+ to ! fr+es on ! m>g9s ( ! /igmatic surface40#i ,?is is a good example ( purely organic behavi\r admirably adapt$ to secure a def9ite & important biological end4 ,few w be likely to cont5d t x is ev5 accompani$ by1 /ill less "u ! guidance (1 any consci\s =esight on ! "p ( ! plant4 ,& ! lesson x %\ld tea* is t1 9 ! /udy ( organic behavi\r1 adaptation to ! conditions ( exi/5ce is n necess>ily ! outcome ( consci\s guidance4 ,x is well kn[n t ! or*ids exhibit1 9 _! mode ( f]tilization1 rem>kable adaptations by :i* ! visits ( insects are r5d]$ subs]vi5t to ! ne$s ( ! plant4 ,9 ! ,catasetums1 = example1 ! male fl[] may be describ$ z consi/+ ( two p>ts--a l[] "p1 ! cup-l labellum 7,fig4 #i1 l71 :i* con/itutes a l&+-/age on :i* insects may alight2 & an upp] "p1 ! column 7,fig4 #i1 c71 surr\nd$ by ! upp] sepal & petals4 ,9 ! upp] "p ( ! column ! poll5-masses are borne at "o end ( an ela/ic p$icel1 at ! o!r end ( :i* is an adhesive disc1 & ! rod is b5t ov] a pad s z to be 9 a /ate ( /ra94 ,! disc is reta9$ 9 position by a membrane ) :i* two long tubul> horns 7,figs4 #i1 h2 #aj1 an7 are cont9u\s4 ,^! project ov] ! labellum1 :]e insects alight to gnaw its sweet fle%y walls1 & if !y be t\*$1 ev5 v lightly1 !y convey "s /imulus to ! membrane :i* surr\nds & connects ! disc ) ! adjo9+ surface1 caus+ x in/antly to rupture2 & z soon z ?is happ5s1 ! disc is sudd5ly set free4 ,! highly ela/ic p$icel !n flirts ! disc out ( its *amb] ) su* =ce t ! :ole is eject$1 sometimes to a di/ance ( two or ?ree feet1 br++ away ) x ! two poll5-masses4 8,! utility ( s =cible an ejection is to drive ! s(t & viscid cu%ion ( ! disc aga9/ ! hairy ?orax ( ! l>ge hym5opt]\s insects :i* frequ5t ! fl[]s4 ,:5 once atta*$ to an insect1 assur$ly no =ce :i* ! insect c\ld ex]t w\ld remove ! disc & p$icel1 b ! caudicles by :i* ! poll5-masses are atta*$ are ruptur$ )\t mu* difficulty1 & ?us ! balls ( poll5 might readily be left on ! adhesive /igma ( ! female fl[]40#aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,fl[] ( ,catasetum2 c1 column2 h1 horns2 l1 labellum4 ,"h aga9 we h adaptive behavi\r ( exquisite nicety1 & we h ! transmission ( an impulse v rapidly along ! cells ( ! irritable horns1 foll[$ by ! sudd5 rupture ( a membrane4 ,beautiful1 h[ev]1 z is ! adaptation1 effective z x is to a def9ite biological end1 ! organic behavi\r does n af=d any indication ( ! guidance ( consci\sness4 ,among plants we h _m int]e/+ & admirable examples ( organic behavi\r2 b n[h]e s mu* z a h9t ( t pr(it+ by individual exp]i5ce :i* is ! crit]ion ( ! effective pres5ce ( consci\s guidance & control4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,catasetum2 ,c1 diagram ( column2 a1 an!r2 an1 horn2 d1 adhesive disc2 f1 filam5t ( an!r2 g1 ov>ium2 p$1 p$icel2 ,d & ,e1 poll9ium2 p1 poll5-mass4 7,f ,d>w9's 8,or*ids407 ,v4--,,reflex ,,action ,x is sometimes said t ! t5tacles ( ! ,sun-dew leaf indicate a primitive k9d ( reflex action 9 plants1 & t !y af=d evid5ce ( discrim9ation4 8,x is10 says ,romanes1 8! /imulus suppli$ by cont9u\s pressure t is s delicately p]ceiv$1 :ile ! /imulus suppli$ by impact is disreg>d$40#aa ,&1 comp>+ ?is ) :at is obs]v$ 9 ! ,v5us's ,fly ,trap1 he says3 8,9 ^! two plants ! p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( /imuli has be5 develop$ to an equally a/oni%+ ext5t1 b 9 opposite directions40#ab ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to avoid t]ms :i* c>ry ) !m s di/9ctively a consci\s implication z 8discrim9ation0 & 8p]ception0 d = mo/ ( u4 ,j z ! photograph]'s film reacts diff]5tly accord+ to ! quality ( light-rays1 violet or r$1 :i* rea* x1 s d _m organic sub/ances react diff]5tly to /imuli ( diff]5t quality1 irrespective ( _! int5sity4 ,! 8discrim9ation0 ( plants & ( "s ( ! l[] animals is ( ?is k9d1 & x is bett] to speak ( x simply z diff]5tial reaction4 ,!re c !n be no *ance ( its be+ confus$ ) consci\s *oice4 ,nor %\ld ! movem5ts ( ! ,sun-dew t5tacles or ( ^? ( ! ,sea-anemone be t]m$ 9 /rictness reflex action4 ,z orig9ally employ$ by ,m>%all ,hall1 &1 s9ce t "t1 by common cons5t1 reflex action involves a diff]5tiat$ n]v\s sy/em4 ,!re is1 fir/1 an aff]5t impulse f ! po9t ( /imulation pass+ inw>ds to a n]ve-c5tre2 secondly1 c]ta9 little-und]/ood *anges )9 ?is c5tre2 & ?irdly1 an eff]5t impulse f ! c5tre to "s organ or gr\p ( cells :i* are ?us affect$4 ,9 plants !re is no indication ( any?+ analog\s to ?is specializ$ mode ( response4 ,! impulse passes directly f ! po9t ( /imulation to ! "p affect$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( any?+ l a n]ve-c5tre4 ,9 ! s5sitive ,oxalis ! impulse passes directly to ! po9t ( ins]tion ( ! leaflet or leaf-/alk2 9 ,catasetum1 f ! horn to ! reta9+ membrane2 9 ! ,sun-dew1 f ! affect$ t5tacle to ^? 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,ev5 9 ! ,sea-anemone1 ?\gh !re is a loosely diffus$ n]v\s sy/em1 ! passage ( ! impulse f "o "p ( ! circlet ( t5tacles to o!r p>ts1 seems to foll[ a direct r ?an a reflex c\rse1 & !re d n appe> to be any specializ$ c5tres by :i* ! impulses are receiv$ & !n r$i/ribut$4 ,9 all animals 9 :i* well-diff]5tiat$ n]v\s sy/ems are f\nd1 9 :i* !re are di/9ct n]ve-fibres & n]ve-c5tres1 reflex actions1 simple or m complicat$1 occur4 ,!y =m ! initial /eps lead+ up to ! highe/ types ( organic behavi\r4 ,s long z ! n]v\s arcs--aff]5t fibres1 n]ve-c5tre1 & eff]5t fibres--rema9 intact reflex acts may be c>ri$ out ) great precision & delicacy1 ev5 :5 ! high] c5tres1 :i* we believe to be ^? ( consci\s guidance & control1 h be5 de/roy$4 ,:51 = example1 ! :ole ( ! bra9 ( a frog has be5 extirpat$ & ! animal is hung up by ! l[] jaw1 if ! left side be t\*$ ) a drop ( acid ! left leg is drawn up & beg9s to scrat* at ! irritat$ spot1 & :5 ?is leg is held1 ! o!r h9d leg is1 ) seem+ly great] difficulty1 br\ght to be> on ! same spot4 8,?is10 says ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 8at fir/ sight looks l an intellig5t *oice4444 ,b a frog depriv$ ( its bra9 s t ! sp9al cord only is left1 makes no spontane\s movem5ts at all4 ,su* an entire abs5ce ( spontaneity is :olly inconsi/5t ) ! possession ( intellig5ce4444 ,we are !re=e l$ to conclude t ! ph5om5a mu/ be expla9$ 9 "s o!r way ?an by be+ ref]r$ to ! work+ ( an intellig5ce40#ac ,b if we conc$e t intellig5ce is abs5t1 may !re n at lea/ be "s consci\sness8 ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]'s reply to su* a "q goes z f> z we h any ju/ification = go+1 ev5 :5 we give free re9 to conjecture4 8,we may di/+ui%10 he says1 8betwe5 an active cont9u\s consci\sness1 su* z we usually und]/& by ! t]m1 & a pass+ or mom5t>y condition1 :i* we may speak ( z consci\sness1 b :i* is :olly discont9u\s f an antec$5t or f a subsequ5t simil> mom5t>y condition2 & inde$ we may suppose t ! complete consci\sness ( ourselves1 & ! simil>ly complete consci\sness :i* we inf] to exi/ 9 _m animals1 has be5 evolv$ out ( su* a rudim5t>y consci\sness4 ,we may1 on ?is view1 suppose t e n]v\s action ( a c]ta9 int5sity or "* is accompani$ by "s am\nt ( consci\sness :i* we may1 9 a way1 comp>e to ! light emitt$ :5 a combu/ion previ\sly giv+ rise to invisible heat waxes fi]c]4 ,we may ?us inf] t :5 ! bra9less frog is /irr$ by "s /imulus to a reflex act1 ! sp9al cord is lit up by a mom5t>y fla% ( consci\sness com+ out ( ! d>kness & dy+ away into d>kness aga92 & we may p]haps inf] t su* a pass+ consci\sness is ! bett] develop$ ! l>g] ! portion ( ! cord involv$ 9 ! reflex act & ! m complex ! movem5t4 ,b su* a mom5t>y fla%1 ev5 if we admit its exi/5ce1 is some?+ v diff]5t f consci\sness z ord9>ily und]/ood1 is f> remov$ f intellig5ce1 & _c be appeal$ to z expla9+ ! #8*oice' spok5 ( above40#ad ,^! s5t5ces indicate ) suffici5t cle>ness ! di/9ction1 m ?an once h9t$ at 9 ! =ego+ pages1 betwe5 consci\sness z an accompanim5t1 & consci\sness z a guid+ influ5ce4 ,we %all h m to say 9 ?is connection 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,! exp]im5t ) ! frog %[s1 at any rate1 t reflex actions1 ( a di/9ctly purposive nature1 may be c>ri$ out :5 ! c5tres1 :i* are believ$ to ex]cise consci\s control & guidance h be5 de/roy$4 ,x is said t 9 man1 :51 ow+ to injuries ( ! sp9e1 ! connection betwe5 ! bra9 & ! l[] "p ( ! sp9al cord h be5 sev]$1 tickl+ ( ! foot causes )drawal ( ! limb )\t directly affect+ ! consci\sness ( ! pati5t4 ,b 9 all su* cases we are deal+ ) a maim$ creature4 ,! liv+ frog or man1 heal?y & intact1 is1 presumably 9 ! "o case1 c]ta9ly 9 ! o!r1 consci\s ( ^! reflex actions1 & c ex]cise "s am\nt ( guidance & control ov] !m4 ,9 man ?is is unque/ionably ! case4 ,b grant+ t ! bra9 is ! organ ( consci\s control1 grant+ t x c receive impulses f & transmit impulses to ! reflex c5tres1 no m is "h impli$1 & no m c be legitimately inf]r$1 ?an t ! k9d ( organic behavi\r we call 8reflex action0 is 9 ! high] animals 9 t\* ) ! guid+ c5tres4 ,we h no gr\nd = assum+ t 9 reflex action !re is any p[] ( intellig5t guidance indep5d5t ( t :i* is ex]cis$ by ! bra9 or analog\s organ4 ,9 brief1 reflex acts1 9 animals end[$ ) intellig5ce1 may be reg>d$ z specializ$ modes ( organic behavi\r2 :i* are 9 !mselves (t5 *>act]iz$ by mu* complexity2 :i* subs]ve def9ite biological ends2 :i* are effect$ by subord9ate c5tres capable ( transmitt+ impulses to1 & receiv+ impulses f1 ! c5tres ( intellig5t guidance2 & :i*1 z responses conf9$ to c]ta9 organs or p>ts ( ! body1 =m elem5ts 9 ! wid] behavi\r ( ! animal z a :ole4 ,,vi4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,organic ,,behavi\r ,! int]pretation ( organic behavi\r 9 t]ms ( evolution ma9ly dep5ds on ! answ] we give to ! "q3 ,are acquir$ modes ( behavi\r inh]it$8 ,a negative answ] to ?is "q is "h provisionally accept$4 ,b ! premisses f :i* ?is conclusion is drawn are too te*nical = discussion 9 ^! pages4 ,x mu/ suffice to /ate z briefly z possible :at ?is conclusion am\nts to1 & to indicate "s ( ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ f its acceptance4 ,! f]tiliz$ egg gives orig91 z we h se51 to ! multitude ( cells :i* build up ! body ( "o ( ! high] animals4 ,!re are1 on ! "o h&1 muscle-cells1 gl&-cells1 n]ve-cells1 & o!r con/itu5ts ( ! v>i\s tissues2 & !re are1 on ! o!r h&1 ! reproductive cells--ova or sp]ms1 z ! case may be4 ,n[1 e cell 9 ! develop$ animal is a direct desc5dant ( ! f]tiliz$ egg4 ,b ( all ! v>i$ ho/ only ! reproductive cells take any direct %>e 9 ! cont9uity ( ! race4 ,h]$it>y transmission is !re=e re/rict$ to ! g]m9al sub/ance ( ^! reproductive cells4 ,trace ! ance/ry ( any cell 9 ! adult body1 say a n]ve-cell1 & y rea* ! f]tiliz$ ovum4 ,trace back ! ance/ral l9e yet fur!r1 & y foll[ a long sequ5ce ( reproductive cells1 or1 at lea/1 ( cells :i* h und]gone b little diff]5tiation2 b nev] aga9 w y f9d1 9 ! c\rse ( a g5ealogy ( bewild]+ l5g?1 a n]ve-cell4 ,su* a tissue-elem5t is a desc5dant1 b _c become an ance/or2 x dies )\t direct heirs4 ,x is univ]sally admitt$ t ! bodily /ructures are subject to :at is t]m$ modification "u ! /ress ( environ+ circum/ances4 ,! muscles may acquire unusual /r5g? by use & ex]cise2 ! n]ve-c5tres may le>n c]ta9 tricks ( behavi\r 9 ! c\rse ( individual life2 & o!r /ructures may be simil>ly accommodat$ to ! conditions :i* affect !m4 ,to su* modifications ( /ructure or function 9 ! organs or p>ts ! t]m acquir$ is prim>ily appli$4 ,! tissues h ?us a c]ta9 am\nt ( organic pla/icity1 ?r\gh :i* !y are adju/$ to a range ( circum/ances v>y+ 9 ext5t4 ,!y are able to acquire new modes ( behavi\r4 ,b ! cells ( :i* !y are compos$ are (f ! l9e ( racial desc5t4 ,!y leave no direct heirs4 ,:5 ! body dies ! modifications ( behavi\r acquir$ by its p>ts p]i% ) x4 ,only if 9 "s way !y ex]cise :at we may t]m a homopa?ic influ5ce on ! g]m9al sub/ance c ! accommodation !y h le>nt be transmitt$ 9 inh]itance4 ,by a homopa?ic influ5ce is "h meant "o t is ( su* a nature z to communicate to ! g]m9al sub/ance1 ! se$s ( simil> *anges ( /ructure or function4 ,& ( ! occurr5ce ( any su* homopa?ic influ5ce !re is no conv9c+ evid5ce4 ,logically contra/$ ) ! modifications ( ! tissues1 dep5d5t on organic pla/icity1 are ! v>iations :i* arise f ! nature & con/itution ( ! reproductive cells4 ,h[ !y arise _c "h be discuss$4 ,b !y are1 x is believ$1 subject to ! influ5ce ( natural selection1 :i* has guid$ !m1 ?r\gh\t ! ages ( organic evolution1 9 ! directions !y h tak52 disadvantage\s v>iations hav+ be5 elim9at$1 & fav\rable v>iations surviv+ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,su* modes ( behavi\r z are cong5ital & are due to h]$it>y transmission are !re=e ! outcome ( v>iations :i* h be5 select$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,& ! fit adju/m5t ( ?is cong5ital behavi\r to ! ne$s ( life is t]m$ adaptation4 ,x is "h assum$ t modifications ( behavi\r 9 "o g5]ation are n inh]it$1 & !re=e contribute no?+ to ! /ore ( adaptive behavi\r 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ! provisional acceptance ( ?is conclusion involves ! d5ial ( all connection ( any sort betwe5 accommodation & adaptation4 ,:5 we rememb] t pla/ic modification & g]m9al v>iation h be5 work+ toge!r1 9 close association1 all along ! l9e ( organic evolution to rea* ! common goal ( adju/m5t to ! circum/ances ( life1 x is difficult to believe t !y h be5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole process altoge!r indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,grant$ t acquir$ modifications1 z su*1 are n directly inh]it$1 !y may none ! less af=d ! conditions "u :i* co9cid5t v>iations escape elim9ation4 ,by co9cid5t v>iations ,i mean ^? ! direction ( :i* co9cides ) t tak5 by modification4 ,! survival ( an animal dep5ds on its adju/m5t to ! circum/ances ( its life1 no matt] h[ ?is adju/m5t is secur$4 ,& ?is survival w\ld 9 ! long run be bett] secur$1 we may suppose1 :]e ! two me?ods ( adju/m5t 7 co9cid5t & n conflict+2#ae j z a man :o n only acquires by 8 own ex]tions a =tune b also inh]its "o1 is bett] (f ?an 8 neighb\r1 ( equal bus9ess capacity1 :o is entirely dep5d5t on 8 own ex]tions4 ,! inh]itance ( a small capital may1 inde$1 make j ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure4 ,ev5 ) x1 if he _h no p[] ( acquir+ m1 he might rema9 a poor man4 ,inh]itance & acquisition comb9$ may be/ lead to survival 9 competition4 ,?us modification may supply ! conditions "u :i* co9cid5t v>iations are fav\r$1 &1 giv5 "t1 to rea* /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh natural selection1 a fully adaptive level4 ,if ?is be s we may accept _m ( ! facts adduc$ by ! transmissioni/ 9 fav\r ( ! direct inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 & at ! same "t int]pret !m on selectioni/ pr9ciples4 ,if1 h[ev]1 acquir$ *>act]s are n h]$it>y ! me?od ( natural selection 9 racial progress is curi\sly indirect4 ,ap>t f ! pres]vation ( _! fecundity1 ! cells on :i* ! cont9uity ( life1 9 all ! high] animals1 dep5ds1 h !mselves tak5 little "p 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,j z 9 ! =e/ tree1 ! firmly implant$ roots1 ! /urdy /em1 & ! /rong bran*es h to be> ! /ress ( ! w9t] /orm1 t ! fl[]s ( spr+ may rip5 ! se$s :i* conta9 ! pot5tiality ( all ?is /r5g?2 s d muscle1 s9ew1 & bra9 secure ! survival ( ! animal1 t 8 desc5dants may c>ry on ! /ruggle4 ,"o may lik5 ! cellul> con/itu5ts ( ! animal to a hive ( bees ) f]tile drones & que51 & /]ile work]s4 ,x is on ! ex]tions ( ! latt] t1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! sw>m dep5ds1 :ile x is by ! pair+ ( ! f]tile drone & que5 t ! cont9uity ( ! race is secur$4 ,no work] c transmit ! qualities :i* are s ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( ! community4 ,b 9 ! eggs ( _! si/] ! que5-"m ^! qualities lie dormant4 ,& s9ce ! race is "o race1 ! work]s by _! ex]tions contribute indirectly to ! ma9t5ance ( ^? h]$it>y aptitudes to :i* !y are unable to contribute directly4 ,= x is ess5tial to be> 9 m9d t !y n only "w = _! own g5]ation1 b !y det]m9e ! c\rse ( h]$ity4 ,picture two su* communities set 9 an environm5t :i* int5sifies ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! "o is /rong1 heal?y1 & vigor\s2 ! o!r 9 all respects ! rev]se4 ,! incid5ce ( ! battle ( life falls ma9ly on ! work]s4 ,if !y succumb 9 ! "o gr\p _! f]tile que5 ei!r p]i%es1 or gives rise to a poor /ock1 c]ta9 9 ! long run to be elim9at$4 ,b ! vigor\s work]s 9 ! o!r gr\p survive & secure1 too1 ! survival ( _! que51 :o1 s9ce %e is also _! si/]1 be>s1 9 h] ov>ies1 ! good se$ f :i* a new g5]ation ( vigor\s work]s %all be develop$4 ,?us ?\gh ! /]ile bees contribute no?+ directly to ! h]$ity ( ! race1 !y indirectly det]m9e ! direction :i* t h]$ity %all take4 ,s1 too1 9 ! high] animals1 ! reproductive cells are ! f]tile si/]s ( a ho/ ( /]ile body cells1 on :i* ! ma9 incid5ce ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce falls4 ,_! /]ility precludes _! directly contribut+ to ! success ( future cell-g5]ations2 b 9 protect+ _! f]tile si/]s1 ! reproductive cells1 !y are really det]m9+ ! l9es along :i* ! evolution ( ! race %all cont9ue4 ,acquir$ *>act]s may ?us be reg>d$ z ! results ( ^? accid5ts1 =tunate or ! rev]se z ! case may be1 :i* happ5 to ! body1 & m or less modify its outw>d =m or hidd5 /ructure1 & its modes ( organic behavi\r2 b :i*1 z su*1 h no direct effects = bett] or worse on ! g]m9al sub/ance4 ,all t ! plant or animal c be is due to h]$ity2 all t x is1 to h]$ity & circum/ance4 ,ev5 ! ability to yield to circum/ance is "p ( h]$ity's d[]4 ,=tunate1 !n1 ! plant or animal t inh]its su* def9it5ess ( /ructure & behavi\r z may fit x to its /ation1 toge!r ) su* pla/icity z may enable x to accommodate itself to ^? *anges ( environ+ conditions :i* may fall to its lot4 ,"o m po9t mu/ be notic$ 9 connection ) ?is difficult & puzzl+ subject4 ,! acceptance ( ! conclusion t acquir$ modes ( behavi\r are n h]$it>y n[ise commits u to ! belief t h]$ity has no?+ :atev] to d ) !m4 ,?\gh :at is acquir$ may n be transmitt$1 :at "o may t]m ! acquisitiv5ess is unque/ionably inh]it$4 ,?\gh ?is1 t1 or ! o!r acquir$ mode ( behavi\r may h no direct desc5dants1 ! p[] ( acquir+ any "o ( !m "u ! appropriate circum/ances is h&$ on z an invaluable legacy4 ,j z ! mirror :i* has reflect$ a fleet+ sc5e reta9s no la/+ image ( ! bygone ev5ts1 s h]$ity may reta9 no impress ( acquir$ *>act]s2 b j z ! mirror keeps its p[] ( reflect+ su* sc5es1 s does h]$ity transmit ! p[] ( acquir+ su* *>act]s4 ,z ! leaves ( ! oak are r5ew$ ea* successive spr+1 s may acquir$ modes ( behavi\r be repeat$ 9 ea* successive g5]ation if only ! requisite conditions recur 9 due season4 ,f :at has prec$$ x may1 !re=e1 be inf]r$ t organic behavi\r may arise ei!r ?r\gh modifications occurr+ 9 ! pla/ic tissues1 or ?r\gh v>iations hav+ _! orig9 9 ! g]m9al sub/ance4 ,broadly speak+1 h[ev]1 we may reg>d z pr$om9antly due to adaptation ^? cong5ital modes ( behavi\r & ^? organic responses :i* on _! fir/ occurr5ce are relatively def9ite 9 "*1 & :i* are direct$ to a biological end1 = ^: atta9m5t ! tissues h _h no prep>atory tra9+2 & we may reg>d z pr$om9antly due to accommodation ^? responses :i* are1 s to speak1 le>nt by ! tissues 9 ! c\rse ( individual life4 ,bo? are dep5d5t on h]$ity1 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,:at ! animal owes to h]$ity may1 inde$1 z ,i h else:]e said1#af be classifi$ "u two heads4 ,"u ! fir/ w fall ^? relatively def9ite modes ( behavi\r :i* fit ! animal to deal at once1 on _! fir/ occurr5ce1 ) c]ta9 ess5tial or frequ5tly recurr+ conditions ( ! environm5t4 ,"u ! second head w fall ! p[] ( deal+ ) special circum/ances z !y arise 9 ! c\rse ( a v>i$ life4 ,! =m] may be lik5$ to ! inh]itance ( specific drafts = def9ite ne$s :i* are sure to arise 9 ! conduct ( life2 ! latt] to ! inh]itance ( a legacy :i* may be drawn ^u = any purpose z occasion may dem&4 ,if ! ne$ becomes habitual ! animal may1 s to speak1 in/ruct 8 bank] to set aside a specific sum to meet x z x arises4 ,b ?is arrangem5t is a purely individual matt]1 dictat$ by exp]i5ce1 & 9 no wise enjo9$ by ! orig9al t]ms ( ! beque/4 ,& bo? types are fo/]$ by natural selection :i* develops 7a7 su* cong5ital def9it5ess ( response1 & 7b7 su* innate pla/icity1 z are advantage\s "u ! conditions ( exi/5ce2 uni=m conditions t5d+ to emphasize ! =m]1 v>iable conditions ! latt]4 ,difficult z x may be to e>m>k ! items ( ! organic beque/--to say t1 ( ! sum ( en]gy exp5d$ 9 any giv5 case ( organic behavi\r1 s mu* is due to a specific draft def9itely assign$ 9 h]$ity = ?is p>ticul> purpose1 & s mu* is contribut$ f ! g5]al legacy ( innate pla/icity1--x none ! less conduces to cle> ?9k+ to emphasize ! logical di/9ction betwe5 !m1 s long z x is /eadily borne 9 m9d t logical di/9ction does n imply biological sep>ation4 ,! animal1 ) all its v>i$ modes ( behavi\r1 is an organic :ole1 & z an organic :ole x has be5 develop$ f ! f]tiliz$ egg4 ,! v same tissues :i* exhibit cong5ital modes ( behavi\r are capable also ( acquir+ new responses & play+ _! "p 9 accommodation4 ,we h n "o set ( organs :i* are ! products ( v>iation & ano!r set :i* result f modification4 ,our /udy w\ld no d\bt be simplifi$ if ?is 7 ! case2 b x is n s4 ,& we mu/ take ! animal z we f9d x1 pres5t+ v>i$ behavi\r ( complex orig94 ,ev5 ! reflex n]v\s c5tres1 :i* are conc]n$ 9 responses s automatic z to sugge/ a /]eotyp$ /ructure ( di/9ctively g]m9al orig91 are also1 z we saw at ! close ( ! la/ section1 9 close t\* ) ^? c5tres ( control :i* are associat$ ) ! supreme p[] ( accommodation aris+ f ! possession ( consci\sness4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,consci\sness ,i4--,,! ,,consci\s ,,accompanim5ts ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,organic ,,*anges ,x is possible t all organic behavi\r is accompani$ by consci\sness4 ,b !re is no direct means ( asc]ta9+ :e!r x is s or n4 ,?is is1 & mu/ rema91 a matt] ( m or less plausible conjecture4 ,we h1 inde$1 no direct k ( any consci\sness save our own4 ,undue /ress %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be laid on ?is fundam5tal isolation ( ! individual m9d4 ,we confid5tly inf] t our fell[-m5 are consci\s1 because !y are 9 all ess5tial respects l u1 & because !y behave j z we d :5 we act "u its guid+ influ5ce4 ,& on simil> gr\nds we believe n less confid5tly t _m animals are also consci\s4 ,b h[ f> we are ju/ifi$ 9 ext5d+ ?is inf]5ce x is difficult to say4 ,probably our safe/ crit]ion is af=d$ by circum/antial evid5ce t ! animal 9 "q pr(its by exp]i5ce4 ,if1 z we wat* any giv5 creature dur+ its life-hi/ory1 we see at fir/ a numb] ( cong5ital or acquir$ modes ( behavi\r1 we may n be able to say :e!r !y are accompani$ by consci\sness or n2 b if we f9d t "s ( ^! are subsequ5tly c>ri$ out m vigor\sly :ile o!rs are *eck$1 we seem ju/ifi$ 9 ! inf]5ce t pleasurable consci\sness 0 associat$ ) ! results ( ! =m]1 & disagreeable consci\sness ) ^? ( ! latt]4 ,:5 we see t a *ick1 = example1 pecks at fir/ at any small object1 x is difficult to say1 on ^! gr\nds1 :e!r x is a s5ti5t animal or only an unconsci\s automaton2 & if x cont9u$ to behave 9 a simil> fa%ion ?r\gh\t life1 our difficulty w\ld /ill rema94 ,b :5 we see t "s objects are reject$ :ile o!rs are select$1 we inf] t consci\sness 9 "s way guides its behavi\r4 ,! *ick has pr(it$ by exp]i5ce4 ,b ev5 ?is is cle>ly only a crit]ion ( :at we may t]m effective consci\sness4 ,!re may be s5ti5ce :i* is m]ely an accompanim5t ( organic action )\t any guid+ influ5ce on subsequ5t modes ( behavi\r4 ,9 t case x is n effective2 & :e!r x is pres5t or n we h no means ( asc]ta9+4 ,we seem also to be l$ to ! conclusion1 bo? f a priori consid]ations & f ! results ( obs]vation1 t effective consci\sness is associat$ ) a n]v\s sy/em4 ,its fundam5tal *>act]i/ic is control ov] ! actions1 s t "s k9ds ( behavi\r may be c>ri$ out ) increas$ vig\r1 & o!rs *eck$4 ,& x is difficult to see h[ ?is c take place unless ! c5tres ( control are diff]5t f ^? ov] :i* !y ex]cise ?is influ5ce4 ,if we are to und]/& any?+ def9ite by ! guidance ( consci\sness1 we mu/ conceive x z /&+ ap>t f & ex]cis+ an ov]rul+ influ5ce ov] t :i* x guides4 ,?is is unque/ionably an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( consci\sness1 z g5]ally und]/ood by ^? :o take ! tr\ble to consid] its relation to behavi\r2 & ?\gh "s w\ld seek to p]suade u t a m]e accompanim5t ( consci\sness c someh[ det]m9e ! cont9uance or discont9uance ( organic behavi\r1 x is difficult to see h[ ?is c be ! case4 ,! accompanim5t ( air-tremors c no m influ5ce ! vibrations ( a s\nd+ /r+ ?an an accompanim5t ( consci\sness c affect ! nature ( ! organic *anges 9 ! t5tacles ( ! ,sun-dew leaf4 ,& if1 in/ead ( tru/+ to su* g5]al a priori consid]ations1 we /udy ) att5tion ! conditions "u :i* an animal s behaves z to lead u to inf] t x pr(its by exp]i5ce1 we f9d t x is n ! consci\sness t accompanies ! behavi\r :i* leads to future guidance1 b ! consci\sness t arises f ! results ( ! behavi\r4 ,let u will+ly grant t ! newly hat*$1 & z yet inexp]i5c$ *ick1 :5 x pecks at a small object is consci\s ( a visual impression1 & is consci\s also ( movem5ts ( its neck & beak4 ,^! d n con/itute ! exp]i5ce by :i* x pr(its4 ,?is is provid$ by ! results ( ! peck+1 accord+ z ! morsel seiz$ is nice or na/y4 ,we may say1 9 popul> language1 t ! little bird rememb]s :5 x sees a simil> object t ! =m] results 7 pleasant or di/a/eful1 z ! case may be2 & t x is ?r\gh ?is remembrance t future guidance is r5d]$ possible4 ,b all ! evid5ce t we possess goes to %[ t ! s5sory c5tres1 /imulat$ by :at we w assume to be ! ta/e ( ! morsel1 are diff]5t f ^? :i* are affect$ by sight1 & ! movem5ts conc]n$ 9 peck+4 ,s t ! consci\sness :i* is effective 9 guid+ future action is an accompanim5t ( ! /imulation ( c5tres t are diff]5t f ^? conc]n$ 9 ! behavi\r ov] :i* guidance is ex]cis$4 ,& if ?is int]pretation ( ! obs]v$ facts be correct1 x supports ! conclusions rea*$ f a priori consid]ations4 ,x seems fur!r to %[ t1 n only is a n]v\s sy/em necess>y = ! occurr5ce ( controll$ behavi\r1 b t no little complexity 9 its int]communications is ess5tial4 ,x may be urg$ t ! *ick's behavi\r :i* has be5 select$ = purposes ( illu/ration1 & ! int]pretation we h put ^u x1 ?r[s too mu* /ress on remembrance1 s call$1 & fur!r gives ! false impression t all exp]i5ce mu/ be = future guidance4 ,!re are surely numb]less cases1 x w be said1 9 :i* no?+ ( ! nature ( di/9ct memory is involv$1 & 9 :i* ! guidance ( consci\sness is ex]cis$ at once ov] pres5t behavi\r1 )\t any po/ponem5t to ! future4 ,ev5 omitt+ = ! pres5t ! =m] po9t1 ! =mula impli$--t pres5t exp]i5ce is = future guidance--_c be accept$ 9 view ( ! famili> fact t pres5t exp]i5ce is con/antly influ5c+ pres5t behavi\r4 ,practically speak+1 ?is is p]fectly true3 because1 practically1 "u ! t]m pres5t we include q an appreciable p]iod ( "t--say1 a few seconds1 or ev5 m9utes4 ,if we n>r[ our conception ( ! pres5t1 z is commonly done 9 philosophical discussions1 to ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 pa/ & future1 !n x w be se5 t ev5 ! guidance ( :at 9 popul> spee* is call$ pres5t behavi\r is really ex]cis$ on ! subsequ5t phases ( t behavi\r4 ,at ! risk ( "s te*nicality our position mu/ be expla9$ a little m fully4 ,x is assum$ t ! data ( consci\sness are af=d$ by aff]5t impulses c\rs+ inw>ds f ! organs ( special s5se1 or ^? conc]n$ 9 responsive movem5ts4 ,?is conclusion re/s on su* a wide body ( psy*ological inf]5ce t x may be accept$ )\t discussion1 at any rate = our imm$iate purpose4 ,! eff]5t impulses1 ^? :i* effect ! ord]ly contraction ( ! muscles1 are unconsci\s2 b :5 ! movem5t is produc$ aff]5t impulses c\rse inw>ds f ! p>ts conc]n$ 9 ! behavi\r1 & ^! may !n contribute data to consci\sness4 ,n[ let u suppose t a *ick1 :i* has be5 hat*$ 9 an incubator1 be remov$ "s twelve h\rs aft] bir?1 held 9 ! h&s = a few m9utes until its eyes h gr[n accu/om$ to ! light1 & plac$ on a table ne> "s small pieces ( h>d-boil$ egg4 ,let u wat* its behavi\r & endeav\r to int]pret x4 ,we %all h occasion to consid] h]eaft] :e!r ! consci\s exp]i5ce ( p>5ts & ance/ors is inh]it$ z su*2 = ! pres5t we w assume t x is n4 ,! *ick has to acquire = itself its own exp]i5ce4 ,a piece ( egg cat*es ! eye ( ! little bird1 :i* !n pecks at x1 & j fails to seize x4 ,"h is a piece ( cong5ital organic behavi\r4 ,tak5 by itself "o might f9d x difficult to say :e!r x is accompani$ by consci\sness or n1 j z "o f9ds x difficult to say :e!r ! closure ( ! ,v5us's ,fly-trap is consci\s4 ,b ! subsequ5t behavi\r ( ! *ick leads u to inf] t x is a s5ti5t animal2 & we may1 !re=e1 fairly assume t x is s5ti5t f ! fir/4 ,divid+ ! c\rse ( ! obs]v$ behavi\r into /ages1 we may say t ! fir/ /age is t 9 :i* ! *ick receives a visual /imulus accompani$ by a s5sation ( sight4 ,^u ?is !re rapidly foll[s ! second /age1 :5 ! bird pecks1 & its exp]i5ce is wid5$ by new data ( consci\sness d]iv$ f a gr\p ( motor s5sations2 & ^u ?is1 aga91 !re foll[s ! ?ird /age1 :5 s5sations come 9 f ! morsel ( egg :i* ! *ick t\*$ b j fail$ to seize4 ,aft] a pause ! *ick /rikes aga94 ,b we h n a m]e repetition ( ! =m] sequ5ce ( /ages4 ,! visual /imulus at fir/ fell ^u ! eye ( a :olly inexp]i5c$ bird2 n[ x falls ^u ! eye ( "o t has ga9$ exp]i5ce ( peck+ & ta/+4 ,:at we may call ! consci\s situation has completely *ang$1 at all ev5ts if we assume t ! items ( consci\sness1 includ+ z ess5tial ! consci\sness ( behavi\r1 d n rema9 sep>ate & isolat$1 b h coalesc$ into a gr\p ?r\gh association4 ,& 9 ?is gr\p ! consci\sness ( behav+ is p]haps ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! situation1 mak+ x ( practical value4 ,:at psy*ologi/s t]m ! pres5tative visual /imulus1 n[ calls up re-pres5tative elem5ts1 motor & gu/atory2 & ^! place ! situation 9 a :olly new aspect4 ,!y give x :at ,dr4 ,/\t t]ms 8mean+40 ,on ! second or ?ird attempt ! *ick seizes & swall[s ! morsel ( egg4 ,its exp]i5ce is yet fur!r wid5$2 & !reaft] ! situation has o!r new elem5ts4 ,lat] x pecks at "s na/y grub2 %akes its head1 & wipes its bill on ! gr\nd4 ,! consci\s situation has = ! future become m complex1 & ! behavi\r is h5ce=? diff]5tiat$ into t ( acceptance & t ( rejection1 9 ea* case det]m9$ by ! acquir$ mean+ 9 ! coalesc5t consci\s situation3 ! sight ( a nice piece ( egg be+ "o situation1 t ( a na/y cat]pill> ano!r1 ea* associat$ ) its specific behavi\r-consci\sness4 ,we ne$ n c>ry ! illu/ration fur!r on ^! l9es3 ! ess5tial feature is t exp]i5ce gr[s by ! coalesc5ce ( successive increm5ts1 & t ea* increm5t modifies ! situation :i* takes effect on ! succe$+ phases ( behavi\r1 ev5 if !y succe$ )9 ! fraction ( a second4 ,t is :at is meant by say+ t pres5t exp]i5ce is = future guidance4 ,! future ne$ n be remote1 b may be s imm$iate t 9 popul> spee* we may say t x is n future b pres5t guidance :i* is r5d]$ possible4 ,we may n[ turn = a mom5t to ! criticism t !re are numb]less cases 9 :i* no?+ ( ! nature ( di/9ct memory is involv$4 ,we may n[ sub/itute = ! ^w remembrance1 :i* 0 us$ above1 ! m te*nical t]m re-pres5tation4 ,pr(it+ by exp]i5ce1 reg>d$ z a crit]ion ( ! pres5ce ( effective consci\sness1 involves re-pres5tative elem5ts 9 ! consci\s situation :i* c>ry ) !m mean+4 ,let u = ! mom5t assume an ultra-sceptical attitude ) reg>d to any consci\s accompanim5t4 ,! *ick :5 x pecks1 let u say1 is an unconsci\s automaton4 ,x seizes a piece ( egg2 ?is af=ds an unconsci\s /imulus1 :i* sets ago+ unconsci\s acts ( swall[+2 or x seizes a piece ( meal soak$ 9 qu99e1 :i* sets ago+ unconsci\s acts ( rejection & t\*es ! hidd5 spr+s :i* make ! automaton wipe its bill4 ,s f> we f9d no great difficulty4 ,x is :5 we h to consid] subsequ5t behavi\r t a sev]e /ra9 is felt on ?is me?od ( int]pretation4 ,"o c und]/& an automatic action repeat$ aga9 & aga9 z (t5 z ! /imulus is repeat$4 ,b ! *ick may %ake its head & wipe its bill on ! m]e sight ( ! qu99e-soak$ meal1 :i*1 on ! hypo!sis ( consci\s exp]i5ce1 has already prov$ di/a/eful4 ,s t if we accept ! unconsci\s automaton !ory we mu/ assume an organic association :i* closely simulates ! consci\s association to :i* our own exp]i5ce te/ifies4 ,b ! associations :i* take "p 9 ! guidance ( behavi\r 9 ! *ick are s v>i$ & delicate1 s closely resemble ^? :i* 9 ourselves imply consci\s guidance1 t a sceptical attitude ?r[s m /ra9 ^u our cr$ulity ?an ! acceptance ( ! curr5t belief 9 consci\s control4 ,we %all !re=e assume t evid5ce = su* coalesc5t association is also evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( effective consci\sness4 ,x may /ill be said1 h[ev]1 t 9 select+ an example f s highly organiz$ an animal z a bird1 we are tak+ = grant$ t a complex case ( controll$ behavi\r may fairly be accept$ z a type ( m simple cases4 ,un=tunately ! only be+ ) ^: p[] ( consci\s control we h any fir/-h& acqua9tance is possess$ ( a n]v\s sy/em ev5 m complex ?an t ( ! *ick4 ,our psy*ological int]pretations are inevitably an?ropomorphic4 ,all we c hope to d is to r$uce our an?ropomorphic conclusions to _! simple/ expression4 ,! irr$ucible residuum seems to be t :]ev] an animal1 no matt] h[ l[ly its /ation 9 ! scale ( life1 pr(its by exp]i5ce1 & gives evid5ce ( association1 x mu/ h "s dim remembrance1 or1 let u n[ say1 "s re-pres5tation1 ( ! results ( previ\s behavi\r :i* ent]s into & remodels ! consci\s situation2 t ?r\gh ! re-pres5tative elem5ts behavi\r is someh[ guid$2 &1 fur!r1 t ! c5tre ( consci\s control is diff]5t f ! c5tre ( response ov] :i* ! control is ex]cis$4 ,,ii4--,,! ,,e>ly ,,/ages ,,( ,,m5tal ,,developm5t ,we use ! phrase 8m5tal developm5t0 9 its broade/ acceptation z inclusive (1 & applicable to1 all phases ( effective consci\sness4 ,we %all assume t ?r\gh\t ?is developm5t !re is a concomitant developm5t ( n]ve-c5tres & ( _! organic connections4 ,& we %all fur!r assume t exp]i5ce1 z su*1 is n inh]it$4 ,! nature ( ! gr\nds on :i* ! latt] assumption is bas$ mu/ fir/ be briefly indicat$4 ,x is commonly ass]t$ t fe> ( man1 ! invet]ate hunt] & sportsman1 is inh]it$ by _m animals1 z is also t ( o!r natural enemies4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 que/ion$1 or ev5 d5i$1 by _m c>eful obs]v]s4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson has an excell5t *apt] on 8,fe> 9 ,birds0 9 8 8,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata10 & concludes t fe> ( p>ticul> enemies is1 9 ne>ly all cases1 ! result ( exp]i5ce individually acquir$4 ,i h f\nd t pheasants1 p>tridges1 plov]s1 dome/ic *icks1 & o!r "y birds1 hat*$ 9 an incubator1 %[ no signs ( fe> 9 ! pres5ce ( dog or cat1 s long z ! animal is n aggressive4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$1 h[ev]1 t ,miss ,m4 ,hunt#ag ass]ts t *icks d %[ inh]it$ fe> ( ! cat4 ,dr4 ,?orndike's#ah obs]vations1 on ! o!r h&1 support my own1 :i* ,i h s9ce repeat$ ) ! same results4 ,nei!r birds nor small mammals %[ any signs ( fe> ( /eal?ily mov+ snakes4 ,my fox t]ri] smelt1 nose to nose1 a "y lamb :i* 0 ly+ alone 9 a field4 ,i 0 close at h&1 & c\ld detect no indication ( al>m on ! "p ( ! lamb till ! "m came runn+ up 9 great excitem5t4 ,!n ! lamb ran (f to h] dam4 ,:5ev] opportunity has aris51 ,i h introduc$ "y kitt5s to my fox t]ri]1 & h nev] se5 any sign ( inh]it$ fe>4 ,he 0 a great hunt] ( /range cats1 b 0 tra9$ to behave politely to all birds & bea/s )9 ! prec9cts ( my /udy4 ,x is true t he 0 on good t]ms1 or at lea/ t]ms ( p]missive neutrality1 ) ! kitt5s' "m4 ,& x may be said t ?is 0 inh]it$2 b su* an argum5t _c apply 9 ! case ( pheasant or lamb4 ,"h1 z ?r\gh\t our /udy ( animal behavi\r 9 its consci\s aspect1 we h n only to conduct obs]vations ) due c>e1 b to draw inf]5ces ) due caution4 ,d\glas ,spald+ describ$ h[ newly hat*$ turkeys %[$ signs ( al>m at ! cry ( a hawk2 & he inf]r$ t1 s9ce ?is s\nd 0 q new to _! individual exp]i5ce1 ! al>m 0 due to ! inh]itance ( ance/ral exp]i5ce ( hawks4 ,b s9ce "y birds %[ signs ( al>m at any sudd5 & unaccu/om$ s\nd--a sneeze1 ! noise ( a toy horn1 a l\d viol9 note1 & s =?--! saf] inf]5ce seems to be t !y may be fright5$ by /range s\nds ( _m k9ds4 ,b ?is does n imply ! inh]itance ( exp]i5ce1 :i* is ess5tially a discrim9at+ process4 ,!re is no suffici5t evid5ce t a peculi> cry sugge/s ! hawk1 ( :i* ! prog5itors h acquir$ bitt] exp]i5ce2 no?+ to ju/ify ! belief t ! s\nd c>ries ) x inh]it$ mean+4 ,& z ) he>+1 s ) sight4 ,"y birds may be fright5$ by _m /range objects4 ,i h se5 a gr\p ( sev]al species1 fill$ ) app>5t al>m at a l>ge :ite jug sudd5ly plac$ among !m1 at balls ( pap] toss$ t[>ds !m1 at a h&k]*ief dropp$ 9 _! mid/4 ,x is1 9 fact1 _! inexp]i5ce :i* is (t5 ! condition ( su* fe>4 ,z ,mr4 ,hudson says3#ai 8,a piece ( newspap] c>ri$ accid5tally by ! w9d is z great an object ( t]ror to an inexp]i5c$ "y bird z a buzz>d sweep+ d[n ) dea? 9 its talons40 ,until rec5tly x 0 commonly ass]t$ t birds avoid gaudy b nause\s or h>mful insects ?r\gh ! inh]itance ( exp]i5ce ga9$ by _! ance/ors ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,b "h aga9 ! inf]5ce seems to h be5 incauti\sly drawn4 ,( ! hundr$s ( "y birds ,i h _h "u obs]vation1 n "o has avoid$ ! peculi>ly di/a/eful c9nab> cat]pill>1 until x _h ga9$ = itself exp]i5ce ( its nause\s "*4 ,s too ( wasps & bees4 ,only ?r\gh exp]i5ce are ^! avoid$4 ,x is true t *icks may %r9k f !m if !y buzz or ev5 walk rapidly t[>ds !m4 ,b a l>ge h>mless fly w inspire j z mu* timidity4 ,z ! result ( c>eful obs]vations1 ,mr4 ,frank ,f9n#bj concludes 8t ea* bird has to sep>ately acquire its exp]i5ce1 & well rememb]s :at x has le>nt40 ,& ) ?is conclusion my own obs]vations are entirely 9 accord4 ,su* is "s ( ! obs]vational evid5ce on :i* is bas$ ! provisional hypo!sis t exp]i5ce1 z su*1 is n inh]it$4 ,:at1 !n1 is inh]it$8 ,cle>ly ! organic conditions "u :i* exp]i5ce c be acquir$4 ,s9ce a "y bird inh]its a t5d5cy to peck at small objects1 especially1 9 ! case ( "s birds su* z plov]s or p>tridges1 at small mov+ objects1 opportunities are af=d$ = discrim9ation 9 accordance ) ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce its inh]it$ timidity leads ! *ick to %r9k f _m ?+s se5 or he>d1 a wide range ( consci\s data is suppli$4 ,inh]itance provides ! raw mat]ial ( organic behavi\r = effective consci\sness to deal ) 9 accordance ) ! results :i* are its data4 ,hav+ ?us cle>$ ! gr\nd & laid b>e "s at lea/ ( ! assumptions :i* we accept z f\ndations on :i* to build1 we may n[ foll[ up ! l9e ( treatm5t :i* 0 sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is *apt]4 ,rememb]+ t our aim is to und]/& ! influ5ce ( consci\sness on behavi\r--or1 9 m accurate1 if m cumbr\s phraseology1 ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 n]ve-c5tres :i* h = _! concomitant :at we h t]m$ effective consci\sness--! que/ions :i* pres5t !mselves 9 any giv5 case are3 ,:at is ! consci\s situation :i* is effective 9 guidance8 :at elem5ts ent] into ! situation1 :5ce are !y d]iv$1 & h[ 7 !y introduc$8 h[ d !y take effect 9 behavi\r8 ,if x be true t1 9 _m ( ! l[] =ms ( life1 consci\sness or s5ti5ce1 ?\gh presumably pres5t 9 "s dim =m1 is m]ely an accompanim5t ( organic behavi\r )\t rea*+ ! level ( recognizable effectiv5ess2 & if1 dur+ ! developm5t ( "o ( ! high] animals f ! f]tiliz$ ovum1 ! e>ly /ages ( organic behavi\r are 9 l mann] m]ely s5ti5t2 x foll[s t1 :5 effective consci\sness ent]s ^u ! sc5e 7:o c say at :at exact /age ( evolution871 x f9ds itself a p>tn] 9 a go+ conc]n4 ,mu* organic bus9ess is be+ transact$ ) ord]ly regul>ity2 prep>ations h be5 made = m ext5sive op]ations2 & en]gies ly+ dormant1 or exp5d+ !mselves aimlessly 9 />ts & twit*es1 await ! guidance :i* %all direct !m to high] & wid] biological ends4 ,or1 to v>y ! analogy1 consci\sness is ! heir to a wide e/ate1 ov] :i* he has no control until he comes ( age4 ,up to t "t ! e/ate is manag$ 9 /rict accordance ) ! dictates ( ! h]$it>y beque/4 ,he may be aw>e ( :at is go+ on1 b m]ely z a spectator )\t p[] ( int]f]5ce4 ,& :5 he comes into possession 8 fir/ bus9ess is to ga!r up ! ?reads4 ,he mu/ le>n bit by bit h[ ! e/ate is be+ manag$1 t he may h data = ! guidance ( 8 own managem5t )9 ! wise limits ( ! h]$it>y entail4 ,n[1 :5 a mammal is born1 a bird is hat*$1 an insect em]ges f ! *rysalis1 we h1 if n ! beg9n+1 at any rate a great & sudd5 ext5sion ( ! range ( effective consci\sness4 ,9 ! case ( ! mammal & bird ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! womb or )9 ! egg-%ell is presumably ( little value = ! wid] life ^u :i* an entrance is made4 ,x is true t an insect has pass$ ?r\gh a previ\s /age ( active & no d\bt consci\sly guid$ exi/5ce z a cat]pill>4 ,b we d n "k :e!r ! exp]i5ce ?us acquir$ is effectual = use 9 ! lat] imago /age4 ,& we may p]haps inf] f ! ext5sive remodell+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* occurs dur+ ! *rysalis sleep1 t ?is itself s]ves to break ! cont9uity ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 any case ! newly hat*$ *ick1 if x inh]it no exp]i5ce1 & c h ga9$ little ( guid+ value 9 ! egg1 ent]s ^u a situation :i* f ! numb] & v>iety ( ! data suppli$ may well seem to u bewild]+4 ,if we picture ourselves 9 su* a position1 ) sights1 s\nds1 motor s5sations1 t\*es1 & pressures ra9+ 9 ^u a virg9 exp]i5ce1 we wond] h[ we %\ld make a beg9n+2 h[ we c\ld possibly decide on ! fir/ /ep t[>ds r$uc+ ?is multiplicity & div]sity to some?+ l unity & ord]4 ,& p]haps we wond] h[ we ourselves made a beg9n+ :5 we 7 p9k newly born babies4 ,if x may be said )\t p>adox1 we nev] did make a beg9n+4 ,! beg9n+ 0 made = u4 ,= we habitually associate ourselves ) ! control c5tres1 & reg>d our bodies1 l our wat*es1 z ours & n u4 ,we w9d ! bodily wat*1 & set its h&s f "t to "t2 b we did n make x1 & x 0 already go+ :5 h]$ity h&$ x to u ov] ! c\nt] ( bir?4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds r$uc+ ! seem+ *aos ( s5sory exp]i5ce to some?+ l ord] is n due to ! selection by consci\sness ( ?is or t elem5t = prom95ce among ! re/1 b to ! ?ru/+ =w>d ( c]ta9 modes ( behavi\r by ! conditions ( organic life4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! field ( vision 9 ! *ick is n effect$ by any consci\s det]m9ation to fix ! att5tion on t wriggl+ maggot1 b ?r\gh ! cong5ital response x calls =?4 ,?is s]ves n only to make ! grub /& out cle>ly amid its surr\nd+s1 b also to emphasize a motor gr\p1 call$ into vigor\s action 9 ! mid/ ( o!r motor s5sations1 &1 9 rapid sequ5ce1 to lay /ress on a s5sation ( ta/e sudd5ly call$ into prom95ce4 ,nor1 z we h se51 d ! organic effects cease "h4 ,! functional action ( ?ree s5sory c5tres is ?us call$ into play4 ,b !y are con/itu5t p>ts ( "o n]v\s sy/em4 ,! direct /imulation ( ea* by n]ve impulses f eye1 motor organs1 & beak1 gives tempor>y pr$om9ance to c]ta9 s5sory data :i* are t]m$ pres5tative4 ,b ! sev]al c5tres are connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,& !nce=w>d1 9 subsequ5t /ages ( exp]i5ce1 ! direct /imulation ( ! visual c5tre indirectly calls into play ! o!r two1 s t ! pres5tation ?r\gh sight evolves re-pres5tations ( ! motor gr\p1 & ( ta/e4 ,h5ce s5ti5ce is n suffici5t = guidance2 !re mu/ be cons5ti5ce involv+ ! pres5ce ( sev]al elem5ts4 ,b ^! elem5ts mu/ n be reg>d$ z sep>ate save 9 our analysis2 !y =m con/itu5t p>ts ( ! coalesc5t situation z a :ole1 ( :i* alone ! *ick is presumably consci\s1 )\t analysis ( detail4 ,x is j because ! *ick is a go+ conc]n :5 consci\sness comes ( age & beg9s to assume control--j because a wide range ( cong5ital behavi\r is "p ( ! organic h]itage--t ! e>ly /ages ( ! acquisition ( exp]i5ce proce$ s rapidly & s smoo?ly4 ,! animal has n to make & fa%ion ! e>ly consci\s situations2 x has only to accept !m4 ,x has n at fir/ to en=ce ord] on ! multiplicity ( s5sory data ra9+ 9 ^u ! consci\s c5tres2 x has only to take note ( ! exi/+ ord] among !m4 ,x has n pa9fully to le>n h[ to co-ord9ate ! eff]5t impulses proce$+ to ! _m muscles conc]n$ 9 "s simple response2 x has only to be s5sitive to ! response z a :ole4 ,x has n to select ! association ( ?is1 t1 & ! o!r gr\p ( data )9 a coalesc5t situation2 organic behavi\r provides x ) pr$et]m9$ sequ5ces ready made--sequ5ces :i* h = g5]ations receiv$ ! emphatic sanction ( natural selection4 ,cong5ital t5d5cies :i* x has inh]it$ b n acquir$ det]m9e all its e>lie/ behavi\r1 det]m9e :at elem5ts 9 ! s5sory complex %all be ?ru/ into consci\s prom95ce1 det]m9e 9 :at mann] ^! data %all be associat$2 det]m9e1 9 fact1 :at sali5t po9ts 9 ! develop+ situations %all /& out cle>ly f ! re/1 & h[ ^! sali5t po9ts %all be gr\p$ & l9k$ by ! connect+ ?reads ( association & %all coalesce into effective :oles4 ,& if 9 ! comp>atively helpless human infant ! cong5ital modes ( response seem less organiz$ ?an ^? ( ! *ick1 if !re is a l>g] p]c5tage ( r&om & app>5tly aimless movem5ts1 if ! organic managem5t ( ! bodily e/ate is less def9itely ord]$ by ! t]ms ( ! h]$it>y beque/1 if !re is m ( mat]nal guidance & fo/]age2 /ill ! data are provid$ 9 a sub/antially simil> way4 ,! situations are inde$ de/9$ to become m complex1 ! di/9ctions :i* arise 9 consci\sness are m num]\s1 ! coalesc5ce & association include a wid] range & succession ( sali5t po9ts2 a long] "t is requir$ to become acqua9t$ ) ! transactions ( a bus9ess conduct$ 9 a f> great] numb] ( c5tres3 b1 at lea/ 9 ! e>ly /ages1 ! data are ( ! same k9d1 & are emphasiz$ 9 ! same way4 ,pres5tation & re-pres5tation play a simil> rle2 & ! *ief diff]5ce lies 9 ! fact t less /]eotyp$ cong5ital behavi\r is supplem5t$ by "s guidance1 probably f> less ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 f ^? :o lov+ly m9i/] to ! c\rse ( infant developm5t4 ,no attempt c "h be made to trace ev5 9 outl9e 7an outl9e :i* mu/ 9 any case be imag9>y & conjectural7 ! sequ5ce ( situations :i* m>ks ! c\rse ( m5tal developm5t 9 its e>li] /ages4 ,an example may1 h[ev]1 s]ve to %[ h[ ! ex]cise ( cong5ital t5d5cies may give rise to a new situation1 & lead to a fur!r developm5t ( behavi\r4 ,i kept "s "y *icks 9 my /udy 9 an improvis$ p5 floor$ ) newspap]1 ! edges ( :i* 7 turn$ up & support$1 to =m frail b suffici5t reta9+ walls4 ,"o ( ! little birds1 a week old1 /ood ne> ! corn] ( ! p51 peck+ vigor\sly & p]si/5tly at some?+1 :i* prov$ to be ! numb] on ! page ( ! turn$-up newspap]4 ,he !n transf]r$ 8 att5tion & 8 ef=ts to ! corn] ( ! pap] j )9 8 rea*4 ,seiz+ ?is1 he pull$ at x1 b5d+ ! newspap] d[n1 & ?us mak+ a brea* 9 ! wall ( ! p54 ,?r\gh ?is he /epp$ =? into ! wid] _w ( my /udy4 ,i re/or$ ! pap] z be=e1 caught ! bird1 & replac$ him ne> ! sc5e ( 8 =m] ef=ts4 ,he aga9 peck$ at ! corn] ( ! pap]1 pull$ x d[n1 & escap$4 ,i !n put him back z f> z possible f ! spot4 ,pres5tly he came r\nd to ! same corn]1 repeat$ 8 previ\s behavi\r1 & aga9 made 8 escape4 ,n[1 "h ! inh]it$ t5d5cy to peck at small objects l$1 ?r\gh ! draw+ d[n ( ! pap]1 to a new situation1 ( :i* advantage 0 tak54 ,! little drama consi/$ ( two sc5es1 :i* may be suffici5tly describ$ z 8! corn] ( ! p510 & 8! op5 way10 ?is be+ ! sequ5ce 9 exp]i5ce4 ,subsequ5tly ! fir/ sc5e 0 aga9 enact$ 9 pres5tative t]ms1 & !re foll[$ fir/ a re-pres5tation ( sc5e ii41 ) its associat$ behavi\r1 & !n ! pres5tative repetition ( ?is sc5e4 ,we may take ?is z a sample ( ! nature ( a consci\s situation :i* is effective 9 guidance4 ,we h se5 ! nature ( ! elem5ts 7s5sory data1 includ+ z ess5tial ^? suppli$ by ! behavi\r itself1 ) a pleasurable or pa9ful tone7 :i* ent] into su* a situation2 we h se5 t !y owe _! prim>y orig9 to direct pres5tation1 b t !y may be subsequ5tly introduc$ indirectly 9 re-pres5tative =m2 we h se5 t ! situation z a :ole results f ! coalesc5ce ( ! data4 ,!re only rema9s ! "q h[ ! felt situation takes effect on behavi\r4 ,& to ?is "q1 un=tunately1 we c give b a meagre & incomplete reply4 ,all we c say is1 t connections seem to be 9 "s way e/abli%$ betwe5 ! c5tres ( consci\s control & ! c5tres ( cong5ital response2 & t ?r\gh ^! *annels ! responsive behavi\r may be ei!r *eck$ or augm5t$ 7z a :ole or 9 "p71 accord+ to ! tone1 disagreeable or pleasant1 t suffuses ! situation4 ,h[ ?is is effect$ we d n fully "k4 ,,iii4--,,lat] ,,phases ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,developm5t ,"s surprise may be felt t 9 our brief discussion ( ! e>ly /ages ( m5tal developm5t no?+ has be5 said ( p]cepts & concepts1 no?+ ( ab/raction or g5]alization4 ,! omission is n only due to a desire to avoid ! subtle te*nicalities ( psy*ological nom5clature4 ,x is p>tly due to ! wi% n to =ejudge a difficult "q ( int]pretation4 ,spirit$ passages ( arms f "t to "t take place betwe5 psy*ologi/s 9 oppos+ camps1 z to :e!r animals are or are n capable ( =m+ ab/ract & g5]al ideas2 & untra9$ camp foll[]s hang on ! skirts ( ! fray1 mak+ a good deal ( noise ) blank-c>tridge4 ,! "q at issue turns p>tly on ! def9itions ( te*nical t]ms2 p>tly1 :5 !re is agreem5t on ?is po9t1 on ! int]pretation to be put on c]ta9 modes ( behavi\r4 ,no?+ seems at fir/ sight mu* easi] ?an to say :at we mean by an ab/ract idea or by a g5]al idea4 ,we are ?9k+ ab\t col\r1 :i* is bo? ab/ract & g5]al--ab/ract1 because 9 itself x is a special quality ( visible objects float$ (f1 s to speak1 f o!r qualities1 su* z h>dness & weight1 %ape & size2 g5]al1 because x includes _m diff]5t col\rs 9 "o gr\p4 ,look+ up at ! book%elves1 we see a volume ) a r$ back4 ,we neglect ! %ape1 ! cont5ts1 ! lett]+2 x is ! col\r ) :i* we are imm$iately conc]n$1 :i* =ms an important feature 9 ! pres5t ?\ght-situation2 & ?is is1 9 virtue ( t situation1 ab/ract$ f ! re/4 ,b a *ick a few days old may h acquir$ exp]i5ce ( sev]al k9ds ( cat]pill>s mu* alike 9 %ape & size2 ( :i*1 "o k9d is r+$ ) orange & black4 ,& :ile ! o!rs are eag]ly seiz$1 cat]pill>s ( ?is k9d are left unt\*$4 ,x is n ! size or ! %ape :i* is an effective elem5t 9 ! situation2 x is ! peculi> coloration ( ! c9nab> cat]pill>s4 ,n[1 does ! effectiv5ess ( ?is quality 9 ! /imulus ju/ify ! inf]5ce t ! *ick =ms an ab/ract idea ( col\r8 ,t cle>ly dep5ds on our def9ition ( ab/ract idea1 & on our inf]5ces conc]n+ ! nature ( ! *ick's m9d4 ,a dog lies doz+ ^u ! mat1 & he>s a /ep 9 ! por* )\t4 ,8 behavi\r at once %[s t ?is ent]s into ! consci\s situation4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a m>k$ diff]5ce accord+ z ! /ep has ! famili> fall ( ! ma/]'s tread1 ! well-kn[n %uffle ( ! irrepressible but*]'s lad1 or an unfamili> s\nd4 ,^! sev]al situations are1 )\t "q1 nicely di/+ui%$4 ,let u suppose ! situation ( ! mom5t is introduc$ by a /range footfall4 ,x seems to sugge/ man2 b ?is _c be any p>ticul> man1 s9ce he is z yet invisible & is a /rang]4 ,does ! dog1 !n1 frame a g5]al idea ( man8 ,does ! *amois d s :51 b\nd+ across ! sn[ field1 he /ops sudd5ly on sc5t+ ! di/ant footpr9ts ( a m\nta9e]8 ,d y d s :5 y he> ! bleat+ ( an invisible lamb 9 ! mead[ beh9d yond] wall8 ,"h1 aga91 ! answ]s we give to ^! que/ions dep5d p>tly on ! exact mean+ ( ! t]m 8g5]al idea20 p>tly on our int]pretation ( :at passes ?r\gh ! m9d ( ! be+ conc]n$4 ,we h s\ght1 s f>1 r to avoid ?an to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,we seem to be on safe gr\nd s long z we cont5t ourselves ) say+ t ! orange & black ( ! c9nab> cat]pill>1 ! /range footfall1 or ! trail ( ! m\nta9e]1 ent] z effective elem5ts into ! imm$iate consci\s situation4 ,b :5 we pass to ! high] phases ( m5tal developm5t we c no long] :olly ignore su* que/ions4 ,:5 we are deal+ ) intellectual human be+s1 !re c be no d\bt t !y at lea/ are capable ( fram+1 ) def9ite int5tion1 & ( set purpose1 bo? g5]al & ab/ract conceptions4 ,& h[ d !y rea* ^! conceptions8 ,by review+ a numb] ( pa/ situations1 analyz+ !m1 int5tionally dis5tangl+ & isolat+ = ! purposes ( _! ?\ght c]ta9 elem5ts :i* !y conta91 & classify+ ^! ab/racts "u g5]a & species--t is to say1 into broad] & n>r[] gr\ps4 ,! prim>y & proximate object ( ?is process is to rea* a s*eme ( ?\ght by :i* ! s*eme ( nature1 z giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 c be expla9$4 ,&1 no d\bt1 und]ly+ ?is prim>y object is ! purpose ( guid+ future behavi\r 9 accordance ) ! rational s*eme :i* is ?us atta9$4 ,man is sometimes describ$ z p> excell5ce ! be+ :o looks be=e & aft]4 ,all 8 greate/ a*ievem5ts are due to 8 p[]s ( reflection & =esight4 ,:at %>e ! symbolism ( spee* takes 9 ! process briefly indicat$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph is ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,)\t go+ s f> z to urge t ! v beg9n+s ( reflective ?\ght are inexplicable )\t its aid1 x may be accept$ z obvi\sly true t words are a great assi/ance4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z intellectual pegs ^u :i* we hang ! results ( ab/raction & g5]alization4 ,x may be said t we (t5 ?9k 9 pictures or images1 & n 9 words1 b ! m ab/ract & g5]al our ?\ght1 ! m x is dep5d5t on ! symbolic elem5ts4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ! high] phases ( m5tal developm5t are *>act]iz$ by ! fact t ! situations conta9 ! products ( reflective ?\ght1 presumably abs5t 9 ! e>li] /ages2 !y are fur!r *>act]iz$ by a new purpose or end ( consci\sness1 namely1 to expla9 ! situations hi!rto m]ely accept$ z !y are giv5 9 pres5tation or re-pres5tation2 !y require delib]ate att5tion to ! relation%ips :i* hold good among ! sev]al elem5ts ( successive situations2 & !y involve1 s f> z behavi\r is conc]n$1 ! int5tional application ( an ideal s*eme ) ! object ( rational guidance4 ,we %all foll[ ,dr4 ,/\t 9 t]m+ ?is lat] /age ( m5tal developm5t ! ideational /age2 & 9 speak+ ( ! simpl] situations consid]$ 9 ! prec$+ section z belong+ to ! p]ceptual /age4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t we are n attempt+ to det]m9e j :]e1 9 ! scale ( organic exi/5ce1 ! l9e betwe5 ! p]ceptual & ! ideational /ages ( m5tal developm5t is to be drawn4 ,we are c]ta9ly v f> f ass]t+ t ! "o does n give rise to ! o!r 9 ! c\rse ( an evolution :i* is ord]ly & progressive4 ,we are m]ely contra/+ ! rational guidance ( effective consci\sness at its be/ ) ! e>li] embryonic condition out ( :i* x has aris5 by natural g5esis4 ,9 do+ ?is we h be5 =c$ to make "s ref]5ce to ! difficulties ( te*nical nom5clature4 ,& "s fur!r ref]5ce is necess>y le/ our po9t ( view be misund]/ood4 ,we %all reg>d ^! ab/ract & g5]al ideas z ! products ( an int5tional purpose direct$ to ! special end ( isolat+ ! "o & ( classify+ ! o!r2 we %all res]ve ! t]m rational = ! conduct :i* is guid$ 9 accordance ) an ideal s*eme or delib]ate plan ( action2 :ile = behavi\r to ! guidance ( :i* no su* reflection & delib]ation seems to h contribut$ we %all res]ve ! t]m intellig5t4 ,if1 = example1 ! rejection ( a c9nab> cat]pill> by ! *ick is ! direct result ( exp]i5ce ?r\gh ! re-pres5tation 9 ! new situation ( c]ta9 elem5ts introduc$ dur+ ! developm5t ( a l situation1 we %all call x an intellig5t act4 ,b if we h gr\nds = suppos+ t ! situation is reflectively consid]$ by ! *ick 9 relation to an ideal & m or less def9itely conceiv$ plan ( action :i* is 7p]haps dimly7 tak+ =m 9 its m9d1 we %all reg>d x z s f> rational4 ,& s1 too1 9 o!r cases ( animal behavi\r4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ! control ?r\gh :i* consci\sness is effective 9 ! guidance ( behavi\r1 x is necess>y1 9 view ( ^! consid]ations1 to di/+ui% its intellig5t f its rational ex]cise4 ,& ?is is ( importance s9ce we g5]ally speak ( control 9 ! latt] s5se 9 ref]5ce to human conduct4 ,intellig5t control 7on ! p]ceptual plane7 is due to ! direct op]ation ( ! results ( exp]i5ce )\t ! int]v5tion ( any g5]aliz$ conception or ideal4 ,9 rational control 7on ! ideational plane71 su* conceptions & ideals ex]t a controll+ influ5ce4 ,if1 to prev5t a boy suck+ 8 ?umb we adm9i/] bitt] aloes1 we tru/ to intellig5t control ?r\gh ! imm$iate effects ( exp]i5ce2 b if he be induc$ to give up ! habit because x is babyi%1 he s f> ex]cises rational control4 ,:at we call self-control is ( ?is type4 ,only "o m di/9ction ne$ be drawn4 ,intellig5t behavi\r1 f\nd$ on direct association ga9$ ?r\gh previ\s exp]i5ce1 we %all attribute to impulse2 b = rational conduct1 ! outcome ( reflection & delib]ation1 we seek to asc]ta9 ! motive4 ,9 human affairs our motives are ref]r$ to c]ta9 categories ea* ( :i* presupposes an ideal s*eme1 prud5tial1 /hetic1 e?ical1 or o!r4 ,to act f motive & n f impulse is to act delib]ately1 because we judge ! action to be exp$i5t1 seemly1 or "r1 z ! case may be4 ,if1 !n1 we contra/ ! l[] p]ceptual /ages ( m5tal evolution ) ! high] ideational phases1 ! =m] includes behavi\r due to impulse2 b f x conduct due to motive is exclud$4 ,,iv4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,consci\sness ,! orig9 ( consci\sness1 l t ( matt] or en]gy1 appe>s to be beyond ! pale ( sci5tific discussion4 ,! appe>ance ( effective consci\sness on ! sc5e ( life does inde$ seem to ju/ify ! belief 9 ! prior exi/5ce ( s5ti5ce z ! m]e accompanim5t ( organic behavi\r4 ,ex nihilo nihil fit4 ,& s9ce effective consci\sness mu/1 on ?is pr9ciple1 be develop$ f some?+1 x is reasonable to assume t ?is some?+ is pre-exi/+ s5ti5ce4 ,aga91 we may assume t ?is s5ti5ce is a concomitant ( all life-processes1 or only ( "s4 ,b we h no crit]ion by :i* we c hope to det]m9e :i* ( ^! alt]natives is ! m probable4 ,we appe>1 h[ev]1 at all ev5ts to h evid5ce t :5 effective consci\sness does ent] on ! sc5e & play its "p 9 ! guidance ( behavi\r1 its progress is1 9 te*nical phraseology1 m>k$ by t diff]5tiation ( consci\s elem5ts1 & t integration ( ^! diff]5tiat$ items1 :i* are seem+ly ! correlatives ( ! diff]5tiation & integration ( n]v\s sy/ems4 ,!re is ?us1 presumably1 a progressive developm5t ( ord]ly complexity 9 ! consci\s situations ( :i* controll$ or guid$ behavi\r is ! outcome4 ,& :5 ?is has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age--:at /age x is mo/ difficult to det]m9e--! relation%ips1 at fir/ implicit 9 ! consci\s situations1 z !y naturally arise 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 beg9 to be r5d]$ explicit ) ! dawn ( reflection4 ,int5tional ab/raction & g5]alization to :i* data are af=d$ by ! reit]at$ emphasis 9 exp]i5ce ( ! sali5t features 9 successive situations1 supply new elem5ts to ! m highly develop$ situations ( rational life4 ,ideal s*emes & plans ( action1 ! products ( reflection & =esight1 take =m 9 ! m9d & ent] into ! consci\s situation4 ,& ! intellig5t animal1 hi!rto ! creature ( impulse1 guid$ only by ! pleasurable or pa9ful tone :i* gives col\r to exp]i5ce1 becomes a rational be+1 capable ( judg+ h[ f> 8 own behavi\r & t ( o!rs is con=mable to an ideal4 ,if1 !n1 we 7 ask$ to *>act]ize 9 ! briefe/ possible t]ms ! /ages ( consci\s evolution1 we %\ld say t 9 ! fir/ /age we h consci\sness z accompanim5t2 9 ! second1 consci\sness z guide2 9 ! ?ird1 consci\sness z judge4 ,& if we 7 press$ to apply di/9ctive t]ms to ^! ?ree1 we %\ld adopt ,/4 ,george ,miv>t's t]m cons5ti5ce = ! mid-phase1 & speak ( m]e s5ti5ce 9 ! fir/ /age2 cons5ti5ce 9 ! second2 & consci\sness1 ) re/rict$ signification1 9 ! ?ird & highe/ /age4 ,su* a di/9ction 9 t]ms is1 h[ev]1 a c\nsel ( p]fection1 & we %all n attempt to pres]ve x 9 ! foll[+ pages1 9 :i* ! ^w 8consci\sness0 w be us$ 9 a compreh5sive s5se4 ,ev] s9ce ! publication ( ,d>w9's 8,orig9 ( ,species10 evolutioni/s h be5 divid$ into two sections :]e consci\sness 9 ! n>r[] s5se is "u discussion4 ,! memb]s ( ! "o h cont5d$ t1 ?\gh ! physical & p]haps ! l[] m5tal nature ( man is ! outcome ( evolution>y process1 8 high] m5tal attributes are ( o!r orig94 ,! memb]s ( ! second section h urg$ t ! high] n less ?an ! l[] *>act]i/ics ( ! m9d ( man h be5 evolv$4 ,x is some:at /range t naturali/s :o accept ! latt] position are n infrequ5tly impati5t :5 any s]i\s attempt is made to discuss x f ! /&po9t ( psy*ology4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 becom+ m & m cle>ly evid5t t ! discussion ( ! relation ( ! animal to ! human m9d1 if x is to be made a subject ( sci5tific inquiry1 mu/ be conduct$ on psy*ological l9es by ^? :o h devot$ ye>s ( /udy to ! subject4 ,9 ?is "w su* a discussion w be attempt$1 & animal behavi\r w be treat$ z ! precursor ( human conduct1 & z af=d+ evid5ce ( ! g]ms f :i* ! di/9ctively human m5tal attributes may h be5 evolv$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r ,i4--,,def9ition ,,( ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r ,!re are probably few subjects :i* h af=d$ m mat]ial = wond] & pi\s admiration ?an ! in/9ctive end[m5ts ( animals4 8,i look ^u in/9ct10 wrote ,addison 9 "o ( 8 graceful essays1 8z ^u ! pr9ciple ( gravitation 9 bodies1 :i* is n to be expla9$ by any kn[n qualities inh]5t 9 ! bodies !mselves1 nor f any laws ( me*anism1 b z an imm$iate impression f ! fir/ ,mov] & ! ,div9e ,en]gy act+ 9 ! creatures40#ba ,9 l mann] ,sp5ce said3 8,we may call ! in/9cts ( animals ^? faculties implant$ 9 !m by ! ,creator1 by :i*1 indep5d5t ( in/ruction1 obs]vation or exp]i5ce1 & )\t a k ( ! end 9 view1 !y are all alike impell$ to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions t5d+ to ! well-be+ ( ! individual & ! pres]vation ( ! species40#bb ,accord+ to su* views1 in/9ct is an ultimate pr9ciple ! natural g5esis ( :i* is beyond ! pale ( explanation4 ,b simil> views 71 at ! "t ^! passages 7 writt51 held to apply1 n only to animal behavi\r1 b also to animal /ructure4 ,! developm5t ( ! /ag's antl]1 or ( ! insect's w+1 0 also reg>d$ z 8an imm$iate impression f ! fir/ ,mov] & ! ,div9e ,en]gy act+ 9 ! creatures40 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is1 nei!r 9 ! case ( /ructure nor 9 ! case ( behavi\r1 t ent]ta9$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,x is inde$ an expression ( op9ion conc]n+ ! metaphysics ( in/9ct4 ,leav+ ! "q ( ultimate orig9 precisely :]e x /ood 9 ! times ( ,addison & ( ,sp5ce1 mod]n sci5ce seeks to trace ! natural antec$5ts ( all natural ph5om5a1 & reg>ds /ructure & behavi\r alike z ! products ( evolution1 endeav\r+ to expla9 ! mann] ( _! g5etic orig9 9 t]ms ( progressive h]$ity4 ,omitt+1 !re=e1 all ref]5ce to problems :i*1 h[ev] important1 are beyond ! limits ( sci5tific inquiry1#bc we may take z a basis = fur!r discussion ,sp5ce's def9ition1 accord+ to :i* ! in/9cts ( animals are ^? faculties by :i*1 indep5d5t ( in/ruction1 obs]vation1 or exp]i5ce1 & )\t a k ( ! end 9 view1 !y are all alike impell$ to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions t5d+ to _! own well-be+ & ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! ref]5ce ( in/9ctive actions to a faculty by :i* animals are said to be impell$ to _! p]=mance4 ,paley also def9$ in/9ct z 8a prop5sity prior to exp]i5ce40 ,& unque/ionably 9 ! popul> conception x is usual to attribute in/9ctive acts to "s su* consci\s cause4 ,b x w be m conv5i5t1 = ! pres5t1 to consid] in/9ctive behavi\r f ! objective po9t ( view1 z x is pres5t$ to our obs]vation2 we may !n proce$ to ! fur!r consid]ation ( ! consci\s concomitants :i* may be inf]r$4 ,f ! objective po9t ( view1 !re=e1 we may agree ) ,pr(essor ,groos1 :o says#bd t 8! idea ( consci\sness mu/ be rigidly exclud$ f any def9ition ( in/9ct :i* is to be ( practical utility10 s9ce 8x is always haz>d\s 9 sci5tific inve/igation to all[ an hypo!sis :i* _c be te/$ empirically40 ,9 ?is we h ! support ( ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,peckham1 ^: /udies ( ! life-hi/ories ( spid]s & wasps are models ( c>eful & pati5t inve/igation4 8,"u ! t]m ,in/9ct10 !y say1 8we place all complex acts :i* are p]=m$ previ\s to exp]i5ce1 & 9 a simil> mann] by all memb]s ( ! same sex & race1 leav+ out z non-ess5tial1 at ?is "t1 ! "q ( :e!r !y are or are n accompani$ by consci\sness40#be ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t "s ref]5ce to ! consci\s aspect ( in/9ctive behavi\r is impli$ by say+ t ! acts are p]=m$ )\t in/ruction or exp]i5ce4 ,b ! ref]5ce at pres5t is :olly negative4 ,we may say1 z ! result ( obs]vation1 t in/9ctive acts are p]=m$ "u su* circum/ances z exclude ! possibility ( guidance 9 ! light ( individual exp]i5ce1 & r5d] x 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t !re exi/s any idea ( ! end to be atta9$4 ,b ?is is a v diff]5t position f t ( ass]t+ ! pres5ce ( a positive faculty or prop5sity :i* impels an animal to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions4 ,?is x is :i*1 f ! obs]vational po9t ( view1 is unnecess>y4 ,= ! ref]5ce ( a giv5 type ( obs]v$ behavi\r to a 8prop5sity0 s to behave or to a 8faculty0 ( ?us behav+1 is no m helpful ?an ! ref]5ce ( ! developm5t ( any giv5 type ( /ructure to a 8pot5tiality0 s to develop4 ,we may1 !re=e1 )\t loss ( precision1 simplify ,sp5ce's def9ition by /at+ t in/9ctive behavi\r is indep5d5t ( in/ruction & exp]i5ce1 & t5ds to ! well-be+ ( ! individual & ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,let u next consid] ! clause :i* affirms t in/9ctive behavi\r is prior to exp]i5ce4 ,?is is well 9 l9e ) ! di/9ction n[ drawn by biologi/s betwe5 cong5ital & acquir$ *>act]s4 ,x ref]s !m to ! =m] category1 & implies t ! organic me*anism by :i* !y are r5d]$ possible is ( g]m9al orig94 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 univ]sally admitt$4 ,pr(essor ,wundt1 = example1 approa*+ ! subject f ! po9t ( view af=d$ by ! /udy ( man & ! high] animals1 gives to ! t]m a wid] mean+1 & s def9es in/9ct z to include acquir$ habits4 8,movem5ts10 he says1#bf 8:i* orig9ally foll[$ ^u simple or comp\nd volunt>y acts1 b :i* h become :olly or p>tly me*aniz$ 9 ! c\rse ( individual life1 or ( g5]ic evolution1 we t]m in/9ctive actions40 ,9 accordance ) ?is def9ition1 in/9cts fall into two gr\ps4 ,^? 8:i*1 s f> z we c tell1 h be5 develop$ dur+ ! life ( ! individual1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite individual influ5ces might h rema9$ :olly undevelop$1 may be call$ acquir$ in/9cts40 ,!y h become in/9ctive ?r\gh repetition4 8,to be di/+ui%$ f ^! acquir$ human in/9cts are o!rs :i* are connate40 ,n[1 !re c be no "q t behavi\r :i* has become habitual ?r\gh frequ5t repetition is frequ5tly1 9 popul> spee*1 describ$ z in/9ctive4 ,we he> x said t ! exp]i5c$ cycli/ guides 8 ma*9e in/9ctively4 ,& ! ^w is simil>ly us$ 9 _m l cases4 ,b we %all f9d x conducive to precision & cle>ness ( ?\ght to emphasize ! di/9ction betwe5 :at is acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( life & :at is cong5ital 9 ! race4 ,& to ?is end we %all reg>d behavi\r :i* has 8become me*aniz$ 9 ! c\rse ( individual life0 z due to acquir$ habit1 res]v+ ! t]m in/9ctive = su* behavi\r z is indep5d5t ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,we %all1 9 %ort1 s f> accept ,sp5ce's def9ition4 ,9 ?is def9ition1 z 9 ^? ( ! majority ( naturali/s1 x seems to be fur!r impli$ t in/9ctive behavi\r is ( a relatively def9ite k9d1 ?\gh x is no d\bt subject to su* v>iation z is f\nd 9 animal /ructure & organization4 ,mr4 ,rutg]s ,m>%all1 h[ev]1 9 a rec5t "w1#bg prote/s aga9/ any su* implication1 & urges t 8?is v>iabl5ess is s wide t def9it5ess ( reaction _c = a mom5t be us$ z a diff]5tia 9 relation to in/9ct )\t n>r[+ our conception ( ! b\nds ( in/9ct 9 a mann] to be deplor$40 8,! actions10 he says1 8connect$ ) ! prep>ation = self-def5ce1 ^? connect$ ) protection ( ! "y1 ) ne/-build+1 ) migration1 etc41 ^! actions are surely to be class$ z in/9ctive2 & yet !y are exce$+ly v>iable & unpr$ictable 9 detail2 all t we c pr$ict is ! g5]al tr5d ( ! v>y+ actions :i* result f v>y+ /imuli "u v>y+ conditions1 & :i* function to "s det]m9ate biological end40 ,mr4 ,m>%all !n proce$s to argue t we are 8w>rant$ 9 speak+ ( ! e?ical in/9cts1 ( ! patriotic in/9cts1 ( ! b5evol5t in/9cts1 & ( ! arti/ic in/9cts20 & ?us leads up to ! position1 to be fur!r elaborat$ 9 8 "w1 t !re exi/s 9 man a religi\s in/9ct :i* has fulfill$ a function ( biological value 9 ! developm5t ( our race4 ,n[1 "h aga9 !re is mu* 9 popul> usage ( ! words in/9ct & in/9ctive :i* l5ds support1 = :at x is wor?1 to ,mr4 ,m>%all's v broad conception ( ! range ( in/9ct4 ,aga9 & aga9 we he>1 9 ! pulpit & else:]e1 ( ! religi\s in/9ct2 we he>1 too1 ( ! b5evol5t1 patriotic1 & arti/ic in/9cts1 & m besides4 ,b :at we are endeav\r+ to def9e is a type ( behavi\r :i*1 z su*1 is prior to in/ruction & exp]i5ce4 ,c we affirm t patriotic & religi\s behavi\r con=ms to su* a type8 ,is x unque/ionably cong5ital & n acquir$8 ,if we are =c$ to give negative answ]s to ^! que/ions we mu/ reg>d ,mr4 ,m>%all's conception ( in/9ct 7"o inclusive ( multif>i\s t5d5cies :i* h a biological value7 z too broad & too vague to be ( any s]vice to u at ?is /age ( our /udy ( animal behavi\r4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we und]/& by ,sp5ce's phrase t in/9ct involves ! p]=mance ( 8c]ta9 actions08 ,& h[ f> %all we accept x8 ,we %all take x z imply+ s mu* def9it5ess ( behavi\r z r5d]s in/9ctive acts susceptible ( sci5tific inve/igation1 & 9 ?is s5se %all accept x ) "s modification ( phraseology4 ,we %all freely admit1 h[ev]1 ! exi/5ce ( v>iations ( in/9ctive behavi\r analog\s to v>iations 9 animal /ructure4 ,x is ! occurr5ce ( su* v>iations t r5d]s ! natural selection ( in/9ctive modes ( behavi\r conceivable4 ,we %all also admit "s1 nay mu*1 v>iation 9 detail4 ,take1 = example1 two ( ! cases :i* ,mr4 ,m>%all cites--ne/-build+ & migration4 ,bo? involve1 n m]ely a simple response to a giv5 /imulus1 b a complex sequ5ce ( actions4 ,9 detail !re may be mu* v>iation ev5 among memb]s ( ! same species4 ,& yet1 c x be que/ion$ t ! behavi\r z a :ole is 9 ea* case relatively def9ite8 ,may we n ev5 say t x is rem>kably def9ite8 ,may we n ev5 g fur!r1 & ass]t t only on ! assumption t any giv5 in/9ctive act is relatively def9ite1 c we reg>d x z a subject = sci5tific inve/igation1 & c we hope to di/+ui% x f o!r modes ( behavi\r8 ,! next po9t = consid]ation 9 ,sp5ce's def9ition1 :i* we h tak5 z our text1 is 8 *>act]ization ( in/9ctive acts z 8t5d+ to ! well-be+ ( ! individual & ! pres]vation ( ! species40 ,"h we h ,mr4 ,m>%all ) u1 = he too lays /ress on ! fact t in/9ctive behavi\r has ref]5ce to a def9ite biological end4 ,b 9 say+ t ! biological end is ! objective m>k ( an in/9ct1#bh he seems to be 9 error4 ,because1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re are o!r 8objective m>ks10 & because1 9 ! second place1 ?is objective m>k is n re/rict$ to in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,accord+ to ,sp5ce1 a fur!r *>act]i/ic ( in/9ctive acts is t !y are indep5d5t ( in/ruction or exp]i5ce2 & ?is s]ves to diff]5tiate !m f o!r modes ( behavi\r :i* are also subs]vi5t to a biological end4 ,intellig5t behavi\r1 n less ?an t :i* we t]m in/9ctive1 has ref]5ce to a biological end4 ,_m intellig5t acts1 = example1 h = _! object ! well-be+ ( ! individual2 _m subs]ve race pres]vation2 ^! be>1 e :it z mu* z in/9ctive acts1 ! 8objective m>k0 :i* ,mr4 ,m>%all reg>ds z *>act]i/ic ( in/9ct4 ,& if we turn to 8 subjective crit]ion--! abs5ce ( any conception ( ! biological end :i* ! behavi\r subs]ves--,mr4 ,m>%all's position is equally unt5able4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( acquir$ modes ( behavi\r1 dep5d5t on in/ruction or exp]i5ce1 9 :i* !re is1 on ! subjective side1 s f> z we c judge1 no conception ( ! biological end to be atta9$4 ,:at c ! animal 9 ! e>ly /ages ( intellig5ce "k ( biological ends8 ,mr4 ,m>%all's subjective crit]ion applies j z mu* to a wide range ( intellig5t behavi\r z x does to in/9ctive actions4 ,9 accept+1 !re=e1 ,sp5ce's /atem5t t :5 animals behave in/9ctively !y p]=m1 )\t a k ( ! end 9 view1 c]ta9 actions t5d+ to _! own well-be+ & ! pres]vation ( ! species1 we mu/ take x 9 connection ) ! prec$+ limitation1 rememb]+ t !y are also p]=m$ )\t in/ruction & exp]i5ce4 ,a fur!r po9t = v brief consid]ation is sugge/$ by ! phrase 9 :i* ,sp5ce says t animals are all alike impell$ to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions4 ,z x /&s x is too sweep+ & g5]al4 ,/ill1 we d require "s explicit /atem5t ( ! facts :i* he _h 9 m9d :5 he wrote ! words 8all alike40 ,& we f9d x ) suffici5t exactness 9 ,dr4 ,peckham's def9ition1 :]e he comprises "u ! category ( in/9ctive behavi\r 8all complex acts :i* are p]=m$ previ\s to exp]i5ce1 & 9 a simil> mann] by all memb]s ( ! same sex & race40 ,?is places cong5ital behavi\r 9 l9e ) morphological /ructure z a subject = comp>ative treatm5t4 ,"o m "q rema9s4 ,:at %all we und]/& by 8complex acts08 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is well to re/rict ! t]m in/9ctive to co-ord9at$ actions2 & ?is implies ! pres5ce ( n]ve-c5tres by :i* ! co-ord9ation is effect$4 ,we ?us exclude ! organic behavi\r ( plants1 s9ce !re is no evid5ce 9 ! vegetable k+dom ( co-ord9at+ c5tres4 ,9 ! second place1 ! co-ord9ation is1 z we h se51 cong5ital1 & n acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,"y wat]-birds1 & inde$ "y *icks1 z soon z !y are born1 & h recov]$ f ! %ock ( bir?1 c swim ) def9ite co-ord9ation ( leg movem5ts4 ,"h ! def9it5ess is n only cong5ital1 b connate1 if we use ! latt] t]m = an in/9ctive activity :i* is p]=m$ at or v %ortly aft] bir?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "y swall[s _c fly at bir?2 !y are !n too immature1 & _! w+s are n suffici5tly develop$4 ,b :5 !y are "s ?ree weeks old1 & ! w+s h atta9$ functional size & p[]1 little swall[s c fly ) consid]able if n p]fect skill4 ,! co-ord9ation is cong5ital1 = x is n acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( individual exp]i5ce2 b x is n connate1 s9ce x is n exhibit$ at or %ortly aft] bir?4 ,! t]m def]r$ may be appli$ to su* cong5ital activities z are ?us c>ri$ out :5 ! animal has und]gone a c]ta9 am\nt ( fur!r developm5t aft] bir?4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x is cu/om>y to di/+ui% betwe5 su* reflex actions z h already be5 briefly exemplifi$1#bi & in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means easy1 if inde$ x be possible1 to draw any %>p & decisive l9e ( dem>cation4 ,in/9ct has inde$ be5 well describ$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z comp\nd reflex action2 h5ce ! di/9ction betwe5 in/9ctive & reflex behavi\r turns 9 l>ge degree on _! relative complexity4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t :]eas a reflex act--su* z ! )drawal ( ! foot ( a sleep+ *ild :5 ! sole is tickl$--is a re/rict$ & localiz$ response1 involv+ a p>ticul> organ or a def9ite gr\p ( muscles1 & is initiat$ by a m or less specializ$ ext]nal /imulus2 in/9ctive behavi\r is a response ( ! animal z a :ole1 & involves ! co-op]ation ( sev]al organs & ( _m gr\ps ( muscles4 ,p>tly initiat$ by an ext]nal /imulus or gr\p ( /imuli1 x is also1 seem+ly1 det]m9$ 9 "p1 9 a great] degree ?an reflex action1 by int]nal factors :i* cause uneas9ess or di/ress1 m or less m>k$1 if !y d n f9d _! normal in/9ctive satisfaction4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 may be m pr(itably discuss$ 9 connection ) ! consci\s aspect ( in/9ct4 ,if1 !n1 we say t reflex acts are local responses ( ! cong5ital type due to specializ$ /imuli1 :ile in/9ctive activities are matt]s ( m g5]al behavi\r1 usually involv+ a l>g] measure ( c5tral 7z oppos$ to local or ganglionic7 co-ord9ation1 & due to ! m widely-spread effects ( /imuli 9 :i* bo? ext]nal & int]nal factors co-op]ate1 we %all probably get z ne> z is possible to ! di/9ction ( :i* we are 9 se>*4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are cases 9 :i* ! di/9ction c h>dly be ma9ta9$4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to def9e in/9ctive behavi\r z compris+ ^? complex gr\ps ( co-ord9at$ acts :i* are1 on _! fir/ occurr5ce1 indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce2 :i* t5d to ! well-be+ ( ! individual & ! pres]vation ( ! race2 :i* are due to ! co-op]ation ( ext]nal & int]nal /imuli2 :i* are simil>ly p]=m$ by all ! memb]s ( ! same m or less re/rict$ gr\p ( animals2 b :i* are subject to v>iation1 & to subsequ5t modification "u ! guidance ( exp]i5ce4 ,,ii4--,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r ,,9 ,,insects ,s9ce in/9ctive behavi\r is1 by def9ition1 indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 & s9ce ! animals :i* act in/9ctively are also1 9 _m cases1 able to act intellig5tly1 x is cle> t1 ap>t f h]$it>y v>iations1 we mu/ expect to f9d acquir$ modifications ( in/9ct4 ,z ,hub] said ( bees1 _! in/9ctive proc$ure (t5 indicates 8a little dose ( judgm5t40 ,x is1 inde$1 exce$+ly difficult1 z a matt] ( obs]vation1 to di/+ui% betwe5 h]$it>y v>iation & acquir$ modification4 ,= ! rle play$ by ^! two factors 9 any giv5 behavi\r c only be det]m9$ if ! :ole life-hi/ory ( ! individual be kn[n1 & if !re be opportunities = comp>+ x ) ! complete life-hi/ories ( o!r memb]s ( its race4 ,& ?is is seldom possible4 ,^! consid]ations mu/ be borne 9 m9d z we proce$ to a brief /udy ( "s ( ! in/9ctive modes ( behavi\r 9 insects4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,peckham's inve/igations on ! in/9cts & habits ( ! solit>y wasps h be5 describ$ 9 a volume#cj wor?y to be plac$ by ! side ( ,fabre's 8,s\v5irs40 ,_! descriptions seem to gl[ ) ! w>m sun%9e1 & are r$ol5t ( ! fre% air :i* af=d$ ! conditions "u :i* ! obs]vations 7 conduct$4 ,we c b regret t1 9 extract+ f _! bright pages "s ( ! sali5t facts1 ! natural delicacy & grace ( _! treatm5t mu/ be lo/4 ,= we c only give ! dry skeleton :i* !y h clo!d ) ! fle% ( lively detail4 ,!y enum]ate ! foll[+ prim>y modes ( in/9ctive behavi\r3-- #a4 ,/++4 #b4 ,tak+ a p>ticul> k9d ( food4 #c4 ,me?od ( attack+ & captur+ prey4 #d4 ,me?od ( c>ry+ prey4 #e4 ,prep>+ ne/1 & !n captur+ prey1 or ! rev]se4 #f4 ,! mode ( tak+ prey into ! ne/4 #g4 ,! g5]al /yle & locality ( ! ne/4 #h4 ,! sp9n+ or n sp9n+ ( a cocoon1 & its specific =m :5 "o is made4 ,:5 ! "y ,pelopu em]ges f ! pupa-case & gnaws its way out ( ! mud cell1 ) limp & flaccid w+s1 x responds to a t\* by well-direct$ movem5ts ( ! abdom5 ) ?ru/s ( ! /+1 z p]fect z ^? ( ! adult4 ,!re is cle>ly no opportunity "h = ei!r in/ruction or exp]i5ce to af=d any intellig5t guidance4 ,/++ is an in/9ctive act4 ,& x is an act ( :i* great use is made 9 ! capture ( prey :i* %all s]ve = food to ! "y--x has a biological end4 ,b ! wasps ( diff]5t species d n h to le>n by exp]i5ce :at prey to attack4 ,x is by in/9ct1 too1 t !y take _! prop] food-supply1 "o cat]pill>s1 ano!r spid]s1 a ?ird flies or beetles4 ,s deeply seat$1 inde$1 is ! h]$it>y pref]5ce1 t no fly-robb] ev] takes spid]s1 nor w ! captur] ( spid]s *ange to cat]pill>s or beetles4 ,"s keep to a few species or g5]a1 :ile ,philan?us punctatus preys *iefly or entirely on bees ( ! g5us ,halictus4 ,romanes#ca ?\ght t ! mann] ( /++ & p>alyz+ _! prey might 8be ju/ly deem$ ! mo/ rem>kable in/9ct 9 ! _w40 ,spid]s1 insects1 & cat]pill>s are /ung1 he says1 89 _! *ief n]ve-c5tres1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! victims are n kill$ outright1 b r5d]$ motionless2 !y are !n convey$ to a burr[ &1 cont9u+ to live 9 _! p>alyz$ condition = sev]al weeks1 are !n available z food = ! l>v :5 ^! are hat*$4 ,( c\rse ! extraord9>y fact :i* /&s to be expla9$ is t ( ! precise anatomical1 n to say also physiological k :i* appe>s to be display$ by ! insect 9 /++ only ! n]ve-c5tres ( its prey40 ,eim]#cb ?\ght t x 8is absolutely impossible t ! animal has arriv$ at its habit o!rwise ?an by reflection ^u ! facts ( exp]i5ce40 8,at ! beg9n+10 he says1 8%e probably kill$ l>v by /++ !m any:]e1 & !n plac$ !m 9 ! cell4 ,! bad results ( ?is %[$ !mselves2 ! l>v putrifi$ be=e !y c\ld s]ve z food = ! l>val wasps4 ,9 ! mean "t ! "m wasp discov]$ t ^? l>v :i* %e _h /ung 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( ! body 7 motionless b /ill alive1 & !n %e conclud$ t l>v /ung 9 ?is p>ticul> way c\ld be kept = a long] "t un*ang$ z liv+ motionless food40 ,n[1 s9ce ^! wasps1 :5 !y h /or$ _! ne/s & laid an egg on "o ( ! victims1 close x up once & = all1 & take no fur!r int]e/ 9 x or its cont5ts1 !re seems no opportunity1 at any rate 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( matt]s1 = ! acquisition ( t exp]i5ce on :i* ,eim] reli$4 ,b bo? 8 explanation & ,romanes's difficulty are bas$ on ! foll[+ assumptions3 fir/1 t ! victims are in/9ctively or habitually /ung 9 ! *ief n]ve-c5tres2 secondly1 t :5 ?us /ung !y are n kill$ b rema9 p>alyz$ = weeks2 & ?irdly1 t ! m>vell\sly def9ite & delicate in/9ctive behavi\r is 9 direct relation to ! uni=m result ( prolong$ p>alysis & consequ5t pres]vation ( ! food 9 ! fre% /ate4 ,b ,dr4 ,peckham's c>eful obs]vations & exp]im5ts %[ t1 ) ! ,am]ican wasps1 ! victims /or$ 9 ! ne/s are q z (t5 dead z alive2 t ^? :i* are only p>alyz$ live = a v>y+ numb] ( days1 "s m1 "s less2 t wasp l>v ?rive j z well on dead victims1 sometimes dri$-up1 sometimes und]go+ decomposition1 z on liv+ & p>alyz$ prey2 t ! n]ve-c5tres are n /ung ) ! suppos$ uni=mity2 & t 9 "s cases p>alysis1 9 o!rs dea?1 foll[s :5 ! victims are /ung 9 p>ts f> remov$ f any n]ve-c5tre4 8,we believe10 he says1 8t ! prim>y purpose ( ! /++ is to ov]come resi/ance1 & to prev5t ! escape ( ! victims1 & t incid5tally "s ( !m are kill$ & o!rs are p>alyz$40 ,if1 !re=e1 z w probably be %[n to be ! case1 ^! conclusions are f\nd to be g5]ally true = ?is int]e/+ gr\p ( insects1 ! my/]y ( 8! precise anatomical1 n to say also physiological k :i* appe>s to be display$0 by ^! wasps turns out to be "o ( our own fabrication4 ,x melts away 9 ! light ( full] & m se>*+ inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,solit>y ,wasp /++ ,cat]pill> 7aft] ,peckham74 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! behavi\r 9 ! act ( /++ is altoge!r indef9ite4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* species proce$s 9 a relatively def9ite mann] ) "s v>iation or modification ( me?od4 ,philan?us punctatus1 = example1 /+s ! bees1 on :i* %e preys1 "u ! neck1 & ! ?ru/ is at once fatal4 ,dr4 ,peckham fur!r notes t he 0 only successful 9 gett+ ! wasps to /+ :5 !y 7 hunt+2 ^? t _h n yet begun to /ore ! ne/s paid no att5tion to ! bees4 ,?is is an example ( t int]nal factor to :i* ref]5ce 0 made 9 ! la/ section4 ,m>*al obs]v$ t ,c]c]is ornata runs ! end ( h] abdom5 along ! "u surface ( ! ?orax ( ! bee1 & deliv]s h] ?ru/ at ! division ( ! segm5ts--t is1 :]e ! /+ c ent]4 ,! action does n imply any physiological k4 ,9 g5]al %e beg9s at ! neck4 ,spid]s are usually1 b n always1 /ung on ! v5tral surface4 ,to give b "o m example1 ,dr4 ,peckham obs]v$ 9 ?ree cases ! proc$ure ( ,ammophila urn>ia :i* preys on cat]pill>s1 & (t51 aft] /++1 bites ! neck 9 sev]al places1 ?is process be+ t]m$ malaxation4 ,9 ?ree obs]v$ captures1 all ! cat]pill>s be+ ( ! same species & alike 9 size1 ! ?ru/s 7 giv5 on ! v5tral surface ne> ! middle l9e1 betwe5 ! segm5ts4 ,9 ! fir/1 sev5 /+s 7 giv5 at ! extremities 7!re be+ ?irte5 segm5ts71 ! middle segm5ts be+ left unt\*$1 & no malaxation 0 practis$4 ,9 ! second1 sev5 /+s 7 aga9 giv51 b 9 ! ant]ior & middle segm5ts1 foll[$ by slight malaxation4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ! fir/ ?ree ?ru/s 7 9 def9ite ord]1 beh9d ! ?ird1 ! second1 & ! fir/ segm5ts successively4 ,9 ! case ( ! ?ird cat]pill>1 only "o ?ru/ 0 giv51 betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? segm5ts--t is to say1 9 ! position ( ! fir/ /ab 9 ! o!r cases1--& aft] ?is "o ?ru/ !re 0 prolong$ malaxation4 ,( fifte5 /or$ cat]pill>s exam9$1 "s liv$ only ?ree days1 o!rs a little long]1 :ile a few %[$ signs ( life at ! end ( a =tnight4 ,9 m ?an "o in/ance ! second ( ! two cat]pill>s /or$ 9 ea* ne/ di$ & became discol\r$ be=e ! fir/ "o 0 entirely eat54 ,! l>va "u su* circum/ances ate x ) good appetite1 & !n spun its cocoon z if no?+ unpleasant _h occurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,solit>y ,wasp dragg+ a ,cat]pill> to its ,ne/ 7aft] ,peckham74 ,! mode ( c>ry+ _! booty is 9 ^! wasps in/9ctive1 & relatively uni=m4 ,ammophila urn>ia grasps ! cat]pill>1 ne> ! ant]ior end1 9 h] m&ibles1 & c>ries or drags x b5ea? h] legs1 walk+ =w>ds4 ,x is g5]ally b n always ) ! v5tral surface upp]mo/4 ,pompilus takes hold ( h] spid] any:]e1 b always drags x ov] ! gr\nd1 walk+ backw>ds4 ,oxybelus clasps h] fly ) h] h9d legs2 ,bembex ) ! second pair4 ,ea* works aft] h] own fa%ion 9 a way t is relatively uni=m = ea* species4 ,! g5]al /yle ( ! ne/1 its mode ( con/ruction1 & its me?od ( closure1 are always p]=m$1 says ,dr4 ,peckham1 by ea* species 9 a simil> mann]1 n inde$ 9 circum/antial detail1 b q 9 ! same way 9 a broad s5se4 ,v>iation or modification is always pres5t1 b ! t5d5cy to dep>t f a ne/ ( a giv5 type is n excessive4 ,"s dig 9 ! gr\nd curv$ tunnels1 ) or )\t "o or m *amb]s4 ,o!rs bore into decay+ wood2 o!rs use /raws1 or make tunnels 9 bramble /ems2 :ile ! mud-daub]s build cells 9 :i* to /ore ! food & lay ! egg4 ,?is is sometimes deposit$ on ! fir/1 sometimes on ! la/1 sometimes on "s int]m$iate victim1 b g5]ally 9 mu* ! same place & position4 ,ammophila1 = in/ance1 lays x on ! side ( ! six? or sev5? segm5t--t is to say1 9 ab\t ! mid position4 ,"s species fir/ capture _! prey1 & !n make ! ne/ 9 :i* x is to be entomb$4 ,o!rs fir/ prep>e ! ne/1 & !n c>ry or drag _! prey to x--(t5 f consid]able di/ances--q irrespective ( :at seems to u ! m appropriate me?od ( ! two "u ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! case4 ,& ! way 9 :i* ! victim is dragg$ into ! ne/ is simil>ly a matt] ( inh]itance4 ,ea* way is *>act]i/ic ( ! species conc]n$1 & w\ld be an important "p ( any def9ition ( ! animal bas$ ^u its modes ( behavi\r4 ,= example1 a ,sphex places h] gras%opp] j at ! entrance ( ! ne/1 :i* %e !n ent]s h]self be=e dragg+ 9 h] prey by ! ant5n4 ,:5 ! wasp 0 9 ! hole1 ,fabre mov$ ! victim a little way (f2 ! wasp came out1 br\ght ! gras%opp] to ! entrance z be=e1 & w5t 9 a second "t4 ,?is 0 repeat$ ab\t =ty times1 ea* "t ) ! same result1 until ! pati5ce ( ! naturali/ 0 exhau/$1 & ! p]si/5t wasp took h] booty 9 aft] h] appropriate fa%ion4 ,%e mu/ place ! gras%opp] close to ! op5+2 %e mu/ !n desc5d & exam9e ! ne/1 &1 aft] t1 mu/ drag x d[n4 ,no?+ less ?an ! p]=mance ( ^! acts 9 a c]ta9 ord] satisfies h] in/9ctive impulse4 ,9 a private lett]1 f :i* he k9dly all[s me to quote1 ,dr4 ,peckham says3 8,we h rec5tly made "s exp]im5ts on ?is wasp 7,sphex i*neumonea74 ,fir/ we all[ h] to c>ry 9 h] prey undi/urb$1 to see h[ f> %e 0 fai?ful to ! traditions ( h] ance/ors1 & to obs]ve h] normal me?ods4 ,on ! next day1 :5 %e _h plac$ h] gras%opp] j at ! op5+ ( ! ne/1 & :ile %e 0 bel[1 we drew x back to a little di/ance4 ,%e came out1 & we bo? repeat$ our op]ations f\r times--%e runn+ d[n into ! ne/1 always aft] gett+ ! gras%opp] into position1 & we z regul>ly draw+ x away4 ,! fif? "t %e *ang$ h] plan1 seiz$ x by ! head & back$ into ! ne/ ) x4 ,! next day1 at ! f\r? trial1 %e /raddl$ x & walk$ head fir/ into ! ne/ ) x2 & on ! f\r? day1 at ! eigh? trial1 %e back$ 9 ) x z on ! second day40 ,^! int]e/+ obs]vations %[ t ! wasp has suffici5t intellig5ce to modify h] proc$ure 9 accordance ) an unwont$ situation4 ,! 8consecutive necessity10 z x has be5 t]m$1 has a pot5t influ5ce1 b is n absolute4 ,fabre notes a case ( simil> consecutive necessity 9 ! case ( ! mason bee1 ,*alicodoma4 ,if :ile a bee is provision+ its ne/ ) honey & poll5 ! /ructure be de/roy$1 %e sometimes breaks op5 a complet$ cell1 &1 hav+ done s1 goes on br++ m provision1 ?\gh ! cell already conta9s a suffici5t /ore ( food2 & only :5 %e has complet$ ! sup]flu\s /or+ does %e deposit h] egg & seal up ! cell4 ,s1 too1 :5 ! cell is remov$ 9 an e>ly /age ( con/ruction1 & ano!r complet$ cell already p>tially /or$ is sub/itut$1 ! bee1 in/ead ( simply adopt+ ! new cell1 goes on build+ until ! cell is z mu* z "o-?ird beyond ! usual height2 !n1 & n till !n1 does %e proce$ 9 due c\rse to ! next /age ( ! in/9ctive proc$ure1 ! provision+ ( ! cell4 ,f our g5]al k ( animal nature1 we %\ld expect to f9d p>asitic =ms ready to take advantage ( ! mat]ial /or$ by su* insects z ! solit>y wasps & ! mason bees4 ,x is said t ,*alicodoma provides n\ri%m5t to ! l>v ( "s sixte5 unbidd5 gue/s4 ,a p>asitic bee 7,/elis nasuta7 breaks op5 a clos$ cell1 &1 aft] deposit+ its eggs1 seals x up aga9 ) mort>4 ,s9ce h] eggs & l>v develop m rapidly ?an ^? ( ! mason bee1 !y are fir/ s]v$ ) ! /ore ( provision1 :ile ! rightful own] is done out ( its inh]itance4 ,by a curi\s act1 ( :at appe>s to u l retributive ju/ice1 ^! p>asitic l>v sometimes fall a prey to ano!r p>asite1 also a hym5opt]\s insect nam$ ,monodontom]us1 ! l>v ( :i* prey on ! "y ( bo? bees4 ,ano!r g5us ( ! same family1 ,leucopsis 7,fig4 #ac1 ,f71 also succe$s 9 pi]c+ ) its ovipositor1 at a suitable spot1 ! walls ( ! ,*alicodoma cell1 & susp5ds its curi\s hook$ egg 7,fig4 #ac1 ,g7 on ! delicate cocoon )9 :i* ! *rysalis lies4 ,fabre f\nd 9 "s cases z _m z five ( ^! p>asitic eggs on a s+le cocoon4 ,b he nev] f\nd m ?an "o l>va 9 any cell t he exam9$4 ,! foll[+ is an epitome ( 8 conclusions & inf]5ces4 ,f ! p>asitic egg is hat*$ a m9ute ar*$ grub1 ) relatively l>ge head & m&ibles1 & provid$ ) a numb] ( bri/les1 :i* aid x 9 progression 7,fig4 #ac1 ,h74 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 at once attack ! bee l>va1 b makes a s]ies ( excursions1 ! object ( :i* is to rea* & de/roy any o!r p>asitic eggs4 ,?is 0 n actually obs]v$1 b ! eggs 7 f\nd to h be5 de/roy$1 & !re 0 seem+ly no o!r means ( de/ruction "u ! conditions ma9ta9$4 ,! l>va1 ?is done1 *anges its sk9 & takes on a new =m1 de/itute ( bri/les1 ) a v small head & m9ute m&ibles 7,fig4 #ac1 ,i74 ,9 ?is new =m x attacks ! ,*alicodoma l>va1 mak+ a v small incision1 ?r\gh :i* ! juices ( ! ho/ are transf]r$ to ! gue/ )\t fur!r injury to ! grub4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t1 if ! facts are accurately describ$ & ! inf]5ces are correct1 !re are associat$ ) two types ( in/9ctive behavi\r two di/9ct types ( /ructure4 ,! creature c h no consci\s control ov] its /ructural developm5t1 & !re is no gr\nd = assum+ t x has any control ov] its in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,insect ,l>v4 ,a1 ,b1 ( ,sit>is2 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ( ,argyromba2 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ( ,leucopsis2 ,f1 imago ( ,leucopsis 7aft] ,fabre74 ,! specialization ( /ructure & ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 9 accordance ) a def9ite sequ5ce ( life-conditions1 is ev5 m rem>kable 9 ano!r ( ! _m p>asites :i* ,*alicodoma unwitt+ly lab\rs to n\ri%4 ,?is "t x is a fly 7,argyromba71 :i* lays a m9ute egg on ! outside ( ! cell4 ,f ?is egg is hat*$ a sl5d] ?readlike worm1 b>ely "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9 l5g? 7,fig4 #ac1 ,c74 ,x has ?ree pairs ( longi% bri/les ne> ! ant]ior end1 & a s+le yet long] pair at ! h9d] extremity4 ,^! aid x 9 creep+ ov] ! wall ( ! cell4 ,its small head is arm$ ) %ort1 /iff bri/les4 ,= _m days x w&]s ov] ! surface ( ! cell1 ins]t+ its bri/ly head into ea* m9ute cranny & crack4 ,?r\gh\t ?is long p]iod x has nev] a bite nor sup4 ,probably _m ( !m nev] succe$ 9 f9d+ a crevice by :i* !y c effect an entrance1 b ^? t d manage to wriggle 9 und]go a *ange1 lose _! bri/les1 & develop a m9ute suctorial m\?1 ?r\gh :i* ! cont5ts ( ! l>va are absorb$ into _! swell+ bodies 7,fig4 #ac1 ,d74 ,:5 fully gr[n !y are q helpless1 & unable to get out f ! cell 9 :i* !y are n[ imprison$4 ,= mon?s !y lie quiesc5t1 b 9 ! succe$+ spr+ !y pass into a pupal condition v diff]5t f t ( mo/ flies4 ,! relatively l>ge head is arm$ ) /rong sp9es2 ! middle region be>s bri/les direct$ backw>ds2 ! po/]ior end has %ort sp9es 7,fig4 #ac1 ,e74 ,fix+ itself to ! int]ior ( ! cell by ! latt]1 x /rikes ) its arm\r$ head repeat$ bl[s on ! walls ( its prison until a brea* is at la/ made1 & suffici5tly enl>g$ to =m a suitable exit4 ,!n ! pupa-sk9 bur/s1 & ! imago insect em]ges & flies (f4 ,at ea* /age ( life !re is ! close/ relation betwe5 /ructure & behavi\r1 & ea* is equally adapt$ to a biological end ( :i* ! creature has nev] _h an opportunity ( ga9+ any exp]i5ce4 ,exce$+ly multif>i\s are ! ways 9 :i* insects ?us provide = ! future ( "y !y w nev] see4 ,an!rophagus lives 9 fl[]s1 & is believ$ to seize ) its m&ibles humble bees1 :i* !n unwitt+ly be> ! p>asitic beetle to ! ne/s 9 :i* alone ! l>v h be5 f\nd4 ,! l>v ( our common oil-beetle 7,melo7 are p>asitic on ! bee1 ,an?ophora4 ,x deposits its t5 ?\s& eggs )\t obs]vable discrim9ation2 b ! active "y l>va in/9ctively seizes & atta*es itself to any hairy object4 ,?\s&s mu/ g a/ray4 ,!y h be5 f\nd on hairy beetles1 flies1 & bees ( ! wrong g5us4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 become ?us atta*$ to ! "o suitable species1 & are convey$ by ! ,an?ophora to h] ne/1 :]e !y promptly eat ! egg %e lays4 ,x is n difficult to picture to "o's self h[ ?is incompletely evolv$ in/9ct might be fur!r p]fect$ by natural selection1 ?r\gh ! survival ( ^? females :i* laid _! eggs 9 ! haunts ( ! bee-ho/4 ,& su* an advance 9 in/9ctive behavi\r is se5 9 ano!r & r>] beetle--,sit>is4 ,h] eggs are laid 9 ,augu/ ne> ! entrance to a ne/ ( ! ,an?ophora4 ,9 ,septemb] !y hat* to =m l>v1 :i* hib]nate 9 gr\ps till ! foll[+ spr+4 ,!n !y become active 7,fig4 #ac1 ,a71 & atta* !mselves to hairy objects4 ,be+ ne> ! ,an?ophora ne/1 !re is an increas$ *ance ( _! fa/5+ ^u ?is bee4 ,! *ance is /ill f> f good1 = if ?is 7 s1 we %\ld n f9d t ! ,sit>is laid z _m z two ?\s& eggs4 ,/ill1 on ^! gr\nds1 we may presume t its *ance ( survival is ab\t five times z good z t ( ,melo1 :i* lays t5 ?\s& eggs4 ,! l>va is said g5]ally to atta* itself to a male bee1 :i* is hat*$ e>li] ?an 8 mate1 & to pass on to ! female at ! nuptial p]iod2 b 9 any case x ev5tually slips on to ! egg t %e lays4 ,?is =ms ! food ( ! l>va dur+ ! rema9d] ( ?is /age ( its exi/5ce4 ,x !n m\lts & assumes a new =m1 capable ( fe$+ on ! honey 7,fig4 #ac1 ,b72 &1 aft] fur!r *anges1 becomes a pupa1 & !n assumes ! imago condition4 ,9 ^! cases ! advantage is :olly on ! side ( ! p>asite4 ,b !re are cases ( close relation%ip betwe5 insects & fl[]+ plants :]e ! in/9ctive behavi\r gives rise to reciprocal b5efit4 ,! ,yucca is a g5us ( ,am]ican ,liliace\s plants1 ) l>ge pale sweet-smell+ fl[]s2 & ^! are dep5d5t = f]tilization on ! in/9ctive behavi\r ( a small /raw-col\r$ mo? ( ! g5us ,pronuba4 ,j :5 ! ,yucca plant blossoms 9 ! summ]1 ! mo?s em]ge f _! *rysalis cases4 ,!y mate2 & ! female !n flies to a fl[]1 collects a pellet ( poll5 f ! an!rs1 proce$s to ano!r fl[]1 pi]ces ! pi/il ) h] %>p ovipositor1 lays h] eggs among ! ovules1 & f9ally d>t+ to ! /igma /uffs ! poll5 pellet into its funnel-%ap$ extremity 7,fig4 #ad74 ,if ! fl[] be n ?us f]tiliz$ ! ovules d n develop2 & if ! ovules d n develop ! grubs :i* are hat*$ f ! mo?'s eggs die ( />vation4 ,!re are en\gh ovules to supply food to ! grubs1 & leave a balance to cont9ue ! race ( ,yuccas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,yucca ,fl[] & ,mo?4 ,:e!r ! female mo? is attract$ to ! fl[] by sight or smell1 we d n "k4 ,& :e!r ! male f9ds ! female1 9 ! case ( ! ,yucca mo?1 ?r\gh sc5t1 we are n 9 a position to /ate ) c]ta9ty4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n t 9 c]ta9 mo?s#cc "s od\r emitt$ by ! female is ! attractive /imulus1 affect+ s5se-organs situat$ on ! ant5n ( ! male4 ,to females conf9$ 9 an opaque vessel ov] ! m\? ( :i* gauze 0 ti$1 ! males came 9 numb]s2 b :5 a cle> glass vessel 0 inv]t$1 & s& 0 pack$ r\nd ! m\?1 s z to prev5t ! escape ( air f ! int]ior1 no males came1 ?\gh ! imprison$ females 7 cle>ly visible4 ,if ! ant5n ( ! males 7 ei!r remov$ or coat$ ) %ellac ! mo?s fail$ to notice ! females ev5 :5 close to !m4 ,9 :at way ! intact male is made aw>e ( ! direction f :i* ! sc5t comes1 we d n "k--possibly by diff]5tial /imulation 9 ! ant5n1 ! mo? in/9ctively turn+ 9 ! direction ( great] /imulation4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t 9 ! case ( ! behavi\r ( ! ,yucca mo?--behavi\r :i* is ess5tial to ! biological end ( reproduction--!re is mu* detail conc]n+ :i* we are ignorant4 ,b = our pres5t purpose ! important po9t to notice is t ! proc$ure ( ! female _c be due to imitation2 nor c x be ! outcome ( individually acquir$ exp]i5ce2 = ! me?od ( proc$ure is n gradually le>nt1 b is c>ri$ out )\t app>5t hesitation ! fir/ & only "t ! appropriate occasion pres5ts itself4 ,n only does ! mo? take no he$ ( h] grubs1 b !y are s plac$ t %e c\ld n 9 any case asc]ta9 by obs]vation t only if ! ovules are f]tiliz$ d h] (fspr+ ?rive4 ,%e _c possibly "k :at effect ! /uff+ ( ! poll5 on to ! /igma ex]cises1 or inde$ :e!r x h any effect at all4 ,& yet g5]ation aft] g5]ation ^! mo?s collect ! poll5 f ! an!rs & be> x to ! /igma4 ,sp5ce's words 8)\t k ( ! end 9 view0 are amply ju/ifi$ 9 ?is case1 z 9 o!r cases ( typically in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r ,,( ,,"y ,,birds ,s9ce x is easy to hat* birds ( _m species 9 an incubator1 & to re> !m "u conditions :i* n only af=d facilities = obs]vation b exclude p>5tal influ5ce1 _! /udy has special advantages4 ,"o c ) "s approa* to accuracy di/+ui% ! in/9ctive f ! acquir$ factors 9 _! behavi\r4#cd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,newly-hat*$ ,*ick swimm+4 ,! call[ "y ( su* birds z pigeons1 jays1 & ?ru%es are hat*$ 9 a helpless condition1 & require con/ant & assidu\s m9i/ration to _! elem5t>y organic ne$s4 ,mo/ ( _! in/9cts are ( ! def]r$ type4 ,b pheasants1 plov]s1 moor-h5s1 dome/ic *icks1 & duckl+s1 ) _m o!rs1 are active soon aft] bir?1 & exhibit p[]s ( complex co-ord9ation1 ) little or no practice ( ! necess>y limb-movem5ts4 ,!y walk & balance ! body s soon & s well z to %[ u t ?is mode ( proc$ure is cong5ital1 & has n to be gradually acquir$ ?r\gh ! guidance ( exp]i5ce4 ,"y wat]-birds swim ) neat & ord]ly /rokes ! v fir/ "t !y are g5tly plac$ 9 wat]4 ,ev5 little *icks a day or two old c swim well4 ,dr4 ,?orndike1 :o draws att5tion to ?is fact1#ce appe>s to accept ! view1 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,ba%=d ,dean1 t ! movem5ts are n ^? ( swimm+ b only ( runn+4 ,i h c>efully wat*$ ! action ?r\gh ! glass walls ( a tank & comp>$ x ) t ( a "y moor-h54 ,9 ! two cases x is q simil> 9 type1 & ! type appe>s to be diff]5t f t ( runn+1 ?\gh x is p]haps h>d to di/+ui% ! two4 ,9 any case1 ! h& ov] h& action is well co-ord9at$1 & is v diff]5t f a m]e excit$ /ruggle4 ,*icks tw5ty-six h\rs old tak5 /raight f ! incubator draw]1 be=e !y _h tak5 food1 made directly = ! side ( ! tank & tri$ to scramble out4 ,!y gradually sank deep] ?r\gh ! wett+ ( ! d[n1 b c\ld keep afloat = f two to ?ree m9utes4 ,i h made obs]vations on *icks ( v>i\s ages f tw5ty-f\r h\rs to a mon?1 & f9d 9 all cases simil> results2 b ) ! old] birds ! flapp+ ( ! w+s & m vigor\s action cause !m to get wat]-logg$ m rapidly4 ,!re is "s app>5t di/ress ) cries2 b less ?an "o might expect "u ! circum/ances4 ,= ! purposes ( ! above illu/ration ,mr4 ,*>les ,:ymp] _h be=e him a sket* ,i made ( ! leg-action1 & in/antane\s photographs ( ! *icks swimm+ = :i* ,i am indebt$ to my colleague ,mr4 ,george ,brebn]4 ,i h n obs]v$ ! behavi\r ( an adult h5 :5 plac$ 9 ! wat]4 ,dr4 ,?orndike says1 8!re is no vigor\s in/9ct to /rike out t[>d ! %ore10 %e 8w float ab\t aimlessly = a:ile & only v sl[ly rea* ! %ore40 ,b ,mrs4 ,fo/] ,wood in=ms me t %e has se5 a h5 leap into a pond aft] h] brood ( duckl+s & swim to ! o!r side1 a di/ance ( tw5ty feet4 ,div+1 9 wat]-birds1 is also an in/9ctive mode ( behavi\r2 & ?is is obvi\sly a m difficult proc$ure ?an swimm+1 "o fur!r remov$ f reflex action4 ,& c>eful obs]vations h plac$ beyond "q ! fact t flight is also in/9ctive4 ,a swall[1 = example1 tak5 f ! ne/ "u conditions :i* made x practically c]ta9 t x _h nev] yet tak5 w+1 exhibit$ guid$ flight1 & attempt$ to alight on a suitable l$ge4 ,( c\rse flight is g5]ally a def]r$ in/9ct1 & is n p]=m$ until ! w+s h rea*$ a suitable /ate ( developm5t4 ,an in/9ctive response1 :i* may p]haps be reg>d$ z "o ( its initial /ages1 is se5 9 q "y *icks4 ,if plac$ 9 a basket1 & rapidly l[]$ !re9 ?r\gh a foot or two1 ! *ick w ext5d its sk9ny & sc>cely fea!r$ w+s4 ,b ?\gh1 f ! usual conditions ( developm5t1 flight 9 birds is a def]r$ in/9ct1 yet 9 exceptional cases x may be connate4 ,! m\nd-build]s 7,megapodes7 ( ! ,au/ralian region are hat*$ f l>ge eggs 9 w>m e>? or s&1 & are n t5d$ by ! p>5ts4 ,s well fl$g$ are ^! birds t !y c fly ! day !y em]ge f ! egg4 ,dr4 ,worce/]1 :ile digg+ 9 "o ( _! m\nds1 made an unsuccessful attempt to seize "o :i* 0 newly hat*$2 b x flew sev]al rods into ?ick bru%1 & ?is not)/&+ ! fact t x _h probably nev] be=e se5 ! light ( day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,ne/l+ ,megapode1 to %[ ! well-develop$ w+s4 7,f ,dr4 ,r4 ,b[dl] ,%>pe's 8,wond]s ( ! ,bird ,_w407 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t1 9 adduc+ flight z an example ( in/9ctive behavi\r 9 birds1 we are cont5d+ t x is ?is & no?+ m ?r\gh\t life4 ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f ! facts ( obs]vation is r t in/9ct provides a g5]al gr\nd plan ( behavi\r :i* intellig5t acquisition1 by en=c+ "h & *eck+ !re1 p]fects & guides to f9] issues4 ,few w\ld cont5d t ! consummate skill ev9c$ 9 fully develop$ flight at its be/1 ! hurtl+ swoop ( ! falcon1 ! hov]+ ( ! ke/rel1 ! :eel+ ( swifts 9 ! summ] air1 ! rapid d>t & sudd5 poise ( ! humm+ bird1 ! easy sweep ( ! sea-gull1 ! d[nw>d glide ( ! /ork--t ^! are1 9 all _! exquisite p]fection1 in/9ctive4 ,a r\gh b suffici5t outl9e ( action is h]$it>y2 b ! manifold graces & delicacies ( p]fect$ flight are due to intellig5t skill begott5 ( practice & exp]i5ce4 ,!re are _m little idiosyncracies & special traits ( flight :i* are probably in/9ctive--su* z enable an orni?ologi/ or a sportsman to recognize a fly+ bird f a di/ance4 ,& ! same is true ( o!r modes ( behavi\r4 ,! obs]v] ( "y birds _c fail to note & to be impress$ by _m ( ^!4 ,! way 9 :i* a little moor-h5 uses its w+s 9 scrambl+ up any r\gh surface is v *>act]i/ic2 s1 too1 is ! mann] 9 :i* a gu9ea-*ick runs backw>ds & !n sideways at a "r angle :5 "o attempts to cat* him4 ,if sudd5ly />tl$1 moor-h5s & *icks scatt] & hide2 plov]s drop & cr\* ) _! *9s on ! gr\nd2 pheasants /& motionless & sil5t4 ,k ( ! ways ( birds enables "o to pr$ict ) tol]able accuracy h[ ea* k9d w behave "u giv5 circum/ances4 ,t ! actions are always precisely alike _c be said ) tru?2 b t ! behavi\r is s relatively def9ite z to be readily recognizable c be confid5tly ass]t$4 ,t a moor-h5 w flick its tail1 t a *ick w du/ itself 9 ! s&1 t pheasants & p>tridges w scrat* ! gr\nd1 t a jay w g ?r\gh c]ta9 actions 9 ! ba?1 t ! pre5+ ( ! d[n w be c>ri$ out 9 p>ticul> ways--moor-h5s1 = example1 wr++ out ! wat] 9 a peculi> mann]1--& t all ^!1 & _m o!r modes ( behavi\r1 w be pres5t$ 9 relatively def9ite ways3 all ^! are1 to borr[ a phrase ( ,dr4 ,peckham's1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! sev]al gr\ps ( birds1 t !y w\ld be an important "p ( any def9ition bas$ ^u behavi\r4 ,& !re c be no "q t !y are in/9ctive4 ,!y may inde$ seem trivial & commonplace1 sc>cely wor?y ( special note2 b !y s]ve to %[ 9 h[ _m details organic h]$ity lays ! f\ndation = future behavi\r1 & af=ds gr\ps ( data = effective consci\sness to utilize4 ,to %[ ! in/9ctive nature ( su* behavi\r1 ! foll[+ examples w suffice4 ,"o ( a bat* ( moor-h5 *icks %[$ once1 & once only1 :5 a week old1 an incipi5t t5d5cy to ba! 9 ! %all[ t9 ( wat] :i* 0 plac$ 9 _! run1 b soon desi/$2 nor 0 ! action repeat$1 ?\gh he & ! o!rs enjoy$ /&+ 9 ! wat]4 ,five weeks lat] "o ( ! bat* 0 tak5 to a beck4 ,he walk$ quietly ?r\gh ! comp>atively /ill wat] ne> ! edge2 b :5 he rea*$ ! "p ( ! /ream :]e x ran swiftly & broke ov] ! pebbles1 he /opp$1 duck$1 & took an elaborate ba?1 dipp+ 8 head well "u1 flick+ ! wat] ov] 8 back1 ruffl+ 8 fea!rs1 & behav+ 9 a mo/ *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,ea* day !reaft] he did ! same1 ) a vig\r t increas$ up to ! ?ird morn+1 & !n rema9$ con/ant4 ,! same bird "s weeks lat] 0 swimm+ 9 a n>r[ "p ( ! /ream1 ) /eep banks on ei!r side1 :5 he 0 fright5$ by a r\gh-hair$ pup4 ,d[n he div$1 = ! fir/ "t 9 8 life2 & aft] a few seconds 8 head 0 se5 to appe>1 j peep+ above ! wat] b5ea? ! bank4 ,t5 days aft] receiv+ two ne/l+ jays ,i plac$ 9 _! cage a %all[ t9 ( wat]4 ,!y took no notice ( x1 hav+ nev] se5 wat] be=e2 = !y 7 f$ *iefly on sopp$ food4 ,pres5tly "o ( !m hopp$ into x1 :e!r attract$ by ! wat] or by accid5t x is difficult to say1 squatt$ 9 x b5d+ 8 legs1 & at once flutt]$ 8 fea!rs1 z su* birds d :5 !y ba!1 ?\gh 8 brea/ sc>cely t\*$ ! wat]4 ,! o!r seiz$ ! t9 9 8 bill1 & !n peck$ at ! wat]1 ?us wett+ 8 beak4 ,he1 too1 flutt]$ 8 fea!rs 9 a simil> fa%ion1 ?\gh he 0 outside ! t9 & n 9 ! wat] at all4 ,a little lat] ! fir/ aga9 ent]$ ! t91 & dipp$ 8 brea/ well into ! wat]2 ?is 0 foll[$ by mu* flutt]+ & spla%+4 ,! bird took a good ba?1 z did ! o!r %ortly aft]w>ds1 & !n sp5t half an h\r 9 a ?or\gh groom+1 ) mu* flutt]+ ( ! w+s1 ! cre/ fea!rs be+ con/antly rais$ & l[]$1 expressive ( an emotional /ate4 ,n[1 9 ^! cases x w\ld be impossible to say :e!r ! behavi\r 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! mann] *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 prior to exp]i5ce & indep5d5t ( imitation1 on ! basis ( m]e casual & *ance obs]vation4 ,b 9 ^! cases ! :ole life-hi/ory ( ! individuals conc]n$ 0 kn[n2 & x c be ass]t$ ) confid5ce t ! behavi\r 0 h]$it>y1 & n acquir$ by any gradual process ( le>n+4 ,moreov]1 9 ea* case !re seem$ to be su* evid5ce z obs]vation c af=d1 t int]nal emotional factors co-op]at$ ) ! direct ext]nal /imuli 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! behavi\r4 ,:e!r su* actions s f> contribute to ! well-be+ ( ! individual z to be ( decisive advantage x is difficult to say4 ,"s w\ld cont5d t ba?+ is practis$ by birds m]ely = ! pleasure x seem+ly af=ds2 o!rs w\ld urge t x is a means ( gett+ rid ( tr\blesome & presumably hurtful p>asites1 to ! attacks ( :i* birds are peculi>ly subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,"y ,cuckoo eject+ ne/l+ ,mead[ ,pipit4 7,f ,mrs4 ,hugh ,blackburn's sket* 9 8,birds f ,moid>t407 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/9cts ( "y birds is t ( ! cuckoo1 :i* ejects eggs & ne/l+s f ! home ( its fo/]-p>5t4 ,mrs4 ,hugh ,blackburn f\nd a ne/ :i* conta9$ two mead[-pipits' eggs1 besides t ( a cuckoo4 ,on a lat] visit 8! pipits 7 f\nd to be hat*$1 b n ! cuckoo4 ,at ! next visit1 :i* 0 aft] an int]val ( =ty-eight h\rs1 we f\nd ! "y cuckoo alone 9 ! ne/1 & bo? ! "y pipits ly+ d[n ! bank1 ab\t t5 in*es f ! m>g9 ( ! ne/1 b q lively aft] be+ w>m$ 9 ! h&4 ,!y 7 replac$ 9 ! ne/ beside ! cuckoo1 :i* /ruggl$ ab\t until x got its back "u "o ( !m1 :5 x climb$ backw>ds directly up ! op5 side ( ! ne/1 & hit*$ ! pipit f its back on to ! edge4 ,x !n /ood q upright on its legs1 :i* 7 /raddl$ wide ap>t1 ) ! claws firmly fix$ halfway d[n ! inside ( ! ne/1 among ! int]lac+ fibres ( :i* ! ne/ 0 wov51 &1 /ret*+ its w+s ap>t & backw>ds1 x elb[$ ! pipit fairly ov] ! m>g91 s f> t its /ruggles took x d[n ! bank in/ead ( back into ! ne/4 ,z x 0 gett+ late1 & ! cuckoo did n imm$iately set to "w on ! o!r ne/l+1 ,i replac$ ! eject$ "o & w5t home4 ,on return+ next day1 bo? ne/l+s 7 f\nd dead & cold1 out ( ! ne/40#cf ,"h we h a def9ite acc\nt by an eye-witness1 :o sket*$ ! "y cuckoo1 :i* 0 nak$1 bl9d1 & c\ld sc>cely hold up its head4 ,& h] acc\nt1 itself confirmatory ( t giv5 by ,j5n] 9 #aggh1 is confirm$ by t ( ,dr4 ,john ,hancock1#cg :o witness$ ! ejection ( a fl$gl+ h$ge-sp>r[1 :i* 80 put ov] ! edge ( ! ne/ exactly z illu/rat$ by ,mrs4 ,blackburn40 ,! proc$ure is unque/ionably in/9ctive4 ,! s\nds utt]$ by "y birds are suffici5tly def9ite to be readily recogniz$ & are susceptible ( classification4 ,9 dome/ic *icks at lea/ six notes may be di/+ui%$4 ,fir/ ! g5tle 8peep+0 note1 expressive ( cont5tm5t4 ,a fur!r l[ note1 a d\ble s\nd1 seems to indicate extreme satisfaction & pleasure4 ,v *>act]i/ic & di/9ct is ! dang]-note--a s\nd difficult to describe1 b readily recogniz$4 ,if a humble-bee1 a black-beetle1 a big worm1 a lump ( sug>--any?+ /range & l>gi%--be ?r[n to ! *icks1 ?is dang]-note is at once he>d2 & x s]ves to place o!rs on ! al]t1 ?\gh ?is is p]haps ! outcome ( exp]i5ce4 ,!n !re is ! *eep+ s\nd1 expressive app>5tly ( a /ate ( mild dissatisfaction ) ! pres5t /ate ( affairs4 ,x g5]ally ceases :5 "o ?r[s "s gra91 or ev5 /&s ne> !m4 ,extreme dissatisfaction is m>k$ by a %>p]1 %rill] squeak1 :5 "o seizes !m aga9/ _! incl9ation4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! %rill cry ( great] di/ress1 :51 = example1 _! swimm+ p[]s are subject$ to critical exam9ation4 ,) pheasants a g5tle1 8peep+0 note ( cont5tm5t1 a %rill] cry ( di/ress1 & a dang]-note1 g5]ically l1 b specifically di/9ct f1 t ( ! *ick1 are e>ly diff]5tiat$4 ,! compla9+ note ( ! p>tridge is utt]$ six or sev5 times 9 quick succession1 foll[$ by a pause4 ,! note ( ! plov] is high-pit*$1 & mu* l ! famili> cry ( ! adult bird1 to :i* x owes its popul> "n ( 8peewit40 ,s1 too1 ! gu9ea-f[l 9 d[n utt]s f ! fir/ notes q *>act]i/ic ( its k9d1 :ile its dang]-note is n unlike t ( ! *ick or pheasant4 ,! pip+ ( duckl+s is comp>atively monoton\s1 & !re does n seem to be a def9ite dang]-note4 ,) moor-h5 *icks1 ev5 on ! fir/ day1 two notes are well-m>k$--a call-note1 l[] 9 pit* ?an t ( ! *ick1 & r h>% & rauc\s1 & a 8tweet1 tweet0 ( pleasure1 some?+ l ! cont5t$ note ( a can>y4 ,lat]1 five or six notes are diff]5tiat$1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( :i* is ! h>% 8crek1 crek10 :5 ! little bird is f any cause excit$4 ,x is utt]$ 9 a cr\*+ attitude1 ) head ?r[n back & w+s held outw>ds & =w>ds1 wav+ to & fro 9 a v *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,t ?is has sugge/ive value = o!r moor-h5 *icks is %[n by its di/9ctly infecti\s effect2 if "o bird has cause to utt] ! note & /rike ! attitude o!rs foll[ suit4 ,:ile cle>ly in/9ctive 9 _! mode ( occurr5ce1 :ile !y seem to %[ well ! co-op]ation ( an int]nal emotional factor1 _! biological value seems to lie 9 _! sugge/ive effect on o!r memb]s ( ! brood4 ,!y =m an elem5t>y b suffici5t social bond4 ,if ^! notes af=d evid5ce ( an incipi5t social factor1 ! in/9ct ( peck+ is di/9ctively individuali/ic4 ,*icks peck ) consid]able b n complete accuracy ( aim at practically any?+ ( suitable size at suitable di/ance2 b x is ?r\gh exp]i5ce t !y le>n :at to select = food & :at to reject or leave unt\*$4 ,mov+ objects1 h[ev]1 are m readily peck$ at ?an ^? :i* are /ill2 & ! in/9ctive response seems to be /imulat$ if "o tap on ! gr\nd ne> ! object1 or move x ) a p5cil1 ?us simulat+ ! action ( ! h54 ,& ?is is ev5 m m>k$ ) pheasants & p>tridges4 ,plov]s seize small worms ) an avidity :i* looks l an inh]it$ response to ! sight ( natural food4 ,pheasants & p>tridges also appe> to be specially affect$ by worms1 & :5 "o ( !m seizes a worm = ! fir/ "t1 he %akes x & da%es x aga9/ ! gr\nd4 ,*icks1 a week or t5 days old1 also seize a l>gi% fly or bee ) a da%1 & maul x on ! gr\nd1 ?r[+ x on "o side be=e aga9 approa*+ x4 ,& su* birds seem to %[ an in/9ctive t5d5cy to bolt ) su* treasures z cat]pill>s or small worms4 ,moor-h5s _c at fir/ be induc$ to take food f ! gr\nd4 ,x has to be held above !m1 :]eupon !y cr\* d[n1 ) head & neck held back1 op5+ _! beaks m l ! call[ "y ( nursl+ birds2 b !y also /rike upw>ds at ! object--^! modes ( behavi\r be+1 no d\bt1 correlat$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! "m moor-h5 normally fe$s h] "y f h] beak dur+ ! e>ly days ( life4 ,call[ fl$gl+s1 su* z "y jays1 simply op5 _! m\?s1 gap+ widely to be f$4 ,& _m w respond 9 ?is way to su* a note z a l[ :i/le1 z may readily be se5 ) swall[s4 ,b at a lat] age su* birds %[ in/9ctive modes ( reaction ( a m complex type4 ,a jay1 = example1 0 (f]$ a summ] *af] or ,june bug1 seiz$ x at once 9 8 bill1 & tri$ to place 8 foot on x4 ,!n he hopp$ d[n on to ! floor ( 8 cage1 dropp$ ! beetle1 seiz$ x aga9 z x crawl$ (f1 & aft] two or ?ree attempts swall[$ x1 toss+ x back f ! po9t ( 8 bill into ! ?roat4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t he took food f ! gr\nd or swall[$ x 9 ?is mann]4 ,on ! :ole1 !re seems to be mu* inh]it$ def9it5ess ( co-ord9ation1 & "s t5d5cy to respond 9 a def9ite mann] to specific /imuli4 ,t !re %\ld n be m diff]5tiation 9 ?is respect ?an obs]vation discloses is probably due to ! fact t ! p>5t birds af=d1 "u natural conditions1 mu* guidance 9 ! selection ( food4 ,s9ce ! solit>y wasp un]r+ly seizes its appropriate food1 s9ce x responds in/9ctively to specific /imuli1 !re w\ld seem no reason :y birds %\ld n %[ simil> in/9ctive diff]5tiation4 ,b "o mu/ rememb] t 9 ! case ( ! wasp !re is no p>5tal guidance2 ! insect is m completely dep5d5t on in/9ct ?an is ! bird to ^: ne$s ! h5 assidu\sly m9i/]s4 ,x is at fir/ sight surpris+ t su* birds z *icks & pheasants d n peck in/9ctively at /ill wat]4 ,:5 a %all[ vessel conta9+ wat] 0 plac$ among "s little *icks1 sev]al ( !m ran repeat$ly ?r\gh ! wat]1 b took no he$ ( x4 ,!n1 aft] ab\t an h\r1 "o ( !m /&+ 9 ! vessel peck$ at 8 toes1 & at once lift$ 8 head & drank freely ) *>act]i/ic action4 ,ano!r subsequ5tly peck$ at a bubble ne> ! edge1 & !n he too drank4 ,9 fact1 ! be/ way ( induc+ !m to dr9k is to scatt] "s gra9s ( food 9 ! t92 !y peck at ! gra9s1 :i* cat* _! eye1 & incid5tally f9d ! wat]1 & ! t\* ( wat] 9 ! bill at once leads to ! *>act]i/ic response & cong5itally def9ite behavi\r4 ,t ! sight ( a /ill surface does n itself suffice to evoke ?is behavi\r is probably aga9 due to ! fact t "u nature ! h5 guides !m & pecks at ! wat]1 :5 !y foll[ h] lead4 ,"o fact :i* mu/ be con/antly borne 9 m9d is t :at is inh]it$ is in/9ctive co-ord9ation1 (t5 relat$ to a def9ite /imulus1 n in/9ctive k4 ,a *ick pecks at a gra9 :5 x is at a suitable di/ance1 n because in/9ct provides him ) ! k t ?is is some?+ to be seiz$ & te/$1 b because he _c help do+ s4 ,he is s organiz$ t ?is /imulus produces t result ?r\gh an organic co-ord9ation t is indep5d5t ( consci\s k or exp]i5ce4 ,h[ def9ite is ! inh]it$ co-ord9ation is %[n by _m obs]vations4 ,a "y pheasant1 only a few h\rs old1 0 tak5 f ! incubator draw]1 & held snugly :ile a piece ( egg-yolk 0 mov$ be=e 8 eyes ) ! aid ( f9e =ceps4 ,he did n peck at x1 b foll[$ ) movem5ts ( 8 head e motion ( ! object 9 a n>r[ circle4 ,simple z ?is action seems1 x pres5ts a /rik+ example ( co-ord9at$ movem5ts accurately relat$ to movem5ts 9 ! visual field1 ! :ole p]=m$ )\t any opportunity = le>n+ or practice1 & less ?an half an h\r aft] ! bird 0 tak5 f ! draw] ( ! incubator & fir/ saw daylight4 ,psy*ologi/s sometimes puzzle _! heads ov] ! "q h[ & by :at /eps ! field ( vision & ! field ( movem5t are br\ght into relation ) ea* o!r2 b 9 su* a case z ?is1 ! problem ceases to be prim>ily psy*ological4 ,! relation is purely organic2 ! consci\s data are gr\p$ f ! outset4 ,) "y jays !re 0 no su* co-ord9ation at fir/2 & :5 !y began aft] a few days 7ab\t twelve or f\rte57 to foll[ an object ) ! head & eye1 ! movem5ts 7 at fir/ j]ky4 ,b a week lat]1 :5 ,i swept ! food ?r\gh a circle a foot 9 diamet] 9 front ( _! cage1 x 0 foll[$ smoo?ly & ev5ly4 ,"h a c]ta9 am\nt ( le>n+ & practice1 abs5t 9 ! case ( ! pheasant1 0 requir$4 ,& x is difficult to say :at proportion ( ! f9al result 0 acquir$1 :at proportion h]$it>y2 b probably ! behavi\r is 9 ! ma9 in/9ctive1 ?\gh some:at def]r$4 ,"o m example1 p]haps ev5 m trivial 9 ! eyes ( "s p1 may be giv54 ,a duckl+ a few h\rs old w scrat* ! side ( 8 head4 ,x is true he may topple ov] 9 ! process1 ?r\gh insuffici5t p[]s ( balance1 = ! simultane\s p]=mance ( pois+ on "o leg & hav+ a good scrat* ) ! o!r is no easy matt]4 ,b let n ei!r our famili>ity ) su* behavi\r1 nor "s obs]v$ & laughable failure on ! "p ( ! duckl+1 bl9d u to ! fact t ?is is a cong5ital activity1 & "o ( no little complexity1 indicat+ a def9ite organic nexus4 ,a local irritation sets ago+ movem5ts ( ! h9d limb ( t side ?r\gh :i* j t p>ticul> spot is scrat*$ 9 ! abs5ce ( any previ\s practice1 any le>n+ to localize ! spot4 ,!re c be no "q t su* inh]it$ co-ord9ations1 :e!r p]fect f ! fir/1 or ) def]r$ p]fection & "s aid f acquisition1 af=d ready-made data to consci\sness1 :i* are ( ! utmo/ s]vice 9 ! guidance ( subsequ5t behavi\r4 ,! two-days-old *ick1 ) ! aid ( ?is in/9ctive co-ord9ation1 p]=ms well a numb] ( actions1 :i*1 _h %e to consci\sly le>n !m all1 w\ld probably be /ill b half ma/]$ :5 %e 0 a sk9ny old h54 ,our :ole treatm5t ( in/9ctive behavi\r has be5 bas$ on ! assumption1 already to "s ext5t ju/ifi$1 t exp]i5ce is n inh]it$4 ,if x be h]$it>y1 h[ comes x t *icks %[ no recognition ( /ill wat]1 :i* mu/ h be5 famili> to ! exp]i5ce ( g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( birds8 ,h[ comes x t !y d n ev5 seem to recognize _! natural p>5t & protector1 ! h58 ,two *icks t5 days old 7 tak5 to ! y>d :5ce 7 d]iv$ ! eggs f :i* !y 7 hat*$1 & 7 plac$ ab\t two y>ds f a h5 :i* 0 cluck+ to h] brood4 ,!y 7 n 9 a fright5$ condition1 = !y /ood on my h& & ate gra9 f x1 scrat*+ at ! palm4 ,b ( ! cluck+ ( ! h5 !y took no notice :atev]4 ,! same results 7 obta9$ ) o!r *icks ?irte5 days old4 ,0 ?is due1 z ,spald+ sugge/$1 to loss ( ! in/9ctive response :i* 0 p]haps pres5t at an e>li] age8 ,seem+ly n4 ,= a *ick 0 tak5 at ! age ( two & a half days to its own "m1 :i* _h ?ree *icks4 ,^! foll[$ h] ab\t1 & ran at once to h] :5 %e cluck$ & peck$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! little /rang]1 h[ev]1 took no notice1 nor did he %[ any t5d5cy ei!r to g to ! h5 or to foll[ ! ?ree *icks1 hav+ be5 purposely br\ght up alone4 ,:5 ! h5 took h] little brood "u h] w+1 ! /rang] 0 plac$ close to h]4 ,%e cluck$1 & seem$ anxi\s to entice & welcome ! little fell[1 seiz+ an oat-husk & dropp+ x be=e him2 b he rema9$ indiff]5t1 walk+ away & /&+ 9 ! sun%9e4 ,aft] ab\t =ty m9utes he seem$ m incl9$ to g ) ! o!r *icks1 b /ill ignor$ ! exi/5ce ( ! h54 ,! natural in/9ctive t5d5cy seems to be f ! fir/ to ne/le "u any?+2 & !re is ! h5 provid$ by nature = ! purpose4 ,by exp]i5ce ! *icks gr[ accu/om$ to h] fussy ways1 z !y gr[ accu/om$ to ! ways ( su* a fo/]-p>5t z ! writ] ( ^! pages4 ,/ill1 ?\gh !re is1 app>5tly1 no in/9ctive k ( ! h5 z _! natural protector1 & ?\gh ,i h se5 no obs]vable response to ! cluck+ s\nd1 ?is mu/ n be tak5 z necess>ily imply+ t !re is no in/9ctive response to any ( h] modes ( behavi\r4 ,!re is su* a response to h] peck+ on ! gr\nd2 !re is probably su* a response to h] dang]-note2 & !re may be _m o!r su* in/9ctive modes ( behavi\r relat$ to h] actions4 ,h[ f> !y ext5d c only be asc]ta9$ by pati5t obs]vation2 & su* responsive behavi\r ne$ n imply any in/9ctive k begott5 ( inh]it$ exp]i5ce4 ,we may n[ summ>ize "s ( ! g5]al conclusions :i* may be drawn f obs]vations ( in/9ctive behavi\r 9 "y birds4 #a4 ,t :i* is inh]it$ is ess5tially a motor response or tra9 ( su* responses4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s description ( in/9ct z comp\nd reflex action is ?us ju/ifi$4 #b4 ,^! (t5 %[ v accurate & nicely-adju/$ h]$it>y co-ord9ations4 #c4 ,!y are evok$ by /imuli1 ! g5]al type ( :i* is fairly def9ite1 & may 9 "s cases be 9 response to p>ticul> objects4 #d4 ,!y are also g5]ally %[n "u conditions :i* lead u to inf] ! pres5ce ( an int]nal factor1 emotional or o!r4 #e4 ,!re does n seem to be any evid5ce ( inh]it$ k or exp]i5ce4 ,,iv4--,,! ,,consci\s ,,aspect ,,( ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r ,9 our def9ition ( in/9ctive behavi\r all positive ref]5ce to ! pres5ce ( consci\s /ates 0 omitt$4 ,by "s writ]s1 h[ev]1 ! fact t x is accompani$ by consci\sness is reg>d$ z a di/+ui%+ feature ( in/9ct4 ,romanes introduc$ 8 def9ition ) ! words3#ch 8,in/9ct is reflex action into :i* !re is import$ ! elem5t ( consci\sness40 ,& he emphasiz$ ! consci\s aspect :5 he said3 8,! t]m comprises all ^? faculties ( m9d :i* are conc]n$ ) consci\s & adaptive action1 antec$5t to individual exp]i5ce40 ,pr(essor ,wundt also lays "s /ress on ! consci\s accompanim5ts ( in/9ctive activities :i*1 he says1#ci 8diff] f ! reflexes prop] 9 ?is1 t !y are accompani$ by emotions 9 ! m9d1 & t _! p]=mance is regulat$ by ^! emotions40 ,! def9itions ( o!r writ]s express or imply ! pres5ce ( consci\sness 9 diff]+ modes & degrees1 culm9at+ 9 ! hypo!sis ( inh]it$ k4 ,d\glas ,spald+1 = example1 said#dj t 8animals c =get ! in/9ctive k :i* !y nev] le>n$60 ,n[1 ! exclusion f our def9ition ( direct ref]5ce to ! consci\s aspect mu/ n be tak5 to imply t in/9ctive behavi\r is a m]e matt] ( unconsci\s automatism2 nor ev5 t x is unpr(itable to discuss h[ mu* consci\sness !re may be1 ( :at sort1 & h[ di/ribut$4 ,all t x does imply is1 t ! am\nt1 nature1 & di/ribution ( consci\sness _c well be introduc$ into a def9ition ! object ( :i* is to help u to di/+ui% c]ta9 obs]vable types ( behavi\r f o!rs4 ,9 a ^w1 ! def9ition giv5 is biological & objective1 & is to be accept$ or reject$ )\t prejudice to su* psy*ological consid]ations z ^? ^u :i* we h n[ briefly to ent]4 ,! fir/ ?+ we h to decide is h[ mu* we are to include1 f ! psy*ological /&po9t1 "u in/9ct4 ,= we may take ei!r a broad] or a n>r[] view ( ! matt]2 & :i* ( ^! we adopt w make mu* diff]5ce 9 our conclusions4 ,let u fir/ deal ) ! n>r[]4 ,we h said above t :at is h]$it>y 9 in/9ctive behavi\r is ! co-ord9ation4 ,n[1 su* co-ord9ation ( movem5ts into a f9i%$ & appropriate act is due to a nicely grad$ di/ribution ( eff]5t n]ve-waves to ! sev]al muscles conc]n$1 s t ^! muscles may be caus$ to contract 9 due ord]1 & ea* to j ! "r ext5t4 ,b eff]5t n]ve-waves z su*1 & _! mode ( di/ribution by ! n]ve-c5tres1 are 9 all probability unconsci\s1 :ile ! contraction ( ! muscles is a purely organic matt]4 ,if1 !re=e1 we n>r[ our conception ( in/9ct s z to include only ! co-ord9at$ act by itself1 exclud+ all ref]5ce bo? to ! /imuli :i* are its antec$5ts1 & to ! effects 9 consci\sness :i* its p]=mance may produce2 & if ! data = consci\sness are 9 all cases suppli$ ?r\gh aff]5t *annels2 !n !re seems to be no escape f ! conclusion t in/9ctive behavi\r z su* may be1 & probably is1 altoge!r outside ! individual consci\sness4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t on ?is view only ! in/9ctive co-ord9ation 9 itself c be fairly reg>d$ z indep5d5t ( ! /ream ( exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place x is conv5i5t s f> to broad5 our conception z to include "u ! head ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 9 its consci\s aspect1 n only ! co-ord9at$ act b ! data :i* its p]=mance af=ds to consci\sness4 ,x may inde$ seem t we are "h try+ to draw a di/9ction :]e no real diff]5ce exi/s4 ,! physiological di/9ction is1 h[ev]1 n only cle> & und5iable1 b q easily und]/ood4 ,= ! sake ( illu/ration let u take ! case ( an int5tional action1 su* z glanc+ up f ! words we are read+ to ! clock4 ,eff]5t waves c\rse along sev]al motor n]ves to ! six muscles by :i* ea* eye is mov$1 & to ! muscles ( accommodation )9 ! eye4 ,^! muscles are call$ into duly co-ord9at$ activity1 by :i* our vision is focuss$ ^u ! clock-face4 ,?is is "o "p ( ! physiological proc$ure--t by :i* ! int5d$ result is atta9$4 ,b !re is a second "p readily di/+ui%able f ! =m]4 ,z ! eyes move1 aff]5t messages c\rse inw>ds f ! muscles or ! eye-sockets & _! neighb\rhood2 & x is ^! incom+ waves :i* af=d data to consci\sness1 tell+ u t ! movem5ts are 9 progress or h be5 effect$4 ,! n]ves involv$ 9 ! latt] "p are q diff]5t f ^? conc]n$ 9 ! =m] "p1 & !y proce$ to areas ( ! bra9 diff]5tly situat$ f ^? :5ce ! eff]5t waves issu$4 ,?us x is 9 all cases ( movem5t2 ! eff]5t n]ves call ! muscles into play2 ! aff]5t n]ves br+ in=mation t ! movem5ts are c>ri$ out4 ,x is ?r\gh ! latt] t data are unque/ionably af=d$ to consci\sness4 ,b 9 ! case ( any complex action--&1 z we h se51 in/9ctive behavi\r is (t5 rem>kably complex--! in=mation t ! action has begun comes 9 be=e ! behavi\r is complet$4 ,practically we may say t any giv5 /age ( p]=mance & ! consci\sness x evokes are simultane\s2 = ?\gh 9 /rictness ! "o lags j a little beh9d ! o!r1 yet !y are s ne>ly co9cid5t 9 "t t we may disreg>d ! int]val betwe5 !m4 ,su* be+ ! case1 !re=e1 we may fairly reg>d ! felt p]=mance ( ! in/9ctive act z capable ( introduc+ important elem5ts into ! consci\s situation4 ,b n only does in/9ctive behavi\r ?us introduce important elem5ts into ! consci\s situation1 x is also call$ =? by /imuli :i* !mselves af=d n less important elem5ts4 ,to exclude ^! f any consid]ation ( in/9ct1 9 its consci\s aspect1 w\ld r5d] ! treatm5t ( ! problem s incomplete z to be :olly unsatisfactory f a psy*ological po9t ( view4 ,c we believe t :5 ! moor-h5 div$1 z x nev] _h div$ be=e1 at ! sight ( ! r\gh-hair$ pup1 ! vivid exp]i5ce ( t /range & disquiet+ intrud] did n ent] into1 & =m a prom95t feature 91 ! consci\s situation8 ,if we are to consid] ! consci\s aspect at all1 we mu/ try & grasp ! situation z a :ole4 ,& on ^! gr\nds we may yet fur!r broad5 our conception s z to include1 f ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 n only ! behavi\r itself1 & its effects 9 consci\sness1 b also ! /imulat+ conditions "u :i* x is call$ into play4 ,if1 !n1 we accept ?is position1 & agree to use ! t]m 8in/9ct0 = our pres5t purpose 9 a compreh5sive s5se1 we may n[ proce$ to consid] v briefly ! nature ( ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! in/9ctive situation4 ,fir/1 !re are ! ext]nal /imuli affect+ "o or m ( ! s5se organs1 & ?us evok+ consci\sness2 & secondly1 !re are int]nal factors1 hav+ _! s\rce 9 ! condition ( ! body1 or its p>ts & organs4 ,x is conv5i5t to take ^! two toge!r1 s t we may see :at relation%ip !y be> to ea* o!r4 ,bo? seem to be pres5t1 & to co-op]ate 9 a great numb] ( in/9ctive acts4 ,9 ! behavi\r connect$ ) fe$+1 = example1 an int]nal elem5t ( hung] co-op]ates ) ! ext]nal pres5tation ( ! appropriate food or prey4 ,s1 too1 ) ! in/9cts conc]n$ 9 ! propagation ( ! race4 ,look+ at ! matt] g5]ally1 we may reg>d ! int]nal factors ( ! k9d ) :i* we are n[ deal+1 z giv+ rise to a want or ne$1 pass+ 9 "s cases into a /ate ( crav+4 ,9 !mselves su* consci\s /ates are 9 _! inception exce$+ly indef9ite2 = a want c only be r5d]$ def9ite 9 exp]i5ce by its appropriate satisfaction4 ,9 _m cases ( in/9ctive behavi\r ! indef9ite want & ! p>ticul> & duly relat$ /imulus seem to lead1 )\t prevision & by a bl9d impulse1 to ! p]=mance ( ^? acts :i* w af=d ! un=ese5 satisfaction4 ,& :5 once ?is satisfaction has be5 atta9$1 subsequ5t wants or ne$s ( l "* w no long] be indef9ite2 nor w future behavi\r ( ! same k9d be !reaft] :olly in/9ctive1 = x c nev] aga9 be prior to1 or indep5d5t (1 exp]i5ce4 ,grant$1 h[ev]1 t a felt ne$ ( "s k9d1 indef9ite at fir/ b none ! less real1 is pres5t 9 _m cases z a spur to in/9ctive behavi\r2 is x 9 all cases a necess>y factor8 ,may we say t ?is di/+ui%es in/9ctive f m]ely reflex action8 ,! "q is1 f ! nature ( ! case1 exce$+ly difficult to answ]4 ,b )\t go+ s f> z to say t reflex action may be un]r+ly di/+ui%$ f in/9ctive behavi\r by ! abs5ce ( any su* int]nal factors1 we may p]haps1 at any rate1 g s f> z to give provisional acceptance to ! view t 9 in/9ct ^! wants & felt ne$s ent] into ! consci\s situation 9 a mann] & to a degree t are s f> di/9ctive--:i* seems to be ! position adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,wundt4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fur!r relation betwe5 ! ext]nal /imulus & ^! int]nal factors :i* is presumably ( no little importance4 ,! /imulus int5sifies ! want1 or may 9 "s cases call x into exi/5ce4 ,j z a :iff f ! kit*5 may lead u to realize t we ne$ ! satisfaction t w erelong be pres5t$ at table1 s may ! sight ( 8 mate 9 ! spr+ evoke 9 ! brea/ ( ! ye>l+ sp>r[ a ne$1 hav+ its s\rce 9 morphological & physiological *anges1 t spurs him on to ! c\rt%ip t %all lead to its due satisfaction4 ,popul> att5tion has1 inde$1 be5 s naturally drawn to ! int]nal ne$s or wants ) :i* we are n[ deal+1 z to give !m an almo/ exclusive monopoly ( ! t]m 8in/9ct10 :i* ?us (t5 comes to be reg>d$ z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! /imulus & ! act4 ,! sight ( a m\se1 = example1 is said to call =? ! in/9ct ( ! cat1 :i* is satisfi$ by h] p\nc+ ^u x4 ,& s x comes ab\t t1 :ile ! biologi/ fixes ^u ! in/9ctive act z ! ess5tial feature1 ! psy*ologi/ is apt to reg>d ! impulse#da :i* prompts to action z ! m c5tral & *>act]i/ic elem5t4 ,we are "h endeav\r+ to comb9e bo? ^! po9ts ( view4 ,to come to clos] qu>t]s ) ! relation%ip :i* holds good betwe5 ! ext]nal & int]nal elem5ts1 x appe>s t1 :5 ! /imulus evokes or int5sifies ! want or ne$1 ?is is probably effect$ by eff]5t waves :i* call ! organs or p>ts into tonic action1 ( :i* ! animal becomes consci\s ?r\gh ! aff]5t messages :i* come 9 f !m to ! s5sory c5tres2 9 mu* ! same way z ! :iff f ! kit*5 takes effect on ! saliv>y & o!r gl&s1 & ?r[s ! organs ( dige/ion into a felt prep>$ness = ! fulfilm5t ( _! functions4 ,b x may h o!r & m indirect consequ5ces4 ,:5 ! moor-h5 div$ to escape f ! obtrusive puppy1 8 he>t-beat 0 probably affect$2 he _h1 p]haps1 an uncom=table s9k+ 9 8 gizz>d2 8 brea?+ 0 %ort & lab\r$2 & he exp]i5c$ creepy s5sations 9 ! sk9 & ar\nd ! fea!r-roots4 ,su* we may suppose 7 ! accompanim5ts or s\rces ( ! emotional /ate ( fe> or al>m4 ,& !y presumably ent]$ ) no little vividness into ! consci\s situation at ! mom5t ( in/9ctive action4 ,9 all ^? cases 9 :i* ! behavi\r is associat$ ) su* an emotional /ate z ang] or fe>1 ! ext]nal /imulus seems to produce widely-spread effects on ! gl&s1 respiratory organs1 he>t & blood-vessels1 sk9 & o!r p>ts1 z well z ! m direct response 9 productive action4 ,& all ?is mu/ ent] into ! consci\s situation1 contribut+ l>gely1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 to ! emotions 9 _! in/9ctive orig94 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to indicate ) suffici5t cle>ness ! k9d ( co-op]ation & mutual relation%ip :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal factors 9 ! consci\s situation :i* leads to in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,we h se5 t1 n improbably1 "s organic prompt+ is always pres5t 9 great] or less degree4 ,b ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r any?+ l a def9ite & p>ticul> ext]nal /imulus is 9 all cases a necess>y factor4 ,:5 ! pr$ace\s l>va ( ! wat]-beetle1 ,dytiscus1 ceases to fe$1 &1 creep+ into ! moi/ e>? ne> ! pond's edge1 makes a holl[ cell 9 :i* to ent] ^u its pupal sleep1 !re does n seem to be any well-def9$ /imulus f ! out] _w :i* c be said to initiate ! behavi\r ( ^: purport ! l>va c h no idea4 ,"s inn] ne$ seems to impel ! creature to ?is necess>y b z yet unkn[n c\rse ( action2 & ?is appe>s to con/itute1 if n ! sole1 at lea/ ! prepond]ant elem5t 9 ! consci\s situation4 ,9 heal?y "y birds & o!r animals !re is aft] ! re/ ( sleep a c]ta9 exhil>ation & exub]ance ( spirits :i* seem+ly leads to *>act]i/ic action2 danc+1 flapp+ ( ! w+s1 runn+ hi!r & ?i!r 9 %ort quick spurts1 & s =?4 ,no d\bt 9 su* cases ext]nal /imuli are pres5t1 & contribute 9 "s degree to ! effects produc$2 b !y d n seem to be p>ticul>iz$ s t "o c say t j ?is or t well-def9$ /imulus is necess>y to give rise to ! obs]v$ behavi\r4 ,9 ! case ( migration1 too1 an int]nal factor--! nature ( :i* we d n "k--is probably z /rong z if n /rong] ?an any influ5ce f )\t4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 we may say t "s ext]nal factors are frequ5tly1 n improbably always1 contributory1 we mu/ add t obs]vation does n enable u 9 all cases to def9e !m ) any approa* to accuracy2 &1 fur!r1 t prompt+s f )9 seem 9 "s in/9ctive acts to be ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 ! consci\s situation4 ,x n[ only rema9s to draw att5tion to ! fact t ! effects ( ! behavi\r1 z ! animal becomes consci\s ( ! p]=mance ( ! acts conc]n$1 s]ve to complete & r5d] def9ite ! consci\s situation4 ,consci\sness1 h[ev]1 probably receives in=mation ( ! net results ( ! progress ( behavi\r1 & n ( ! m9ute & sep>ate details ( muscul> contraction4 ,^! net results1 hav+ ?us ent]$ pres5tatively into ! situation1 are subsequ5tly susceptible ( re-pres5tative recall1 :5 ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9 sali5t elem5ts s]ve to reproduce ! ess5tial features ( ! situation ( :i* exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ on a =m] occasion4 ,h5ce1 z has already be5 not$1 x is only ! fir/ p]=mance ( an in/9ctive action :i* c be describ$ z prior to exp]i5ce4 ,! second "t ! de$ is done x is done by an animal :i* has _h opportunity ( ga9+ exp]i5ce on ! =ego+ occasion4 ,& !n x may be done ) a diff]5ce1 ) "s acquir$ modification ( p]=mance4 ,by ! repetition ( ! slightly modifi$ behavi\r ! effects ( habit are introduc$1 & ?us acquir$ peculi>ities ( action are e/abli%$ z individual traits4 ,we mu/ n =get t1 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 s-call$ in/9ctive behavi\r1 z pres5t$ to obs]vation1 has lo/ ?r\gh modifi$ repetition its orig9al purity ( type4 ,! acts we see are (t5 ! jo9t products ( h]$ity & individual acquisition1 ! inh]it$ co-ord9ation hav+ be5 supplem5t$ or o!rwise alt]$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! v fir/ exhibition ( su* a def]r$ in/9ct z ! moor-h5's dive1 al?\gh t organiz$ sequ5ce ( acts :i* con/itut$ ! behavi\r z a :ole _h nev] be=e occurr$1 al?\gh !re 0 no gradual le>n+ h[ to dip b5ea? ! surface1 & to swim "u wat]1 /ill _m ( ! con/itu5t acts _h be5 (t5 repeat$2 exp]i5ce _h already be5 ga9$ ( mu* ( ! detail !n = ! fir/ "t comb9$ 9 an in/9ctive sequ5ce4 ,s t if we di/+ui% betwe5 in/9ct z cong5ital & habit z acquir$1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t !re is cont9ual int]action1 9 a great numb] ( cases1 betwe5 in/9ct & habit1 & t ! fir/ p]=mance ( a def]r$ in/9ct may be c>ri$ out 9 close & inextricable association ) ! habits :i*1 at ! p]iod ( life 9 "q1 h already be5 acquir$4 ,in/9ct supplies an outl9e sket* ( behavi\r1 to :i* exp]i5ce adds col\r & %ad+4 ,:i* pr$om9ates 9 ! f9i%$ picture dep5ds on ! /atus ( ! animal4 ,9 ! l[] & less intellig5t types ! outl9e /&s out cle>ly1 !re be+ b little %ad+ to div]t our att5tion f ! cle> firm l9es inscrib$ by h]$ity2 b 9 ! high] & m intellig5t animals1 ! deft p5cil ( exp]i5ce has add$ s mu* detail & has int]wov5 ) ! fa9t] outl9e s _m new & skilfully introduc$ t\*es1 t ! orig9al sket* is sc>cely di/+ui%able unless we h c>efully wat*$ f ! beg9n+ ! gradual developm5t ( ! picture4 ,v4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,in/9ctive ,,behavi\r ,x may be assum$ t ! fact ( evolution is g5]ally admitt$4 ,! "q ( its me?od is1 h[ev]1 /ill op5 to discussion4 ,x is possible t1 z "s biologi/s cont5d1 !re is an inh]5t t5d5cy 9 organic be+s to evolve 9 c]ta9 def9ite directions indep5d5tly ( _! relation to ! environm5t4 ,b x is sc>cely probable t in/9ctive behavi\r is ma9ly due to any su* inh]5t t5d5cy--( ! nature ( :i* 9 any case we "k b little4 ,sett+ ?is on "o side1 !re=e1 we h two hypo!ses3 fir/1 t in/9cts are ! result ( natural selection2 secondly1 t !y are due to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ habits4 ,^! two views we w n[ proce$ to consid]4 ,we h se5 t ,pr(essor ,wundt di/+ui%es two classes ( in/9ctive acts3 fir/1 ^? :i* are acquir$ or h become :olly or p>tly me*aniz$ 9 ! c\rse ( individual life2 secondly1 ^? :i* are connate or h be5 me*aniz$ 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ic evolution4 8,! laws ( practice10 he says1#db 8suffice = ! explanation ( ! acquir$ in/9cts4 ,! occurr5ce ( connate in/9cts r5d]s a subsidi>y hypo!sis necess>y4 ,we mu/ suppose t ! physical *anges :i* ! n]v\s elem5ts und]go c be transmitt$ f fa!r to son4444 ,! assumption ( ! inh]itance ( acquir$ dispositions or t5d5cies is inevitable if !re is to be any cont9uity ( evolution at all4 ,we may be 9 d\bt z to ! ext5t ( ?is inh]itance2 we _c "q ! fact itself40 ,n[1 ! application ( ! t]m 8in/9ct10 bo? to acquir$ & to connate behavi\r1 seems to prejudge ! "q ( _! g5etic connection4 ,& s9ce we h ! well-recogniz$ t]m habits = actions ! p]=mance ( :i* becomes automatic ?r\gh frequ5cy ( repetition1 we may sub/itute ?is t]m1 or ! phrase habitual acts1 = ! 8acquir$ in/9cts0 ( ,pr(essor ,wundt4 ,modify+1 !re=e1 8 /atem5t 9 accordance ) ?is usage1 ! fact :i*1 he says1 we _c "q is t acquir$ habits are inh]it$ z cong5ital in/9cts4 ,?is op9ion has long be5 held3 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes reg>d$ in/9ctive actions z transmitt$ habits f :i* ! intellig5ce1 ?r\gh :i* !y 7 orig9ally acquir$1 _h laps$4 ,d>w9 believ$ t su* inh]itance 0 a factor 9 ! evolution ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,romanes di/+ui%$ in/9cts due to ?is mode ( orig9 z 8second>y20 res]v+ ! t]m 8prim>y0 = ^? attributable to natural selection1 & describ+ ^? 9 :i* bo? factors co-op]ate z 8in/9cts ( bl5d$ orig940 ,! late ,pr(essor ,eim]1 ( ,tb+51 go+ fur!r ?an ei!r ,d>w9 or ,romanes1 rev]t$ almo/ entirely to :at we may t]m ! ,lam>ckian int]pretation4 8,i describe z automatic actions10 he says1#dc 8^? :i*1 orig9ally p]=m$ consci\sly & volunt>ily1 9 consequ5ce ( frequ5t practice come to be p]=m$ unconsci\sly & involunt>ily4444 ,su* acquir$ automatic actions c be inh]it$4 ,in/9ct is inh]it$ faculty1 especially is inh]it$ habit40 ,9 8 discussion ( ! subject ,eim] makes no express allusion to prim>y in/9cts2 b he attributes to laps$ intellig5ce "s ( ^? :i* 7 class$ by ,romanes z prim>y1 & 8 t5d5cy is to ref] all in/9cts to ! same s\rce4 8,e bird10 he says1 8mu/1 f ! fir/ "t x hat*es its eggs1 draw ! conclusion t "y w also be produc$ f ! eggs :i* x lays aft]w>ds1 & ?is exp]i5ce mu/ h be5 inh]it$ z in/9ct40 ,:y1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x mu/ draw ! conclusion f obs]vation if x inh]it in/9ctive k1 is n made cle>4 ,b our pres5t purpose is to indicate1 n to criticize1 ,eim]'s position4 ,he claims t 8! orig9al prog5itors ( ! cuckoo1 :5 !y began to lay _! eggs 9 o!r ne/s1 act$ by reflection & design40 ,( ! behavi\r ( mason wasps & _! allies1 :i* provide _! "y ) p>alyz$ b liv+ prey1 he exclaims1 8,:at a wond]ful contrivance6 ,:at calculation on ! "p ( ! animal mu/ h be5 necess>y to discov] x60 ,( ! in/9cts ( neut] bees he rem>ks1 8,selection _c "h h _h mu* influ5ce1 s9ce ! work]s d n reproduce4 ,9 ord] to make ^! fav\rable conditions con/ant1 insight & reflection on ! "p ( ! animals1 & ! inh]itance ( ^! faculties 7 necess>y40 ,& he concludes1 8,?us1 accord+ to ! prec$+ consid]ations1 automatic action may be describ$ z habitual volunt>y action2 in/9ct1 z inh]it$ habitual volunt>y action1 or ! capacity = su* action40 ,turn+ n[ to ! opposite end ( ! scale ( op9ion1 we f9d t ,pr(essor ,weismann1 comm5t+ on ! suppos$ inh]itance ( acquir$ habit1 says1#dd 8,i believe t ?is is an entirely errone\s view1 & ,i hold t all in/9ct is entirely due to ! op]ation ( natural selection1 & has its f\ndation1 n ^u inh]it$ exp]i5ces1 b ^u v>iation ( ! g]m40 ,ziegl] & ,groos 9 ,g]many1 ,:itman & ,baldw9 9 ,am]ica1 ,p\lton & ,wallace 9 ,engl&1 ei!r d5y ! exi/5ce ( second>y in/9cts1 due to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ habits1 or "q ! suffici5cy ( ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 support ( su* transmission4 ,9 _! explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* t inh]it$ co-ord9ation1 :i* is biologically ! c5tral fact 9 in/9ctive behavi\r1 has be5 evolv$ !y rely ma9ly or entirely on ! pr9ciple ( natural selection4 ,:at1 !n1 7 ! facts :i* appe>$ to ,romanes suffici5t to ju/ify a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a class ( in/9cts dep5d5t on inh]it$ habit = _! orig98 ,he tells u t he only gives a few examples 8among/ almo/ any numb]0 t he c\ld quote4 ,x is c]ta9ly un=tunate t1 out ( m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty pages devot$ to in/9ct 9 8 "w on 8,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals10 only ?ree#de are assign$ to second>y in/9cts2 or six1 if we include "o deal+ ) inh]it$ peculi>ities ( h&-writ+ 9 man1 & two %[+ ! =ce ( h]$ity 9 ! doma9 ( in/9ct1 8:e!r ( ! prim>y or second>y class40 ,x is true t _m pages are devot$ to in/9cts ( bl5d$ orig91 b ! co-op]ation ( ! ,lam>ckian factor is "h r assum$ ?an prov$4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be cont5t to take ! few examples t are actually giv54 ,!y are f\r 9 numb]4 ,fir/1 t ponies 9 ,norway are us$ )\t bridles1 & are tra9$ to obey ! voice2 & t1 z a consequ5ce1 a race-peculi>ity has be5 e/abli%$1 = ,&rew ,knight says t x is impossible to give !m :at is call$ 8a m\?40 ,no details are giv51 & ,romanes does n fur!r discuss ! evid5ce4 ,secondly1 ,mr4 ,lawson ,tait _h a cat :i* 0 taught to beg = food l a t]ri]4 ,all h] kitt5s adopt$ ! same habit "u circum/ances :i* preclud$ ! possibility ( imitation4 ,suppos+ ! facts to be correctly report$1 & grant+ t ! own]s ( ! kitt5s1 presumably aw>e ( ! mat]nal prop5sity1 did n take "s pa9s to tea* ! (fspr+ ( su* a p>5t to beg 7& ?is does n pres5t mu* difficulty71 "o c h>dly f\nd a sci5tific conclusion on s slight an anecdotal basis4 ,?irdly1 in/9ctive fe> is said to be an inh]it$ acquisition2 :i*1 f\r?ly1 is lo/ by disuse4 ,b1 z we h already se51 mod]n inve/igation has plac$ ?is matt] ( s-call$ h]$it>y fe> ( natural enemies on a diff]5t foot+4 ,pheasants1 p>tridges1 moor-h5s1 & wild duck %[ no fe> ( a quiet dog4 ,if approa*$ g5tly1 9 ! abs5ce ( _! p>5ts1 call[ wild birds 9 _! ne/ exhibit little al>m at ! sl[ & g5tle approa* ( man4 ,mr4 ,hudson's op9ion has already be5 quot$1 b w be> repetition2 x is1 8t fe> ( p>ticul> enemies is 9 ne>ly all cases ! result ( exp]i5ce40 ,& !re is no evid5ce to %[ t1 9 ^? cases 9 :i* x is truly in/9ctive & n ! result ( exp]i5ce1 ! in/9ctive behavi\r is necess>ily due to inh]it$ habit & n to natural selection4 ,x _c be said t ! evid5ce = ! suppos$ mode ( orig9 ( second>y in/9cts is suffici5tly v>i$ & cog5t to c>ry conviction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re does seem "s evid5ce :i* po9ts to a diff]5t conclusion4 ,:5 in/9ctive behavi\r foll[s on a s5sory impression1 n only is ! co-ord9ation h]$it>y1 b !re is an inh]it$ l9kage ( /imulus & response4 ,?us 9 ! solit>y wasps ! sight ( ! natural prey is foll[$ by ! appropriate modes ( attack4 ,! ,melo l>va spr+s ^u any?+ hairy4 ,9 *icks ! sight ( a small object at a c]ta9 di/ance initiates ! act ( peck+4 ,9 moor-h5s & duckl+s ! /imulus ( wat] produces ! movem5ts conc]n$ 9 swimm+4 ,& s1 too1 9 _m o!r examples ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 we inf] f ! obs]v$ facts t /imulus & response h an organic connection f\nd$ on h]$it>y l9ks 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,n[1 if su* connection 7 due to inh]it$ habit1 we %\ld expect !m to be e/abli%$ :]ev] ! exp]i5ce to :i* !y are relat$ has be5 con/ant ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,h[ comes x1 !n1 t ! *ick does n in/9ctively respond by appropriate behavi\r to ! sight ( wat]8 ,h[ comes x t "y birds d n in/9ctively avoid bees1 & wasps1 & nause\s cat]pill>s8 ,if ! effects ( ance/ral exp]i5ce be h]$it>y1 "o w\ld surely expect t 9 ^! cases ! connection betwe5 /imulus & response--a connection :i* passes into acquir$ habit--w\ld h become cong5ital2 t ! habitual behavi\r w\ld h long ago become in/9ctive4 ,b ?is does n appe> to be ! case4 ,& ) reg>d to disuse caus+ ! loss ( in/9ct1 h[ comes x t "y *icks swim ) well-ord]$ leg-movem5ts1 ?\gh swimm+ is n an act t is habitually p]=m$ by ! memb]s ( _! race8 ,:at1 !n1 has ! alt]native hypo!sis ( natural selection to advance 9 explanation ( ^! facts8 ,on ?is hypo!sis in/9ctive acts h biological value 9 su* degree t !y h become cong5ital ?r\gh ! pres]vation ( adaptive v>iations4 ,b if ?is be s1 :y does n ! *ick respond in/9ctively to ! sight ( t :i* is s ess5tial to its exi/5ce z wat] to dr9k8 ,9 reply to ?is "q x may be sugge/$ t1 "u natural conditions1 ! h5 tea*es all h] *ick5s to peck at ! wat]1 & ?us %ields !m f ! elim9at+ influ5ce :i* gives rise to natural selection1 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* ! habit ( dr9k+ 9 response to ! sight ( wat]1 ?\gh acquir$ by ea* succe$+ g5]ation ( birds1 has n become in/9ctive & cong5ital4 ,or1 to put ! matt] f a slightly diff]5t po9t ( view1 ! mat]nal in/9cts ( ! h5 protect h] *icks f any elim9ation 9 ?is respect2 & 9 ! abs5ce ( su* elim9ation ! habit has n be5 inh]it$ z in/9ct4 ,b ?\gh ! h5 c lead h] "y to peck at ! wat]1 %e _c tea* !m h[ to p]=m ! complex movem5ts ( ! m\?1 ?roat1 & head 9 actual dr9k+4 ,9 ?is matt]1 !re=e1 h] own in/9ctive proc$ure does n %ield !m f ! incid5ce ( t elim9ation :i* leads to survival "u natural selection4 ,^? *icks w\ld be elim9at$ :i*1 on peck+ ! wat]1 fail$ to respond to ! /imulus by ! complex behavi\r involv$ 9 dr9k+1 leav+ ^? to survive 9 :i* ! response _h be5 cong5itally e/abli%$4 ,?us x w\ld seem t1 :5 natural selection is exclud$1 ! habit has n become cong5itally l9k$ ) a visual /imulus2 b :5 natural selection is 9 op]ation1 ! response has be5 ?us l9k$ ) ! /imulus ( wat] 9 ! bill4 ,:5ce we may inf] t ! co-op]ation ( natural selection is an ess5tial factor 9 ! evolution ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 cases ( in/9ctive behavi\r :i* may seem too trivial & unimportant to be subject to ! sway ( natural selection4 ,!re are numb]less little idiosyncracies ( behavi\r :i* seem to be truly in/9ctive1 :i* are readily recognizable z di/9ctive traits1 b :i* c h>dly be reg>d$ z ( suffici5t biological value to det]m9e :e!r ! creatures 9 :i* !y are develop$ %\ld survive or be elim9at$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ^! s]ve r to di/+ui% ! detail$ mann] ( behavi\r ?an its biological end or purpose4 ,9 diff]5t species natural selection may det]m9e ! survival ( ^? ^: in/9ctive behavi\r meets a biological ne$4 ,! relatively unimportant details1 diff]+ slightly 9 ea* species1 are m]e adjuncts2 & s9ce natural selection deals ) ea* species or int]-g5]at+ gr\p sep>ately1 ! ess5tial behavi\r may 9 ea* case c>ry ) x ! associat$ diff]5ces ( mann]4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t1 z 9 ! matt] ( /ructure s 9 t ( behavi\r1 x is ! animal z a :ole t is select$ = survival2 & s long z ! :ole is adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( life1 ! associat$ diff]5ces ( =m or mann] may %>e 91 )\t do+ mu* to det]m9e1 survival4 ,9 any case ^! little in/9ctive traits1 if !y are s trivial z to seem ( small value f ! biological po9t ( view1 appe> to be too unimportant to h be5 intellig5tly acquir$ z habits4 ,let u n[ consid] "o or two cases ( in/9ctive behavi\r :i* w\ld fall "u ,romanes's category ( in/9cts ( bl5d$ orig9 p>tly due to natural selection1 p>tly to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ habit4 ,x is ! cu/om ( ! h\se m>t9 to build b5ea? ! eaves4 ,=sak+ ! ance/ral rocky haunts1 x has be5 l$ to utilize ! h\ses t man has built4 ,?is has all ! appe>ance ( be+ due to an intellig5t modification ( ! ance/ral in/9ct2 b h[ f> ! modification has become ?r\gh h]$ity a cong5ital v>iation1 we d n "k4 ,! intellig5ce :i* is said to h enabl$ ! m>t9 ( ! pa/ to adopt ?is me?od ( nidification is /ill op]ative4 ,! ne/l+s br\ght up "u ! eaves w\ld h opportunities = acquir+ exp]i5ce :i* might lead !m to build "u simil> circum/ances4 ,ne/ & eaves w\ld be associat$ 9 ! consci\s situation4 ,nor w\ld ! effects ( natural selection be necess>ily exclud$4 ,"o may suppose t 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 f> f rock-%elt]s1 ^? m>t9s 9 :i* !re 0 a cong5ital t5d5cy to build 9 h\se-%elt]s w\ld br+ up _! broods & transmit ?is t5d5cy2 :ile ^? 9 :i* x 0 abs5t w\ld ei!r g else:]e or fail to br+ up broods at all4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( full] k z to ! truly in/9ctive nature ( ! behavi\r1 & z to its mode ( g5esis1 we are 9 l>ge degree at ! m]cy ( conjecture4 ,b 9 any case ! incid5ce ( elim9ation is n necess>ily exclud$1 & !re are1 !re=e1 no gr\nds = d5y+ t natural selection has be5 a co-op]at+ factor 9 ! evolution ( ! in/9ctive behavi\r1 if su* x be4 ,x is well kn[n t ! lapw+ w app>5tly simulate ! actions ( a w\nd$ bird1 ) ! object1 z x seems1 ( draw+ intrud]s away f h] ne/4 ,& su* tactics are n re/rict$ to ?is bird1 nor ev5 to "o or two species4 ,!y are common1 no d\bt ) div]sities ( detail1 to su* diff]5t birds z gr\se1 pigeons1 plov]s1 rails1 avocets1 ducks1 pipits1 bunt+s1 & w>bl]s4 ,grant+ t ! behavi\r is truly in/9ctive1 x =ms a v pretty subject = transmissioni/s & _! critics to qu>rel ov]4 8,if we seek1 z an example10 ! transmissioni/ may exclaim1 8an in/9ct :i* be>s ! m>ks ( its intellig5t1 & !re=e acquir$ orig91 ?is ( feign+ w\nd$ provides all t we c possibly dem&40 8,:at mode ( in/9ctive behavi\r10 ! selectioni/ may ask1 8c be adduc$ :i* is m obvi\sly useful to ! species8 ,is n ?is j ! k9d ( proc$ure :i* natural selection1 if x be a factor at all1 mu/ fix ^u & p]petuate ?r\gh ! elim9ation ( failures8 ,^? birds :i*1 ?r\gh cong5ital v>iation ( behavi\r1 act$ 9 ?is way w\ld c]ta9ly enable _! (fspr+ to escape de/ruction by enemies1 & ^! w\ld survive to p]petuate ! in/9ct40 ,let u exp& ! transmissioni/ position a little fur!r4 ,an extremi/1 ( ! type pres5t$ by ,eim]1 w\ld p]haps urge t ! lapw+ reasons ?us3 8,if ,i pret5d to be w\nd$1 trail my w+1 & flutt] along ! gr\nd1 in/ead ( fly+ (f1 ,i %all draw ^u myself ! intrud]'s att5tion1 & lead him to suppose t ,i %all be easily caught2 & if ,i ?us entice him away1 my little ones w be sav$1 & my end ga9$40 ,?us1 x may be said1 might ! bird argue1 & !n give practical effect to its reason+4 ,b are we n "h attribut+ to ! lapw+ p[]s ( ratioc9ation beyond ! capacity ( ! mo/ intellig5t ( birds8 ,are we n assum+ a hi/rionic p[]1 & a realization ( ! effects on o!rs ( its display1 :i* _m a human actor might well covet8 8,b may n ! bird10 x may be urg$ 9 reply1 8h f\nd by exp]i5ce1 )\t any elaborate process ( ab/ract reason+1 t ! trick is effectual80 ,9 any case x w\ld be exp]i5ce p]il\sly acquir$4 ,grant+ t ! bird has ! wit to try ! trick1 a little ov]-act+1 a little too mu* lam5ess ( w+1 & %e is h]self seiz$ & kill$2 a little "u-act+1 & ! trick fails--h] brood is f\nd & de/roy$4 ,does x n seem probable t su* exp]i5ce w\ld be de>ly b\ght1 t failure w\ld mean ei!r dea? to ! p>5t or dea? to ! (fspr+8 ,& is x n cle> t natural selection is ?us introduc$ 9 any case8 ,& may n ! selectioni/ p]t95tly ask3 8,if natural selection is ?us introduc$ z a factor1 :y halt midway betwe5 two hypo!ses8 ,:y n take ! fur!r /ep--"o by :i* all ! difficulties att5d+ ! intellig5t acquisition & ! biological transmission are alike avoid$--( all[+ t natural selection ex]cises1 ?r\gh\t1 its influ5ce on cong5ital v>iations1 & n on acquir$ modifications ( behavi\r80 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a way 9 :i*1 :5 natural selection is op]ative1 intellig5ce may s]ve to fo/] cong5ital v>iations ( ! requir$ nature & direction4 ,we mu/ rememb] t acquir$ habits on ! "o h&1 & cong5ital v>iations ( in/9ctive behavi\r on ! o!r h&1 are bo? work+1 9 _! diff]5t sph]es1 t[>ds ! same end1 t ( adju/m5t to ! conditions ( life4 ,if1 !n1 acquir$ accommodation & cong5ital adaptation rea* ?is end by diff]5t me?ods1 survival may be be/ secur$ by _! co-op]ation4 ,& ! m ?or\gh-go+ ! co-op]ation ! bett] ! *ance ( survival4 ,!re w\ld be a di/9ct advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :5 inh]it$ t5d5cies ( indep5d5t orig9 co9cid$ 9 direction ) acquir$ modifications ( behavi\r2 a di/9ct disadvantage :5 su* inh]it$ t5d5cies 7 ( su* a "* z to ?w>t or div]t ! action ( intellig5ce4 ,?us any h]$it>y v>iations :i* co9cide 9 direction ) modifications ( behavi\r due to acquir$ habit w\ld be fav\r$ & fo/]$2 :ile su* v>iations z occurr$ on o!r & div]g5t l9es w\ld t5d to be we$$ out4 ,pr(essor ,m>k ,baldw91#df :o has indep5d5tly sugge/$ su* relation betwe5 modification & v>iation1 has appli$ to ! process ! t]m 8,organic ,selection20 b x may also be describ$ z ! natural selection ( co9cid5t v>iations4 ,x may be urg$1 !re=e1 t if natural selection be accept$ z a pot5t factor 9 organic evolution1 & unless good cases c be adduc$ 9 :i* natural selection c play no "p & yet habit has become in/9ctive1 we may adopt "s su* view z ! =ego+4 ,:ile /ill believ+ t !re is "s connection betwe5 habit & in/9ct1 we may reg>d ! connection z indirect & p]missive r ?an direct & transmissive4 ,we may look ^u "s habits z ! acquir$ modifications :i* fo/] ^? v>iations :i* are co9cid5t 9 direction1 & :i* g to ! mak+ ( in/9ct4 ,! net result ( a /udy ( in/9ctive behavi\r is to lead u to ! conclusion t its evolution runs p>allel ) ! evolution ( animal /ructure4 ,?is is p]haps be/ se5 9 ! case ( ^? insects 9 :i* typical in/9ctive acts are p]=m$ by l>v ( :olly diff]5t =m & /ructure1 ?\gh !y are /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! same species4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! cases ( ,sit>is1 ,argyromba1 & ,leucopsis :i* h be5 briefly describ$4 ,x is probable t 9 all cases ( in/9ctive action natural selection has be5 a co-op]at+ factor4 ,)\t go+ s f> z to ass]t ) ,pr(essor ,weismann ! 8all-suffici5cy ( natural selection10 we may e*o ! words ( ,pr(essor ,groos1#dg & say3 8,nev]!less1 we "k no pr9ciple except t ( selection1 & we mu/ g z f> z t w take u4 ,absolute k ( su* ph5om5a is unatta9able40 ,& 9 ?is conclusion we h ! support ( ,dr4 ,peckham1 :o says1#dh 8,we h f\nd !m ! in/9ctive acts ( solit>y wasps 9 all /ages ( _! developm5t1 & are conv9c$ t !y h pass$ ?r\gh _m degrees f ! simple to ! complex1 by ! action ( natural selection4 ,inde$1 we f9d 9 !m beautiful examples ( ! survival ( ! fitte/40 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,intellig5t ,,behavi\r ,i4--,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,intellig5t ,,behavi\r ,su* an animal z a newly hat*$ bird or an insect j set free f ! *rysalis is a go+ conc]n1 a liv+ creature4 ,x is ! be>] ( wond]fully complex automatic ma*9]y1 capable1 "u ! initiat+ influ5ce ( /imuli1 ( p]=m+ in/9ctive acts4 ,b if ?is 7 all we %\ld h no m ?an a cunn+ly wr\ght & self-develop+ automatic ma*9e4 ,:at ! creature does in/9ctively at fir/ x w\ld d always1 p]haps a little m smoo?ly z ! organic me*anism settl$ d[n to its "w--j z a /eam-eng9e goes m smoo?ly :5 x has be5 runn+ = a :ile2 b o!rwise ! action w\ld cont9ue un*ang$4 ,in/9ctive behavi\r w\ld rema9 unmodifi$ ?r\gh\t life4 ,! *ick1 h[ev]1 or ! imago insect is some?+ m ?an ?is4 ,x af=ds evid5ce ( ! accommodation ( behavi\r to v>y+ circum/ances4 ,x s acts z to lead u to inf] t !re are c5tres ( intellig5t control ?r\gh ! action ( :i* ! automatic behavi\r c be modifi$ 9 accordance ) ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,:51 = example1 a "y *ick walks t[>ds & pecks at a ladybird1 ! l ( :i* he has nev] be=e se51 ! behavi\r may be purely in/9ctive2 & s1 too1 :5 he simil>ly seizes a wasp-l>va4 ,ev5 :5 he rejects ! ladybird or swall[s ! l>va1 ?is may be directly due to unpleasant /imulation 9 ! "o case1 & pleasant 9 ! o!r4 ,b :51 aft] a few trials1 ! *ick leaves ladybirds unmole/$ :ile he seizes wasp-l>v ) increas$ en]gy1 he af=ds evid5ce ( selection bas$ on individual exp]i5ce4 ,& su* selection implies intellig5ce 9 almo/ its simple/ expression4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t1 :]eas in/9ctive behavi\r is prior to individual exp]i5ce1 intellig5t behavi\r is ! outcome & product ( su* exp]i5ce4 ,?is di/9ction is presumably cle> en\gh2 & x is "o t is bas$ on ! facts ( obs]vation4 ,b we mu/ n fail to notice t1 ?\gh ! logical di/9ction is q cle>1 ! acquir$ modifications ( behavi\r1 :i* we speak ( z intellig5t1 presuppose cong5ital modes ( response :i* are guid$ to f9] issues4 ,we may say1 !n1 t :]e ^! cong5ital modes ( response take ! =m ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 !re is suppli$ a g5]al plan ( action :i* intellig5ce p>ticul>izes 9 su* a mann] z to produce accommodation to ! conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,we h already frankly admitt$ t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 we d n "k ) any def9it5ess h[ intellig5t modification ( behavi\r is effect$4 ,b x seems probable t f all p>ts ( ! automatically work+ organic ma*9e messages come 9 to ! c5tres ( consci\s control1 & t 9 accordance ) ! net result ( all ^! messages1 & ! pa/ exp]i5ce :i* !y recall1 o!r messages g out to ! automatic c5tres1 &1 by *eck+ _! action "h & en=c+ x !re1 give new direction to ! result+ behavi\r4 ,if ?is be s1 ! consci\sness associat$ ) ! control-c5tres is l ! p]son :o sits 9 a c5tral (fice & guides ! work+ ( "s organiz$ sy/em 9 accordance ) ! in=mation he is con/antly receiv+2 :o s5ds messages to *eck activity 9 c]ta9 directions & to r5d] x m effici5t & vigor\s 9 o!rs4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t intellig5t guidance is1 at any rate 9 su* simple cases z ! selection ( a palatable grub & ! rejection ( a nause\s ladybird1 itself det]m9$ by in/9ctive likes & dislikes4 ,all "y *icks app>5tly f9d wasp-l>v palatable & ladybirds ! rev]se2 & ?is is j z mu* ! outcome ( h]$ity z ! in/9ctive act ( peck+4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 h]$ity det]m9es :at %all be select$ & :at reject$--s9ce ! likes & dislikes are !mselves in/9ctive--any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 cong5ital & acquir$ behavi\r seems to be evanesc5t4 ,n[1 if we apply to ! affective qualities ( m5tal /ates--! pleasurable tone or its opposite :i* *>act]ize su* /ates--! t]m 8in/9ctive10 we d s 9 ref]5ce to ! broad] psy*ological conception ( in/9ct1 r ?an 9 accordance ) ! n>r[] biological acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,= ! likes & dislikes con/itute "p ( ! conditions "u :i* ! behavi\r occurs1 & n elem5ts 9 ! co-ord9at$ response z su*4 ,h5ce x is pref]able to apply to ^! h]$it>y qualities ! t]m innate1 r ?an ! t]m in/9ctive4 ,b1 waiv+ ?is di/9ction1 x is true t su* pleasant or unpleasant qualities ( ! s5sory results ( /imuli are "p ( ! animal's h]$it>y outfit1 & are n acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,:at1 !n1 is acquir$8 ,:at "p does exp]i5ce play 9 ! developm5t ( intellig5t behavi\r8 ,let u consid] ! case ( ! *ick & ! ladybird1 & see :e!r x helps u to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,! *ick is /imulat$ to ! in/9ctive peck+ response by a small mov+ object4 ,t is ! fir/ sc5e ( ! little drama4 ,9 ! second sc5e ! ladybird is seiz$1 s5sory c5tres are unpleasantly /imulat$1 & ! insect is dropp$ or ?r[n on "o side ) signs ( disgu/4 ,let u grant t ?is av]sion ) its *>act]i/ic response is also in/9ctive4 ,!re is no h]$it>y connection betwe5 sc5e #a & sc5e #b4 ,aft] an int]val ! curta9 rises on act ii4 ,! *>act]s are ! same z 9 ! fir/ sc5e ( ! previ\s act4 ,b ! action ( ! drama is diff]5t4 ,! *ick does n seize ! ladybird4 ,:y8 ,because !re is an acquir$ connection betwe5 sc5es #a & #b ( ! previ\s act4 ,! *ick has ga9$ exp]i5ce ( ! nause\s "* ( ! insect1 & ?is exp]i5ce influ5ces & modifies 8 behavi\r4 ,! ess5tially new feature1 !re=e1 is ! e/abli%m5t ( a connection :i* is n provid$ ?r\gh inh]itance4 ,to put ! di/9ction 9 a brief =m1 we may say t in/9ct dep5ds on h[ ! n]v\s sy/em is built ?r\gh h]$ity2 :ile intellig5ce dep5ds ^u h[ ! n]v\s sy/em is develop$ ?r\gh use4 ,assum+ t an animal is capable ( ga9+ exp]i5ce & ( acquir+ new n]v\s connections 9 ! c\rse ( individual exp]i5ce1 x foll[s t1 z has already be5 indicat$1 in/9ctive behavi\r 9 its logical purity is only pres5t$ 9 ! fir/ p]=mance ( any giv5 co-ord9at$ act4 ,= aft] ?is ! animal has ga9$ exp]i5ce ( its p]=mance2 & ?is c no long] con=m to a def9ition ( in/9ct1 accord+ to :i* x is *>act]iz$ z 8prior to exp]i5ce40 ,on ! o!r h&1 intellig5t behavi\r _c be pres5t$ on ! fir/ occurr5ce ( any action1 s9ce !re is no prior exp]i5ce !re( 9 ! light ( :i* x may be guid$4 ,?is logical di/9ction may be express$ by say+ t in/9ctive behavi\r is always prior to exp]i5ce1 :ile intellig5t behavi\r is always subsequ5t to exp]i5ce4 ,:51 h[ev]1 in/9ctive proc$ure cont9ues ?r\gh\t life practically unmodifi$ or b little modifi$1 we may /ill class x "u in/9ct1 s9ce ! h]$it>y connections are /ill ! pr$om9ant factors4 ,& :]e ! latt] "p ( an in/9ctive sequ5ce is modifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! =m] "p1 we may /ill t]m ! modification intellig5t1 h[ev] small may be ! "t-int]val impli$ 9 ! ^w 8subsequ5t40 ,%>p z ! logical di/9ction is1 ! behavi\r ( animals is 9 ! ma9 a jo9t-product1 & :e!r we t]m x in/9ctive or intellig5t dep5ds ^u :e!r ! h]$it>y or ! acquir$ factor pr$om9ates4 ,pass+ on n[ to consid] "s fur!r *>act]i/ics ( intellig5t behavi\r1 we may fir/ notice :at ,dr4 ,*>les ,m]ci]1 9 8 "w on 8,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em & ! ,m9d10 t]ms ! f\r crit]ia ( intellig5ce4 ,intellig5ce is manife/$1 he says1 fir/ 9 ! novelty ( ! adju/m5ts to ext]nal circum/ances2 secondly1 9 ! complexity2 ?irdly 9 ! precision2 & f\r?ly1 9 deal+ ) ! circum/ances 9 su* a way z to extract f !m ! maximum ( b5efit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,leaf-case ( ,bir*-weevil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we are to reg>d ^! sev]ally z crit]ia ( intellig5ce1 ea* %\ld s]ve to diff]5tiate intellig5t f in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,! precision ( ! adju/m5t _c be reg>d$ z a crit]ion ( intellig5ce1 = _m in/9ctive acts are rem>kably precise4 ,no groc]'s assi/ant rolls a pap] funnel ) m precision ?an is display$ by ! bir*-weevil 7,rhyn*ites betul7 9 con/ruct+ ! leaf-case 9 :i* h] eggs are laid4 ,curv$ incisions ( con/ant =m are made on ei!r side ( ! midrib1 & are 8( j ! "r %ape to make ! ov]laps 9 ! roll+1 & to reta9 !m roll$ up ) ! lea/ t5d5cy to spr+ back10#di :ile ! tip ( ! leaf is roll$ into a second small] funnel1 :i* is tuck$ 9 to close ! op5+ ( ! fir/1 aft] ! eggs h be5 deposit$4 8,! eggs hat* 9 _! d>k place1 ea* giv+ rise to an eyeless maggot1 :i* ultimately leaves ! funnel = ! e>?4444 ,h5ce ! beetle _c be consid]$ to h ev] se5 a funnel1 & c]ta9ly has nev] witness$ ! con/ruction ( "o1 ?\gh1 :5 disclos$1 x almo/ imm$iately sets to "w to make funnels on ! complex & p]fect sy/em0 *>act]i/ic ( ! species4 ,?is is b "o example ( in/9ctive precision out ( ! _m :i* c\ld be cit$4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ?\gh1 :5 an act is o!rwise %[n to be intellig5t1 ! precision is a crit]ion ( ! level atta9$ by ! intellig5ce1 /ill x _c be said to be a crit]ion :i* s]ves to di/+ui% intellig5t f in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,nor c we reg>d app>5t prevision 7:i* is sometimes advanc$ z a crit]ion ( intellig5ce7 z specially di/9ctive ( intellig5t acts reg>d$ objectively 9 ! /udy ( animal behavi\r4 ,=1 z we h _h occasion to %[1 !re are _m in/9cts :i* display an a/oni%+ am\nt ( :at may be t]m$ 8bl9d prevision0--in/ance ! in/9ctive reg>d = ! welf>e ( unborn (fspr+ :i* ! "m w nev] see1 & ! in/9ctive prep>ation = an unkn[n future exi/5ce 9 ! case ( insect l>v4 ,nor1 aga91 is ! complexity ( ! adju/m5t di/9ctive ( intellig5ce z contra/$ ) in/9ct4 ,we h cit$ examples :i* af=d evid5ce ( mu* complexity 9 in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,! con/ruction & /orage ( ! ne/ among solit>y wasps1 & _! me?ods ( captur+ & convey+ ! insects or spid]s on :i* !y prey1 are suffici5tly complex4 ,s1 too1 is ! behavi\r ( ! ,sit>is l>va :i* atta*es itself to ! male bee1 passes to ! female1 & !n slips on to ! eggs %e lays2 & s1 aga91 is t ( ! ,yucca mo?1 :i* collects poll5 f ! an!rs1 conveys x to ! /igma1 & !n lays h] eggs among ! ovules4 ,^! cases %[1 too1 t ! circum/ances may be dealt ) 9 su* a way z to extract f !m ! maximum ( b5efit4 ,x w\ld be difficult intellig5tly to improve ^u ! mann] ( deal+ ) ! circum/ances display$ 9 _m famili> modes ( in/9ctive proc$ure4 ,!re rema9 ! novelty ( ! adju/m5t & ! individuality display$4 ,& "h we seem to h valid crit]ia ( intellig5t behavi\r4 ,! ability to p]=m acts 9 special adaptation to new circum/ances1 & ! individuality manife/$ 9 deal+ ) ! complex conditions ( a v>iable environm5t1--^! seem to be di/9ctive features ( intellig5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 in/9ctive behavi\r !re seems to be no *oice2 ! animal is impell$ to _! /]eotyp$ p]=mance ?r\gh impulse1 z by a /]n necessity2 !y are s f> f novel t !y are p]=m$ by e l individual ( ! species1 & h be5 s p]=m$ by _! ance/ors = g5]ations2 & 9 p]=m+ ! in/9ctive act1 ! animal seems to h no m individuality or orig9ality ?an a piece ( adequately w\nd clockwork4 ,grant+1 !n1 t behavi\r is %[n to be intellig5t by ! fact t !re is evid5ce ( pr(it+ by exp]i5ce1 we may say t ! level atta9$ by ! intellig5ce is indicat$ by ! complexity ( ! adju/m5t1 its precision1 ! individuality %[n1 ! am\nt ( prevision disclos$1 & 9 its be+ su* z to extract f ! circum/ances ! maximum ( b5efit4 ,_m ( ^! po9ts1 h[ev]1 s]ve equally well to m>k ! level ( in/9ctive proc$ure4 ,,ii4--,,intellig5t ,,behavi\r ,,9 ,,insects ,x is1 z we h se51 among ! high] inv]tebrates1 especially 9 insects1 t "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable & complex in/9cts may be f\nd4 ,!re is1#ej h[ev]1 a t5d5cy to ascribe ! behavi\r ( insects entirely to in/9ct1 )\t suffici5t evid5ce t nei!r imitation1 in/ruction1 nor intellig5t le>n+ play any "p4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 a survival ( ! old-fa%ion$ view t all ! acts ( ! l[] animals are p]=m$ f in/9ct1 :]eas ^? ( human be+s are to be reg>d$ z rational or intellig5t4 ,9 popul> writ+s & lectures1 = example1 we frequ5tly f9d "s or all ( ! foll[+ activities ( ant-life ascrib$ to in/9ct3 recognition ( memb]s ( ! same ne/2 p[]s ( communication2 keep+ aphides = ! sake ( _! sweet secretion2 collection ( aphid eggs 9 ,octob]1 hat*+ !m out 9 ! ne/1 & tak+ !m 9 ! spr+ to ! daisies1 on :i* !y fe$1 = pa/ure2 slave-mak+ & slave-keep+1 :i*1 9 "s cases1 is s anci5t a habit t ! enslav]s are unable ev5 to fe$ !mselves2 keep+ insects z bea/s ( burd51 e4g4 a k9d ( plant-bug to c>ry leaves2 keep+ beetles1 etc41 z dome/ic pets2 habits ( p]sonal cleanl9ess1 "o ant giv+ ano!r a bru%-up1 & be+ bru%$-up 9 return2 habits ( play & recreation2 habits ( bury+ ! dead2 ! /orage ( gra9 & nipp+ ! budd+ rootlet to prev5t fur!r g]m9ation2 ! habits describ$ by ,dr4 ,l9cecum1 & to a l>ge ext5t confirm$ by ,dr4 ,mc,cook1 t ,texan ants prep>e a cle>+ ar\nd _! ne/1 & six mon?s lat] h>ve/ ! ant-rice1 a k9d ( grass ( :i* !y are p>ticul>ly fond1 ev51 accord+ to ,l9cecum1 seek+ & s[+ ! gra9 :i* %all yield ?is h>ve/2 ! collection by o!r ants ( grass to manure ! soil on :i* !re subsequ5tly gr[s a species ( fungus ^u :i* !y fe$2 ! milit>y organization ( ! ecitons ( ,c5tral ,am]ica2 & s =?4 ,n[1 ! description ( ! habits ( ants =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 natural hi/ory4 ,b to class !m all z illu/rations ( in/9ct is a survival ( an old-fa%ion$ me?od ( treatm5t4 ,to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way4 ,suppose t an intellig5t ant 7 to make obs]vations on human behavi\r z display$ 9 "o ( our great cities or 9 an agricultural di/rict4 ,see+ s great an am\nt ( r\t9e "w go+ on ar\nd him1 might he n be 9 dang] ( reg>d+ all ?is z evid5ce ( h]$it>y in/9ct8 ,might he n f9d x difficult to obta9 satisfactory evid5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t ( our habits1 ( ! fact t ?is r\t9e "w has to "s ext5t to be le>nt8 ,might he n say 7p]haps n :olly )\t tru?71 8,i c see no?+ :atev] 9 ! tra9+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ^! m5 to fit !m = _! life-"w4 ,! tra9+ ( _! *ildr5 has no m app>5t be>+ ^u ! activities ( _! aft]-life ?an ! fe$+ ( our grubs has on ! duties ( ant-life4 ,& al?\gh we mu/ rememb]10 he might cont9ue1 8t ^! l>ge animals d n h ! advantage :i* we possess ( awak+ sudd5ly1 z by a new bir?1 to _! full faculties1 /ill1 z !y gr[ old]1 n[ "o & n[ ano!r ( _! def]r$ in/9cts is unfold$ & manife/$4 ,!y fall into ! r\t9e ( life ) little or no tra9+ z ! p]iod prop] to ! v>i\s in/9cts arrives4 ,if le>n+ !re( !re be1 x has at pres5t escap$ our obs]vation4 ,& su* intellig5ce z _! activities ev9ce 7& _m ( !m d %[ rem>kable adaptation to uni=m conditions ( life7 w\ld seem to be r ance/ral ?an ( ! pres5t "t2 z is %[n by ! fact t _m ( ! adaptations are direct$ r to pa/ conditions ( life ?an to ^? :i* n[ hold good4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( new em]g5cies to :i* _! in/9cts h n fitt$ !m1 ^! poor m5 are (t5 completely at a loss4 ,we _c b conclude1 !re=e1 t1 al?\gh %[n "u some:at diff]5t & less fav\rable conditions1 in/9ct occupies fully z l>ge a space 9 ! psy*ology ( man z x does 9 t ( ! ant1 :ile _! intellig5ce is f> less un]r+ &1 !re=e1 m>k$ly inf]ior to our own40 ,( c\rse1 ! views "h attribut$ to ! ant are v absurd4 ,b are !y mu* m absurd ?an ! views ( ^? :o1 on ! evid5ce :i* we at pres5t possess1 attribute all ! v>i$ activities ( ant-life to in/9ct8 ,take ! case ( ! ecitons1 or milit>y ants1 or ! h>ve/+ ants1 or ! ants t are said to keep draught-bugs z bea/s ( burd53 h we suffici5t evid5ce to enable u to affirm t ^! modes ( behavi\r are purely in/9ctive & n intellig5t2 t all ! v>i$ manuvres ( ! milit>y ants1 = example1 are display$ to ! full )\t any le>n+ or imitation1 )\t tea*+ & )\t intellig5ce on ! "p ( e individual 9 ! army4 ,t 9 "s cases !re is some?+ v l a tra9+ or education ( ! ant :5 x em]ges f ! pupa condition is r5d]$ probable by ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,=el4 ,z ,romanes says1#ea 8,! "y ant does n appe> to come into ! _w ) a full in/9ctive k ( all its duties z a memb] ( a social community4 ,x is l$ ab\t ! ne/ & #8tra9$ to a k ( dome/ic duties1 especially 9 ! case ( l>v4' ,lat] on1 ! "y ants are taught to di/+ui% betwe5 fri5ds & foes40 ,we h only to weigh ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d by su* obs]v]s z ,fabre & ,dr4 ,peckham to see t among ! solit>y wasps & mason bees ! behavi\r1 ?\gh f\nd$ on in/9ct1 is 9 l>ge degree modifi$ by intellig5ce4 ,! c>e ) :i* a site = ! tunnell$ ne/ 9 ! gr\nd is select$1 betok5s some?+ m ?an in/9ct4 ,! foll[+ is a slightly cond5s$ /atem5t ( ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,peckham's obs]vations on "o ( ! solit>y wasps 7,aporus fasciatus74#eb 8,we 7 work+ "o day 9 ! melon-field :5 we saw "o ( ^! little wasps go+ backw>ds & dragg+ a spid]4 ,%e twice left x on ! gr\nd :ile %e circl$ ab\t = a mom5t1 b soon c>ri$ x up on to "o ( ! l>ge melon leaves1 & left x !re :ile %e made a long & c>eful /udy ( ! locality1 skimm+ close to ! gr\nd 9 & out among ! v9es2 at l5g? %e w5t "u a leaf close to ! gr\nd1 & began to dig4 ,aft] h] head 0 well d[n 9 ! gr\nd we broke (f ! leaf t we might see h] me?od ( "w4 ,%e w5t on = t5 m9utes )\t notic+ ! *ange1 & !n1 )\t any circl+1 flew (f to visit h] spid]4 ,:5 %e tri$ to return to h] hole x 0 evid5t t "s l&m>k 0 miss+4 ,aga9 & aga9 %e zig-zagg$ f ! spid] to ! ne/+-place1 go+ by a sort ( pa? among ! v9es f leaf to leaf1 & f blossom to blossom1 b :5 %e rea*$ ! spot %e did n recognize x4 ,at la/ we laid ! leaf back 9 its place ov] ! op5+1 :5 %e at once w5t 9 & resum$ h] "w1 keep+ at x /eadily = t5 m9utes long]4 ,at ?is po9t %e sudd5ly rev]s$ h] op]ations1 & began to fill 9 ! hole t %e _h made4 ,%e !n glanc$ at ! spid]1 select$ a new place1 & began to dig aga94 ,?is hole 0 also fill$ 92 %e look$ once m at ! spid]1 & />t$ a ne/ 9 a new place4 ,?is1 9 turn1 0 soon ab&on$1 z 0 a f\r?4 ,! fif? beg9n+ 0 made "u a leaf t lay close to ! gr\nd1 b aft] tw5ty m9utes' "w ?is place also 0 ab&on$ & a six? />t$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 ! f9al *oice1 & aft] =ty-five m9utes sp5t 9 digg+ x 0 complet$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,solit>y ,wasp us+ a /one to beat d[n ! e>? ov] its ne/ 7aft] ,peckham74 ,?is description %[s an am\nt ( app>5t fa/idi\sness :i* is q irreconcilable ) ! hypo!sis t ! behavi\r is m]ely in/9ctive4 ,n less fa/idi\s are "s wasps 9 ! tempor>y closure ( ! hole ) a /one or pellet ( e>?1 ! op]ation be+ repeat$ sev]al times ) diff]5t cov]s be=e ! insect seems to be satisfi$2 :ile 9 o!r cases ! hole is hidd5 by br++ e>? 9 su* quantity z to r5d] ! place indi/+ui%able f ! re/ ( ! field4 ,b 9 "o case obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,peckham1 intellig5t proc$ure 0 c>ri$ s f> z app>5tly to involve ! use ( a tool1 ! same behavi\r hav+ be5 indep5d5tly obs]v$ 9 ! same g5us 7,ammophila7 by ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,willi/on ( ,kansas ,univ]sity4 8,j "h10 writes ,dr4 ,peckham1#ec 8mu/ be told ! /ory ( "o little wasp ^: individuality /&s out 9 our m9ds m di/9ctly ?an t ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,9 fill+ up h] ne/ %e put h] head d[n into x & bit away ! loose e>? f ! sides1 lett+ x fall to ! bottom ( ! burr[1 & !n1 aft] a quantity _h accumulat$1 jamm$ x d[n ) h] head4 ,e>? 0 !n br\ght f ! outside & press$ 91 & !n m 0 bitt5 f ! sides4 ,:51 at la/1 ! fill+ 0 level ) ! gr\nd1 %e br\ght a quantity ( f9e gra9s ( dirt to ! spot1 &1 pick+ up a small pebble 9 h] m&ibles1 us$ x z a hamm] 9 p\nd+ !m d[n ) rapid /rokes1 ?us mak+ ?is spot z h>d & firm z ! surr\nd+ surface4 ,be=e we c\ld recov] f our a/oni%m5t at ?is p]=mance %e _h dropp$ h] /one & 0 br++ m e>?1 & 9 a mom5t we saw h] pick up ! pebble & aga9 p\nd ! e>? into place ) x4 ,once m ! :ole process 0 repeat$1 & !n ! little creature flew away40 ,"h we h intellig5t behavi\r ris+ to a level to :i* "s w\ld apply ! t]m rational4 ,= ! act may be held to af=d evid5ce ( ! p]ception ( ! relation ( ! means employ$ to an end to be atta9$1 & "s g5]al conception ( purpose4 ,9 ?is section1 :i* deals ) description ( behavi\r bas$ on obs]vation1 ! psy*ological explanation _c be discuss$4 ,simil> indications ( delib]ate action may be held to be af=d$ by ! sometimes elaborate 8locality /udies0 :i* ^! insects seem to make1--by ! 8c>e t is tak5 by wasps to acqua9t !mselves ) ! surr\nd+s ( _! ne/s40 ,a ,sphex1 = example1 :i* _h p>tially made & !n ab&on$ sev]al ne/s1 left !m )\t any locality /udy2 b :5 %e _h complet$ a ne/ 9 a suitable spot %e made 8a mo/ ?or\gh & sy/ematic /udy ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,%e flew 9 & out among ! plants1 fir/ 9 n>r[ circles ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & !n 9 wid] & wid] ones z %e rose high] 9 ! air1 until at la/ %e took a /raight l9e & disappe>$ 9 ! di/ance40 ,ano!r species 7,c]c]is des]ta7 8has ! habit ( mak+ a numb] ( half circles 9 front ( ! ne/1 & !n1 aft] ris+ a little high]1 ( fly+ sev]al times completely r\nd x40 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is1 x seems1 s normal to ! species t x is probably f\nd$ on an in/9ctive basis4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,peckham1 9 comm5t+ on _! obs]vations1 say3#ed 8,if ! exam9ation ( ! objects ab\t ! ne/ makes no impression ^u ! wasp1 or if x is n rememb]$1 %e ought n to be inconv5i5c$ nor ?r[n (f h] track :5 we$s & /ones are remov$ & ! surface ( ! gr\nd is smoo!d ov]2 b ?is is j :at happ5s40 ,= conv5i5ce ( obs]vation !y 8sometimes g5tly mov$ int]cept+ objects to "o side1 b ev5 su* a slight *ange ?rew ! wasp out ( h] be>+s1 & made x difficult = h] to recov] h] treasure40 ,:]e wasps =m a numb] ( ne/s 9 a small plot ( gr\nd1 z 9 ! case ( ,bembex1 ea* kn[s & returns to its own hole1 z 0 prov$ by ,dr4 ,peckham1 :o m>k$ ! insects & _! ne/s ) pa9t4 ,s1 too1 ) reg>d to prey4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 obs]vations on ,pompilus1 ,fabre remov$ ! spid] :i* ! wasp _h deposit$ on a tuft ( vegetation be=e %e made h] ne/4 ,z %e 0 at "w b5ea? ! surface %e c\ld n see :at w5t on above gr\nd or :]e ! spid] _h be5 r$eposit$ "s tw5ty in*es f its =m] position4 ,on em]g+ f ! ne/ ! wasp w5t /raight to ! orig9al spot1 se>*$ r\nd x = "s "t1 !n made fur!r excursions1 & discov]$ ! spid]4 ,aft] slightly alt]+ its position1 & plac+ x on ano!r tuft ( vegetation1 %e return$ to h] subt]ranean lab\rs1 giv+ ! obs]v] an opportunity ( aga9 mov+ ! spid]4 ,five times did ,fabre repeat ! op]ation1 & e "t ! wasp return$ to ! spot :]e %e _h la/ deposit$ h] prey4 ,! same obs]v] records "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts ) ! mason bee1 ,*alicodoma4 ,! mud ne/s ( ! species inve/igat$ 7 affix$ to /ones on ! banks ( ! ,rhone4 ,:5 a ne/ 0 p>tially con/ruct$1 ! bee hav+ fl[n (f = m mat]ial1 ,fabre mov$ ! /one to a new position1 ne> at h& & easily visible f ! orig9al site4 ,! bee w5t /raight to ! place :]e ! ne/ _h be51 se>*$ ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 flew (f1 & return$ to ! same spot to cont9ue ! se>*4 ,if %e came across h] own ne/ 9 its new position %e did n recognize x z h]s1 b left x aft] exam9ation4 ,b if a /one ) ! ne/ ( ano!r bee 9 ab\t ! same /age ( con/ruction 0 plac$ 9 ! position occupi$ by h] own1 %e adopt$ x4 ,& :5 two ne/s ne> toge!r1 bo? half built1 7 transpos$1 ea* bee unhesitat+ly adopt$ ! ne/ :i* occupi$ ! position :]e its own ne/ _h be54 ,x may well seem /range t1 ! g5]al locality-memory be+ s well m>k$1 ! recognition ( ! p>ticul> /one & ne/ %\ld be defici5t4 ,?is may be due to ! fact t ! s-call$ comp\nd eyes are ! organs conc]n$ 9 locality vision1 :ile ! ocelli deal ) details at v close range1 & t ! =m] alone af=d ! requisite data = recognition2 by _! in/rum5tality alone arises ! consci\s situation :i* af=ds guidance 9 behavi\r4 ,& 9 t situation slight *anges :i* = u make x 8/ill ! same b ) a diff]5ce0 r5d] x no long] ! same = a be+ ( m limit$ intellig5ce--"o probably incapable ( analyz+ ! situation & see+ t ! sam5ess prepond]ates ov] ! diff]5ce4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! failure ( a bee to recognize its own ne/ "u circum/ances s =eign to its exp]i5ce z removal to a new spot may be p>allel$ ) :at ,i h obs]v$ 9 ! case ( /icklebacks4 ,a ne/ _h be5 built 9 a r\nd glass bell j> :i* /ood ne> a w9d[4 ,"s aquatic vegetation grew 9 ! tank1 & ! ne/ 0 built on ! w9d[ side4 ,an exp]im5t 0 made by turn+ ! l>ge bell j> ?r\gh a "r angle4 ,! male /ickleback se>*$ = its ne/ 9 ! old direction on ! w9d[ side--t is to say1 ! same position 9 ref]5ce to ! incid5ce ( ! light4 ,! se>* 01 ( c\rse1 fruitless1 & a new ne/ 0 begun 9 ?is position4 ,pres5tly ! old ne/ 0 discov]$1 & 0 !n vigor\sly de/roy$ 9 j ! same way z ! ne/ ( a rival is pull$ to pieces & scatt]$4 ,"h a new incid5ce ( light & new direction ( %ad[s seem$ to h completely trans=m$ ! visual situation4 ,to return to insects1 x is probable t ! hom+ faculty is n ! result ( an inborn my/]i\s in/9ct dep5d5t on "s s5se ( direction ( :i* we h no k1 b is bas$ ^u exp]i5ce ga9$ dur+ _! flight hi!r & ?i!r--t1 9 a ^w1 x is intellig5t & n in/9ctive4 ,exp]im5ts ( ,fabre at fir/ seem$ to sugge/ "s magnetic influ5ce to :i* bees 7 s5sitive2 = :5 a m9ute magnet 0 fix$ to a bee z x />t$ on its return j\rney1 ! insect 0 at fault2 b z a *eck exp]im5t he affix$ a piece ( /raw in/ead ( a magnet1 ) simil> results4 ,"s ( ,fabre's obs]vations & ^? ( ,dr4 ,be!#ee are difficult to reconcile ) ! hypo!sis t1 9 ! hom+1 guidance is due to acquir$ acqua9tance ) ! locality4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,"l ,avebury & ( ,romanes seem to fav\r ?is view4 ,romanes f\nd t :5 bees 7 tak5 inl& f _! hive ne> ! seabo>d1 & !n lib]at$1 !y return$ f consid]able di/ances1 ! :ole locality be+ famili>2 b tak5 to ! sea%ore1 :]e ! objects ar\nd !m 7 unfamili> 7s9ce ! sea%ore is n ! place :]e fl[]s & nect> are to be f\nd71 ! bees1 ?\gh n f> di/ant f ! hive1 7 nonpluss$ & lo/ _! way4 ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,peckham1 z ! result ( _! extremely c>eful obs]vations1 seem to h no d\bt t ! hom+ ( solit>y wasps is due to locality-exp]i5ce2 & ( ! social wasp1 ,poli/es fusca1 !y say3#ef 8,we h se5 ! "y work]s make repeat$ locality /udies :5 !y fir/ began to v5ture away f home1 b z !y occupy ! same ne/ all summ] !y1 ( c\rse1 gr[ m & m famili> ) _! surr\nd+s1 until !y become s ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) !m t !y c f9d _! way )\t ! lea/ difficulty4 ,we h no d\bt t ) !m1 z ) ! solit>y wasps1 ! faculty is n in/9ctive1 b is ! direct outcome ( individual exp]i5ce40 ,9 ! int]e/+ pages ( ! works 9 :i* ,dr4 & ,mrs4 ,peckham describe _! inve/igations1 !re are _m obs]vations :i* %[ t wasps are capable ( intellig5tly pr(it+ by ! exp]i5ce :i* _! in/9ctive behavi\r places !m 9 a position to acquire4 ,! inh]it$ t5d5cies & aptitudes pave ! way = acquir$ modification & accommodation ( behavi\r4 ,to cat* & p>alyze spid]s1 to dig & prep>e a tunnell$ ne/1 & to c>ry ! prey to ! ne/1 all ?is af=ds ! in/9ctive basis2 b :5 ! obs]v]s tell u t !y 8h sev]al times se5 wasps enl>ge _! holes :5 a trial _h demon/rat$ t a spid] w\ld n g 910 & ev5 on "o occasion )\t trial :5 an unusually bulky spid] 0 br\ght1 !re is some?+ beyond in/9ct2 !re is intellig5t adju/m5t to special circum/ances giv5 9 exp]i5ce4 ,presumably intellig5t is ! habit frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 "o species ( ,pompilus1 & occasionally 9 ano!r1 ( hang+ ! p>alyz$ spid] 9 a crot* ( a bran*+ /em1 usually ( bean or sorrel1 :]e x w be safe f ! depr$ation ( ants4 ,on "o occasion ,dr4 ,peckham1 desir\s ( see+ ! exact mann] 9 :i* ! victim 0 /ung1 sub/itut$ an unhurt spid] = t :i* ! wasp _h p>alyz$4#eg 8,accord+ to ! habit ( its species :5 dang] ?reat5s1 x kept p]fectly quiet1 & :5 ! wasp return$ x 0 hang+ !re z motionless z a piece ( dead matt]2 b %e w\ld n t\* x2 %e hunt$ all ov] t plant & !n ov] sev]al o!rs ne> to x1 return+ cont9ually to look aga9 at ! "r spot4 ,aft] five m9utes %e flew (f 9 ! direction ( ! woods to cat* ano!r spid]4 ,:y did %e g to ! woods8 ,:y did %e n take ! "o t hung !re 9 pla9 view8 ,x c\ld n h be5 due to ! fact t we _h h&l$ ! spid]1 s9ce :51 on o!r occasions1 we took "o t _h be5 p>alyz$1 exam9$ x1 & !n return$ x to ! wasp1 %e accept$ x )\t hesitation4444 ,9 =ty m9utes %e came back ) ano!r spid]1 b1 in/ead ( tak+ x into ! ne/1 %e hung x ^u a bean plant ne> by1 & !n proce$$ to dig a new hole a few in*es di/ant f ! fir/4 ,fooli% little wasp1 :at a wa/e ( lab\r6 ,truly1 if y are end[$ ) en]gy beyond y\r fell[s1 y are b meagrely furni%$ ) reason40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,spid]s plac$ by ,solit>y ,wasps 9 ! crot*es ( bran*+ /ems 7aft] ,peckham74 ,"h we h ! r\t9e ( in/9ct--! normal mode ( hunt+ & captur+ prey1 ! normal proc$ure ( br++ ! spid]1 & !n mak+ ! ne/1 pr$om9at+ ov] any t5d5cy to initiate intellig5t improvem5ts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n surprise u1 9 :om ! =ce ( habit is (t5 s /rong4 ,nor %\ld we feel surprise at ! app>5tly /upid tol]ance "s ( ^! wasps display 9 pres5ce ( p>asites4 ,bembex1 :i* does n /ore & close its cell1 b br+s cont9ual supplies ( food to its l>v1 is n di/urb$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! cell ( ! grubs ( ! p>asitic fly ,miltogramma4 ,%e c\ld1 we ?9k1 easily free h] ne/ ( ^! intrud]s1 b %e cont9ues to br+ supplies1 ?\gh ! p>asites may absorb x all & leave h] own l>v to p]i%4 ,%e adapts h] proc$ure to ! new conditions1 be+ incapable ( kn[+ t %e is fe$+ ! enemies ( h] race4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to %[ ! ext5t & ! limitations ( ! intellig5ce ( su* insects z ! solit>y wasps4 ,x w be notic$ t ! acquir$ modifications ( behavi\r occur 9 close connection ) ! inh]it$ gr\nd-plan ( in/9ctive proc$ure4 ,we %all h occasion to note ! same connection 9 our discussion ( social behavi\r 9 ! next *apt]4 ,& we %all consid] ! influ5ce ( intellig5ce on in/9ct be=e we br+ ?is *apt] to a close4 ,,iii4--,,"s ,,results ,,( ,,exp]im5t ,x is unnecess>y to give a resum ( ent]ta9+ anecdotes illu/rative ( intellig5t behavi\r 9 ! high] animals4 ,su* anecdotes are too (t5 ! outcome ( casual obs]vations by untra9$ obs]v]s2 & ! int]pretation put ^u ! facts frequ5tly %[s a want ( psy*ological discrim9ation4 ,su* is n ! mat]ial ( :i* sci5ce is con/itut$4 ,:at is ne$$ is sy/ematic obs]vation conduct$1 s f> z possible1 "u controll$ conditions4 ,two ?+s are necess>y3 fir/1 to di/+ui% in/9ctive behavi\r1 inh]it$ z su*1 f ! acquir$ modifications or new dep>tures due to intellig5ce2 & secondly1 to det]m9e ! me?od & range ( intellig5t proc$ure4 ,^! problems c only be solv$ 9 _! entirety by a complete k ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! animal conc]n$4 ,b !y may be attack$ 9 detail by a sy/ematic /udy ( p>ticul> modes ( behavi\r1 & by an inve/igation into _! mann] ( orig94 ,t ?is may be done ) "s approa* to accuracy1 resort mu/ be _h to exp]im5t1 :i* p]mits ( obs]vation "u controll$ conditions4 ,to asc]ta91 = example1 h[ f> ne/-build+ is in/9ctive 9 birds1 ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,budgett hat*$ a h5 gre5f9* "u a can>y4 ,9 ! foll[+ autumn he b\ght a cag$ bird1 a cock1 probably ( ! same ye>1 & 9 ! succe$+ spr+ turn$ ! pair into a l>ge avi>y1 supply+ su* mat]ial z twigs1 rootlets1 dri$ grass1 moss1 fea!rs1 %eep's wool & horsehair4 ,! h5 soon began to build1 ! cock bird tak+ no %>e 9 ! "w1 & f9i%$ h] ne/ 9 a few days4 ,on c>eful comp>ison x 0 f\nd to resemble t ( a wild gre5f9* 9 e p>ticul>1 be+ made ( wool1 roots1 & moss1 l9$ ) horsehair4 ,a second ne/ ! avi>y gre5f9* built 0 also q normal4 ,9 ! case ( a bullf9* :i* ,mr4 ,budgett re>$1 hav+ obta9$ x :5 a few weeks' old1 ! fir/ ne/ 0 compos$ ( dri$ grass ) a little wool & hair1 b )\t ei!r rootlets or twigs4 ,a second :i* %e built 01 h[ev]1 q typical1 made ( f9e twigs & roots1 & l9$ ) horsehair2 z 0 also a ?ird ne/4 ,x is j possible1 ?\gh mo/ improbable1 t ! bullf9* utiliz$ its ?ree weeks' exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! ne/ f :i* x 0 tak54 ,b ,mr4 ,j5n] ,weir describes#eh obs]vations on can>ies 9 :i* ?is s\rce ( exp]i5ce is exclud$4 8,x is usual10 he says1 8) can>y fanci]s to take out ! ne/ con/ruct$ by ! p>5t birds1 & to place a felt ne/ 9 its place1 & :5 h] "y are hat*$1 & old en\gh to be h&l$1 to place a second clean ne/1 also ( felt1 9 ! box1 remov+ ! o!r4 ,b ,i nev] knew t can>ies s re>$ fail$ to make a ne/ :5 ! bre$+ "t arriv$4 ,i h1 on ! o!r h&1 m>vell$ to see h[ l a wild bird's ! ne/s are con/ruct$4 ,x is cu/om>y to supply !m ) a small set ( mat]ials1 su* z moss & hair4 ,!y use ! moss = ! f\ndation1 & l9e ) ! f9] mat]ials1 j z a wild goldf9* w\ld d40 ,exp]im5t seems1 !re=e1 to %[ 9 a way1 & ) a cle>ness impossible ( atta9m5t by obs]vation "u natural uncontroll$ conditions1 t ne/-build+ 9 birds is in/9ctive4 ,t ! mann] & me?od ( proc$ure is (t5 modifi$ 9 accordance ) special conditions--t ! in/9ctive outl9e ( nidification receives its f9al t\*es ?r\gh individual exp]i5ce--is sometimes se5 "u nature1 & m (t5 "u ! semi-exp]im5tal conditions ( dome/ication4 ,?us ?ree pairs ( pigeons 9 ! ,wilson ,t[] ( ,clifton ,college made _! ne/s 9 #ahih1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,playne1 ( galvaniz$ iron wire1 pieces ( :i* 7 left 9 a corn] at ! top ( ! t[]1 ?us af=d+ a p>allel to ! behavi\r ( ! unconv5tional cr[ ( ,calcutta1 m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,headley1#ei :i* made its ne/ ( soda-wat] bottle wires1 :i* x pick$ up 9 a back y>d4 ,b ev5 9 ?is matt] exp]im5t s]ves to br+ out cle>ly ! selective influ5ce :i* is ex]cis$ by intellig5ce4 ,bolton1#fj 9 #agib1 obs]v$ a pair ( goldf9*es beg9n+ to build _! ne/ 9 8 g>d54 ,!y =m$ ! gr\nd-"w ( moss1 grass1 etc41 z usual2 b on 8 scatt]+ small p>cels ( wool 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! g>d5 !y1 9 great measure1 left (f ! use ( _! own /uff & us$ ! wool4 ,aft]w>ds he gave !m cotton1 & !y !n us$ ?is in/ead ( ! wool2 !n he suppli$ f9e d[n1 & !y f9i%$ _! "w ) ?is1 leav+ ! wool & cotton4 ,9 /udy+ ! behavi\r ( wild animals "u natural conditions1 x mu/ always be difficult to di/+ui% ! cong5ital basis f ! acquir$ elem5ts2 = bo? t5d to br+ ab\t a work+ adju/m5t to ! conditions ( life1 & we c seldom h opportunities ( trac+ ! int]play ( ! factors :i* produce ! in/9ct-habits ( adult life4 ,b "u dome/ication we seek to br+ ab\t a new work+ adju/m5t to conditions impos$ by man4 ,! skilful tra9] utilizes ! natural in/9ctive t5d5cies z a basis2 &1 by a sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 leads ! intellig5t modifications ( behavi\r along l9es direct$ by 8 delib]ate purpose4 ,! conditions are l>gely ^? ( exp]im5t1 & !y br+ out ! play & range ( intellig5ce 9 a way :i* w\ld o!rwise elude our obs]vation4 ,! tra9+ ( falcons = ! *ase af=ds a good illu/ration1 s9ce !y _c be br$ 9 conf9em5t1 & ! effects ( tra9+ _c !re=e be h]$it>y4 ,! falcon]'s object is to modify ! cong5ital in/9ctive behavi\r ( a bird ( prey = ! purposes ( sport4 ,%e is tra9$ to ! lure at fir/ at %ort di/ances1 & /ep by /ep ?r\gh long] flights2 %e is taught by snat*+ away ! lure to /oop at x repeat$ly z (t5 z x is j]k$ aside2 & !n %e is tra9$ on liv+ qu>ry1 at fir/ "u easy conditions1 till ev5tually %e c be fl[n at a wild bird4 ,& z a result a well-tra9$ falcon w foll[ h] ma/] f field to field1 regulat+ h] flight by 8 movem5ts1 always ready = a /oop :5 ! qu>ry is sprung4 ,! fact t %e c be ?us educat$ = h] "w %[s t h] behavi\r is pla/ic1 & c be m\ld$ by intellig5ce4 ,exp]im5tal conditions reveal ! fact2 b "u nature ! m\ld+ influ5ce ( intellig5ce is presumably n less important1 ?\gh x is m directly 9 l9e ) ! cong5ital in/9ctive t5d5cies4 ,t mu* ( ! behavi\r ( ! high] animals is guid$ by exp]i5ce simil> to t :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 _! tra9+ "u ! exp]im5tal conditions ( dome/ication is g5]ally admitt$4 ,b :at are ! range & limits ( animal intellig5ce1 & :e!r x atta9s ! level ( rational conduct1 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( ! t]m 8rational10 are que/ions op5 to discussion1 to :i* answ]s are m likely to be obta9$ ?r\gh exp]im5t ?an by *ance obs]vations4 ,be=e giv+ "s ( ! results ( su* exp]im5t x w be well to rev]t to ! di/9ction1 :i* 0 drawn 9 ! second *apt]1 betwe5 ! l[] or intellig5t /age ( m5tal developm5t & ! high] or rational /age4 ,x w be rememb]$ t rational processes 7 *>act]iz$ by ! fact t ! situations conta9 ! products ( reflective ?\ght1 presumably abs5t 9 ! e>li] /ages ( developm5t2 t !y 7 fur!r *>act]iz$ by a new purpose or end ( consci\sness1 namely1 to expla9 ! situations :i* at an e>li] /age are m]ely accept$ z !y are giv5 9 pres5tation or re-pres5tation2 !y require delib]ate att5tion to ! relation%ips :i* hold good among ! sev]al elem5ts ( successive situations2 & !y involve1 s f> z behavi\r is conc]n$1 ! int5tional application ( an ideal s*eme ) ! object ( rational guidance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! animal at ! /age ( intellig5t behavi\r deals ) ! circum/ances ( 8 comp>atively simple life by mak+ use ( ! p>ticul> situations :i* h be5 pres5t$ to consci\sness 9 ! c\rse ( 8 practical exp]i5ce4 ,if su* an animal be plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( new circum/ances he has to f9d out by a process ( trial & error h[ !y are to be met4 ,aft] a long] or %ort] p]iod ( trial1 guid$ only by p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 he *ances to hit ^u a mode ( proc$ure :i* is successful4 ,! successful act is !n incorporat$ 9 a new situation2 at fir/1 p]haps1 only incompletely4 ,! association is ev5tually e/abli%$ by repetition1 ?r\gh :i* is acquir$ ! habit ( do+ ! "r ?+ 9 ! appropriate mann]4 ,:y he does ?is & n some?+ else1 9 s f> z he is intellig5t & n rational1 he probably nei!r kn[s nor has ! wit to consid]4 ,! satisfaction ( success suffices = intellig5ce z su*4 ,if ! circum/ances be s modifi$ z to r5d] ! p>ticul> mode ( meet+ !m ineffectual1 aft] try+ aga9 & aga9 9 ! old way1 he w sometimes /umble ^u ! prop] mode ( ov]com+ ! difficulty1 & aft] do+ s two or ?ree times a new consci\s situation involv+ ! requisite associations w be e/abli%$1 & ! appropriate behavi\r w become habitual4 ,b :y ?is new mode ( proc$ure r ?an any o!r is adopt$1 intellig5ce z su* does n "k1 because x does n analyze ! situation & dis5tangle ! ess5tial relation%ips4 ,! satisfaction ( success aga9 suffices4 ,9 a ^w1 su* an animal 9 ! p]ceptual /age ( m5tal developm5t seems want+ 9 ! p[] ( reflection4 ,he does n appe> to %[ evid5ce ( fram+ any?+ l a g5]al s*eme ( k :i* he c apply to ! solution ( p>ticul> problems1 ( a practical nature1 involv+ difficulties & ob/acles4 ,! me?od ( intellig5ce--9 ! s5se 9 :i* we are us+ ?is t]m--! me?od ( v>i$ trial & error ) ! utilization ( *ance success1 is a l5g?y & some:at clumsy process2 b x suffices4 ,n[ contra/ x ) ! proc$ure ( a rational animal1 su* z man is or may be4 ,:5 he is confront$ by a difficulty he is n cont5t to meet x by try+ ?is way1 & t way1 & ano!r way1 anyh[1 & tru/+ to *ance to br+ success1 b he consid]s ! problem 9 all its relations ) a view to asc]ta9+ ! ess5tial nature ( ! difficulty4 ,= ea* attempt$ mode ( meet+ ! case he has a def9ite reason4 ,he kn[s :y he does ?is & n t4 ,he has a plan or s*eme :i* he puts into execution4 ,& if x fail1 he is n cont5t till he f9ds out :]e9 ! failure lay4 ,?is enables him to plan a bett] s*eme4 ,he sees :y x is bett]2 & if at la/ he be successful by a happy hit1 z 9 ! *ance proc$ure ( intellig5ce1 he looks = ! reason ( x4 ,& see+ :y ?is =tunate attempt1 unlike 8 previ\s ef=ts1 j meets ! case1 he repeats x because he p]ceives t h]e9 lies ! ess5tial solution ( ! difficulty4 ,bo? 9 ! case ( intellig5ce & 9 t ( reason1 z "h di/+ui%$1 pres5t proc$ure is bas$ ^u pa/ exp]i5ce2 b reason has built ^u ! f\ndations ?us laid an ord]ly s*eme1 & kn[s its :ys & :]e=es1 :ile intellig5ce is at ! m]cy ( *ance associations4 ,! reason = success x has n ! wit to assign4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases may be put 9 ano!r way by say+ t ! intellig5t be+ =ms s5sory impressions & s5sory images l9k$ toge!r by bonds ( association1 comb9+ & coalesc+ to con/itute a consci\s situation effective 9 behavi\r "u ! guid+ influ5ce ( pleasure & pa92 :ile ! rational be+ n only does all ?is1 b goes fur!r4 ,he fixes 8 att5tion on ! way 9 :i* ! elem5ts 9 ! situation are connect$ & relat$2 he builds an ideal framework on :i* ! s5sory impressions are set or move 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,& x is ?is s*eme1 fa%ion$ by reason & trans=m+ ! situation1 :i* he utilizes 9 deal+ ) difficulties4 ,yet ano!r way ( putt+ ! same ess5tial di/9ction is to say t intellig5ce deals ) pictures1 ei!r directly pres5t$ to ! s5ses or call$ up 9 re-pres5tation4 ,if we /ate ! matt] ?us1 h[ev]1 we mu/ rememb] t ! 8pictures0 may be pa9t$ 9 col\rs suppli$ by any ( ! s5ses2 & t smells1 ta/es1 s\nds1 t\*es1 pressures1 limb-movem5ts1 & s =?1 are elem5ts 9 ! pictur$ product4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 we may say t intellig5ce deals ) s5sory impressions & _! reviv$ images 9 concrete & p>ticul> situations2 :ile reason analyzes ! pictures1 & extracts f !m g5]al notions 9 t]ms ( :i* ! pictures may be expla9$4 ,= example1 we picture a /one fall+ to ! e>?2 b we expla9 x by ! g5]al notion ( gravitative attraction4 ,! conception =ms "p ( our ideal s*eme ( k1 :i* is n itself picturable1 ?\gh ?is or t example ( its action may be pres5t$ or re-pres5t$ 9 s5sory imag]y4 ,once m we may say--& ?is way ( look+ at ! "q arises naturally out ( :at has gone be=e--t intellig5ce deals ) concrete examples1 & does n rise to ! ab/ract & g5]al rule4 ,! ideal s*eme ( reason is ! result ( ab/raction & g5]alization4 ,x is a framework ( conceptions :i* c be appli$ to ! p>ticul> facts :i* fall "u obs]vation to see :e!r x fits & meets ! case4 ,intellig5ce has to deal ) ! facts z !y pres5t !mselves1 )\t ! aid ( an organiz$ sy/em ( k built up into an ideal s*eme4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to indicate ! di/9ction betwe5 ! me?od ( intellig5ce & t ( reason4 ,x may1 no d\bt1 be said t ! t]m9ology us$ is op5 to criticism2 =1 on ! "o h&1 ! words 8intellig5ce0 & 8intellig5t0 are frequ5tly us$ z synonym\s ) 8reason0 & 8rational20 &1 on ! o!r h&1 acts requir+ nei!r ab/raction1 g5]alization1 nor ! application ( any s*eme ( k are frequ5tly spok5 ( z 8rational40 ,h5ce !re is1 x may be urg$1 "s dang] ( misund]/&+4 ,?is may be grant$4 ,& unless "s su* re/riction ( mean+ "u suitable t]ms be accept$ by psy*ologi/s1 misund]/&+ w cont9ue4 ,m ess5tial1 h[ev]1 ?an ! di/9ctive t]ms we are to use is ! di/9ction ( me?od :i* und]lies !m4 ,t1 ,i tru/1 is s\nd4 ,dr4 ,l9dley1 9 an int]e/+ pap] on 8,a ,/udy ( ,puzzles10#fa has utiliz$ ! di/9ction 9 8 inve/igation ( ! m5tal developm5t ( *ildr51 & has f\nd t ! proc$ure ( "y *ildr5 is pr$om9antly ( ! 8s5se-trial & error0 ord] :i* has above be5 t]m$ intellig5t2 & he expresses ! op9ion t 8mo/ ( ! adaptations ( animals are on ?is s5se-trial & error level40 ,su* c]ta9ly seems to be ! conclusion to be drawn f my own exp]im5tal obs]vations on dogs4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 ass]t$ t ! behavi\r ( a dog ) a /ick 9 8 m\?1 :5 he comes to a n>r[ gap1 %[s t he at once p]ceives ! nature ( ! difficulty1 & meets x 9 a rational mann] by adopt+ ! appropriate plan ( action4 ,he pulls ! /ick ?r\gh by "o end4 ,b exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i h else:]e describ$1#fb %[$ t a fox t]ri]1 f\rte5 mon?s old1 seem$ to be incapable ( p]ceiv+ ! nature ( ! difficulty :i* v]tical iron rail+s pres5t$ to 8 passage ) a /ick 9 8 m\?1 & only imp]fectly le>nt to ov]come x aft] _m ineffectual trials & _m failures4 ,! results obta9$ on ! fir/ aft]noon may be quot$ to indicate ! nature ( ! evid5ce4 ,! dog 0 s5t aft] a %ort /ick into a field1 & _h to pass ?r\gh v]tical rails ab\t six in*es ap>t4 ,on 8 return ! /ick caught at ! ends4 ,i :i/l$ & turn$ z if to leave2 & ! dog pu%$ & /ruggl$ vigor\sly4 ,he !n retir$ into ! field1 lay d[n1 & began gnaw+ ! /ick1 b1 :5 call$1 came sl[ly up to ! rail+s & /uck aga94 ,aft] "s ef=ts he put 8 head on "o side1 & br\ght ! /ick1 a %ort "o1 ?r\gh4 ,aft] patt+ & enc\rag+ him1 ,i s5t him aft] x aga94 ,on 8 return he came up to ! rail+s ) m confid5ce1 b1 hold+ ! /ick by ! middle1 f\nd 8 passage b>r$4 ,aft] "s /ruggles he dropp$ x & came ?r\gh )\t x4 ,s5t aft] x aga91 he put 8 head ?r\gh ! rail+s1 seiz$ ! /ick by ! middle1 & !n pull$ ) all 8 might1 danc+ up & d[n 9 8 endeav\rs to effect a passage4 ,turn+ 8 head 9 8 ef=ts1 he at la/ br\ght ! /ick ?r\gh4 ,a ?ird "t he 0 aga9 foil$2 aga9 dropp$ ! /ick2 & aga9 seiz+ x by ! middle tri$ to pull x ?r\gh4 ,i !n plac$ ! /ick s t he c\ld easily seize x by "o end & draw x ?r\gh ! op5+ betwe5 ! rails4 ,b :5 ,i s5t him aft] x1 he w5t ?r\gh into ! field1 pick$ up ! /ick by ! middle1 & tri$ to pu% 8 way betwe5 ! rail+s1 succe$+1 aft] _m abortive attempts1 by hold+ 8 head on "o side4 ,subsequ5t trials on _m occasions yield$ simil> results4 ,b ! foll[+ summ]1 :5 ,i resum$ ! exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 able ) "s guidance to tea* him to br+ a long /ick to ! rail+s1 drop x1 & !n draw ! /ick ?r\gh by "o end2 ?\gh ev5 !n1 if he _h dropp$ x s t "o end j caught a rail1 he (t5 fail$1 %ak+ 8 head vigor\sly1 dropp+ ! /ick & seiz+ x aga91 & repeat+ ?is behavi\r until x *anc$ to fall 9 a m fav\rable position4 ,he did n app>5tly p]ceive t by g5tly mov+ ! /ick a little "o way or o!r ! difficulty c\ld be simply ov]come ) little ef=t4 ,nor :5 giv5 a crook$ /ick1 :i* caught 9 a rail1 did he %[ any sign ( p]ceiv+ t by pu%+ ! /ick & free+ ! crook he c\ld pull ! /ick ?r\gh4 ,ea* "t ! crook caught he pull$ ) all 8 /r5g?1 seiz+ ! /ick n[ at ! end1 n[ 9 ! middle1 & n[ ne> ! crook4 ,at l5g? he seiz$ ! crook itself1 & ) a wr5* broke x (f4 ,a man :o 0 pass+1 & :o _h paus$ = a c\ple ( m9utes to wat* ! proce$+s1 said1 8,clev] dog t1 sir2 he kn[s :]e ! hit* d lie40 ,! rem>k 0 ! *>act]i/ic outcome ( two m9utes' *ance obs]vation4 ,dur+ ! half h\r or m dur+ :i* ,i _h wat*$ ! dog he _h tri$ ne>ly e possible way ( hold+ & tugg+ at ! /ick4 ,su* is ! mode ( behavi\r bas$ on intellig5ce--cont9u$ trial & failure1 until a happy effect is rea*$1 n by me?odically plann+1 b by *ance4 ,two ( my fri5ds criticiz$ ^! results1 & said t !y only %[$ h[ /upid my dog 04 ,_! dogs w\ld h act$ v diff]5tly4 ,i sugge/$ t ! "q c\ld easily be put to ! te/ ( exp]im5t4 ,! behavi\r ( ! dog 0 9 ea* case--! "o a v intellig5t ,york%ire t]ri]1 ! o!r an ,engli% t]ri]--simil> to t above describ$4 ,! own] ( ! latt] 0 some:at annoy$1 us$ =cible language1 & told ! dog t he c\ld d x p]fectly well if he tri$4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ) my fox t]ri] on ! me?od adopt$ 9 seiz+ & c>ry+ diff]5tly balanc$ objects1 ,i us$ 7#a7 a /raight /ick1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( :i* 0 at ! middle2 7#b7 a ,kaffir knob-k]rie1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( :i* 0 ab\t six in*es f ! knob2 7#c7 a light geological hamm]2 & 7#d7 a heavi] hamm]4 ,9 ! la/1 ! c5tre ( balance 0 close to ! hamm] head4 ,! net result ( ! obs]vations 0 t ! be/ place = seiz+ & hold+ ! object 0 hit ^u 9 ea* case aft] indef9ite trials2 t aft] ?ree or f\r days' cont9u\s exp]i5ce ) "o 7say ! knob-k]rie71 ano!r 7say ! /ick7 0 at fir/ seiz$ ne>] "o end1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( ! m rec5t association2 & t !re 0 little indication ( ! dog's seiz+ any "o ( ! f\r at once 9 ! "r place1 t is to say1 ! po9t ( seizure 0 n cle>ly diff]5tiat$ 9 accordance ) ! look ( ! object4 ,i ti$ a piece ( /r+1 9 lat] trials1 r\nd ! c5tre ( balance1 b ?is1 at ! "t ( ! dog's dea?1 _h n s]v$ z a sure guide to 8 exp]i5ce4 ,! way 9 :i* my dog le>nt to lift ! lat* ( ! g>d5 gate1 & ?us let himself out1 af=ds a good example ( intellig5t behavi\r4 ,! iron gate outside my h\se is held to by a lat*1 b sw+s op5 by its own weight if ! lat* be lift$4 ,:5ev] he want$ to g out ! fox t]ri] rais$ ! lat* ) ! back ( 8 head1 & ?us releas$ ! gate1 :i* swung op54 ,n[ ! "q 9 any su* case is3 ,h[ did he le>n ! trick8 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case ! "q c be answ]$1 because he 0 c>efully wat*$4 ,:5 he 0 put outside ! door1 he naturally want$ to get out into ! road1 :]e !re 0 mu* to tempt him--! *ance ( a run1 o!r dogs to sniff at1 possibly cats to be worri$4 ,he gaz$ eag]ly out ?r\gh ! rail+s on ! l[ p>apet wall %[n 9 ! illu/ration2 & 9 due "t *anc$ to gaze out "u ! lat*1 lift+ x ) 8 head4 ,he )drew 8 head & look$ out else:]e2 b ! gate _h swung op54 ,"h 0 ! =tunate occurr5ce aris+ out ( natural t5d5cies 9 a dog4 ,b ! association betwe5 look+ out j !re & ! op5 gate ) a free passage into ! road is some:at indirect4 ,! coalesc5ce ( ! pres5tative & re-pres5tative elem5ts into a consci\s situation effective = ! guidance ( behavi\r 0 n effect$ at once4 ,aft] "s t5 or twelve exp]i5ces1 9 ea* ( :i* ! exit 0 m rapidly effect$ ) less gaz+ out at wrong places1 ! fox t]ri] _h le>nt to g /raight & )\t hesitation to ! "r spot4 ,9 ?is case ! lift+ ( ! lat* 0 unque/ionably hit on by accid5t1 & ! trick 0 only r5d]$ habitual by repeat$ association 9 ! same situation ( ! *ance act & ! happy escape4 ,once firmly e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 ! behavi\r rema9$ con/ant ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! dog's life1 "s five or six ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,fox-t]ri] lift+ ! lat* ( a gate4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,%ell>d obs]v$#fc an act ( simil> import 9 a ,scot* /agh\nd1 :i* 8appe>$ at fir/ to be ! result ( ?\ght10 b :i*1 on clos] obs]vation1 0 cle>ly se5 to be ! result ( intellig5ce 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! dog releas$ ! lev]-lat* ( a y>d door4 8,at fir/ he rais$ 8 paws to ! door & scrat*$ viol5tly1 manife/+ v>i\s signs ( impati5ce4 ,8 scrat*es1 :i* ext5d$ f ! top ( ! door d[nw>ds1 & ov] ! :ole area1 w\ld ?us inevitably at "s "t or o!r rea* ! h&le ( ! lat*1 :i* 0 ?us /ruck =cibly d[nw>ds1 ! lat* itself ris+ upw>ds4 ,! door w\ld !n op5 f ! weight ( ! dog pu%+ aga9/ x4 ,! dog always op5$ ! door 9 ?is mann] f ! "t :5 ! incid5t 0 fir/ notic$ until he left1 a p]iod ( ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,! door 0 op5$ ) no great] ease at ! expiration ( t p]iod ?an at ! comm5cem5t4 ,8 paws w\ld /rike v>i\s p>ts ( ! door1 & he nev] appe>$ to ex]cise any degree ( judgm5t 9 ! localization ( 8 /rokes1 ! fact ( 8 paws /rik+ ! h&le ( ! lat* be+ a necess>y result1 provid+ ! dog _h suffici5t pati5ce & /r5g? to cont9ue40 ,"o or two m exp]im5ts ) my fox t]ri] may be briefly describ$4 ,i wat*$ 8 behavi\r :5 a solid indi>ubb] ball 0 ?r[n t[>ds a wall /&+ at "r angles to its c\rse4 ,at fir/ he foll[$ x "r up to ! wall & !n back z x reb\nd$4 ,s long z x travell$ ) su* velocity z to be only j ahead ( him he pursu$ ! same c\rse4 ,b :5 x 0 ?r[n m viol5tly1 s z to meet him on ! reb\nd z he ran t[>ds ! wall1 he le>nt t he 0 ?us able to seize x z x came t[>ds him4 ,&1 pr(it+ by ! incid5tal exp]i5ce ?us ga9$1 he acquir$ ! habit--?\gh = long ) "s unc]ta9ty ( reaction--( sl[+ (f :5 ! object ( 8 pursuit rea*$ ! wall s z to await its reb\nd4 ,aga91 :5 ! ball 0 ?r[n s z to glance at a wide angle f a surface1 at fir/--:5 ! velocity 0 su* z to keep x j ahead ( him--he foll[$ its c\rse4 ,b :5 ! velocity 0 increas$ he le>nt to take a %ort cut along ! ?ird side ( a triangle1 s z to cat* ! object at "s di/ance f ! wall4 ,a ?ird s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 made :]e a "r angle 0 =m$ by ! meet+ ( two surfaces4 ,"o side ( ! angle1 ! left1 0 dealt ) = a day or two4 ,at fir/ ! ball 0 directly foll[$4 ,!n a %ort cut 0 tak5 to meet its deflect$ c\rse4 ,on ! f\r? day ?is me?od 0 well e/abli%$4 ,on ! fif?1 ! ball 0 ?r[n s z to /rike ! o!r or "r side ( ! angle1 & ?us be deflect$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! dog foll[$ ! old c\rse 7! %ort cut to ! left7 & 0 completely non-pluss$1 se>*+ t side1 !n m widely1 & n f9d+ ! ball = elev5 m9utes4 ,on repeat+ ! exp]im5t ?rice1 simil> results 7 t day obta9$4 ,on ! foll[+ day ! ball 0 ?r[n j ahead ( him1 s z to /rike to ! "r ( ! angle1 & 0 foll[$ & caught4 ,?is c\rse 0 pursu$ = ?ree days1 & he !n le>nt to take a %ort cut to ! "r4 ,on ! next day ! ball 0 s5t1 z at fir/1 to ! left1 & ! dog 0 aga9 non-pluss$4 ,i did n succe$ 9 gett+ him to associate a giv5 diff]5ce ( initial direction ) a resultant diff]5ce ( deflection4 ,i may "h m5tion t1 :5ev] se>*+ = a ball ( :i* he _h lo/ sight 9 ! road1 he w\ld run along ! gutt] fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r4 ,a fri5d :o 0 walk+ ) me "o day reg>d$ ?is z a cle> case ( rational inf]5ce4 8,! dog kn[s10 he said1 8! effects ( ! convex curvature ( ! road z well z we d40 ,i am conv9c$1 h[ev] 7hav+ wat*$ 8 ways f a puppy71 t ?is me?od ( se>* 0 gradually e/abli%$ on a basis ( practical exp]i5ce4 ,no logical inf]5ce on 8 "p is necess>y = ! int]pretation ( ! facts2 & we %\ld n assume its pres5ce unless ! evid5ce compels u to d s4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike1 9 a monograph on 8,animal ,intellig5ce0 publi%$ z a supplem5t to ! ,psy*ological ,review 7,june1 #ahih71 has fully describ$ & c>efully discuss$ a numb] ( int]e/+ exp]im5ts4 ,! subjects 7"o might1 alas6 almo/ say victims7 ( "s ( ^! 7 ?irte5 kitt5s or cats f ?ree to eighte5 mon?s old4 ,8 me?od ( inve/igation %all be /at$ 9 8 own words4 8,aft] consid]able prelim9>y obs]vation ( animals' behavi\r "u v>i\s conditions1 ,i *ose = my g5]al me?od "o :i*1 simple z x is1 possesses sev]al o!r m>k$ advantages besides ^? :i* accompany exp]im5t ( any sort4 ,x 0 m]ely to put animals :5 hungry 9 enclosures f :i* !y c\ld escape by "s simple act1 su* z pull+ at a loop ( cord1 press+ a lev]1 or /epp+ on a plat=m4 ,! animal 0 put 9 ! enclosure1 food 0 left outside 9 sight1 & 8 actions obs]v$4 ,besides record+ 8 g5]al behavi\r1 special notice 0 tak5 ( h[ he succe$$ 9 do+ ! necess>y act 79 case he did succe$71 & a record 0 kept ( ! "t t he 0 9 ! box be=e p]=m+ ! successful pull1 or claw+1 or bite4 ,?is 0 repeat$ until ! animal _h =m$ a p]fect association betwe5 ! s5se-impression ( ! int]ior ( t box & ! impulse lead+ to ! successful movem5t4 ,:5 ! association 0 ?us p]fect1 ! "t tak5 to escape 01 ( c\rse1 practically con/ant & v %ort4 8,if1 on ! o!r h&1 aft] a c]ta9 "t ! animal did n succe$1 he 0 tak5 out1 b n f$4 ,if1 aft] a suffici5t numb] ( trials1 he fail$ to get out1 ! case 0 record$ z "o ( complete failure4 ,en\gh diff]5t sorts ( me?ods ( escape 7 tri$ to make x fairly sure t association 9 g5]al1 n association ( a p>ticul> sort ( impulse1 0 be+ /udi$4 ,en\gh animals 7 tak5 ) ea* box or p5 to make x sure t ! results 7 n due to individual peculi>ities4 ,none ( ! animals us$ _h any previ\s acqua9tance ) any ( ! me*anical contrivances by :i* ! doors 7 op5$4 ,s f> z possible ! animals 7 kept 9 a uni=m /ate ( hung]1 :i* 0 practically utt] hung]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #bb4--;,cage us$ 9 ,pr(essor ,?orndike's exp]im5ts4 ,to ,dr4 ,?orndike's monograph we mu/ ref] ^? :o desire detail$ in=mation z to app>atus & proc$ure4 ,x mu/ "h suffice to /ate t ! box-cages employ$ 7 rudely con/ruct$ ( wood5 la?s1 & =m$ cramp$ prisons ab\t tw5ty in*es long by fifte5 broad & twelve high4 ,n9e conta9$ su* simple me*anisms z ,dr4 ,?orndike describes 9 ! passage above quot$4 ,:5 a loop or cord 0 pull$1 a button turn$1 or a lev] depress$1 ! door fell op54 ,9 ano!r1 pressure on ! door z well z depression ( a ?umb-lat* 0 requir$4 ,9 "o cage two simple acts on ! "p ( ! kitt5 7 necess>y1 pull+ a cord & pu%+ aside a piece ( bo>d2 & 9 yet o!rs ?ree acts 7 requisite4 ,9 ^? boxes f :i* escape 0 m difficult a few ( ! cats fail$ to get out4 ,! times occupi$ 9 ?or\ghly le>n+ ! trick ( ! box by ^? :o 7 successful are plott$ 9 a s]ies ( curves1 ! ess5tial feature ( :i* is ! graphic expression ( a gradual dim9ution 9 ! "t int]val betwe5 imprisonm5t & escape 9 successive trials4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc1 :i* is con/ruct$ f "s ( ,dr4 ,?orndike's data4 ,9 "s cases ! cats 7 set free f a box :5 !y 7#a7 lick$ !mselves or 7#b7 scrat*$ !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,diagram %[+ times tak5 by a kitt5 to escape f ! cage 9 tw5ty-f\r successive exp]im5ts4 ,dr4 ,?orndike comm5ts on ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts z foll[s3-- 8,:5 put into ! box ! cat w\ld %[ evid5t signs ( discom=t & ( an impulse to escape f conf9em5t4 ,x tries to squeeze ?r\gh any op5+2 x claws & bites at ! b>s or wire2 x ?ru/s its paws out ?r\gh any op5+1 & claws at ev]y?+ x rea*es2 x cont9ues its ef=ts :5 x /rikes any?+ loose & %aky3 x may claw at ?+s )9 ! box4 ,x does n pay v mu* att5tion to ! food outside1 b seems simply to /rive in/9ctively to escape f conf9em5t4 ,! vig\r ) :i* x /ruggles is extraord9>y4 ,= eight or t5 m9utes x w claw1 & bite1 & squeeze incessantly4444 ,! cat t is claw+ all ov] ! box 9 h] impulsive /ruggle w probably claw ! /r+1 or loop1 or button s z to op5 ! door4 ,& gradually all ! o!r non-successful impulses w be /amp$ out1 & ! p>ticul> impulse lead+ to ! successful act w be /amp$ 9 by ! result+ pleasure1 until1 aft] _m trials1 ! cat w1 :5 put 9 ! box1 imm$iately claw ! button or loop 9 a def9ite way4444 ,/>t+1 !n1 ) its /ore ( in/9ctive impulses1 ! cat hits ^u ! successful movem5t1 & gradually associates x ) ! s5se-impression ( ! int]ior ( ! box until ! connection is p]fect1 s t x p]=ms ! act z soon z confront$ ) ! s5se-impression4444 ,previ\s exp]i5ce makes a diff]5ce 9 ! quickness ) :i* ! cat =ms ! associations4 ,aft] gett+ out ( six or eight boxes by diff]5t sorts ( acts1 ! cat's g5]al t5d5cy to claw at loose objects )9 ! box is /r5g!n$ & its t5d5cy to squeeze ?r\gh holes & bite b>s is weak5$2 accord+ly x w le>n associations along ! g5]al l9e ( ! old m quickly4 ,associations betwe5 lick+ or scrat*+ & escape are simil>ly e/abli%$1 & !re 0 a noticeable t5d5cy to dim9i% ! act until x becomes a m]e ve/ige ( a lick or scrat*4 ,aft] ! cat gets s t x p]=ms ! act soon aft] be+ put 91 x beg9s to d x less & less vigor\sly4 ,! lick+ deg5]ates into a m]e quick turn ( ! head ) "o or two motions up & d[n ) tongue ext5d$4 ,in/ead ( a he>ty scrat*1 ! cat waves its paw up & d[n rapidly = an in/ant40 ,su* exp]im5ts c>ri$ out on a diff]5t me?od give results 9 l9e ) my own4 ,! conditions are1 h[ev]1 some:at unnatural1 :i* ,i reg>d z 9 "s respects a disadvantage4 ,b we ne$ exp]im5ts on diff]5t me?ods--! m ! bett]1--& if ! results !y furni% are 9 accord1 _! correctness w be r5d]$ ! m probable4 ,x is to be hop$ t ,dr4 ,?orndike w devise fur!r exp]im5ts 9 :i* 7#a7 ! conditions %all be some:at less /ra9$ & /rait5$1 :ile ! subjects are 9 a m normal /ate ( equanimity 7_c 8utt] hung]0 be avoid$871 & 7#b7 !re %all be m opportunity = ! ex]cise ( rational judgm5t1 suppos+ ! faculty to exi/4 ,to e/abli% ! abs5ce ( =esight 9 ! proc$ure ( ! cats1 x is surely necess>y s to arrange matt]s t ! connections are cle>ly op5--nay1 ev5 obvi\s--to ! eye ( reason4 ,x appe>s t ?is consid]ation has n weigh$ suffici5tly ) ,dr4 ,?orndike4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 made to asc]ta9 :e!r in/ruction 79 ! =m ( putt+ ! animal ?r\gh ! proc$ure requisite = a giv5 act7 0 9 any degree helpful4 ,! conclusion is t su* in/ruction has no influ5ce4 ,^? :o h _h exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ animals to p]=m tricks w probably agree "h--?\gh "s tra9]s give expression to a diff]5t op9ion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial to di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 %[+ an animal h[ a trick is done1 & ei!r /imulat+ its att5tion or furni%+ accessory guidance 7su* z ! occasional taps ( ! tra9]'s :ip :5 he wants a p]=m+ horse to kneel71 or af=d+ suitable conditions ! results ( :i* tempor>ily ent] into ! association complex4 ,if ! latt] be elim9at$ ! practice ( tra9]s1 ,i believe1 be>s out ! g5]al result ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,dr4 ,?orndike nev] succe$$ 9 gett+ an animal to *ange its way ( do+ a ?+ = 84 ,nor 0 ,i1 aft] repeat$ trials1 able to modify ! way 9 :i* my dog lift$ ! lat* ( ! gate4 ,he did x ) ! back ( 8 head4 ,i c\ld n get him to d x 7m gracefully7 ) 8 muzzle4 ,x may be said t ! rem>kable feats ( p]=m+ animals imply ! exi/5ce ( faculties ( a high] ord] ?an ,dr4 ,?orndike & ,i are prep>$ to admit on ! basis ( our exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,g4 ,ham]ton _m ye>s ago describ$#fd h[1 9 8 own h\se1 a clev]ly tra9$ dog w\ld fet* 9 _! "r ord] ! lett]s :i* spelt ! ,engli% or ,g]man equival5ts ( common ,fr5* words1 & d o!r wond]ful ?+s4 ,b ! own] ( ! dog 7,m4 du ,r\il7 admitt$ t !re 0 a means ( rapport betwe5 !m :i* he 0 n prep>$ to divulge4 ,x is j because ! tra9] has to lead up to & utilize *ance exp]i5ces t su* prolong$ pati5ce & c>e are requir$4 ,! animal is b ! in/rum5t on :i* 8 clev] tra9] plays2 an in/rum5t ( wond]ful intellig5ce1 b lack+ 9 ! high] rational faculty4 ,! organiz$ s*eme is ! ma/]'s1 n t ( 8 will+ slave4 ,a rational be+ might n d m wond]ful ?+s2 b he w\ld le>n !m m rapidly & by a less we>isome me?od4 ,z x is1 ! clev] p]=m+ dog orig9ates little or no?+1 & repeats aga9 & aga9 ! same /]eotyp$ behavi\r1 :i*--if "o witnesses ! p]=mance (t5--t\*es "o ) a pr(\nd s5se ( its lack ( rational spontaneity4 ,z at pres5t advis$1 !re=e1 ,i see no reason = )draw+ f ! position provisionally tak5 up4 ,! utilization ( *ance exp]i5ce1 )\t ! fram+ & application ( an organiz$ s*eme ( k1 appe>s to be ! pr$om9ant me?od ( animal intellig5ce4 ,on ?is view1 !n1 we may see 9 in/9ctive behavi\r1 & ! multif>i\s automatic acts ( animals1 a means ( provid+ exp]i5ce ( ! "r k9d & on pr(itable l9es4 ,we may see 9 ! play-in/9cts ( ! "y a tra9+ gr\nd = ! m s]i\s bus9ess ( animal life--a !me develop$ by ,pr(essor ,groos4 ,we may see 9 ! imitative t5d5cy--! innate proclivity to foll[ a lead bl9dly & at fir/ un9tellig5tly--a fur!r means ( provid+ ^? useful items ( exp]i5ce :i* intellig5ce f9ds s s]viceable4 ,& we may see 9 ! intellig5ce :i* c pr(it by *ance occurr5ces t arise 9 ^! sev]al ways all t suffices = ! simple ne$s ( animal exi/5ce4 ,) "s diff]5ces ( op9ion ,dr4 ,?orndike & ,i h mu* 9 common 9 ! conclusions to :i* we h be5 indep5d5tly l$ z to ! me?od & limits ( animal intellig5ce4 ,we seem to be 9 ess5tial agreem5t 9 ! belief t ! me?od ( animal intellig5ce is to pr(it by *ance exp]i5ce )\t rational =esight1 & t unless su* exp]i5ce be individually acquir$1 ! data ess5tial = intellig5t progress are abs5t4 ,:ile 9 our attempts to realize ! g5]al nature ( animal consci\sness !re is a close simil>ity ( treatm5t4 ,9 my 8,introduction to ,comp>ative ,psy*ology0 a good deal ( space is devot$ to an analysis ( ! psy*ology ( skill 89 ord] t we may inf] :at takes place 9 ! m9ds ( animals20 & ,i said3--8,:5 ,i am play+ a h>d game ( t5nis1 or :5 ,i am sail+ a ya*t close to ! w9d 9 a *oppy sea1 self does n at all t5d to become focal4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ,i am a self-consci\s be+ ,i am n always self-consci\s4 ,& presumably :5 ,i am lea/ self-consci\s1 ,i am ne>e/ ! condition ( ! animal at ! /age ( m]e s5se exp]i5ce4 ,i am exhil>at$ ) ! s5se ( pleasurable exi/5ce1 my :ole be+ t+les ) s5ti5t life4 ,i s5se1 or am aw>e (1 my own life & consci\sness1 9 an unusually subtle mann]4 ,exp]i5ce is vivid & cont9u\s4 ,su* ,i take x to be ! condition ( ! consci\s b n yet self-consci\s animal40 ,i c !re=e cordially endorse ,dr4 ,?orndike's conclusions z express$ 9 ! foll[+ passages3-- 8,"o :o has wat*$ ! life ( a cat or dog = a mon? or m "u te/ conditions1 gets1 or fancies he gets1 a fairly def9ite idea ( :at ! intellectual intellig5t life ( a cat or dog feels l4 ,x is mo/ l :at we feel :5 consci\sness conta9s little ?\ght ab\t any?+1 :5 we feel ! s5se-impressions 9 _! fir/ int5tion1 s to speak1 :5 we feel our own body1 & ! impulses we give to x4 ,sometimes "o gets ?is animal consci\sness :ile 9 swimm+1 = example4 ,"o feels ! wat]1 ! sky1 ! birds above1 b ) no ?\ghts ab\t !m or memories ( h[ !y look$ at o!r times1 or /hetic judgm5ts ab\t _! beauty2 "o feels no ideas ab\t :at movem5ts he w make1 b feels himself make !m1 feels 8 body ?r\gh\t4 ,self-consci\sness dies away4 ,social consci\sness dies away4 ,! mean+s1 & values1 & connections ( ?+s die away4 ,"o feels s5se-impressions1 has impulses1 feels ! movem5ts he makes2 t is all40 ,& aft] an illu/ration f su* a game z t5nis1 ,dr4 ,?orndike adds3 8,f9ally ! elem5ts ( ! associations are n isolat$4 ,no t5nis-play]'s /ream ( ?\ght is fill$ ) free-float+ repres5tations ( any ( ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( s5se-impressions or movem5ts he has se5 & made on ! t5nis-c\rt4 ,yet !re is consci\sness en\gh at ! "t1 ke5 consci\sness ( ! s5se-impressions1 impulses1 feel+s ( "o's bodily acts4 ,s ) ! animals4 ,!re is consci\sness en\gh1 b ( ?is k9d40 ,x may be said t betwe5 ! me?od ( intellig5ce & t ( fully develop$ rational proc$ure !re is a wide gap :i* mu/ h be5 bridg$ 9 ! c\rse ( m5tal evolution4 ,unque/ionably4 ,& 9 cont5d+ t ! me?ods ( ! animal are pr$om9antly intellig5t1 ,i am f> f wi%+ to ass]t dogmatically t 9 no animals are !re ev5 ! beg9n+s ( a rational s*eme4 ,indications !re( d n inde$ at pres5t appe> to h be5 cle>ly disclos$ by exp]im5t4 ,b ! exp]im5tal developm5t ( ! subject is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,we %all probably h to await ! fur!r results :i* mu/ be ! outcome ( pati5t & well-direct$ *ild-/udy4 ,! human *ild does pass 9 ! c\rse ( 8 individual developm5t f intellig5t to rational proc$ure4 ,"h !re is a bridge :i* is cross$ by e *ild4 ,:5 we "k m ab\t ! /adia ( ?is developm5t we %all be 9 a position to apply ! results obta9$ 9 *ild-/udy 9 ! analog\s field ( animal-/udy4 ,till !n we mu/ possess our s\ls 9 pati5ce1 & base our provisional conclusions on ! results ( sy/ematic inve/igation1 r ?an on ^? ( casual obs]vation & anecdote4 ,,iv4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,intellig5t ,,behavi\r ,no attempt c be made 9 ?is section to trace ! successive /ages ( ! evolution>y progress ( intellig5ce f its l[] to its high] developm5ts4 ,x is inde$ que/ionable :e!r comp>ative psy*ology has1 z yet1 accumulat$ a suffici5t body ( data to r5d] su* a task pr(itable or ev5 possible4 ,& ! l[] ! level ( intellig5ce ) :i* we h to deal1 ! less reliable are ! scanty psy*ological data :i* we c obta94 ,to int]pret ! m5tal processes :i* accompany ! acts ( ev5 ! high] animals is a h>d task1 requir+ c>eful psy*ological analysis4 ,/ill h>d] is ! task to inf] ! psy*ological basis ( ! actions ( ! l[] animals4 ,x is difficult to say :]e1 9 ! hi]>*y ( animal progress1 ! beg9n+s ( intellig5ce c fir/ be trac$4 ,9 ! articulat$ animals1 su* z ! insects1 spid]s1 & cru/acea1 !re is abundant evid5ce ( intellig5ce ( a relatively high grade4 ,b ev5 9 _! case1 h[ h>d x is to realize ! nature ( _! exp]i5ce--to get any adequate notion ( _! m5tal processes6 ,we are inevitably =c$ to describe _! psy*ology 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms4 ,s1 too1 ) =ms /ill l[] 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce4 ,_m molluscs unque/ionably pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,b c we cle>ly picture to ourselves ! nature & mann] ( acquisition ( ?is exp]i5ce8 ,! way 9 :i* limpets return to ! sc>s on ! rock :i* =m _! homes seems to %[ t !y h acquir$ a practically adequate exp]i5ce ( _! ne> surr\nd+s4 ,romanes cites#fe "s ( ! e>li] obs]vations :i* h be5 ext5d$ by ,pr(essor ,a9swor? ,davis4#ff ,i look$ into ! matt] myself "s ye>s ago1 at ,mewps ,bay ne> ,lulwor? 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,! me?od adopt$#fg 0 to remove ! limpets f ! rock1 & affix !m at v>i\s di/ances f _! sc>s4 ,?is c be done )\t difficulty or injury to ! mollusc if "o cat*es !m z !y are mov+4 ,b "o mu/ make sure t !y are j leav+ or return+ to _! prop] homes1 & are n tak5 9 ! mid/ ( a m ext5d$ p]egr9ation1 z 9 t case _! special sc>s _c be not$4 ,failure to be c>eful 9 ?is matt] vitiat$ my e>li] obs]vations1 :i* are !re=e exclud$ 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,numb] ,di/ance ,numb] return$4 remov$4 9 in*es4 ---------------------------------- ,9 #b tides4 ,9 #d tides4 ,lat]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #be #f #ba -- -- #ba #ab #ac #e -- #ba #ah #aj #f #b #cf #bd #a #a #c ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,f ! nature ( ! rock surfaces ! removal ( a limpet to a di/ance ( two feet almo/ inv>iably involv$ plac+ !m on ! fur!r side ( an angle4 ,& ?\gh "s return$ ov] su* an angle1 ! majority did n4 ,9 mo/ cases ! individuals :i* fail$ to return to _! respective sc>s took up new positions2 & 9 sev]al in/ances1 :5 !y 7 subsequ5tly remov$ to a di/ance ( a few in*es f ?is new position1 !y return$ to x4 ,_! return to ! sc> 0 wat*$ 9 _m cases1 & ! c\rse 0 fairly1 b n q direct4 ,"o limpet cov]$ a di/ance ( t5 in*es1 ov] a some:at curv$ c\rse1 9 a little "u tw5ty m9utes4 ,9 ano!r case ! limpet on its return j\rney _h to pass betwe5 two o!rs1 :i* necessitat$ ! lift+ ( ! %ell to "s height s z to cle> "o ( !m4 ,on rea*+ ! sc> !y twi/ & turn ab\t s z to fit d[n 9 ! normal position :i* is con/ant4 ,:5 !y come up ! wrong way r\nd !y rotate pretty rapidly ?r\gh ! #ahj degrees to get into position4 ,"o 0 obs]v$ to make a %ort excursion f & return to its sc> "u /illi% wat]4 ,b z a rule !y seem to rema9 fix$ :5 !y are subm]g$1 mov+ = ! mo/ "p :5 ! tide has j rec$$4 ,! greate/ di/ance ,i h wat*$ a limpet rea* f its home 0 tw5ty-two in*es4 ,b ,i h f\nd !m at a di/ance ( ?ree feet f _! sc>s--t is to say1 f ^? to :i* !y fitt$ p]fectly4 ,?is 0 on a l>ge flat surface4 ,:5 !y move1 ! t5tacles are project$ out beyond ! %ell1 & keep on t\*+ & slightly adh]+ to ! rock4 ,on rea*+ ! sc> !y c>efully feel r\nd x ) ! t5tacles4 ,by excision ( ^! feel]s ,pr(essor ,davis 0 l$ to conclude t x is n ?r\gh _! in/rum5tality t ! limpet f9ds its way back to its p>ticul> sc>4 ,b ,i am incl9$ to "q ^! results4 ,at any rate1 fur!r obs]vations & exp]im5ts are ne$$ to settle ! po9t4 ,snails w also return to special d>k holl[s or crannies 9 ! wall aft] _! =ag+ excursions4 ,su* behavi\r 9 molluscs af=ds evid5ce ( some?+ m ?an in/9ct4 ,9 popul> spee*1 we %\ld say t !re is memory ( ! locality4 ,& 9 any case x is difficult to int]pret ! facts )\t ! assumption t ! animals are consci\s1 & t re-pres5tative /ates are evok$ ?r\gh ! m$iation ( pres5tative s5se-impressions4 ,b h[ difficult1 if n impossible1 x is to =m any?+ l a satisfactory conception ( ! rudim5t>y m5tal processes ( a limpet6 ,! mo/ highly develop$ molluscs are ! cephalopods4 ,!y h long s5sitive mobile arms ) :i* !y feel = & capture _! prey4 8,n[ ,s*neid] obs]v$10 writes ,dr4 ,/\t1#fh 8a v "y octopus seize a h]mit-crab4 ,! h]mit-crab cov]s ! %ell 9 :i* x takes up its abode ) /++ zoophytes4 ,/ung by ^!1 ! octopus imm$iately recoil$ & let its prey escape4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 obs]v$ to avoid h]mit-crabs4 ,old] animals ( ! same species manag$ clev]ly to pull ! crab out ( its h\se )\t be+ /ung40 ,su* cases af=d evid5ce ( pr(it+ by exp]i5ce ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( intellig5ce4 ,d>w9's c>eful obs]vations on ! mann] 9 :i* e>?worms drag leaves into _! burr[s seem to %[ t ^! annelids act intellig5tly1 & deal ) leaves ( diff]5t %apes 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! leaves ( ,p9e trees1 consi/+ ( two ne$les aris+ f a common base1 7 almo/ inv>iably drawn d[n by seiz+ ?is basal po9t ( junction2 :ile ! leaves ( ! ,lime 71 9 #gi p] c5t4 ( ! cases exam9$1 drawn d[n by ! apex2 9 only #d p] c5t4 by ! base2 & 9 ! rema9+ #ag p] c5t4 by seiz+ "s int]m$iate portion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! leaves ( ! ,rhodod5dron1 9 :i* ! basal "p ( ! blade is (t5 n>r[] ?an ! apical "p1 7 9 #ff p] c5t4 ( ! obs]vations drawn d[n by ! n>r[] base4 ,triangles ( pap] 7 9 ! majority ( cases seiz$ by ! apex4 ,comm5t+ ^u 8 obs]vations1 c>ri$ out ) great c>e "u exp]im5tal conditions1 ,d>w9 says1#fi 8,z worms are n guid$ by special in/9cts 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 ?\gh possess+ a g5]al in/9ct to plug up _! burr[s1 & z *ance is exclud$1 ! next mo/ probable conclusion seems to be t !y try 9 diff]5t ways to draw 9 objects1 & at la/ succe$ 9 "s "o way20 t is to say1 !y pr(it by exp]i5ce bas$ on ! me?od ( trial & failure4 ,b ,d>w9 adds t ! evid5ce he obta9$ %[s 8t worms d n habitually try to draw objects into _! burr[s 9 _m diff]5t ways40 ,& he seems to attribute to !m an almo/ rational p[] ( deal+ ) ! circum/ances 9 ! light ( g5]al conceptions4 8,if worms10 he says1 8are able to judge1 ei!r be=e draw+ or aft] hav+ drawn an object close to ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 h[ be/ to drag x 91 !y mu/ acquire "s notion ( its g5]al %ape4 ,?is !y probably acquire by t\*+ x 9 _m places ) ! ant]ior extremity ( _! bodies1 :i* acts z a tactual organ4 ,x may be well to rememb] h[ p]fect ! s5se ( t\* becomes 9 a man :5 born bl9d & deaf1 z are worms4 ,if worms h ! p[] ( acquir+ "s notion1 h[ev] rude1 ( ! %ape ( an object & ( _! burr[s1 z seems to be ! case1 !y des]ve to be call$ intellig5t2 = !y !n act 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z w\ld a man "u simil> circum/ances40 ,su* p[] ( p]ceiv+ ! relation ( ! %ape ( a leaf or o!r object to ! =m ( ! burr[ is presumably beyond ! rea* ( an e>?worm4 ,x may be reg>d$ z m probable t ! e>?worm inh]its an in/9ctive t5d5cy to draw d[n objects 9 special ways1 & t ?is is subject to "s modification "u ! play ( exp]i5ce1 )\t ! =mation ( any?+ s psy*ologically complex z a g5]al notion1 h[ev] rude4 ,9 any case ! behavi\r ( e>?worms 9 clos+ _! burr[s seems to af=d indications ( some?+ m ?an in/9ct--( t pr(it+ by ! results ( exp]i5ce :i* *>act]izes intellig5t proc$ure4 ,m ?an ?is we _c say4 ,pr(essor ,:itman#gj has made "s int]e/+ obs]vations on ! lee* ,cleps9e4 8,place ! animal10 he says1 89 a %all[1 flat-bottom$ di%1 & leave x = a few h\rs or a day1 9 ord] to give x "t to get accu/om$ to ! place1 & come to re/ on ! bottom4 ,!n1 tak+ ! utmo/ c>e n to j> ! di% or brea! ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 look at ! ,cleps9e ?r\gh a l[ magnify+ l5s1 & see :at happ5s :5 ! surface ( ! wat] is t\*$ ) ! po9t ( a ne$le held v]tically above ! animal's back4 ,if ! exp]im5t is prop]ly c>ri$ out1 x w be se5 t ! respiratory undulations 7if su* movem5ts happ5 to be go+ on7 sudd5ly cease1 & t ! animal slightly exp&s its body & hugs ! glass4 ,wait a few mom5ts until ! animal1 recov]+ its normal composure1 aga9 resumes its respiratory movem5ts4 ,!n let ! ne$le desc5d ?r\gh ! wat] until ! po9t re/s on ! bottom ( ! di% at a little di/ance f ! edge ( ! body4 ,aga9 ! movem5ts w cease1 & ! animal w hug ! glass ) its body some:at exp&$4 ,n[ pu% ! ne$le sl[ly along t[>ds ! lee*1 & notice z ! ne$le comes almo/ 9 contact ) ! ?9 m>g9 ( ! body1 t ! "p ne>e/ ! ne$le beg9s to retreat sl[ly be=e x4 ,?is behavi\r %[s a surpris+ ke5ness ( tactile s5sibility1 ! lea/ t\* ( ! wat] ) a ne$le-po9t be+ felt at once4444 ,if its back 7 rubb$ ) a bru% or ! h&le ( a dissect+ ne$le1 9 ord] to te/ its s5sitiv5ess to t\*1 ! appe>ance w\ld probably be t ( ins5sibility & indiff]5ce to ! treatm5t4 ,clos] exam9ation1 h[ev]1 w\ld %[ t ! fle% ( ! animal 0 m rigid ?an usual1 & t ! surface 0 cov]$ ) num]\s /iff1 conical elevations1 ! d]mal papill or w>ts1 :i* are s l[ & blunt 9 ! normal /ate ( re/ z to be sc>cely visible4 ,x w\ld be se5 t ! animal1 al?\gh motionless1 0 9 a /ate ( active resi/ance to attack4444 ,cleps9e has ano!r & entirely diff]5t me?od ( keep+ quiet4 ,! animal rolls itself up 7head fir/ & v5tral side inn]mo/7 into a h>d ball1 outw>dly passive1 free to roll or fall :i!rsoev] gravity or curr5ts ( wat] may direct x4444 ,if by *ance ! animal has eggs1 x w n des]t !m to escape 9 ?is way4444 ,?is species1 !n1 has two q di/9ct & peculi> ways ( keep+ quiet1 & ?us avoid+ its enemies4 ,if ! animal has no eggs1 or if x has "y1 x may adopt ei!r mode ( escape1 :ile if x has eggs x has no *oice b to rema9 quiet ov] !m4444 ,! act ( roll+ up into a passive ball may be p]=m$ 7a7 "u compulsion1 z :5 x is h] la/ resort 9 self-def5ce2 7b7 "u a mild] provocation1 z "o ( ?ree c\rses ( behavi\r1 z :5 ! re/+-place is turn$ up to light1 & ! *oice is (f]$ betwe5 rema9+ quiet 9 place1 creep+ away at leisure1 or roll+ into a ball & dropp+ to ! bottom2 7c7 or f9ally1 "u no special ext]nal /imulus1 b r f int]nal motive1 ! normal dem& = re/ & %ady seclusion1 presumably v /rong 9 ,cleps9e aft] gorg+ itself ) ! blood ( its turtle ho/40 ,pr(essor ,:itman rightly reg>ds ! act ( roll+ into a ball z in/9ctive1 & due to natural selection4 ,b he does n und]take to discuss ! "q z to h[ mu* intellig5ce1 if any1 ,cleps9e may h4 ,nor1 inde$1 is x an easy matt] to det]m9e4 ,! diff]5tial reaction accord+ z ! animal has eggs or n sugge/s intellig5ce2 b x may be in/9ct v>y+ accord+ to ! conditions ( /imulation ext]nal & int]nal4 ,! diff]5t behavi\r :i* may be se5 9 diff]5t cases :5 a /one is turn$ to ! light aga9 sugge/s intellig5ce1 b aga9 may be det]m9$ directly by ! conditions ( /imulation4 ,prompt$ by ,dr4 ,:itman's obs]vations1 ,i endeav\r$ to det]m9e :e!r a lee* w\ld gr[ accu/om$ to frequ5t g5tle /imulation ) a camel's-hair bru%1 & cease to react "u circum/ances :i* 7 foll[$ by no ill effects4 ,b ?\gh ,i incl9e to ?9k t ?is is ! case1 ! obs]vations 7 n su* z to be satisfy+ & conv9c+4 ,if intellig5ce be pres5t we seem to f9d x 9 an e>ly & rudim5t>y /ate4 ,obs]vation1 we mu/ confess1 seems to af=d little indication ( ! conditions "u :i* intellig5ce fir/ makes its appe>ance 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,& if we turn to g5]al consid]ations1 :i* at ! be/ af=d unc]ta9 guidance1 little light is ?r[n on ! subject4 ,if we accept ! view already indicat$1#ga t ! n]ve-c5tres :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! consci\s control begott5 ( exp]i5ce are indep5d5t ( ^? prim>ily conc]n$ 9 normal reflex action1 we may p]haps believe t ! simple/ n]v\s sy/em1 wor?y ( ! "n1 conta9s bo? ^! elem5ts1 & t 9 ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( n]v\s sy/ems 9 high] & high] grades1 !re g on p>i passu ! fur!r diff]5tiation ( ^! elem5ts1 & ! progressive integration ( reflex & control c5tres into a closely connect$ & effective :ole4 ,n t any expression ( ! facts1 if su* !y be1 9 t]ms ( an evolution =mula1 adds any?+ to our k ( ! organic modus op]&i4 ,we "k b little ( ! intimate n]ve physiology ( ev5 ! highe/ inv]tebrates4 ,we see ample evid5ce ( ! control ( behavi\r 9 ! light ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,( any detail$ k conc]n+ ! mann] 9 :i* ?is control is effect$ we d n seem to possess m ?an ! rude initial phases4 ,:5 we comp>e1 h[ev]1 ! sev]al grades ( intellig5ce :i* obs]vation sugge/s1 & :5 we wat* ! consci\s developm5t ( ! m intellig5t animals1 we seem to f9d evid5ce ( ! gr[? ( a sy/em ( exp]i5ce1 at fir/ 9 v close t\* ) inh]it$ modes ( proc$ure1 b gradually acquir+ m ( indep5d5ce & fre$om4 ,increase ( ! range & complexity ( behavi\r br+s ) x1 n only increase 9 ! range & complexity ( exp]i5ce1 b also--:at is1 p]haps1 ev5 m ess5tial to effective progress--great] unity & clos] connection into a well-knit :ole4 ,& ) ?is great] unity & clos] connection !re goes :at "o may t]m a cond5sation ( exp]i5ce by an elim9ation ( detail & ! survival ( ess5tial features repeat$ly emphasiz$4 ,?is is analog\s 9 ! developm5t ( intellig5ce to ! g5]alization & ab/raction :i* play s important a "p 9 ! developm5t ( reason4 ,x af=ds1 9 fact1 ! data :i* reflection utilizes 9 ! purposive & int5tional cond5sation & conc5tration ( k at a high] /age ( m5tal developm5t4 ,! omission ( detail & ! survival ( ! sali5t features is well kn[n to u 9 ! famili> facts ( memory4 ,we h se5 ?\s&s ( %eep & ox51 no two ( :i* are probably alike 9 all _! ext]nal details z pres5t$ to vision4 ,b we rememb] :at a %eep or an ox looks l1 & _m ( u c =m a visualiz$ image ( ei!r ( ^! animals4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! re-pres5tative image ( any p>ticul> %eep or ox4 ,x is :at psy*ologi/s t]m a g5]ic image4 ,x is l a composite photograph made by sup]impos+ on ! same plate a numb] ( individual images s t ! sali5t features :i* all possess 9 common /& out cle>ly by _! co9cid5ce on ! plate1 :ile ! di/9ctive details are b dimly pres5t$4 ,?us does memory pres]ve ! ess5tials common to _m impressions :ile ! di/+ui%+ details are lo/ & fade1 elim9at$ by =getfulness4 ,& ?us 9 ! exp]i5ce :i* intellig5ce practically utilizes are ! net results ( a ?\s& p>ticul> impressions cond5s$ 9 "o effective image4 ,cond5sation ( exp]i5ce is also effect$ by ! elim9ation1 "u ! guidance ( consci\sness1 ( ^? modes ( behavi\r :i* are n efficaci\s--a process to :i* ,pr(essor ,m>k ,baldw9 applies ! phrase ,functional ,selection4 ,!re is a t5d5cy at fir/ to ! ov]production ( relatively useless actions4 ,! multif>i\s r&om movem5ts ( ! human infant1 ?\gh _! inexactness r5d]s ! *ild t]ribly helpless1 af=d a wide /ore ( pla/ic mat]ial :i* intellig5ce c guide to its appropriate use4 ,& ! prolong$ p]iod ( pupilage 9 ! *ild is correlat$ ) an unsurpass$ range ( comb9ation & recomb9ation ( ! abundant pla/ic mat]ial4 ,! h]$it>y legacy1 ?\gh x conta9s few] drafts = def9ite & specific purposes ?an are plac$ to ! cr$it ( an animal ri* 9 in/9ctive end[m5t1 af=ds a f> l>g] g5]al fund on :i* intellig5ce may draw = ! v>i$ purposes ( ! fre] f9ancial exi/5ce ( a rational be+4 ,! relatively helpless "y ( _m ( ! high] mammalia exhibit also mu* ov]production ( seem+ly aimless movem5ts4 ,b f ^! intellig5ce selects ^? :i* are ( value = ! purposes ( life--^? :i* exp]i5ce proves to be effective4 ,^!--! relatively few--af=d ! motor impressions :i* by repetition /& out 9 exp]i5ce1 :ile ! re/ lapse f memory & are elim9at$ f exp]i5ce z !y are elim9at$ f practical p]=mance4 ,?is is a great ga94 ,motor exp]i5ce is r5d]$ g5]ic2 ! composite image t is reta9$ is ! net result ( effective behavi\r2 & all t is valuable 9 ! acquisitions ( e>ly life is cond5s$ )9 manageable limits4 ,?is process ( r5d]+ g5]ic ! p>ticul> items ( a wid5+ exp]i5ce has a m>k$ effect 9 ! developm5t ( ! consci\s situations 9 ! light ( :i* behavi\r is intellig5tly guid$4 ,x is n ! ma/] hold+ ?is :ip or t ball :i* sugge/s to ! dog a hid+ or a scamp]2 x is a g5]ic situation ) int]*angeable details4 ,x is n ?is1 t1 or ! o!r previ\sly unse5 cat t at once det]m9es ! situation = ! fox t]ri]2 ! p>ticul> animal has nev] ent]$ into 8 pa/ exp]i5ce3 x is ! fulfilm5t ( ! ess5tial conditions ( ! g5]ic image t is op]ative 9 behavi\r4 ,! exp]i5ce ( animals mu/ inevitably become 9 l>ge degree g5]ic by ! elim9ation ( ! uness5tial & survival 9 re-pres5tative consci\sness ( ! sali5t elem5ts 9 _m slightly div]se situations4 ,/at$ 9 t]ms ( ?is conception1 ! famili> ph5om5a ( mimicry are due to ! fact t ! mimick+ =m accords suffici5tly well ) ! g5]ic image to c>ry ! same sugge/$ mean+4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! model has be5 prov$ 9 _m cases to be unpalatable or hurtful1 :ile ! mimic is 9 itself nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,! drone-fly1 ,eri/alis1 mimics ! drone4 ,& x has be5 urg$ t ?is _c be a true case ( mimicry1 s9ce ! drone is h>mless1 ?\gh ! female & 8neut]0 bees are possess$ ( /+s4 ,b ,i h satisfi$ myself by exp]im5ts ) "y birds1 t 7#a7 aft] exp]i5ce ) bees drones are avoid$1 & 7#b7 t aft] simil> exp]i5ce drone-flies are also left unt\*$4 ,h5ce x seems t all ?ree fall )9 ! same g5]ic image1 ! po9ts ( resemblance outweigh+ ! diff]5ces 9 detail--z !y d1 inde$1 ) _m m5 & wom54 ,su* examples ( mimicry belong to :at is kn[n z ! 8,batesian type0--s call$ aft] ,h4 ,w4 ,bates1 :o1 9 #ahfa1 discuss$ its occurr5ce among ,amazonian insects 9 ! light ( ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 gr\ps ( insects :i*1 al?\gh !mselves 8protect$10 possess common w>n+ col\rs1 caus+ !m to resemble ea* o!r4 ,^! are sometimes class$ "u ! head ( 8,mll]ian mimicry0--s call$ aft] ,fritz ,mll]1 :o1 9 #ahgi1 fir/ (f]$ an explanation ( ! facts bas$ on ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,he sugge/$ t su* mutual resemblance is advantage\s to bo? protect$ =ms1 s9ce x less5s ! numb] ( ^? :i* are kill$ by "y birds & o!r animals :ile !y are le>n+ by exp]i5ce :at to eat & :at to leave4 ,=1 z ! result ( c>eful obs]vation1 ,mr4 ,frank ,f9n concludes 8t ea* bird has to sep>ately acquire its exp]i5ce1 & well rememb]s :at x has le>nt10--a conclusion ) :i*1 z already /at$1 my own obs]vations are entirely 9 accord4 ,!re is !re=e a c]ta9 am\nt ( de/ruction ( ev5 well-protect$ =ms by "y & inexp]i5c$ birds4 ,if1 !n1 two su* =ms resemble ea* o!r1 ! acquisition ( exp]i5ce is !reby facilitat$ & ! am\nt ( de/ruction r$uc$1 on ! assumption t ! two fall )9 ! same g5]ic image4 ,uphold]s ( natural selection are n1 inde$1 at "o 9 accept+ ?is explanation1 & fur!r obs]vation is unque/ionably ne$$4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 t common protective coloration1 su* z ! b&+ ( yell[ & black1 se5 9 su* diff]5t =ms z ! cat]pill> ( ! c9nab> mo? & ! imago ( ! wasp1 is ( mutual utility4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made ) "y *icks4 ,/rips ( orange & black pap] 7 pa/$ b5ea? glass slips1 & on !m meal moi/5$ ) qu99e 0 plac$4 ,on o!r pla9 slips meal moi/5$ ) wat] 0 provid$4 ,! "y birds soon le>nt to avoid ! bitt] meal1 & !n w\ld n t\* pla9 meal if x 7 (f]$ on ! b&$ slip4 ,& ^! birds1 save 9 two in/ances1 refus$ to t\* c9nab> cat]pill>s1 :i* 7 new to _! exp]i5ce4 ,!y did n1 l o!r birds1 h to le>n by p>ticul> trials t ^! cat]pill>s are unpleasant4 ,_! exp]i5ce _h already be5 ga9$ ?r\gh ! b&$ glass slips2 or s x seem$4 ,i h also f\nd t "y birds :o _h le>nt to avoid c9nab> cat]pill>s left wasps unt\*$4 ,su* obs]vations mu/ be repeat$ & ext5d$4 ,b !y seem to %[ t "o aspect ( ! ,mll]ian !ory is n )\t "s facts 9 support ( x2 &1 s f> z !y g1 !y af=d evid5ce t black & orange b&+1 irrespective ( p>ticul> =m1 may con/itute a guid+ g5]ic feature 9 ! consci\s situation4 ,x may be said t ! g5]ic cond5sation ( exp]i5ce "h indicat$ implies ! =mation ( g5]al & ab/ract ideas1 & t we _c 9 face ( ! evid5ce accept ,locke's dictum t ab/raction is 8an excell5cy :i* ! faculties ( brutes d by no means atta9 to40 ,romanes cont5d$#gb t 8all ! high] animals h g5]al ideas ( #8good-=-eat+' & #8n-good-=-eat+' q ap>t f any p>ticul> objects ( :i* ei!r ( ^! qualities happ5s to be *>act]i/ic10 & he quot$ ) approval ,l]oy's /atem5t1#gc t a fox 8w see sn>es :5 !re are none2 8 imag9ation1 di/ort$ by fe>1 w produce deceptive %apes1 to :i* he w atta* an ab/ract notion ( dang]40 ,accord+ to su* views animals =m concepts2 & concepts belong to ! sph]e ( rational ?\ght4 ,x is n my int5tion to ent] at l5g? into ! ref9em5ts ( psy*ological di/9ction4 ,_m psy*ologi/s1 h[ev]1 seek to di/+ui% betwe51 on ! "o h&1 ! pr$om9ance by natural emphasis1 ( c]ta9 qualities1 su* z t ( be+ suitable = food1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! int5tional isolation ( ^! qualities = ! purposes ( ?\ght & rational explanation4 ,ab/raction !y reg>d z a delib]ate process appli$ ) rational int5t to ! mat]ial af=d$ by exp]i5ce & reflection4 ,g5]alization1 too1 !y reg>d z delib]ate1 & c>ri$ out ) l int5t4 ,! result is n m]ely a composite or g5]ic product1 b some?+ m subtle & less dep5d5t on s5se4 8,all trees hi!rto se5 by me10 said ,noir1 8leave 9 my imag9ation a mix$ image1 a k9d ( ideal pres5tation ( a tree4 ,q diff]5t is my concept1 :i* is nev] an image40 ,! concept 8tree0 is a delib]ate syn!sis ( ab/ract qualities int5tionally isolat$1 & recomb9$ 9 accordance ) ! g5]al relation%ips :i* subsi/ betwe5 !m4 ,if we accept ?is di/9ction1 if we reg>d ab/raction & g5]alization z int5tional m5tal processes c>ri$ out ) ! rational int5t ( discov]+ ! relation%ips ( ph5om5a ) ! object ( expla9+ !m & recomb9+ _! ess5tial features 9 an ideal s*eme ( ?\ght1 we %all probably admit1 ) ,john ,locke1 t ^! are excell5cies :i* ! faculties ( brutes d by no means atta9 to4 ,b we %all none ! less see t ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 sali5t features 9 exp]i5ce by reit]at$ emphasis 9 association ) natural ne$s1 & ! developm5t ( g5]ic 9 place ( m]ely p>ticul> re-pres5tations w af=d ! appropriate mat]ial = ab/raction on ! "o h&1 & g5]alization on ! o!r4 ,intellig5ce supplies ! embryonic m5tal /ructures f :i*1 "u ! quick5+ influ5ce ( a rational purpose1 ab/ract & g5]al ideas may be evolv$4 ,! ess5tial features ( ! evolution ( intellig5ce seem1 !n1 to be1 fir/1 ! developm5t ( controll+ n]ve-c5tres1 by :i* ! responsive action ( reflex automatic or in/9ctive c5tres may be *eck$1 augm5t$1 or modifi$2 secondly1 ! increas$ diff]5tiation & integration ( ^! control c5tres ) ext5sion ( ! range & complexity ( exp]i5ce 9 close t\* ) practical ne$s2 ?irdly1 ! cond5sation & conc5tration ( exp]i5ce by ! =mation ( g5]ic products ?r\gh ! reit]at$ emphasis begott5 ( recurr5t situations hav+ c]ta9 sali5t features 9 common1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 details2 & f\r?ly1 an increas$ pla/icity ( behavi\r1 especially 9 e>ly life1 enabl+ an animal to deal effectually ) an environm5t f> less simple ?an t to :i* ! m /]eotyp$ in/9ctive behavi\r is fitt$ by inh]itance to respond4 ,& ?is evolution ( intellig5t behavi\r is work+ its way up to1 ?\gh z su* x _c rea*1 ! succe$+ phase ( m5tal evolution 9 :i* ! data1 suppli$ by intellig5ce1 are treat$ ) a new purpose = high] ends 9 ! rational ?\ght :i* seeks to expla9 ! ph5om5a1 & frame an ideal s*eme ( _! relations & int]connections4 ,two fur!r po9ts may be notic$4 ,fir/1 t x is dur+ ! e>ly & pla/ic days or mon?s ( life t intellig5ce is sett+ its seal on animal behavi\r1 & /amp+ x ) its di/9ctive "*4 ,adult life is v mu* :at y\? has made x2 & old age is /]eotyp$ ?r\gh habit4 ,9 times ( progress1 ! "* ( ! race is det]m9$ by pla/ic possibilities ( ! "y4 ,among !m x is t ! incid5ce ( elim9ation makes itself felt1 result+ 9 ! survival ( ^? ^: intellig5ce c m\ld behavi\r 9 accordance ) ! new circum/ances ( a wid] life4 ,secondly1 ?is selection ( ! intellig5t involves ! survival ( ^? 9 ^: high] bra9-c5tres !re is room = a great] range & v>iety ( int]connection by means ( associat+ fibres4 ,x involves a selective survival ( ! l>g] & m f9ely organiz$ bra9s4 ,x is probable1 z ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] has rec5tly indicat$1 t ! ridicul\sly small-bra9$ mammals & reptiles ( ! pa/ 7 creatures ( in/9ct ) little capacity = intellig5t control4 ,_! lives 7 simple1 & _! enemies & competitors no bett] provid$ ) high] bra9-c5tres ?an !mselves4 ,/]eotyp$ in/9ctive behavi\r suffic$ to enable !m to hold _! own1 & meet ! requirem5ts ( a life ( dull & unprogressive monotony4 ,/r5g? )\t cunn+ made ^! big-fram$ animals = a :ile ma/]s ( ! situation4 ,b among ^? exi/+ animals ^: skeletons indicate an analog\s zoological position1 !re is none :i* exhibits a c]ebral developm5t s poor4 ,& we may fairly conclude t ! fact t ^! huge creatures h left no l9eal desc5dants may be tak5 z evid5ce ( ! importance & value1 9 evolution1 ( t c]ebral tissue :i* is ! organic basis ( intellig5ce4 ,! high] bra9 conta9s ! pot5tiality ( t exp]i5ce )\t :i* ! evolution ( intellig5t behavi\r 9 any race ( v]tebrate animals is impossible4 ,v4--,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,on ,,in/9ct ,we h se5 t ! relation ( in/9ct to intellig5ce is ess5tially t ( cong5ital to acquir$ behavi\r4 ,we h se51 too1 t 9 ! ,lam>ckian int]pretation :at is acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( life may be transmitt$ ?r\gh inh]itance1 & ?us ! intellig5t behavi\r ( "o g5]ation may become in/9ctive & cong5ital 9 ! next4 ,b s]i\s biological difficulties /& 9 ! way ( ! acceptance ( ?is int]pretation2 !re is1 moreov]1 little or no evid5ce ( ! assum$ transmission to (fspr+ ( any acquir$ modifications ( /ructure or behavi\r4 ,we h1 !re=e1 be5 l$ to inf] t in/9ctive behavi\r has be5 evolv$ ?r\gh ! selection ( adaptive v>iations ( g]m9al orig91 ! influ5ce ( intellig5ce be+ re/rict$ to ! fo/]age ( co-incid5t v>iations1 t is to say1 ( ^? cong5ital v>iations :i* co9cide 9 direction ) ! acquir$ modifications ( behavi\r due to intellig5ce4 ,x is cle> t on ?is int]pretation ! influ5ce ( intellig5ce on in/9ct is m indirect & less simple ?an t impli$ by ! ,lam>ckian hypo!sis4 ,intellig5ce & in/9ct are 9 l>ge degree indep5d5t1 ?\gh !re is cont9ual int]action betwe5 !m4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! nature ( ?is int]action1 & to ?is end we mu/ indicate ! relation ( acquir$ modifications to ! h]$it>y gr\ndwork ( ! animal con/itution4 ,! basal fact is1 t ! bodily tissues are subject to a c]ta9 am\nt ( /ructural *ange dur+ ! c\rse ( individual life 9 accordance ) ! am\nt ( functional /ra9 put ^u !m4 ,! lab\r]'s ?ick5$ sk91 ! enl>g$ & /r5g!n$ muscles ( ! a?lete1 ! juggl]'s acquir$ suppl5ess are famili> cases4 ,less famili> in/ances are af=d$ "u abnormal conditions4 ,%\ld "o kidney f any cause be sl[ly de/roy$1 ! o!r w sl[ly enl>ge to c>ry on ! increas$ "w ( elim9ation ( wa/e products2 :5 ! l>g] %9 bone ( a dog has be5 remov$ aft] injury1 ! small] bone becomes ?ick5$ to be> ! add$ /ra92 new jo9t surfaces are sometimes =m$ :]e bones h be5 brok5 & ! natural jo9ts injur$4 ,"o may say t ! normal developm5t ( any /ructure dep5ds ^u a due am\nt ( use4 ,b1 s9ce 9 ! c\rse ( /r5u\s life any organ is f "t to "t subject to an abnormal am\nt ( /ra91 x mu/ be fitt$ to respond to a sup]-normal call on its /r5g? & functional activity4 ,7 ! he>t & ! lungs1 = example1 unable to meet ! greatly add$ dra9 on _! en]gies1 due to unwont$ & sev]e ex]tion1 collapse1 p]haps dea?1 w\ld ensue if su* ex]tion 7 imp]atively dem&$ "u special circum/ances4 ,& x is cle> t _m wild animals mu/ be n infrequ5tly plac$ 9 su* circum/ances z w subject _! muscul> /ructures & ! functional activity ( _! organs ( circulation & respiration to a /ra9 ne>ly up to _! extreme limits ( endurance4 ,! c>nivor\s hunt] w\ld (t5 fail to secure 8 prey if 8 organization 7 unequal to a h>d & prolong$ *ase2 ! hunt$ prey w\ld n survive to procreate 8 k9d if he fell a victim to ! fir/ pursu] ?r\gh inability to /& ! ex]tion necess>y to enable him to make good 8 escape4 ,x is ?us1 we may believe1 ?r\gh natural selection t a suffici5tly high /&>d ( /r5g? & functional endurance is ma9ta9$4 ,! failures 9 ^! respects are /eadily elim9at$4 ,x is difficult to realize ! great /ra9 put ^u a bird's organization by ! migration flight4 ,"s t5 times z _m birds leave our %ores 9 ! autumn z return to !m 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,:at proportion ( ^! is we$$ out 9 ! act ( migration we d n "k2 b we may be sure t only ^? fitt$ to /& a sev]e te/ ( physical endurance return to re> broods :i* %all inh]it 9 l>ge degree simil> vig\r ( con/itution4 ,two factors1 !n1 det]m9e ! limits ( effici5cy 9 ! bodily organs--h]$ity & use4 ,& ^! two co-op]ate 9 su* a way t we may say1 ei!r t due use is ! ess5tial condition ( ! effective developm5t ( ! h]$it>y p[]s1 or t h]$ity s]ves to condition _! effective developm5t ?r\gh use4 ,b ?\gh closely relat$1 s t ea* may be reg>d$ z conditional on ! o!r1 !y are1 if we accept ! view t acquir$ *>act]s are n transmitt$ z su*1 s f> indep5d5t 9 t use adds no?+ to1 disuse subtracts no?+ f1 ! h]$it>y /ore4 ,x is1 inde$1 difficult to conceive h[1 on any view1 ! abs5ce ( ! condition+ factor ( normal use c be ! effici5t cause ( a positive dim9ution ( ! balance at ! bank ( h]$ity4 ,& ,lam>ckian ?9k]s h n succe$$ 9 plac+ _! conception ( ! matt] 9 ! cle> light ( a work+ hypo!sis4 ,! am\nt ( :at we may t]m 8modifiability0 by use diff]s a good deal 9 ! sev]al organs & tissues4 ,! tee? ( c>nivora & ! antl]s ( de] may be cit$ z /ructures 9 :i* ! condition+ effects ( use =m a relatively unimportant factor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! n]v\s sy/em1 ) :i* we are "h prim>ily conc]n$1 is ( all animal /ructures t 9 :i* :at is acquir$ may atta9 ! greate/ importance 9 ! successful conduct ( life2 ! nature & ! range ( behavi\r af=d+ an index ( ! am\nt ( modifiability 9 ?is respect4 ,we h already se5 t in/9ctive behavi\r is prim>ily a matt] ( ! fir/ occasion on :i* any giv5 action is p]=m$1 & t _m in/9ctive acts are subject to subsequ5t modification 9 ! light ( ! exp]i5ce ga9$ dur+ ! e>ly p]=mances4 ,! range ( su* modification v>ies bo? 9 diff]5t animals & also ) respect to diff]5t modes ( behavi\r 9 ! same animal4 ,! m fix$ & deeply root$ an in/9ct ! less readily does intellig5ce obta9 a hold on x1 s z to direct ! behavi\r into new *annels ( bett] accommodation to ! circum/ances4 ,m4 ,fabre describes h[ a ,sphex1 "o ( ! solit>y wasps1 in/9ctively draws its prey1 a gras%opp]1 into ! burr[ by its ant5n4 ,:5 ^! 7 cut (f ! wasp pull$ ! gras%opp] 9 by ! jaw app5dages2 b :5 ^! 7 remov$ %e seem$ incapable ( fur!r accommodation to ! unusual circum/ances4 ,x w\ld seem an easy & obvi\s application ( intellig5ce to seize ! prey by "o ( ! =elegs4 ,b ?is 0 n done2 & ! gras%opp] 0 !n left4 ,intellig5ce did n seem equal to meet+ ! alt]$ conditions pres5t$ by ! maim$ gras%opp]4 ,/ill1 !re 0 "s modification ( ! normal in/9ctive behavi\r2 &1 z ,dr4 ,peckham has %[n1 !re may be m ?an ,fabre not$4 ,let u assume ! exi/5ce ( an animal ^: e act is in/9ctive1 ^: :ole behavi\r is m>k$ out 9 /rictly h]$it>y l9es1 no new dep>tures be+ acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( individual life4 ,?is extreme case w\ld af=d an example ( :at we may t]m completely /]eotyp$ behavi\r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let u assume ! exi/5ce ( an animal ) no h]$it>y def9it5ess ( reaction1 ^: e act is intellig5t1 ^: :ole behavi\r is ! result ( individual acquisition4 ,?is anti!tical extreme case w\ld af=d an example ( :at we may t]m completely pla/ic behavi\r4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r ei!r ( ^! extreme types occur 9 nature4 ,:at we f9d 9 our /udy ( animal behavi\r is "s int]m$iate condition 9 :i* bo? factors co-op]ate1 ) a pr$om9ance ei!r ( /]eotyp$ in/9ctive response on ! "o h&1 or ( pla/ic intellig5t acquisition on ! o!r h&4 ,& 9 ! latt] case1 z su* behavi\r approa*es its ideal limits1 we h modifiability "u ! circum/ances ( individual life at its maximum4 ,! evolution ( intellig5ce z su* runs p>allel ) ! evolution ( pla/ic behavi\r2 & ?is pla/icity is necessitat$ by ! v>iety & ! complexity ( ! conditions ( life--a v>iety & a complexity requir+ _m subtle modifications ( response to enable ! behavi\r to rea* accommodation to ! *angeful exig5cies ( div]se circum/ances4 ,to meet con/ant & relatively fix$ conditions /]eotyp$ in/9ctive responses suffice2 & ! elim9ation "u natural selection ( ^? individuals :i* fail to respond 9 fix$ ways by specially adaptive behavi\r t5ds to r5d] def9ite ! h]$it>y *annels ( n]v\s int]communication4 ,an inh]it$ sy/em ( no little complexity may ?us be evolv$2 ( :i* we h se5 examples 9 our /udy ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,b ! ess5tial condition ( ! successful work+ ( su* a sy/em is con/ancy 9 ! environm5t to :i* ! in/9ctive behavi\r is adapt$4 ,completely /]eotyp$ behavi\r1 9 its !oretical p]fection1 is 9 exact adaptation to ! circum/ances4 ,:]e in/9cts are only relatively p]fect1 fur!r adaptation is secur$ ?r\gh cong5ital v>iation & ! survival ( ! individuals 9 :i* ! behavi\r is bett] adapt$ to ! comp>atively inv>iable circum/ances4 ,?is is "o l9e ( evolution4 ,b ! evolution ( intellig5ce is along indep5d5t l9es ( progress4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 result f ! functional activity ( ! same n]v\s sy/em1 !y jo9tly det]m9e ! behavi\r1 !y int]act n only 9 ! c\rse ( individual life b 9 ! process ( evolution1 & !y are bo? subject to ! incid5ce ( natural selection1 :i* c det]m9e :e!r ! "o l9e or ! o!r %all prepond]ate--:e!r in/9ct or intellig5ce %all dom9ate behavi\r4 ,if an answ] mu/ be giv5 to ! "q :e!r in/9ct or intellig5ce has priority 9 ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( behavi\r1 x may be urg$ t1 on !oretical gr\nds1 ! claims ( in/9ct are ! /rong]4 ,tak+ animals z we actually f9d !m1 h[ev]1 !y af=d numb]less examples ( behavi\r at fir/ in/9ctive b subsequ5tly modifi$1 9 great] or less degree1 9 accordance ) ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce4 ,let u1 fir/1 assume t ! environm5t is sl[ly *ang+1 or has *ang$1 9 "s def9ite mann]4 ,su* *ange w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be relative1 & might be due1 ei!r to new conditions br\ght to be> on ! animal1 or to ! animal be+ itself br\ght1 9 ! expansion ( its life1 )9 _! influ5ce4 ,! old in/9ct is no long] q adapt$ to ! *ang$ circum/ances4 ,if ! *ange 7 suffici5t 9 am\nt1 & occurr$ some:at sudd5ly1 v>iations ( in/9ct might n occur soon en\gh to enable ! animal to rea* adaptation by ! gradual process ( natural selection4 ,if dep5d5t on in/9ct alone ! animal w\ld1 "u ^! circum/ances1 be elim9at$4 ,b if intellig5ce 7 able to modify ! behavi\r to meet ! new conditions ?is elim9ation w\ld be prev5t$4 ,9 successive g5]ations intellig5ce w\ld con/antly modify behavi\r 9 ! same mann] & 9 a def9ite direction4 ,mean:ile cong5ital v>iations 9 diff]5t directions w\ld occur4 ,^? :i* 7 9 directions antagoni/ic to t dictat$ by intellig5ce w\ld t5d to ?w>t accommodation & r5d] x less effectual2 b ^? :i* 7 co9cid5t 9 direction w\ld conspire ) accommodation & r5d] x m effectual4 ,! individuals 9 :i* v>iations ( in/9ct t5d$ to ?w>t intellig5ce w\ld be elim9at$2 :ile ^? 9 :i* co9cid5t v>iations assi/$ & aid$ intellig5t modification w\ld survive4 ,?us intellig5ce w\ld lead ! way along l9es :i* cong5ital v>iations w\ld foll[4 ,& 9 ! c\rse ( a numb] ( g5]ations ! new in/9ct w\ld rea* ! fully adaptive level1 & fur!r modification by intellig5ce w\ld become unnecess>y unless ! environm5t cont9u$ to *ange yet m4 ,individual accommodation ( behavi\r w\ld 9 ?is way det]m9e ! direction ( in/9ctive v>iation2 & yet ?r\gh\t ! process !re w\ld be1 /rictly speak+1 no transmission ( ! intellig5tly acquir$ *>act]s ( ! behavi\r4 ,b ?\gh "u con/ant & uni=m *anges 9 ! environm5t ! net result w\ld be only a guid$ v>iation ( ! orig9al in/9ct1 "u m v>iable & indef9itely *ang+ circum/ances ! result w\ld be diff]5t4 ,! high] animals exhibit an intellig5t pla/icity :i* enables !m to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! m complex environm5t into :i* _! wid] life has ris52 = evolution lifts ! animal f n>r[] into progressively wid] sph]es ( activity & behavi\r1 s t its environm5t becomes relatively m complex4 ,"h /]eotyp$ behavi\r w\ld be r a h9drance ?an an advantage4 ,! w9n+ animal 9 life's /ruggle w\ld be ! "o 9 :i* behavi\r 0 mo/ rapidly & mo/ surely modifi$ to meet p>ticul> ne$s--! "o 9 :i* ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce 7 mo/ promptly utiliz$ 9 effective action4 ,! inevitable t5d5cy ( ! evolution ( intellig5ce mu/ be dis9tegration ( ! /]eotyp$ modes ( behavi\r & ! dissolution ( in/9ct4 ,natural selection1 :i* "u a uni=m & con/ant environm5t leads to ! survival ( relatively fix$ & def9ite modes ( response1 "u an environm5t pres5t+ a wide range ( possibilities leads to ! survival ( pla/ic accommodation ?r\gh intellig5ce4 ,x is n t intellig5ce has any direct influ5ce t5d+ to und]m9e ! h]$it>y f\ndations ( in/9ct1 = acquir$ pla/icity is n inh]it$ z su*2 x is r t :5 ! /]eotyp$ & ! pla/ic are pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! wid]1 fre]1 & m v>i$ life ( ! high] animals ! pla/ic survives & ! /]eotyp$ succumbs4 ,imp]fect z is our pres5t k ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! n]v\s connections impli$ 9 psy*ological associations are e/abli%$1 !re c be no "q t !y are acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( individual life2 !y are modifications ( n]v\s /ructure due to a special mode ( use "u ! conditions ( exp]i5ce4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! case ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z 9 t ( ! bodily organs be=e m5tion$1 two co-op]at+ factors det]m9e ! limits ( effici5cy--h]$ity & use4 ,j z ! he>t & lungs mu/ inh]it ! p[] ( /&+ abnormal /ra9 if ! animal is to avoid elim9ation 9 times ( unwont$ ex]tion1 s mu/ ! n]v\s sy/em inh]it "s res]ve p[] ( deal+ effectively ) unwont$ circum/ances by intellig5t accommodation1 if ! animal is n to fall a victim to su* circum/ances4 ,9 o!r words1 at times ( height5$ competition ^? animals :i* c draw on a res]ve fund ( intellig5t accommodation w survive1 :ile ! /upid blund]]s w be elim9at$4 ,we may t]m ?is res]ve fund ( intellig5t accommodation1 ?is inh]it$ ability to meet specially difficult circum/ances z !y arise1 innate capacity4 ,f ! nature ( ! case x mu/ be indef9ite1 = x mu/ c>ry ) x ! ability to meet un=ese5 comb9ations ( ! environ+ =ces by new comb9ations ( ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,its di/+ui%+ m>k is pla/icity1 9 contradi/9ction to ! /]eotyp$ fixity ( typical in/9ct4 ,& accompany+ its evolution !re is probably1 z we h se51 a dissolution ( its anti!sis1 in/9ct4 ,?us may we acc\nt = ! fact t man1 ) 8 great /ore ( innate capacity1 has s small a numb] ( /]eotyp$ in/9cts4 ,b ! dissolution ( in/9cts is n complete4 ,residua are left 9 ! inh]it$ m5tal con/itution4 ,& ^! we t]m cong5ital t5d5cies & prop5sities4 ,!y diff] f ! typical in/9cts 9 ! fact t ! def9it5ess ( response has be5 lo/4 ,!y dictate a g5]al tr5d ( action1 b ! p>ticul> application 9 behavi\r is due to intellig5t accommodation4 ,!y are commonly spok5 ( z in/9ctive2 & _! mode ( orig9 ju/ifies ! use ( ! adjective 9 association ) ! t]m 8prop5sities40 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! behavi\r to :i* !y lead is n1 z su*1 :olly in/9ctive2 x is a jo9t product ( in/9ct & intellig5ce1 ! g5]al tr5d be+ due to ! in/9ctive prop5sity1 :ile ! mode ( application is guid$ by intellig5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r way 9 :i* analog\s prop5sities may be +ra9$ 9 ! m5tal con/itution1 n z residual ve/iges ( old in/9cts1 b z cong5ital rudim5ts fo/]$ by new habits4 ,x is a well-kn[n & famili> fact t ! frequ5t repetition ( intellig5t accommodation 9 c]ta9 def9ite l9es begets habits1 :i* s f> simulate in/9cts z to be commonly describ$ 9 popul> spee* z in/9ctive4 ,pr(essor ,wundt inde$ places !m 9 ! category ( 8acquir$ in/9cts0--a usage :i* we reg>d z unsatisfactory1 see+ t x t5ds to mask ! di/9ction betwe5 ! cong5ital & acquir$ factors 9 behavi\r1 & see+ t we h ! well-def9$ t]m 8habits0 = acts r5d]$ to a l>ge ext5t automatic ?r\gh repetition4 ,lam>ckian ?9k]s reg>d habit z ! "m ( in/9ct1 assum+ t ! acquir$ automatism ( "o g5]ation may be transmitt$ to become cong5ital 9 ! succe$+ g5]ation4 ,?is conclusion we provisionally reject1 reg>d+ ! basal assumption z at pres5t unprov54 ,b ?\gh we _c accept ! view t habit is ! "m ( in/9ct1 we reg>d x z n improbable t habit may be ! nurse ( cong5ital prop5sities4 ,rememb]+ t simil> habits are acquir$ by animals ( ! same species ?r\gh\t a s]ies ( succe$+ g5]ations1 & assum+ t cong5ital v>iations are con/antly occurr+ 9 _m directions1 x seems probable t "s ( ^! v>iations w be co9cid5t 9 direction ) ! acquir$ habits4 ,?us w\ld arise a cong5ital prop5sity to p]=m ! habitual acts2 & %\ld !y be ( suffici5t importance 9 ! conduct ( life to be subject to ! action ( natural selection1 ^? animals 9 :i* su* prop5sities 7 cong5ital w\ld survive1 :]eas ^? 9 :i* no su* prop5sities exi/$ w\ld be elim9at$4 ,x is unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 to elaborate ?is conception fur!r1 s9ce x is 9 l9e ) t already discuss$ 9 consid]+ ! influ5ce ( intellig5ce 9 fo/]+ a div]sion ( in/9ct "u *ang+ circum/ances4 ,!n we 7 consid]+ h[ habit may lead to a cong5ital *ange 9 an old in/9ct2 "h we are deal+ ) ! developm5t ( a new prop5sity4 ,suffici5t has n[ be5 said to illu/rate "s ( ! ways 9 :i* in/9ct & intellig5ce int]act 9 ! evolution ( behavi\r4 ,su* int]action is fur!r exemplifi$ 9 ! social life ( animals1 :i* w be dealt ) 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,social ,,behavi\r ,i4--,,imitation ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( social behavi\r is t x is 9 l>ge degree det]m9$ by ! behavi\r ( o!r memb]s ( ! social community4 ,9 all animals :i* mate !re is a tempor>y or m la/+ influ5ce on ea* o!r ( ! individuals :i* unite to procreate _! k9d2 & 9 ^? :i* fo/] _! "y !re is a social relation ( p>5ts & (fspr+4 ,"s ( ^! mutual relation%ips w be discuss$1 9 _! emotional aspects1 9 ! next *apt]4 ,"h we w consid] ! m g5]al factors :i* s]ve to det]m9e ! c\rse ( social evolution4 ,among ^! is commonly reckon$ imitation4 ,m4 ,t>de says1 8,la socit c'e/ l'imitation40 ,b ?is ^w1 l s _m o!rs :i* are employ$ alike 9 popul> spee* & 9 m or less te*nical discussions1 c>ries a some:at wide range ( mean+1 & is by "s writ]s us$ 9 a broad]1 by o!rs 9 a n>r[] s5se4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,m>k ,baldw9#gd says1 8t all organic adaptation 9 a *ang+ environm5t is a ph5om5on ( biological or organic imitation10 "u :i* category w fall1 !re=e1 ! organic behavi\r ( ! protozoa & ( plants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike1 ?\gh he admits 9 ! l[] animals 8c]ta9 pseudo-imitative or semi-imitative ph5om5a10 has be5 l$ by exp]im5ts1 to be pres5tly notic$1 to ! conclusion t animals z high 9 ! scale ( life z cats & dogs _c =m new associations "u ! influ5ce ( imitation4 8,x seems sure10 he says1#ge 8f ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! animals 7 unable to =m an association lead+ to an act f hav+ se5 ano!r animal1 or animals1 p]=m ! act 9 a c]ta9 situation40 ,9 face ( su* app>5tly div]se usage x is necess>y to %[ )9 :at limits & ) :at qualifications ! ^w may pr(itably "h be us$ to indicate a factor 9 social evolution4 ,pr(essor ,m>k ,baldw9's use ( ! t]m 8imitation0 c only be und]/ood 9 its relation to an hypo!sis ( organic & m5tal evolution1 :i* he develops ) no little skill & brilliancy4#gf ,he reg>ds ! processes ( life z issu+ 9 a great tw(old adaptation1 due to expansions & contractions1--! =m] repres5t+ wax+1 ! latt] wan+ vitality2 & he holds t all special adaptations are secur$ by ! new hold ^u b5eficial /imulations rea*$ by ! expansive out-rea*+ movem5ts4 8,among ! v>iations 9 organic =ms10 he says1 8x is easy to see t "s ( !m might react 9 su* a way z to keep 9 contact ) ! /imulus1 to lay hold ( x1 & s keep on react+ to x aga9 & aga9--j z our rhy?mic action 9 brea?+ keeps ! organism 9 vital contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,^! organisms w get all ! b5efit or damage ( ! repetition or p]si/5ce ( ! /imulus1 or ( _! own reactions1 aga9 & aga92 & x is self-evid5t t ! b5eficial /imulations are ! ones :i* %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ?is way1 & t ! organisms :i* did ?is w\ld live4 ,! organisms :i* react$ 9 su* a way z to reta9 ! damag+ /imulations1 on ! o!r h&1 by ?is same process1 w\ld aid nature 9 kill+ !mselves4 ,if ?is be true1 only ^? organisms w\ld survive :i* _h ! v>iation ( reta9+ useful /imulations 9 :at ,i h call$1 9 speak+ ( imitation else:]e1 a #8circul> way' ( react+4444 ,s1 :5 we come to consid] phylog5y & ontog5y toge!r1 we f9d t if by an organism we mean a ?+ ( contractility or irritability1 ^: r\nd ( movem5ts is kept up by "s k9d ( nutritive process suppli$ by ! environm5t--absorption1 *emical action ( atmosph]ic oxyg51 etc4--& ^: exi/5ce is ?reat5$ by dang]s ( contact & :at n1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to secure a regul> supply to ! nutritive processes1 & to avoid ^! contacts4 ,b ! organism c d no?+ b move1 z a :ole or 9 "s ( its p>ts4 ,s1 !n1 if "o ( su* creatures is to be fitt] ?an ano!r to survive1 x mu/ be ! creature :i*1 by its movem5ts1 secures m nutritive processes & avoids m dang]\s contacts4 ,b movem5ts t[>d ! s\rce ( /imulation keep hold on ! /imulation1 & movem5ts away f ! contacts break ! contacts2 t is all4 ,nature selects ^! organisms2 h[ c\ld %e d o!rwise80 8,?us a #8circul>' activity is f\nd 9 op]ation2 life-processes issu+ 9 increas$ movem5ts1 by :i* 9 turn ! /imulations to ! life-processes are kept 9 action40 ,b :5 a *ild imitates1 himself reproduc+ ! 8copy0 set = imitation1 ! reaction at :i* imitative sugge/ion aims is "o :i* w reproduce ! /imulat+ impression1 & s t5d to p]petuate itself4 ,! /imulus />ts a motor process1 :i* t5ds to reproduce ! /imulus1 &1 ?r\gh x1 ! motor process aga94 ,x is a 8circul> activity40 ,?us 8we are able to recon/ruct ! !ory ( adaptation 9 su* a way z to %[ t ?is k9d ( organic selection by movem5t1 & ?is k9d ( imitative selection by consci\sness1 are ! same ?+4 ,organic imitation & consci\s imitation--ea* a circul> process t5d+ to ma9ta9 c]ta9 /imulations & to avoid o!rs--"h is "o ?+20 & to ?is "o ?+ ! common t]m 8imitation0 is appli$ by ,mr4 ,baldw94 ,?is ext5d$ usage is admitt$ by ! au?or to be some:at ( an innovation4 ,b if 8 hypo!sis be s\nd ?is ne$ be no b> to its acceptance4 ,two sali5t que/ions mu/1 h[ev]1 receive satisfactory answ]s4 ,fir/1 is all organic adaptation 9 a *ang+ environm5t a circul> process--a ph5om5on ( organic imitation8 ,secondly1 does all consci\s imitation t5d to reproduce ! imitat+ /imulus8 ,pr(essor ,baldw9 speaks ( organic imitation & consci\s imitation z 8ea* a circul> process t5d+ to ma9ta9 c]ta9 /imulations & to avoid o!rs40 ,n[1 x may be grant$ t ! t5d5cy to ma9ta9 or repeat c]ta9 /imulations may be reg>d$ z a 8circul> process40 ,b c ! avoidance or non-repetition ( o!rs be s reg>d$8 ,a l>ge proportion alike ( ! h]$it>y adaptations & ! acquir$ accommodations ( behavi\r are direct$ to ?is avoidance or non-repetition ( hurtful /imulations4 ,! in/9ctive %r9k+ ( a *ick f an aggressive animal is j z mu* adaptive z ! repeat$ cuddl+ b5ea? ! w>m w+ ( ! "m4 ,! avoidance ( nause\s c9nab> cat]pill>s is j z mu* an accommodation to ! con/itution ( ! environm5t z ! reit]at$ seiz+ ( palatable grubs4 ,ev5 l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( animal life1 ,dr4 ,j5n+s's obs]vations on ,p>amecia seem to %[ t ! ret5tion ( fav\rable /imulation is n due to its direct influ5ce1 b is ! indirect result ( a reaction to ! relatively unfav\rable /imulation :i* occurs :5 ! ,p>amecium passes away f m satisfactory surr\nd+s4 ,a fav\rable environm5t is secur$ ?r\gh ! avoidance ( ! unfav\rable4 ,unless1 !re=e1 we exclude adaptive avoidance f ! category ( adaptations1 we _c reg>d all organic adaptation 9 a *ang+ environm5t z a ph5om5on ( organic imitation due to a circul> process t5d+ to ! re9/atem5t ( /imulation4 ,pass+ to ! second "q--,does all consci\s imitation t5d to reproduce ! initiat+ /imulus8--we _c unres]v$ly give an affirmative answ]4 ,x is true t :5 a *ild m or less successfully reproduces a s\nd :i* falls ^u its e>1 a l s\nd /imulus is af=d$ :i* may by a circul> process incite to r5ew$ ef=t1 & lead to yet m successful reproduction4 ,b :5 ,pr(essor ,baldw9's *ild1 betwe5 n9e & t5 mon?s old1 imitat$ c]ta9 movem5ts ( ! lips1 !re 0 no reproduction ( ! initiat+ visual /imulus4 ,a *ick see+ its companions run away or cr\* w foll[ suit2 & ?is w\ld commonly be t]m$ an imitative action2 b !re is "h no reproduction ( ! initiat+ /imulus4 ,v mu* ( ! behavi\r :i* is usually ascrib$ to imitation produces effects 9 consci\sness q diff]5t f t ( ! orig9al /imulation4 ,x is only by select+ "o's examples t "o f9ds 9 !m evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,pr(essor ,baldw9's 8circul> process40 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ?is circul> mode ( activity is nei!r a *>act]i/ic ( all consci\s imitation1 nor a di/+ui%+ m>k ( all adaptive organic action1 ! gr\nds on :i* ,pr(essor ,baldw9 bases 8 ext5d$ usage ( ! t]m appe> to be fallaci\s4 ,& 9 ?is usage we _c foll[ him4 ,turn+ n[ to ,pr(essor ,?orndike's v diff]5t cont5tion--t animals ev5 s high z ! cat & dog d n imitate 9 ! s5se ( =m+ an association lead+ to an act f hav+ se5 ano!r animal p]=m ! act 9 a c]ta9 way--we may fir/ describe "s ( 8 +5i\s exp]im5ts design$ to submit ! matt] to ! te/ ( obs]vation "u controll$ conditions4#gg ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) *icks 9 sev]al ways4 ,!y 71 = example1 plac$ 9 p5s1 f :i*1 9 ea* case1 8!re 0 only "o possible way ( escape1 to see if !y w\ld le>n x m quickly :5 ano!r *ick did ! ?+ sev]al times be=e _! eyes4 ,! me?od 0 to give "s *icks _! fir/ trial ) an imitation possibility1 & _! second )\t1 :ile o!rs 7 giv5 _! fir/ trial )\t & _! second )4 ,if ! ratio ( ! av]age "t ( ! fir/ trial to ! av]age "t ( ! second is small] 9 ! fir/ class ?an x is 9 ! second class1 we may f9d evid5ce ( ?is sort ( influ5ce by imitation4 ,?\gh imitation may n be able to make an animal d :at he w\ld o!rwise n d1 x may make him d quick] a ?+ he w\ld h done soon] or lat] anyway4 ,z a fact1 ! ratio is mu* long]4 ,?is is due to ! fact t a *ick1 :5 9 a p5 ) ano!r *ick1 is n afflict$ by ! discom=t ( lonel9ess1 & s does n try to get out4 ,s ! o!r *ick1 :o is cont9ually be+ put 9 ) him to tea* him ! way out1 really prolongs 8 /ay 94 ,?is factor de/roys ! value ( ^! quantitative exp]im5ts1 & ,i d n10 says ,mr4 ,?orndike1 8insi/ ^u !m z evid5ce aga9/ imitation1 ?\gh !y c]ta9ly (f] none = x40 ,*icks1 f sixte5 to ?irty days old1 7 also plac$ 9 boxes f :i* escape 0 op5 to !m by su* acts z peck+ at ! door1 /epp+ on a plat=m1 or peck+ at a tack4 ,! me?od ( exp]im5t 0 to put a *ick 91 leave him f sixty to eighty seconds1 !n put 9 ano!r :o knew ! act1 & on 8 p]=m+ x to let bo? escape4 ,no cases 7 c\nt$ unless ! imitator app>5tly saw ! o!r d ! ?+4 ,aft] ab\t e t5 su* *ances to le>n ! act1 ! imitator 0 left 9 alone = t5 m9utes4 ,out ( ?irte5 cases tabulat$ only once 0 ! act p]=m$1 9 spite ( ! ample *ance = imitation4 8,i h no hesitation10 adds ,mr4 ,?orndike1 89 decl>+ ?is "o's act 9 /epp+ on ! plat=m ! result ( m]e accid5t1 & am sure t any "o :o _h wat*$ ! exp]im5ts w\ld agree40 ,to te/ ! influ5ce1 if any1 ( imitation 9 cats1 ! foll[+ me?od 0 adopt$4 ,a box 0 arrang$ ) two comp>tm5ts sep>at$ by a wire scre54 8,! l>g] ( ^! _h a front ( wood5 b>s ) a door :i* fell op5 :5 a /r+ /ret*$ across ! top 0 bitt5 or claw$ d[n4 ,! small] 0 clos$ by bo>ds on ?ree sides & by ! wire scre5 on ! f\r?4 ,?r\gh ! scre5 a cat )9 c\ld see ! "o to be imitat$ pull ! /r+1 g out ?r\gh ! door ?us op5$1 & eat ! fi% outside4 ,:5 put 9 ?is comp>tm5t1 ! top be+ cov]$ by a l>ge box1 a cat soon gave up ef=ts to claw ?r\gh ! scre51 quiet$ d[n1 & wat*$ m or less ! proce$+s go+ on 9 ! o!r comp>tm5t4 ,?us ?is app>atus c\ld be us$ to te/ ! p[] ( imitation4 ,a cat :o _h no exp]i5ce ) ! means ( escape f ! l>ge comp>tm5t 0 put 9 ! clos$ "o2 ano!r cat1 :o w\ld d x readily1 0 all[$ to g ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( pull+ ! /r+1 go+ out1 & eat+ ! fi%4 ,record 0 made ( ! numb] ( times he did s1 & ( ! numb] ( times ! imitator _h 8 eyes cle>ly fix$ on him4444 ,aft] ! imitatee _h done ! ?+ a numb] ( times1 ! o!r 0 put 9 ! big comp>tm5t alone1 & ! "t x took him be=e pull+ ! /r+ 0 not$ & 8 g5]al behavi\r closely obs]v$4 ,if he fail$ 9 five or t5 or fifte5 m9utes to d s1 he 0 releas$ & n f$4 ,?is entire exp]im5t 0 repeat$ a numb] ( times4 ,f ! times tak5 by ! imitator to escape & f obs]vation ( ! way t he did x1 we c decide :e!r imitation play$ any "p4444 ,no "o1 ,i am sure1 :o _h se5 ! behavi\r ( ! cats w\ld h claim$ t _! conduct 0 at all influ5c$ by :at !y _h se54 ,:5 !y did hit ! /r+ ! act look$ j l ! accid5tal success ( ! ord9>y association exp]im5t4 ,b1 besides ^! p]sonal obs]vations1 we h 9 ! imp]sonal "t-records suffici5t pro(s ( ! abs5ce ( imitation40 ,"s obs]vations on dogs are also describ$4 ,f ^! x appe>s t ! ?ree individuals on :i* exp]im5ts 7 made fail$ to le>n ! way ( gett+ out ( a cage f see+ ano!r dog escape4 ,"o ( !m 0 also all[$ to see ano!r dog beg = meat #aaj times4 ,b he nev] tri$ to imitate him & ?us secure a piece ( meat z a rew>d4 ,x !re=e 8seems sure10 says ,mr4 ,?orndike1 8t we %\ld give up imitation z an a priori explanation ( any novel intellig5t p]=mance4 ,to say t a dog :o op5s a gate1 = in/ance1 ne$ n h reason$ x out if he _h se5 ano!r dog d ! same ?+1 is to (f] in/ead ( "o false explanation ano!r equally false4 ,imitation 9 any =m is too d\btful a factor to be presuppos$ )\t evid5ce40 ,pr(essor ,?orndike is ( op9ion t monkeys are probably imitative 9 ways beyond ! capacity ( dogs & cats2 b1 at ! "t ( writ+1 he _h n sub/antiat$ 8 op9ion1 by analog\s exp]im5ts4 ,if s1 x w p]haps prove t !y are rational be+s 9 ! n>r[] s5se def9$ 9 a previ\s *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,= x appe>s t ! k9d ( imitation :i* ,mr4 ,?orndike's exp]im5ts g f> to disprove1 is :at we may t]m reflective imitation4 ,a cat ) no exp]i5ce ( ! means ( escape1 "o t has tri$ to get out ( ! box by *ance ef=ts 9 _m directions & has fail$1 sees ano!r cat p]=m an act acquir$ 9 ?is way1 & le>ns no?+ f ! sight4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 proves t ! cat _h n 9 any s5se grasp$ ! nature ( ! problem be=e x1 _h no notion ( j :]e ! difficulty lay1 _h n ! wit to see t ! p]=mance ( ! o!r cat suppli$ ! miss+ l9ks 9 its own previ\s behavi\r4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r su* miss+ l9ks c\ld be suppli$ 9 ?is way 9 ! abs5ce ( "s p[]s ( reflection4 ,! cat is unable to =m an association1 lead+ to an appropriate act1 f hav+ se5 ano!r animal p]=m ! act 9 a c]ta9 way1 p>tly because x _c p]ceive ! reason ( its previ\s failure1 & see t ! o!r's p]=mance af=ds ! requisite clue4 ,! :ole gi/ ( ! *ance exp]i5ce int]pretation ( animal behavi\r is t !re mu/ be *ance exp]i5ce to build on4 ,! cat _c ga9 ?is by look+ on nev] s int5tly1 unless x be provid$ ) a rational z well z a s5sory eye4 ,! act ( pull+ ! /r+ has be5 rea*$ by ! successful cat ?r\gh ! gradual elim9ation ( _m failures2 x is a diff]5tiat$ act1 hav+ no place 9 ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( ! kitt54 ,x has nev] ent]$ into ! consci\s situation1 & _c be suppli$ at w by a non-rational be+4 ,z ,mr4 ,?orndike himself says1 8no cat c =m an association lead+ to an act unless !re is includ$ 9 ! association an impulse ( its own :i* leads to ! act40#gh ,by 8impulse10 ,mr4 ,?orndike 8means ! consci\sness accompany+ a muscul> inn]vation ap>t f t feel+ ( ! act :i* comes f see+ "o's self move1 f feel+ "o's body 9 a diff]5t position1 etc4 ,x is ! direct feel+ ( do+ z di/+ui%$ f ! idea ( ! act done ga9$ ?r\gh eye1 etc4444 ,! act 9 ?is respect ( be+ felt z to be done or z do+ is 9 animals ! important ?+1 is ! ?+ :i* gets associat$1 :ile ! act z done1 z view$ f outside1 is a second>y affair40 ,i take x t by 8impulse0 is "h meant :at ,dr4 ,/\t w\ld t]m ! direct exp]i5ce involv$ 9 conation4#gi ,if x h a place 9 exp]i5ce di/+ui%able f t ( /imulation & response x is includ$ 9 :at ,i h on a =m] page spok5 ( z ! consci\sness ( behavi\r z su*1 :i* 0 said to be ess5tial4 ,& ,i am surpris$ t ,mr4 ,?orndike %\ld h suppos$ t ,i believe t ?is c\ld by any animal be 8suppli$ at w40 ,9 any case x seems probable1 z ! result ( obs]vation1 t unless ! consci\sness ( behav+ 9 a specific mann] has ent]$ into ! situation z develop$ 9 exp]i5ce x _c 9 animals ent] into any subsequ5t repres5tative complex4 ,& x is ! abs5ce ( su* consci\sness ( behav+ 9 a specific mann] :i* ! sight ( ! escap+ cat fails to supply 9 ,mr4 ,?orndike's exp]im5ts4 ,int]e/+ & valuable z ^! exp]im5ts are1 !y are op5 to ! criticism to :i*1 z we h se51 8 o!r exp]im5ts are also op5--t ! conditions are abnormal & cramp$4 ,ap>t f reflective imitation1 :i* !y t5d to disprove1 !y d n conduce to ! k9d ( consci\s situation :i* appe>s to be mo/ fav\rable = ! developm5t ( intellig5t imitation f\nd$ on h]$it>y t5d5cies & prop5sities4 ,x is ?r\gh su* imitation t1 z ,h]r ,groos says1#hj 8animals le>n p]fectly ^? ?+s = :i* !y h imp]fect h]$it>y dispositions40 ,! k9d ( situation :i* conduces to su* intellig5t imitation is t :i* involves ! attitude ( att5tion & int]e/ ris+1 :5 ^! are suffici5tly v>i$ 9 _! direction1 into :at is spok5 ( z curiosity4 ,^!1 9 _! natural occurr5ce 9 animals1 are p>ts (1 or 9 any case accompanim5ts ( ! conative attitude--!y are connect$ ) activities & impulsive t5d5cies to behavi\r4 ,if att5tion & int]e/ are direct$ to ! behavi\r ( ano!r animal1 ! conative attitude is t ( imitation4 ,miss ,romanes has describ$ h[ skilfully a capu*9 imitat$ ! actions necess>y to unlock a trunk4 ,x does n seem necess>y to assume t reflective imitation is "h exemplifi$4 ,! monkey ne$ n reg>d ! key & lock z ! relat$ p>ts ( a puzzle to be practically solv$1 ne$ n h any free idea ( ! difficulty x pres5ts1 ne$ n 9 unlock+ ! trunk grasp ! true nature ( ! difficulty or h any conception ( its solution4 ,e sev]al act ( ! capu*91 ! seiz+ ! key1 ! direct+ x "h or !re1 & s on1 is already suppli$ ) ! impulse ( :i* ,dr4 ,?orndike speaks4 ,att5tion1 itself *>g$ ) impulse1 directs & comb9es ^! pre-exi/+ impulses to a new end4 ,& s9ce t :i* directs ! att5tion is ! act ( ano!r1 we call ! proc$ure imitative4 ,b ! v>i$ & p]si/5t ef=t diff]s 9 no ess5tial respect f t ( a two days' *ick1 :i* pecks aga9 & aga9 at "s speck :i* cat*es its eye1 or t ( a ne/l+ jay1 :i* w peck = long at "s nail or piece ( wire 9 its cage1 twi/+ & turn+ its bill 9 _m & v>i$ ways4 ,& success 9 op5+ ! trunk is rea*$ by ! capu*91 n1 x w\ld seem1 ?r\gh any real appreciation ( ! ess5tial k]nel ( ! practical problem1 b ?r\gh ! *ance results ( _m v>i$ ef=ts4 ,al?\gh 9 no o!r animals is x develop$ to s high a degree z 9 ! monkeys1 int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( o!rs is an attitude by no means r>e1 & af=ds ! basis ( intellig5t imitation4 ,p]haps ! conditions 9 ,dr4 ,?orndike's exp]im5ts 7 n ! be/ = ! developm5t ( su* int]e/ 9 ! proc$ure ( ano!r4 ,& 9 any case ! imitation ( a p>ticul> mode ( proc$ure1 rea*$ by ! gradual def9+ ( ! impulse1 c\ld h>dly be expect$ 9 ! abs5ce ( ! s]ies ( exp]i5ces by :i* t def9ition _h be5 rea*$1 unless ! cat 7 capable ( :at has be5 above spok5 ( z reflective imitation4 ,if1 !n1 we agree to exclude f ! category ( imitative behavi\r 9 animals1 on ! "o h&1 any 8circul> process0 :i* may occur 9 ! same individual1 & on ! o!r h& any reflective imitation1 su* z is s important a factor 9 human education1 x rema9s to be se5 :at may be fairly includ$ 9 ?is category4 ,x is probable t 9 animals imitation has its f\ndations 9 in/9ctive behavi\r1 ( :i* x may be reg>d$ z ! *>act]i/ically social type4 ,if "o ( a gr\p ( *icks le>n by casual exp]i5ce to dr9k f a t9 ( wat]1 o!rs w run up & peck at ! wat]1 & ?us le>n to dr9k4 ,a h5 tea*es h] little ones to pick up gra9 or o!r food by peck+ on ! gr\nd & dropp+ suitable mat]ials be=e !m1 :ile !y seem+ly imitate h] action 9 seiz+ ! gra94 ,"o may make *icks & pheasants peck by simulat+ ! action ( a h5 ) a p5cil po9t or pair ( f9e =ceps4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,peal1 ! ,assamese f9d t "y jungle pheasants w p]i% if _! peck+ responses are n ?us /imulat$2 & ,pr(essor ,claypole tells me t ?is is also ! case ) "y o/ri*es hat*$ 9 an incubator4 ,a little pheasant & gu9ea-f[l foll[$ two old] duckl+s1 "o wild1 ! o!r tame1 & seem$ to wait ^u _! bills1 to peck :5 !y peck$1 & to be guid$ by _! actions4 ,x is c]ta9ly mu* easi] to br+ up "y birds if old] birds are sett+ an example ( eat+ & dr9k+2 & in/9ctive acts1 su* z scrat*+ ! gr\nd1 are p]=m$ e>li] if imitation be n exclud$4 ,if a gr\p ( *icks h le>nt to avoid c9nab> cat]pill>s1 & if !n two or ?ree f ano!r gr\p are introduc$ & beg9 to pick up ! cat]pill>s1 ! o!rs w sometimes aga9 seize !m1 ?\gh !y w\ld o!rwise h left !m unt\*$4 ,"o ( my *icks1 com+ ^u a dead bee1 gave ! dang] or al>m note2 ano!r at "s little di/ance at once made ! same s\nd4 ,a numb] ( simil> cases might be giv52 b :at impresses ! obs]v] z he wat*es ! e>ly developm5t ( a brood ( "y birds1 is ! pres5ce ( an imitative t5d5cy :i* is exemplifi$ 9 _m little ways n easy to describe 9 detail4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! imitative t5d5cies or prop5sities are n :olly indef9ite4 ,! "y birds d n imitate any actions1 b behavi\r ( c]ta9 specific types1 ! imitation ( :i* has be5 engra9$ ?r\gh ! action ( natural selection4 ,:at g5]alization1 !n1 c be drawn f ?is some:at indef9ite gr\p ( facts1 to :i* _m o!rs ( l import c\ld be add$ f obs]vations on ! "y ( mammals8 ,:at is _! relation to in/9ctive proc$ure 9 g5]al8 ,x w\ld seem t !y are *>act]iz$ by a special relation ( ! ext]nal /imulus to ! response4 ,:5 ?is /imulus is af=d$ by ! behavi\r ( ano!r animal1 & ! responsive behavi\r x initiates is simil> to t :i* af=ds ! /imulus1 su* behavi\r may be t]m$ imitative4 ,a *ick s\nds ! dang] note2 ?is is ! /imulus "u :i* ano!r *ick s\nds a simil> note1 & we say t ! "o imitates ! o!r4 ,su* an action may be describ$ z imitative 9 its effects1 b n imitative 9 its purpose4 ,only f ! obs]v]'s /&po9t does su* in/9ctive behavi\r diff] f o!r modes ( cong5ital proc$ure4 ,x may be t]m$ biological1 b n psy*ological1 imitation4 ,& if x be held t ! ess5ce ( imitation lies 9 ! purpose s to imitate1 we mu/ f9d "s o!r t]m "u :i* to describe ! facts4 ,?is does n seem necess>y1 h[ev]1 if we are c>eful to qualify ! t]m 8imitation0 by ! adjective 8in/9ctive0 or 8biological40 ,& ! ret5tion ( ! t]m s]ves to indicate t ?is is ! /ock on :i* delib]ate imitation is ev5tually graft$4 ,! fact t in/9ctive imitation leads1 "u natural conditions1 to behavi\r :i* is already famili> to u 9 ! species conc]n$1 prev5ts u f recogniz+ ! influ5ce ( ?is social factor s easily z might o!rwise be ! case4 ,! abnormal arre/s our att5tion m readily ?an ! normal1 & h5ce ! cases commonly cit$ are g5]ally ^? :i* /rike u z unusual1 su* z ! imitation ( human s\nds by ! p>rot4 ,b if ! "y inh]it a t5d5cy to imitate c]ta9 actions ( _! p>5ts1 & if !re is among ! memb]s ( a greg>i\s species su* in/9ctive imitation z %all t5d to keep !m greg>i\s1 we h "h a social factor 9 animal life ( no slight importance4 ,j z ! high] type ( reflective imitation is ( great value 9 br++ ! human *ild to ! level ( ! adults :o =m ! family & social environm5t1 s1 too1 does ! sub-consci\s in/9ctive imitation ( ! l[] animals br+ ! "y bird or o!r creature into l9e ) ! memb]s ( its own species4 ,9 broods ( *icks br\ght up "u exp]im5tal conditions1 !re are (t5 "o or two m active1 vigor\s1 intellig5t1 & mis*iev\s birds4 ,^! are ! lead]s ( ! brood2 ! o!rs are _! imitators4 ,_! pres5ce raises ! g5]al level ( intellig5t activity4 ,remove !m1 & ! o!rs %[ a less active1 less inquisitive1 less adv5tur\s life4 ,!y seem to lack initiative4 ,f :i* "o may inf] t imitation af=ds to "s ext5t a means ( levell+ up ! less intellig5t to ! /&>d ( ! m intellig5t2 & ( supply+ a /imulus to ! developm5t ( habits :i* w\ld o!rwise be lack+4 ,:5 a mongrel pup1 ^: developm5t ,dr4 ,wesley ,mills wat*$ & has describ$1 0 introduc$ to ! society ( o!r dogs1 its progress 01 he tells u1 8extraord9>ily rapid40 ,in/9ctive imitation ?us introduces into ! consci\s situation c]ta9 modes ( behavi\r1 & if ! developm5t ( ! situation z a :ole is pleasurable1 !re w be a t5d5cy to its r$evelopm5t1 "u ! guidance ( intellig5ce1 on subsequ5t occasions4 ,z 9 ! case ( o!r in/9cts & prop5sities1 !re is giv5 ?r\gh inh]itance a m or less def9ite outl9e sket* ( social proc$ure1 :i* intellig5ce fur!r def9es1 & ref9es1 & %apes to m delicate issues4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 intellig5ce does n t5d to make ! imitation z su* m p]fect4 ,x may p]fect ! behavi\r1 b n necess>ily on imitative l9es4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ! song & call-notes ( birds1 & n improbably ! s\nds ( o!r animals1 !re does seem a pr$isposition to r5d] ! imitation z su* m p]fect4 ,! facts1 z af=d$ by su* birds z ! magpie1 jay1 />l+1 m>%-w>bl]1 & mock+-bird1 are famili>2 & ,i h else:]e#ha giv5 "s acc\nt ( !m4 ,x may be specially not$ t we h 9 ?is case t circul> mode ( activity on :i*1 z we h se51 ,pr(essor ,m>k ,baldw9 lays s mu* /ress4 ,pr(essor ,?orndike seems to reg>d ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by imitative birds z some:at ( a my/]y1 & z ! result ( a specialization remov$ f ! g5]al c\rse ( m5tal developm5t4 ,& he says t1 until we "k :e!r !re is 9 birds :i* repeat s\nds any t5d5cy to imitate 9 o!r l9es1 we _c connect ^! ph5om5a ) any?+ f\nd 9 ! mammals1 or use !m to advantage 9 a discussion ( animal imitation z ! =]unn] ( human4 ,^u ! view1 h[ev]1 t su* imitation is prim>ily in/9ctive & only second>ily intellig5t1 !re seems no reason :y we %\ld expect to f9d imitation 9 birds runn+ along any o!r l9es ?an ^? :i* ! h]$it>y in/9ct has m>k$ out4 ,& s f> f be+ unable to use ! ph5om5a to advantage 9 a discussion ( animal imitation z a =]unn] ( human1 we may p]haps see 9 !m ! be/ examples1 o!r ?an ^? af=d$ by apes1 ( t intellig5t imitation :i* is ! precursor ( ! rational & reflective imitation ( ! boy or girl4 ,9 ! case ( ! human *ild we may see ! ?ree /ages 9 ! developm5t ( vocal imitation4 ,fir/1 ! in/9ctive /age1 :]e ! s\nd :i* falls ^u ! e> is a /imulus to ! motor-me*anism ( s\nd production4 ,secondly1 ! intellig5t /age ( ! pr(it+ by exp]i5ce4 ,intellig5ce1 z we h se51 aims at ! re9/atem5t ( pleasurable situations1 & ! suppression ( ^? :i* are ! rev]se4 ,! s\nd-/imulus1 ! motor effects 9 behavi\r1 & ! result+ s\nd-production coalesce into a consci\s situation1 :i* appe>s to be pleasurable or ! rev]se1 accord+ z ! s\nd produc$ resembles or n ! initiat+ s\nd-/imulus4 ,if we assume t ! resemblance ( ! s\nds he utt]s to ! s\nds he he>s is itself a s\rce ( pleasurable satisfaction 7& ?is c]ta9ly seems to be ! case71 intellig5ce1 )\t ! aid ( any high] faculty1 w secure accommodation & r5d] imitation m & m p]fect4 ,& ?is appe>s to be ! /age rea*$ by ! mock+-bird or ! p>rot4 ,b ! *ild soon goes fur!r4 ,he reflects ^u ! results he has rea*$2 he at fir/ dimly1 & !n m cle>ly realizes t !y are imitative2 & 8 lat] ef=ts at imitation are no long] subject to ! *ance occurr5ce ( happy results1 b are bas$ on a s*eme ( behavi\r :i* is tak+ =m 9 8 m9d1 are delib]ate & int5tional1 & are direct$ to a special end m or less cle>ly p]ceiv$ z su*4 ,he no long] imitates l a p>rot2 he beg9s to imitate l a man1 & may1 by ! /udy ( good models & ! ma9t5ance ( a high ideal1 acquire ! mov+ cad5ces ( an orator4 ,accord+ to our int]pretation1 in/9ctive imitation is a factor ( wide importance 9 animal behavi\r1 intellig5t imitation1 aris+ 9 close connection ) int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( o!rs1 is a co-op]at+ factor1 b ( int5tional & reflective imitation !re is at pres5t no satisfactory evid5ce 9 any animal bel[ man4 ,,ii4--,,int]communication ,! f\ndations ( int]communication1 l ^? ( imitation1 are laid 9 c]ta9 in/9ctive modes ( response1 :i* are /imulat$ by ! acts ( o!r animals ( ! same social gr\p4 ,^! h be5 fo/]$ by natural selection z a means ( social l9kage fur!r+ ! pres]vation1 bo? ( ! individual & ( ! gr\p4 ,"s acc\nt has already be5 giv5 ( ! s\nds made by "y birds1 :i* seem to be in/9ctive & to af=d an index ( ! emotional /ate at ! "t ( utt]ance4 ,t 9 _m cases !y s]ve to evoke a l emotional /ate & correlat$ expressive behavi\r 9 o!r birds ( ! same brood _c be que/ion$4 ,! al>m note ( a *ick w place its companions on ! al]t2 & ! h>% 8krek0 ( a "y moor-h51 utt]$ 9 a peculi> cr\*+ attitude1 w (t5 ?r[ o!rs into ?is attitude1 ?\gh ! mak] ( ! w>n+ s\nd may be invisible4 ,t ! cries ( h] brood influ5ce ! conduct ( ! h5 is a matt] ( famili> obs]vation2 & t h] dang] signal causes !m at once to cr\* or run to h] = protection is n less famili>4 ,no "o :o has wat*$ a cat ) h] kitt5s1 or a %eep ) h] lambs1 c d\bt t su* 8dumb animals0 are influ5c$ 9 _! behavi\r by sugge/ive s\nds4 ,! important que/ions are1 h[ !y orig9ate1 :at is _! value1 & h[ f> su* int]communication--if su* we may call x--ext5ds4 ,!re c be b little "q t 9 all cases ( animals "u natural conditions su* behavi\r has an in/9ctive basis4 ,?\gh ! effect may be to e/abli% a means ( communication1 su* is n _! consci\s purpose at ! outset4 ,!y are presumably cong5ital & h]$it>y modes ( emotional expression :i* s]ve to evoke responsive behavi\r 9 ano!r animal--! reciprocal action be+ g5]ally 9 its prim>y orig9 betwe5 mate & mate1 betwe5 p>5t & (fspr+1 or betwe5 memb]s ( ! same family gr\p4 ,& x is ?is reciprocal action :i* con/itutes x a factor 9 social evolution4 ,its *ief int]e/ 9 connection ) ! subject ( behavi\r lies 9 ! fact t x %[s ! in/9ctive f\ndations on :i* intellig5t & ev5tually rational modes ( int]communication are built up4 ,= in/9ctive z ! s\nds are at ! outset1 by ent]+ into ! consci\s situation & tak+ _! "p 9 ! association-complex ( exp]i5ce1 !y become factors 9 ! social life z modifi$ & direct$ by intellig5ce4 ,to _! orig9al in/9ctive value z ! outcome ( /imuli1 & z !mselves af=d+ /imuli to responsive behavi\r1 is add$ a value = consci\sness 9 s f> z !y ent] into ^? guid+ situations by :i* intellig5t behavi\r is det]m9$4 ,& if !y also s]ve to evoke1 9 ! reciprocat+ memb]s ( ! social gr\p1 simil> or alli$ emotional /ates1 !re is ?us add$ a fur!r social bond1 inasmu* z !re are ?us laid ! f\ndations ( sympa?y4 8,:at makes ! old s[ grunt & ! piggies s+ & :9e80 said a little girl to a portly sub/antial f>m]4 8,i suppose !y does x = company1 my de>10 0 ! simple & cauti\s reply4 ,s f> z appe>ances w5t1 t f>m] look$ z guiltless ( !ories z man c\ld be4 ,& yet he gave t]se expression to :at may p]haps be reg>d$ z ! mo/ satisfactory hypo!sis z to ! prim>y purpose ( animal s\nds4 ,!y are a means by :i* ea* indicates to o!rs ! fact ( 8 com=t+ pres5ce2 & !y /ill1 to a l>ge ext5t1 reta9 _! prim>y function4 ,! *irp+ ( gras%opp]s1 ! song ( ! cicada1 ! pip+ ( frogs 9 ! pool1 ! bleat+ ( lambs at ! h\r ( dusk1 ! l[+ ( cont5t$ cattle1 ! call-notes ( ! migrat+ ho/ ( birds--all ^!1 :atev] else !y may be1 are ! reassur+ social l9ks ( s\nd1 ! grateful signs ( k9dr$ pres5ce4 ,aris+ ?us 9 close relation to ! primitive feel+s ( social sympa?y1 !y w\ld naturally be call$ into play ) special =ce & sugge/iv5ess at times ( /rong emotional excitem5t1 & ! e>lie/ diff]5tiations w\ld1 we may well believe1 be det]m9$ along l9es ( emotional expression4 ,?us w\ld orig9ate mat+ cries1 male & female aft] _! k9d2 & p>5tal cries m or less diff]5tiat$ into ^? ( "m & (fspr+1 ! deep] note ( ! ewe diff]+ little save 9 pit* & timbre f ! bleat+ ( h] lamb1 :ile ! cluck ( ! h5 diff]s widely f ! peep+ note ( ! *ick 9 d[n4 ,?us1 too1 w\ld arise ! notes ( ang] & combat1 ( fe> & di/ress1 ( al>m & w>n+4 ,if we call ^! ! in/9ctive language ( emotional expression1 we mu/ rememb] t su* 8language0 diff]s m>k$ly f ! 8language0 ( :i* ! s5t5ce is ! recogniz$ unit4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n improbable t1 ?r\gh association 9 ! consci\s situation1 s\nds1 hav+ _! orig9 9 emotional expression & evok+ 9 o!rs l emotional /ates1 may acquire a new value 9 sugge/+1 = example1 ! pres5ce ( p>ticul> enemies4 ,an example w be/ s]ve to indicate my mean+4 8,9 ! e>ly dawn ( a grey morn+10 says ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,m$licott1#hb 8,i 0 geologiz+ along ! base ( ! ,muhair ,hills 9 ,s\? ,beh>1 :5 all ( a sudd5 !re 0 a /amp$e ( _m pigs f ! fr+e ( ! jungle1 ) porc9e %rieks ( sauve-qui-peut significance4 ,aft] a %ort run 9 ! op5 !y took to ! jungle aga91 & 9 a few m9utes !re 0 ano!r upro>1 b diff]5t 9 s\nd & 9 action2 !re 0 a ru%1 presumably ( ! fight+ memb]s1 to ! spot :]e ! r[ began1 & aft] "s seconds a l>ge leop>d sprang f ! mid/ ( ! scuffle4 ,9 a few b\nds he 0 9 ! op51 & /ood look+ back1 lick+ 8 *aps4 ,! pigs did n break cov]1 b cont9u$ on _! way4 ,!y 7 return+ to _! lair aft] a night's fe$+ on ! pla91 sev]al families hav+ comb9$ = mutual protection2 :ile ! bea/s ( prey 7 evid5tly wait+ = ! occasion4 ,i 0 alone1 &1 ?\gh arm$1 ,i did n c>e to beat up ! gr\nd to see if 9 ei!r case a kill _h be5 effect$4 ,! num]\s h]d cov]$ a consid]able space1 & ! scrub 0 ?ick4 ,! prompt conc]t$ action mu/ 9 ea* case h be5 />t$ by ! special cry4 ,i imag9e t ! fir/ assailant 0 a tig]1 & ! case 0 at once kn[n to be hopeless1 ! cry prompt+ in/ant flight1 :ile 9 ! second case ! cry 0 = def5ce4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t 9 ! fir/ case ea* adult pig _h a vision ( a tig]1 & 9 ! second ( a leop>d or "s m9or foe40 ,if we accept ,mr4 ,m$licott's int]pretation z 9 ! ma9 correct1 we h 9 ?is case3 7#a7 common action 9 social behavi\r1 7#b7 community ( emotional /ate1 & 7#c7 ! sugge/ion ( natural enemies n unfamili> 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! h]d4 ,"u uni=m conditions ( exp]i5ce ! al>m-notes ( "s birds may well call up1 re-pres5tatively1 sali5t features 9 previ\s situations4 ,unque/ionably1 9 ! p>rot1 ! ^w-s\nds !y imitate become associat$ ) def9ite objects ( s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ case1 a p>ticul> s\nd appe>$ to be sugge/ive ( a p>ticul> s5se-idea 9 ! dog4 ,! p>5t blackbirds1 :i* built ne> a h\se 9 ,clifton1 7 wont to give ! al>m-note :5 m>aud+ cats appe>$ 9 sight4 ,?is s\nd1 x w\ld seem1 became def9itely associat$1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( a t]ri]1 ) ! animals ! pres5ce ( :i* call$ x =?2 & on he>+ ! al>m note ! dog w\ld ru% out into ! g>d51 app>5tly1 z ,i am in=m$ by 8 mi/ress1 9 fulle/ expectation ( a pleasant worry4 ,x is a n improbable hypo!sis1 !re=e1 t 9 ! c\rse ( evolution ! initial value ( utt]$ s\nds is emotional2 b t on ?is may be graft$ 9 fur!r developm5t ! indication ( p>ticul> enemies4 ,if1 = example1 ! cry :i* prompts in/ant flight among ! pigs is call$ =? by a tig]1 x is reasonable to suppose t ?is cry w\ld give rise to a repres5tative g5]ic image ( t animal hav+ its influ5ce on ! consci\s situation4 ,b if ! second cry1 = def5ce1 0 prompt$ sometimes by a leop>d & sometimes by "s o!r m9or foe1 !n ?is cry w\ld n give rise to a re-pres5tative image ( ! same def9it5ess4 ,:e!r animals h ! p[] ( int5tionally diff]5tiat+ ! s\nds !y make to indicate diff]5t objects1 is extremely d\btful4 ,c a dog b>k 9 diff]5t tones to indicate 8cat0 or 8rat10 z ! case may be8 ,probably n4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be ask$ :y1 if a pig may squeak diff]5tly1 & ?us1 p]haps1 incid5tly indicate on ! "o h& 8tig]0 & on ! o!r h& 8leop>d10 %\ld n a dog b>k diff]5tly1 & ?us indicate appropriately 8cat0 or 8rat08 ,because x is assum$ t ! two diff]5t cries 9 ! pig are ! in/9ctive expression ( two diff]5t emotional /ates1 & ,mr4 ,m$licott c\ld di/+ui% !m2 :]eas1 9 ! case ( ! dog1 we c di/+ui% no diff]5ce betwe5 8 b>k+ 9 ! "o case & ! o!r1 nor d ! emotional /ates appe> to be diff]5tiat$4 ,( c\rse1 !re may be diff]5ces :i* we h fail$ to detect4 ,:at may be reg>d$1 h[ev]1 z improbable1 is ! int5tional diff]5tiation ( s\nds by b>k+ 9 diff]5t tones ) ! purpose ( indicat+ 8cat0 or 8rat40 ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,g>n]1 9 a "w#hc :i* un=tunately conta9s mu* ha/y & immature g5]alization1 di/+ui%$ n9e s\nds made by capu*9s4 ,b none ( ^!1 s f> z c be ga!r$ f ! data giv51 is necess>ily indicative ( a p>ticul> object4 ,all ( !m may be emotional expressions ( satisfaction1 discont5t1 al>m1 appreh5sion1 & s =?4 ,9 any case1 !re is no evid5ce = t int5tional employm5t ( s\nds1 to ! realiz$ end ( int]communication1 :i* w\ld involve ! ex]cise ( an incipi5t rational faculty4 ,su* p[]s ( int]communication z animals possess are bas$ on direct association1 & ref] to ! "h & ! n[4 ,a dog may be able to sugge/ to 8 companion ! fact t he has descri$ a worriable cat2 b c a dog tell 8 neighb\r ( ! delightful worry he enjoy$ ! day be=e ye/]day 9 ! g>d5 :]e ! man ) ! biscuit-t9 lives8 ,probably n1 b>k he nev] s expressively4 ,al?\gh "s anecdotes are commonly int]pret$ z af=d+ evid5ce ( descriptive int]communication among animals1 we ne$ ! decisive results ( exp]im5t be=e ?is view c be unres]v$ly accept$4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 n[ ,"l ,avebury1 made c>eful exp]im5ts ) ants1 & discusses ! "q ) 8 cu/om>y lucidity & imp>tiality4 8,mu* ( :at has be5 said10 he writes1#hd 8z to ! p[]s ( communication possess$ by bees & ants dep5ds on ! fact t if "o ( !m 9 ! c\rse ( h] rambles has discov]$ a supply ( food1 a numb] ( o!rs soon f9d _! way to ! /ore4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n necess>ily imply any p[] ( describ+ localities4 ,if ! ants m]ely foll[ a m =tunate companion1 or if !y hunt h] by sc5t1 ! matt] is comp>atively simple2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! o!rs h ! r\te describ$ to !m1 ! case becomes v diff]5t40 ,exp]im5ts 7 !re=e made to decide ! "q4 ,= example1 :5 an ant return$ f ! discov]$ /ore ( food to ! ne/1 & !n em]g$ ) a foll[+ ( o!r ants1 %e 0 tak5 up on a slip ( pap] & transf]r$ to ! food4 ,! foll[]s1 ?us depriv$ ( _! lead]1 9 ne>ly all cases fail$ to f9d ! /ore4 8,i conclude1 !n10 says ,"l ,avebury1 8t :5 l>ge numb]s ( ants come to food !y foll[ "o ano!r1 be+ also1 to a l>ge ext5t1 guid$ by sc5t4 ,! fact1 !re=e1 does n imply any consid]able p[] ( int]communication40 ,!re are1 moreov]1 "s circum/ances :i* seem to /r5g!n ?is conclusion4 ,= in/ance1 8if a numb] ( slave-ants are put 9 a box1 & if 9 "o corn] a d>k place ( retreat be provid$ = !m1 ) "s e>?1 "o soon f9ds h] way to x4 ,%e !n comes out aga91 & go+ up to "o ( ! o!rs1 takes h] by ! jaws & c>ries h] to ! place ( %elt]4 ,!y !n bo? repeat ! same manuvre ) o!r ants1 & s on until all _! companions are collect$ toge!r4 ,n[1 x seems difficult to imag9e t s sl[ a c\rse w\ld be adopt$1 if !y possess$ any p[] ( communicat+ description40 ,"l ,avebury is1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t su* insects c transmit simpl] ideas4 ,he f\nd1 = example1 t :]e ants 7 put to a l>ge & a small /ore ( l>v "u simil> circum/ances1 a great] numb] ( insects foll[$ ! ant t _h discov]$ ! l>g] /ore4 ,?is may1 inde$1 h be5 due r to a diff]5ce 9 mann] ?an to any int5tional communication2 b ! fact rema9s t ?r\gh "s diff]5ce ( behavi\r !re result$ sugge/ive effects on o!r memb]s ( ! community4 ,b al?\gh !re c be little d\bt t ! behavi\r ( social insects has sugge/ive value = o!rs1 x may /ill be reg>d$ z v d\btful :e!r !y are able to communicate in=mation to "o ano!r by any sy/em ( language or signs1 purposively employ$ z a sy/em to ?is end4 ,! di/+ui%$ geologi/1 ,hague1 communicat$ to ,d>w9#he ! effects on ants ( cru%+ "s ( _! numb] z !y proce$$ along a def9ite trail4 8,z soon z ^? ants :i* 7 approa*+ arriv$ ne> to :]e _! fell[s lay dead & suff]+1 !y turn$ & fl$ ) all possible ha/e40 8,:5 su* an ant1 return+ 9 fright1 met ano!r approa*+1 ! two w\ld always communicate1 b ea* w\ld pursue its own way1 ! second ant cont9u+ its j\rney to ! spot :]e ! fir/ _h turn$ ab\t1 & !n foll[+ t example40 ,!re seems no?+ to %[ t ! 8communication0 "h 0 effective4 ,f ! _m anecdotes ( dogs call+ o!rs to _! assi/ance1 or br++ o!rs to ^? :o fe$ !m or treat !m k9dly1 we may inde$ inf] ! exi/5ce ( a social t5d5cy & ( ! sugge/ive effects ( behavi\r1 b we _c d]ive conclusive evid5ce ( any?+ l descriptive communication4 ,& al?\gh dome/ic animals may le>n or be taught to associate ! words we utt] ) c]ta9 acts or ?+s1 or may ev51 9 a s5se1 communicate _! wi%es to u by special modes ( behavi\r--z 9 ! case ( ,"l ,avebury's poodle1 ,van1#hf :o 0 taught to br+ c>ds on :i* su* words z 8,food0 or 8,out0 7 pr9t$1 & 9 t ( a cat :i* t\*es ! h&le ( ! door :5 %e wants x op5$ = h]1--/ill1 all ^! are f\nd$ on direct association1 & are 9 a l9e ) ! act ( ,mr4 ,?orndike's cat1 :i* lick$ h]self or scrat*$ h]self :5 imprison$ 9 a cage1 su* act hav+ ent]$ into ! association-complex4 ,su* int5tional communication z is to be f\nd 9 animals1 if inde$ we may prop]ly s call x1 seems to arise by an association ( ! p]=mance ( "s act 9 a consci\s situation involv+ fur!r behavi\r = its complete developm5t4 ,?us ! cat :i* t\*es ! h&le ( ! door :5 x wi%es to leave ! room has _h exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! p]=mance ( ?is act has coalesc$ ) a specific developm5t ( ! consci\s situation4 ,! case is simil> :5 y\r dog drops a ball or /ick at y\r feet1 wi%+ y to ?r[ x = him to fet*4 ,& on ^! l9es may probably be int]pret$ su* behavi\r z ,romanes#hg ?us describ$3--8,t]ri] ,a be+ asleep 9 my h\se1 & t]ri] ,b ly+ on a wall outside1 a /range dog1 ,c1 ran along bel[ ! wall on ! public road1 foll[+ a dog-c>t4 ,imm$iately on see+ ,c1 ,b jump$ (f ! wall1 ran up/airs to :]e ,a 0 asleep1 woke him up by pok+ him ) 8 nose 9 a det]m9$ & sugge/ive mann]1 :i* ,a at once und]/ood z a sign3 he jump$ ov] ! wall & pursu$ ! dog ,c1 al?\gh ,c 0 by t "t f> out ( sight r\nd a b5d 9 ! road40 ,romanes did n probably int5d to imply t ,a by pok+ ,b1 convey$ specific in=mation t !re 0 ano!r dog1 ,c1 :i* _h proce$$ 9 a p>ticul> direction4 ,t w\ld be descriptive communication4 ,! mean+ atta*+ to ,a's action 0 presumably simil> to t :i* *>act]izes o!r 8mean+0 = intellig5t animals--! developm5t ( ! situation on l9es m>k$ out by previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,/ill1 x is cle> t su* an act w\ld be ! p]ceptual precursor ( ! delib]ate conduct ( ! rational be+ by :om ! sign is def9itely realiz$ z a sign1 ! int5tional mean+ ( :i* is di/9ctly pres5t to ?\ght4 ,?is involves a judgm5t conc]n+ ! sign z an object ( ?\ght2 & ?is is probably beyond ! capacity ( ! dog4 ,=1 z ,romanes himself says1#hh 8x is because ! human m9d is able1 s to speak1 to /& outside ( itself1 & ?us to con/itute its own ideas ! subject-matt] ( its own ?\ght1 t x is capable ( judgm5t1 :e!r 9 ! act ( conception or 9 t ( pr$ication4 ,we h no evid5ce to %[ t any animal is capable ( objectify+ its own ideas2 &1 !re=e1 we h no evid5ce t any animal is capable ( judgm5t40 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! s\nds made by animals1 & c]ta9 o!r modes ( behavi\r1 may be reg>d$ z prim>ily in/9ctive acts :i* h be5 evolv$ ) ! biological end ( af=d+ sugge/ive /imuli fur!r+ int]communication betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! social gr\p4 ,_! p]=mance1 h[ev]1 af=ds data to consci\sness1 :i* intellig5ce makes use ( 9 ! guidance ( behavi\r 9 accordance ) ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,& s9ce ! simil> acts p]=m$ by ! socially l9k$ memb]s are 9 _m cases closely connect$ ) emotional /ates1 !re arises ! fur!r social l9k ( community ( feel+--t :i*1 p]haps1 m ?an any?+ else conduces to community ( action & simil>ity ( social behavi\r4 ,occasionally p>ticul> s\nds or special acts may1 ?r\gh con/ant & uni=m association1 indicate p>ticul> objects1 su* z natural enemies4 ,b !re does n appe> to be conv9c+ evid5ce ( any int5tional diff]5tiation ( ! means ( communication1 or ( any use ( s\nds = descriptive ends4 ,/ill1 j z ! in/9ctive imitation we consid]$ 9 ! la/ section may be reg>d$ z ! precursor1 9 ! animal _w1 ( ! reflective & rational imitation ( :i* we may wat* ! developm5t 9 *ildr51 s may in/9ctive modes ( int]communication be reg>d$ z supply+ ! f\ndations on :i* delib]ate & int5tional communication may be bas$4 ,& "h imitation w be a co-op]at+ factor4 ,we see 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! developm5t ( *ildr5's language h[ l>ge a %>e simple & direct association takes 9 ! process4 ,= a :ile1 inde$1 !re seems to be ?is & no?+ m4 ,b gradually !re arises a realization ( a fur!r import & purpose 9 ! hi!rto isolat$ associations4 ,x is se5 t !y symbolize elem5ts 9 t incipi5tly rational s*eme ( ?\ght & ?+s :i* is beg9n+ to take =m 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,! relation%ips :i* hold good )9 ! consci\s situations ( daily life beg9 to occupy ! focus ( att5tion1 & hi!rto unappreciat$ ^w-s\nds are p]ceiv$ to /& out z signs = ^! relation%ips4 ,( c\rse ! relation%ips#hi are implicit 9 ! consci\s situations ( ! high] animals & ( infants4 ,only by reflection c !y become explicit1 & rivet ! att5tion4 ,some?+ is ne$$ to br+ !m into prom95ce & focus ! m5tal eye ^u !m4 ,& descriptive int]communication supplies ?is ne$4 ,if a description1 ev5 ! simple/1 is to be appreh5d$ or pres5t$ to ! appreh5sion ( o!rs1 !n ! relation%ips mu/ be r5d]$ explicit4 ,try to describe an ord9>y visual sc5e1 or ! mo/ commonplace sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 & see if y c d s )\t mak+ cle> to ! m9d ! relation%ips involv$4 ,! ?+ is impossible4 ,an infant or a dog _c und]/& ! simple/ possible description1 because ! words & suffixes :i* indicate ! relation%ips h no mean+4 ,! words :i* /& = sub/antive impressions may h sugge/ive value ?r\gh direct association4 ,! ^w 8cat0 or 8rats0 may h = ! dog a v def9ite sugge/ive value2 & h5ce "s p fancy t :5 !y say to _! dog1 8,!re is a cat 9 ! g>d510 ! animal und]/&s :at !y say4 ,b x is q suffici5t to suppose t ! ^w 8cat0 has sugge/ive =ce1 all ! re/ be+ = ! dog m]e surplusage ( s\nd4 ,:5 we talk to our f\r-foot$ companions1 h[ mu* c !y be said to und]/& ( :at we say8 ,p]haps a score ( words h = a dog a def9itely sugge/ive value1 ea* associat$ ) "s simple object or action4 8,out10 8d[n10 8up10 8walk10 8biscuit10 8cat10 8fet*10 & s =? elicit appropriate responses4 ,ev5 ) ^!1 tone is m sugge/ive ?an articulation1 & 9 ea* ^w ! sali5t feature is ! *ief guide4 ,:5 ,i said 8,:isky10 = example1 to my fox-t]ri]1 he w\ld at once sit up & beg2 n because 8 ta/es 7 z deprav$ z ^? ( 8 ma/]1 b because ! isk s\nd1 common bo? to 8,:isky0 & 8biscuit10 0 :at _h = 8 e>s ! sugge/ive value4 ,9 a pap] on ! 8,spee* ( ,*ildr510#ij ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,buckman exhibits ! animal /age 9 ! incipi5t spee* ( ! human infant4 ,we _c "h discuss1 /ill less criticize1 8 pap]4 ,"o or two examples w s]ve to illu/rate h[ in/9ctive s\nds may s]ve z ! basis = subsequ5t spee*4 ,he reg>ds ma z prim>ily a =cible expression ( an emotional /ate4 8,if ! *ild require att5tion x makes ! l\de/ noise :i* x c produce2 ! p>t+ ( ! lips & op5+ ( ! m\? to ! wide/ ext5t :ile ! full volume ( brea? is emitt$ produces ! s\nd ma40 ,at fir/ ! s\nd seems to h ! value ( a simple expression ( an emotional /ate4 8,b if ! infant require att5tion x is its "m :om x wants1 & f :om x receives ?is att5tion2 !re=e ma v soon comes to be recogniz$ z ! call = "m1 &1 by a fur!r /ep 9 developm5t1 z ! "n = "m40 ,"h1 if we accept ! int]pretation1 we h ! passage f ! emission ( a s\nd z ! expression ( emotion to ! use ( ! s\nd f its association ) a p>ticul> object ( s5se-exp]i5ce to indicate t object4 ,simil>ly1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,buckman1 ) kah4 ,at fir/ 8a /rong sign ( displeasure at any?+ na/y to ! ta/e10 x passes1 we are told1 into a symbol = ! bad2 h5ce 2 & is p]haps n>r[$ d[n to ! p>ticul>ly (f5sive 4 ,da & ta are reg>d$ z recognition s\nds1 ! =m] be+ associat$ ev5tually ) ! fa!r1 ! latt] ) /rang]s4 ,?is appe>s some:at hypo!tical1 b1 grant+ ! accuracy ( ,mr4 ,buckman's int]pretation1 ^! s\nds also illu/rate aga9 ! transition f ! expression ( an emotion to s\nds indicative ( p>ticul> objects ( exp]i5ce4 ,int]e/+1 h[ev]1 z are su* obs]vations on ! animal /age ( s\nd-production 9 ! human infant1 !y d n t\* ! crucial p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( language4 ,mr4 ,buckman1 inde$1 reg>ds z a rem>kably dogmatic ass]tion ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s dictum t 8! "o great b>ri] betwe5 ! brute & man is language20 & he tells u t 8!re are m ?an twelve diff]5t words 9 ! language ( f[ls10 on :i* ass]tion1 9 turn1 ! di/+ui%$ l+ui/ :om he criticizes might h some?+ piquant to say4 ,no d\bt ! diff]5ce ( op9ion turns on ! def9ition ( ! ^w 8language40 ,b if1 z is n[ g5]ally accept$1 ! s5t5ce & n ! ^w is ! di/+ui%+ unit 9 language1 & ! copula 9 "s =m1 explicit or implicit1 is ! pivot ( ! s5t5ce1 ! wise/ h5 is probably incapable ( language4 ,! ^w becomes an elem5t 9 language--a ^w prop]--only :5 x assumes ! (fice ( a "p ( spee*1 t is to say1 a con/itu5t elem5t 9 an int]relat$ :ole4 ,! animal 8^w10 if we l s to t]m x1 is an isolat$ brick2 a doz51 or ev5 a c\ple ( hundr$ su* bricks d n con/itute a build+4 ,language1 prop]ly s call$1 is ! build$ /ructure1 be x a palace or only a cottage2 h5 language1 or monkey language1 is1 at be/1 s f> z we at pres5t h evid5ce1 an unfa%ion$ heap ( bricks4 ,x is j because language is ! expression ( a portion ( a s*eme ( ?\ght t x indicates 9 ! speak] ! possession ( a rational s\l1 capable ( p]ceiv+ & symboliz+ ! relation%ips ( ?+s z reflect$ 9 ?\ght4 ,h]e9 lies ! practical value1 = human advance 9 m5tal developm5t1 ( language z a means ( descriptive int]communication4 ,x r5d]s explicit relation%ips o!rwise m]ely implicit1 & =ces !m to ! front2 & s9ce ^! relation%ips are ! /uff ( :i* k is built--)\t ! realization ( :i* any complex ideal s*eme is impossible ( atta9m5t--! importance ( descriptive int]communication c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,& ?\gh !re is no conclusive evid5ce ( its occurr5ce among animals1 yet we h 9 !m ! in/9ctive & intellig5t basis on :i* 9 due c\rse ( evolution x may be securely bas$4 ,,iii4--,,social ,,communities ,,( ,,bees ,,& ,,ants ,ap>t f human societies ! mo/ notewor?y social communities ( animals are f\nd among insects1 especially 9 ants1 bees1 wasps1 & t]mites4 ,x is true t 9 ! mammalia we f9d su* communities z ! troop ( apes1 ! h]d ( cattle1 ! pack ( wolves1 ! s*ool ( porpoises1 ! s-call$ 8rook]ies0 ( seals1 & ! colonies ( 8prairie dogs0 & ( beav]s2 & t among birds !re are analog\s communities4 ,und\bt$ly ! tempor>y or p]man5t association ( _m individuals is 9 su* cases an advantage to ! race1 & conf]s mutual b5efits on ! associates4 ,b 9 none ( ^! cases is division ( lab\r c>ri$ to su* a high degree z among ! social insects4 ,& x is ?r\gh su* division ( lab\r t ! social community rea*es its highe/ expression4 ,x is a some:at rem>kable fact t 9 man1 :]e we f9d ! social division ( lab\r br\ght to a high pit* ( p]fection1 & c>ri$ out ) great nicety ( accommodation to ^? circum/ances :i* civilization has r5d]$ extremely complicat$1 !re is no organic diff]5tiation ( /ructure among ! co-op]at+ individuals2 :]eas1 s l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( life z ! colonial polype1 ,hydract9ia1 :i* is (t5 f\nd gr[+ on ! %ells occupi$ by h]mit crabs1 !re are at lea/ ?ree k9ds ( diff]5tiat$ individuals3 nutritive polypes ) m\? & t5tacles2 m\?less s5sitive memb]s2 & o!rs ^: sole (fice is reproduction4 ,b ^! diff]5tiat$ individuals 9 ! colonial zoophytes are connect$ at _! bases by a common fle%2 & ! division ( lab\r is a product ( organic evolution1 & is probably n 9 any degree det]m9$ or guid$ by consci\sness4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ! division ( lab\r 9 ! zoophyte is :olly physical1 :]eas 9 man x is *iefly consci\s or psy*ical2 z is also ! bond ( union betwe5 ! sev]al memb]s ( ! colony4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ^! extremes /& ! social insects4 ,9 !m !re is no physical bond ( union1 = ea* individual is di/9ct & sep>ate2 ! social l9kage is 9 "s degree consci\s "u ! conditions ( _! nurture2 & ! division ( lab\r is p>tly consci\s1 ?\gh probably 9 l>ge degree bas$ on in/9ctive f\ndations1 & p>tly ! outcome ( an organic diff]5tiation ( /ructure se5 9 ! reproductive memb]s & 9 ! /]ile work]s1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! common wood ant 7,fig4 #bd74 ,9 "s cases ! work]s !mselves may be divid$ into diff]5t ca/es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,wood ant4 #a1 ,que52 #b1 male2 #c1 work] 7f ,%ipley74 ,s mu* has be5 writt5--& well writt5--on ! social life ( insect communities1 t x w "h suffice to indicate "s ( ! problems :i* arise :5 we endeav\r to int]pret ! modes ( behavi\r :i* h be5 c>efully obs]v$4 ,9 ! honey-bee we h ! well-kn[n diff]5tiation ( /ructure into drones or effective males1 que5s or egg-lay+ females1 & work]s or ineffective females1 9 :i* ! developm5t ( ! reproductive organs is arre/$ or modifi$4 ,di/9ct modes ( behavi\r are correlat$ ) ^! /ructural diff]5ces4 ,:5 a sw>m ( bees leaves a hive x g5]ally consi/s ( ! old que5-"m & a c]ta9 numb] ( ! work]s :i* are h] (fspr+4 ,:5 !y h f\nd new qu>t]s1 or h be5 safely h\s$ "u dome/ication1 ! work]s busy !mselves 9 mak+ ! cells 9 :i* ! que5 may lay h] eggs1 & 9 :i* food may be /or$4 ,9 do+ ?is ! bees act 9 conc]t1 & ?\gh ! ma!matical accuracy ( ! =m & size ( ! cells has be5 mu* exagg]at$1 ! comb :i* results is a v beautiful & well-adapt$ product ( mutual co-op]ation 9 jo9t lab\r4 ,& ?\gh intellig5ce may1 "u special circum/ances1 modify ! me?od ( proc$ure !re c be little d\bt t comb-build+ is prim>ily due to inh]it$ in/9ct4 ,! cells are n1 h[ev]1 all ( ! same size1 ^? = ! drones be+ some:at l>g] ?an ! cells 9 :i* ! work]s are re>$1 :ile mu* l>g] & diff]5tly %ap$ cells are prep>$ = ! future que5s4 ,if in/9ctive !re=e--z x seems to be 9 ! ma9--! behavi\r runs into diff]5t l9es1 ! imm$iate causes ( :i*1 int]nal or ext]nal1 we are n able accurately to assign4 ,! reproductive behavi\r ( egg-lay+ 9 ! que5-"m is also in/9ctive4 ,x is believ$ t ! drones are develop$ f eggs f :i* ! que5 bee )holds ! f]tiliz+ fluid1 :i* %e reta9s = mon?s or ye>s aft] ! nuptial flight1 /or$ 9 a special receptacle4 ,& ! size & %ape ( ! drone-cell may supply ! /imulus ?r\gh :i* h] behavi\r 9 ?is respect is det]m9$4 ,b %e lays simil>ly f]tiliz$ eggs 9 bo? ! work]-cells & ! que5-cells2 & 9 ^! two cases ! /imulat+ conditions mu/ be diff]5t4 ,:5 ! eggs h be5 laid1 & ! grubs hat*$1 ! work] bees assume new duties--! fe$+ & t5d+ ( ! "y4 ,!y eat honey & poll51 :i* is p>tially dige/$1 & suppli$ z pap to ! grubs 9 su* quantities t !y seem ba!d 9 x2 b aft] a %ort "t a mixture ( honey poll5 & wat] is sub/itut$ = ?is pap4 ,x is said t ! drone l>v are f$ ) pap = a long] p]iod ?an ! work]s2 & ! que5 l>va und\bt$ly receives f> m ( ?is pap--or1 p]haps1 ( a /ill ri*] nutritive product1 sometimes spok5 ( z royal jelly--&1 inde$1 is suppli$ !re) ?r\gh\t l>val life4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ?is high fe$+ is ! cause ( que5-developm5t1 & t %\ld ! que5 l>v die ord9>y work] l>v are f$ up1 & produce que5s n[ise dissimil> to ^? develop$ 9 ! royal cells4 ,x is cle>1 if ?is be s1 t ! behavi\r ( ! nurses decides ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! future que5s & work+ bees--t is to say1 ! f]tile & ! /]ile females4 ,9 any case1 ! fe$+ ( ! "y by memb]s ( ! same community is a fact to be specially not$4 ,x is commonly said t ! family is ! g]m f :i* ! social community spr+s2 & x may be add$ t food-collection or food-adm9i/ration 9 "s =m makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! family t coh]es & ! family t scatt]s4 ,:5 ! l>v h be5 f$1 ea* aft] its k9d1 ! work]s seal up ! cells ) lids ( poll5 & wax2 ! l>v sp9 cocoons1 pass into ! pupa /age1 & !n *ange to p]fect bees1 :i* bite a way ?r\gh ! lid & take _! place 9 ! hive4 ,^! "y bees n[ become ! nurses1 :ile ! old] bees g abroad to fet* honey & poll5 to be /or$ away 9 "s ( ! cells4 ,b :5 a que5 em]ges1 h] fir/ act is to g r\nd to ! o!r royal cells1 te> !m op51 & /+ to dea? ! helpless occupants4 ,mean:ile ! old que5 may h l$ (f ! surplus population 9 a sw>m1 & ! new que5 reigns 9 h] /ead4 ,idle drones h also be5 em]g+ f _! cells2 & :5 ! "y que5 />ts =? on h] nuptial flight %e is foll[$ by ! drones1 mates ) "o ( !m1 & returns a pot5tial "m ( ?\s&s4 ,s long z !re is abundance ( food ! useless drones are tol]at$2 b :5 !re is sc>city !y are eject$1 & drone eggs1 l>v1 & pup are said to be de/roy$4 ,9 ! works ( ,hub] & o!rs1 fur!r m>vels ( hive-life1 "s well-au!nticat$1 o!rs m or less d\btful1 are duly set =?4 ,b en\gh has "h be5 said to %[ t a social community ( bees pres5ts problems ( animal behavi\r :i* are suffici5tly difficult ( explanation4 ,h[ f> is ! behavi\r in/9ctive8 ,h[ f> is x due to exp]i5ce individually acquir$8 ,are we con/ra9$ to admit a rational factor8 ,if s1 is x1 l human reason1 ! result ( g5]alization f exp]i5ce ( ! relation%ips ( ph5om5a8 ,or are !re features ( insect psy*ology :i* diff] f any ( :i* we h fir/h& k8 ,^! que/ions are m easily put ?an answ]$4 ,z 9 ! case ( bird-migration1 s too 9 t ( ! social life ( bees1 !re is mu* t hone/y =ces u to confess our inability satisfactorily to expla94 ,s1 too1 is x 9 ! social life ( ants4 ,among ^! insects ! males & p]fect females be> w+s1 ?\gh ^! app5dages may be subsequ5tly %$4 ,9 "s k9ds1 h[ev]1 !re are also w+less males or females capable ( ex]cis+ ! reproductive function4 ,! work]s are w+less1 & are (t5 ( two or ?ree k9ds1 diff]+ 9 =m & appe>ance1 & 9 "s cases play+ diff]5t p>ts 9 ! social economy4 ,!re is also1 9 "s cases1 a sep>ate class ( l>ge-head$ soldi] ants2 s t diff]5tiation ( /ructure among ! /]ile females is c>ri$ fur!r 9 ants ?an 9 bees4 ,_! ne/s g5]ally consi/ ( an elaborate sy/em ( *amb]s & passages1 ei!r built ) p9e-ne$les1 z 9 our common wood ant1 or holl[$ out 9 ! e>? or 9 wood1 or sometimes built ) a pap]-l mat]ial1 or =m$ ( roll$ leaves4 ,x is said t a common ant 9 ,ea/]n ,asia 7cophylla sm>agd9a7 8=ms %elt]s on ! leaves ( trees1 by curl+ ! edges ( leaves & jo9+ !m toge!r4444 ,! p]fect ant has no mat]ial ) :i* to fa/5 toge!r ! edges x curls2 its l>va1 h[ev]1 possesses gl&s t secrete a supply ( mat]ial = x to =m a cocoon )1 & ! ants utilize ! l>v to effect _! purpose40#ia ,?is has rec5tly be5 confirm$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,gre51 ,gov]nm5t entomologi/1 at ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,p]ad5iya1 ,ceylon4 8,he has se5 ants actually hold+ l>v 9 _! m\?s & utiliz+ !m z sp9n+ ma*9es4 ,to f9d out :at w\ld be done1 "s leaves 7 purposely sep>at$ by ,mr4 ,gre54 ,! edges ( ! leaves 7 quickly drawn toge!r by ! ants1 &1 ab\t an h\r lat]1 small :ite grubs 7 se5 be+ pass$ backw>ds & =w>ds across ! gaps made 9 ! walls ( ! %elt]4 ,a cont9u\s ?read ( silk proce$$ f ! m\? ( ! l>va1 & 0 us$ to repair ! damage40#ib ,?is is a rem>kable act ( app>5tly intellig5t behavi\r4 ,b :5 we rememb] h[ mu* ( ! "t ( ants is occupi$ 9 c>ry+ ab\t _! l>v1 x is h>dly an act ( :i* x c be affirm$ t x c\ld n arise z ! result ( *ance exp]i5ce4 ,9 "s cases two diff]5t g5]a are f\nd 9 ! same ne/1 ) sep>ate *amb]s & passages1 z 9 ! case ( ! robb]-ant 7,sol5opsis7 & ! slave-ant 7,=mica fusca74 ,! orifices by :i* ! =m] ent] are too small to all[ ( ! entrance ( ! latt]1 8h5ce ! robb] obta9s an easy liv+ at ! exp5se ( ! l>g] species10 = 8!y make incursions into ! nurs]ies1 & c>ry (f ! l>v z food40 ,9 a few cases ! f\ndation ( a new colony has be5 c>efully wat*$4 ,blockmann 0 successful 9 obs]v+ ! =mation ( new ne/s by ,componotus lignip]dus at ,heidelb]g4 8,he f\nd "u /ones1 9 ! spr+1 _m examples ( females1 ei!r solit>y or accompani$ only by a few eggs1 l>v1 or pup4 ,fur!r1 he 0 successful 9 gett+ isolat$ females to comm5ce ne/+ 9 conf9em5t1 & obs]v$ t ! ant t aft]w>ds becomes ! que51 at fir/ c>ries out by h]self all ! duties ( ! ne/4 ,beg9n+ by mak+ a small burr[1 %e lays "s eggs1 & :5 ^! hat*1 fe$s & t5ds ! l>v & pup3 ! fir/ specim5s ( ^! latt] t become p]fect insects are work]s ( all sizes1 & at once und]take ! duties ( t5d+ ! "y & fe$+ ! "m1 :o1 be+ ?us fre$ f ! duties ( nurs+ & ( provid+ food :ile %e is h]self t5d$ & f$1 becomes a true que5-ant4 ,?us x seems e/abli%$ t1 9 ! case ( ?is species1 ! division ( lab\r f\nd 9 ! complex community does n at fir/ exi/1 b is correlative ) increas+ numb]s ( ! society4 ,fur!r obs]vations z to ! gr[? ( "o ( ^! nasc5t communities1 & ! times & conditions "u :i* ! v>i\s =ms ( individuals compos+ a complete society fir/ appe>1 w\ld be ( consid]able int]e/40#ic ,! que5 does n1 z 9 ! case ( ! bee1 deposit h] eggs 9 sep>ate cells :]e !y are t5d$ by nurses4 ,! eggs1 :i* are laid 9 ! *amb]s ( ! ne/1 are subject$ to mu* lick+ by ! nurses2 ! l>v are1 moreov]1 mov$ ab\t f place to place1 s z to be subject$ to ! requisite conditions ( moi/ure & temp]ature4 ,!y are c>efully clean$1 & aft] !y h pass$ into ! pupa /age ! em]g+ insects are /ripp$ ( a delicate inve/+ sk94 ,& n only d ! ants assidu\sly fe$ _! "y2 ^? :o h gone =? & drunk _! fill ( sweet juices fe$ ^? :o h rema9$ beh9d4 ,=el took "s specim5s ( ,componotus lignip]dus1 8& %ut !m up )\t food = sev]al days1 & !reaft] suppli$ "s ( !m ) honey1 /a9$ ) ,prussian blue2 be+ v hungry1 !y f$ s gre$ily on ?is t 9 a few h\rs _! h9d bodies 7 di/5d$ to ?ree times _! previ\s size4 ,he !n took "o ( ^! gorg$ individuals1 & plac$ x among ^? t _h n be5 f$4 ,! replete ant 0 at once explor$ by t\*es ( ! o!r ants & surr\nd$1 & food 0 begg$ f x4 ,x respond$ to ! dem&s by fe$+ a small specim5 f its m\?1 & :5 ?is little "o _h receiv$ a good supply1 x 9 turn communicat$ "s !re( to o!r specim5s2 :ile ! orig9al well-f$ "o also suppli$ o!rs1 & ?us ! food 0 spe$ily di/ribut$4 ,?is habit ( receiv+ & giv+ food is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ants40#id ,x af=ds ! basis or />t+-po9t ( ! keep+ ( aphides1 ! mak+ ( slaves1 ! curi\s developm5t ( honey-pot ants1 & 9 "s cases ! association ) ants ( o!r insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,beetle solicit+ food f ,ant 7aft] ,wasmann74 ,"s ( ^! insects1 ( :i* !re are _m species belong+ to sev]al ord]s1 are p>asitic2 o!rs appe> to be ho/ile1 & yet are able to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! ne/2 o!rs simply live side by side ) ! ants1 :i* seem to be nei!r ho/ile nor fri5dly to !m4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases ! biological purpose ( ! association is unkn[n1 :ile 9 o!rs ! ant s]ves z a model :i* ! associat$ insect mimics4 ,?us 9 ! ne/ ( an ,indian ant 7,sima rufa-nigra7 occur a small wasp & a spid] :i*1 to "s ext5t 9 =m & m m>k$ly 9 coloration1 mimic _! ho/s4 8,:]ev] y f9d ?is species 9 any numb]s10 says ,mr4 ,ro?ney1#ie 8if y wat* a few mom5ts1 y w see a mimick+ spid]1 ,salticus1 runn+ ab\t among ! ants1 :i* x v closely resembles 9 appe>ance1 mu* m s 9 life ?an 9 set specim5s plac$ side by side2 ,i h se5 numb]s on ! mo/ fri5dly foot+ ) ! ants1 ?\gh ,i h nev] se5 !m ent] _! burr[s4444 ,!y are1 ,i %\ld say1 ! only fri5ds ! ant has1 ) ! exception ( a s&-wasp1 a new species ( ,rh9opsis s9ce describ$ by ,mr4 ,cam]on1 :i* also v closely mimics ! ant1 & :i*1 on fir/ obs]v+ among ! work]s1 ,i took to be ! male40 ,b !re are "s beetles :i* are n only tol]at$1 b f$ by ! ants ) :i* !y live4 ,9 ! case ( ! g5]a ,atemeles & ,lome*usa1 :i* are always f\nd 9 or ne> ants' ne/s1 ! good (fices are reciprocal1 = ! beetles 8h pat*es ( yell[ hairs1 & ^! secrete "s sub/ance ) a flav\r agreeable to ! ants1 :i* lick ! beetles f "t to "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ants fe$ ! beetles2 ?is !y d by regurgitat+ food1 at ! reque/ ( ! beetle1 on to _! l[] lip1 f :i* x is !n tak5 by ! beetle4 ,! beetles 9 _m ( _! movem5ts exactly resemble ! ants1 & _! mode ( reque/+ food1 by /rok+ ! ants 9 c]ta9 ways1 is q ant-l4 ,s reciprocal is ! fri5d%ip1 t if an ant is 9 want ( food ! beetle w 9 its turn disgorge = ! b5efit ( its ho/4 ,! "y ( ! beetles are re>$ 9 ! ne/s by ! ants1 :o att5d to !m z c>efully z !y d to _! own "y4 ,! beetles are1 h[ev]1 fond ( ! ants' l>v z food1 &1 inde$1 eat !m to a v l>ge ext5t1 ev5 :5 _! own "y are receiv+ food f ! ants4 ,wasmann 7to :om we are indebt$ = mo/ ( our k on ?is subject7 seems to be ( op9ion t ! ants sc>cely di/+ui% betwe5 ! beetle l>v & _! own "y2 "o un=tunate result = ! beetle foll[s f ?is1 viz4 t 9 ! pupal /ate ! treatm5t t is suitable = ! ant l>v does n agree ) ! beetle l>v4 ,! ants are 9 ! habit ( digg+ up _! own k9d1 & lift+ !m out & clean+ !m dur+ _! metamorphosis3 !y d ?is also ) ! beetle l>v1 ) fatal results2 s t only ^? t h ! good =tune to be =gott5 by ! ants complete _! developm5t40#if ,aphides1 or plant-lice1 yield to ! solicitations ( ants1 :i* /roke !m ) _! ant5n1 by emitt+ a drop ( sweet & viscid secretion1 & x appe>s t ! c>ess ( ! ant is ! natural /imulus = ! emission ( ! drop4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 d ! ants g =? 9 se>* ( aphides 9 _! natural haunts1 !y br+ !m to ! neighb\rhood ( ! ne/1 & may ev5 imp\nd !m by build+ a wall ( e>? r\nd & ov] !m4 ,hub] /at$ t ants collect$ ! eggs ( ! aphides & t5d$ !m 9 _! ne/s1 & ! accuracy ( ! obs]vation has be5 %[n by ,"l ,avebury & o!rs4 8,! aphid eggs are laid e>ly 9 ,octob]1 on ! food plant ( ! insect4 ,!y are ( no direct use to ! ants1 yet !y are n left :]e !y are laid1 :]e !y w\ld be expos$ to ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r & to innum]able dang]s1 b br\ght into ! ne/s by ! ants1 & t5d$ by !m ) ! utmo/ c>e ?r\gh ! long w9t] mon?s until ! foll[+ ,m>*1 :5 ! "y ones are br\ght out & aga9 plac$ on ! "y %oots ( ! daisy40#ig ,dr4 ,mc,cook notic$ t ants1 return+ f ! trees on :i* aphides ab\nd$1 f$ o!rs ne> ! ne/s1 & he reg>d$ ?is z a case ( division ( lab\r1 ! =ag]s obta9+ food = ! nurses :i* rema9$ 9 or ne> ! ne/4 ,a fur!r division ( lab\r1 c>ri$ to l5g?s :i* seem almo/ absurd1 is f\nd 9 ! honey-pot ant ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico4 ,! juice on :i* ^! ants fe$ is obta9$ f an oak-gall4 ,=ag]s g =? at night & return di/5d$ ) ! sweet fluid1 &1 hav+ f$ ! ord9>y work]s 9 ! ne/1 app>5tly dis*>ge ! balance ( _! /ore into liv+ honey-pots1 :i* rema9 9 ! ne/ & pres]ve ! food till x may be requir$ by ! memb]s ( ! community4 ,_! abdom5s are enorm\sly di/5d$1 !y nev] leave ! ne/1 & !y seem to =m a di/9ct ca/e1 ^: function x is to passively accumulate /ores ( res]ve food = ! community4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! same peculi> social arrangem5t is f\nd 9 diff]5t g5]a liv+ z f> ap>t z ,mexico1 ,au/ralia1 & ,s\? ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4---;,honey-pot ,ant4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 "s cases ! division ( lab\r is n re/rict$ to ! individuals ( ! same species1 b t o!r species are introduc$ into ! ne/ to p]=m c]ta9 functions--?us giv+ rise to ! s-call$ slav]y among ants4 ,?is is c>ri$ to an extreme 9 ! ,european species ,=mica rufesc5s1 ! males & que5s ( :i* d no "w1 :ile ! sole function ( ! work]s is to capture slaves ( ! small] species ,=mica fusca4 ,9 association ) ?is specializ$ mode ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 8ev5 _! bodily /ructure has und]gone a *ange2 _! m&ibles h lo/ _! tee?1 & h become m]e nipp]s1 deadly weapons inde$1 b useless except 9 w>4 ,!y h lo/ ! great] "p ( _! in/9cts3 _! art--t is1 ! p[] ( build+2 _! dome/ic habits--= !y take no c>e ( _! own "y1 all ?is be+ done by ! slaves2 _! indu/ry--!y take no "p 9 provid+ ! daily supplies2 if ! colony *anges ! situation ( its ne/1 ! ma/]s are all c>ri$ by ! slaves to ! new "o2 nay1 !y h ev5 lo/ ! habit ( fe$+4444 ,i h _h a ne/ ( ?is species "u obs]vation = a long "t1 b nev] saw "o ( ! ma/]s fe$+4 ,i h kept isolat$ specim5s = weeks1 by giv+ !m a slave = an h\r or two a day to clean & fe$ !m1 & "u ^! circum/ances !y rema9$ 9 p]fect heal?1 :ile1 b = ! slaves1 !y w\ld h p]i%$ 9 two or ?ree days40#ih ,9 ?is matt]1 we h 9 diff]5t species successive /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! in/9ctive behavi\r :i* is ?us c>ri$ s f> 9 ,=mica rufesc5s4 ,our ,engli% ants1 ( ! species ,=mica sangu9ea1 h few] slaves & are less dep5d5t on !m2 !y c fe$ & =age = !mselves1 & dur+ migration c>ry _! slaves--:i* are ( ! same species z 9 ! o!r case--in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ by !m4 ,9 ! ne/s ( ! common wood ant or horse ant 7,=mica rufa7 !re are occasionally a few slaves4 ,"l ,avebury ?9ks x likely t !y are develop$ f l>v or pup1 orig9ally tak5 = food1 :i* h by *ance come to maturity 9 ! ne/ ( _! captors4 ,b "o m incid5t 9 ! social life ( ants c "h be notic$--?\gh _m o!rs c\ld be giv5 did space p]mit4 ,! leaf-cutt+ ants ( ,am]ica =m pa?s f _! ne/s to suitable trees1 f :i* to obta9 ! small co9-l leaf fragm5ts1 :i* !y c>ry 9 ! m&ibles1 & h5ce h ga9$ ! "n ( umbrella or p>asol ants4 ,^! pa?s are sometimes und]gr\nd2 & ,mr4 ,mc,cook measur$ "o :i* ran at a dep? ( "s #ah in*es b5ea? ! surface = #ddh feet1 & 0 !n cont9u$ = ano!r #ahe feet to ! tree :i* ! ants 7 /ripp+4 ,! :ole pa? 0 9 an almo/ p]fect /raight l9e f ne/ to tree4 ,! leaf fragm5ts are /or$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! ne/1 & x 0 long a matt] ( unc]ta9ty = :at purpose !y 7 collect$4 ,! problem 0 solv$ by ,alfr$ ,mll]1 :o f\nd t ! leaves1 :i* are subdivid$ & ma/icat$ by a special set ( work]s )9 ! ne/1 =m ! appropriate mat]ial 9 :i* ! ?reads ( a fungus ramify & fl\ri%4 ,?is fungus is t5d$ by ! ants ) great c>e1 & is made to produce a specially modifi$ =m ( gr[?1 n f\nd "u o!r circum/ances1 9 ! =m ( :ite aggregations1 t]m$ by ,mll] 8,kohlrabi clumps40 ,^! =m ! pr9cipal food ( ! ants2 & ! spongy mass ( e>? & leaves is call$ ! fungus g>d54 8,if a ne/ be brok5 into & ! fungus g>d5 scatt]$1 ! ants collect x z quickly z possible1 especially ! y\ng] p>ts1 tak+ z mu* tr\ble ov] x z ov] ! l>v4 ,!y also cov] x up aga9 z soon z possible to protect x f ! light40#ii ,aga91 x may be ask$ ) reg>d to ! social life ( ants z ) respect to t ( bees--,h[ f> is _! complex behavi\r in/9ctive8 ,h[ f> is x due to imitation8 ,:at "p does intellig5ce play1 & "u :at conditions ( acquisition8 ,is reason1 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w1 a factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! behavi\r8 ,i _c answ] ^! que/ions1 & am ( op9ion t mu* detail$ obs]vation is yet ne$$ be=e we c d mu* m ?an speculate 9 ! matt]4 ,mu* inde$ has be5 done1 b yet m rema9s = future inve/igation4 ,! conditions "u :i* mu* ( ! behavi\r is c>ri$ out seem to indicate /rong in/9ctive t5d5cies :i* give an h]$it>y tr5d to ! direction :i* ! social behavi\r takes4 ,dr4 ,be!1#ajj inde$1 goes s f> z to reg>d ! behavi\r z almo/ entirely in/9ctive1 af=d+ little evid5ce ( t modifiability ( reactions :i* indicates intellig5t guidance4 ,he %[s z ! result ( c>eful exp]im5t t ! behavi\r ( ants to fri5ds & enemies are direct reactions to smell4 ,enemies wa%$ ) ! excretions ( memb]s ( ! ne/ are treat$ z fri5ds1 not)/&+ _! diff]5t col\r1 size1 & g5]al appe>ance4 ,by sc5t1 too1 !y foll[ ! lead ( o!rs & retrace _! way to ! ne/2 ?is1 he says1 is n ! result ( a m5tal process1 b is ! reaction ( a complicat$ reflex me*anism4 ,z ! outcome ( c>eful obs]vation1 ,dr4 ,be!'s conclusions are ( great value & int]e/4 ,b he seems to g too f> 9 d5y+ to ants any p[] ( intellig5t accommodation to circum/ances4 ,if we admit intellig5ce1 !n ! fact t ! insects come =? 9 ! mid/ ( a community 9 full social activity w\ld t5d to ! imitative or intellig5t acquisition ( l modes ( proc$ure4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% ! %>e tak5 by ^! two factors :i* may well co-op]ate4 ,& if natural selection is ex]cis+ its influ5ce ?r\gh ! elim9ation ( ^? :i* d n fall into l9e 9 social behavi\r1 !re w\ld be ample opportunity = ! survival ( co9cid5t v>iations4#aja ,if "o may be all[$ to speculate1 x seems probable t ! int]action ( in/9ct & intellig5ce w be f\nd ) full] k to suffice = ! explanation ( ! facts1 )\t call+ 9 ! kn[n b "h improbable factor ( rationality or any factors unkn[n else:]e 9 psy*ology4 ,"s int]e/+ obs]vations ( ,"l ,avebury's are sometimes quot$ z evid5ce t ants are lack+ 9 intellig5ce1 b 7if we accept ! di/9ction already drawn#ajb7 !y seem r to %[ ! lack ( reason4 8,i plac$ food10 he says1#ajc 89 a porcela9 cup1 on a slip ( glass surr\nd$ by wat]1 b accessible to ! ants by a bridge1 consi/+ ( a /rip ( pap] two-?irds ( an in* long & "o-?ird wide4 ,hav+ !n put an ant 7,=mica nigra7 f "o ( my ne/s to ?is food1 %e began c>ry+ x (f1 & by degrees a numb] ( fri5ds came to help h]4 ,:5 ab\t tw5ty-five ants 7 s engag$1 ,i mov$ ! little pap] bridge slightly1 s z to leave a *asm j s wide t ! ants c\ld n rea* across4 ,!y came to ! edge & tri$ h>d to get ov]1 b x did n occur to !m to pu% ! pap] bridge1 ?\gh ! di/ance 0 only ab\t "o-?ird ( an in*1 & !y might easily h done s4 ,aft] try+ = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r !y gave up ! attempt & return$ home4 ,?is ,i repeat$ sev]al times4 ,!n1 ?9k+ t pap] 0 a sub/ance to :i* !y 7 n accu/om$1 ,i tri$ ! same ) a bit ( /raw "o in* long & "o-eigh? ( an in* wide4 ,! result 0 ! same4 ,aga91 ,i plac$ p>ticles ( food close to & directly ov] ! ne/1 b connect$ ) x only by a passage sev]al feet 9 l5g?4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x w\ld be obvi\sly a sav+ ( "t & lab\r to drop ! food on to ! ne/1 or at any rate to spr+ d[n ) x1 s z to save "o j\rney4 ,b ?\gh ,i h frequ5tly tri$ ! exp]im5t1 my ants nev] adopt$ ei!r ( ^! c\rses4 ,i arrang$ matt]s s t ! glass on :i* ! food 0 plac$ 0 only rais$ "o-?ird ( an in* above ! ne/4 ,! ants tri$ to rea* d[n1 & ! di/ance 0 s small t occasionally1 if ano!r ant pass$ und]nea? j z "o 0 rea*+ d[n1 ! upp] "o c\ld /ep on to its back1 & s desc5d2 b ?is only happ5$ accid5tally1 & !y did n ?9k ( ?r[+ ! p>ticles d[n1 nor1 :i* surpris$ me v mu*1 w\ld !y jump d[n !mselves4 ,i !n plac$ a heap ( m\ld close to ! glass1 b j s f> t !y c\ld n rea* across4 ,x w\ld h be5 q easy = any ant1 by mov+ a p>ticle ( e>? = a qu>t] ( an in*1 to h made a bridge by :i* ! food might h be5 rea*$1 b ?is simple exp$i5t did n occur to !m40 ,n[1 :5 we rememb] t ! me?od ( intellig5ce is to pr(it by *ance exp]i5ce1 :ile ! me?od ( reason is1 ) =esight & int5tion1 to adapt means to ends1 we %all see t to move a /raw ev5 a qu>t] ( an in*1 or to make a bridge ) p>ticles ( m\ld1 w\ld require rational & n m]ely intellig5t p[]s4 ,*ance exp]i5ce w\ld n supply ! necess>y data to be utiliz$ by intellig5ce :5 repetition _h e/abli%$ an association 9 ! consci\s situation4 ,grant+ t ! ants 7 intellig5t b n rational1 !y c\ld n be expect$ to ov]come ! difficulties1 simple z !y seem to u1 :i* ,"l ,avebury plac$ 9 _! pa?4 ,_h !y be5 ov]come ! fact w\ld be m difficult to expla9 ?an ! use ( a /one tool by ! s& wasp1 s9ce ?is c\ld m readily be hit ^u by *ance exp]i5ce4 ,& :at ^! valuable exp]im5ts1 ( :i* k9d m are ne$$1 seem to %[ is1 t ! ant1 probably ! mo/ intellig5t ( all insects1 has no claim to be reg>d$ z a rational be+4 ,,iv4--,,animal ,,tradition ,9 t int]action betwe5 in/9ct & intellig5ce :i*1 :5 fur!r detail$ "w has sift$ & purifi$ our k ( ! psy*ology ( animal communities1 may prove suffici5t to acc\nt = ! well-e/abli%$ facts1 animal tradition w probably h to be recogniz$ z ( no little importance4 ,:5 a newly em]g+ ant or bee1 or a "y bird or mammal is born into a community :]e c]ta9 modes ( behavi\r are already 9 full sw+1 an imitative t5d5cy ( ! foll[-my-lead] type may lead x to fall 9 l9e ) ! traditional habits4 ,x is said t "y ants foll[ ! old] work]s ab\t ! ne/1 & are 8tra9$ to a k ( dome/ic duties1 especially 9 ! case ( l>v40 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h se5 t1 9 c]ta9 obs]v$ cases1 ! que5 ant is ! solit>y />t+-po9t ( a new community1 & t ! division ( lab\r foll[s ) ! increas+ numb]s ( ! newly =m$ social gr\p2 s t1 9 su* cases1 :atev] "p tradition may play 9 ! lat] phases ( social life1 x _c af=d a suffici5t acc\nt ( ! division ( lab\r 9 ! e>li] hi/ory ( ! community4 ,we ne$1 h[ev]1 full] in=mation conc]n+ ! cont9u$ life-hi/ory ( su* communities "u natural conditions1 & z to h[ f> !y rema9 self-conta9$ )\t any incorporation ( old] memb]s f adjo9+ ne/s4 ,9 ! case ( bees1 :]e ! old que5 dep>ts ) a sw>m1 !re may be great] cont9uity ( tradition4 ,b h[ f> ?is is a necess>y factor 9 social developm5t is at pres5t a matt] ( conjecture4 ,9 ! h]d ( mammals & ! flock ( birds1 & 9 all ! family & social life 9 ^! classes ( animals1 ! example ( eld]s1 )\t any imitation ( ! high] reflective type1 c sc>cely be )\t its influ5ce on ! behavi\r ( ! "y :i*1 "o w\ld suppose1 w\ld t5d to fall 9 ) ! ways :i* _h become traditional 9 ! species4 ,pr(essor ,wesley ,mills tells u t a mongrel pup1 ^: psy*ical developm5t he c>efully wat*$1 %[$ 8extraord9>ily rapid0 progress :5 he 0 introduc$ to ! society ( o!r dogs1 & 0 ?us subject$ to ! influ5ce ( can9e tradition4 ,h[ f> ?is influ5ce ext5ds 9 animal communities--h[ f> x is ei!r a necess>y or ev5 an important contributory factor 9 ! developm5t ( c]ta9 modes ( behavi\r--is at pres5t 9 l>ge degree a matt] ( speculation4 ,& ! only ju/ification = speculation 9 sci5ce is t x may op5 our eyes to modes ( influ5ce ! range & limits ( ^: effects may be submitt$ to ! t\*/one ( c>eful obs]vation1 &1 if possible1 exp]im5t4 ,9 ?is in/ance x is r ! indef9it5ess ( ! evid5ce be=e u ?an its abs5ce t /&s 9 ! way ( any pr(itable discussion ( ! problem f ! evid5tial po9t ( view4 ,& ?is indef9it5ess is p>tly due to ! fact t ! ne$ ( obs]vation is n realiz$1 because ?is factor 9 animal behavi\r has n be5 di/+ui%$ ) suffici5t cle>ness4 ,x is wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to devote a %ort space to a consid]ation ( ! relation ( ?is tradition to in/9ct & intellig5ce ) a view to ! focuss+ ( obs]vation on ! facts by :i* x may be fur!r elucidat$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is probable t1 z 9 o!r modes ( animal behavi\r1 traditional proc$ure is f\nd$ on an in/9ctive basis4 ,?is mu/ be an imitative t5d5cy ( ! broad foll[-my-lead] type indicat$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ?is *apt]4 ,& ?is w\ld af=d wide in/9ctive f\ndations1 :i* w\ld owe _! h]$it>y "* to ! fact t1 "u natural selection1 ^? individuals 9 ! community w\ld survive :i* fell into l9e ) ! adaptive behavi\r ( _! companions1 :ile ^? :i* fail$ 9 ?is respect w\ld be elim9at$ z m or less isolat$ outsid]s1 /&+ ap>t f ! social life4 ,9 illu/ration we may take a hypo!tical case1 f\nd$1 h[ev]1 ^u obs]vation4 ,! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,:itmee1 a mission>y 9 ,samoa1 believes t ! too?-bill$ pigeon ( ^! isl&s 7,didunculus /rigiro/ris7 8has probably be5 fright5$ :5 roo/+1 or dur+ incubation1 by attacks ( cats1 & has s\ght safety 9 ! trees4 ,le>n+1 f frequ5t repetition ( ! fright1 t ! gr\nd is a dang]\s place1 x has acquir$ ! habit ( build+1 roo/+1 & fe$+ on ! high trees2 & ?is habit is n[ op]at+ = ! pres]vation ( ?is int]e/+ bird1 :i* a few ye>s ago 0 almo/ ext9ct40#ajd ,n[1 9 ?is case1 ! "y birds :i* foll[$ ! lead ( ^? :o1 "u exp]i5ce1 _h acquir$ ! habit1 w\ld /& a bett] *ance ( survival ?an ^? :o1 fail+ to d s1 7 caught napp+ on ! gr\nd4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration1 we may take ! case ( two species ( rats f\nd by ,mr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,wood=d on "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,^! two species are reg>d$ by ,mr4 ,oldfield ,?omas z slightly alt]$ desc5dants ( "o p>5t species1 ) adaptations due to ! fact t1 ( ?is orig9al species1 "s h adopt$ a t]re/rial1 o!rs an arboreal life4 ,?us ,mus rex lives 9 trees1 has broad footpads1 & a long rasp-l1 probably semi-preh5sile tail2 :ile ,mus imp]ator lives on ! gr\nd1 has small] pads1 & a %ort smoo? tail4 ,h[ f> ! diff]5t modes ( behavi\r 9 ! two species may h be5 fo/]$ by ! influ5ce ( tradition we d n "k2 b x is n improbable t su* an influ5ce w\ld be a co-op]at+ factor 9 ! process ( segregation1 & t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ea* =m has be5 adapt$ to its special environm5t ?r\gh ! elim9ation ( ^? individuals :i* 7 n 9 h>mony ) ! conditions ( _! life4 ,su* a case--admitt$ly hypo!tical 9 ! int]pretation put ^u ! facts--may help u to see h[ ! g5]al in/9ctive foll[-my-lead] t5d5cy might become specializ$ 9 c]ta9 ess5tial l9es ( racial behavi\r1 & h[1 "u natural selection1 co9cid5t v>iations 9 ! l9e ( traditional acts might become m & m def9itely inh]it$ z1 at fir/1 /rong in/9ctive t5d5cies1 & ev5tually m /]eotyp$ modes ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,?is1 inde$1 may h be5 ! mode ( orig9 ( "s ( ! social in/9cts4 ,rev]t+1 h[ev]1 to ! /age :]e ! g5]al in/9ctive foll[-my-lead] t5d5cy is only p>tly or incompletely specializ$ along p>ticul> l9es ( behavi\r1 we %\ld h at ?is /age c]ta9 h]$it>y tr5ds ( action1 dep5d5t on /imuli af=d$ by ! behavi\r ( o!rs1 b ne$+1 = _! guidance to f9] issues & m adequate & highly p]fect$ p]=mance1 ! play ( intellig5ce & ! satisfaction ( nasc5t social impulses4 ,9 ! economy ( ! hive or ! ne/ !re are1 no d\bt1 in/9ctive t5d5cies & pr$ispositions2 b !re is also some?+ m ?an organic h]$ity ) its transmitt$ modes ( behavi\r analog\s to ! inh]it$ =m & /ructure ( ! body or its p>ts4 ,consci\sness ex]ts a guid+ influ5ce4 ,! insect is n indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 b is capable ( pr(it+ by ! tea*+s ( t f]tile "m ( all intellig5t behavi\r4 ,x is unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 to insi/ on ! fact t su* insects are some?+ m ?an in/9ctive automata1 b are guid$ 9 _! behavi\r by ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,_m c>eful obs]v]s lay /ress ^u ?is2 if1 inde$1 !y d n g fur!r & claim = ! social insect ! high] rational faculty4 8,:5 we see10 says ,"l ,avebury1#aje 8an ant-hill t5ant$ by ?\s&s ( indu/ri\s inhabitants1 excavat+ *amb]s1 =m+ tunnels1 mak+ roads1 gu>d+ _! home1 ga!r+ food1 fe$+ ! "y1 t5d+ _! dome/ic animals--ea* "o fulfill+ its duties indu/ri\sly1 & )\t confusion--x is difficult altoge!r to d5y to !m ! gift ( reason2 & ! prec$+ obs]vations t5d to confirm ! op9ion t _! m5tal p[]s diff] f ^? ( man1 n s mu* 9 k9d z 9 degree40 ,if ! t]m 8reason0 be "h accept$ 9 ! broad s5se1 & n 9 ! n>r[] s5se be=e indicat$1 ?is passage w probably be endors$ by ! majority ( ^? :o h paid any att5tion to ! subject4 ,ev5 ^? :o reg>d 8reason10 9 ! m re/rict$ acceptation ( ! t]m1 z outside any s*eme ( evolution1 s9ce x diff]s 9 k9d & n m]ely 9 degree1 w\ld probably d5y ?is faculty to ants4 ,9 any case ! passage expresses ! conviction ( a close & s+ul>ly unprejudic$ obs]v]1 t ! do+s ( ants involve consci\s guidance 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce individually acquir$4 ,& yet ! behavi\r ( diff]5t species ( ants1 ea* aft] its k9d1 is rem>kably con/ant--s con/ant t1 to use ! words ( ,dr4 ,peckham 9 ano!r connection1 x is *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 & w\ld be an important "p ( any def9ition ( ! insect bas$ ^u its habits4 ,& "s "p ( ?is con/ancy may be due to tradition1 ?\gh mu* ( x may result f /rong in/9ctive t5d5cies :i* intellig5ce guides to simil> ends1 because ! conditions are simil> 9 successive g5]ations ( social insects4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( obs]vation1 h[ev]1 x is p>ticul>ly difficult to di/+ui% ! "p play$ by tradition z a psy*ological influ5ce f t play$ by :at we h above describ$ z in/9ctive imitation4 ,9 our /udy ( o!r modes ( in/9ctive behavi\r we c isolate an individual1 or gr\p ( "y individuals1 & obs]ve h[ f> c]ta9 acts are p]=m$ prior to any exp]i5ce4 ,?us *icks behave 9 c]ta9 in/9ctive ways "u conditions :i* preclude _! le>n+ f ! h5 or o!r old] birds--s t tradition _c be op]ative4 ,b :]e social behavi\r is conc]n$1 su* me?ods ( obs]vation are necess>ily exclud$1 s9ce isolation involves ! abs5ce ( ! social factor4 ,& if c]ta9 in/9ctive acts require = _! due p]=mance ! /imulus ( ! l p]=mance 9 o!rs1 :at is ?is b a =m ( in/9ctive tradition2 & h[ are we to di/+ui% x f intellig5t tradition1 :]e a psy*ological factor has fre] play & ex]cises guidance ov] ! p]=mance8 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we c d no m ?an sugge/1 z n improbable1 t tradition passes ?r\gh ?ree phases3 ! fir/ 9 :i* x is in/9ctive2 ! second 9 :i* x becomes intellig5t ?r\gh ! satisfaction :i* ! due p]=mance ( traditional acts ar\ses 9 consci\sness2 & ! ?ird 9 :i*1 at any rate 9 man1 x takes on a rational =m1 & is made to accord ) an ideal s*eme1 ! product ( conceptual ?\ght & ( reflection on data :i* h be5 g5]aliz$ & consid]$ 9 _! due relation%ips to ! s*eme :i* takes def9ite =m 9 ! m9d4 ,:e!r 9 ! social communities ( insects or ^? ( beav]s1 among mammals1 or rooks among birds1 tradition has begun to pass into ! ?ird or rational /age1 we d n "k4 ,x may be s1 b probably ! developm5t along ^! l9es has n be5 c>ri$ f>4 ,presumably 9 ! ant1 rook1 & beav] any?+ l an ideal s*eme ( ?\ght bas$ on reflection1 if x exi/1 is z yet exce$+ly indef9ite4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t no animal has yet ris5 beyond ! second or intellig5t /age1 x is none ! less important to realize t we h "h1 9 animal life1 ! f\ndations on :i* may be rais$ :at may1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z "o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( human progress4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is ! transf]5ce ( evolution f ! organism to ! environm5t h&$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,?us man1 8avail+ himself ( tradition1 is able to seize ^u ! acquirem5ts ( 8 ance/ors at ! po9t :]e !y left !m40#ajf ,?us 8he has sl[ly accumulat$ & organiz$ ! exp]i5ce :i* is almo/ :olly lo/ ) ! cessation ( individual life 9 o!r animals40#ajg ,b he is able to d s ?r\gh ! ext5sion1 ref9+1 & fix+ ( t in/9ctive & intellig5t tradition :i* beg9s to take =m 9 animal communities4 ,v4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,social ,,behavi\r 8,animals ( _m k9ds10 said ,d>w91#ajh 8are social2 e "o mu/ h notic$ h[ mis]able horses1 dogs1 %eep1 etc41 are :5 sep>at$ f _! companions4 ,! mo/ common mutual s]vice 9 ! high] animals is to w>n "o ano!r ( dang]4 ,e sportsman kn[s h[ difficult x is to approa* animals 9 a h]d or troop4 ,wild horses & cattle d n1 ,i believe1 make any dang]-signal2 b ! attitude ( any "o ( !m :o fir/ discov]s an enemy w>ns ! o!rs4 ,rabbits /amp l\dly on ! gr\nd ) _! h9d feet z a signal2 %eep & *amois d ! same ) _! =e feet1 utt]+ likewise a :i/le4 ,_m birds & "s mammals po/ s5t9els4 ,! lead] ( a troop ( monkeys acts z su*1 & utt]s cries expressive bo? ( dang] & ( safety4 ,social animals p]=m _m little s]vices = ea* o!r3 horses nibble1 & c[s lick ea* o!r2 monkeys se>* ea* o!r = ext]nal p>asites1 & are said to remove ?orns & burrs4 ,social animals mutually def5d ea* o!r4 ,bull bisons 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :5 !re is dang] drive ! c[s & calves into ! middle ( ! h]d1 :il/ !y def5d ! outside4 ,among baboons ! old males come =w>d to ! attack4 ,wolves hunt 9 packs2 & pelicans fi% 9 conc]t4 8,x has (t5 be5 assum$10 cont9ues ,d>w91 8t animals 7 9 ! fir/ place r5d]$ social1 & t !y feel z a consequ5ce uncom=table :5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & com=table :il/ toge!r2 b x is a m probable view t ^! s5sations 7 fir/ develop$1 9 ord] t ^? animals :i* w\ld pr(it by liv+ 9 society %\ld be induc$ to live toge!r1 9 ! same mann] z ! s5se ( hung] & ! pleasure ( eat+ 71 no d\bt1 fir/ acquir$ 9 ord] to induce animals to eat4 ,! feel+ ( pleasure f society is probably an ext5sion ( ! p>5tal & filial affections1 s9ce ! social in/9ct seems to be develop$ by ! "y rema9+ long ) _! p>5ts2 & ?is ext5sion may be attribut$ 9 "p to habit1 b *iefly to natural selection4 ,) ^? animals :i* 7 b5efit$ by liv+ 9 close association1 ! individuals :i* took ! greate/ pleasure 9 society w\ld be/ escape v>i\s dang]s2 :ile ^? :i* c>$ lea/ = _! comrades1 & liv$ solit>y1 w\ld p]i% 9 great] numb]s4 ,9 h[ev] complex a mann] ! feel+ ( sympa?y may h orig9at$1 z x is "o ( high importance to all ^? animals :i* aid & def5d "o ano!r1 x w h be5 increas$ ?r\gh natural selection2 = ^? communities :i* includ$ ! greate/ numb] ( ! mo/ sympa!tic memb]s w\ld fl\ri% be/1 & re> ! greate/ numb] ( (fspr+40 ,x is impossible to improve ^u ?is pi?y description ( ! sali5t facts1 & t]se explanation 9 t]ms ( ! hypo!sis ( natural selection4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be urg$ t1 on ?is hypo!sis1 ! orig9 ( ! social /ate1 ?r\gh a biological association ( individuals1 probably nei!r prec$$ nor foll[$ ! developm5t ( a psy*ical bond aris+ f ! s5se ( satisfaction & com=t af=d$ by social life1 b t bo? orig9at$ p>i passu4 ,if ! l9kage 0 prim>ily in/9ctive1 its intellig5t cont9uance c\ld only be effect$ ?r\gh ! pleasure social behavi\r c>ri$ ) x1 & ! discom=t ( sep>ation f ! community4 ,no in/9ctive acts w\ld be p]si/5tly repeat$1 "u ! guidance ( individual exp]i5ce1 if t exp]i5ce prov$ bitt] & n sweet4 ,an animal ) ?w>t$ in/9cts is "o ) unsatisfi$ impulses2 its biological & its psy*ological t5d5cies are alike unfulfill$4 ,:at ,d>w9 saw & wi%$ to en=ce1 h[ev]1 0 t ! psy*ical l9k ( consci\s satisfaction 0 a necess>y pr]equisite ( ! cont9uance & fur!r evolution ( sociability2 & t )\t ! integrat+ bonds ( sympa?y any advance ( social developm5t 0 impossible4 ,9 two able & int]e/+ articles 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury review1#aji on 8,mutual ,aid among ,animals10 ,pr9ce ,kropotk9e gives a useful & suffici5tly detail$ summ>y ( ! *ief facts conc]n+ ! social relation%ips :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! animal k+dom--includ+1 p]haps1 "s r apocryphal in/ances1--& combats ,huxley's /atem5t#aaj t1 8beyond ! limit$ & tempor>y relations ( ! family1 ! ,hobbesian w> ( ea* aga9/ all is ! normal /ate ( exi/5ce0 among animals & primitive m54 8,life 9 societies10 says ,pr9ce ,kropotk9e1 8is no exception 9 ! animal _w4 ,x is ! rule1 ! law ( nature1 & x rea*es its fulle/ developm5t ) ! high] v]tebrates4 ,^? species :i* live solit>y1 or 9 small families only1 are relatively few1 & _! numb]s are limit$40#aaa 8,life 9 societies enables ! feeble/ insects1 ! feeble/ birds1 & ! feeble/ mammals to resi/1 or to protect !mselves f1 ! mo/ t]rible birds & bea/s ( prey2 x p]mits longevity2 x enables ! species to re> its prog5y ) ! lea/ wa/e ( en]gy1 & to ma9ta9 its numb]s1 albeit ) a v sl[ bir?-rate2 x enables ! greg>i\s animals to migrate 9 se>* ( new abodes4 ,!re=e1 :ile fully admitt+ t =ce1 swiftness1 protective col\rs1 cunn+ness1 & endurance to hung] & cold1 :i* are m5tion$ by ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 are s _m qualities mak+ ! individual or ! species ! fitte/ "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 we ma9ta9 t "u any circum/ances sociability is ! greate/ advantage 9 ! /ruggle = life4444 ,! fitte/ are ?us ! mo/ sociable animals1 & sociability appe>s z ! *ief factor 9 evolution1 bo? directly1 by secur+ ! well-be+ ( ! species :ile dim9i%+ ! wa/e ( en]gy1 & indirectly by fav\r+ ! gr[? ( intellig5ce40#aab ,& summ>iz+ 8 argum5t1 ,pr9ce ,kropotk9e says1#aac 8,we h se5 h[ few are ! animal species :i* live an isolat$ life1 & h[ numb]less are ^? :i* live 9 societies1 ei!r = mutual def5ce1 or = hunt+ & /or+ up food1 or = re>+ _! (fspr+1 or simply = enjoy+ life 9 common4 ,we h also se5 t1 ?\gh a good deal ( w>f>e goes on betwe5 diff]5t species1 or ev5 diff]5t tribes ( ! same species1 peace & mutual support are ! rule )9 ! tribe1 or ! species2 & t ^? species :i* be/ "k h[ to comb9e1 & to avoid competition1 h ! be/ *ances ( survival & ( fur!r progressive developm5t4 ,!y prosp]1 :ile unsociable species decay40 ,pr9ce ,kropotk9e seems1 h[ev]1 to pu% 8 argum5t too f>4 ,! ass]tion t ! fitte/ are ! mo/ sociable animals1 t sociability appe>s z ! *ief factor 9 evolution1 & t unsociable species decay1 is n likely to be accept$ )\t qualification by zoologi/s4 ,:at gr\nds h we = say+ t ! solit>y wasps are less fit ?an ! social wasps8 ,ea* has a fitness accord+ to its k9d4 ,c x be ma9ta9$ t ! unsocial tig] is less fit ?an ! social jackal8 ,& c x be said t tig]s1 :i* are report$ absolutely to sw>m 9 ,java & ,sumatra1 exemplify ! decay ( an unsociable species8 ,is x s]i\sly cont5d$ t ! hawk1 :i* may be successfully mobb$ by a numb] ( wagtails1 is less fit ?an 8 m social assailants8 ,& are ! unsocial raptorial birds decay+ species8 ,su* que/ions might be ask$ by ! score4 ,& ! answ] 9 e case is t ! social & unsocial alike are fitt$ to _! sev]al /ates ( life4 ,9 fact1 x might be cont5d$1 ) e :it z mu* if n m cog5cy1 t sociability is nature's device = enabl+ ! weak]1 & h5ce 9 !mselves ! less fit1 to resi/ ! attacks & encroa*m5ts ( ! /rong] & individually fitt]4 ,discuss+ ! possibilities ( human ance/ry1 ,d>w9 said3#aad 8,9 reg>d to bodily size or /r5g?1 we d n "k :e!r man is desc5d$ f "s comp>atively small species l ! *impanzee1 or f "o z p[]ful z ! gorilla4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 be> 9 m9d t an animal possess+ great size1 /r5g?1 & f]ocity1 :i*1 l ! gorilla1 c\ld def5d itself f all enemies1 w\ld n p]haps h become social2 & ?is w\ld mo/ effectually h *eck$ ! acquirem5t ( ! high] m5tal qualities1 su* z sympa?y & ! love ( 8 fell[s4 ,h5ce x might h be5 an imm5se advantage to man to h sprung f "s comp>atively weak creature40 ,zoologi/s1 aga91 w h>dly accept )\t "q ,pr9ce ,kropotk9e's ass]tion t 8life 9 societies is no exception 9 ! animal _w1 b is ! rule1 ! law ( nature40 ,_m w cont5d1 on ! o!r h&1 t life 9 societies ) any?+ l division ( lab\r1 or ) mutual aid 7& ?is seldom c>ri$ f>71 is1 tak+ ! animal k+dom z a :ole1 ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce1 ?\gh none ! less notewor?y :]e x exi/s4 ,&1 9 any case1 x seems some:at extravagant to say t sociability is ! *ief factor 9 evolution4 ,no d\bt x might be plausibly urg$ t human society is1 f man's po9t ( view1 ! highe/ product ( evolution2 t 9 atta9+ to ?is end sociability has be5 ! lead+ factor2 & t obvi\sly ! lead+ factor 9 ! evolution ( ! highe/ product may prop]ly be call$ ! *ief factor 9 evolution4 ,b ,pr9ce ,kropotk9e app>5tly means t sociability is ! *ief factor1 n only 9 ?is evolution1 b 9 all organic1 or1 at lea/1 all animal evolution4 ,9 ?is he w receive ! support ( b few zoologi/s4 ,by "s extravagance ( /atem5t he has weak5$ 8 own case1 :i* is o!rwise n lack+ 9 po9ts ( weakness4 ,! legitimate inf]5ces f animal behavi\r are1 t co-op]ation is 9 "s cases a factor 9 ! evolution ( a successful species1 t 9 human progress x has be5 an important factor giv+ /r5g? to a creature weak 9 too? & claw1 & t ?is factor has co-exi/$1 & /ill coexi/s1 ) t ( competition1 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* ! race w\ld be dragg$ d[n to l[] levels ( effici5cy by ! incubus ( weakl+s4 ,to ,pr(essor ,alfr$ ,esp9as#aae we owe ! be/ & fulle/ discussion ( ! social life ( animals1 & to 8 "w ! read] may be ref]r$ = a c>eful &1 = ! mo/ "p1 un/ra9$ & unbiass$ consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,9 common ) o!rs :o h devot$ s]i\s att5tion to ! subject1 he sees 9 ! family ! />t+-po9t ( ! high] & m compreh5sive social gr\p1 or 8peuplade40 ,pr9ce ,kropotk9e seems1 inde$1 to combat ?is view2 b ! div]g5ce ( op9ion is m app>5t ?an real4 ,he tells u#aaf t an?ropology 8has e/abli%$ beyond any d\bt t mank9d did n beg9 its life 9 ! %ape ( small isolat$ families4 ,f> f be+ a primitive =m ( organization1 ! family is a v late product ( human evolution4444 ,societies1 b&s1 or tribes--n families--7 ?us ! primitive =m ( organization ( mank9d & its e>lie/ ance/ors40 ,& 9 support ( 8 views he adduces ! sexual communism :i* is said to be f\nd 9 ! l[e/ savages1 & briefly traces ! developm5t ( monogamy & ! g5esis ( ! family ideal z we conceive x4 ,x may at once be admitt$ t 9 all probability mank9d did n h its orig9 9 small isolat$ families4 ,if we d n admit ?is we mu/ accept ! alt]native hypo!sis1 t man 0 develop$ f an unsocial ance/or4 ,= ?\gh ! biological family is ! />t+-po9t ( ! community1 x does n ( c\rse foll[ t :]ev] !re is s mu* coh]5ce betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+ z to =m a tempor>y family gr\p1 a social community mu/ 9 due c\rse arise4 ,9 su* unsocial c>nivora z ! tig]1 ! tempor>y l9kage ( family life is /rong :ile x la/s4 ,b ?\gh mank9d presumably orig9at$ 9 a prehuman race t _h already rea*$ "s degree ( social coh]5ce1 !re rema9s beh9d ! "q--:at 0 ! orig9 ( ?is social gr\p8 ,& to ?is "q1 ,pr9ce ,kropotk9e1 9 common ) ,d>w9 & ,esp9as1 w\ld probably answ] )\t hesitation1 t ! primeval g]m ( ! social community lay 9 ! prolong$ coh]5ce ( ! gr\p ( p>5ts & (fspr+4 ,9 ! unsocial animals ! family sep>ates & dis9tegrates be=e ! (fspr+ mate4 ,b if ! family cont9ue to coh]e1 ! mat+ ( (fspr+ w give rise to ! cont9uity ( coh]5ce f\nd 9 ! h]d1 or troop1 or tribe4 ,= new family gr\ps w be con/antly aris+ be=e ! old family gr\ps h ceas$ to be associat$4 ,?us w\ld be af=d$ m opportunity = tradition ?an among ! unsocial animals4 ,h[1 !n1 c x be said t1 8f> f be+ a primitive =m ( organization1 ! family is a v late product ( human evolution08 ,by us+ ! ^w 8family0 9 a s5se some:at diff]5t--nay1 widely diff]5t--f t 9 :i* x is employ$ 9 a biological discussion4 ,9 ! latt] usage sexual communism is n exclud$2 ,a41 ,b41 & ,c41 ,d4 may h (fspr+ ?is season2 ,a41 ,d41 & ,c41 ,b4 next season4 ,9 ea* season !re are family gr\ps ) int]*ange ( p>tn]s4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 con=m ) our conception ( ! family z realiz$ "u civilization4 ,h]e91 9 fact1 lies ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! human & ! animal family4 ,! "o is a realiz$ ideal2 ! o!r is m]ely a natural occurr5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( monogam\s animals1 mat+ = life is probably n conduct 9 con=mity ) an ideal1 b is due to ! fact t in/9ctive t5d5cies h tak5 ?is l9e ( direction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 monogam\s communities ( mank9d1 !re is1 un=tunately1 evid5ce t 9 "s cases ! ideal is n /rong en\gh to prev5t presumably ance/ral t5d5cies 9 ! direction ( communism4 ,! basis ( human social conduct is unque/ionably to be trac$ 9 ! social behavi\r ( animals1 9 inh]it$ t5d5cies to co-op]ation & mutual help1 9 ! bonds ( sympa?y aris+ ?r\gh ! satisfaction ( impulses t[>ds su* behavi\r1 & p]haps1 to "s ext5t1 9 ! influ5ce ( tradition4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 until ?is tradition is r5d]$1 ?r\gh descriptive communication1 m cont9u\s & m effective2 x is n until an ideal ( mutual aid1 & social conduct g5]ally1 takes =m & is r5d]$ common to ! tribe2 x is n until ! m or less realiz$ conceptions ( "o g5]ation are h&$ on to become ! environm5t "u :i* ! succe$+ g5]ations are nurtur$2 x is n inde$ until man consci\sly & reflectively aims at ! bett]+ ( 8 environm5t 9 accordance ) /&>ds rationally conceiv$ & delib]ately c>ri$ into execution2 t a new rgime ( civiliz$ progress1 else:]e unkn[n 9 nature1 takes def9ite =m4 ,"u ?is rgime1 ! elim9ation ( failures ?r\gh natural selection1 ?\gh x may n be entirely sup]s$$1 plays a subord9ate "p2 alongside ! organic cont9uity :i* is due to physical h]$ity1 !re runs a cont9uity ( tradition ?r\gh social inh]itance4 ,human civilization is an embodim5t ( reason1 a product ( reflection1 a realization ( ideals conceiv$ by ! lead]s ( mank9d4 ,all ?is =ms ! environm5t ( ea* "o ( u4 ,& x is ?is environm5t :i* is und]go+ progressive evolution & play+ on ! rational faculties ( ^? :i* are submitt$ to its m\ld+ influ5ce4 ,!re is no suffici5t evid5ce ( any?+ ( ! k9d 9 ! social communities ( animals4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be accept$ m]ely z an expression ( op9ion4 ,b on ! hypo!sis t animals are rational be+s1 capable ( reflection1 x is difficult to und]/& :y !y %\ld rema9 at s l[ a level ( social a*ievem5t4 ,! abs5ce ( p[]s ( descriptive int]communication is (t5 assign$ z ! cause ( _! comp>atively unprogressive condition2 b x may be reg>d$ z ! sign1 r ?an ! cause1 ( _! lack ( reason 9 ! m re/rict$ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 ent] into ! mu*-disput$ "q :e!r reason is ! product ( language1 or language ! outcome ( reason4 ,p]haps ! safe/ position is to assume t rationality & true spee* are 9 l>ge measure diff]5t aspects ( "o evolution>y movem5t--spee* aris+ out ( su* prec$+ modes ( communication z 7 consid]$ 9 ! second section ( ?is *apt]2 reason develop+ out ( intellig5ce :i* supplies its necess>y data4 ,x is sometimes said t1 not)/&+ _! p[]s ( spee*1 savages 9 _! social relations %[ little advance on animal communities4 ,b surely su* /atem5ts mu/ be made 9 =getfulness ( ! fact t savage cu/oms almo/ inv>iably indicate ! pres5ce & sway ( ideals :i* puzzle u f _! qua9tness1 & f ! fact t !y seem contr>y to ! dictates ( intellig5ce & due to motives & conceptions ! nature & =ce ( :i* we f9d x difficult to e/imate4 ,! passage f intellig5t social behavi\r to ! rationality :i* has assum$ su* /range aspects among exi/+ savages took place some:]e at "s "t 9 ! pa/2 & ! /ages ( its evolution are hidd5 f our view4 ,all we c say is1 t x is possible to trace 9 animal behavi\r "s ( ! in/9ctive t5d5cies & intellig5t modes ( accommodation to social circum/ances1 toge!r ) ! g]ms ( imitation1 int]communication1 & tradition1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( bonds ( sympa?y1 )\t :i* ! subsequ5t /ages ( evolution w\ld be inconceivable4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,feel+s ,,& ,,emotions ,i4--,,impulse1 ,,int]e/1 ,,& ,,emotion ,any discussion ( animal behavi\r mu/ deal l>gely ) :at is t]m$ ! conative aspect ( consci\sness4 8,! /ates designat$ by su* words z crav+1 long+1 ye>n+1 endeav\r1 ef=t1 desire1 wi%1 & w10 says ,dr4 ,/\t1 9 8 admirable 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10#aag 8h "o *>act]i/ic 9 common4 ,9 all ( ^! !re is an inh]5t t5d5cy to pass beyond !mselves & become some?+ diff]5t4 ,?is t5d5cy is n only a fact1 b an exp]i5ce2 & ! peculi> mode ( be+ consci\s1 :i* con/itutes ! exp]i5ce1 is call$ conation40 ,closely associat$ ) ?is conation is impulse1 :i* ,dr4 ,/\t def9es z 8any conative t5d5cy1 s f> z x op]ates by its own isolat$ int5sity1 ap>t f its relation to a g5]al sy/em ( motives4 ,action on impulse is ?us contra/$ ) action :i* results f reflection & delib]ation40#aah ,9 ! int]pretation we h advocat$1 animals are ess5tially creatures ( impulse1 & n to any l>ge ext5t1 if at all1 reflective ag5ts4 ,& _! impulses may be associat$ ei!r ) _! inh]it$ & cong5ital behavi\r1 or ) t :i* is due to acquir$ exp]i5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 _! impulses may be divid$ broadly into two classes1 ! "o in/9ctive1 ! o!r acquir$4 ,dr4 ,/\t says t conation is n only a fact1 b an exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 fir/ z to ! fact4 ,x seems to be ! correlative 9 consci\sness ( ! behavi\r ( ! n]v\s sy/em "u /imulation4 ,let u take "s simple case su* z t1 = example1 ( a hungry *ick peck+ at a gra9 ( corn4 ,?is is expla9$ f ! physiological po9t ( view by say+ t int]nal & ext]nal /imulation--int]nal f ! dige/ive organs & sy/em 9 ne$ ( food1 ext]nal ?r\gh ! eye--gives rise to a /ate ( un/able equilibrium 9 ! n]ve-c5tres2 & t1 :5 ! in/ability rea*es a c]ta9 value1 ! n]v\s sy/em dis*>ges into ! motor organs1 ! *ick pecks1 & /able equilibrium is re/or$4 ,! t5d5cy to dis*>ge 9 "s way "u /imulation is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( a n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is "o ( ! facts ( physiological sci5ce4 ,s1 too1 ! conative t5d5cy is "o ( ! facts ( psy*ological sci5ce2 x is a *ange 9 ! situation introduc$ by ! effects ( ! physiological dis*>ge4 ,let u "h p>5!tically notice t ! physiological t5d5cy 9 ! n]v\s sy/em is an evolv$ complication & a specializ$ developm5t ( "o ( ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( protoplasm--t :i* is (t5 spok5 ( z irritability4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( all liv+ matt] is its 8explosive0 in/ability4 ,s t at ! v ?re%old ( organic behavi\r we h ! analogue ( t :i*1 9 its develop$ =m1 becomes ! t5d5cy ( ! n]v\s sy/em to dis*>ge z ! result ( /imulation4 ,! conative t5d5cy ( ! psy*ologi/1 !re=e1 has its roots deep d[n 9 ! elem5tal g]ms ( all organic life4 ,& ?is conative t5d5cy is1 says ,dr4 ,/\t1 n only a fact b an exp]i5ce4 ,let u return to our hungry *ick t pecks at a gra9 ( corn4 ,& let u grant t z ! result ( /imulation !re arise /ates ( consci\sness :i* we describe z a feel+ ( hung] & ! sight ( ! gra9 ( corn4 ,! n]v\s sy/em n[ dis*>ges2 & !re are introduc$ into ! situation a fur!r gr\p ( data1 ! motor consci\sness ( ! actual behavi\r1 s5sory data f ! results ( ! act1 ! seiz+ ( ! gra9 & s =?4 ,! situation has unque/ionably *ang$4 ,b is !re any specific consci\sness ( ! conative t5d5cy z su*8 ,is !re any 8peculi> mode ( be+ consci\s :i* con/itutes ! exp]i5ce :i* is call$ conation08 ,x is difficult to say4 ,h5ce we f9d diff]5ces ( op9ion among psy*ologi/s z to :at1 f ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 ! impulse actually is4 ,is x simply ! consci\s situation prior to ! response8 ,is x a feel+ ( ! *ange f ! initial to ! succe$+ phase8 ,or are new data introduc$ ap>t f ^? af=d$ by /imulation on ! "o h& & response on ! o!r8 ,we w n attempt to decide4 ,)\t det]m9+ its exact nature we may re/ cont5t ) ! v g5]al /atem5t t impulse is a concomitant ( a *ange 9 ! consci\s situation4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a use ( ! t]m conc]n+ :i* x seems necess>ily to ent] a ^w ( prote/4 ,impulse is by "s reg>d$ z ! und]ly+ cause ( ! conative t5d5cy4 ,n[ sci5ce1 z su*1 has no?+ :atev] to d ) und]ly+ causes4 ,if1 z a matt] ( obs]vation & inf]5ce1 we h reason to believe t !re is su* a t5d5cy1 sci5ce simply accepts ! fact1 & endeav\rs to =mulate ! conditions "u :i* x arises1 & to trace its obs]v$ or inf]r$ antec$5ts4 ,no d\bt _m ( u f9d x difficult or impossible to re/ cont5t ) ! /rictly sci5tific position1 t ( unque/ion+ acceptance ( ! facts ( nature z we f9d !m giv5 9 exp]i5ce4 ,we say3 ,"h is an obs]v$ t5d5cy ! conditions & antec$5ts ( :i* are describ$ by sci5ce4 ,b :at causes ! t5d5cy2 :at is ! impell+ =ce8 ,n[ to su* que/ions sci5ce c give no answ]4 ,sci5ce deals ) ph5om5a1 & tries to tell u all ab\t _! conditions & _! antec$5ts4 ,b :5ev] ,sci5ce is ask$3 8,:at is ! und]ly+ cause ( ! ph5om5a1--t :i* calls !m into be+80 ,sci5ce %\ld always give "o answ] & "o only3 8,frankly1 ,i d n "k2 t lies outside my prov9ce2 ask my si/] ,metaphysics40 ,sci5ce ought to h no?+ :atev] to d ) =ce z ! und]ly+ cause ( any?+ 9 ?is univ]se ( ph5om5a4 ,& impulse1 z ! impell+ =ce :i* calls a conative t5d5cy into be+1 is a metaphysical1 n a sci5tific conception4 ,we ne$ n fur!r discuss ! psy*ological nature ( impulse4 ,inde$1 ! little t has be5 said w\ld n h be5 necess>y to our inquiry 7 x n t we frequ5tly h occasion to speak ( animals z 8creatures ( impulse10 & to ref] to _! behavi\r z due to impulse4 ,:at d we mean by su* expressions8 ,if we reg>d conative t5d5cy z a fact 7:atev] may be said = or aga9/ its be+ also a specific exp]i5ce71 & if ?is fact is ! t5d5cy ( ! consci\s situation to develope 9 c]ta9 def9ite ways1 !n we may def9e impulse ) suffici5t cle>ness by say+1 ) ,dr4 ,/\t1 t x is *>act]iz$ by be+ unreflective4 ,conative t5d5cy ?us comprises two categories--impulse & volition2 ! "o unreflective1 ! o!r involv+ delib]ation4 ,be=e pass+ on to consid] h[ impulse is p>tly det]m9$ by ! feel+-tone & ! emotional attributes ( ! consci\s situation1 we may fir/ draw att5tion to ! important way 9 :i* ! results ( conative t5d5cy af=d ! data ?r\gh :i* consci\sness atta9s its unity 9 ! mid/ ( div]sity ( exp]i5ce4 ,we said t ! impulses might be divid$ broadly into two classes--! "o in/9ctive1 ! o!r acquir$4 ,n[1 f ! po9t ( view sugge/$ by a /udy ( behavi\r1 if n also1 z ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 f ! m g5]al /&po9t ( a g5etic /udy ( m5tal developm5t1 x is conv5i5t to />t ) ! in/9ctive act & ! consci\s situation x implies4 ,we h "h a piece ( exp]i5ce :i*1 if we may s phrase x1 hangs toge!r2 9 :i* exp]i5ce ( ?+s 9 ! environm5t is includ$ 9 ! same elem5tal syn!sis ) t ( bodily acts 9 organic relation to ^! ?+s4 ,x is closely l9k$1 on ! "o h&1 ) a =ego+ act ( att5tion1 itself ( ! in/9ctive type2 closely l9k$1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! results ( behavi\r ?r\gh :i* ! environ+ ?+s call =? a new consci\s situation & evoke a fur!r response4 ,?us n only does ! exp]i5ce ( an in/9ctive act hang toge!r1 b a s]ies ( su* acts d s likewise4 ,& coalesc5t association n only l9ks & gr\ps ! elem5ts )9 ! situation call$ =? by ! s+le act1 b comprises also ! elem5ts ( ! develop+ situation af=d$ by ! :ole s]ies4 ,we see ?is 9 ! "y *ick1 :]e1 z ! result ( exp]i5ce1 att5tion is emphasiz$ :]e ! mat]ial is palatable1 & lapses :]e x is nause\s--su* nause\s sub/ances be+ soon ignor$4 ,fur!rmore _m environ+ ?+s appeal 9 diff]5t ways to ! same limit$ numb] ( s5se organs1 :ile ! same motor organs respond 9 diff]5t ways 9 successive modes ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,! same bra9 =ms ! physical basis ( v>i$ situations ov]lapp+ 9 _m ways1 & receives aff]5t messages f ! same body4 ,h5ce1 9 its organic unity x af=ds ! conditions = an und]ly+ /ratum ( m5tal unity1 amid all ! div]sities ( exp]i5ce2 :ile ! multiplicity ( messages on ! "o h& f ext]nal ?+s1 & on ! o!r h& f int]nal happ5+s1 lays ! f\ndations ( a diff]5tiation betwe5 ! ext]nal _w & ! self--a diff]5tiation long to rema9 implicit1 & only to be r5d]$ explicit on a f> high] level ( m5tal developm5t4 ,= at ?is e>ly /age1 & p]haps ?r\gh\t animal life1 8!re is no s+le cont9u\s self contra/$ ) a s+le cont9u\s _w4 ,self1 z a :ole1 unit+ pres5t1 pa/1 & future phases1 & ! _w z a s+le coh]5t sy/em ( ?+s & processes1 are ideal con/ructions1 built up gradually 9 ! c\rse ( human developm5t4 ,! ideal con/ruction ( self & ! _w is comp>atively rudim5t>y 9 ! l[] races ( mank9d1 & x nev] c be complete4 ,on ! purely p]ceptual plane ) :i* we are n[ deal+ x has n ev5 begun40#aai ,b ?\gh ! ideal con/ructions ( self & ! _w h n1 z ,dr4 ,/\t says1 at ?is /age1 ev5 begun1 yet1 z ! same au?or obs]ves1#abj 8animals di/+ui% 9 ! environm5t1 & treat z a sep>ate ?+1 :atev] portion ( matt] appeals to _! peculi> in/9cts1 & af=ds occasion = _! *>act]i/ic modes ( activity40 ,& ?is diff]5tiation ( specially int]e/+ ?+s f ea* o!r1 & f _! relatively un9t]e/+ surr\nd+s1 mu/ be accompani$ by "s diff]5tiation ( ^! ?+s f !mselves z affect$ by !m & react+ to !m4 ,s t "h1 z we h se5 to be ! case 9 o!r matt]s1 :at is commonly call$ ! p]ceptual life ( animals af=ds ! r\gh-hewn mat]ials f :i* ideal con/ructions may be elaborat$ by rational be+s4 ,we _c "h attempt to d m ?an b>ely indicate ! mann] 9 :i* ! p]ceptual process 9 animals may acquire unity & div]sity--unity ?r\gh ! function+ ( ! same bra9 & body1 div]sity f ! diff]5t modes ( function+ & ! diff]5tial effects ( div]se modes ( /imulation4 ,! int]e/+ po9t = u 9 our special inquiry is t x is ?r\gh behavi\r t all ?is is br\ght ab\t4 ,z we int]pret ! facts1 ! re/less activity ( ! "y is prim>ily a biological fact1 & is to be dealt ) z an organic problem--a complication ( ! fundam5tal irritability ( protoplasm4 ,b x is also an ess5tial condition to ! acquisition ( consci\s exp]i5ce2 & ! m !re is ( x 9 v>i$ modes ! wid] is ! range ( ! data af=d$ to consci\sness4 ,cong5ital behavi\r is ?us ! goal ( organic h]$ity1 & ! />t+-po9t ( consci\s accommodation & adju/m5t2 x is ! biological end ( v>iation1 & af=ds ! means to intellig5t modification4 ,s mu* = "s ( ! results ( conative t5d5cy4 ,n only does x secure adaptation or adju/m5t to ! environm5t1 b x af=ds ! conditions ( m5tal developm5t by :i* fur!r accommodation is r5d]$ possible4 ,b1 9 addition to ! atta9m5t ( biological ends1 9 addition to ! fur!rance ( survival 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 m5tal developm5t has ano!r aspect4 ,all s5sory data1 :e!r f ! special s5ses1 f ! motor processes conc]n$ 9 responsive behavi\r1 or f o!r s\rces1 may1 & p]haps always d1 c>ry ) !m "s am\nt ( :at is t]m$ feel+-tone1 giv+ rise to a net result 9 consci\sness :i* we call pleasure or ! rev]se4 ,pleasure or satisfaction--h[ev] we "n t :i*1 ?\gh vague & indet]m9ate 9 outl9e1 is a v real attribute ( ! consci\s situation--af=ds its sanction to c]ta9 modes ( conation1 & may ?us be reg>d$ z ! psy*ological end ( _! cont9uance or _! repetition4 ,x is p>tly1 no d\bt1 a direct adjunct ( sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 & s =?1 & ( smoo? & easy movem5ts ( ! body & limbs2 b x is p>tly due to a great body ( /imulation com+ f _m p>ts ( ! organic sy/em4 ,! blood-vessels are dilat$ or contract$1 ! he>t's action increas$ or dim9i%$2 respiration is deep5$ or ! rev]se1 & its rhy?m may be alt]$2 gl&s are ?r[n into a /ate ( activity2 ! tone ( ! muscles is affect$1 & !re may be ei!r incipi5t contraction or relaxation4 ,^! are prim>ily organic effects2 b !y influ5ce ! consci\s situation1 & are !mselves suffus$ ) feel+-tone4 ,=1 f all ! p>ts s affect$1 messages are c>ri$ 9 to ! bra91 & su* aff]5t messages af=d data to consci\sness4 ,x may be t ! exp]i5ce ( ! conative t5d5cy1 = :i* ,dr4 ,/\t & o!rs claim a di/9ctive place 9 consci\sness1 is l>gely due to aff]5t messages f ! motor organs incipi5tly inn]vat$ 9 prep>ation = ! behavi\r :i* foll[s4 ,9 any case ^! probably =m v important elem5ts 9 ! consci\s situation antec$5t to ! actual response4 ,9 :at we may t]m motor att5tion--! /ate well exemplifi$ by a cat 9 ! /ra9$ pause :i* prec$es ! spr+ on to ! prey1 or 9 ourselves :5 we poise be=e a dive or hold ! billi>d cue 9 prep>ation = a delicate /roke--?is incipi5t inn]vation1 felt ?r\gh aff]5t messages f ! p>ts ?us brac$ = action1 ent]s ) mu* di/9ctness into ! consci\s situation4 ,9 s5sory att5tion1 on ! o!r h&1 reflex acts h actually tak5 place1 hav+ = _! end & purpose ! focuss+ ( ! s5se organs on ! object :i* /imulates !m1 s t 9 ?is way fur!r & m effective /imulation may be receiv$4 ,b1 z ! s5se organ is /eadily held to ! focus1 & made effectually to cov] ! /imulat+ ?+1 ! motor app>atus conc]n$ is kept on ! /ra91 & is all ! :ile contribut+ data to ! consci\s situation4 ,9 prim>y g5esis att5tion1 bo? motor & s5sory1 is unque/ionably organic & reflex 9 its nature4 ,x is a product1 & an invaluable product1 ( biological evolution4 ,)\t ?is z a basis1 ! high] =ms ( att5tion "u consci\s guidance w\ld be impossible4 ,= all ^! high] =ms are modifications & complications ( :at is giv5 9 organic h]itage4 ,"h1 z else:]e ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( behavi\r1 consci\sness only guides to f9] issues :at is pres5t$ to x 9 r\gh outl9e1 or 9 isolat$ fragm5ts1 z ! outcome ( biological evolution4 ,b ! organic responses af=d ! data :i* consci\sness uses t x may m\ld & fa%ion ! behavi\r s z to rea* high] & m complex modes ( adju/m5t4 ,le/ a famili> =m ( words %\ld give rise to misappreh5sion1 x may "h be /at$ t1 :5 we say t consci\sness m\lds & fa%ions behavi\r1 we d n int5d to imply t consci\sness is an und]ly+ cause4 ,we are n us+ ! t]m consci\sness 9 a metaphysical s5se4 ,we mean t consci\sness is ! expression ( c]ta9 conditions "u :i* behavi\r is guid$4 ,in/ead ( say+1 !re=e1 t consci\sness utilizes c]ta9 s5sory data1 x w\ld be m correct to say t x is ! sum-total ( ^! data :i* are ! psy*ical expression ( c]ta9 bra9 conditions "u :i* behavi\r1 z a matt] ( fact1 takes a giv5 set or direction4 ,we use ! ^w consci\sness1 !n1 n 9 its metaphysical s5se ( an und]ly+ cause or =ce1 b 9 its sci5tific s5se1 z ! concomitant ( c]ta9 antec$5t conditions4 ,our common modes ( spee* l5d !mselves ) mislead+ facility to metaphysical assumptions1 all ! m insidi\s s9ce !y are n consci\sly ackn[l$g$ z su*4 ,& n only :at we comprise "u ! broad] gr\p-"n 8consci\sness10 b :at we include "u n>r[] gr\p-names1 su* z 8impulse10 8volition10 8in/9ct10 8intellig5ce10 8reason10 & ! l1 (t5 d duty z und]ly+ causes ( ! ph5om5a1 :i*1 f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 !y d no m ?an "n4 ,we (t5 say1 = example1 t int]e/ guides behavi\r 9 ?is direction or 9 t4 ,b su* int]e/ mu/ n be reg>d$ z an impell+ =ce2 x is an attribute ( ! consci\s situation1 m or less suffus$ ) feel+-tone4 ,x is n easy to def9e2 b x seems to take on its di/9ctive "* :5 re-pres5tative elem5ts contribute :at ,dr4 ,/\t#aba t]ms 8mean+0 to ! consci\s situation4 ,! mean+ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( m5tal developm5t is1 h[ev]1 m]ely p]ceptual1 & n t :i* comes mu* lat]--t :i* is impli$ 9 ! phrase 8rational significance40 ,9 ! *ick :i* has ta/$ a c9nab> cat]pill> ! situation evok$ by ! sight ( ?is l>va has mean+ 9 virtue ( ! actual exp]i5ce4 ,b1 9 ?is case1 ! mean+ is n conducive to cont9u$ int]e/1 s9ce x *ecks1 r ?an /imulates1 behavi\r4 ,at fir/1 inde$1 !re may be ! repell5t int]e/ ( av]sion4 ,b ?is passes by1 & ! l>v are soon ignor$4 ,small worms also acquire mean+1 & "h ! int]e/ is attractive1 & is /imulat$ afre% ea* "t ! mean+ is re9=c$ by repetition ( ! act ( seiz+ & swall[+4 ,we h se5 t x is ?r\gh behavi\r t ?+s become diff]5tiat$ f _! surr\nd+s1 & acquire relative indep5d5ce 9 exp]i5ce4 ,x is ?r\gh behavi\r t :at we h t]m$ consci\s situations develop4 ,! ?+ is ! c5tre or nucleus ( a develop+ situation--t :i* />ts ! behavi\r1 & t[>ds :i* ! behavi\r is direct$2 or1 s9ce ! behavi\r may be t ( avoidance or escape1 we %\ld1 p]haps1 r say1 x is t to :i* ! behavi\r has ref]5ce4 ,n[1 if int]e/ is ! feel+-tone atta*+ to ! :ole att5tive situation1 & if ! nucleus ( ! situation is ! ?+1 x naturally foll[s t ! ?+ becomes ! c5tre ( int]e/4 ,! m\se is a c5tre ( absorb+ int]e/ to ! cat1 h] eggs to ! "m-bird1 8 mate to ! sp>r[ 9 ! spr+4 ,companions are c5tres ( abid+ int]e/ to social animals1 because !y are also ! c5tres ( social behavi\r & ! consci\s situations aris+ !re\t2 because !y evoke 9 special ways ! att5tive situation4 ,! diff]5tiat$ ?+ be+ ?us a c5tre ( int]e/1 a relatively fix$ nucleus 9 a *ang+ consci\s situation1 ! developm5t ( :i* is due to behavi\r1 !re c be no "q t1 among social animals1 ! companion becomes a peculi> & specializ$ c5tre4 ,ar\nd him develops a p>ticul> type ( behavi\r4 ,t[>ds him ! reactions are ( a q di/9ctive k9d4 ,"m & (fspr+1 mate & mate1 are reciprocal c5tres ( int]e/4 ,to ! (fspr+ ! p>5t is a common c5tre ( int]e/4 ,z !y gr[ up toge!r1 :at is ( int]e/ to "o is likewise ( int]e/ at ! same "t to o!rs4 ,imitation begets simil>ity ( consci\s situations4 ,9 _m ways su* community ( int]e/ is fo/]$2 & ?r\gh ?is community ( int]e/ ! consci\s situations acquire _! di/9ctively social "*4 ,n only is ! companion1 z ! nucleus ( a situation1 a ?+ :i* reacts 9 altoge!r special ways1 s t x becomes diff]5tiat$ f o!r ?+s z some?+ ! mean+ ( :i*1 & ! int]e/ 9 :i*1 are sui g5]is & unique 9 type2 b x ent]s into o!r situations 9 ways t are also peculi> & *>act]i/ic4 ,a worm is ?r[n to a c\ple ( *icks1 & is to ea* a c5tre ( int]e/--! nucleus ( a situation involv+ appropriate modes ( behavi\r4 ,b into ?is situation !re ent]s = ea* ( !m1 9 a q peculi> & di/9ctive way1 ! action & behavi\r ( ! o!r *ick4 ,! situation is complicat$ by ! introduction ( a second c5tre ( int]e/1 & ! behavi\r has ref]5ce to bo? c5tres4 ,in/ead ( quietly & leisurely deal+ ) ! worm 9 accordance ) its special mean+1 z x does :5 !re is no rival 9 ! field1 ! *ick d>ts at x1 & bolts ) x 9 accordance ) ! special mean+ :i* its neighb\r's pres5ce1 "u su* circum/ances1 has acquir$4 ,& ?is diff]5t behavi\r c>ries ) x a felt diff]5ce 9 ! consci\s situation--! int]e/ ( :i* is c5tr$ 9 ! companion4 ,or take ! case ( a h]d ( cattle1 :i* attacks a common enemy4 ,! enemy is ! prim>y nucleus ( ! situation1 b x is pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! pres5ce ( companions by :i* ! behavi\r ( attack is det]m9$4 ,! situation is social1 & n m]ely individual1 & a social int]e/ suffuses x1 & gives x a di/9ctive "*4 ,9 ?is social int]e/ probably arise ! g]ms--b only ! g]ms--( ! s5se ( p]sonality4 ,"s1 inde$1 g s f> z to urge t we le>n to "k ourselves only ?r\gh kn[+ o!rs4 ,! g5etic ord]1 s f> z !re is an ord]1 is1 !y say1 n fir/ ! ego & !n ! alt]1 b fir/ ! "m & companions & !n ?r\gh !m ! self4 ,or1 to put ?is po9t ( view 9 a less que/ionable =m1 x is only ?r\gh ! reaction ( "o on ! o!r t ! two are diff]5tiat$4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is only ?r\gh ! action ( environm5t on ! organism1 & ! reaction ( ! organism on ! environm5t 9 behavi\r1 t exp]i5ce becomes pol>iz$ into subject & object4 ,let x be cle>ly und]/ood t = ! animal1 9 all probability1 subject & object are n cle>ly di/+ui%$1 & set ov] aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! anti!sis ( ?\ght4 ,only late 9 m5tal developm5t are ! self & ! _w di/+ui%$ 9 subtle analysis z diff]5t aspects ( ! common exp]i5ce 9 :i* bo? h _! insep>able be+4 ,animals1 & p]haps ! majority ( mank9d1 nev] tr\ble !mselves ab\t object & subject z cle>ly realiz$ products ( conception & reflective ?\ght4 ,= ^! concepts are exce$+ly subtle4 ,& "h1 too1 ! ext]nal aspect ( exp]i5ce has ! prec$5ce1 s f> z !re is prec$5ce4 ,a heal?y lad f ! mom5t he gets up 9 ! morn+ till ! mom5t he goes to b$1 lives *iefly 9 ! objective aspect ( exp]i5ce1 an aspect :i* is 9 u *iefly associat$ ) ! products 9 consci\sness ( ! lead+ s5ses ( sight & he>+4 ,b ! subjective aspect creeps 9 :5 he is hurt1 :5 he is hungry1 :5 he is fatigu$4 ,he does n argue ab\t ! matt]1 or =mulate x 9 def9ite t]ms4 ,he j dimly feels t ! int]e/ has someh[ %ift$4 ,/ill m dimly does ! animal feel t1 ap>t f ext]nal int]e/s :i* prompt n9e-t5?s ( its behavi\r1 *iefly ?r\gh ! s5ses ( sight1 he>+1 & smell1 !re are also matt]s 9 :i* ! int]e/ has someh[ %ift$ to 8 own body4 ,= ! g]m ( self is ess5tially an embodi$ self4 ,& p]haps ! emotions1 :i* r+ ?r\gh ! sy/em = "s "t aft] ! ext]nal cause has be5 remov$1 s]ve 9 "s degree to aid 9 ?is dimly felt %ift+ ( int]e/4 ,:atev] may be ! exact psy*ological nature ( ! emotions--& !re has be5 mu* discussion ( ! "q--x may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t !y introduce into ! consci\s situation elem5ts :i* contribute n a little to ! en]gy ( behavi\r4 ,!y are important conditions to vigor\s & su/a9$ conation4 ,& s closely int]wov5 are ^! elem5ts ) ! :ole situation 9 its impulsive aspect1 t _! dis5tanglem5t1 9 psy*ological analysis1 is a matt] ( extreme difficulty4 ,i h else:]e#abb devot$ "s space to ! consid]ation ( ! matt]4 ,i !re foll[ ,pr(essor ,william ,james 9 reg>d+ organic effects1 o!r ?an motor s5sations1 z specially *>act]i/ic ( ! emotions 9 _! prim>y g5esis4 ,! cold sweat1 ! dry m\?1 ! cat* ( ! brea?1 ! grip ( ! he>t1 ! abdom9al s9k+1 ! blood-t+le or blood-/agnation--^! & _! l1 9 v>i$ modes & degrees1 *>act]ize ! emotions ( fe>1 dread1 ang]1 & s =?1 :5 !y rise to any pit* ( int5sity1 & contribute l>gely to _! %>pness & piquancy4 ,^! organic effects may be reg>d$ z "p ( ! private & individual bus9ess ( ! body2 b 9 exp]i5ce !y closely coalesce ) ! motor effects ?r\gh :i* ! animal has to deal 9 practical behavi\r ) t :i* evokes ! emotion4 ,on ?is view ^! organic /ates :i* contribute *>act]i/ic elem5ts 9 ! emotional consci\sness are due to aff]5t data f ! vascul> sy/em & visc]al organs1 j z motor consci\sness is due to aff]5t data f ! p>ts conc]n$ 9 ov]t behavi\r4 ,b1 associat$ ) emotional /ates1 !re are also c]ta9 motor reactions1 :i* we speak ( z _! 8expression0--s c>efully discuss$ & elucidat$ by ,d>w91--& ^! unque/ionably contribute data to consci\sness :i* coalesce ) ^? af=d$ by ! visc]al & vascul> elem5ts4 ,! :ole is commonly suffus$ ) feel+-tone1 & ! object :i* excites ! emotion is a c5tre ( pleasurable or pa9ful int]e/4 ,repres5tative elem5ts1 z exp]i5ce develops1 cr[d into ! consci\s situation & r5d] x m complex4 ,& 9 addition to all ?is1 !re is1 ap>t f ! motor expression1 ! /r5u\s behavi\r ( flight or attack1 or o!r mode ( vigor\s proc$ure :i* we commonly speak ( z ! outcome ( ! emotional /ate4 ,! consci\s situation1 9 ! case ( an enrag$ or sc>$ animal actually behav+ z su*1 is ?us exce$+ly complex4 ,& x %\ld be und]/ood t 9 urg+ ! importance ( vascul> & visc]al elem5ts1 ?is complexity is n[ise d5i$4 ,:at is sugge/$ is t ^! elem5ts are ess5tial1 & t !y s]ve to *>act]ize ! di/9ctively emotional factor 9 ! situation1 t 9 any case !y height5 ! conative t5d5cy4 ,suffici5t has n[ be5 said to indicate--b sc>cely m ?an indicate--! importance ( feel+-tone1 int]e/1 & emotion 9 det]m9+ ! nature1 "*1 & effective en]gy ( ! consci\s situations :i* arise 9 ! c\rse ( animal behavi\r4 ,!y l>gely influ5ce1 & 9 "p direct1 ! c\rse ( ! conative t5d5cy4 ,b !y also occur z its sequel4 ,9 animal1 z 9 human life1 ! successful atta9m5t ( ! end t[>ds :i* conation sets is highly pleasurable4 ,! equilibrium t is rea*$ aft] in/ability1 ?\gh x m>ks ! close ( pres5t endeav\r1 leaves aft]-effects 9 consci\sness 9 a s5se ( satisfaction :i* ent]s re-pres5tatively into lat] situations & helps to fur!r m /r5u\s endeav\r4 ,,ii4--,,play 8,!re are two q diff]5t popul> ideas ( play10 says ,pr(essor ,groos1 9 8 admirable "w on 8,! ,play ( ,animals40 8,! fir/ is t ! animal 7or man7 beg9s to play :5 he feels p>ticul>ly *e]ful1 heal?y1 & /rong2 ! second t ! play ( "y animals s]ves to fit !m = ! tasks ( lat] life40 ,! =m] view1 9 :i* ! latt] may be includ$ incid5tally z a result1 is closely associat$ ) ! names ( ,s*ill]1#abc :o sugge/$ x1 & ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1#abd :o develop$ x4 ,mr4 ,wallas*ek#abe expresses ! conception briefly & cle>ly :5 he says1 8,x is ! surplus vig\r 9 m highly develop$ organisms1 exce$+ :at is requir$ = imm$iate ne$s1 9 :i* play ( all k9ds takes its rise1 manife/+ itself by way ( imitation or repetition ( all ^? ef=ts & ex]tions :i* are ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( life40 ,t surplus vig\r is (t5 a condition fav\r+ ! manife/ation ( play is probable en\gh1 & seems to be support$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce2 b t x is likewise a condition fav\r+ ! *ase1 combat1 mat+1 & mu* ( ! s]i\s bus9ess ( animal life seems equally unque/ionable4 ,success 9 all ^! matt]s is l>gely det]m9$ by ov]fl[+ en]gy4 ,9 play1 h[ev]1 ?is surplus vig\r f9ds v5t :5 !re is no s]i\s occasion = its ex]cise4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,groos says1#abf 8:ile simple ov]fl[ ( en]gy expla9s q well t ! individual :o f9ds himself 9 a condition ( ov]fl[+ en]gy is ready to d some?+1 x does n expla9 h[ x happ5s t all ! individuals ( a species manife/ exactly ! specific k9d ( play expression :i* prevails ) _! own species1 b diff]s f e o!r40 ,& if to ?is x be repli$1 t ! specific k9d is det]m9$ by repetition or imitation ( :at we h call$ ! s]i\s bus9ess ( animal life1 ,pr(essor ,groos's rejo9d] is1#abg t 8! conception ( imitation "h set =?--namely1 z ! repetition ( s]i\s activities to :i* ! individual has himself become accu/om$--_c be appli$ directly to ! prim>y ph5om5a ( play--t is1 to its fir/ elem5t>y manife/ations0 prior to any exp]i5ce ( ^! s]i\s activities4 ,! repetition 7) a diff]5ce67 is 9 su* cases n ! re-enactm5t ( :at has be5 previ\sly p]=m$ 9 full e>ne/ by ! individual1 b r ! reappe>ance 9 ! "y ( ance/ral modes ( proc$ure--9 o!r words1 its specific "* is su* because x is a piece ( in/9ctive behavi\r or arises f in/9ctive proclivities4 ,& ?is is ! c5tral po9t ( ! int]pretation elaborat$ ) great skill & c&\r by ,pr(essor ,groos4 ,play is in/9ctive2 & its biological value lies 9 ! tra9+ x af=ds = ! subsequ5t e>ne/ ( life4 ,be=e leav+ ! surplus en]gy !ory ( play "o m po9t made by ,pr(essor ,groos may be m5tion$4 ,he cont5ds t1 ?\gh sup]abundant en]gy is a fav\r+ condition ( animal play 7z x is1 inde$1 ( all animal behavi\r71 /ill x is n a necess>y condition4 ,animals (t5 play :5 !y are tir$ out4 8,notice a kitt5 :5 a piece ( pap] bl[s pa/4 ,w n any obs]v] confirm ! /atem5t t1 j z an old cat mu/ be tir$ to dea? or else already fill$ to satiety if x does n try to seize a m\se runn+ ne> x1 s w ! kitt51 too1 spr+ aft] ! mov+ object1 ev5 if x has be5 ex]cis+ = h\rs & its sup]flu\s en]gies are entirely dispos$ (8 ,or obs]ve ! play ( "y dogs :5 two ( !m h rac$ ab\t ! g>d5 until !y are =c$ to /op f %e] fatigue1 & !y lie on ! gr\nd pant+1 ) tongues hang+ out4 ,n[ "o ( !m gets up1 glances at 8 companion1 & ! irresi/ible p[] ( 8 innate long+ = ! fray seizes him aga94 ,he approa*es ! o!r1 sniffs lazily ab\t him1 &1 ?\gh he is evid5tly only half incl9$ to obey ! p[]ful impulse1 attempts to seize 8 leg4 ,! "o provok$ yawns1 & 9 a sl[1 tir$ k9d ( way puts himself on ! def5sive2 b gradually in/9ct conqu]s fatigue on him too1 & 9 a few m9utes bo? are te>+ madly ab\t 9 furi\s rivalry until want ( brea? puts an end to ! game4 ,& s x goes on ) endless repetition1 until we get ! impression t ! dog waits only long en\gh to collect ! ne$$ /r5g?1 n till sup]flu\s en]gy urges him to activity40#abh ,com+ n[ to ,pr(essor ,groos's int]pretation ( play1 we f9d 9 x1 p]haps = ! fir/ "t 9 ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 adequate /ress laid on its biological value4 8,! play ( "y animals10 he says1#abi 8has its orig9 9 ! fact t c]ta9 v important in/9cts appe> at a "t :5 ! animal does n s]i\sly ne$ !m4444 ,its utility consi/s 9 ! practice & ex]cise x af=ds = "s ( ! m important duties ( life1 inasmu* z selection 9 ! high] animals t5ds to weak5 ! bl9d =ce ( in/9ct1 & aids m & m ! developm5t ( indep5d5t intellig5ce z a sub/itute = x4 ,at ! mom5t :5 intellig5ce is suffici5tly evolv$ to be m useful 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ?an ! mo/ p]fect in/9ct1 !n w selection fav\r ^? individuals 9 :om ! in/9cts 9 "q appe> e>li] & 9 less elaborat$ =ms--9 =ms t are m]ely = practice & ex]cise1--t is to say1 x w fav\r ^? animals :i* play4444 ,animals _c be said to play because !y are "y & frolicsome1 b r !y h a p]iod ( y\? 9 ord] to play2 = only by s do+ c !y supplem5t ! insuffici5t h]$it>y end[m5t ) individual exp]i5ce1 9 view ( ! com+ tasks ( life40 ,"s /ress is "h laid on ! fact t important in/9cts appe> at a "t :5 ! animal does n s]i\sly ne$ !m4 ,x seems to imply ! doctr9e ( :at biologi/s t]m 8accel]ation0--:i* means ! developm5t ( an organ or mode ( behavi\r at an e>li] p]iod 9 ! desc5dants ?an t at :i* x appe>$ 9 ! ance/ors4 ,?us ! adult fight+ or hunt+ in/9ct ( pa/ g5]ations appe>s 9 ! "y to-day z a fight+-play or a hunt+-play4 ,x is op5 to "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ei!r ! in/9ctive behavi\r or ! consci\s situation 9 ! "o case & ! o!r is s ne>ly id5tical t ! playful fight or hunt c fairly be call$ ! same in/9ctive proc$ure z ! s]i\s combat or *ase4 ,we may hold1 ) ,pr(essor ,groos1 t ! "o is an invaluable prep>ation = ! o!r )\t id5tify+ !m z ! same behavi\r "u diff]5t conditions4 ,inde$ ! conditions are s diff]5t t ! id5tification seems /ra9$4 ,! "q may be left op51 h[ev]1 )\t impair+ ! value ( ,pr(essor ,groos's sugge/ion4 ,& we may divide ! prep>atory behavi\r 9 :at is commonly call$ play "u two heads3 fir/1 g5]al prep>ation = v>i$ modes ( s]i\s ef=t 9 aft]-life2 & secondly1 special prep>ation = p>ticul> =ms ( ?is aft]-ef=t4 ,"u ! fir/ w fall :at ,pr(essor ,groos t]ms exp]im5tation & movem5t play1 includ+ :at ,dr4 ,/\t1 :o fully realizes its importance1 calls 8manipulation02#acj "u ! second1 su* =ms z hunt+-play & fight+-play4 ,no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ( ! "y ( intellig5t animals ?an ! v>iety & p]si/5cy ( _! behavi\r1 _! s5sitiv5ess to /imuli ( _m diff]5t k9ds1 _! re/lessness ( swiftly *ang+ att5tion & response1 ) occasional pauses ( cont9u$ ef=t 9 "s special direction4 ,con/antly on ! al]t1 !y exhibit 9 all its %ift+ phases behavi\r :i* we int]pret z indicat+ curiosity1 inquisitiv5ess1 love ( mis*ief1 de/ructiv5ess1 & s =?4 ,! facts are s famili> to e obs]v] ( "y animals t x is unnecess>y to give any detail$ illu/ration4 ,wat* a kitt5 9 ?is /age ( its developm5t & c>efully note its behavi\r dur+ half an h\r2 ! v>iety ( ef=t1 ! rles play$ by trial1 failure1 & success1 ! ga9 ( skill & control ov] behavi\r1 w at once be evid5t4 ,or devote an equal space ( "t to obs]v+ "y jays1 magpies1 or jackdaws4 ,e project+ piece ( wire or bit ( wood 9 _! cage is pull$ at ?is way & t way1 f above1 f bel[1 f ! side4 ,n[ "o1 !n ano!r1 loose object is pick$ up & dropp$1 turn$ ov]1 c>ri$ ab\t1 pull$ at1 hamm]$ at1 /uff$ into ?is corn] & into t1 & exp]im5t$ ) 9 all possible ways4 ,!n ! wise bird goes to sleep1 & wakes up aga9 only to resume ) new ze/ its p]si/5t & v>i$ ef=ts1 by :i* x becomes acqua9t$ ) all ! details ( its environm5t4 ,wat* "y birds on ! w+ ga9+ _! ma/]y ( ! air 9 flight1 "y seals tumbl+ 9 ! wat]1 "y foals scamp]+ & kick+ up _! heels 9 ! mead[s4 ,a little obs]vation1 z occasion s]ves1 a little att5tion to ! progress t[>ds an adequate exp]i5ce ( ! mean+ ( ?+s1 t[>ds m complete control1 & increas$ nicety ( behavi\r1 :e!r 9 ref]5ce to _! surr\nd+s1 or 9 p[]s ( f9i%$ locomotion1 w s]ve to br+ home :at ,pr(essor ,groos includes "u exp]im5tation & movem5t plays4 ,he reg>ds x all z play1 s9ce x seems to h no s]i\s end1 & is j a prep>ation = ! /]n] realities ( adult life4 ,& = human be+s1 ^: "w is s l>gely en=c$1 ! fre$om & evid5t joy ( x all sugge/s ! play :i* has acquir$ = u ! mean+ ( relaxation f irksome ef=t1 & glad ab&onm5t to less con/ra9$ modes ( behavi\r4 ,b 9 "y animals su* play is1 aft] all1 ! s]i\s bus9ess ( _! "t ( life4 ,its import = _! future welf>e c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,& its import is 9 l>ge degree psy*ological4 ,if we wat* a "y puppy or kitt5 le>n+ gradually to deal effectively ) "s difficulty 9 its ext5d+ environm5t1 we see t x puts =? its ef=ts at fir/ 9 a some:at r&om & indef9ite fa%ion4 ,x is "o ( ^? animals 9 :i* intellig5ce has be5 evolv$ to sup]s$e & become ! m pla/ic sub/itute = in/9ct4 ,! r&om & indef9ite movem5ts1 are 9 detail reflex responses to /imuli4 ,b :]eas1 9 a piece ( highly elaborat$ in/9ctive behavi\r1 su* reflexes are gr\p$ into a :ole :i* is co-ord9at$ ?r\gh inh]it$ n]v\s me*anism2 9 ! case ( ! acts ( ! puppy or kitt5 !y h to be fur!r co-ord9at$1 or m elaborately gr\p$1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,to act 9 "o way "s ( ! reflexes h to be *eck$ z r$undant & n to ! po9t3 to act 9 ano!r way o!r reflexes h to be simil>ly *eck$2 & 9 a ?ird way1 yet o!rs4 ,b 9 all ?ree "s ( ! reflexes are utiliz$ to diff]5t ends4 ,_m consci\s situations conta9 common elem5ts2 & ?is t5ds to give unity to ! develop+ exp]i5ce4 ,b !y conta9 also elem5ts & gr\p+s :i* af=d t div]sity )\t :i* consci\s behavi\r c\ld n be accommodat$ to !m4 ,s t we h "h ! conditions "u :i* :at is te*nically t]m$ 8! concomitant diff]5tiation & integration ( exp]i5ce0 c proce$4 ,& if we speak ( ! in/9ct ( exp]im5tation we mu/ rememb] t :at we are deal+ ) is r an innate t5d5cy or in/9ctive prop5sity ?an a def9ite & relatively clean-cut piece ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,x comprises a great numb] ( inh]it$ reflex acts1 & may p]haps be fairly call$ in/9ctive 9 detail4 ,b exp]im5tation mu/ be reg>d$ r z ! proximate end ( a conative t5d5cy1 or gr\p ( conative t5d5cies1 ^: ultimate biological end is success 9 deal+ ) ! environm5t 9 ! /]n] /ruggle = exi/5ce dur+ adult life4 ,! t5d5cy is inh]it$1 & !re=e falls "u ! head ( in/9ctive prop5sity4 ,b 8exp]im5tation0 is a gr\p-t]m "u :i* we comprise ! g5]al drift ( v>i$ modes ( behavi\r1 f\nd$ inde$ on a cong5ital basis1 b receiv+ its /amp & "* f :at is acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! exp]i5ce x provides4 ,x is ess5tially a process :]eby ! consci\s situations acquire :at ,dr4 ,/\t t]ms mean+2 & is specially int]e/+ z af=d+ an example ( ! way 9 :i* intellig5ce m\lds & refa%ions a numb] ( disconnect$ reflex responses4 ,& if1 foll[+ ,pr(essor ,groos1 we call x play1 x is a little difficult to see h[ x c be br\ght 9 l9e ) 8 /atem5t#aca t 8! play ( y\? dep5ds on ! fact t c]ta9 in/9cts1 especially useful 9 pres]v+ ! species1 appe> be=e ! animal s]i\sly ne$s !m40 ,does exp]im5tation occur be=e x is ne$$ 9 ! economy ( animal behavi\r8 ,& might we n ) equal tru? say t ! play ( y\? dep5ds on ! fact t c]ta9 acquir$ habits1 especially useful 9 pres]v+ ! species1 are ga9$ be=e ! animal s]i\sly ne$s !m8 ,pass+ n[ to ^? =ms ( play :i* af=d m special prep>ation = p>ticul> =ms ( aft]-ef=t1 "u :i* fall su* types z hunt+-play & fight+-play1 we may ref] ! read] to ! copi\s examples s c>efully collect$ by ,pr(essor ,groos4 ,! way 9 :i* a kitt5 pats a cork or a ball1 mak+ x roll & !n p\nc+ ^u x1 is a *>act]i/ic example ( animal play4 ,valuable z a prep>ation = deal+ successfully ) a m\se :5 occasion %all arise1 ?is is a specializ$ =m ( exp]im5tation2 & x is m obvi\sly 9 l9e ) ! hunt+-behavi\r ( lat] life ?an is g5]al exp]im5tation ) any p>ticul> modes ( future behavi\r4 ,/ill x is ess5tially exp]im5tation1 ) ! in/9ctive prop5sity sett+ 9 m def9ite *annels4 ,its value lies 9 ! acquisition ( skill "u circum/ances easi] ?an ^? pres5t$ 9 ! s]i\s *ase4 ,s1 too1 9 ! case ( ! playful tussles ( puppies or 9 t ( ! kitt51 :i* n only %[s playful fight to its bro!rs & si/]s1 b also to its "m1 :o responds by hold+ d[n ! /ruggl+ & scrat*+ little creature4 ,unque/ionably1 !re is an in/9ctive prop5sity2 mu* ( ! detail1 & "s ( ! gr\p+1 exhibit inh]it$ reflexes due to special modes ( /imulation4 ,no d\bt _m ( ^! responses occur 9 a simil> b m emphatic way 9 a s]i\s fight1 & yet we may hesitate be=e committ+ ourselves to ! !ory ( accel]ation4 ,x is at lea/ equally probable t play z prep>atory behavi\r diff]s 9 biological detail 7z x almo/ c]ta9ly does 9 emotional attributes7 f ! e>ne/ ( aft]-life1 & t x 0 evolv$ directly z a prep>ation1 z a means ( exp]im5tation ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 ess5tial modes ( skill 7 acquir$1--^? animals 9 :i* ! prep>atory play prop5sity 0 n inh]it$ 9 due =ce & requisite am\nt be+ wor/$ 9 ! combats ( lat] life1 & elim9at$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,=1 9 ! prep>atory tussles & squabbles & playful fights ( "y animals1 exp]i5ce is ga9$ )\t s]i\s risk to life & limb4 ,! modifications ( ,pr(essor ,groos's biological int]pretation ( play :i* we w\ld sugge/ are s slight t we may be said to accept x almo/ unres]v$ly4 ,! play ( y\?1 we may urge1 dep5ds on in/9ctive prop5sities to exp]im5tation 9 v>i$ ways1 "s ( m g5]al & o!rs ( m special import2 & ! value ( su* exp]im5tation lies 9 ! fact t x is a means ( acquir+1 "u circum/ances m easy & less dang]\s ?an ^? ( /]n] life1 exp]i5ce & skill = future use4 ,9 a ^w1 play dep5ds on in/9ctive prop5sities ( value 9 education4 ,pass+ n[ to a brief consid]ation ( ! feel+s & emotions :i* we may suppose to accompany play1 we may place fir/ ^? :i* *>act]ize1 f ?is po9t ( view1 g5]al exp]im5tation4 ,we h "h rapidly v>y+ situations *>g$ ) conative impulse1 ! satisfaction ( :i* mu/ br+ pleasure--! occasional ?w>t+ ( :i* is probably ton$ ) ! opposite--! latt] s]v+1 ?r\gh contra/1 to enhance ! satisfaction ( ultimate success4 ,bo? pleasure & its anti!tical /ate ( feel+ are prim>ily matt]s ( ! consci\s situation z a :ole1 & ev5 9 ourselves are difficult to di/ribute 9 analysis4 ,b assur$ly no small %>e ( ! total product mu/ be assign$ to ! successful behavi\r :i* consummates ! conative t5d5cy4 ,inde$1 x is ! ?w>t+ ( free action :i* is ! s\rce ( mu* ( ! discom=t ( ! "y4 ,unimp$$ & vigor\s behavi\r also br+s ) x second>y effects 9 organic processes--full] he>t-beat1 fre] circulation1 deep] respiration1 bett] dige/ion1 firm] muscul> tone1 & s =?--:i* h a m>k$ effect on ! consci\s situation1 & aid 9 produc+ t emotional tone :i* _c1 p]haps1 be nam$ 9 bett] t]ms ?an 8good spirits0 & ! joy ( exi/5ce1 s =cibly sugge/$ dur+ ! free play ( y\?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no m pite\s sight ?an t af=d$ by ! "y animal1 8cab9$1 cribb$1 conf9$10 suff]+ f ennui & depression--all its organic processes sluggi% & crav+ to be quick5$ into ! natural vig\r ( life1 n creep+ sl[ly ?r\gh ! ve9s1 b c\rs+ at full flood4 ,9 ! psy*ological aspect ( play ,dr4 ,groos assigns p]haps ! fir/ place to pleasure 9 ! possession ( p[]1 or1 z ,prey] phrases x1 pleasure 9 be+ a cause4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 le/ 9 us+ su* expressions we seem to imply t animals--ev5 q "y animals--are capable ( ent]ta9+ ideas :i* belong to a mu* lat] /age ( m5tal developm5t4 ,speak+ ( 8joy 9 ability or p[]10 ,pr(essor ,groos says1#acb 8,?is feel+ is fir/ a consci\s pres5tation to ourselves ( our p]sonality z x is emphasiz$ by play4444 ,b x is m ?an ?is2 x is also delight 9 ! control we h ov] our bodies & ov] ext]nal objects4 ,exp]im5tation 9 its simple z well z its m complicat$ =ms is1 ap>t f its effect on physical developm5t1 educative 9 t x helps 9 ! =mation ( causal associations4444 ,! "y be> t plays 9 ! wat]1 ! dog t te>s a pap] into scraps1 ! ape t delights 9 produc+ new & unc\? s\nds1 ! sp>r[ t ex]cises its voice1 ! p>rot t sma%es 8 fe$+ tr\gh--all exp]i5ce ! pleasure 9 en]getic activity1 :i* is1 at ! same "t1 joy 9 be+ able to accompli% some?+40 ,b ^? :o agree ) ,dr4 ,/\t1 z ,i d )\t hesitation1 9 d5y+ p]sonality 7save 9 a v embryonic condition7 & ! conception ( causation to animals 9 ! p]ceptual /age ( m5tal evolution1 ?\gh !y may f9d 9 ,dr4 ,groos's cont5tion a c5tral core ( tru?1 w be unable fully to accept 8 mann] ( pres5t+ x4 8,any s+le tra9 ( p]ceptual activity10#acc says ,dr4 ,/\t1 8has int]nal unity & cont9uity4 ,b :]e consci\s life is ma9ly p]ceptual1 ! sev]al tra9s ( activity are relatively isolat$ & disconnect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,!y d n unite to =m a cont9u\s sy/em1 su* z is impli$ 9 ! conception ( a p]son4 ,we mu/ d5y p]sonality to animals40 ,to ?is ,i w\ld m]ely add t1 ev5 :]e p]ceptual cont9uity 9 animals rea*es its maximum1 x is n reflectively grasp$ z a :ole1 & ! ideal con/ruction ( ! p]sonal ego is n conceiv$ z anti!tical to ! imp]sonal _w ( objects4 ,) :at ,dr4 ,/\t says ab\t causality ,i am 9 complete agreem5t4 8,we mu/ notice10#acd he urges1 8! ess5tial diff]5ce :i* sep>ates ! m]ely p]ceptual category f t ( ideational & conceptual ?\ght4 ,! p]ceptual category is always purely & imm$iately practical 9 its op]ation4 ,x is a con/itutive =m ( ?\ght only because x is a con/itutive =m ( action4 ,! "q #8,:y8' has no exi/5ce = ! m]ely p]ceptual consci\sness4 ,x does n & _c inquire h[ x is t a c]ta9 cause produces a c]ta9 effect4 ,x does n & _c endeav\r to expla91 to analyze conditions s z to pres5t a cause z a reason4 ,x does n comp>e diff]5t modes ( proc$ure or diff]5t gr\ps ( circum/ances1 s z to contradi/+ui% ! precise po9ts 9 :i* !y agree f ^? 9 :i* !y disagree1 & 9 ?is way to expla9 :y a c]ta9 result %\ld foll[ 9 "o case & a diff]5t result 9 ano!r case4 ,causality 9 ?is s5se c only exi/ = ! ideational consci\sness1 & ! developm5t ( ! ideational consci\sness 9 ?is direction is a developm5t ( conceptual ?9k+--( g5]alization40 ,:]e91 !n1 lies ! c5tral core ( tru? 9 ,pr(essor ,groos's cont5tion8 ,9 ! satisfaction t arises f ! success ( any conative activity4 ,we see t ! animal /riv+ & do+ falls )9 our conception ( a cause1 9 ! sci5tific s5se ( ! ^w1--a relatively con/ant & cont9u\s antec$5t ( div]se sequ5t effects4 ,we inf] t pleasure accompanies ! satisfaction ( ! multif>i\s conative impulses4 ,! pleasure is ! animal's2 ! conception ( causality & ( self z a cont9u\s p]son1 /ill ! same amid div]sity ( consci\s situations1 is ours4 ,if we be> ?is 9 m9d !re c be no objection to our attribut+ to animals joy 9 ability or p[]4 ,x is ! pleasure d]iv$ f t successful conation :]eby animals fall into ! category ( causes )9 ! s*eme ( our rational ?\ght4 ,9 fight+-play & hunt+-play1 too1 !re arise 9 m specific =ms ! pleasures ( successful conation ) ! anti!tical feel+s accompany+ ?w>t$ conation4 ,& ^! are di/+ui%$ f e>ne/1 p>tly because ! companion or ! inanimate sub/itute = prey is ! c5tre ( a diff]5t situation f t af=d$ by an enemy or ! natural object ( ! *ase2 p>tly by ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 insi/5t emotional /ates :i* *>act]ize e>ne/ & ! s]i\s bus9ess ( life4 ,9 fight+1 ?is is ang]4 ,& we (t5 see ! t5d5cy ( ?is to arise 9 ! mid/ ( fight+-plays1 & at once say t x becomes s]i\s & passes into fight+ 9 e>ne/4 ,inde$1 "s t+e ( e>ne/1 ) its full] emotional tone1 =ms "p ( ! prep>ation = future life1 & s f> falls )9 ! def9ition ,pr(essor ,groos gives ( play4 ,f :i* we may see t play is n easily m>k$ (f f o!r =ms ( conation4 ,brief ref]5ce to ! elem5t ( 8make-believe10 :i* ,dr4 ,groos assigns to ! high] =ms ( play1 may be res]v$ = our f\r? section2 & "s fur!r discussion ( its psy*ological aspect to ! conclud+ *apt]4 ,,iii4--,,c\rt%ip ,we h se5 t ,pr(essor ,groos reg>ds play z ! practice & prep>ation = ! s]i\s bus9ess ( animal life4 ,f\nd$ on in/9ctive t5d5cies1 x has its biological value 9 ! acquisition ( practical acqua9tance ) ! environm5t1 & ( skill 9 deal+ ) x effectually4 ,x is an education 9 behavi\r ( ! utmo/ s]vice 9 view ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is full ( ! pleasure d]iv$ f ! satisfaction ( innate impulse1 ! success ( conative ef=t1 & ! diffus$ s5se ( well-be+ :i* accompanies a life ( action1 free & unre/ra9$4 ,?is fre$om & gladness lead u to call x play2 b we mu/ n draw ! inf]5ce t ! playful animal kn[s t x is play+1 or =ms any conception ( ! anti!sis betwe5 "w & play1 :i* is a product ( late developm5t4 ,9 lay+ /ress on ! biological value ( c]ta9 modes ( behavi\r :i* we ?us call play1 a value :i* lies 9 ! practice & prep>ation !y af=d = life's m e>ne/ "w1 ,pr(essor ,groos des]ves our he>ty ?anks4 ,nor ne$ our ?anks be less he>ty if we f9d t he has 9 "s degree be5 anticipat$ by ,d>w92 = he has elaborat$ ) sy/ematic c>e :at ,d>w9 sugge/$ incid5tally4 8,no?+ is m common10 said ,d>w91#ace 8?an = animals to take pleasure 9 practis+ :atev] in/9ct !y foll[ at o!r times = "s real good4 ,h[ (t5 d we see birds :i* fly easily1 glid+ & sail+ ?r\gh ! air1 obvi\sly = pleasure6 ,! cat plays ) ! captur$ m\se1 & ! cormorant ) ! captur$ fi%4 ,! weav] bird1 :5 conf9$ 9 a cage1 amuses itself by neatly weav+ blades ( grass betwe5 ! wires ( its cage4 ,birds :i* habitually fight dur+ ! bre$+ season are g5]ally ready to fight at all times2 & ! males ( ! cap]cailzie sometimes hold _! ,balz51 or leks1 at ! usual place ( assemblage dur+ ! autumn4 ,h5ce x is n at all surpris+ t male birds %\ld cont9ue s++ = _! own amusem5t aft] ! season ( c\rt%ip is ov]40 ,9 ! behavi\r ( c\rt%ip we h :at is ess5tially "p ( ! s]i\s bus9ess ( animal life4 ,& 9 includ+ x "u ! head+ ( 8,love ,plays10 ,pr(essor ,groos may seem to be =getful ( 8 own def9ition ( play4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 too cle> a ?9k] n to see1 & too hone/ an expon5t n to say1 t mu* ( ! emotional behavi\r commonly reg>d$ z c\rt%ip falls outside 8 ma9 !sis 89 be+1 /rictly speak+1 n m]e practice prep>atory to ! ex]cise ( an in/9ct1 b r its actual work+40#acf ,b behavi\r ( a some:at simil> k9d is se5 9 "y animals be=e ! "t ( mat+ has arriv$1 & is exemplifi$ bo? 9 "y & adults "u circum/ances diff]5t f ^? :i* di/+ui% :at we may t]m ! pair+ situation4 ,?is1 at any rate1 may be reg>d$ z a =m ( exp]im5tation & practice 9 ! arts ( c\rt%ip4 ,on diff]5t gr\nds does ,pr(essor ,groos attempt to ju/ify ! inclusion ( actual c\rt%ip "u ! head ( play4 ,= x may also1 he ?9ks1 ev5 at ! "t ( its s]i\s ex]cise1 be to "s ext5t artful1 involv+ 8make believe10 & !re=e playful 9 a some:at diff]5t & m subtle s5se2 b a brief ref]5ce to 8make believe0 we may res]ve = our next section4 ,!re c be no "q t special modes ( behavi\r (t5 *>act]ize ! pair+ situation1 & t ^! n only exemplify an in/9ctive t5d5cy1 b f _! con/ancy & relative def9it5ess con/itute types ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,!y w\ld =m p>ts ( any def9ition ( a species f\nd$ n on /ructure b on behavi\r4 ,& if animals h feel+s & emotions at all--if !y are n ,c>tesian automata1 :i* m]ely seem to be guid$ 9 _! actions by consci\sness--!re c be b little "q t ! behavi\r :i* *>act]izes ! sexual situation is unusually *>g$ ) feel+-tone1 & accompani$ by all ^? adjuncts :i* di/+ui% an emotional /ate1 broadly consid]$4 ,?is matt] is ( no little importance 9 our int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a describ$ z c\rt%ip4 ,d ! accompany+ feel+-tone & ! /ate ( emotional exaltation influ5ce ! behavi\r1 or w\ld x run a simil> c\rse 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* accompanim5ts8 ,if1 z we c sc>cely d\bt1 ! consci\sness att5d+ ! situation does pr(\ndly influ5ce ! behavi\r1 ! fur!r "q arises--,is ?is influ5ce ma9ly ! result ( ! pres5ce & behavi\r ( an individual ( ! opposite sex8 ,to ?is1 aga91 we mu/ answ] t1 s f> z we c le>n by obs]vation1 behavi\r unque/ionably is det]m9$ by su* influ5ce 9 ! s]i\s bus9ess ( c\rt%ip4 ,& !n ! fur!r "q arises--,is x a matt] ( indiff]5ce :at ! appe>ance & behavi\r ( ! individual ( ! opposite sex may be8 ,are ,a41 ,b41 ,c41 & ! re/ ( ! male alphabet1 precisely alike 9 /imulat+ 9 a simil> mann]1 & to a simil> degree1 ! sexual impulse ( ! female8 ,if we admit any diff]5tial influ5ce1 & if ?is influ5ce takes effect 9 ! sexual union to :i* c\rt%ip is prep>atory1 we s f> admit ! efficacy ( t :i* ,d>w9 t]m$ sexual selection4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 be=e proce$+ ) g5]al consid]ations1 pres5t "o or two examples ( ! facts :i* obs]vation has furni%$ ) reg>d to specializ$ modes ( behavi\r at ! "t ( pair+4 ,speak+ ( ,am]ican night-hawks1 ,audubon says1 8,_! mann] ( fly+ is a good deal modifi$ at ! love season4 ,! male employs ! mo/ wond]ful evolutions to give expression to 8 feel+s1 conduct+ !m ) ! greate/ rapidity & agility 9 sight ( 8 *os5 mate1 or to put to r\t a rival4 ,he (t5 rises to a height ( a hundr$ metres & m1 & 8 cries become l\d] & l\d] z he m\nts2 !n he plunges d[nw>d ) a slant+ direction1 ) w+s half op51 & s rapidly t x seems inevitable t he %\ld be da%$ to pieces on ! gr\nd4 ,b at ! "r mom5t1 sometimes :5 only a few in*es f x1 he spreads 8 w+s & tail1 &1 turn+1 so>s upw>d once m40#acg ,mr4 ,/range1 quot$ by ,d>w9#ach says ( ! sat9 b[]-bird1 8at times ! male w *ase ! female all ov] ! avi>y1 !n g to ! b[]1 pick up a gay fea!r or a l>ge leaf1 utt] a curi\s k9d ( note1 set all 8 fea!rs erect1 run r\nd ! b[] & become s excit$ t 8 eyes appe> ready to />t f 8 head2 he cont9ues op5+ fir/ "o w+1 & !n ! o!r1 utt]+ a l[1 :i/l+ note1 &1 l ! dome/ic cock1 seems to be pick+ up some?+ f ! gr\nd1 until at la/ ! female goes quietly t[>ds him40 ,d>w9 describes h[1 9 ! ,argus pheasant1#aci 8! imm5sely develop$ second>y w+-fea!rs are conf9$ to ! male1 & ea* is ornam5t$ ) a r[ ( f tw5ty to tw5ty-?ree ocelli1 ea* above an in* 9 diamet]4 ,^! beautiful ornam5ts are hidd5 until ! male %[s himself be=e ! female4 ,he !n erects 8 tail1 & exp&s 8 w+-fea!rs into a great1 almo/ upright1 circul> fan or %ield1 :i* is c>ri$ 9 front ( ! body4 ,! ocelli are s %ad$ t1 z ! ,duke ( ,argyll rem>ks1 !y /& out l balls ly+ loosely )9 sockets4 ,b :5 ,i look$ at a specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* is m\nt$ ) ! w+s exp&$ & trail+ d[nw>d1 ,i 010 adds ,d>w91 8greatly disappo9t$1 = ! ocelli appe>$ flat or ev5 concave4 ,mr4 ,g\ld1 h[ev]1 soon made ! case cle> to me1 = he held ! fea!rs erect1 9 ! position 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally be display$1 & n[1 f ! light %9+ on !m f above1 ea* ocellus at once resembl$ ! ornam5t call$ a ball & socket40 ,! prim>y w+-fea!rs are sc>cely1 if at all1 inf]ior 9 beauty to ! second>ies1 ?\gh ! m>k+s are q diff]5t1 ! *ief ornam5t be+ a space p>allel to ! d>k-blue %aft1 :i* 9 outl9e =ms a p]fect second fea!r ly+ )9 ! true fea!r4 8,n[ ! second>y & prim>y w+-fea!rs are n at all display$1 & ! ball & socket ornam5ts are n exhibit$ 9 full p]fection1 until ! male assumes ! attitude ( c\rt%ip40 ,x is unnecess>y to describe ! song ( birds :i* is g5]ally1 b n always1 at its be/ dur+ ! p]iod ( pair+4 ,be*/e91 :o kept birds dur+ 8 :ole life1 & /udi$ !m ) c>e1 ass]ts t 8! female can>y always *ooses ! be/ s+]1 & t 9 a /ate ( nature ! female f9* selects t male out ( a hundr$ ^: notes please h] mo/40#adj ,?us we are l$ back to sexual selection4 ,if we are satisfi$ t ! males ( c]ta9 species d z a matt] ( fact behave 9 specific & di/+ui%able ways at ! bre$+ season1 & 9 pres5ce ( _! w\ld-be mates1 ! "q is1 ,:at1 if any1 is ! biological value ( su* behavi\r8 ,:at has fo/]$ & guid$ x 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution8 ,f ! case ( ! ,argus pheasant1 :i* is only a sample ( ! l>ge class ( cases 9 :i* ! male has special adornm5ts1 we see t ! behavi\r has (t5 direct relation to ! display ( su* plumage1 or1 9 "s apes1 ( col\r$ surfaces1 s t behavi\r & ornam5tation mu/ be tak5 toge!r4 ,! ess5ce ( ,d>w9's cont5tion is1 t ! adornm5ts & behavi\r give rise to a situation ?r\gh :i* ! female is /imulat$ or excit$ to accept ! male2 t ! male 9 :i* !y are be/ develop$ gives rise to ! mo/ effective situation1 produces mo/ excitem5t1 & !re=e has ! be/ *ance ( acceptance1 be+ 8unconsci\sly pref]r$20#ada & t he ?us begets (fspr+ :i* inh]it 8 adornm5ts & modes ( behavi\r1 su* inh]itance be+1 h[ev]1 conf9$ to ! males4 ,?us sexual selection takes effect ?r\gh pref]5tial mat+1 :]eby c]ta9 h]$it>y traits are transmitt$ & become racial *>act]i/ics4 ,& ?is is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh an appeal to consci\sness1 & seems to involve *oice--g5]ally t ( ! female4 ,n[1 z ,i h else:]e urg$1#adb ! hypo!sis ( sexual selection has (t5 be5 plac$ 9 a false light by ! introduction ( ! unnecess>y supposition t ! h5 bird1 = example1 mu/ possess a /&>d or ideal ( /hetic value1 & t %e selects t s+] :i* comes ne>e/ to h] conception ( :at a song/] %\ld be4 ,d>w9 occasionally express$ himself ungu>d$ly 9 ! matt]2 he says1 = example1 t ! female appreciates ! display ( ! male1 & places to h] cr$it a ta/e = ! beautiful4#adc ,b he also di/9ctly /ates t 8x is n probable t %e consci\sly delib]ates2 %e is mo/ excit$ or attract$ by ! mo/ beautiful1 or melodi\s1 or gallant males40#add ,?is is all t is really necess>y = ! !ory ( sexual selection4 ,! h5 accepts t mate :i* by 8 song or o!rwise excites 9 suffici5t degree ! pair+ impulse2 if o!rs fail to excite ?is impulse1 !y are n accept$4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 :o rejects ! !ory save 9 a v subord9ate =m1 says#ade t 8x may be admitt$1 z highly probable1 t ! female is pleas$ or excit$ by ! display10 & speaks#adf ( a possible *oice ( 8! mo/ vigor\s1 defiant1 & mettlesome male10 giv+1 moreov]1#adg sev]al tell+ examples ( pref]5tial mat+4 ,/ripp$ ( all its unnecess>y /hetic surplusage1 at any rate s f> z ?is implies an /hetic ideal1 or /hetic motive1 ! hypo!sis ( sexual selection sugge/s t ! accept$ mate is ! "o :i* adequately evokes ! pair+ impulse4 ,"h ,dr4 ,groos makes an int]e/+ & important contribution to ! subject4 ,he lays /ress on ! coyness & reluctance ( ! female1 & illu/rates x by examples d]iv$ f obs]vation4 8,?us ! female cuckoo answ]s ! call ( h] mate ) an allur+ laugh t excites him to ! utmo/1 b x is long be=e %e gives h]self up to him4 ,a mad *ase ?r\gh tree-tops ensues1 dur+ :i* %e con/antly incites him ) t mock+ call1 till ! poor fell[ is fairly driv5 crazy4 ,! female k+fi%] (t5 torm5ts h] devot$ lov] = half a day1 com+ & call+ him1 & !n tak+ to flight4 ,b %e nev] lets him out ( h] sight ! :ile1 look+ back z %e flies & measur+ h] spe$1 & :eel+ back :5 he sudd5ly gives up ! pursuit4 ,! b[]-bird leads h] mate a *ase up & d[n _! skilfully built pleasure-h\se1 & _m o!r birds behave 9 a simil> way4 ,! male mu/ ex]cise all 8 arts be=e h] reluctance is ov]come4 ,%e leads him on f limb to limb1 f tree to tree1 until x seems t ! tantaliz+ *ange f allurem5t to resi/ance mu/ include an elem5t ( mis*iev\s playfulness40#adh ,pr(essor ,groos reg>ds ! in/9ctive coyness ( ! female z ! mo/ effici5t means ( prev5t+ ! too e>ly & too frequ5t yield+ to sexual impulse4#adi ,he ?9ks x probable t 89 ord] to pres]ve ! species ! dis*>ge ( ! sexual function mu/ be r5d]$ difficult1 s9ce ! impulse to x is s p[]ful t1 )\t "s su* arre/1 x might easily become prejudicial to t end4 ,?is same /r5g? ( impulse is10 he adds1#aej 8itself necess>y to ! pres]vation ( ! species2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 dams mu/ be oppos$ to ! impetu\s /ream1 le/ ! impulse exp5d itself be=e x is made effectual1 or ! mo!rs ( ! race be robb$ ( _! /r5g?1 to ! detrim5t ( _! (fspr+40 ,x has its orig9 9 ! g5]al fact t1 be=e any important motor dis*>ge takes place1 !re is apt to be a prep>atory & gradually increas+ excitem5t4 ,b ?is is specially emphasiz$ 9 association ) ! sexual impulse4 ,z ,pr(essor ,zeigl] wrote1 9 a private communication to ,dr4 ,groos1#aea 8,among all animals a highly excit$ condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em is necess>y = ! act ( pair+1 & consequ5tly we f9d an excit+ playful prelude v g5]ally indulg$ 940 ,c\rt%ip may ?us be reg>d$ f ! physiological po9t ( view z a means ( produc+ ! requisite am\nt ( pair+-hung]2 ( /imulat+ ! :ole sy/em & facilitat+ g5]al & special vascul> *anges2 ( creat+ t /ate ( pr(\nd & explosive in/ability :i* has = its psy*ological concomitant or antec$5t an imp]i\s & irresi/ible crav+4 ,?is n only ov]comes ! coyness ( ! female1 b g5]ates & /r5g!ns ! ard\r ( ! male--a po9t on :i*1 p]haps1 ,pr(essor ,groos does n lay suffici5t /ress4 ,= ! process is reciprocal2 & ?\gh ! male leads 9 ! ard\r ( c\rt%ip1 yet ?is ard\r con/antly gr[s till at la/ x ov]comes ! b>ri]s ( reluctance4 ,c\rt%ip is ?us ! /rong & /eady b5d+ ( ! b[ t ! arr[ may f9d its m>k 9 a biological end ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! survival ( a heal?y & vigor\s race4 ,! coyness & reluctance ( ! female af=d ! conditions "u :i* ! b[ is b5t to ! full4 ,b !y also af=d ! conditions ( ! app>5t act ( *oice4 ,?is takes ! place1 on ! p]ceptual plane ( m5tal developm5t1 ( t delib]ation :i* prec$es ! high] act ( *oice on ! ideational plane4 ,= psy*ology1 z well z = biology1 !n1 ,dr4 ,groos's sugge/ion is a welcome & helpful "o4 ,bo? uphold]s ( sexual selection & critics ( t hypo!sis1 h be5 apt to reg>d ! *oice ( a mate 9 animals f too an?ropomorphic a po9t ( view--to look ^u x z ! outcome ( rational delib]ation1 ( weigh+ 9 ! /hetic balance ! relative attractiv5ess ( ?is suitor & ( t1 & ( rea*+ a def9ite conclusion t ! "o is to be accept$ because he behaves or is adorn$ 9 su* & su* a way1 :ile ! o!r is to be reject$ because he falls bel[ all reasonable /&>ds ( requirem5t4 ,! *oice ex]cis$ by ! female1 if s we t]m x1 is f> simpl] & m nave4 ,inde$1 ,pr(essor ,groos goes s f> z to say t on 8 hypo!sis ! elem5t ( *oice is altoge!r aboli%$4 8,x is ! in/9ctive coyness ( ! female10 he says1#aeb 8t necessitates all ! arts ( c\rt%ip1 & ! probability is t seldom or nev] does ! female ex]t any *oice4 ,%e is n aw>d] ( ! prize1 b r a hunt$ creature4 ,s1 j z ! bea/ ( prey has special in/9cts = f9d+ 8 prey1 ! ard5t male mu/ h special in/9cts = subdu+ female reluctance4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !re is *oice only 9 ! s5se t ! h>e f9ally succumbs to ! be/ h\nd1 :i* is z mu* z to say t ! ph5om5a ( c\rt%ip are ref]r$ at once to natural selection40 ,he rea*es ?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 by gradual /ages4 ,he fir/ urges#aec t 8x w\ld be absurd to affirm t all bird songs orig9ate 9 a consci\s /hetic & critical act ( judgm5t on ! "p ( ! female4 ,a consci\s *oice ei!r ( ! mo/ beautiful or ! l\de/ s+] is c]ta9ly n ! rule1 & probably nev] occurs at all4 ,b10 he adds1 8is x n /ill a *oice1 ?\gh unconsci\s1 :5 ! female turns to ! s+] ^: voice1 :e!r f /r5g? or modulation1 proves mo/ attractive8 ,ev5 if ! song is prim>ily a means ( recognition or an invitation f ! male1 /ill ! psy*ological effect mu/ be t ! female foll[s ! song/] t excites h] mo/1 & s ex]ts a k9d ( unconsci\s selection40 ,! phrase 8unconsci\s *oice0 is1 h[ev]1 some:at unsatisfactory1 especially :5 we rememb] t x is us$ to indicate ! result ( a direct appeal to ! consci\s situation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we say t x is p]ceptual *oice aris+ f impulse z di/+ui%$ f ideational *oice due to motive & volition1 we see t ! di/9ction is 9 l9e ) t :i* we h drawn aga9 & aga91 & :i* ,dr4 ,/\t s well emphasizes 9 8 8,manual ( ,psy*ology40 ,b we h also drawn ! di/9ction betwe5 in/9ctive behavi\r prior to individual exp]i5ce1 & intellig5t behavi\r ! result ( su* exp]i5ce4 ,"u :i* ( ^! classes does ! behavi\r ( ! female dur+ c\rt%ip fall8 ,pr(essor ,groos1 9 ! fur!r developm5t ( 8 hypo!sis1 seems to place x 9 ! in/9ctive category4 8,in/ead ( a consci\s or unconsci\s *oice1 ( :i* we "k no?+ c]ta910 he says1#aed 8we h ! ne$ ( ov]com+ in/9ctive coyness 9 ! female1 a fact famili> en\gh1 b hi!rto n suffici5tly acc\nt$ =4 ,!n ! "q no long] is1 :i* among _m males w be *os5 by ! female1 b :i* "o has ! qualities t c ov]come ! reluctance ( ! female :om he woos4 ,sexual selection w\ld !n become a special case ( natural selection40 ,i am unable to foll[ ,pr(essor ,groos 9 ?is view1 :i* ,i f9d x r difficult to reconcile ) su* /atem5ts z t already quot$1 9 :i* he says t ! female's 8tantaliz+ *ange f allurem5t to resi/ance seems to include an elem5t ( a mis*iev\s playfulness40 ,x is m probable t in/9ctive coyness & reluctance af=d ! conditions "u :i* exp]i5ce ( ! pleasures ( c\rt%ip may be ga9$4 ,x is said t a flirt1 :5 tak5 to task = h] conduct at ball & picnic1 ju/ifi$ x by ask+ demurely h[ else %e 0 to ga9 t wide exp]i5ce ( m5 :i* 0 absolutely necess>y to guide h] 9 ex]cis+ a wise & becom+ *oice4 ,let u hope t :5 ! fateful "t arriv$ %e act$ ) due delib]ation4 ,n[ ! coquetry ( birds af=ds ! opportunity ( ga9+ j su* exp]i5ce 9 ! light ( :i* a p]ceptual *oice may be made4 ,let u rememb] t c\rt%ip is1 z ,d>w9 said1 8a prolong$ affair10 & t coyness is a means to its prolongation4 ,& let u rememb] t 9 simple cases1 z also 9 m complex matt]s1 ! intellig5t ex]cise ( *oice dep5ds ^u :at ,dr4 ,/\t t]ms ! acquisition ( mean+4 8,! *ick5 does n1 at fir/10 he says1#aee 8di/+ui% betwe5 :at is edible & :at is n4 ,?is x has to le>n by exp]i5ce4 ,x w at ! outset peck at & seize all worms & cat]pill>s indiscrim9ately4 ,!re is a p>ticul> cat]pill> call$ ! c9nab> cat]pill>4 ,:5 ?is is fir/ pres5t$ to ! *ick5 x is peck$ at & seiz$1 l o!r simil> objects4 ,b z soon z x is fairly seiz$ x is dropp$ 9 disgu/4 ,:5 next ! *ick5 sees ! cat]pill>1 x looks at x suspici\sly1 & refra9s f peck+4 ,n[1 :at has happ5$ 9 ?is case8 ,! sight ( ! c9nab> cat]pill> re-excites ! total disposition left beh9d by ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( peck+ at x1 seiz+ x1 & eject+ x 9 disgu/4 ,?us ! effect ( ^! exp]i5ces :at ,i h t]m$ ! consci\s situation is reviv$4 ,! sight ( ! c9nab> cat]pill> has acquir$ a mean+40 ,take n[ ! case ( a coy h5 bird1 to :om sev]al males pay c\rt4 ,! sight ( ?is "o1 behav+ aft] 8 k9d1 excites 9 small degree ! sexual impulse & emotions4 ,h] he>t beats b little ! fa/] = all 8 antics1 h] respiratory rhy?m is sc>cely affect$1 h] fea!rs1 l h] feel+s1 rema9 comp>atively unruffl$4 ,he has acquir$ mean+ f ! reaction to 8 pres5ce2 x is n1 h[ev]1 a v attractive mean+4 ,b t o!r1 p]haps f m]e p]si/5cy1 p]haps because he is m 8vigor\s1 defiant1 & mettlesome0 7%e1 at any rate1 c]ta9ly kn[s n :y71 deeply /irs h] organic be+1 sets h] all agl[1 & breaks d[n ! b>ri]s ( h] coyness4 ,& ?is he does because he is ! c5tre ( a consci\s situation :i* has acquir$1 ?r\gh h] exp]i5ce ( 8 pres5ce1 a mean+ & an int]e/ t are at la/ irresi/ibly attractive4 ,x is a *oice f impulse1 n ! result ( delib]ation2 b x is a *oice :i* is det]m9$ by ! emotional mean+ ( ! consci\s situation4 ,& x is ! reit]at$ revival ( ! associat$ emotional elem5ts :i* g5]ates an impulse suffici5tly /rong to ov]come h] in/9ctive coyness & reluctance4 ,& ?is coyness is ! natural correlative ( ! ard\r ( ! male1 an ard\r increas$ by 8 c\rt%ip antics4 ,if ! female yield$ readily & at once1 ! behavi\r ( c\rt%ip w\ld nev] h be5 evolv$4 ,sup]abundant vig\r 9 ! male is1 no d\bt1 a fav\rable condition ( c\rt%ip1 z x is ( play2 b nei!r is x a s9e qu non1 nor 9 any case does x1 or c x1 af=d any guidance ( behavi\r into j ^? specific *annels 9 :i* we f9d x sett+ dur+ ! bre$+ season4 ,if sexual selection be n a v]a causa ( ! specific direction1 we h at pres5t no o!r hypo!sis :i* 9 any degree fits ! facts4 ,& to ! criticism ( ^? :o1 l ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 urge t dance & song1 & arial evolutions 9 birds1 are se5 at times :5 ! imm$iate bus9ess ( c\rt%ip =ms no "p ( ! situation1 ,pr(essor ,groos's !ory ( play af=ds a suffici5t answ]4 ,if c\rt%ip1 ^: biological end is ( su* supreme importance1 =ms a c5tral feature 9 ! s]i\s bus9ess ( animal life2 & if play is ! prep>ation & practice = behavi\r ( biological importance2 we %\ld expect to f9d manife/ations 7) an emotional diff]5ce1 & no d\bt _m diff]5ces 9 detail7 ( all ^? actions1 ! due p]=mance ( :i*1 9 ! supreme h\r ( c\rt%ip1 w alone enable ! adequately prep>$ & well-practis$ male to ov]come ! reluctance ( ! female1 & beget (fspr+ to transmit 8 in/9ctive & emotional t5d5cies4 ,,iv4--,,animal 8,,/hetics0 ,,& 8,,e?ics0 ,9 ?is section we %all consid] "s types ( behavi\r :i* sugge/ situations t conta9 ! g]ms ( /hetics & e?ics1 ) a view to det]m9+1 s f> z possible1 ! pr9ciples on :i* !y %\ld be int]pret$4 ,?is is a peculi>ly difficult subject2 = we are endeav\r+ to get beh9d ! behavi\r1 & to inf] ! m5tal conditions :i* accompany x1 & ?r\gh :i* x assumes its di/9ctive "*4 ,! difficulty is tw(old3 fir/1 because1 z ,dr4 ,/\t puts x1#aef 8human language is especially con/ruct$ to describe ! m5tal /ates ( human be+s1 & ?is means t x is especially con/ruct$ s z to mislead u :5 we attempt to describe ! work+s ( m9ds t diff] 9 any great degree f ! human20 & secondly1 because1 to quote ! same c>eful ?9k]1#aeg 8! besett+ sn>e ( ! psy*ologi/ is ! t5d5cy to assume t an act or attitude :i* 9 himself w\ld be ! natural manife/ation ( a c]ta9 m5tal process mu/1 !re=e1 h ! same mean+ 9 ! case ( ano!r4 ,! fallacy lies 9 tak+ ?is or t isolat$ action ap>t f ! totality ( conditions "u :i* x appe>s4 ,x is p>ticul>ly s$uctive :5 ! animal m9d is ! subject ( inquiry40 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 base our me?od ( proc$ure on "s def9ite pr9ciple4 ,! canon ( int]pretation :i* ,i h else:]e sugge/$#aeh is1 t we %\ld n int]pret animal behavi\r z ! outcome ( high] m5tal processes1 if x c be fairly expla9$ z due to ! op]ation ( ^? :i* /& l[] 9 ! psy*ological scale ( developm5t4 ,to ?is x may be add$--le/ ! range ( ! pr9ciple be misund]/ood--t ! canon by no means excludes ! int]pretation ( a p>ticul> act z ! outcome ( ! high] m5tal processes1 if we already h indep5d5t evid5ce ( _! occurr5ce 9 ! ag5t4 ,n[1 ! conclusion to :i* we are l$ by direct exp]im5t & a critical /udy ( ! actions ( animals ^: life-hi/ory is kn[n to u is1 t mo/ ( _! behavi\r--p]haps all--is due to :at ,dr4 ,/\t t]ms ! p]ceptual1 z oppos$ to ! ideational1 ex]cise ( cognition4 ,_! behavi\r c be expla9$ )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! hypo!sis t !y reflect1 & atta9 to ideal s*emes z ! result ( ab/raction & g5]alization consci\sly direct$ to ?is end4 ,r ?an repeat :at ,i h already said1 ,i w quote ,dr4 ,/\t's summ>y ( ! position to :i* he1 too1 has be5 l$4 8,! va/ int]val10 he says1#aei 8:i* sep>ates human a*ievem5ts1 s f> z !y dep5d on human intellig5ce1 f animal a*ievem5ts1 s f> z !y dep5d on animal intellig5ce1 is connect$ ) ! di/9ction betwe5 p]ceptual & ideational process4 ,animal activities are ei!r purely p]ceptual1 or1 9 s f> z !y involve ideas1 ^! ideas s]ve only to prompt & guide an action 9 its actual execution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man con/ructs #89 8 head1' by means ( tra9s ( ideas1 s*emes ( action be=e he beg9s to c>ry !m out4 ,he is ?us capable ( ov]com+ difficulties 9 advance4 ,he c cross a bridge be=e he comes to x40 ,x has already be5 /at$ t 9 ! intellig5t behavi\r ( animals "u man's tea*+ he is ! rational ag5t1 !y 8 will+ slaves4 ,?is may be "h aga9 illu/rat$ to en=ce ! di/9ction drawn by ,dr4 ,/\t 9 ! above passage4 ,^? :o h se5 a %eph]d's dog work+ %eep on a moorl& fell1 & h tak5 ! tr\ble to asc]ta9 h[ ! results he sees h be5 atta9$1 w appreciate1 on ! "o h&1 h[ well ! dog kn[s & responds to ! signals ( 8 ma/]1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ completely all initiation is 9 ! ma/]'s m9d1 n t ( ! ke5ly intellig5t dog4 ,^? :o m]ely witness su* a p]=mance )\t inquiry or inve/igation w probably misund]/& ! :ole matt]4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& competitions are n uncommon :]e1 say1 ?ree %eep h to be driv5 ov] a def9ite c\rse1 betwe5 c]ta9 po/s & r\nd o!rs1 ?r\gh n>r[ passages & into a fold--all )9 a c]ta9 "t limit4 ,at su* a competition success dep5ds on two ?+s3 fir/1 ! tra9+ ( ! dog to respond at once to "s six or eight :i/le-signals1 (t5 accompani$ by ge/ures & movem5ts ( a /ick2 & secondly1 ! judgm5t ( ! %eph]d4 ,! signals1 giv5 9 diff]5t :i/le-tones & inflections1 h = ! dog mean+1 su* z drive /raight on1 f ?is side1 f t1 /op1 lie d[n1 creep1 & s =?4 ,! dog's :ole bus9ess is to obey ^! signals4 ,& ! in/ant response ( a well-tra9$ dog is admirable4 ,b 9 ! :ole proce$+ he is m]ely ! executant ( 8 ma/]'s ord]s4 ,he orig9ates no important /ep4 ,& if y li/5 to ! criticisms by o!r %eph]ds dur+ a competition y w f9d t !y are ma9ly pass$ on ! judgm5t %[n by ! ma/]1 & only 9 palpable failures 9 ob$i5ce on ! behavi\r ( ! dog4 ,! intellig5t animal is :at he is tra9$ to be--"o ^: natural p[]s are "u ! complete control ( 8 ma/] ) :om ! :ole plan ( action lies4 ,s9ce1 !n1 9 ! cognitional field we f9d no indep5d5t evid5ce ( ! high] processes1 we are b\nd1 9 accordance ) our canon1 to int]pret emotional situations on simil> pr9ciples1 unless we f9d 9 !m out/&+ facts :i* _c be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 consid]+ ! pair+ situation we urg$ t ! fram+ ( an ideal ( beauty to :i* a giv5 suitor approa*es1 or f :i* he falls %ort1 is unnecess>y = ! int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,we %\ld n 9 /rictness1 !re=e1 speak ( 8an appreciation ( beauty0 or 8a ta/e = ! beautiful0 9 birds1 s9ce su* expressions almo/ inevitably imply t ^! creatures h rea*$ "s conception ( beauty z di/+ui%$ f & contra/$ ) ugl9ess4 ,at ! same "t ! h5 c]ta9ly appe>s to enjoy ! situation ( :i* ! plum$ cock1 attitud9iz+ ?us1 =ms ! c5tre ( int]e/--?r\gh :i* he acquires mean+4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 !re is probably no ideal or /&>d ( beauty1 !re are af=d$ ! data 9 exp]i5ce f :i*1 7 ! bird capable ( reflection1 su* an ideal might1 9 ideational sublimation1 be d]iv$4 ,be=e comp>ison1 ab/raction1 & g5]alization c be appli$1 9 ! reflective laboratory ( ?\ght1 !re mu/ be suitable exp]i5ces to =m ! raw mat]ial on :i* ^! rational processes c be ex]cis$4 ,long ere1 9 ! c\rse ( m5tal evolution1 ! correlative conceptions impli$ 9 ! phrase 8beautiful or ugly0 _h tak5 def9ite =m1 p]ceptual situations mu/ h aris51 :]e1 by direct appeal to ! s5ses1 by ! diffus$ effects ( /imulation & _! accompany+ feel+-tone1 & by ! natural satisfaction ( m]e impulse1 ! f\ndations 7 laid ( t appreciation ( ! beautiful :i* =ms ! reflective sup]/ructure we build ^u !m4 ,inde$1 ! pleasure & satisfaction att5d+ p>ticul> situations1 z !y sev]ally arise1 appe> to conta9 ! p]ceptual g]ms ( :at 9 lat] developm5t becomes /hetic appreciation4 ,! bird :i*1 hav+ complet$ its ne/1 eyes x ) app>5t satisfaction1 may well h ! g]ms ( t :i*1 :5 r5d]$ s*ematic 9 our ?\ght1 we call ta/e4 ,dr4 ,g\ld1 inde$1 /ates t c]ta9 humm+-birds decorate _! ne/s 8) ! utmo/ ta/e10 weav+ into _! /ructure beautiful pieces ( li*54 ,& ! g>d5] b[]-bird collects 9 front ( its b[] fl[]s & fruits ( bright & v>i$ col\rs4 ,:at mean+ ^! c>ry 9 ! consci\s situation we d n "k2 we c only suppose t !y incid5tally contribute to ! height5+ ( ! sexual impulse1 & h be5 evolv$ z a means ( /imulation to ! biological end t[>ds :i* sexual selection is unconsci\sly direct$4 ,= x is probable t all ! situations ) :i* pleasure & satisfaction are 9 high degree associat$ are1 9 prim>y orig91 closely connect$ ) behavi\r direct$1 ?r\gh natural or sexual selection1 to "s def9ite biological end1 or1 9 brief1 ) behavi\r ( biological value4 ,& x is1 p]haps1 n improbable t ! /ates ( consci\sness mo/ highly ton$ ) /rong emotion h _! orig9 9 ^? situations :i* arise amid ! pair+1 p>5tal1 & companiable relations ( animal life4 ,we h already said t ! companion1 z ! nucleus ( a situation1 is a ?+ :i* reacts 9 altoge!r special ways1 s t x becomes diff]5tiat$ f o!r ?+s z some?+ ! mean+ ( :i*1 & ! int]e/ 9 :i*1 are sui g5]is & unique 9 type4 ,x becomes ! c5tre ( emotional situations1 :i* we ascribe to rivalry1 emulation1 jeal\sy1 & s =?4 ,& we h also drawn att5tion to ! view t ! g5etic ord]1 s f> z !re is an ord]1 is n fir/ ! ego & !n ! alt]1 b fir/ ! "m & companions & !n ?r\gh !m ! self4 ,we le>n to "k ourselves only ?r\gh kn[+ o!rs4 ,we mu/ n[ ask ! "q--a "q :i* mu/ be answ]$ be=e we c t\* on ! possible e?ics ( animals--h[ f>1 & 9 :at s5se1 ! social animal reg>ds o!rs z ( l nature to itself1 & capable also ( l feel+s & emotions4 ,/at$ 9 ?is =m we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 answ] ! "q 9 ! negative4 ,! expression1 8( l nature to itself10 implies t ! self has already tak5 m or less def9ite =m1 & t ! animal inf]s t1 s9ce ! alt] behaves & reacts 9 l mann] to ! ego1 x also is an ego4 ,?is is di/9ctly an act ( reason+4 ,z ,clif=d phras$ x1 ! companion becomes an eject4 ,we c nev] by direct exp]i5ce become acqua9t$ ) ! feel+s ( o!rs1 b we c end[ !m ejectively ) p]sonality analog\s to our own4 ,b1 ?\gh x is exce$+ly d\btful :e!r any animal c reg>d its companion z an 8eject10 may !re n be a p]ceptual anticipation ( ! ideational process t comes ) lat]-develop$ reflection8 ,a decade ago ,i gave ! foll[+ answ] to ?is "q3 8,= myself1 ,i _c d\bt t animals project into ea* o!r ! %ad[s ( ! feel+s ( :i* !y are !mselves consci\s40#afj ,pr(essor ,m>k ,baldw9 speaks ( ! /age at :i* ?is takes place1 z ! 8projective /age0 ( developm5t4 8,n[1 9 ! fact10 he says1#afa 8( h]d+1 common life & arrangem5ts = ! protection ( ! h]d1 animal societies ( v>i\s k9ds1 animal division ( lab\r1 etc41--:atev] be ! orig9 ( x1--we h :at seems to be su* an epo* 9 animal life4 ,^! creatures %[ a real recognition ( "o individual by ano!r1 & a real community ( life & reaction1 :i* is q diff]5t f ! individualism ( purely s5sational & unsocial consci\sness4 ,& yet x is j z diff]5t f ! reflective organization ( human society1 9 :i* ! self-consci\sness & p]sonal volition ( ! individual play ! mo/ important rle4 ,i see no way ( acc\nt+ = ! greg>i\s in/9ct any:]e1 except on ! assumption ( su* a projective epo* ( animal consci\sness40 ,n[1 9 endeav\r+ to realize h[ ! situation feels to an animal 9 ?is projective /age1 ! fir/ difficulty we enc\nt] is t ( dive/+ ourselves ( ^? products ( reflection :i* *>act]ize our own m5tal situation2 & to avoid :at ,dr4 ,/\t1 9 ! passage above quot$1#afb t]ms ! psy*ologi/'s besett+ sn>e4 ,! second difficulty is to grasp t1 9 exp]i5ce1 subject & object are insep>able1 h[ev] cle>ly we may le>n to p]ceive t !y are di/+ui%able aspects ( t exp]i5ce4 ,if ! subject is ev5tually reg>d$ z t :i* exp]i5ces1 & ! object z t :i* is exp]i5c$1 x is surely obvi\s t ea* is necess>y to ! o!r4 ,b1 be=e ^! diff]5t aspects are cle>ly di/+ui%$1 !re is1 9 ! p]ceptual /age ( m5tal developm5t1 :at we may t]m a di/ribution ( ! items ( exp]i5ce among ! c5tres ( int]e/4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! k9d ( di/ribution :i* we may suppose to come naturally to an animal1 9 :at ,pr(essor ,baldw9 t]ms ! projective epo*1 let u take ?ree animal situations3 fir/1 a *ick pecks at a soldi]-beetle1 & f9ds x nause\s2 secondly1 a h5-bird he>s ! joy\s song ( h] mate2 ?irdly1 a puppy 9 play bites its companion1 & receives a pa9ful nip 9 return4 ,ea* ( ^! con/itutes an exp]i5ce-situation2 assum+ t ! results ( ! exp]i5ce are di/ribut$1 h[ may we suppose !m to be allocat$8 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! soldi]-beetle is ! c5tre ( int]e/ 9 ! situation4 ,z ! situation develops1 ! elem5t ( nause\sness is introduc$4 ,z ,dr4 ,/\t puts x1 ?is is :at gives ! soldi]-beetle mean+4 ,c x be d\bt$ t1 if !re be any di/ribution1 ! nause\sness1 ?\gh x is altoge!r :at we h le>nt to call a subjective affection1 atta*es itself to ! soldi]-beetle8 ,! pla9 man1 unsophi/icat$ by ,b]keleyan discussion1 says simply1 9 su* cases1 8,! ?+ is nause\s40 ,& ?is probably indicates ! nave & primitive di/ribution4 ,turn+ n[ to our second example1 :5 ! h5 he>s ! c\rt%ip song ! mate is ! c5tre ( a situation suffus$ ) pleasurable feel+4 ,h[ is ! joy\sness1 aga9 ess5tially subjective = our lat] ?\ght1 di/ribut$8 ,surely1 if at all1 on ! mate :o =ms ! c5tre ( int]e/4 ,?is x is :i* gives him mean+4 ,! joy ( ! be>] is project$ on to ! s+]4 ,n entirely1 p]haps2 ! h5 lit]ally1 on ,pr(essor ,james's !ory ( ! emotions1 feels h] he>t-beat quick5$ by 8 pres5ce1 & ! delightful ruffl+ ( h] fea!rs4 ,b our aim is n to d5y t ! g]ms ( ! subjective arise 9 ! mid/ ( su* situations1 b to cont5d t "s at lea/ ( ! joy\s "* ( ! situation atta*es to ! song ( ! s+]1 t "s ( ! feel+ is project$1 & t ?is is :at gives ! mate mean+4 ,9 our ?ird case1 ! playful puppy bites 8 companion1 & is %>ply bitt5 9 return4 ,pa9 ent]s into ! coalesc5t situation z a :ole4 ,h[ is x di/ribut$8 ,9 ! phraseology ( association1 ! nip he gives is closely l9k$ ) ! pa9 he receives4 ,by coalesc5ce ! pa9 & ! nip =m p>ts ( ! develop$ situation4 ,b ! companion is ! c5tre ( int]e/4 ,& "p ( ! pa9 is probably project$ on ?is c5tre4 ,t su* projection actually occurs is r5d]$ probable by su* cases z ! foll[+1 :i* 0 told me "s ye>s ago4 ,a *ild1 ^: exact age ,i h =gott5 if ,i !n asc]ta9$1 0 prick$ by a p91 & he said1 8,p9 'urt$2 poor p940 ,x is1 inde$1 n unlikely t ) animals ! outw>d projection ( feel+ is widely di/ribut$ ov] inanimate1 z well z animate1 objects1 & t its due re/riction comes f> lat] 9 developm5t1 ( :i* ! s-call$ p]sonification ( lifeless ?+s by savages may be a relic4 ,9 any case1 ! give-&-take ( play 9 "y animals1 & ! aft]-e>ne/ ( c\rt%ip & fight+1 w\ld seem to af=d ample opportunity = ! ext]nal & int]nal di/ribution ( feel+ :i* s[s ! se$ 9 p]ceptual life ( t :i* blossoms into self & alt] 9 ! reflective life ( ideational ?\ght4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 an animal _c conceive its companion z ano!r self ( simil> nature1 & ) l passions to 8 own1 yet a consid]able %>e ( ! feel+-elem5t ( ! consci\s situation is project$ on to t companion z ! *ief c5tre ( int]e/4 ,& if x be said t ?is is 8 feel+ & n 8 neighb\r's1 ! objection w be se5 to lose its =ce1 s soon z x is realiz$ t ev5 man has no exp]i5ce ( any feel+s save 8 own4 ,! only way we c rea* fell[-feel+ is ?r\gh sympa?y2 & sympa?y has its roots 9 ! projective process we h endeav\r$ to describe4 ,we end[ our neighb\rs ) natures z s5sitive to pa9 & pleasure z our own4 ,?is is a pre-requisite to ! social relation%ips t]m$ e?ical4 ,b :5 we he> p say1 & f9d ev5 ,mr4 ,romanes putt+ on delib]ate record1#afc t 8! feel+s :i* prompt a cat to torture a captur$ m\se c only be assign$ to ! category to :i*1 by common cons5t1 !y are ascrib$--delight 9 tortur+ = torture's sake10 ,i v5ture to ?9k t common cons5t1 if su* x be1 is wrong4 ,z ,i said a doz5 ye>s ago1#afd be=e ,pr(essor ,groos _h s c>efully elaborat$ 8 !ory ( play1 8! cat or kitt5 plays ) ! m\se n f innate cruelty1 b = ! sake ( gett+ "s little practice 9 ! mo/ important bus9ess ( cat life4 ,only man1 :o has ! capacity = nobl] ?+s1 c be cruel = cruelty's sake20 & ?is is ! direction 9 :i* ,dr4 ,groos's op9ion#afe t5ds to set4 ,mr4 ,romanes might h le>nt a lesson 9 caution f 8 si/]1 :o at fir/ attribut$ a s5se ( %ame to ! capu*9 %e s c>efully /udi$1 b subsequ5tly 0 l$ to adopt a simpl] int]pretation4 8,he bit me 9 sev]al places to-day10 %e says1 9 h] admirable di>y1#aff 8b he seem$ a%am$ ( himself aft]w>ds1 hid+ 8 face 9 8 arms1 & sitt+ quiet = a "t40 ,%e adds1 h[ev]1 9 a footnote3 8,on subsequ5t obs]vation1 ,i f9d ?is quietness 0 n due to %ame at hav+ bit me2 = :e!r he succe$s 9 bit+ any p]son or n1 he always sits quiet & dull-look+ aft] a fit ( passion1 be+1 ,i ?9k1 fatigu$40 ,%ame is an e?ical feel+4 ,& z we h briefly discuss$ ! g]ms ( /hetics 9 animals1 s we may n[ z briefly consid] ! g]ms ( e?ics4 ,9 its develop$ =m e?ics is "o ( ! 8normative sci5ces0 involv+ /&>ds ( "r & wrong4 ,x is1 z ,pr(essor ,mack5zie says1#afg 8! sci5ce ( ! ideal 9 conduct40 ,x involves a /&>d ( 8ought10 ! product ( reflection & g5]alization4 ,conduct is comp>$ ) ! ideal1 & p]ceiv$ to be ei!r bel[1 up to1 or p]haps beyond1 ! normal /&>d accept$ by civiliz$ mank9d4 ,?is involves a judgm5t2 & s f> z conduct is %ap$ 9 accordance ) ! ideal we attribute ! guidance to e?ical motives4 ,su* ideals1 su* judgm5ts1 & ! control ( conduct ?r\gh ! play ( su* motives1 are probably beyond ! m5tal capacities ( animals4 ,!y belong to ! ideational /age ( m5tal developm5t1 :5 ! conative t5d5cy becomes volitional2 n to ! p]ceptual /age1 :5 x is impulsive4 ,!y d n ent] into ! consci\s situation z x takes =m 9 ! animal m9d4 ,behavi\r has n 9 !m acquir$ e?ical mean+1 s9ce 9 develop$ e?ics1 z normative1 su* mean+ always has ref]5ce to ! norm1 or /&>d4 ,a real s5se ( %ame implies t our acts h fall5 bel[ our ideal4 ,x may be said t we _c prove t animals d n frame su* ideals4 ,b1 if we accept ! canon ( int]pretation above laid d[n1 :at has to be prov$ is t !y d frame !m4 ,is !re any case among ! hundr$s t are popul>ly adduc$ to %[ t dogs are a%am$ ( !mselves1 t !y possess a s5se ( ju/ice1 t !y feel ! prick ( consci5ce1 t on ! "o h& !y "k :5 !y h done wrong1 or on ! o!r h& enjoy a s5se ( consci\s rectitude--is !re any p>ticul> case s describ$ 9 ! popul> phraseology ( anecdote1 :i* c\ld n be m simply describ$ z ! direct outcome ( ! coalesc5t situation1 )\t ! introduction ( any impli$ ref]5ce to a /&>d ( behavi\r rea*$ by reflective ?\ght8 ,! pug t has tak5 a nap on ! draw+-room s(a1 leaps d[n & sl9ks (f ) a 8guilty0 look on 8 ma/]'s approa*4 ,"o c surely picture ! previ\s situations1 & be tol]ably c]ta9 t !y conta9$ an elem5t ( repro( or some?+ m en]getic4 ,! poodle t has successfully p]=m$ 8 tricks b\nds to 8 mi/ress ) an air ( duty well p]=m$4 ,has he nev] be5 pett$ & patt$ "u su* circum/ance8 ,r\t9e 9 _m animals--s (t5 creatures ( habit--begets a cu/om>y sequ5ce1 ! brea* ( :i* is at once felt4 ,to ?is ,i v5tur$#afh to ascribe ! conduct ( ! turnspit dog report$ by ,arago4 ,he refus$ ) b>$ tee? to ent] out ( 8 turn ! drum by :i* ! spit 0 rotat$4 ,! companion dog 0 put 9 = a few mom5ts & !n releas$2 :]eupon ! dog :i* be=e _h be5 s refractory seem$ satisfi$ t 8 turn = drudg]y _h come1 &1 ent]+ ! :eel ( 8 own accord1 began turn+ ! spit z usual4 ,! b>$ tee? may be "h p]haps ascrib$ to an outrag$ s5se ( ju/ice4 ,b is x n a m simple1 & j z probable1 supposition t ! behavi\r 0 due to brea* ( cu/om>y r\t9e4 ,a tra9] ) :om ,i _h "s conv]sation on ?is matt] po9t$ out a collie bit*1 & said1 8,if ,i put h] ?r\gh h] tricks 9 ! usual ord] %e does !m l an angel2 b if ,i try & make h] alt] ! ord] %e snaps & sulks l ! devil40 ,i h else:]e#afi express$ my op9ion t1 ?\gh animals may behave 9 ways :i* may t5d to mislead u1 !y d n act ) int5t to deceive4 ,a dog is describ$#agj z 8%[+ a delib]ate design ( deceiv+0 because he hobbl$ ab\t ! room z if lame & suff]+ f pa9 9 8 foot4 ,b may n ?is be simply due to ! fact t *ance exp]i5ce _h l$ to a situation ?r\gh :i* a hobbl+ gait _h acquir$ ! mean+ ( m pett+ & att5tion ?an usual8 ,to behave ) deceit z a delib]ate motive implies ! idea t ! action w be int]pret$ z hav+ a significance diff]5t f t :i* x really has4 ,x is only possible on ! ideational plane ( m5tal developm5t4 ,x implies1 too1 f ! e?ical /&po9t1 a consci\s dep>ture f ! /&>d ( tru?4 ,! black t is act$ has consci\s ref]5ce & relation to ! :ite t is n black4 ,few1 h[ev]1 w cr$it animals ) deceit ( ?is fully consci\s & delib]ate k9d4 ,l ! fibs ( little *ildr51 ! app>5t deceit ( animals is probably m]ely behavi\r :i* has be5 associat$ 9 exp]i5ce ) pleasant results4 ,! case ( %amm+ sickness1 quot$ f ,k4 ,russ1 is ?us int]pret$ by ,pr(essor ,groos4#aga ,& yet he adds1 8,:5 we see deception us$ s effectively to s]ve practical ends1 examples ( :i* are v common1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t !re is 9 all probability m consci\sness ( %amm+ 9 play ?an we h any means ( demon/rat+40 ,& else:]e 9 ! same "w he obs]ves1#agb 8,_m a gr[n animal /ill takes pleasure 9 ! mock combats t he le>n$ 9 y\?4 ,f a psy*ological po9t ( view ?is ph5om5on is especially notewor?y1 f ! fact t ! adult animal1 ?\gh already well acqua9t$ ) real fight+1 /ill kn[s h[ to keep )9 ! b\nds ( play1 & mu/ !re=e be consci\sly play+ a rle1 mak+ believe40 ,i fail1 h[ev]1 to see ! ju/ification = ! 8!re=e40 ,surely ! diff]5ce ( behavi\r 9 ?is example1 & 9 o!r su* examples1 is suffici5tly expla9$ z ! outcome ( div]se situations1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to any?+ s psy*ologically complex z ! consci\s self-illusion ( make-believe--int]e/+ & important z ?is is 9 ! psy*ology ( *ildr54 ,to suppose t a monkey :o nurses a bit ( blanket has any ideas ab\t its be+ a make-believe baby is n to int]pret ! behavi\r ( animals 9 accordance ) ! canon we h adopt$ = our guidance4 ,to return to ! 8e?ics0 ( animals4 ,i h urg$ t e?ical ideas1 prop]ly s call$1 h no place 9 _! psy*ology4 ,b j z ! pleasure & satisfaction att5d+ p>ticul> situations1 z !y sev]ally arise1 appe> to conta9 ! p]ceptual g]ms ( :at 9 lat] developm5t becomes /hetic appreciation2 s1 too1 d !y also conta9 ! p]ceptual g]ms ( :at becomes1 ?r\gh reflection 9 man1 e?ical approbation4 ,& ! situations 9 :i* ^! e?ical g]ms mu/ be s\ght are ^? :i* entail behavi\r = ! good ( ! social community4 ,inde$1 we may g s f> z to say t ! p]ceptual f\ndations ( e?ics are laid 9 ! social in/9cts4 ,! satisfaction or dissatisfaction aris+ f ! p]=mance or non-p]=mance ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 evolv$ = ! biological end ( ! pres]vation ( ! social community1 is ! p]ceptual embryo f :i* consci5ce is develop$4 ,pr(essor ,mack5zie has indicat$ ! ambiguities 9 ! use ( ! t]m 8consci5ce40 8,x is10 he says1#agc 8sometimes us$ to express ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* ! moral judgm5t re/s2 at o!r times x expresses ! pr9ciples adopt$ by a p>ticul> individual2 at o!r times x means #8a p>ticul> k9d ( pleasure or pa9 felt 9 p]ceiv+ our own con=mity or noncon=mity to pr9ciple4'#agd ,?is la/ seems to me10 adds ,mr4 ,mack5zie1 8! mo/ conv5i5t acceptation ( ! t]m1 except t ,i %\ld pref] to say simply t x is a feel+ ( pa9 accompany+ & result+ f our noncon=mity to pr9ciple40 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition ! exi/5ce ( a pr9ciple or ideal is presuppos$2 & ! fact t ,pr(essor ,mack5zie lays /ress ^u ! pa9 ( noncon=mity1 %[s t ! ideal is a high "o4 ,9 ! case ( ! animal1 h[ev]1 su* an ideal ( "r conduct has probably n tak5 =m4 ,b ,mr4 ,mack5zie also speaks ( ! 8quasi-consci5ce0 begott5 ( cu/om4 ,?is comes ne>] to ! feel+ :i* animals may be suppos$ to h :5 _! behavi\r does n accord ) t :i* ?r\gh in/9ct or habit is ! usage ( ! community4 ,& if1 z seems to be %[n by obs]vation1 animals sometimes puni% ! brea*es ( su* usage--:51 = example1 cats puni% _! kitt5s = uncleanl9ess--! quasi-consci5ce w assume a m develop$ =m4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ! p]ceptual data are giv5 9 animal exp]i5ce f :i*1 9 ideational sublimation1 e?ical ideals may be d]iv$ by a process ( reflection & g5]alization4 ,z 9 ! case ( /hetics1 s 9 t ( e?ics2 long ere1 9 ! c\rse ( m5tal evolution1 ! correlative conceptions impli$ 9 ! phrase 8"r or wrong0 _h tak5 def9ite =m1 p]ceptual situations mu/ h aris5 9 :i* behavi\r c>ri$ ) x ! feel+s ( satisfaction or ! rev]se :i* laid ! f\ndations ( t approbation ( ! "r :i* =ms ! sup]/ructure we build ^u !m by ! ex]cise ( reflective ?\ght4 ,v4--,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,feel+ ,,& ,,emotion 8,:atev] conditions10 says ,dr4 ,/\t1#age 8fur!r & fav\r conation 9 ! atta9m5t ( its end1 yield pleasure4 ,:atev] conditions ob/ruct conation 9 ! atta9m5t ( its end1 are s\rces ( displeasure4 ,?is is ! wide/ g5]alization :i* we c frame1 f a purely psy*ological po9t ( view1 z reg>ds ! conditions ( pleasure & displeasure respectively40 ,"h ,dr4 ,/\t seems c>efully to avoid ! commonly accept$ & mu* adv]tis$ conclusion1 t pleasure & pa9 7to use ?is m famili> ^w z ! anti!sis ( pleasure7 are !mselves ! end ( conative endeav\r4 ,& he is s f> "r t !y by no means con/itute ! sole or inde$ ! prim>y end ( all conative process4 ,att5tion is a conative act2 b its prim>y end is n pleasure1 b r1 z ,dr4 ,/\t says1#agf ! full] pres5tation ( ! object4 ,no d\bt ?is br+s pleasure2 b ! full] pres5tation comes fir/1 & c>ries ! pleasure ) x4 ,in/9ctive response to felt /imulus falls )9 ! conative attitude4 ,9 x !re is t 8inh]5t t5d5cy to pass beyond itself & become some?+ diff]5t10 :i* ,dr4 ,/\t assigns to conation z its *ief *>act]i/ic4 ,b ! end is n pleasure1 b simply ! in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,& if we say t ! atta9m5t ( ?is end does br+ satisfaction1 :i* is a =m ( pleasure1 ,dr4 ,/\t w\ld probably reply t ?is is r a result ( ! process ?an its true end4 ,n[1 9 su* cases1 :at we are really deal+ ) is a class ( organic processes hav+ consci\s accompanim5ts4 ,no d\bt ! consci\s accompanim5ts are ( importance2 !y c]ta9ly _c be neglect$ by ! psy*ologi/3 b _! feel+-tone does n con/itute t :i* makes in/9ct run its c\rse4 ,& ,i h introduc$ ! subject = pres5t discussion 9 ?is way to re9=ce :at has already be5 repeat$ly urg$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 t individual behavi\r1 9 its fir/ int5t1 is a biological legacy ) ends pr$et]m9$ ?r\gh h]$ity4 ,! inh]5t t5d5cy to pass beyond itself & become some?+ diff]5t1 :i* = ! old psy*ology 0 a heav5-s5t impulse1 or1 z ,addison said1 8an imm$iate impression f ! fir/ ,mov] & ! ,div9e en]gy act+ 9 ! creatures10 becomes = ! new psy*ology an organic beque/4 ,b ! atta9m5t ( ends ?us already pr$et]m9$ has feel+-tone1 bo? z process & 9 its result+ consci\sness1 & ?is feel+-tone s]ves to modify1 ?r\gh ! situation x introduces1 future behavi\r1 & ?us1 9 a s5se1 af=ds a new end to subsequ5t conation4 8,life10 wrote ,james ,m>t9eau1#agg 8is a clu/] ( wants physical1 intellectual1 affectional1 moral1 ea* ( :i* may h1 & all ( :i* may miss1 ! fitt+ object4 ,is ! object )held or lo/8 !re is pa93 is x re/or$ or ga9$8 !re is pleasure3 does x abide or rema9 con/ant8 !re is cont5t4 ,! two fir/ are cases ( di/urb$ equilibrium1 & are s f> dynamic t !y w n re/ till !y rea* ! ?ird1 :i* is _! po/ure ( /ability & _! true end40 ,?is is an adequate description ( ! ess5tial features 9 conative process4 ,b 9 g5etic prec$5ce1 z 9 individual developm5t1 ! physical wants come fir/1 &1 at ! outset ( behavi\r1 ! satisfaction or cont5t is n & _c be =ese51 s9ce x has nev] yet ent]$ into exp]i5ce4 ,to adopt a di/9ction sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,mack5zie1#agh ! conation is purposive1 s9ce we see t an end is involv$1 b n purposeful1 s9ce !re is no def9ite consci\sness ( ! end aim$ at4 ,b :5 exp]i5ce has introduc$ feel+-tone into ! situation1 we may say t ?is1 9 a s5se1 introduces a new end to subsequ5t behavi\r4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has said#agi t pleasure is t :i* we seek to br+ into consci\sness & reta9 !re2 pa91 t :i* we seek to get out ( consci\sness & keep out4 ,may we ass]t1 !n1 t1 9 ! modification ( behavi\r due to exp]i5ce1 ! pleasure to be ga9$ or ! pa9 to be avoid$ is ! psy*ological end8 ,c]ta9ly n )\t qualification1 unless we be among ^? :o are cont5t to accept any =m ( words :i* gives a g5]al sort ( notion ( ! k9d ( ?+ :i* we suppose is meant1 & :i* is probably m or less correct4 ,we want "h & n[ to get cle> ideas1 & to express !m ) "s approa* to accuracy4 ,to say t pleasure is ! psy*ological end ( intellig5t behavi\r is to put ! matt] too subjectively & 9 too ab/ract a =m4 ,pr(essor ,mack5zie has cle>ly indicat$ ! ambiguity 9 ! ^w 8pleasure40 8,pleasure10 he says1#ahj 8is sometimes und]/ood to mean agreeable feel+1 or ! feel+ ( satisfaction1 & sometimes x is und]/ood to mean an object :i* gives satisfaction4 ,! he>+ ( music is sometimes said to be a pleasure1 b ( c\rse ! he>+ ( music is n a feel+ ( satisfaction2 x is an object t gives satisfaction4 ,g5]ally1 x may be obs]v$ t :5 we speak ( #8pleasures' 9 ! plural1 or r 9 ! concrete1 we mean objects t give satisfaction2 :]eas :5 we speak ( #8pleasure' 9 ! ab/ract1 we m (t5 mean ! feel+ ( satisfaction :i* su* objects br+ ) !m40 ,may we n g a /ep fur!r1 b entirely 9 ! same direction1 & say t pleasure is a con/itu5t "p ( ! concept self z an object ( ?\ght or desire2 t its prop] sph]e is 9 ! ideational consci\sness2 & t1 z we int]pret ! animal m9d1 x has no place z su* !re98 ,! h$oni/ reg>ds pleasure z ! mo/ excell5t & di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( 8 ideal self & 8 ideal community4 ,b animals h n ris5 or fall5 to ! level ( h$onism4 ,pleasure is n = !m a motive ( conduct1 ?\gh nice objects1 z su*1 are attractive1 & ?r\gh !m impulse acquires direction & =ce4 ,if1 9 animal psy*ology1 we are to use ! words pleasure & pa9 7z ! anti!sis ( pleasure7--& !y seem m prop]ly to belong to a plane ( m5tal developm5t to :i* animals probably h n atta9$--we may say t ! pleasure or ! pa9 :i* atta*es to any c5tre ( int]e/ 9 ! situation is t :i* gives x attractive or repell5t mean+2 x fur!rs conation ei!r t[>ds or1 z ,hobbes w\ld say1 fromw>ds4 ,b if we put ! matt] 9 ?is some:at ab/ract =m1 let u keep 9 view1 if x be only 9 ! backgr\nd ( our ?\ght1 ! k9d ( concrete example :i* may be adduc$ 9 its illu/ration--! dog ) 8 attractive bone1 ! kitt5 t has rac$ (f at sight ( him1 ! cock-sp>r[ ) trail+ w+s hopp+ aft] 8 mate1 ! falcon /oop+ on h] qu>ry1 ! rabbit div+ into 8 burr[ at sight ( ! fox1 & s =?4 ,if we h su* cases 9 view1 :]e ! c5tre ( ! situation has acquir$ or is acquir+ mean+1 a mean+ :i* 9 l>ge degree atta*es to ! ext]nal nucleus ( ! situation ) only ! g]ms ( subjective ref]5ce1 we may1 p]haps1 summ>ize ! position by say+ t 9 ea* case "s pleasure to be ga9$ or "s pa9 to be avoid$ is ! psy*ological end ( conation4 ,b 9 ea* case ! conation has also a biological end--! pres]vation & cons]vation ( ! race4 8,an animal10 said ,d>w91#aha 8may be l$ to pursue t c\rse :i* is mo/ b5eficial to ! species by suff]+1 su* z pa91 hung]1 ?ir/1 or fe>2 or by pleasure1 z 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 & 9 ! propagation ( ! species2 or by bo? comb9$1 z 9 ! se>* = food40 ,! important po9t "h to notice is t ! two ends agree--! psy*ological end ( ! atta9m5t ( pleasure & ! avoidance ( pa91 & ! biological end ( race pres]vation4 ,"u ! jo9t influ5ce ( pleasure & pa91 ! ne$le ( animal life sets t[>ds ! pole ( b5eficial action4 ,?is consonance ( end 0 9 old days ascrib$ to ! b5efic5t =esight ( ! ,creator4 ,! mod]n view1 t x is a product ( evolution1 does n necess>ily ascribe x to any o!r ultimate cause4 ,= _m /ill pi\sly hold t evolution is only a "n :i* we give to ! me?od ( creation4 ,& !re is n a fact or g5]alization 9 sci5ce by :i* su* a conclusion c be disprov$1 = ! premises lie outside ! field ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,b ! consonance ( end is1 = sci5ce1 a rem>kable fact1 & "o wor?y ( att5tive consid]ation4 ,we h already se5 t1 if ! claim = ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s be1 on ! evid5ce1 judg$ unprov51 & if in/9ct _c be ascrib$ to transmitt$ habit1 or reg>d$ z a legacy ( t :i* has be5 ance/rally acquir$1 ! only sci5tific explanation ( in/9ctive behavi\r is "o :i* involves ! pr9ciple ( natural selection4 ,b no "o d\bts t1 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce1 animals acquire modes ( proc$ure :i* are b5eficial to ! race4 ,?is is well se5 9 ! play ( animals z int]pret$ by ,pr(essor ,groos4 ,n[1 :y d animals play8 ,f ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 because !y l x2 f ! biological po9t ( view1 because !y ?us ga9 practice & prep>ation = ! s]i\s bus9ess ( _! aft]-life4 ,b :y d !y l x8 because1 "u natural selection1 ^? :o did n l x1 & !re=e did n play1 prov$ unfit = life's /ruggle1 & 7 elim9at$4 ,suppose t an animal 7 born ) a root$ h]$it>y av]sion to ev]y?+ nutriti\s & an inh]it$ hung] = any?+ h>mful & unfit = food4 ,:at *ance w\ld x /& ( survival8 ,h]$it>y likes & dislikes det]m9e ! g5]al c\rse ( acquir$ behavi\r1 j z h]$it>y n]ve-connections det]m9e ! c\rse ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,:]e91 !n1 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two8 ,9 ! fact t 9 ! "o case ! n]ve-connections are transmitt$ ready-made1 :ile 9 ! o!r !y result f association or coalesc5ce 9 ! c\rse ( individual life4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! pursuit & atta9m5t ( ! b5eficial br+s satisfaction4 ,n[1 ! consonance ( end has long be5 reg>d$ z an inevitable d$uction f ! hypo!sis ( evolution4 8,t pa9s are correlatives ( actions injuri\s to ! organism10 wrote ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology10#ahb 8:ile pleasures are ! correlatives ( actions conducive to its welf>e1 is an induction n bas$ on ! vital functions only4 ,x is an inevitable d$uction f ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 t races ( s5ti5t creatures c\ld h come into exi/5ce "u no o!r conditions4 ,^? races ( be+s only c h surviv$ 9 :i*1 on ! av]age1 agreeable or desir$ feel+s w5t along ) activities conducive to ! ma9t5ance ( life1 :ile disagreeable & habitually avoid$ feel+s w5t along ) activities directly or indirectly de/ructive ( life1 & !re mu/ ev] h be51 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! mo/ num]\s & long-cont9u$ survivals among races 9 :i* ^! adju/m5ts ( feel+s to actions 7 ! be/1 t5d+ ev] to p]fect adju/m5t40 ,& he safegu>ds ! position by add+3 8,x is frequ5tly tak5 = grant$ t ! b5eficial actions secur$ mu/ be actions b5eficial to ! individual2 :]eas ! only necessity is t !y %all be b5eficial to ! race40 ,?is aspect ( ! consonance is n[ q famili>2 b let u c>efully note h[ completely dep5d5t x is on natural selection4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s te/imony is especially valuable1 s9ce he has always laid mu* /ress on ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s & /ill holds#ahc 8t ! inh]itance ( functionally-caus$ alt]ations has play$ a l>g] "p ?an ,d>w9 admitt$ ev5 at ! close ( 8 life2 & t1 com+ m to ! front z evolution has advanc$1 x has play$ ! *ief "p 9 produc+ ! highe/ types40 ,n[1 9 ^! types we c]ta9ly f9d a wide range ( consonance betwe5 ! psy*ological & ! biological ends ( behavi\r2 ( :i* ! ph5om5a ( play may aga9 be adduc$ z an example4 ,h5ce ! special value ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s te/imony to ! "p play$ by natural selection 9 e/abli%+ ! consonance4 8,only ^? races ( be+s10 he says1 8c h surviv$ 9 :i*1 on ! av]age1 agreeable feel+s w5t along ) activities conducive to life20 & aga91 8,! mo/ num]\s survivals mu/ ev] h be5 among races 9 :i* ^! adju/m5ts ( feel+s to actions 7 ! be/40 ,! /ress is "h laid on ! survival ( ^? 9 :i* ! consonance has obta9$2 ! elim9ation ( ^? 9 :i* x 0 abs5t3 t is to say1 on natural selection4 ,& :]e else c x be laid8 ,x is n ! sort ( ?+ :i* c\ld be acquir$4 ,suppose t1 z we sugge/$ above1 an animal 7 born ) a root$ h]$it>y av]sion to ev]y?+ nutriti\s & an inh]it$ hung] = any?+ h>mful & unfit = food4 ,"u :at conceivable conditions c\ld su* an animal acquire a complete *ange ( its affective nature8 ,animals l ?+s or !y d n l !m2 only to a v limit$ ext5t1 if at all1 "u natural conditions1 c !y le>n to l !m4 ,we1 inde$1 c 9 "s degree le>n to take pleasure 9 t :i* at fir/1 & by nature1 is di/a/eful2 b we d s by "s ext]nal con/ra9t1 or f "s motive ( ideational orig94 ,we put pressure ^u ourselves1 or h pressure put ^u u1 repeat$ly to p]=m "s irksome task2 we fall into r\t9e & cu/om2 & ! p]=mance becomes s f> second nature t its discont9uance produces an uncom=table s5se ( some?+ lack+ 9 ! daily r\nd4 ,p]haps dome/ic animals le>n to l ! good (fices we =ce !m to p]=m = u4 ,b "h we h ! elem5t ( ext]nal con/ra9t1 :i* is :olly1 or almo/ :olly1 abs5t "u natural conditions4 ,& !re is no evid5ce t su* acquir$ lik+s are inh]it$4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is ano!r "q4 ,our pres5t po9t is t1 "u nature1 ! conditions ( su* acquisition are lack+2 s t1 !re be+ no acquisition1 !re is1 9 ?is case1 no?+ acquir$ to be transmitt$4 ,b1 s f> z behavi\r is conc]n$1 8functionally caus$ alt]ations0 are ^? due to ! ex]cise ( intellig5ce1 by :i* ! behavi\r acquires direction & "* 9 ref]5ce to ! mean+ introduc$ into ! situations4 ,see1 !n1 ! position to :i* we are logically driv54 ,! acquisition ( t :i* has b5eficial value 9 behavi\r dep5ds on a consonance betwe5 psy*ological & biological end4 ,b ?is consonance is dep5d5t on survival1 &1 ap>t f special creation1 or "s k9dr$ hypo!sis su* z ,leibnitzian h>mony1 c be due to no?+ else4 ,ev5 if we grant1 !re=e1 t ! effects ( acquisition are inh]it$1 ! conditions ( b5eficial acquisition are dep5d5t on natural selection4 ,& ?us ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 :i* is s (t5 urg$ z a pr9ciple ( evolution indep5d5t ( natural selection1 is1 s f> z intellig5t behavi\r is conc]n$1 indirectly1 if n directly1 due to ?is v natural selection ( :i* x is said to be indep5d5t4 ,surely1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! hypo!sis 9 "q may be said to be n only unprov51 b altoge!r unnecess>y4 ,& :at is true ( ^? div]se feel+s :i* we gr\p "u ! concepts pleasure & pa9 respectively1 is true also ( ^? m complex dispositions :i* we call emotional--us+ ?is t]m 9 a broad & compreh5sive s5se4 ,we say t 9 _! prim>y manife/ations !y are in/9ctive2 & !y c]ta9ly seem to accompany organic behavi\r due to co-ord9at$ reflex actions4 ,b ! emotion1 z in/9ctive1 is a matt] only ( its fir/ occurr5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce x ent]s into consci\s situations1 ! c5tres ( int]e/ 9 :i* h acquir$ mean+4 ,take a p>ticul> case4#ahd ,y\r dog is doz+ on ! lawn 9 ! sun%9e4 ,sudd5ly he raises 8 head1 pricks 8 e>s1 sc5ts ! air1 looks fix$ly at a gap 9 ! h$ge1 & utt]s a l[ gr[l4 ,place y\r h& on 8 %\ld]1 & y w f9d t 8 muscles are all a-tremble2 on 8 ribs1 & y w feel h[ /rongly 8 he>t is beat+4 ,soon ! gr[+ excitem5t leads to vigor\s action1 & he d>ts ?r\gh ! gap4 ,y foll[ him across ! lawn1 look ov] ! h$ge1 & see him fac+ 8 old enemy1 ! but*]'s cur4 ,!y are mov+ sl[ly pa/ ea* o!r1 head d[n1 tee? b>$1 back r\gh5$4 ,y :i/le s(tly4 ,su* a call w\ld g5]ally br+ him b\nd+ to y\r feet2 b n[ x is app>5tly unhe>d1 at any rate unhe$$4 ,! two dogs h a %ort scuffle1 & ! cur sl9ks (f4 ,y\r dog races aft] him2 & he flees1 yelp+4 ,! situation is ov]4 ,spot returns1 wagg+ 8 %ort tail1 jumps up at y playfully1 & !n lies d[n aga9 on ! grass4 ,b n[ & !n1 = t5 m9utes or s1 he raises 8 head & gr[ls s(tly4 ,let u briefly analyze ! dog's condition & actions1 read+ into !m1 conjecturally1 ! accompanim5ts 9 consci\sness4 ,z he lies on ! lawn1 he receives a s5se-/imulus1 auditory or olfactory4 ,x has already acquir$ mean+1 f _m a tussle ) ! but*]'s cur4 ,x has organic effects1 & x g5]ates a consci\s situation :i* has acquir$ complexity ?r\gh coalesc5ce4 ,z ! result ( ?is situation ! head is rais$1 ! e>s prick$1 & s on4 ,! dog is on ! al]t4 ,8 att5tion is ar\s$4 ,! muscles ( neck1 eyes1 e>s1 are br\ght into play 9 su* a way z to br+ ! s5ses to be> on ! excit+ object4 ,he probably sees ! cur ?r\gh ! gap 9 ! h$ge4 ,! muscles ( ! frame are inn]vat$ s z to be 9 a /ate ( prep>ation to act rapidly & =cibly4 ,at ! same "t ! vaso-motor sy/em is di/urb$1 ! he>t-beat is quick5$1 respiration is alt]$2 !re is probably h>dly an organ 9 ! body :i* rema9s unaffect$4 ,!n ! dog ru%es ?r\gh ! h$ge1 & /&s ) b>$ tee? be=e 8 antagoni/4 ,a :ole set ( appropriate muscles are n[ /rongly inn]vat$4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 a d\ble inn]vation1 /imulat+ to activity & yet re/ra9+ f action4 ,he b>es 8 tee? & gr[ls deeply4 ,att5tion is s conc5trat$ t he he$s n1 p]haps does n he>1 8 ma/]'s :i/le4 ,he is ke5ly on ! al]t4 ,! blood-sy/em1 respiratory organs1 & all 8 inn] ma*9]y are /ill pulsat+ ) n]v\s ?rills2 8 back is up4 ,!n he sees 8 *ance1 & flies at 8 oppon5t4 ,mu* t he has le>nt 9 play1 & all t he has le>nt 9 e>ne/1 comes to 8 aid 9 ! %ort angry scuffle4 ,& :at we call 8 emotion ( ang] spurs him on to ! fight2 ! c[>dly dog 9 :i* ?is is lack+ or is replac$ by fe> is spurr$ to flight4 ,ea* may contribute to self-pres]vation1 b 9 diff]5t ways4 ,n[1 we %all n attempt to det]m9e h[ ! di/9ctively emotional elem5ts arise4 ,"s ?9k !y arise by a sort ( irradiat+ n]v\s diffusion 9 ! n]ve-c5tres z a direct result ( ! orig9at+ /imulus4 ,mr4 ,rutg]s ,m>%all reg>ds !m z due to ! motor activities 9 fight or flight2 ,pr(essor ,william ,james cont5ds t !y h _! s\rce 9 ! visc]al affections ( he>t1 lungs1 gl&s1 & s =?2 ,pr(essor ,lange attributes !m to vaso-motor effects4 ,! problem is a difficult "o1 & h>d to det]m9e by exp]im5t2 = we h to deal ) a matt] ( prim>y g5esis1 ( h[ !y are at ! outset introduc$ into ! consci\s situation4 ,exp]im5ts on animals :i* h already ga9$ emotional exp]i5ce _c decide ! "q ( g5esis4 ,pr(essor ,%]r+ton1 = example1 has %[n#ahe t1 aft] sev]ance ( ! sp9al cord 9 ! l[] region ( ! neck1 & ( ! vagus n]ves1 by :i* 8a huge field ( vascul>1 visc]al1 cutane\s1 & motor reaction0 7 8depriv$ ( all connection ) ! n]v\s c5tre necess>y to consci\s response10 8! emotional /ates ( ang]1 delight at be+ c>ess$1 fe> & disgu/ 7 develop$ )1 z f> z c\ld be se51 unless5$ /r5g?40 ,b ! av5ues ( connection 7 clos$ aft] ! motor & visc]al effects _h play$ _! p>ts 9 ! g5esis ( ! emotion on ! hypo!sis t ! emotion is ?us g5]at$4 ,al?\gh new pres5tative data ( ?is type 7 ?us exclud$1 _! re-pres5tative aft]-effects 9 ! situation 7 n exclud$4 ,x is1 moreov]1 an ess5tial "p ( ,pr(essor ,james's doctr9e1 z ,i provisionally accept x1 t ! 8expression0 & ! visc]al & vascul> ef=ts are indep5d5t results ( /imulation 9 c]ta9 ways1 & t ^! indep5d5t results are conjo9$ ?r\gh natural selection4 ,suppose we sev] ! connection ?r\gh :i* ! "o takes effect1 !re is no reason to expect t ! manife/ation ( ! o!r w\ld cease4 ,pr(essor ,%]r+ton cut (f ! *annels ( communication ) ! visc]al & vascul> app>atus3 if ! *annels ( expression rema9$ op5 !re is no reason :y su* expression %\ld cease4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 = our pres5t purpose1 attempt to asc]ta9 h[ ! di/9ctively emotional *>act]i/ics arise4 ,x is suffici5t t !y are presumably pres5t 9 ! situation4 ,n[1 z ,dr4 ,/\t well po9ts out1#ahf ! emotions g5]ally presuppose ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 specific t5d5cies4 8,! ang] produc$ 9 a dog by tak+ away its bone presupposes ! specific appetite = food4 ,! ang] produc$ 9 x by int]f]+ ) its "y presupposes ! specific t5d5cy to gu>d & t5d its (fspr+4 ,s ! pres5ce ( a rival :o int]f]es ) its woo+ causes ang] because ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! sexual impulse40 ,9 g5]al1 we may say t emotional /ates are1 "u natural conditions1 closely associat$ ) behavi\r ( biological value--) t5d5cies :i* are b5eficial 9 self-pres]vation or race-pres]vation--) actions t promote survival1 & especially ) ! behavi\r :i* clu/]s r\nd ! pair+ & p>5tal in/9cts4 ,! value ( ! emotions 9 animals is t !y are an indirect means ( fur!r+ survival4 ,b h[ has ! close association betwe5 emotional condition & ! biological end x fur!rs be5 e/abli%$8 ,aga91 we mu/ say t "u natural conditions x is n ! sort ( ?+ :i* c\ld be acquir$4 ,& aga9 we mu/ urge t natural selection ?r\gh survival is1 ap>t f "s !ory ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 ! only hypo!sis 9 ! field on :i* ! close association c be expla9$4 ,!re is "o m po9t to :i* att5tion may be drawn4 ,if !re be "o ?+1 & !re c]ta9ly are n _m1 on :i* all writ]s on ! emotions are agre$1 x is z to _! vagu5ess4 ,!y d n readily submit to def9ition1 & _c be describ$ 9 a s5t5ce4 ,?is is n due to any indef9it5ess ( biological end1 nor to mu* indef9it5ess 9 ! mode ( 8expression20 x is due1 r1 to an inh]5t dimness & haz9ess ( psy*ological outl9e4 ,we seem unable to focus !m & get a cle>-cut result4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 9 "p due to ! complexity ( emotional /ates4 ,b1 may x n be l>gely due to ! fact t !re is no necessity = def9it5ess8 ,!y fulfil _! purpose j z well if !y are vague4 ,x is q necess>y = ! dog to h a cle>-cut impression ( 8 antagoni/2 &1 on ! cognitive side ( consci\sness1 mean+ mu/ be 9 "s degree def9ite to be ( real value4 ,b1 s long z ! emotion raises ! temp]ature1 s to speak1 to ! boil+-po9t ( vigor\s action1 x matt]s little :at ! psy*ological s\rce ( heat may be4 ,if ?is be s1 we %\ld expect an emotional vagu5ess1 s9ce natural selection puts no premium ^u emotional def9it5ess4 ,& f ?is x foll[s1 z a coroll>y1 t1 :]eas we may inf] t an animal's p]ceptual products are probably closely simil> to our own1 s9ce sight1 t\*1 he>+1 smell1 & ta/e are ( value 9 s f> z !y convey def9ite mean+1 9 int]pret+ _! feel+s & emotions we h less secure gr\nds ( inf]5ce1 s9ce all t is requisite is t !re %\ld be a suffici5tly high emotional temp]ature to af=d ! conditions = def9ite & vigor\s action4 ,9 conclusion1 !n1 we may say t ! prim>y purpose ( ! evolution ( feel+ & emotion is to promote b5eficial behavi\r1 & t ! obs]v$ consonance ( ! psy*ological end ( atta9+ satisfaction1 & ! biological end ( secur+ survival1 seems to be due to natural selection--is1 inde$1 sc>cely explicable on any o!r naturali/ic hypo!sis4 ,a ^w ( w>n+ may be add$4 ,we h repeat$ly spok5 ( biological & psy*ological ends4 ,by ?is we mean :at seems to ! obs]v]1 z an int]pret] ( natural processes1 ! purpose & object ( _! exi/5ce4 ,b ! ^w 8end0 is (t5 us$ 9 su* a way z to imply =esight & contrivance on ! "p ( a rational be+4 ,we h n us$ x 9 ?is s5se4 ,:e!r ! :ole ( nature1 includ+ animal behavi\r1 is driv5 onw>ds to def9ite ends by an und]ly+ ,cause1 is a metaphysical "q4 ,x is n "o on :i* sci5ce has any "r to express an op9ion "o way or ! o!r4 ,sci5ce deals ) ! ph5om5a2 ! causes ( _! be+ lie outside h] prov9ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,animal ,,behavi\r ,i4--,,! ,,physiological ,,aspect ,at ! outset ( our inquiry1 we us$ ! ^w 8behavi\r0 9 a wide & compreh5sive s5se4 ,?us broadly us$1 ,i said1 ! t]m 9 all cases indicates & draws att5tion to ! reaction ( t :i* we speak ( z behav+ 9 response to c]ta9 surr\nd+ =ces or circum/ances :i* evoke ! behavi\r4 ,! behavi\r ( liv+ cells is dep5d5t on *anges 9 _! environm5t2 t ( decidu\s trees1 z !y put =? _! leaves 9 ! spr+ or %$ !m 9 ! autumn1 is relat$ to ! *ange ( ! season2 in/9ctive1 intellig5t1 & emotional behavi\r are call$ =? 9 response to ^? circum/ances :i* ex]cise a con/ra9+ influ5ce at ! mom5t ( action4 ,us$ 9 ?is compreh5sive s5se1 ! t]m 8behavi\r0 nei!r implies nor excludes ! pres5ce ( consci\sness4 ,we "k f our own exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 t consci\sness does 9 "s cases accompany behavi\r1 & we inf] t 9 _m o!r cases x may be pres5t4 ,b we ne$ a crit]ion ( its pres5ce to guide our inf]5ces1 & ?is crit]ion we f\nd 9 ! ability ( liv+ be+s to pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,dr4 ,/\t's phraseology1 if a ?+ seems to acquire mean+ = su* a be+1 & ! behavi\r is guid$ 9 accordance ) su* acquir$ mean+1 we inf] ! pres5ce ( consci\sness z supply+ conditions effective 9 det]m9+ its c\rse4 ,/ill ?is does n exclude1 nay1 r x presupposes ! pres5ce ( s5ti5ce at a l[] /age ( evolution1 a s5ti5ce :i* is z yet ineffective s9ce ! process ( consci\s coalesc5ce has n begun1 or has n be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh4 ,9 =ego+ *apt]s we h con/antly held ! problems ( evolution 9 view1 & 9 special sections direct$ att5tion to !m4 ,b ! subject is s c5tral to mod]n ?\ght & discussion1 t "s fur!r consid]ation ( c]ta9 aspects ( ! evolution>y process & products w fitly s]ve to br+ our inquiry to a conclusion4 ,we mu/ accept1 z a datum f ! physiological po9t ( view1 ! fact t protoplasm does respond to /imuli1--t x possesses ! fundam5tal prop]ty ( irritability4 ,x is a sub/ance t is 9 a /ate ( un/able equilibrium4 ,its t5d5cy to pass to a condition ( m /able equilibrium is t 9 & ?r\gh :i* organic behavi\r 9 its v simple/ expression is possible4 ,& ?is1 ) progressive complication1 runs ?r\gh ! :ole gamut ( animal behavi\r1 & ev5tually passes ov] into ! sph]e ( consci\sness4 8,! t5d5cy to equilibrium10 writes ,dr4 ,/\t1#ahg 8is ! physiological correlate ( :at on ! psy*ical side we call conation1--! /riv+ aspect ( consci\sness40 ,b1 protoplasm at ! outset--or z ne> ! outset z we c get--is1 9 te*nical phrase1 diff]5tially responsive4 ,! nature ( ! /imulus & ! nature ( ! conditions decide :at ! nature ( ! response %all be4 ,& ev5 9 t jelly-l speck ( liv+ matt]1 ! ,amba1 ! responses conspire to a biological end4 ,if !y did n s conspire1 we %\ld n h ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,! m]e act ( liv+1 build+ up f food-/uff & oxyg5 an un/able sub/ance :i* 8explodes0 & contracts "u /imulation1 implies t ! processes :i* ?us conspire are relat$ 9 su* a mann] z to fulfil & secure _! end4 ,9 high] unicellul> animals1 su* z ! ,p>amecium1 ! relations are less simple2 b 9 !m ! cont9uance ( t sum ( organic behavi\r :i* we call life1 is secur$ only on ! condition t ^! less simple relations are duly pres]v$1 & t ! vital processes conspire ) suffici5t unity ( biological purpose4 ,& :5 we pass to ! high] creatures 9 :i* _m cells unite to =m "o animal1 ! v ^w 8unite0 indicates t ! vital processes ( all mu/ conspire ) suffici5t unity ( biological purpose to insure ! cont9u$ life ( ! :ole4 ,n[1 9 all ! high] & m active animals a n]v\s sy/em is develop$1 :i* has = its purpose & end ! pres]vation & fur!rance ( unity amid circum/ances ( progressively increas+ div]sity4 ,& 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution an add$ means ( pres]v+ & fur!r+ ! ess5tial unity is provid$ 9 consci\sness1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! coalesc5ce ( scatt]$ units ( s5ti5ce1 leads behavi\r to acquire a new & high] unanimity ( purpose4 ,?us a m5tal evolution is engraft$ on ! organic evolution :i* prec$es x4 ,b e /ep 9 ?is m5tal evolution presupposes a /ep 9 organic evolution4 ,& su* is ! complexity ( /ructure & process 9 all ! high] animals t mu* ( ! bus9ess ( behavi\r is relegat$ to quasi-indep5d5t n]v\s c5tres1 :i* p]=m ?is bus9ess automatically1 & w cont9ue to p]=m x1 ) mu* subsidi>y unity ( end1 :5 !y are left to !mselves & all connection ) ! supremely unify+ s5sorium has be5 sev]$4 ,be=e proce$+ to give "s examples ( ?is fact1 & to indicate its be>+ on our int]pretation ( behavi\r1 x may be well to /ate di/9ctly t no attempt is or w be "h made to trace 9 detail ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( animal behavi\r ?r\gh ! asc5d+ grades ( life1 nor1 inde$1 to prove t !re has be5 any su* evolution4 ,evolution by natural g5esis is "h assum$ z ! only hypo!sis ) :i* sci5ce has any conc]n4 ,if x be false1 !n h ! lab\rs ( work]s & ?9k]s1 s9ce ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] work$ & ?\ght1 be5 va94 ,special creation is n a sci5tific hypo!sis1 b a ref]5ce ( biological & m5tal ph5om5a to an ultimate cause1 :i* lies beyond & altoge!r ap>t f ! scope ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,! fundam5tal assumption ( ! man ( sci5ce is1 t any natural ev5t he may select = detail$ /udy has natural conditions & antec$5ts4 ,& x is only 9 su* detail$ /udy--tak+ ?is or t p>ticul> occurr5ce & endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 :at 7 its relat$ antec$5ts--t advance 9 ! evolution>y int]pretation ( nature c be secur$4 ,su* advance has be5 secur$ by ! lab\rs ( ^? physiologi/s :o h e/abli%$ by c>eful exp]im5t ! quasi-indep5d5t action ( subsidi>y n]ve-c5tres z con/itu5ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em z a :ole4 ,9 su* animals z ! crayfi% & ! lob/] ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em consi/s ( a *a9 ( 8ganglia10 or n]ve-knots1 :i* are connect$ toge!r by n]ve-/r&s4 ,if ^! /r&s be cut betwe5 ! ?orax1 :i* c>ries ! walk+ limbs1 & ! abdom5 or h9d] portion ( ! body1 ! n]ve-connection betwe5 ^! p>ts is sev]$4 ,if ! =ep>t be irritat$ ?r\gh its s5se-organs1 ! limbs ( t "p w respond2 b1 :]eas an unmutilat$ crayfi%1 subject$ to su* irritation1 w\ld give a vigor\s flap ( ! tail1 ?is does n take place 9 ! crippl$ animal4#ahh ,/ill1 if ! abdom5 be irritat$1 x w respond by a /rong & swift contraction4 ,! two portions ( ! body are ea* capable ( act+ indep5d5tly ) well co-ord9at$ movem5ts1 b no long] ( work+ toge!r ) unity ( purpose4 ,9 ! h9d] portion ! abdom9al limbs1 or swimm]ets1 all sw+ backw>ds & =w>ds simultane\sly ) rhy?mic /rokes2 !y act 9 conc]t4 ,sev] n[ ! connections betwe5 _! ganglia1 & ea* pair ( limbs w cont9ue to sw+ rhy?mically b n ) conc]t$ rhy?m4 ,we h isolat$ a numb] ( quasi-indep5d5t c5tres1 & r5d]$ !m really indep5d5t4 ,ea* is conc]n$ ) its own prop] co-ord9ation1 b c no long] comb9e ) o!rs 9 a wid] co-ord9ation4 ,mr4 ,hyde#ahi has %[n t 9 ! k+-crab1 ,limulus1 :5 ! n]ve-*a9 is sev]$ j 9 front ( ! abdom9al region1 ! rhy?mic respiratory movem5ts ( ! abdom9al segm5ts /ill proce$ regul>ly & co-ord9ately4 ,ev5 :5 only a fraction ( ! n]ve-cord1 sep>at$ by sev]ances 9 front & beh9d1 is left1 correspond+ ) a s+le abdom9al segm5t1 ! rhy?mic action ( t segm5t cont9ues2 b x is no long] syn*ron\s ) t ( adjac5t segm5ts simil>ly isolat$4 ,x w probably n be cont5d$ t ! co-ord9at$ rhy?m ( ! isolat$ segm5t 9 crayfi% or k+-crab is any?+ b a bit ( organic & physiological behavi\r4 ,:e!r x be accompani$ by consci\sness--a bit ( consci\sness isolat$ f o!r bits--we d n "k2 b we h no gr\nds = suppos+ t ! rhy?mic behavi\r is guid$ by consci\sness4 ,& :51 z ,dr4 ,c>p5t] po9t$ out half a c5tury ago1 a wat]-beetle1 f :i* ! 8bra90 has be5 remov$1 swims =w>ds if plac$ 9 wat]1 we mu/ surely reg>d ! co-ord9at$ progression z organic behavi\r1 :atev] view we may hold ) reg>d to a consci\sness :i* 9 su* a case is 9 a v lit]al s5se a divid$ consci\sness4 ,9 ^! inv]tebrates ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is obvi\sly segm5t$--"o c di/+ui% ! ganglia & _! connect+ n]ve-/r&s4 ,9 ! v]tebrate ! bra9 & sp9al cord =m a cont9u\s mass ( n]ve-tissue )\t obvi\s segm5tation4 ,b ! pairs ( sp9al n]ves1 ea* n]ve ) its aff]5t & eff]5t 8root10 indicate a really segm5t$ condition1 ?\gh 9 ! cord itself ! segm5ts s run toge!r & ov]lap t !y cease to be ext]nally obvi\s4 ,& !re is a c]ta91 ?\gh limit$1 am\nt ( ov]lap 9 ! di/ribution ( ^! segm5tal n]ves4 ,/ill1 well co-ord9at$ responses occur :5 comp>atively %ort portions ( ! sp9al cord are isolat$ by sev]ance f ! re/4 ,9 ! male frog1 especially dur+ ! bre$+ season1 a clasp+ reflex is produc$ by /imulat+ ! d>k swoll5 pads on ! inn] side ( ! h&1 & ?is1 z ,goltz has %[n1 is exhibit$ :5 all ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em has be5 de/roy$ save ! segm5ts to :i* ! n]ves = ! arms proce$4 8,simil>ly10 writes ,dr4 ,%]r+ton1#aij 89 ! cat & monkey1 ! reflex wagg+ ( ! tail p]si/s :5 beh9d ! sp9al transection only ! sacral region ( ! cord is left intact40 ,:5 ! sp9al cord ( ! dog is sev]$1 s z to isolate t portion :i* is conc]n$ ) movem5ts ( ! h9d] "p ( ! body1 pressure on ! pad ( "o h9d-foot usually produces1 n only a lift+ ( t leg1 b also an ext5sion ( its fell[--t is to say1 a co-ord9at$ response ( ! two limbs4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! v]tebrates1 m ?an 9 t ( ! inv]tebrates1 ! co-ord9at$ response ( an isolat$ "p ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em seems to lack ! fur!rance ( its action1 :i* normally comes f ! high] c5tres f :i* x has be5 sev]$4 8,! sp9al reflexes significant ( progression seem10 says ,dr4 ,%]r+ton1#aia 8to contribute *iefly t[>ds prep>atory po/ure 9 read9ess = ! onset ( action execut$ by ! musculature "u ! driv+ ( high] c5tres4 ,?us ! well-kn[n reflex sp9al po/ure ( ! frog is flexion ( ! h9d limbs1 ! ext5sors ( ! jo9ts be+ taut & ready = ! jump4 ,! sp9al reflexes1 :i* 9 _! results approximate mo/ closely to ! normal reactions ( ! unmutilat$ individual1 are ^? connect$ ) ! pelvic & abdom9al visc]a10 _m ( :i* 8are execut$ z sp9al reflexes 9 a mann] pres5t+ little or no physiological defect f ! normal4 ,& if ! bulb0--! cont9uation ( ! sp9al cord )9 ! skull to =m ! basal portion ( ! bra9--8be includ$ ) ! sp9al cord1 & ^! toge!r1 includ+ _! n]ves1 be isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! animal z reg>ds its visc]al life1 includ+ t ( ! he>t & lungs1 is practically intact40 ,huxley graphically describes ! actions ( a frog f :i* ! c]ebral hemisph]es h be5 remov$4 8,if t op]ation10 he says1#aib 8is p]=m$ quickly & skilfully1 ! frog may be kept 9 a /ate ( full bodily vig\r = mon?s1 or x may be = ye>s2 b x w sit unmov$4 ,x sees no?+2 x he>s no?+4 ,x w />ve soon] ?an fe$ itself1 al?\gh food put into its m\? is swall[$4 ,on irritation1 x jumps or walks2 if ?r[n into wat] x swims4 ,if x be put on ! h& x sits !re1 cr\*$1 p]fectly quiet1 & w\ld sit !re = ev]4 ,if ! h& be incl9$ v g5tly & sl[ly1 s t ! frog w\ld naturally t5d to slip (f1 ! creature's =e paws are %ift$ on to ! edge ( ! h&1 until he c j prev5t himself f fall+4 ,if ! turn+ ( ! h& be sl[ly cont9u$1 he m\nts up ) great c>e & delib]ation1 putt+ fir/ "o leg =w>d & !n ano!r1 until he balances himself ) p]fect precision on ! edge2 & if ! turn+ ( ! h& is cont9u$1 he goes ?r\gh ! ne$ful set ( muscul> op]ations1 until he comes to be seat$ 9 security on ! back ( ! h&4 ,! do+ ( all ?is requires a delicacy ( co-ord9ation & a precision ( adju/m5t ( ! muscul> app>atus ( ! body :i* are only comp>able to ^? ( a rope-danc]40 ,n[1 :y h we ent]$ into ^! details8 ,to re9=ce1 f a some:at diff]5t po9t ( view1 t :i* has aga9 & aga9 be5 urg$ 9 ! prec$+ sections ( ?is inquiry1 t mu* ( animal behavi\r is an organic legacy4 ,a go+ me*anism ( great delicacy1 ) ready-made co-ord9ations1 ! products ( biological evolution1 af=ds to consci\sness a va/ body ( its prim>y data4 ,z ,dr4 ,%]r+ton himself says1#aic 8co-ord9ation is abundantly %[n to result f ! indep5d5t p[] ( ! sp9al arcs1 altoge!r ap>t f ! influ5ce ( ! great cranial s5se-organs1 & ( ! c]ebral arcs sup]pos$ ^u !m4 ,^! s5ses & ! bra9 f9d ! elem5t>y co-ord9ation ( ! skeletal musculature an a*ievem5t already provid$ & to h& 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,& no d\bt ! product ( ! in/rum5t is1 ) ! in/rum5t itself1 giv5 ov] to _! use 9 ! reactions !y elicit f ! sp9al musculature40 ,we h se5 h[ in/9ctive behavi\r1 9 ^? animals 9 :i* x is be/ /udi$1 af=ds 9 h]$it>y biological outl9e1 a sket* :i* subsequ5t acquisition1 "u exp]i5ce1 s]ves only to elaborate by ! fill+ 9 ( details & ( ! m delicate %ad+ 9 behavi\r4 ,b 9 ! high] animals1 9 :i* a p]iod ( y\? is a "t = ! acquisition ( exp]i5ce--= exp]im5tation & practice1--x might seem t ! inh]it$ biological legacy 0 ( less importance4 ,! 8sp9al animal10 z ,dr4 ,%]r+ton calls x1--t is1 ! animal 9 :i* ! sp9al c5tres are isolat$ f ! c]ebral c5tres--goes f> to disprove any su* view4 ,9 !m ! c]ebral s5ses & ! bra9 f9d elem5t>y co-ord9ation ( ! bodily movem5ts an a*ievem5t already provid$ & to h& 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,b :5 diff]5t animals are comp>$--frog1 bird1 rabbit1 dog1 & monkey--! p]man5t effects ( sev]ance ( bra9 connection1 ! effects :i* rema9 :5 ! tempor>y p]iod ( di/urb+ 8%ock0 is ov]1 are m m>k$ 9 ! high] ?an ! l[] types4 ,& conc]n+ ?is1 ,dr4 ,%]r+ton says1#aid 8,! deep] depression ( reaction into :i* ! high] animal1 z contra/$ ) ! l[]1 s9ks :5 made sp9al1 appe>s to me significant ( ?is1 t 9 ! high] types1 m ?an 9 ! l[]1 ! great c]ebral s5ses actuate ! motor organs1 & impel ! motions ( ! individual40 ,:e!r 9 ! animal 9 :i* all direct connection betwe5 ! ant]ior & po/]ior portions ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em has be5 sev]$ !re is a d\ble consci\sness--a c]ebral consci\sness & a sp9al consci\sness--we are n 9 a position accurately to det]m9e4 ,if ! g5]ally accept$ op9ion1 t ! high] bra9-c5tres con/itute ! s5sorium or seat ( consci\sness1 be correct1 we mu/ suppose t a maim$ consci\sness1 ) _m av5ues ( exp]i5ce clos$1 is reta9$ 9 ! ant]ior moiety1 :ile ! po/]ior is relegat$ to a condition ( m]e s5ti5ce at be/4 ,9 any case all relation betwe5 ! two is prev5t$4 ,! two--if two !re be--are r5d]$ q indep5d5t ?r\gh sev]ance ( ! cord 9 ! region ( ! neck4 ,b !re is a po9t ( view indicat$ by ,dr4 ,%]r+ton :i* is full ( sugge/ion & int]e/4 8,x is significant 9 ! evolution ( animal =m10 he says1#aie 8t ! organ t exhibits mo/ un9t]rupt$ & h>moni\s increase 9 developm5t1 z /udi$ successively 9 pass+ f l[e/ to highe/1 is ! bra94 ,& x is significant t 9 ! n]v\s sy/em--segm5tal sy/em z x is--! bra9 is develop$1 n 9 ^? segm5ts ^: s5se organs are ord9>y cutane\s 7tactual1 etc471 muscul> & visc]al1 b 9 ! segm5ts connect$ ) ! visual1 olfactory1 & auditory s5se-organs2 9 o!r words1 ! bra9 is develop$ 9 ! head4 ,! head is1 s to say1 ! individual2 x has ! m\?1 x takes ! food1 includ+ air & wat]1 & x has ! ma9 s5se organs provid+ data = bo? space & "t4 ,to ?is ! body1 an elongat$ motor organ ) a %>e ( ! visc]a & ! sk91 is app5d$ prim>ily z a ma*9e = locomotion4 ,?is latt] mu/ ( necessity lie at ! behe/ ( ! great s5se organs ( ! head40 ,n[ let u try & picture to ourselves a sp9al animal1 or "o :i* reta9s only ! l[e/ portion ( ! bra91 ! "p kn[n z ! bulb or m$ulla oblongata2 let u assume t x is consci\s & capable ( acquir+ exp]i5ce ?r\gh ! association & coalesc5ce ( ! data af=d$ by ! s5ses t rema9 to x2 & let u try to imag9e ! consci\s situations :i* w\ld arise1 & _! value 9 ! guidance ( behavi\r4 ,! s5ses t rema9 are t\* & ! temp]ature s5se1 ! motor s5se af=d+ data f ! muscles1 jo9ts1 & t5dons1 & ^? :i* supply c]ta9 visc]al s5sations4 ,!re is n "o ( mu*1 if any1 guid+ value left4 ,!re is n "o ( :at we may t]m anticipatory use4 ,!re is n "o :i* c\ld s]ve to infuse any?+ l def9ite mean+ into ! situation4 ,=1 aft] all1 mean+ is expectation4 ,!re is an elem5t ( anticipation 9 all ^? s5ses :i* are ( any real guid+ value 9 ! consci\s situation4 ,sight1 he>+1 &1 especially = "s animals1 smell1--^! are ! s5ses :i* =ew>n ( some?+ :i* may foll[2 ( o!r s5sations ) :i* 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce !y h coalesc$4 ,& !y are all cut (f f ! suppos$ sp9al animal4 ,a light t\* might 9 "s cases =ew>n ( ! %ock or sev]e pressure1 :i* w\ld p]haps foll[4 ,b ! %ocks w\ld s (t5 come sudd5ly t x is que/ionable :e!r ! w>n+ w\ld be ( mu* avail4 ,/ill1 t\* is a w>n+ & cognitive s5se1 & ?r\gh x ! environm5t w\ld acquire a limit$ am\nt ( mean+4 ,n[1 ! biological value ( coalesc5t association lies 9 ?is v elem5t ( w>n+4 ,! anticipatory s5ses1 sight1 he>+1 smell1 are 9 _! sev]al degrees ! 8projective0 s5ses1 ! s5ses :i* c>ry ) !m ! quantity ( 8outness40 ,& _! 8projective0 "* is ! necess>y psy*ological expression ( _! di/9ctive biological end4 ,!y mu/ be projective1 mu/ c>ry ) !m 8outness10 if !y are to convey :at we1 foll[+ ,dr4 ,/\t1 h s (t5 spok5 ( z mean+4 ,b if ! biological value ( coalesc5t association lies 9 ! expectation x r5d]s possible2 & if1 9 ! sp9al animal1 !re are no s5ses left save t\*1 :i* c\ld receive f ! environm5t prep>atory w>n+ ( :at is com+2 x w\ld seem exce$+ly improbable t x %\ld develop quasi-indep5d5t consci\s situations ( its own4 ,9 ! unmutilat$ animal1 at any rate1 tactual exp]i5ce w\ld mo/ probably coalesce ) t d]iv$ f ! s5ses :i* m di/9ctively take ! lead 9 ! acquisition ( mean+4 ,& we may !re=e1 on ^! gr\nds1 z well z on o!rs1 acquiesce 9 ! curr5t view t ! quasi-indep5d5t function+ ( ! sp9al cord & its con/itu5t segm5ts is1 at be/1 lit up ) ^? fla%es ( m]e s5ti5ce ( :i* ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/] speaks 9 ! passage we quot$ 9 an e>li] section4#aif ,if f ! consid]ation ( ! isolat$ sp9al animal we turn = a mom5t to t ( ! isolat$ c]ebral animal1 we f9d x 9 a v diff]5t position4 ,x is possess$ ( ! w>n+ s5ses--^? :i* f sev]al po9ts ( view are ! lead+ s5ses--b !y are lead]s )\t a foll[+2 !y h only a v limit$ company to conduct into action4 ,! company is !re1 on ! fur!r side ( ! sev]ance1 b !y h lo/ t\* ) x4 ,!y "k n :at x is do+1 & h !re=e nei!r ! data nor ! executive p[] to guide its manuvres 9 ! field ( behavi\r4 ,!y c =m maim$ coalesc5t situations1 b !y are z impot5t z a m]e !ori/ devoid ( all p[] ( practical application4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 foll[ ! !me fur!r4 ,we ne$ only add t1 c\ld we isolate tracts ( n]v\s tissue 9 ! l[] bra9-c5tres ( su* a c]ebral animal1 we %\ld f9d t subsidi>y co-ord9ations w\ld belong1 z a physiological h]itage1 to ^! isolat$ fragm5ts4 ,! conclusions we may draw1 !n1 ) reg>d to ! evolution ( behavi\r1 z view$ 9 its physiological aspect1 are t x is1 9 its simple/ expression & 9 its mo/ complex1 condition$ by suffici5t unity ( purpose to meet ! biological end ( survival2 t ! complex unity ( purpose may be analyz$ into a multiplicity ( subsidi>y processes ea* ) its subsidi>y unity ( purpose2 & t ! psy*ological coalesc5ce :i* gives unity to exp]i5ce "u ! guidance ( ! lead+ s5ses1 is p>allel$ 9 a physiological coalesc5ce )9 ! nexus ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,,ii4--,,! ,,biological ,,aspect ,! biological aspect ( behavi\r--its relation to biological ends--has s (t5 come "u our consid]ation 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s t little ne$ be add$ 9 ?is section3 & t little may be mo/ appropriately devot$1 fir/ to ! "q :e!r consci\sness does influ5ce behavi\r2 & secondly1 ?is be+ accept$1 to ! importance ( ! rle t is play$ by ! developm5t ( consci\s situations 9 secur+1 9 ! high] animals1 ! biological end ( racial pres]vation4 ,t ?is end is secur$ )\t ! aid ( consci\sness 9 ! case ( _m organic species1 9 all ^?1 = example1 :i* we classify z plants1 mu/ n be tak5 z presumptive evid5ce t 9 o!r species1 = in/ance 9 ! multitud9\s ho/ ( insects1 ! developm5t ( consci\s situations is ( no biological value4 ,! fact t *lorophyll is n develop$ 9 any mammal does n %[ t ! possession ( ?is sub/ance is ( no s]vice to ! high] plants4 ,x w\ld n be wor? :ile to give expression to ?is v obvi\s tru?1 7 x n t critics ( natural selection p]si/5tly argue t because "o species gets on p]fectly well )\t ?is or t p>ticul> "* x c h play$ no "p 9 secur+ ! survival ( ano!r species4 ,:5 ,i describ$1 at a meet+ ( naturali/s1 h[ well "y *icks c\ld swim1 su* a critic drew me aside aft] ! meet+1 & express$ 8 surprise t ?is did n conv9ce me t ! webb$ foot ( ! duck c\ld n logically be attribut$ to natural selection4 ,?is is an extreme case1 & "o obvi\sly tak5 on peculi>ly weak gr\nds4 ,b ev5 ,huxley urg$ t1 because a frog1 f :i* ! c]ebral hemisph]es h be5 remov$1 p]=ms _m co-ord9at$ actions )\t consci\s guidance1 consci\sness is1 ?r\gh\t nature1 m]ely an accompanim5t ( c]ta9 molecul> *anges 9 ! bra94 8,su* a frog10 he says1#aig 8walks1 hops1 swims1 & goes ?r\gh 8 gymna/ic p]=mances q z well )\t consci\sness1 & consequ5tly )\t volition1 z ) x2 & if a frog1 9 8 natural /ate1 possesses any?+ correspond+ ) :at we call volition1 !re is no reason to ?9k t x is any?+ b a concomitant ( ! molecul> *anges 9 ! bra9 :i* =m "p ( ! s]ies involv$ 9 ! production ( motion4 8,! consci\sness ( brutes10 he cont9ues1 8w\ld appe> to be relat$ to ! me*anism ( _! body simply z a collat]al product ( its work+1 & to be z completely )\t any p[] ( modify+ t work+ z ! /eam-:i/le :i* accompanies ! "w ( a locomotive eng9e is )\t influ5ce on its ma*9]y4 ,_! volition1 if !y h any1 is an emotion indicative ( physical *anges1 n a cause ( su* *anges4 ,x does n ent] into ! *a9 ( causation ( _! actions at all40 ,if ! lit]al tru? ( ?is cont5tion--! logical s\ndness ( ?is conclusion--be admitt$1 x seems absurd to speak ( ! biological value ( consci\sness 9 behavi\r or to discuss ! importance ( ! rle t is play$ by ! developm5t ( consci\s situations 9 secur+ ! biological end ( racial pres]vation4 ,n[1 consci\sness is reg>d$ by an influ5tial s*ool ( ?9k]s z a sort ( deus ex ma*9a1 :i*1 sitt+ en?ron$1 & cr[n$ ) a capital lett] z ,w1 directs1 l a be+ f ano!r sph]e1 ! do+s ( ! body4 ,x 0 aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ?is s*ool t ,huxley took up arms4 ,!y d n conc]n u "h4 ,! w1 or volition1 z an und]ly+ cause1 /&s outside ! pale ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,x belongs to ! wide realm ( metaphysics2 its plea mu/ be he>d 9 ano!r c\rt4 ,9 ?is "p ( 8 cont5tion ,huxley 01 we believe1 unque/ionably "r f ! sci5tific /&po9t4 ,nei!r w1 nor impulse1 nor in/9ct1 nor consci\sness itself1 %\ld be introduc$ into any sci5tific description or explanation ( ph5om5a z a cause ( _! exi/5ce or be+1 = z su* x does n ent] into ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts2 x is t :i* metaphysics claims z _! raison d'tre--t :i* gives !m be+4 ,sci5ce 9 ?is matt] %\ld be frankly agno/ic--nei!r affirm+ nor d5y+ aught4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n equival5t to say+ t ! agno/ic position is ! true end ( human reason4 ,t w\ld only be s on ! assumption t ! problems ( sci5ce are ! only problems ) :i* t reason c deal4 ,to exclude metaphysics f sci5ce is n to exclude x f human ?\ght4 ,z a matt] ( fact su* exclusion is nei!r possible nor reasonable4 ,b to cle>ly di/+ui% ! problems ( sci5ce f ^? ( metaphysics is absolutely necess>y1 if we are to prev5t hopeless confusion ( issues4 ,9 cont5d+1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ! introduction ( metaphysical doctr9es into ! region ( sci5tific explanation1 ,huxley seems to h be5 c>ri$ too f> by ! =ce ( 8 own attack4 ,s long z he held to ! position t e consci\s /ate has1 z its concomitant1 a molecul> *ange 9 ! bra91 he _h all ! =ces ( evolution on 8 side4 ,b :5 he said t consci\sness is m]ely ! /eam-:i/le ( life's locomotive1 or m]ely answ]s to ! s\nd :i* ! animal-bell gives out :5 x is /ruck1 he takes up ano!r position ( f> less /rategical /r5g?4 ,= :]eas ! frog f :i* ! physical c5tres ( consci\sness h be5 remov$ sits cr\*$ & motionless1 & 8w />ve soon] ?an fe$ itself1 al?\gh food put into its m\? is swall[$20 ! frog 9 :i* consci\s situations c take =m 9 unmutilat$ c]ebral hemisph]es behaves 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,x is no?+ less ?an pure assumption to say t ! consci\sness1 :i* is admitt$ to be pres5t1 has practically no effect :atev] ^u ! behavi\r4 ,& we mu/ ask any evolutioni/ :o accepts ?is conclusion1 h[ he acc\nts on evolution>y gr\nds = ! exi/5ce ( a useless adjunct to neural processes4 8,x is10 says ,huxley1#aih 8exp]im5tally demon/rable--any "o :o c>es to run a p9 into himself may p]=m a suffici5t demon/ration ( ! fact--t a mode ( motion ( ! n]v\s sy/em is ! imm$iate antec$5t ( a /ate ( consci\sness4 ,we h z mu* reason = reg>d+ ! mode ( motion z ! cause ( ! /ate ( consci\sness1 z we h = reg>d+ any ev5t z ! cause ( ano!r4 ,h[ ! "o ph5om5on causes ! o!r we "k z mu*1 or z little1 z 9 any o!r case ( causation2 b we h z mu* "r to believe t ! s5sation is an effect ( ! molecul> *ange1 z we h to believe t motion is an effect ( impact2 & !re is z mu* propriety 9 say+ t ! bra9 evolves s5sation1 z !re is 9 say+ t an iron rod1 :5 hamm]$1 evolves heat40 ,b if we speak ( ! relat$ antec$5t z ! cause1 x is n obvi\s :y we %\ld n describe ! desire to demon/rate ! suppos$ fact z ! cause ( runn+ 9 ! p94 ,we seem to h j z mu* reason = call+ ?is antec$5t /ate ( consci\sness ! cause ( c]ta9 movem5ts & behavi\r1 z ( call+ a mode ( motion 9 ! bra9 ! cause ( a fur!r /ate ( consci\sness4 ,x is true t we h n ! lea/ idea h[ ! desire c cause ! act2 b ,huxley practically admits t we h no idea h[ molecul> *ange c be ! cause ( consci\sness4 ,9 ! "o case we are no worse (f ?an we are 9 ! o!r4 ,nei!r position is logically def5sible2 s9ce ea* assumes t physical ev5ts & /ates ( consci\sness c con/itute l9ks 9 ! same causal *a94 ,! philosophical hypo!sis kn[n z monism reg>ds ! molecul> *ange1 n z ! antec$5t ( a consci\s /ate1 b z its concomitant4 ,t :i* f a physical & physiological po9t ( view is a complex molecul> di/urbance is1 at ! same "t1 f a psy*ological po9t ( view1 a /ate ( consci\sness4 ,! two are diff]5t aspects ( "o natural occurr5ce4 ,:y su* an occurr5ce %\ld h two s diff]5t aspects we h n ! fa9te/ idea2 b "h we are n "o :it worse (f ?an we 7 be=e4 ,! hypo!sis does1 h[ev]1 help u to get ov] our difficulty4 ,an ess5tial feature ( ,huxley's cont5tion is t ! physical & physiological *a9 ( causation is complete 9 itself1 :i* may be grant$2 & fur!r1 t if consci\sness does arise x is m]ely an adjunct )\t influ5ce on ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts--:at is influ5tial is ! molecul> di/urbance1 n ! consci\sness :i* accompanies x4 ,b accord+ to monism ! /ate ( consci\sness actually is t v same some?+ :i* ! physiologi/ calls1 9 ! language ( physics1 a molecul> di/urbance4 ,& 9 say+ t consci\sness influ5ces behavi\r "o :o accepts ?is hypo!sis is m]ely avoid+ a cumbr\s =m ( circumlocution4 ,he puts x 9 ?is way in/ead ( say+ t ! n]ve-*anges 9 ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 or else:]e1 :i* f a psy*ological po9t ( view are a consci\s situation1 influ5ce & det]m9e ! c\rse ( behavi\r4 ,b f ?is po9t ( view x is absurd to say t ! consci\sness is m]ely an adjunct--absurd to say t 7 !re no consci\s situation ! neural situation w\ld rema9 un*ang$4 ,!y are ! v same ?+ f diff]5t po9ts ( view2 & to say !re is no influ5tial consci\s situation is simply equival5t to say+ t !re is n ?is det]m9+ neural situation4 ,h[ev] we expla9 ! fact1 !re are few :o hesitate to accept x = ! purposes ( sci5tific explanation4 ,! consci\s situation1 hav+ no d\bt = ! physiologi/ a neural aspect if he c\ld only get at x z a :ole1 does practically det]m9e ! behavi\r ( ! animal :i* has ga9$ ! requisite exp]i5ce4 ,if we accept ! fact1 we may pass on to its importance 9 secur+ ! biological end ( race pres]vation4 ,x is a commonplace ( evolution>y doctr9e t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ^? races w survive1 9 ! con/itu5t memb]s ( :i* intellig5t behavi\r enables !m to deal mo/ effectually ) an environm5t ( increas+ complexity4 ,& x is a matt] ( famili> obs]vation t su* behavi\r is closely connect$ ) delicacy & ref9em5t ( developm5t 9 ^? s5ses :i* take ! lead 9 cognitional process1 & ) rapidity & precision 9 ! motor co-ord9ation ?r\gh :i* prompt & skilful advantage is tak5 ( ! situation :i* has1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 acquir$ mean+4 ,b ?\gh ! importance ( intellig5t adju/m5t to ! circum/ances ( life is widely admitt$ z a g5]al pr9ciple1 x is p]haps ?r\gh a /udy ( animal behavi\r t we are be/ able to realize its full range & ext5t4 ,biologi/s are s l>gely1 & q wisely1 occupi$ 9 ! /udy ( morphological & physiological problems1 :i* admit ( a treatm5t m exact ?an ! mo/ ard5t advocate ( ! inve/igation ( behavi\r1 "u natural or ev5 "u exp]im5tal conditions1 c claim2 !y devote1 aga9 q rightly1 s l>ge a %>e ( att5tion to ! v>iation & natural selection ( adaptive /ructure 9 its adult condition & embryonic /ages2 ! p5dulum ( op9ion has1 "u ! tea*+ ( ,pr(essor ,weismann1 swung s f> 9 ! direction ( ! non-acceptance ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( *>act]s individually acquir$ ?r\gh intellig5t adju/m5t or o!rwise2 t ! "p play$ by consci\sness 9 ! evolution ( ! high] & m active animals is apt to pass unnotic$ or unrecord$4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to put 9 a rem9d] t a great numb] ( animals w\ld nev] rea* ! adult /ate 9 :i* !y pass into ! h&s ( ! comp>ative anatomi/ save = ! acquisition ( exp]i5ce1 & ! effective use ( ! consci\sness to :i* !y are heirs2 t _! survival is due1 n only to _! possession ( c]ta9 /ructures & organs1 b1 e :it z mu*1 to ! practical use to :i* ^! possessions are put 9 ! give & take ( active life2 & t _m int]e/+ problems :i* are ke5ly discuss$ by evolutioni/s 9 ! light ( natural selection presuppose consci\s situations :i* are m or less tacitly tak5 = grant$4 ,let u ca/ a rapid glance ov] "s ( ^! topics ( biological discussion4 ,! fasc9at+ subject ( mimicry1 involv+ z x necess>ily does ! discussion ( ! value ( w>n+ col\rs & behavi\r1 a subject op5+ up an ext5sive gr\p ( problems s brilliantly /udi$ by ,pr(essor ,p\lton1 is mean+less save 9 s f> z !re is impli$ a consci\s reaction to col\r & =m on ! "p ( animals :i* c le>n f exp]i5ce4 ,! w>n+ col\rs re9/ate a consci\s situation1 s t1 misl$ by appe>ances1 a bird mi/akes ! mimick+ insect = its nause\s 8model40 ,! :ole range ( behavi\r1 includ$ "u play1 exp]im5tation1 & practice1 on ! importance ( :i*1 foll[+ ! lead s ably giv5 by ,pr(essor ,groos1 we h insi/$1 is equally mean+less1 save z a means to ! acquisition ( s]viceable exp]i5ce = use 9 ! m s]i\s bus9ess ( aft]-life2 & exp]i5ce is ! e/abli%m5t1 ?r\gh association & coalesc5ce1 ( consci\s situations :i* possess guid+ value4 ,& if1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 !y may also be reg>d$ z a means ( secur+ pleasure1 z a psy*ological end ( behavi\r1 x is n less obvi\s t x is only ?r\gh ! developm5t ( consci\sness t su* a psy*ological end c h any exi/5ce4 ,x matt]s n if ! p>ticul> =m assum$ by play & exp]im5tation be l>gely dep5d5t on in/9ctive t5d5cies4 ,= all ! ph5om5a ( in/9ct1 pr(\ndly organic z are ! modes ( behavi\r compris$ "u ?is head1 def9ite z are ! inh]it$ co-ord9ations 9 ! mo/ typical examples ( its occurr5ce1 h also1 except 9 "s d\btful cases1 a consci\s aspect4 ,at any rate ?is is ! case 9 s f> z in/9ctive response =ms ! h]$it>y basis on :i* is re>$ a m nicely adju/$ intellig5t edifice1 9 s f> z in/9ctive proc$ure is subsequ5tly modifi$ & guid$ by acquir$ exp]i5ce1 9 s f> z !re creeps 9 t 8little dose ( judgm5t0 :i* ,hub] f\nd 9 bees1 ,"l ,avebury attributes to ants1 ,dr4 ,peckham sees 9 spid]s & solit>y wasps1 & all obs]v]s f9d 9 birds & mammals4 ,= if 9 ^! cases in/9ctive behavi\r 7 unconsci\s1 x w\ld1 z su*1 rema9 outside exp]i5ce2 & if outside exp]i5ce1 !re c\ld be no data on :i* consci\sness c\ld base any modification ( inh]it$ behavi\r1 no opportunity ( tak+ up ! ready-=m$ responses into ! m5tal syn!sis & utiliz+ !m = ! wid] ends ( intellig5t purpose4 ,9 social behavi\r !re is a reciprocity ( sugge/ion betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! community4 ,& su* sugge/ion is op]ative ?r\gh an appeal to consci\sness4 ,h[ev] in/9ctive ! =ms ( proc$ure may be 9 social insects1 !re rema9s mu* beyond :i* is h>d to expla9 on ! hypo!sis t !re is1 9 !m1 no?+ analog\s to a consci\s situation2 :ile 9 su* v]tebrates z birds & mammals we _c b believe t consci\sness is ! ma9 det]m9ant ( mu* behavi\r :i* seems to imply ! g]ms1 or m ?an ! g]ms1 ( sympa?y4 ,! little monkey ,i saw 9 ,hamburg cuddl+ up c>ess+ly to a w\nd$ companion1 mu/ surely h exp]i5c$ a consci\s situation analog\s to t :i* prompts a *ild to ne/le alongside h] companion 9 di/ress4 ,& he :o has se5 no signs ( sympa?y 9 dogs1 has ei!r wat*$ _! behavi\r 9 va91 or is himself lack+ 9 sympa?y4 ,9 sexual selection by pref]5tial mat+1 ev5 if we foll[ ,pr(essor ,groos 9 believ+ t x is a special mode ( natural selection1 ! consci\s situation is ess5tial4 ,if we accept ! !ory 9 any =m1 we mu/ reg>d ! adornm5ts1 antics1 & display ( ! male z an appeal 9 "s way to ! consci\sness ( ! female1 :atev] p>ticul> =m ! effects 9 t consci\sness may take1 :e!r ! appeal evoke a s5se ( beauty1 or simply be a means ( excit+ to ! consummation ( ! natural end ( c\rt%ip4 ,ev5 if we foll[ ,mr4 ,wallace 9 reg>d+ plume & song z 8recognition m>ks10 x is only by _! appeal to consci\sness 9 ?is way1 if 9 no o!r1 t !y are ( any biological value4 ,& ?is1 ( c\rse1 applies equally to ! :ole range ( 8 !ory ( recognition m>ks--_! sole utility lies 9 _! be+ a /imulus to consci\sness ?r\gh :i* ! end ( recognition is secur$4 ,s1 too1 n only ! specializ$ behavi\r :i* we dignify by ! "n ( 8c\rt%ip10 b e case 9 :i* mate is drawn to mate ?r\gh sight1 smell1 he>+--any ( ! lead+ s5ses--te/ifies to ! importance ( consci\sness 9 fur!r+ an end ( supreme biological importance4 ,& if1 z ,d>w9 urg$1 ! 8law ( battle0 among ! males co-op]ates ) pref]5tial mat+1 z we c h>dly d5y1 9 secur+ /rong1 vigor\s1 & heal?y fa!rs ( ! g5]ation !y beget1 "h1 too1 consci\sness is an important factor4 ,c we conceive a 8law ( battle0 among unconsci\s be+s8 ,if success 9 ! combat 7 a m]e matt] ( brute /r5g?1 x w\ld imply "s consci\sness 9 its dull ex]cise4 ,b x is m4 ,x is also a trial ( skill4 ,7 x n s our =efa!rs w\ld n h sp5t h\rs 9 wat*+ a cock-fight1 or laid heavy odds on _! p>ticul> 8fancy40 ,we ne$ n lab\r ! !me4 ,9 ! se>* = food or a ne/+ site1 9 ! capture ( prey & escape f enemies1 9 all t dem&s att5tion1 & 9 all t necessitates practice1 9 :at ,m4 ,h\ssay calls 8! indu/ries ( animals10 & 9 t :i* ,mr4 ,hudson calls 8tradition10 consci\sness has a "p to play4 ,ev5 plants unconsci\sly appeal to ! consci\sness ( insects1 birds1 & mammals4 ,_! bright1 sc5t$1 nect>-be>+ fl[]s1 & _! sweet1 col\r$ fruits are means ( effect+ ! biological ends ( f]tilization & ! dissem9ation ( se$s1 b only on condition t _! col\rs /imulate ! s5se ( sight1 & _! sc5t & sweetness ! s5ses ( smell & ta/e4 ,x is1 p]haps1 go+ too f> to claim t1 :]ev] s5se-organs exi/ !y imply at lea/ "s dim & rudim5t>y =m ( consci\s situation ( guid+ value s f> z x goes2 = x is possible t 9 "s cases ! coalesc5ce ( elem5t>y items ( s5ti5ce has n be5 c>ri$ f> en\gh to ju/ify u 9 speak+ ( exp]i5ce by :i* ! animal c pr(it4 ,b x is surely n go+ too f> to claim t1 :]ev] two or ?ree su* s5se-organs are ga!r$ toge!r 9 any liv+ be+1 !re is consci\sness 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 beg9n+ to ex]cise t guidance :i* s]ves s m>k$ly to diff]5tiate ! typical animal f ! typical plant4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom1 until we rea* its highe/ developm5t 9 man1 ! guidance ( consci\sness1 important z x is1 seems to be almo/ :olly subs]vi5t to a biological end1 t ( ! pres]vation ( ! race1 & = ! race ( ! individual4 ,practical utility is ! t\*/one ( animal intellig5ce1 & ( ! :ole range ( feel+ & emotion 9 be+s /ill "u exam9ation 9 ! /]n s*ool ( natural selection4 ,by ?is we mean t practical utility has det]m9$ :at degree & complexity ( intellig5ce1 feel+1 & emotion %all be atta9$4 ,if ! requisite level be n atta9$--elim9ation4 ,high] levels no d\bt br+ advantage--s long z !y are practically useful4 ,b 9 ! s*ool ( natural selection useless accompli%m5ts are n mu* taught4 ,al?\gh its exam9ations are 9 a s5se competitive1 all are all[$ to pass :o qualify = survival4 ,b ! competitors become m num]\s & ! /&>d = a pass rises4 ,z ! s*ool increases 9 size high] classes ) h>d] problems to solve are e/abli%$4 ,progress is an incid5t ( ! con/ant survival ( ! fitte/ :5 !re are v>iations 9 fitness4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,psy*ological ,,aspect ,on ! hypo!sis ( monism1 ! nature ( :i*1 s f> z x be>s on our inquiry1 0 briefly indicat$ 9 ! =ego+ section1 ! consci\s situation is ! psy*ical or m5tal expression ( t :i* = ! physiologi/ is :at we may t]m a neural situation4 ,z su* x does n ent] into ! *a9 ( physical causation2 nor d physical ev5ts z su*--t is to say1 save z exp]i5c$--ent] into ! *a9 ( m5tal causation4 ,= m5tal developm5t !y h no indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & are negligible except 9 s f> z !y ent] z items ( exp]i5ce into ! consci\s situation4 ,b altoge!r ap>t f ! way or ways 9 :i* we may attempt to expla9 ! fact1 mo/ ( u believe1 ) unque/ion+ confid5ce1 t ! gr[? ( practical exp]i5ce1 someh[ associat$ ) n]v\s *anges 9 ! bra9 or s5sorium1 is ( real value 9 ! guidance ( behavi\r 9 su* mann] z to secure biological ends4 ,consci\s exp]i5ce mu/ !re=e1 9 ! animal _w1 s]ve its biological purpose1 or x w be ( no avail4 ,if !re be n a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 !re mu/ be an evolv$ h>mony2 & h[ su* a h>mony c\ld be evolv$ if consci\sness be n by "s means 9 vital t\* ) behavi\r1 influ5c$ by & 9 turn influ5c+ x1 we _c conceive4 ,! /eam-:i/le !ory ( consci\sness leaves ! matt]1 = ! evolutioni/1 9 ?is inconceivable position4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 flog a dead horse4 ,we ne$ n ask h[1 on ! /eam-:i/le !ory1 ^? /ates ( feel+ :i* we broadly classify z pleasurable c\ld become associat$ ) behavi\r conduc+ to welf>e1 & ^? :i* we gr\p z hurtful ) behavi\r :i* is biologically h>mful4 ,x is m important1 aga91 to notice t1 associat$ & consonant ) ! biological end1 !re arises a psy*ological end ( behavi\r--:at we may t]m1 ) ! qualifications be=e consid]$1#aii ! gett+ ( pleasure & ! avoidance ( pa94 ,?is is ! purpose ( behavi\r z view$ f ! psy*ological aspect4 ,! biological end ( animal conation is racial survival2 its psy*ological end is individual satisfaction4 ,& ! two ends are1 9 ! ma9 & broadly speak+1 consonant--a result :i* w\ld unque/ionably be secur$ by natural selection1 b is on any o!r naturali/ic hypo!sis difficult ( explanation4 ,b ! two ends are n only consonant2 !y are supplem5t>y "o to ! o!r4 ,dur+ mu* ( ! life ( ! high] animals !re is no ne$1 imm$iately pres5t & press+1 = ! output ( action to meet biological ends4 ,!re are p]iods ( life & int]vals ( "t :5 ! %>p incid5ce ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce does n call = ! s]i\s bus9ess ( behavi\r4 ,b at ^! p]iods & 9 ^! int]vals ! animal is n inactive2 inde$1 x is re/less 9 its activity4 ,unless x be we>y ) unwont$ ex]tion1 or bask+ 9 ! psy*ical sun%9e ( cont5t1 due to ! uns\ght adv5t ( pleasant /imulation or ! aft]-effects ( previ\s behavi\r 7= example1 :5 hung] has be5 reliev$71 ! heal?y animal mu/ be up & do+4 ,?is famili> fact no d\bt af=ds ! basis 9 obs]vation ( ! surplus-en]gy !ory ( play4 ,b is x necess>ily surplus en]gy8 ,is x n r normal en]gy :i* exp5ds itself 9 ?is way :5 !re is no imm$iate & s]i\s biological bus9ess on h&8 ,&1 z ,pr(essor ,groos has po9t$ out1 play is se5 :5 we h e reason to suppose !re is no surplus en]gy1 nay1 ev5 :5 ! normal en]gy is at a l[ ebb4 ,!re is no m pa!tic sight ?an a sick kitt51 ) en]gy obvi\sly mu* bel[ p>1 utiliz+ its little rema9+ /r5g? 9 feeble attempts to play4 ,x is unnecess>y to d m ?an rem9d ! read] ( ! !ory elaborat$ ) s mu* skill & c>e by ,pr(essor ,groos1 t ! =ms assum$ by play--9 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 he includes a v wide range ( behavi\r--h a v important indirect biological end 9 practice & exp]im5tation4 ,our pres5t po9t is1 t its direct psy*ological end is ! satisfaction x af=ds4 ,)\t ?is ! individual w\ld n be impell$ to ! cont9uance ( p]=mances :i* occupy a wide space 9 ! field ( animal behavi\r 9 :i* ! biological end has ref]5ce1 n to pres5t requirem5ts1 b to future ne$s4 ,no "o has giv5 bett] expression to ! sway ( ?is psy*ological end ?an ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson4 8,we see10 he says1#bjj 8t ! inf]ior animals1 :5 ! conditions ( life are fav\rable1 are subject to p]iodical fits ( gladness1 affect+ !m p[]fully & /&+ out 9 vivid contra/ to _! ord9>y temp]4 ,& we "k :at ?is feel+ is--?is p]iodic int5se elation :i* ev5 civiliz$ man occasionally exp]i5ces :5 9 p]fect heal?1 m especially :5 "y4 ,!re are mom5ts :5 he is mad ) joy1 :5 he _c keep /ill1 :5 8 impulse is to s+ & %\t al\d & laugh at no?+1 to run & leap & ex]t himself 9 "s extravagant way4 ,among ! heavi] mammalians ! feel+ is manife/$ 9 l\d noises1 bell[+s1 & scream+s1 & 9 lumb]+1 unc\? motions--?r[+ up ! heels1 pret5d$ panics1 & pond]\s mock battles4 8,9 small] & liveli] animals1 ) great] cel]ity & c]titude 9 _! motions1 ! feel+ %[s itself 9 m regul> & (t5 9 m complex ways4 ,?us ,felid1 :5 "y1 & 9 v agile sprightly species1 l ! puma1 ?r\gh\t life1 simulate all ! actions ( an animal hunt+ its prey--sudd51 int5se excitem5t ( discov]y1 concealm5t1 gradual advance1 mask$ by int]v5+ objects1 ) int]vals ( wat*+1 :5 !y cr\* motionless1 ! eyes fla%+ & tail wav$ f side to side2 f9ally1 ! ru% & spr+1 :5 ! playfell[ is captur$1 roll$ ov] on 8 back1 & worri$ to imag9>y dea?4 ,o!r species ( ! mo/ div]se k9ds1 9 :i* voice is greatly develop$1 jo9 9 noisy conc]ts & *oruses2 _m ( ! cats may be m5tion$1 also dogs & foxes1 capyb>as & o!r loquaci\s rod5ts2 & 9 ! h[l+ monkeys ?is k9d ( p]=mance rises to ! sublime upro> ( ! tropical =e/ at ev5tide4 8,birds are m subject to ?is univ]sal joy\s in/9ct ?an mammals1 & !re are times :5 "s species are con/antly ov]fl[+ ) x2 & z !y are s mu* fre] ?an mammals1 m buoyant & graceful 9 action1 m loquaci\s1 & h voices s mu* f9]1 _! gladness %[s itself 9 a great] v>iety ( ways1 ) m regul> & beautiful motions1 & ) melody4 ,b e species or gr\p ( species has its own inh]it$ =m or /yle ( p]=mance2 & h[ev] rude & irregul> ?is may be1 z 9 ! case ( ! pret5d$ /amp$es & fights ( wild cattle1 t is ! =m 9 :i* ! feel+ w always be express$40 ,t all ?is1 :i* ,mr4 ,hudson s graphically describes1 belongs to ! psy*ological aspect ( animal behavi\r & is directly prompt$ by conative t5d5cies ^: imm$iate end is consci\s satisfaction1 ! m]e joy ( unre/ra9$ & heal?y activity1 may be freely admitt$1 )\t d5y+ t all ?is exub]ant psy*ical life owes its evolution to ! fact t x is 9 consonance ) & supplem5tal to biological ends :i* secure survival4 ,x is ) animals z x is ) man2 play is ! prep>ation = e>ne/4 ,z ,i h else:]e said1#bja :at our national games h done = ! ,engli% race x is difficult to ov]e/imate4 ,!y tra9 u to use our bodies & exp5d our en]gies to ! be/ advantage4 ,an old soldi]1 wat*+ a football mat*1 said1 8,t's ! tra9+ = our future soldi]s & sailors40 ,! play+ fields are ! f9e/ s*ool ( organiz$ co-op]ation 9 ! _w4 ,b1 ap>t f compulsion1 a boy w n ent] into ! game ) t ze/ ?r\gh :i* alone x acquires real value = tra9+1 unless !re be an imm$iate psy*ological end 9 ! satisfaction he d]ives4 ,& ) animals practice & prep>ation = ! bus9ess ( life c\ld n occur if ! ultimate biological purpose ( x all 7 n supplem5t$ by ! enjoym5t x br+s = its own sake4 ,b 9 animal play1 z inde$ 9 t ( human y\?1 we are p]haps a little apt1 9 lay+ /ress on ! bodily skill & read9ess ( response to :i* x s effectually m9i/]s1 to =get t x is also a psy*ological tra9+4 ,9 te*nical phraseology1 we are dispos$ to fix our att5tion on ! acquir$ co-ord9ation ( act & movem5t r ?an on ! correlation ( consci\s data1 :i* r5d]s possible ! skilful p]=mance4 ,& yet1 rightly consid]$1 ! behavi\r itself is simply ! outcome ( a consci\s situation1 duly elaborat$1 & knit toge!r ?r\gh ! association & coalesc5ce ( its con/itu5t data4 ,x is a means to ! unification ( consci\sness by br++ into relation scatt]$ &1 at fir/1 quasi-indep5d5t s5sory & emotional elem5ts4 ,success is only atta9$ ?r\gh ! conc5tration ( att5tion & ef=t on t :i* is ! c5tre ( int]e/ & also ! focus ( endeav\r4 ,& ?is close att5tion & well-direct$ ef=t1 :i* are tra9$ 9 ! playful output ( en]gy1 are j ! m5tal qualities :i* w /& ! animal 9 good /ead :5 ! real incid5ce ( life's /ruggle comes ^u x1 :5 ! rew>d ( success is survival & ! p5alty ( failure elim9ation4 ,= !y are n m]ely physical qualities1 ?\gh _! effects are bodily movem5ts ( attack & def5ce1 ( active escape1 or m]ely 8ly+ l[40 ,!y are ess5tial psy*ological features ( a unifi$ & well-direct$ conative process4 ,9 ! fairly abundant play-"t ( animal life1 ?is unification & direction ( conative process c take =m "u conditions :]e9 ! prelim9>y failures :i* accompany all =ms ( le>n+ d n entail ! sev]e p5alty ( elim9ation4 ,if we may s put x1 & s apply a deeply in/ructive p>able1 ,natural ,selection says to h] m fav\r$ *ildr51 9 :i* consci\s situations c be develop$1 8,"h are ! tal5ts ) :i* ,i h end[$ y2 make use ( !m till ,i come1 z come ,i %all 9 due "t40 ,?is animal puts !m out to usury 9 play2 t animal keeps !m laid up 9 ! napk9 ( inactivity4 ,!n ,natural ,selection1 ! au/]e "o1 comes2 gives ! comm5dation ( survival to ! animal t _h le>nt to put its tal5ts to use 9 ! p]iod ( prep>ation1 & condemns to elim9ation t :i* _h n trad$ ) 8 tal5ts at ! bank ( play4 ,9 animal life1 on ! p]ceptual plane1 we h ! same ne$ = tra9+ 9 little ?+s & seem+ly unimportant matt]s 9 prep>ation = ! /ress & /orm :i* may1 nay mu/1 come ^u !m1 t we f9d 9 m5 & wom5 on ! high] e?ical plane4 ,to ^? :o ?9k t ! play ( animals is too trifl+ a ?+ to affect ! "q ( survival1 we w\ld sugge/ ! application1 ) a necess>y diff]5ce1 ( ! ?\ght :i* ,miss ,edi? ,simcox puts into ! foll[+ words3 8,does x10 %e says1 8seem a trifl+ ?+ to say t 9 ! h\rs ( passionate trial & temptation a man c h no bett] help ?an 8 own pa/8 ,e g5]\s feel+ t has n be5 cru%$1 e :olesome impulse t has be5 foll[$1 e j p]ception1 e habit ( unselfi% action1 w be pres5t 9 ! backgr\nd to guide or to su/a94 ,x is too late1 :5 ! /orm has bur/1 to provide our craft ) rigg+ fit to wea!r x2 b we may f9d a purpose = ! ye>s t oppress u by _! dull calm1 if we elect to sp5d !m 9 lay+ up /ores ( /r5g? & wisdom & emotional prejudices ( a goodly human k9d1 :]eby1 if ne$ arises1 we may be able to resi/ h]eaft] ! gu/s ( passion t might else be> u out ( ! /raight=w>d c\rse40 ,to apply ! ?\ght1 ! trifles ( play supply ! psy*ological rigg+ :i* alone c save ! animal craft 9 ! com+ /orm ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,& ! po9t on :i* we h to lay special /ress 9 ?is section is1 t x is psy*ological rigg+--or1 if ?is seems to lay too mu* emphasis on ! g5esis ( consci\s situations1 we may at lea/ urge t ! psy*ological ropes are ( co-ord9ate importance ) ! biological sp>s4 ,s f>1 !n1 we rea* ! foll[+ conclusion3 t if we classify ! behavi\r ( ! high] & m intellig5t animals "u two heads1 ! "o compris+ all ^? acts :i* are ( direct biological value 9 enabl+ ! animal to escape elim9ation "u ! imm$iate /ress ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! o!r includ+ all ^? acts :i* are ( indirect prep>atory or educative value1 ! latt]1 :i* are "u _! biological aspect n less important ?an ! =m]1 are "u _! psy*ological aspect ( p]haps ev5 great] importance4 ,= ! conditions ( actual /ruggle are n ^? "u :i* m5tal developm5t c\ld mo/ easily be fur!r$1 ?\gh !y are ^? 9 :i* x is mo/ effectually te/$4 ,h5ce1 ! m intellig5t animals pass ?r\gh a p]iod dur+ :i* !y are m or less %ield$ f ! incid5ce ( natural selection by _! p>5ts1 & ?is is ! p]iod ( play & ( psy*ological education4 ,& ! t5d5cy to play is s f> organic1 9 t x is dep5d5t on inh]it$ in/9ctive prop5sities1 & s f> psy*ological 9 t x is accompani$ by a felt want1 :i* con/itutes a conative impulse f9d+ its appropriate end 9 ! consci\sness ( satisfaction4 ,b play--if we accept ! t]m z ! gr\p-"n = all ^! modes ( behavi\r :i* fall "u our second class1 ^? ( indirect biological value--does n cease ) ! p]iod ( y\?2 x occupies all ! int]vals 9 ! m s]i\s bus9ess ( animal life4 ,& no discussion ( animal behavi\r c be adequate :i* does n assign to ?is class its due place1 alike 9 biological & 9 psy*ological evolution4 ,! :ole value ( exp]i5ce lies 9 ! l9kage & coalesc5ce ( ! data af=d$ to consci\sness4 ,x is true t an inh]it$ n]v\s sy/em supplies ! organic conditions ( t physiological l9kage & functional coalesc5ce ( :i* exp]i5ce is ! psy*ological expression4 ,x is true t ?is physical integration secures a ready-made gr\p+ ( ! consci\s data :i* are ! concomitants ( ord]ly molecul> *anges 9 ! bra9 or analog\s s5sorium4 ,/ill1 x also rema9s true t ! value ( exp]i5ce lies 9 ! fur!r l9kage & coalesc5ce t is acquir$ by ! individual 9 ! c\rse ( :at we may fitly call its education4 ,e /ep 9 ?is education gets its psy*ological sanction ?r\gh ! satisfaction x af=ds 9 consci\sness2 & ! "t ( acquisition is n dur+ ! /ress ( exam9ation 9 ! actual /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b r 9 ! y\?ful p]iod & 9 ! subsequ5t int]vals ( prep>ation & practice dur+ ! play-"t ( animal life4 ,! exam9ation analogy--if1 inde$1 x may n be rightly reg>d$ z some?+ m ?an an analogy--may be press$ a little fur!r z a means ( fix+ our att5tion on two po9ts :i* are wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! fir/ is t1 9 ! prep>ation = ! exam9ation1 specific practice z mu* ( x is1 cramm+ is n ! sy/em exemplifi$ by ! high] animals4 ,a good all-r\nd education 9 ! acquisition ( consci\s situations m or less coalesc5t into a unifi$ sy/em ( exp]i5ce1 & 9 _! effective utilization )\t unnecess>y delay & bungl+ along m or less conv]g+ l9es ( practical behavi\r2 ?is is :at secures a 8pass0 9 survival1 especially :]e ! circum/ances ( life h rea*$ a consid]able degree ( complexity4 ,! in/9ctive act1 ) its relatively def9ite response to a "q :i* is almo/ c]ta9 to be set to e c&idate = survival1 is t1 :i* is ! analogue 9 behavi\r to ! result ( a sy/em ( cram4 ,organic nature does employ ?is sy/em 9 ! l[] classes ( h] s*ool2 def9ite responses are gr\nd into m]ely in/9ctive types g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 & ! "r answ]s are giv51 automatically & un9tellig5tly1 :5ev] ! (t-recurr5t que/ions are set4 ,b ?is w n d :5 ! que/ions require ! ex]cise ( intellig5ce1 :5 !y are ( ! nature ( problems1 ) j ^? delicate b n unimportant %ades ( diff]5ce :i* baffle ! c&idate :o has be5 drill$ 9 a m]ely me*anical fa%ion4 ,h5ce ! cramm+ ( in/9ct does n suffice = animals ^: environm5t pres5ts problems ( great] v>iety & great] complexity4 ,intellig5ce is requir$ to meet ! p>ticul> comb9ations z !y arise4 ,! greyh\nd1 :i* is loos$ on a h>e1 has nev] se5 t h>e run 9 exactly t way ov] t special tract ( c\ntry4 ,b he has be5 tra9$ 9 su* situations1 & is ?us prep>$ to meet ! special problem 9 its details z !y pres5t !mselves 9 ! light ( ! exp]i5ce he has ga9$ ( o!r l problems4 ,& 8 skill 9 pursuit has n only be5 ga9$ ?r\gh education 9 c\rs+4 ,9 a ?\s& ways1 z puppy & dog1 he has le>nt h[ to use well ^? s9ewy limbs4 ,! tra9+ ( 8 :ole life is br\ght to be> on ! "q imm$iately be=e him4 ,! g5]al be>+ ( ^! facts is obvi\s4 ,play1 z a means ( animal education1 is v>i$1 & has = its end all-r\nd tra9+ ( ! animal m9d 9 its sph]e ( op]ation4 ,al?\gh !re are "s specific prop5sities1 c]ta9 obs]vable tr5ds ( behavi\r1 z 9 hunt+-play1 c\rt%ip-play1 & ! l1 we mu/ n expect1 nor d we f9d1 any?+ l /]eotyp$ def9it5ess ( conative activity4 ,we f9d t fre$om & ela/icity 9 animal education :i* is1 p]haps1 m (t5 advocat$ ?an c>ri$ into practice 9 human education4 ,! second po9t aris+ out ( ! exam9ation analogy is1 t its range det]m9es ! level ( prep>ation !re=4 ,x is1 = animals1 a practical exam9ation1 n a !oretical4 ,n a s+le "q is set dem&+ an explanation4 ,! problems are su* z c be solv$ by intellig5ce1 n su* z require ! ex]cise ( reason1 z we h us$ ! t]m 9 =ego+ pages4 ,^! high] problems are only set :5 ! six? =m is rea*$1 & !re is no conclusive evid5ce t any animals get into ! six?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is entirely a "q ( evid5ce1 & _m ( u w be glad to welcome !m !re1 if prov$ ability to deal reflectively ) ideational que/ions ju/ifies _! promotion4 ,if any ( !m d belong to ?is =m1 !y h probably got !re ?r\gh play4 ,= 9 ! /ress ( ! actual exam9ation !re is n mu* "t = reflection4 ,or p]haps we may r say t1 n 9 actual /ruggle1 & n 9 active prep>ation = x 9 play-"t1 b 9 int]vals ( leisure betwe5 bo?1 :5 ! animal lies quietly turn+ ov] 9 8 m9d we "k n :at1 w exp]i5ce be review$1 & g5]alizations drawn z to ! :y ( ev5ts 9 ?is /range _w4 ,probably ! animal accepts ?+s z !y are1 & does n tr\ble ab\t _! explanation4 ,b x may n be s4 ,at any rate1 if animals lack ! means ( descriptive int]-communication1 & h no words z concrete pegs on :i* to hang ab/ract ideas1 _! explanations _c be c>ri$ f>4 ,!ories )\t ! p[] ( disputation w\ld be a poor solace 9 leisure mom5ts4 ,"o m po9t may be notic$ ) reg>d to ! psy*ological aspect ( ! evolution ( behavi\r--! reciprocal action ( intellig5ce4 ,x is ! intellig5ce ( o!rs t introduces s mu* v>iety & complexity into ! environm5t4 ,hunt]s & hunt$1 combatants1 rivals1 mate & mate1 enemies or companions 9 _! v>i$ aspects1 introduce ?r\gh _! intellig5ce complications :i* only intellig5ce c meet4 ,&1 z intellig5ce begets intellig5ce1 s d emotional attitudes beget answ]+ emotional /ates4 ,psy*ological evolution translat$ into practical behavi\r gives rise to situations ( reciprocal complexity4 ,?is po9t ( view is1 h[ev]1 s famili>1 t no?+ ne$ be said 9 its fur!r elucidation4 ,! behavi\r ( any giv5 animal does n /& alone1 b is closely relat$ ) ! behavi\r ( o!rs4 ,among social animals ! relation%ips are peculi>ly close1 & x is among !m t ! psy*ological aspect ( behavi\r rea*es its highe/ expression4 ,,iv4--,,cont9uity ,,9 ,,evolution ,"u ! head ( organic behavi\r1 9 ! wide/ acceptation ( ! t]m1 fall ! :ole ( physiology1 ! :ole ( embryological developm5t1 nay1 m1 ! :ole ( organic evolution2 :ile m5tal evolution1 9 all its /ages1 may be reg>d$ z ! psy*ological aspect ( t :i*1 f ! physiological aspect1 is ! evolution ( n]v\s sy/ems4 ,life itself is ! behavi\r ( a p>ticul> k9d ( sub/ance :i* is f\nd m or less abundantly "u natural conditions4 ,no o!r kn[n sub/ance behaves 9 ?is way1 & s ignorant are we z to ! conditions ( its natural orig91 t x is useless to guess at a sci5tific explanation4 ,& ev5 if we knew all ! antec$5ts & conditions ( its orig9 we %\ld be no ne>] a compreh5sion ( :y protoplasm has ! peculi> prop]ties :i* we f9d x to possess4 ,t is a "q to :i* sci5ce c give no answ]4 ,:o kn[s :y a c]ta9 comp\nd ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 c]ta9 proportions has ! prop]ties ( t :i* we call wat]8 ,let u note ! di/9ction betwe5 say+1 z we said above1 t life is ! behavi\r ( protoplasm1 & ass]t+ t life is ! cause ( ?is behavi\r4 ,! "o is a sci5tific /atem5t ( obs]v$ fact1 ! o!r an explanation ( ! fact 9 metaphysical t]ms1 a ref]5ce ( ! fact to its und]ly+ cause4 ,s long z we q cle>ly und]/& t we are talk+ ! language ( metaphysics1 we may speak ( life z a cause ( organic behavi\r2 b let u be c>eful to rememb] t ! /atem5t has no m value = sci5ce ?an ! ass]tion t aqueosity is ! cause ( ! behavi\r ( wat]4 ,leav+ on "o side1 !n1 ! natural orig9 ( protoplasm1 ! conditions ( :i* are unkn[n1 we f9d t1 z a matt] ( obs]vation1 e bit ( liv+ sub/ance1 ! hi/ory ( :i* has be5 trac$1 is a fragm5t deta*$ f "s o!r bit :i* behav$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is is ! basal fact ( ! cont9uity ( organic evolution4 ,b su* a deta*$ fragm5t has ! prop]ty ( increas+ by tak+ up f ! environm5t m ( ^? elem5t>y mat]ials f :i* x is itself comp\nd$ 9 subtle syn!sis4 ,nay1 fur!r1 e fragm5t ( :i* we "k ! hi/ory is f\nd to increase 9 su* a way z to rea*1 9 =m1 /ructure1 & idiosyncracies ( behavi\r1 ! lik5ess ( ! organism--plant or animal--f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,9 ! high] plants & animals ! sep>at$ fragm5ts or cells are ! ova & sp]ms1 or _! equival5ts1 :i* unite1 ) fusion or coalesc5ce ( _! nucle> matt]1 & ?us give rise to a new individual 9 ! c\rse ( embryological developm5t4 ,n[1 z we h already se51 mu* mod]n biological discussion c5tres r\nd ! "q :e!r ! deta*$ reproductive fragm5t1 ovum or sp]m z ! case may be1 is d]iv$ f ! :ole body ( ! p>5t1 by :at ,d>w9 t]m$ pang5esis or 9 "s o!r way1 or only f g]m9al sub/ance set ap>t 9 developm5t = ?is end4 ,& we h provisionally accept$ ! hypo!sis t x is ! direct desc5dant ( o!r reproductive cells2 & t1 ?r\gh\t a long ance/ry1 /ret*+ back into ! f> pa/1 !re nev] occurs 9 ! direct l9e ( g5ealogical sequ5ce1 any highly diff]5tiat$ cell1 su* z a gl&-cell1 muscle-cell1 n]ve-cell2 nev]1 ) c]ta9 res]vations into :i* we ne$ n ent]1 is f\nd ! repres5tative ( any tissue save t to :i* ! reproductive function is re/rict$4 ,9 te*nical phraseology1 ! cont9uity ( organic evolution is due to ! cont9uity ( ! g]m9al sub/ance4 ,dur+ embryological developm5t ! f]tiliz$ ovum--consi/+ ( two fus$ fragm5ts ( ?is g]m9al sub/ance--gives rise to a ho/ ( ord]$ & m>%all$ cells1 :i* are divisible into two gr\ps3 ! "o =ms ! body ) its muscles1 bones1 gl&s1 dige/ive sy/em1 sk91 s5se-organs1 n]ve-c5tres1 & s =?2 ! o!r =ms a res]ve /ore ( g]m9al sub/ance1 f :i* are d]iv$ ! ova & sp]ms4 ,! =m] take no direct %>e 9 reproduction2 !y are (f ! l9e ( cont9u\s desc5t2 !y die )\t issue4 ,b !y protect & m9i/] to ! reproductive function ( ! second gr\p--! pot5tial ance/ors ( ! races to foll[4 ,b all in/9ctive & intellig5t behavi\r is ! outcome ( ! ord]ly work+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 is initiat$ ?r\gh s5sory /imulation1 & is execut$ by ! motor organs2 & all ! /ructural p>ts1 ?r\gh :i* su* behavi\r is possible1 belong to ! body--t :i* dies )\t issue4 ,h[1 !n1 c in/9ct & intellig5ce be inh]it$8 ,9 a s5se !y are n inh]it$4 ,! n]v\s sy/em :i* is _! organic basis begets no heirs4 ,b x is begott5 ( g]m9al sub/ance1 :i* n only produc$ ! body ( :i* ! n]v\s sy/em is a "p1 b also h&$ on1 ) t body1 samples ( ! same g]m9al sub/ance capable ( reproduc+ a simil> body & a l n]v\s sy/em4 ,h]e9 lies ! basis ( h]$ity4 ,! /ress ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce falls ^u ! body2 & in/9ctive or intellig5t behavi\r is a means to its pres]vation 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,accord+ z x survives or n1 w ! samples ( g]m9al sub/ance x conta9s fulfil _! biological end or p]i% ) x4 ,natural selection secures ! survival ( ^? animals :i* be> ! se$ f :i* _! l w be develop$4 ,on ?is view all v>iation arises )9 ! g]m9al sub/ance1 b x is manife/$ 9 ! body :i* is its product4 ,h[ v>iations arise we d n "k ) any exactness ( detail4 ,t ! g]m9al sub/ance is influ5c$ 9 its nutrition & 9 o!r ways by ! surr\nd+ tissues is highly probable2 & ?is influ5ce may lead to *anges :i* are ! s\rce ( v>iations2 b x is v d\btful :e!r su* influ5ce c be :at we be=e t]m$ 8homopa?ic40#bjb ,x is improbable t ! =mation ( ! n]ve-connections involv$ 9 intellig5t behavi\r :i* has gr[n habitual ?r\gh repetition1 c s influ5ce ! g]m9al cells z to give rise to v>iations ( l nature4 ,9 o!r words1 acquir$ habit is probably n a direct det]m9ant ( an inh]it$ v>iation ( l nature 9 in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,ap>t f su* influ5ce ! only s\rce ( v>iations :i* c be assign$ is ei!r ! diff]5tial division ( nuclei 9 prep>ation = ! process ( f]tilization1#bjc or ! process ( f]tilization itself4 ,! union ( p]haps diff]5tiat$ g]m9al sub/ance f two di/9ct p>5ts af=ds ! opportunities = ! admixture & comp\nd+ ( h]$it>y qualities 9 ! two samples1 f :i* v>iations fav\rable or ! rev]se may arise4 ,x is n[ g5]ally recogniz$1 h[ev]1 t ! orig9 ( v>iations is a problem q di/9ct f t ( ! survival ( ^? ^: direction is fav\rable to t end4 ,! !ory ( natural selection1 z su*1 does n pret5d to (f] any explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* v>iations arise2 ?\gh ( c\rse a complete !ory ( organic evolution mu/ assign ! antec$5ts & conditions ( organic progress 9 all its v>i$ phases4 ,we "k t v>iations d occur2 we "k1 too1 t m individuals are born ?an survive to procreate _! k9d2 &1 on ! !ory ( natural selection1 we draw f ^! data ! conclusion t1 on ! av]age1 ! animals t escape elim9ation are ^? 9 :i* ! v>iations are ( su* a nature z to conduce to ?is end4 ,x w be se5 t1 on ! hypo!sis ( organic h]$ity1 ?us briefly sket*$1 cont9uity c1 9 /rictness &1 z we may phrase x1 9 its fir/ int5t1 only be pr$icat$ ( ! g]m9al sub/ance2 b t ?is sub/ance gives rise to products--active vigor\s animals behav+ 9 c]ta9 ways1 ea* aft] 8 k9d--:i* hold simil> g]m9al sub/ance 9 tru/ = future use4 ,natural selection deals ) ! tru/ees2 & if !y succumb1 t :i* !y hold 9 tru/ is lo/4 ,to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way3 ,nature says to ! g]m9al sub/ance1 8,by y\r products y mu/ be judg$ 9 accordance ) ! crit]ion ( utility & effici5cy40 ,practical use 9 ! give & take ( active life is ! t\*/one ( all behavi\r :i* makes = survival4 ,?is be+ secur$1 !re may be a balance ( behavi\r = o!r purposes4 ,b 9 animals ! balance is n ( l>ge am\nt1 & o!r purposes h n tak5 =m & direction4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly notic$ t1 on ! hypo!sis we are consid]+1 use is ! te/ ( survival1 & ?\gh x is n ! direct cause ( v>iations1 x af=ds _! sanction 9 survival4 ,t animal escapes elim9ation ^: behavi\r is ( practical use2 & x holds 9 tru/ = ! future a /ore ( g]m9al sub/ance f :i* is produc$ a successor capable ( behav+ 9 l mann]4 ,! :ole drama ( organic evolution may be reg>d$ z ! realization 9 a succession ( individuals ( ! evolv+ pot5tiality ( cont9u\s l9es ( g]m9al sub/ance4 ,! successive individuals die--b ! g]m9al sub/ance lives on 9 _! heirs1 if !y h any4 ,9 virtue ( :at intimate & hidd5 /ructure or disposition ( p>ts ! g]m possesses ?is pot5tiality we d n "k4 ,! ovum ( a dog is a microscopic speck less ?an "o-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ! sp]m is f> m m9ute4 ,!y unite1 & _! nuclei coalesce4 ,! cellul> product divides & subdivides4 ,! cell colony absorbs nutrim5t f ! mat]nal tissues4 ,division proce$s apace1 & ! cells are m>%all$ & ord]$ 9 embryological developm5t2 def9ite tissues are =m$2 ! /ages ( _! g5esis c be pr$ict$ ) accuracy2 & 9 due "t a puppy is born :i* %all gr[ to ! lik5ess ( its p>5ts & behave z !y behav$4 ,we c trace ! succession ( ev5ts2 we see t !y =m a relat$ s]ies2 we h good reason = believ+ t ! /ate ( matt]s at any "o mom5t is ! antec$5t condition ( ! /ate ( matt]s at ! succe$+ mom5t4 ,m ?an ?is sci5ce _c say4 ,! und]ly+ cause is1 = sci5ce1 hidd5 9 ! mi/s ( ! unkn[n4 ,ev5 = metaphysics x is b "p ( ! =ce t beats ?r\gh ! univ]se & makes x n a *aos b a cosmos--a =ce kn[n to u only 9 its effects4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! conception ( cont9uity 9 organic evolution has1 broadly consid]$1 a ?reefold aspect4 ,fir/1 !re is ! cont9uity ( ! g]m9al sub/ance ?r\gh ^: reproductive behavi\r "u ! appropriate conditions embryological developm5t occurs2 secondly1 !re is cont9uity 9 ?is embryological developm5t1 /age by /age1 f ! f]tiliz$ ovum to ! adult :i* is its f9al product & expression2 ?irdly1 !re is cont9uity 9 ^! f9al products1 9 ! animals ^: organic1 in/9ctive1 & intellig5t behavi\r lie op5 to our /udy & inve/igation4 ,! fir/ is g]m9al1 ! second developm5tal1 ! ?ird evolutional cont9uity4 ,be=e attempt+ to summ>ize "s ( ! contributions af=d$ by our inquiry t[>ds ! doctr9e ( cont9uity 9 ! la/ ( ^! ?ree aspects1 we mu/ pause = a mom5t to consid] h[ f> & 9 :at s5se cont9uity c be pr$icat$ ( m5tal developm5t4 ,we h reg>d$ ! consci\s situation z ! psy*ical aspect ( a n]ve-situation 9 ! s5sorium2 & ! n]v\s sy/em1 capable ( behav+ 9 ?is way1 is 9 developm5tal cont9uity ) ! g]m9al sub/ance ( ! f]tiliz$ ovum4 ,b :at %all we say ) reg>d to ! psy*ical aspect8 ,two hypo!ses seem op5 to u1 ea* ( :i* pres5ts difficulties1 b ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,! fir/ is1 t :5 ! organic developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em rea*es a c]ta9 level & ord] ( complexity consci\sness em]ges1 h[ & :5ce we "k n4 ,! second is1 t consci\sness is develop$ f s5ti5ce1 :i* is ! concomitant ( all organic behavi\r2 :i* accompanies life :]ev] x occurs & !re=e %>es ! cont9uity ( ! g]m9al sub/ance4 ,! difficulty insep>able f ! fir/ hypo!sis1 is t x is contr>y to ! analogy ( all t we "k or inf] else:]e ?r\gh\t ! realm ( nature4 ,huxley#bjd lik5$ its em]g5ce to ! production ( heat :5 an iron b> is /ruck by repeat$ bl[s ( ! hamm]4 ,b ?is analogy w n hold2 = heat is a mode ( en]gy1 & only em]ges ?r\gh ! trans=mation ( o!r & pre-exi/+ modes ( en]gy4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! en]gy ( motion 9 ! massive hamm]-head is transf]r$ to ! iron rod1 & assumes ! =m ( t molecul> vibration :i* we call heat4 ,& by :at am\nt ! "o is ! ga9]1 by t am\nt is ! o!r ! los]4 ,b we h no reason to suppose t ! l takes place 9 ! orig9 ( ! m5tal concomitants ( neural *anges4 ,no portion ( ! bra9's /ore ( physical en]gy is dra9$ (f to =m ! rivulet ( consci\sness4 ,n[1 :5ev] we speak ( a product else:]e 9 nature1 we mean a specializ$ bit ( some?+ pre-exi/5t4 ,wat] is ! product ( pre-exi/+ oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,heat is ! product ( o!r =ms ( en]gy4 ,b ?is is n s on ! fir/ hypo!sis1 accord+ to :i* consci\sness em]ges :5 ! functional activity ( ! n]v\s sy/em rea*es a c]ta9 level & ord] ( complexity4 ,! m5tal concomitants are n 8products10 9 ! recogniz$ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh on ?is hypo!sis we may /ill speak ( :at 0 t]m$ above evolutional cont9uity 9 ! m5tal concomitants1 !re is no?+ analog\s to ei!r developm5tal or g]m9al cont9uity4 ,on ! second hypo!sis1 accord+ to :i* s5ti5ce is ! concomitant ( all organic behavi\r1 su* developm5tal & g]m9al cont9uity1 or _! analogues 9 ! psy*ical ord] ( be+1 are r5d]$ conceivable4 ,consci\sness is reg>d$ z a develop$ =m ( s5ti5ce4 ,b ! s5ti5ce is :olly hypo!tical4 ,x is at be/ a 8may be10 & its exi/5ce is incapable ( pro(4 ,& sci5ce is rightly impati5t ( hypo!ses ! validity ( :i* _c 9 any way be v]ifi$4 ,our safe/ c\rse1 !re=e1 is to accept t :i* is common to bo? hypo!ses1 evolutional cont9uity1 & = ! re/ to be cont5t ) a confession ( ignorance4 ,we h already drawn att5tion to ! fact t m]e s5ti5ce1 if x exi/s1 has no p[] ( guidance ov] organic behavi\r2 b consci\sness1 :5 x em]ges1 is a concomitant ( n]v\s processes :i* det]m9e ! nature & direction ( su* n]ve-*anges z are ! antec$5ts ( intellig5t behavi\r4 ,! /eps by :i* ?is control is e/abli%$ are unkn[n4 ,x is1 inde$1 probable t consci\s guidance arises z an accompanim5t ( ! diff]5tiation ( controll+ c5tres f ! automatic c5tres ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 b ( h[ ?is takes place we are z ignorant z we are ( _m o!r diff]5tiations 9 ! c\rse ( embryological developm5t & evolutional progress4 ,( ^? n]v\s arrangem5ts )9 ! bra9 :i* are ! physiological concomitants ( ! f> lat] m5tal processes ( reflection1 ab/raction1 g5]alization1 & ! =mation ( ideals1 we are1 if x be possible1 ev5 yet m pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,nor w\ld x s]ve any good purpose to indulge 9 speculation :]e !re are n ev5 ! data to enable u s mu* z to haz>d a probable guess4 ,! utmo/ we are ju/ifi$ 9 attempt+ is to %[ h[ organic behavi\r leads up to & af=ds ! requisite data = ! ex]cise ( intellig5ce1 & h[ bo? supply ! necess>y prelim9>y /ages 9 ! developm5t & evolution ( :at1 foll[+ ,dr4 ,/\t1 we h t]m$ ideational process4 ,?is we h endeav\r$ to d 9 prec$+ pages2 & all t is n[ requir$ is to conclude our inquiry ) a brief summ>y by :i* ! results1 z af=d+ "s basis = evolutional cont9uity1 may be focuss$4 ,we reg>d reflex action & in/9ctive behavi\r1 broadly consid]$1 z g5etically prior to t :i* is intellig5t4 ,_! developm5t 9 ! individual & _! evolution 9 ! race are rea*$ by ! diff]5tiation & integration ( n]ve-c5tres4 ,9 ! abdom9al region ( ! crayfi%1 = example1 special c5tres are diff]5tiat$ = ! behavi\r ( ea* pair ( swimm]ets2 b ^! are s integrat$ t ! :ole s]ies ( l abdom9al app5dages sw+ rhy?mically ) co-ord9at$ movem5ts4 ,n[1 :5 a s5sorium is develop$1 x does n h to gr\p by an act ( consci\s selection & delib]ate arrangem5t ! multiplicity ( scatt]$ s5sory data :i* x receives2 x does n h to organize f div]se & hi!rto unrelat$ elem5ts "s sort ( sy/em 9 exp]i5ce3 x receives !m z a physiological h]itage already gr\p$1 & to "s ext5t organiz$4 ,/imulus & response are organically l9k$2 & )9 ! response inh]it$ co-ord9ations1 (t5 exce$+ly complex1 af=d a correlat$ gr\p ( s5sory data4 ,j 9 s f> z organic h]$ity has provid$ a work+ sy/em ( bodily p>ts1 does consci\sness receive sy/ematic in=mation ( _! ord]ly work+4 ,no d\bt x is true t ! developm5t & evolution ( ! s5sorium proce$s p>i passu ) ! developm5t & evolution ( reflex actions comp\nd$ & co-ord9at$ to give rise to in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,no d\bt ! progress ( ! "o is 9 close t\* & relation ) ! progress ( ! o!r2 = su* relation receives ! emphatic sanction ( utility4 ,/ill x is none ! less true t 9 individual developm5t1 z 9 racial evolution1 ! organic takes ! lead4 ,:at is intellig5tly acquir$ is some?+ add$ to t :i* has be5 engra9$1 ?r\gh natural selection or o!rwise1 z a pot5tiality ( ! g]m9al sub/ance4 ,:at we h fir/ to note1 !n1 is t organic evolution provides ready-gr\p$ data to consci\sness4 ,! second po9t is1 t ! g]ms ( ab/raction & g5]alization1 or r processes :i* are ! precursors ( ab/raction & g5]alization1 arise1 & _c fail to arise1 9 ! g5esis ( exp]i5ce f ! p]=mance ( inh]it$ responses1 & f ! coalesc5ce ( _! results into a consci\s situation4 ,to a q "y *ick ,i gave pieces ( yell[ orange peel1 :i* 7 f\nd to be di/a/eful & reject$4 ,9 ,dr4 ,/\t's phraseology1 !y acquir$ mean+ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,c "o d\bt t ! col\r & ta/e 7 ?us r5d]$ pr$om9ant1 & t ! %ape1 size1 & o!r qualities ( ! bits ( orange peel rema9$ practically unnotic$8 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ! *ick 0 giv5 *opp$ & crumbl$ egg2 ! fragm5ts ( 8:ite0 7 eat51 b ! bits ( h>d-boil$ yolk 7 unt\*$4 ,!y possess$ a suffici5t g5]al resemblance to ! orange peel to c>ry ! same mean+4 ,9 _m ways p>ticul> qualities ( objects are emphasiz$ 9 s f> z !y incite to behavi\r2 !y =m c5tres ( biological int]e/1 j z ! ab/ract quality ( ideational ?\ght is ! c5tre ( rational int]e/ on a high] plane ( m5tal developm5t4 ,& 9 _m ways objects pres5t+ c]ta9 sali5t features 9 common1 amid diff]5ces :i* rema9 unnotic$1 are unconsci\sly gr\p$ z ! />t+-po9ts ( simil> p]ceptual situations1 j z 9 ! g5]alization ( ideational ?\ght simil> relation%ips are delib]ately gr\p$ z ! />t+-po9ts ( l conceptual situations4 ,bo? are purposive & h an end1 :i* we z inve/igators are able to assign2 b only = reflection & conceptual ?\ght are !y also purposeful--! end be+ =ese5 & realiz$1 n only by ! inve/igators1 b by ! ag5t conc]n$4 ,& ! purpose or end itself is 9 ! two cases diff]5t4 ,9 ! "o case x is ! biological end ( practical behavi\r2 9 ! o!r case x is ! rational end ( explanation--ab/raction & g5]alization be+ delib]ately us$ z a means to ?is latt] end4 ,! "q has aga9 & aga9 be5 ask$3 ,d animals reason8 ,& diff]5t answ]s are giv5 by ^? :o are sub/antially 9 agreem5t z to ! facts & _! int]pretation1 b are n 9 agreem5t z to _! use ( ! ^w 8reason40 ,p]haps1 if ! "q assume ! =m--,are animals capable ( expla9+ _! own acts & ! causes ( ph5om5a8--! position ( ^? :o f9d ! evid5ce ( _! do+ s insuffici5t may be plac$ 9 a cle>] light4 ,?is is :at is g5]ally meant by ! /atem5t t animals h probably n rea*$ ! level ( rational be+s4 ,b ev5 if !y h n rea*$ ?is level1 _! p]ceptual processes supply ! antec$5t conditions :i* are necess>y if ?is level is to be atta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( fur!r evolution4 ,we h se5 t1 ev5 9 relatively simple cases1 :]e consci\s situations m>k only ! beg9n+s ( intellig5ce1 !re is a biological emphasis ( "s1 r ?an o!rs1 among :at we call ! qualities ( objects1 & !re is a gr\p+1 on biological gr\nds1 ( c]ta9 ?+s :i* h "s quality 9 common--su*1 = example1 z be+ fit = food4 ,"h we h at ! outset ( p]ceptual developm5t ! g]ms ( processes :i* are ! precursors ( ! ab/raction & g5]alization ( ideational ?\ght4 ,& 9 ! m complex consci\s situations ( ! high] animals ^! processes atta9 to su* degree ( developm5t z is necess>y to secure m difficult & m remote biological ends1 until all t is necess>y1 = _! rational use1 is ! quick5+ t\* ( a new purpose1 t ( explanation4 ,we h se5 t1 ?r\gh :at ,dr4 ,/\t t]ms 8manipulation10 & ,pr(essor ,groos 8exp]im5tation0--names appli$ to a type ( behavi\r widely exemplifi$ among ! high] animals1--?+s1 z ! nuclei ( consci\s situations1 become diff]5tiat$ f ! environm5t4 ,"o c h>dly "q t a fly to ! tr\t1 a ball to ! kitt51 a bone to ! puppy are ?+s di/+ui%$ f _! surr\nd+s1 & t !y become m>k$ (f z special c5tres ( int]e/4 ,"h on ! p]ceptual plane is a process :i* is ! antec$5t ( ! conception ( quasi-indep5d5t objects on ! ideational plane4 ,= rational ?\ght ! ?+1 z object1 is n only ! c5tre ( a practical situation lead+ to behavi\r ( direct or indirect biological value1 b is ! nucleus ar\nd :i* we build all ! qualities :i* are asc]ta9$ by m elaborate manipulation & exp]im5tation c>ri$ out delib]ately & ( set purpose = rational ends4 ,x becomes capable ( def9ition ) ! aim ( expla9+ :at are its *>act]i/ics z an object4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! high] animals become intimately & practically acqua9t$ ) _! environm5t4 ,! dog :o accompanies 8 ma/] 9 _m a ramble1 ! horse :o c>ries him aga9 & aga9 ov] all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 has a good p]ceptual k ( a some:at ext5d$ environm5t4 ,& ?is1 aga91 is ! precursor ( ! f> m ext5d$ conceptual k :i* leads up at la/ to a rational conception ( ! univ]se ( objects 9 _! v>i$ relation%ips4 ,b only ?r\gh ! conc5tration ( ?\ght r5d]$ possible by mu* true ab/raction & g5]alization1--only ?r\gh dis5tangl+ ! relation%ips & regr\p+ !m = ! purpose ( fram+ an ideal s*eme1--only1 9 %ort1 by explanation & = ! sake ( explanation is ?is difficult process br\ght to a m or less successful issue4 ,aga91 !re c be little d\bt t ! high] animals1 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce begott5 ( behavi\r1 rea* a p]ceptual s5s+ ( ! bodily self1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce d]iv$ f ! non-project+ s5ses1 9 pa9 & sickness1 & (t51 we may hope1 9 ! s5se ( well-be+1 & ! joy ( exi/5ce4 ,!y d n probably set ?is self 9 anti!sis to ! n-self4 ,t comes ) reflection1 & is ! result ( ideal con/ruction bas$ on ! analysis ( exp]i5ce1 ) a view to rea*+ "s explanation ( ! g5esis ( exp]i5ce4 ,b 9 _! p]ceptual aw>5ess ( ! embodi$ self1 !y h t k9d ( consci\sness :i* af=ds ! necess>y data1 = ! lat] conception ( ! self--:5 exp]i5ce is pol>iz$ into its subjective & objective aspects & ?us is expla9$1 s f> z sci5ce c expla9 x2 sugge/+1 inde$1 long ere sci5ce has atta9$ ?is end1 metaphysical explanations by ref]5ce to und]ly+ causes--too (t5 accept$ z an easy sub/itute = ! difficult trac+ out ( ! antec$5t conditions :i* sci5ce endeav\rs pa9fully & by sl[ /eps to =mulate4 ,x is unnecess>y to d m ?an rem9d ! read] t we h f\nd t su* processes z att5tion & imitation pass ?r\gh in/9ctive & intellig5t /ages :i* are ! precursors ( ! ideational /age1 :]e !y rea* a high] expression z delib]ately consci\s acts4 ,9 ! "y bird t in/9ctively pecks at "s small1 p]haps mov+1 ?+1 :i* =ms ! />t+ po9t ( a piece ( responsive behavi\r1 we h att5tion 9 ! g]m4 ,:5 exp]i5ce has caus$ ! ?+ to acquire mean+1 att5tion passes into a succe$+ intellig5t phase2 b only :5 we desire to expla9 ?is mean+1 & att5tion ?us has a delib]ate purpose1 d we f9d x ent]+ ^u its high] ideational c>e]4 ,s1 too1 z we h se51 imitation is at fir/ a specializ$ =m ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 :]e ! response is se5 to resemble t :i* /imulates x4 ,lat] x becomes intellig5t :5 ! repetition ( ! imitative behavi\r is due to ! satisfaction x introduces into ! consci\s situation4 ,!n1 at la/1 x rea*es ! ideational /age1 :]e reflection gives rise to an ideal1 :i* is to be realiz$ 9 conduct4 ,! imitation by ! *ild ( its old] companions is at fir/ probably intellig5t2 b :5 ! *ild beg9s to consid] :y x imitates ^! & n ^? among its companions1 he is pass+ to ! ideal /age1 & imitation becomes ! s9c]e/ =m ( h]o-wor%ip4 ,! boy :o m]ely imitates 8 eld] bro!rs play+ at soldi]s because he gets satisfaction f s do+1 becomes ! subalt]n :o has 8 ideal soldi]1 & w face dea? firmly r ?an fall bel[ 8 conception ( h[ su* a soldi] %\ld behave4 ,we ne$ n aga9 attempt to indicate h[ among animals we h ! p]ceptual precursors ( ! /hetic & e?ical concepts4 ,b we may rem9d ! read] t we endeav\r$ to %[ t int]communication _h its f\ndation 9 in/9ctive s\nds2 & t x pass$ into ! intellig5t /age 9 ! p]ceptual life1 :5 ^! s\nds acquir$ mean+1 & h5ce became guides to behavi\r4 ,?is is especially in/ructive f our pres5t /&po9t1 s9ce x is probable t ! passage ( communication f ! indicat+ to ! descriptive /age af=d$ ! conditions "u :i* rational ?\ght 0 evolv$4 ,= su* ?\ght x is ess5tial t att5tion %\ld be focuss$ on ! relation%ips ( ?+s4 ,& no description is possible )\t mak+ di/9ctly pres5t to consci\sness ^! relation%ips1 9 "t & space1 ! data = :i* are abundantly pres5t 9 ! p]ceptual life1 ?\gh lurk+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 & ne$+ some?+ to fix !m & to aid consci\sness 9 di/+ui%+ !m cle>ly4 ,9 descriptive communication p>ts ( spee*1 or _! initial equival5ts1 af=d fixation po9ts = ^! relation%ips1 & s]ve to r5d] !m di/9ct4 ,if ! read] w try to describe ev5 ! simple/ occurr5ce )\t introduc+ ! symbols = ! relations :i* ! ev5ts be> to ea* o!r1 8 failure w s]ve to br+ home h[ ess5tial a feature ?is is4 ,9 social communication1 !n1 we probably h ! key to ! passage f p]ceptual to ideational process2 & 9 ?is passage description is ! antec$5t (1 & af=ds ! conditions to1 explanation4 ,words1 moreov]1 z we h already said1 =m ! pegs ^u :i* we c hang up1 = ready ref]5ce1 ! products ( ab/raction & g5]alization1 or1 to modify ! analogy1 !y =m ! bodies ( :i* ^! products are ! rational s\l4 ,if we are ev] to trace ! passage f ! in/9ctive ?r\gh ! indicat+ /age ( communication1 & s onw>ds ?r\gh ! beg9n+s ( description to its high] levels1 & ?us to ! use ( language z a m$ium ( explanation1 x mu/ be ?r\gh *ild-/udy4 ,9 e normal human *ild ! passage does actually take place1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 9 a cond5s$ & abbreviat$ =m z an epitomiz$ recapitulation 9 individual developm5t1 ( ! /eps ( evolutional progress4 ,?us we may obta9 a key to ! solution ( "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems 9 evolution by cont9u\s process--t ( ! transition f animal behavi\r to human conduct4 ,,index ,a ,ab/ract & g5]al ideas1 #eg ,ab/raction1 #aff2 g]ms (1 #ccb ff4 ,accel]ation1 #bej ,accommodation def9$1 #cf ,acquir$ *>act]s1 inh]itance (1 #ce1 #aaj ,acquir$ in/9cts 7,wundt71 #ff1 #ajf ,acquisition def9$1 #cf2 ultimately dep5d5t on natural selection1 #bhi ,adaptation def9$1 #cg ,,addison on in/9ct1 #fc /hetics1 animal1 #bgj ,aff]5t & eff]5t impulses1 #cb1 #aja ,aid1 mutual1 among animals1 #bbg ,ammophila mode ( /++ prey1 #ge2 ( c>ry+ prey1 #gf2 deposition ( egg1 #gg2 intellig5t behavi\r (1 #abg ,amba1 #bif ,antl]s ( de]1 #ae ,ants1 behavi\r (1 #abc2 int]communication (1 #aih2 social communities (1 #bje ,aporus1 intellig5t behavi\r (1 #abf ,appreciation1 g]ms (1 #bgc ,ard\r ( male 9 c\rt%ip1 #bfi ,argyromba1 in/9cts (1 #gi ,arre/ ( developm5t 9 egg1 #ad ,association 9 coalesc5t situation1 #df ,att5tion1 #bdb ,,audubon on ,am]ican night-hawks1 #bfa ,,avebury1 ,"l1 on ants1 #aih2 on ,van1 #bjj2 on aphides & ants1 #bad2 on slave ants1 #bae2 on intellig5ce ( ants1 #bah ,b ,,baldw91 ,pr(4 ,m>k1 on organic selection1 #cg 7note71 #aae2 on functional selection1 #afc2 on imitation1 #agi ff42 on projective /age ( developm5t1 #bge ,batesian mimicry1 #afe ,,be*/e9 on can>ies1 #bfb ,bees1 hom+ (1 #aca2 social communities (1 #bje ,beetle solicit+ food f ant1 #bac ,bembex mode ( c>ry+ prey1 #gf ,,be!1 ,dr41 on in/9ctive behavi\r ( ants1 #bag ,,b9et1 ,m41 on infusoria1 #f ,biological value ( play1 #bej2 purpose1 #bid2 aspect ( animal behavi\r1 #cje ,bir*-weevil1 leaf-case (1 #aba ,birds1 in/9ct (1 #hd ,bison1 behavi\r ( !1 #bbf ,,blackburn1 ,mrs4 ,hugh1 on in/9ct ( cuckoo1 #ij ,,blockmann1 ,dr41 on componotus1 #baj ,,bolton on goldf9*es' ne/s1 #acf ,b[]-bird1 obs]vations on1 #bfa1 #bgc ,,buckman1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,s41 on spee* ( *ildr51 #bjc ,,budgett1 ,mr4 ,john ,s41 on ne/-build+1 #ace ,bullf9*1 ne/ (1 #ace ,c ,,cam]on1 ,mr41 on mimetic insects 9 ants' ne/1 #bab ,can>ies' ne/1 build+ (1 #ace ,canon ( int]pretation1 #bgj ,capacity1 innate1 #agf ,capu*9 monkey1 imitation 91 #ahh1 #bgh ,,c>p5t]1 ,w4 ,b41 on wat]-beetle1 #bii ,catasetum1 f]tilization (1 #bi ,cats1 ,pr(4 ,?orndike's exp]im5ts on1 #adg1 #ahd ,causation1 idea (1 #beg ,cell-division 9 egg1 #ad ,c]c]is1 in/9cts (1 #gd2 locality /udies (1 #abi ,*alicodoma1 p>asites (1 #gh2 ,fabre's obs]vations on1 #acj ,*ick swimm+1 #he2 in/9cts (1 #he ff42 imitation 91 #ahc ,*ild-/udy1 desirability (1 #aee1 #ccg ,*oice1 app>5t 9 ,p>amecia1 #i2 9 ! pair+ situation1 #bff ,cili>y action 9 ,p>amecium1 #d-aj ,circul> process 7,baldw971 #aha ,cleps9e1 behavi\r (1 #aei ,coalesc5ce 9 consci\s situation1 #df ,co9cid5t v>iations def9$1 #cg2 survival (1 #aae1 #agd ,communities1 social1 ( bees & ants1 #bje ,companion z c5tre ( special int]e/1 #bdd ,componotus1 communities (1 #baj ,conation & impulse1 #ahg1 #bce ,concept1 nature (1 #afg ,cond5sation ( exp]i5ce1 #afc ,conduct implies motive1 #fj2 & ideal1 #bgh ,cong5ital responses1 #da ,conjugation 9 ,p>amecium1 #d ,connate in/9cts1 #ff1 #fi ,consci5ce1 ambiguity ( ^w1 #bha ,consci\s accompanim5ts ( c]ta9 organic *anges1 #db2 aspect ( in/ructive behavi\r1 #ii ,consci\sness1 z accompanim5t & z guide1 #cd2 effective1 def9$1 #dc2 z heir to organic e/ate1 #eb2 z epiph5om5on1 #cjf ,cons5ti5ce1 #ec1 #fb ,consonance ( biological & psy*ological end1 #bhf1 #caf ,con/ancy ( environm5t leads to /]eotyp$ behavi\r1 #agc ,cont9uity 9 evolution1 #cbd2 ?reefold aspect (1 #cbi ,control1 ! sign ( effective consci\sness1 #dc ,co-ord9at$ acts1 #fi1 #ajj2 inh]it$1 #id1 #ie ,corporate behavi\r1 #ad ,c\rt%ip 9 animals1 #bei ,coyness ( female birds1 #bfd ff4 ,cranial s5se-organs1 #cja ,crayfi%1 reflex action 91 #bih ,creation1 special1 #big ,crit]ia ( effective consci\sness1 #dc2 ( intellig5ce1 #abj ,cruelty 9 cat1 #bgg ,cuckoo1 in/9ct ( ne/l+1 #ij ,d ,,d>w91 ,*>les1 fig4 ( sun-dew leaf1 #bf2 ( ,v5us's fly-trap1 #bg2 ( catasetum1 #ca2 on e>?worms1 #aeh2 on social life ( animals1 #bbe2 on human ance/ry1 #bbi2 on play & practise1 #bei2 on sexual selection1 #bfb ff42 on law ( battle1 #cac ,,davis1 ,pr(4 ,a9swor?1 on limpets1 #aef ,,dean1 ,dr4 ,ba%=d1 on *ick swimm+1 #he ,deceit 9 animals1 #bhj ,def]r$ in/9cts1 #gj ,def9it5ess ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 #ff ,description1 involves relational t]ms1 #bjb ,didunculus1 *ang$ habits 91 #bba ,diff]5tiation & integration ( n]ve-c5tres1 #afg ,dis9tegration ( in/9cts1 #agf ,div+1 in/9ctive1 #hf ,dog1 obs]vations on1 intellig5ce (1 #ada ff41 #aeb1 #bjj1 #bga1 #cbb ,duckl+1 inh]it$ co-ord9ation 91 #if ,dytiscus1 in/9ct (1 #ajd ,e ,e>?worms1 ,d>w9's obs]vations on1 #aeh ff4 ,education 9 play1 #bee1 #cbj ff4 ,effective consci\sness def9$1 #dc ,eff]5t & aff]5t impulses1 #cb1 #aja ,egg1 cell-division 91 #ad ,,eim]1 ,?41 on in/9cts ( solit>y wasps1 #gc2 on orig9 ( in/9cts1 #ajh ,emotions1 & feel+s1 #bce ff42 psy*ological nature (1 #bdf2 evolution (1 #bhb ,en]gy /or$ 9 cell1 #bc ,equilibrium1 t5d5cy to1 #bif ,eri/alis1 mimicry (1 #afd ,,esp9as1 ,pr(41 on social life ( animals1 #bcj ,e?ics1 animal1 #bgj ,evolution ( organic behavi\r1 #ce2 ( consci\sness1 #fa2 ( in/9ctive behavi\r1 #ajf2 ( intellig5t behavi\r1 #aee2 ( social behavi\r1 #bbe2 ( feel+ & emotion1 #bhb2 ( animal behavi\r1 #bie2 z cont9u\s1 #cbd ff4 ,exp]i5ce1 ( value = future guidance1 #dd2 is x inh]it$8 #dh1 #ig2 cond5sation (1 #afc ,exp]im5tation1 #bea1 #bec ,explanation1 *>act]i/ic ( lat] phases ( m5tal developm5t1 #eh1 #beg ,explosive nature ( cell1 #ba ,expression ( emotions1 #bdg ,ext]nal /imuli to in/9ctive behavi\r1 #ajb ,f ,,fabre on behavi\r ( ,sphex1 #gg1 #agb2 ( ,*alicodoma1 #gh1 #abi2 ( ,leucopsis1 #gi2 ( ,pompilus1 #abi ,faculty1 in/9ctive1 #fd ,falcons1 tra9+ (1 #acg ,fe> 9 birds n inh]it$ 9 specific direction1 #di1 #aaj ,feel+s & emotion1 #bce ff42 evolution (1 #bhb2 feel+-tone1 #bdj ,f]ns1 f]tilization (1 #bd ,f]tilization ( f]ns1 #bd2 ( ,valisn]ia1 #bh2 ( or*ids1 #bi ,,f9n1 ,mr4 ,frank1 on ! acquisition ( exp]i5ce by "y birds1 #ej ,fission1 reproduction ( ,p>amecium by1 #d ,flight1 in/9ctive1 #hf ,,=el on ,componotus1 #baa ,,fo/]1 ,sir ,mi*ael1 on consci\sness accompany+ reflex action 9 pi!d frog1 #cc ,frog1 reflex action 91 #cc1 #bii1 #cjj ,functional selection1 #afc ,fungus g>d5 ( ants1 #baf ,g ,,g>n]1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,l41 8,! ,spee* ( ,monkeys10 #aih ,gas-eng9e1 analogy (1 #bj ,g5]al & ab/ract ideas1 #eg2 g5]alization1 #afg2 g]ms (1 #ccb ff4 ,g5]ic image1 #afb2 situations1 #afc ,g]m9al sub/ance1 cont9uity (1 #cbh ,,g\ld1 ,dr41 on humm+-birds1 #bgc ,,gre51 ,mr4 ,e4 ,g41 on ants1 #baj ,gre5f9*1 ne/ (1 #ace ,,groos1 ,pr(41 on in/9ct1 #fd2 orig9 (1 #aaf2 on imitation1 #ahg2 on animal play1 #bdh ff42 on 8,love ,play10 #bei2 on coyness ( female birds1 #bfd2 on *oice 9 mat+1 #bfg2 on make-believe1 #bhj ,h ,habits & habitual acts1 #ajg1 #agg ,,hague on ants1 #aii ,,ham]ton1 ,p4 ,g41 on tra9$ dog1 #aeb ,,hancock1 ,dr4 ,john1 on cuckoo1 #ib ,h]$ity & circum/ance1 #ci2 tw(old aspect (1 #dj2 relation ( to use1 #agj1 #agg2 9 evolution z cont9u\s1 #cbf ,hom+ ( bees1 #aca ,homopa?ic influ5ce def9$1 #cf ,honey-pot ant1 #bae ,h\se-m>t91 ne/-build+ (1 #aac ,,hudson1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h41 on fe> 9 birds1 #di1 #ej1 #aaj2 on animal gladness1 #cag ,hunt+ play1 #bed ,,huxley1 ,t4 ,h41 on reflex action 9 frog1 #cjj2 on consci\sness z epiph5om5on1 #cjf ff42 on consci\sness z product ( n]v\s *anges1 #ccj ,,hyde1 ,mr41 on k+-crab1 #bih ,hydract9ia1 colonial polype1 #bjf ,i ,ideals1 di/+ui% e?ics1 #bgh ,ideational /age ( m5tal developm5t1 #ei ,imitation1 #agi ff42 ?ree /ages ( 9 *ild1 #aib ,impulse 9 intellig5t behavi\r1 #fj2 ,pr(4 ,?orndike's use ( ! t]m1 #ahf2 connection ( ) conative process1 #bce ,indep5d5ce ( automatic & controll+ c5tres1 #dc ,infant1 cong5ital responses 91 #ed ,influ5ce ( intellig5ce on in/9ct1 #afi ,inh]itance ( acquisitiv5ess1 #dj ,innate capacity1 #agf2 likes & dislikes1 #aai ,insects1 in/9ctive behavi\r 91 #ga2 intellig5t behavi\r 91 #abc ,in/9ct1 broad] & n>r[] view (1 #ii2 prim>y & second>y1 #ajh1 #aji2 influ5ce ( intellig5ce on1 #afi2 priority (1 to intellig5ce1 #agc2 dis9tegration (1 #age ,in/9ctive behavi\r def9$1 #fc2 9 insects1 #ga2 9 birds1 #hd2 consci\s aspect (1 #ih ,integration & diff]5tiation ( n]ve-c5tres1 #afg ,intellig5ce laps$1 #ajg2 influ5ce (1 on in/9ct1 #afi2 ( ants1 ,"l ,avebury on1 #bah2 biological importance (1 #caj ,intellig5t behavi\r1 #aag2 evolution (1 #aee ,intellig5t process di/+ui%$ f rational1 #ei1 #ach ,int]communication1 #aic1 #ccf ,int]e/1 #bdc ,int]nal factors 9 in/9ctive behavi\r1 #ajb ,irritability1 fundam5tal1 prop]ty ( protoplasm1 #bdj1 #bif ,j ,,james1 ,pr(4 ,wm41 !ory ( emotions1 #bdf1 #bib ,jays1 ba?+ (1 #hi2 mode ( tak+ food1 #id ,,j5n] on cuckoo1 #ib ,,j5n+s1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,s41 on behavi\r ( ,p>amecia1 #e ,k ,,k]n]1 ,dr41 on sun-dew1 #bf2 on s5sitive ,oxalis1 #bg2 on ,valisn]ia1 #bi ,k+-crab1 reflex action 91 #bih ,,knight1 ,&rew1 on ,norwegian ponies1 #aaj ,,kropotk9e1 ,pr9ce1 on mutual aid among animals1 #bbg ,l ,lam>ckian hypo!sis1 #afi1 #aga1 #agg ,language1 nature (1 #aie ,,lanke/]1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,ray1 on small-bra9$ mammal1 #afh ,lapw+1 in/9ctive behavi\r (1 #aac ,law ( battle1 #cac ,lee*1 obs]vation on1 #aei ,leucopsis1 in/9cts (1 #gi ,,lewes1 ,g4 ,h41 on laps$ intellig5ce1 #ajg ,limpets1 obs]vations on1 #aef ,,l9dley1 ,dr41 on *ildr51 #ada ,locality1 /udies by wasps1 #abh ,,locke1 ,john1 limitations ( animals1 #afg ,m ,,mack5zie1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,s41 on e?ics1 #bgh2 on consci5ce1 #bha2 on ambiguity ( ^w 8pleasure10 #bhe ,make-believe1 #bhj ,mammals1 e>ly small-bra9$1 #afh ,manipulation 7,/\t71 #bea ,,m>*al1 ,pr(41 on in/9cts ( ,c]c]is1 #gd ,,m>%all1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,r41 on in/9ct1 #ff ,m>t91 ne/-build+ (1 #aac ,,m>t9eau1 ,james1 on pleasure & pa91 #bhd ,,maupas1 ,m41 obs]vations on infusoria1 #d ,,may]1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,g41 on mat+ in/9ct ( mo?s1 #hc ,,mccook1 ,dr41 on ants1 #bad ,mean+1 ,dr4 ,/\t's use ( t]m1 #df1 #bdc1 #bfh ,,m$licott1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,b41 on behavi\r ( wild pigs1 #aif ,megapodes1 in/9ctive flight (1 #hg ,melo1 in/9cts (1 #ha ,m5tal developm5t1 /ages (1 #dh1 #ef ,,m]ci]1 ,dr4 ,*>les1 on crit]ia ( intellig5ce1 #abj ,metaphysical explanations1 #ai2 aspect ( in/9ct1 #fd2 ( impulse1 #bcg2 ( purpose1 #bid2 ( w1 #cjg2 ( life1 #cbe ,,mills1 ,pr(4 ,wesley1 on social influ5ce on puppy1 #bbj ,miltogramma1 p>asitic fly1 #acd ,mimicry1 ,batesian & ,mll]ian1 #afe2 intellig5t aspect (1 #caa ,modifiability1 #aga ,modification1 def9$1 #cf2 relation (1 to h]$it>y *>act]s1 #agj ,m,,ll]1 ,h]r1 on fungus g>d5 ( ants1 #baf ,moni/ic hypo!sis1 #cji1 #cae ,monkey1 capu*91 imitation 91 #ahh ,monodontom]us1 in/9cts (1 #gi ,moor-h51 div+ (1 #hi ,mo?s mat+1 in/9ct (1 #hc ,motive 9 rational conduct1 #fj ,movem5t plays1 #bea ,m,,ll]1 ,pr(4 ,max1 on b>ri] betwe5 brute & man1 #bjd ,mll]ian mimicry1 #afe1 #aff ,my/]y ( life1 #ah ,n ,natural selection1 %ield+ ( *icks f1 #aaa2 "u uni=m & v>iable circum/ances1 #age2 9 playtime ( life1 #cai ,n]v\s arc1 #cc2 sy/em ( high] animals1 #big ,ne/-build+1 obs]vations on1 #ace ,,noir on concept1 #afg ,norwegian ponies1 #aji ,nucleus division1 #ab ,o ,object & subject1 #bde1 #bgf ,octopus1 intellig5ce (1 #aeh cophylla1 behavi\r (1 #baj ,or*ids1 f]tilization (1 #bi ,organic basis ( diff]5tiation ( consci\sness1 #ec ,organic behavi\r 9 developm5t1 #ae ,organic selection1 #cg 7note71 #aae ,ov]production ( movem5ts1 #afd ,oxalis1 s5sitive1 behavi\r (1 #bg ,oxybelus1 mode ( c>ry+ prey1 #gf ,p ,,paley1 def9ition ( in/9ct1 #fd ,p>amecium1 behavi\r (1 #c1 #bif ,p>tridge1 note ( "y1 #ic ,,peckham1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w41 on in/9ct1 #fe2 on solit>y wasps1 #gb ff41 #abf ff4 ,peck+ in/9ct ( *icks1 #ic ,peewit1 note ( "y1 #ic ,pelopu1 in/9cts (1 #gb ,p]ceptual /age ( m5tal developm5t1 #ei ,p]sonality1 #bde1 #beg ,pheasants1 note ( "y1 #ib2 inh]it$ co-ord9ation 91 #ie2 plumage ( ,argus1 #bfb ,philan?us1 prey 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elem5ts di/+ui%$ f pres5tative1 #df ,rhyn*ites1 in/9ct (1 #aba ,,romanes1 ,g4 ,j41 on 8discrim9ation0 & 8p]ception0 9 plants1 #cb2 on in/9cts ( solit>y wasps1 #gc2 def9ition ( in/9ct1 #ii2 on prim>y & second>y in/9cts1 #ajh1 #aji2 on ants1 #abf2 on g5]al ideas1 #aff2 on animal communication1 #bja2 on cruelty 9 cat1 #bgg ,,romanes1 ,miss1 obs]vations on capu*9 monkey1 #ahh1 #bgh ,roots ( sp9al n]ves1 #bii ,,ro?ney1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,g41 on ,indian ants1 #bab ,s ,,s*neid]1 on octopus1 #aeh ,,scott1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,h41 on f]n f]tilization1 #be ,scrat*+ 9 duckl+1 #if ,sea anemone1 diffus$ n]v\s sy/em (1 #cb ,second>y in/9cts 7,romanes71 #ajh1 #aji ,segm5tal nature ( c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 #bii ,selection1 functional1 #afc2 natural1 %ield+ ( *icks f1 #aaa2 "u uni=m & v>iable circum/ances1 #age2 9 playtime ( life1 #cai2 sexual1 #bfa ff41 #cac ,self1 z ideal con/ruction1 #bci ,s5ti5ce1 #fb2 orig9 (1 #ccj ,sexual selection1 #bfa ff41 #cac ,,%>p1 ,dr4 ,d41 on bir*-weevil1 #aba2 on cophylla1 #baj ,,%ell>d1 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,may] 8,on ! ,mat+ ,in/9ct ( ,mo?s40 ,ann4 & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #g1 vol4 v41 ,feb41 #aijj1 p4 #ahc4 #cd ,"s ( ! obs]vations on :i* ! summ>y ( results giv5 9 ?is section are f\nd$ are pres5t$ 9 "s detail 9 8,habit & ,in/9ct10 pp4 #bi-ajj4 #ce ,psy*ological ,review1 ,may1 #ahii1 p4 #bhf4 #cf 8,birds f ,moid>t & ,else:]e10 p4 #ajg4 ,ed9burgh3 ,d\glas4 #cg ,transactions ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 vol4 viii41 p4 #bac4 #ch 8,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals10 p4 #aei4 #ci 8,lectures on ,human & ,animal ,psy*ology10 p4 #dja4 #dj 8,in/9ct & ,acquisition10 ,nature1 vol4 xii41 p4 #ejg4 #da ,on ! nature ( impulse1 see infra1 p4 #bce4 #db 8,lectures on ,human & ,animal ,psy*ology10 p4 #dje4 #dc 8,organic ,evolution10 pp4 #bbc1 #bfc1 #beh1 #bgi1 #bgf1 #bih4 #dd 8,essays on ,h]$ity0 7#ahhi71 p4 #ia4 #de ,op4 cit41 pp4 #aif-aih4 #df ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,osborn has also indicat$ ! relation%ip ref]r$ to4 #dg 8,! ,play ( ,animals10 p4 #fd4 #dh 8,solit>y ,wasps10 p4 #bcf4 #di ,see 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,nature1 vol4 xxxi41 p4 #bjj4 #fg ,ibid41 vol4 li41 p4 #abg4 #fh 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #beg4 #fi 8,vegetable ,m\ld & ,e>?worms10 p4 #ie4 #gj ,wood's ,holl ,biological ,lectures 7#ahih71 p4 #bhg4 #ga ,supra1 p4 #dd4 #gb 8,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man10 p4 #bg4 #gc 8,intellig5ce ( ,animals10 p4 #aba4 #gd 8,m5tal ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race--,me?ods & ,processes10 p4 #bgh4 #ge 8,animal ,intellig5ce30 monograph supplem5t to ,psy*ological ,review1 #ahih1 p4 #fa4 #gf ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bfc1 #agb1 #bja1 #acb1 & #bdh 7note74 #gg 8,animal ,intellig5ce10 pp4 #dg-fd4 #gh ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ff1 #ad1 #ae4 #gi ,cf4 infra1 p4 #bce4 #hj 8,! ,play ( ,animals10 ,eng4 trans41 p4 #gi4 #ha 8,habit & ,in/9ct10 pp4 #agd-ahj4 #hb 8,! ,evolution ( ,m9d 9 ,man10 footnote1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 ,quot$ 9 8,introduction to ,comp>ative ,psy*ology10 f :i* ! comm5ts on x are extract$4 #hc 8,! ,spee* ( ,monkeys40 #hd 8,sci5tific ,lectures10 pp4 #aab1 #aah4 #he ,nature1 vol4 vii41 p4 #ddc4 #hf 8,! ,s5ses ( ,animals10 p4 #bgg4 #hg 8,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man10 p4 #ajj4 #hh ,op4 cit41 p4 #age4 #hi ,comp>e *ap4 xiii41 on 8,! ,p]ception ( ,relations10 9 my 8,introduction to ,comp>ative ,psy*ology40 #ij ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may1 #ahig1 pp4 #gic-hjg4 #ia ,%>p1 8,insects10 "p ii41 p4 #adg4 #ib ,nature1 vol4 lxii41 p4 #bec 7,july #ab1 #aijj74 #ic ,! quotation is f 8,! ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory10 vol4 vi41 8,insects10 "p ii41 by ,david ,%>p1 ,f4,r4,s42 see pp4 #ade1 #adf4 #id ,%>p1 op4 cit41 p4 #adg4 #ie ,g4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ro?ney1 8,notes on ,indian ,ants10 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc41 #ahhi1 p4 #ced4 #if ,%>p1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbf4 #ig ,"l ,avebury 7,sir ,john ,lubbock71 quot$ 9 ,romanes' 8,animal ,intellig5ce10 pp4 #fb1 #fc4 #ih ,"l ,avebury 7,sir ,john ,lubbock71 8,sci5tific ,lectures10 pp4 #gh1 #gi4 #ii ,nature1 vol4 xlvii41 p4 #cic 7,aug41 #ahic71 :]e ,a4 ,mll]'s inve/igations are describ$ by ,j4 ,c4 ,willis4 #ajj ,a4 ,be!1 8,drf5 wir d5 ,ameis5 und ,bi55 psy*is*e ,qualitt5 ,zus*reib510 ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv41 lxx41 #ahih4 #aja ,see p4 #cg4 #ajb ,supra1 p4 #ach4 #ajc 8,sci5tific ,lectures10 pp4 #hj-hb4 #ajd ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society1 #ahgd1 p4 #ahd4 #aje 8,sci5tific ,lectures10 #bnd edit41 p4 #adj4 #ajf ,weismann1 8,essays10 vol4 ii41 p4 #ej4 #ajg ,huxley1 8,collect$ ,essays10 vol4 vii41 p4 #aee4 #ajh 8,! ,desc5t ( ,man10 vol4 i4 p4 #hec1 #bnd ,ed41 #ahhh4 ,! quotations f ,d>w9 9 ?is p>agraph & t :i* foll[s are some:at cond5s$ by a few omissions4 #aji ,vol4 xxviii41 ,sept4 & ,nov41 #ahij1 pp4 #ccg-ced1 #fii-gai4 #aaj ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,feb41 #ahhh1 p4 #afe4 8,collect$ ,essays10 vol4 ix41 p4 #bjd4 #aaa ,op4 cit41 pp4 #gji1 #gaj4 #aab ,page #gaa4 #aac 8,mutual ,aid among ,savages40 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 vol4 xxix4 ,april1 #ahia1 p4 #ech4 #aad 8,desc5t ( ,man10 vol4 i41 p4 #if4 #aae 8,des ,socits ,animales3 tude de ,psy*ologie ,comp>e0 7,p>is1 #ahgg74 #aaf 8,mutual ,aid among ,savages10 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,april1 #ahia1 pp4 #eci1 #edj4 #aag ,page #fc4 #aah ,op4 cit41 p4 #bfg2 cf4 supra1 p4 #ach4 #aai ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t1 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #bfh4 #abj ,ibid41 p4 #cah4 #aba 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #hd4 #abb 8,habit & ,in/9ct10 *4 ix41 p4 #ahf4 #abc 8,lett]s on ! /hetic ,education ( ,mank9d10 xxvii4 #abd 8,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology10 #ecc4 #abe 8,on ! ,orig9 ( ,music10 pp4 #bca1 #bcb4 #abf 8,! ,play ( ,animals10 ,eng4 trans41 p4 #ab4 #abg ,op4 cit41 p4 #g4 #abh ,op4 cit41 p4 #ai4 #abi ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 #acj 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #cbg4 #aca ,op4 cit41 pref41 p4 xx4 #acb ,op4 cit41 p4 #bij4 #acc 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #bff4 #acd ,op4 cit41 p4 #cad4 #ace 8,desc5t ( ,man10 vol4 ii41 p4 #fj1 #bnd edit4 #ahhh4 #acf 8,! ,play ( ,animals10 ,eng4 trans41 p4 #bbi4 #acg ,quot$ by ,groos1 op4 cit41 p4 #bei4 #ach 8,desc5t ( ,man10 vol4 ii41 p4 #gg4 #aci ,d>w91 op4 cit41 p4 #ii4 #adj ,quot$ by ,d>w91 8,desc5t ( ,man10 vol4 ii41 p4 #eh4 #ada 8,desc5t ( ,man10 vol4 ii41 p4 #ef4 #adb 8,habit & ,in/9ct10 p4 #bag4 #adc 8,desc5t ( ,man10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bea4 #add ,op4 cit41 p4 #acg4 #ade 8,d>w9ism10 p4 #bhe4 #adf ,op4 cit41 p4 #bic4 #adg ,op4 cit41 p4 #agb4 #adh ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bhe1 #bhf4 #adi ,op4 cit41 p4 #bhc4 #aej ,op4 cit41 p4 #bdc4 #aea ,op4 cit41 p4 #bdb4 #aeb ,op4 cit41 pref41 p4 xxii4 #aec ,op4 cit41 p4 #bdj4 #aed ,op4 cit41 p4 #bdd4 #aee 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #he4 #aef 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #bc4 #aeg ,op4 cit41 p4 #bb4 #aeh 8,introduction to ,comp>ative ,psy*ology10 p4 #ec4 #aei 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #bff4 #afj 8,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce10 p4 #cdj4 #afa 8,mutual ,developm5t 9 ! ,*ild & ! ,race10 p4 #ai4 #afb ,supra1 p4 #bgj4 #afc 8,animal ,intellig5ce10 p4 #dac4 #afd ,atalanta1 ,jan41 #ahhi4 ,repr9t$ 9 8,animal ,sket*es10 p4 #ag4 #afe 8,! ,play ( ,animals10 p4 #abb4 #aff ,app5dix to 8,animal ,intellig5ce10 p4 #dhf4 #afg 8,manual ( ,e?ics10 p4 #a4 #afh 8,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce10 p4 #djd4 #afi 8,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce10 p4 #djj4 8,introduction to ,comp>ative ,psy*ology10 p4 #cfi4 #agj 8,animal ,intellig5ce10 p4 #ddd4 #aga 8,! ,play ( ,animals10 p4 #bii4 #agb ,op4 cit41 p4 #ade4 #agc 8,manual ( ,e?ics10 pp4 #bhe1 #bhf4 #agd ,/>cke1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vol4 ii41 no4 #c 7,april1 #ahib71 p4 #cdh4 #age 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #bcd4 8,displeasure0 "h means ! feel+ attitude anti!tical to 8pleasure40 #agf ,op4 cit41 p4 #fe4 #agg 8,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory10 vol4 ii41 f4 #cej4 #agh 8,manual ( ,e?ics10 p4 #he4 #agi 8,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology10 vol4 i41 pt4 ii41 *4 ix4 #abe4 #ahj 8,manual ( ,e?ics10 p4 #gb4 #aha 8,life & ,lett]s10 vol4 i41 p4 #caj4 #ahb ,vol4 i41 pt4 ii41 *4 ix41 #abd4 ,i quote f ! valuable 8,epitome0 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,h[>d ,coll9s1 p4 #bad4 #ahc 8,pr9ciples ( ,biology10 revis$ & enl>g$ edit4 7#ahih71 p4 #efj4 #ahd ,f 8,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce10 p4 #chb4 #ahe 8,exp]im5ts on ! ,value ( ,vascul> & ,visc]al ,factors = ! ,g5esis ( ,emotion10 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 lxvi41 pp4 #cij-djc 7#aijj74 #ahf 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #bhh4 #ahg 8,manual ( ,psy*ology10 p4 #acb4 #ahh ,see ,huxley's book on 8,! ,crayfi%10 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 p4 #ajh4 #ahi ,j\rnal ( ,morphology1 vol4 ix4 ,quot$ by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,s4 ,%]r+ton 9 ,! ,m>%all ,hall ,address1 8,on ! ,sp9al ,animal0 7repr9t$ f ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,transactions1 vol4 #hb71 p4 #d4 #aij 8,! ,sp9al ,animal10 p4 #e4 #aia ,op4 cit41 p4 #bc4 #aib 8,collect$ ,essays10 vol4 i41 essay on 8,animal ,automatism10 p4 #bbd4 #aic ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 #aid ,op4 cit41 p4 #bi4 #aie ,op4 cit41 p4 #ah4 #aif ,vide supra1 p4 #cc4 #aig 8,collect$ ,essays10 vol4 i41 p4 #bdj4 #aih ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bch1 #bci4 #aii ,vide supra1 p4 #bhe4 #bjj 8,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata10 pp4 #bhj1 #bha4 #bja 8,psy*ology = ,tea*]s10 p4 #gj4 #bjb ,supra1 p4 #cf4 #bjc ,supra1 p4 #ac4 #bjd 8,collect$ ,essays10 vol4 i41 p4 #bci4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ alongside ! text :i* !y illu/rate1 & may no long] mat* ! locations giv5 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,! foll[+ app>5t errors h be5 correct$3 p4 vii ,,fig *ang$ to ,,fig4 p4 viii ,mr *ang$ to ,mr4 p4 #bi ,figs4 #i *ang$ 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p4 #cdc ,,sp5ce on *ang$ to ,,sp5ce1 on p4 #cdd #ajf4 *ang$ to #ajf p4 #cdd ( #cbg *ang$ to (1 #cbg p4 #cdd #gb ff41 *ang$ to #gb ff42 ,punctuation & spell+ h o!rwise be5 kept z pr9t$4 ,! foll[+ are us$ inconsi/5tly 9 ! text3 al>m-note & al>m note co-exi/$ & coexi/s co-incid5t & co9cid5t dang]-note & dang] note fir/-h& & fir/h& fox-t]ri] & fox t]ri] gr\nd-"w & gr\ndwork int]-communication & int]communication newly-hat*$ & newly hat*$ non-pluss$ & nonpluss$ play-"t & playtime pre-requisite & pr]equisite re-pres5tations & repres5tations re-pres5tative & repres5tative ,romanes's & ,romanes' supra & supra ,v5us's ,fly-trap1 ,v5us's ,fly ,trap & ,v5us's fly-trap