,,light ,,sci5ce4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet ,,light ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,leisure ,,h\rs4 ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,famili> ,,essays ,,on ,,sci5tific ,,subjects1 ,,natural ,,ph5om5a1 c4 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor1 ,,au?or ,,( #8,,! ,,sun' #8,,o!r ,,worlds ,,?an ,,ours' #8,,saturn' ,,etc4 #8,i be> y witness z ye be> to me1 ,"t1 day1 night1 sun1 />s1 life1 dea?1 air1 sea1 e>?4' ,sw9burne4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ahhf4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fif? ,,edition4 ,9 prep>+ ?is edition1 only ^? passages :i* h be5 %[n by rec5t rese>*es to be errone\s h be5 remov$4 ,x has n be5 ?\ght necess>y1 or ev5 desirable1 to modify ! word+ ( ,essays 7by *anges ( t5se or o!rwise7 9 su* a way t1 z ?us modifi$1 ! ,essays might h appe>$ 9 #ahhd4 ,9 _m cases ?is w\ld h be5 altoge!r mislead+1 :]eas1 ) ! dates prefix$ to ! sev]al ,essays1 no misconceptions c arise4 ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition4 ,?is edition has be5 c>efully revis$1 &1 9 p>ts1 consid]ably modifi$4 ,?us ! ,essay on ,brita9's ,coal ,cell>s has be5 add$1 & two ,essays on ,gov]nm5t ,aid to ,sci5ce h be5 remov$4 ,i may m5tion t my views on ! subject ( ! la/-nam$ ,essays h *ang$ altoge!r s9ce ^? ,essays 7 writt5--c]ta9 circum/ances :i* h come "u my obs]vation hav+ conv9c$ me t m mis*ief ?an advantage w\ld result f any wide s*eme = secur+ ,gov]nm5t aid = sci5tific rese>*es4 ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,,london3 ,janu>y #ahgc4 ,,preface ,,to ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,9 prep>+ ^! ,essays1 my *ief object has be5 to pres5t sci5tific tru?s 9 a light & readable =m--cle>ly & simply1 b ) an exact adh]5ce to ! facts z ,i see !m4 ,i h foll[$--"h & always--! rule ( try+ to expla9 my mean+ precisely z ,i %\ld wi% o!rs to expla91 to myself1 matt]s ) :i* ,i 0 unfamili>4 ,h5ce ,i h avoid$ t excessive simplicity :i* "s seem to consid] absolutely ess5tial 9 sci5tific essays int5d$ = g5]al p]usal1 b :i* is (t5 ev5 m p]plex+ ?an a too te*nical /yle4 ,! *ief rule ,i h foll[$1 9 ord] to make my descriptions cle>1 has be5 to endeav\r to make ea* s5t5ce be> "o mean+1 & "o only4 ,speak+ z a read]1 & especially z a read] ( sci5tific books1 ,i v5ture to express an e>ne/ wi% t ?is simple rule 7 nev] infr+$1 ev5 to meet ! requirem5ts ( /yle4 ,x w h>dly be necess>y to m5tion t sev]al ( ! %ort] ,essays are r int5d$ to amuse ?an to in/ruct4 ,! ,essay on ! influ5ce :i* m>riage has be5 suppos$ to ex]t on ! dea?-rate is ! "o ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,d>w9 at page #agf 7vol4 i47 ( 8 #8,desc5t ( ,man4' ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,,london3 ,may #ahga4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,/range ,,discov]ies ,,respect+ ,,! ,,aurora #a ,,! ,,e>? ,a ,,magnet #ad ,,our ,,*ief ,,"t-,,piece ,,los+ ,,"t #cj ,,encke ,,! ,,a/ronom] #df ,,v5us ,,on ,,! ,,sun',s ,,face #di ,,brita9',s ,,coal ,,cell>s #gb ,,! ,,secret ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,pole #ig ,,is ,,! ,,gulf ,,/ream ,a ,,my?8 #aad ,,floods ,,9 ,,switz]l& #acc ,a ,,great ,,tidal ,,wave #ach ,,deep-,,sea ,,dr$g+s #adb ,,! ,,tunnel ,,?r\gh ,,mont ,,c5is #adh ,,tornadoes #aec ,,vesuvius #afg ,,! ,,e>?quake ,,9 ,,p]u #ahi ,,! ,,greate/ ,,sea-,,wave ,,ev] ,,kn[n #aid ,,! ,,usefulness ,,( ,,e>?quakes #baa ,,! ,,=c+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,ra9 #bbe ,a ,,%[] ,,( ,,sn[-,,cry/als #bcj ,,long ,,%ots #bcc ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,m>riage ,,on ,,! ,,dea?-,,rate #bch ,,! ,,topographical ,,survey ,,( ,,india #bdd ,a ,,%ip ,,attack$ ,,by ,a ,,sword-,,fi% #bef ,,! ,,safety-,,lamp #bei ,,! ,,du/ ,,we ,,h ,,to ,,brea! #bfe ,,photographic ,,gho/s #bfg ,,! ,,ox=d ,,& ,,cambridge ,,r[+ ,,/yles #bfi ,,bett+ ,,on ,,horse ,,races3 ,,or1 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,odds #bgd ,,squ>+ ,,! ,,circle #bhh ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,( ,,a*illes' ,,%ield #big ,,light ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,leisure ,,h\rs4 ,,/range ,,discov]ies ,,respect+ ,,! ,,aurora4 ,! brilliant /ream]s ( col\r$ light :i* wave at c]ta9 seasons ov] ! heav5s h long s9ce be5 recognis$ z among ! mo/ s+ul> & impressive ( all ! ph5om5a :i* ! skies pres5t to our view4 ,!re is some?+ surpass+ly beautiful 9 ! appe>ance ( ! true #8auroral curta94' ,fr+$ ) col\r$ /ream]s1 x waves to & fro z ?\gh %ak5 by "s unse5 h&4 ,!n f end to end !re pass a succession ( undulations1 ! folds ( ! curta9 int]wrapp+ & =m+ a s]ies ( graceful curves4 ,sudd5ly1 & z by magic1 !re succe$s a p]fect /illness1 z ?\gh ! unse5 p[] :i* _h be5 display+ ! v>i$ beauties ( ! auroral curta9 7 re/+ = a mom5t4 ,b ev5 :ile ! motion ( ! curta9 is /ill$ we see its light my/]i\sly wax+ & wan+4 ,!n1 z we gaze1 fre% waves ( di/urbance trav]se ! magic canopy4 ,/>tl+ coruscations add spl5d\r to ! sc5e1 :ile ! noble span ( ! auroral ar*1 f :i* ! wav+ curta9 seems to dep5d1 gives a gr&eur to ! spectacle :i* no words c adequately describe4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! cele/ial fires :i* h illum9at$ ! gorge\s ar* seem to die out4 ,! lum9\s zone breaks up4 ,! sc5e ( ! display becomes cov]$ ) scatt]$ /reaks & pat*es ( a%5 grey light1 :i* hang l cl\ds ov] ! nor!rn heav5s4 ,!n ^! 9 turn disappe>1 & no?+ rema9s ( ! brilliant spectacle b a d>k smoke-l segm5t on ! horizon4 ,su* is ! aurora z se5 9 arctic or ant>ctic regions1 :]e ! ph5om5on appe>s 9 its fulle/ beauty4 ,ev5 9 our own latitudes1 h[ev]1 /rik+ly beautiful auroral displays may sometimes be witness$4 ,yet ^? :o h se5 ! spectacle pres5t$ ne> ! true home ( ! aurora1 recognise 9 o!r auroras a want ( ! fulness & spl5d\r ( col\r :i* =m ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! arctic & ant>ctic auroral curta9s4 ,physici/s long s9ce recognis$ 9 ! aurora a ph5om5on ( m ?an local1 ( m ev5 ?an t]re/rial1 significance4 ,!y le>n$ to associate x ) relations :i* affect ! :ole planet>y s*eme4 ,let u inquire h[ ?is _h come ab\t4 ,s long z m5 m]ely /udi$ ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! aurora1 s long1 9 fact1 z !y m]ely reg>d$ ! ph5om5on z a local display1 !y c\ld =m no adequate conception ( its importance4 ,! circum/ance :i* fir/ reveal$ some?+ ( ! true "* ( ! aurora 0 "o :i* seem$ to promise little4 ,arago 0 engag$ 9 wat*+ f day to day1 & f ye> to ye>1 ! vibrations ( ! magnetic ne$le 9 ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory4 ,he trac$ ! sl[ progress ( ! ne$le to its extreme we/]ly v>iation1 & wat*$ its c\rse z x began to retrace its way t[>ds ! true nor?4 ,he discov]$ ! m9ute vibration :i* ! ne$le makes ea* day across its mean position4 ,he notic$ t ?is vibration is v>iable 9 ext5t1 & s he 0 l$ to wat* x m closely4 ,?us he _h occasion to obs]ve m att5tively ?an _h yet be5 done ! sudd5 irregul>ities :i* occasionally *>act]ise ! daily movem5ts ( ! ne$le4 ,all ?is seems to h no?+ to d ) ! auroral /ream]s2 b we n[ rea* ! important discov]y :i* rew>d$ ,arago's pati5t wat*fulness4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahai he publi%$ a /atem5t to ! effect t ! sudd5 *anges ( ! magnetic ne$le are (t5 associat$ ) ! occurr5ce ( an aurora4 ,i give ! /atem5t 9 8 own words1 z translat$ by ,g5]al ,sab9e3--#8,auroras ought to be plac$ 9 ! fir/ rank among ! causes :i* sometimes di/urb ! regul> m>* ( ! diurnal *anges ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,^! d n1 ev5 9 summ]1 exce$ a qu>t] ( a degree1 b :5 an aurora appe>s1 ! magnetic ne$le is (t5 se5 to move 9 a few in/ants ov] sev]al degrees4' #8,dur+ an aurora1#8 he adds1 #8"o (t5 sees 9 ! nor!rn region ( ! heav5s lum9\s /ream]s ( diff]5t col\rs %oot f all po9ts ( ! horizon4 ,! po9t 9 ! sky to :i* ^! /ream]s conv]ge is precisely ! po9t to :i* a magnetis$ ne$le susp5d$ by its c5tre ( gravity directs itself4444 ,x has1 moreov]1 be5 %[n t ! conc5tric circul> segm5ts1 almo/ simil> 9 =m to ! ra9b[1 :i* are usually se5 previ\s to ! appe>ance ( ! lum9\s /ream]s1 h _! two extremities re/+ on two p>ts ( ! horizon :i* are equally di/ant f ! direction t[>ds :i* ! ne$le turns2 & ! summit ( ea* arc lies exactly 9 t direction4 ,f all ?is1 x appe>s1 inconte/ably1 t !re is an intimate connection betwe5 ! causes ( auroras & ^? ( t]re/rial magnetism4' ,?is /range hypo!sis 01 at fir/1 mu* oppos$ by sci5tific m54 ,among/ o!rs1 ! late ,sir ,david ,brew/] po9t$ out a v>iety ( objections1 "s ( :i* appe>$ at fir/ sight ( great =ce4 ,?us1 he rem>k$ t magnetic di/urbances ( ! mo/ rem>kable "* h (t5 be5 obs]v$ :5 no aurora has be5 visible2 & he notic$ c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! auroras obs]v$ ne> ! pol> regions1 :i* did n seem to accord ) ,arago's view4 ,b gradually x 0 f\nd t physici/s _h mi/ak5 ! "* ( ! auroral display4 ,x appe>$ t ! magnetic ne$le n only sway$ responsively to auroras obs]vable 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 b to auroras 9 progress hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,nay1 z inquiry progress$1 x 0 discov]$ t ! ne$les 9 our nor!rn obs]vatories are sway$ by influ5ces associat$ ev5 ) ! occurr5ce ( auroras ar\nd ! s\!rn pol> regions4 ,9 fact1 n only h ! difficulties po9t$ out 7v prop]ly1 x ne$ h>dly be rem>k$7 by ,sir ,david ,brew/] be5 :olly remov$2 b x has be5 f\nd t a mu* clos] bond ( sympa?y exi/s betwe5 ! magnetis$ ne$le & ! auroral /ream]s ?an ev5 ,arago _h suppos$4 ,x is n m]ely ! case t :ile an auroral display is 9 progress ! ne$le is subject to unusual di/urbance1 b ! movem5ts ( ! ne$le are actually syn*ron\s ) ! wav+ movem5ts ( ! my/]i\s /ream]s4 ,an aurora may be 9 progress 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 or ev5 9 ,asia or ,am]ica1 & z ! col\r$ bann]s wave to & fro1 ! t9y ne$le1 wat*$ by pati5t obs]v]s at ,gre5wi* or ,p>is1 w respond to e phase ( ! display4 ,& ,i may notice 9 pass+ t two v int]e/+ conclusions foll[ f ?is peculi>ity4 ,fir/1 e magnetic ne$le ov] ! :ole e>? mu/ be simultane\sly di/urb$2 & secondly1 ! auroral /ream]s :i* wave across ! skies ( "o c\ntry mu/ move syn*ron\sly ) ^? :i* are visible 9 ! skies ( ano!r c\ntry1 ev5 ?\gh ?\s&s ( miles may sep>ate ! two regions4 ,b ,i mu/ pass on to consid] fur!r ! circum/ances :i* give int]e/ & significance to ! /range discov]y :i* is ! subject ( ?is pap]4 ,c\ld we only associate auroras ) t]re/rial magnetism1 we %\ld /ill h done mu* to enhance ! int]e/ :i* ! beautiful ph5om5on is calculat$ to excite4 ,b :5 once ?is association has be5 e/abli%$1 o!rs ( ev5 great] int]e/ are br\ght into recognition4 ,= t]re/rial magnetism has be5 cle>ly %[n to be influ5c$ directly by ! action ( ! sun4 ,! ne$le 9 its daily vibration foll[s ! sun1 n inde$ ?r\gh a complete revolution1 b z f> z ! influ5ce ( o!r =ces w p]mit4 ,?is has be5 abundantly confirm$1 & is a fact ( extreme importance 9 ! !ory ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,:]ev] ! sun may be1 ei!r on ! visible heav5s or on t half ( ! cele/ial sph]e :i* is at ! mom5t b5ea? ! horizon1 ! end ( ! ne$le ne>e/ to ! sun makes an ef=t 7s to speak7 to po9t m directly t[>ds ! great rul+ c5tre ( ! planet>y s*eme4 ,see+1 !n1 t ! daily vibration ( ! ne$le is ?us caus$1 we recognise ! fact t ! di/urbances ( ! daily vibration may be ref]r$ to "s peculi>ity ( ! sol> action4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 s surpris+ z _m h suppos$1 t ! increase & dim9ution ( ^! di/urbances1 9 a p]iod ( ab\t elev5 ye>s1 %\ld be f\nd to correspond ) ! increase & dim9ution ( ! numb] ( sol> spots 9 a p]iod ( equal l5g?4 ,we already beg9 to see1 !n1 t auroras are associat$ 9 "s my/]i\s way ) ! action ( ! sol> rays4 ,! ph5om5on :i* _h be5 look$ on = s _m ages z a m]e spectacle1 caus$ p]haps by "s process 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air1 ( a simply local "*1 has be5 br\ght into ! range ( planet>y ph5om5a4 ,z surely z ! brilliant planets :i* deck ! nocturnal skies are illum9at$ by ! same orb :i* gives u our days & seasons1 s !y are subject to ! same my/]i\s influ5ce :i* causes ! nor!rn bann]s to wave respl5d5tly ov] ! />-lit dep?s ( heav54 ,nay1 x is ev5 probable t e flick] & coruscation ( our auroral displays corresponds ) simil> manife/ations ^u e planet :i* travels r\nd ! sun4 ,x becomes1 !n1 a "q ( exce$+ int]e/ to inquire :at is ! nature ( ! my/]i\s app>ition :i* f "t to "t illum9ates our skies4 ,we h le>nt some?+ ( ! laws accord+ to :i* ! aurora appe>s2 b :at is its true nature8 ,:at sort ( light is t :i* illum9ates ! heav5s8 ,is !re "s process ( combu/ion go+ on 9 ! upp] regions ( our atmosph]e8 ,or are ! auroral /ream]s electric or phosphoresc5t8 ,or1 la/ly1 is ! light simply sol> light reflect$ f "s sub/ance :i* exi/s at an enorm\s elevation above ! e>?8 ,all ^! views h f "t to "t f\nd support]s among sci5tific m54 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t :at we n[ "k ( ! association betwe5 auroral action & "s =m ( sol> di/urbance1 w\ld at once enable u to reject "s ( ^! hypo!ses4 ,b we ne$ n discuss ! subject f ?is po9t ( view1 because a mode ( rese>* has rec5tly be5 r5d]$ available :i* at once answ]s our inquiries z to ! g5]al "* ( any k9d ( light4 ,i proce$ to consid] ! application ( ?is me?od to ! light f ! auroral /ream]s4 ,! spectroscope1 or1 z we may t]m ! in/rum5t1 ! #8light-sift]1' tells u ( :at nature an object :i* is a s\rce ( light may be4 ,if ! object is a lum9\s solid or liquid1 ! in/rum5t conv]ts its light into a ra9b[-col\r$ /reak4 ,if ! object is a lum9\s vap\r1 its light is conv]t$ into a few bright l9es4 ,& la/ly1 if ! object is a lum9\s solid or liquid %9+ ?r\gh any vap\rs1 ! ra9b[-col\r$ /reak aga9 makes its appe>ance1 b x is n[ cross$ by d>k l9es1 correspond+ to ! vap\rs :i* surr\nd ! object & absorb a portion ( its light4 ,b ,i mu/ n omit to notice two circum/ances :i* r5d] ! int]pretation ( a spectrum some:at less simple ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 if an object is %9+ by reflect$ light its spectrum is precisely simil> to t ( ! object ^: light illum9ates x4 ,?us we _c pron\nce positively z to ! nature ( an object m]ely f ! appe>ance ( its spectrum1 unless we are q c]ta9 t ! object is self-lum9\s4 ,= example1 we obs]ve ! sol> spectrum to be a ra9b[-col\r$ /reak cross$ by a multitude ( d>k l9es1 & we conclude accord+ly t ! sun is an inc&esc5t globe %9+ ?r\gh a complex vapor\s atmosph]e4 ,we feel no d\bt on ?is po9t1 because we are absolutely c]ta9 t ! sun is self-lum9\s4 ,aga91 we obs]ve ! spectrum ( ! moon to be exactly simil> to ! sol> spectrum1 only1 ( c\rse1 mu* less brilliant4 ,& "h also we feel no d\bt 9 int]pret+ ! result4 ,we "k1 c]ta9ly1 t ! moon is n self-lum9\s1 & !re=e we conclude ) ! utmo/ c]ta9ty t ! light we receive f h] is simply reflect$ sol> light4 ,s f> all is cle>4 ,b n[ take ! case ( an object l a comet1 :i* may or may n be self-lum9\s4 ,if we f9d t a comet's spectrum resembles ! sun's--& ?is is n altoge!r a hypo!tical case1 = a portion ( ! light ( e comet yet exam9$ does 9 reality give a ra9b[-col\r$ /reak resembl+ ! sol> spectrum--we _c =m1 9 t case1 any su* positive conclusion4 ,! comet may be a self-lum9\s body2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 its light may be due m]ely to ! reflection ( ! sol> beams4 ,accord+ly1 ! spectroscopi/ always accompanies ! record ( su* an obs]vation ) an expression ( d\bt z to ! real nature ( ! object :i* is ! s\rce ( light4 ,secondly1 :5 an electric sp>k fla%es ?r\gh any vap\r1 its light gives a spectrum :i* indicates ! nature1 n only ( ! vap\r ?r\gh :i* ! sp>k has pass$1 b ( ! sub/ances betwe5 :i* ! sp>k has travell$4 ,?us1 if we cause an electric fla% to pass betwe5 iron po9ts ?r\gh common air1 we see 9 ! spectrum ! num]\s bright l9es :i* =m ! spectrum ( iron1 & 9 addition we see ! bright l9es belong+ to ! gases :i* =m our atmosph]e4 ,bo? ! consid]ations above discuss$ are ( ! utmo/ importance 9 /udy+ ! subject ( ! auroral light z analys$ by ! spectroscope1 because !re are _m difficulties 9 =m+ a g5]al op9ion z to ! nature ( ! auroral light1 :ile !re are circum/ances :i* w\ld lead u to anticipate t ! light is electric4 ,i notice also 9 pass+ t we owe to ! ,sw$i% physici/ ng/rm a l>ge %>e ( ! rese>*es on :i* ! above results respect+ ! spectrum ( ! electric sp>k are f\nd$4 ,! read] w pres5tly see :y ,i h br\ght ng/rm's "n prom95tly =w>d 9 connection ) ! int]e/+ bran* ( spectroscopic analysis j ref]r$ to4 ,if ! discov]y we are approa*+ _h be5 effect$ by a tyro 9 ! use ( ! spectroscope1 d\bts might v reasonably h be5 ent]ta9$ respect+ ! exactness ( ! obs]vations on :i* ! discov]y re/s4 ,x 0 sugge/$ _m ye>s ago1 long inde$ be=e ! true p[]s ( spectroscopic analysis _h be5 reveal$1 t p]haps if ! light ( ! aurora 7 analys$ by ! prism1 evid5ce c\ld be obta9$ ( its electric nature4 ,! em95t meteorologi/ ,dov rem>k$1 = in/ance1 t #8! peculi>ities pres5t$ by ! electric light are s m>k$ t x appe>s easy to decide def9itely by prismatic analysis :e!r ! light ( ! aurora is or is n electric4' ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ pro( t ! auroral light is ( an electric nature 0 d]iv$ f a v diff]5t mode ( inquiry4 ,dr4 ,rob9son1 ( ,armagh1 discov]$ 9 #aheh 7a ye> be=e ,kir*h(f's recognition ( ! p[]s ( spectroscopic analysis7 t ! light ( ! aurora possesses 9 a peculi> degree a prop]ty t]m$ fluoresc5ce1 :i* is a recognis$ & *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ! light produc$ by electrical dis*>ges4 #8,^! effects1' he rem>ks ( ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! auroral light "u ! te/s he appli$1 #87 s /rong 9 relation to ! actual int5sity ( ! light1 t !y appe> to af=d an additional evid5ce ( ! electric orig9 ( ! ph5om5on4' ,pass+ ov] ?is +5i\s application ( "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & int]e/+ prop]ties ( light1 we f9d t ! e>lie/ det]m9ation ( ! real nature ( ! auroral light--or r ( its spectrum--0 t effect$ by ng/rm4 ,?is obs]v] took advantage ( ! occurr5ce ( a brilliant aurora 9 ! w9t] ( #ahfg-fh to analyse ! spectrum ( ! col\r$ /ream]s4 ,a s+le bright l9e only 0 se56 ,otto ,/ruve1 an em95t ,russian a/ronom]1 %ortly aft]w>ds made confirmatory obs]vations4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society 9 ,june1 #ahfh1 ,mr4 ,hugg9s ?us describ$ ,/ruve's results3--#8,9 a lett]1 ,m4 ,otto ,/ruve has in=m$ me t he has _h two good opportunities ( obs]v+ ! spectrum ( ! aurora borealis4 ,! spectrum consi/s ( "o l9e1 & ! light is !re=e mono*romatic4 ,! l9e falls ne> ! m>g9 ( ! yell[ & gre5 portions ( ! spectrum4444 ,?is %[s t ! mono*romatic light is gre5i%1 :i* surpris$ me2 b ,g5]al ,sab9e tells me t 9 8 pol> exp$itions he has frequ5tly se5 ! aurora t+$ ) gre51 & ?is appe>ance corresponds ) ! position ( ! l9e se5 by ,m4 ,/ruve4' ,! g5]al import ( ?is obs]vation !re is no mi/ak+4 ,x tea*es u t ! light ( ! aurora is due to lum9\s vap\r1 & we may conclude1 ) e appe>ance ( probability1 t ! lum9osity ( ! vap\r is due to ! passage ( electric dis*>ges ?r\gh x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ! position ( ! bright l9e may be due to ! "* ( ! p>ticles betwe5 :i* ! dis*>ges take place4 ,b ! view we are to take mu/ dep5d ^u ! position ( ! l9e4 ,"h a difficulty pres5ts itself4 ,!re is no kn[n t]re/rial elem5t ^: spectrum has a bright l9e precisely 9 ! position ( ! l9e 9 ! auroral spectrum4 ,& m]e proximity has no significance :atev] 9 spectroscopic analysis4 ,two elem5ts diff]+ z mu* f ea* o!r 9 "* z iron & hydrog5 may h l9es s closely approximat+ 9 position t only ! mo/ p[]ful spectroscope c indicate ! diff]5ce4 ,s t :5 ng/rm rem>ks t ! bright l9e he has se5 lies slightly to ! left ( a well-kn[n gr\p ( l9es belong+ to ! metal calcium 7! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( common *alk71 we are by no means to inf] t he supposes ! sub/ance :i* causes ! pres5ce ( ! bright l9e has any resemblance to t elem5t4 ,until we c f9d an elem5t :i* has a bright l9e 9 its spectrum absolutely co9cid5t ) ! bright l9e detect$ by ng/rm 9 ! spectrum ( ! aurora1#a all speculation z to ! real nature ( ! vap\r 9 :i* ! auroral electric dis*>ge takes place1 or ( ! sub/ances betwe5 :i* ! sp>k travels1 is altoge!r preclud$4 ,x 0 suppos$ aft] ! total sol> eclipse ( #ahfi t ! spectrum ( ! sun's corona exhibit$ ! same bright l9es z ! aurora4 ,b rec5t obs]vations %[ t ! co9cid5ce is n s close z _h be5 suppos$1 &1 9 fact1 !re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! l9es are ! same4 7,f ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y #ahgj47 ,,! ,,e>? ,a ,,magnet4 ,!re is a v preval5t b errone\s op9ion t ! magnetic ne$le po9ts to ! nor?4 ,i rememb] well h[ ,i discov]$ 9 my boyhood t ! ne$le does n po9t to ! nor?1 = ! discov]y 0 impress$ ^u me 9 a v unpleasant mann]4 ,i _h pur*as$ a pocket-compass1 & 0 v anxi\s--n1 inde$1 to te/ ! in/rum5t1 s9ce ,i plac$ implicit reliance ^u its indications--b to make use ( x z a guide across unkn[n regions4 ,n _m miles f :]e ,i liv$ lay ,cobham ,wood1 no v ext5sive =e/ c]ta9ly1 b l>ge en\gh to lose oneself 94 ,?i!r1 accord+ly1 ,i proce$$ ) ?ree s*oolfell[s4 ,:5 we _h lo/ ourselves1 we gleefully call$ ! compass into action1 & made f ! wood 9 a direction :i* we suppos$ w\ld lead u home4 ,we travell$ on ) full confid5ce 9 our pocket guide2 at ea* turn+ we consult$ x 9 an arti/ic mann]1 c>efully pois+ x & wait+ till its vibrations ceas$4 ,b :5 we _h travell$ "s two or ?ree miles )\t see+ any h\se or road t we recognis$1 matt]s assum$ a less *e]ful aspect4 ,we 7 unwill+ to compromise our dignity z #8explor]s' by ask+ ! way--a proce$+ :i* no prec$5t 9 ! hi/ory ( our fav\rite travell]s all[$ u to ?9k (4 ,b ev5+ came on1 & ) x a summ] ?und]-/orm4 ,we 7 gett+ ?or\ghly tir$ out1 & ! hc olim mem9isse juvabit ) :i* we _h be5 com=t+ ourselves began to lose its =ce4 ,:5 at l5g? we yield$1 we le>n$ t we _h gone _m miles out ( our road1 & we did n rea* home till sev]al h\rs aft] d>k4 ,also ! (f5d+ compass 0 confiscat$ by ju/ly indignant p>5ts1 s t = a long :ile ! cause ( our tr\bles 0 a my/]y to u4 ,9 reality1 in/ead ( po9t+ due nor?1 ! compass po9t$ m ?an #bj t[>ds ! we/1 or ne>ly to ! qu>t] call$ by sailors nor?-nor?-we/4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t we w5t a/ray :5 we foll[$ a guide s untru/wor?y4 ,! peculi>ity t ! magnet ne$le does n1 9 g5]al1 po9t to ! nor?1 is ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( peculi>ities :i* ,i n[ propose briefly to describe4 ,! irregul>ity is call$ by sailors ! ne$le's v>iation1 b ! t]m m commonly us$ by sci5tific m5 is ! decl9ation ( ! ne$le4 ,x 0 probably discov]$ a long "t ago1 = #hjj ye>s be=e our era ! ,*9ese appli$ ! magnet's directive =ce to guide !m 9 j\rney+ ov] ! great ,asiatic pla9s1 & !y mu/ soon h detect$ s m>k$ a peculi>ity4 ,in/ead ( a %ip's compass1 !y made use ( a magnetic c>1 on ! front ( :i* a float+ ne$le c>ri$ a small figure1 ^: out/ret*$ arm po9t$ s\?w>ds4 ,we h no record1 h[ev]1 ( _! discov]y ( ! decl9ation1 & "k only t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) x 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! decl9ation 0 discov]$1 indep5d5tly1 by ,european obs]v]s 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,z we travel f place to place1 ! decl9ation ( ! ne$le is f\nd to v>y4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 0 ! fir/ to detect ?is4 ,he discov]$ x on ! #ac? ( ,septemb]1 #adib1 dur+ 8 fir/ voyage1 & :5 he 0 six hundr$ miles f ,f]ro1 ! mo/ we/]ly ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,he f\nd t ! decl9ation1 :i* 0 t[>ds ! ea/ 9 ,europe1 pass$ to ! we/1 & increas$ cont9ually z he travell$ we/w>ds4 ,b "h we see ! fir/ trace ( a yet m s+ul> peculi>ity4 ,i h said t at pres5t ! decl9ation is t[>ds ! we/ 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,columbus's "t x 0 t[>ds ! ea/4 ,?us we le>n t ! decl9ation v>ies ) ! progress ( "t1 z well z ) *ange ( place4 ,! g5ius ( mod]n sci5ce is a weigh+ & a measur+ "o4 ,m5 are n satisfi$ n[adays ) kn[+ t a peculi>ity exi/s2 !y seek to det]m9e its ext5t1 h[ f> x is v>iable--:e!r f "t to "t or f place to place1 & s on4 ,n[ ! results ( su* inquiries appli$ to ! magnetic decl9ation h prov$ exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,we f9d1 fir/1 t ! _w may be divid$ into two unequal portions1 ov] "o ( :i* ! ne$le has a we/]ly1 & ov] ! o!r an ea/]ly1 decl9ation4 ,along ! b\nd>y l9e1 ( c\rse1 ! ne$le po9ts due nor?4 ,engl& is situat$ 9 ! region ( we/]ly magnets4 ,?is region includes all ,europe1 except ! nor?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,russia2 ,turkey1 ,arabia1 & ! :ole ( ,africa2 ! great] "p ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ! we/]n p>ts ( ,au/ralia2 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean2 ,gre5l&1 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,canada1 & a small slice f ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ,brazil4 ,all ^! =m "o region ( we/]ly decl9ation2 b1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 !re lies 9 ! v he>t ( ! rema9+ & l>g] region ( ea/]ly magnets an oval space ( a contr>y "*4 ,?is space includes ! ,japanese ,isl&s1 ,man*\ria1 & ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,*9a4 ,x is v notewor?y also1 t 9 ! we/]ly region ! decl9ation is mu* great] ?an 9 ! ea/]ly4 ,ov] ! :ole ( ,asia1 = in/ance1 ! ne$le po9ts almo/ due nor?4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! nor? ( ,gre5l& & ( ,baff9's ,bay1 ! magnetic ne$le po9ts due we/2 :ile /ill fur!r to ! nor? 7a little we/]ly71 we f9d ! ne$le po9t+ ) its nor? end directly t[>ds ! s\?4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ^! peculi>ities1 x w\ld be pleasant to speculate4 ,we might imag9e ! exi/5ce ( p[]fully magnetic ve9s 9 ! e>?'s solid mass1 co]c+ ! magnetic ne$le f a full ob$i5ce to ! true pol> summons4 ,or ! comp>ative effects ( oceans & ( cont95ts might be call$ into play4 ,b un=tunately = all ?is1 we h to reconcile views f\nd$ on fix$ relations pres5t$ by ! e>? ) ! process ( *ange indicat$ above4 ,let u consid] ! decl9ation 9 ,engl& alone4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury !re 0 an ea/]ly decl9ation4 ,?is gradually dim9i%$1 s t 9 ab\t ! ye> #afeg ! ne$le po9t$ due nor?4 ,aft] ?is ! ne$le po9t$ t[>ds ! we/1 & cont9ually m & m1 s t sci5tific m51 hav+ _h exp]i5ce only ( a cont9ual %ift+ ( ! ne$le 9 "o direction1 began to =m ! op9ion t ?is *ange w\ld cont9ue1 s t ! ne$le w\ld pass1 ?r\gh nor?-we/ & we/1 to ! s\?4 ,9 fact1 x 0 imag9$ t ! motion ( ! ne$le w\ld resemble t ( ! h&s ( a wat*1 only 9 a rev]s$ direction4 ,b be=e long obs]vant m5 detect$ a gradual dim9ution 9 ! ne$le's we/]ly motion4 ,arago1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* a/ronom] & physici/1 0 ! fir/ 7,i believe7 to po9t out t #8! progressive movem5t ( ! magnetic ne$le t[>ds ! we/ appe>$ to h become cont9ually sl[] ( late ye>s' 7he wrote 9 #ahad71 #8:i* seem$ to indicate t aft] "s little "t long] x might become retrograde4' ,?ree ye>s lat]1 namely1 on ! #aj? ( ,febru>y1 #ahag1 ,arago ass]t$ def9itively t ! retrograde movem5t ( ! magnetic ne$le _h comm5c$ to be p]ceptible4 ,colonel ,beaufoy at fir/ oppugn$ ,arago's conclusion1 = he f\nd f obs]vations made 9 ,london1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahag-ahai1 t ! we/]ly motion /ill cont9u$4 ,b he _h omitt$ to take notice ( ! circum/ance1 t ,london & ,p>is are two diff]5t places4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! retrograde motion became p]ceptible at ,london also1 & x has n[ be5 e/abli%$ by ! obs]vations ( =ty ye>s4 ,x appe>s1 f a c>eful comp>ison ( ,beaufoy's obs]vations1 t ! ne$le rea*$ ! limit ( its we/]n digression 7at ,gre5wi*7 9 ,m>* #ahai1 at :i* "t ! decl9ation 0 v ne>ly #be4 ,9 ,p>is1 on ! contr>y1 ! ne$le _h rea*$ its greate/ we/]n digression 7ab\t #bb7 9 #ahad4 ,x is r s+ul> t al?\gh at ,p>is ! retrograde motion ?us pres5t$ itself five ye>s e>li] ?an 9 ,london1 ! ne$le po9t$ due nor? at ,p>is six ye>s lat] ?an 9 ,london1 viz41 9 #affc4 ,p]haps ! great] amplitude ( ! ne$le's ,london digression may expla9 ?is peculi>ity4 #8,x 0 already suffici5tly difficult1' says ,arago1 #8to imag9e :at c\ld be ! k9d ( *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! globe :i* c\ld act dur+ "o hundr$ & fifty-?ree ye>s 9 gradually transf]r+ ! direction ( ! magnetic ne$le f due nor? to #bc we/ ( nor?4 ,we see t x is n[ necess>y to expla91 moreov]1 h[ x has happ5$ t ?is gradual *ange has ceas$1 & has giv5 place to a return t[>ds ! prec$+ /ate ( ! globe4#8 #8,h[ is x1' he p]t95tly asks1 #8t ! directive action ( ! globe1 :i* cle>ly mu/ result f ! action ( molecules ( :i* ! globe is compos$1 c be ?us v>iable1 :ile ! numb]1 position1 & temp]ature ( ^! molecules1 &1 z f> z we "k1 all _! o!r physical prop]ties1 rema9 con/ant8' ,b we h consid]$ only a s+le region ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,arago's op9ion w seem /ill ju/] :5 we exam9e ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 :at we may t]m ! #8magnetic aspect' ( ! :ole globe4 ,! l9e :i* sep>ates ! region ( we/]ly magnets f ! region ( ea/]ly magnets n[ runs1 z we h said1 across ,canada & ea/]n ,brazil 9 "o hemisph]e1 & across ,russia1 ,asiatic ,turkey1 ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ,we/ ,au/ralia 9 ! o!r1 besides hav+ an outly+ oval to ! ea/ ( ! ,asiatic cont95t4 ,^! l9es h swept r\nd a "p ( ! globe's circuit 9 a mo/ s+ul> mann] s9ce #afjj4 ,!y h v>i$ alike 9 direction & complexity4 ,! ,sib]ian oval1 n[ di/9ct1 0 9 #aghg m]ely a loop ( ! ea/]n l9e ( no decl9ation4 ,! oval appe>s n[ to be cont9ually dim9i%+1 & w "o day probably disappe>4 ,we f9d "h pres5t$ to u a ph5om5on z my/]i\s1 z a/oni%+1 & z wor?y ( c>eful /udy z any embrac$ 9 ! wide doma9s ( sci5ce4 ,b o!r peculi>ities await our notice4 ,if a magnetic ne$le ( suitable l5g? be c>efully pois$ on a f9e po9t1--or bett]1 be susp5d$ f a silk ?read )\t torsion1--x w be f\nd to exhibit ea* day two small b cle>ly p]ceptible oscillations4 ,m4 ,arago1 f a c>eful s]ies ( obs]vations1 d$uc$ ! foll[+ results3-- ,at ab\t elev5 at night1 ! nor? end ( ! ne$le beg9s to move f we/ to ea/1 & hav+ rea*$ its greate/ ea/]ly excursion at ab\t a qu>t]-pa/ eight 9 ! morn+1 returns t[>ds ! we/ to atta9 its greate/ we/]ly excursion at a qu>t]-pa/ "o4 ,x !n moves aga9 to ! ea/1 & hav+ rea*$ its greate/ ea/]ly excursion at half-pa/ eight 9 ! ev5+1 returns to ! we/1 & atta9s its greate/ we/]ly excursion at elev51 z at />t+4 ,( c\rse1 ^! excursions take place on ei!r side ( ! mean position ( ! ne$le1 & z ! excursions are small1 nev] exce$+ ! fif? "p ( a degree1 :ile ! mean position ( ! ne$le lies "s #bj to ! we/ ( nor?1 x is cle> t ! excursions are only nom9ally ea/]n & we/]n1 ! ne$le po9t+ ?r\gh\t1 f> to ! we/4 ,n[1 if we rememb] t ! nor? end ( ! ne$le is t f>!/ f ! sun1 x w be easy to trace 9 ,m4 ,arago's results a sort ( ef=t on ! "p ( ! ne$le to turn t[>ds ! sun--n m]ely :5 t lum9>y is above ! horizon1 b dur+ 8 nocturnal pa? also4 ,we are prep>$1 !re=e1 to expect t a v>iation hav+ an annual p]iod1 %all appe>1 on a close obs]vation ( our susp5d$ ne$le4 ,su* a v>iation has be5 long s9ce recognis$4 ,x is f\nd t 9 ! summ] ( bo? hemisph]es1 ! daily v>iation is exagg]at$1 :ile 9 w9t] x is dim9i%$4 ,b besides ! div]g5ce ( a magnetis$ ne$le f ! nor? pole1 !re is a div]g5ce f ! horizontal position :i* mu/ n[ claim our att5tion4 ,if a non-magnetic ne$le be c>efully susp5d$ s z to re/ horizontally1 & be !n magnetis$1 x w be f\nd no long] to pres]ve t position4 ,! nor!rn end dips v s5sibly4 ,?is happ5s 9 our hemisph]e4 ,9 ! s\!rn1 x is ! s\!rn end :i* dips4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t if we travel f "o hemisph]e to ! o!r we mu/ f9d ! nor!rn dip ( ! ne$le gradually dim9i%+1 till at "s po9t ne> ! equator ! ne$le is horizontal2 & z we pass !nce to s\!rn regions1 a gradually increas+ s\!rn incl9ation is pres5t$4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to be ! case1 & ! position ( ! l9e along :i* !re is no incl9ation 7call$ ! magnetic equator7 has be5 trac$ ar\nd ! globe4 ,x is n co9cid5t ) ! e>?'s equator1 b crosses t circle at an angle ( twelve degrees1 pass+ f nor? to s\? ( ! equator 9 long4 #c we/ ( ,gre5wi*1 & f s\? to nor? 9 long4 #ahg ea/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,! =m ( ! l9e is n exactly t ( a great circle1 b pres5ts "h & !re 7& especially :]e x crosses ! ,atlantic7 p]ceptible excursions f su* a figure4 ,at two po9ts on ! e>?'s globe ! ne$le w re/ 9 a v]tical position4 ,^! are ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?4 ,! nor!rn magnetic pole 0 rea*$ by ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,ross1 & lies 9 #gj ,n4 lat4 & #bfc ,e4 long41 t is1 to ! nor? ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & n v f> f ,boo?ia ,gulf4 ,"o ( ! objects ) :i* ,ross set out on 8 celebrat$ exp$ition to ! ,ant>ctic ,seas 0 ! discov]y1 if possible1 ( ! s\!rn magnetic pole4 ,9 ?is he 0 n successful4 ,twice he 0 9 hopes ( atta9+ 8 object1 b ea* "t he 0 /opp$ by a b>ri] ( l&4 ,he approa*$ s ne>1 h[ev]1 to ! pole1 t ! ne$le 0 incl9$ at an angle ( ne>ly n9ety degrees to ! horizon1 & he 0 able to assign to ! s\!rn pole a position 9 #ge ,s4 lat41 #aed ,e4 long4 ,x is n probable1 we %\ld imag9e1 t ei!r pole is fix$1 s9ce we %all n[ see t ! incl9ation1 l ! decl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le1 is v>iable f "t to "t1 z well z f place to place2 & 9 p>ticul>1 ! magnetic equator is app>5tly subject$ to a sl[ b uni=m process ( *ange4 ,arago tells u t ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le at ,p>is has be5 obs]v$ to dim9i% ye> by ye> s9ce #afga4 ,at t "t ! incl9ation 0 no less ?an #ge2 9 o!r words1 ! ne$le 0 incl9$ only #ae to ! v]tical4 ,9 #agia ! incl9ation 0 less ?an #ga4 ,9 #ahca x 0 less ?an #fh4 ,9 l mann]1 ! incl9ation at ,london has be5 obs]v$ to dim9i%1 f #gb 9 #aghf to #gj 9 #ahjd1 & !nce to #fh at ! pres5t "t4 ,x might be anticipat$ f su* *anges z ^! t ! magnetic equator w\ld be f\nd to be *ang+ 9 position4 ,nay1 we c ev5 guess 9 :i* way x mu/ be *ang+4 ,= s9ce ! incl9ation is dim9i%+ at ,london & ,p>is1 ! magnetic equator mu/ be approa*+ ^! places1 & ?is 79 ! pres5t position ( ! curve7 c only happ5 by a gradual %ift+ ( ! magnetic equator f ea/ to we/ along ! true equator4 ,?is motion has be5 f\nd to be really tak+ place4 ,x is suppos$ t ! movem5t is accompani$ by a *ange ( =m1 b m obs]vations are necess>y to e/abli% ?is int]e/+ po9t4 ,c x be d\bt$ t :ile ^! *anges are tak+ place1 ! magnetic poles also are sl[ly %ift+ r\nd ! true pole8 ,mu/ n ! nor!rn pole1 = in/ance1 be fur!r f ,p>is n[ t ! ne$le is incl9$ m ?an #bc f ! v]tical1 ?an 9 #afga1 :5 ! incl9ation 0 only #ae8 ,x appe>s obvi\s t ?is mu/ be s1 & we d$uce ! int]e/+ conclusion t ea* ( ! magnetic poles is rotat+ ar\nd ! e>?'s axis4 ,b !re is ano!r peculi>ity ( ! ne$le :i* is z notewor?y z any ( ^? ,i h m5tion$4 ,i ref] to ! int5sity ( ! magnetic action--! en]gy ) :i* ! ne$le seeks its position ( re/4 ,?is is n only v>iable f place to place1 b f "t to "t1 & is fur!r subject to sudd5 *anges ( a v s+ul> "*4 ,x might be expect$ t :]e ! dip is great]1 ! directive en]gy ( ! magnet w\ld be proportionately great4 ,& ?is is f\nd to be approximately ! case4 ,accord+ly1 ! magnetic equator is v ne>ly co9cid5t ) ! #8equator ( lea/ int5sity1' b n exactly4 ,z we approa* ! magnetic poles we f9d a m consid]able div]g5ce1 s t in/ead ( !re be+ a nor!rn pole ( greate/ int5sity ne>ly co9cid5t ) ! nor!rn magnetic pole1 :i* we h se5 lies to ! nor? ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 !re are two nor!rn poles1 "o 9 ,sib]ia ne>ly at ! po9t :]e ! riv] ,l5a crosses ! ,arctic circle1 ! o!r n s f> to ! nor?--only a few degrees nor?1 9 fact1 ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,9 ! s\?1 9 l mann]1 !re are also two poles1 "o on ! ,ant>ctic circle1 ab\t #acj ,e4 long41 9 ,adlie ,l&1 ! o!r n yet precisely det]m9$1 b suppos$ to lie on ab\t ! #bdj? degree ( longitude1 & s\? ( ! ,ant>ctic circle4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 !re is a l9e ( l[] int5sity runn+ "r r\nd ! e>? along ! valleys ( ! two great oceans1 #8pass+ ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/raits & bisect+ ! ,pacific1 on "o side ( ! globe1 & pass+ out ( ! ,arctic ,sea by ,spitsb]g5 & d[n ! ,atlantic1 on ! o!r4' ,colonel ,sab9e discov]$ t ! int5sity ( ! magnetic action v>ies dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,x is greate/ 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,if ! int5sity _h be5 greate/ 9 w9t]1 "o w\ld h be5 dispos$ to h assign$ seasonal v>iation ( temp]ature z ! cause ( ! *ange4 ,b z ! epo* is ! same = bo? hemisph]es1 we mu/ seek ano!r cause4 ,is !re any a/ronomical elem5t :i* seems to correspond ) ! law discov]$ by ,sab9e8 ,!re is "o v important elem5t4 ,! position ( ! p]ihelion ( ! e>?'s orbit is su* t ! e>? is ne>e/ to ! sun on ab\t ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] or ! #a/ ( ,janu>y4 ,!re seems no?+ ra%ly speculative1 !n1 9 conclud+ t ! sun ex]cises a magnetic influ5ce on ! e>?1 v>y+ accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun4 ,nay1 ,sab9e's results seem to po9t v di/9ctly to ! law ( v>iation4 ,=1 al?\gh ! numb] ( obs]vations is n z yet v great & ! extreme delicacy ( ! v>iation r5d]s ! det]m9ation ( its am\nt v difficult1 en\gh has be5 done to %[ t 9 all probability ! sun's influ5ce v>ies accord+ to ! same law z gravity--t is1 inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,t ! sun1 ! s\rce ( light & heat1 & ! great gravitat+ c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 %\ld ex]cise a magnetic influ5ce ^u ! e>?1 & t ?is influ5ce %\ld v>y accord+ to ! same law z gravity1 or z ! di/ribution ( light & heat1 w n appe> p]haps v surpris+4 ,b ! discov]y by ,sab9e t ! moon ex]cises a di/9ctly traceable effect ^u ! magnetic ne$le seems to me a v rem>kable "o4 ,we receive v little light f ! moon1 mu* less 79 comp>ison ) ! sun's light7 ?an mo/ p]sons w\ld suppose1 & we get absolutely no p]ceptible heat f h]4 ,!re=e x w\ld seem r to ! influ5ce ( mass & proximity t ! magnetic di/urbances caus$ by ! moon mu/ be ascrib$4 ,b if ! moon ex]cises an influ5ce 9 ?is way1 :y %\ld n ! planets8 ,we %all see t !re is evid5ce ( "s su* influ5ce be+ ex]t$ by ^! bodies4 ,m my/]i\s1 if possible1 ?an any ( ! facts ,i h discuss$ is ! ph5om5on ( magnetic /orms4 ,! ne$le has be5 exhibit+ = sev]al weeks ! mo/ p]fect uni=mity ( oscillation4 ,day aft] day1 ! c>eful microscopic obs]vation ( ! ne$le's progress has reveal$ a /eady sway+ to & fro1 su* z may be se5 9 ! ma/s ( a /ately %ip at an*or on ! sc>ce-heav+ brea/ ( ocean4 ,sudd5ly a *ange is not$2 irregul> j]k+ movem5ts are p]ceptible1 totally di/9ct f ! regul> p]iodic oscillations4 ,a magnetic /orm is 9 progress4 ,b :]e is ! c5tre ( di/urbance1 & :at are ! limits ( ! /orm8 ,! answ] is rem>kable4 ,if ! j]k+ movem5ts obs]v$ 9 places spread ov] v l>ge regions ( ! e>?--& 9 "s well-au!nticat$ cases ov] ! :ole e>?--be comp>$ ) ! local "t1 x is f\nd t 7all[ance be+ made = diff]5ce ( longitude7 !y occur precisely at ! same in/ant4 ,! magnetic vibrations ?rill 9 "o mom5t ?r\gh ! :ole frame ( our e>?6 ,b a v s+ul> circum/ance is obs]v$ to *>act]ise ^! magnetic /orms4 ,!y are ne>ly always obs]v$ to be accompani$ by ! exhibition ( ! aurora 9 high latitudes1 nor!rn & s\!rn4 ,probably !y nev] happ5 )\t su* a display1 b numb]s ( auroras escape our notice4 ,! conv]se proposition1 h[ev]1 has be5 e/abli%$ z an univ]sal "o4 ,no great display ( ! aurora ev] occurs )\t a /rongly m>k$ magnetic /orm4 ,magnetic /orms sometimes la/ = sev]al h\rs or ev5 days4 ,rememb]+ ! influ5ce :i* ! sun has be5 f\nd to ex]cise ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 ! "q w naturally arise1 ,has ! sun any?+ to d ) magnetic /orms8 ,we h cle> evid5ce t he has4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahei1 ,messrs4 ,c>r+ton & ,hodgson 7 obs]v+ ! sun1 "o at ,ox=d & ! o!r 9 ,london4 ,_! scrut9y 0 direct$ to c]ta9 l>ge spots :i*1 at t "t1 m>k$ ! sun's face4 ,sudd5ly a bright light 0 se5 by ea* obs]v] to break out on ! sun's surface1 & to travel1 sl[ly 9 appe>ance1 b 9 reality at ! rate ( ab\t #g1jjj miles 9 a m9ute1 across a "p ( ! sol> disc4 ,n[ x 0 f\nd aft]w>ds t ! self-regi/]+ magnetic in/rum5ts at ,kew _h made at t v in/ant a /rongly m>k$ j]k4 ,we le>n$1 also1 t at t mom5t a magnetic /orm prevail$ at ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! signalm5 9 ! telegraph /ations at ,wa%+ton & ,philadelphia receiv$ /rong electric %ocks2 ! p5 ( ,ba9's telegraph 0 foll[$ by a flame ( fire2 & 9 ,norway ! telegraphic ma*9]y 0 set on fire4 ,at night great auroras 7 se5 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,x is impossible n to connect ^! />tl+ magnetic indications ) ! rem>kable appe>ance obs]v$ ^u ! sun's disc4 ,b !re is o!r evid5ce4 ,magnetic /orms prevail m commonly 9 "s ye>s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,9 ^? ye>s 9 :i* !y occur mo/ frequ5tly1 x is f\nd t ! ord9>y oscillations ( ! magnetic ne$le are m ext5sive ?an usual4 ,n[ :5 ^! peculi>ities _h be5 notic$ = _m ye>s1 x 0 f\nd t !re 0 an alt]nate & sy/ematic increase & dim9ution 9 ! int5sity ( magnetic action1 & t ! p]iod ( ! v>iation 0 ab\t elev5 ye>s4 ,b at ! same "t1 a dilig5t obs]v] _h be5 record+ ! appe>ance ( ! sun's face f day to day & f ye> to ye>4 ,he _h f\nd t ! sol> spots are 9 "s ye>s m freely display$ ?an 9 o!rs4 ,& he _h det]m9$ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! spots are successively pres5t$ ) maximum frequ5cy to be ab\t elev5 ye>s4 ,on a comp>ison ( ! two sets ( obs]vations1 x 0 f\nd 7& has n[ be5 plac$ beyond a d\bt by _m ye>s ( cont9u$ obs]vation7 t magnetic p]turbations are mo/ en]getic :5 ! sun is mo/ spott$1 & vice v]s4 ,= s rem>kable a ph5om5on z ?is1 none b a cosmical cause c suffice4 ,we c nei!r say t ! spots cause ! magnetic /orms nor t ! magnetic /orms cause ! spots4 ,we mu/ seek = a cause produc+ at once bo? sets ( ph5om5a4 ,!re is z yet no c]ta9ty 9 ?is matt]1 b x seems z if philosoph]s w\ld soon be able to trace 9 ! di/urb+ action ( ! planets ^u ! sol> atmosph]e ! cause z well ( ! m>k$ p]iod ( elev5 ye>s z ( o!r less di/9ctly m>k$ p]iods :i* a dilig5t obs]vation ( sol> ph5om5a is beg9n+ to educe4 7,f ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 ,june #ahfh47 ,,our ,,*ief ,,"t-,,piece ,,los+ ,,"t4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* a/ronom]1 au?or ( "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ works on popul> a/ronomy t has hi!rto appe>$1 rem>ks t a man w\ld be look$ ^u z a maniac :o %\ld speak ( ! influ5ce ( ,jupit]'s moons ^u ! cotton trade4 ,yet1 z he proce$s to %[1 !re is an easily trac$ connection betwe5 ! ideas :i* appe> at fir/ sight s incongru\s4 ,! l9k is f\nd 9 ! det]m9ation ( cele/ial longitude4 ,simil>ly1 we %\ld be dispos$ to wond] at an a/ronom] :o1 reg>d+ ?\ghtfully ! /ately motion ( ! sid]eal sy/em1 z exhibit$ on a magnifi$1 &1 !re=e1 appreciable scale by a p[]ful telescope1 %\ld speak ( ! connection betwe5 ?is movem5t & ! intr9sic wor? ( a sov]eign4 ,! natural ?\ght ) mo/ m5 w\ld be t #8too mu* le>n+' _h made ! a/ronom] mad4 ,yet1 :5 we come to inquire closely into ! "q ( a sov]eign's intr9sic value1 we f9d ourselves l$ to ! diurnal motion ( ! />s1 & t by no v intricate pa?4 ,=1 ,:at is a sov]eign8 ,a co9 conta9+ s _m gra9s ( gold mix$ ) s _m gra9s ( alloy4 ,a gra91 we "k1 is ! weight ( su* & su* a volume ( a c]ta9 /&>d sub/ance--t is1 s _m cubic in*es1 or p>ts ( a cubic in*1 ( t sub/ance4 ,b :at is an in*8 ,x is det]m9$1 we f9d1 z a c]ta9 fraction ( ! l5g? ( a p5dulum vibrat+ seconds 9 ! latitude ( ,london4 ,a second1 we "k1 is a c]ta9 portion ( a mean sol> day1 & is practically det]m9$ by a ref]5ce to :at is call$ a sid]eal day--! int]val1 namely1 betwe5 ! successive passages by ! same /> ( ! cele/ial m]idian ( any fix$ place4 ,?is int]val is assum$ to be con/ant1 & x has1 inde$1 be5 describ$ z ! #8"o con/ant elem5t' kn[n to a/ronom]s4 ,we f9d1 !n1 t !re is a connection1 & a v important connection1 betwe5 ! motion ( ! />s & our measures1 n m]ely ( value1 b ( weight1 l5g?1 volume1 & "t4 ,9 fact1 our :ole sy/em ( weights & measures is f\nd$ on ! app>5t diurnal motion ( ! sid]eal sy/em1 t is1 on ! real diurnal rotation ( ! e>?4 ,we may look on ! m]idian-plane 9 :i* ! great transit-telescope ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory is made to sw+1 z ! gigantic h& ( a mighty dial1 a h& :i*1 ext5d+ outw>ds among ! />s1 traces out = u1 by its motion among !m1 ! exact progress ( "t1 & s gives u ! means ( weigh+1 measur+1 & valu+ t]re/rial objects ) an exactitude :i* is at pres5t beyond our wants4 ,! e>?1 !n1 is our #8*ief "t-piece1' & x is ( ! correctness ( ?is giant clock t ,i am n[ to speak4 ,b h[ c we te/ a "t-piece ^: motions we select to regulate e o!r "t-piece8 ,if a man sets 8 wat* e morn+ by ! clock at ,we/m9/]1 x is cle>ly impossible = him to te/ ! accuracy ( t clock by ! motions ( 8 wat*4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be possible to detect any gross *ange ( rate2 b = ! purpose ( illu/ration ,i assume1 :at is inde$ ! case1 t ! clock is v accurate1 & !re=e t m9ute errors only are to be look$ = ev5 9 long int]vals ( "t4 ,& j z ! wat* set by a clock _c be made use ( to te/ ! clock = small errors1 s our be/ "t-pieces _c be employ$ to detect sl[ v>iations1 if any su* exi/1 9 ! e>?'s rotation-p]iod4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 :o e>ly saw ! importance ( ! subject1 sugge/$ ano!r me?od4 ,"s ( ! planets rotate 9 su* a mann]1 & be> su* di/9ct m>ks ^u _! surface1 t x is possible1 by a s]ies ( obs]vations ext5d+ ov] a long int]val ( "t1 to det]m9e ! l5g? ( _! rotation-p]iod )9 a second or two4 ,suppos+ _! rotation uni=m1 we at once obta9 an accurate measure ( "t4 ,suppos+ _! rotation n uni=m1 we obta9--7#a7 a h9t ( ! k9d ( *ange we are look+ =2 & 7#b71 by ! comp>ison ( two or m planets1 ! means ( guess+ h[ ! v>iation is to be di/ribut$ betwe5 ! obs]v$ planets & our e>?4 ,un=tunately1 x turn$ out t ,jupit]1 "o ( ! planets f :i* ,h]s*el expect$ mo/1 does n af=d u exact in=mation-8 real surface be+ always veil$ by 8 d5se & vap\r-lad5 atmosph]e4 ,saturn1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury are simil>ly circum/anc$1 & are 9 o!r respects unfav\rable objects = ?is sort ( obs]vation4 ,m>s only1 ( all ! planets1 is really available4 ,di/9ctly m>k$ 79 telescopes ( suffici5t p[]7 ) cont95ts & oceans1 :i* are r>ely conceal$ by vap\rs1 ?is planet is 9 o!r respects =tunately situat$4 ,= x is c]ta9 t :atev] v>iations may be tak+ place 9 planet>y rotations mu/ be due to ext]nal ag5cies4 ,n[1 ,saturn & ,jupit] h _! satellites to influ5ce 7p]haps appreciably 9 long int]vals ( "t7 _! rotation-movem5ts4 ,v5us & ,m]cury are ne> ! sun1 & are !re=e 9 ?is respect worse (f ?an ! e>?1 ^: rotation is 9 "q4 ,m>s1 on ! o!r h&1 f>!r remov$ ?an we are f ! sun1 hav+ also no moon1 & be+ ( small dim5sions 7a v important po9t1 be x obs]v$1 s9ce ! tidal action ( ! sun dep5ds on ! dim5sions ( a planet71 is likely to h a rotation-p]iod all b absolutely con/ant4 ,h]s*el 0 r un=tunate 9 8 obs]vations ( ,m>s4 ,hav+ obta9$ a r\gh approximation f ,m>s' rotation 9 an int]val ( two days--?is r\gh approximation be+1 z x *anc$1 only ?irty-sev5 seconds 9 excess ( ! true p]iod1 he proce$$ to take ?ree int]vals ( "o mon? ea*4 ,?is %\ld h giv5 a mu* bett] value2 b1 z x happ5$1 ! mean ( ! values he obta9$ 0 =ty-six seconds too great4 ,he !n took a p]iod ( two ye>s1 & be+ misl$ by ! errone\s values he _h already obta9$1 he miss$ "o rotation1 gett+ a value two m9utes too great4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 two ,g]man a/ronom]s1 ,be] & ,madl]1 tri$ ! same problem1 & tak+ a p]iod ( sev5 ye>s1 obta9$ a value :i* exce$s ! true value by only "o second4 ,ano!r ,g]man1 ,kais]1 by comb9+ m obs]vations1 obta9$ a value :i* is )9 "o-fifte5? ( a second ( ! true value4 ,b a comp>ison ( obs]vations ext5d+ ov] #bjj ye>s has enabl$ me to obta9 a value :i* ,i consid] to lie )9 "o-hundr$? "p ( a second ( ! tru?4 ,?is value = ,m>s' rotation-p]iod is #bd h\rs #cg m9utes #bbgc seconds4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a result s accurate1 t at "s future "t x may s]ve to te/ ! e>?'s rotation-p]iod4 ,we h comp>$ ! rotation-rate ( our te/-planet ) ! e>?'s rate dur+ ! pa/ #bjj ye>s2 & !re=e1 if ! e>?'s rate v>y by m ?an "o-hundr$? ( a second 9 ! next two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 we %all--or r our desc5dants w--beg9 to h "s notion ( ! *ange at ! end ( t "t4 ,b 9 ! meantime1 mank9d be+ impati5t1 & n will+ to leave to a di/ant po/]ity any "q :i* c possibly be answ]$ n[1 a/ronom]s h look$ ar\nd !m = in=mation available at once on ?is int]e/+ po9t4 ,! se>* has n be5 9 va94 ,9 fact1 we are able to ann\nce1 ) an approa* to positiv5ess1 t our great t]re/rial "t-piece is actually los+ "t4 ,9 our moon we h a neighb\r :i* has long be5 9 ! habit ( answ]+ tru?fully que/ions address$ to h] by a/ronom]s4 ,( old1 %e told ,newton ab\t gravitation1 & :5 he d\bt$1 & urg$ oppos+ evid5ce (f]$--z m5 9 8 "t suppos$--by ! e>?1 %e set him on ! "r track1 s t :5 9 due "t ! evid5ce (f]$ by ! e>? 0 correct$1 ,newton 0 prep>$ at once to accept & prop\nd ! noble !ory :i* r5d]$ 8 "n illu/ri\s4 ,aga91 m5 wi%$ to le>n ! true %ape ( ! e>?1 & w5t hi!r & ?i!r measur+ its globe2 b ! moon1 mean:ile1 told ! a/ronom] :o rema9$ at home a tru] tale4 ,!y s\ght to le>n ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun1 & f ?is & t po9t !y turn$ _! telescopes on ,v5us 9 transit2 b ! moon set !m ne>] ! tru?1 & t n by a few miles1 b by #b1jjj1jjj miles or m4 ,we %all see t %e has _h some?+ to say ab\t our great t]re/rial "t-piece4 ,"o ( ! great *>ms ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy is1 t x enables m5 to pr$ict4 ,at su* & su* an h\r1 ! a/ronom] is able to say1 a cele/ial body w occupy su* & su* a po9t on ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,y direct a telescope t[>ds ! po9t nam$1 & lo6 at ! giv5 in/ant1 ! promis$ orb sweeps across ! field ( view4 ,ea* ye> !re is issu$ a ?ick octavo volume cr[d$ ) su* pr$ictions1 ?ree or f\r ye>s 9 advance ( ! ev5ts pr$ict$2 & ^! pr$ictions are accept$ ) z little d\bt by a/ronom]s z if !y 7 ! records ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,b a/ronom]s are n only able to pr$ict--!y c also trace back ! pa?s ( ! cele/ial bodies1 & say3 #8,at su* & su* a long-pa/ epo*1 a giv5 /> or planet occupi$ su* & su* a position ^u ! cele/ial sph]e4' ,b h[ are !y to v]ify su* a /atem5t8 ,x is cle> t1 9 g5]al1 !y _c d s4 ,^? :o are able to appreciate 7or bett]1 to make use (7 ! pr$ictions ( a/ronomy1 w1 inde$1 v readily accord a full measure ( confid5ce to calculations ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,!y "k t a/ronomy is ju/ly nam$ ! mo/ exact ( ! sci5ces1 & !y c see t !re is no?+1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 to r5d] retrospection m difficult ?an prevision4 ,b !re are hundr$s :o h no su* exp]i5ce ( ! exactness ( mod]n a/ronomical me?ods--:o h1 on ! contr>y1 a vague notion t mod]n a/ronomy is m]ely ! successor ( sy/ems n[ explod$2 p]haps ev5 t x may "o day h to make way 9 its turn = new me?ods4 ,& if all o!r m5 7 will+ to accept ! calculations ( a/ronom]s respect+ long-pa/ ev5ts1 a/ronom]s !mselves w\ld be less easily satisfi$4 ,long exp]i5ce has taught !m t ! detection ( error is ! mo/ fruitful s\rce ( k2 !re=e1 :]ev] su* a c\rse is possible1 !y always gladly submit _! calculations to ! te/ ( obs]vation4 ,n[1 look+ backw>d into ! f> pa/1 x is only "h & !re t we see records :i* af=d means ( comp>ison ) mod]n calculations4 ,! planets _h swept on 9 _! c\rses = ages ) none to note !m4 ,gradually1 obs]vant m5 began to notice & record ! m rem>kable ph5om5a4 ,b su* records1 made ) v insuffici5t in/rum5tal means1 _h 9 g5]al b little actual value3 x has be5 f\nd easy to confirm !m )\t any special reg>d to accuracy ( calculation4 ,!re is "o class ( ph5om5a1 h[ev]1 :i* no inaccuracy ( obs]vation c v greatly affect4 ,a total eclipse ( ! sun is an occurr5ce s rem>kable1 t 7#a7 x c h>dly take place )\t be+ record$1 & 7#b7 a v r\gh record w suffice to det]m9e ! p>ticul> eclipse ref]r$ to4 ,long int]vals elapse betwe5 successive total eclipses visible at ! same place on ! e>?'s surface1 & ev5 p>tial eclipses ( notewor?y ext5t occur b seldom at any assign$ place4 ,v e>ly1 !re=e1 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n a/ronomy1 ! sugge/ion 0 made1 t eclipses record$ by anci5t hi/orians %\ld be calculat$ retrospectively4 ,an unexpect$ result rew>d$ ! und]tak+4 ,x 0 f\nd t anci5t eclipses c\ld n be fairly acc\nt$ = )\t assign+ a sl[] motion to ! moon 9 long-pa/ ages ?an %e has at pres5t6 ,"h 0 a difficulty :i* long puzzl$ ma!maticians4 ,"o aft] ano!r 0 foil$ by x4 ,halley1 an ,engli% ma!matician1 _h detect$ ! difficulty1 b no ,engli% ma!matician 0 able to grapple ) x4 ,cont5t$ ) ,newton's fame1 !y _h suff]$ _! ,cont95tal rivals to %oot f> ahead 9 ! c\rse he _h po9t$ out4 ,b ! be/ ,cont95tal ma!maticians 7 defeat$4 ,9 pap]s ( ackn[l$g$ m]it1 adorn$ by a v>iety ( new processes1 & %[+ a deep insight into ! "q at issue1 !y yet arriv$1 "o & all1 at ! same conclusion--failure4 ,n9ety ye>s elaps$ be=e ! true explanation 0 (f]$ by ! great ma!matician ,laplace4 ,a full exposition ( 8 views w\ld be out ( place 9 su* a pap] z ! pres5t1 b1 briefly1 !y am\nt to ?is3-- ,! moon travels 9 h] orbit1 sway$ *iefly by ! e>?'s attraction4 ,b ! sun1 ?\gh greatly m di/ant1 yet1 ow+ to ! imm5sity ( 8 mass1 plays an important "p 9 guid+ our satellite4 ,8 influ5ce t5ds to relieve ! moon1 9 "p1 f ! e>?'s sway4 ,?us %e travels 9 a wid] orbit1 & ) a sl[] motion1 ?an %e w\ld h b = ! sun's influ5ce4 ,n[ ! e>? is n at all times equally di/ant f ! sun1 & 8 influ5ce ^u ! moon is accord+ly v>iable4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 ! e>? is ne>e/ to ! sun1 8 influ5ce is greate/4 ,! lun> mon?1 accord+ly 7?\gh ! diff]5ce is v slight71 is long] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,?is v>iation _h long be5 recognis$ z ! moon's #8annual equation2' b ,laplace 0 ! fir/ to po9t out t ! v>iation is itself sl[ly v>y+4 ,! e>?'s orbit is sl[ly *ang+ 9 %ape--becom+ m & m ne>ly circul> ye> by ye>4 ,z ! great] axis ( h] orbit is un*ang+1 x is cle> t ! actual ext5t ( ! orbit is sl[ly increas+4 ,?us1 ! moon is slightly releas$ f ! sun's influ5ce ye> by ye>1 & s br\ght m & m "u ! e>?'s influ5ce4 ,%e travels1 !re=e1 cont9ually fa/] & fa/]1 ?\gh ! *ange is inde$ b a v m9ute "o2--only to be detect$ 9 long int]vals ( "t4 ,also ! moon's accel]ation1 z ! *ange is t]m$1 is only tempor>y1 & w 9 due "t be replac$ by an equally gradual ret>dation4 ,:5 ,laplace _h calculat$ ! ext5t ( ! *ange due to ! cause he _h detect$1 & :5 x 0 f\nd t anci5t eclipses 7 n[ satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 x may well be believ$ t !re 0 triumph 9 ! ma!matical camp4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,o!r ma!maticians attack$ ! same problem1 & _! results agre$ s closely t all 7 conv9c$ t ! difficulty 0 ?or\ghly vanqui%$4 ,a v notewor?y result foll[$ f ,laplace's calculations4 ,among/ o!r solutions :i* _h be5 sugge/$1 0 ! supposition 7support$ by no less an au?ority ?an ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :o liv$ to see ! comm5cem5t ( ! long conflict ma9ta9$ by ma!maticians ) ?is difficulty71 t x is n ! moon travell+ m quickly1 b our e>? rotat+ m sl[ly1 :i* causes ! obs]v$ discrepancy4 ,n[ x result$ f ,laplace's lab\rs--z he 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce--t ! p]iod ( ! e>?'s rotation has n v>i$ by "o-t5? ( a second p] c5tury 9 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! "q ?us satisfactorily settl$1 z 0 suppos$1 0 %elv$ = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,! result1 also1 :i* seem$ to fl[ f ! discussion--! con/ancy ( ! e>?'s rotation-movem5t--0 accept$2 &1 z we h se51 our national sy/em ( measures 0 f\nd$ ^u ! assum$ con/ancy ( ! day's duration4 ,b ma!maticians 7 premature 9 _! rejoic+s4 ,! "q has be5 br\ght1 by ! lab\rs ( ,pr(essor ,adams--co-discov]] ) ,lev]ri] ( ! di/ant ,neptune--almo/ exactly to ! po9t :i* x occupi$ a c5tury ago4 ,we are face to face ) ! v difficulties--some:at modifi$ 9 ext5t1 b n 9 "*--:i* puzzl$ ,halley1 ,eul]1 & ,lagrange4 ,x w\ld be an inju/ice to ! memory ( ,laplace to say t 8 lab\rs 7 ?r[n away4 ,! explanation (f]$ by him is inde$ a j "o4 ,b x is insuffici5t4 ,prop]ly e/imat$ x removes only half ! difficulty :i* _h p]plex$ ma!maticians4 ,x w\ld be q impossible to pres5t 9 brief space1 & 9 =m suit$ to ^! pages1 ! views prop\nd$ by ,adams4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 w\ld mo/ ( our read]s le>n if we 7 to tell !m t1 #8:5 ! v>iability ( ! ecc5tricity is tak5 into acc\nt1 9 integrat+ ! diff]5tial equations involv$ 9 ! problem ( ! lun> motions--t is1 :5 ! ecc5tricity is made a function ( ! "t--non-p]iodic or secul> t]ms appe> 9 ! expression = ! moon's mean motion'--& s on8 ,let x suffice to say t ,laplace _h consid]$ only ! "w ( ! sun 9 dim9i%+ ! e>?'s pull on ! moon1 suppos+ t ! sl[ v>iation 9 ! sun's direct influ5ce on ! moon's motion 9 h] orbit mu/ be self-comp5satory 9 long int]vals ( "t4 ,adams has %[n1 on ! contr>y1 t :5 ?is v>iation is closely exam9$1 no su* comp5sation is f\nd to take place2 & t ! effect ( ?is want ( comp5sation is to dim9i% by m ?an "o-half ! effects due to ! sl[ v>iation exam9$ by ,laplace4 ,^! views gave rise at fir/ to consid]able controv]sy4 ,pontc\lant *>act]is$ ,adams's processes z #8analytical conjur+-tricks1' & ,lev]ri] /ood up gallantly 9 def5ce ( ,laplace4 ,! conte/ sway$ hi!r & ?i!r = a :ile1 b gradually ! press ( new arrivals on ,adams's side began to prevail4 ,"o by "o 8 antagoni/s gave way2 new processes h confirm$ 8 results1 figure = figure2 & no d\bt n[ exi/s1 9 ! m9d ( any a/ronom] compet5t to judge1 ( ! correctness ( ,adams's views4 ,b1 side by side ) ?is inquiry1 ano!r _h be5 9 progress4 ,a cr[d ( dilig5t lab\r]s _h be5 se>*+ ) close & rigid scrut9y into ! circum/ances att5d+ anci5t eclipses4 ,a new light _h be5 ?r[n ^u ?is subject by ! lab\rs ( mod]n travell]s & hi/orians4 ,"o rem>kable in/ance ( ?is may be cit$4 ,mr4 ,lay>d has id5tifi$ ! site ( ,l>issa ) ! mod]n ,nimr\d4 ,n[1 ,x5ophon relates t :5 ,l>issa 0 besieg$ by ! ,p]sians1 an eclipse ( ! sun took place1 s rem>kable 9 its effects 7& !re=e und\bt$ly total71 t ! ,m$ian def5d]s ( ! t[n ?rew d[n _! arms1 & ! city 0 accord+ly captur$4 ,& ,hans5 has %[n t a c]ta9 e/imate ( ! moon's motion makes ! eclipse :i* occurr$ on ,augu/ #ae1 #caj ,b4,c41 n only total1 b c5tral at ,nimr\d4 ,"s o!r rem>kable eclipses--z ! celebrat$ sunset eclipse 7total7 at ,rome1 #cii ,b4,c42 ! eclipse :i* envelop$ ! fleet ( ,aga?ocles z he escap$ f ,syracuse2 ! fam\s eclipse ( ,?ales1 :i* int]rupt$ a battle betwe5 ! ,m$es & ,lydians2 & ev5 ! p>tial eclipse :i* 7possibly7 caus$ ! #8go+ back ( ! %ad[ ^u ! dial ( ,ahaz'--h all be5 acc\nt$ = satisfactorily by ,hans5's e/imate ( ! moon's motion3 s also h n9ete5 lun> eclipses record$ 9 ! ,almage/4 ,?is e/imate ( ,hans5's1 :i* acc\nts s satisfactorily = sol> & lun> eclipses1 makes ! moon's rate ( motion increase m ?an twice z fa/ z x %\ld d accord+ to ! calculations ( ,adams4 ,b be=e our read]s run away ) ! notion t a/ronom]s h "h gone q a/ray1 x w be well to pres5t1 9 a simple mann]1 ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ! discrepancy ab\t :i* all ! coil has be5 made4 ,suppose t1 j 9 front ( our moon1 a false moon exactly equal to ours 9 size & appe>ance 7see note at ! end ( ?is pap]7 7 to set (f ) a motion correspond+ to ! pres5t motion ( ! moon1 save only 9 "o respect--namely1 t ! false moon's motion %\ld n be subject to ! *ange we are consid]+1 t]m$ ! accel]ation4 ,!n "o hundr$ ye>s w\ld elapse be=e our moon w\ld fairly beg9 to %[ 9 advance4 ,%e w\ld1 9 t "t1 h br\ght only "o "o-hundr$-&-fiftie? "p ( h] bread? f beh9d ! false moon4 ,at ! end ( ano!r c5tury %e w\ld h ga9$ f\r times z mu*2 at ! end ( a ?ird1 n9e times z mu*3 & s on4 ,%e w\ld n fairly h cle>$ h] own bread? 9 less ?an twelve hundr$ ye>s4 ,b ! :ole ( ?is ga91 m9ute z x is1 is n left unacc\nt$ = by our mod]n a/ronomical !ories4 ,half ! ga9 is expla9$1 ! o!r half rema9s to be int]pret$2 9 o!r words1 ! moon travels fur!r by ab\t half h] own bread? 9 twelve c5turies ?an %e %\ld d accord+ to ! lun> !ory4 ,b 9 ?is difficulty1 small z x seems1 we are n left :olly )\t res\rce4 ,we are n only able to say t ! discrepancy is probably due to a gradual ret>dation ( ! e>?'s rotation-movem5t1 b we are able to place our f+] on a v suffici5t cause = su* a ret>dation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ firmly e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( mod]n sci5ce is ?is--t :]e "w is done1 =ce is1 9 "s way or o!r1 exp5d$4 ,! do+ ( "w may %[ itself 9 a v>iety ( ways-- 9 ! g5]ation ( heat1 9 ! production ( light1 9 ! rais+ ( weights1 & s on2 b 9 e case an equival5t =ce mu/ be exp5d$4 ,if ! brakes are appli$ to a tra9 9 motion1 int5se heat is g5]at$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! brake4 ,n[1 ! =ce employ$ by ! brakesman is n equival5t to ! heat g5]at$4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! balance ( =ce exp5d$8 ,we all "k t ! tra9's motion is ret>d$1 & ?is loss ( motion repres5ts ! requisite exp5diture ( =ce4 ,n[1 is !re any process 9 nature resembl+1 9 h[ev] remote a degree1 ! application ( a brake to *eck ! e>?'s rotation8 ,!re is4 ,! tidal wave1 :i* sweeps1 twice a day1 r\nd ! e>?1 travels 9 a direction contr>y to ! e>?'s motion ( rotation4 ,t ?is wave #8does "w1' no "o c d\bt :o has wat*$ its effects4 ,! m]e rise & fall 9 op5 ocean may n be /rik+ly indicative ( #8"w done2' b :5 we see ! behavi\r ( ! tidal wave 9 n>r[ *annels1 :5 we see heavily-lad5 %ips swept /eadily up our tidal riv]s1 we _c b recognise ! exp5diture ( =ce4 ,n[1 :]e does ?is =ce come f8 ,motion be+ ! great #8=ce-measur]1' :at motion suff]s t ! tides may "w8 ,we may securely reply1 t ! only motion :i* c supply ! requisite =ce is ! e>?'s motion ( rotation4 ,!re=e1 x is no m]e fancy1 b a matt] ( absolute c]ta9ty1 t1 ?\gh sl[ly1 /ill v surely1 our t]re/rial globe is los+ its rotation-movem5t4 ,consid]$ z a "t-piece1 :at are ! e>?'s errors8 ,suppose1 = a mom5t1 t ! e>? 0 tim$ & rat$ two ?\s& ye>s ago1 h[ mu* has %e lo/1 & :at is h] #8rate-error8' ,%e has lo/ 9 t int]val ne>ly "o h\r & a qu>t]1 & %e is los+ n[ at ! rate ( "o second 9 twelve weeks4 ,9 o!r words1 ! l5g? ( a day is n[ m by ab\t "o eighty-f\r? "p ( a second ?an x 0 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,at ?is rate ( *ange1 our day w\ld m]ge into a lun> mon? 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty-six ?\s& millions ( ye>s4 ,b aft] a :ile1 ! *ange w take place m sl[ly1 & "s trillion or s ( ye>s w elapse be=e ! full *ange is effect$4 ,di/ant1 h[ev]1 z is ! epo* at :i* ! *anges we h be5 consid]+ w become effective1 ! subject appe>s to u to h an int]e/ ap>t f ! m]e speculative consid]ation ( ! future physical condition ( our globe4 ,in/ead ( ! recurr5ce ( ev]-v>y+1 closely int]m+l$ cycles ( fluctuation1 we see1 n[ = ! fir/ "t1 ! evid5ce ( cosmical decay--a decay :i*1 9 its sl[ progress1 may be b ! prep>ation = r5ew$ g5esis--b /ill1 a decay :i*1 s f> z ! races at pres5t subsi/+ ^u ! e>? are conc]n$1 mu/ be look$ ^u z f9ally & completely de/ructive4#b 7,f ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 ,octob] #ab1 #ahfg47 ,,encke ,,! ,,a/ronom]4 ,! ye>s :i* h pass$ s9ce ,encke di$ h witness$ notable *anges 9 ! aspect ( ! sci5ce he lov$ s well4 ,b we mu/ look back ov] m ?an half a c5tury1 if we w\ld =m an e/imate ( ! position ( a/ronomy :5 ,encke's mo/ notable "w 0 a*iev$4 ,at ,seeb]ge1 "u ,l9d5au1 ,encke _h be5 p]fect+ himself 9 ! high] bran*es ( ma!matical calculation4 ,he took ! difficult "w ( det]m9+ ! orbital motions ( newly-discov]$ comets "u 8 special *>ge1 & ,dr4 ,bruhns tells u t e comet :i* 0 detect$ dur+ ,encke's /ay at ,seeb]ge 0 subject$ to rigid scrut9y by ! indefatigable ma!matician4 ,be=e long a discov]y ( ! utmo/ importance rew>d$ 8 p]sev]+ lab\rs4 ,pons _h detect$ on ,novemb] #bf1 #ahah1 a comet ( no v brilliant aspect1 :i* 0 wat*$ fir/ at ,m>seilles1 & !n at ,mannheim1 until ,decemb] #bi4 ,encke next took up ! "w1 & track$ ! comet until ,janu>y #ab4 ,comb9+ ! obs]vations made betwe5 ,decemb] #bb & ,janu>y #ab1 he assign$ to ! body a p>abolic orbit4 ,b he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! accordance betwe5 ?is pa? & ! obs]v$ motions ( ! body4 ,:5 he attempt$ to acc\nt = ! motions ( ! comet by means ( an orbit ( comp>atively %ort p]iod1 he 0 /ruck by ! resemblance betwe5 ! pa? ?us d$uc$ & t ( ,comet ,i1 #ahje4 ,gradually ! idea dawn$ ^u him t a new era 0 op5+ = sci5ce4 ,hi!rto ! only p]iodical comets :i* _h be5 discov]$ except ,lexell's--! #8lo/ comet'--_h travell$ 9 orbits ext5d+ f> out into space beyond ! pa?s ( ! mo/ di/ant kn[n planets4 ,b n[ ,encke saw reason to believe t he _h to deal ) a comet travell+ )9 ! orbit ( ,jupit]4 ,on ,febru>y #e1 he wrote to ! em95t ma!matician ,gauss1 po9t+ out ! results ( 8 inquiries1 & say+ t he only wait$ = ! enc\ragem5t & au?ority ( 8 =m] tea*] to prosecute 8 rese>*es to ! end t[>ds :i* !y already seem$ to po9t4 ,gauss1 9 reply1 n only enc\rag$ ,encke to proce$1 b c\nsell$ him z to ! c\rse he %\ld pursue4 ,! result we all "k4 ,encke %[$ conclusively t ! newly-discov]$ comet travels 9 a pa? ( %ort p]iod1 & t x _h already made its appe>ance sev]al times 9 our neighb\rhood4 ,f ! date ( ?is discov]y1 ,encke took high rank among ! a/ronom]s ( ,europe4 ,8 subsequ5t lab\rs by no means fell %ort ( ! promise :i* ?is1 8 fir/ notable a*ievem5t1 _h af=d$4 ,if he effect$ less z an a/ronomical obs]v] ?an _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 he 0 surpass$ by few z a manipulator ( ^? ab/ruse =mul by :i* ! planet>y p]turbations are calculat$4 ,x 0 to ! confid5ce eng5d]$ by ?is skill t we owe 8 celebrat$ discov]y ( ! accel]ation ( ! motion ( ! comet m5tion$ above4 ,assur$ t he _h rightly e/imat$ ! di/urbances to :i* ! comet is subject$1 he 0 able to pron\nce confid5tly t "s cause cont9ually 7?\gh all b imp]ceptibly7 imp$es ! passage ( ?is body ?r\gh space1 & s--by "o ( ^? /range relations :i* ! /ud5t ( a/ronomy is famili> )--! cont9ually ret>d$ comet travels ev] m swiftly along a cont9ually dim9i%+ orbit4 ,bruhns' ,life ( ,encke is well wor? read+1 n only by ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ,encke's fame & "w z an a/ronom]1 b by ! g5]al read]4 ,encke ! man is pres5t$ to our view1 z well z ,encke ! a/ronom]4 ,) lov+ pa9s ! pupil ( ! great a/ronom] h&les ! !me he has select$4 ,! boyhood ( ,encke1 8 /udies1 8 soldi] life 9 ! great upris+ aga9/ ,napoleon 9 #ahac1 & 8 "w at ! ,seeb]ge ,obs]vatory2 8 lab\rs on comets & a/]oids2 8 inve/igations ( ! transits ( #agfa & #agfi2 8 life z an academician1 & z director ( an important obs]vatory2 8 orations at fe/ival & fun]al2 & la/ly1 8 illness & dea?1 are describ$ 9 ^! pages by "o :o held ,encke 9 grateful remembrance z #8tea*] & ma/]1' & z a #8fa!rly fri5d4' ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ feature ( ! "w is ! correspond5ce introduc$ into its pages4 ,we f9d ,encke 9 communication ) ,humboldt1 ) ,bessel & ,/ruve1 ) ,hans51 ,olb]s1 & ,argel&]2 ) a ho/1 9 f9e1 ( liv+ z well z ( dep>t$ m5 ( sci5ce4 7,f ,nature1 ,m>* #aj1 #ahgj47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,o!r gre5 l9es h s9ce be5 discov]$ 9 ! auroral spectrum2 & occasionally a r$ l9e is se54 #b ,9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,octob] #ahff1 a m detail$ b some:at less popul> acc\nt ( ! subject ( ! above pap] is pres5t$4 ,a few mon?s e>li]1 a skilfully-writt5 pap] on ! same subject1 f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,wilson1 ( ,rugby1 _h appe>$ 9 ! ,eagle1 a magaz9e writt5 by & = memb]s ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,al?\gh my pap] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce 0 writt5 q indep5d5tly ( ,mr4 ,wilson's 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i _h read71 yet x *anc$ t 9 describ+ ! same ma!matical relations1 & ! same sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 ,i "h & !re us$ language closely resembl+ 84 ,i fe> ?is l$ = a :ile to "s misconception2 b ,i 0 =tunately able to %[ 9 ,mr4 ,de la ,rue's address to ! ,a/ronomical ,society1 on ! same subject1 passages yet m /rik+ly resembl+ "s 9 ,mr4 ,wilson's pap] 7writt5 subsequ5tly & q indep5d5tly74 ,! fact w\ld seem to be t if two p]sons describe exactly ! same ev5ts1 & deal ) exactly ! same ma!matical relations1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t 9 m ?an "o passage !y w use some:at simil> expressions4 ,i 0 actually indebt$ to ,mr4 ,wilson's pap] = "o illu/ration1 h[ev]1--t d]iv$ f ! movem5ts ( a suppos$ artificial moon2 & ,i ?9k t _h 8 pap] appe>$ 9 a magaz9e pr9t$ = g5]al circulation1 ,i %\ld h ref]r$ to x4 ,z x 01 ?is seem$ useless s f> z ! read]s ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce 7 conc]n$4 ,! circum/ances ( ! case 71 inde$1 f> f call+ = a ref]5ce2 :ile ,i _h 9 a s5se made ! illu/ration my own by detect+ an important miscalculation 9 ! orig9al 7! am\nt ( advance be+ ei!r d\bl$ or halv$--,i =get :i*74 ,_h ,i ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,wilson's pap]1 ,i mu/ ne$s h m5tion$ ?is mi/ake2 & x w\ld h appe>$ z ?\gh ,i _h _h no o!r purpose 9 mak+ ! ref]5ce4 ,i m5tion ^! matt]s to expla9 :at ,i fe> my e/eem$ fell[-collegian 0 dispos$ at ! "t to reg>d z ei!r a wrong or a slight4 ,no?+ 0 fur!r f my int5tion ?an ei!r4 ,,v5us ,,on ,,! ,,sun',s ,,face4 ,m ?an a c5tury ago sci5tific m5 7 look+ =w>d ) eag] int]e/ to ! passage ( ! planet ,v5us across ! sun's face 9 #agfi4 ,! ,royal ,society judg$ ! approa*+ ev5t to be ( su* extreme importance to ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy t !y pres5t$ a memorial to ,k+ ,george ,,iii41 reque/+ t a vessel might be fitt$ out1 at ,gov]nm5t exp5se1 to convey skilful obs]v]s to "o ( ! /ations :i* _h be5 judg$ suitable = obs]v+ ! ph5om5on4 ,! petition 0 compli$ )1 & aft] "s difficulty z to ! *oice ( a lead]1 ! good %ip #8,endeav\r1' ( #cgj tons1 0 plac$ "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,cook4 ,! a/ronomical "w entru/$ to ! exp$ition 0 completely successful2 & ?us x 0 held t ,engl& _h satisfactorily dis*>g$ h] "p ( ! "w ( utilis+ ! r>e ph5om5on kn[n z a transit ( ,v5us4 ,a c5tury pass$1 & sci5ce 0 aga9 await+ ) int]e/ ! approa* ( "o ( ^! transits4 ,b n[ h] dem&s 7 enl>g$4 ,x 0 n "o %ip t 0 ask$ =1 b ! full co/ & *>ge ( sev]al exp$itions4 ,& ?is "t1 also1 sci5ce _h be5 m c>eful 9 tak+ "t by ! =elock4 ,! fir/ h9ts ( h] requirem5ts 7 he>d "s f\rte5 ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,a/ronom]-,royal began t process ( labori\s inquiry :i* a "q ( ?is sort necess>ily dem&s4 ,gradually1 h] h9ts became m & m pla9-spok52 insomu* t ,airy--h] m\?piece 9 ?is case--/at$ def9itely 9 #ahfh :at he ?\ght sci5ce _h a "r to claim f ,engl& 9 ?is matt]4 ,:5 ! claim came be=e our ,gov]nm5t1 x 0 met ) a lib]ality :i* 0 a pleas+ surprise aft] "s =m] placid ref]5ces ( sci5tific p to _! own devices4 ,! sum ( t5 ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds 0 grant$ to meet ! co/ ( sev]al important & well-appo9t$ exp$itions2 & fur!r mat]ial aid 0 d]iv$ f ! v>i\s ,gov]nm5t obs]vatories4 ,& n[ let u inquire :y s mu* int]e/ is atta*$ to a ph5om5on :i* appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 to be s insignificant4 ,transits1 eclipses1 & o!r ph5om5a ( t nature are cont9ually occurr+1 )\t any p>ticul> int]e/ be+ atta*$ to !m4 ,! telescopi/ may see half-a-doz5 su* ph5om5a 9 ! c\rse ( a night or two1 by simply wat*+ ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 or ! passage ( our moon ov] ! />s4 ,ev5 ! great eclipse ( #ahfh did n attract s mu* int]e/ z ! transit ( ,v5us2 yet t eclipse _h n be5 equall$ 9 importance by any :i* has occurr$ 9 hi/oric times1 & hundr$s ( ye>s mu/ pass be=e su* ano!r happ5s1 :]eas transits ( ,v5us are f> f be+ s uncommon4 ,! fact is1 t ,v5us gives u ! be/ means we h ( ma/]+ a problem :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important )9 ! :ole range ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy4 ,i use ! t]m important1 ( c\rse1 ) ref]5ce to ! sci5tific significance & int]e/ ( ! problem4 ,practically1 x matt]s little to u :e!r ! sun is a million ( miles or a ?\s& millions ( miles f u4 ,! subject mu/ 9 any case be look$ ^u z an extra-p>o*ial "o4 ,b sci5ce does occasionally atta* imm5se int]e/ to extra-p>o*ial subjects4 ,& ?is is nei!r unwise nor unreasonable1 s9ce we f9d implant$ 9 our v nature--& n m]ely 9 ! nature ( sci5tific m5--a quality :i* causes u to take int]e/ 9 a v>iety ( matt]s t d n 9 ! lea/ conc]n our p]sonal int]e/s4 ,nor is ?is quality1 rightly consid]$1 "o ( ! lea/ noble *>act]i/ics ( ! human race4 ,t ! det]m9ation ( ! sun's di/ance is important1 9 an a/ronomical s5se1 w be se5 at once :5 x is rememb]$ t ! ideas we =m ( ! dim5sions ( ! sol> sy/em are :olly dep5d5t on our e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,nor c we gauge ! cele/ial dep?s ) any feel+ ( assurance1 unless we "k ! true l5g? ( t :i* is our sole measur+-rod4 ,x is1 9 fact1 our basis ( measurem5t = ! :ole visible univ]se4 ,9 "s respects1 ev5 if we knew ! sun's di/ance exactly1 x w\ld /ill be an unsatisfactory gauge = ! /ell> dep?s4 ,b t is ! mis=tune1 n ! fault1 ( ! a/ronom]1 :o mu/ be cont5t to use ! measur+-rod :i* nature gives him4 ,all he c d is to f9d out z ne>ly z possible its true l5g?4 ,:5 we come to consid] h[ ! a/ronom] is to det]m9e ?is v elem5t--! sun's di/ance--we f9d t he is hamp]$ ) a difficulty ( precisely ! same "*4 ,! sun be+ an inaccessible object1 ! a/ronom] c apply no o!r me?ods to det]m9e its di/ance--directly--?an ^? :i* a surveyor w\ld use 9 det]m9+ ! di/ance ( an inaccessible ca/le1 or rock1 or tree1 or ! l4 ,we %all see pres5tly t ! +5uity ( a/ronom]s has1 9 fact1 sugge/$ "s o!r indirect me?ods4 ,b cle>ly ! mo/ satisfactory e/imate we c h ( ! sun's di/ance is "o f\nd$ on su* simple notions & involv+ 9 ! ma9 su* processes ( calculation z we h to deal ) 9 ord9>y survey+4 ,!re is1 9 ?is respect1 no my/]y ab\t ! solution ( ! fam\s problem4 ,un=tunately1 !re is enorm\s difficulty4 ,:5 a surveyor has to det]m9e ! di/ance ( an inaccessible object1 he proce$s 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he fir/ v c>efully measures a base-l9e ( conv5i5t l5g?4 ,!n f ei!r end ( ! base-l9e he takes ! be>+ ( ! inaccessible object--t is1 he obs]ves ! direction 9 :i* x lies4 ,x is cle> t1 if he 7 n[ to draw a figure on pap]1 lay+ d[n ! base-l9e to "s conv5i5t scale1 & draw+ l9es f its ends 9 directions correspond+ to ! be>+s ( ! obs]v$ object1 ^! l9es w\ld indicate1 by _! int]section1 ! true relative position ( ! object4 ,9 practice1 ! ma!matician does n tru/ to s r\gh a me?od z con/ruction1 b applies processes ( calculation4 ,n[1 x is cle> t 9 ?is plan ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! base-l9e4 ,x mu/ n be too %ort 9 comp>ison ) ! di/ance ( ! inaccessible object2 = !n1 if we make ! lea/ error 9 obs]v+ ! be>+s ( ! object1 we get an important error 9 ! result+ det]m9ation ( ! di/ances4 ,! read] c easily conv9ce himself ( ?is by draw+ an illu/rative case or two on pap]4 ,! a/ronom] has to take 8 base-l9e = det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance1 ^u our e>?1 :i* is q a t9y speck 9 comp>ison ) ! va/ di/ance :i* sep>ates u f ! sun4 ,x _h be5 f\nd difficult en\gh to det]m9e ! moon's di/ance ) su* a %ort base-l9e to "w f4 ,b ! moon is only ab\t a qu>t] ( a million ( miles f u1 :ile ! sun is m ?an n9ety millions ( miles (f4 ,?us ! problem 0 made sev]al hundr$ times m difficult--or1 to speak m correctly1 x 0 r5d]$ simply insoluble unless ! a/ronom] c\ld devise "s mode ( obs]v+ :i* %\ld va/ly enhance ! p[] ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,= let u consid] an illu/rative case4 ,suppose !re 0 a /eeple five miles (f1 & we _h a base-l9e only two feet long4 ,t w\ld correspond z ne>ly z possible to ! case ! a/ronom] has to deal )4 ,n[1 :at *ange ( direction c\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! /eeple by m]ely %ift+ ! eye along a l9e ( two feet8 ,!re is a ready way ( answ]+4 ,inv]t ! matt]4 ,consid] :at a l9e ( two feet long w\ld look l if view$ f a di/ance ( five miles4 ,w\ld its l5g? be appreciable1 to say no?+ ( its be+ measurable8 ,yet x is j su* a problem z ! measurem5t ( t l9e :i* ! a/ronom] w\ld h to solve4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all4 ,9 our illu/ration only "o obs]v] is conc]n$1 & he w\ld be able to use "o set ( in/rum5ts4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t f "o end ( ! two-feet l9e an obs]v] us+ "o set ( in/rum5ts took ! be>+s ( ! /eeple2 & t1 half a ye> aft]1 ano!r obs]v] br\ght ano!r set ( in/rum5ts & took ! be>+ ( ! /eeple f ! o!r end ( ! two-feet l9e1 is x n obvi\s h[ enorm\sly ! unc]ta9ty ( ! result w\ld be increas$ by su* an arrangem5t z ?is8 ,"o obs]v] w\ld h 8 own peculi> p[]s ( obs]vation1 8 own peculi> weaknesses3 ! o!r w\ld h diff]5t peculi>ities4 ,"o set ( in/rum5ts w\ld be *>act]is$ by its own faults or m]its1 s w\ld ! o!r4 ,"o s]ies ( obs]vations w\ld be made 9 summ]1 ) all ! di/urb+ effects due to heat2 ! o!r w\ld be made 9 w9t]1 ) all ! di/urb+ effects due to cold4 ,! obs]vation ( ! sun is *>act]is$ by all ^! difficulties4 ,limit$ to ! base-l9es he c measure on e>?1 ! a/ronom] mu/ set "o obs]v] 9 "o hemisph]e1 ano!r 9 ! o!r4 ,ea* obs]v] mu/ h 8 own set ( in/rum5ts2 & e obs]vation :i* "o has made 9 summ] w h to be comp>$ ) an obs]vation :i* ! o!r has made 9 w9t]4 ,?us we c und]/& t a/ronom]s %\ld h fail$ totally :5 !y attempt$ to det]m9e ! sun's di/ance )\t aid f ! o!r cele/ial bodies4 ,x may seem at fir/ sight z ?\gh no?+ ! o!r cele/ial bodies c\ld tell ! a/ronom] w\ld be ( ! lea/ use to him1 s9ce ^! bodies are = ! mo/ "p f>!r (f ?an ! sun1 & ev5 ^? :i*1 approa* ne>e/ to u are /ill f> beyond ! limits ( di/ance )9 :i* ! simple plan foll[$ by surveyors c\ld be ( any s]vice4 ,& besides1 x might be suppos$ t in=mation ab\t ! di/ance ( "o cele/ial body c\ld be ( no p>ticul> s]vice t[>ds ! det]m9ation ( ! di/ance ( ano!r4 ,b two ?+s aid ! a/ronom] at ?is po9t4 ,fir/ ( all1 he has discov]$ ! law :i* associates toge!r ! di/ances ( all ! planets f ! sun2 s t if he c det]m9e ! di/ance ( any "o planet1 he le>ns imm$iately ! di/ances ( all4 ,secondly1 ! planets 9 _! motion travel occasionally into su* positions t !y become mighty indices1 trac+ out on a natural dial-plate ! significant lesson f :i* ! a/ronom] hopes to le>n s mu*4 ,to take an in/ance f ! motions ( ano!r planet ?an ! "o we are deal+ )4 ,m>s comes sometimes s ne> ! e>? t ! di/ance sep>at+ u f him is little m ?an "o-?ird ( t :i* sep>ates u f ! sun4 ,suppose t1 at su* a "t1 he is se5 q close to a fix$ />4 ,t /> gives ! a/ronom] p[]ful aid 9 det]m9+ ! planet's di/ance4 ,=1 to obs]v]s 9 "s p>ts ( ! e>?1 ! planet w seem ne>] to ! /> ?an he w to obs]v]s else:]e4 ,a c>eful comp>ison ( ! effects ?us exhibit$ w give significant evid5ce respect+ ! di/ance ( ,m>s4 ,& we see t ! /> has s]v$ z a fix$ m>k ^u ! va/ natural dial ( ! heav5s1 j z ! division-m>ks on a clock-face s]ve to indicate ! position ( ! h&s4 ,n[ we c at once see :y ,v5us holds s important a position 9 ?is sort ( inquiry4 ,v5us is our ne>e/ neighb\r among ! planets4 ,%e comes sev]al millions ( miles ne>] to u ?an ,m>s1 our next neighb\r on ! o!r side4 ,t is ! prim>y reason ( h] be+ s mu* consid]$ by a/ronom]s4 ,b !re is ano!r ( equal importance4 ,v5us travels ne>] ?an our e>? to ! sun4 ,& ?us !re are occasions :5 %e gets directly betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,at ^? times %e is se5 ^u 8 face1 & 8 face s]ves z a dial-plate by :i* to measure h] movem5ts4 ,:5 an obs]v] at "o "p ( ! e>? sees h] on "o "p ( ! sun's face1 ano!r obs]v] at "s o!r "p ( ! e>? w see h] on ano!r1 & ! diff]5ce ( position1 if accurately measur$1 w\ld at once indicate ! sun's di/ance4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 o!r modes ( read+ (f ! indications ( ! great dial-plate h to be adopt$4 ,be=e proce$+ to consid] ^? modes1 h[ev]1 we mu/ deal ) "o or two facts ab\t ,v5us's movem5ts :i* l>gely affect ! "q at issue4 ,let u fir/ see :at we ga9 by consid]+ ! di/ance ( ,v5us r ?an t ( ! sun4 ,at ! "t ( a transit ,v5us is ( c\rse on a l9e betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 & %e is at some:at less ?an a ?ird ( ! sun's di/ance f u4 ,?us :atev] effect an obs]v]'s *ange ( place w\ld produce ^u ! sun w\ld be m ?an trebl$ 9 ! case ( ,v5us4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t we are to judge ! motions ( ,v5us by means ( ! dial-plate =m$ by ! sol> disc1 & t dial-plate is itself %ift$ z ! obs]v] %ifts 8 place4 ,v5us is %ift$ ?ree times z mu*1 x is true2 b x is only ! balance ( *ange t our a/ronom] c recognise4 ,t balance is1 ( c\rse1 r m ?an twice z great z ! sun's *ange ( place4 ,s f>1 !n1 we h n ga9$ mu*1 s9ce x has be5 already m5tion$ t ! sun's *ange ( place is n measurable by any process ( obs]vation a/ronom]s c apply4 ,x is to ! fact t we h ! sun's disc1 :]eby to measure ! *ange1 t we *iefly tru/2 & ev5 t w\ld be insuffici5t 7 x n = ! fact t ,v5us is n at re/1 b travels a?w>t ! great sol> dial-plate4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to make a "t measurem5t take ! place ( a measurem5t ( space4 ,if an obs]v] 9 "o place sees ,v5us cross ! sun's face at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! c5tre1 :ile an obs]v] at ano!r place sees h] foll[ a pa? slightly f>!r f ! c5tre1 ! transit cle>ly seems long] to ! =m] obs]v] ?an to ! latt]4 ,?is artifice ( ex*ang+ a measurem5t ( "t = "o ( space--or vice v]s--is a v common "o among a/ronom]s4 ,x 0 ,edmund ,halley1 ! fri5d & pupil ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :o sugge/$ its application 9 ! way above describ$4 ,x w be notic$ t :at is requir$ = ! successful application ( ! me?od is t "o set ( obs]v]s %\ld be z f> to ! nor? z possible1 ano!r z f> to ! s\?1 s t ! pa? ( ,v5us may be %ift$ z mu* z possible4 ,cle>ly ! nor!rn obs]v]s w see h] pa? %ift$ z mu* to ! s\? z x c possibly be1 :ile ! s\!rn obs]v]s w see ! pa? %ift$ z f> z possible t[>ds ! nor?4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is to be rememb]$4 ,a transit la/s sev]al h\rs1 & our obs]v]s mu/ be s plac$ t ! sun w n set dur+ ^! h\rs4 ,?is consid]ation sometimes involves a difficulty4 ,= our e>? does n supply obs]v+ room all ov] h] surface1 & ! region :]e obs]vation w\ld be mo/ s]viceable may be cov]$ by a widely-ext5d$ ocean4 ,!n aga91 ! obs]v+ p>ties are be+ rapidly sway$ r\nd by ! rotat+ e>? & x is (t5 difficult to fix on a spot :i* may n1 ?r\gh ?is cause1 be %ift$ f a fav\rable position at ! beg9n+ ( ! transit to an unfav\rable "o at ! end4 ,)\t ent]+ on all ! po9ts ( difficulty involv$ by su* consid]ations z ^!1 ,i may simply indicate ! fact t ! a/ronom] has a problem ( consid]able complexity to solve 9 apply+ ,halley's me?od ( obs]vation to a transit ( ,v5us4 ,x 0 long s9ce po9t$ out by ! ,fr5* a/ronom] ,delisle t ! subject may be attack$ ano!r way--t1 9 fact1 in/ead ( notic+ h[ mu* long] ! transit la/s 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs1 ! a/ronom] may inquire h[ mu* e>li] x beg9s or ends 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs4 ,"h is ano!r artifice1 extremely simple 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh n altoge!r s simple 9 its application4 ,my read]s mu/ be> ) me :ile ,i briefly describe ! qualities ( ?is second me?od1 because 9 reality ! :ole "q ( ! transit1 & all ! po9ts :i* h to be att5d$ to 9 ! equipm5t & plac+ ( ! v>i\s obs]v+ p>ties1 dep5d on ^! prelim9>y matt]s4 ,)\t att5d+ to !m--or at lea/ to su* prim>y po9ts z ,i %all select--x w\ld be impossible to =m a cle> conception ( ! circum/ances ) :i* a/ronom]s h to deal4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no real difficulty ab\t ?is "p ( ! subject1 & ,i %all only ask ( ! read] to give 8 att5tion to x = a v brief space ( "t4 ,suppose ! :ole ( t hemisph]e ( ! e>? on :i* ! sun is %9+ :5 ! transit is ab\t to beg9 7 cov]$ ) obs]v]s wait+ = ! ev5t4 ,z ,v5us sweeps rapidly onw>ds to ! critical "p ( h] pa?1 x is cle> t "s ( ^! obs]v]s w get an e>li] view ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! transit ?an o!rs w2 j z at a boat-race1 p]sons v>i\sly plac$ r\nd a project+ corn] ( ! c\rse see ! lead+ boat come into view at diff]5t times4 ,"s "o obs]v] on ! out] rim ( ! hemisph]e w\ld be absolutely ! fir/ to see ! transit beg94 ,!n rapidly o!r obs]v]s w\ld see ! ph5om5on2 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes "s "o obs]v] on ! out] rim ( ! hemisph]e--almo/ exactly opposite ! fir/--w\ld be absolutely ! la/ to see ! transit beg94 ,f t "t ! transit w\ld be se5 by all = sev]al h\rs--,i neglect ! e>?'s rotation1 = ! mom5t--b ! end ( ! transit1 l ! beg9n+1 w\ld n be se5 simultane\sly by ! obs]v]s4 ,fir/ "o w\ld see x1 !n 9 succession ! re/1 & la/ ( all an obs]v] almo/ exactly opposite ! fir/4 ,n[1 "h we h _h to consid] f\r obs]v]s :o occupy exceptional positions4 ,!re is 7#a7 ! obs]v] :o sees ! transit beg9 e>lie/1 7#b7 ! "o :o sees x beg9 late/1 7#c7 ! "o :o sees x end e>lie/1 & 7#d7 ! "o :o sees x end late/4 ,let u consid] ! fir/ two only4 ,suppose ^! two obs]v]s aft]w>ds comp>$ notes1 & f\nd out :at 0 ! exact diff]5ce ( "t betwe5 _! respective obs]vations4 ,is x n cle> t ! result w\ld at once af=d ! means ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance8 ,x w\ld be ! simple/ ( all possible a/ronomical problems to det]m9e ov] :at proportion ( h] orbit ,v5us pass$ 9 ! int]val ( "t :i* elaps$ betwe5 ^! obs]vations2 & ! obs]v]s w\ld n[ h le>n$ t t portion ( ,v5us's orbit is s _m miles long1 = !y "k :at di/ance sep>at$ !m1 & x w\ld be easy to calculate h[ mu* less t portion ( ,v5us's orbit is4 ,?us !y w\ld le>n :at ! l5g? ( h] :ole orbit is1 !nce h] di/ance f ! sun1 & !nce ! sun's di/ance f u4 ,! two obs]v]s :o saw ! transit end e>lie/ & late/ c\ld d ! l4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 & neglect+ all ! complexities :i* delight ! s\l ( ! a/ronom]1 ?is is ,delisle's me?od ( utilis+ a transit4 ,x has obvi\sly "o s]i\s disadvantage z comp>$ ) ! o!r4 ,an obs]v] at "o side ( ! e>? has to br+ 8 obs]vations into comp>ison ) ^? made by an obs]v] at ! o!r side ( ! e>?4 ,ea* uses ! local "t ( ! place at :i* he obs]ves1 & x has be5 calculat$ t = ! result to be ( value !re mu/ n be an error ( a s+le second 9 _! e/imates ( local "t4 ,n[1 does ! read] appreciate ! full =ce ( ?is proviso8 ,ea* obs]v] mu/ "k s c]ta9ly 9 :at exact longitude he is1 t 8 e/imate ( ! "t :5 true noon occurs %all n be "o second wrong6 ,?is is all satisfactory en\gh 9 places :]e !re are regul> obs]vatories4 ,b matt]s are *ang$ :5 we are deal+ ) su* places z ,woahoo1 ,k]guel5 ,l&1 ,*a?am ,isl&1 & ! wilds ( ,sib]ia4 ,9 ! transit#c ( #ahgd !re are _m su* difficulties to be enc\nt]$4 ,9 fact1 x is almo/ impossible to conceive a transit ! circum/ances ( :i* are m inconv5i5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ! transit is ( su* a nature t if once ! prelim9>y difficulties are ov]come1 we c hope m f its indications ?an f ^? ( any o!r transit :i* w happ5 9 ! c\rse ( ! next few c5turies4 ,! transit w beg9 e>lie/ = obs]v]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 late/ = obs]v]s ne> ,crozet ,isl&1 f> to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x ends e>lie/ = obs]v]s f> to ! s\?-we/ ( ,cape ,horn1 late/ = obs]v]s 9 ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ,european ,russia4 ,?us we see t1 s f> z ! application ( our second me?od is conc]n$1 ! suitable spots are n situat$ 9 ! mo/ invit+ regions ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,z ! transit happ5s on ,decemb] #h1 #ahgd1 ! pr9cipal nor!rn /ations w be v bleak abodes = ! obs]v]s4 ,! s\!rn /ations are 9 yet m dre>y regions1--not)/&+ ! fact t ! transit occurs dur+ ! summ] ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,= ! application ( ,halley's me?od we require /ations :]e ! :ole transit w be visible2 & z ! days are v %ort at ! nor!rn /ations 9 ,decemb]1 x is z respects ^! t we enc\nt] mo/ difficulty4 ,h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd t _m places 9 ,nor!rn ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia1 & ,man*\ria are suitable = ! purpose4 ,! be/ s\!rn /ations = ?is me?od lie un=tunately on ! unexplor$ ,ant>ctic cont95t & ! isl&s adjac5t to x2 b ,crozet ,isl&1 ,k]guel5 ,l&1 & "s o!r places m easy ( access ?an ! ,ant>ctic cont95t1 w s]ve v well4 ,inde$1 ,engl& has s _m /ations to occupy else:]e t x is d\btful :e!r %e w c>e to und]take ! dang]\s & difficult task ( explor+ ! ,ant>ctic wa/es to secure ! be/ s\!rn /ations4 ,! "w may fairly be left to o!r nations1 & d\btless w be effici5tly c>ri$ out4 ,:at ,engl& w actually und]take has n yet be5 fully decid$ ^u4 ,we may be q c]ta9 t %e w s5d out a p>ty to ,woahoo or ,hawaii to obs]ve ! accel]at$ comm5cem5t ( ! transit4 ,%e w also s5d obs]v]s to wat* ! ret>d$ comm5cem5t1 b :e!r to ,crozet ,isl&1 ,k]guel5 ,l&1 ,mauritius1 or ,rodriguez is unc]ta94 ,possibly two p>ties w be s5t out = ?is purpose1 & mo/ likely ,rodriguez & ,mauritius w be ! places select$4 ,x _h be5 ?\ght until lately t ! sun w\ld be too l[ at "s ( ! places :5 ! transit beg9s1 b a m exact calculation ( ! circum/ances ( ! transit has %[n ?is to be a mi/ake4 ,bo? ,crozet ,isl& & ,k]guel5 ,l& are v likely to be envelop$ 9 heavy mi/s :5 ! transit beg9s--t is1 soon aft] sunrise--h5ce ! *oice ( ,mauritius & ,rodriguez z ! mo/ suitable /ation4 ,engl& w also be call$ on to take an important "p 9 obs]v+ ! accel]at$ end ( ! transit4 ,a p>ty w probably be s5t to ,*a?am ,isl& or ,campbell ,isl&1 n f> f ,new ,zeal&4 ,x _h be5 ?\ght t at ! =m] isl& ! sun w\ld be too l[2 b "h1 aga91 a m exact consid]ation ( ! circum/ances ( ! transit has l$ a/ronom]s to ! conclusion t ! sun w be q high en\gh at ?is /ation4 ,! ,russian obs]v]s are pr9cipally conc]n$ ) ! obs]vation ( ! ret>d$ end ( ! transit1 ne>ly all ! be/ /ations ly+ 9 ,sib]ia4 ,b !re are sev]al /ations 9 ,briti% ,india :]e ?is phase c be v usefully obs]v$2 & d\btless ! skilful a/ronom]s & ma!maticians :o are tak+ "p 9 ! survey ( ,india w be invit$--z at ! "t ( ! great eclipse--to give _! s]vices 9 ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,alex&ria1 also1 ?\gh inf]ior to sev]al ( ! ,indian /ations1 w probably be visit$ by an obs]v+ p>ty f ,engl&4 ,x w be se5 t ,engl& w ?us be call$ on to supply ab\t half-a-doz5 exp$itions to view ! transit4 ,all ( ^! w be s5t out 9 pursuance ( ,delisle's mode ( utilis+ a transit1 s t1 = reasons already ref]r$ to1 x w be necess>y t !y %\ld be provid$ ) in/rum5ts ( ! utmo/ delicacy1 & v c>efully con/ruct$4#d ,!y w h to rema9 at _! sev]al /ations = a long "t be=e ! transit takes place--sev]al mon?s1 at lea/--s t !y may accurately det]m9e ! latitude ( ! tempor>y obs]vatories !y w erect4 ,?is is a "w requir+ skill$ obs]v]s & recondite processes ( calculation4 ,h5ce x is t ! co/ ( s5d+ out ^! obs]v+ p>ties is s consid]able4 ,! only ,engli% p>ty :i* w apply ,halley's me?od ( obs]vation is ! "o :i* w be /ation$ at ,mauritius1 "u ,"l ,l9dsay4 ,?is "p ( _! "w w be comp>atively easy1 ! me?od only requir+ t ! duration ( ! transit %\ld be c>efully tim$4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! great advantages ( ,halley's me?od is ! smallness ( ! exp5se x involves4 ,a p>ty might l& ! day be=e ! transit1 & sail away ! day aft]1 ) results at lea/ z tru/wor?y z ^? :i* a p>ty apply+ ,delisle's me?od c\ld obta9 aft] sev]al mon?s ( h>d "w4 ,x is to ?is1 r ?an any o!r cause1 t ! small exp5se ( ! obs]vations made 9 #agfi is to be ref]r$4 ,& d\btless _h x be5 decid$ by our a/ronomical au?orities to apply ,halley's me?od solely or pr9cipally1 ! exp5se ( ! transit-obs]vations w\ld h be5 mat]ially less5$4 ,!re w\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 a risk ( failure ?r\gh ! occurr5ce ( bad wea!r at ! critical /ations2 :]eas n[--z o!r nations w d\btless avail !mselves ( ,halley's me?od--! *ance t ! transit-obs]vations w fail ?r\gh meteorological causes is v l>gely dim9i%$4 ,sci5ce w owe mu* to ! g5]osity ( ,engl& 9 ?is respect4 ,x is1 inde$1 only rec5tly t ! possibility ( apply+ ,halley's me?od has be5 recognis$4 ,x _h be5 ?\ght t ! me?od mu/ fail totally 9 #ahgd4 ,b on a m c>eful exam9ation ( ! circum/ances ( ! transit1 a ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,m4 ,puiseux1 0 enabl$ to ann\nce t ?is is n ! case4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ,i publi%$ calculations po9t+ to a simil> result2 b hav+ c>ri$ ! processes a few /eps fur!r ?an ,m4 ,puiseux1 ,i 0 able to %[ t ,halley's me?od is n only available 9 #ahgd1 b is ! m p[]ful me?od ( ! two4 ,un=tunately1 !re is an elem5t ( d\bt 9 ! inquiry1 ( :i* no am\nt ( c>e on ! "p ( our obs]v]s & ma!maticians w enable !m to get rid4 ,i ref] to ! behavi\r ( ,v5us h]self4 ,x is to ! peculi>ity we are n[ to consid] t ! quasi-failure ( ! obs]vations made 9 #agfi mu/ be attribut$4 ,x is true t ,mr4 ,/one1 ! fir/-assi/ant at ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 has manag$ to remove ! great] "p ( ! d\bts :i* cl\d$ ! results ( ^? obs]vations4 ,b n ev5 8 skill & pati5ce c s]ve to remove ! blot :i* a c5tury ( d\bt has seem$ to ?r[ ^u ! mo/ exact ( ! sci5ces4 ,we %all n[ %[ h[ mu* ( ! blame ( t un=tunate c5tury ( d\bt is to be ascrib$ to ,v5us4 ,at a transit1 a/ronom]s conf9e _! att5tion to "o p>ticul> phase--! mom5t1 namely1 :5 ,v5us j seems to lie :olly )9 ! outl9e ( ! sun's disc4 ,?is at lea/ 0 :at ,halley & ,delisle bo? sugge/$ z desirable4 ,un=tunately1 ,v5us _h n be5 consult$1 & :5 ! "t ( ! transit came %e decl9$ to ent] ^u or leave ! sun's face 9 ! mann] sugge/$ by ! a/ronom]s4 ,consid]1 = example1 h] conduct :5 ent]+ on ! sun's face3-- ,at fir/1 z ! black disc ( ! planet gradually not*$ ! edge ( ! sun's disc1 all seem$ go+ on well4 ,b :5 some:at m ?an half ( ! planet 0 on ! sun's face1 x began to be notic$ t ,v5us 0 los+ h] rotundity ( figure4 ,%e became gradually m & m pe>-%ap$1 until at la/ %e look$ v mu* l a peg-top t\*+ ) its po9t ! edge ( ! sun's disc4 ,!n sudd5ly--#8z by a lightn+ fla%1' said "o obs]v]--! top lo/ its peg1 & !n gradually ,v5us recov]$ h] figure1 & ! transit proce$$ )\t fur!r *ange on h] "p until ! "t came = h] to leave ! sun's face1 :5 simil> peculi>ities took place 9 a rev]s$ ord]4 ,"h 0 a s]i\s difficulty inde$4 ,= :5 0 ! mom5t ( true contact8 ,0 x :5 ! peg-top figure seem$ j to t\* ! edge ( ! sun8 ,?is seem$ unlikely1 because a mom5t aft] ! planet 0 se5 well remov$ f ! sun's edge4 ,0 x :5 ! rotund "p ( ! planet belong$ to a figure :i* w\ld h t\*$ ! sun's edge if ! rotundity _h be5 p]fect else:]e8 ,?is1 aga91 seem$ unlikely1 because at ?is mom5t ! black b& connect+ ,v5us & ! sun 0 q wide4 ,&1 besides1 if ?is 7 ! true mom5t ( contact1 :at eye c\ld be tru/$ to det]m9e ! occurr5ce ( a relation s peculi>8 ,yet ! int]val betwe5 ?is phase & ! f9al or peg-top phase la/$ sev]al seconds--z _m z tw5ty-two 9 "o in/ance 9 #agfi--;& ! :ole success ( ! obs]vation dep5d$ on exactness )9 ?ree or f\r seconds at ! outside4 ,we "k t ,v5us w act 9 precisely ! same mann] 9 #ahgd4 ,if we _h be5 induc$ to hope t improvem5ts 9 our telescopes w\ld dim9i% ! peculi>ity1 ! obs]vations ( ! transit ( ,m]cury1 9 ,novemb] #ahfh1 w\ld h suffic$ to de/roy t hope1 = ev5 ) ! all b p]fect in/rum5ts ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 ,m]cury assum$ ! peg-top disguise 9 ! mo/ unpleas+ mann]4 ,x may be ask$1 !n1 ,:at d a/ronom]s propose to d 9 #ahgd to prev5t ,v5us f mislead+ !m aga9 z %e did 9 #agfi8 ,mu* has already be5 done t[>ds ?is end4 ,mr4 ,/one und]took a s]ies ( c>eful rese>*es to det]m9e ! law accord+ to :i* ,v5us may be expect$ to behave1 or to misbehave h]self2 & ! result is1 t he has be5 able to tell ! obs]v]s exactly :at !y w h to look =1 & exactly :at x is mo/ important t !y %\ld record4 ,9 #agfi1 obs]v]s record$ _! obs]vations 9 su* d\btful t]ms1 ow+ to _! ignorance ( ! real significance ( ! peculi>ities !y witness$1 t ! ma!maticians :o _h to make use ( ^? obs]vations 7 misl$4 ,h9c ill lacrym4 ,h5ce x is t an undes]v$ reproa* has fall5 ^u ! #8exact sci5ce4' ,! am\nt ( ! error result+ f ! mis9t]pretation ( ! obs]vations made 9 #agfi 01 h[ev]1 v small inde$1 :5 its true "* is consid]$4 ,x is1 inde$1 easy to make ! error seem enorm\s4 ,! sun's di/ance came out "s f\r millions ( miles too l>ge1 & t seems no trifl+ error4 ,!n1 aga91 ! result+ e/imate ( ! di/ance ( ,neptune came out m ?an a hundr$ million miles too great2 :ile ev5 ?is enorm\s error 0 z no?+ :5 comp>$ ) t :i* result$ :5 ! di/ances ( ! fix$ />s 7 consid]$4 ,b ?is is an altoge!r errone\s mode ( e/imat+ ! effect ( ! error4 ,x w\ld be z absurd to c\nt up ! numb] ( hairs' bread? by :i* ! geograph]'s e/imates ( ! l5g? & bread? ( ,engl& may be 9 error4 ,9 all su* matt]s x is relative & n absolute error we h to consid]4 ,a microscopi/ w\ld h made a bad mi/ake :o %\ld ov]-e/imate ! l5g? ( a fly's proboscis by a s+le hair's bread?2 b ! a/ronom] _h made a wond]fully successful measurem5t ( ! sun's di/ance :o d$uc$ x )9 ?ree or f\r millions ( miles ( ! true value4 ,= x is readily calculable t ! error 9 ! e/imat$ relative be>+ ( ! sun z se5 f opposite sides ( ! e>? corresponds to ! angle :i* a hair's bread? subt5ds :5 se5 f a di/ance ( #abe feet4 ,! error 0 fir/ detect$ :5 o!r modes ( det]m9+ ! sun's di/ance 7 appli$ by ! skilful a/ronom]s & physici/s ( our own day4 ,we h no space to describe z fully z !y des]ve ! +5i\s processes by :i* ! great problem has be5 attack$ )\t aid f ,v5us4 ,inde$1 we c b b>ely m5tion ! pr9ciples on :i* ^? me?ods dep5d4 ,b to ! read] :o takes int]e/ 9 a/ronomy1 we c recomm5d no subject z bett] wor? /udy+ ?an ! ma/]ly rese>*es ( ,f\cault1 ,lev]ri]1 & ,hans5 ^u ! problem ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,! problem has be5 attack$ 9 f\r sev]al ways4 ,fir/1 ! trem5d\s velocity ( light has be5 measur$ by an +5i\s arrangem5t ( revolv+ mirrors2 ! result comb9$ ) ! kn[n "t occupi$ by light 9 travell+ across ! e>?'s orbit imm$iately gives ! sun's di/ance4 ,secondly1 a c]ta9 irregul>ity 9 ! moon's motion1 due to ! fact t %e is mo/ di/urb$ by ! sun :5 trav]s+ t half ( h] pa? :i* is ne>e/ to him1 0 press$ into ! s]vice ) simil> results4 ,?irdly1 an irregul>ity 9 ! e>?'s motion1 due to ! fact t %e circles ar\nd ! common c5tre ( gravity ( h] own mass & ! moon's1 0 made a means ( attack+ ! problem4 ,la/ly1 ,m>s1 a planet :i*1 z we h already m5tion$1 approa*es u almo/ z ne>ly z ,v5us1 0 f\nd an effici5t ally4 ,! result ( calculations f\nd$ on ^! me?ods %[$ t ! sun's di/ance1 in/ead ( be+ ab\t #ie1jjj1jjj miles1 is little m ?an #ia1ejj1jjj miles4 ,& rec5tly a re-exam9ation ( ! obs]vations made ^u ,v5us 9 #agfi l$ ,mr4 ,/one to believe t !y po9t to a simil> result4 ,d\btless1 h[ev]1 we mu/ wait = ! transit ( ,v5us 9 #ahgd be=e =m+ a f9al decision z to ! e/imate ( ! sun's di/ance :i* is to take its place 9 popul> works on a/ronomy dur+ ! next c5tury or s4 ,no?+ b an unlook$-= comb9ation ( unfav\rable circum/ances c cause ! failure ( our hopes4 ,c]ta9ly1 if we %\ld fail 9 obta9+ satisfactory results 9 #ahgd1 ! _w w n say t ! g5]osity ( ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t has be5 9 fault1 s9ce x w\ld be difficult to f9d a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n sci5ce to ! munific5ce ( ! grant :i* has be5 made ?is ye> = exp$itions to obs]ve a ph5om5on ^: int]e/ & importance are purely sci5tific4 7,f ,/4 ,paul's1 ,octob] #ahfi47 ,,footnotes3 #c ,! read] w rememb] ! "t at :i* ! essay appe>$4 ,= sev]al reasons x seems well to leave ! essay unalt]$4 ,9 ! second s]ies ( ,light ,sci5ce a lat] /age is pres5t$1 & ! acc\nt is c>ri$ up to ! pres5t date 9 my "w on ,! ,transits ( ,v5us4 #d ,x is held to be ( ! utmo/ importance t all ! obs]v+ p>ties %\ld use simil> telescopes4 ,,brita9',s ,,coal ,,cell>s4 ,x w\ld h be5 deem$ a /range ?\ght 9 ! days ( ! ,tudors to sugge/ t ,engl&'s greatness w\ld "o day dep5d1--or seem to dep5d1--on h] /ores ( coal1 a m9]al !n reg>d$ z only an unpleasant rival ( ! wood-log = h\sehold fires4 ,:5 ,%akespe>e put into ! m\? ( ,faulconbridge ! words-- ,?is ,engl& nev] did1 nor nev] %all1 ,lie at ! pr\d foot ( a conqu]or1 ,b :5 x fir/ did help to w\nd itself1 he w\ld h ?\ght x a s+ul> proviso t ,engl& %\ld be wat*ful ( h] coal /ores if %e w\ld pres]ve h] position among ! nations4 ,& yet !re is a clos] connection betwe5 ! pres5t greatness ( ,brita9 & ! mighty coal cell>s und]ly+ c]ta9 ,briti% c\nties ?an we are commonly prep>$ to ackn[l$ge4 ,saxon /ead9ess & ,norman en]gy h d\btless play$ _! "p 9 plac+ ,brita9 9 ! position %e n[ holds2 b :atev] may h be5 ! case 9 pa/ ages ( our hi/ory1 x is c]ta9 t at pres5t !re is mu* tru? 9 ,liebig's ass]tion t ,engl&'s p[] is 9 h] coal4 ,! "t may come aga91 z ! "t has be51 :5 we %all be less dep5d5t on our coal /ores1--:5 bitum9\s bankruptcy w n be equival5t to national bankruptcy2 b if all our coal m9es 7 at ?is mom5t r5d]$ unworkable1 ! p[] ( ,engl& w\ld receive a %ock f :i* x w\ld be ages 9 recov]+4 ,i h quot$ an ass]tion made _m ye>s s9ce by ,b>on ,liebig4 ,! ass]tion 0 accompani$ by ano!r n less /rik+4 #8,civilisation1' he said1 #8is ! economy ( p[]2 & ,engli% p[] is coal4' ,x is on ?is text t ,i propose n[ to comm5t4 ,!re has rec5tly be5 issu$ a ,blue ,book1 be>+ 9 ! mo/ important mann] on ! subject ( ,engl&'s coal-supply4 ,= five ye>s fifte5 em95t ,commission]s h be5 engag$ 9 exam9+ ! available evid5ce respect+ ! /ores ( coal conta9$ 9 ! v>i\s coal-fields ( ,great ,brita94 ,_! inquiries 7 comm5c$ soon aft] ! "t :5 ! fe>s ( ! c\ntry on ?is subject 7 fir/ s]i\sly awak5$2 & 7 direct$ specially to asc]ta9 h[ f> ^? fe>s 7 ju/ifi$ by ! real circum/ances ( ! case4 ,x w be well to comp>e ! v>i\s op9ions :i* 7 express$ be=e ! inquiries 7 comm5c$1 ) ! results :i* h n[ be5 obta9$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x %\ld be notic$ t ! subject _h attract$ ! att5tion ( m5 ( sci5ce _m ye>s ago4 ,"s =ty ye>s#e h pass$ s9ce ,dr4 ,buckl&1 9 "o ( ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises1 po9t$ to ! necessity = a c>eful exam9ation ( our coal /ores1 le/ ,engl& %\ld drift unaw>es into :at he call$ #8bitum9\s bankruptcy4' ,at t "t ! quantity ( coal rais$ annually 9 ,engl& am\nt$ to b ab\t =ty millions ( tons4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ! annual yield _h ris5 to ab\t fifty millions ( tons2 & !n ano!r w>n+ voice 0 rais$ by ,dr4 ,arnold4 ,t5 m ye>s pass$1 & ! annual yield _h increas$ to #hc1fce1bad tons1 :5 ,mr4 ,hull made ! />tl+ ann\ncem5t t our coal /ores w\ld la/ u b ab\t two c5turies1 unless "s means 7 adopt$ to *eck ! lavi% exp5diture ( our black diamonds4 ,b x 0 und\bt$ly ! address ( ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong to ! ,briti% ,association1 9 #ahfc1 :i* fir/ r\s$ ! att5tion ( ! c\ntry to ! importance ( ! subject4 #8,! greatness ( ,engl&1' he said1 #8dep5ds mu* ^u ! sup]iority ( h] coal1 9 *eapness & quality1 ov] t ( o!r nations4 ,b we h already drawn f our *oice/ m9es a f> l>g] quantity ( coal ?an has be5 rais$ 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! _w put toge!r2 & ! "t is n remote :5 we %all h to enc\nt] ! disadvantages ( increas$ co/ ( work+ & dim9i%$ value ( produce4' ,!n he summ$ up ! /ate ( ! case z he view$ x4 #8,! entire quantity ( available coal exi/+ 9 ^! isl&s has be5 calculat$ to am\nt to #hj1jjj millions ( tons1 :i*1 at ! pres5t rate ( consumption1 w\ld be exhau/$ 9 #icj ye>s2 b ) a cont9u$ ye>ly increase ( #b millions ( tons w\ld only la/ #bab ye>s4' ,o!r /atem5ts 7 n want+1 h[ev]1 :i* pres5t$ matt]s 9 a m fav\rable light4 ,mr4 ,hussey ,vivian1 ,m4,p41 express$ ! op9ion t ,s\? ,wales alone c\ld supply all ,engl& ) coals = #ejj ye>s4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,taylor1 ( ! ,geological ,society1 said t our coal /ores w\ld suffice = #a1gjj ye>s4 ,& !re 7 "s :o adopt$ a yet m sangu9e view ( our position4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,hull1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 calculat$ t ) an increase ( b "o million & a half ( tons p] annum--consid]ably less ?an ev5 ! av]age increase = ! prec$+ decade#f--our coals w\ld la/ u b a little m ?an #cjj ye>s4 ,mr4 ,/anley ,jevons1 9 8 ma/]ly treatise on #8,! ,coal ,"q1' adopt$ a mode ( consid]+ ! increase1 :i* has l$ to an ev5 m unpleasant conclusion ?an any hi!rto obta9$4 ,he obs]v$ t ! quantity ( coal rais$ 9 successive ye>s is n m]ely increas+1 b ! am\nt ( increase is itself increas+4 #8,we1 ( c\rse1 reg>d n1' he said1 #8! av]age annual ari?metical increase ( coal consumption betwe5 #ahed & #ahfc1 :i* is #b1djc1dbd tons1 b ! av]age rate p] c5t4 ( increase1 :i* is f\nd by computation to be #cbf p] c5t4' ,t is to say1 = e hundr$ tons ( coal consum$ 9 "o ye>1 #ajc tons1 or !reab\ts1 w\ld be consum$ 9 ! next--tak+ "o ye> ) ano!r4 ,)\t ent]+ into te*nicalities1 or niceties ( calculation1 x is easy to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is view ( ! matt] & a view f\nd$ only on ! av]age increase dur+ s _m ye>s4 ,consid] #aj1jjj tons ( coal sold 9 "o ye>1 !n ,mr4 ,/anley ,jevons po9ts out t in/ead ( t am\nt1 #aj1cbf w\ld be sold 9 ! next2 & s f> we may suppose t ! o!r view w\ld agree ) 84 ,b 9 ! next1 or ?ird ye> 7always rememb]+1 h[ev]1 t we mu/ take "o ye> ) ano!r71 ! increase ( #cbf tons w\ld n be m]ely d\bl$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,/anley ,jevons2 t is1 ! consumption w\ld n be only #aj1feb tons3--! #aj1jjj ( ! second ye> w\ld be replac$ by #aj1cbf tons 9 ! ?ird ye>1 & ! rema9+ #cbf w\ld be increas$ by #c tons = ea* hundr$1 or by r m ?an #aj tons2 s t 9 all !re w\ld be #aj1ffb tons1 in/ead ( #aj1feb4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce 9 ?is ?ird ye> seems small1 ?\gh :5 x is appli$ to ab\t n9e ?\s& times #aj1jjj tons x is by no means small1 am\nt+ 9 fact to #ie1jjj tons2 b :5 ! pr9ciple is ext5d$ to sequ5t ye>s its effects assume p>am\nt importance4 ,! small increase is z ! small increase ( a f>?+ = ! second horse%oe-nail 9 ! well-kn[n problem4 ,! effects1 aft] a few ye>s h pass$1 correspond to ! ?\s&s ( p\nds by :i* ! la/ %oe-nails ( t problem increase ! co/ ( ! horse4 ,z ,mr4 ,leon>d ,lemoran po9ts out 9 ! pap] m5tion$ 9 ! above note1 if ! assum$ rate p] c5t4 ( increase cont9ue1 #8we %\ld draw 9 ! ye> #aijj f our rocks m ?an #cjj millions ( tons1 & 9 #aiej m ?an #b1jjj millions4#g ,ab\t #cjj1jjj m9]s are n[ 7#ahff7 employ$ 9 rais+ r m ?an #ib millions ( tons ( coals2 !re=e m ?an eight million m9]s w\ld be necess>y to raise ! quantity e/imat$ z ! produce ( #aiej4 ,"o-?ird ( ! pres5t population ( ,great ,brita9 w\ld be coal m9]s4' ,or z ,mr4 ,jevons himself sums up our future1 #8,if our consumption ( coal cont9ue to multiply = #aaj ye>s at ! same rate z hi!rto1 ! total am\nt ( coal consum$ 9 ! int]val w\ld be #ajj1jjj millions ( tons4' ,n[ z ,mr4 ,hull e/imat$ ! available coal 9 ,great ,brita91 )9 a dep? ( #d1jjj feet1 at #hc1jjj millions ( tons1 x foll[$ t1 adopt+ ,mr4 ,jevons's mode ( calculation1 a c5tury w\ld exhau/ #8all ! coal 9 our pres5t work+s1 z well z all ! coal seams :i* may be f\nd at a dep? ( #a1ejj feet bel[ ! deepe/ work+ 9 ! k+dom4' ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,/anley ,jevons m5tion$ #bjj1jjj millions ( tons z ! probable limit ( ! coal supplies ( ,great ,brita94 ,! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,jevons respect+ ! probable rate ( increase ( our consumption 0 n accept$ by ! g5]ality ( ^? :o exam9$ ! subject 9 #ahfe & #ahff4 ,!re 7 "s1 inde$1 :o consid]$ t ! assumption 0 #8absurd 9 e po9t ( view4' ,9 "o s5se1 inde$1 ,mr4 ,jevons himself w\ld h be5 ready to admit t 8 e/imates w\ld n be ju/ifi$ by ! result4 ,! obs]v$ rate ( increase c\ld n possibly be ma9ta9$ beyond a c]ta9 epo*1 simply because !re w\ld n be en\gh m5 to "w ! coal m9es to ! ext5t requir$4 ,b1 reg>d+ ! increase z indicat+ ! requirem5ts ( ! k+dom1 x w\ld matt] little :e!r ! necess>y supply fail$ = want ( coal or = want ( ! means ( rais+ ! coal4 ,9 o!r words1 remov+ ! "q f ! ar5a ( geological dispute1 & consid]+ only ! requirem5ts ( ! c\ntry1 we %\ld h ?is disagreeable conclusion =c$ ^u u1 if ,mr4 ,jevons's e/imate is j1 t ,engl& w n be able1 a c5tury1 or ev5 half a c5tury h5ce1 to get z _m coals f h] subt]ranean cell>s z %e w !n require4 ,%e may h ! coals1 b %e w n h m5 en\gh to br+ !m to bank4 ,x is1 p]haps1 9 ?is aspect1 t ! "q assumes its *ief int]e/ = u4 ,rightly und]/ood1 ! /atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,jevons 7 ( vital importance2 s important1 inde$1 t ! nation might h look$ =w>d to ! results ( ! ,commission mu* z a pati5t w\ld await ! physician's report ( ! result ( a /e?oscopic exam9ation4 ,! p[] ( ! nation resid+--= ! nonce at lea/--9 h] coal1 ! en=c$ consumption ( coal at a rate :i* _c be ma9ta9$ 7f :atev] cause71 means to all int5ts & purposes ! decl9e & approa*+ demise ( ,engl&'s p[] z a nation4 ,fur!rmore1 ap>t f all inquiries su* z ! ,commission]s und]took to make1 ! m]e /atem5t ( ! successive annual yields 0 to be look$ ^u z ( vital int]e/1 precisely z ! progressive wa/e ( a consumptive pati5t's /r5g? & sub/ance sugge/s ev5 m s]i\s appreh5sions ?an ! op9ion ( ! physician4 ,i h said t _m em95t au?orities held t ! rate ( increase assum$ by ,mr4 ,jevons w\ld n actually prevail4 ,b "s w5t f>!r1 & que/ion$ :e!r ! av]age annual ari?metical increase ( ! lately pass$ ye>s w\ld cont9ue ev5 = ! next few ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,mr4 ,jevons's "w4 #8,su* a cont9u$ increase z t1 :i* has tak5 place dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1' wrote an excell5t practical au?ority1 #8_c cont9ue = ! next t5 ye>s1'--f> less1 !re=e1 t increas+ rate ( increase :i* ,mr4 ,jevons _h assum$4 ,! same writ] w5t f>!r ev5 ?an ?is4 ,=1 aft] po9t+ out t ! exportation ( coal w\ld probably be soon r$uc$1 r ?an und]go1 z dur+ ! pa/1 a /eady increase1 he add$ t #8on e side !re 7 evid5ces ( ! mo/ decid$ "*1 w>rant+ ! supposition t ! annual exhau/ion ( our coal fields w\ld n at any p]iod mu* exce$ ! hundr$ million tons :i* x _h ne>ly rea*$' 79 #ahff74 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ que/ions1 !n1 :i* ! ,commission]s 7 call$ ^u to decide 01 :e!r1 at lea/ dur+ ! p]iod ( _! lab\rs1 ! anticipations ( ,mr4 ,jevons w\ld be fulfill$ or n4 ,x is easy to comp>e 8 anticipations ) ^? above quot$2 or r1 x is easy to det]m9e :e!r ,mr4 ,jevons's !ory ( an increas+ increase1 or ! !ory ( a uni=m av]age increase1 accords be/ ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ five ye>s4 ,to make ! comp>ison fairly we mu/ adopt ! figures on :i* 8 own e/imate 0 f\nd$4 ,we h se5 t he reject$ ! annual increase ( #b1djc1dbd d$uc$ f ! records ( ! n9e prec$+ ye>s1 & adopt$ in/ead an increase ( #c p] c5t4 ye> by ye>1 tak+ "o ye> ) ano!r4 ,8 own calculations gave = ?is ye> #ahga a consumption ( #aah millions ( tons1--an enorm\s increase on ! annual consumption :5 he wrote4 ,accord+ to ! view he reject$1 ! consumption = ! ye> #ahga is easily comput$1 ?\gh slightly diff]5t results w be obta9$1 accord+ to ! ye> we *oose to c\nt f4 ,! annual increase above m5tion$ gives an increase ( #bd1jcd1bdj tons 9 t5 ye>s1 & if we add ?is am\nt to ! consumption 9 #ahfa 7#hc1fce1bad tons7 we obta9 = ! ye> #ahga a consumption ( #ajg1ffi1ded tons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we add eight ye>s' increase to ! consumption ( #ahfc 7#hh1bib1eae tons71 we obta9 #ajg1eai1ijg tons4#h ,x w be se5 t !re is an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! consumption = #ahga1 z e/imat$ accord+ to ,mr4 ,jevons's view1 & accord+ to ! av]age rate ( increase 9 ! n9e prec$+ ye>s4 ,z ! matt] /ood 9 #ahfe1 ! great "q conc]n+ ! consumption ( ! ye> #ahga w\ld h be51--:e!r x w\ld be ne>] #aah millions1 ! e/imate ( ,mr4 ,jevons2 or to #ajg millions1 ! e/imate1 accord+ to ! annual rate ( increase2 or1 la/ly1 to a numb] ( tons1 n mu*1 if at all1 exce$+ #ajj millions8 ,! answ] ( ! ,commission]s comes 9 no d\btful t]ms4 ,judg+ f ! consumption dur+ ! f\r ye>s end+ 9 #ahgj1 ! e/imat$ consumption = ! ye> #ahgb is no less ?an #aae millions1 an am\nt approa*+ ,mr4 ,jevons's e/imate mu* m ne>ly ?an c\ld be desir$4 ,inde$1 if we consid] ! imp]fect nature ( ! /ati/ics on :i* he f\nd$ 8 calculations1 ! agreem5t betwe5 8 e/imate & ! obs]v$ result mu/ be reg>d$ z surpris+ly close4 ,rememb]+ ! conclusion to :i* ,mr4 ,jevons came ) respect to ! p]iod = :i* our coal /ores w\ld la/1 & notic+ ! close agreem5t ?us f> betwe5 8 anticipations & ! result1 we c well und]/& ! w>n+ tone ( ! report issu$ by ! ,commission]s4 #8,e hypo!sis1' !y say1 #8mu/ be speculative1 b x is c]ta9 t if ! pres5t rate ( increase 9 ! consumption ( coal be indef9itely cont9u$1 ev5 9 an approximate degree1 ! progress t[>ds ! exhau/ion ( our coal w be v rapid4' ,let x be rememb]$ t ! ,commission 0 issu$ at ! in/ance ( ^? :o took ! m sangu9e view1 & t x includ$ )9 its ranks su* em95t au?orities z ,sir ,william ,arm/rong1 ,sir ,rob]t ,mur*ison1 ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 ,mr4 ,john ,hunt1 & o!rs ( l exp]i5ce 9 ! subject "u inquiry4 ,if1 9 ! next place1 we comp>e ,mr4 ,jevons's e/imate ( ! quantity ( coal available = use ) ! result obta9$ by ! ,commission]s1 we f9d little to re/ore our confid5ce 9 ! ext5t ( "t dur+ :i* our coal /ores may be expect$ to la/4 ,we h se5 t #bjj1jjj millions ( tons _h be5 suppos$ to be available2 b ! ,commission]s f9d t #8we n[ h an aggregate ( #adf1dhj millions ( tons1 :i* may be reasonably expect$ to be available = use4' ,aga91 x _h be5 suppos$ t our coal m9es c\ld be work$ to a dep? ( #d1jjj feet1 or to an ev5 great] dep?4 #8,! difficulties 9 ! way ( deep m9+1' wrote ,mr4 ,lemoran 9 #ahff1 #8are m]e que/ions ( co/4 ,x is important to notice t ! assumption ( #d1jjj feet z ! greate/ dep? to :i* coal c be work$1 on acc\nt ( ! increase ( temp]ature1 is purely volunt>y4 ,! increase has be5 calculat$ at a rate = :i* !re is no au?ority2 & :ile we are say+ our coal-b$s _c be work$ bel[ #d1jjj feet1 a colli]y 9 ,belgium has ne>ly approa*$ t dep?1 & no inconv5i5ce is exp]i5c$ by ! m9]s4' ,b ! ,commission]s /ate t at a dep? ( only #b1dai feet 9 ! ,rosebridge m9e 7! deepe/ 9 ,engl&71 ! temp]ature is #id degrees ( ,fahr5heit1 or )9 f\r degrees ( blood heat4 #8,! dep? at :i* ! temp]ature ( ! e>? w\ld am\nt to blood heat1' !y add1 #8is ab\t #c1jjj feet4' ,!y express a belief t by ! #8long wall sy/em' ( work+ 7a sy/em z yet seldom adopt$ 9 ! *ief nor!rn m9es7 x w be possible to rea* a dep? ( #c1dbj feet be=e ?is heat is atta9$2 b x is by no means c]ta9 t ?is w prove to be ! case4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w be well to reg>d ! m promis+ aspect ( ! "q4 ,we mu/ n =get1 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 all matt]s ( /ati/ical rese>* !re is room = misappreh5sion unless c>eful att5tion be paid1 n m]ely to ! obs]v$ facts1 b to ! circum/ances ) :i* ^? facts are m or less intimately associat$4 ,if we consid]1 = example1 ! progress ( ! consumption ( our coal dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s1 we f9d t a law ( increase exi/s1 :i* is1 z we h se51 easily express$1 & :i*1 aft] be+ te/$ by a process resembl+ pr$iction1 has be5 s+ul>ly confirm$ by ! result4 ,b if we inquire into ! v>i\s causes ( ! great increase 9 ! consumption ( coals1 we f9d t :ile ^? causes h be5 increas+ 9 activity--s to speak--to a degree q suffici5t to expla9 ! obs]v$ consumption1 !y are yet su* z 9 _! v nature mu/ ne$s be unable to pass beyond a c]ta9 range ( increase4 ,?us ! population ( ,great ,brita9 has be5 /eadily increas+1 & at pres5t ! annual increase is itself increas+4 ,!n ! am\nt ( coal us$ 9 inl& communication is increas+1 n only on acc\nt ( ! gradual ext5sion ( ! railway network1 b also on acc\nt ( ! increase ( population1 ( comm]ce1 & s on4 ,aga91 our comm]ce ) o!r c\ntries has increas$ ) great rapidity s9ce ! ye> #ahfj1 :5 ! ,fr5* treaty came into op]ation1 & x w cont9ue to increase ) ! increase ( our population1 ( our means ( communication )9 our own c\ntry z well z ) =eign c\ntries1 & s on4 ,b all ^! causes ( increase are n[ gr[+ 9 activity at a rate :i* mu/ inevitably dim9i%4 ,our population _c increase beyond a c]ta9 ext5t1 because ! ext5t ( ! c\ntry w suffice = b a c]ta9 numb] ( inhabitants4 ,if emigration d n prev5t increase beyond t numb]1 o!r causes w1 or else a mu* m s]i\s evil ?an ! exhau/ion ( all our coal /ores awaits ! c\ntry4 ,aga91 ! requirem5ts ( inl& communication w be=e long be s f> met t no su* rapid ext5sion z is n[ 9 progress w be call$ =4 ,aft] conv5i5t communication has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry--:e!r ! process require ! =mation ( new l9es or ( new s]vices--no important increase c be requir$4 ,z reg>ds our comm]ce1 its increase dep5ds necess>ily on ! increase at pres5t go+ on 9 ! requirem5ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,ye> by ye> ,brita9 has a l>g] population1 & ! av]age requirem5ts ( ea* memb] ( ! population are also increas+4 ,b we h se5 t ! increase ( h] population is necess>ily limit$2 & al?\gh ! increase ( ! requirem5ts ( h] p may n be 7/rictly speak+7 limit$1 yet x is manife/ t1 inasmu* z t increase dep5ds on causes :i* are !mselves approa*+ a limit1 its rate mu/1 aft] a "t1 cont9ually dim9i%4 ,let x be und]/ood t1 :5 ,i speak ( ! requirem5ts ( ! population1 ,i d n mean only :at !y mu/ obta9 f o!r c\ntries4 ,! comm]ce ( a c\ntry is ! expression ( ! activity ) :i* ! nation is #8e>n+ its liv+1' s to speak1 & 9 a giv5 population !re is a limit to :at is necess>y = ?is purpose1 precisely z !re is a limit to ! sum :i* an individual p]son 9 any giv5 /ate ( life requires = ! ma9t5ance ( a giv5 family4 ,inde$1 al?\gh su* comp>isons are n always safe1 we may 9 ?is case comp>e :at may be call$ ! comm]cial requirem5ts ( ! nation ) ! requirem5ts ( ! head ( ! family1--a m]*ant suppose4 ,!re are no limits to ! degree ( weal? :i* a m]*ant may desire to ga91 b unque/ionably !re are limits to ! income necess>y to ma9ta9 8 h\se & family & m]cantile position4 ,suppos+ he 7 ext5d+ 8 ga9s f> beyond 8 actual requirem5ts1 x w\ld by no means imply 8 approa*+ ru9 t !re 0 a demon/rable limit to ?is ext5sion4 ,& 9 l mann]1 x w\ld seem t1 ap>t f ! limits set by nature to ! ext5sion ( our population1 x ne$ by no means be assum$ t if our comm]ce %[$ signs ( approa*+ a limit1 ! d[nfall ( ,engl&'s p[] w\ld be at h&4 ,9 fact1 we _c accept ,mr4 ,jevons's figures = di/ant epo*s )\t fir/ inquir+ :e!r x is likely t at ^? epo*s ! circum/ances on :i* ! consumption ( our coal dep5ds w be correspond+ly *ang$4 ,suppos+ t #abj millions ( tons ( coals suffice = ! requirem5ts ( our pres5t population1 we c sc>cely believe t #a1ddj millions w be ne$$ 9 #aiej1 unless we suppose t ! population ( ,brita9 w be twelve times great] ?an at pres5t2 or t ! population w be ev5 great] ?an ?is1 s9ce ! consumption ( coal ^u our railways c\ld sc>cely be expect$ to increase 9 proportion to ! population4 ,n[ no "o believes t ,brita9 w numb] #cjj millions ( inhabitants 9 #aiej1 or 9 #biej2 ! c\ntry c\ld n ma9ta9 half t numb]1 ev5 ?\gh all h] available /ores ( coal & iron1 & o!r s\rces ( comm]cial weal? 7 increas$ a hundr$fold4 ,x is a mi/ake1 inde$1 to ext5d ! results ( /ati/ical rese>* v f> beyond ! "t to :i* ! facts & figures belong4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply in/ances ( ! incorrectness ( su* a process4 ,to take a s+le case4--,:5 *ol]a has be5 ext5d+ its ravages 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! /ati/ics ( mortality f t cause1 if /udi$ ) ref]5ce to f\r or five successive weeks1 h indicat$ a law ( increase1 :i* is v readily express$ s z to accord ) ! mortality dur+ ^? weeks1 & p]haps two or ?ree foll[+ weeks4 ,b if su* a law 7 ext5d$ indef9itely x might be f\nd to imply no?+ %ort ( ! complete desolation ( ! c\ntry by *ol]a1 )9 ! space ( a few mon?s4 ,?us1 if ! dea?s 7f *ol]a7 9 five successive weeks 7 #bj1 #bg1 #ce1 #dg1 & #fc1--numb]s correspond+ ) ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( *ol]a mortality 9 ! e>li] /ages ( a visitation1--! weekly mortality a ye> lat]1 e/imat$ accord+ to ! obs]v$ p]c5tage ( increase1 w\ld be m ?an #agc millions6 ,n[ ?is me?od ( e/imation1 ?\gh lead+ to ?is prepo/]\s conclusion z respects a m di/ant epo*1 w\ld probably lead to tol]ably correct results = ! next week or two aft] t 9 :i* #fc p]sons di$1--! e/imat$ numb]s be+ #hd & #aaj = ! next two weeks respectively4 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t we are n ju/ifi$1 by ! obs]v$ seem+ fulfilm5t ( ,mr4 ,jevons's anticipations1 9 conclud+ t a hundr$ ye>s h5ce ! consumption ( coals w be #b1jjj millions ( tons1 or t ! total consumption dur+ ! next #aaj ye>s w be #ajj1jjj millions ( tons4 ,we might almo/ z safely inf] t because a gr[+ lad requires su* & su* an increase ( food ye> by ye>1 ! gr[n man w ne$ a simil> rate ( increase1 & ! septuag5>ian require s _m tons & hog%eads ( solid & liquid food p] diem4 ,at pres5t x does n seem possible to arrive at any def9ite conclusions respect+ ! probable consumption ( coal 9 ye>s to come4 ,! range ( obs]vation is n suffici5tly ext5d$4 ,x seems cle>1 inde$1 t ! epo* is n ne> at h& :5 ! pres5t law ( increase w be modifi$4 ,?is is %[n by ! agreem5t ( ! obs]v$ results dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s ) ! anticipations ( ,mr4 ,jevons4 ,x w\ld be altoge!r unsafe to pr$ict t ! ye>ly consumption w n rise to #aej or #bjj or ev5 #bej millions ( tons p] annum1 or to po9t to any def9ite /age at :i* ! pres5t increas+ rate ( increase w be *ang$ fir/ into uni=m 7or ari?metical7 increase1 & !nce into a decreas+ rate ( increase4 ,b x appe>s to me t no "q c exi/ t ^! *anges w take place4 ,we might ev5 g f>!r1 & reg>d x z all b c]ta9 t ! "t w come :5 !re w be no annual increase4 ,nay1 unless ! hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry is to diff] f ! hi/ory ( all o!r nations :i* h atta9$ to great p[]1 ! "t might be expect$ to arrive :5 !re w be1 ye> by ye>1 a sl[ dim9ution 9 ! comm]cial activity ( ,brita91 & a correspond+ dim9ution 9 ! exhau/ion ( h] coal /ores4 ,!re is room = an amaz+ increase 9 ,brita9's p[] & greatness1 room also = an unprec$5t$ cont9uance ( ^! attributes1 :ile yet ! coal /ores ( ! c\ntry rema9 well suppli$4 ,let u conceive1 = in/ance1 t ! greate/ annual consumption ( coal dur+ ! future ye>s ( ,engl&'s exi/5ce z a great nation1 %\ld be set at ?ree times h] pres5t annual consumption1 or at #cej millions ( tons4 ,few w reg>d ?is z an unduly l[ e/imate :5 !y rememb] t x is exce$+ly unlikely t ! pres5t population ( ,brita9 w ev] be tripl$1 & t a triple population c\ld be comm]cially f> m active 79 relation to its numb]s7 ?an ! pres5t population1 ) no great] consumption ( coal p] head4 ,n[1 to beg9 )1 if ?is enorm\s annual consumption began imm$iately1 we %\ld yet 7) ,mr4 ,jevons's assumption z to ! quantity ( available coal7 h #egj ye>s' lease ( p[] in/ead ( #aaj4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 s soon z we h recognis$ ! pr9ciple t !re is a limit to ! increase ( annual consumption1 we are compell$ to believe t t limit w be approa*$ by a mu* g5tl] gradi5t1 s to speak1 ?an ! same consumption z atta9$ on ,mr4 ,jevons's assumption4 ,accord+ to 8 view1 9 fact1 an annual consumption ( #cej millions ( tons p] annum w be atta9$ e>ly 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury2 b accord+ to ! !ory :i* sets su* a consumption z ! highe/ ev] to be atta9$1 we %\ld place its atta9m5t sev]al hundr$s ( ye>s lat]4 ,?is is a vague /atem5t1 ,i admit1 b ! v fact on :i* ,i am ma9ly insi/+ is ?is1 t ! evid5ce at pres5t 9 our h&s is insuffici5t z a basis ( exact calculation4 ,n[1 if we set #ejj ye>s h5ce z ! "t :5 ! annual consumption ( coal w h rea*$ ! above enorm\s am\nt1 we %\ld set ! total consumption dur+ ^? c5turies at ab\t "o-half t due to an annual consumption ( #cej millions ( tons4 ,9 t case !re w\ld /ill rema9 coal en\gh to supply ! c\ntry = #cbj ye>s at ! same trem5d\s rate4 ,9 all1 on ^! suppositions1 #hbj ye>s w\ld be provid$ =4 ,^! w\ld be ye>s ( comm]cial activity f> exce$+ t ( our own day--9 fact1 !y w\ld be ye>s dur+ :i* ,brita9 w\ld be accumulat+ weal? at a rate s enorm\s t at ! end ( ! era %e w\ld be n :olly unprovid$ ) ! means ( support+ h] exi/5ce z a nation1 ap>t f all ref]5ce to h] m9]al /ores4 ,x is1 inde$1 utt]ly inconceivable1 ,i ?9k1 t ,great ,brita9 & h] p w ev] be able to progress at ! rate impli$ by ^! sugge/ions4 ,to conceive ( ,great ,brita9 z arriv+ at ru9 )9 a ?\s& ye>s by ! ov]-rapid exhau/ion ( h] coal /ores1 is1 9 fact1 equival5t to suppos+ t %e w atta9 9 ! int]val to a :olly unprec$5t$--,i _h almo/ said a :olly incr$ible--degree ( weal? & p[]4 ,z reg>ds ! evid5ce :i* has be5 adduc$ respect+ ! ext5t ( ! available coal supply1 x is to be rem>k$ t1 on ! :ole1 ! result _c be reg>d$ z unfav\rable4 ,! m sangu9e views ent]ta9$ five or six ye>s ago h n1 inde$11 be5 fully ju/ifi$4 ,yet our coal supply has be5 %[n to be enorm\s1 ev5 :5 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! cont9ually increas+ exhau/ion4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t ! "q ( ! dep? to :i* our coal m9es may be conv5i5tly or ev5 possibly work$1 has an unpleasantly d\btful aspect4 ,( ! /ores :i* ! ,commission]s reg>d z available a va/ proportion mu/ be m9$ out f dep?s f> exce$+ any :i* h be5 at pres5t rea*$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is n z yet cle> h[ f> ! increase ( dep? w add to ! co/ & risk ( work+2 nor d ,i propose to discuss a subject :i* c only be adequately dealt ) by ^? :o possess practical k ( ! details ( colli]y-work+4 ,i w cont5t myself by quot+ "s rem>ks on ! subject1 9 an inaugural address deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,george ,elliot 7"o ( ! ,royal ,commission]s7 be=e ! ,nor? ( ,engl& ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s 9 #ahfh4 #8,! great dep?1' he rem>k$1 #8at :i* _m ( our pits are work$1 & ! va/ ext5t ( _! lat]al ramifications1 make x m ?an ev] necess>y t we %\ld secure ! be/ mode ( r5d]+ ! supply ( pure air c]ta91 regul>1 & safe4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t v5tilat+ by ma*9]y ensures ^! desid]ata2 t ! nicety ) :i* me*anical appliances may be regulat$1 ! delicate adju/m5t ( p[] ( :i* !y are capable1 & ! complete safety ) :i* !y may be work$1 place !m f> be=e ! sy/em !y are int5d$ to sup]s$e4 ,! ext5t ( our coal supply w be mat]ially increas$ by ! improvem5t ( :i* ?is is a type4444 ,x is probable t ! ord9>y means ( v5tilation--:e!r by furnace or fan--may be aid$ by a *ange 9 ! =ce or ag5cy employ$ = ! purposes ( haulage & o!r indep5d5t "w4 ,z an in/ance ( my mean+1 ,i may m5tion t ! app>atus :i* ,i h introduc$ 9 ,s\? ,wales1 & :i*1 by means ( compress$ air us$ z a motive p[] in/ead ( /eam1 draws trams & pumps wat] ) complete success1 is f\nd to g5]ate ice 9 an atmosph]e :i* is naturally hot & oppressive4 ,! me*anical usefulness ( ^! new air-eng9es seems capable ( indef9ite ext5sion2 :ile1 z _! cool+ prop]ties =m a collat]al advantage aris+ out ( _! use1 x is at lea/ possible t !y may prove valuable auxili>ies to ! m regul> means ( v5tilation 9 ext5d+ ! security & promot+ ! heal?fulness ( our m9es4 ,! difficulties ( v5tilation once surm\nt$1 ! ext5t ( coal at our disposal is incalculably increas$4#8 ,9 ! address j quot$ !re are "s /rik+ sugge/ions z to ! possibility ( work+ ^? coal fields :i* ext5d bel[ ! sea on our ea/ & we/ coa/s1 especially 9 ! c\nties ( ,durham1 ,nor?umb]l&1 & ,cumb]l&4 ,mr4 ,elliot rem>ks t #8= all practical purposes ^! fields are z entirely )9 ! rea* ( ! m9+ eng9e] z ! ord9>y work+s out ( :i* coal is hew$4' ,x is kn[n t 9 _m di/ricts ! coal /rata ext5d t5 or twelve miles beyond ! %ore2 & ,mr4 ,elliot believes t by s9k+ v5tilat+ %afts 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean ! coal bel[ may be safely work$4 ,! idea seems some:at d>+2 yet1 aft] ! feats ( eng9e]+ :i* h be5 a*iev$ 9 our day1 !re seems no valid reason = d\bt+ t at lea/ :5 ! pressure ( a fail+ coal supply beg9s to be felt1 ! means w be f\nd = r5d]+ ^! imm5se subm>9e coal /ores available4 ,z to ! difficulty ( transport1 ,mr4 ,elliot rem>ks t1 accord+ to 8 e/imates1 #8transport w\ld nei!r be m co/ly nor m labori\s ?an x has be5 9 days gone by to convey coal ! same di/ance aft] x 0 br\ght to ! surface inl&4' ,! enorm\s importance ( ! subject is %[n by ! fact t #8out ( ! m9]als obta9able 9 ,durham alone1 "o-?ird1' ,mr4 ,elliot tells u1 #8may be held to lie "u ! sea1 & t all coalfields hav+ a simil> incl9ation ( /rata1 & bord]+ on ! ocean1 w be simil>ly enl>g$4 ,?is at once disposes1' he adds1 #8( "s ( ! fe>s express$ z to ! duration ( our coal supply2 & :ile ,i am q aw>e t ^! !ories may be *all5g$1 !y are n put =w>d )\t due delib]ation1 & ,i am cont5t to /ake my pr(essional reputation on _! practicability4' ,) reg>d to ! future ( ?is c\ntry1 x appe>s to me t little anxiety ne$ be ent]ta9$4 ,ap>t f ! consid]ations ,i h urg$1 :i* seem to indicate t our consumption _c long increase at ! same rate z at pres5t1 x seems n unreasonable to anticipate t )9 ! next few decades sci5ce w f9d ! means ( economis+ our coals 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,x does n inde$ appe> likely t any =m ( fuel w ev] take ! place ( coal2 b a portion ( ! "w n[ d]iv$ f ! consumption ( coal may be expect$ to be d]iv$ 9 future ye>s f "s ( ! o!r sub/ances n[ com+ into use4 ,x may be hop$1 also1 t sci5ce may sugge/ means = br++ coals to ! surface ) less wa/e1 & ev5 at less co/1 ?an at pres5t4 ,& 9 o!r ways ! process ( exhau/ion may be m or less effectively *eck$4 ,b :ile we may ?us look some:at confid5tly =w>d1 z ,i judge1 to ! future ( our c\ntry1 s]i\s que/ions are sugge/$ z to ! future ( ! human race4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* a nation fl\ri%es1 long z x seems by comp>ison ) ! life ( man1 yet s9ks into insignificance :5 comp>$ ) ! p]iod dur+ :i* civilis$ m5 w be> sway ^u ! e>?4 ,! ?\s&s ( ye>s dur+ :i* ! coal /ores ( ! e>? may be expect$ to la/ w pass away1 & !n ! desc5dants ( ^? n[ liv+ on ! e>? w h to tru/ to o!r =ce-supplies ?an ^? :i* we are n[ us+ s lavi%ly4 ,x may seem fanciful to look s f> =w>d1 & yet by comp>ison ) ! p]iods :i* ! a/ronom] deals ) 9 consid]+ ! future ( our e>?1 ?\s&s ( ye>s are z no?+4 ,z ,i h said else:]e1 #8^? ?\s&s ( ye>s w pass z surely z ! ?\s&s :i* h already pass$1 & ! wants entail$ by wa/efulness 9 our day w !n be felt1 & none ! less t = s _m ye>s !re _h be5 no failure 9 ! supplies conta9$ )9 ! great subt]ranean /oreh\se4' ,x behoves u to consid] ?\ghtfully ! wants ev5 ( ^? di/ant eras4 ,if ! greate/ good = ! greate/ numb] is to be reg>d$ z ! true rule = ! conduct ( intellig5t be+s1 !n unque/ionably m]e di/ance 9 po9t ( "t %\ld n prev5t u f anticipat+ ! requirem5ts ( ^? remote desc5dants ( ours4 ,we %\ld reg>d ! consci\sness ( ?is duty & its p]=mance z signs by :i* ! sup]iority ( our own ov] less civilis$ times is p>tly manife/$4 ,z man is 9 dignity high] ?an non-intellig5t animals1 9 t he alone provides ( 8 own =e?\ght = ! wants ( 8 *ildr51 s our g5]ation w\ld be rais$ 9 dignity above prec$+ g5]ations if x took intellig5t *>ge ( ! wants ( its remote desc5dants4 ,we ourselves are n[ employ+ /ores ( =ce laid up = u by ! unconsci\s processes ( ,nature 9 long pa/ ages4 ,z ,pr(essor ,tyndall has f9ely said1 we are utilis+ ! ,sun ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,epo*4 ,! light #8:i* /ream$ e>?w>ds f ! sun' 0 /or$ up = u by ! unconsci\s activity ( #8organisms :i* liv+ took into !m ! sol> light1 & by ! consumption ( its en]gy incessantly g5]at$ *emical =ces4' ,! vegetable _w ( t old epo* #8con/itut$ ! res]voir 9 :i* ! fugitive sol> rays 7 fix$1 suitably deposit$1 & r5d]$ ready = useful application4' ,:at ! vegetable _w did = u unconsci\sly dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s ,epo*1 ! sci5tific _w ( our epo* mu/ d = our remote desc5dants4 ,:ile we are consum+ ! /ores ( =ce laid up 9 pa/ ages = our b5efit1 we mu/ inv5t ! means = obta9+ directly f ! sol> rays fre% & inexhau/ible supplies ( motive en]gy4 7,f ! ,/4 ,paul's ,magaz9e1 ,novemb] #ahga47 ,,! ,,secret ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,pole4 ,if an a/ronom] ^u "s di/ant planet has ev] ?\ght ! t9y orb we inhabit wor?y ( telescopic /udy1 !re c be little d\bt t ! sn[y regions :i* surr\nd ! arctic & ant>ctic poles mu/ h attract$ a l>ge %>e ( 8 att5tion4 ,wax+ & wan+ ) ! pass+ seasons1 ^? two :ite pat*es af=d significant in=mation respect+ ! circum/ances ( our planet's con/itution4 ,!y m>k ! direction ( ! imag9>y axial l9e ^u :i* ! planet rotates2 s t we c imag9e t an a/ronom] on ,m>s or ,v5us w\ld judge f _! position h[ x f>es ) t]re/rial creatures4 ,!re may1 inde$1 be ,m>tial ,:ewells :o laugh to scorn ! notion t a globe s inconv5i5tly circum/anc$ z ours c be inhabit$1 & are ready to %[ t1 if !re 7 liv+ be+s "h1 !y mu/ be quickly de/roy$ by excessive heat4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are possibly sceptics on ,v5us also :o smile at ! vanity ( ^? :o c conceive a froz5 _w1 su* z ?is our out] planet1 to be inhabit$ by any sort ( liv+ creature4 ,b we d\bt n t ! m advanc$ ?9k]s bo? 9 ,m>s & ,v5us are ready to admit t1 ?\gh we mu/ necess>ily be f> inf]ior be+s to !mselves1 we yet manage to #8live & move & h our be+' on ?is ill-condition$ globe ( ours4 ,& ^!1 obs]v+ ! e>?'s pol> sn[-caps1 mu/ be l$ to sev]al important conclusions respect+ physical relations "h4 ,x is1 inde$1 r a s+ul> fact to contemplate1 t ex-t]re/rial obs]v]s1 su* z ^!1 may "k mu* m ?an we ourselves d respect+ ^? my/]i\s regions :i* lie close ar\nd ! two poles4 ,_! eyes may h re/$ on spots :i*1 ) all our endeav\rs1 we h hi!rto fail$ to rea*4 ,:e!r1 z "s h ?\ght1 ! arctic pole is 9 summ] surr\nd$ by a wide & tide-sway$ ocean2 :e!r !re lies ar\nd ! ant>ctic pole a wide cont95t bespread ) volcanic m\nta9s l>g] & m en]getic ?an ! two burn+ cones :i* ,ross f\nd on ! outskirts ( ?is desolate region2 or :e!r ! habitudes prevail+ ne> ei!r pole are :olly diff]5t f ^? sugge/$ by geograph]s & voyag]s--su* que/ions z ^! might possibly1 be resolv$ at once1 c\ld our a/ronom]s take _! /& on "s neighb\r+ planet1 & direct ! se>*+ p[] ( _! telescopes ^u ?is t]re/rial orb4 ,= ?is is "o ( ^? cases ref]r$ to by ,humboldt1 :5 he said t !re are circum/ances "u :i* man is able to le>n m respect+ objects millions ( miles away f him ?an respect+ ! v globe :i* he inhabits4 ,if we take a t]re/rial globe1 & exam9e ! actual region ne> ! ,nor? ,pole :i* has z yet rema9$ unvisit$ by man1 x w be f\nd to be f> small] ?an _m imag9e4 ,9 ne>ly all maps ! requirem5ts ( *>t+ result 9 a consid]able exagg]ation ( ! pol> regions4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! ord9>y #8maps ( ! two hemisph]es' :i* are to be f\nd 9 all atlases4 ,& x is1 ( c\rse1 ! case to a mu* m rem>kable ext5t 9 :at is t]m$ ,m]cator's projection4 ,9 a ,m]cator's *>t we see ,gre5l&1 = example1 exagg]at$ into a cont95t fully z l>ge z ,s\? ,am]ica1 or to sev5 or eight times its real dim5sions4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal directions 9 :i* explor]s h attempt$ to approa* ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! fir/ is t by way ( ! sea :i* lies betwe5 ,gre5l& & ,spitzb]g54 ,i include "u ?is head ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry's attempt to rea* ! pole by cross+ ! ice-fields :i* lie to ! nor? ( ,spitzb]g54 ,! second is t by way ( ! /raits :i* lie to ! we/ ( ,gre5l&4 ,! ?ird is t pursu$ by ,russian explor]s :o h attempt$ to cross ! froz5 seas :i* surr\nd ! nor!rn %ores ( ,sib]ia4 ,9 consid]+ ! limits ( ! unkn[n nor?-pol> regions1 we %all also h to take into acc\nt ! voyages :i* h be5 made ar\nd ! nor!rn %ores ( ! ,am]ican cont95t 9 ! se>* = a #8nor?-we/ passage4' ,! explor]s :o set out ^u ?is se>* f\nd !mselves gradually =c$ to seek high] & high] latitudes 9 ord] to f9d a way r\nd ! complicat$ b>ri]s pres5t$ by ! ice-b\nd /raits & isl&s :i* lie to ! nor? ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,& x may be notic$ 9 pass+1 z a rem>kable & un=ese5 circum/ance1 t ! f>!r nor? ! voyag]s w5t ! less sev]e 0 ! cold !y _h to enc\nt]4 ,we %all see t ?is circum/ance has an important be>+ on ! consid]ations ,i %all pres5tly h to deal )4 ,"o o!r circum/ance respect+ ! se>* = ! nor?-we/ passage1 ?\gh n connect$ v closely ) my subject1 is s s+ul> & s little kn[n t ,i feel tempt$ to make m5tion ( x at ?is po9t4 ,! notion ) :i* ! seek]s aft] a nor?-we/ passage set out 0 simply ?is1 t ! easie/ way ( rea*+ ,*9a & ! ,ea/ ,indies 0 to pursue a c\rse resembl+ z ne> z possible t on :i* ,columbus _h set out--if only x %\ld appe> t no impassable b>ri]s r5d]$ su* a c\rse impracticable4 ,!y quickly f\nd t ! ,am]ican cont95t pres5ts an unbrok5 l9e ( l& f high nor!rn latitudes f> away t[>ds ! ant>ctic seas4 ,b x is a circum/ance wor? notic+1 t if ! ,am]ican cont95ts _h no exi/5ce1 ! direct we/]ly c\rse pursu$ by ,columbus 0 n only n ! ne>e/ way to ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 b 0 "o ( ! longe/ r\tes :i* c\ld possibly h be5 select$4 ,surpris+ z x may seem at fir/ sight1 a voyag] f ,spa9 = ,*9a & ! ,ea/ ,indies ought1 if he s\ght ! absolutely %orte/ pa?1 to set out on an almo/ direct nor!rly r\te6 ,he w\ld pass close by ,irel& & ,icel&1 & onw>ds pa/ ! ,nor? ,pole into ! ,pacific4 ,?is is :at is call$ ! great-circle r\te2 & if x 7 only practicable "o1 w\ld %ort5 ! j\rney to ,*9a by _m hundr$s ( miles4 ,let u return1 h[ev]1 to ! consid]ation ( ! in=mation :i* arctic voyag]s h br\ght u conc]n+ ! nor?-pol> regions4 ,! mo/ labori\s rese>*es 9 arctic seas are ^? :i* h be5 c>ri$ out by ! se>*]s aft] a nor?-we/ passage4 ,i %all !re=e fir/ consid] ! limits ( ! unkn[n region 9 ?is direction4 ,aft]w>ds we c exam9e ! results ( ^? voyages :i* h be5 und]tak5 ) ! express purpose ( rea*+ ! ,nor? ,pole along ! ?ree pr9cipal r\tes already m5tion$4 ,if we exam9e a map ( ,nor? ,am]ica con/ruct$ 9 rec5t times1 we %all f9d t betwe5 ,gre5l& & ,canada an imm5se ext5t ( coa/-l9e has be5 *>t$4 ,a va/ ar*ipelago cov]s ?is "p ( ! nor!rn _w4 ,or1 if ! /rangely-complicat$ coa/l9es :i* h be5 laid d[n really belong to b a small numb] ( isl&s1 ! figures ( ^? mu/ be ( ! mo/ fanta/ic k9d4 ,t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 h[ev]1 we f9d sev]al isl&s ^: outl9es h be5 entirely asc]ta9$4 ,?us we h 9 succession ,nor? ,devon ,isl&1 ,cornwallis ,isl&1 ,melville ,isl&1 & ,port ,patrick ,isl&1 all ly+ nor? ( ! sev5ty-fif? p>allel ( latitude4 ,b we are n to suppose t ^! isl&s limit ! ext5t ( our seam5's rese>*es 9 ?is direction4 ,f> to ! nor?w>d ( ,well+ton ,*annel1 ,capta9 de ,hav5 saw1 9 #aheb1 ! signs ( an op5 sea--9 o!r words1 he saw1 beyond ! ice-fields1 :at arctic seam5 call a #8wat] sky4' ,9 #ahee ,capta9 ,p5ny sail$ ^u ?is op5 sea2 b h[ f> x ext5ds t[>ds ! ,nor? ,pole has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! nor?-we/ passage has be5 %[n to be a reality1 by means ( voyages f ! ,pacific z well z f ! ,atlantic4 ,no arctic voyag]1 h[ev]1 has yet succe$$ 9 pass+ f "o ocean to ! o!r4 ,nor is x likely n[ t any voyag] w pursue 8 way along a pa? s beset by dang]s z t :i* is call$ ! nor?-we/ passage4 ,long be=e ! problem _h be5 solv$1 x _h become well kn[n t no pr(it c\ld be expect$ to accrue to trade f ! discov]y ( a passage along ! p]il\s /raits & ! ice-encumb]$ seas :i*1 lie to ! nor? ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,b ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry hav+ trac$ out a passage z f> z ,melville ,isl&1 x seem$ to ! bold _s ( our arctic explor]s t x might be possible1 by sail+ ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/raits1 to trace out a connection betwe5 ! arctic seas on t side & ! regions rea*$ by ,p>ry4 ,accord+ly1 ,m',clure1 9 #ahej1 sail$ 9 ! #8,inve/igator1' & pass+ ea/w>d1 aft] trav]s+ ,behr+'s ,/raits1 rea*$ ,b>+'s ,l&1 & ev5tually id5tifi$ ?is l& z a portion ( ,banks' ,l&1 se5 by ,p>ry to ! s\?w>d ( ,melville ,isl&4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! unexplor$ p>ts ( ! arctic regions are limit$ 9 ?is direction by suffici5tly high latitudes4 ,turn we next to ! explorations :i* ,russian voyag]s h made to ! nor?w>d ( ,sib]ia4 ,x mu/ be notic$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! coa/ ( ,sib]ia runs mu* f>!r nor?w>d ?an t ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,s t on ?is side1 indep5d5tly ( sea explorations1 ! unkn[n arctic regions are limit$ )9 v high latitudes4 ,b attempts h be5 made to pu% mu* f>!r nor? f ^! %ores4 ,9 e case1 h[ev]1 ! voyag]s h f\nd t ! ice-fields1 ov] :i* !y hop$ to make _! way1 h become gradually less & less firm1 until at l5g? no d\bt c\ld rema9 t !re lay an op5 sea beyond !m4 ,h[ f> t sea may ext5d is a "p ( ! secret ( ! ,nor? ,pole2 b we may assume t x is no n>r[ sea1 s9ce o!rwise !re c be little d\bt t ! ice-fields :i* surr\nd ! %ores ( ,nor!rn ,sib]ia w\ld ext5d unbrok5 to ! f>!r %ores ( :at we %\ld ?us h to recognise z a /rait4 ,! ?9n+-(f ( ^! ice-fields1 obs]v$ by ,b>on ,wrangel & 8 companions1 af=ds1 inde$1 mo/ rem>kable & significant te/imony respect+ ! nature ( ! sea :i* lies beyond4 ,?is ,i %all pres5tly h to exhibit m at l5g?2 9 ! meantime ,i ne$ only rem>k t sc>cely any d\bt c exi/ t ! sea ?us discov]$ ext5ds nor?w>ds to at lea/ ! eightie? p>allel ( latitude4 ,we may say1 !n1 t f ,well+ton ,*annel1 nor?w>d ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 "r r\nd t[>ds ! we/1 up to ! neighb\rhood ( ,spitzb]g51 v little d\bt exi/s z to ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! arctic regions1 save only z respects ^? unexplor$ p>ts :i* lie )9 t5 or twelve degrees ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! read] w see pres5tly :y ,i am s c>eful to exhibit ! limit$ ext5t ( ! unexplor$ arctic regions 9 ?is direction4 ,! guess we %all =m z to ! true nature ( ! nor?-pol> secret w dep5d almo/ entirely on ?is consid]ation4 ,i turn n[ to ^? two pa?s along :i* arctic exploration1 prop]ly s t]m$1 has be5 mo/ successfully pursu$4 ,x is *iefly to ! exp$itions ( ,drs4 ,kane & ,hayes t we owe ! important k we h respect+ ! nor!rly portions ( ! /raits :i* lie to ! we/ ( ,gre5l&4 ,ea* ( ^! explor]s succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! %ores ( an op5 sea ly+ to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,k5n$y ,*annel1 ! extreme nor!rly limit ( ^? /raits4 ,hayes1 :o _h accompani$ ,kane 9 ! voyage ( #ahed-e1 succe$$ 9 rea*+ a some:at high] latitude 9 sl$ges drawn by ,esquimaux dogs4 ,b bo? exp$itions agree 9 %[+ t ! %ores ( ,gre5l& tr5d (f sudd5ly t[>ds ! ea/ at a po9t )9 "s n9e degrees ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prolongation ( ! opposite %ore ( ,k5n$y ,*annel 0 f\nd to ext5d nor?w>ds z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*4 ,)9 ! angle ?us =m$ !re 0 an op5 sea #8roll+1' says ,capta9 ,maury1 #8) ! swell ( a b\ndless ocean4' ,b a circum/ance 0 notic$ respect+ ?is sea :i* 0 v significant4 ,! tides ebb$ & fl[$ 9 x4 ,only "o fact we "k (--a fact to be pres5tly discuss$--?r[s s mu* light on ! "q we are consid]+ z ?is circum/ance does4 ,let u consid] a little :5ce ^! tidal waves c h come4 ,! n>r[ /raits betwe5 ,gre5l& on ! "o side1 & ,ellesm]e ,l& & ,gr9nell ,l& on ! o!r1 are completely ice-b\nd4 ,we _c suppose t ! tidal wave c\ld h f\nd its way b5ea? su* a b>ri] z ?is4 #8,i appreh5d1' says ,capta9 ,maury1 #8t ! tidal wave f ! ,atlantic c no m pass "u ?is icy b>ri]1 to be propagat$ 9 ! seas beyond1 ?an ! vibrations ( a musical /r+ c pass ) its notes a fret on :i* ! musician has plac$ 8 f+]4' ,are we to suppose1 !n1 t ! tidal waves 7 =m$ 9 ! v sea 9 :i* !y 7 se5 by ,kane & ,hayes8 ,?is is ,capta9 ,maury's op9ion3--#8,^! tides1' says he1 #8mu/ h be5 born 9 t cold sea1 hav+ _! cradle ab\t ! ,nor? ,pole4' ,b if we c>efully consid] ! !ory ( ! tides1 ?is op9ion seems inadmissible4 ,e consid]ation on :i* t !ory is f\nd$ is oppos$ to ! assumption t ! moon c\ld by any possibility raise tides 9 an arctic bas9 ( limit$ ext5t4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to exam9e at l5g? ! pr9ciple on :i* ! =mation ( tides dep5ds4 ,x w be suffici5t = our purposes to rem>k t x is n to ! m]e /r5g? ( ! moon's #8pull' ^u ! wat]s ( any ocean t ! tidal wave owes its orig91 b to ! diff]5ce ( ! =ces by :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( t ocean are attract$4 ,! :ole ( an ocean _c be rais$ at once by ! moon2 b if "o "p is attract$ m ?an ano!r1 a wave is =m$4 ,t ?is may happ51 ! ocean mu/ be "o ( wide ext5t4 ,9 ! va/ seas :i* surr\nd ! ,s\!rn ,pole !re is room = an imm5sely p[]ful #8drag1' s to speak2 = always !re w be "o "p ( ^! seas mu* ne>] to ! moon ?an ! re/1 & s !re w be an appreciable diff]5ce ( pull ^u t "p4 ,! read] w n[ see :y ,i h be5 s c>eful to asc]ta9 ! limits ( ! suppos$ nor?-pol> ocean1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,capta9 ,maury1 tidal waves are g5]at$4 ,to accord ) 8 views1 ?is ocean mu/ be surr\nd$ on all sides by impassable b>ri]s ei!r ( l& or ice4 ,^! b>ri]s1 !n1 mu/ lie to ! nor?w>d ( ! regions yet explor$1 = !re is op5 sea communicat+ ) ! ,pacific all r\nd ! nor? ( ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,x only requires a mom5t's inspection ( a t]re/rial globe to see h[ small a space is ?us left = ,capta9 ,maury's l&-lock$ ocean4 ,i h purposely left out ( consid]ation1 z yet1 ! advances made by arctic voyag]s 9 ! direction ( ! sea :i* lies betwe5 ,gre5l& & ,spitzb]g54 ,we %all pres5tly see t on ?is side ! imag9>y l&-lock$ ocean mu/ be m limit$ ?an t[>ds ! %ores ( ,asia or ,am]ica4 ,z x is1 h[ev]1 x rema9s cle>1 t if !re 7 any ocean communicat+ ) ! spot rea*$ by ,dr4 ,kane1 b sep>at$ f all communication--by op5 wat]--ei!r ) ! ,atlantic or ) ! ,pacific1 t ocean w\ld be s limit$ 9 ext5t t ! moon's attraction c\ld ex]t no m effective influ5ce ^u its wat]s ?an ^u ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean--:]e1 z we "k1 no tides are g5]at$4 ,?is1 !n1 w\ld be a tideless ocean1 & we mu/ look else:]e = an explanation ( ! tidal waves se5 by ,dr4 ,kane4 ,we ?us seem to h prim facie evid5ce t ! sea rea*$ by ,kane communicates ei!r ) ! ,pacific or ) ! ,atlantic1 or--:i* is ! mo/ probable view--) bo? ^? oceans4 ,:5 we consid] ! voyages :i* h be5 made t[>ds ! ,nor? ,pole along ! nor!rly prolongation ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 we f9d v /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t !re is op5-wat] communication 9 ?is direction1 n only ) ! spot rea*$ by ,kane1 b ) a region v mu* ne>] to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,s f> back z #afjg1 ,hudson _h p5etrat$ )9 eight & a half degrees 7or ab\t #fjj miles7 ( ! ,nor? ,pole on ?is r\te4 ,:5 we consid] ! clumsy build & ! poor sail+ qualities ( ! %ips ( ,hudson's day1 we _c b feel t s successful a j\rney m>ks ?is r\te z "o ( ! mo/ promis+ ev] tri$4 ,hudson 0 n turn$ back by impassable b>ri]s ( l& or ice1 b by ! s]i\s dang]s to :i* ! float+ masses ( ice & ! gradually ?ick5+ ice-fields expos$ 8 weak & ill-mann$ vessel4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 o!rs h sail$ ^u ! same track1 & hi!rto ) no bett] success4 ,x 0 res]v$ to ! ,sw$i% exp$ition ( #ahfh to ga9 ! highe/ latitudes ev] rea*$ 9 a %ip 9 ?is direction4 ,! /eam%ip #8,s(ia1' 9 :i* ?is successful voyage 0 made1 0 /rongly built ( ,sw$i% iron1 & orig9ally int5d$ = w9t] voyages 9 ! ,baltic4 ,ow+ to a numb] ( delays1 x 0 n until ,septemb] #af t ! #8,s(ia' rea*$ ! mo/ nor!rly "p ( h] j\rney4 ,?is 0 a po9t "s fifte5 miles ne>] ! ,nor? ,pole ?an ,hudson _h rea*$4 ,to ! nor? !re /ill lay brok5 ice1 b pack$ s ?ickly t n ev5 a boat c\ld pass ?r\gh x4 ,s late 9 ! season1 x w\ld h be5 unsafe to wait = a *ange ( wea!r & a consequ5t break+-up ( ! ice4 ,already ! temp]ature _h sunk sixte5 degrees bel[ ! freez+-po9t2 & ! ent]pris+ voyag]s _h no *oice b to return4 ,!y made1 inde$1 ano!r pu% = ! nor? a =tnight lat]1 b only to meet ) a fre% repulse4 ,an ice-block ) :i* !y came into collision op5$ a l>ge leak 9 ! vessel's side2 & :5 aft] great ex]tions !y rea*$ ! l&1 ! wat] already /ood two feet ov] ! cab9 floor4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! attempts1 ! dep?s ( ! ,atlantic 7 s\nd$1 & two int]e/+ facts 7 reveal$4 ,! fir/ 0 t ! isl& ( ,spitzb]g5 is connect$ ) ,sc&9avia by a subm>9e bank2 ! second 0 ! circum/ance t to ! nor? & we/ ( ,spitzb]g5 ! ,atlantic is m ?an two miles deep6 ,we come n[ to ! mo/ conclusive evid5ce yet af=d$ ( ! ext5sion ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean t[>ds ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ?is evid5ce is associat$ n ) a sea-voyage1 nor ) a voyage across ice to ! bord]s ( "s nor!rn sea1 b ) a j\rney dur+ :i* ! voyag]s 7 ?r\gh\t surr\nd$ z f> z ! eye c\ld rea* by app>5tly fix$ ice-fields4 ,9 #ahbg ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry 0 commission$ by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t to attempt to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,a l>ge rew>d 0 promis$ 9 case he succe$$1 or ev5 if he c\ld get )9 five degrees ( ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! plan :i* he adopt$ seem$ promis+4 ,/>t+ f a port 9 ,spitzb]g51 he propos$ to travel z f> nor?w>d z possible 9 sea-boats1 & !n1 l&+ ^u ! ice1 to prosecute 8 voyage by means ( sl$ges4 ,few n>ratives ( arctic travel are m int]e/+ ?an t :i* ,p>ry has left ( ?is fam\s #8boat-&-sl$ge' exp$ition4 ,! voyag]s 7 t]ribly h>ass$ by ! difficulties ( ! way2 & aft] a "t1 t mo/ try+ ( all arctic exp]i5ces1 ! bitt]ly cold w9d :i* comes f out ! dreadful nor?1 0 add$ to _! trials4 ,yet /ill !y plodd$ /eadily onw>ds1 track+ _! way ov] hundr$s ( miles ( ice ) ! confid5t expectation ( at lea/ atta9+ to ! eighty-fif? p>allel1 if n to ! ,pole itself4 ,b a mo/ griev\s disappo9tm5t 0 9 /ore = !m4 ,p>ry began to notice t ! a/ronomical obs]vations1 by :i* 9 fav\rable wea!r he e/imat$ ! am\nt ( _! nor!rly progress1 %[$ a want ( correspond5ce ) ! actual rate at :i* !y 7 travell+4 ,at fir/ he c\ld h>dly believe t !re 0 n "s mi/ake2 b at l5g? ! unpleasant conviction 0 =c$ ^u him t ! :ole ice-field ov] :i* he & 8 companions _h be5 toil+ s pa9fully 0 sett+ /eadily s\?w>ds be=e ! w9d4 ,ea* day ! ext5t ( ?is set became great] & great]1 until at l5g? !y 7 actually c>ri$ z fa/ t[>ds ! s\? z !y c\ld travel nor?w>ds4 ,p>ry deem$ x useless to cont9ue ! /ruggle4 ,!re 7 c]ta9ly two *ances 9 8 fav\r4 ,x 0 possible t ! nor? w9d might cease to bl[1 & x 0 also possible t ! limit ( ! ice might soon be rea*$1 & t 8 boats might travel easily nor?w>d ^u ! op5 sea beyond4 ,b he _h to consid] ! exhau/$ /ate ( 8 m51 & ! great additional dang] to :i* !y 7 subject$ by ! movable nature ( ! ice-fields4 ,if ! ice %\ld break up1 or if heavy & long-cont9u$ s\!rly w9ds %\ld bl[1 !y might h f\nd x v difficult to rega9 _! port ( refuge 9 ,spitzb]g5 be=e w9t] set 9 or _! /ores 7 exhau/$4 ,besides1 !re 7 no signs ( wat] 9 ! direction !y _h be5 tak+4 ,! wat]-sky ( arctic regions c be recognis$ by ! exp]i5c$ seam5 long be=e ! op5 sea itself is visible4 ,on e side1 h[ev]1 !re 7 ! signs ( widely-ext5d$ ice-fields4 ,x seem$1 !re=e1 hopeless to p]sev]e1 & ,p>ry decid$ on return+ ) all possible spe$ to ! hav5 ( refuge prep>$ = ! p>ty 9 ,spitzb]g54 ,he _h succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! highe/ nor!rn latitudes ev] yet atta9$ by man4 7,a some:at high] latitude has s9ce be5 rea*$ by ,capta9 ,n>es's exp$ition47 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ?is exp$ition1 h[ev]1 is n ! high latitude :i* ! p>ty atta9$1 b ! /range circum/ance :i* l$ to _! discomfiture4 ,:at op9ion are we to =m ( an ocean at once wide & deep en\gh to float an ice-field :i* mu/ h be5 ?irty or =ty ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ext5t8 ,p>ry _h travell$ upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ miles across ! field1 & we may fairly suppose t he might h travell$ =ty or fifty miles f>!r )\t rea*+ op5 wat]2 also t ! field ext5d$ fully fifty miles on ea* side ( ,p>ry's nor!rly track4 ,t ! :ole ( s enorm\s a field %\ld h float$ freely be=e ! arctic w9ds is inde$ an a/oni%+ circum/ance4 ,on e side ( ?is float+ ice-isl& !re mu/ h be5 seas comp>atively free f ice2 & c\ld a /\t %ip h =c$ its way ?r\gh ^! seas1 ! latitudes to :i* x c\ld h rea*$ w\ld h be5 f> high] ?an ^? to :i* ,p>ry's p>ty 0 able to atta94 ,= a mom5t's consid]ation w %[ t ! "p ( ! great ice-field :]e ,p>ry 0 compell$ to turn back mu/ h be5 float+ 9 f> high] latitudes :5 he fir/ set out4 ,he reckon$ t he _h lo/ m ?an a hundr$ miles ?r\gh ! s\!rly motion ( ! ice-field1 & by ?is am\nt1 ( c\rse1 ! po9t he rea*$ _h be5 ne>] ! ,pole4 ,x is n assum+ too mu* to say t a %ip :i* c\ld h =c$ its way r\nd ! great float+ ice-field w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 able to get )9 f\r degrees ( ! ,pole4 ,x seems to u highly probable t %e w\ld ev5 h be5 able to sail ^u op5 wat] to & beyond ! ,pole itself4 ,& :5 we rememb] ! direction 9 :i* ,dr4 ,kane saw an op5 sea--namely1 t[>ds ! v region :]e ,p>ry's ice--%ip _h float$ a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e--x seems reasonable to conclude t !re is op5 wat] communication betwe5 ! seas :i* lie to ! nor? ( ,spitzb]g5 & ^? :i* lave ! nor?-we/]n %ores ( ,gre5l&4 ,if ?is be s1 we at once obta9 an explanation ( ! tidal waves :i* ,kane wat*$ day aft] day 9 #ahee4 ,^! _h no d\bt swept along ! valley ( ! ,atlantic1 & !nce ar\nd ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,gre5l&4 ,x foll[s t1 d5sely z ! ice may be pack$ at times 9 ! seas by :i* ,hudson1 ,scoresby1 & o!r capta9s h attempt$ to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole1 ! froz5 masses mu/ 9 reality be float+ freely1 & !re mu/ !re=e exi/ *annels ?r\gh :i* an adv5tur\s seaman might manage to p5etrate ! dang]\s b>ri]s surr\nd+ ! pol> ocean4 ,9 su* an exp$ition1 *ance un=tunately plays a l>ge "p4 ,:al]s tell u t !re is great unc]ta9ty z to ! w9ds :i* may bl[ dur+ an arctic summ]4 ,! iceb]gs may be cr[d$ by ea/]ly w9ds ^u ! %ores ( ,gre5l&1 or by we/]ly w9ds ^u ! %ores ( ,spitzb]g51 or1 la/ly1 ! c5tral passage may be ! mo/ encumb]$1 ?r\gh ! effects ( w9ds bl[+ n[ f ! ea/ & n[ f ! we/4 ,?us ! arctic voyag] has n m]ely to take 8 *ance z to ! r\te along :i* he %all adv5ture nor?w>ds1 b (t51 aft] =c+ 8 way successfully = a consid]able di/ance1 he f9ds ! ice-fields sudd5ly clos+ 9 ^u him on e side1 & ?reat5+ to cru% 8 %ip into fragm5ts4 ,! irresi/ible p[] ) :i*1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! masses ( ice be> d[n ^u ! /\te/ %ip1 has be5 evid5c$ aga9 & aga92 ?\gh1 =tunately1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t "s irregul>ity along "o side or ! o!r ( ! clos+ *annel s]ves z a sort ( natural dock1 )9 :i* ! vessel may rema9 9 comp>ative safety until a *ange ( w9d sets h] free4 ,in/ances h be5 kn[n 9 :i* a %ip has _h s n>r[ an escape 9 ?is way1 & has be5 subject$ to su* an enorm\s pressure1 t :5 ! *annel 0 op5$ out aga91 ! impress ( ! %ip's side has be5 se5 di/9ctly m>k$ ^u ! massive blocks ( ice :i* h press$ aga9/ h]4 7,f ! ,/4 ,paul's ,magaz9e1 ,june #ahfi47 ,,footnotes3 #e ,s f> back z #aghi1 ,john ,williams1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,m9]al ,k+dom1 discuss$ ! "q ( ! #8,limit$ ,quantity ( ,coal 9 ,great ,brita94' ,! foll[+ extracts are tak5 f an excell5t pap] on ! exhau/ion ( our coal 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review = ,july #ahff1 by ,mr4 ,lemoran1 ,colli]y ,view]4 #8,i h no d\bt1' says ,williams1 #8t ! g5]ality ( ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita9 believe t our coal m9es are inexhau/ible2 & ! g5]al conduct ( ! nation1 s f> z relates to ?is subject1 seems to imply t ?is is held z an e/abli%$ fact4 ,if x 0 n a g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 w\ld ! rage = export+ coals be all[$ to g on )\t limitation or remorse8 ,b x is full "t t ! public 7 undeceiv$ 9 a matt] :i* s ne>ly conc]ns ! welf>e ( ?is fl\ri%+ isl&4444 ,:5 our coal m9es are exhau/$1 ! prosp]ity & glory ( ?is fl\ri%+ & =tunate isl& are at an end4 ,our cities & great t[ns mu/ !n become ru9\s heaps = want ( fuel1 & our m9es & manufactories mu/ fail f ! same cause1 & !n1 consequ5tly1 our comm]ce mu/ vani%4 ,9 %ort1 ! comm]ce1 weal?1 importance1 glory1 & happ9ess ( ,great ,brita9 w decay & gradually dw9dle away to no?+1 9 proportion z our coal & o!r m9es fail4' ,mr4 ,williams also solves 9 a v summ>y mann] ! problem ( ,engl&'s fate aft] h] coal /ores %all be exhau/$4 #8,! future inhabitants ( ?is isl& mu/ live1' says he1 #8l its fir/ inhabitants1 by fi%+ & hunt+4' #f ,9 #ahed1 ! yield 0 #fd1ffa1dja tons2 9 #ahfd1 ! yield 0 #ib1ghg1hgc3 ! av]age increase p] annum 01 !re=e1 no less ?an #b1hab1fdg tons4 #g ,i h obta9$ a some:at diff]5t result f a computation ,i h j gone ?r\gh4 ,i make ! consumption #bia millions 9 #aijj1 & #a1ddf millions 9 #aiej4 ,mr4 ,lemoran seems to h tak5 ! p]c5tage at #c in/ead ( #c4 ,x is wor? notic+ h[ s]i\sly a small *ange 9 ! p]c5tage affects ! result2 ! consumption 9 #aiej becom+ #a1gfj millions ( tons1 in/ead ( #a1ddf millions4 #h ,! ye> #ahfc 0 ! la/ ^: /ati/ics 7 available = ,mr4 ,jevons's purpose2 & e/imat+ f ei!r #ahfj or #ahfb w\ld give a result small] ?an ei!r ( ! above4 ,inde$1 ! consumption 0 less 9 #ahfb ?an 9 #ahfa4 ,,is ,,! ,,gulf ,,/ream ,a ,,my?8 ,! ,gulf ,/ream has rec5tly attract$ a l>ge %>e ( ! att5tion ( our m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! /range wea!r :i* we exp]i5c$ la/ w9t] 7see date ( essay7 has _h some?+ to d ) ?is4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream ^u our climate1 & ! special influ5ce :i* x is assum$ to ex]cise 9 mitigat+ ! sev]ity ( our w9t]s1 h be5 s long recognis$ t meteorologi/s began to inquire :at *anges c\ld be suppos$ to h tak5 place 9 ! great curr5t to acc\nt = s rem>kable a w9t] z ! la/4 ,b x happ5$ also t at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society e>ly 9 ! pres5t ye> ! v exi/5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream 0 call$ 9 "q1 j :5 meteorologi/s 7 dispos$ to assign to x effects ( unusual importance4 ,& 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion :e!r !re is 9 tru? a ,gulf ,/ream--or r :e!r our %ores are visit$ by a curr5t :i* m]its su* a "n--a v>iety ( int]e/+ facts 7 adduc$1 :i* 7 ei!r be=e unkn[n or _h attract$ little att5tion4 ,z at a rec5t meet+ ( ! same society ^! d\bts h be5 r5ew$1 ,i propose to exam9e briefly1 9 ! fir/ place1 a few ( ! consid]ations :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a curr5t f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! neighb\rhood ( our %ores2 & !n1 hav+ rehabilitat$ ! reputation ( ?is celebrat$ ocean riv]--z ,i believe ,i %all be able to d--,i %all proce$ to give a brief sket* ( ! processes by :i* ! curr5t-sy/em ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic is set & ma9ta9$ 9 motion4 ,9 reality ! ,gulf ,/ream is only a "p ( a sy/em ( oceanic circulation2 b 9 deal+ ) ! argum5ts :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ its v exi/5ce1 we may conf9e our att5tion to ! fact t1 accord+ to ! views :i* _h be5 accept$ = m ?an a c5tury1 !re is a /ream ( wat] :i*1 runn+ out ( ! ,gulf ,/ream ?r\gh ! ,n>r[s ( ,bem9i1 fl[s along ! %ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,newf\ndl&1 & !nce "r across ! ,atlantic to ! %ores ( ,great ,brita94 ,x is ?is la/ fact :i* is n[ call$ 9 "q4 ,! exi/5ce ( a curr5t z f> z ! neighb\rhood ( ,newf\ndl& is conc$$1 b ! fact t ! /ream fl[s onw>d to our %ores is d5i$4 ,! po9t on :i* mo/ /ress is plac$ is ! %all[ness ( ! passage call$ ! #8,bem9i ,n>r[s1' ?r\gh :i* x is assum$ t ! :ole ( ! ,gulf curr5t mu/ pass4 ,?is passage has a wid? ( ab\t =ty miles1 & a dep? ( little m ?an six hundr$ y>ds4 ,! curr5t :i* fl[s ?r\gh x is p]haps little m ?an ?irty miles 9 wid?1 & a qu>t] ( a mile 9 dep?4 ,x is ask$ ) "s appe>ance ( reason1 h[ ?is n>r[ curr5t c be look$ ^u z ! p>5t ( t wide /ream :i* is suppos$ to trav]se ! ,atlantic ) a mean wid? ( "s five or six hundr$ miles4 ,inde$1 a mu* great] wid? has be5 assign$ to x1 ?\gh on mi/ak5 gr\nds2 = x has be5 rem>k$ t s9ce waifs & /rays f ! tropics are f\nd ^u ! %ores ( ,portugal1 z well z ^u ^? ( ,gre5l&1 we mu/ ascribe to ! curr5t a span equal to ! enorm\s space sep>at+ ^! places4 ,b ! circum/ance "h dwelt ^u c cle>ly be expla9$ 9 ano!r way4 ,we "k t ( two pieces ( wood ?r[n into ! ,?ames at ,ri*mond1 "o might be pick$ up at ,putney1 & ! o!r at ,graves5d4 ,yet we d n conclude t ! wid? ( ! ,?ames is equal to ! di/ance sep>at+ ,putney f ,graves5d4 ,& d\btless ! tropical waifs :i* h be5 pick$ up on ! %ores ( ,gre5l& & ( ,portugal h f\nd _! way ?i!r by circuit\s c\rses1 & n by direct transmission along opposite edges ( ! great ,gulf curr5t4 ,b c]ta9ly ! difficulty associat$ ) ! n>r[ness ( ! ,bem9i curr5t is "o des]v+ ( c>eful att5tion4 ,are we free to id5tify a curr5t six hundr$ miles 9 wid? ) "o :i* is b ?irty miles wide1 & n v deep8 ,an increase ( wid? c]ta9ly n less ?an ?irtyfold w\ld appe> to correspond to a proportionate dim9ution ( dep?4 ,& rememb]+ t x is only ne> ! middle ( ! ,n>r[s t ! ,gulf ,/ream has a dep? ( f\r hundr$ y>ds1 we c\ld sc>cely assign to ! wide curr5t 9 ! mid-,atlantic a great] dep? ?an t5 or twelve y>ds4 ,?is dep? seems altoge!r out ( proportion to ! enorm\s lat]al ext5sion ( ! curr5t4 ,b besides t ev5 ?is consid]ation w\ld n suffice to disprove ! exi/5ce ( a curr5t 9 ! mid-,atlantic1 an important circum/ance rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,! curr5t 9 ! ,n>r[s fl[s ) great velocity1--c]ta9ly n less ?an f\r or five miles an h\r4 ,z ! curr5t gr[s wid] x fl[s m s$ately2 & opposite ,cape ,hatt]as its velocity is already r$uc$ to little m ?an ?ree miles an h\r4 ,9 ! mid-,atlantic ! curr5t may be assum$ to fl[ at a rate little exce$+ a mile p] h\r1 at ! outside4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a circum/ance :i* suffices to remove a l>ge "p ( ! difficulty aris+ f ! n>r[ness ( ! ,bem9i curr5t1 & we c at once increase our e/imate ( ! dep? ( ! mid-,atlantic curr5t fivefold4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,x has long be5 und]/ood t ! curr5t :i* passes out ?r\gh ! ,n>r[s ( ,bem9i corresponds to ! portion ( ! great equatorial curr5t :i* passes into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico betwe5 ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s4 ,we _c d\bt t ! b>ri] =m$ by ^? isl&s s]ves to div]t a l>ge portion ( ! equatorial curr5t4 ,! portion ?us div]t$ f9ds its way1 we may assume1 along ! outside ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & ?us jo9s ! o!r portion--:i* has 9 ! meantime made ! circuit ( ! ,gulf--z x issues f ! ,bem9i ,/raits4 ,all ! maps 9 :i* ! ,atlantic curr5ts are depict$ pres5t precisely su* an outside curr5t z ,i h "h spok5 (1 & mo/ ( !m assign to x a wid? exce$+ t ( ! ,bem9i curr5t4 ,inde$1 7 x n = ! d\bts :i* ! rec5t discussions h ?r[n ^u all ! curr5ts *>t$ by seam51 ,i %\ld h be5 cont5t to po9t to ?is outside curr5t z %[n 9 ! maps4 ,z x is1 ,i h ?\ght is necess>y to %[ t su* a curr5t mu/ necess>ily h an exi/5ce1 s9ce we _c lose sight ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,isles 9 p>tially damm+ up ! passage along :i* ! equatorial curr5t w\ld o!rwise f9d its way into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,:atev] portion ( ! great curr5t is ?us div]t$ mu/ f9d a passage else:]e1 & no passage exi/s = x save along ! outside ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,isles4 ,! possibility t ! wide curr5t :i* has be5 assum$ to trav]se ! mid-,atlantic may be associat$ ) ! wat]s :i* fl[ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ei!r ?r\gh ! ,n>r[s or r\nd ! outside ( ! b>ri] =m$ by ! ,we/ ,indies1 has ?us be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,b we n[ h to consid] difficulties :i* h be5 suppos$ to enc\nt] our curr5t on its passage f ! ,gulf to ! mid-,atlantic4 ,nor?w>ds1 along ! %ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! curr5t has be5 trac$ by ! s+ul> blu5ess ( its wat]s until x has rea*$ ! neighb\rhood ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,ov] a "p ( ?is c\rse1 inde$1 ! wat]s ( ! curr5t are ( indigo blue1 & s cle>ly m>k$ t _! l9e ( junction ) ! ord9>y sea-wat] c be trac$ by ! eye4 #8,(t51' says ,capta9 ,maury1 #8"o half ( a vessel may be p]ceiv$ float+ 9 ,gulf ,/ream wat]1 :ile ! o!r half is 9 common wat] ( ! sea--s %>p is ! l9e1 & su* ! want ( aff9ity betwe5 ! wat]s1 & su*1 too1 ! reluctance1 s to speak1 on ! "p ( ^? ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 to m+le ) ! littoral wat]s ( ! sea4' ,b x is n[ d5i$ t !re is any curr5t beyond ! neighb\rhood ( ,newf\ndl&--or t ! w>m temp]ature1 :i* has *>act]is$ ! wat]s ( ! curr5t up to ?is po9t1 c be detect$ f>!r out4 ,x is fir/ notic$ t1 z ! ,gulf curr5t mu/ rea* ! neighb\rhood ( ,newf\ndl& ) a nor?-ea/]ly motion1 &1 if x ev] rea*$ ! %ores ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 w\ld h to travel ?i!r ) an almo/ due ea/]ly motion1 !re is a *ange ( direction to be acc\nt$ =4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an old1 & ,i _h suppos$ explod$1 fallacy4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,gulf ,/ream f ! ,bem9i ,/raits to ! ,briti% ,isles corresponds exactly ) t :i* is due to ! comb9$ effects ( ! motion ( ! wat] & t ( ! e>? ^u its axis4 ,florida be+ mu* ne>] ?an ,irel& to ! equator1 has a mu* m rapid ea/]ly motion4 ,!re=e1 z ! curr5t gets f>!r & f>!r nor?1 ! effect ( ! ea/]ly motion ?us imp>t$ to x beg9s to %[ itself m & m1 until ! curr5t is gradually *ang$ f a nor?-ea/]ly to an almo/ ea/]ly /ream4 ,! process is ! exact conv]se ( t by :i* ! air-curr5ts f ! nor? gradually *ange into ! nor?-we/]ly trade-w9ds z !y get f>!r s\?4 ,b x is fur!r rem>k$ t z ! curr5t passes out beyond ! %elt] ( ,newf\ndl&1 x is imp+$ ^u by ^? cold curr5ts f ! arctic seas :i* are kn[n to be cont9ually fl[+ out ( ,baff9's ,bay & d[n ! ea/]n %ores ( ,gre5l&2 & x is cont5d$ t ^! curr5ts suffice1 n m]ely to break up ! ,gulf curr5t1 b s to cool its wat]s t ^! c\ld produce no effect ^u ! climate ( ,great ,brita9 if !y ev] rea*$ its neighb\rhood4 ,"h1 aga91 ,i mu/ rem>k t we are deal+ ) no new discov]y4 ,capta9 ,maury has already rem>k$ ^u ?is peculi>ity4 #8,at ! v season ( ! ye>1' he says1 #8:5 ! ,gulf ,/ream is ru%+ 9 greate/ volume ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,florida1 & ha/5+ to ! nor? ) ! greate/ rapidity1 !re is a cold /ream f ,baff9's ,bay1 ,labrador1 & ! coa/s ( ! nor?1 runn+ s\? ) equal velocity4444 ,"o "p ( x und]runs ! ,gulf ,/ream1 z is %[n by ! iceb]gs1 :i* are c>ri$ 9 a direction t5d+ across its c\rse4' ,!re c be no d\bt1 9 fact1 t ?is la/ circum/ance indicates ! mann] 9 :i* ! ma9 conte/ betwe5 ! two curr5ts is settl$4 ,a portion ( ! arctic curr5t f9ds its way betwe5 ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! cont95t ( ,am]ica2 & ?is portion1 ?\gh n>r[1 has a v rem>kable effect 9 increas+ ! coldness ( ! ,am]ican w9t]s4 ,b ! ma9 "p1 7heavi]1 by reason ( its coldness1 ?an ! surr\nd+ wat]17 s9ks b5ea? ! surface4 ,& ! well-kn[n fact m5tion$ by ,maury1 t iceb]gs h be5 se5 /emm+ ! ,gulf ,/ream1 suffices to %[ h[ comp>atively %all[ t curr5t is at ?is di/ance f its s\rce1 & ?us aids to remove a difficulty :i* we h already _h occasion to deal )4 ,d\btless ! cool+ influ5ce ( ! arctic curr5ts is appreciable2 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ?is influ5ce c suffice to deprive ! ,gulf curr5t ( its di/9ctive w>m?4 ,if all ! effect ( ! cold curr5t 7 op]ative on ! ,gulf ,/ream alone we might suppose t1 despite ! enorm\s quantity ( comp>atively w>m wat] :i* is cont9ually be+ c>ri$ nor?w>ds1 ! curr5t w\ld be r$uc$ to ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,! arctic curr5t n only cools ! ,gulf curr5t1 b ! surr\nd+ wat] also--possibly to a great] ext5t1 = x is commonly suppos$ t a b$ ( ord9>y sea-wat] sep>ates ! two ma9 curr5ts f ea* o!r4 ,?us ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce ( temp]ature rema9s unaffect$4 ,b 9 reality we may assume t ! cool+ effect actually ex]cis$ by ! arctic curr5t ^u ! neighb\r+ sea is altoge!r disproportionate to ! imm5se am\nt ( heat cont9ually be+ c>ri$ nor?w>ds by ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ unreadily two sea-curr5ts ex*ange _! temp]atures--to use a some:at inexact mode ( expression4 ,! v fact t ! littoral curr5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is s cold--a fact ?or\ghly e/abli%$--%[s h[ little w>m? ?is curr5t has drawn f ! neighb\r+ seas4 ,ano!r fact1 m5tion$ by ,capta9 ,maury1 be>s 9 a v int]e/+ mann] ^u ?is peculi>ity4 ,he says3 #8,if any vessel w take up h] position a little to ! nor?w>d ( ,b]muda1 & /e]+ !nce = ! capes ( ,virg9ia1 w try ! wat]-!rmomet] all ! way at %ort int]vals1 %e w f9d its read+ to be n[ high]1 n[ l[]2 & ! obs]v] w discov] t he has be5 cross+ /reak aft] /reak ( w>m & cool wat] 9 regul> alt]nations4' ,ea* portion ma9ta9s its own temp]ature1 ev5 9 ! case ( su* w>m /reaks z ^!1 all belong+ to "o curr5t4 ,simil> consid]ations dispose ( ! argum5ts :i* h be5 f\nd$ on ! temp]ature ( ! sea-bottom4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! liv+ creatures :i* p ! l[] dep?s ( ! sea exi/ "u circum/ances :i* evid5ce a p]fect uni=mity ( temp]ature2 & argum5ts on ! subject ( ! ,gulf ,/ream h be5 d]iv$ f ! evid5ce ( :at is t]m$ a m9imum !rmomet]--t is1 a !rmomet] :i* w indicate ! l[e/ temp]ature x has be5 expos$ to--let d[n into ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,all su* argum5ts1 :e!r adduc$ aga9/ or 9 fav\r ( ! ,gulf ,/ream !ory1 mu/ be held1 to be futile1 s9ce ! !rmomet] 9 its desc5t may pass ?r\gh sev]al subm>9e curr5ts ( diff]5t temp]ature4 ,la/ly1 an argum5t has be5 urg$ aga9/ ! w>m+ effects ( ! ,gulf ,/ream ^u our climate :i* requires to be consid]$ ) "s att5tion4 ,x is urg$ t ! w>m? d]iv$ f s %all[ a curr5t z ! ,gulf ,/ream mu/ be1 by ! "t x has rea*$ our %ores1 c\ld n provide an am\nt ( heat suffici5t to affect our climate to any appreciable ext5t4 ,! m]e neighb\rhood ( ?is wat] at a temp]ature slightly high] ?an t due to ! latitude c\ld n1 x is urg$1 affect ! temp]ature ( ! inl& c\nties at all4 ,?is argum5t is f\nd$ on a misappreh5sion ( ! beautiful arrangem5t by :i* ,nature c>ries heat f "o region to di/ribute x ov] ano!r4 ,ov] ! surface ( ! :ole curr5t ! process ( evaporation is go+ on at a great] rate ?an ov] ! neighb\r+ seas1 because ! wat]s ( ! curr5t are w>m] ?an ^? :i* surr\nd !m4 ,! vap\r ?us ris+ above ! ,gulf ,/ream is pres5tly waft$ by ! s\?-we/]ly w9ds to our %ores & ov] our :ole l&4 ,b z x ?us rea*es a region ( comp>ative cold1 ! vap\r is cond5s$--t is1 turn$ into fog1 or mi/1 or cl\d1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,x is dur+ ?is *ange t x gives out ! heat x has br\ght ) x f ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,= precisely z ! evaporation ( wat] is a process requir+ heat1 ! *ange ( vap\r into wat]--:e!r 9 ! =m ( fog1 mi/1 cl\d1 or ra9--is a process 9 :i* heat is giv5 out4 ,?us x is t ! s\?-we/]ly w9d1 ! commone/ w9d we h1 br+s cl\ds & fogs & ra9 to u f ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & ) !m br+s ! ,gulf ,/ream w>m?4 ,:y ! s\?-we/]ly w9ds %\ld be s common1 & h[ x is t ov] ! ,gulf ,/ream !re is a sort ( air-*annel along :i* w9ds come to u z if by _! natural pa?way1 are matt]s inquir$ into f>!r on 7see p4 #afd74 ,! subject is full ( int]e/1 b ne$ n "h deta9 u4 ,x w\ld seem t a me*anism involv+ ! motion ( su* enorm\s masses ( wat] z ! curr5t-sy/em ( ! ,atlantic %\ld dep5d on ! op]ation ( v evid5t laws4 ,yet a v>iety ( contradictory hypo!ses h be5 put =w>d f "t to "t respect+ ?is sy/em ( circulation1 & ev5 n[ ! sci5tific _w is divid$ betwe5 two oppos+ !ories4 ,( old ! ,mississippi ,riv] 0 suppos$ to be ! p>5t ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,x 0 notic$ t ! curr5t fl[s at ab\t ! same rate z ! ,mississippi1 & ?is fact 0 consid]$ suffici5t to support ! /range !ory t a riv] c give bir? to an ocean-curr5t4 ,x 0 easy1 h[ev]1 to ov]?r[ ?is !ory4 ,capta9 ,liv+/on %[$ t ! volume ( wat] :i* is p\r$ out ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 9 ! =m ( an ocean /ream is m ?an a ?\s& times great] ?an ! volume p\r$ into ! ,gulf by ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,hav+ ov]?r[n ?is old !ory ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 ,capta9 ,liv+/on attempt$ to set up "o :i* is equally unf\nd$4 ,he ascrib$ ! curr5t to ! sun's app>5t ye>ly motion & ! influ5ce ?us ex]t$ on ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,a sort ( ye>ly tide is conceiv$1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 to be ! true p>5t ( ! ,gulf curr5t4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said1 h[ev]1 t a ph5om5on :i* rema9s )\t *ange ?r\gh ! w9t] & summ] seasons _c possibly be ref]r$ to ! op]ation ( su* a cause z a ye>ly tide4 ,x is to ,dr4 ,frankl9 t we owe ! fir/ !ory ( ! ,gulf ,/ream :i* has met ) g5]al acceptance4 ,he held t ! ,gulf ,/ream is =m$ by ! outfl[ ( wat]s :i* h be5 =c$ into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea by ! trade-w9ds2 s t ! pressure ( ^! w9ds on ! ,atlantic ,ocean =ms1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,frankl91 ! true motive p[] ( ! ,gulf ,/ream ma*9]y4 ,accord+ to ,maury1 ?is !ory has #8come to be ! mo/ g5]ally receiv$ op9ion 9 ! m9d ( seaf>+ p4' ,x supplies a mov+ =ce ( und\bt$ effici5cy4 ,we "k t z ! trade-w9ds travel t[>ds ! equator !y lose _! we/]ly motion4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ?is is caus$ by friction aga9/ ! surface ( ! ocean1 to :i*1 !re=e1 a correspond+ we/]ly motion mu/ h be5 imp>t$4 ,!re is a simplicity ab\t ,frankl9's !ory :i* comm5ds x fav\rably to consid]ation4 ,b :5 we exam9e x some:at m closely1 sev]al v decid$ flaws pres5t !mselves to our att5tion4 ,consid]1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! enorm\s mass ( wat] mov$ by ! suppos$ ag5cy ( ! w9ds4 ,air has a weight--volume = volume--:i* is less ?an "o eight-hundr$? "p ( t ( wat]4 ,s t1 to create a wat]-curr5t1 an air-curr5t m ?an eight hundr$ times z l>ge & ( equal velocity mu/ exp5d ! :ole ( its motion4 ,n[ ! trade-w9ds are g5tle w9ds1 _! velocity sc>cely exce$+ 9 g5]al t ( ! m swiftly-mov+ portions ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,b ev5 assign+ to !m a velocity f\r times z great1 we /ill want an air-curr5t two hundr$ times z l>ge z ! wat]-curr5t4 ,& ! =m] mu/ give up ! :ole ( its motion1 :i*1 9 ! case ( s ela/ic a sub/ance z air1 w\ld h>dly happ51 ! upp] air be+ unlikely to be mu* affect$ by ! motion ( ! l[]4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ all4 ,if ! trade-w9ds blew ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 we might be dispos$ to recognise _! influ5ce ^u ! ,gulf ,/ream z a p>am\nt1 if n ! sole "o4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,capta9 ,maury /ates t1 #8,) ! view ( asc]ta9+ ! av]age numb] ( days dur+ ! ye> t ! nor?-ea/ trade-w9ds ( ! ,atlantic op]ate ^u ! curr5ts betwe5 tw5ty-five degrees nor? latitude & ! equator1 log-books conta9+ no less ?an #chj1bhd obs]vations on ! =ce & direction ( ! w9d 9 t ocean 7 exam9$4 ,! data ?us af=d$ 7 c>efully comp>$ & discuss$4 ,! results %[ t )9 ^! latitudes--& on ! av]age--! w9d f ! nor?-ea/ is 9 excess ( ! w9ds f ! s\?-we/ only #aaa days out ( ! #cfe4 ,n[1 c ! nor?-ea/ trades1#8 he p]t95tly asks1 #8by bl[+ = less ?an "o-?ird ( ! "t1 cause ! ,gulf ,/ream to run all ! "t1 & )\t v>y+ its velocity ei!r to _! =ce or to _! preval5ce8' ,& besides ?is1 we h to consid] t no "p ( ! ,gulf ,/ream fl[s /rictly be=e ! trade-w9ds4 ,:]e ! curr5t fl[s mo/ rapidly1 namely1 9 ! ,n>r[s ( ,bem9i1 x sets aga9/ ! w9d1 & = hundr$s ( miles aft] x ent]s ! ,atlantic #8x runs1' says ,maury1 #8"r 9 ! 8w9d's eye40#8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t a curr5t ( air direct$ ) consid]able =ce aga9/ ! surface ( /ill wat] has n ! p[] ( g5]at+ a curr5t :i* c =ce its way f> ?r\gh ! resi/+ fluid4 ,if ?is 7 s1 we might und]/& h[ ! curr5t1 orig9at+ 9 sub-tropical regions1 c\ld =ce its way onw>d aft] ! mov+ =ce _h ceas$ to act ^u x1 & ev5 c>ry its wat]s "r aga9/ ! w9d1 aft] leav+ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,b exp]i5ce is :olly oppos$ to ?is view4 ,! mo/ en]getic curr5ts are quickly disp]s$ :5 !y rea* a wide expanse ( /ill wat]4 ,= example1 ! ,niag>a bel[ ! falls is an imm5se & rapid riv]4 ,yet :5 x rea*es ,lake ,ont>io1 #8in/ead ( pres]v+ its "* z a di/9ct & well-def9$ /ream = sev]al hundr$ miles1 x spreads itself out1 & its wat]s are imm$iately lo/ 9 ^? ( ! lake4' ,"h1 aga91 ! "q ask$ by ,maury be>s p]t95tly on ! subject we are consid]+4 #8,:y1' he says1 #8%\ld n ! ,gulf ,/ream d ! same8 ,x gradually enl>ges itself1 x is true2 b1 in/ead ( m+l+ ) ! ocean by broad spread+1 z ! imm5se riv]s desc5d+ into ! nor!rn lakes d1 its wat]s1 l a /ream ( oil 9 ! ocean1 pres]ve a di/9ctive "* = m ?an ?ree ?\s& miles4' ,! only o!r !ory :i* has be5 consid]$ 9 rec5t times to acc\nt satisfactorily = all ! features ( ! ,gulf ,/ream me*anism 0 put =w>d1 we believe1 by ,capta9 ,maury4 ,9 ?is !ory1 ! motive p[] ( ! :ole sy/em ( oceanic circulation is held to be ! action ( ! sun's heat ^u ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,we recognise two contr>y effects z ! imm$iate results ( ! sun's action4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 by w>m+ ! equatorial wat]s1 x t5ds to make !m light]2 9 ! second place1 by caus+ evaporation1 x r5d]s !m salt]1 & s t5ds to make !m heavi]4 ,we h to inquire :i* =m ( action is mo/ effective4 ,! inquiry w\ld be some:at difficult1 if we _h n ! evid5ce ( ! sea itself to supply an answ]4 ,= x is an inquiry to :i* ord9>y exp]im5tal processes w\ld n be applicable4 ,we mu/ accept ! fact t ! heat$ wat] f ! equatorial seas actually does float ^u ! cool] portions ( ! ,atlantic1 z evid5ce t ! action ( ! sun results 9 mak+ ! wat] light]4 ,n[1 ,maury says t ! wat] ?us light5$ mu/ fl[ ov] & =m a surface-curr5t t[>ds ! ,poles2 :ile ! cold & heavy wat] f ! pol> seas1 z soon z x rea*es ! temp]ate zone1 mu/ s9k & =m a subm>9e curr5t4 ,he recognises 9 ^! facts ! ma9spr+ ( ! :ole sy/em ( oceanic circulation4 ,if a long tr\gh be divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 & we fill "o ) oil & ! o!r ) wat]1 & !n remove ! divid+ plate1 we %all see ! oil ru%+ ov] ! wat] at "o end ( ! tr\gh1 & ! wat] ru%+ "u ! oil at ! o!r4 ,& if we fur!r conceive t oil is cont9ually be+ add$ at t end ( ! tr\gh orig9ally fill$ ) oil1 :ile wat] is cont9ually add$ at ! o!r1 x is cle> t ! sy/em ( curr5ts w\ld cont9ue 9 action3 t is1 !re w\ld be a cont9ual fl[ ( oil 9 "o direction along ! surface ( ! wat]1 & ( wat] 9 ! contr>y direction und]nea? ! oil4 ,b ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ma9ta9s t no su* effects z ,maury describes c\ld foll[ ! action ( ! sun's heat ^u ! equatorial wat]s4 ,he argues ?us3 ,grant+ t ^! wat]s become light] & exp& 9 volume1 yet !y c only move upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 or sideways4 ,!re c be no?+ to cause ei!r ( ! two fir/ =ms ( motion2 & z = motion sideways1 x c only result f ! gradual slope caus$ by ! bulg+ ( ! equatorial wat]s4 ,he proce$s to %[ t ?is slope is s slight t we _c look ^u x z compet5t to =m any s5sible curr5t f ! equatorial t[>ds ! pol> seas4 ,& ev5 if x c\ld1 he says1 ! wat] ?us fl[+ (f w\ld h an ea/w>d in/ead ( a we/w>d motion1 precisely z ! c\nt]-trade-w9ds1 bl[+ f equatorial to pol> regions1 h an ea/w>d motion4 ,x is s+ul> h[ completely ! support] ( ea* rival view has succe$$ 9 ov]?r[+ ! argum5ts ( 8 oppon5t4 ,c]ta9ly ,maury has %[n ) complete success t ! incon/ant trade-w9ds _c acc\nt = ! con/ant ,gulf curr5t1 :i* does n ev5 fl[ be=e !m1 b1 9 places1 exactly aga9/ _! =ce4 ,& ! reason+ ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el seems equally cog5t1 = c]ta9ly ! fl[ ( wat] f equatorial t[>ds pol> regions ought f ! fir/ to h an ea/w>d1 in/ead ( a we/w>d motion2 :]eas ! equatorial curr5t1 ( :i* ! ,gulf ,/ream is b ! cont9uation1 fl[s f ea/ to we/1 "r across ! ,atlantic4 ,equally /range is x to f9d t ea* ( ^! em95t m51 hav+ read ! argum5ts ( ! o!r1 reass]ts1 b does n effectually def5d1 8 own !ory1 & repeats ) ev5 m damag+ effect 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! rival view4 ,yet "o or o!r !ory mu/ at lea/ po9t to ! true view1 = ! ,atlantic is subject to no o!r ag5cies :i* c = a mom5t be held to acc\nt = a ph5om5on ( su* magnitude z ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,x appe>s to me1 t on a close exam9ation ( ! ,gulf ,/ream me*anism1 ! true ma9spr+ ( its motion c be recognis$4 ,compell$ to reject ! !ory t ! trade-w9ds g5]ate ! equatorial curr5t we/w>d1 let u consid] :e!r ,h]s*el's argum5ts aga9/ ! #8heat !ory' may n sugge/ a h9t = our guidance4 ,he po9ts out t an ov]fl[ f ! equator polew>ds w\ld result 9 an ea/w>d1 & n 9 a we/w>d1 curr5t4 ,?is is true4 ,x is equally true t a fl[ ( wat] t[>ds ! equator w\ld result 9 a we/w>d curr5t4 ,b no su* fl[ is obs]v$4 ,is x possible t !re may be su* a fl[1 b t x takes place 9 a hidd5 mann]8 ,cle>ly !re may be4 ,subm>9e curr5ts t[>ds ! equator w\ld h precisely ! k9d ( motion we require1 & if any cause drew !m to ! surface ne> ! equator1 !y w\ld acc\nt 9 full = ! great equatorial we/w>d curr5t4 ,at ?is po9t we beg9 to see t an important circum/ance has be5 lo/ sight ( 9 deal+ ) ! heat !ory4 ,! action ( ! sun on ! surface-wat] ( ! equatorial ,atlantic has only be5 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its w>m+ effects4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ?is action has dry+ effects also4 ,x evaporates enorm\s quantities ( wat]1 & we h to inquire :5ce ! wat] comes by :i* ! sea-level is ma9ta9$4 ,a surface fl[ f ! sub-tropical seas w\ld suffice = ?is purpose1 b no su* fl[ is obs]v$4 ,:5ce1 !n1 c ! wat] come b f bel[8 ,?us we recognise ! fact t a process resembl+ suction is cont9ually tak+ place ov] ! :ole area ( ! equatorial ,atlantic1 ! ag5t be+ ! int5se heat ( ! tropical sun4 ,no "o c d\bt t ?is ag5t is "o ( adequate p[]4 ,inde$1 ! w9ds1 conceiv$ by ,frankl9 to be ! prim>y cause ( ! ,atlantic curr5ts1 are 9 reality due to ! m]e/ fraction ( ! en]gy inh]5t 9 ! sun's heat4 ,we h o!r evid5ce t ! indraught is f bel[ 9 ! comp>ative coldness ( ! equatorial curr5t4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream is w>m by comp>ison ) ! surr\nd+ wat]s1 b ! equatorial curr5t is cool] ?an ! tropical seas4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,an/$1 ! s\!rn portion ( ! equatorial curr5t1 z x fl[s pa/ ,brazil1 #8is ev]y:]e a cold curr5t1 g5]ally f f\r to six degrees bel[ ! adjac5t ocean4' ,if we "h recognise ! ma9spr+ ( ! ,gulf ,/ream me*anism1 or r ( ! :ole sy/em ( oceanic circulation-= ! movem5ts obs]v$ 9 ! ,atlantic h _! exact c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,pacific--we %all h no difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = all ! motions :i* t me*anism exhibits4 ,we ne$ no long] look ^u ! ,gulf ,/ream z ! reb\nd ( ! equatorial curr5t f ! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,kn[+ t !re is an und]fl[ t[>ds ! equator1 we see t !re mu/ be a surface-fl[ t[>ds ! ,poles4 ,& ?is fl[ mu/ z inevitably result 9 an ea/]ly motion z ! und]fl[ t[>ds ! equator results 9 a we/]ly motion4 ,we h1 inde$1 ! ph5om5a ( ! trades & c\nt]-trades exhibit$ 9 wat]-curr5ts in/ead ( air-curr5ts4 7,f ! ,/4 ,paul's ,magaz9e1 ,septemb] #ahfi47i ,,floods ,,9 ,,switz]l&4 ,rec5tly 7see date ( essay7 we h witness$ a succession ( rem>kable evid5ces ( ,nature's de/ructive p[]s4 ,! fires ( ,vesuvius1 ! e>?-?roes ( ! sub-equatorial ,&es1 & ! subm>9e di/urbance :i* has %ak5 ,hawaii1 h pres5t$ to u ! v>i\s =ms ( de/ructive action :i* ! e>?'s1 subt]ranean =ces c assume4 ,9 ! disa/r\s floods :i* h rec5tly visit$ ! ,alp9e cantons ( ,switz]l&1 we h evid5ce ( ! fact t natural =ces :i* we are 9 ! habit ( reg>d+ z b5efic5t & re/orative may exhibit !mselves z ag5ts ( ! mo/ widespread de/ruction4 ,i h po9t$ out else:]e 7see p4 #bbf7 h[ enorm\s is ! am\nt ( p[] ( :i* ! ra9-cl\d is ! repres5tative2 & 9 do+ s ,i h endeav\r$ to exhibit ! contra/ betwe5 ! /eady action ( ! fall+ %[] & ! en]gy ( ! processes ( :i* ra9 is 9 reality ! equival5t4 ,b 9 ! floods :i* h lately ravag$ ,switz]l& we see ! same facts illu/rat$1 n by num]ical calculations or by ! results ( philosophical exp]im5ts1 b 9 action1 & t action tak+ place on ! mo/ widely ext5d$ scale4 ,! :ole ( ! s\?-ea/]n1 or1 z x may be t]m$1 ! ,alp9e half ( ,switz]l&1 has suff]$ f ^! floods4 ,if a l9e be drawn f ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,switz]l&1 to ! ,col de ,balme1 9 ! s\?-we/1 x w divide ,switz]l& into two ne>ly equal portions1 & sc>cely a canton )9 ! ea/]n ( ^! divisions has escap$ )\t great damage4 ,! cantons :i* h suff]$ mo/ t]ribly are ^? ( ,tess91 ,grisons1 & ,/4 ,gall4 ,! ,/4 ,go?>d1 ,splug51 & ,/4 ,b]nh>d9 r\tes h be5 r5d]$ impassable4 ,tw5ty-sev5 lives 7 lo/ 9 ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,pass1 besides horses & waggons full ( m]*&ise4 ,x is /at$ t on ! ?ree r\tes upw>ds ( eighty p]sons p]i%$4 ,9 ! village ( ,lod]io alone1 no less ?an fifty dea?s occurr$4 ,s t]rible a flood has n tak5 place s9ce ! ye> #ahcd4 ,nor h ! cantons ( ,uri & ,valais escap$4 ,f ,unt]wald5 we he> t ! heavy ra9s :i* took place a =tnight ago h c>ri$ away sev]al l>ge bridges1 & _m ( ! riv]s cont9ue /ill v swoll54 ,i h already describ$ h[ enorm\s ! mat]ial losses are :i* h be5 caus$ by ^! floods4 ,_m places are "u wat]2 o!rs 9 ru9s or absolutely de/roy$4 ,9 ,tess9 alone ! damage is e/imat$ at =ty ?\s& p\nds /]l+4 ,a c\ntry l ,switz]l& mu/ always be liable to ! occurr5ce1 f "t to "t1 ( cata/rophes ( ?is sort4 ,or r1 p]haps1 we %\ld draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! two divisions ( ,switz]l& ref]r$ to above4 ,( ^! ! "o may be t]m$ ! m\nta9 half1 & ! o!r ! lake half ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is ! =m] portion ( ! c\ntry :i* is pr9cipally subject to ! dynamical action ( wat]4 ,a long-cont9u$ & heavy ra9fall ov] ! high] l&s _c fail to produce a v>iety ( rem>kable effects1 :]e ! arrangem5t ( m\nta9s & passes1 hills1 valleys1 & rav9es is s complicat$4 ,!re are places :]e a l>ge volume ( wat] c accumulate until ! b>ri]s :i* h oppos$ its passage to ! pla9s bur/ "u its increas+ weight2 & !n foll[ ^? de/ructive ru%es ( wat] :i* sweep away :ole villages at once4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! capacity ( ! ,swiss m\nta9 region = damm+ up wat]1 f> m ?an any o!r circum/ance1 :i* r5d]s ! ,swiss floods s de/ructive4 ,& !n x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are at all times susp5d$ ov] ! pla9s & valleys :i* lie b5ea? ! ,alp9e ranges enorm\s masses ( wat] 9 ! =m ( sn[ & ice4 ,al?\gh 9 g5]al ^! suff] no *anges b ^? due to ! p>tial melt+ :i* takes place 9 summ]1 & ! r5ew$ accumulation :i* takes place 9 w9t]1 yet :5 heavy ra9s fall ^u ! less elevat$ portions ( ! ,alp9e sn[1 !y n only melt t sn[ mu* m rapidly ?an ! summ] sun w\ld d1 b !y wa% d[n l>ge masses1 :i* add l>gely to ! de/ructive p[] ( ! desc5d+ wat]s4 ,! mo/ de/ructive floods :i* h occurr$ 9 ,switz]l& h usually be5 ^? :i* take place 9 e>ly summ]4 ,! floods :i* inundat$ ! pla9s ( ,m>tigny 9 #ahah 7 a rem>kable in/ance ( ! effects :i* result f ! natural damm+ up ( l>ge volumes ( wat] 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! ,alp9e hill-c\ntry4 ,! :ole ( ! valley ( ,bagnes1 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! lat]al bran*es ( ! ma9 valley ( ! ,rhone above ,g5eva1 0 conv]t$ into a lake1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahah1 by ! damm+ up ( a n>r[ pass into :i* avalan*es ( sn[ & ice _h be5 precipitat$ f a l(ty glaci] ov]hang+ ! b$ ( ! riv] ,dranse4 ,! ice b>ri] enclos$ a lake no less ?an half a league 9 l5g? & an eigh? ( a mile wide1 & 9 places two hundr$ feet deep4 ,! inhabitants ( ! neighb\r+ villages 7 t]rifi$ by ! dang] :i* 0 to be appreh5d$ f ! bur/+ ( ! b>ri]4 ,!y cut a gall]y sev5 hundr$ feet long ?r\gh ! ice1 :ile ! wat]s _h z yet ris5 to b a mod]ate height2 & :5 ! wat]s began to fl[ ?r\gh ?is *annel1 its c\rse 0 deep5$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice1 & at l5g? ne>ly half ! cont5ts ( ! lake 7 safely c>ri$ (f4 ,x 0 hop$ t ! process w\ld cont9ue1 & ! c\ntry be sav$ f ! dang] :i* _h be5 s long imp5d+ ov] x4 ,b z ! heat ( ! wea!r increas$1 ! c5tral "p ( ! b>ri] sl[ly melt$ away1 until x became too weak to be> ! enorm\s weight ( wat] :i* 0 press+ aga9/ x4 ,at l5g? x gave way1 s sudd5ly & completely t all ! wat] :i* rema9$ 9 ! lake ru%$ out 9 half an h\r4 ,! d[nw>d passage ( ! wat] illu/rat$1 9 a v rem>kable way1 ! fact t ! *ief mis*ief ( floods is occasion$ :]e wat] is *eck$ 9 its outfl[4 ,= x is relat$ t1 #89 ! c\rse ( _! desc5t ! wat]s enc\nt]$ sev]al n>r[ gorges1 & at ea* ( ^! !y rose to a great height1 & !n bur/ ) new viol5ce into ! next bas91 sweep+ along =e/s1 h\ses1 bridges1 & cultivat$ l&4' ,along ! great] "p ( its c\rse ! flood resembl$ r a mov+ mass ( rock & mud ?an a /ream ( wat]4 ,enorm\s masses ( granite 7 torn out ( ! sides ( ! valleys & :irl$ = hundr$s ( y>ds along ! c\rse ( ! flood4 ,m4 ,es*] relates t "o ( ! fragm5ts ?us swept along 0 no less ?an sixty y>ds 9 circumf]5ce4 ,at fir/ ! wat] ru%$ onw>ds at a rate ( m ?an a mile 9 ?ree m9utes1 & ! :ole di/ance 7=ty-five miles7 :i* sep>ates ! valley ( ,bagnes f ! ,lake ( ,g5eva 0 trav]s$ 9 little m ?an six h\rs4 ,! bodies ( p]sons :o _h be5 dr[n$ 9 ,m>tigny 7 f\nd float+ on ! f>!r side ( ! lake ( ,g5eva1 ne> ,vevey4 ,?\s&s ( trees 7 torn up by ! roots1 & ! ru9s ( build+s :i* _h be5 ov]?r[n by ! flood 7 c>ri$ d[n beyond ,m>tigny4 ,9 fact1 ! flood at ?is po9t 0 s high t "s ( ! h\ses 9 ,m>tigny 7 fill$ ) mud up to ! second /orey4#8 ,beyond ,m>tigny ! flood did b little damage1 z x "h exp&$ ov] ! pla91 & 0 r$uc$ bo? 9 dep? & velocity4 7,f ! ,daily ,news = ,octob] #bj1 #ahfh47 ,,footnotes3 #i ,see #8,light ,sci5ce' 7second s]ies7 = a discussion ( lat] rese>*es4 ,a ,,great ,,tidal ,,wave4 ,dur+ ! la/ few days anxi\s que/ion+s h be5 he>d respect+ ! next spr+ tides4 ,a c]ta9 naval (fic]1 :o conceives t he c trace 9 ! relative positions ( ! sun & moon ! secret ( e important *ange ( wea!r1 has describ$ 9 ! columns ( a contempor>y ! ?reat5+ significance ( ! approa*+ conjunction ( ! sun & moon4 ,he pr$icts viol5t atmosph]ic di/urbances2 ?\gh 9 ano!r place he tells u m]ely t ! conjunction is to cause #8unsettl$ wea!r1' a /ate ( matt]s to :i* we 9 ,engl& h become tol]ably well accu/om$4 ,b p are ask+ :at is ! actual relation :i* is to br+ ab\t su* t]rible ev5ts4 ,! matt] is v simple4 ,on ,octob] #e1 ! moon w be new--9 o!r words1 if x 7 n = ! brightness ( ! sun1 we %\ld see ! moon close by t lum9>y on ! heav5s4 ,?us ! sun & moon w pull ) comb9$ effect ^u ! wat]s ( ! e>?1 & s cause :at are call$ spr+ tides4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 happ5s at ! "t ( e new moon1 b sometimes ! moon ex]ts a m effective pull ?an at o!r times2 & ! same happ5s also 9 ! case ( ! sun2 & on ,octob] #e1 x happ5s t bo? ! sun & ! moon w give a p>ticul>ly vigor\s haul ^u ! e>?'s wat]s4 ,z reg>ds ! sun1 !re is no?+ unusual4 ,e ,octob] 8 pull on ! ocean is mu* ! same z 9 prec$+ ,octob]s4 ,b ,octob] is a mon? ( high sol> tides--& = ^! reasons3--,9 ,septemb]1 z ev]yone kn[s1 ! sun crosses ! equ9octial2 &1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x w\ld be :5 on ! equ9octial t 8 p[] to raise a tidal wave w\ld be greate/4 ,b o!r ?+s are n equal2 = ! sun is n always at ! same di/ance f ! e>?4 ,he is ne>e/ 9 ,janu>y2 s t he w\ld ex]t m p[] 9 t mon? ?an 9 any o!r1 if 8 =ce dep5d$ solely on di/ance4 ,z matt]s actually /&1 x w be obvi\s t at "s "t betwe5 ,septemb] & ,janu>y ! sun's tidal p[] w\ld h a maximum value4 ,?us x is t ,octob] is a mon? ( high sol> tidal waves4 ,b x is ! lun> wave :i* w be mo/ effectively /r5g!n$ at ! next spr+ tide4 ,if we c\ld wat* ! lun> tidal wave alone 7in/ead ( always f9d+ x comb9$ ) ! sol> wave7 we %\ld f9d x gradually increas+1 & !n gradually dim9i%+1 9 a p]iod ( ab\t a lun> mon?4 ,& we %\ld f9d t x 0 always l>ge/ :5 ! moon look$ l>ge/1 & vice v]s4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 ! moon is 9 p]igee ! lun> wave is l>ge/4 ,b !n !re is ano!r consid]ation4 ,! lun> wave w\ld v>y accord+ to ! moon's proximity to ! equ9octial2 & 7o!r ?+s be+ equal7 w\ld be l>ge/ :5 ! moon is exactly opposite ! e>?'s equator4 ,if ! two effects are comb9$1 t is1 if ! moon happ5s to be 9 p]igee & on ! equ9octial at ! same "t1 !n ( c\rse we get ! l>ge/ lun> tidal wave we c possibly h4 ,n[ ?is #8l>ge/ lun> wave' occurs at some:at long int]vals1 because ! relation on :i* x dep5ds is "o :i* is1 s to speak1 exceptional4 ,/ill ! relation does recur1 & ) a c]ta9 degree ( regul>ity4 ,:5 x happ5s1 h[ev]1 x by no means foll[s t we h a v high tide2 because x may occur :5 ! tides are ne> #8neap'2 9 o!r words1 :5 ! sun & moon ex]t oppos+ effects4 ,! l>ge/ lun> wave _c /& ! dra9 :i* ! sol> wave ex]ts ^u x at ! "t ( neap tides4 ,nor w\ld ! l>ge lun> tidal wave produce an exceptionally high tide1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 n ! "t ( #8neap1' or 7 tol]ably ne> ! "t ( #8spr+' tides4 ,only :5 x happ5s t a l>ge lun> wave comb9es fully ) ! sol> wave1 d we get v high tides4 ,& :51 9 addition to ?is relation1 we h ! sol> wave ne>ly at a maximum1 we get ! highe/ ( all possible tides4 ,?is is :at w happ51 or all b happ51 on ,octob] #e next4 ,! comb9ation ( circum/ances is almo/ ! mo/ effective t c possibly exi/4 ,b1 aft] all1 high tides dep5d v importantly on o!r consid]ations ?an a/ronomical ones4 ,mo/ ( u rememb] h[ a pr$ict$ high tide "s two ye>s ago turn$ out to be a v mod]ate1 or1 if we may use ! expression1 a v #8"o-horse' affair inde$1 because ! w9ds _h n be5 consult$1 & ex]t$ _! influ5ce aga9/ ! a/ronom]s4 ,a long succession ( w9ds bl[+ (f-%ore w\ld r$uce a spr+ tide to a height sc>cely exce$+ ! ord9>y neap4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we %\ld h a long succession ( we/]ly w9ds f ! ,atlantic be=e ! approa*+ high tide1 x is c]ta9 t a l>ge am\nt ( mis*ief may be done 9 "s ( our riv]side regions4#aj ,z = ! pr$ict$ wea!r *anges1 !y may be reg>d$ z m]e moon%9e4 ,a numb] ( pr$ictions1 f\nd$ on ! motions ( ! sun & moon1 h f\nd a place dur+ _m mon?s pa/ 9 ! columns ( a contempor>y2 b !re has be5 no great] agreem5t betwe5 ^! pr$ictions & ! wea!r actually exp]i5c$ ?an anyone c\ld trace betwe5 ,old ,moore's wea!r prophecies & record$ wea!r *anges4 ,9 o!r words1 !re h be5 c]ta9 accordances :i* w\ld be v rem>kable inde$ if !y did n happ5 to be associat$ ) z _m equally rem>kable discordances4 ,r&om pr$ictions w\ld be q z satisfactory4 ,a v amus+ mispr9t has f\nd its way into _m newspap]s 9 connection ) ! com+ tide4 ,x is int]e/+ z s]v+ to %[ h[ little is really kn[n by ! g5]al public ab\t "s ( ! simple/ sci5tific matt]s4 ,! orig9al /atem5t ann\nc$ t ! sun w\ld n be 9 p]ihelion by s _m seconds ( semi-diamet]1 9 itself a v incorrect mode ( expression4 ,/ill x 0 cle> t :at 0 meant 01 t ! e>? w\ld be s f> f ! place ( ne>e/ approa* to ! sun t ! latt] w\ld n look z l>ge z x possibly c look1 by s _m seconds ( semi-diamet]4 ,9 _m pap]s1 h[ev]1 we read t ! #8sun w n be 9 p]ihelion by s _m seconds ( mean *ronomet]6' ,:o fir/ devis$ ?is m>vell\s read+ is unkn[n4 7,f ! ,daily ,news = ,septemb] #bg1 #ahfi47 ,,footnotes3 #aj ,! wave did little mis*ief1 ! w9ds be+ ea/]ly4 ,,deep-,,sea ,,dr$g+s4 ,m5 h ev] be5 /rangely *>m$ by ! unkn[n & ! seem+ly inaccessible4 ,! a/ronom] exhibits ! influ5ce ( ?is *>m z he con/ructs l>g] & l>g] telescopes1 t he may p5etrate m & m deeply beyond ! veil :i* conceals ! great] "p ( ! univ]se f ! unaid$ eye4 ,! geologi/1 seek+ to piece toge!r ! fragm5t>y records ( ! pa/ :i* ! e>?'s surface pres5ts to him1 is equally influ5c$ by ! *>m ( my/]y & difficulty4 ,& ! microscopi/ :o tries to =ce f nature ! secret ( ! inf9itely little1 is l$ on by ! same /range desire to discov] j ^? matt]s :i* nature has be5 mo/ c>eful to conceal f u4 ,! en]gy ) :i* 9 rec5t times m5 h s\ght to ma/] ! problem ( deep-sea s\nd+ & deep-sea dr$g+ is1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ev] af=d$ ( ! *>m :i* ! unkn[n possesses = mank9d4 ,n long ago1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t geograph]s ( ! sea spoke regretfully ab\t ! small k m5 h obta9$ ( ! dep?s ( ocean4 #8,great] difficulties1' he rem>k$1 #8?an any pres5t$ by ! problem ( deep-sea rese>* h be5 ov]come 9 o!r bran*es ( physical inquiry4 ,a/ronom]s h measur$ ! volumes & weigh$ ! masses ( ! mo/ di/ant planets1 & increas$ !reby ! /ock ( human k4 ,is x cr$itable to ! age t ! dep?s ( ! sea %\ld rema9 9 ! category ( unsolv$ problems8 t its 8ooze & bottom0 %\ld be a seal$ volume1 ri* ) anci5t & eloqu5t leg5ds & sugge/ive ( _m an in/ructive lesson t might be useful & pr(itable to man8#8 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 deep-sea dr$g+ has gradually become m & m ?or\ghly und]/ood & ma/]$4 ,:5 ! telegraphic cable :i* _h la9 s _m mon?s at ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic 0 haul$ on bo>d ! #8,great ,ea/]n' f enorm\s dep?s1 m5 7 surpris$ & almo/ />tl$ by ! n>rative4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ooze-cov]$ cable z x 0 sl[ly rais$ t[>ds ! surface1 & ! /range ?rill :i* ran ?r\gh ^? :o saw x & rememb]$ ?r\gh :at my/]i\s dep?s x _h twice pass$2 its break+ away almo/ f ! v h&s ( ^? :o s\ght to draw x on bo>d2 & ! successful r5ewal ( ! attempt to recov] ! cable1--all ^! ?+s 7 he>d ( z "o li/5s to a half-incr$ible tale4 ,yet :5 t "w 0 accompli%$ deep-sea dr$g+ _h already be5 "s "t a sci5ce1 & _m ?+s _h be5 a*iev$ by its pr(essors :i* pres5t$1 9 reality1 great] practical difficulties ?an ! recov]y ( ! ,atlantic ,cable4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 deep-sea rese>*es h be5 c>ri$ on ) results :i* are ev5 m s5sational1 s to speak1 ?an ! grappl+ feat :i* s surpris$ u4 ,seas s deep t _m ( ! l(tie/ summits ( ! ,alps might be completely buri$ b5ea? !m h be5 explor$4 ,dr$ges weigh+ ) _! load ( mud ne>ly half a ton h be5 haul$ up )\t a hit* f dep?s ( "s #ad1jjj feet4 ,b n m]ely has comp>atively r\gh "w ( ?is sort be5 a*iev$1 b by a v>iety ( +5i\s contrivances m5 ( sci5ce h be5 able to measure ! temp]ature ( ! sea at dep?s :]e ! pressure is s enorm\s z to be equival5t to a weight ( m ?an #dcj tons on e squ>e foot ( surface4 ,! results ( ^! rese>*es are ev5 m rem>kable & surpris+1 h[ev]1 ?an ! means by :i* !y h be5 obta9$4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has fairly spok5 ( !m z s a/oni%+ #8t !y h to ! geologi/ almo/ a revolution>y "*4' ,let u consid] a few ( !m4 ,no light c be suppos$ to p5etrate to ! enorm\s dep? j spok5 (4 ,!re=e1 h[ c]ta9ly we might conclude t !re c be no life !re4 ,if1 in/ead ( deal+ ) ! habitability ( planets1 ,:ewell1 9 8 #8,plurality ( ,worlds1' _h be5 consid]+ ! "q :e!r at dep?s ( two or ?ree miles liv+ creatures c\ld subsi/1 h[ conv9c+ly w\ld he h prov$ ! absurdity ( su* a supposition4 ,int5se cold1 p]fect d>kness1 & a p]si/5t pressure ( two or ?ree tons to ! squ>e in*1--su*1 he might h argu$1 are ! conditions "u :i* life exi/s1 if at all1 9 ^? dismal dep?s4 ,& ev5 if he _h be5 dispos$ to conc$e ! b>e possibility t life ( "s sort may be f\nd !re1 !n c]ta9ly1 he w\ld h urg$1 "s new s5se mu/ replace sight--! creatures 9 ^! dep?s c assur$ly h no eyes1 or only rudim5t>y ones4 ,b ! rec5t deep-sea dr$g+s h prov$ t n only does life exi/ 9 ! v deepe/ p>ts ( ! ,atlantic1 b t ! be+s :i* live & move & h _! be+ b5ea? ?ree miles ( wat] h eyes :i* ! able/ naturali/s pron\nce to be p]fectly develop$4 ,light1 !n1 ( "s sort mu/ exi/ 9 ^? abysms1 ?\gh :e!r ! home ( ! deep-sea animals be phosphoresc5t1 z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell sugge/s1 or :e!r light rea*es ^! creatures 9 "s o!r way1 we h no pres5t means ( det]m9+4 ,if !re is "o !ory :i* geologi/s h ?\ght m ju/ly f\nd$ ?an all o!rs1 x is ! view t ! v>i\s /rata ( ! e>? 7 =m$ at diff]5t times4 ,a *alk di/rict1 = example1 ly+ side by side ) a s&/one di/rict1 has be5 ref]r$ to a totally diff]5t era4 ,:e!r ! *alk 0 =m$ fir/1 or :e!r ! s&/one exi/$ be=e ! m9ute races came into be+ :i* =m$ ! cretace\s /ratum1 might be a "q4 ,b no d\bt exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( geologi/s t ea* =mation belong$ to a di/9ct p]iod4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & ,pr(essor ,?omson may fairly say1 #8,we h *ang$ all ?is4' ,x has be5 f\nd t at po9ts ( ! sea-bottom only eight or t5 miles ap>t1 !re may be 9 progress ! =mation ( a cretace\s deposit & ( a s&/one region1 ea* ) its own prop] fauna4 #8,:]ev] simil> conditions are f\nd ^u ! dry l& ( ! pres5t day1' rem>ks ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 #8x has be5 suppos$ t ! =mation ( *alk & ! =mation ( s&/one mu/ h be5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by long p]iods1 & ! discov]y t !y may actually co-exi/ ^u adjac5t surfaces has done no less ?an /rike at ! v root ( ! cu/om>y assumptions ) reg>d to geological "t4'#aa ,ev5 m int]e/+1 p]haps1 to _m1 are ! results :i* h be5 obta9$ respect+ ! v>y+ temp]atures ( deep-sea regions4 ,! peculi>ity j consid]$ is1 inde$1 a consequ5ce ( su* v>iations2 b ! fact itself is at lea/ z int]e/+ z ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f x4 ,x ?r[s light on ! long-/&+ controv]sy respect+ ! oceanic circulation4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! dep?s ( ! equatorial & tropical seas are cold] ?an ^? ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,9 ! tropics ! deep-sea temp]ature is consid]ably bel[ ! freez+-po9t ( fre% wat]2 9 ! deepe/ "p ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay ! temp]ature is sev]al degrees above ! freez+-po9t4 ,?us "o le>ns t ! great] "p ( ! wat] :i* lies deep bel[ ! surface ( ! equatorial & tropical seas comes f ! ,ant>ctic regions1 ?\gh und\bt$ly !re are c]ta9 relatively n>r[ curr5ts :i* c>ry ! wat]s ( ! ,arctic seas to ! tropics4 ,! great po9t to notice is t ! wat] "u ! equatorial seas mu/ really h travell$ f pol> regions4 ,a cold ( #cj degrees c be expla9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,we see at once1 !re=e1 ! explanation ( ^? we/]ly equatorial curr5ts :i* h be5 s long a subject ( conte/4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el fail$ to prove t !y are due to ! trade w9ds1 b ,maury fail$ equally to prove t !y are due to ! great w>m? & consequ5t buoyancy ( ! equatorial wat]s4 ,9 fact1 :ile ,maury %[$ v conv9c+ly t ! great sy/em ( oceanic circulation is c>ri$ on despite ! w9ds1 ,h]s*el prov$ 9 an equally conv9c+ mann] t ! ov]fl[ conceiv$ by ,maury %\ld result 9 an ea/]ly in/ead ( a we/]ly curr5t4 ,rec5tly ! !ory 0 put =w>d t ! cont9ual process ( evaporation go+ on 9 ! equatorial regions leads to an indraught ( cold wat] 9 bottom-curr5ts f ! pol> seas4 ,su* curr5ts com+ t[>ds ! equator1 t is1 travell+ f latitudes :]e ! e>?'s ea/w>dly motion is less to latitudes :]e t motion is great]1 w\ld lag beh9d1 t is1 w\ld h a we/w>dly motion4 ,x seems n[ plac$ beyond a d\bt t ?is is ! true explanation ( ! equatorial ocean-curr5ts4 ,su* are a few1 & b a few1 among ! _m int]e/+ results :i* h foll[$ f ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & ,pr(essor ,?omson into ! hi!rto little-kn[n dep?s ( ! great sea4 7,f ! ,spectator1 ,decemb] #d1 #ahfi47 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,?is op9ion ,dr4 ,c>p5t] has s9ce some:at modifi$4 ,x w be rememb]$1 ( c\rse1 t ! evid5ce d]iv$ f ! nature ( sup]pos$ /rata is 9 no way affect$ by :at is %[n above to hold ) adjac5t deposits4 ,,! ,,tunnel ,,?r\gh ,,mont ,,c5is4 ,m5 fla% _! messages across mighty cont95ts & b5ea? ! bosom ( ! wide ,atlantic2 !y weigh ! di/ant planets1 & analyse sun & />s2 !y span ,niag>a ) a railway bridge1 & pi]ce ! ,alps ) a railway tunnel3 yet ! poet ( ! age 9 :i* all ^! ?+s are done or do+ s+s1 #8,we m5 are a puny race4' ,& c]ta9ly1 ! great works :i* belong to man z a race c no m be held to evid5ce ! importance ( ! individual man ?an ! va/ coral reefs & atolls ( ! ,pacific c be held to evid5ce ! work+ p[] ( ! individual coral polype4 ,b if man1 /&+ alone1 is weak1 man work+ accord+ to ! law assign$ to 8 race f ! beg9n+--t is1 9 fell[%ip ) 8 k9d--is v]ily a be+ ( p[]4 ,p]haps no "w ev] und]tak5 by man /rikes "o z m d>+ ?an ! attempt to pi]ce ! ,alps ) a tunnel4 ,nature seems to h upre>$ ^! mighty b>ri]s z if ) ! design ( %[+ man h[ weak he is 9 h] pres5ce4 ,ev5 ! armies ( ,hannibal & ,napoleon seem$ all b p[]less 9 ! face ( ^! va/ natural fa/nesses4 ,compell$ to creep sl[ly & cauti\sly along ! difficult & n>r[ ways :i* alone 7 op5 to !m1 decimat$ by ! *ill+ bla/s :i* swept ! face ( ! rugg$ m\nta9-range1 & dread+ at e mom5t ! pitiless swoop ( ! avalan*e1 ! ,fr5* & ,c>?ag9ian troops exhibit$ little ( ! pomp & dignity :i* we are apt to associate ) ! op]ations ( w>like armies4 ,_h ! d5iz5 ( "s o!r planet be5 able to wat* _! progress1 he might inde$ h said #8^! m5 are a puny race4' ,9 ?is only1 t !y succe$$1 did ! troops ( ,hannibal & ,napoleon ass]t ! dignity ( ! human race4 ,gr& z 0 ! aspect ( nature1 & mean z 0 t ( man dur+ ! progress ( ! conte/1 x 0 nature t 0 conqu]$1 man t ov]came4 ,& n[ man has ent]$ on a new conflict ) nature 9 ! gloomy fa/nesses ( ! ,alps4 ,! b>ri] :i* he _h scal$ ( old he has n[ und]tak5 to pi]ce4 ,& ! wwww--bold & d>+ z x seem$--is ?ree p>ts f9i%$4 7,see date ( article47 ,! ,mont ,c5is tunnel 0 sanction$ by ! ,s>d9ian ,gov]nm5t 9 #aheg1 & arrangem5ts 7 made = fix+ ! p]=at+ ma*9]y 9 ! ye>s #aheh & #ahei4 ,b ! "w 0 n actually comm5c$ until ,novemb] #ahfj4 ,! tunnel--:i* w be fully sev5 & a half miles 9 l5g?--0 to be complet$ 9 tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! entrance to ! tunnel on ! side ( ,france is ne> ! little village ( ,f\rneau1 & lies #c1idf feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! entrance on ! side ( ,italy is 9 a deep-valley at ,b>don*e1 & lies #d1chj feet above ! sea level4 ,?us !re is a diff]5ce ( level ( #dcd feet4 ,b ! tunnel w actually rise #dde feet above ! level ( ! ,fr5* end1 atta9+ ?is height at a di/ance ( ab\t f\r miles f t extremity2 9 ! rema9+ ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] miles !re w be a fall ( only t5 feet1 s t ?is "p ( ! l9e w be practically level4 ,! rocks ?r\gh :i* ! excavations h be5 made h be5 = ! mo/ "p v difficult to "w4 ,^? :o imag9e t ! great mass ( our m\nta9 ranges consi/s ( su* granite z is made use ( 9 our build+s1 & is uni=m 9 texture & h>dness1 greatly und]rate ! difficulties ) :i* ! eng9e]s ( ?is gigantic "w h _h to cont5d4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! rock consi/s ( a cry/allis$ calc>e\s s*i/1 mu* brok5 & contort$2 & ?r\gh ?is rock run 9 e direction l>ge masses ( pure qu>tz4 ,x w be conceiv$ h[ difficult ! "w has be5 ( pi]c+ ?r\gh s div]sifi$ a sub/ance z ?is4 ,! p]=at+ ma*9es are calculat$ to "w be/ :5 ! resi/ance is uni=m2 & x has (t5 happ5$ t ! unequal resi/ance (f]$ to ! p]=ators has result$ 9 injury to ! *isels4 ,b be=e ! "w ( p]=at+ began1 enorm\s difficulties _h to be cont5d$ )4 ,x w be und]/ood t1 9 a tunnel ( su* va/ l5g?1 x 0 absolutely necess>y t ! p]=at+ processes c>ri$ on f ! two ends %\ld be direct$ ) ! mo/ p]fect accuracy4 ,x has (t5 happ5$ 9 %ort tunnels t a want ( p]fect co9cid5ce has exi/$ betwe5 ! two halves ( ! "w1 & ! tunnell]s f "o end h sometimes altoge!r fail$ to meet ^? f ! o!r4 ,9 a %ort tunnel ?is want ( co9cid5ce is n v important1 because ! two int]ior ends ( ! tunnell+s _c 9 any case be f> remov$ f ea* o!r4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel any inaccuracy 9 ! direction ( ! two tunnell+s w\ld h be5 fatal to ! success ( ! "w1 s9ce :5 ! two ought to meet x might be f\nd t !y 7 lat]ally sep>at$ by two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds4 ,h5ce x 0 necess>y be=e ! "w began to survey ! int]m$iate c\ntry1 s z to asc]ta9 ) ! mo/ p]fect accuracy ! be>+s ( "o end ( ! tunnel f ! o!r4 #8,x 0 necess>y1' says ! n>rative ( ^! initial lab\rs1 #8to prep>e accurate plans & sections = ! det]m9ation ( ! levels1 to fix ! axis ( ! tunnel1 & to 8set x out0 on ! m\nta9 top2 to erect obs]vatories & guid+ signals1 solid1 sub/antial1 & true4' ,:5 we rememb] ! nature ( ! passes ov] ! ,c5is1 we c conceive ! difficulty ( sett+ out a l9e ( ?is sort ov] ! ,alp9e range4 ,! necessity ( cont9ually climb+ ov] rocks1 rav9es1 & precipices 9 pass+ f /ation to /ation involv$ difficulties :i*1 great z !y 71 7 z no?+ :5 comp>$ ) ! difficulties result+ f ! bitt] wea!r exp]i5c$ on ^? rugg$ m\nta9 heights4 ,! tempe/s :i* sweep ! ,alp9e passes--! ev]-recurr+ /orms ( ra91 sleet1 & driv+ sn[1 are try+ to ! ord9>y travell]4 ,x w be und]/ood1 !re=e1 h[ t]ribly !y mu/ h int]f]$ ) ! delicate processes involv$ 9 survey+4 ,x (t5 happ5$ t = days toge!r no "w ( any sort c\ld be done ow+ to ! impossibility ( us+ levels & !odolites :5 expos$ to ! /ormy wea!r & bitt] cold ( ^! l(ty passes4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! "w 0 complet$1 & t ) su* success t ! greate/ deviation f exactitude 0 less ?an a s+le foot = ! :ole l5g? ( sev5 & a half miles4 ,equally rem>kable & ext5sive 7 ! lab\rs connect$ ) ! prep>atory works4 ,new & solid roads1 bridges1 canals1 magaz9es1 work%ops1 =ges1 furnaces1 & ma*9]y _h to be con/ruct$2 resid5ces _h to be built = ! m51 & (fices = ! eng9e]s2 9 fact1 at ea* extremity ( ! tunnel a complete e/abli%m5t _h to be =m$4 ,^? :o h trav]s$ ,mont ,c5is s9ce ! works began h be5 p]plex$ by ! /range appe>ance & "* ( ! ma*9]y & e/abli%m5ts to be se5 at ,modane & ,f\rneau4 ,! mass ( pipes & tubes1 tanks1 res]voirs1 & ma*9]y1 :i* w\ld be m>vell\s any:]e1 has a /ill /rang] look 9 a wild & rugg$ ,alp9e pass4 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 #ahfi47 ,,tornadoes4 ,! inhabitants ( ! e>? are subject$ to ag5cies :i*--b5eficial d\btless 9 ! long run1 p]haps necess>y to ! v exi/5ce ( t]re/rial races--appe>1 at fir/ sight1 en]getically de/ructive4 ,su* are--9 ord] ( de/ructiv5ess--! hurricane1 ! e>?quake1 ! volcano1 & ! ?und]/orm4 ,:5 we read ( e>?quakes su* z ^? :i* ov]?rew ,lisbon1 ,callao1 & ,riobamba1 & le>n t "o hundr$ ?\s& p]sons fell victims 9 ! great ,sicilian e>?quake 9 #afic1 & probably ?ree hundr$ ?\s& 9 ! two e>?quakes :i* assail$ ,antio* 9 ! ye>s #ebf & #fab1 we are dispos$ to assign at once to ?is deva/at+ ph5om5on ! =emo/ place among ! ag5ts ( de/ruction4 ,b ?is judgm5t mu/ be rev]s$ :5 we consid] t e>?quakes--?\gh s fe>fully & sudd5ly de/ructive bo? to life & prop]ty--yet occur b seldom comp>$ ) w9d-/orms1 :ile ! effects ( a real hurricane are sc>cely less de/ructive ?an ^? ( ! %>pe/ %ocks ( e>?quakes4 ,aft] ord9>y /orms1 long miles ( ! sea-coa/ are /rewn ) ! wrecks ( _m once gallant %ips1 & ) ! bodies ( _! hapless crews4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahff !re might be se5 at a s+le view f ! heights ne> ,plym\? tw5ty-two %ipwreck$ vessels1 & ?is aft] a /orm :i*1 ?\gh sev]e1 0 b trifl+ comp>$ ) ! hurricanes :i* sweep ov] ! torrid zones1 & !nce--sc>cely dim9i%$ 9 =ce--z f> nor? sometimes z our own latitudes4 ,x 0 9 su* a hurricane t ! #8,royal ,*>t]' 0 wreck$1 & hundr$s ( /\t %ips ) h]4 ,9 ! great hurricane ( #aghj1 :i* comm5c$ at ,b>badoes & swept across ! :ole bread? ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 fifty sails 7 driv5 a%ore at ! ,b]mudas1 two l9e-(-battle %ips w5t d[n at sea1 & upw>ds ( tw5ty ?\s& p]sons lo/ _! lives on ! l&4 ,s trem5d\s 0 ! =ce ( ?is hurricane 7,capta9 ,maury tells u7 t #8! b>k 0 bl[n f ! trees1 & ! fruits ( ! e>? de/roy$2 ! v bottom & dep?s ( ! sea 7 uproot$--=ts & ca/les 7 wa%$ away1 & _! great guns c>ri$ 9 ! air l *aff2 h\ses 7 raz$2 %ips wreck$2 & ! bodies ( m5 & bea/s lift$ up 9 ! air & da%$ to pieces 9 ! /orm'--an acc\nt1 h[ev]1 :i* 7?\gh d\btless fai?fully r5d]$ by ,maury f ! au?orities he consult$7 mu/ p]haps be accept$ cum grano1 & especially ) ref]5ce to ! great guns c>ri$ 9 ! air #8l *aff4'#ab 7,if s1 x #8blew great guns1' inde$47 ,9 ! gale ( ,augu/1 #aghb1 all ! trophies ( ,"l ,rodney's victory1 except ! #8,ard5t1' 7 de/roy$1 two ,briti% %ips-(-!-l9e f\nd]$ at sea1 numb]s ( m]*antm5 "u ,admiral ,graves' convoy 7 wreck$1 & at sea alone ?ree ?\s& lives 7 lo/4 ,b q rec5tly a /orm f> m de/ructive ?an ^! swept ov] ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,mo/ ( my read]s d\btless rememb] ! great gale ( ,octob] #ahfd1 9 :i* all ! %ips 9 h>b\r at ,calcutta 7 swept f _! an*orage1 & driv5 "o ^u ano!r 9 inextricable confusion4 ,fe>ful z 0 ! loss ( life & prop]ty 9 ,calcutta h>b\r1 ! de/ruction on l& 0 great]4 ,a va/ wave swept = miles ov] ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 embankm5ts 7 de/roy$1 & :ole villages1 ) _! inhabitants1 7 swept away4 ,fifty ?\s& s\ls1 x is believ$1 p]i%$ 9 ?is fe>ful hurricane4 ,! gale :i* has j ravag$ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico adds ano!r to ! long li/ ( disa/r\s hurricanes4 ,z ,i write1 ! effects produc$ by ?is tornado are beg9n+ to be made kn[n4 ,already its de/ructiv5ess has become b too c]ta9ly evid5c$4 ,! laws :i* appe> to regulate ! g5]ation & ! progress ( cyclonic /orms are well wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,! regions *iefly infe/$ by hurricanes are ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 & ! ,*9a ,seas4 ,ea* region has its special hurricane season4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 cyclones occur pr9cipally 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 :5 ! s\?-ea/ monsoons are at _! height4 ,at ! same season ! ,african s\?-we/]ly monsoons are bl[+4 ,accord+ly !re are two sets ( w9ds1 bo? bl[+ heavily & /eadily f ! ,atlantic1 di/urb+ ! atmosph]ic equilibrium1 & ?us 9 all probability g5]at+ ! great ,we/ ,indian hurricanes4 ,! /orms ?us aris+ %[ _! =ce fir/ at a di/ance ( ab\t six or sev5 hundr$ miles f ! equator1 & f> to ! ea/ ( ! region 9 :i* !y atta9 _! greate/ fury4 ,!y sweep ) a nor?-we/]ly c\rse to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 pass !nce nor?w>ds1 & s to ! nor?-ea/1 sweep+ 9 a wide curve 7resembl+ ! lett] plac$ ?us 7 ar\nd ! ,we/ ,indian seas1 & !nce travell+ across ! ,atlantic1 g5]ally exp5d+ _! fury be=e !y rea* ! %ores ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,?is c\rse is ! /orm-track 7or /orm- z ,i %all call x74 ,( ! behavi\r ( ! w9ds z !y trav]se ?is track1 ,i %all h to speak :5 ,i come to consid] ! peculi>ity f :i* ^! /orms d]ive _! names ( #8cyclones' & tornadoes4 ,! hurricanes ( ! ,indian ,ocean occur at ! #8*ang+ ( ! monsoons4' #8,dur+ ! int]regnum1#8 writes ,maury1 #8! fi5ds ( ! /orm hold _! t]rific sway4' ,becalm$ (t5 = a day or two1 seam5 he> moan+ s\nds 9 ! air1 =ew>n+ !m ( ! com+ /orm4 ,!n1 sudd5ly1 ! w9ds break loose f ! =ces :i* h = a :ile controll$ !m1 & #8seem to rage ) a fury t w\ld break up ! f\nta9s ( ! deep4' ,9 ! ,nor? ,indian seas hurricanes rage at ! same season z 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 ! ,*9a seas occur ^? fe>ful gales kn[n among sailors z #8typhoons' or #8:ite squalls4' ,^! take place at ! *ang+ ( ! monsoons4 ,g5]at$1 l ! ,we/ ,indian hurricanes1 at a di/ance ( "s t5 or twelve degrees f ! equator1 typhoons sweep--9 a curve simil> to t foll[$ by ! ,atlantic /orms--ar\nd ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & ! %ores ( ,*9a1 to ! ,japanese ,isl&s4 ,!re occur l&-/orms1 also1 ( a cyclonic "* 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi4 #8,i h (t5 obs]v$ ! pa?s ( su* /orms1' says ,maury1 #8?r\gh ! =e/s ( ! ,mississippi4 ,!re ! track ( ^! tornadoes is call$ a 8w9d-road10 because !y make an av5ue ?r\gh ! wood /raight along1 & z cle> ( trees z if ! old d5iz5s ( ! =e/ _h be5 cle>$ ) an axe4 ,i h se5 trees ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet] torn up by ! roots1 & ! top1 ) its limbs1 ly+ next ! hole :5ce ! root came4#8 ,ano!r writ]1 :o 0 an eye-witness to ! progress ( "o ( ^! ,am]ican l&-/orms1 ?us speaks ( its de/ructive effects4 #8,i saw1 to my great a/oni%m5t1 t ! noble/ trees ( ! =e/ 7 fall+ into pieces4 ,a mass ( bran*es1 twigs1 foliage1 & du/ mov$ ?r\gh ! air1 :irl$ onw>d l a cl\d ( fea!rs1 & pass+1 disclos$ a wide space fill$ ) brok5 trees1 nak$ /umps1 & heaps ( %apeless ru9s1 :i* m>k$ ! pa? ( ! tempe/4' ,if x appe>$1 on a c>eful comp>ison ( obs]vations made 9 diff]5t places1 t ^! w9ds swept directly along ^? tracks :i* !y appe> to foll[1 a comp>atively simple problem w\ld be pres5t$ to ! meteorologi/4 ,b ?is is n f\nd to be ! case4 ,at "o "p ( a hurricane's c\rse ! /orm appe>s to be travell+ ) fe>ful fury along ! true /orm-2 at ano!r less furi\sly direct$ across ! /orm-track2 at ano!r1 b ) yet dim9i%$ =ce1 ?\gh /ill fi]cely1 9 a direction exactly opposite to t ( ! /orm-track4 ,all ^! motions appe> to be fairly acc\nt$ = by ! !ory t ! true pa? ( ! /orm is a spiral--or r1 t :ile ! c5tre ( di/urbance cont9ually travels onw>ds 9 a widely ext5d$ curve1 ! /orm-w9d sweeps cont9ually ar\nd ! c5tre ( di/urbance1 z a :irlpool ar\nd its vortex4 ,& "h a rem>kable circum/ance attracts our notice1 ! consid]ation ( :i* po9ts to ! mode 9 :i* cyclones may be conceiv$ to be g5]at$4 ,x is f\nd1 by a c>eful /udy ( diff]5t obs]vations made ^u ! same /orm1 t cyclones 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e inv>iably sweep r\nd ! onw>d travell+ vortex ( di/urbance 9 "o direction1 & s\!rn cyclones 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,if we place a wat*1 face upw>ds1 ^u "o ( ! nor!rn cyclone regions 9 a ,m]cator's *>t1 !n ! motion ( ! h&s is contr>y to ! direction 9 :i* ! cyclone :irls2 :5 ! wat* is %ift$ to a s\!rn cyclone region1 ! motion ( ! h&s is 9 ! same direction z ! cyclone motion4 ,?is peculi>ity is conv]t$ into ! foll[+ rule-(-?umb = sailors :o enc\nt] a cyclone1 & seek to escape f ! region ( fi]ce/ /orm3--,fac+ ! w9d1 ! c5tre or vortex ( ! /orm lies to ! "r 9 ! nor!rn1 to ! left 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,safety lies 9 fly+ f ! c5tre 9 e case save "o--t is1 :5 ! sailor lies 9 ! direct track ( ! advanc+ vortex4 ,9 ?is case1 to fly f ! c5tre w\ld be to keep 9 ! /orm-track2 ! prop] c\rse = ! sailor :5 ?us situat$ is to /e] = ! calm] side ( ! /orm-track4 ,?is is always ! outside ( ! 1 z w appe> f a mom5t's consid]ation ( ! spiral curve trac$ out by a cyclone4 ,?us1 if ! seaman scud be=e ! w9d--9 all o!r cases a dang]\s exp$i5t 9 a cyclone#ac--;he w probably escape unsca!d4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is dang]1 t ! /orm-track may ext5d to or ev5 slightly ov]lap ! l&1 9 :i* case scudd+ be=e ! gale w\ld br+ ! %ip ^u a lee-%ore4 ,& 9 ?is way _m gallant %ips h1 d\btless1 suff]$ wreck4 ,! dang] ( ! sailor is obvi\sly great]1 h[ev]1 :5 he is ov]tak5 by ! /orm on ! inn] side ( ! /orm-4 ,"h he has to enc\nt] ! d\ble =ce ( ! cyclonic :irl & ( ! advanc+ /orm-sy/em1 in/ead ( ! diff]5ce ( ! two motions1 z on ! out] side ( ! /orm-track4 ,8 *ance ( escape w dep5d on 8 di/ance f ! c5tral pa? ( ! cyclone4 ,if ne> to ?is1 x is equally dang]\s = him to attempt to scud to ! saf] side ( ! track1 or to beat aga9/ ! w9d by ! %ort] c\rse1 :i* w\ld lead him out ( ! /orm- on its inn] side4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,colonel ,sir ,w4 ,reid t ?is is ! qu>t] 9 :i* vessels h be5 mo/ frequ5tly lo/4 ,b ev5 ! dang] ( ?is mo/ dang]\s qu>t] admits ( degrees4 ,x is greate/ :]e ! /orm is sweep+ r\nd ! mo/ curv$ "p ( its track1 :i* happ5s 9 ab\t latitude tw5ty-five or ?irty degrees4 ,9 ?is case a %ip may pass twice ?r\gh ! vortex ( ! /orm4 ,"h hurricanes h work$ _! mo/ de/ructive effects4 ,& h5ce x is t sailors dread1 mo/ ( all1 t "p ( ! ,atlantic ne> ,florida & ! ,bahamas1 & ! region ( ! ,indian ,ocean :i* lies s\? ( ,b\rbon & ,mauritius4 ,to %[ h[ important x is t capta9s %\ld und]/& ! !ory ( cyclones 9 bo? hemisph]es1 we %all "h relate ! mann] 9 :i* ,capta9 ,j4 ,v4 ,hall escap$ f a typhoon ( ! ,*9a seas4 ,ab\t noon1 :5 ?ree days out f ,macao1 ,capta9 ,hall saw #8a mo/ wild & uncommon-look+ halo r\nd ! sun4' ,on ! aft]noon ( ! next day1 ! b>omet] _h comm5c$ to fall rapidly2 & ?\gh1 z yet1 ! wea!r 0 f9e1 ord]s 7 at once giv5 to prep>e = a heavy gale4 ,t[>ds ev5+ a bank ( cl\d 0 se5 9 ! s\?-ea/1 b :5 night clos$ ! wea!r 0 /ill calm & ! wat] smoo?1 ?\gh ! sky look$ wild & a scud 0 com+ on f ! nor?-ea/4 #8,i 0 mu* int]e/$1' says ,capta9 ,hall1 #89 wat*+ = ! comm5cem5t ( ! gale1 :i* ,i n[ felt sure 0 com+4 ,t bank to ! s\?-ea/ 0 ! meteor 7cyclone7 approa*+ u1 ! nor?-ea/ scud1 ! out] nor?-we/ portion ( x2 & :5 at night a /rong gale came on ab\t nor?1 or nor?-nor?-we/1 ,i felt c]ta9 we 7 on its we/]n & s\?-we/]n v]ge4 ,x rapidly increas$ 9 viol5ce2 b ,i 0 pleas$ to see ! w9d ve]+ to ! nor?-we/1 z x conv9c$ me t ,i _h put ! %ip on ! "r track--namely1 on ! />bo>d tack1 /&+1 ( c\rse1 to ! s\?-we/4 ,f t5 ,a4,m4 to ?ree ,p4,m4 x blew ) great viol5ce1 b ! %ip be+ well prep>$1 rode comp>atively easy4 ,! b>omet] 0 n[ v l[1 ! c5tre ( ! /orm pass+ to ! nor?w>d ( u1 to :i* we might h be5 v ne> _h we 9 ! fir/ place put ! %ip on ! l>bo>d tack4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable po9t ( ,capta9 ,hall's acc\nt rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,he _h gone out ( 8 c\rse to avoid ! /orm1 b :5 ! w9d fell to a mod]ate gale he ?\ght x a pity to lie s f> f 8 prop] c\rse1 & made sail to ! nor?-we/4 #8,9 less ?an two h\rs ! b>omet] aga9 began to fall & ! /orm to rage 9 heavy gu/s4' ,he bore aga9 to ! s\?-ea/1 & ! wea!r rapidly improv$4 ,!re c be little d\bt t b = ,capta9 ,hall's k ( ! law ( cyclones1 8 %ip & crew w\ld h be5 plac$ 9 s]i\s jeop>dy1 s9ce 9 ! he>t ( a ,*9ese typhoon a %ip has be5 kn[n to be ?r[n on h] beam-ends :5 n %[+ a y>d ( canvas4 ,if we consid] ! regions 9 :i* cyclones appe>1 ! pa?s !y foll[1 & ! direction 9 :i* !y :irl1 we %all be able to =m an op9ion z to _! orig94 ,9 ! op5 ,pacific ,ocean 7z its "n1 inde$1 implies7 /orms are uncommon2 !y are infrequ5t also 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,s\? ,indian ,oceans4 ,ar\nd ,cape ,horn & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope heavy /orms prevail1 b !y are n cyclonic1 nor are !y equal 9 fury & frequ5cy1 ,maury tells u1 to ! true tornado4 ,along ! equator1 & = sev]al degrees on ei!r side ( x1 cyclones are also unkn[n4 ,if we turn to a map 9 :i* ocean-curr5ts are laid d[n1 we %all see t 9 e #8cyclone region' !re is a /rongly m>k$ curr5t1 & t ea* curr5t foll[s closely ! track :i* ,i h d5om9at$ ! /orm-4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic we h ! great ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* sweeps f equatorial regions into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & !nce across ! ,atlantic to ! %ores ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,indian ,ocean !re is ! #8s\? equatorial curr5t1' :i* sweeps pa/ ,mauritius & ,b\rbon1 & !nce returns t[>ds ! ea/4 ,9 ! ,*9ese ,sea !re is ! nor? equatorial curr5t1 :i* sweeps r\nd ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & !n m]ges into ! ,japanese curr5t4 ,!re is also ! curr5t 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 fl[+ ?r\gh ! region 9 :i*1 z we h se51 cyclones are commonly met )4 ,!re are o!r sea-curr5ts besides ^! :i* yet bre$ no cyclones4 ,b ,i may notice two peculi>ities 9 ! curr5ts ,i h nam$4 ,!y all fl[ f equatorial to temp]ate regions1 &1 secondly1 !y are all #8horse-%oe curr5ts4' ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 !re is b "o o!r curr5t :i* pres5ts bo? ^! peculi>ities--namely1 ! great ,au/ralian curr5t betwe5 ,new ,zeal& & ! ea/]n %ores ( ,au/ralia4 ,i h n yet met ) any record ( cyclones occurr+ ov] ! ,au/ralian curr5t1 b heavy /orms are kn[n to prevail 9 t region1 & ,i believe t :5 ^! /orms h be5 /udi$ z closely z ! /orms 9 bett]-kn[n regions1 !y w be f\nd to pres5t ! true cyclonic "*4 ,n[1 if we inquire :y an ocean curr5t travell+ f ! equator %\ld be a #8/orm-bre$]1' we %all f9d a ready answ]4 ,su* a curr5t1 c>ry+ ! w>m? ( int]tropical regions to ! temp]ate zones1 produces1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! m]e diff]5ce ( temp]ature1 important atmosph]ic di/urbances4 ,! diff]5ce is s great1 t ,frankl9 sugge/$ ! use ( ! !rmomet] 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean z a ready means ( det]m9+ ! longitude1 s9ce ! position ( ! ,gulf ,/ream at any giv5 season is almo/ con/ant4 ,b ! w>m? ( ! /ream itself is n ! only cause ( atmosph]ic di/urbance4 ,ov] ! w>m wat] vap\r is cont9ually ris+2 &1 z x rises1 is cont9ually cond5s$ 7l ! /eam f a locomotive7 by ! cold] air r\nd4 #8,an obs]v] on ! moon1' says ,capta9 ,maury1 #8w\ld1 on a w9t]'s day1 be able to trace out by ! mi/ 9 ! air ! pa? ( ! ,gulf ,/ream ?r\gh ! sea4' ,b :at mu/ happ5 :5 vap\r is cond5s$8 ,we "k t to turn wat] into vap\r is a process requir+--t is1 us+ up--a l>ge am\nt ( heat2 &1 conv]sely1 ! return ( vap\r to ! /ate ( wat] sets free an equival5t quantity ( heat4 ,! am\nt ( heat ?us set free ov] ! ,gulf ,/ream is ?\s&s ( times great] ?an t :i* w\ld be g5]at$ by ! :ole coal supply annually rais$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,"h1 !n1 we h an effici5t cause = ! wilde/ hurricanes4 ,=1 along ! :ole ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 f ,bem9i to ! ,gr& ,banks1 !re is a *annel ( heat$--t is1 r>efi$ air4 ,into ?is *annel1 ! d5s] atmosph]e on bo? sides is cont9ually p\r+1 ) great] or less /r5g?4 ,:5 a /orm beg9s 9 ! ,atlantic1 x always makes = ?is *annel1 #8&1 rea*+ x1 turns & foll[s x 9 its c\rse1 sometimes entirely across ! ,atlantic4' #8,! s\!rn po9ts ( ,am]ica & ,africa h won = !mselves1' says ,maury1 #8! "n ( 8! /ormy capes10 b !re is n a /orm-f9d 9 ! wide ocean c out-top t :i* rages along ! ,atlantic coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,*9a seas & ! ,nor? ,pacific may vie 9 ! fury ( _! gales ) ?is "p ( ! ,atlantic1 b ,cape ,horn & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope _c equal !m1 c]ta9ly 9 frequ5cy1 nor d ,i believe1 9 fury4' ,we read ( a ,we/ ,indian /orm s viol5t1 t #8x =c$ ! ,gulf ,/ream back to its s\rces1 & pil$ up ! wat] to a height ( ?irty feet 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! %ip 8,l$bury ,sn[0 attempt$ to ride out ! /orm4 ,:5 x abat$ %e f\nd h]self high up on ! dry l&1 & discov]$ t %e _h let g h] an*or among ! tree-tops on ,elliot's ,key4#8 ,by a l reason+1 we c acc\nt = ! cyclonic /orms prevail+ 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean4 ,nor d ! tornadoes :i* rage 9 p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates pres5t any s]i\s difficulty4 ,! region along :i* ^! /orms travel is ! valley ( ! great ,mississippi4 ,?is riv] at c]ta9 seasons is consid]ably w>m] ?an ! surr\nd+ l&s4 ,f its surface1 also1 aque\s vap\r is cont9ually be+ rais$4 ,:5 ! surr\nd+ air is cold]1 ?is vap\r is pres5tly cond5s$1 g5]at+ 9 ! *ange a va/ am\nt ( heat4 ,we h ?us a *annel ( r>efi$ air ov] ! ,mississippi valley1 & ?is *annel becomes a /orm-track1 l ! correspond+ *annels ov] ! w>m ocean-curr5ts4 ,! extreme viol5ce ( l&-/orms is probably due to ! n>r[ness ( ! track )9 :i* !y are compell$ to travel4 ,= x has be5 notic$ t ! fury ( a sea-cyclone increases z ! range ( ! #8:irl' dim9i%es1 & vice v]s4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 no special reason :y cyclones %\ld foll[ ! /orm- 9 "o direction r ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,we mu/1 to und]/& ?is1 recall ! fact t "u ! torrid zones ! conditions necess>y = ! g5]ation ( /orms prevail f> m int5sely ?an 9 temp]ate regions4 ,?us ! probability is f> great] t cyclones %\ld be g5]at$ at ! tropical ?an at ! temp]ate end ( ! /orm-4 ,/ill1 x is wor?y ( notice1 t 9 ! l&-lock$ ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean1 true typhoons h be5 notic$ to foll[ ! /orm-track 9 a direction contr>y to t commonly notic$4 ,! direction 9 :i* a true tornado :irls is inv>iably t ,i h m5tion$4 ,! explanation ( ?is peculi>ity w\ld occupy m space ?an ,i c "h af=d4 ,^? read]s :o may wi% to und]/& ! orig9 ( ! law ( cyclonic rotation %\ld /udy ,h]s*el's int]e/+ "w on ,meteorology4 ,! sudd5ness ) :i* a true tornado works de/ruction 0 /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! wreck ( ! /eam%ip #8,san ,francisco4' ,%e 0 assail$ by an extra-tropical tornado :5 ab\t #cjj miles f ,s&y ,hook1 on ,decemb] #bd1 #ahec4 ,9 a few mom5ts %e 0 a complete wreck6 ,! wide range ( a tornado's de/ructiv5ess is %[n by ?is1 t ,colonel ,reid tells u ( "o along ^: track no less ?an #aaj %ips 7 wreck$1 crippl$1 or disma/$4 7,f ,temple ,b>1 ,decemb] #ahfg47 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,i rememb] to h read t 9 ?is hurricane guns :i* _h long la9 "u wat] 7 wa%$ up l m]e drift ^u ! bea*4 ,p]haps ?is circum/ance grew gradually into ! incr$ible /ory above record$4 #ac ,a %ip by scudd+ be=e ! gale may--if ! capta9 is n famili> ) ! laws ( cyclones--g r\nd & r\nd )\t escap+4 ,! %ip #8,*>les ,h$dle' did ?is 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 go+ r\nd no less ?an five times4 ,,vesuvius4 ,! num]\s & viol5t eruptions f ,m\nt ,vesuvius dur+ ! two la/ c5turies seem to af=d an answ] to ^? :o ?9k !re are traces ( a gradually dim9i%+ activity 9 ! e>?'s int]nal =ces4 ,t su* a dim9ution is tak+ place1 we may admit2 b t its rate ( progress is p]ceptible--t we c po9t to a "t )9 ! hi/orical epo*1 nay1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( geological evid5ce1 at :i* ! e>?'s int]nal =ces 7 c]ta9ly m active ?an !y are at ! pres5t "t--may1 ,i ?9k1 be d5i$ absolutely4 ,:5 ! sci5ce ( geology 0 b "y1 & its pr(essors s\ght to compress )9 a few ye>s 7at ! outside7 a s]ies ( ev5ts :i* 7we n[ "k7 mu/ h occupi$ _m c5turies1 !re 0 room1 inde$1 = ! supposition t mod]n volcanic eruptions1 z comp>$ ) anci5t outbur/s1 are b z ! ef=ts ( *ildr5 comp>$ ) ! "w ( giants4 ,& accord+ly1 we f9d a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* geologi/ writ+1 ev5 s late z #ahbi1 t 9 anci5t times #8t\s les phnomnes gologiques se passai5t dans des dim5sions c5tuples de celles qu'ils prs5t5t auj\rd'hui4' ,b n[ we h su* c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! enorm\s l5g? ( ! int]vals )9 :i* volcanic regions assum$ _! pres5t appe>ance--we h su* satisfactory means ( det]m9+ :i* ( ! ev5ts occurr+ )9 ^? int]vals 7 or 7 n contempor>y--t we are safe f ! error ( assum+ t ,nature at a s+le ef=t fa%ion$ widely ext5d$ di/ricts j z we n[ see !m4 ,& accord+ly1 we h ! evid5ce ( ! di/+ui%$ geologi/1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 t !re is no volcanic mass #8( anci5t date1 di/9ctly ref]able to a s+le eruption1 :i* c ev5 rival 9 volume ! matt] p\r$ out f ,skaptr ,jokul 9 #aghc4' ,9 ! volcanic region ( :i* ,vesuvius or ,somma is ! pr9cipal v5t1 we h a rem>kable in/ance ( ! deceptive nature ( t /ate ( re/ into :i* "s ( ! pr9cipal volcanoes frequ5tly fall = _m c5turies toge!r4 ,= h[ _m c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ,vesuvius _h be5 at re/ is n kn[n2 b ?is is c]ta91 t f ! l&+ ( ! fir/ ,greek colony 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ,vesuvius gave no signs ( int]nal activity4 ,x 0 recognis$ by ,/rabo z a volcanic m\nta91 b ,pl9y did n include x 9 ! li/ ( active volcanoes4 ,9 ^? days1 ! m\nta9 pres5t$ a v diff]5t appe>ance f t :i* x n[ exhibits4 ,9 place ( ! two peaks n[ se51 !re 0 a s+le1 some:at flatti% summit1 on :i* a slight depression m>k$ ! place ( an anci5t crat]4 ,! f]tile slopes ( ! m\nta9 7 cov]$ ) well-cultivat$ fields1 & ! ?riv+ cities ,h]culaneum1 ,pompeii1 & ,/abi /ood ne> ! base ( ! sleep+ m\nta94 ,s little did any ?\ght ( dang] sugge/ itself 9 ^? times1 t ! b&s ( slaves1 murd]]s1 & pirates :i* flock$ to ! /&>ds ( ,sp>tacus f\nd a refuge1 to ! numb] ( _m ?\s&s1 )9 ! v crat] itself4 ,b ?\gh ,vesuvius 0 at re/1 ! region ( :i* ,vesuvius is ! ma9 v5t 0 f> f be+ s4 ,! isl& ( ,pi!cusa 7! mod]n ,is*ia7 0 %ak5 by frequ5t & t]rible convulsions4 ,x is ev5 relat$ t ,pro*yta 7! mod]n ,procida7 0 r5t f ,pi!cusa 9 ! c\rse ( a trem5d\s upheaval1 ?\gh ,pl9y d]ives ! "n ,pro*yta 7or #8p\r$ =?'7 f ! suppos$ fact ( ?is isl& hav+ be5 p\r$ =? by an eruption f ,is*ia4 ,f> m probably1 ,pro*yta 0 =m$ indep5d5tly by subm>9e eruptions1 z ! volcanic isl&s ne> ,santor9 h be5 produc$ 9 m rec5t times4 ,s fi]ce 7 ! eruptions f ,pi!cusa1 t sev]al ,greek colonies :i* attempt$ to settle on ?is isl& 7 compell$ to leave x4 ,ab\t #chj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 coloni/s "u ,k+ ,hi]o ( ,syracuse1 :o _h built a =tress on ,pi!cusa1 7 driv5 away by an eruption4 ,nor 7 eruptions ! sole cause ( dang]4 ,poison\s vap\rs1 su* z are emitt$ by volcanic crat]s aft] eruption1 appe> to h exhal$1 at times1 f ext5sive tracts on ,pi!cusa1 & ?us to h r5d]$ ! isl& un9habitable4 ,/ill ne>] to ,vesuvius lay ! celebrat$ ,lake ,av]nus4 ,! "n ,av]nus is said to be a corruption ( ! ,greek ^w ,aornos1 signify+ #8)\t birds1' ! poison\s exhalations f ! wat]s ( ! lake de/roy+ all birds :i* attempt$ to fly ov] its surface4 ,d\bt has be5 ?r[n on ! de/ructive prop]ties assign$ by ! anci5ts to ! vap\rs asc5d+ f ,av]nus4 ,! lake is n[ a heal?y & agreeable neighb\rhood1 frequ5t$1 says ,humboldt1 by _m k9ds ( birds1 :i* suff] no injury :atev] ev5 :5 !y skim ! v surface ( ! wat]4 ,yet !re c be little d\bt t ,av]nus hides ! outlet ( an ext9ct volcano2 & long aft] ?is volcano _h become inactive1 ! lake :i* conceal$ its site #8may h des]v$ ! appellation ( 8atri janua ,ditis10 emitt+1 p]haps1 gases z de/ructive ( animal life z ^? suffocat+ vap\rs giv5 out by ,lake ,quilotoa1 9 ,quito1 9 #agig1 by :i* :ole h]ds ( cattle 7 kill$ on its %ores1 or z ^? delet]i\s emanations :i* annihilat$ all ! cattle 9 ! isl& ( ,lanc]ote1 "o ( ! ,can>ies1 9 #agcj4#8 ,:ile ,is*ia 0 9 full activity1 n only 0 ,vesuvius quiesc5t1 b ev5 ,etna seem$ to be gradually expir+1 s t ,s5eca ranks ?is volcano among ! numb] ( ne>ly ext+ui%$ crat]s4 ,at a lat] epo*1 lian ass]t$ t ! m\nta9 itself 0 s9k+1 s t seam5 lo/ sight ( ! summit at a less di/ance across ! seas ?an ( old4 ,yet )9 ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s !re h be5 eruptions f ,etna rivall+1 if n surpass+1 9 int5sity ! convulsions record$ by anci5t hi/orians4 ,i %all n "h attempt to %[ t ,vesuvius & ,etna belong to ! same volcanic sy/em1 ?\gh !re is reason n only = suppos+ ?is to be ! case1 b = ! belief t all ! subt]ranean regions ^: effects h be5 %[n f "t to "t ov] ! di/rict ext5d+ f ! ,can>ies & ,azores1 across ! :ole ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & into ,syria itself1 belong to b "o great c5tre ( int]nal action4 ,b x is q c]ta9 t ,is*ia & ,vesuvius are outlets f a s+le s\rce4 ,:ile ,vesuvius 0 dormant1 resign+ = a :ile its pret5sions to be ! pr9cipal v5t ( ! great ,neapolitan volcanic sy/em1 ,is*ia1 we h se51 0 r5t by frequ5t convulsions4 ,b ! "t 0 approa*+ :5 ,vesuvius 0 to resume its natural functions1 & ) all ! m en]gy t !y _h be5 = a :ile susp5d$4 ,9 ! ye> #fc 7aft] ,*ri/7 !re occurr$ a viol5t convulsion ( ! e>? ar\nd ,vesuvius1 dur+ :i* mu* injury 0 done to neighb\r+ cities1 & _m lives 7 lo/4 ,f ?is p]iod %ocks ( e>?quake 7 felt f "t to "t = sixte5 ye>s4 ,^! grew gradually m & m viol5t1 until x began to be evid5t t ! volcanic fires 7 ab\t to return to _! ma9 v5t4 ,! ob/ruction :i* _h s long imp$$ ! exit ( ! conf9$ matt] 0 n1 h[ev]1 readily remov$1 & x 0 only 9 ,augu/ 9 ! ye> #gi1 aft] num]\s & viol5t int]nal ?roes1 t ! sup]9cumb5t mass 0 at l5g? hurl$ =?4 ,rocks & c9d]s1 lava1 s&1 & scori1 7 propell$ f ! crat]1 & spread _m miles on e side ( ,vesuvius4 ,we h an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! great eruption :i* foll[$ 9 a lett] f ! y\ng] ,pl9y to ! y\ng] ,tacitus4 ,! latt] _h ask$ = an acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ! eld] ,pl9y1 :o lo/ 8 life 9 8 eag]ness to obta9 a ne> view ( ! dreadful ph5om5on4 #8,he 0 at t "t1' says 8 nephew1 #8) ! fleet "u 8 comm& at ,mis5um4 ,on ,augu/ #bd1 ab\t "o 9 ! aft]noon1 my "m desir$ him to obs]ve a cl\d ( v extraord9>y size & %ape4 ,he _h j return$ f tak+ ! b5efit ( ! sun1 &1 aft] ba?+ himself 9 cold wat]1 & tak+ a slight repa/1 _h retir$ to 8 /udy4 ,he arose at once1 & w5t out ^u a height :5ce he might m di/9ctly view ?is /range ph5om5on4 ,x 0 n at ?is di/ance disc]nible f :at m\nta9 ! cl\d issu$1 b x 0 f\nd aft]w>ds t x came f ,vesuvius4 ,i _c give a m exact description ( its figure ?an by comp>+ x to t ( a p9e-tree1 = x %ot up to a great height 9 ! =m ( a trunk1 :i* ext5d$ itself at ! top into a sort ( bran*es2 occasion$1 ,i suppose1 ei!r by a sudd5 gu/ ( air :i* impell$ x1 ^: =ce decreas$ z x advanc$ upw>ds1 or else ! cl\d itself1 be+ press$ back by its own weight1 exp&$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! cl\d appe>$ sometimes bright1 at o!rs d>k & spott$1 z x 0 m or less impregnat$ ) e>? & c9d]s4' ,^! extraord9>y appe>ances attract$ ! curiosity ( ! eld] ,pl9y4 ,he ord]$ a small vessel to be prep>$1 & />t$ to seek a ne>] view ( ! burn+ m\nta94 ,8 nephew decl9$ to accompany him1 be+ engag$ ) 8 /udies4 ,z ,pl9y left ! h\se1 he receiv$ a note f a lady ^: h\se1 be+ at ! foot ( ,vesuvius1 0 9 imm95t dang] ( de/ruction4 ,he set out1 accord+ly1 ) ! design ( r5d]+ h] assi/ance1 & also ( assi/+ o!rs1 #8= ! villas /ood extremely ?ick ^u t lovely coa/4' ,he ord]$ ! galleys to be put to sea1 & /e]$ directly to ! po9t ( dang]1 s cool 9 ! mid/ ( ! turmoil ar\nd #8z to be able to make & dictate obs]vations ^u ! motions & figures ( t dreadful sc5e4' ,z he approa*$ ,vesuvius1 c9d]s1 pumice-/ones1 & black fragm5ts ( burn+ rock1 fell on & ar\nd ! %ips4 #8,!y 7 9 dang]1 too1 ( runn+ agr\nd1 ow+ to ! sudd5 retreat ( ! sea2 va/ fragm5ts1 also1 roll$ d[n f ! m\nta9 & ob/ruct$ all ! %ore4' ,! pilot advis+ retreat1 ,pl9y made ! noble answ]1 #8,=tune befri5ds ! brave1' & bade him press onw>ds to ,/abi4 ,"h he f\nd 8 fri5d ,pomponianus 9 great con/]nation1 already prep>$ = emb>k+ & wait+ only = a *ange 9 ! w9d4 ,exhort+ ,pomponianus to be ( good c\rage1 ,pl9y quietly ord]$ ba?s to be prep>$2 & #8hav+ ba!d1 sat d[n to supp] ) great *e]fulness1 or at lea/ 7:i* is equally h]oic7 ) all ! appe>ance ( x4' ,assur+ 8 fri5d t ! flames :i* appe>$ 9 sev]al places 7 m]ely burn+ villages1 ,pl9y pres5tly retir$ to re/1 & #8be+ pretty fat1' says 8 nephew1 #8& brea?+ h>d1 ^? :o att5d$ )\t actually he>d him snore4' ,b x became necess>y to awak5 him1 = ! c\rt :i* l$ to 8 room 0 n[ almo/ fill$ ) /ones & a%es4 ,he got up & jo9$ ! re/ ( ! company1 :o 7 consult+ on ! propriety ( leav+ ! h\se1 n[ %ak5 f side to side by frequ5t concussions4 ,!y decid$ on seek+ ! fields = safety3 & fa/5+ pill[s on _! heads1 to protect !m f fall+ /ones1 !y advanc$ 9 ! mid/ ( an obscurity great] ?an t ( ! d>ke/ night-?\gh beyond ! limits ( ! great cl\d x 0 already broad day4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ! %ore1 !y f\nd ! waves runn+ too high to suff] !m safely to v5ture to put out to sea4 ,pl9y #8hav+ drunk a draught or two ( cold wat]1 lay d[n on a clo? t 0 spread out = him2 b at ?is mom5t ! flames & sulphur\s vap\rs disp]s$ ! re/ ( ! company1 & oblig$ him to rise4 ,assi/$ by two ( 8 s]vants1 he got ^u 8 feet1 b in/antly fell d[n dead2 suffocat$1 ,i suppose1' says 8 nephew1 #8by "s gross & noxi\s vap\r1 = he always _h weak lungs & suff]$ f a difficulty ( brea?+4' ,8 body 0 n f\nd until ! ?ird day aft] 8 dea?1 :5 = ! fir/ "t x 0 light en\gh to se>* = him4 ,he 0 f\nd z he _h fall51 #8& look+ m l a man asleep ?an dead4' ,b ev5 at ,mis5um !re 0 dang]1 ?\gh ,vesuvius is di/ant no less ?an f\rte5 miles4 ,! e>? 0 %ak5 ) repeat$ & viol5t %ocks1 #8insomu*1' says ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 #8t !y ?reat5$ our complete de/ruction4' ,:5 morn+ came1 ! light 0 fa9t & glimm]+2 ! build+s ar\nd seem$ tott]+ to _! fall1 &1 /&+ on ! op5 gr\nd1 ! *>iots :i* ,pl9y _h ord]$ 7 s agitat$ backw>ds & =w>ds t x 0 impossible to keep !m /eady1 ev5 by support+ !m ) l>ge /ones4 ,! sea 0 roll$ back ^u itself1 & _m m>9e animals 7 left dry ^u ! %ore4 ,on ! side ( ,vesuvius1 a black & om9\s cl\d1 bur/+ ) sulphur\s vap\rs1 d>t$ out long tra9s ( fire1 resembl+ fla%es ( lightn+1 b mu* l>g]4 ,pres5tly ! great cl\d spread ov] ,mis5um & ! isl& ( ,capre4 ,a%es fell ar\nd ! fugitives4 ,on e side #8no?+ 0 to be he>d b ! %rieks ( wom5 & *ildr51 & ! cries ( m53 "s 7 call+ = _! *ildr51 o!rs = _! p>5ts1 o!rs = _! husb&s1 & only di/+ui%+ ea* o!r by _! voices3 "o 0 lam5t+ 8 own fate1 ano!r t ( 8 family2 "s wi%$ to die1 t !y might escape ! dreadful fe> ( dea?2 b ! great] "p imag9$ t ! la/ & et]nal night 0 come1 :i* 0 to de/roy ! gods & ! _w toge!r4' ,at l5g? a light appe>$1 :i* 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! day1 b ! =]unn] ( an outbur/ ( flames4 ,^! pres5tly disappe>$1 & aga9 a ?ick d>kness spread ov] ! sc5e4 ,a%es fell heavily ^u ! fugitives1 s t !y 7 9 dang] ( be+ cru%$ & buri$ 9 ! ?ick lay] rapidly cov]+ ! :ole c\ntry4 ,_m h\rs pass$ be=e ! dreadful d>kness began sl[ly to be dissipat$4 ,:5 at l5g? day return$1 & ! sun 0 se5 fa9tly %9+ ?r\gh ! ov]hang+ canopy ( a%es1 #8e object seem$ *ang$1 be+ cov]$ ov] ) :ite a%es z ) a deep sn[4' ,x is mo/ rem>kable t ,pl9y makes no m5tion 9 8 lett] ( ! de/ruction ( ! two popul\s & important cities1 ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum4 ,we h se5 t at ,/abi a %[] ( a%es fell s heavily t sev]al days be=e ! end ( ! eruption ! c\rt lead+ to ! eld] ,pl9y's room 0 beg9n+ to be fill$ up2 & :5 ! eruption ceas$1 ,/abi 0 completely ov]:elm$4 ,f> m sudd51 h[ev]1 0 ! de/ruction ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum4 ,x w\ld seem t ! two cities 7 fir/ %ak5 viol5tly by ! ?roes ( ! di/urb$ m\nta94 ,! signs ( su* a cata/rophe h be5 v commonly assign$ to ! e>?quake :i* happ5$ 9 #fc1 b x seems f> m likely t mo/ ( !m belong to ! days imm$iately prec$+ ! great outbur/ 9 #gi4 #8,9 ,pompeii1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #8bo? public & private build+s be> te/imony to ! cata/rophe4 ,! walls are r5t1 & 9 _m places trav]s$ by fissures /ill op54' ,x is probable t ! inhabitants 7 driv5 by ^! anticipatory ?roes to fly f ! doom$ t[ns4 ,= ?\gh ,dion ,cassius relates t #8two entire cities1 ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1 7 buri$ "u %[]s ( a%es1 :ile all ! p 7 sitt+ 9 ! !atre1' yet #8! exam9ation ( ! two cities enables u to prove1' says ,sir ,*>les1 #8t none ( ! p 7 de/roy$ 9 ! !atre1 &1 inde$1 t !re 7 v few ( ! inhabitants :o did n escape f bo? cities4 ,yet1' he adds1 #8"s lives 7 lo/1 & !re 0 ample f\ndation = ! tale 9 all its mo/ ess5tial p>ticul>s4' ,we may note "h1 9 pass+1 t ! acc\nt ( ! eruption giv5 by ,dion ,cassius1 :o wrote a c5tury & a half aft] ! cata/rophe1 is suffici5t to prove h[ t]rible an impression _h be5 made ^u ! inhabitants ( ,campania1 f ^: desc5dants he 9 all probability obta9$ ! mat]ials ( 8 n>rative4 ,he writes t1 #8dur+ ! eruption1 a multitude ( m5 ( sup]human /ature1 resembl+ giants1 appe>$1 sometimes on ! m\nta91 & sometimes 9 ! environs2 t /ones & smoke 7 ?r[n out1 ! sun 0 hidd51 & !n ! giants seem$ to rise aga91 :ile ! s\nds ( trumpets 7 he>d'--) mu* o!r matt] ( a simil> sort4 ,9 ! great eruption ( #gi1 ,vesuvius p\r$ =? lapilli1 s&1 c9d]s1 & fragm5ts ( old lava1 b no new lava fl[$ f ! crat]4 ,nor does x appe> t any lava-/ream 0 eject$ dur+ ! six eruptions :i* took place dur+ ! foll[+ t5 c5turies4 ,9 ! ye> #ajcf1 = ! fir/ "t1 ,vesuvius 0 obs]v$ to p\r =? a /ream ( molt5 lava4 ,?irte5 ye>s lat]1 ano!r eruption took place2 !n n9ety ye>s pass$ )\t di/urbance1 & aft] t a long pause ( #afh ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is int]val1 h[ev]1 ! volcanic sy/em1 ( :i* ,vesuvius is ! ma9 b n ! only v5t1 _h be5 di/urb$ twice4 ,= x is relat$ t 9 #aaih ! ,solfat>a ,lake crat] 0 9 eruption3 & 9 #acjb1 ,is*ia1 dormant = at lea/ #a1djj ye>s1 %[$ signs ( new activity4 ,= m ?an a ye> e>?quakes _h convuls$ ?is isl& f "t to "t1 & at l5g? ! di/urb$ region 0 reliev$ by ! outbur/ ( a lava-/ream f a new v5t on ! s\?-ea/ ( ,is*ia4 ,! lava-/ream fl[$ "r d[n to ! sea1 a di/ance ( two miles4 ,= two mon?s1 ?is dreadful outbur/ cont9u$ to rage2 _m h\ses 7 de/roy$2 & al?\gh ! inhabitants ( ,is*ia 7 n completely expell$1 z happ5$ ( old ) ! ,greek coloni/s1 yet a p>tial emigration took place4 ,! next eruption ( ,vesuvius occurr$ 9 #acjf2 & !n ?ree c5turies & a qu>t] pass$ dur+ :i* only "o eruption1 & t an unimportant "o 79 #aejj71 took place4 #8,x 0 rem>k$1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #8t ?r\gh\t ?is long int]val ( re/1 ,etna 0 9 a /ate ( unusual activity1 s z to l5d c\nt5ance to ! idea t ! great ,sicilian volcano may sometimes s]ve z a *annel ( dis*>ge to ela/ic fluids & lava t w\ld o!rwise rise to ! v5ts 9 ,campania4' ,nor 0 ! abnormal activity ( ,etna ! only sign t ! quiesc5ce ( ,vesuvius 0 n to be look$ ^u z any evid5ce ( decl9+ en]gy 9 ! volcanic sy/em4 ,9 #aech a new m\nta9 0 sudd5ly ?r[n up 9 ! ,phlegran ,fields--a di/rict includ+ )9 its b\nds ,pozzuoli1 ,lake ,av]nus1 & ! ,solfat>a4 ,! new m\nta9 0 ?r[n up ne> ! %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,bai4 ,x is #ddj feet above ! level ( ! bay1 & its base is ab\t a mile & a half 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! dep? ( ! crat] is #dba feet1 s t its bottom is only six y>ds above ! level ( ! bay4 ,! spot on :i* ! m\nta9 0 ?r[n up 0 =m]ly occupi$ by ! ,lucr9e ,lake2 b ! outbur/ fill$ up ! great] "p ( ! lake1 leav+ only a small & %all[ pool4 ,! acc\nts :i* h rea*$ u ( ! =mation ( ?is new m\nta9 are n )\t int]e/4 ,falconi1 :o wrote 9 #aech1 m5tions t sev]al e>?quakes took place dur+ ! two ye>s prec$+ ! outbur/1 & above tw5ty %ocks on ! day & night be=e ! eruption4 #8,! eruption began on ,septemb] #bi1 #aech4 ,x 0 on a ,sunday1 ab\t "o o'clock 9 ! night1 :5 flames ( fire 7 se5 betwe5 ! hot-ba?s & ,trip]gola4 ,9 a %ort "t ! fire increas$ to su* a degree t x bur/ op5 ! e>? 9 ?is place1 & ?rew up a quantity ( a%es & pumice-/ones1 mix$ ) wat]1 :i* cov]$ ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! next morn+ ! poor inhabitants ( ,pozzuoli quitt$ _! habitations 9 t]ror1 cov]$ ) ! muddy & black %[]1 :i* cont9u$ ! :ole day 9 t c\ntry--fly+ f dea?1 b ) dea? pa9t$ 9 _! c\nt5ances4 ,"s ) _! *ildr5 9 _! arms1 "s ) sacks full ( _! goods2 o!rs lead+ an ass1 load$ ) _! fright5$ family1 t[>ds ,naples4444 ,! sea _h retir$ on ! side ( ,bai1 ab&on+ a consid]able tract2 & ! %ore appe>$ almo/ entirely dry1 f ! quantity ( a%es & brok5 pumice-/ones ?r[n up by ! eruption4#8 ,pietro ,giacomo di ,tol$o gives u "s acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a :i* prec$$ ! eruption3 #8,t pla9 :i* lies betwe5 ,lake ,av]nus1 ! ,monte ,b>b>o1 & ! sea1 0 rais$ a little1 & _m cracks 7 made 9 x1 f "s ( :i* wat] issu$2 at ! same "t ! sea imm$iately adjo9+ ! pla9 dri$ up ab\t two hundr$ paces1 s t ! fi% 7 left on ! s&1 a prey to ! inhabitants ( ,pozzuoli4 ,at la/1 on ,septemb] #bi1 ab\t two o'clock 9 ! night1 ! e>? op5$ ne> ! lake1 & discov]$ a horrid m\?1 f :i* 7 furi\sly vomit$ smoke1 fire1 /ones1 & mud compos$ ( a%es1 mak+ at ! "t ( ! op5+ a noise l ! l\de/ ?und]4 ,! /ones :i* foll[$ 7 by ! flames conv]t$ to pumice1 & "s ( ^! 7 l>g] ?an an ox4 ,! /ones w5t ab\t z high z a cross-b[ w c>ry1 & !n fell d[n sometimes on ! edge1 & sometimes into ! m\? itself4 ,! mud 0 ( ! col\r ( a%es1 & at fir/ v liquid1 !n by degrees less s2 & 9 su* quantities t 9 less ?an twelve h\rs1 ) ! help ( ! above-m5tion$ /ones1 a m\nta9 0 rais$ ( a ?\s& paces 9 height4 ,n only ,pozzuoli & ! neighb\r+ c\ntry 7 full ( ?is mud1 b ! city ( ,naples also2 s t _m ( its palaces 7 defac$ by x4 ,?is eruption la/$ two nights & two days )\t int]mission1 ?\gh n always ) ! same =ce2 ! ?ird day ! eruption ceas$1 & ,i w5t up ) _m p to ! top ( ! new hill1 & saw d[n into its m\?1 :i* 0 a r\nd cavity ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! /ones :i* _h fall5 7 boil+ up j z a cauldron ( wat] boils on ! fire4 ,! f\r? day x began to ?r[ up aga91 & ! sev5? day mu* m1 b /ill ) less viol5ce ?an ! fir/ night4 ,at ?is "t _m p]sons :o 7 on ! hill 7 knock$ d[n by ! /ones & kill$1 or smo!r$ ) ! smoke4' ,& n[1 = ne>ly a c5tury1 ! :ole di/rict cont9u$ 9 repose4 ,ne>ly five c5turies _h pass$ s9ce !re _h be5 any viol5t eruption ( ,vesuvius itself2 & ! crat] seem$ gradually assum+ ! condition ( an ext9ct volcano4 ,! int]ior ( ! crat] is describ$ by ,brac9i1 :o visit$ ,vesuvius %ortly be=e ! eruption ( #afca1 9 t]ms t w\ld h fairly repres5t$ its condition be=e ! eruption ( #gi3--#8,! crat] 0 five miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & ab\t a ?\s& paces deep2 its sides 7 cov]$ ) bru%wood1 & at ! bottom !re 0 a pla9 on :i* cattle graz$4 ,9 ! woody p>ts1 wild bo>s frequ5tly h>b\r$4 ,9 "o "p ( ! pla91 cov]$ ) a%es1 7 ?ree small pools1 "o fill$ ) hot & bitt] wat]1 ano!r salt] ?an ! sea1 & a ?ird hot1 b ta/eless4' ,b 9 ,decemb]1 #afca1 ! m\nta9 blew away ! cov]+ ( rock & c9d]s :i* support$ ^! woods & pa/ures4 ,sev5 /reams ( lava p\r$ f ! crat]1 caus+ a fe>ful de/ruction ( life & prop]ty4 ,res9a1 built ov] ! site ( ,h]culaneum1 0 entirely consum$ by a rag+ lava-/ream4 ,heavy %[]s ( ra91 g5]at$ by ! /eam evolv$ dur+ ! eruption1 caus$ 9 _! turn an am\nt ( de/ruction sc>cely less important ?an t result+ f ! lava-/reams4 ,=1 fall+ ^u ! cone1 & sweep+ !nce l>ge masses ( a%es & volcanic du/1 ^! %[]s produc$ de/ructive /reams ( mud1 consi/5t en\gh to m]it ! "n ( #8aque\s lava' commonly assign$ to x4 ,an int]val ( ?irty-five ye>s pass$ be=e ! next eruption4 ,b s9ce #afff !re has be5 a cont9ual s]ies ( eruptions1 s t ! m\nta9 has sc>cely ev] be5 at re/ = m ?an t5 ye>s toge!r4 ,occasionally !re h be5 two eruptions )9 a few mon?s2 & x is well wor?y ( rem>k t1 dur+ ! ?ree c5turies :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! =mation ( ,monte ,nuovo1 !re has be5 no volcanic di/urbance 9 any "p ( ! ,neapolitan volcanic di/rict save 9 ,vesuvius alone4 ,( old1 z ,brieslak well rem>ks1 !re _h be5 irregul> di/urbances 9 "s "p ( ! ,bay ( ,naples once 9 e two hundr$ ye>s3--! eruption ( ,solfat>a 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 t ( ,is*ia 9 ! f\rte5?1 & t ( ,monte ,nuovo 9 ! sixte5?2 b #8! eighte5? has =m$ an exception to ! rule4' ,x seems cle> t ! con/ant s]ies ( eruptions f ,vesuvius dur+ ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s has suffic$ to relieve ! volcanic di/rict ( :i* ,vesuvius is ! pr9cipal v5t4 ,( ! eruptions :i* h di/urb$ ,vesuvius dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 ^? ( #aggi1 #agic1 & #ahbb1 are 9 "s respects ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton has giv5 a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! eruption ( #aggi4 ,pass+ ov] ^? po9ts 9 :i* ?is eruption resembl$ o!rs1 we may note its m rem>kable features4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton says1 t 9 ?is eruption molt5 lava 0 ?r[n up 9 magnific5t jets to ! height ( at lea/ #aj1jjj feet4 ,masses ( /ones & scori 7 to be se5 propell$ along by ^! lava jets4 ,vesuvius seem$ to be surm\nt$ by an enorm\s column ( fire4 ,"s ( ! jets 7 direct$ by ! w9d t[>ds ,ottajano2 o!rs fell on ! cone ( ,vesuvius1 on ! out] circul> m\nta9 ,somma1 & on ! valley betwe54 ,fall+1 /ill r$-hot & liquid1 !y cov]$ a di/rict m ?an two miles & a half wide ) a mass ( fire4 ,! :ole space above ?is di/rict1 to ! height ( #aj1jjj feet1 0 fill$ also ) ! fall+ & ris+ lava /reams2 s t !re 0 cont9ually pres5t a body ( fire cov]+ ! ext5sive space ,i h m5tion$1 & ext5d+ ne>ly two miles high4 ,! heat ( ?is enorm\s fire-column 0 di/9ctly p]ceptible at a di/ance ( at lea/ six miles on e side4 ,! eruption ( #agic pres5t$ a diff]5t aspect4 ,dr4 ,cl>ke tells u t millions ( r$-hot /ones 7 propell$ into ! air to at lea/ half ! height ( ! cone itself2 !n turn+1 !y fell all ar\nd 9 noble curves4 ,!y cov]$ ne>ly half ! cone ( ,vesuvius ) fire4 ,huge masses ( :ite smoke 7 vomit$ =? by ! di/urb$ m\nta91 & =m$ !mselves1 at a height ( _m ?\s&s ( feet above ! crat]1 into a huge1 ev]-mov+ canopy1 ?r\gh :i*1 f "t to "t1 7 hurl$ pit*-black jets ( volcanic du/1 & d5se vap\rs1 mix$ ) cascades ( r$-hot rocks & scori4 ,! ra9 :i* fell f ! cl\d-canopy 0 scald+ hot4 ,dr4 ,cl>ke 0 able to comp>e ! diff]5t appe>ances pres5t$ by ! lava :]e x bur/ f ! v m\? ( ! crat]1 & l[] d[n :5 x _h approa*$ ! pla94 ,z x ru%$ =? f its imprisonm5t1 x /ream$1 a liquid1 :ite1 & brilliantly pure riv]1 :i* burn$ = itself a smoo? *annel ?r\gh a great ar*$ *asm 9 ! side ( ! m\nta94 ,x fl[$ ) ! cle>ness ( #8honey 9 regul> *annels1 cut f9] ?an art c imitate1 & gl[+ ) all ! spl5d\r ( ! sun4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton _h conceiv$1' adds ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 #8t /ones ?r[n ^u a curr5t ( lava w\ld produce no impression4 ,i 0 soon conv9c$ ( ! contr>y4 ,light bodies1 inde$1 ( five1 t51 & fifte5 p\nds' weight1 made little or no impression1 ev5 at ! s\rce2 b bodies ( sixty1 sev5ty1 & eighty p\nds 7 se5 to =m a k9d ( b$ on ! surface ( ! lava1 & float away ) x4 ,a /one ( ?ree hundr$weight1 t _h be5 ?r[n out by ! crat]1 lay ne> ! s\rce ( ! curr5t ( lava4 ,i rais$ x up on "o end1 & !n let x fall 9 ^u ! liquid lava1 :5 x gradually sank b5ea? ! surface & disappe>$4 ,if ,i wi%$ to describe ! mann] 9 :i* x act$ ^u ! lava1 ,i %\ld say t x 0 l a loaf ( bread ?r[n into a b[l ( v ?ick honey1 :i* gradually involves itself 9 ! heavy liquid & !n sl[ly s9ks to ! bottom4 ,b z ! lava fl[$ d[n ! m\nta9 slopes x lo/ its brilliant :it5ess2 a cru/ began to =m ^u ! surface ( ! /ill molt5 lava1 & ?is cru/ broke into innum]able fragm5ts ( por\s matt] call$ scori4 ,und]nea? ?is cru/--across :i* ,dr4 ,cl>ke & 8 companions 7 able to pass )\t o!r injury ?an ! s+e+ ( _! boots--! liquid lava /ill cont9u$ to =ce its way onw>d & d[nw>d pa/ all ob/acles4 ,on its arrival at ! bottom ( ! m\nta91 says ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 #8! :ole curr5t1' encumb]$ ) huge masses ( scori1 #8resembl$ no?+ s mu* z a heap ( unconnect$ c9d]s f an iron f\ndry1' #8roll+ sl[ly along1#8 he says 9 ano!r place1 #8& fall+ ) a rattl+ noise ov] "o ano!r4' ,aft] ! eruption describ$ by ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 ! great crat] gradually fill$ up4 ,lava boil$ up f bel[1 & small crat]s1 :i* =m$ !mselves ov] ! bottom & sides ( ! great "o1 p\r$ =? lava load$ ) scori4 ,?us1 up to ,octob] #ahbb1 !re 0 to be se51 9 place ( a regul> crat]i=m op5+1 a r\gh & unev5 surface1 scor$ by huge fissures1 :5ce vap\r 0 cont9ually be+ p\r$1 s z to =m cl\ds above ! hide\s heap ( ru9s4 ,b ! great eruption ( #ahbb n only flung =? all ! mass :i* _h accumulat$ )9 ! crat]1 b :olly *ang$ ! appe>ance ( ! cone4 ,an imm5se abyss 0 =m$1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile across1 & ext5d+ #b1jjj feet d[nw>ds into ! v he>t ( ,vesuvius4 ,_h ! lips ( ! crat] rema9$ un*ang$1 inde$1 ! dep? ( ?is great gulf w\ld h be5 f> great]4 ,b s t]rific 0 ! =ce ( ! explosion t ! :ole ( ! upp] "p ( ! cone 0 c>ri$ clean away1 & ! m\nta9 r$uc$ 9 height by ne>ly a full fif? ( its orig9al dim5sions4 ,f ! "t ( its =mation ! *asm gradually fill$ up2 s t1 :5 ,mr4 ,scrope saw x soon aft] ! eruption1 its dep? 0 r$uc$ by m ?an #a1jjj feet4 ,( late1 ,vesuvius has be5 z busy z ev]4 ,9 #ahcc & #ahcd !re 7 eruptions2 & 9 #ahef ano!r great outbur/ took place4 ,!n1 = ?ree weeks toge!r1 lava /ream$ d[n ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,a riv] ( molt5 lava swept away ! village ( ,c]colo1 & ran ne>ly to ! sea at ,ponte ,maddaloni4 ,!re 7 !n =m$ t5 small crat]s )9 ! great "o4 ,b ^! h n[ unit$ 7see date ( article71 & pressure f b5ea? has =m$ a va/ cone :]e !y _h be54 ,! cone has ris5 above ! rim ( ! crat]1 f :i* torr5ts ( lava are p\r$ =?4 ,at fir/ ! lava =m$ a lake ( fire1 b ! see?+ mass f\nd an outlet1 & p\r$ 9 a wide /ream t[>ds ,ottajano4 ,masses ( r$-hot /one & rock are hurl$ =?1 & a va/ canopy ( :ite vap\r hangs ov] ,vesuvius1 =m+ at night1 :5 illum9at$ by ! rag+ mass bel[1 a glory ( respl5d5t flame ar\nd ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,x may seem /range t ! neighb\rhood ( s dang]\s a m\nta9 %\ld be inhabit$ by races free to *oose m peaceful di/ricts4 ,yet1 ?\gh ,h]culaneum1 ,pompeii1 & ,/abi lie buri$ b5ea? ! lava & a%es ?r[n =? by ,vesuvius1 ,portici & ,res9a1 ,torre del ,greco & ,torre dell' ,annunziata h tak5 _! place2 & a l>ge population1 *e]ful & prosp]\s1 fl\ri%es ar\nd ! di/urb$ m\nta91 & ov] ! di/rict ( :i* x is ! some:at untru/wor?y safety-valve4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 well po9t$ out by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell t #8! g5]al t5d5cy ( subt]ranean movem5ts1 :5 _! effects are consid]$ = a suffici5t lapse ( ages1 is em95tly b5eficial1 & t !y con/itute an ess5tial "p ( t me*anism by :i* ! integrity ( ! habitable surface is pres]v$4 ,:y ! work+ ( ?is same ma*9]y %\ld be att5d$ ) s mu* evil1 is a my/]y f> beyond ! rea* ( our philosophy1 & mu/ probably rema9 s until we are p]mitt$ to inve/igate1 n our planet alone & its inhabitants1 b o!r p>ts ( ! moral & mat]ial univ]se ) :i* !y may be connect$4 ,c\ld our survey embrace o!r worlds1 & ! ev5ts1 n ( a few c5turies only1 b ( p]iods z indef9ite z ^? ) :i* geology r5d]s u famili>1 "s app>5t contradictions might be reconcil$1 & "s difficulties w\ld d\btless be cle>$ up4 ,b ev5 !n1 z our capacities are f9ite1 :ile ! s*eme ( ! univ]se mu/ be inf9ite1 bo? 9 "t & space1 x is presumptu\s to suppose t all s\rces ( d\bt & p]plexity w\ld ev] be remov$4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y might1 p]haps1 g on augm5t+ 9 numb] al?\gh our confid5ce 9 ! wisdom ( ! plan ( nature might increase at ! same "t2 = x has be5 ju/ly said' 7by ,sir ,humphry ,davy7 #8t ! great] ! circle ( light1 ! great] ! b\nd>y ( d>kness by :i* x is surr\nd$4' 7,f ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 ,m>* #ahfh47 ,,! ,,e>?quake ,,9 ,,p]u4 ,! intellig5ce publi%$ la/ ,saturday 7see date ( article7 is suffici5t to prove t ! great e>?quake :i* has deva/at$ ,p]u fully equall$1 if x did n surpass1 ! mo/ t]rible cata/rophes :i* h ev] befall5 t c\ntry4 ,x pres5ts1 too1 all ! features :i* h hi!rto *>act]is$ e>?quakes 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,^! are well wor?y ( c>eful /udy1 & appe> to h an important be>+ on ! mod]n !ory ( e>?quakes4 ,x has be5 commonly held t ! seat ( di/urbance 9 ! e>?quakes :i* h %ak5 ! c\ntry we/ ( ! ,&es has la9 always at "s po9t or o!r b5ea? t range ( m\nta9s4 ,! fact t sev]al l>ge volcanoes are f\nd 9 ! ,cordill]as has seem$ confirmatory ( ?is view4 ,! acc\nt we h also ( ! great e>?quake at ,riobamba 9 #agig1 seems only explicable by suppos+ t ! seat ( di/urbance lay almo/ imm$iately b5ea? t city4 ,! inhabitants 7 flung v]tically upw>ds into ! air1 & to su* a height t ,humboldt f\nd ! skeletons ( _m ( !m on ! summit ( ! hill ,la ,culca1 on ! f>!r side ( ! small riv] on :i* ,riobamba is built4 ,! ru9s ( _m h\ses 7 also flung to ! same spot4 ,"h1 !re=e1 0 evid5ce ( t v]tical 7or1 z ,humboldt expresses x1 explosive7 =ce :i* is only to be look$ = imm$iately above ! c5tre ( concussion4 ,yet ! consid]ation ( ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! news j publi%$ seems at fir/ sight some:at oppos$ to ?is view1 & to po9t r to a seat ( di/urbance ly+ consid]ably to ! we/ ( ! ,p]uvian %ores4 #8,at ,*ala1' says our in=mant1 #8! sea rec$$1 & a wave rose fifty feet1 & return$1 spread+ into ! t[n1 a di/ance ( ab\t a ?\s& feet4 ,?ree successive times ev]y?+ )9 range 0 swept away1 foll[$ by twelve %ocks ( e>?quake1 la/+ f ?ree seconds to two m9utes4' ,! arrival ( great sea-waves be=e ! l&-%ocks 7 felt1 seems decisively to indicate t ! seat ( di/urbance lay b5ea? ! ocean1 & n b5ea? ! l&4 ,i am dispos$ to believe1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! confusion ( m9d naturally result+ f ! occurr5ce ( s t]rible a cata/rophe1 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts may n h be5 v closely att5d$ to1 = 9 o!r places ! arrival ( ! great sea-wave is di/9ctly describ$ z foll[+ ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?-%ock4 ,at ,arica1 = example1 a consid]able int]val w\ld seem to h elaps$ be=e ! t]rible sea-wave1 :i* has always *>act]is$ ,p]uvian e>?quakes1 p\r$ 9 ^u ! t[n4 ,! ag5t ( ! ,pacific ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 ^: h\se _h be5 de/roy$ by ! e>?-%ock1 saw ! great sea-wave :ile he 0 fly+ t[>ds ! hills4 ,he writes3--',:ile pass+ t[>ds ! hills1 ) ! e>? %ak+1 a great cry w5t up to heav54 ,! sea _h retir$4 ,on cle>+ ! t[n1 ,i look$ back & saw t ! vessels 7 be+ c>ri$ irresi/ibly seaw>ds4 ,9 a few m9utes ! sea /opp$1 & !n arose a mighty wave fifty feet high1 & came 9 ) a fe>ful ru%1 c>ry+ ev]y?+ be=e x 9 t]rible maje/y4 ,! :ole ( ! %ipp+ came back1 spe$+ t[>ds inevitable doom4 ,9 a few m9utes all 0 complet$--e vessel 0 ei!r on %ore or bottom upw>ds4' ,?is1 !n1 0 und\bt$ly ! great sea-wave1 z comp>$ ) ! m9or waves ( di/urbance :i* *>act]ise all e>?quakes ne> ! %ores ( ! ocean4 ,"o rem>kable feature 9 ?is t]rible e>?quake is ! enorm\s range ( c\ntry affect$ by x4 ,f ,quito s\?w>ds z f> z ,iquique--or1 9 o!r words1 = a di/ance consid]ably exce$+ a full ?ird "p ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,&es--! %ock 0 felt ) ! mo/ t]rible di/9ctness4 ,we h yet to le>n h[ mu* f>!r to ! nor? & s\?1 & h[ f> inl& on ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,&es1 ! %ock 0 exp]i5c$4 ,b !re c be little d\bt t ! di/urb$ c\ntry 0 equal to at lea/ a f\r? ( ,europe4 ,! portion ( ! ,&es ?us di/urb$ seems to be di/9ct f ! "p to :i* ! great ,*ilian e>?quakes belong4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "* betwe5 ! ,p]uvian & ,*ilian e>?quakes is a s+ul> & int]e/+ ph5om5on4 ,! diff]5ce corresponds to a feature long s9ce po9t$ out by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1--! alt]nation1 on a gr& scale1 ( di/ricts ( active ) ^? ( ext9ct volcanoes4 ,x is said t 9 ,*ili a ye> sc>cely ev] passes )\t %ocks ( e>?quake be+ felt2 9 c]ta9 regions1 n ev5 a mon?4 ,a simil> p]si/5ce ( e>?quake-di/urbance *>act]ises ,p]u4 ,yet1 al?\gh bo? di/ricts are %ak5 9 ?is mann]1 !re seems to be di/9ct evid5ce ( alt]nat+ di/urbance z respects ! occurr5ce ( great e>?quakes4 ,?us 9 #agig took place ! t]rible e>?quake ( ,riobamba4 ,!n1 ?irty ye>s lat]1 a s]ies ( great e>?quakes %ook ,*ili1 p]man5tly elevat+ ! :ole l9e ( coa/ to ! height ( sev]al feet4 ,n[1 aga91 aft] ano!r int]val ( ab\t ?irty ye>s1 ! ,&es are di/urb$ by a great e>?quake1 & ?is "t x is ! ,p]uvian ,&es :i* exp]i5ce ! %ock4 ,betwe5 ,*ili & ,p]u !re is a space upw>ds ( five hundr$ miles long1 9 :i* no volcanic action has be5 obs]v$4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ?is v portion ( ! ,&es1 to :i* "o w\ld imag9e ! ,p]uvians & ,*ilians w\ld fly z to a region ( safety1 is ! "p mo/ ?9ly inhabit$1 insomu* t1 z ,von ,bu* obs]ves1 x is 9 "s places entirely des]t$4 ,ne> ,quito ! trembl+ ( ! e>? is almo/ incessant1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b\ss+ault4 ,he consid]s t ! frequ5cy ( ! movem5t is due r to ! cont9ual fall+ 9 ( masses ( rock :i* h be5 fractur$ 9 rec5t e>?quakes1 ?an to ! p]si/5ce ( subt]ranean action4 ,he adds t ! height ( sev]al m\nta9s 9 ! ,&es has dim9i%$ 9 mod]n times4 ,he ref]s1 d\btless1 to ! ,p]uvian & ,columbian ,&es1 & n to ! ,*ilian4 ,9 ! latt] portion ( ! range !re mu/ be a cont9ual increase ( height1 s9ce ea* e>?quake 9 ,*ili has produc$ a p]ceptible recession ( ! sea4 ,d>w91 inde$1 relates t ne> ,valp>aiso he saw b$s ( sea%ells belong+ to rec5t species at a height ( ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile above ! pres5t sea-level2 & he conclud$ t ! l& _h be5 rais$ to ?is height by a s]ies ( su* small elevations z 7 obs]v$ to h tak5 place dur+ ! e>?quakes ( #ahbb1 #ahce1 & #ahcg4 ,t a contr>y process %\ld be go+ on 9 ,p]u1 confirms ! idea t a sort ( undulatory or balanc+ motion is tak+ place--"o long /ret* ( ! ,cordill]as ris+ :ile ano!r is s9k+4 ,a tradition prevails among ! ,indians ( ,lican t ! m\nta9 call$ ,l',alt>1 or ,cassac ,urcu--:i* means #8! *ief'--0 once ! highe/ ( ! sub-equatorial ,&es1 be+ high] ev5 ?an ,*imborazo2 b1 adds ! tradition1 9 ! reign ( ,qua9ia ,aboma?a1 be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 a prodigi\s eruption took place1 :i* la/$ no less ?an eight ye>s1 & br\ght d[n ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,m4 ,b\ss+ault /ates t ! fragm5ts ( tra*yte :i* once =m$ ! summit ( ?is celebrat$ m\nta9 are n[ spread ov] ! pla94 ,at pres5t ,cotopaxi is ! l(tie/ volcano ( ! ,cordill]as1 its height be+ no less ?an #ah1heh feet4 ,no m\nta9 has ev] be5 ! seat ( su* t]rible & de/ructive eruptions z ^? :i* h bur/ =? f ,cotopaxi4 ,! int5sity ( ! heat :i* prevails dur+ eruption w be readily ga!r$ f ! circum/ance t 9 ,janu>y #ahjc ! enorm\s b$ ( sn[ :i* usually cov]s ! cone ( ! volcano 0 dissolv$ 9 a s+le night4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,mexican volcanoes also belong to ! same region ( di/urbance4 ,ne> ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama ! great ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es is r$uc$ to ! height ( ab\t #hjj feet1 & beyond beg9s ! cont9uation ( ! volcanic *a9 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico4 ,nor are ! volcanoes ( ! ,we/ ,indian or ,c>ibbee ,isl&s :olly disconnect$ ) ! region ( di/urbance 9 ,s\!rn ,am]ica4 ,& x is r s+ul> t ev5 ! e>?quakes :i* h occurr$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi seem to be connect$ ) ! ,we/ ,indian & ,s\? ,am]ican volcanic region4 ,! viol5t e>?quakes :i* took place at ,new ,madrid 9 #ahab occurr$ at exactly ! same "t z ! e>?quake ( ,p>anas1 #8s t x is possible1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #8t ^! two po9ts are "p ( "o volcanic region4' 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,septemb] #ah1 #ahfh47 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,sea-,,wave ,,ev] ,,kn[n4 ,on ,augu/ #ac1 #ahfh1 "o ( ! mo/ t]rible calamities :i* has ev] visit$ a p befell ! un=tunate inhabitants ( ,p]u4 ,9 t l& e>?quakes are ne>ly z common z ra9-/orms are ) u2 & %ocks by :i* :ole cities are *ang$ into a heap ( ru9s are by no means infrequ5t4 ,yet ev5 9 ,p]u1 #8! l& ( e>?quakes1' z ,humboldt has t]m$ x1 no su* cata/rophe z t ( ,augu/ #ahfh _h occurr$ )9 ! memory ( man4 ,x 0 n "o city :i* 0 laid 9 ru9s1 b a :ole empire4 ,^? :o p]i%$ 7 c\nt$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 :ile ! prop]ty de/roy$ by ! e>?quake 0 valu$ at millions ( p\nds /]l+4 ,al?\gh s _m mon?s h pass$ s9ce ?is t]rible calamity took place1 sci5tific m5 h be5 busily engag$ until q rec5tly 9 endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 ! real significance ( ! v>i\s ev5ts :i* 7 obs]v$ dur+ & aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?quake4 ,! geograph]s ( ,g]many h tak5 a special int]e/ 9 int]pret+ ! evid5ce af=d$ by ?is great manife/ation ( nature's p[]s4 ,two pap]s h be5 writt5 rec5tly on ! great e>?quake ( ,augu/ #ac1 #ahfh1 "o by ,pr(essor ,von ,ho*/ett]1 ! o!r by ,h]r ,von ,ts*udi1 :i* pres5t an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! v>i\s effects1 by l& & by sea1 :i* result$ f ! trem5d\s upheav+ =ce to :i* ! we/]n flanks ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es 7 subject$ on t day4 ,! effects on l&1 al?\gh surpris+ & t]rible1 yet only diff] 9 degree f ^? :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 o!r e>?quakes4 ,b ! progress ( ! great sea-wave :i* 0 g5]at$ by ! upheaval ( ! ,p]uvian %ores & propagat$ ov] ! :ole ( ! ,pacific ,ocean diff]s altoge!r f any e>?quake-ph5om5a be=e obs]v$4 ,o!r e>?quakes h inde$ be5 foll[$ by oceanic di/urbances2 b ^! h be5 accompani$ by t]re/rial motions1 s z to sugge/ ! idea t !y _h be5 caus$ by ! motion ( ! sea-bottom1 or ( ! neighb\r+ l&4 ,9 no in/ance has x ev] be=e be5 kn[n t a well-m>k$ wave ( enorm\s proportions %\ld h be5 propagat$ ov] ! l>ge/ ocean-tract on our globe1 by an e>?-%ock ^: direct action 0 limit$ to a relatively small region1 & t region n situat$ 9 ! c5tre1 b on "o side ( ! wide area trav]s$ by ! wave4 ,i propose to give a brief sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ?is enorm\s sea-wave4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 x may be well to rem9d ! read] ( a few ( ! m prom95t features ( ! great %ock to :i* ?is wave ow$ its orig94 ,x 0 at ,arequipa1 at ! foot ( ! l(ty volcanic m\nta9 ,mi/i1 t ! mo/ t]rible effects ( ! great e>?quake 7 exp]i5c$4 ,)9 hi/oric times ,mi/i has p\r$ =? no lava-/reams2 b t ! volcano is n ext9ct is cle>ly %[n by ! fact t 9 #aedb an enorm\s mass ( du/ & a%es 0 vomit$ =? f its crat]4 ,on ,augu/ #ac1 #ahfh1 ,mi/i %[$ no signs ( be+ di/urb$4 ,s f> z _! volcanic neighb\r 0 conc]n$1 ! #dd1jjj inhabitants ( ,arequipa _h no reason to anticipate ! cata/rophe :i* pres5tly befell !m4 ,at five m9utes pa/ five an e>?quake %ock 0 exp]i5c$1 :i*1 ?\gh sev]e1 seems to h work$ little mis*ief4 ,half a m9ute lat]1 h[ev]1 a t]rible noise 0 he>d b5ea? ! e>?2 a second %ock m viol5t ?an ! fir/ 0 felt2 & !n began ! sway+ motion1 gradually increas+ 9 int5sity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ m9ute ?is motion _h become s viol5t t ! inhabitants ran 9 t]ror out ( _! h\ses into ! /reets & squ>es4 ,9 ! next two m9utes ! sway+ movem5t _h s increas$ t ! m lightly-built h\ses 7 ca/ to ! gr\nd1 & ! fly+ p c\ld sc>cely keep _! feet4 #8,& n[1' says ,von ,ts*udi1 #8!re foll[$ dur+ two or ?ree m9utes a t]rible sc5e4 ,! sway+ motion :i* _h hi!rto prevail$ *ang$ into fi]ce v]tical upheaval4 ,! subt]ranean ro>+ increas$ 9 ! mo/ t]rify+ mann]3 !n 7 he>d ! he>t-pi]c+ %rieks ( ! wret*$ p1 ! bur/+ ( walls1 ! cra%+ fall ( h\ses & *ur*es1 :ile ov] all roll$ ?ick cl\ds ( a yell[i%-black du/1 :i*1 _h !y be5 p\r$ =? _m m9utes long]1 w\ld h suffocat$ ?\s&s4' ,al?\gh ! %ock _h la/$ b a few m9utes1 ! :ole t[n 0 de/roy$4 ,n "o build+ rema9$ un9jur$1 & !re 7 few :i* did n lie 9 %apeless heaps ( ru9s4 ,at ,tacna & ,arica1 ! e>?-%ock 0 less sev]e1 b /range & t]rible ph5om5a foll[$ x4 ,at ! =m] place a circum/ance occurr$1 ! cause & nature ( :i* yet rema9 a my/]y4 ,ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] ! e>?quake--9 o!r words1 at ab\t eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+--an int5sely brilliant light made its appe>ance above ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s4 ,x la/$ = fully half an h\r1 & has be5 ascrib$ to ! eruption ( "s z yet unkn[n volcano4 ,at ,arica ! sea-wave produc$ ev5 m de/ructive effects ?an _h be5 caus$ by ! e>?quake4 ,ab\t tw5ty m9utes aft] ! fir/ e>?-%ock1 ! sea 0 se5 to retire1 z if ab\t to leave ! %ores :olly dry2 b pres5tly its wat]s return$ ) trem5d\s =ce4 ,a mighty wave1 ^: l5g? seem$ immeasurable1 0 se5 advanc+ l a d>k wall ^u ! un=tunate t[n1 a l>ge "p ( :i* 0 ov]:elm$ by x4 ,two %ips1 ! ,p]uvian corvette #8,am]ica' & ! ,unit$ ,/ates #8d\ble-end]' #8,wat]tree1#8 7 c>ri$ ne>ly half a mile to ! nor? ( ,arica1 beyond ! railroad :i* runs to ,tacna1 & !re left /r&$ high & dry4 ,?is enorm\s wave 0 consid]$ by ! ,engli% vice-consul at ,arica to h be5 fully fifty feet 9 height4 ,at ,*ala1 ?ree su* waves swept 9 aft] ! fir/ %ocks ( e>?quake4 ,!y ov]fl[$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! t[n1 ! sea pass+ m ?an half a mile beyond its usual limits4 ,at ,islay & ,iquique simil> ph5om5a 7 manife/$4 ,at ! =m] t[n ! sea fl[$ 9 no less ?an five times1 & ea* "t ) great] =ce4 ,aft]w>ds ! motion gradually dim9i%$1 b ev5 an h\r & a half aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ?is /range di/urbance1 ! waves /ill ran =ty feet above ! ord9>y level4 ,at ,iquique1 ! p beheld ! inru%+ wave :il/ x 0 /ill a great way (f4 ,a d>k blue mass ( wat]1 "s fifty feet 9 height1 0 se5 sweep+ 9 ^u ! t[n ) inconceivable rapidity4 ,an isl& ly+ be=e ! h>b\r 0 completely subm]g$ by ! great wave1 :i* /ill came ru%+ on1 black ) ! mud & slime x _h swept f ! sea-bottom4 ,^? :o witness$ its progress f ! upp] balconies ( _! h\ses1 & pres5tly saw its black mass ru%+ close b5ea? _! feet1 look$ on _! safety z a miracle4 ,_m build+s 7 inde$ wa%$ away1 & 9 ! l[-ly+ p>ts ( ! t[n !re 0 a t]rible loss ( life4 ,aft] pass+ f> inl& ! wave sl[ly return$ seaw>ds1 & /rangely en\gh1 ! sea1 :i* else:]e heav$ & toss$ = h\rs aft] ! fir/ great wave _h swept ov] x1 "h came soon to re/4 ,at ,callao a yet m s+ul> in/ance 0 af=d$ ( ! effect :i* circum/ances may h ^u ! motion ( ! sea aft] a great e>?quake has di/urb$ x4 ,9 =m] e>?quakes ,callao has suff]$ t]ribly f ! effects ( ! great sea-wave4 ,9 fact1 on two occasions ! :ole t[n has be5 de/roy$1 & ne>ly all its inhabitants h be5 dr[n$1 ?r\gh ! inru% ( precisely su* waves z fl[$ into ! ports ( ,arica & ,*ala4 ,b ^u ?is occasion ! c5tre ( subt]ranean di/urbance mu/ h be5 s situat$ t ei!r ! wave 0 div]t$ f ,callao1 or m probably two waves rea*$ ,callao f diff]5t s\rces & at diff]5t times1 s t ! two undulations p>tly c\nt]act$ ea* o!r4 ,c]ta9 x is t1 al?\gh ! wat] retreat$ /rangely f ! coa/ ne> ,callao1 insomu* t a wide tract ( ! sea-bottom 0 uncov]$1 !re 0 no inru%+ wave comp>able ) ^? describ$ above4 ,! sea aft]w>ds rose & fell 9 an irregul> mann]1 a circum/ance confirm+ ! supposition t ! di/urbance 0 caus$ by two di/9ct oscillations4 ,six h\rs aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?-%ock1 ! d\ble oscillations seem = a :ile to h work$ !mselves into unison1 = at ?is "t ?ree consid]able waves roll$ 9 ^u ! t[n4 ,b cle>ly ^! waves mu/ n be comp>$ ) ^? :i* 9 o!r in/ances _h made _! appe>ance )9 half an h\r ( ! e>?-?roes4 ,!re is little reason to d\bt t if ! sep>ate oscillations _h re9=c$ ea* o!r e>li]1 ,callao w\ld h be5 completely de/roy$4 ,z x 01 a consid]able am\nt ( mis*ief 0 effect$2 b ! motion ( ! sea pres5tly became irregul> aga91 & s cont9u$ until ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ad?1 :5 x began to ebb ) "s regul>ity4 ,b dur+ ! #ad? !re 7 occasional r5ewals ( ! irregul> motion1 & sev]al days elaps$ be=e ! regul> ebb & fl[ ( ! sea 7 resum$4 ,su* 7 among ! ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 ! region :]e ! e>?quake itself 0 felt4 ,x w be se5 at once t )9 ?is region1 or r along t portion ( ! sea-coa/ :i* falls )9 ! c5tral region ( di/urbance1 ! true "* ( ! sea-wave g5]at$ by ! e>?quake c\ld n be recognis$4 ,if a rock fall f a l(ty cliff into a comp>atively %all[ sea1 ! wat] ar\nd ! place :]e ! rock has fall5 is di/urb$ 9 an irregul> mann]4 ,! sea seems at "o place to leap up & d[n2 else:]e "o wave seems to beat aga9/ ano!r1 & ! %>pe/ eye c detect no law 9 ! motion ( ! see?+ wat]s4 ,b pres5tly1 outside ! sc5e ( di/urbance1 a circul> wave is se5 to =m1 & if ! motion ( ?is wave be wat*$1 x is se5 to pres5t ! mo/ /rik+ contra/ to ! turmoil & confusion at its c5tre4 ,x sweeps onw>ds & outw>ds 9 a regul> undulation4 ,gradually x loses its circul> figure 7unless ! sea-bottom happ5s to be unusually level71 %[+ t al?\gh its motion is ev]y:]e regul>1 x is n ev]y:]e equally swift4 ,a wave ( ?is sort1 ?\gh incomp>ably va/]1 swept swiftly away on e side f ! sc5e ( ! great e>?quake ne> ! ,p]uvian ,&es4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! wid? ( ?is wave v>i$ f "o million to five million feet1 or r\ghly1 f #bjj to #a1jjj miles1 :ile1 :5 9 mid-,pacific1 ! l5g? ( ! wave1 measur$ along its summit 9 a widely-curv$ pa? f "o side to ano!r ( ! great ocean1 _c h be5 less ?an #h1jjj miles4 ,we _c tell h[ deep-seat$ 0 ! c5tre ( subt]ranean action2 b !re c be no d\bt x 0 v deep inde$1 because o!rwise ! %ock felt 9 t[ns sep>at$ f ea* o!r by hundr$s ( miles c\ld n h be5 s ne>ly contemporane\s4 ,!re=e ! portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ upheav$ mu/ h be5 enorm\s1 = ! l5g? ( ! region :]e ! direct effects ( ! e>?quake 7 p]ceiv$ is e/imat$ by ,pr(essor ,von ,ho*/ett] at no less ?an #bdj miles4 ,! bread? ( ! region is unkn[n1 because on "o side ! slope ( ! ,&es & on ! o!r ! ocean conceal$ ! motion ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! great ocean wave swept1 z ,i h said1 9 all directions ar\nd ! sc5e ( ! e>?-?roe4 ,ov] a l>ge "p ( its c\rse its passage 0 unnot$1 because 9 ! op5 sea ! effects ev5 ( s va/ an undulation c\ld n be p]ceiv$4 ,a %ip w\ld sl[ly rise z ! cre/ ( ! great wave pass$ "u h]1 & !n z sl[ly s9k aga94 ,?is may seem /range1 at fir/ sight1 :5 x is rememb]$ t 9 reality ! great sea-wave we are consid]+ swept at ! rate ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ sea-miles an h\r ov] ! l>g] "p ( ! ,pacific4 ,b :5 ! true "* ( ocean-waves is und]/ood1 :5 x is rememb]$ t !re is no transf]5ce ( ! wat] itself at ?is enorm\s rate1 b simply a transmission ( motion 7precisely z :5 9 a high w9d waves sweep rapidly ov] a corn-field1 :ile yet ea* corn/alk rema9s fix$ 9 ! gr\nd71 x w be se5 t ! effects ( ! great sea-wave c\ld only be p]ceiv$ ne> ! %ore4 ,ev5 !re1 z we %all pres5tly see1 !re 0 mu* to convey ! impression t ! l& itself 0 ris+ & fall+ r ?an t ! deep 0 mov$4 ,b among ! hundr$s ( %ips :i* 7 sail+ ^u ! ,pacific :5 its l5g? & bread? 7 trav]s$ by ! great sea-wave1 !re 0 n "o 9 :i* any unusual motion 0 p]ceiv$4 ,9 some:at less ?an ?ree h\rs aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?quake1 ! ocean-wave inundat$ ! port ( ,coquimbo1 on ! ,*ilian seabo>d1 "s #hjj miles f ,arica4 ,an h\r or s lat] x _h rea*$ ,con/itucion1 #dej miles f>!r s\?2 & "h = "s ?ree h\rs ! sea rose & fell ) /range viol5ce4 ,f>!r s\?1 along ! %ore ( ,*ili1 ev5 to ! isl& ( ,*iloe1 ! %ore-wave travell$1 ?\gh ) cont9ually dim9i%+ =ce1 ow+ d\btless to ! resi/ance :i* ! irregul>ities ( ! %ore oppos$ to its progress4 ,! nor!rly %ore-wave seems to h be5 m consid]able2 & a mom5t's /udy ( a *>t ( ! two ,am]icas w %[ t ?is circum/ance is highly significant4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! pr9cipal effects ( ! l&-%ock 7 exp]i5c$ )9 t angle :i* ! ,p]uvian ,&es =m ) ! long nor?-&-s\? l9e ( ! ,*ilian & ,bolivian ,&es1 we see at once t1 _h ! c5tre ( ! subt]ranean action be5 ne> ! sc5e :]e ! mo/ de/ructive effects 7 p]ceiv$1 no sea-wave1 or b a small "o1 c\ld h be5 s5t t[>ds ! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! project+ %ores ( nor!rn ,p]u & ,ecuador c\ld n h fail$ to div]t ! sea-wave t[>ds ! we/2 & ?\gh a reflect$ wave might h rea*$ ,cali=nia1 x w\ld only h be5 aft] a consid]able int]val ( "t1 & ) dim5sions mu* less ?an ^? ( ! sea-wave :i* travell$ s\?w>ds4 ,:5 we see t1 on ! contr>y1 a wave ( ev5 great] proportions travell$ t[>ds ! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we seem =c$ to ! conclusion t ! c5tre ( ! subt]ranean action mu/ h be5 s f> to ! we/ t ! sea-wave g5]at$ by x _h a free c\rse to ! %ores ( ,cali=nia4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re c be no d\bt t ! wave :i* swept ! %ores ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ris+ upw>ds ( sixty feet above ! ord9>y sea-level1 0 absolutely ! mo/ impos+ ( all ! indirect effects ( ! great e>?quake4 ,:5 we consid] t ev5 9 ,san ,p$ro ,bay1 fully five ?\s& miles f ! c5tre ( di/urbance1 a wave twice ! height ( an ord9>y h\se roll$ 9 ) unspeakable viol5ce only a few h\rs aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! e>?-?roe1 we are mo/ /rik+ly impress$ ) ! trem5d\s en]gy ( ! e>?'s movem5t4 ,turn+ to ! op5 ocean1 let u track ! great wave on its c\rse pa/ ! multitud9\s isl&s :i* dot ! surface ( ! great ,pacific4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :i* lie ab\t #f1cjj miles f ,arica1 might h imag9$ !mselves safe f any effects :i* c\ld be produc$ by an e>?quake tak+ place s f> away f !m4 ,b on ! night betwe5 ,augu/ #ac & #ad1 ! sea ar\nd ?is isl&-gr\p rose 9 a surpris+ mann]1 insomu* t _m ?\ght ! isl&s 7 s9k+ & w\ld %ortly subside altoge!r b5ea? ! waves4 ,"s ( ! small] isl&s1 inde$1 7 = a "t completely subm]g$4 ,be=e long1 h[ev]1 ! sea fell aga91 & z x did s ! obs]v]s #8f\nd x impossible to resi/ ! impression t ! isl&s 7 ris+ bodily out ( ! wat]4' ,= no less ?an ?ree days ?is /range oscillation ( ! sea cont9u$ to be exp]i5c$1 ! mo/ rem>kable ebbs & floods be+ notic$ at ,honolulu1 on ! isl& ( ,woahoo4 ,b ! sea-wave swept onw>ds f> beyond ^! isl&s4 ,at ,yokohama1 9 ,japan1 m ?an #aj1ejj miles f ,arica1 an enorm\s wave p\r$ 9 on ,augu/ #ad1 b at :at h\r we h no satisfactory record4 ,s f> z di/ance is conc]n$1 ?is wave af=ds mo/ surpris+ evid5ce ( ! /up5d\s nature ( ! di/urbance to :i* ! wat]s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean _h be5 subject$4 ,! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! e>? is b #be1jjj miles1 s t ?is wave _h travell$ ov] a di/ance consid]ably great] ?an two-fif?s ( ! e>?'s circumf]5ce4 ,a di/ance :i* ! swifte/ ( our %ips c\ld n trav]se 9 less ?an five or six weeks _h be5 swept ov] by ?is enorm\s undulation 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,m complete details rea* u f ! ,s\!rn ,pacific4 ,%ortly be=e midnight ! ,m>quesas ,isles & ! l[-ly+ ,tuamotu gr\p 7 visit$ by ! great wave1 & "s ( ^! isl&s 7 completely subm]g$ by x4 ,! lonely ,op>a ,isle1 :]e ! /eam]s :i* run betwe5 ,panama & ,new ,zeal& h _! coal+ /ation1 0 visit$ at ab\t half-pa/ elev5 9 ! ev5+ by a bill[ :i* swept away a portion ( ! coal dept4 ,aft]w>ds great waves came roll+ 9 at int]vals ( ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & sev]al days elaps$ be=e ! sea resum$ its ord9>y ebb & fl[4 ,x 0 n until ab\t half-pa/ two on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ad1 t ! ,samoa ,isles 7sometimes call$ ! ,navigator ,isl&s7 7 visit$ by ! great wave4 ,! wat*m5 />tl$ ! inhabitants f _! sleep by ! cry t ! sea 0 ab\t to ov]:elm !m2 & already1 :5 ! t]rifi$ p ru%$ f _! h\ses1 ! sea 0 f\nd to h ris5 f> above ! highe/ wat]m>k4 ,b x pres5tly began to s9k aga91 & !n comm5c$ a s]ies ( oscillations1 :i* la/$ = sev]al days & 7 ( a v rem>kable nature4 ,once 9 e qu>t] ( an h\r ! sea rose & fell1 b x 0 notic$ t x rose twice z rapidly z x sank4 ,?is peculi>ity is well wor? rem>k+4 ,! em95t physici/ ,mallet speaks ?us 7,i foll[ ,lyell's quotation7 ab\t ! waves :i* trav]se an op5 sea3 #8,! great sea-wave1 advanc+ at ! rate ( sev]al miles 9 a m9ute1 consi/s1 9 ! deep ocean1 ( a long l[ swell ( enorm\s volume1 hav+ an equal slope be=e & beh9d1 & t s g5tle t x might pass "u a %ip )\t be+ notic$4 ,b :5 x rea*es ! edge ( s\nd+s its front slope becomes %ort & /eep1 :ile its re> slope is long & g5tle4' ,on ! %ores visit$ by su* a wave1 ! sea w\ld appe> to rise m rapidly ?an x sank4 ,we h se5 t ?is happ5$ on ! %ores ( ! ,samoan gr\p1 & !re=e ! way 9 :i* ! sea rose & fell on ! days foll[+ ! great e>?quake gave significant evid5ce ( ! nature ( ! sea-bottom 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! isl&s4 ,z ! *ange ( ! great wave's figure c\ld n h be5 quickly communicat$1 we may conclude ) c]ta9ty t ! ,samoan ,isl&s are ! summits ( l(ty m\nta9s1 ^: slop+ sides ext5d f> t[>ds ! ea/4 ,?is conclusion af=ds int]e/+ evid5ce ( ! necessity ( obs]v+ ev5 ! seem+ly trifl+ details ( important ph5om5a4 ,! wave :i* visit$ ! ,new ,zeal& ,isles 0 altoge!r diff]5t 9 "*1 af=d+ a notewor?y illu/ration ( ano!r rem>k ( ,mallet's4 ,he says t :]e ! sea-bottom slopes 9 su* a way t !re is wat] ( "s dep? close 9-%ore1 ! great wave may roll 9 & d little damage2 & we h se5 t s x happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,samoan ,isl&s4 ,b he adds1 t #8:]e ! %ore is %elv+1 !re w be fir/ a retreat ( ! wat]1 & !n ! wave w break ^u ! bea* & roll f> 9 ^u ! l&4' ,?is is precisely :at happ5$ :5 ! great wave rea*$ ! ea/]n %ores ( ,new ,zeal&1 :i* are kn[n to %elve d[n to v %all[ wat]1 cont9u+ f> away to sea t[>ds ! ea/3-- ,at ab\t half-pa/ ?ree on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #ad ! wat] began to retreat 9 a s+ul> mann] f ! ,port ( ,lyttelton1 on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! s\!rnmo/ ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,isl&s4 ,at l5g? ! :ole port 0 left entirely dry1 & s rema9$ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes4 ,!n ! wat] 0 se5 return+ l a wall ( foam t5 or twelve feet 9 height1 :i* ru%$ ) a trem5d\s noise ^u ! port & t[n4 ,t[>ds five o'clock ! wat] aga9 retir$1 v sl[ly z be=e1 n rea*+ its l[e/ ebb until six4 ,an h\r lat]1 a second huge wave inundat$ ! port4 ,f\r times ! sea retir$ & return$ ) great p[] at int]vals ( ab\t two h\rs4 ,aft]w>ds ! oscillation ( ! wat] 0 less consid]able1 b x _h n :olly ceas$ until ,augu/ #ag1 & only on ! #ah? did ! regul> ebb & fl[ ( ! tide recomm5ce4 ,ar\nd ! ,samoan gr\p ! wat] rose & fell once 9 e fifte5 m9utes1 :ile on ! %ores ( ,new ,zeal& ea* oscillation la/$ no less ?an two h\rs4 ,d\btless ! diff]5t dep?s ( wat]1 ! irregul> con=mation ( ! isl& gr\ps1 & o!r l circum/ances1 7 pr9cipally conc]n$ 9 produc+ ^! s+ul> v>iations4 ,yet !y d n seem fully suffici5t to acc\nt = s wide a range ( diff]5ce4 ,possibly a cause yet unnotic$ may h _h some?+ to d ) ! peculi>ity4 ,9 waves ( su* enorm\s ext5t1 x w\ld be q impossible to det]m9e :e!r ! c\rse ( ! wave-motion 0 direct$ full ^u a l9e ( %ore or m or less obliquely4 ,x is cle> t 9 ! =m] case ! waves w\ld seem to foll[ ea* o!r m swiftly ?an 9 ! latt]1 ev5 ?\gh !re 7 no diff]5ce 9 _! velocity4 ,f> on beyond ! %ores ( ,new ,zeal& ! great wave c\rs$1 rea*+ at l5g? ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,at dawn ( ,augu/ #ad1 ,moreton ,bay 0 visit$ by five well-m>k$ waves4 ,at ,newca/le1 on ! ,hunt] ,riv]1 ! sea rose & fell sev]al times 9 a rem>kable mann]1 ! oscillatory motion comm5c+ at half-pa/ six 9 ! morn+4 ,b ! mo/ significant evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* ! sea-wave travell$ 9 ?is direction 0 af=d$ at ,port ,fairy1 ,belfa/1 ,s\? ,victoria4 ,"h ! oscillation ( ! wat] 0 di/9ctly p]ceiv$ at midday on ,augu/ #ad2 & yet1 to rea* ?is po9t1 ! sea-wave mu/ n only h travell$ on a circuit\s c\rse ne>ly equal 9 l5g? to half ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?1 b mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ,bass's ,/raits1 betwe5 ,au/ralia & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 & s h lo/ a consid]able portion ( its =ce & dim5sions4 ,:5 we rememb] t _h n ! effects ( ! e>?-%ock be5 limit$ by ! %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 a wave ( di/urbance equal 9 ext5t to t :i* travell$ we/w>d w\ld h swept t[>ds ! ea/1 we see t ! =ce ( ! %ock 0 suffici5t to h di/urb$ ! wat]s ( an ocean cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! e>?4 ,= ! sea-waves :i* rea*$ ,yokohama 9 "o direction & ,port ,fairy 9 ano!r _h ea* trav]s$ a di/ance ne>ly equal to half ! e>?'s circumf]5ce2 s t if ! surface ( ! e>? 7 all sea1 waves sett+ out 9 opposite directions f ! c5tre ( di/urbance w\ld h met ea* o!r at ! antipodes ( _! />t+-po9t4 ,x is impossible to contemplate ! effects :i* foll[$ ! great e>?quake--! passage ( a sea-wave ( enorm\s volume ov] fully "o-?ird ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! =ce ) :i*1 at ! f>!rmo/ limits ( its range1 ! wave roll$ 9 ^u %ores m ?an #aj1jjj miles f its />t+-place--)\t feel+ t ^? geologi/s are "r :o d5y t ! subt]ranean =ces ( ! e>? are dim9i%+ 9 int5sity4 ,x may be difficult1 p]haps1 to look on ! effects :i* are ascrib$ to anci5t e>?-?roes )\t imag9+ = a :ile t ! p[] ( mod]n e>?quakes is altoge!r less4 ,b :5 we consid] fairly ! %>e :i* "t _h 9 ^? anci5t processes ( *ange1 :5 we see t :ile m\nta9 ranges 7 be+ upheav$ or valleys depress$ to _! pres5t position1 race aft] race & type aft] type appe>$ on ! e>?1 & liv$ out ! long lives :i* belong to races & to types1 we are recall$ to ! remembrance ( ! great "w :i* ! e>?'s subt]ranean =ces are /ill engag$ ^u4 ,ev5 n[ cont95ts are be+ sl[ly depress$ or upheav$1 ev5 n[ m\nta9 ranges are be+ rais$ to a new level1 table-l&s are 9 process ( =mation1 & great valleys are be+ gradually scoop$ out4 ,x may ne$ an occasional outbur/ su* z ! e>?quake ( ,augu/ #ahfh to rem9d u t great =ces are at "w b5ea? ! e>?'s surface4 ,b1 9 reality1 ! signs ( *ange h long be5 not$4 ,old %ore-l9es %ift _! place1 old s\nd+s v>y2 ! sea advances 9 "o place & retires 9 ano!r2 on e side ,nature's pla/ic h& is at "w modell+ & remodell+ ! e>?1 9 ord] t x may always be a fit abode = ^? :o are to dwell ^u x4 7,f ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 ,july #ahgj47 ,,! ,,usefulness ,,( ,,e>?quakes4 ,we h lately _h fe>ful evid5ce ( ! en]gy ( ! e>?'s int]nal =ces4 ,a vibration :i*1 :5 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! dim5sions ( ! e>?'s globe1 may be spok5 ( z an indef9itely m9ute quiv]+ limit$ to an insignificant area1 has suffic$ to de/roy ! cities & villages ( :ole prov9ces1 to cause ! dea? ( ?\s&s ( human be+s1 & to effect a de/ruction ( prop]ty :i* mu/ be e/imat$ by millions ( p\nds /]l+4 ,su* a cata/rophe z ?is s]ves inde$ to %[ h[ poor & weak a creature man is 9 pres5ce ( ! gr& work+s ( ,nature4 ,! m]e ?roes :i* accompany h] unse5 subt]ranean ef=ts suffice to crumble man's /ronge/ build+s 9 a mom5t into du/1 :ile ! un=tunate inhabitants are ei!r cru%$ to dea? among ! ru9s1 or =c$ to rema9 %udd]+ spectators ( ! de/ruction ( _! homes4 ,at fir/ sight x may seem p>adoxical to ass]t t e>?quakes1 fe>fully de/ructive z !y h s (t5 prov$1 are yet ess5tially pres]vative & re/orative ph5om5a2 yet ?is is /rictly ! case4 ,_h no e>?quakes tak5 place 9 old times1 man w\ld n n[ be liv+ on ! face ( ! e>?2 if no e>?quakes 7 to take place 9 future1 ! t]m ( man's exi/5ce w\ld be limit$ )9 a range ( "t f> less ?an t to :i* x seems likely1 9 all probability1 to be ext5d$4 ,if ! solid sub/ance ( ! e>? =m$ a p]fect sph]e 9 ante-geologic times--t is1 9 ages prec$+ ^? to :i* our pres5t geologic /udies ext5d--!re c be no d\bt t !re 0 !n no visible l& above ! surface ( ! wat]2 ! ocean mu/ h =m$ a uni=mly deep cov]+ to ! subm]g$ surface ( ! solid globe4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ?+s1 no?+ b ! e>?'s subt]ranean =ces c\ld t5d to ! production ( cont95ts & isl&s4 ,let me be und]/ood4 ,i am n ref]r+ to ! possibility or impossibility t l&s & seas %\ld sudd5ly h assum$ _! pres5t figure )\t convulsion ( any sort2 ?is might h happ5$1 s9ce ! ,creator ( all ?+s c d\btless modify all ?+s accord+ to ,8 w2 ,i m]ely say t1 assum+ t 9 ! beg9n+1 z n[1 ,he p]mitt$ all ?+s to "w accord+ to ! laws ,he has appo9t$1 !n1 und\bt$ly1 ! subm]g$ e>? mu/ h ris5 above ! sea by ! action ( ^? v =ms ( =ce :i* produce ! e>?quake 9 our own times4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is q c]ta9 t :5 once cont95ts & l&s _h be5 =m$1 !re imm$iately began a /ruggle betwe5 de/ructive & re/orative 7r1 p]haps1 ?an pres]vative7 =ces4 ,! great enemy ( ! l& is wat]1 & wat] works ! de/ruction ( ! l& 9 two pr9cipal ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! sea t5ds to de/roy ! l& by beat+ on its %ores1 & ?us cont9ually wa%+ x away4 ,x may seem at fir/ sight t ?is process mu/ necess>ily be a sl[ "o2 9 fact1 _m may be dispos$ to say t x is c]ta9ly a sl[ process1 s9ce we see t x does n alt] ! =ms ( cont95ts & isl&s p]ceptibly 9 long int]vals ( "t4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 we h nev] _h an opportunity ( e/imat+ ! full effects ( ?is cause1 s9ce its action is cont9ually be+ *eck$ by ! re/orative =ces we %all pres5tly h to consid]4 ,7 x n ?us *eck$1 !re c be little d\bt t its effects w\ld be cumulative2 = ! long] ! process cont9u$--t is1 ! m ! l& 0 beat5 away--! high] w\ld ! sea rise1 & ! great] p[] w\ld x h to effect ! de/ruction ( ! rema9+ l&4 ,i proce$ to give a few in/ances ( ! sea's p[] ( effect+ ! rapid de/ruction ( ! l& :5 no?+ happ5s to int]f]e ) ! local action--premis+1 t ?is effect is altoge!r insignificant 9 comp>ison ) t :i* w\ld take place1 ev5 9 t p>ticul> spot1 if ! sea's action 7 ev]y:]e left un*eck$4 ,! ,%etl& ,isles are compos$ ( sub/ances :i* seem1 ( all o!rs1 be/ fitt$ to resi/ ! dis9tegrat+ =ces ( ! sea--namely1 granite1 gneiss1 mica-slate1 s]p5t9e1 gre5/one1 & _m o!r =ms ( rock3 yet1 expos$ z ^! isl&s are to ! uncontroll$ viol5ce ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 !y are und]go+ a process ( de/ruction :i*1 ev5 )9 hi/orical times1 has produc$ v notewor?y *anges4 #8,/eep cliffs are holl[$ out1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #8into deep caves & l(ty ar*es2 & almo/ e promontory ends 9 a clu/] ( rocks imitat+ ! =ms ( columns1 p9nacles1 & obelisks4' ,speak+ ( "o ( ! isl&s ( ?is gr\p1 ,dr4 ,hibb]t says3 #8,! isle ( ,/5nes pres5ts a sc5e ( unequall$ desolation4 ,9 /ormy w9t]s1 l>ge blocks ( /one are ov]turn$1 or are remov$ f _! native b$s1 & hurri$ to a di/ance almo/ incr$ible4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahjb1 a tabul> mass1 eight feet two in*es by sev5 feet1 & five feet "o in* ?ick1 0 dislodg$ f its b$1 & c>ri$ to a di/ance ( f eighty to n9ety feet4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,%etl& ,isles1 :]e ! sea has enc\nt]$ less solid mat]ials1 ! "w ( de/ruction has proce$$ yet m effectively4 ,9 ,ro5ess1 = example1 ! sea has wr\ght its way s fi]cely t a l>ge cav]n\s ap]ture #bej feet long has be5 holl[$ out4 ,b ! mo/ sublime sc5e1' says ,dr4 ,hibb]t1 #8is :]e a mural pile ( porphyry1 escap+ ! process ( dis9tegration t is deva/at+ ! coa/1 appe>s to h be5 left z a sort ( ramp>t aga9/ ! inroads ( ! ocean4 ,! ,atlantic1 :5 provok$ by w9try gales1 batt]s aga9/ x ) all ! =ce ( real artill]y2 & ! waves1 9 _! repeat$ assaults1 h at l5g? =c$ = !mselves an entrance4 ,?is brea*1 nam$ ! ,gr9d ( ! ,navir1 is wid5$ e w9t] by ! ov]:elm+ surge t1 f9d+ a passage ?r\gh x1 sep>ates l>ge /ones f its sides1 & =ces !m to a di/ance ( no less ?an #ahj feet4 ,9 two or ?ree spots1 ! fragm5ts :i* h be5 deta*$ are br\ght toge!r 9 imm5se heaps1 t appe> z an accumulation ( cubical masses1 ! product ( "s qu>ry4' ,let u next turn to a portion ( ! coa/-l9e ( ,great ,brita9 :i* is nei!r def5d$1 on ! "o h&1 by b>ri]s ( rock1 nor attack$1 on ! o!r1 by ! full fury ( ! ,atlantic curr5ts4 ,along ! :ole coa/ ( ,york%ire we f9d evid5ces ( a cont9ual process ( dilapidation4 ,betwe5 ! project+ headl& ( ,flambor\gh & ,spurn ,po9t 7! coa/ ( ,hold]ness7 ! wa/e is p>ticul>ly rapid4 ,_m spots1 :i* are n[ m]e s&banks1 are m>k$ 9 ! old maps ( ,york%ire z ! sites ( anci5t t[ns & villages4 ,speak+ ( ,hyde 7"o ( ^!71 ,p5nant says3 #8,only ! tradition is left ( ?is t[n4' ,ow?orne & its *ur* h be5 = ! mo/ "p de/roy$1 z also ,auburn1 ,h>tburn1 & ,kilnsea4 ,mr4 ,phillips1 9 8 #8,geology ( ,york%ire1' /ates t n unreasonable fe>s are ent]ta9$ t1 at "s future "t1 ,spurn ,po9t itself w become an isl&1 or be :olly wa%$ away1 & !n ! ocean1 ent]+ into ! e/u>y ( ! ,humb]1 w cause great deva/ation4 ,p5nant /ates t #8sev]al places1 once t[ns ( note ^u ! ,humb]1 are n[ only record$ 9 hi/ory2 & ,rav5sp]g 0 at "o "t a rival ( ,hull1 & a port s v consid]able 9 #accb1 t ,edw>d ,baliol & ! conf$]ate ,engli% b>ons sail$ f h5ce to invade ,scotl&2 & ,h5ry ,,iv41 9 #acii1 made *oice ( ?is port to l& at1 to effect ! deposal ( ,ri*>d ,,ii42 yet ! :ole ( ?is has s9ce be5 dev\r$ by ! m]ciless ocean2 ext5sive s&s1 dry at l[ wat]1 are to be se5 9 _! /ead4' ,! same writ] also describes ,spurn ,po9t z %ap$ l a sickle1 & ! l& to ! nor?1 he says1 0 #8p]petually prey$ on by ! fury ( ! ,g]man ,sea1 :i* dev\rs :ole acres at a "t4' ,! decay ( ! %ores ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk is also rem>kably rapid4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell relates "s facts :i* ?r[ an int]e/+ light on ! ravages :i* ! sea commits ^u ! l& "h4 ,x 0 comput$ t :5 a c]ta9 inn 0 built at ,%]r+ham1 sev5ty ye>s w\ld pass be=e ! sea c\ld rea* ! spot3 #8! mean loss ( l& be+ calculat$ f previ\s obs]vations to be some:at less ?an "o y>d annually4' ,b no all[ance _h be5 made = ! fact t ! gr\nd slop$ f ! sea4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is peculi>ity1 ! wa/e became great] & great] e ye> z ! cliff grew l[]4 #8,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahbd & #ahbi1 no less ?an sev5te5 y>ds 7 swept away2' & :5 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell saw ! place1 only a small g>d5 0 left betwe5 ! build+ & ! sea4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t all ve/iges ( ! inn h long s9ce disappe>$4 ,lyell also relates t1 9 #ahbi1 !re 0 a dep? ( wat] suffici5t to float a frigate at a po9t :]e1 less ?an half a c5tury be=e1 !re /ood a cliff fifty feet high ) h\ses ^u x4 ,i h select$ ^! portions ( ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita91 n because ! de/ruction ( our %ores is great] "h ?an else:]e1 b z s]v+ to illu/rate processes ( wa/e & demolition :i* are go+ on ar\nd all ! %ores1 n m]ely ( ,great ,brita91 b ( e c\ntry on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,"h & !re1 z ,i h said1 !re are in/ances 9 :i* a contr>y process seems to be 9 action4 ,l[-ly+ banks & %oals are =m$--sometimes along /ret*es ( coa/ ext5d+ = a consid]able di/ance4 ,b :5 we consid] ^! =mations closely1 we f9d t !y r af=d evid5ce ( ! en]gy ( ! de/ructive =ces to :i* ! l& is subject ?an promise to make up = ! l& :i* has be5 swept away4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 e "p ( ^! banks consi/s ( ! debris ( o!r coa/s4 ,n[ we _c d\bt t ( e>? :i* is wa%$ away f our %ores1 by f> ! l>g] "p f9ds its way to ! bottom ( ! deep seas2 a small proportion only c be br\ght 7by "s peculi>ity 9 ! di/ribution ( ocean-curr5ts1 or 9 ! progress ( ! tidal wave7 to aid 9 ! =mation ( %oals & banks4 ,! l>g]1 !re=e1 su* %oals & banks may be1 ! l>g] mu/ be ! am\nt ( l& :i* has be5 wa%$ away nev] to reappe>4 ,& al?\gh banks & %oals ( ?is sort gr[ ye> by ye> l>g] & l>g]1 yet 7unless add$ to artificially7 !y cont9ue always ei!r b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! case ( %oals1 or b v slightly rais$ above ! surface4 ,n[1 if we suppose ! de/ruction ( l& to proce$ un*eck$1 x is manife/ t at "s p]iod1 h[ev] remote1 ! =mation ( %oals & banks mu/ come to an end1 ow+ to ! cont9ual dim9ution ( ! l& f ! demolition ( :i* !y d]ive _! sub/ance4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! b$ ( ! sea w\ld be cont9ually fill+ up1 ! level ( ! sea w\ld be cont9ually ris+1 & ?us ! banks w\ld be ei!r :olly subm]g$ ?r\gh ! effect ( ?is cause alone1 or !y w\ld h s slight an elevation above ! sea-level t !y w\ld (f] little resi/ance to ! de/ructive effects ( ! sea1 :i* w\ld !n h no o!r l& to act ^u4 ,b we h yet to consid] ! second pr9cipal cause ( ! wa/+ away ( ! l&4 ,! cause we h j be5 deal+ ) acts ^u ! %ores or outl9es ( isl&s & cont95ts2 ! "o we h n[ to consid] acts ^u _! int]ior4 ,_m1 p]haps1 w\ld h>dly suppose t ! fall ( ra9 ^u ! l& c\ld h any appreciable influ5ce 9 ! demolition ( cont95ts2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re are few causes to :i* geologi/s attribute m importance4 ,! v fact t enorm\s deltas h be5 =m$ at ! m\?s ( _m riv]s--9 o!r words1 ! actual gr[? ( cont95ts ?r\gh ! effects ( ra9fall--is a pro( h[ l>gely ?is cause mu/ t5d to de/roy & dis9tegrate ! int]iors ( our cont95ts4 ,dwell+ on ?is po9t1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell pres5ts ! foll[+ rem>kable illu/ration3 #8,dur+ a t\r 9 ,spa91' he writes1 #8,i 0 surpris$ to see a di/rict ( g5tly undulat+ gr\nd 9 ,catalonia1 consi/+ ( r$ & grey s&/one1 & 9 "s p>ts ( r$ m>l1 almo/ entirely d5ud$ ( h]bage2 :ile ! roots ( ! p9es1 holm oaks1 & "s o!r trees1 7 half expos$1 z if ! soil _h be5 wa%$ away by a flood4 ,su* is ! /ate ( ! =e/s1 = example1 betwe5 ,ori/o & ,vi*1 & ne> ,san ,lor5zo4 ,b be+ ov]tak5 by a viol5t ?und]/orm 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 ,i saw ! :ole surface1 ev5 ! highe/ levels ( "s flat-topp$ hills1 /ream+ ) mud1 :ile on e declivity ! deva/ation ( torr5ts 0 t]rific4 ,! peculi>ities 9 ! physiognomy ( ! di/rict 7 at once expla9$2 & ,i 0 taught t1 9 speculat+ on ! great] effects :i* ! direct action ( ra9 may once h produc$ on ! surface ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl&1 we ne$ n rev]t to p]iods :5 ! heat ( ! climate 0 tropical4' ,comb9+ ! effects ( ! sea's action ^u ! %ores ( cont95ts1 & ( ! action ( ra9 ^u _! int]ior1 & rememb]+ t unless ! process ( demolition 7 *eck$ 9 "s way1 ea* cause w\ld act f ye> to ye> ) new =ce--"o ?r\gh ! effects ( ! gradual rise ( ! sea-b$1 & ! o!r ?r\gh ! effects ( ! gradual increase ( ! surface ( ocean expos$ to ! vaporis+ action ( ! sun1 :i* increase w\ld necess>ily increase ! quantity ( ra9 ye>ly precipitat$ on ! l&--we see ! ju/ice ( ! op9ion express$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 t1 #8_h ! primeval _w be5 con/ruct$ z x n[ exi/s1 "t en\gh has elaps$1 & =ce en\gh direct$ to t end has be5 9 activity1 to h long ago de/roy$ e ve/ige ( l&4' ,we see1 !n1 ! necessity t exi/s = ! action ( "s re/orative or pres]vative =ce suffici5t to c\nt]act ! effects ( ! cont9u\s processes ( de/ruction indicat$ above4 ,if we consid]1 we %all see t ! de/ructive =ces owe _! effici5cy to _! levell+ action1 t is1 to _! influ5ce 9 r$uc+ ! solid "p ( ! e>? to ! figure ( a p]fect sph]e2 !re=e ! =m ( =ce :i* is requir$ to c\nt]act !m is "o t %all t5d to produce irregul>ities 9 ! surface-cont\r ( ! e>?4 ,& x w be rem>k$1 t al?\gh upheaval is ! process :i* appe>s at fir/ sight to be ! only effectual rem$y to ! levell+ action ( ra9s & ocean-curr5ts1 yet ! =cible depression ( ! e>?'s surface may prove 9 _m in/ances yet m effective1 s9ce x may s]ve to r$uce ! sea-level 9 o!r places4 ,n[1 ! e>?'s subt]ranean =ces s]ve to produce ! v effects :i* are requir$ 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! cont9ual dis9tegration ( ! %ores & int]ior p>ts ( cont95ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 _! action is n di/ribut$ ) any approa* to uni=mity ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & !re=e ! figure !y t5d to give to ! surface ( t cru/ is n t ( a p]fect sph]e4 ,?is1 ( itself1 secures ! upris+ ( "s p>ts ( ! solid e>? above ! sea-level4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,on a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s effects due to ! action ( subt]ranean =ces1 x has be5 f\nd t ! =ces ( upheaval act 7on ! :ole7 m p[]fully "u cont95ts1 & especially "u ! %ore-l9es ( cont95ts1 :ile ! =ces ( depression act mo/ p[]fully 7on ! :ole7 "u ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t :5ev] ! e>? is upheav$ 9 "o "p1 x mu/ be depress$ some:]e else4 ,n necess>ily at ! same in/ant1 x %\ld be rem>k$4 ,! process ( upheaval may be ei!r mom5t>ily accompani$ by a correspond+ process ( depression1 or ! latt] process may take place by a gradual action ( ! ela/ic p[]s ( ! e>?'s cru/2 b1 9 "o way or ! o!r1 ! balance betwe5 upheaval & depression mu/ be re/or$4 ,h5ce1 if x c be %[n t = ! mo/ "p ! =ces ( upheaval act und]nea? ! l&1 x foll[s--?\gh we may n be able to recognise ! fact by obvi\s visible signs--t processes ( depression are tak+ place und]nea? ! ocean4 ,n[1 active volcanoes m>k ! c5tre ( a di/rict ( upheaval1 & mo/ volcanoes are ne> ! sea1 z if 7?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ?is is n ! true explanation7 ,nature _h provid$ aga9/ ! inroads ( ! ocean by seat+ ! e>?'s upheav+ =ces j :]e !y are mo/ want$4 ,ev5 9 e>?quake di/ricts :i* h no active v5t1 ! same law is f\nd to prevail4 ,x is suppos$ by ! mo/ em95t seismologi/s t e>?quake regions ar\nd a volcano1 & e>?quake regions app>5tly disconnect$ f any outlet1 diff] only 9 ?is respect1 t 9 ! "o case ! subt]ranean =ces h _h suffici5t p[] to produce ! ph5om5a ( eruption1 :ile 9 ! o!r !y h n4 #8,9 e>?quakes1' says ,humboldt1 #8we h evid5ce ( a volcano-produc+ =ce2 b su* a =ce1 z univ]sally diffus$ z ! int]nal heat ( ! globe1 & proclaim+ itself ev]y:]e1 r>ely acts ) suffici5t en]gy to produce actual eruptive ph5om5a2 & :5 x does s1 x is only 9 isolat$ & p>ticul> places4' ,( ! influ5ce ( ! e>?'s subt]ranean =ces 9 alt]+ ! level ( l&1 ,i might quote _m rem>kable in/ances1 b consid]ations ( space compel me to conf9e myself to two or ?ree4 ,! sl[ processes ( upheaval or depression may1 p]haps1 seem less imm$iately ref]able to subt]ranean action ?an ^? :i* are produc$ dur+ ! progress ( an actual e>?quake4 ,i pass ov]1 !re=e1 su* ph5om5a z ! gradual upris+ ( ,sw$51 ! sl[ s9k+ ( ,gre5l&1 & 7/ill proce$+ we/w>d7 ! gradual upris+ ( ,nova ,scotia & ! %ores ( ,hudson's ,bay4 ,rem>kable & sugge/ive z ^! ph5om5a really are1 & indisputable z ! evid5ce is on :i* !y re/1 !y w probably seem mu* less /rik+ to ! read] ?an ^? :i* ,i am n[ ab\t to quote4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbb1 a widely felt & de/ructive e>?quake 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ,*ili4 ,on ! next day1 x 0 notic$ = ! fir/ "t t a broad l9e ( sea-coa/ _h be5 des]t$ by ! sea = m ?an "o hundr$ miles4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is tract 0 cov]$ by %ell-fi%1 :i* soon di$1 & exhal$ ! mo/ (f5sive effluvia4 ,betwe5 ! old l[-wat] m>k & ! new "o1 ! fi%]m5 f\nd burr[+ %ells1 :i* !y _h =m]ly _h to se>* = amid/ ! surf4 ,rocks "s way out to sea :i* _h =m]ly be5 cov]$1 7 n[ dry at half ebb-tide4 ,c>eful measurem5ts %[$ t ! rise ( ! l& 0 great] at "s di/ance in%ore ?an along ! bea*4 ,! wat]c\rse ( a mill ab\t a mile inl& f ! sea _h ga9$ a fall ( f\rte5 in*es 9 little m ?an a hundr$ y>ds4 ,at ,valp>aiso1 ! rise 0 ?ree feet2 at ,qu9t]o1 f\r feet4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahce1 & 9 ,novemb] #ahcg1 a l>ge tract ( ,*ili 0 simil>ly %ak51 a p]man5t rise ( two feet foll[+ ! =m] e>?quake1 & a rise ( eight feet ! latt]4 ,! e>?quake :i* took place at ,cut* 9 #ahai is p]haps 9 "s respects yet m rem>kable4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ph5om5a ( subsid5ce1 z well z ph5om5a ( upheaval1 7 witness$4 ,! e/u>y ( ! ,indus1 :i* _h long be5 clos$ to navigation--be+1 9 fact1 only a foot deep at ebb-tide1 & nev] m ?an six feet at flood--0 deep5$ 9 p>ts to m ?an eighte5 feet at l[ wat]4 ,! =t & village ( ,s9dree 7 subm]g$1 only ! tops ( h\ses & walls be+ visible above ! wat]4 ,b al?\gh ?is e>?quake seem$ ?us to h a l&-de/roy+1 in/ead ( a l&-creat+ effect1 yet ! in/ances ( upheaval 71 ev5 9 ?is case1 f> m rem>kable ?an ^? ( depression4 #8,imm$iately aft] ! %ock1' says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #8! inhabitants ( ,s9dree saw at a di/ance ( five miles & a half f _! village a long elevat$ m\nd1 :]e previ\sly !re _h be5 a l[ & p]fectly level pla94 ,to ?is uplift$ tract !y gave ! "n ( ,ulla-,bund1 or ! 8,m\nd ( ,god10 to di/+ui% x f sev]al artificial dams previ\sly ?r[n across ! ea/]n arm ( ! ,indus4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1' he adds1 #8t ?is new-rais$ c\ntry is upw>ds ( fifty miles 9 l5g? f ea/ to we/1 runn+ p>allel to ! l9e ( subsid5ce :i* caus$ ! gr\nds ar\nd ,s9dree to be flood$4 ,! bread? ( ! elevation is conjectur$ to be 9 "s p>ts sixte5 miles1 & its greate/ asc]ta9$ height above ! orig9al level ( ! delta is t5 feet--an elevation :i* appe>s to ! eye to be v uni=m ?r\gh\t4#8 7,f ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 ,novemb] #g1 #ahfh47 ,,! ,,=c+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,ra94 ,!re is an old prov]b :i* implies t ,engl& ne$ nev] fe> dr\ght2 & we h _h cle> evid5ce ?is ye> 7#ahfh7 t an exceptionally dry summ] is n necess>ily foll[$ by a bad h>ve/4 ,b ,i believe t :5 a balance is c>efully /ruck betwe5 ! good & ! evil effects result+ f excessive dr\ght 9 ,engl&1 x w be f\nd t ! latt] l>gely prevail4 ,9 fact1 x is only necess>y to obs]ve ! effects :i* h foll[$ ! rec5t wet wea!r to recognise ! fact t ra9 has a =c+ p[]1 ! v dim9i%$ supply ( :i* at ! due season _c fail to h s]i\sly injuri\s effects4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl& we see evid5ces ( ! action ( su* a p[] dur+ ! pres5t autumn 9 ! blossom+ ( trees1 9 ! fl[]+ ( primroses & o!r spr+ plants1 9 ri* gr[?s ( fungi1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t !re is "h a comp>ative wa/e ( p[]s :i*1 exp5d$ 9 due season1 w\ld h produc$ valuable results4 ,! mod]n !ories ( ! correlation ( =ce suffice to %[ h[ enorm\s a loss a c\ntry suff]s :5 !re is a failure 9 ! supply ( ra91 or :5 t supply comes out ( its due season4 ,:5 we consid] ra9 9 connection ) ! causes to :i* x is due1 we beg9 to recognise ! enorm\s am\nt ( p[] ( :i* ! ord9>y ra9fall ( a c\ntry is ! repres5tative2 & we c well und]/& h[ x is t #8! cl\ds drop fatness on ! e>?4' ,! sun's heat is1 ( c\rse1 ! ma9 ag5t--we may almo/ say ! only ag5t--9 supply+ ! ra9fall ( a c\ntry4 ,! process ( evaporation c>ri$ on ov] l>ge portions ( ! ocean's surface is cont9ually /or+ up enorm\s masses ( wat] 9 ! =m ( invisible aque\s vap\r1 ready to be trans=m$ into cl\d1 !n waft$ = hundr$s ( miles across seas & cont95ts1 to be f9ally precipitat$ ov] ?is or t c\ntry1 accord+ to ! conditions :i* det]m9e ! d[nfall ( ra94 ,^! processes d n appe>1 at fir/ sight1 indicative ( any v great exp5diture ( =ce1 yet 9 reality ! =ce-equival5t ( ! ra9-supply ( ,engl& alone = a s+le ye> is some?+ positively />tl+4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to evaporate a quantity ( wat] :i* w\ld cov] an area ( #ajj squ>e miles to a dep? ( "o in* w\ld be equal to ! heat :i* w\ld be produc$ by ! combu/ion ( half a million tons ( coals4 ,! am\nt ( =ce ( :i* ?is consumption ( heat w\ld be ! equival5t corresponds to t :i* w\ld be requir$ to raise a weight ( upw>ds ( "o ?\s& millions ( tons to a height ( "o mile4 ,n[1 :5 we rememb] t ! area ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& is ab\t #abj1jjj squ>e miles1 & t ! annual ra9fall av]ages ab\t #be in*es1 we see t ! =ce-equival5t ( ! ra9fall is enorm\s4 ,all ! coal :i* c\ld be rais$ f our ,engli% coal m9es 9 hundr$s ( ye>s w\ld n give out heat en\gh to produce ,engl&'s ra9-supply = a s+le ye>4 ,:5 to ?is consid]ation we add ! circum/ance t ! =ce ( ra9 produces bad z well z good effects--! =m] :5 ! ra9 falls at undue seasons or 9 an irregul> mann]1 ! latt] only :5 ! ra9fall is di/ribut$ 9 ! usual mann] among ! seasons--we see t an important loss accrues to a c\ntry 9 su* exceptional ye>s z ! pres5t4 ,!re are few subjects m int]e/+ ?an ^? dep5d+ on ! correlation ( physical =ces2 & we may add t !re are few ! /udy ( :i* be>s m l>gely on que/ions ( agricultural & comm]cial economy4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t ! sil5t =ces ( nature--=ces cont9ually 9 action1 b :i* are too apt to pass unnotic$ & unrecognis$--h tak5 _! due place 9 sci5tific inquiry4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! subject has be5 f\nd to h at once a mo/ practical be>+ on bus9ess relations1 & an aspect m /rik+ly poetical ?an any o!r subject1 p]haps1 :i* m5 ( sci5ce h ev] tak5 9 h& to inve/igate4 ,we see ! ord9>y processes ( ,nature1 z !y are t]m$1 tak+ _! place 9 ! work%op ( mod]n weal?1 & at ! same "t exhibit$ 9 a hundr$ /rik+ & int]e/+ physical relations4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 c be /rang] or m poetical ?an ! contra/ :i* ,pr(essor ,tyndall has in/itut$ betwe5 t old fri5d ( ! agriculturi/--! w9try sn[-flake--& ! wild sc5]y ( ! ,alps8 #8,i h se51' he says1 #8! wild /one-avalan*es ( ! ,alps1 :i* smoke & ?und] d[n ! declivities ) a vehem5ce almo/ suffici5t to /un ! obs]v]4 ,i h also se5 sn[-flakes desc5d+ s s(tly z n to hurt ! fragile spangles ( :i* !y 7 compos$2 yet to produce f aque\s vap\r a quantity :i* a *ild c\ld c>ry ( t t5d] mat]ial dem&s an ex]tion ( en]gy compet5t to ga!r up ! %att]$ blocks ( ! l>ge/ /one-avalan*e ,i h ev] se51 & pit* !m to twice ! height f :i* !y fell4' ,i may po9t out 9 ?is place ! important connection :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ra9fall ( a c\ntry & ! am\nt ( =e/ l&4 ,i notice t 9 p>ts ( ,am]ica att5tion is be+ paid--) m>k$ly good results--to ! influ5ce ( =e/s 9 enc\rag+ ra9fall4 ,we h "h an in/ance 9 :i* cause & effect are int]*angeable4 ,ra9 enc\rages ! gr[? ( an abundant vegetation1 & abundant vegetation 9 turn t5ds to produce a /ate ( ! sup]9cumb5t atmosph]e :i* enc\rages ! precipitation ( ra94 ,! consequ5ce is1 t x is v necess>y to *eck1 be=e x is too late1 ! processes :i* lead to ! gradual de/ruction ( =e/s4 ,if ^! processes are cont9u$ until ! climate has become excessively dry1 x is almo/ impossible to rem$y ! mis*ief1 simply because ! want ( moi/ure is de/ructive to ! trees :i* may be plant$ to enc\rage ra9fall4 ,?us !re are few processes m difficult 7z has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce 9 p>ts ( ,spa9 & else:]e7 ?an ! *ange ( an arid region into a vegetation-cov]$ di/rict4 ,9 fact1 if ! region is "o ( great ext5t1 ! attempt to effect su* a *ange is a p]fectly hopeless "o4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! contr>y process--t is1 ! attempt to *ange a climate :i* is too moi/ into "o ( less humidity--is 9 g5]al n att5d$ ) mu* difficulty4 ,a judici\s sy/em ( cle>+ ne>ly always leads to ! desir$ result4 ,! dryness ( ! pa/ ye> has n be5 due to ! want ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 nor to ! exceptionally uncl\d$ condition ( our skies4 ,i believe t1 on ! :ole1 ! skies h be5 r m cl\dy ?an usual ?is ye>4 ,! fact t s little dew has fall5 is a suffici5t pro( t ! nights h be5 on ! :ole m cl\dy ?an usual1 s9ce1 z is well kn[n1 ! pres5ce ( cl\ds1 by *eck+ ! radiation ( ! e>?'s heat1 prev5ts 7or at lea/ dim9i%es7 ! =mation ( dew4 ,! fact w\ld seem to be t ! we/]ly & s\?-we/]ly w9ds :i* usually bl[ ov] ,engl& dur+ a consid]able "p ( ! ye>1 br++ ) !m l>ge quantities ( aque\s vap\r f above ! great ,gulf ,/ream1 h ?is ye> bl[n some:at high] ?an usual4 ,:y ?is %\ld be x is n v easy to say4 ,! height ( ! vap\r-lad5 w9ds is usually suppos$ to dep5d on ! heat ( ! wea!r4 ,9 summ]1 = in/ance1 ! cl\ds range high]1 & !re=e travel f>!r inl& be=e !y fall 9 ra94 ,9 w9t]1 on ! contr>y1 !y travel l[1 & h5ce ! ra9 falls m freely 9 ! we/]n ?an 9 ! ea/]n c\nties dur+ w9t]4 ,a simil> relation prevails 9 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula--,norway receiv+ m ra9 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 :ile ,sw$5 receives m ra9 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,b ?is summ] ! ra9-cl\ds h bl[n s mu* high] ?an usual z to pass beyond ,engl& altoge!r4 ,possibly we may f9d an explanation 9 ! fact t be=e rea*+ our %ores at all ! cl\ds 7 reliev$ by heavy ra9falls--probably due to "s exceptional electrical relations--ov] p>ts ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,x is /at$ t ! /eam-%ips f ,am]ica ?is summ] 71 9 _m in/ances1 dr5*$ by heavy %[]s until !y ne>$ ! coa/s ( ,engl&4 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,octob] #e1 #ahfh47 ,a ,,%[] ,,( ,,sn[-,,cry/als4 ,ye/]day morn+ a rem>kably f9e fall ( sn[-/>s took place ov] _m p>ts ( ,london4 ,! cry/als 7 l>g] & m p]fectly =m$ ?an is commonly ! case 9 our latitudes1 :]e ! conditions requisite = ! =mation ( ^! beautiful objects are less p]fectly fulfill$ ?an 9 m nor!rly regions4 ,_m =ms 7 to be notic$ :i* ! rese>*es ( ,scoresby1 ,glai%]1 & ,l[e h %[n to be some:at uncommon4 ,"s ( my read]s w p]haps be surpris$ to le>n t no less ?an #a1jjj diff]5t k9ds ( sn[-cry/als h be5 notic$ by ! obs]v]s nam$ above1 & t a l>ge proportion ( !m h be5 figur$ & describ$4 ,! patt]ns are ( wond]ful beauty4 ,a /range circum/ance connect$ ) ^! objects is ! fact t = ! mo/ "p !y are f\nd1 on a close exam9ation1 to be =m$ ( m9ute col\r$ cry/als--"s r$1 "s gre51 o!rs blue or purple4 ,9 fact1 all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ are to be se5 9 ! delicate trac]y ( ^! f9e hexagonal />s4 ,s t 9 ! p]fect :it5ess ( ! driv5 sn[ we h an illu/ration ( ! well-kn[n fact t ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[ comb9e to =m ! pure/ :ite4 ,= ! common sn[-flake is =m$ ( a l>ge numb] ( su* t9y cry/als z 7 fall+ ye/]day2 ?\gh _! beauty is de/roy$ 9 ! sn[-flake1 ?r\gh ! effects ( collision & p>tial melt+4 ,x may n be v commonly kn[n t ord9>y ice1 also1 is compos$ ( a comb9ation ( cry/als pres5t+ all ! regul>ity ( =mation se5 9 ! sn[-cry/als4 ,?is w\ld sc>cely be believ$ by anyone :o exam9$ a r\gh mass ( ice tak5 f ! surface ( a froz5 lake4 ,yet1 if a slice be cut f ! mass & plac$ 9 ! sun's light1 or be=e a fire1 ! beautiful ph5om5a call$ ice-fl[]s make _! appe>ance4 #8,a fairy seems to h brea!d ^u ! ice1 & caus$ transp>5t fl[]s ( exquisite beauty sudd5ly to blossom 9 myriads )9 x4' ,:5 we rememb] t ! enorm\s iceb]gs ( ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic seas1 ! sn[-caps :i* cr[n ! ,alps & ,&es & ,himalayas1 & ! glaci]s :i* urge _! way ) resi/less =ce d[n ! m\nta9 valleys1 are all made up ( ^! delicate & beautiful sn[-fl[]s1 we are /ruck ) ! =ce ( ! /range contra/s :i* ,nature pres5ts to our contemplation4 ,we may say ( ! sn[-cry/als :at ,t5nyson said ( ! small sea-%ell4 ,ea* sn[-/> is ,frail1 b a "w div9e ,made s fairily well1 ,s exquisitely m9ute1 ,a miracle ( design4 ,yet--mass$ toge!r ) all ! prodigality ( ,nature's unsp>+ h&--!y cr[n ! ev]la/+ hills2 or1 fall+ 9 avalan*e & glaci]1 ov]:elm ! /\te/ works ( man2 or1 9 va/ isl&s ( float+ ice1 %[ !mselves to be ,( =ce to )/&1 ye> ^u ye>1 ! %ock ,( cat>act seas t snap ! ?ree-deck]'s oak5 sp9e4 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,m>* #aa1 #ahfi47 ,,long ,,%ots4 ,our artill]i/s h paid m att5tion ( late ye>s to ! de/ructive prop]ties ( v>i\s =ms ( cannon ?an to ! "q ( range4 ,x 0 diff]5t :5 fir/ ! rifl+ ( cannon 0 "u discussion4 ,!n ! subject :i* 0 mo/ att5tively consid]$ 7aft] accuracy ( fire7 0 ! range :i* might possibly be atta9$ by v>i\s improvem5ts 9 ! /ructure ( rifl$ cannon4 ,_m ( my read]s w rememb] h[1 soon aft] ! con/ruction ( ,arm/rong guns _h be5 comm5c$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t factories1 a /ory 0 spread abroad ( ! wond]ful practice :i* _h be5 made ) ?is gun at a range ( sev5 miles4 ,at t trem5d\s range1 a %ot _h be5 fir$ into ! middle ( a flock ( geese1 accord+ to "o v]sion ( ! /ory2 b ?is 0 pres5tly improv$ ^u1 & we 7 told t a bird _h be5 s+l$ out ( ! flock by ! artill]i/s & successfully #8pott$4' ,_m believ$ ?is little n>rative2 ?\gh "s few1 influ5c$ p]haps by ! consid]ation t a flock ( geese w\ld n be visible at a di/ance ( sev5 miles1 7 ob/9ately incr$ul\s4 ,pres5tly x turn$ out t ! ,arm/rong gun 0 incapable ( ?r[+ a %ot to a di/ance ( sev5 miles2 s t a c]ta9 air ( improbability has s9ce atta*$ to ! n>rative4 ,/ill !re 7 n want+ ^? :o ref]r$ to #8,que5 ,anne's pocket-pi/ol'--! cannon :i* 0 able to ?r[ %ot across ! ,/raits ( ,dov]2 & 9 ! fulness ( _! fai? 9 t my?ical piece ( ordnance1 !y refus$ to believe t ! skill ( mod]n artill]i/s 0 unequal to ! con/ruction ( cannon ev5 m effective4 ,if !re are any :o /ill believe 9 ! p[]s ascrib$ to ! f>-fam$ #8pocket-pi/ol1' !y w f9d _! confid5ce 9 mod]n artill]y l>gely %ak5 by ! ann\ncem5t t x is consid]$ a great matt] t "o ( ,:itwor?'s cannon %\ld h ?r[n a %ot to a di/ance ( v ne>ly six miles & a half4 ,n only is ?is s1 h[ev]1 b x is well kn[n t no piece ( ordnance has ev] flung a projectile to s great a di/ance s9ce fir/ fire-arms 7 inv5t$2 & x may be safely pr$ict$ t m5 w nev] be able to con/ruct a cannon :i*--z f> z range is conc]n$--w d mu* bett] ?an ?is "o ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s4 ,! greate/ range :i* _h ev] be=e be5 atta9$ fell some:at %ort ( six miles4 ,! #g-;in* /eel gun contriv$ by ,mr4 ,lynall ,?omas _h flung a projectile weigh+ #age lbs4 to a di/ance ( #aj1jge y>ds2 &1 accord+ to ,g5]al ,lefroy's #8,h&book ( ,artill]y1' t 0 ! greate/ range ev] record$4 ,b ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s cannon has ?r[n a %ot m ?an #a1jjj y>ds f>!r4 ,v few h any idea ( ! difficulties :i* oppose !mselves to ! atta9m5t ( a great range 9 artill]y practice4 ,x may seem1 at fir/ sight1 ! simple/ possible matt] to obta9 an increase ( range4 ,let ! gun be made b /rong en\gh to be> a suffici5t *>ge1 & range seems to be m]ely a "q ( ! quantity ( p[d] made use (4 ,b 9 reality ! matt] is mu* m complicat$4 ,! artill]i/ has to contrive t ! :ole ( ! p[d] made use ( %all be burn$ be=e ! %ot leaves ! cannon1 & yet t ! *>ge %all n explode s rapidly z to bur/ ! cannon4 ,if he us$ "s =ms ( p[d]1 v useful = special purposes1 half ! *>ge w\ld be bl[n out )\t do+ its %>e ( "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s combu/ibles 7z gun-cotton & ! nitrates7 :i* burn s fa/ t ! gun w\ld be likely to bur/ be=e ! %ot c\ld be expell$4 ,!n1 aga91 ! %ot mu/ fit s closely t !re %all be no w9dage1 & yet n s closely z to resi/ too mu* ! action ( ! explod+ p[d]4 ,aga91 !re is ! =m ( ! %ot to be consid]$4 ,a sph]e is n ! solid :i* passes mo/ readily ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium l ! air2 & yet1 o!r projectiles1 :i* are be/ s long z !y ma9ta9 a c]ta9 position1 meet ) a great] resi/ance :5 once !y beg9 to move un/eadily4 ,! conoid us$ 9 ord9>y rifle practice1 = example1 passes mu* m freely ?r\gh ! air1 po9t fir/1 ?an an ord9>y sph]ical bullet2 b if ! po9t did n travel fir/1 z w\ld happ5 b = ! rifl+1 or ev5 if ! conoidal bullet #8sway$ ab\t' on its c\rse1 x w\ld meet ) m resi/ance ?an a sph]ical bullet4 ,h5ce ! "q ( #8fa/ or sl[ rifl+' has to be consid]$4 #8,fa/ rifl+' gives ! great] sp91 b causes m resi/ance to ! exit ( ! %ot f ! b>rel2 ) #8sl[-rifl+1' ^! conditions are rev]s$4 ,& !n ! common notion is t a cannon-ball travels 9 ! curve call$ a p>abola1 & t artill]i/s h no?+ to d b to calculate all ab\t ?is p>abola1 & to d$uce ! range f ! initial velocity accord+ to "s simple pr9ciples dep5d+ on ! prop]ties ( ! curve4 ,all ?is is f\nd$ on a complete misappreh5sion ( ! true difficulties 9 ! way ( ! problem4 ,only projectiles ?r[n ) small velocity f ! e>? travel 9 p>abolic pa?s4 ,a cannon-ball foll[s a :olly diff]5t k9d ( curve4 ,! resi/ance ( ! air1 :i* seems to mo/ p]sons a :olly insignificant item 9 ! inquiry1 is s enorm\s 9 ! case ( a cannon-ball z to become by f> ! mo/ important difficulty 9 ! way ( ! practical artill]i/4 ,:5 a #bej-lb4 %ot is hurl$ ) su* =ce f a gun z to cov] a range ( six miles1 ! resi/ance ( ! air is ab\t =ty times ! weight ( ! ball--t is1 is equival5t to a weight ( upw>ds ( f\r tons4 ,! range 9 su* a case z ?is is b a small fraction ( t :i* w\ld be giv5 by ! ord9>y p>abolic !ory4 ,z reg>ds artill]y practice 9 w>1 !re are o!r difficulties 9 ! atta9m5t ( a v ext5d$ range4 ,cannon meant = batt]+ d[n =ts _c possibly be us$ 9 ! same way t ,:itwor?'s 0 us$ at ,%oeburyness4 ,if ! %ot flung f ?is gun at an elevation ( ?irty-?ree degrees c\ld h be5 wat*$1 x w\ld h be5 f\nd t x fell to ! e>? at a mu* great] angle--t is1 mu* m ne>ly 9 a p]p5dicul> direction4 ,on ! ord9>y p>abolic !ory1 ( c\rse1 ! angle ( fall w\ld be ! same z ! angle ( elevation1 b "u actual circum/ances !re is an important diff]5ce4 ,if =ts are to be batt]$ d[n1 h[ev]1 x w n s]ve t !y %\ld be /ruck f above2 our artill]i/s mu/ p]=ce keep to ! old me?od ( p\nd+ away at ! face ( ! =ts !y attack4 ,!re=e1 an elevation :i* is all v well = mort>s--t is1 :5 ! "q m]ely is ( fl++ a bomb into a t[n or =tress--is utt]ly unsuit$ = ord9>y artill]y4 ,) an elevation ( t5 degrees1 ,:itwor?'s cannon sc>cely project$ ! #bej-lb4 %ot to a di/ance ( ?ree miles4 ,! progress ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( gunn]y c]ta9ly t5ds to increase ! di/ance at :i* armies w engage ea* o!r4 ,) field artill]y fl++ %ot to a di/ance ( two or ?ree miles1 & riflem5 able to make tol]ably sure practice at a di/ance ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 we are n likely (t5 to he> ( h&-to-h& conflicts 9 future w>f>e4 ,! use ( bree*-load]s w also t5d to ! same effect4 ,hi!rto we h sc>cely _h exp]i5ce ( ! results :i* ^! *anges are to produce on mod]n w>f>e4 ,at ,sad[a bree*-load]s did n enc\nt] bree*-load]s1 & x 0 easy = ! victors 9 t battle to come to close qu>t]s ) _! enemies4 ,b 9 a battle :]e bo? sides are arm$ ) bree*-load]s1 we %all probably see ano!r sort ( affair altoge!r4 ,! bayonet w be an almo/ useless addition to ! soldi]'s arms2 a *>ge ( cavalry ^u well-arm$ infantry w be almo/ z hopeless z ! fam\s ,balaclava *>ge2 & ! artill]y on ei!r side w h to play a game at long b[ls4 ,i v5ture to anticipate t ! fir/ great ,european w> w introduce a total *ange into ! :ole sy/em ( w>like manuvres4#ad 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,novemb] #ahfh47 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,m>riage ,,on ,,! ,,dea?-,,rate4 ,! ,royal ,commission on ! ,law ( ,m>riage has attract$ att5tion to _m s+ul> & in/ructive results ( mod]n /ati/ical inquiry4 ,n ! lea/ important ( ^! is ! app>5t influ5ce ( m>riage on ! dea?-rate4 ,= sev]al ye>s x has be5 notic$ by /ati/icians t ! dea?-rate ( unm>ri$ m5 is consid]ably high] ?an ! dea?-rate ( m>ri$ m5 & wid[]s4 ,i believe t ,dr4 ,/>k1 ,regi/r>-,g5]al = ,scotl&1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to call att5tion to ?is peculi>ity1 z evid5c$ by ! results ( two ye>s' returns = ,scotl&4 ,b ! law has s9ce be5 confirm$ by a f> wid] range ( /ati/ical inquiry4 ,! relative proportion betwe5 ! dea?-rates ( ! m>ri$ & ( ! unm>ri$ is n absolutely uni=m 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b x is fairly en\gh repres5t$ by ! foll[+ table1 :i* exhibits ! mortality p] ?\s& ( m>ri$ & unm>ri$ m5 9 ,scotl&3-- ,ages4 ,husb&s & ,wid[]s4 ,unm>ri$4 #bj to #be #fbf #abca #be to #hj #hbc #adid #cj to #ce #hfe #aeid #ce to #dj #aafg #afjb #dj to #de #adjg #ahce #de to #ej #agjd #baah #ej to #ee #aied #bfcd #ee to #fj #bfad #bhed #fj to #fe #cefc #dded #fe to #gj #ebic #fjba #gj to #ge #haef #ajbga #ge to #hj #aaghe #adcid #hj to #he #agchh #aiedj ,f ?is table we are to und]/& t out ( "o hundr$ ?\s& m>ri$ p]sons 7includ+ wid[]s7 f #bj to #be ye>s old1 #fbf die 9 ! c\rse ( ea* ye>2 :ile out ( a simil> numb] ( unm>ri$ p]sons1 betwe5 ! same ages1 no less ?an #a1bca die 9 ea* ye>4 ,& 9 l mann] all ! o!r l9es ( ! table are to be int]pret$4 ,comm5t+ on ! evid5ce suppli$ by ! above figures1 ,dr4 ,/>k /at$ t #8ba*elorhood is m de/ructive to life ?an ! mo/ un:olesome trades1 or ?an resid5ce 9 an un:olesome h\se or di/rict1 :]e !re has nev] be5 ! mo/ di/ant attempt at sanit>y improvem5t ( any k9d4' ,& ?is view has be5 v g5]ally accept$1 n only by ! public1 b by pr(ess$ /ati/icians4 ,yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,i believe t no su* inf]5ces c legitimately be drawn f ! above table4 ,dr4 ,/>k appe>s to me to h fall5 into ! mi/ake1 :i* ,m4 ,quetelet tells u is s common1 ( try+ to make 8 /ati/ics c>ry m weight ?an !y are capable ( be>+4 ,x is important t ! matt] %\ld be put 9 a j light1 = ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,law ( ,m>riage has reveal$ no m /rik+ fact ?an t ( ! preval5ce ( immature m>riages1 & su* reason+ z ,dr4 ,/>k's c]ta9ly _c t5d to disc\rage ^! unwise alliances4 ,if dea? /rikes d[n 9 five ye>s only half z _m ( ^? :o are m>ri$ z ( ^? :o are unm>ri$ betwe5 ! ages ( #bj & #be 7z appe>s f ! above table71 & if ! proportion ( dea?s betwe5 ! two classes goes on cont9ually dim9i%+ 9 ea* successive lu/re 7z is also %[n by ! above table71 x seems reasonable to inf] t ! dea?-rate w\ld be ev5 m /rik+ly disproportionate = p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & tw5ty ?an = p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty & tw5ty-five4 ,i believe1 inde$1 t if ,dr4 ,/>k _h ext5d$ 8 table to include ! =m] ages1 ! result w\ld h be5 su* z ,i h indicat$4 ,yet few w suppose t v y\?ful m>riages c ex]cise s s+ul>ly b5eficial an effect4 ,to _m ,dr4 ,/>k's conclusion may appe> to be a natural & obvi\s sequitur f ! evid5ce ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,admitt+ ! facts--& ,i see no reason = d\bt+ !m--x may appe> at fir/ sight t we are b\nd to accept ! conclusion t matrimony is fav\rable to longevity4 ,yet ! consid]ation ( a few p>allel cases w suffice to %[ h[ small a f\ndation ! figures ,i h quot$ supply = su* a conclusion4 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght1 = example1 ( any ( ! foll[+ inf]5ces8--,among hot-h\se plants !re is obs]v$ a great] v>iety & brilliance ( col\r ?an among ^? :i* are kept 9 ! op5 air2 !re=e ! h\s+ ( plants conduces to ! spl5d\r ( _! col\r+4 ,or aga93 ,! av]age height ( ,life ,gu>dsm5 is great] ?an t ( ! re/ ( ! male population2 !re=e to be a ,life ,gu>dsman conduces to tallness ( /ature4 ,or to take an example /ill m closely illu/rative ( ,dr4 ,/>k's reason+3 ,! av]age longevity ( noblem5 exce$s t ( untitl$ p]sons2 !re=e to h a title is conducive to longevity2 or borr[+ 8 words1 to rema9 )\t a title #8is m de/ructive to life ?an ! mo/ un:olesome trades1 or ?an resid5ce 9 an un:olesome h\se or di/rict1 :]e !re has nev] be5 ! mo/ di/ant attempt at sanit>y improvem5t ( any k9d4' ,we "k t ! inf]5ce is absurd 9 ea* ( ! above in/ances1 & we are able at once to %[ :]e ! flaw 9 ! reason+ lies4 ,we "k t spl5did fl[]s are m commonly select$ = h\s+1 & t ,life ,gu>dsm5 are *os5 = _! tallness1 s t we are prev5t$ f fall+ into ! mi/ake ( ascrib+ spl5d\r ( col\r 9 ! "o in/ance1 or tallness 9 ! o!r1 to ! influ5ce ( causes :i* h no?+ :atev] to d ) ^? attributes2 nor is anyone likely to ascribe ! longevity ( our nobility to ! possession ( a title4 ,yet !re is no?+ 9 any "o ( ! above inf]5ces :i* is 9 reality m uns\nd ?an ,dr4 ,/>k's inf]5ce f ! mortality bills1 :5 ! latt] are consid]$ ) due ref]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( int]pretation :i* /ati/icians are b\nd to foll[4 ,! fact is1 t 9 deal+ ) /ati/ics ! utmo/ c>e is requir$ 9 ord] t our inf]5ces may n be pu%$ beyond ! evid5ce af=d$ by our facts4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 we h simply to deal ) ! fact t ! dea?-rate ( unm>ri$ m5 is high] ?an ! dea?-rate ( m>ri$ m5 & wid[]s4 ,f ?is fact we _c reason z ,dr4 ,/>k has done to a simple conclusion4 ,all t we c d is to %[ t "o ( ?ree conclusions mu/ be adopt$3--,ei!r matrimony is fav\rable 7directly or indirectly7 to longevity1 9 a degree suffici5t :olly to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ peculi>ity2 or a pr9ciple ( selection--! effect ( :i* is su* z1 on ! :ole1 to fill ! ranks ( m>ri$ m5 f among ! heal?i] & /rong] portion ( ! community--op]ates 9 a suffici5t degree to acc\nt :olly = ! obs]v$ dea?-rates2 or la/ly1 ! obs]v$ dea?-rates are due to ! comb9ation1 9 "s unkn[n proportion1 ( ! two causes j m5tion$4 ,no reasonable d\bt c exi/1 z x seems to me1 t ! ?ird is ! true conclusion to be drawn f ! evid5ce suppli$ by ! mortality bills4 ,un=tunately1 ! conclusion ?us d$uc$ is almo/ valueless1 because we are left :olly 9 d\bt z to ! proportion :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! effects to be ascrib$ to ! two causes ?us %[n to be 9 op]ation4 ,x sc>cely requir$ ! evid5ce ( /ati/ics to prove t ea* cause mu/ op]ate to "s ext5t4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s1 on ! "o h&1 t al?\gh hundr$s ( m5 :o w\ld be held by insurance companies to be #8bad lives' may contract m>riage1 yet on ! :ole a pr9ciple ( selection is 9 op]ation :i* mu/ t5d to br+ ! heal?i] portion ( ! male community into ! ranks ( ! m>ri$1 & to leave ! unheal?i] 9 ! /ate ( ba*elorhood4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ also t1 on ! :ole1 ! memb]s ( ! less heal?y trades1 v poor p]sons1 habitual drunk>ds1 & o!rs ^: prospects ( long life are unfav\rable1 mu/ 7on ! av]age ( a l>ge numb]7 be m likely to rema9 unm>ri$ ?an ^? m fav\rably situat$4 ,ano!r fact drawn f ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's return suffices to prove ! influ5ce ( pov]ty on ! m>riage-rate4 ,i ref] to ! fact t m>riages are inv>iably m num]\s 9 seasons ( prosp]ity ?an at o!r times4 ,improvid5t m>riages are und\bt$ly num]\s1 b prosp]ity & adv]sity h _! influ5ce1 & t influ5ce n unimportant1 on ! m>riage returns4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is p]fectly obvi\s t ! life ( a m>ri$ man is likely to be m fav\rable to longevity ?an t ( a ba*elor4 ,! m]e fact t a man has a wife & family dep5d+ ^u him w suffice to r5d] him m c>eful ( 8 heal?1 less ready to und]take dang]\s employm5ts1 & s on2 & !re are o!r reasons :i* w occur to ev]yone = consid]+ ! life ( a m>ri$ man bett] 79 ! s5se ( ! insurance companies7 ?an t ( a ba*elor4 ,9 fact1 :ile we are compell$ to reject ,dr4 ,/>k's /atem5t t #8ba*elorhood is m de/ructive to life ?an ! mo/ un:olesome trades1 or ?an resid5ce 9 an un:olesome h\se or di/rict1 :]e !re has nev] be5 ! mo/ di/ant attempt at sanit>y improvem5t ( any k9d1' we may safely accept 8 op9ion t /ati/ics #8prove ! tru? ( "o ( ! fir/ natural laws reveal$ to man--8,x is n good t man %\ld live alone40' 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,octob] #ag1 #ahfh47 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,! read] ne$ h>dly be rem9d$ ( ! complete fulfilm5t ( ?is anticipation1 dur+ ! w> betwe5 ,france & ,g]many4 ,,! ,,topographical ,,survey ,,( ,,india4 ,at ! close ( ! w> ) ,tippoo ,sahib1 ,major ,lambton plann$ ! triangulation ( ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ,madras & ! ,malab> coa/1 a di/rict :i* _h be5 r\ghly survey$1 dur+ ! progress ( ! w>1 by ,colonel ,mack5zie4 ,! ,duke ( ,well+ton gave 8 approval to ! project1 & 8 bro!r1 ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,india1 & ,"l ,clive 7son ( ! great ,clive71 ,gov]nor ( ,madras1 us$ _! influ5ce to aid ,major ,lambton 9 c>ry+ out 8 design4 ,! only a/ronomical in/rum5t made use ( by ! fir/ survey p>ty 0 "o ( ,ramsd5's z5i?-sectors1 :i* ,"l ,mac>tney _h plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,d9widdie1 ! a/ronom]1 = sale4 ,a /eel *a91 :i* _h be5 s5t ) ,"l ,mac>tney's embassy to ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a & refus$1 0 ! only app>atus available = measur+4 ,?us began ! great ,trigonometrical ,survey ( ,india1 a "w ^: importance x is h>dly possible to ov]-e/imate4 ,conduct$ successively by ,colonel ,lambton1 ,sir ,george ,ev]e/1 ,sir ,&rew ,waugh1 & ,lieut4-,col4 ,walk] 7! pres5t sup]9t5d5t71 ! trigonometrical survey has be5 prosecut$ ) a skill & accuracy :i* r5d]s x fairly comp>able ) ! be/ "w ( ,european surveyors4 ,b to complete 9 ?is /yle ! survey ( ! :ole ( ,india w\ld be ! "w ( sev]al c5turies4 ,! trigonometrical survey ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& has be5 already m ?an a c5tury 9 progress1 & is /ill unf9i%$4 ,x c1 !re=e1 be imag9$ t ! survey ( ,india--ne>ly t5 times ! size ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 & pres5t+ difficulties a hundr$fold great] ?an ^? :i* ! surveyor 9 ,engl& has to enc\nt]--is n a "w :i* c be quickly complet$4 ,b ! gr[+ dem&s ( ! public s]vice h r5d]$ x imp]atively necess>y t ,india %\ld be rapidly & completely survey$4 ,?is necessity l$ to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,topographical ,survey ( ,india1 a "w :i* has be5 pu%$ =w>d at a surpris+ rate dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,my read]s may =m "s idea ( ! en]gy ) :i* ! survey is 9 progress1 f ! fact t ,colonel ,?uilli]'s ,report = ! season #ahff-fg ann\nces ! *>t+ ( an area half z l>ge z ,scotl&1 & ! prep>atory triangulation ( an additional area ne>ly half z l>ge z ,engl&4 ,9 a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s1 ) b few survey+ p>ties at fir/1 & a sl[ increase 9 _! numb]1 an area ( #afj1jjj squ>e miles has be5 complet$ & mapp$ by ! topographical dep>tm5t4 ,! rev5ue surveyors h also suppli$ good maps 7on a simil> scale7 ( #cfd1jjj squ>e miles ( c\ntry dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s end+ 9 #ahff4 ,comb9+ ^! results1 we h an area ( #ebd1jjj squ>e miles1 or upw>ds ( f\r times t ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,= all ?is enorm\s area ! surveyors h ! records 9 a me?odical & sy/ematic =m1 fit = incorporation 9 ! atlas ( ,india4 ,nor does ?is e/imate include ! old] rev5ue surveys ( ! ,nor?-we/]n ,prov9ces :i*1 = want ( prop] sup]vision 9 =m] ye>s1 7 nev] regul>ly r$uc$4 ,! records ( ^! surveys 7 de/roy$ 9 ! ,mut9y--*iefly 9 ,hazaumbaugh & ! s\?-we/]n fronti] ,ag5cy4 ,! :ole ( ^! di/ricts rema9 to be gone ov] 9 a /yle v sup]ior to t ( ! la/ survey4 ,! ext5t ( ! c\ntry :i* has be5 *>t$ may lead to ! impression t ! survey is little m ?an a ha/y reconnaissance4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is v f> inde$ f be+ ! case4 ,! prelim9>y triangulation1 :i* is ! basis ( ! topographical survey1 is conduct$ ) extreme c>e4 ,9 ! pres5t ,report1 = in/ance1 we f9d t ! discrepancies betwe5 ! common sides ( ! triangles-9 o!r words1 ! discrepancies betwe5 ! results obta9$ by diff]5t obs]v]s-are 9 "s cases less ?an "o-t5? ( an in* p] mile2 9 o!rs !y are f "o in* to a foot p] mile2 & 9 ! survey ( ! ,cossyah & ,g>r[ ,hills1 :]e obs]vations _h to be tak5 to l>ge objects1 su* z trees1 rocks1 c41 ) no def9$ po9ts = guidance1 ! results diff] by z mu* z tw5ty-six in*es p] mile4 ,^! discrepancies mu/ n only be reg>d$ z insignificant 9 !mselves1 b mu/ appe> yet m trifl+ :5 x is rememb]$ t !y are n cumulative1 inasmu* z ! prelim9>y triangulation is itself dep5d5t on ! great trigonometrical survey4 ,let u und]/& cle>ly :at are ! v>i\s =ms ( survey :i* are or h be5 9 progress 9 ,india4 ,!re are ?ree =ms to be consid]$3--7#a7 ,! ,great ,trigonometrical ,surveys2 7#b7 ,! ,rev5ue ,surveys2 & 7#c7 ! ,topographical ,surveys4 ,great trigonometrical op]ations are ext5d$ 9 a /raight c\rse f "o measur$ base to ano!r4 ,e precaution :i* mod]n skill & sci5ce c sugge/ is tak5 9 ! measurem5t ( ea* base-l9e1 & 9 ! v>i\s processes by :i* ! survey is ext5d$ f "o base-l9e to ! o!r4 ,! accuracy ) :i* "w ( ?is sort is conduct$ may be e/imat$ f ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! ,ordnance ,survey ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 a base-l9e ne>ly eight miles long 0 measur$ ne> ,l\gh ,foyle1 9 ,irel&1 & ano!r ne>ly sev5 miles long on ,salisbury ,pla94 ,trigonometrical op]ations 7 !n ext5d$ f ,l\gh ,foyle to ,salisbury ,pla91 a di/ance ( ab\t #cdj miles2 & ! ,salisbury base-l9e 0 calculat$ f ! obs]vations made ov] ?is long arc4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! measur$ & calculat$ values ( ! base-l9e 0 less ?an five in*es6 ,z we h /at$1 ! trigonometrical survey ( ,india w be> comp>ison ) ! be/ "w ( our surveyors 9 ,engl&4 ,a rev5ue survey is prosecut$ = ! def9ition ( ! b\nd>ies ( e/ates & prop]ties4 ,! op]ations ( su* a survey are !re=e c>ri$ on con=mably to ^? b\nd>ies4 ,! topographical survey ( a c\ntry is def9$ by ,sir ,a4 ,scott ,waugh to imply #8! measurem5t & del9eation ( ! natural features ( a c\ntry1 & ! works ( man !reon1 ) ! object ( produc+ a complete & suffici5tly accurate map4 ,be+ free f ! trammels ( b\nd>ies ( prop]ties1 ! pr9cipal l9es ( op]ations mu/ con=m to ! features ( ! c\ntry1 & objects to be survey$4' ,! only safe basis = ! topographical survey ( a c\ntry is a sy/em ( accurate triangulation4 ,& :]e ! ext5t ( c\ntry to be survey$ is l>ge1 !re w always be a great risk ( ! accumulation ( error 9 ! triangulation itself2 :i* mu/1 !re=e1 be made to dep5d on ! accurate results obta9$ by ! great trigonometrical op]ations4 ,9 ord] to secure ?is result1 fix$ /ations are e/abli%$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! great trigonometrical s]ies4 ,:]e ?is plan _c be adopt$1 a network ( l>ge symmetrical triangles is ?r[n ov] ! di/rict to be survey$1 or b\nd>y s]ies ( triangles are c>ri$ along ! outl9e ( ! di/rict or along conv5i5t int]nal l9es4 ,! =m] ( ^! me?ods is applicable to a hilly di/rict1 ! latt] to a flat c\ntry4 ,:5 ! di/rict to be survey$ has be5 triangulat$1 ! "w ( fill+-9 ! topographical details is comm5c$4 ,ea* triangle be+ ( mod]ate ext5t1 ) sides f ?ree to five miles 9 l5g?1 & ! angul> po9ts be+ det]m9$1 z we h se51 ) great exactness1 x is evid5t t no consid]able error c occur 9 fill+-9 ! details4 ,h5ce1 me?ods c be adopt$ 9 ! f9al topographical "w :i* w\ld n be suitable = triangulation4 ,! triangles c ei!r be #8measur$ up1' or ! obs]v] may trav]se f trigonometrical po9t to po9t1 tak+ (fsets & int]sections2 or1 la/ly1 he may make use ( ! plane table4 ,! two fir/ me?ods require little comm5t2 b ! pr9ciple ( plane-tabl+ ent]s s l>gely into ,indian survey+1 t ?is notice w\ld be incomplete )\t a brief acc\nt ( ?is simple & beautiful me?od4 ,! plane-table is a flat bo>d turn+ on a v]tical pivot4 ,x be>s ! *>t on :i* ! obs]v] is plann+ ! c\ntry4 ,suppose1 n[1 t two po9ts ,a & ,b are det]m9$1 & t we require to m>k 9 ! position ( a ?ird po9t ,c3--,x is cle> t if we obs]v$ ) a !odolite ! angles ,a ,b ,c & ,b ,a ,c1 we might lay ^! d[n on ! *>t ) a protractor1 & s ! position ( ,c w\ld be det]m9$1 ) an accuracy proportion$ to ! c>e ) :i* ! obs]vations 7 made & ! correspond+ con/ructions appli$ to ! *>t4 ,b 9 #8plane-tabl+' a m direct plan is adopt$4 ,a rul] be>+ sights1 resembl+ ^? ( a rifle1 is s appli$ t ! edge pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ,a on ! *>t 7! obs]v] be+ situat$ at ! real /ation ,a7 passes ?r\gh ! po9t ,b on ! *>t1 ! l9e ( sight pass+ ?r\gh ! real /ation ,b4 ,! table be+ fix$ 9 ! position ?us obta9$1 ! rul] is next direct$ s t its edge passes ?r\gh ,a1 :ile ! l9e ( sight po9ts to ,c4 ,a l9e is n[ rul$ ) a p5cil ?r\gh ,a t[>ds ,c4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! table hav+ be5 remov$ to ! /ation ,b1 a p5cil l9e is drawn ?r\gh ! po9t ,b on ! *>t t[>ds ,c4 ,! two l9es ?us drawn det]m9e by _! int]section ! place ( ,c on ! *>t4 ,! above is only "o in/ance ( ! modes 9 :i* a plane-table c be appli$2 !re are sev]al o!rs4 ,usually ! magnetic compass is employ$ to fix ! position ( ! table 9 accordance ) ! true be>+ ( ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,also ! be>+s ( sev]al po9ts are tak5 ar\nd ea* /ation2 & ?us a v>iety ( te/s ( ! correctness ( ! "w become applicable4 ,into su* details z ^! ,i ne$ n "h ent]4 ,x is suffici5t t my read]s %\ld h be5 enabl$ to recognise ! simple pr9ciples on :i* plane-tabl+ dep5ds1 & ! accuracy ) :i* 7:5 suitable precautions are tak57 x c be appli$ z a me?od ( obs]vation subsidi>y to ! ord9>y trigonometrical processes4 #8,a hilly c\ntry1' says ,sir ,a4 ,waugh1 #8(f]s ! faire/ field = ! practice ( plane-table surveys1 & ! m rugg$ ! surface ! great] w be ! relative advantages & facilities ?is sy/em possesses ov] ! me?ods ( actual measurem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 flat l&s ! plane-table works at a disadvantage1 :ile ! trav]se sy/em is facilitat$4 ,consequ5tly1 9 su* tracts1 ! relative economy ( ! two sy/ems does n (f] s great a contra/ z 9 ! =m]4 ,9 closely wood$ or jungly tracts1 all k9ds ( survey op]ations are prosecut$ at a disadvantage2 b 9 su* localities1 ! comm&+ po9ts mu/ be previ\sly cle>$ = trigonometrical op]ations1 :i* facilitates ! use ( ! table4' ,9 :atev] way ! topographical details h be5 fill$ 91 a rigor\s sy/em ( *eck mu/ be appli$ to ! "w4 ,! sy/em adopt$ is t ( runn+ l9es across gr\nd t has be5 survey$4 ,?is is done by ! head ( ! p>ty or by ! *ief assi/ant-surveyor4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( po9ts are obta9$ 9 ?is way = comp>ison ) ! "w ( ! detail surveyors2 & :5 ! discrepancies exce$ c]ta9 limits1 ! "w 9 :i* !y appe> is reject$4 ,ow+ to ! extremely unheal?y1 jungly1 & rugg$ nature ( ! gr\nd 9 :i* ne>ly all ! ,indian surveys h be5 progress+1 x has n always be5 f\nd practicable to *eck by regul>ly *a9$ l9es4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r modes ( te/+ plane-table surveys1 & z ^! entail less lab\r & exp5se 9 hilly & jungly tracts1 & are q z effective if ?or\ghly c>ri$ out1 !y h be5 adopt$ g5]ally1 :ile ! measur$ r\tes or *eck-l9es h only be5 pursu$ "u m fav\rable conditions4 ,colonel ,?uilli] /ates t #8! inspection ( ! "w ( e detail$ surveyor 9 ! field has be5 rigor\sly en=c$1 & ! "w ( ! field season is n consid]$ satisfactory or complete unless ?is duty has be5 att5d$ to4' ,! rules laid d[n to insure accuracy 9 ! survey are--fir/1 t ! greate/ possible numb] ( fix$ po9ts %\ld be det]m9$ by regul> triangulation2 secondly1 t ! greate/ possible numb] ( plane-table fix+s %\ld be made use ( )9 ea* triangle2 & la/ly1 t eye-sket*+ %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,if ^! rules are well att5d$ to1 ! surveyor c always rely on ! value ( ! "w p]=m$ by 8 subord9ates4 ,b all ^! conditions _c be secur$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! gr\nd allott$ to ! sev]al topographical p>ties ow+ to ! quantity ( =e/ l& & ! extremely rugg$ nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,h5ce arises ! necessity = te/-l9es to v]ify ! details1 or = "s vigor\s sy/em ( *eck2 & ?is is m especially ! case :]e native assi/ants are employ$4 ,s soon z ! c\ntry has be5 accurately plann$1 ! configuration ( ! gr\nd has to be sket*$ up4 ,?is process is ! end & aim ( all ! prec$+ "w4 ,! fir/ po9t att5d$ to is ! art]ial sy/em1 or wat] dra9age1 con/itut+ ! outfall ( ! c\ntry2 :5ce are d$uc$ ! l9es ( greate/ depression ( ! gr\nd4 ,next ! wat]%$s or ridges ( hills are trac$ 91 giv+ ! highe/ level4 ,la/ly1 ! m9or or subord9ate features are drawn 9 ) ! utmo/ precision atta9able4 #8,! outl9es ( table-l& %\ld be well def9$1' says ,sir ,a4 ,waugh1 #8& ranges ( hills portray$ ) fidelity1 c>efully repres5t+ ! wat]%$s or divortia aqu>um1 ! spurs1 peaks1 depressions or saddles1 i/hmuses or connect+-l9ks ( sep>ate ranges1 & o!r ramifications4 ,! depress$ po9ts & i/hmuses are p>ticul>ly valuable1 z be+ ei!r ! sites ( ord9>y passes or po9ts :i* new roads %\ld con=m to4' ,& "h we mu/ draw a di/9ction betwe5 survey & reconnaissance4 ,x is absolutely necess>y 9 mak+ a survey t ! outl9es ( gr\nd z def9$ by ridges1 wat]-c\rses1 & feet ( hills %\ld be rigor\sly fix$ by actual obs]vation & c>eful measurem5t4 ,9 reconnoitr+1 m is tru/$ to ! eye4 ,! scale ( ! ,indian topographical survey is t ( "o in* p] mile2 ! scale ( half an in* p] mile be+ only resort$ to 9 v d5sely wood$ or jungly c\ntry1 conta9+ a few inhabitants & little cultivat$1 or :]e ! climate is s dang]\s t x is desirable to accel]ate ! progress ( ! survey4 ,on ! scale ( "o in* p] mile ! practis$ draughtsman c survey ab\t five squ>e miles ( av]age c\ntry p] day4 ,9 intricate gr\nd1 int]sect$ by rav9es or cov]$ by hills ( irregul> =mation1 ! "w proce$s mu* m sl[ly2 on ! o!r h&1 9 op5 & ne>ly level c\ntry1 or :]e ! hills h simple outl9es1 ! "w w co/ less & proce$ m rapidly4 ,on ! scale ( "o in* p] mile all natural features 7su* z rav9es or wat]c\rses7 m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile 9 l5g? c be cle>ly repres5t$4 ,villages1 t[ns1 & cities c be %[n1 ) _! pr9cipal /reets & roads1 & ! outl9es ( =tifications4 ,! g5]al figure & ext5t ( cultivat$1 wa/e1 & =e/ l&s c be del9eat$ ) m or less precision1 accord+ to _! ext5t4 ,irrigat$ rice-l&s %\ld be di/9ctly indicat$1 s9ce !y g5]ally exhibit ! cont\r ( ! gr\nd4 ,! relative heights ( hills & dep?s ( valleys %\ld be det]m9$ dur+ ! c\rse ( a topographical survey4 ,^! v]tical elem5ts ( a survey c be asc]ta9$ by trigonometrical or by b>ometrical obs]vations1 or by a comb9ation ( bo? me?ods4 #8,! b>omet]1' says ,sir ,a4 ,waugh1 #8is m especially useful = det]m9+ ! level ( l[ spots f :i* ! pr9cipal trigonometrical /ations are invisible4 ,9 us+ ?is in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r op]ations1 ! relative diff]5ces ( heights are to be consid]$ ! quantities s\ght1 s t all ! results may be ref]able to ! orig9al trigonometrical /ation4 ,! height above ! sea-level ( all po9ts com+ "u any ( ! foll[+ heads is especially to be det]m9$1 = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! physical relief ( ! c\ntry3-- #8#a/4 ,! peaks & highe/ po9ts ( ranges4 #8#bnd4 ,all obligatory po9ts requir$ = eng9e]+ works1 su* z roads1 dra9age1 & irrigation1 viz43--! highe/ po9ts or necks ( valleys2 ! l[e/ depressions or passes 9 ranges2 ! junctions ( riv]s1 & db\*em5ts ( riv]s f ranges2 ! height ( inundation-level1 at mod]ate int]vals ( ab\t ?ree miles ap>t4 #8#crd4 ,pr9cipal t[ns or places ( note4' ,( ! v>i\s me?ods employ$ to indicate ! /eepness ( slope1 t ( eye-cont\r+ seems alone to m]it special comm5t4 ,9 true cont\r+1 regul> horizontal l9es1 at fix$ v]tical int]vals1 are trac$ ov] a c\ntry1 & plott$ on to ! maps4 ,?is is an exp5sive & t$i\s process1 :]eas eye-cont\r+ is easy1 light1 & effective4 ,on ?is sy/em all t is necess>y is t ! surveyor %\ld consid] :at r\tes p]sons mov+ horizontally w\ld pursue4 ,he draws l9es on 8 *>t approximat+ z closely z possible to ^! imag9>y l9es4 ,x is evid5t t :5 l9es are ?us drawn = diff]5t v]tical elevations1 ! result+ %ad+ w be d>k or light1 accord+ z ! slope is /eep or g5tle4 ,?is me?od ( %ad+ af=ds scope z well = survey+ skill z = draughtsman%ip4 7,f ,once a ,week1 ,may #a1 #ahfi47 ,a ,,%ip ,,attack$ ,,by ,a ,,sword-,,fi%4 ,i h always be5 puzzl$ to imag9e h[ ! #8n9e-&-tw5ty knights ( fame1' describ$ 9 ! #8,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel1' manag$ to #8dr9k ! r$ w9e ?r\gh ! helmet b>r'd4' ,b 9 nature we meet ) animals :i* seem almo/ z inconv5i5tly arm$ z ^? *os5 knights1 :o 444 quitt$ n _! arm\r bright1 ,nei!r by day nor yet by night4 ,among/ su* animals ! sword-fi% mu/ be recognis$ z "o ( ! mo/ uncom=tably-arm$ creatures 9 exi/5ce4 ,! %>k has to turn on 8 back be=e he c eat1 & ! attitude sc>cely seems sugge/ive ( a com=table meal4 ,b ! sword-fi% c h>dly ev5 by t arrangem5t get 8 awkw>dly project+ sn\t out ( ! way4 ,yet d\btless ?is feature1 :i* seems s inconv5i5t1 is ( great value to ,xiphias4 ,9 "s way z yet unkn[n x enables him to get 8 liv+4 ,:e!r he fir/ kills "s "o ( 8 neighb\rs ) ?is in/rum5t1 & !n eats him at 8 leisure1 or :e!r he plunges x deep into ! l>g] sort ( fi%1 & atta*+ himself to !m 9 ?is way1 sucks nutrim5t f !m :ile !y are yet alive1 is n kn[n to naturali/s4 ,c]ta9ly1 he is fond ( attack+ :ales1 b ?is may result n s mu* f ga/ronomic ta/es z f a natural antipa?y--envy1 p]haps1 at _! sup]ior bulk4 ,un=tunately = himself1 ,xiphias1 ?\gh cold-blood$1 seems a some:at w>m-temp]$ animal2 &1 :5 he is ang]$1 he makes a bull-l ru% ^u 8 foe1 )\t always exam9+ ) due c>e :e!r he is likely to take any?+ by 8 motion4 ,& :5 he happ5s to select = attack a /alw>t %ip1 & to plunge 8 horny beak ?r\gh ?irte5 or f\rte5 in*es ( plank+1 ) p]haps a /\t copp] %ea?+ outside x1 he is apt to f9d "s little difficulty 9 retreat+4 ,! affair usually ends by 8 leav+ 8 sword emb$d$ 9 ! side ( ! %ip4 ,9 fact1 no in/ance has ev] be5 record$ ( a sword-fi% recov]+ 8 weapon 7if ,i may use ! expression7 aft] mak+ a lunge ( ?is sort4 ,la/ ,w$nesday ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas--r a /range place1 by-!-bye1 = inquir+ into ! natural hi/ory ( fi%es--0 engag$ = sev]al h\rs 9 try+ to det]m9e "u :at circum/ances a sword-fi% might be able to escape scot-free aft] ?ru/+ 8 sn\t into ! side ( a %ip1 ,! gallant %ip #8,dreadn\ght1' ?or\ghly repair$1 & class$ ,a #a at ,lloyd's1 _h be5 insur$ = #c1jjjl4 aga9/ all ! risks ( ! seas4 ,%e sail$ on ,m>* #aj1 #ahfd1 f ,colombo1 = ,london4 ,?ree days lat]1 ! crew1 :ile fi%+1 hook$ a sword-fi%4 ,xiphias1 h[ev]1 broke ! l9e1 & a few mom5ts aft] leap$ half out ( ! wat]1 ) ! object1 x w\ld seem1 ( tak+ a look at 8 p]secutor1 ! #8,dreadn\ght4' ,probably he satisfi$ himself t ! enemy 0 "s abnormally l>ge cetacean1 :i* x 0 8 natural duty to attack =?)4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! attack 0 made1 & at f\r o'clock ! next morn+ ! capta9 0 awak5$ ) ! unwelcome intellig5ce t ! %ip _h sprung a leak4 ,%e 0 tak5 back to ,colombo1 & !nce to ,co*91 :]e %e 0 hove d[n4 ,ne> ! keel 0 f\nd a r\nd hole1 an in* 9 diamet]1 runn+ completely ?r\gh ! copp] %ea?+ & plank+4 ,z attacks by sword-fi% are includ$ among sea risks1 ! insurance company 0 will+ to pay ! damages claim$ by ! own]s ( ! %ip1 if only x c\ld be prov$ t ! hole _h really be5 made by a sword-fi%4 ,no in/ance _h ev] be5 record$ 9 :i* a sword-fi% _h be5 able to )draw 8 sword aft] attack+ a %ip4 ,a def5ce 0 f\nd$ on ! possibility t ! hole _h be5 made 9 "s o!r way4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 & ,mr4 ,frank ,buckl& gave _! evid5ce2 b nei!r ( !m c\ld /ate q positively :e!r a sword-fi% :i* _h pass$ its beak ?r\gh ?ree in*es ( /\t plank+ c\ld )draw )\t ! loss ( its sword4 ,mr4 ,buckl& said t fi% h no p[] ( #8back+1' & express$ 8 belief t he c\ld hold a sword-fi% by ! beak2 b !n he admitt$ t ! fi% _h consid]able lat]al p[]1 & might s #8wriggle its sword out ( a hole4' ,& s ! insurance company w h to pay ne>ly six hundr$ p\nds because an ill-temp]$ fi% object$ to be hook$1 & took its rev5ge by runn+ full tilt aga9/ copp] %ea?+ & oak plank+4 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,decemb] #aa1 #ahfh47 ,,! ,,safety-,,lamp4 ,z rec5t colli]y explosions h attract$ a consid]able am\nt ( att5tion to ! pr9ciple ( ! safety-lamp1 & que/ions h aris5 respect+ ! ext5t ( ! immunity :i* ! action ( ?is lamp secures to ! m9]1 x may be well = me briefly to po9t out ! true qualities ( ! lamp4 ,9 ! ,davy lamp a common oil-light is surr\nd$ by a cyl9d] ( wire-gauze4 ,:5 ! air ar\nd ! lamp is pure ! flame burns z usual1 & ! only effect ( ! gauze is some:at to dim9i% ! am\nt ( light giv5 out by ! lamp4 ,b s soon z ! air becomes load$ ) ! c>burett$ hydrog5 gas g5]at$ 9 ! coal-/rata1 a *ange takes place4 ,! flame gr[s l>g] & less lum9\s4 ,! reason ( ! *ange is ?is3--,! flame is no long] f$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 b is surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e :i* is p>tly inflammable2 & ! inflammable "p ( ! gas1 s fa/ z x passes )9 ! wire cyl9d]1 is ignit$ & burns )9 ! gauze4 ,?us ! light n[ giv5 out by ! lamp is no long] t ( ! comp>atively brilliant oil flame1 b is ! light result+ f ! combu/ion ( c>burett$ hydrog51 or #8fire damp1' z x is call$2 & e /ud5t ( *emi/ry is aw>e t ! flame ( ?is gas has v little illum9at+ p[]4 ,s soon z ! m9] sees ! flame ?us enl>g$ & alt]$ 9 appe>ance he %\ld retire4 ,b x is n true t explosion w\ld necess>ily foll[ if he did n d s4 ,! dang] is great because ! flame )9 ! lamp is 9 direct contact ) ! gauze1 & if !re is any defect 9 ! wire-"w1 ! heat may make = itself an op5+ :i*--?\gh small--w\ld yet suffice to enable ! flame )9 ! lamp to ignite ! gas outside4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z ! wire-gauze cont9ues p]fect1 ev5 ?\gh x become r$-hot1 !re w be no explosion4 ,no au?ority is requir$ to e/abli% ?is po9t1 :i* has be5 prov$ aga9 & aga9 by exp]im5t2 b ,i quote ,pr(essor ,tyndall's words on ! subject to remove "s d\bts :i* h be5 ent]ta9$ on ! matt]4 #8,al?\gh a cont9u\s explosive atmosph]e1' he says1 #8may ext5d f ! air outside ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! gauze to ! flame )91 ignition is n propagat$ across ! gauze4 ,! lamp may be fill$ ) an almo/ lightless flame2 /ill explosion does n occur4 ,a defect 9 ! gauze1 ! de/ruction ( ! wire at any po9t by oxidation ha/5$ by ! flame play+ aga9/ x1 w\ld cause explosion2' & s on4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said1 h[ev]1 t1 imprud5t z m9]s h (t5 be51 no m9] w\ld rema9 :]e 8 lamp burn$ ) ! enl>g$ flame indicative ( ! pres5ce ( fire-damp4 ,! lamp %\ld also be at once ext+ui%$4 ,b "h we t\* on a dang] :i* und\bt$ly exi/s1 &--s f> z has yet be5 se5--_c be gu>d$ aga9/ by any am\nt ( caution4 ,suppos+ ! m9] s\ght to ext+ui% ! lamp by bl[+ x out1 an explosion w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly ensue1 s9ce ! flame c be =c$ me*anically ?r\gh ! me%es1 ?\gh x w n pass ?r\gh !m :5 x is burn+ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,n[ ( c\rse no m9] :o _h be5 prop]ly in/ruct$ 9 ! use ( ! safety-lamp w\ld commit su* a mi/ake z ?is4 ,b x happ5s1 un=tunately1 t sometimes ! fire-damp itself =ces ! flame ( ! lamp ?r\gh ! me%es4 ,! gas frequ5tly issues ) great =ce f cavities 9 ! coal 79 :i* x has be5 p5t up71 :5 ! pick ( ! m9] breaks an op5+ = x4 ,9 ^! circum/ances an explosion is inevitable1 if ! issu+ /ream ( gas happ5 to be direct$ full ^u ! lamp4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ?is is a cont+5cy :i* does n (t5 arise4 ,x is "o ( ^? risks ( coal-m9+ :i* seem absolutely unavoidable by any am\nt ( c>e or caution4 ,x w\ld be well if x 7 only su* risks z ^! t ! m9] _h to face4 ,ano!r peculi>ity sometimes notic$ :5 !re is a dis*>ge ( fire-damp is wor? m5tion+4 ,x happ5s1 occasionally1 t ! light w be put out ow+ to ! absolute exclusion ( air f ! lamp4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c only happ5 :5 ! gas issues 9 s l>ge a volume t ! atmosph]e ( ! pit becomes irrespirable4 ,) ! exception ( ! "o risk :i* we h po9t$ out above1 ! ,davy lamp may be said to be absolutely safe4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t caution & intellig5ce %\ld be exhibit$ 9 its use4 ,on ?is po9t ,pr(essor ,tyndall rem>ks t un=tunately ! requisite intellig5ce is n (t5 possess$ nor ! requisite caution ex]cis$ by ! m9]1 #8& ! consequ5ce is t ev5 ) ! safety-lamp1 explosions /ill occur4' ,& he sugge/s t x w\ld be well to exhibit to ! m9] 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! prop]ties ( ! valuable in/rum5t :i* has be5 devis$ = 8 security4 #8,m]e advice w n en=ce caution1' he says2 #8b let ! m9] h ! physical image ( :at he is to expect cle>ly & vividly be=e 8 m9d1 & he w f9d x a re/ra9+ & monitory influ5ce long aft] ! effect ( caution+ words has pass$ away4' ,a few words on ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion may be acceptable4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury a s]ies ( t]rible cata/rophes 9 coal m9es _h excit$ ! sympa?y ( enlight5$ & humane p]sons ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ye> #ahac1 a society 0 =m$ at ,sund]l& to prev5t accid5ts 9 coal m9es or at lea/ to dim9i% _! frequ5cy1 & prizes 7 (f]$ = ! discov]y ( new me?ods ( light+ & v5tilat+ m9es4 ,dr4 ,william ,reid ,clanny1 ( ,bi%opwe>m\?1 pres5t$ to ?is society a lamp :i* burnt )\t explosion 9 an atmosph]e heavily load$ ) fire-damp2 = :i* inv5tion ! ,society ( ,arts aw>d$ him a gold m$al4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,gray call$ ! att5tion ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy to ! subject1 & t em95t *emi/ visit$ ! coal m9es 9 #ahae ) ! object ( det]m9+ :at =m ( lamp w\ld be be/ suit$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! coal m9]s4 ,he inv5t$ two =ms ( lamp be=e discov]+ ! pr9ciple on :i* ! pres5t safety-lamps are con/ruct$4 ,?is pr9ciple--! prop]ty1 namely1 t flame w n pass ?r\gh small ap]tures--_h be51 we believe1 discov]$ by ,/eph5son1 ! celebrat$ eng9e]1 "s "t be=e2 & a some:at angry controv]sy took place respect+ ,davy's claim to ! hon\r ( hav+ inv5t$ ! safety-lamp4 ,x seems admitt$1 h[ev]1 by univ]sal cons5t1 t ,davy's discov]y ( ! prop]ty above ref]r$ to 0 made indep5d5tly1 & also t he 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ ! idea ( us+ wire-gauze 9 place ( p]=at$ t94 ,9 comp>+ ! pres5t frequ5cy ( colli]y explosions ) :at took place be=e ! inv5tion ( ! safety-lamp1 we mu/ take into consid]ation ! enorm\s increase 9 ! coal trade s9ce ! introduction ( /eam ma*9]y4 ,! numb] ( m9]s n[ engag$ 9 our coal m9es is f> 9 excess ( ! numb] employ$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,?us accid5ts 9 ! pres5t day are at once m common on acc\nt ( ! increas$ rapidity ) :i* ! m9es are work$1 & :5 !y occur !re are m suff]]s2 s t ! frequ5cy ( colli]y explosions 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury & ! numb] ( dea?s result+ f !m1 are 9 reality mu* m significant ?an !y seem to be at fir/ sight4 ,b ev5 indep5d5tly ( ?is consid]ation1 ! record ( ! colli]y accid5ts :i* took place at t "t is suffici5tly />tl+4 ,sev5ty-two p]sons 7 kill$ 9 a colli]y at ,nor? ,biddick at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,two explosions 9 #ahje1 at ,hepburn & ,oxclose1 left no less ?an =ty-?ree wid[s & #aea *ildr5 unprovid$ =4 ,9 #ahjh1 n9ety p]sons 7 kill$ 9 a coal-pit at ,lumley4 ,on ,may #bd1 #ahab1 n9ety-"o p]sons 7 kill$ by an explosion at ,fell+ ,colli]y1 ne> ,gate%ead4 ,& _m m su* accid5ts might readily be enum]at$4 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,decemb] #d1 #ahfh47 ,,! ,,du/ ,,we ,,h ,,to ,,brea!4 ,a microscopi/1 ,mr4 ,danc]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 has be5 exam9+ ! du/ ( our cities4 ,! results are n pleas+4 ,we _h always recognis$ city du/ z a nuisance1 & _h suppos$ t x d]iv$ ! peculi> gritt9ess & fl9t9ess ( its /ructure f ! con/ant macadamiz+ ( city roads4 ,b x n[ appe>s t ! effects produc$ by du/1 :51 z is usual1 x f9ds its way to our eyes1 our no/rils1 & our ?roats1 are z no?+ comp>$ ) ! mis*ief x is calculat$ to produce 9 a m subtle mann]4 ,9 e specim5 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,danc] animal life 0 abundant4 ,b ! am\nt ( #8molecul> activity'--su* is ! euphuism "u :i* :at is exce$+ly disagreeable to contemplate is spok5 ab\t--is v>iable accord+ to ! height at :i* ! du/ is collect$4 ,& ( all heights :i* ^! molecul> wret*es c\ld select = ! display ( _! activity1 ! height ( five feet is t :i* has be5 f\nd to be ! fav\rite4 ,j at ! av]age height ( ! foot-pass5g]'s m\? ^! mov+ organisms are always wait+ to be dev\r$ & to make u ill4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,z if animal abom9ations 7 insuffici5t1 a l>ge proportion ( vegetable matt] also disports itself 9 ! light du/ ( our /reets4 ,! obs]vations %[ t 9 ?or\ghf>es :]e !re are _m animals engag$ 9 ! traffic1 ! great] "p ( ! vegetable matt] ?us float+ ab\t #8consi/s ( :at has pass$ ?r\gh ! /oma*s ( animals1' or has suff]$ decomposition 9 "s way or o!r4 ,?is unpleas+ matt]1 l ! #8molecul> activity1' floats ab\t at a height ( five feet1 or !reab\ts4 ,aft] ?is1 "o beg9s to recognise ! mann] 9 :i* "s diseases propagate !mselves4 ,:at _h be5 my/]i\s 9 ! hi/ory ( plagues & pe/il5ces seems to receive at lea/ a p>tial solution4 ,take *ol]a1 = example4 ,x has be5 %[n by ! cle>e/ & mo/ positive evid5ce t ?is disease is n propagat$ 9 any way save "o--t is1 by ! actual swall[+ ( ! *ol]a poison4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,?udi*um's ma/]ly pap] on ! subject 9 ! #8,mon?ly ,microscopical ,j\rnal1' x is /at$ t doctors h inhal$ a full brea?+ f a p]son 9 ! la/ /age ( ?is t]rible malady )\t any evil effects4 ,yet ! m9ute/ atom ( ! *ol]a poison receiv$ into ! /oma* w cause an attack ( *ol]a4 ,a small quantity ( ?is matt] dry+ on ! floor ( ! pati5t's room1 & aft]w>ds caus$ to float ab\t 9 ! =m ( du/1 w\ld suffice to pro/rate a h\seful ( p4 ,we c und]/&1 !n1 h[ matt] might be flung into ! /reets1 &1 aft] dry+1 its du/ be waft$ ?r\gh a :ole di/rict1 caus+ ! dea? ( hundr$s4 ,"o ( ! lessons to be le>n$ f ^! int]e/+ rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,danc] is cle>ly ?is1 t ! wat]+-c>t %\ld be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important ( our hygi5ic in/itutions4 ,supplem5t$ by c>eful scav5g]+1 x might be effective 9 dispossess+ _m a t]rible malady :i* n[ holds sway f "t to "t ov] our t[ns4 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,m>* #f1 #ahfi47 ,,photographic ,,gho/s4 ,on ! outskirts ( ! ev]-wid5+ circle light$ up by sci5ce !re is always a bord]-l& :]e9 sup]/ition holds sway4 #8,! arts & sci5ces may drive away ! vulg> hobgobl9 ( d>k] days2 b !y br+ ) !m new s\rces ( illusion4 ,! gho/s ( old c\ld only gibb]2 ! spirits ( our day c read & write1 & play on div]s musical in/rum5ts1 & quote ,%akespe>e & ,milton4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 altoge!r surpris+ to le>n t !y c take photographs also4 ,y g to h y\r photograph tak51 we w suppose1 desir+ only to see y\r own features depict$ 9 ! c>te2 & lo6 ! spirits h be5 at "w1 & a photographic phantom makes its appe>ance beside y4 ,x is true ?is phantom is ( a hazy & dubi\s aspect3 ! #8dull me*anic gho/' is indi/9ct1 & may be tak5 = anyone4 ,/ill1 x is n difficult = ! eye ( fancy to trace 9 x ! l9eam5ts ( "s dep>t$ fri5d1 :o1 x is to be assum$1 has come to be photograph$ along ) y4 ,9 fact1 photography1 accord+ to ! spirituali/1 resembles :at ,byron call$-- ,! lightn+ ( ! m9d1 ,:i* out ( ?+s famili>1 undesign$1 ,:5 lea/ we deem ( su*1 calls up to view ,! spectres :om no exorcism c b9d4 ,! ph5om5a ( spiritual photography 7 fir/ obs]v$ "s ye>s s9ce1 & a set ( c>te photographs 7 s5t f ,am]ica to ,dr4 ,walk]1 ( ,ed9burgh1 9 :i* photographic phantoms 7 v obvi\sly1 h[ev] indi/9ctly1 disc]nible4 ,m rec5tly an ,engli% photograph] notic$ a yet /rang] circum/ance1 ?\gh he 0 too s5sible to seek = a sup]natural int]pretation ( x4 ,:5 he took a photograph ) a p>ticul> l5s1 !re c\ld be se5 n only ! usual portrait ( ! sitt]1 b at "s little di/ance a fa9t #8d\ble1' exactly resembl+ ! pr9cipal image4 ,sup]/iti\s m9ds might f9d ?is result ev5 m di/ress+ ?an ! phantom photographic fri5d4 ,to be visit$ by ! dep>t$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a l5s1 is at lea/ n m unpleas+ ?an to hold conv]se ) spirits ?r\gh an ord9>y #8rapp+' m$ium4 ,b ! appe>ance ( a #8d\ble1' or #8fet*1' has ev] be5 held by ! le>n$ 9 gho/ly lore to signify approa*+ dea?4 ,=tunately bo? "o & ! o!r appe>ance c be v easily acc\nt$ = )\t call+ 9 ! aid ( ! sup]natural4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,photographical ,society x 0 %[n t an image may (t5 be s deeply impress$ on ! glass t ! subsequ5t clean+ ( ! plate1 ev5 ) /rong acids1 w n completely remove ! picture4 ,:5 ! plate is us$ = receiv+ ano!r picture1 ! orig9al image makes its reappe>ance1 & z x is too fa9t to be recognisable1 a highly susceptible imag9ation may readily trans=m x into ! image ( a dep>t$ fri5d4 ,! #8d\ble' is g5]at$ by ! well-kn[n prop]ty ( d\ble refraction1 obta9$ by a l5s "u c]ta9 circum/ances ( unequal pressure1 or sometimes by inequalities 9 ! process ( anneal+4 ,s vani% two gho/s :i* might h be5 m or less tr\blesome to ^? :o are ready to see ! sup]natural 9 commonplace ph5om5a4 ,w ! "t ev] come :5 no m su* phantoms w rema9 to be exorcis$8 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,m>* #b1 #ahfi47 ,,! ,,ox=d ,,& ,,cambridge ,,r[+ ,,/yles4 ,:atev] op9ion we may h ( ! result ( ! approa*+ conte/ 7#ahfi71 !re c be no d\bt t ?is ye>1 z 9 =m] ye>s1 !re is a /rik+ dissimil>ity betwe5 ! r[+ /yles ( ! d>k blue & ! light blue o>sm54 ,?is dissimil>ity makes itself obvi\s :e!r we comp>e ! two boats z se5 f ! side1 or :5 ! l9e ( sight is direct$ along ! l5g? ( ei!r4 ,p]haps x is 9 ! latt] aspect t an unpractis$ eye w mo/ readily detect ! diff]5ce ,i am speak+ (4 ,wat* ! ,cambridge boat approa*+ y f "s di/ance1 or rec$+1 & y w notice 9 ! rise & fall ( ! o>s1 z s se51 ! foll[+ peculi>ities--a long /ay ( ! o> 9 ! wat]1 a quick rise f & return to ! wat]1 ! o>s rema9+ out ( ! wat] = ! briefe/ possible int]val ( "t4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,ox=d boat q a diff]5t appe>ance is pres5t$--!re is a %ort /ay 9 ! wat]1 a %>p rise f & return to x1 & betwe5 ^! ! o>s appe> to hang ov] ! wat] = a p]ceptible int]val4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 :5 ! boats are se5 f ! side t ! mean+ ( ^! peculi>ities is detect$1 & also t ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! two /yles is made app>5t to ! exp]i5c$ eye4 ,9 ! ,cambridge boat we recognise ! long /roke & #8lightn+ fea!r' inculcat$ 9 ! old treatises on r[+3 9 ! ,ox=d boat we see ^! conditions rev]s$1 & 9 _! place ! #8wait+ fea!r' & lightn+ /roke4 ,by ! #8wait+ fea!r' ,i d n ref] to :at is commonly und]/ood by sl[ fea!r+1 b to a mom5t>y pause 7sc>cely to be detect$ :5 ! crew is r[+ h>d7 be=e ! simultane\s da% ( ! o>s ^u ! fir/ grip ( ! /roke4#ae ,& obs]v+ m closely--:i*1 by ! way1 is no easy matt]--z ei!r boat da%es swiftly pa/1 we detect ! di/9ctive peculi>ities ( #8"w' by :i* ! two /yles are sev]ally arriv$ at4 ,9 ! ,cambridge crew we see ! fir/ "p ( ! /roke done ) ! %\ld]s--precisely accord+ to ! old-fa%ion$ models--! arms /raight until ! body has fall5 back to an almo/ upright position2 !n comes ! %>p drop back ( ! %\ld]s beyond ! p]p5dicul>1 ! arms simultane\sly do+ _! "w1 s t z ! sw+ back is f9i%$1 ! backs ( ! h&s j t\* ! ribs 9 fea!r+4 ,all ^! ?+s are q 9 accordance ) :at us$ to be consid]$ ! p]fection ( r[+2 &1 inde$1 ?is /yle ( r[+ has "s important good qualities & a v h&some appe>ance4 ,! lightn+ fea!r1 also1 :i* foll[s ! long sweep+ /roke1 is !oretically p]fect4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( ! ,ox=d crew1 we obs]ve a /yle :i* at fir/ sight seems less excell5t4 ,z soon z ! o>s are da%$ d[n & cat* _! fir/ hold ( ! wat]1 ! arms z well z ! %\ld]s ( ea* o>sman are at "w4#af ,! result is1 t :5 ! back has rea*$ an upright position1 ! arms h already rea*$ ! *e/1 & ! /roke is f9i%$4 ,?us ! ,ox=d /roke takes a p]ceptibly %ort] "t ?an ! ,cambridge /roke2 x is also1 necess>ily1 some:at %ort] 9 ! wat]4 ,"o w\ld1 !re=e1 say x mu/ be less effective4 ,especially w\ld an unpractis$ obs]v] =m ?is op9ion1 because ! ,ox=d /roke seems to be mu* %ort] 9 range ?an x is 9 reality4 ,!re we h ! secret ( its effici5cy4 ,x is actually z long z ! ,cambridge /roke1 b is tak5 9 a p]ceptibly %ort] "t4 ,:at does ?is mean b t ! o> is tak5 m %>ply1 &1 !re=e1 mu* m effectively1 ?r\gh ! wat]8 ,mu* m effectively s f> z ! actual conditions ( ! conte/ are conc]n$4 ,! mod]n rac+ outrigg] requires a %>p impulse1 because x w take almo/ any spe$ we c apply to x4 ,x w also reta9 t spe$ betwe5 ! /rokes1 a consid]ation ( great importance4 ,! old-fa%ion$ rac+-eights requir$ to be cont9ually "u propulsion4 ,! lightn+-fea!r 0 a necessity 9 _! case1 = betwe5 e /roke ! boat w\ld lag t]ribly ) a sl[-fea!r+ crew4 ,i d n say1 ( c\rse1 t ! spe$ ( a light outrigg$ craft does n dim9i% betwe5 ! /rokes4 ,anyone :o has wat*$ a closely conte/$ bump+-race1 & notic$ ! way 9 :i* ! %>ply cut b[ ( ! pursu+ boat draws up to ! rudd] ( ! o!r z by a succession ( impulses1 al?\gh ei!r boat se5 alone w\ld seem to sweep on ) almo/ uni=m spe$1 w "k t ! motion ( ! lighte/ boat is n /rictly uni=m4 ,b !re is an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 ! almo/ imp]ceptible loss ( way ( a mod]n eight & ! dead #8lag' 9 ! old-fa%ion$ craft4 ,& h5ce we get ! foll[+ important consid]ation4 ,:]eas ) ! old boats x 0 useless = a crew to attempt to give a v quick motion to _! boat by a %>p1 sudd5 #8lift1' ?is plan is calculat$ to be1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ effective ) ! mod]n rac+-eight4 ,x may seem1 at fir/ sight1 t1 aft] all1 ! result ( ! ,cambridge /yle %\ld be z effective z t ( ! o!r4 ,if arms & %\ld]s d _! "w 9 bo? crews ) equal en]gy--:i* we may assume to be ! case--& if ! numb] ( /rokes p] m9ute is equal1 ! actual propulsive en]gy ought to be equal likewise4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ t ?is is a fallacy4 ,if two m5 pull at a weight toge!r !y w move x f>!r ) a giv5 exp5diture ( en]gy ?an if fir/ "o & !n ! o!r apply 8 /r5g? to ! "w4 ,& :at is m to ! purpose1 !y w be able to move x fa/]4 ,s %\ld]s & arms work+ simultane\sly w give a great] propulsive p[] ?an :5 work+ sep>ately1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ! latt] case ea* works ) its fulle/ en]gy4 ,& n only s1 b by ! simultane\s use ( arms & %\ld]s1 t %>pness ( motion c alone be giv5 :i* is ess5tial to ! propulsion ( a mod]n rac+-boat4 ,i h said t ! two crews are sev]ally r[+ 9 ! /yle :i* has lately be5 peculi> to _! respective ,univ]sities4 ,b ! ,cambridge crew is r[+ 9 t =m ( ! ,cambridge /yle :i* br+s x ne>e/ to ! requirem5ts ( mod]n rac+4 ,! faults ( ! /yle are subdu$1 s to speak1 & its be/ qualities br\ght out effectively4 ,9 "o or two ( ! long s]ies ( defeats lately su/a9$ by ,cambridge ! rev]se has be5 ! case4 ,at pres5t1 too1 !re is a c]ta9 r\ghness ab\t ! ,ox=d crew :i* enc\rages ! hopes ( ! light blue support]s4 ,b x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is r\ghness is r app>5t ?an real1 great z x seems1 & x w d\btless disappe> be=e ! day ( enc\nt]4 ,i v5ture to pr$ict t ! #8"t' ( ! approa*+ race1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! /ate ( ! tide1 w %[ ! pres5t crews to be at lea/ equal to ! av]age4#ag 7,f ! ,daily ,news1 ,april #ahfi47 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,! grip is nev] prop]ly caught )\t ! pause2 b any?+ beyond a mom5t>y pause is a bad fault 9 /yle4 #af ,i write ?is ) full k t _m ,ox=d m5 d5y ! fact4 ,i h r[$ beh9d ,cambridge1 ,ox=d1 & ,london /rokes1 & h sev]al times tak5 ! place 7numb] #b ?w>t7 ( a ,london wat]man 9 a f\r 7#8/rok$' by ,john ,mack9ney7 tra9+ = ! ,?ames ,regatta4 ,s t ,i h _h ample opportunities = comp>+ diff]5t r[+ /yles2 & ,i am satisfi$ t ! ma9 defect ( ! real ,cambridge /yle 0 7& p]haps is7 an exagg]ation ( ! s\nd rule t a boat %\ld be propell$ r by ! body ?an by ! arms4 ,! v sw+ 9 a ,cambridge boat %[s t ?is mu/ be s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,?ames wat]m5 d too mu* arm-"w2 & h5ce seem to d\ble a little ov] _! o>s4 ,i once r[$ ) "s ,cambridge fri5ds f ,london ne>ly to ,ox=d & back1 tak+ a ,?ames wat]man z #8help4' ,we set him1 at fir/1 = our /rokesman1 b we soon _h to make him r[ b[1 = we c\ld none ( u /& 8 gripp+1 arm-work+ /yle4 ,,bett+ ,,on ,,horse ,,races3 ,,or1 ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,odds4 ,!re appe>s e day 9 ! newspap]s an acc\nt ( ! bett+ on ! pr9cipal =?com+ races4 ,! bett+ on su* races z ! ,two ,?\s& ,gu9eas1 ! ,d]by1 & ! ,oaks1 (t5 beg9s m ?an a ye> be=e ! races are run2 & dur+ ! int]val1 ! odds laid aga9/ ! diff]5t horses engag$ 9 !m v>y repeat$ly1 9 accordance ) ! report$ progress ( ! animals 9 _! tra9+1 or ) :at is le>n$ respect+ ! int5tions ( _! own]s4 ,_m :o d n bet !mselves1 f9d an int]e/ 9 wat*+ ! v>y+ =tunes ( ! horses :i* are held by ! initiat$ to be lead+ fav\rites1 or to fall into ! second rank1 or m]ely to h an outside *ance ( success4 ,x is amus+ to notice1 too1 h[ frequ5tly ! f9al /ate ( ! odds is falsifi$ by ! ev5t2 h[ "s #8rank outsid]' w run into ! fir/ place1 :ile ! lead+ fav\rites are n ev5 #8plac$4' ,x is 9 reality a simple matt] to und]/& ! bett+ on races 7or conte/s ( any k9d71 yet x is a/oni%+ h[ seldom ^? :o d n actually bet ^u races h any inkl+ ( ! mean+ ( ^? my/]i\s columns :i* indicate ! op9ion ( ! bett+ _w respect+ ! probable results ( approa*+ conte/s1 equ9e or o!rwise4 ,let u take a few simple cases ( #8odds1' to beg9 )2 &1 hav+ ma/]$ ! elem5ts ( our subject1 proce$ to see h[ cases ( great] complexity are to be dealt )4 ,suppose ! newspap]s in=m u t ! bett+ is #b to #a aga9/ a c]ta9 horse = su* & su* a race1 :at inf]5ce are we to d$uce8 ,to le>n ?is let u conceive a case 9 :i* ! true odds aga9/ a c]ta9 ev5t are z #b to #a4 ,suppose !re are ?ree balls 9 a bag1 "o be+ :ite1 ! o!rs black4 ,!n1 if we draw a ball at r&om1 x is cle> t we are twice z likely to draw a black z to draw a :ite ball4 ,?is is te*nically express$ by say+ t ! odds are #b to #a aga9/ draw+ a :ite ball2 or #b to #a on 7t is1 9 fav\r (7 draw+ a black ball4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 x foll[s t1 :5 ! odds are said to be #b to #a aga9/ a c]ta9 horse1 we are to inf] t1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o h /udi$ ! p]=mance ( ! horse1 & comp>$ x ) t ( ! o!r horses engag$ 9 ! race1 8 *ance ( w9n+ is equival5t to ! *ance ( draw+ "o p>ticul> ball out ( a bag ( ?ree balls4 ,obs]ve h[ ?is result is obta9$3 ! odds are #b to #a1 & ! *ance ( ! horse is z t ( draw+ "o ball out ( a bag ( ?ree--?ree be+ ! sum ( ! two numb]s #b & #a4 ,?is is ! me?od foll[$ 9 all su* cases4 ,?us1 if ! odds aga9/ a horse are #g to #a1 we inf] t ! cognosc5ti consid] 8 *ance equal to t ( draw+ "o p>ticul> ball out ( a bag ( eight4 ,a simil> treatm5t applies :5 ! odds are n giv5 z s _m to "o4 ,?us1 if ! odds aga9/ a horse are z #e to #b1 we inf] t ! horse's *ance is equal to t ( draw+ a :ite ball out ( a bag conta9+ five black & two :ite balls--or sev5 9 all4 ,we mu/ notice also t ! numb] ( balls may be increas$ to any ext5t1 provid$ ! proportion betwe5 ! total numb] & ! numb] ( a specifi$ col\r rema9s un*ang$4 ,?us1 if ! odds are #e to #a aga9/ a horse1 8 *ance is assum$ to be equival5t to t ( draw+ "o :ite ball out ( a bag conta9+ six balls1 only "o ( :i* is :ite2 or to t ( draw+ a :ite ball out ( a bag conta9+ sixty balls1 ( :i* t5 are :ite-& s on4 ,?is is a v important pr9ciple1 z we %all n[ see4 ,suppose !re are two horses 7among/ o!rs7 engag$ 9 a race1 & t ! odds are #b to #a aga9/ "o1 & #d to #a aga9/ ! o!r-:at are ! odds t "o ( ! two horses w w9 ! race8 ,?is case w d\btless rem9d my read]s ( an amus+ sket* by ,lee*1 call$--if ,i rememb] rightly--#8,signs ( ! ,commission4' ,?ree or f\r und]graduates are at a #8w9e1' discuss+ matt]s equ9e4 ,"o prop\nds to 8 neighb\r ! foll[+ "q3 ,i say1 ,*>ley1 if ! odds are #b to #a aga9/ ,rataplan1 & #d to #a aga9/ ,quick ,m>*1 :at's ! bett+ ab\t ! pair8'--#8,don't "k1 ,i'm sure1' replies ,*>ley2 #8b ,i'll give y #f to #a aga9/ !m4' ,! absurdity ( ! reply is1 ( c\rse1 v obvi\s2 we see at once t ! odds _c be heavi] aga9/ a pair ( horses ?an aga9/ ei!r s+ly4 ,/ill1 !re are _m :o w\ld n f9d x easy to give a correct reply to ! "q4 ,:at has be5 said above1 h[ev]1 w enable u at once to det]m9e ! j odds 9 ?is or any simil> case4 ,?us-! odds aga9/ "o horse be+ #b to #a1 8 *ance ( w9n+ is equal to t ( draw+ "o :ite ball out ( a bag ( ?ree1 "o only ( :i* is :ite4 ,9 l mann]1 ! *ance ( ! second horse is equal to t ( draw+ "o :ite ball out ( a bag ( five1 "o only ( :i* is :ite4 ,n[ we h to f9d a numb] :i* is a multiple ( bo? ! numb]s ?ree & five4 ,fifte5 is su* a numb]4 ,! *ance ( ! fir/ horse1 modifi$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple expla9$ above1 is equal to t ( draw+ a :ite ball out ( a bag ( fifte5 ( :i* five are :ite4 ,9 l mann]1 ! *ance ( ! second is equal to t ( draw+ a :ite ball out ( a bag ( fifte5 ( :i* ?ree are :ite4 ,!re=e ! *ance t "o ( ! two w w9 is equal to t ( draw+ a :ite ball out ( a bag ( fifte5 balls ( :i* eight 7five add$ to ?ree7 are :ite4 ,!re rema9 sev5 black balls1 & !re=e ! odds are #h to #g on ! pair4 ,to impress ! me?od ( treat+ su* cases on ! m9d ( ! read]1 let u take ! bett+ ab\t ?ree horses--say #c to #a1 #g to #b1 & #i to #a aga9/ ! ?ree horses respectively4 ,!n _! respective *ances are equal to ! *ance ( draw+ 7#a7 "o :ite ball out ( f\r1 "o only ( :i* is :ite2 7#b7 a :ite ball out ( n9e1 ( :i* two only are :ite2 & 7#c7 "o :ite ball out ( t51 "o only ( :i* is :ite4 ,! lea/ numb] :i* conta9s f\r1 n9e1 & t5 is #ahj2 & ! above *ances1 modifi$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple expla9$ above1 become equal to ! *ance ( draw+ a :ite ball out ( a bag conta9+ #ahj balls1 :5 #de1 #dj1 & #ah 7respectively7 are :ite4 ,!re=e1 ! *ance t "o ( ! ?ree w w9 is equal to t ( draw+ a :ite ball out ( a bag conta9+ #ahj balls1 ( :i* #ajc 7! sum ( #de1 #dj1 & #ah7 are :ite4 ,!re=e1 ! odds are #ajc to #gg on ! ?ree4 ,"o does n he> 9 practice ( su* odds z #ajc to #gg4 ,b bett+-m5 7:e!r or n !y apply j pr9ciples ( computation to su* que/ions1 is unkn[n to me7 manage to run v ne> ! tru?4 ,= in/ance1 9 su* a case z ! above1 ! odds on ! ?ree w\ld probably be giv5 z #d to #c--t is1 in/ead ( #ajc to #gg 7or #dab to #cjh71 ! publi%$ odds w\ld be equival5t to #dab to #cji4 ,& "h a c]ta9 nicety 9 bett+ has to be m5tion$4 ,9 runn+ ! eye d[n ! li/ ( odds1 "o w (t5 meet su* expressions z #aj to #a aga9/ su* a horse (f]$1 or #aj to #a want$4 ,n[1 ! odds ( #aj to #a tak5 may be und]/ood to imply t ! horse's *ance is equival5t to t ( draw+ a c]ta9 ball out ( a bag ( elev54 ,b if ! odds are (f]$ & n tak51 we _c inf] ?is4 ,! (f]+ ( ! odds implies t ! horse's *ance is n bett] ?an t above m5tion$1 b ! fact t !y are n tak5 implies t ! horse's *ance is n s good4 ,if no high] odds are (f]$ aga9/ ! horse1 we may inf] t 8 *ance is v little worse ?an t m5tion$ above4 ,simil>ly1 if ! odds ( #aj to #a are ask$ =1 we inf] t ! horse's *ance is n worse ?an t ( draw+ "o ball out ( elev52 if ! odds are n obta9$1 we inf] t 8 *ance is bett]2 & if no l[] odds are ask$ =1 we inf] t 8 *ance is v little bett]4 ,?us1 !re might be ?ree horses 7,a1 ,b1 & ,c7 aga9/ :om ! nom9al odds 7 #aj to #a1 & yet ^! horses might n be equally good fav\rites1 because ! odds might n be tak51 or might be ask$ = 9 va94 ,we might accord+ly f9d ?ree su* horses arrang$ ?us3-- ,odds4 ,a #aj to #a 7want$74 ,b #aj to #a 7tak574 ,c #aj to #a 7(f]$74 ,or ^! diff]5t /ages might m>k ! upw>d or d[nw>d progress ( ! same horse 9 ! bett+4 ,9 fact1 !re are yet m delicate gradations1 m>k$ by su* expressions respect+ c]ta9 odds1 z--(f]$ freely1 (f]$1 (f]$ & tak5 7mean+ t "s (f]s only h be5 accept$71 tak51 tak5 & want$1 want$1 & s on4 ,z an illu/ration ( "s ( ! pr9ciples ,i h be5 consid]+1 let u take f ! day's pap]1#ah ! /ate ( ! odds respect+ ! #8,two ,?\s& ,gu9eas4' ,x is pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ =m3-- ,,two ,,?\s& ,,gu9eas4 #g to #b aga9/ ,rosicrucian 7(f474 #f to #a aga9/ ,pace 7(f42 #g to #a w474 #aj to #a aga9/ ,gre5 ,sleeve 7(f474 #ajj to #g aga9/ ,blue ,g[n 7(f474 #ahj to #hj aga9/ ,sir ,j4 ,hawley's lot 7t474 ,?is table is int]pret$ ?us3 bettors are will+ to lay ! same odds aga9/ ,rosicrucian z w\ld be ! true ma!matical odds aga9/ draw+ a :ite ball out ( a bag conta9+ two :ite & sev5 black balls2 b no "o is will+ to back ! horse at ?is rate2 on ! o!r h&1 high] odds are n (f]$ aga9/ him4 ,h5ce x is presumable t 8 *ance is some:at less ?an t above indicat$4 ,aga91 bettors are will+ to lay ! same odds aga9/ ,pace z might fairly be laid aga9/ draw+ "o :ite ball out ( a bag ( sev51 "o only ( :i* is :ite2 b back]s ( ! horse consid] t !y ought to get ! same odds z might be fairly laid aga9/ draw+ ! :ite ball :5 an additional black ball _h be5 put into ! bag4 ,z respects ,gre5 ,sleeve & ,blue ,g[n1 bettors are will+ to lay ! odds :i* !re w\ld be1 respectively1 aga9/ draw+ a :ite ball out ( a bag conta9+--7#a7 elev5 balls1 "o only ( :i* is :ite1 & 7#b7 "o hundr$ & sev5 balls1 sev5 only ( :i* are :ite4 ,n[1 ! ?ree horses1 ,rosicrucian1 ,gre5 ,sleeve1 & ,blue ,g[n1 all belong to ,sir ,joseph ,hawley1 s t ! odds ab\t ! ?ree are ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ /atem5t ( ! li/ j giv54 ,& s9ce none ( ! (f]s aga9/ ! ?ree horses h be5 tak51 we may expect ! odds actually tak5 ab\t #8,sir ,joseph ,hawley's lot' to be m fav\rable ?an ^? obta9$ by summ+ up ! ?ree =m] 9 ! mann] we h already exam9$4 ,x w be f\nd t ! result+ odds 7(f]$7 aga9/ ,sir ,j4 ,hawley's lot--e/imat$ 9 ?is way--%\ld be1 z ne>ly z possible1 #acb to #hj4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! odds tak5 are #ahj to #hj4 ,h5ce1 we le>n t ! (f]s aga9/ "s or all ( ! ?ree horses are consid]ably %ort ( :at back]s require2 or else t "s p]son has be5 induc$ to (f] f> heavi] odds aga9/ ,sir ,j4 ,hawley's lot ?an are ju/ifi$ by ! fair odds aga9/ 8 horses1 sev]ally4 ,i h he>d x ask$ :y a horse is said to be a fav\rite1 ?\gh ! odds may be aga9/ him4 ,?is is v easily expla9$4 ,let u take z an illu/ration ! case ( a race 9 :i* f\r horses are engag$ to run4 ,if all ^! horses _h an equal *ance ( w9n+1 x is v cle> t ! case w\ld correspond to t ( a bag conta9+ f\r balls ( diff]5t col\rs2 s9ce1 9 ?is case1 we %\ld h an equal *ance ( draw+ a ball ( any assign$ col\r4 ,n[1 ! odds aga9/ draw+ a p>ticul> ball w\ld cle>ly be #c to #a4 ,?is1 !n1 %\ld be ! bett+ aga9/ ea* ( ! ?ree horses4 ,if any "o ( ! horses has less odds (f]$ aga9/ him1 he is a fav\rite4 ,!re may be m ?an "o ( ! f\r horses ?us di/+ui%$2 &1 9 t case1 ! horse aga9/ :i* ! lea/ odds are (f]$ is ! fir/ fav\rite4 ,let u suppose !re are two fav\rites1 & t ! odds aga9/ ! lead+ fav\rite are #c to #b1 ^? aga9/ ! o!r #b to #a1 & ^? aga9/ ! be/ non-fav\rite #d to #a2 & let u comp>e ! *ances ( ! f\r horses4 ,i h n nam$ any odds aga9/ ! f\r?1 because1 if ! odds aga9/ all ! horses b "o are giv51 ! j odds aga9/ t "o are det]m9able1 z we %all see imm$iately4 ,! *ance ( ! lead+ fav\rite corresponds to ! *ance ( draw+ a ball out ( a bag 9 :i* are ?ree black & two :ite balls1 five 9 all2 t ( ! next to ! *ance ( draw+ a ball out ( a bag 9 :i* are two black & "o :ite ball1 ?ree 9 all2 t ( ! ?ird1 to ! *ance ( draw+ a ball out ( a bag 9 :i* are f\r black balls & "o :ite "o1 five 9 all4 ,we take1 !n1 ! lea/ numb] conta9+ bo? five & ?ree--t is1 fifte52 & !n ! numb] ( :ite balls1 correspond+ to ! *ances ( ! ?ree horses1 are respectively six1 five1 & ?ree1 or f\rte5 9 all2 leav+ only "o to repres5t ! *ance ( ! f\r? horse 7aga9/ :i* ! odds are !re=e #ad to #a74 ,h5ce ! *ances ( ! f\r horses are respectively z ! numb]s six1 five1 ?ree & "o4 ,i h spok5 above ( ! publi%$ odds4 ,! /atem5ts made 9 ! daily pap]s commonly ref] to wag]s actually made1 & !re=e ! un9itiat$ might suppose t ev]yone :o tri$ w\ld be able to obta9 ! same odds4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,! wag]s :i* are laid betwe5 practis$ bett+-m5 af=d v little indication ( ! prices :i* w\ld be =c$ 7s to speak7 ^u an inexp]i5c$ bettor4 ,book-mak]s--t is1 m5 :o make a s]ies ( bets ^u sev]al or all ( ! horses engag$ 9 a race--naturally seek to give less fav\rable t]ms ?an ! kn[n *ances ( ! diff]5t horses engag$ w\ld suffice to w>rant4 ,z !y _c (f] su* t]ms to ! initiat$1 !y (f] !m-& 9 g5]al success--fully--to ! inexp]i5c$4 ,x is (t5 said t a man may s lay 8 wag]s ab\t a race z to make sure ( ga9+ money :i*ev] horse w9s ! race4 ,?is is n /rictly ! case4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to make sure ( w9n+ if ! bettor c only get p]sons to lay or take ! odds he requires to ! am\nt he requires4 ,b ?is is precisely ! problem :i* w\ld rema9 insoluble if all bettors 7 equally exp]i5c$4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t !re are ?ree horses engag$ 9 a race ) equal *ances ( success4 ,x is readily %[n t ! odds are #b to #a aga9/ ea*4 ,b if a bettor c get a p]son to take ev5 bett+ aga9/ ! fir/ horse 7,a71 a second p]son to d ! l ab\t ! second horse 7,b71 & a ?ird to d ! l ab\t ! ?ird horse 7,c71 & if all ^! bets are made to ! same am\nt--say #ajjjl4--!n1 inasmu* z only "o horse c w91 ! bettor loses #ajjjl4 on t horse 7say ,a71 & ga9s ! same sum on ea* ( ! two horses ,b & ,c4 ,?us1 on ! :ole1 he ga9s #ajjjl41 ! sum laid out aga9/ ea* horse4 ,if ! lay] ( ! odds _h laid ! true odds to ! same am\nt on ea* horse1 he w\ld nei!r h ga9$ nor lo/4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t he laid #ajjjl4 to #ejjl4 aga9/ ea* horse1 & ,a won2 !n he w\ld h to pay #ajjjl4 to ! back] ( ,a1 & to receive #ejjl4 f ea* ( ! back]s ( ,b & ,c4 ,9 l mann]1 a p]son :o _h back$ ea* horse to ! same ext5t w\ld nei!r lose nor ga9 by ! ev5t4 ,nor w\ld a back] or lay] :o _h wag]$ diff]5t sums necess>ily ga9 or lose by ! race2 he w\ld ga9 or lose accord+ to ! ev5t4 ,?is w at once be se51 on trial4 ,let u next take ! case ( horses ) unequal prospects ( success--= in/ance1 take ! case ( ! f\r horses consid]$ above1 aga9/ :i* ! odds 7 respectively #c to #b1 #b to #a1 #d to #a1 & #ad to #a4 ,"h1 suppose ! same sum laid aga9/ ea*1 & = conv5i5ce let ?is sum be #hdl4 7because #hd conta9s ! numb]s #c1 #b1 #d1 & #ad74 ,! lay] ( ! odds wag]s #hdl4 to #efl4 aga9/ ! lead+ fav\rite1 #hdl4 to #dbl4 aga9/ ! second horse1 #hdl4 to #bal4 aga9/ ! ?ird1 & #hdl4 to #fl4 aga9/ ! f\r?4 ,:i*ev] horse w9s1 ! lay] has to pay #hdl42 b if ! fav\rite w9s1 he receives only #dbl4 on "o horse1 #bal4 on ano!r1 & #fl4 on ! ?ird--t is #fil4 9 all1 s t he loses #ael42 if ! second horse w9s1 he has to receive #efl41 #bal41 & #fl4--or #hcl4 9 all1 s t he loses #al42 if ! ?ird horse w9s1 he receives #efl41 #dbl41 & #fl4--or #ajdl4 9 all1 & ?us ga9s #bjl42 & la/ly1 if ! f\r? horse w9s1 he has to receive #efl41 #dbl41 & #bll4--or #aail4 9 all1 s t he ga9s #cel4 ,he cle>ly risks mu* less ?an he has a *ance 7h[ev] small7 ( ga9+4 ,x is also cle> t 9 all su* cases ! wor/ ev5t = ! lay] ( ! odds is1 t ! fav\rite %\ld w94 ,accord+ly1 z pr(essional book-mak]s are ne>ly always lay]s ( odds1 "o (t5 f9ds ! success ( a fav\rite spok5 ( 9 ! pap]s z a #8great bl[ = ! book-mak]s1' :ile ! success ( a rank outsid] w be describ$ z #8a mis=tune to back]s4' ,b !re is ano!r circum/ance :i* t5ds to make ! success ( a fav\rite a bl[ to lay]s ( ! odds & vice v]s4 ,9 ! case we h suppos$1 ! money actually p5d+ ab\t ! f\r horses 7t is1 ! sum ( ! am\nt laid = & aga9/ !m7 0 #adjl4 z respects ! fav\rite1 #abfl4 z respects ! second1 #ajel4 z respects ! ?ird1 & #ijl4 z respects ! f\r?4 ,b z a matt] ( fact ! am\nts p5d+ ab\t ! fav\rites be> always a mu* great] proportion ?an ! above to ! am\nts p5d+ ab\t outsid]s4 ,x is easy to see ! effect ( ?is4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t in/ead ( ! sums #hdl4 to #efl41 #hdl4 to #dbl41 #hdl4 to #bal41 & #hdl4 to #fl41 a book-mak] _h laid #hdjjl4 to #efjjl41 #hdjl4 to #dbjl41 #hdl4 to #bal41 & #adl4 to #al41 respectively--!n x w easily be se5 t he w\ld lose #giehl4 by ! success ( ! fav\rite2 :]eas he w\ld ga9 #dghbl4 by ! success ( ! second horse1 #eicgl4 by t ( ! ?ird1 & #fjbgl4 by t ( ! f\r?4 ,i h tak5 ?is z an extreme case2 z a g5]al rule1 !re is n s great a disp>ity z has be5 "h assum$ betwe5 ! sums p5d+ on fav\rites & outsid]s4 ,f9ally1 x may be ask$ :e!r1 9 ! case ( horses hav+ unequal *ances1 x is possible t wag]s c be s proportion$ 7j odds be+ giv5 & tak571 t1 z 9 ! =m] case1 a p]son back+ or lay+ aga9/ all ! f\r %all nei!r ga9 nor lose4 ,x is s4 ,all t is necess>y is1 t ! sum actually p5d+ ab\t ea* horse %all be ! same4 ,?us1 9 ! prec$+ case1 if ! wag]s #il4 to #fl41 #ajl4 to #el41 #abl4 to #cl41 & #adl4 to #al41 are ei!r laid or tak5 by ! same p]son1 he w nei!r ga9 nor lose by ! ev5t1 :atev] x may be4 ,& !re=e1 if unfair odds are laid or tak5 ab\t all ! horses1 9 su* a mann] t ! am\nts p5d+ on ! sev]al horses are equal 7or ne>ly s71 ! unfair bettor mu/ w9 by ! result4 ,say1 = in/ance1 t in/ead ( ! above odds1 he lays #hl4 to #fl41 #il4 to #el41 #aal4 to #cl4 & #acl4 to #al41 aga9/ ! f\r horses respectively2 x w be f\nd t he mu/ w9 #al4 ,or if he takes ! odds #ahl4 to #aal41 #bjl4 to #il41 #bdl4 to #el41 & #bhl4 to #al4 7! j odds be+ #ahl4 to #abl41 #bjl4 to #ajl41 #bdl4 to #fl41 & #bhl4 to #bl4 respectively71 he w w9 #al4 by ! race4 ,s t1 by giv+ or tak+ su* odds to a suffici5tly great am\nt1 a bettor w\ld be c]ta9 ( pocket+ a l>ge sum1 :atev] ! ev5t ( a giv5 race might be4 ,9 e in/ance1 a man :o bets on a race mu/ risk 8 money1 unless he c succe$ 9 tak+ unfair advantages ov] ^? ) :om he bets4 ,my read]s w conceive h[ small mu/ be ! *ance t an unpractis$ bettor w ga9 any?+ b de>ly-b\ght exp]i5ce by speculat+ on horse-races4 ,i w\ld recomm5d ^? :o are tempt$ to hold ano!r op9ion to foll[ ! plan sugge/$ by ,?ack]ay 9 a simil> case--to take a good look at pr(essional & practis$ bett+-m51 & to decide #8:i* ( ^? m5 !y are mo/ likely to get ! bett] (' 9 turf transactions4 7,f ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 ,july #ahfi47 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,! race 7t ( #ahfi7 0 "o ( ! be/ ev] r[$1 & ! "t ( ! w9n]s 7,ox=d7 bett] ?an 9 any =m] race4 #ah ,?is article 0 writt5 e>ly 9 ,m>* #ahfh4 ,,squ>+ ,,! ,,circle4 ,!re mu/ be a s+ul> *>m ab\t insoluble problems1 s9ce !re are nev] want+ p]sons :o are will+ to attack !m4 ,i d\bt n t at ?is mom5t !re are p]sons :o are devot+ _! en]gies to ,squ>+ ! ,circle1 9 ! full belief t important advantages w\ld accrue to sci5ce--& possibly a consid]able pecuni>y pr(it to !mselves--if !y c\ld succe$ 9 solv+ x4 ,q rec5tly1 applications h be5 made to ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 to asc]ta9 :at 0 ! am\nt :i* t body 0 au?oris$ to pay ov] to anyone :o %\ld squ>e ! circle4 ,s s]i\sly1 inde$1 0 ! secret>y annoy$ by applications ( ?is sort1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to ann\nce 9 ! daily j\rnals t n only 0 ! ,academy n au?oris$ to pay any sum at all1 b t x _h det]m9$ nev] to give ! lea/ att5tion to ^? :o fanci$ !y _h ma/]$ ! fam\s problem4 ,x is a s+ul> circum/ance t p h ev5 attack$ ! problem )\t kn[+ exactly :at its nature is4 ,"o +5i\s workman1 to :om ! difficulty _h be5 prop\nd$1 actually set to "w to inv5t an arrangem5t = measur+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle2 & 0 p]fectly satisfi$ t he _h ?us solv$ a problem :i* _h ma/]$ all ! ma!maticians ( anci5t & mod]n times4 ,t we may n fall into a simil> error1 let u cle>ly und]/& :at x is t is requir$ = ! solution ( ! problem ( #8squ>+ ! circle4' ,to beg9 )1 we mu/ note t ! t]m #8squ>+ ! circle' is r a misnom]2 because ! true problem to be solv$ is ! det]m9ation ( ! l5g? ( a circle's circumf]5ce :5 ! diamet] is kn[n4 ,( c\rse1 ! solution ( ?is problem1 or1 z x is t]m$1 ! rectification ( ! circle1 involves ! solution ( ! o!r1 or ! quadrature1 ( ! circle4 ,b x is well to keep ! simpl] issue be=e u4 ,_m h suppos$ t !re exi/s "s exact relation betwe5 ! circumf]5ce & ! diamet] ( ! circle1 & t ! problem to be solv$ is ! det]m9ation ( ?is relation4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! approximate relation discov]$ by ,ar*im$es 7:o f\nd1 t if a circle's diamet] is repres5t$ by sev51 ! circumf]5ce may be almo/ exactly repres5t$ by tw5ty-two7 7 /rictly correct1 & t ,ar*im$es _h prov$ x to be s2 !n1 accord+ to ?is view1 he w\ld h solv$ ! great problem2 & x is to det]m9e a relation ( "s su* sort t _m p]sons h set !mselves4 ,n[1 und\bt$ly1 if any relation ( ?is sort c\ld be e/abli%$1 ! problem w\ld be solv$2 b z a matt] ( fact no su* relation exi/s1 & ! solution ( ! problem does n require t !re %\ld be any relation ( ! sort4 ,= example1 we d n look on ! det]m9ation ( ! diagonal ( a squ>e 7^: side is kn[n7 z an insoluble1 or z o!rwise ?an a v simple problem4 ,yet 9 ?is case no exact relation exi/s4 ,we _c possibly express bo? ! side & ! diagonal ( a squ>e 9 :ole numb]s1 no matt] :at unit ( measurem5t we adopt3 or1 to put ! matt] 9 ano!r way1 we _c possibly divide bo? ! side & ! diagonal into equal p>ts 7:i* %all be ! same along ea*71 no matt] h[ small we take ! p>ts4 ,if we divide ! side into #a1jjj p>ts1 !re w be #a1dad su* p>ts1 & a piece ov] 9 ! diagonal2 if we divide ! side into #aj1jjj p>ts1 !re w be #ad1adb1 & /ill a little piece ov]1 9 ! diagonal2 & s on = ev]4 ,simil>ly1 ! m]e fact t no exact relation exi/s betwe5 ! diamet] & ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is no b> :atev] to ! solution ( ! great problem4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 h[ev]1 ,i may m5tion a relation :i* is v easily rememb]$1 & is v ne>ly exact--mu* m s1 at any rate1 ?an t ( ,ar*im$es4 ,write d[n ! numb]s #aac1cee1 t is1 ! fir/ ?ree odd numb]s ea* repeat$ twice ov]4 ,!n sep>ate ! six numb]s into two sets ( ?ree1 ?us1--#aac7 #cee1 & proce$ ) ! division ?us indicat$4 ,! result1 #cadaeibi4441 expresses ! circumf]5ce ( a circle ^: diamet] is #a1 correctly to ! six? decimal place1 ! true relation be+ #cadaeibfe4 ,aga91 _m p imag9e t ma!maticians are /ill 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty z to ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! circumf]5ce & ! diamet] ( ! circle4 ,if ?is 7 s1 sci5tific societies might well hold out a rew>d to anyone :o c\ld enlight5 !m2 = ! det]m9ation ( ?is relation 7) satisfactory exactitude7 may be held to lie at ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ( our mod]n sy/em ( ma!matics4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t no d\bt :atev] re/s on ! matt]4 ,a hundr$ diff]5t me?ods are kn[n to ma!maticians by :i* ! circumf]5ce may be calculat$ f ! diamet] ) any requir$ degree ( exactness4 ,"h is a simple "o1 = example3--,take any numb] ( ! fractions =m$ by putt+ "o z a num]ator ov] ! successive odd numb]s4 ,add toge!r ! alt]nate ones beg9n+ ) ! fir/1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is unity4 ,add toge!r ! rema9d]4 ,subtract ! second sum f ! fir/4 ,! rema9d] w express ! circumf]5ce 7! diamet] be+ tak5 z unity7 to any requir$ degree ( exactness4 ,we h m]ely to take en\gh fractions4 ,! process w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be a v labori\s "o1 if great exactness 7 requir$1 & z a matt] ( fact ma!maticians h made use ( mu* m conv5i5t me?ods = det]m9+ ! requir$ relation3 b ! me?od is /rictly exact4 ,! l>ge/ circle we h mu* to d ) 9 sci5tific que/ions is ! e>?'s equator4 ,z a matt] ( curiosity1 we may inquire :at ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?'s orbit is2 b z we are f> f be+ sure ( ! exact l5g? ( ! radius ( t orbit 7t is1 ( ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun71 x is cle> t we d n ne$ a v exact relation betwe5 ! circumf]5ce & ! diamet] 9 deal+ ) t enorm\s circle4 ,conf9+ ourselves1 !re=e1 to ! circle ( ! e>?'s equator1 let u see :at exactness we seem to require4 ,we w suppose = a mom5t t x is possible to measure r\nd ! e>?'s equator )\t los+ c\nt ( a s+le y>d1 & t we want to ga!r f our e/imate :at ! diamet] ( ?is great circle may be4 ,?is seems1 inde$1 ! only use to :i*1 9 ?is case1 we c put our k ( ! relation we are deal+ )4 ,we h !n a circle "s tw5ty-five ?\s& miles r\nd1 & ea* mile conta9s "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sixty y>ds3 or 9 all !re are "s =ty-f\r million y>ds 9 ! circumf]5ce1 & !re=e 7r\ghly7 "s f\rte5 million y>ds 9 ! diamet] ( ?is great circle4 ,h5ce1 if our relation is correct )9 a f\rte5-million? "p ( ! diamet]1 or a =ty-f\r million? "p ( ! circumf]5ce1 we are safe f any error exce$+ a y>d4 ,all we want1 !n1 is t ! numb] express+ ! circumf]5ce 7! diamet] be+ unity7 %\ld be true to ! eigh? decimal place1 z quot$ above 7p4 #bia1 l4 #e74 ,b z ,i h said1 ma!maticians h n be5 cont5t ) a computation ( ?is sort4 ,!y h calculat$ ! numb] n to ! eigh?1 b to ! six hundr$ & tw5tie? decimal place4 ,n[1 if we rememb] t ea* new decimal makes ! result t5 times m exact1 we %all beg9 to see :at a wa/e ( "t !re has be5 9 ?is trem5d\s calculation4 ,we all rememb] ! /ory ( ! horse :i* _h tw5ty-f\r nails 9 its %oes1 & 0 valu$ at ! sum obta9$ by add+ toge!r a f>?+ = ! fir/ nail1 a halfp5ny = ! next1 a p5ny = ! next1 & s on1 d\bl+ tw5ty-f\r times4 ,! result 0 c\nt$ by ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,! old mis] :o paid at a simil> rate = a grave eighte5 feet deep 7d\bl+ = ea* foot71 kill$ himself :5 he he>d ! total4 ,b n[ consid] ! effect ( multiply+ by t51 six hundr$ & tw5ty times4 ,a fraction1 ) t enorm\s numb] = d5om9ator1 & unity = num]ator1 expresses ! m9ut5ess ( ! error :i* w\ld result if ! #8long value' ( ! circumf]5ce 7 made use (4 ,let an illu/ration %[ ! =ce ( ?is3-- ,x has be5 e/imat$ t light1 :i* c\ld eight times circle ! e>? 9 a second1 takes #ej1jjj ye>s 9 rea*+ u f ! fa9te/ />s se5 9 ,"l ,rosse's giant reflector4 ,suppose we knew ! exact l5g? ( ! trem5d\s l9e :i* ext5ds f ! e>? to su* a />1 & want$1 = "s inconceivable purpose1 to "k ! l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 ( :i* t l9e 0 ! radius4 ,! value d$uc$ f ! above-m5tion$ calculation ( ! relation betwe5 ! circumf]5ce & ! diamet] w\ld diff] f ! tru? by a l5g? :i* w\ld be imp]ceptible "u ! mo/ p[]ful microscope ev] yet con/ruct$4 ,nay1 ! radius we h conceiv$1 enorm\s z x is1 might be increas$ a million-fold1 or a million times a million-fold1 ) ! same result4 ,& ! area ( ! circle =m$ ) ?is increas$ radius w\ld be det]m9able ) s mu* accuracy1 t ! error1 if pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a m9ute squ>e1 w\ld be utt]ly imp]ceptible "u a microscope a million times m p[]ful ?an ! be/ ev] yet con/ruct$ by man4 ,n only has ! l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce be5 calculat$ once 9 ?is unnecess>ily exact mann]1 b a second calculator has gone ov] ! "w indep5d5tly4 ,! two results are ( c\rse id5tical figure = figure4 ,x w be ask$ !n1 :at is ! problem ab\t :i* s great a "w has be5 made8 ,! problem is1 9 fact1 utt]ly insignificant2 its only int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t x is insoluble--a prop]ty :i* x %>es along ) _m o!r problems1 z ! trisection ( an angle1 ! duplication ( a cube1 & s on4 ,! problem is simply ?is3 ,hav+ giv5 ! diamet] ( a circle1 to det]m9e1 by a geometrical con/ruction1 9 :i* only /raight l9es & circles %all be made use (1 ! side ( a squ>e1 equal 9 area to ! circle4 ,z ,i h said1 ! problem is solv$1 if1 by a con/ruction ( ! k9d describ$1 we c det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce2 because !n ! rectangle "u half ?is l5g? & ! radius is equal 9 area to ! circle1 & x is a simple problem to describe a squ>e equal to a giv5 rectangle4 ,to illu/rate ! k9d ( con/ruction requir$1 ,i give an approximate solution :i* is rem>kably simple1 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 n g5]ally kn[n4 ,describe a squ>e ab\t ! giv5 circle1 t\*+ x at ! ends ( two diamet]s1 ,,aob1 ,,cob1 at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & jo9 ,,ca2 let ,,coae be "o ( ! qu>t]s ( ! circumscrib+ squ>e1 & f ,e draw ,,eg1 cutt+ (f f ,,ao a f\r? "p ,,ag ( its l5g?1 & f ,,ac ! portion ,,ah4 ,!n ?ree sides ( ! circumscrib+ squ>e toge!r ) ,,ah are v ne>ly equal to ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle4 ,! diff]5ce is s small1 t 9 a circle two feet 9 diamet]1 x w\ld be less ?an ! two-hundr$? "p ( an in*4 ,if ?is con/ruction 7 exact1 ! great problem w\ld h be5 solv$4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 mu/ be not$2 ! circle is ( all curv$ l9es ! easie/ to draw by me*anical means4 ,b !re are o!rs :i* c be s drawn4 ,& if su* curves z ^! be admitt$ z available1 ! problem ( ! quadrature ( ! circle c be readily solv$4 ,!re is a curve1 = in/ance1 inv5t$ by ,d9o/ratus1 :i* c readily be describ$ me*anically1 & has be5 call$ ! quadratrix ( ,d9o/ratus1 because x has ! prop]ty ( ?us solv+ ! problem we are deal+ )4 ,z su* curves c be describ$ ) q z mu* accuracy z ! circle--=1 be x rememb]$1 an absolutely p]fect circle has nev] yet be5 drawn--we see t x is only ! limitations :i* geomet]s h !mselves inv5t$ t give ?is problem its difficulty4 ,its solution has1 z ,i h said1 no value2 & no ma!matician w\ld ev] ?9k ( wa/+ a mom5t ov] ! problem--= ?is reason1 simply1 t x has long s9ce be5 demon/rat$ to be insoluble by simple geometrical me?ods4 ,s t1 :5 a man says he has squ>$ ! circle 7& _m w say s1 if "o w only give !m a he>+71 he %[s t ei!r he :olly misund]/&s ! nature ( ! problem1 or t 8 ignorance ( ma!matics has l$ him to mi/ake a faulty = a true solution4 7,f ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y #af1 #ahfi47 ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,( ,,a*illes' ,,%ield4 ,a di/+ui%$ classical au?ority has rem>k$ t ! description ( ,a*illes' %ield occupies an anomal\s position 9 ,hom]'s #8,iliad4' ,on ! "o h&1 x is easy to %[ t ! poem--= ! description may be look$ on z a complete poem--is out ( place 9 ! #8,iliad2' on ! o!r1 x is no less easy to %[ t ,hom] has c>efully l$ up to ! description ( ! %ield by a s]ies ( introductory ev5ts4 ,i propose to exam9e1 briefly1 ! evid5ce on ea* ( ^! po9ts1 & !n to exhibit a !ory respect+ ! %ield :i* may appe> biz>re en\gh on a fir/ view1 b :i* seems to me to be support$ by satisfactory evid5ce4 ,an argum5t commonly urg$ aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes' is f\nd$ on ! l5g? & lab\r$ "* ( ! description4 ,ev5 ,grote1 ^: !ory is t ,hom]'s orig9al poem 0 n an ,iliad1 b an ,a*illeis1 has admitt$ ! =ce ( ?is argum5t4 ,he f9ds cle> evid5ce t f ,book ,,ii4 to ,book ,,xx4 ,hom] has be5 husb&+ 8 res\rces = ! m effective description ( ! f9al conflict4 ,he !re=e conc$es ! possibility t ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes' may be an int]polation--p]haps ! "w ( ano!r h&4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t ! m]e l5g? ( ! description is no argum5t aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! passage4 ,ev5ts h1 inde$1 be5 ha/5+ to a crisis up to ! end ( ,book ,,xvii41 & ! action is *eck$ 9 a m>k$ mann] by ! #8,oplopia' 9 ,book ,,xviii4 ,yet x is q 9 ,hom]'s mann] to introduce1 betwe5 two s]ies ( important ev5ts1 an int]val ( comp>ative inaction1 or at lea/ ( ev5ts :olly diff]5t 9 "* f ^? ( ei!r s]ies4 ,we h a m>k$ in/ance ( ?is 9 ,books ,,ix4 & ,x4 ,"h ! appeal to ,a*illes & ! night-adv5ture ( ,diom$ & ,ulysses are int]pos$ betwe5 ! fir/ victory ( ! ,trojans & ! great /ruggle 9 :i* ,patroclus is sla91 & ,agamemnon1 ,ulysses1 ,diom$1 ,ma*aon1 & ,eurypylus w\nd$4#ai ,9 fact1 "o _c d\bt t 9 su* an arrangem5t ,hom] exhibits admirable ta/e & judgm5t4 ,! contra/ betwe5 action & inaction1 or betwe5 ! confus$ tumult ( a heady conflict & ! subtle advance ( ! two ,greek h]oes1 is conceiv$ 9 ! true poetic _s4 ,! dignity & importance ( ! action1 & ! int]e/ ( ! int]pos$ ev5ts1 are alike enhanc$4 ,inde$1 !re is sc>cely a not$ au?or ^: works d n af=d in/ances ( correspond+ contra/s4 ,h[ skilfully1 = example1 has ,%akespe>e int]pos$ ! #8bald1 disjo9t$ *at' ( ! sleepy port] betwe5 ! consci5ce-wr\ght horror ( ,duncan's murd]]s & ! #8horror1 horror1 horror' :i* #8tongue nor he>t c\ld n conceive nor "n' ( 8 fai?ful foll[]s4 ,nor w ! read] ne$ to be rem9d$ ( ! frequ5t & effective use ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! humor\s & ! pa!tic by o!rs4 ,! lab\r$ "* ( ! description ( ! %ield is an argum5t--?\gh n1 p]haps1 a v /rik+ "o--= ! indep5d5t orig9 ( ! poem4 ,b ! argum5ts on :i* ,i am dispos$ to lay mo/ /ress lie ne>] ! surface4 ,sc>cely anyone1 ,i ?9k1 c h read ! description ( ! %ield )\t a feel+ ( wond] t ,hom] %\ld describe ! %ield ( a mortal h]o z adorn$ ) s _m & su* important objects4 ,we f9d ! sun & moon1 ! con/ellations1 ! waves ( ocean1 & a v>iety ( o!r objects1 bett] suit$ to adorn ! temple ( a great deity ?an ! %ield ( a w>rior1 h[ev] noble & h]oic4 ,! objects depict$ ev5 on ! gis ( ,zeus are mu* less important4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no trace 9 ! #8,iliad' ( a wi% on ,hom]'s "p to raise ! dignity ( mortal h]oes at ! exp5se ( ,zeus1 yet ! gis is ?us succ9ctly describ$3-- ,fr+'d r\nd ) ev]-fight+ snakes1 ?\gh x 0 drawn to life1 ,! mis]ies & dea?s ( fight2 9 x fr[n'd bloody ,/rife1 ,9 x %one sacr$ ,=titude1 9 x fell ,pursuit flew1 ,9 x ! mon/] ,gorgon's head1 9 :i* held out to view ,7 all ! dire o/5ts ( ,jove4--,*apman's ,translation4 ,five l9es "h1 z 9 ! orig9al1 suffice = ! description ( ,jove's gis1 :ile "o hundr$ & ?irty l9es are employ$ 9 ! description ( ! cele/ial & t]re/rial objects depict$ on ! %ield ( ,a*illes4 ,ano!r circum/ance attracts notice 9 ! description ( ,a*illes' arm\r--! disproportionate importance atta*$ to ! %ield4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! %ield 0 t portion ( a h]o's arm\r :i* admitt$ ( ! free/ application ( arti/ic skill4 ,yet ?is consid]ation is n suffici5t to acc\nt = ! fact1 t :ile s _m l9es are giv5 to ! %ield1 ! helmet1 corselet1 & greaves are dispos$ ( 9 f\r4 ,b ! argum5t on :i* ,i am incl9$ to lay mo/ /ress is ! occurr5ce else:]e ( a description :i* is und\bt$ly only ano!r v]sion ( ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes4' ,! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules' occurs 9 a poem ascrib$ to ,hesiod4 ,b :atev] op9ion may be =m$ respect+ ! au?or%ip ( ! description1 !re c be no d\bt t x is n ,hesiod's "w4 ,x exhibits no trace ( 8 dry1 didactic1 some:at heavy /yle4 ,elton ascribes ! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules' to an imitator ( ,hom]1 & 9 support ( ?is view po9ts out ^? respects 9 :i* ! poem resembles1 & ^? 9 :i* x is inf]ior to1 ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes4' ,! two descriptions are1 h[ev]1 absolutely id5tical 9 _m places2 & ?is w\ld c]ta9ly n h happ5$ if "o _h be5 an hone/ imitation ( ! o!r4 ,& ^? p>ts ( ! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules1' :i* h no c\nt]p>ts 9 ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes1' are too well conceiv$ & express$ to be ascrib$ to a v inf]ior poet--a poet s inf]ior z to be r$uc$ to ! necessity ( simply reproduc+ ,hom]'s words 9 o!r p>ts ( ! poem4 ,^? p>ts :i* admit ( comp>ison--:]e1 = in/ance1 ! same objects are describ$1 b 9 diff]5t t]ms--are c]ta9ly inf]ior 9 ! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules4' ,! description is injur$ by ! addition ( unnecess>y or inh>moni\s details4 ,elton speaks1 accord+ly1 ( ^! portions z if !y 7 expansions ( ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes4' ,?is appe>s to me a mi/ake4 ,x seems f> m likely t bo? descriptions are by ! same poet4 ,x is n necess>y = ! support ( my !ory t ?is poet %\ld be ,hom]1 b ,i ?9k bo? descriptions %[ und\bt$ traces ( 8 h&iwork4 ,inde$1 all kn[n imitations ( ,hom] are s easily recognisable z ! "w ( inf]ior poets1 t ,i %\ld h ?\ght no d\bt c\ld exi/ on ?is po9t1 b = ! att5tion :i* ! ,g]man !ory respect+ ! #8,iliad' has receiv$4 ,assign+ bo? poems to ,hom]1 ! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules' may be reg>d$1 n z an expansion 79 p>ts7 ( ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes1' b z an e>li] "w ( ,hom]'s1 improv$ & prun$ by 8 matur] judgm5t1 :5 he desir$ to fit x into ! plan ( ! #8,iliad4' ,or r1 ea* poem may be look$ on z an abridgm5t 7! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules' ! e>li]7 ( an indep5d5t "w on a subject pres5tly to be m5tion$4 ,x is next to be %[n t 9 ! ev5ts prec$+ ! #8,oplopia1' !re is a prep>ation = ! introduction ( a sep>ate poem4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 e read] ( ,hom] is famili> ) ! fact t ! poet con/antly makes use1 :5 occasion s]ves1 ( expressions1 s5t5ces1 (t5 ev5 ( complete passages1 :i* h be5 already appli$ 9 a correspond+1 or occasionally ev5 9 a :olly diff]5t relation4 ,! same epi!ts are repeat$ly appli$ to ! same deity or h]o4 ,a long message is deliv]$ 9 ! v words :i* h be5 already us$ by ! s5d] ( ! message4 ,9 "o well-kn[n in/ance 79 ,book ,,ii471 n only is a message deliv]$ ?us1 b ! p]son :o has receiv$ x repeats x to o!rs 9 precisely ! same t]ms4 ,9 ! combat betwe5 ,hector & ,ajax 7,book ,,vi471 ! flight ( ,ajax's spe> & ! movem5t by :i* ,hector avoids ! missile1 are describ$ 9 six l9es1 diff]+ only z to prop] names f ^? :i* _h be5 already us$ 9 describ+ ! enc\nt] betwe5 ,p>is & ,m5elaus 7,book ,,iii474 ,?is peculi>ity w\ld be a decid$ blemi% 9 a writt5 poem4 ,t5nyson1 inde$1 occasionally copies ,hom]'s mann]--= in/ance1 9 #8,enid1' he twice repeats ! l9e-- ,z c>eful rob9s eye ! delv]'s toil2-- b ) a good ta/e :i* prev5ts ! repetition f becom+ (f5sive4 ,! fact is1 t ! peculi>ity m>ks ,hom] z ! s+]1 n ! writ]1 ( poetry4 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood z accept+ ! !ory1 accord+ to :i* ! #8,iliad' is a m]e /r+ ( ballads4 ,i imag9e t no "o :o ju/ly appreciates t noble poem w\ld be will+ to c\nt5ance su* a !ory4 ,b t ! :ole poem 0 sung by ,hom] at ^? prolong$ fe/ivals :i* =m$ a *>act]i/ic peculi>ity ( ,a*aian mann]s seems %[n1 n only by :at we le>n respect+ ! lat] #8rhapsodi/s1' b by ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! poem itself4#bj ,hom]1 recit+ a long & elaborate poem ( 8 own composition1 occasionally v>y+ ! ord] ( ev5ts1 or add+ new episodes1 extemporiz$ z ! song proce$$1 w\ld exhibit ! peculi>ity inv>iably obs]v$ 9 ! #8improvisatore1' ( us+1 m ?an once1 expressions1 s5t5ces1 or passages :i* happ5$ to be conv5i5tly applicable4 ,! art ( extemporiz+ dep5ds on ! capacity = compos+ fre% matt] :ile ! tongue is engag$ 9 ! recital ( matt] already compos$4 ,anyone :o has wat*$ a clev] improvisatore _c fail to h notic$ t1 ?\gh ge/ure is aptly w$d$ to words1 ! ?\ghts are else:]e4 ,9 ! case1 !re=e1 ( an improvisatore1 or ev5 ( a rhapsodi/ recit+ f memory1 ! occasional recurr5ce ( a well-worn =m ( words s]ves z a relief to ! /ra9$ inv5tion or memory4 ,we h reason !n = suppos+ t if ,hom] _h1 9 8 e>li] days1 compos$ a poem :i* 0 applicable1 ) slight alt]ations1 to ! /ory ( ! #8,iliad1' he w\ld endeav\r1 by a suitable arrangem5t ( ! plan ( 8 n>rative1 to introduce ! l9es ^: recital _h long s9ce become famili> to him4 ,evid5ce ( design 9 ! introduction ( ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes' c]ta9ly does n seem want+4 ,x is by no means necess>y to ! plot ( ! #8,iliad' t ,a*illes %\ld lose ! cele/ial arm\r giv5 to ,peleus z a d[ry ) ,!tis4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,hom] has gone out ( 8 way to r5d] ! lab\rs ( ,vulcan necess>y4 ,patroclus has to be s +5i\sly dispos$ (1 t :ile ! arm\r he _h worn is seiz$ by ,hector1 8 body is rescu$1 z are also ! horses & *>iot ( ,a*illes4 ,we h ! additional improbability t ! arm\r ( ! great ,a*illes %\ld fit ! inf]ior w>riors ,patroclus & ,hector4 ,inde$1 t ! arm\r %\ld fit ,hector1 or r t ,hector %\ld fit ! arm\r1 ! aid ( ,zeus & ,ares has to be call$ 9-- ,to ?is ,jove's sable br[s did b[2 & he made fit 8 limbs ,to ^? great arms1 to fill :i* up ! w>-god ent]'d him ,au/]e & t]rible1 8 jo9ts & e "p ext5ds ,) /r5g? & =titude4--,*apman's ,translation4 ,x is cle> t ! n>rative w\ld n h be5 impair$ 9 any way1 :ile its probability & consi/5cy w\ld h be5 increas$1 if ,patroclus _h f\ght 9 8 own arm\r4 ,! dea? ( ,patroclus w\ld 9 any case h be5 a cause suffici5t to ar\se ! wra? ( ,a*illes aga9/ ,hector--?\gh c]ta9ly ! h]o's grief = 8 arm\r is ne>ly z poignant z 8 sorr[ = 8 fri5d4 ,x appe>s probable1 !n1 t ! description ( ,a*illes' ,%ield is an int]polation--! poet's own "w1 h[ev]1 & br\ght 9 by him 9 ! only way he f\nd available4 ,! description cle>ly ref]s to ! same object :i* is describ$ 7"h1 also1 only 9 "p7 9 ! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules4' ,! orig9al description1 d\btless1 includ$ all t is f\nd 9 bo? #8%ields1' & probably mu* m4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! object to :i* ! orig9al description appli$8 ,an object1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 f> m important ?an a w>rior's %ield4 ,i imag9e t anyone :o %\ld read ! description )\t be+ aw>e ( its accept$ int]pretation1 w\ld consid] t ! poet 0 deal+ ) an important s]ies ( religi\s sculptures1 possibly t he 0 describ+ ! dome ( a temple adorn$ ) cele/ial & t]re/rial symbols4 ,9 ,egypt !re are temples ( a va/ antiquity1 hav+ a dome1 on :i* a zodiac--or1 m correctly1 a cele/ial hemisph]e--is sculptur$ ) con/ellation-figures4 ,& we n[ le>n1 f anci5t ,babylonian & ,assyrian sculptures1 t ^! ,egyptian zodiacs are 9 all probability m]ely copies 7m or less p]fect7 ( yet m anci5t ,*aldan zodiacs4 ,"o ( ^! ,babylonian sculptures is figur$ 9 ,rawl9son's #8,anci5t ,mon>*ies4' ,x seems probable t 9 a c\ntry :]e ,sabanism1 or />-wor%ip1 0 ! prevail+ =m ( religion1 yet m impos+ proportions w\ld be giv5 to su* zodiacs ?an 9 ,egypt4 ,my !ory1 !n1 respect+ ! %ield ( ,a*illes is ?is-- ,i conceive t ,hom]1 9 8 ea/]n travels1 visit$ impos+ temples devot$ to a/ronomical obs]vation & />-wor%ip2 & t ne>ly e l9e 9 bo? #8%ields' is borr[$ f a poem 9 :i* he describ$ a temple ( ?is sort1 its dom$ zodiac1 & ^? illu/rations ( ! lab\rs ( diff]5t seasons & ( milit>y or judicial proc$ures :i* ! a/rological proclivities ( />-wor%ipp]s l$ !m to associate ) ! diff]5t con/ellations4 ,i ?9k !re are argum5ts ( "s =ce to be urg$ 9 support ( ?is !ory1 fanciful z x may seem at a fir/ view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is necess>y t ! con/ellations recognis$ 9 ,hom]'s "t 7n necess>ily1 or probably1 by ,hom]7 %\ld be di/+ui%$ f lat] inv5tions4 ,aratus1 writ+ long aft] ,hom]'s date1 m5tions =ty-five con/ellations4 ,^! 7 probably d]iv$1 )\t exception1 f ! globe ( ,eudoxus4 ,rememb]+ ! t5d5cy :i* a/ronom]s h %[n1 9 all ages1 to add to ! li/ ( con/ellations1 we may assume t 9 ,hom]'s "t ! numb] 0 small]4 ,probably !re 7 "s fifte5 nor!rn & t5 s\!rn con/ellations1 besides ! twelve zodiacal signs4 ,! small] con/ellations m5tion$ by ,aratus d\btless =m$ p>ts ( l>g] figures4 ,anyone :o /udies ! heav5s w recognise ! fact t ! l>g] con/ellations h be5 robb$ ( _! j proportions to =m ! small] a/]isms4 ,corona ,borealis 0 ! "r arm ( ,bootes1 ,ursa ,m9or 0 a w+ ( ,draco 7n[ w+less1 & no long] a dragon71 & s on4 ,secondly1 x is necess>y t ! actual appe>ance ( ! heav5s1 ) ref]5ce to ! position ( ! pole 9 ,hom]'s "t %\ld be indicat$4 ,= my pres5t purpose1 x is n necess>y t we %\ld "k ! exact date at :i* ! mo/ anci5t ( ! zodiac-temples 7 con/ruct$ 7or to :i* !y 7 made to correspond74 ,!re are good reasons1 ?\gh ?is is n ! prop] place = dwell+ ^u !m1 = suppos+ t ! great epo* ( ref]5ce among/ anci5t a/ronom]s prec$$ ! ,*ri/ian era by ab\t #bbjj ye>s4 ,be ?is z x may1 any epo* betwe5 ! date nam$ & ! probable date at :i* ,hom] fl\ri%$--say n9e or t5 c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era--w s]ve equally well = my pres5t purpose4 ,n[ if ! effects ( equ9octial precession be trac$ back to su* a date1 we are l$ to notice two s+ul> & n un9t]e/+ circum/ances4 ,fir/1 ! pole ( ! heav5s fell 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! great con/ellation ,draco2 &1 secondly1 ! equator fell along ! l5g? ( ! great sea-s]p5t ,hydra1 9 "o "p ( its c\rse1 & else:]e to ! nor? ( all ! anci5t aquatic con/ellations1#ba save t "o-half ( ! nor!rnmo/ fi% 7( ! zodiac pair7 lay nor? ( ! equator4 ,?us1 if a cele/ial sph]e 7 con/ruct$ ) ! equator 9 a horizontal position1 ! ,dragon w\ld be at ! summit1 ,hydra w\ld be ext5d$ horizontally along ! equator--b ) 8 head & neck re>$ above t circle--& ,argo1 ,cetus1 ,capricornus1 ,piscis ,au/ralis1 & ,pisces--save "o-half ( ! nor!rnmo/--w\ld lie bel[ ! equator4 ,x may also be m5tion$ t all ! bird-con/ellations 7 !n1 z n[1 clu/]$ toge!r n f> f ! equator--,cygnus 7! f>!/ f ! equator7 be+ t5 degrees or s ne>] to t circle ?an at pres5t4 ,n[ let u turn to ! two #8%ields1' & see :e!r !re is any?+ to connect !m ) zodiac-temples1 or to rem9d u ( ! relations exhibit$ above4 ,to comm5ce ) ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes1' ! op5+ l9es in=m u t ! %ield %[$-- ,! />ry lights t heav'n's high convex cr[n'd1 ,! ,pleiads1 ,hyads1 ) ! nor!rn team1 ,& great ,orion's m refulg5t beam4 ,& "h1 9 ,a*illes' %ield1 ! li/ ( con/ellations closes2 b x is rem>kable t 9 ! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules1' :ile ! above l9es are want+1 we f9d l9es :i* cle>ly po9t to o!r con/ellations4 ,rememb]+ :at has j be5 /at$ ab\t ,draco1 x seems at ! lea/ a s+ul> co9cid5ce t we %\ld f9d ! c5tre or boss ( ! %ield occupi$ by a dragon3-- ,! scaly horror ( a dragon1 coil'd ,full 9 ! c5tral field1 unspeakable1 ,) eyes oblique retort$1 t aslant ,%ot gleam+ flame4#bb--;,elton's ,translation4 ,we seem1 also1 to f9d a ref]5ce to ! above-nam$ relations ( ! aquatic con/ellations1 & specially to ! con/ellation ,pisces3-- ,9 ! mid/1 ,full _m dolph9s *as$ ! fry1 & %['d ,z ?\gh !y swam ! wat]s1 to & fro ,d>t+ tumultu\s3 two#bc ( silv] scale ,pant+ above ! wave4 ,= we le>n f bo? #8%ields' t ! waves ( ocean 7 figur$ 9 a position correspond+ ) ! above-m5tion$ position ( ! cele/ial equator1 b5ea? :i*--t is1 9 ! ocean1 on our assumption--! aquatic con/ellations 7 figur$4 ,! description ( ! ocean 9 ! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules' conta9s also "s l9es1 9 :i* we seem to see a ref]5ce to ! bird-con/ellations close above ! equator3-- ,r\nd+ ! utmo/ v]ge ! ocean fl['d ,z 9 full swell ( wat]s1 & ! %ield ,all v>iegat$ ) :ole circle b\nd4 ,swans ( high-hov]+ w+ !re clam\r'd %rill1 ,:o also skimm'd ! brea/$ surge ) plume ,innum]\s2 ne> !m fi%es mid/ ! waves ,frolick'd 9 wanton b\nds4 ,9 ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes' no m5tion is made ( ,p]seus1 b 9 ! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules' ?is well-kn[n con/ellation seems describ$ 9 ! l9es-- ,!re 0 ! knight ( fair-hair'd ,danae born1 ,p]seus2 nor yet ! buckl] ) 8 feet ,t\*'d nor yet di/ant hov]'d1 /range to see1 ,= n[h]e on ! surface ( ! %ield ,he re/$2 s ! crippl$ arti/-god ,illu/ri\s fram'd him ) 8 h&s 9 gold4 ,b\nd to 8 feet 7 s&als w+'d2 a sword ,( brass1 ) hilt ( sable ebony1 ,hung r\nd him f ! %\ld]s by a ?ong4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! visage grim ,( mon/r\s ,gorgon all 8 back o'erspread2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ! dreadful helm ,( ,pluto clasp'd ! temples ( ! pr9ce4 ,i ?9k t "o may recognise a ref]5ce to ! tw9s ,ca/or & ,pollux 7! wre/l] & box] ( my?ology7 9 ! words-- ,b 9 ano!r "p ,7 m5 :o wre/l$1 or 9 gymnic fight ,wield$ ! ce/us4 ,orion is n m5tion$ by "n 9 ! #8,%ield ( ,h]cules1' z 9 ! o!r2 b ,orion1 ,lepus1 & ! two dogs seem ref]r$ to3-- ,else:]e m5 ( *ase ,7 tak+ ! fleet h>es2 two ke5-too!d dogs ,h\nd$ beside2 ^! ard5t 9 pursuit1 ,^? ) l ard\r d\bl+ 9 _! flight4 ,9 ea* #8%ield' we f9d a ref]5ce to ! op]ations ( ! ye>--hunt+ & pa/ur+1 s[+1 pl\gh+1 & h>ve/+4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out ! connection betwe5 ^! op]ations & a/ronomical relations4 ,t ?is connection 0 fully recognis$ 9 anci5t times is %[n 9 ! #8,works & ,days' ( ,hesiod4 ,we f9d also 9 ,egyptian zodiacs cle> evid5ce t ^! op]ations1 z well z a/ronomical symbols or con/ellations1 7 pictur$ 9 sculptur$ domes4 ,! judicial1 milit>y1 & o!r proce$+s describ$ 9 ! #8,%ield ( ,a*illes' 7 also suppos$ by ! anci5ts to h be5 influ5c$ by ! c\rses ( ! />s4 ,if !re 7 no evid5ce t anci5t cele/ial sph]es pres5t$ ! con/ellations above ref]r$ to1 ,i might be dispos$ to atta* less weight to ! co9cid5ces "h pres5t$2 b ! #8,ph5om5a' ( ,aratus af=ds suffici5t te/imony on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t "w is ( great antiquity1 s9ce ,aratus fl\ri%$ two c5turies & a half be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 b x is well kn[n t ,aratus did n describe ! results ( 8 own obs]vations4 ,! positions ( ! con/ellations1 z record$ by him1 accord nei!r ) ! date at :i* he wrote nor ) ! latitude 9 :i* he liv$4 ,x is g5]ally assum$--*iefly on ! au?ority ( ,hipp>*us--t ,aratus borr[$ 8 k ( a/ronomy f ! sph]e ( ,eudoxus2 b we mu/ g mu* f>!r back ev5 ?an ! date ( ,eudoxus1 be=e we c f9d any correspond5ce betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! heav5s & ! description giv5 by ,aratus4 ,?us we may v fairly assume t ! orig9 ( ! con/ellations 7z di/+ui%$ f _! association ) c]ta9 circles ( ! cele/ial sph]e7 may be plac$ at a date prec$+1 p]haps by _m g5]ations1 t at :i* ,hom] fl\ri%$4 ,inde$1 !re h n be5 want+ ^? :o f9d 9 ! anci5t con/ellations ! record ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( man4 ,accord+ to _! views1 ,orion is ,nimrod--! #8,giant1' z ! ,arabic "n ( ! con/ellation implies--! mighty hunt]1 z ! dogs & h>e beside him signify4 ,! ,c5taur be>+ a victim t[>ds ! alt> is ,noah2 ,argo1 ! /]n ( a %ip1 is ! ark1 z ( old x might be se5 on ,m\nt ,ar>at4 ,corvus is ! cr[ s5t =? by ,noah1 & ! bird is plac$ on ,hydra's back to %[ t !re 0 no l& on :i* x c\ld set its foot4 ,! figure n[ call$ ,h]cules1 b ( old ,engonas91 or ! kneel]1 & describ$ by ,aratus z #8a man doom$ to lab\r1' is ,adam4 ,8 left foot treads on ! dragon's head1 9 tok5 ( ! say+1 #8,x %all bruise ?y head2 #8& ,s]p5t>ius1 or ! s]p5t-be>]1 is ! promis$ se$4 ,( c\rse1 if we accept ^! views1 we h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t a poet s anci5t z ,hom] %\ld ref] to ! con/ellations :i* /ill appe> ^u cele/ial sph]es4 ,&1 9 any case1 ! m]e "q ( antiquity pres5ts1 z we h already %[n1 little difficulty4 ,b !re is "o difficulty1 a notice ( :i* mu/ close ?is pap]1 already c>ri$ f> beyond ! limits ,i _h propos$ to myself3--,x may be ?\ght rem>kable t h]oes ( ,greek my?ology1 z ,p]seus & ,orion1 %\ld be plac$ by ,hom]1 or ev5 by ,aratus1 9 sph]es :i* are und\bt$ly ( ea/]n orig94 ,n[ x may be rem>k$1 fir/1 ( ,hom]1 t _m acute critics consid] ! :ole /ory ( ! #8,iliad' to be1 9 reality1 m]ely an adaptation ( an ea/]n n>rative to ,greek sc5es & names4 ,x is po9t$ out1 t1 :]eas ! ,catalogue 9 ,book ,,ii4 reckons upw>ds ( #ajj1jjj m51 only #aj1jjj f\ght at ,m>a?on2 &1 :]eas !re are c\nt$ no less ?an #a1bjj %ips 9 ! ,catalogue1 !re 7 b #bga at ,artemisium1 & at ,salamis b #cgh4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we h ! di/9ct evid5ce ( ,h]odotus t ! ,greek my?ology 0 d]iv$ orig9ally f =eign s\rces4 ,he says1 #8,all ! names ( ! gods 9 ,greece 7 br\ght f ,egypt1' an op9ion 9 :i* ,diodorus & o!r em95t au?orities concur4 ,b x is ! op9ion ( acute mod]n critics t we mu/ g beyond ,egyptian--to ,assyrian1 or ,indian1 p]haps ev5 to ,hebrew s\rces--= ! orig9 ( ,greek my?ology4 ,lay>d has ascrib$ to ,niebuhr ! foll[+ significant rem>ks3 #8,!re is a want 9 ,grecian art :i* nei!r ,i1 nor any man n[ alive1 c supply4 ,!re is n en\gh 9 ,egypt to acc\nt = ! peculi> art & ! peculi> my?ology :i* we f9d 9 ,greece4 ,t ! ,egyptians did n orig9ate x ,i am conv9c$1 ?\gh nei!r ,i1 nor any man n[ alive1 c say :o 7 ! orig9ators4 ,b ! "t w come :51 on ! bord]s ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 ^? :o come aft] me w live to see ! orig9 ( ,grecian art & ,grecian my?ology4' 7,f ,! ,/ud5t1 ,june #ahfh47 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet ,,footnotes3 #ai ,ano!r well-kn[n in/ance1 :]e #8,patroclus1 s5t 9 hot ha/e = news by a man ( ! mo/ fi]y impati5ce1 is button-held by ,ne/or1 & ?\gh he has no "t to sit d[n1 yet is oblig$ to endure a spee* ( #aeb l9es1' is acc\nt$ = by ,glad/one 9 a diff]5t mann]4 #bj ,besides ,hom]'s ref]5ce1 bo? 9 ! #8,iliad' & #8,odyssey1' to poetic recitations at fe/ivals1 !re is ! well-kn[n invocation 9 ,book ,,ii4 ,to :at purpose w\ld ! m]e writ] ( poetry pray = an increase ( 8 physical p[]s8 ,no?+ c\ld be m prop]1 says ,glad/one1 if ,hom] 7 ab\t to recite2 no?+ less prop] if he 7 engag$ on a writt5 poem4 #ba ,we may exclude ,delph9us z probably lat] ?an ,hom]'s "t1 ?\gh m5tion$ by ,aratus4 #bb ,comp>e ! description ( ! con/ellation ,draco by ,aratus3-- ,swol'n is 8 neck--eyes *>g'd ) sp>kl+ fire ,8 cre/$ head illume4 ,z if 9 ire ,to ,helice he turns 8 foam+ jaw ,& d>ts 8 tongue1 b>b'd ) a blaz+ />4 --,lamb's ,translation4 #bc ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t1 no importance is to be atta*$ to ! num]ical relations 9 ?is & o!r passages4 ,9 ! orig9al "w describ+ a zodiac-dome1 ! exact numb] ( con/ellations repres5t+ fi%es1 dogs1 or ! l1 w\ld ( c\rse be m5tion$2 b any *anges necess>y to ,hom]'s purpose 9 describ+ a %ield w\ld unhesitat+ly h be5 introduc$ by him subsequ5tly4 ,x is s+ul>1 h[ev]1 t we %\ld h "h1 & 9 ! passage quot$ f>!r on z ref]r+ to ,orion & ! ,dogs1 ! numb] two specially m5tion$4 ,! latt] in/ance is ! m rem>kable inasmu* z ! m5tion ( m5 & h>es w\ld lead "o to expect t m ?an two dogs w\ld be introduc$4 ,i w\ld sugge/ z a suffici5t reason = ?is peculi>ity t ! v]bal alt]ations necess>y to pluralise "s ( ! objects 9 ! dome w\ld be m easily effect$ ?an ^? necess>y to undualise o!rs4 ,,! #8,,k' ,,libr>y4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,,sci5ce ,,byways4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,famili> ,diss]tations on ,life 9 ,o!r ,worlds4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,! ,,poetry ( ,,a/ronomy4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,famili> ,essays on ! ,heav5ly ,bodies4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,nature ,,/udies4 ,repr9t$ f #8,k4' ,by ,,grant ,,all51 ,,&rew ,,wilson1 ,,?omas ,,fo/]1 ,,edw>d ,,clodd1 & ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,leisure ,,read+s4 ,repr9t$ f #8,k4' ,by ,,edw>d ,,clodd1 ,,&rew ,,wilson1 ,,?omas ,,fo/]1 ,a4 ,c4 ,,runy>d1 & ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,! ,,/>s 9 _! ,,seasons4 ,an ,easy ,guide to a ,k ( ! ,/> ,gr\ps1 9 ,twelve ,l>ge ,maps4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,imp]ial #hvo4 #es4 ,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,co4 ,,works ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor ,! ,,sun2 ,rul]1 ,light1 ,fire1 & ,life ( ! ,planet>y ,sy/em4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor1 ,b4,a4 ,) ,plates & ,woodcuts4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ads4 ,! ,,orbs ,,ar\nd ,,u2 a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ! ,moon & ,planets1 ,meteors & ,comets1 ! ,sun & ,col\r$ ,pairs ( ,suns4 ,) ,*>t & ,diagrams4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,o!r ,,worlds ?an ,,ours2 ! ,plurality ( ,worlds ,/udi$ "u ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,sci5tific ,rese>*es4 ,) #ad ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,! ,,moon3 h] ,motions1 ,aspects1 ,sc5]y1 & ,physical ,condition4 ,) ,plates1 ,*>ts1 ,woodcuts1 & ,lun> ,photographs4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,univ]se ( ,,/>s2 ,pres5t+ ,rese>*es into & ,new ,views respect+ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,heav5s4 ,) #bb ,*>ts & #bb ,diagrams4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,light ,,sci5ce = ,,leisure ,,h\rs2 ,famili> ,essays on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 ,natural ,ph5om5a1 c4 #c vols4 cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,new ,,/> ,,atlas = ! ,libr>y1 ! ,s*ool1 & ! ,obs]vatory1 9 #ab ,circul> ,maps 7) #b ,index ,plates74 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,l>g] ,,/> ,,atlas = ! ,libr>y1 9 ,twelve ,circul> ,maps1 ) ,introduction & #b ,index ,plates4 ,folio1 #aes41 or ,maps only1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,essays on ,,a/ronomy4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,pap]s on ,planets & ,meteors1 ! ,sun & ,sun-surr\nd+ ,space1 ,/>s & ,/> ,cl\dlets4 ,) #aj ,plates & #bd ,woodcuts4 #hvo4 #abs4 ,,transits ( ,,v5us2 a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ,pa/ & ,com+ ,transits1 f ! ,fir/ ,obs]v$ by ,horrocks 9 #afci to ! ,transit ( #bjab4 ,) #bj ,li?ographic ,plates 7#ab ,col\r$7 & #ch ,illu/rations engrav$ on ,wood4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,/udies ( ,,v5us-,,transits2 an ,inve/igation ( ! ,circum/ances ( ! ,transits ( ,v5us 9 #ahgd & #ahhb4 ,) #g ,diagrams & #aj ,plates4 #hvo4 #es4 ,,pleasant ,,ways 9 ,,sci5ce1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,my?s & ,,m>vels ( ,,a/ronomy1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9 un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4