,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,"s m9or *anges are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,dirty ,,du/b9s ,,& ,,sloppy ,,/reets4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,scav5g+ ,,& ,,cleans+ ,,( ,,cities ,,& ,,t[ns4 ,,by ,h4 ,,p]cy ,,b\lnois1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4 ,e41 ,memb] 7by ,exam47 ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 ,,city ,,surveyor ,,( ,,exet]4 ,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 #af1 ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,new ,,york1 #ddf1 ,,broome ,,/reet4 #ahha4 ,,james ,,t[ns5d1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,exet]4 ,,preface4 ,"s portions ( ! foll[+ pages h already appe>$ 9 ! mon?ly numb]s ( ! ,sanit>y ,eng9e]1 & ! complete "w is n[ publi%$ ) a view to assi/ ,surveyors ( ,t[ns & o!rs :o are directly engag$ 9 provid+ t h\se du/b9s %all be regul>ly cle>$1 & /reets kept clean2 & also 9 ! hope t x may be ! means ( draw+ "s public att5tion to ! "q1 ?us %[+ ! h\sehold] some?+ ( :at is be+ done = 8 welf>e by ,sanit>y ,au?orities1 & h[ ea* individual may assi/ 9 ! good "w1 in/ead (1 z is n[ frequ5tly ! case1 inadv]t5tly or purposely ret>d+ ! execution ( "s v necess>y ?\gh uno/5tati\s sanit>y measures4 ,i am n aw>e t any book1 or ev5 pamphlet1 has yet be5 writt5 on ?is subject1 & ,i v5ture to believe t 9 ^! pages !re may be f\nd some?+ to int]e/ all read]s4 ,h4 ,p4 ,b4 ,,exet]1 ,may1 #ahha4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,scav5g+4 ,page ,t[n ,scav5g+ or ,scav5g]+--,subject divid$ into #ac heads--,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge1 & its be>+s ^u ! "q #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h\se ,,refuse4 ,def9ition ( h\se refuse--,! law on ! subject--,:e!r trade & g>d5 refuse mu/ be remov$ by ! scav5g]--,/ati/ics on ?is po9t--,disputes z to :at is trade1 g>d5 refuse1 or h\se refuse--,sugge/ions to settle ! "q--,o!r wa/e mat]ials #e ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,du/b94 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge1 on ! subject ( a%pits--,! model bye-laws & six clauses on ! same subject--,position ( ! du/b9 9 respect ( ! adjac5t dwell+-h\ses--,sugge/ions to burn "s ( ! wa/e products ( a h\se--,objections to ! fix$ a%pit recomm5d$ by ! ,public ,heal? ,act--,sugge/ions = improvem5ts 9 ?is direction--,movable du/ boxes recomm5d$ #aj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,collection ,,( ,,h\se ,,refuse4 ,?ree me?ods by :i* ?is is effect$--,! law on ! subject--,/ati/ics on ! subject--,lay /all accommodation1 objections1 & advantages--,dirty habits ( ! l[] classes--,a h\se to h\se visitation by ! scav5g]s ! be/ sy/em--,if univ]sal1 great exp5se incurr$--,! bell or signal sy/em--,objectionable "* ( tempor>y receptacles "u ?is sy/em--,/ate ( /reets 9 consequ5ce--,sugge/ions = improvem5ts-- ,specially con/ruct$ conveyance & receptacles--,advantages ( ?is sy/em bo? on sanit>y & economical gr\nds--,delay+ ! scav5g]--,! ,d signal--,conv5i5t h\rs = ! scav5g]s' visits #ag ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,scav5g]s' ,,c>t4 ,its =m & con/ruction--,description ( ! tip c>t--,spla%+ & du/ !refrom--,o!r objections to ?is =m ( c>t on sanit>y & economical gr\nds--,introduction ( _m new =ms ( c>ts & waggons--,g5]al description ( improvem5ts 9 _! con/ruction--,"s names ( mak]s ( sanit>y c>ts & waggons #bg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,disposal ,,( ,,h\se ,,refuse4 ,position ( a t[n ) respect to ! surr\nd+ di/rict-- ,sale ( refuse to f>m]s & o!rs ! mo/ ready & economical means ( disposal--,site ( ! refuse dept--,loss ( bulk 9 ! refuse at ! dept--,difficulty 9 dispos+ ( old t9s1 crock]y1 c4--,replies f #ij t[ns on ! "q ( disposal ( h\se refuse--,condemnation ( practice ( build+ ov] tipp$ h\se refuse--,de/ruction by fire--,fry]'s pat5t c>bonis]--,deal+ ) h\se refuse on a gigantic scale at ,man*e/] #ca ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,/reet ,,cleans+4 ,prosp]\s appe>ance ( a t[n--,dang] ( inhal+ du/--,! law on ! subject--,:o ought to cleanse private c\rts & alleys8--,/ati/ics ) ref]5ce to ?is po9t--,numb] ( times /reets ought to be cleans$--,h& lab\r or ma*9]y--,durability ( ma*9es & h& brooms--,mat]ials ( brooms--,con/ruction ( /reets & traffic affect ! "q ( cleans+ mat]ially--,returns prep>$ by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,scav5g+1 ,liv]pool--,8 fur!r rem>ks on ! subject--,disposal ( road scrap+s--,/reet cleans+ 9 ,p>is--,! use ( dis9fectants 9 ,p>is #df ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,sn[4 ,! d5sity ( sn[--,! am\nt ( sn[ to be remov$ 9 an ord9>y /reet 9 ,engl&--,! removal ( sn[ 9 ,milan--,! removal ( sn[ 9 ,p>is--,sugge/ions = its removal 9 ,engl&--,cle>+ footways--,! effect ( salt ^u sn[--,removal ( sn[ 9 ,liv]pool #fa ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/reet ,,wat]+4 ,wat]+ necess>y on sanit>y gr\nds z well z to prev5t damage f du/--,wat]+ 9 ,london--,wat]+ by horse & c>t--,! po9ts ( importance to be consid]$ 9 connection ) ?is s]vice--,! di>y ( a wat] c>t--,bayley's hydro/atic van--,a description ( ?is ma*9e--,its great advantages ov] ! old-fa%ion$ wat] c>t--,mr4 ,scott on ! subject--,a trial 9 ,ed9burgh-- ,mr4 ,tomk9s & ,bayley's van--,a comp>ative table ( effective "w by "o ( ^! vans--,wat]+ /reets by pond+ wat] 9 *annel gutt]s--,br[n's sy/em ( wat]+--,its advantages & objections--,wat]+ by hose & reels or by portable iron pipes--,wat]+ at ,read+--,wat]+ at ,p>is--,use ( salt wat] & o!r *emicals--,wat]+ ) dis9fectants #gc ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,contracts ,v4 ,,adm9i/ration ,,by ,,local ,,au?ority4 ,op9ions on ?is subject by surveyors ( t[ns--,! du/ contractor--,a model specification ( a contract = removal ( h\se refuse--,! sy/em ( contracts = su* "w condemn$--,sanitation fir/1 economy aft]w>ds #hf ,,*apt] ,,xi4 s4 d4 ,! co/ ( scav5g+--,difficulty 9 fix+ any /&>d ( co/--,physical "* ( a t[n & o!r causes mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation--,/ati/ics %[ v v>i\s results--,av]age co/ p] head ( population p] annum ab\t "o %ill+--,is hir+ horses *eap] ?an keep+ a /ud8--,reasons 9 fav\r ( ! latt] plan--,co/ ( c>ts1 horses1 /ables1 l&1 c4--,wages ( scav5g]s & c>t]s--,depreciation ( horse fle% & ( plant--,a specim5 e/imate :]e a /ud is kept--,ano!r e/imate :]e teams are hir$--,mr4 ,williams' returns z to co/-- ,li/ ( que/ions on ! subject ( scav5g+--,conclusion #ij ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,scav5g+4 ,! ^w ,scav5g+1 or ,scav5g]+1 z x is frequ5tly /yl$1 is a v compreh5sive t]m1 z x includes t ( h\se scav5g+ or ! removal ( h\se refuse1 & also t ( /reet scav5g+1 or ! sweep+ & cleans+ ( /reets1 & ! c>t+ away ( all su* mat]ials remov$ f _! surface4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is subject x w be necess>y to consid] ! foll[+ heads1 viz43--7#a7 ,:at is h\se refuse1 7#b7 ,h[ & 9 :at mann] %all x be tempor>ily /or$ p5d+ ! visit ( ! ,scav5g]1 7#c7 ,:at are ! be/ me?ods = its collection1 7#d7 ,9 :at mann] %all x be ev5tually dispos$ (1 & 7#e7 ! co/ ( ! :ole "w2 7#f7 ,:i* are ! be/ me?ods = sweep+ & cleans+ /reets1 7#g7 ,:e!r ma*9]y is m economical ?an h& lab\r1 7#h7 ,! extra "w involv$ by ! ill con/ruction ( /reets & ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are =m$1 7#i7 ,:e!r private c\rts & alleys n repairable by ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority %\ld be swept & cleans$ by !m1 7#aj7 ,! ultimate disposal ( excessive accumulations ( mud1 7#aa7 ,! removal & disposal ( sn[1 7#ab7 ,! wat]+ ( /reets1 & 7#ac7 ,! co/ ( all su* "w4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahge conta9s sev]al clauses be>+ on ! subject ( scav5g+ & ! cleans+ ( /reets1 & sec4 #db1 "p ,,iii41 enacts z foll[s3-- ,e local au?ority may1 & :5 requir$ by ord] ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d %all1 !mselves und]take or contract =-- ,! removal ( h\se refuse f premises2 ,! cleans+ ( e>? closets1 privies1 a%pits1 & cesspools2 ei!r = ! :ole or any "p ( _! di/rict4 ,moreov]1 e urban au?ority & rural au?ority inve/$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ) ! requisite p[]s may1 & :5 requir$ by ord] ( ! said ,bo>d %all1 !mselves und]take or contract = ! prop] wat]+ ( /reets = ! :ole or any "p ( _! di/rict4 ,all matt]s collect$ by ! local au?ority or contractor 9 pursuance ( ?is section may be sold or o!rwise dispos$ (1 & any pr(its ?us made by an urban au?ority %all be c>ri$ to ! acc\nt ( ! fund or rate applicable by !m = ! g5]al purposes ( ?is ,act2 & any pr(its ?us made by a rural au?ority 9 respect ( any contributory place %all be c>ri$ to ! acc\nt ( ! fund or rate out ( :i* exp5ses incurr$ "u ?is section by t au?ority 9 su* contributory place are defray$4 ,if any p]son removes or ob/ructs ! local au?ority or contractor 9 remov+ any matt]s by ?is section au?oris$ to be remov$ by ! local au?ority he %all = ea* (f5ce be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds3 provid$ t ! occupi] ( a h\se )9 ! di/rict %all n be liable to su* p5alty 9 respect ( any su* matt]s :i* are produc$ on 8 own premises & are int5d$ to be remov$ = sale or = 8 own use & are 9 ! meantime kept s z n to be a nuisance4 ,section #de also enacts t any urban au?ority may1 if !y see fit1 provide 9 prop] & conv5i5t situations receptacles = ! tempor>y deposit & collection ( du/1 a%es1 & rubbi%2 !y may also provide fit build+s & places = ! deposit ( any matt]s collect$ by !m 9 pursuance ( ?is "p ( ?is ,act4 ,! ,act also gives ! p[] to local au?orities to make bye-laws ) respect to ! cleans+ ( footpa?s & pavem5ts1 ! removal ( h\se refuse & ! cleans+ ( e>? closets1 privies1 a%pits1 & cesspools1 & ! prev5tion ( nuisances aris+ f sn[1 fil?1 du/1 a%es1 & refuse4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! ,legislature f9d x necess>y to frame laws = ! prop] execution ( scav5g+ by e local au?ority1 & we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s h[ fur!r clauses 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 z well z 9 _m private ,improvem5t ,acts & also 9 ,bye-laws1 detail ! mann] 9 :i* ?is "w ought to be prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,i %all fur!r endeav\r to %[ :]e errors 9 ! work+ n[ exi/1 & give "s sugge/ions t w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be1 if c>ri$ out1 improvem5ts ^u ! pres5t sy/ems4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,h\se ,,refuse4 ,n[ ! fir/ "q t pres5ts itself to u is3 :at is h\se refuse8 & h[ is x to be def9$8 = unless ?is po9t is satisfactorily settl$1 great onus & exp5se w be put on ! local au?ority if !y are to be compell$ to remove all trade1 g>d51 & o!r refuse 9 addition to :at may be legally entitl$ h\se refuse4 ,section #d1 "p ,i41 ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge1 conta9s ! foll[+ def9ition ( ! ^w h\se3 ,h\se includes s*ools1 also factories & o!r build+s 9 :i* m ?an tw5ty p]sons are employ$ at "o "t4 ,b all t is app>5tly said 9 ref]5ce to ! def9ition ( refuse is to be f\nd 9 ,gl5n's ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge1 :]e 9 a foot note to section #dd1 "p ,,iii4 ( ! be=e nam$ ,act1 is ! negative argum5t :at is n refuse3 & describes "o or two cases 9 :i* x 0 held t c]ta9 a%es f furnaces1 etc41 7 to be designat$ z trade refuse1 & fur!r says t ! int5tion ( ! ,act 0 t only ! rubbi% aris+ f ! dome/ic use ( h\ses %\ld be remov$4 ,on ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 to "s local ,improvem5t ,acts1 x appe>s t ! def9ition is giv5 m 9 detail1 = we f9d t h\se refuse is !re describ$ z all dirt1 du/1 dung1 (fal1 c9d]s1 a%es1 rubbi%1 fil?1 & soil4 ,we may ?us1 we imag9e1 be fairly cont5t ) ^! def9itions1 & may assume t all h\se refuse legally s designat$1 & :i* x is ! duty ( ! scav5g] to remove1 is really s remov$ by ! direction ( ! local au?ority )\t dispute1 b t ! foll[+ articles1 :i* frequ5tly f9d _! way into a dome/ic du/b91 are n 9 ! /rict t]ms ( ! ,act expect$ to be remov$ by ! scav5g]1 viz41 7#a7 pla/] f walls & brick bats1 7#b7 l>ge quantities ( brok5 bottles & fl[] pots1 7#c7 cl9k]s & a%es f f\ndries & gre5h\ses1 7#d7 wall pap]s torn f ! rooms ( a h\se1 7#e7 scrap t9 7b n old t9s :i* h conta9$ t9n$ meats & :i*1 al?\gh v objectionable & bulky1 may be fairly assum$ to be h\se refuse71 & 7#f7 all g>d5 refuse su* z grass cutt+s1 dead leaves1 & ! lopp+s f trees & %rubs4 ,! ,bromley ,local ,bo>d issue a c>d on :i* is pr9t$1 among/ o!r in=mation ) ref]5ce to ! contract = ! removal ( h\se refuse1 ! foll[+3--,x is hop$ t h\sehold]s w z f> z possible facilitate ! sy/ematic removal ( refuse by provid+ suitable du/b9s1 & direct+ _! s]vants t ord9>y h\se refuse only %all be deposit$ 9 su* receptacles4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! items ( refuse :i* ! contractors are b\nd to remove1 viz43--c9d] a%es1 potatoe peel+s1 cabbage leaves1 & kit*5 refuse g5]ally4 ,b ! contractors are n requir$ to remove ! refuse ( any trade1 manufacture1 or bus9ess1 or ( any build+ mat]ials or any g>d5 cutt+s or sweep+s4 ,"s valuable /ati/ics h rec5tly be5 prep>$ by me f answ]s obta9$ f upw>ds ( n9ety ( ! pr9cipal cities1 & t[ns 9 ,engl&1 9 reply to a s]ies ( que/ions :i* ,i address$ to ! local surveyors on ! subject ( scav5g+1 & on ref]r+ to ^! /ati/ics x is f\nd t out ( ^! n9ety t[ns1 ! au?orities ( only ?irte5 ( !m direct ! removal ( bo? trade & g>d5 refuse )\t any special extra paym5t be+ made by ! h\sehold]1 b t ?is is only done :5 ^! mat]ials are plac$ 9 ! ord9>y du/b9 or a%pit atta*$ to a h\se4 ,sev]al t[ns1 h[ev]1 x appe>s remove su* mat]ials on special paym5ts be+ made ( sums v>y+ f #as4 #f;d4 to #cs4 p] load4 ,disputes frequ5tly arise betwe5 ! m5 employ$ 9 scav5g+ & ! h\sehold] on ^! vex$ que/ions z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 h\se1 trade1 or g>d5 refuse1 a dispute (t5 rais$ by ! scav5g]s !mselves1 9 ! hope ( obta9+ a gratuity or rew>d = ! cle>ance ( a du/b9 :i* no d\bt1 legally1 !y are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to empty1 & 9 ord] to less5 ! *ance ( su* disputes & to attempt to settle ?is "q ! foll[+ sugge/ions may be ( value4 ,x w\ld no d\bt be vexati\s if any sanit>y au?ority 7 to absolutely refuse to remove ! g>d5 refuse f ^? h\ses to :i* a small fl[] g>d5 0 atta*$1 :il/ x w\ld on ! contr>y be an unfair tax ^u ! g5]al community if ! refuse ( l>ge g>d5s 0 remov$ )\t paym5t4 ,a good rule w\ld !re=e be to remove only su* g>d5 refuse z 0 conta9$ 9 ! ord9>y du/b9 or a%pit atta*$ to a h\se1 & t z ! removal ( any k9d ( trade refuse w\ld no d\bt lead to abuses if done gratuit\sly by ! sanit>y au?ority1 t ?is mat]ial %\ld only be remov$ on paym5t ( "s sum1 :i* %\ld be previ\sly fix$ by ! ,local ,au?ority1 & ea* case %\ld be report$ to ! (fic] sup]9t5d+ ! "w be=e x 0 remov$4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 9 addition to ! ord9>y h\se refuse ! wa/e mat]ials f ! surface ( ! /reets1 & f m>kets & slaught]-h\ses1 :i* h to be collect$ & dispos$ ( by ! ,local ,au?ority1 b ^! mat]ials %\ld be collect$ 9 a special mann]1 indep5d5tly ( ! ord9>y removal ( ! h\se refuse4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,du/b94 ,! next "q t we h to consid]1 hav+ ?us f> discuss$ ! subject ( :at is h\se refuse1 is ! important "o ( ! mann] & place 9 :i* x %all be tempor>ily /or$ p5d+ ! visit ( ! scav5g]4 ,i w beg9 z ,i did 9 ! =m] case by turn+ to ! law on ! subject1 & f9d out if x c help u4 ,section #dj1 "p ,,iii41 ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahge enacts t3 ,e local au?ority %all provide t all dra9s1 wat]-closets1 e>?-closets1 privies1 a%pits1 & cesspools )9 _! di/rict be con/ruct$ & kept s z n to be a nuisance or injuri\s to heal?4 ,& section #ce ( ! above ,act /ates1 ,x %all n be lawful newly to erect any h\se or to rebuild any h\se pull$ d[n to or bel[ ! gr\nd floor )\t a suffici5t wat]-closet1 e>?-closet1 or privy1 & an a%pit furni%$ ) prop] doors & cov]+s4 ,any p]son :o causes any h\se to be erect$ or rebuilt 9 contrav5tion ( ?is enactm5t %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ tw5ty p\nds4 ,! ,act also gives p[] to local au?orities to en=ce provision ( a%pit accommodation = h\ses :]e su* accommodation does n already exi/1 & to frame bye-laws ) respect to a%pits4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgg ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d issu$ a s]ies ( model bye-laws = ! use ( sanit>y au?orities1 & ,no4 ,,iv4 ( ?is s]ies1 :i* is ^u ,new ,/reets & ,build+s1 conta9s ! foll[+ six l5g?y clauses1 regulat+ ! position ( an a%pit ) ref]5ce to a dwell+-h\se or public-build+1 or to any wat] supply1 & = ! purpose ( remov+ its cont5ts )\t c>ry+ !m ?r\gh any dwell+-h\se1 c43-- #hj4 ,e p]son :o %all con/ruct an a%pit 9 connection ) a build+ %all con/ruct su* a%pit at a di/ance ( six feet at ! lea/ f a dwell+-h\se or public build+1 or any build+ 9 :i* any p]son may be1 or may be int5d$ to be employ$ 9 any manufacture1 trade1 or bus9ess4 #ha4 ,a p]son :o %all con/ruct an a%pit 9 connexion ) a build+ %all n con/ruct su* a%pit )9 ! di/ance ( feet f any wat] suppli$ = use1 or us$ or likely to be us$ by man = dr9k+ or dome/ic purposes1 or = manufactur+ dr9ks = ! use ( man1 or o!rwise 9 su* a position z to endang] ! pollution ( any su* wat]4 #hb4 ,e p]son :o %all con/ruct an a%pit 9 connexion ) a build+ %all con/ruct su* a%pit 9 su* a mann] & 9 su* a position z to af=d ready means ( access to su* a%pit = ! purpose ( cleans+ su* a%pit1 & ( remov+ ! cont5ts !re(1 &1 s f> z may be practicable1 9 su* a mann] & 9 su* a position z to admit ( ! cont5ts ( su* a%pit be+ remov$ !refrom1 & f ! premises to :i* su* a%pit may belong1 )\t be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh any dwell+-h\se or public build+1 or any build+ 9 :i* any p]son may be1 or may be int5d$ to be employ$ 9 any manufacture1 trade1 or bus9ess4 #hc4 ,e p]son :o %all con/ruct an a%pit 9 connection ) a build+ %all con/ruct su* a%pit ( a capacity n exce$+ 9 any case six cubic feet1 or ( su* less capacity z may be suffici5t to conta9 all du/1 a%es1 rubbi%1 & dry refuse :i* may accumulate dur+ a p]iod n exce$+ "o week ^u ! premises to :i* su* a%pit may belong4 #hd4 ,e p]son :o %all con/ruct an a%pit 9 connection ) a build+ %all con/ruct su* a%pit ( flagg+1 or ( slate1 or ( good brickwork1 at lea/ n9e in*es ?ick1 & r5d]$ inside ) good cem5t or prop]ly asphalt$4 ,he %all con/ruct su* a%pit s t ! floor !re( %all be at a height ( n less ?an ?ree in*es above ! surface ( ! gr\nd adjo9+ su* a%pit1 & he %all cause su* floor to be prop]ly flagg$ or asphalt$4 ,he %all cause su* a%pit to be prop]ly ro($ ov] & v5tilat$1 & to be furni%$ ) a suitable door 9 su* a position & s con/ruct$ & fitt$ z to admit ( ! conv5i5t removal ( ! cont5ts ( su* a%pit1 & to admit ( be+ securely clos$ & fa/5$ = ! effectual prev5tion ( ! escape ( any ( ! cont5ts ( su* a%pit4 #he4 ,a p]son :o %all con/ruct an a%pit 9 connexion ) a build+ %all n cause or suff] any "p ( su* a%pit to communicate ) any dra94 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! position ( ! du/b9 or a%pit1 z reg>ds its site ) ref]5ce to ! ma9 dwell+-h\se1 is ( prim>y sanit>y importance1 = if ! g>bage & dome/ic accumulations !re9 are all[$ to rema9 = a few days1 especially :5 ! wea!r is close1 damp1 & w>m1 !y become v (f5sive1 & ! emanations !refrom may ev5 be highly delet]i\s & dang]\s to heal?2 ?is effect is aggravat$ by p]sons empty+ vegetable refuse & o!r matt]s :i* are wet into ! du/b91 z decomposition ( ^! matt]s is greatly assi/$ by ?is addition1 & x w\ld be well t all su* matt]s %\ld be burnt on ! kit*5 or scull]y fire along ) a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! a%es :i* c\ld be sift$ & sav$ f ^? :i* too readily f9d _! way into ! du/b91 & are ?us wa/$4 ,c>e w\ld ( c\rse h to be tak5 9 ?is process t no smell or nuisance 0 caus$ by burn+ ?is refuse1 b ! greate/ difficulty w\ld arise 9 ov]com+ ! "t-hon\r$ prejudices ( ! dome/ic s]vant :o usually f9ds ! du/b9 or a%pit ! mo/ conv5i5t & lea/ tr\blesome place to dispose ( ne>ly ev]y?+ t to h] may be entitl$ rubbi%4 ,n[ ) all due respect to ^? :o fram$ ,section #ce ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahge1 x is op5 to consid]able d\bt :e!r ! fix$ du/b9 or a%pit1 z x is !re /yl$1 is ! be/ & mo/ sanit>y receptacle = ! h\se refuse4 ,!y may be necess>y & suitable = ,public ,in/itutions1 or = l>ge isolat$ private dwell+s1 or = s*ools or any places :]e excessive quantities ( refuse may accumulate1 b :]e ?is refuse is sy/ematically & prop]ly remov$ by ! ord] ( ! local au?ority1 at su* times & 9 su* mann] z w be h]eaft] po9t$ out1 a movable or portable du/b91 box1 or basket1 is f> pref]able to ! l>ge immoveable inconv5i5t fix$ a%pit1 recomm5d$ & en=c$ "u ! ,act4 ,?is portable du/box %\ld be ( su* dim5sions t ! m5 employ$ 9 remov+ ! refuse c\ld easily c>ry x out & empty its cont5ts into ! c>t1 & !re is no?+ to prev5t m ?an "o be+ provid$1 if x is f\nd insuffici5t = ! requirem5ts ( ! h\sehold4 ,! box %\ld be made ( iron1 or wood or basket l9$ ) t91 or "s equally imp]vi\s mat]ial1 s t x c easily be wa%$ out & ?or\ghly cleans$ & dis9fect$ :5 f\nd necess>y to d s1 a matt] v difficult to accompli% ) ! fix$ a%pit4 ,! :ole ( its cont5ts c\ld be quickly empti$1 :i* is m ?an c be easily effect$ ) ! fix$ a%pit1 & !n only :5 v special arrangem5ts are made = its dra9age4 ,! movable du/box c1 9 addition to ^! advantages1 be plac$ 9 any "p ( ! premises1 & may be cov]$ or n z may be deem$ desirable1 & ne$ n1 l _m ( ! exi/+ a%pits1 be fix$ 9 su* a position z to appe> to h be5 ?us plac$ = ! express purpose ( poison+ ) its f\l smell ! :ole ( ! inhabitants 9 its vic9ity4 ,! movable box c also be readily tak5 out to ! scav5g+ c>t by ! h\sehold] himself1 a v ess5tial requisite1 z w be %[n 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,collection ,,( ,,h\se ,,refuse4 ,! collection ( h\se refuse %\ld be done satisfactorily1 exp$iti\sly1 & economically4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re seem to be only ?ree me?ods by :i* ?is is attempt$ to be effect$2 !y are z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,by a h\se to h\se call at int]mitt5t p]iods4 7#b47 ,by ! scav5g]s giv+ notice ( _! approa* by r++ a bell or by o!r signal1 & requir+ ! h\sehold] to br+ out ! refuse to ! c>t1 & 7#c47 ,by plac+ public du/b9s 9 diff]5t localities1 & expect+ h\sehold]s 9 _! vic9ity to place ! h\se refuse 9 ^! du/b9s1 :i* w\ld !n be cle>$ f "t to "t by ! local au?ority4 ,! law is sil5t on ! subject ( :at may be consid]$ z an effici5t collection & removal ( h\se refuse1 & exp]i5ce only c tea* u ! be/ mann] ( ?or\ghly effect+ ?is "w )\t los+ sight ( ! economical side ( ! "q2 b x appe>s1 on aga9 ref]r+ to ! table ( /ati/ics :i* h be5 previ\sly m5tion$1 t ne>ly all ! t[ns adopt ! two fir/ me?ods m5tion$ above = ! removal ( ! h\se refuse1 b t v few ( !m are able to adopt any public du/b9s or lay /all accommodation = ! tempor>y reception ( ! refuse1 n only on acc\nt ( _! fir/ co/1 b also f ! difficulty ( f9d+ suitable positions = !m4 ,?is latt] objection to ! adoption ( public du/b9s arises 9 great measure f ! fact t !y are usually con/ruct$ ( galvanis$ iron 9 ! =m ( op5 boxes or tr\ghs1 :i* are readily accessible to "y *ildr5 & p\ltry1 :o (t5 scatt] _! cont5ts 9 e direction1 & !y are also g5]ally op5 to ! view ( ! inhabitants ( ! c\rts1 & to pass]s by1 ^: morale x is f\nd is c]ta9ly n improv$ by con/ant famili>ity ) ! sight ( fil?4 ,if ^! du/b9s 7 con/ruct$ ) prop]ly balanc$ self-clos+ lids1 ^! objections w\ld be ov]come1 & _! fir/ co/ w\ld be b trifl+ :5 comp>$ ) ! b5efit to be d]iv$ by plac+ !m 9 "s ( ! ?ickly populat$ c\rts & alleys :i* are un=tunately to be f\nd 9 ne>ly e t[n4 ,:]e !re are no public du/b9s ! inhabitants ( ^! c\rts ?r[ _! wa/e products ^u ! surface ( ! /reets or c\rts1 f "t to "t ?r\gh\t ! day1 z x _c be expect$ nor desir$ t su* mat]ials %\ld rema91 ev5 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 _! "o liv+ room1 :i* is frequ5tly ov] cr[d$1 & has b little sp>e space ev5 = ! common necessities ( life2 b t ^! wa/e products %\ld be ?us /rewn ov] ! surface ( ! /reet or c\rt is almo/ equally objectionable1 & po9ts to ! enorm\s advantage to be ga9$ by plac+ 9 conv5i5t situations ! cov]$ du/b9s t are describ$ above1 ! cont5ts ( :i* c\ld be easily empti$ once a day4 ,! greate/ difficulty w\ld be f\nd to be t ( induc+ ! inhabitants to take ! tr\ble to c>ry _! h\se refuse to ! du/b91 b !y might be gradually educat$ up to ?is /&>d ( cleanl9ess1 & a few p]sons judici\sly summon$ & puni%$ p\r enc\rag] les autres1 :5 detect$ 9 ?r[+ any ( _! wa/e products on to ! surface ( ! /reet or c\rt1 w\ld no d\bt h a v b5eficial effect 9 assi/+ _! education4 ,) ref]5ce to ! "q ( a h\se to h\se call or visitation by ! scav5g]s = ! purpose ( remov+ ! refuse4 ,?is is no d\bt ! me?od p> excell5ce ( all ! sy/ems = its effectual removal )\t mu* tr\ble to ! h\sehold]1 b except 9 suburban di/ricts & = ! collection ( refuse f ! bett] class ( dwell+-h\ses & public in/itutions1 ! exp5se1 delay1 & difficulty :i* w\ld be incurr$ 9 call+ at e h\se ?r\gh\t a t[n1 w\ld make x almo/ impracticable1 & consequ5tly ?is sy/em is univ]sally comb9$ ) t :i* is kn[n z ! bell or signal sy/em1 :i* simply means t ! scav5g+ c>t 9 go+ its r\nds has a bell atta*$ to x1 or ! horse1 :i* bell r+s automatically z ! c>t proce$s on its way2 or ! man 9 *>ge bl[s a trumpet1 or calls 9 /5torian tones1 ,du/ oh6 ,on he>+ ?is signal1 b n be=e1 ! h\sehold] is expect$ to br+ out ! refuse 9 "s conv5i5t receptacle1 :i* is !n empti$ into ! c>t by ! scav5g]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! receptacles conta9+ all ! wa/e products ( ^! h\sehold]s are br\ght out & are plac$ 9 ! gutt] ( ! /reet close to ! k]b1 long be=e ! c>t makes its appe>ance or c be reasonably expect$ to d s4 ,^! tempor>y receptacles are1 z may be easily imag9$ ( v>i\s sizes & %apes1 & are compos$ ( v>i\s mat]ials4 ,on "o side y may see a well & suitably con/ruct$ galvaniz$ iron box1 ) h&les & cov] complete1 on ! o!r an old b& box1 cig> box1 or t9 saucepan4 ,! result ( ^! inappropriate receptacles fill$ ) het]og5e\s collections ( h\se refuse be+ left unprotect$ 9 ! public /reets1 is t _! cont5ts are quickly /rewn ab\t ! surface ( ! /reet1 ei!r by _! be+ upset accid5tally1 or purposely1 by p]sons :o ga9 a prec>i\s livelihood by ab/ract+ !refrom1 & sell+ rags1 bones1 & simil> articles1 or by ! dogs1 ev] on ! al]t = a ha/y & disgu/+ meal1 & ! appe>ance ( ! /reet :i* has probably be5 c>efully swept & g>ni%$ dur+ ! night or e>ly 9 ! morn+1 quickly assumes1 especially 9 a high w9d1 a v (f5sive "*1 & probably has to be entirely re-swept & cleans$ be=e ! ord9>y traffic ( ! day comm5ces4 ,to obviate ^! evils aris+ f ?is practice almo/ univ]sally adopt$1 ,i sugge/ ! foll[+ plan3-- ,a specially design$ frame or c>riage mu/ be con/ruct$ some:at simil> 9 appe>ance to a timb] waggon2 ?is mu/ be furni%$ ) a numb] ( /rong iron hooks1 ) or )\t simple lift+ ge>1 accord+ to ! /r5g? & sizes ( ! receptacles h]eaft] describ$4 ,^u ^! hooks are to be hung cyl9drical %ap$ galvaniz$ iron boxes ) balanc$ cov]s1 & hopp]-%ap$ m\?s1 & ( su* cubical capacity z may be f\nd to meet ! requirem5ts ( any di/rict *oos+ to adopt my sy/em4 ,! modus op]&i w\ld be z foll[s3--,! waggon %\ld be drawn ?r\gh c]ta9 select$ /reets at ab\t #f4cj a4m42 ! boxes or cyl9d]s unhung f x1 & plac$ 9 su* suitable & conv5i5t positions z may be f\nd necess>y2 _! di/ance ap>t may be ab\t t ( ! ord9>y /reet lamp po/s1 & _! position may be 9 ! /reet *annel gutt] close to ! k]b ( ! footpa?2 !y %\ld be all[$ to rema9 ab\t a c\ple ( h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t ! h\sehold]s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! boxes w\ld be expect$ to empty into !m all ! sweep+s1 g>bage1 & h\se refuse f _! premises2 at ! end ( ?is "t ! waggon w\ld aga9 appe>1 & ! boxes or cyl9d]s w\ld be atta*$ to ! hooks1 & be tak5 to ! ne>e/ refuse dept4 ,!re are _m advantages to be ga9$ by adopt+ my propos$ sy/em1 ! pr9cipal "o be+ t ( prev5t+ ! disgu/+ practice ( all[+ ! f\l refuse f h\ses1 to be op5ly display$ 9 ! public /reets1 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$1 & 9 prev5t+ ! possibility ( su* refuse be+ all[$ to /ay = a s+le in/ant ^u ! surface ( ! /reet1 :]e ev5 if x is aft]w>ds c>efully remov$1 an ugly /a9 is almo/ sure to rema9 = _m h\rs aft]w>ds4 ,ano!r advantage w\ld be ! great conv5i5ce to h\sehold]s ( t ( hav+ a ready receptacle = _! refuse1 only a few y>ds at ! mo/ f _! doors4 ,! sav+ ( "t also 9 ! collection w\ld be consid]able1 z ! scav5g]s ne$ n wait "o s+le mom5t beyond ! "t requir$ to atta* ! cyl9d] to ! waggon1 & !re is 9 addition ! cleanl9ess ) :i* ?is op]ation c\ld be p]=m$1 ?us conf]r+ a great boon on ! foot pass5g]s 9 ! /reets1 :o1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 are (t5 half smo!r$ by ! du/ :5 ! scav5g]s are engag$ 9 empty+ ! cont5ts ( ! usual inappropriate receptacles into ! ord9>y du/ c>t4 ,! facilities also = cleans+ or dis9fect+ ! cyl9d]s w\ld be und\bt$1 & ! economy1 n only 9 "t b 9 actual exp5se ov] ! exi/+ sy/em1 w\ld be consid]able1 = ! cyl9d]s w\ld la/ a long "t )\t repairs be+ ne$$2 n s ! ord9>y du/ c>t1 :i* spe$ily we>s out1 pr9cipally f ! fact t ! tipp+ necess>y to empty x ( its cont5ts1 is highly detrim5tal to its /ability4 ,hav+ ?us %[n a me?od by :i* ! collection ( h\se refuse 9 cr[d$ /reets1 :]e a h\se-to-h\se visit is impracticable1 c be mat]ially improv$1 ,i w pass on to ! pres5t sy/em ( ! collection ( refuse 9 ! suburban & rural di/ricts ( a t[n by a h\se-to-h\se call4 ,a great improvem5t 9 ?is sy/em w\ld no d\bt be effect$ by adopt+ ! movable du/ boxes ,i sugge/ 9 ! *apt] on ,! ,du/b91 z great delay & consequ5t exp5se w\ld be sav$ !reby1 & ! "w w\ld be altoge!r m effectually & prop]ly p]=m$1 b x is also f\nd t v frequ5tly ! scav5g]s on call+ at a h\se = ! purpose ( remov+ ! accumulat$ refuse1 are told by ! s]vant t !y _c be admitt$1 ei!r because x is an inconv5i5t h\r1 or t x is wa%+ day1 or t be+ a wet day ! scav5g]s' boots are too dirty to walk ov] _! clean passages or floor1 or t ! du/b9 is n full1 & t !y mu/ call ano!r day1 or "s o!r equally plausible excuse1 s t ! visit is a useless "o1 & "t is lo/4 ,ano!r evil aris+ out ( ?is is also ! fact t z ! scav5g]'s c>t has usually a regul> r\nd1 a fruitless visit z describ$1 results 9 ! du/b9 rema9+ uncle>$ = p]haps ano!r week1 or ev5 m1 a /ate ( ?+s n at all to be desir$4 ,9 ord] to assi/ 9 obviat+ ! *ances ( su* useless visits by ! scav5g]s1 ,i w\ld sugge/ a v simple rem$y1 :i* has already be5 tri$ 9 "s t[ns ) consid]able success4 ,x consi/s 9 ! h\sehold] plac+ a c>d be>+ ! lett] ,d1 or "s o!r di/+ui%+ m>k1 9 a conspicu\s place 9 a w9d[1 :5 ! s]vices ( ! scav5g]s are requir$2 ^! c>ds %\ld be pr9t$ & circulat$ by ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority ( ! di/rict1 :o %\ld /ate on ! back ( ! c>d ! days on :i* ! scav5g]s w\ld visit ea* neighb\rhood1 ) ! approximate h\r ( ! day 9 :i* !y w\ld appe>1 9 ea* road or /reet if practicable1 9 ord] t ! h\sehold] may n be unnecess>ily inconv5i5c$ by be+ oblig$ to keep ! c>d = any l5g? ( "t 9 8 w9d[4 ,! scav5g]s 9 pass+1 obs]ve ! signal1 & call at ! h\se1 o!rwise !y pass on1 unless specially call$ 9 by ! occupants1 ?us avoid+ any unnecess>y delay 9 _! r\nds4 ,a visit f ! scav5g]s ei!r be=e sev5 or aft] t5 9 ! morn+ is g5]ally v inconv5i5t = h\seholds ( a sup]ior class1 & %\ld be1 if possible1 c>efully avoid$ by ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,scav5g]',s ,,c>t4 ,! next "q t pres5ts itself to our notice is t ( ! =m1 /yle1 & con/ruction ( ! c>t usually employ$ 9 ?is "w ( h\se refuse collection1 & :e!r x is well suit$ = ! requirem5ts ( ! "w or o!rwise4 ,! c>t usually employ$ is t kn[n z ! ord9>y tip c>t1 /rongly1 if n clumsily1 con/ruct$ ( an oak frame1 ) elm or deal sides ( consid]able height2 x holds ab\t a c\ple ( cubic y>ds ( mat]ials1 & g5]ally co/s f sixte5 to tw5ty p\nds4 ,^! c>ts are n only clumsy & heavy1 b !y give an ov]weight$ dim9utive appe>ance to ! horse betwe5 ! %afts1 especially z ! quality ( horse employ$ = "w ( ?is "* is frequ5tly none ( ! be/1 & z a matt] ( fact ! c>t is s ill-balanc$ t ! bulk ( its weight is ?r[n ^u ! back ( ! horse4 ,! height1 too1 ( ! c>t is (t5 s great z to necessitate ! use ( a %ort ladd]1 up :i* ! scav5g] has to climb1 be=e he c dis*>ge ! cont5ts ( 8 basket into ! c>t1 s5d+ 9 ! process a %[] ( (f5sive du/ 9 e direction1 f> f pleasant = ^? un=tunate p]sons :o happ5 to be pass+ ne> ! spot at ! "t4 ,:5 us$ z slop c>ts ! same objections arise1 z 9 ?is case ! liquid mud is spla%$ 9 e direction1 ow+ to ! height to :i* x has to be ?r[n by ! %ovel ( ! scav5g]4 ,"s difficulty is also exp]i5c$ 9 ?or\ghly cov]+ ov] ! cont5ts ( ! c>t1 s t n only %all x be hidd5 f ! eye1 b t x %all prev5t ei!r ! liquid mud f be+ spill$ on ! gr\nd1 or if ! c>t is be+ us$ to convey ei!r du/ or h\se refuse1 to prev5t ! cont5ts be+ bl[n ab\t1 or dropp$ ^u ! surface ( ! /reet4 ,! imp]fect mode at pres5t adopt$ is to cov] ! c>t ) a t>paul91 :i* is ti$ d[n z tightly z ! circum/ances ( ! case w admit1 b :i* z a rule does n effectually answ] ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,9 t[ns :]e ! h\se refuse is n collect$ sep>ately f ! road scrap+s1 a judici\s mixture ( ! two 9 ! c>t consid]ably assi/s 9 prev5t+ any mud slopp+ or du/ bl[+4 ,! mat]ial be+ wood ( :i* ^! c>ts are con/ruct$1 x becomes a difficult matt] ei!r to effectually cleanse !m aft] use1 or to prop]ly dis9fect !m1 :i* 9 times ( any s]i\s outbreak ( an epidemic is ess5tial to ! sanit>y well-be+ ( a community4 ,! employm5t also ( wood5 c>ts = ?is "w is bad economy1 _! r\gh usage1 & ! mode adopt$ = empty+ !m by tipp+1 r5d]+ _! life b a %ort "o1 a c>t 9 con/ant "w frequ5tly co/+ f f\r to five p\nds p] annum 9 repairs1 & hav+ b v little ( ! orig9al mat]ial ( :i* x 0 con/ruct$ left 9 x at ! end ( six ye>s4 ,) a view to obviate ^! & o!r objections1 sev]al improv$ c>ts & waggons h be5 introduc$ by diff]5t mak]s1 :o h /yl$ !m by a v>iety ( names1 9 ord] to recomm5d !m to ! notice ( ! public4 ,among/ o!r names !y are call$ du/ c>ts1 g5]al purpose c>ts1 sanit>y c>ts1 slu% c>ts1 tumbl] c>ts1 mud waggons1 tip waggons1 slop waggons1 c4 ,!y are g5]ally con/ruct$ ) iron bodies fix$ ^u wood5 frames on :eels2 !y are ( v>i\s =ms & designs1 ! pr9cipal objects aim$ at be+ lightness ( con/ruction comb9$ ) /r5g?1 s balanc$ z to be> ) a m9imum ( weight ^u ! horse2 economy 9 _! co/ has n be5 lo/ sight (1 & !y are usually provid$ ) "s special means = empty+1 ei!r by be+ completely inv]t$ by a *a9 & w9dlass1 or by "s me*anical arrangem5t ( ! tailbo>d2 !y are built v l[ ^u _! axles1 s z to be easily fill$1 are ei!r completely cov]$ ov] ) a moveable lid1 or are fitt$ ) h+$ side bo>ds1 s z to prev5t any spla%+ ov] ( _! cont5ts1 & z !y are ne>ly all con/ruct$ ) iron1 !y are easily cleans$ & dis9fect$ :5ev] x is ?\ght necess>y to d s4 ,among/ o!rs ,i may m5tion ! foll[+ firms :o h made ! con/ruction ( ^! sanit>y c>ts & waggons a speciality3--,messrs4 ,bayley ,co41 ,new+ton ,causeway1 ,london2 ,messrs4 ,cocks$ge ,co41 ( ,/[m>ket2 ! ,bri/ol ,waggon ,works ,company2 & ,messrs4 ,smi? ,son1 ( ,b>n>d ,ca/le1 ,york%ire4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,disposal ,,( ,,h\se ,,refuse4 ,hav+ proce$$ ?us f> ) my subject1 ! v important "q next arises z to ! mann] ( ! disposal ( ! h\se refuse aft] x has be5 collect$ by ! ,local ,au?ority1 bo? ) reg>d to its sanit>y aspect & also to t ( economy4 ,s mu* dep5ds ^u ! position ( e t[n & ! "* ( ! di/rict 9 :i* x is situat$1 t no h>d & fa/ l9es c be laid d[n 9 reply to ?is "q1 if1 h[ev]1 ! t[n is =tunate en\gh to be ! c5tre ( an agricultural di/rict1 or !re are ready & economical means ( convey+ ! refuse !re1 no difficulty %\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 dispos+ ( x1 if n altoge!r at a pr(it1 at lea/ at a small loss ^u ! co/ ( collection1 z f>m]s & m>ket g>d5]s w readily buy h\se refuse at prices v>y+ f sixp5ce to ?ree %ill+s a load to use z a top dress+ or manure ^u _! l&1 & a v ri* & f]tiliz+ manure x makes1 not)/&+ ! outcry t is sometimes rais$ aga9/ x t x produces rank we$s1 ow+ to ! se$s ( su* vegetation be+ f\nd 9 e dome/ic du/b91 ! fact really be+ t all manures w fo/] & help ! gr[? ( we$s1 z well z c]eals or roots1 & ! appe>ance ( a prolific crop ( we$s po9ts r to bad & c>eless f>m+ ?an to ! use ( inf]ior manure4 ,9 ord] to suit ! conv5i5ce ( ! cu/om]s = refuse1 & 9 ord] to prev5t any delay 9 its collection f ! h\ses1 x is necess>y = e t[n to provide "o or m depts 9 :i* ! refuse may be s deposit$ f day to day z x is collect$4 ,! site ( ea* dept %\ld be v c>efully select$1 be>+ ! foll[+ requisitions 9 m9d3-- ,!y %\ld n be at great] di/ances f ! t[n ?an w\ld all[ ! c>ts to make f ?ree to f\r j\rneys a day1 & x is evid5t t _! position %\ld1 s mu* z possible1 avoid ! necessity = ! c>ts to pass ?r\gh ! t[n :5 full2 !y mu/ also be plac$ s z to be readily accessible to ! c>ts & waggons ( ! f>m]s1 ! cu/om]s1 & above all1 !y mu/ be s situat$ ) reg>d to any dwell+-h\ses or public roads z n to cause any nuisance1 or be injuri\s to heal? 9 any possible mann]1 & = ?is purpose a k ( ! prevail+ w9d 9 t neighb\rhood w\ld be useful1 & c>e mu/ also be tak5 t no /ream or wat]-c\rse f :i* ! supply ( any dr9k+ wat] is obta9$ is likely to become pollut$ by hav+ su* an unpleasant neighb\r z a refuse dept4 ,! dept ne$ only be an op5 field securely rail$ (f aga9/ trespass]s or pilf]]s1 b z x g5]ally sw>ms ) c\ntless numb]s ( rats1 x is j z well t no /acks or b>ns %\ld be erect$ 9 its vic9ity1 if _! own] has any wi% to pres]ve 8 corn4 ,9 ?is dept1 ! site ( :i* has be5 select$ ) all due c>e1 ! refuse %\ld be made up into measur$ heaps1 a conv5i5t size = !m be+ f\nd to be twelve feet squ>e by six feet high2 ^! heaps are !n sold z !y /& to f>m]s & o!rs :o s5d _! c>ts & waggons to remove !m1 ?us prev5t+ any possibility ( mi/ake or dispute aris+ z to ! numb] ( loads ea* cu/om] pays = & receives4 ,! refuse1 :5 fir/ br\ght into ! dept1 is f> m bulky ?an x aft]w>ds becomes1 & x %r9ks ne>ly twelve p] c5t4 aft] a few mon?s' exposure to w9d & ra92 x is !re=e necess>y to unload ea* c>t z x arrives f ! t[n on to an enorm\s heap or m\nd1 f ! o!r end ( :i* ! measur$ heaps are made up aft] ! mat]ial has become /ale & sunk54 ,ano!r cause = ! %r9kage & r$uction ( bulk ( h\se refuse aft] reception at ! dept is ! necess>y removal ( all ! old t9s1 brok5 crock]y1 brok5 fl[] pots1 c41 be=e x c be sold to ! f>m]1 & a v difficult matt] x is to "k h[ to deal ) ?is het]og5e\s mass ( absolutely useless articles ?us left beh9d1 unless !y c be us$ = bottom+ roads1 or = agricultural or = deep l& dra9age1 or = fill+ up holl[s ( l& n aft]w>ds int5d$ to be built ^u1 :5 ^! mat]ials w\ld be v useful & acceptable = su* purposes1 o!rwise !y mu/ be kept & all[$ to cumb] ! gr\nd until "s su* use c be assign$ to !m4 ,all t[ns are n s conv5i5tly situat$ ) reg>d to _! surr\nd+ neighb\rhood1 z w p]mit _! au?orities to sell ! collect$ h\se refuse to f>m]s1 m>ket-g>d5]s1 or o!rs1 = use z manure1 & 9 su* cases1 :]e !y _c d s1 o!r measures mu/ be resort$ to1 9 ord] to dispose ( x 9 ! mo/ economical & sanit>y mann]4 ,among ! num]\s que/ions t ,i address$ to ! v>i\s t[ns ( ,engl& :5 engag$ 9 prep>+ ! returns to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 0 "o to ! foll[+ effect3--,h[ is ! refuse dispos$ ( aft] collection8 ,_m & v>i\s 7 ! replies to ?is4 ,among/ !m 7 ! foll[+3-- ,9 _m t[ns x is /at$ t ! :ole ( ! refuse is us$ by brick mak]s1 9 o!rs x is simply tipp$ to wa/e4 ,9 "o case ! answ] is1 ,sold by auction twice a ye>1 b to :om x is sold1 & = :at purpose1 does n transpire4 ,9 "s t[ns x appe>s to be mix$ ) lime & us$ z manure ^u ! fields1 & 9 o!rs x is mix$ ) ! sludge ( ! sewage f>ms1 & is !n pl\gh$ or dug into ! soil ( ! f>m4 ,?is seems a bett] plan ?an t ( ano!r t[n1 :]e x is giv5 or ?r[n away1 al?\gh ! difficulty ( dispos+ ( ! old iron1 t9s1 c41 is n t\*$ ^u 9 any ( ! =ego+ answ]s4 ,! next reply /ates t x is riddl$1 & ! c9d]s & vegetable refuse are burnt to g5]ate /eam1 ! f9e du/ is us$ ) ! manure manufactory 7tub sy/em71 ! old iron is sold1 & ! pots1 c41 us$ = ! f\ndations ( roads4 ,9 "o case ! :ole ( ! refuse is tak5 out to sea 9 hopp] b>ges1 & sunk 9 deep wat]4 ,9 a great numb] ( t[ns x is sold by t5d] = ! ye>1 b :at ev5tually becomes ( x does n transpire4 ,b ! mo/ fav\r$ me?ods1 :]e x _c be sold z manure to f>m]s1 seem to be ei!r t ( c>t+ x away to "s spot outside ! t[n1 & !re us+ x = ! purpose ( fill+ up holl[s & depressions1 or t ( giv+ or sell+ x to brick-mak]s4 ,! practice ( fill+ up holl[ places ) ei!r h\se refuse or /reet sweep+s _c be too /rongly deprecat$1 z x /&s to reason t "s object is 9 view :5 ^! holl[s are ?us fill$ up1 & we may be sure t ! object is t ( trans=m+ inconv5i5t & impracticable pieces ( gr\nd into conv5i5t build+ sites1 :]eon1 soon] or lat]1 eligible villas make _! sudd5 appe>ance1 almo/ ) ! rapidity ( ,aladd9's ,palace1 "u ! magic h& ( a j]ry build]1 & woe betide ! un=tunate be+ :o1 /ruck ) ! pret5ti\s appe>ance & l[ r5t ( "o ( ^! eligible family resid5ces1 takes up 8 abode !re91 = s surely w disease1 & p]haps dea?1 be 8 visitor4 ,i w n "h ent] into ! details1 or describe ! m$ical reasons :y su* sites are unheal?y = dwell+-h\ses1 z ! fact is almo/ self-evid5t1 & ! practise ( us+ ei!r h\se refuse or /reet sweep+s = su* a purpose has be5 condemn$ by sanit>y exp]ts ov] & ov] aga94 ,b ,i w pass on to describe a me?od ( disposal ( t[n refuse :i* is n[ ga9+ "s popul>ity 9 localities :]e difficulties are exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ rid ( ! refuse by any ( ! means to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 & :i* up to ! pres5t "t seems to be ! be/ solution ( ! difficulty4 ,i allude to ! process ( ! de/ruction ( ! refuse by fire4 ,) ?is object 9 view a ,mr4 ,fry] has inv5t$ an app>atus :i* he /yles a ,pat5t ,c>bonis]1 = ! conv]sion ( g>bage1 /reet1 & m>ket sweep+s1 also o!r vegetable refuse into *>coal4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a /ructure some:at resembl+1 ext]nally1 a brick kiln4 ,x is divid$ into hopp]-%ap$ comp>tm5ts1 :i* at ! bottom are furni%$ ) a furnace1 fitt$ ) a rev]batory ar*4 ,a fire is light$ 9 ?is furnace1 ! necess>y combu/ion be+ obta9$1 & ! heat ma9ta9$1 by burn+ ! c9d]s1 :i* are sift$ out ( ! h\se refuse = ?is purpose4 ,all ! /reet sweep+s1 refuse1 g>bage1 c41 is !n ?r[n 9 at ! top ( ! kiln1 & x is !re & !n completely de/roy$ by ! action ( ! fire1 & conv]t$ into *>coal1 :i* is )drawn ?r\gh a slid+ door fix$ at ! bottom ( ! kiln4 ,! inv5tor fur!r cont5ds t 8 ,c>bonis] n only burns ev]y?+ )9 x s ?or\ghly & completely z to produce effectual deodorisation1 b also t 9 ! process all noxi\s gases :i* may be driv5 (f ! burn+ organic matt]s conta9$ 9 ! refuse are !mselves burnt & de/roy$4 ,mr4 ,fry] has also pat5t$ ano!r app>atus :i* he calls a ,de/ructor = r$uc+ ! bulk = purify+ & fus+ m9]al refuse ( t[ns1 ! residue to be conv]t$ into concrete or mort>4 ,?is app>atus is some:at simil> 9 con/ruction & mode ( action to ! ,c>bonis]1 except t x has no tall kiln conta9+ ! hopp]-%ap$ comp>tm5ts4 ,great heat is1 h[ev]1 necess>y 9 ord] to fuse ! mass ( het]og5e\s articles t are ?r[n into x1 & its success is greatly dep5dant ^u su* heat be+ con/antly & effici5tly ma9ta9$4 ,x is said t ! co/ ( an e/abli%m5t to dispose ( ! refuse by ?is means1 consi/+ ( "o six cell$ ,de/ructor & an eight-cell$ ,c>bonis]1 boil]1 /eam eng9e1 mort> pans1 cool]1 *imney1 %aft1 & build+s1 is ab\t #d1ejj4 ,ea* cell is /at$ to deal ) ab\t #ej cwt4 ( refuse 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & t no nuisance is exp]i5c$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! depts4 ,?is app>atus has1 ,i und]/&1 be5 adopt$ 9 ,kral+51 ,le$s1 ,blackburn1 ,brad=d1 ,w>r+ton1 & ,d]by1 & is ab\t to be adopt$ 9 o!r important places4 ,x is n my int5tion "h to describe or to discuss ! "q ( ! collection & disposal ( night soil1 :i* 9 _m t[ns is intimately connect$ & amalgamat$ ) ! collection ( h\se refuse & ! cleans+ ( /reets4 ,x is a subject ( suffici5t importance to be dealt ) sep>ately4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 h[ev]1 ) ref]5ce to ! collection ( h\se refuse 9 connection ) ! pail sy/em at ,man*e/] w n be out ( place1 especially ) reg>d to ! ref]5ce :i* is made to ,fry]'s ,c>bonis]s & ,de/ructors1 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! refuse "h spok5 ( is wet1 :i* makes ! difficulties connect$ ) its de/ruction by fire great] ?an x w\ld be if only dry1 or comp>atively dry1 h\se refuse _h to be de/roy$4 ,^! p>ticul>s are glean$ f a report conta9$ 9 a copy ( ! ,briti% ,ar*itect1 ( #ahgf1 ( a visit by ! memb]s ( ! ,man*e/] ,sci5tific & ,me*anical ,society to ! works ( ! ,man*e/] ,corporation ,heal? ,committee1 ! figures be+ alt]$ s z to con=m m closely ) ! gr[? ( ! "w s9ce t ye>4 ,!re are ab\t #ef1jjj closets 9 ,man*e/]1 #dd1jjj ( :i* h be5 con/ruct$ on ! c9d] sift] pr9ciple1 & are empti$ dur+ ! day1 ! rema9d] are empti$ dur+ ! night4 ,! cont5ts ( ! new closets are br\ght away by vans specially con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 hav+ five comp>tm5ts1 "o ( :i* is op5 & uncov]$1 & ?is receives ! dry refuse2 ! o!r f\r comp>tm5ts are cov]$ & enclos$ ) tightly fitt+ doors4 ,ea* ( ^! comp>tm5ts holds six galvanis$ iron pails1 :i* are also cov]$ ) closely fitt+ lids4 ,! van bottoms are panell$1 & ! inside ( ea* panel is fill$ ) a lay] ( c>bolic acid p[d]1 "o in* ?ick1 & !y are ?or\ghly cleans$ aft] ea* j\rney4 ,! ,heal? ,committee employ #ajj ( ^! vehicles1 ea* "o mak+ f\r j\rneys p] day4 ,! cont5ts ( ! closets :i* are empti$ dur+ ! night are tak5 away 9 op5 c>ts1 two-?irds to ! tips & ! rema9d] along ) ! refuse br\ght into ! y>d by ! vans1 is s5t ea* night into ! c\ntry4 ,! am\nt ( mat]ial dealt ) ea* week by ! ,heal? ,committee is ab\t #c1jjj tons1 & may be describ$ z foll[s3--,pap]1 #a ton2 rags1 #c tons2 dead animals1 dogs1 cats1 rats1 mice1 gu9ea pigs1 c41 #b tons2 /able manure1 #ag tons2 meat t9s1 old t9 & iron1 #cc tons2 refuse f slaught]-h\ses & fi% %ops1 c41 #fj tons2 brok5 pots1 bottles1 & glasses1 #hj tons2 vegetable refuse1 door mats1 table cov]s1 floorclo?s1 old /raw mattresses1 #ajj tons2 f9e a%es1 #a1bcj tons2 c9d]s1 #a1djj tons4 ,! ,committee employ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ov] #ejj m51 includ+ cl]ks1 inspectors1 :eelwrights1 smi?s1 saddl]s1 t9m51 eng9e]s1 me*anics1 manure & mort> mak]s1 /ablem51 & lab\r]s4 ,!y h #aef horses1 & ab\t ! same numb] ( vehicles ( v>i\s descriptions4 ,:5 ! load$ vans rea* ! y>d1 !y are fir/ weigh$1 aft]w>ds !y are tak5 on to ! fir/ floor ( a two-/orey build+1 :]e ! dry refuse f ! op5 "p ( ea* van is unload$ & %ovell$ on to sieves work$ by /eam p[]4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! f9e du/ widely diffus+ itself 9 its desc5t1 falls on to ! floor bel[1 cov]+ ! cont5ts ( ! pails1 :i* are1 at ! same "t1 be+ empti$ on to grids fix$ 9 ! floor4 ,at "o end ( ^! grids ! b>s are set mu* m closely toge!r ?an at ! o!r1 & s]ve to convey ! liquid portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! pails by means ( tr\ghs to a tank :]e x is fur!r dealt )4 ,! solid portion ( ! excreta falls ?r\gh ! wide-b>r$ portion ( ! grid into suitable receptacles4 ,! r\gh portion ( ! dry refuse1 aft] be+ sep>at$ f ! f9e1 is c>ri$ along a movable & endless table to ! mort> mills1 ! boil]1 or to "o ( ! v>i\s furnaces1 ( :i* !re are sev]al 9 ! y>d4 ,?is dry refuse is ( su* a het]og5e\s "* z to require v>i\s modes ( treatm5t4 ,x is made up ( pap]1 rats1 meat t9s1 /raw1 cabbage leaves1 onions1 apples1 turnips1 fi% bones1 dead cats1 rabbits1 gu9ea pigs1 f[ls1 bru% heads1 old boots1 old books1 knives1 =ks1 spoons1 *ildr5's toys1 old hats1 old bonnets1 cr9ol9e wires1 umbrella frames1 brok5 pots1 brok5 bottles1 pres]ve j>s1 m$ic9e bottles1 old mattresses1 c9d]s1 bits ( coal1 firewood1 bass1 brok5 bricks1 & a ho/ ( o!r articles too num]\s to m5tion4 ,:5 ?is mass ( rubbi% is some:at assort$1 ! c9d]s are sep>at$ & us$ = fuel = ! boil]s & furnaces 7no coal :atev] is all[$ 9 ! y>d71 ! rema9+ portion ( ! rubbi% along ) "s mo/ vile & abom9able matt] :i* occasionally comes to ! y>d 9 ! pails1 is tak5 to ! ,c>bonis]s 7( :i* !re is a ne/ ( eight 9 ! y>d71 & ! obnoxi\s mat]ial is !re9 c>bonis$ & is resolv$ into a p]fectly h>mless mat]ial4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! y>d is a second set ( furnaces :i* are call$ de/ructors1 & are us$ = ! purpose ( de/roy+ rubbi%1 :i* be=e-"t1 = _m ye>s pa/1 has be5 deposit$ 9 l>ge heaps 9 e suburb ( ! city1 to ! great annoyance ( ! inhabitants ^: fate x 0 to live 9 ! vic9ities ( ^! deposits4 ,^! de/ructors n only consume ?is objectionable mat]ial1 b !y furni% heat to a concretor :i* is plac$ 9 close contiguity4 ,! sp5t fuel is c>t$ to ! mills1 & is !re conv]t$ into mort>--a mort>1 too1 ( ! be/ description--z ! samples ( brickwork built ) x & exhibit$ abundantly te/ify4 ,?is concretor1 :i* is driv5 by /eam p[]1 is a l>ge cyl9d] ( a peculi> int]nal con/ruction1 :i* exposes an ext5sive evaporat+ surface to ! heat f ! de/ructor1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! cyl9d] f end to end4 ,! "w ( ?is concretor is to subject ! ur9e or liquid portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! pails f$ by means ( ! tr\ghs already spok5 ( 9 connection ) ! tank4 ,! ur9e is pump$ f ?is tank into ! concretor at ! rate ( ab\t #aej gallons p] h\r4 ,! conc5trat$ ur9e1 :i* conta9s a l>ge quantity ( ammonia1 is mix$ ) two-?irds its weight ( *>coal1 & ! composition =ms a mo/ valuable manure4 ,! c>bonis]1 ! de/ructor1 & ! concretor h all be5 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,fry]1 ( ! firm ( ,manlove1 ,alliot ,co41 eng9e]s1 ,nott+ham4 ,! process ( c>bonis+ is pat5t$ by ! ,univ]sal ,*>coal ,company1 ,limit$1 :o are to receive a royalty1 we und]/&1 f ! ,heal? ,committee = ! use ( _! pat5t4 ,!re is a tall & noble-look+ *imney 9 ! c5tre ( ! y>d surr\nd$ by _m new build+s & %$s1 & ?is has be5 built ) ! concrete mort> manufactur$ by ! ,heal? ,committee4 ,su* is ! gigantic scale ^u :i* ^! matt]s are dealt ) 9 ! ,city ( ,man*e/]4 ,! o!r me?ods1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 = ! disposal ( t[n refuse require no fur!r comm5t1 z x is evid5t t unless a ready sale = ! refuse c be effect$1 by f> ! be/ me?od ( dispos+ ( x seems to be t by :i* x is completely annihilat$ by fire 9 ! mann] t has be5 describ$1 or 9 "s o!r simil> mann]4 ,hav+ ?us f> foll[$ ! h\se refuse f its fir/ appe>ance 9 its cradle1 ! du/b91 ?r\gh its *equ]$ c>e] aft] collection d[n to its decease1 ei!r by burial1 or by cremation1 ! "q ( ! co/ ( ! :ole ( ?is "w mu/ be def]r$ until ! f9al *apt]1 aft] ,i h dealt ) ! subject ( /reet sweep+ & cleans+1 ! removal ( sn[1 & a %ort *apt] ^u /reet wat]+1 :i* is some:at analag\s to scav5g+1 & is frequ5tly includ$ 9 ! acc\nts ( t "w 9 ! e/imates :i* are prep>$ by a ,local ,au?ority4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,/reet ,,cleans+4 ,clean well-swept /reets n only add mat]ially to ! prosp]\s appe>ance ( a t[n1 b !y also h a v m>k$ influ5ce ^u its heal? & ^u ! morale ( its inhabitants2 wet1 & muddy1 badly =m$1 ill-dra9$ /reets1 cause dampness 9 ! subsoil ( ! dwell+-h\ses 9 ! vic9ity1 & a humidity 9 ! atmosph]e1 bo? ( :i* t5d to produce a l[ /&>d ( heal? 9 _! neighb\rhood1 irrespective ( ! wet surface ?r\gh :i* p$e/rians h to wade :5ev] !y are oblig$ to cross su* /reets4 ,du/y /reets1 too1 are v injuri\s f ! fact ( p]sons inhal+ ! gritty silicate load$ air aris+ f !m2 su* an atmosph]e is kn[n to produce disease ( ! lungs1 ev5 :5 x is free f ! du/ aris+ f horse dropp+s or o!r organic impurities4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8 beautiful exp]im5ts1 has prov$ t du/y air is alive ) ! g]ms ( ! bact]ia ( putrefaction1 :il/ ! pure fre% air :i* he ga!r$ on a m\nta9 peak 9 ! ,alps is innoc5t ( su* g]ms1 & is absolutely p[]less to produce any organisms4 ,p]sons liv+ 9 /reets t are improp]ly swept or wat]$ are unable to op5 ! doors or w9d[s ( _! h\ses ) impunity by reason ( ! du/4 ,! def9ition ( ! ^w /reet1 z giv5 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge1 is z foll[s3--,/reet includes any highway 7n be+ a turnpike road71 & any public bridge 7n be+ a c\nty bridge71 & any road1 lane1 footway1 squ>e1 c\rt1 alley1 or passage1 :e!r a ?or\ghf>e or n4 ,) ref]5ce to turnpike roads ! ,act fur!r /ates t any ,urban ,au?ority may by agreem5t ) ! ,tru/ees ( any turnpike road1 or ) ! ,surveyor ( any c\nty bridge1 take on !mselves ! ma9t5ance1 repair1 cleans+1 or wat]+ ( su* /reet or road4 ,x is v que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! onus ( cleans+ private c\rts & alleys :i* are n repairable by ! ,urban ,au?ority %\ld be borne by !m1 al?\gh = ! sake ( ! public heal? x is highly desirable t su* "w %\ld be s und]tak54 ,! great difficulty atta*$ to ?is duty arises f ! fact t z a rule ^! private c\rts & alleys are v badly pav$1 if pav$ at all1 full ( pits1 :]e pools ( /agnant mud & wat] collect1 & ev5 9 ! be/ cases1 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! pebbles1 or o!r pav+1 are fill$ ) fil? aris+ 9 great measure f ! dirty habits ( ! p1 & ?is fil? x is f\nd exce$+ly difficult to dislodge4 ,! rem$y = ?is is to compel ! own]s ( ! abutt+ prop]ties to h ! c\rts & alleys prop]ly pav$ ) asphalte1 or o!r equally imp]vi\s mat]ial1 aft] :i* x w\ld be easy = ! ,urban ,au?ority to cause !m to be swept at lea/ once a day1 & flu%$ ) wat] 9 ! hot wea!r once a week1 b 9 ord] to compel ! own]s to execute ?is v desirable "w x w\ld be necess>y to put ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( section #aej ( ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge1 9 =ce1 & ! exp5se to ! l&lords w\ld be 9 _m cases v disproportionate to ! value ( _! prop]ty4 ,out ( ! n9ety t[ns to :i* ref]5ce has be=e be5 made1 ! au?orities ( only n9ete5 ( !m cleanse ! private c\rts & alleys 9 _! jurisdiction4 ,! sweep+ & cleans+ ( /reets %\ld be effect$ ei!r at night or v e>ly 9 ! morn+2 if1 h[ev]1 ! bad practice ( br++ ! h\se refuse out into ! /reets 9 inappropriate receptacles is 9 vogue1 x becomes necess>y to sweep ! /reet lat] 9 ! day1 aft] ! cont5ts ( ^! receptacles has be5 remov$4 ,9 mo/ cases x is necess>y to cleanse ! pr9cipal /reets ( a t[n at lea/ once a day1 & ?is appe>s to be ! practice ( ne>ly all ! n9ety t[ns ref]r$ to1 b only sev5 ( !m appe> to h ?is op]ation repeat$ m frequ5tly2 9 sev]al cases1 h[ev]1 ! horse dropp+s1 c41 are remov$ at once1 "u :at is call$ ! ord]ly sy/em1 & ?is is especially necess>y 9 /reets t are pav$ ) su* mat]ials z wood pav+1 asphalte1 or granite setts4 ,! suburban /reets ( a t[n ne$ only be cleans$ once or twice a week1 except 9 special cases ( extremes ( mud or sn[4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 t ! gully pits 9 all p>ts ( ! t[n %\ld be cle>$ out con/antly1 & m5 %\ld be employ$ = ?is purpose1 z well z to cleanse & dis9fect all ! cab/&s & public ur9als at lea/ once e day4 ,/reet cleans+ is effect$ ei!r by h&-sweep+ & h&-scrap+1 or by ma*9]y4 ,z to :i* is ! mo/ economical mu* dep5ds ^u ! value ( lab\r1 & also ^u ! condition ( ! roads to be dealt )1 b 9 po9t ( "t & z a g5]al rule ! value ( a horse rot>y bru%-sweep+ ma*9e is und\bt$1 ! only "t at :i* su* a ma*9e fails to d effective "w is on ! occasions :5 ! mud to be remov$ 7ow+ to a peculi> condition ( ! atmosph]e71 has atta9$ a semi-solidity1 & is ( a /iff & /icky consi/5cy1 :5 x ei!r adh]es to & clogs ! bru%es ( ! ma*9e1 or is flatt5$ by !m on to ! road in/ead ( be+ remov$4 ,! simple/ & be/ ( ^! ma*9es1 9 my op9ion1 is t manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,smi? ,sons1 ( ,b>n>d ,ca/le4 ,x sweeps a cle> wid? ( six feet1 ! rot>y bru%1 :i* is divid$ into f\r or m p>ts1 works diagonally1 x is drawn easily by "o horse1 cle>+ itself ( mud or du/ 9 its progress1 & ! mak]s say t x c sweep #ae1jjj squ>e y>ds ( road surface 9 "o h\r1 ?is be+ equival5t to ! ord9>y "w ( ab\t #ej m5 9 ! same "t6 ,! price ( ?is ma*9e is #cj1 & be+ ( v simple con/ruction x co/s little or no?+ 9 repairs1 except = ! bru%es1 :i* la/ = ab\t #ahj h\rs :5 9 con/ant "w4 ,^! c1 h[ev]1 be replac$ at a co/ ( #b #aes4 p] set1 or ! old /ocks c be refill$ ) bass1 at a m mod]ate figure4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to sweep ! ridge ( du/ or mud :i* is left by ! ma*9e at ! side ( ! /reet into heaps by h& lab\r1 & to remove x by c>ts2 o!r ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ = cleans+ /reets1 :i* by means ( elevators1 or o!r ge>1 pr(ess to raise ! mud or du/ direct into ! c>ts1 :i* are to be atta*$ at ! back ( ! ma*9e1 b hi!rto ^! ma*9es h be5 f\nd to be too cumb]some1 co/ly1 & complicat$ = ! purpose1 & !y h n consequ5tly f\nd mu* fav\r ) ,sanit>y ,au?orities4 ,messrs4 ,smi? ,sons also con/ruct a pat5t road scrap+ ma*9e1 :i* is drawn by "o horse1 & :i* w1 !y say1 scrape upw>ds ( #aj1jjj squ>e y>ds ( road surface 9 an h\r4 ,! /r5g? & durability ( ! h& brooms pur*as$ by an ,urban ,au?ority = ! "w ( sweep+ ! /reets is ( "s importance1 z affect+ ! ultimate co/ ( ! "w1 & "s c>e & skill is requir$ 9 _! selection4 ,bass brooms are bett] ?an bir* brooms = ?is purpose1 & ! bass ( :i* ! brooms are made %\ld be suffici5tly /\t & ( regul> ?ickness2 x %\ld be t\gh & ela/ic1 n old1 dry1 & brittle1 ea* knot %\ld be ( uni=m size & be firmly set1 & ! numb] ( knots 9 ea* broom head is also a matt] ( *oice4 ,a conv5i5t & fair te/ ( ! s\ndness ( a broom is to soak x = a few days 9 wat] be=e issu+ x to ! sweep]1 & !n note ! "t x w la/4 ,! h&les ( ! brooms %\ld be made ( ald] wood4 ,! mode ( con/ruction ( /reets1 & ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are =m$1 makes a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( cleans+ necess>y1 & ^u ! quantity ( mud or du/ t has to be remov$ f _! surface4 ,9 mak+ any inve/igations = ! purpose ( decid+ :at diff]5ce exi/s 9 ! "q ( cleans+ v>i\s =ms & descriptions ( pavem5ts1 climatic influ5ce introduces a r di/urb+ elem5t1 :i* may s]i\sly affect any conclusions t may be drawn2 x may1 h[ev]1 be tak5 = grant$ t a /reet1 ! surface ( :i* is metall$ on ! macadam pr9ciple ) /ones ( a s(t or gritty "*1 w require m cleans+ & be m co/ly to scav5ge 7"u ! same conditions ( climate & traffic71 ?an a /reet pav$ ) ! h>de/ granite setts or ) blocks ( wood1 or ) asphalte1 & at ! same "t mu* c>e w h to be tak5 n to ov] sweep or ov] scrape a road ) a macadamis$ surface1 or mu* injury w be done to x4 ,among/ ! influ5ces t di/urb ! results ( any inve/igations made ) respect to /reet cleans+1 t ( ! am\nt & "* ( ! traffic ov] x mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 & ! /ate ( repair & gradi5t ( ! /reet are bo? ( consid]able importance 9 affect+ ! results1 ! practice too1 ( br++ out ! h\se refuse into ! /reets 9 improp] receptacles p5d+ ! arrival ( ! scav5g]s' c>t1 mu/ also cause a v>y+ am\nt ( refuse to be swept f its surface1 dep5d+ ^u ! habits ( ! p]sons liv+ 9 ! /reet4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,scav5g+ ,dep>tm5t at ,liv]pool has made "s obs]vations & obta9$ "s valuable in=mation on ^! po9ts1 :i* he has detail$ 9 a report he pres5t$ to ! ,heal? ,committee ( t bor\gh 9 ! ye> #ahgg1 an ab/ract ( :i* is z foll[s3-- ,,gross ,,co/ ,,= ,,ea* ,,"t ,,( ,,cleans+ #aj1jjj ,,y>ds ,,sup]ficial ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,descriptions ,,( ,,roadway ,,9 ,,! ,,bor\gh ,,( ,,liv]pool4 ,"p #a ( #b ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,condition ( repair ,/reet4 ,description ( ,:5 pav$4 ( pavem5t4 roadway4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,"l ,/4 ,granite setts1 #ahgg ,v good asphalte jo9ts ,nor? ,john ,/4 ,ditto #ahgb ,good ,ti!b>n ,/4 ,granite setts1 #ahgb & #ahgd ,bad ord9>y jo9ts ,we/ ,d]by ,rd4 ,ditto1 asphalte #ahgf ,v good jo9ts ,great ,h[>d ,/4 ,ditto #ahgg ,good ,great ,hom] ,/4 ,ditto1 ord9>y ,n asc]ta9able,mod]ate jo9ts ,k5s+ton ,/4 ,macadam brea/$ ,ditto ,good ) setts ,/anley ,rd4 ,ditto ,ditto ,bad ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,"p #b ( #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,gross co/ ,area ,loads ,times p] #aj1jjj ( remov$ swept y>ds ,/reet4 c>riage- 9 "o 9 "o sup]ficial way4 mon?4 mon?4 = ea* cleans+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,yds4 supr4 s4 d4 ,"l ,/4 #d1ejc #ae #bf #j #f #e ,nor? ,john ,/4 #c1bhg #ag #bf #j #h #aj ,ti!b>n ,/4 #e1aej #ch #bf #j #aa #b ,we/ ,d]by ,rd4 #aa1ihj #ce #ac #j #i #d ,great ,h[>d ,/4 #af1hfj #he #ac #j #ad #d ,great ,hom] ,/4 #ae1ijj #he #ac #j #ad #a ,k5s+ton ,/4 #ad1edj #gf #ac #j #ad #c ,/anley ,rd4 #af1ecd #ahf #ac #a #h #i ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,he adds t ! full b5efit ( ! imp]vi\s pavem5ts z reg>ds ! co/ ( scav5g+ has n yet be5 felt1 = almo/ all ! l9es ( /reets s pav$ are int]sect$ at %ort di/ances by /reets ( ord9>y jo9t$ granite setts or macadam1 :5ce a quantity ( mud & refuse is dragg$ by ! traffic on to ! asphalt$ jo9t$ roadways1 :i* are consequ5tly debit$ ) ! co/ ( removal ( "s effete mat]ial n intr9sically belong+ to !m4 ,he fur!r adds t ! cr$it r$uctions to be made 9 respect ( ! value ( manure obta9$ f ea* description ( c>riageway is n readily asc]ta9able4 ,9 dry wea!r ! value ( manure collect$ f granite setts1 ) or )\t imp]vi\s jo9ts1 is ab\t equal1 b :5 ! sweep+s are wet1 & consequ5tly ( little value = sale1 ! quantity yield$ by ! ord9>y p]vi\s jo9t$ pavem5t is great] ?an f ! imp]vi\s1 & !re=e ! total value is relatively fav\rable to ! latt] class1 :il/ to get rid ( ! sweep+s f macadamis$ /reets is a s\rce ( additional exp5se4 ,he concludes ?is portion ( 8 valuable report by obs]v+ t ! advantages ( ! new imp]vi\s pavem5ts ov] ! old k9ds are especially %[n aft] fro/ & sn[fall1 ! results ( :i* cause ! setts ( ord9>ily jo9t$ roadways to become loose1 & all[ a va/ am\nt ( mud to ooze up betwe5 ! s(t5$ jo9ts4 ,! comp>ison is /ill m app>5t 9 reg>d to macadam1 :i*1 unless a heavy ra9fall succe$s ! ?aw1 _c be swept = "s days )\t great de/ruction be+ caus$ to ! metall+ ( ! roadway4 ,! ultimate disposal ( ! mat]ial remov$ f ! surface ( a macadamis$ roadway1 be+ pr9cipally compos$ ( silicate1 & consequ5tly valueless z a manure1 is a difficult matt]4 ,9 small t[ns1 except dur+ abnormally muddy wea!r1 x may be mix$ ) ! h\se refuse & sold to f>m]s1 or ! road scrap+s !mselves may be us$ z an excell5t s&1 if ?or\ghly wa%$1 to mix ) lime or cem5t to =m mort> = public works2 excessive accumulations ( mud1 h[ev]1 mu/ be got rid ( 9 ! mo/ economical & spe$y mann]1 & ?is is effect$ ei!r by fill+ up old disus$ qu>ries ) x1 or deposit+ x ^u wa/e l&s1 or =m+ embankm5ts = new roads1 b 9 no case %\ld x be us$1 z ,i h be=e /at$1 ^u build+ sites2 x is difficult & exp5sive to de/roy x or p>tially conv]t x into o!r matt]s by fire1 s t if ^! me?ods :i* ,i h enum]at$ are impracticable1 ! only o!r me?od left = ! disposal ( ! sweep+s or scrap+s f ! /reets is to take !m out to sea 9 hopp] b>ges & s9k !m 9 deep wat]4 ,9 ! ,city ( ,p>is an area ( ab\t #ac1jjj1jjj squ>e y>ds ( /reets are cleans$ betwe5 ?ree & six a4m4 9 ! summ] mon?s & f\r & sev5 9 ! w9t]4 ,?is "w 9 connection ) ! collection ( ! h\se refuse employs #b1bjj m51 #iej wom51 & #cj boys1 besides #aij me*anical sweep]s4 ,! ,p>is mud is said to no long] possess ! manurial /r5g? ( =m] times1 & 9 consequ5ce ! receipts d]iv$ by ! municipality f ?is s\rce h greatly dim9i%$4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is dispos$ ( by public t5d] to responsible contractors1 :o manage to take betwe5 !m "s #b1ejj cubic y>ds daily4 ,! foll[+ additional p>ticul>s ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is "w is c>ri$ out 9 ,p>is w1 ,i ?9k1 prove ( int]e/1 especially ) reg>d to ! use ( dis9fectants1 :i* are l>gely us$ 9 t city 9 connection ) ! cleans+ ( ! /reets1 a practice :i* might be foll[$ ) advantage by ! ,sanit>y ,au?orities ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! cleans+ ( ! public ?or\ghf>es 9 ,p>is1 :i* 0 =m]ly und]tak5 by ! ,prefect ( ,police1 is n[ a function ( ! ,prefect ( ! ,se9e4 ,! /aff consi/s ( two *ief eng9e]s1 "o = ea* gr\p ( arrondissem5ts1 "o gr\p be+ sub-divid$ into ?ree sections1 ea* "u ! *>ge ( an executive eng9e]1 & ! o!r into five sections simil>ly sup]vis$4 ,^! sectional eng9e]s h "u !m #ea sup]9t5d5ts & #fa ov]se]s1 ^: employm5t co/s annually #aj1djj4 ,! scav5g+ plant is kept 9 a c5tral dept1 :]e mat]ials ( e description are /or$ & classifi$ = ord9>y & extraord9>y s]vice1 :5 sn[ & ice r5d] additional assi/ants necess>y4 ,! depts conta9 supplies ( *loride ( lime1 sulphate ( z9c1 sulphate ( iron1 & c>bolic acid1 z dis9fectants2 & hydro*loric acid & nitrob5zide1 z cleans+ ag5ts4 ,! *loride ( lime1 ( a /r5g? ( #ajj to #aje1 is successfully employ$ = ! dis9fect+ ( places ta9t$ ) ur9e or faecal matt]1 also = cleans+ gutt]s c>ry+ any sewage wat]4 ,sulphate ( iron & sulphate ( z9c are bo? us$ "u ! same conditions4 ,sulphate ( iron has ! disadvantage ( ru/+ objects to :i* x is appli$1 sulphate ( z9c is /rong] 9 its action1 b x co/s a little m2 x produces no smell1 nor does x leave any /a92 x is mu* employ$ 9 summ] = wa%+ & wat]+ ! basem5ts ( ! ,halles ,c5trales1 :i* are us$ = fi%1 p\ltry1 & (fal4 ,at a /r5g? ( "o-eigh?1 & mix$ ) ?ree p] c5t4 ( sulphate ( copp]1 sulphate ( z9c makes a good dis9fect+ liquor1 :i* pres]ves its qualities a long "t1 & is ( great use 9 private h\ses4 ,c>bolic acid is n1 /rictly speak+1 a dis9fectant2 x does n act l *loride on putrid matt]1 b x arre/s & prev5ts f]m5tation1 d\btless by de/roy+ ! spores1 x is1 !re=e1 always employ$ :5 x is desir$ to de/roy ! g]ms ( putrid f]m5tation4 ,x is us$ at a /r5g? ( ab\t "o-=tie?1 say a gallon ( acid to #dj gallons ( wat]4 ,at /r5g?s ( "o-"o hundr$? & "o-two hundr$? x gives good results = wat]+ once or twice a week 9 summ] ^? p>ts ( ! ,halles ,c5trales liable to infection2 x is ev5 us$ z l[ z "o-"o ?\s&? = wat]+ /reets & gutt]s4 ,hydro*loric acid is appli$ to ur9als & slaught]-h\ses1 9 places mu* encru/$ ) t>t>2 x is us$ at a /r5g? ( "o-six?1 l[]$ to "o-t5?1 x cleans smoo? walls & flags effici5tly1 9 ord9>y r9s+s a /r5g? ( "o-fifte5? suffices2 x leaves a disagreeable od\r beh9d1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 quickly dissipat$4 ,nitrob5zide is m en]getic ?an ! =ego+1 b x produces a disagreeable smell ( bitt] almonds & leaves a :ite film1 :i* has to be wa%$ (f2 x is us$ at ! same /r5g?s z hydro*loric acid4 ,! annual co/ = plant & dis9fect+ mat]ials ( all descriptions is #h1hjj4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,sn[4 ,! un?9k+ ratepay] frequ5tly exclaims1 ,:y _c ! au?orities ord] ?is abom9able sn[ to be imm$iately c>t$ away8 :5 ! footpa? & roadway 9 front ( 8 domicile lie hidd5 "u a ?ick coat+ ( sn[ cry/als4 ,signor ,e4 ,bignami ,sormani1 assi/$ by ,pr(essor ,cl]icetti1 h made sev]al mo/ int]e/+ inve/igations & obs]vations ^u ! d5sity ( fre% fall5 sn[ 9 ,milan by means ( a simple balance & compress+ box4 ,! range ( weight ( ! sn[ 0 f\nd to v>y z mu* z elev5 times ! m9imum4 ,a cubic y>d f "o sn[/orm1 weigh+ z mu* z #had p\nds1 :ile an equal bulk f ano!r fall only weigh$ #ga p\nds4 ,! weight consequ5tly ( a cubic foot ( ! d5se/ sn[ is #cj4ad p\nds1 :il/ a cubic foot ( wat] weighs #fb4e p\nds1 or only ab\t d\ble ! weight ( ?is d5se sn[1 b :i* 0 9 all probability little diff]5t f ice4 ,= my purposes1 h[ev]1 ,i w take a mean betwe5 ^! extreme weights1 & assume t ! weight ( a cubic foot ( sn[ is #af4ch p\nds1 & t a fall ( ?ree in*es ( sn[ dur+ ! night has caus$ ! ejaculation ) :i* ,i comm5c$ ?is *apt] to proce$ f ! a=esaid ratepay]4 ,! ord9>y wid? ( an ,engli% /reet may be tak5 at ?irty-six feet1 includ+ ! footpa?s1 s t on e "o hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g? ( e /reet ( t wid? #b1gjj cubic feet ( sn[ h fall51 ! total weight ( :i* am\nts to #dd1bbf p\nds1 or v ne>ly #bj tons1 :i* 9 actual bulk w\ld repres5t #ajj cubic y>ds4 ,b z ! sn[ w\ld soon become compress$ aft] fall+1 ,i assume t ?is bulk w\ld be dim9i%$ by "o-half1 & t consequ5tly 7)\t reckon+ ! sn[ :i* has fall5 ^u ro(s & into c\rts1 passages1 & alleys1 & :i* has be5 quickly %ovell$ !refrom to ! /reet by ! occupi]s7 ab\t #dj ord9>y c>tloads1 weigh+ half a ton ea*1 w\ld h to be remov$ f ?is l5g? ( /reet4 ,assum+ t !re are #cj miles ( /reet 9 a t[n f :i* ! sn[ mu/ be imm$iately remov$1 #ba1add loads mu/ be c>t$ some:]e1 at a co/ ( at lea/ #a1ejj1 assum+ t ea* c>t c\ld make t5 trips a day1 & ev5 !n x w\ld take #ceb c>ts a :ole week to effect x4 ,x may be cont5d$ t ,i h tak5 an extreme case1 & t1 ( c\rse1 ! sn[ does n lie = v long ^u ! gr\nd 9 ! condition 9 :i* x fell1 & t h\rly x is r$uc+ 9 bulk & weight by be+ gr\nd up by ! traffic1 & f9d+ its way 9 ! =m ( wat] into ! sew]s1 b ,i h simply advanc$ ! few facts :i* ,i h /at$ 9 ord] to give "s idea ( ! lab\r & co/ ( sn[ cle>+ 9 a city or t[n1 & ,i ?9k ,i _c d bett] ?an at once describe h[ ?is important "w is c>ri$ out 9 ! city ( ,milan1 :]e ! organization & arrangem5ts by :i* x is accompli%$ ) m>vell\s despat*1 & effici5cy1 c\ld ) advantage be copi$ by ! au?orities ( any ( our t[ns :i* are occasionally visit$ by excessive falls ( sn[4 ,9 ,milan ! sn[ c>ts are empti$ into ! navigable canals & num]\s wat]c\rses by :i* ! city is int]sect$2 & latt]ly also into ! new sew]s 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! city1 :i* are promptly flu%$ :5ev] x sn[s4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahgi-hj ! co/ ( cle>+ ! #a1fef1bjj squ>e y>ds total area ( squ>es1 /reets1 & lanes )9 ! city walls1 av]ag$ #bjj p] in* dep? ( sn[ fall51 & = ! #ejb1hjj squ>e y>ds outside ! walls ! av]age co/ 0 #fb p] in* dep?1 equival5t 9 ea* case to ab\t #a4je;d4 p] cubic y>d4 ,ord9>ily ! cle>+ ( ! m frequ5t$ /reets is complet$ )9 eight or t5 h\rs aft] x has /opp$ sn[+2 & ( ! re/ )9 #bd h\rs1 n reckon+ night4 ,! city is p>cell$ out into small di/ricts1 numb]+ #aab = la/ w9t]1 ( v>y+ ext5t accord+ to ! importance ( ! "w 9 ea*4 ,an av]age rate ( pay p] in* dep? ( sn[ fall5 is settl$ = ! :ole area ( ea* sep>ate di/rict1 accord+ to its ext5t & ! p>ticul> conditions affect+ ! sev]al /reets & squ>es compris$ )9 x4 ,ea* di/rict is allott$ to a contractor1 :o usually associates ) himself six to t5 p>tn]s1 besides ! lab\r]s :om he employs4 ,he has to f9d c>ts1 horses1 & c>t]s2 ! necess>y implem5ts--spades1 %ovels1 brooms1 scrap]s1 mattocks1 b>r[s1 c4--are furni%$ by ! city1 "u suitable /ipulations = ensur+ prop] c>e 9 _! use4 ,! contracts are made annually1 & ! same p]sons almo/ always apply = !m aga9 ye> aft] ye>4 ,! contractors come pr9cipally f ! trades t are int]rupt$ by w9t]1 viz43--,paviors1 bricklay]s & masons1 & gravel qu>rym54 ,= ! direction & sup]vision ( ! "w ! :ole city is divid$ into f\r sections1 ov] ea* ( :i* is appo9t$ an eng9e]1 ) an assi/ant1 :o are aid$ 9 ! g5]al arrangem5ts by ! police surveillance4 ,paym5t is made only = "w effectually done4 ,9 ea* sn[/orm ! dep? ( sn[ fall+1 :i* is ! basis ( pay1 is asc]ta9$ by means ( a numb] ( /one po/s1 fix$ 9 suitable op5 spaces1 cle> ( %elt] f build+s1 & ea* capp$ ) a flat horizontal slab ( /one4 ,z soon z x /ops sn[+1 or two or ?ree times dur+ a /orm ( sev]al h\rs1 ! dep? ( sn[ caught on ! slabs is measur$ by ! eng9e] 9 ! pres5ce ( two ( ! contractors 9 8 section4 ,! numb] ( m5 ord9>ily engag$ 9 sn[ cle>+ on a w9t]'s day is n less ?an two ?\s&1 & has sometimes ris5 to ?ree ?\s&4 ,! /ock ( implem5ts f\nd by ! city1 repres5t+ a capital ( ab\t #a1fjj1 is h\s$ 9 two /ores 9 opposite qu>t]s ( ! city4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahgd-ge ! total fall ( sn[ am\nt$ to #dj in*es1 & ! :ole exp5diture = cle>+ x )9 ! city walls exce$$ #h1djj2 :ile 9 #ahgg-gh ! fall 0 only #e in*es1 involv+ an exp5diture ( less ?an #a1jdj = a slightly l>g] area4 ,! small co/ at :i* ?is "w is c>ri$ out 9 ,milan is acc\nt$ = by ! l[ rate ( wages & c>t hire1 & ! p]fect organization ( ! sy/em4 ,:5 a fall ( sn[ occurs 9 ,p>is1 att5tion is fir/ direct$ to cle>+ ! footpa?s & cross+s1 s z to ensure un9t]rupt$ foot pass5g] traffic4 ,! t[n scav5g]s s& ! roads :5ev] x is necess>y = ! c>riage traffic1 at ! same "t num]\s auxili>ies are organis$ to remove ! sn[ f ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es 9 ! ord] ( _! relative importance4 ,to assi/ 9 remov+ ! sn[ ! ,g5]al ,omnibus ,company are b\nd by _! concession to furni% #ej waggons1 & c>ts are specially arrang$ = ) ! provid]s ( s& & gravel at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 ! contractors = ma9ta9+ ! public roads be+ also b\nd to hold _! c>ts at ! disposition ( ! sectional eng9e]s4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! half-melt$ sn[ is swept into ! sew]s1 especially into ^? c>ry+ w>m wat]4 ,melt+ by /eam has be5 tri$1 :5 a cont9u\s jet 0 turn$ on to a mass ( bank$ sn[1 b x melt$ v sl[ly at fir/1 & ! melt+ ceas$ aft] ! cavity _h increas$ to a c]ta9 size4 ,two descriptions ( sn[ pl\ghs are kept 9 /ore1 "o = manual1 ! o!r = horse p[]1 b !y h nev] be5 us$1 z ! coat+ ( sn[ seldom atta9s suffici5t ?ickness1 & x is too quickly compress$ & h>d5$ by ! traffic4 ,z a rule1 ! sum all[$ 9 ! budget1 ab\t #g1jjj1 suffices = ! extra lab\r incurr$1 b occasionally sev]e w9t]s cause ?is to be greatly exce$$1 z 9 #ahge-gf1 :5 ! increase am\nt$ to #h1jjj1 & no d\bt 9 ! w9t] t has j pass$1 #ahhj-ha1 ! e/imate mu/ also h be5 l>gely exce$$4 ,9 ,engl& "o ( ! greate/ difficulties we h to cont5d aga9/ is ! disposal ( ! sn[ aft] x has be5 plac$ 9 ! c>t4 ,if !re is a riv] close by1 x c be tak5 !re & tipp$1 b ?is is objectionable if x is a navigable riv] :]e dr$g+ has to be done1 z x is surpris+ :at a quantity ( road scrap+s & o!r matt]s are always remov$ ) ! sn[1 & ^! mat]ials naturally s9k to ! bottom1 & add consid]ably to ! co/ ( dr$g+4 ,if !re are public p>ks ! sn[ may be heap$ 9 !m1 provid$ no damage is done to ! grass or pa?s1 z ! sn[ ?us heap$ takes a consid]able "t to melt1 ! fir/ effect ( a ?aw be+ to consolidate x1 b a bett] plan is to deposit x ^u any wa/e spots1 if ^! are n too f> f ! /reets :i* h to be cle>$4 ,tipp+ ! sn[ d[n ! manholes into ! sew]s has be5 tri$ 9 ,london & o!r cities1 b has fail$ ?r\gh ! sn[ consolidat+1 & al?\gh light$ gas jets h be5 turn$ on to ! sn[1 x has /ill melt$ too sl[ly to be ( any practical utility4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t a /eam jet %\ld be turn$ on ! sn[ z x lies 9 ! /reets1 or aft] x has be5 heap$1 b ,i v mu* d\bt ! efficacy ( ?is plan1 al?\gh ,messrs4 ,m]rywea!r ,co41 ( ,london1 h1 ,i und]/&1 melt$ a c>tload ( sn[ 9 sev5 m9utes4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 be possible to melt ! sn[ by ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! furnaces t are de/roy+ ! h\se refuse by fire1 & ?is c\ld be effect$ )\t any l>ge exp5se beyond ! co/ ( c>tage ( ! sn[ to ! depts1 :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y4 ,fail+ an organization su* z t ( ,milan1 ! foll[+ sugge/ions may be ( use to ^? :o h sometimes to grapple ) ?is unproductive "w3-- ,d n attempt to c>t away ! sn[ :ile x is yet fall+1 b try to make cle> cross+s = ! foot pass5g]s & to keep ! traffic op54 ,if !re %\ld be a high w9d at ! "t1 & ! sn[ drifts 9 consequ5ce1 cut ?r\gh ! drifts s z to all[ ! vehicul> traffic to cont9ue4 ,directly ! sn[ ceases to fall put on all available h&s to cle> ! *annel gutt]s & /reet grat+s1 9 prep>ation = a sudd5 ?aw1 :51 if ^! precautions 7 n tak51 s]i\s flood+ & great damage to prop]ty might ensue2 = ! same reason c>t away all ! sn[ y c at ! bottom ( gradi5ts & 9 ! valleys1 & also f v n>r[ /reets & passages1 c4 ,9 ! wid] /reets use ! sn[ pl\gh1 or ) gangs ( m5 79 ! sn[ season !re is g5]ally pl5ty ( lab\r obta9able71 %ovel ! sn[ into a long n>r[ heap on ea* side ( ! /reet1 tak+ c>e to leave ! *annel gutt]s & grat+s q cle>1 & a suffici5t space betwe5 ! heaps = at lea/ two l9es ( traffic4 ,passages mu/ also be cut at frequ5t int]vals ?r\gh ! heaps1 9 ord] to all[ foot pass5g]s to cross ! /reet1 & also to let ! wat] rea* ! *annel gutt]s z soon z ! sn[ beg9s to melt4 ,) reg>d to ! "q ( cle>+ ! sn[ f ! footpa?s irrespective ( ! l>g] duty ( cle>+ x f ! /reets1 x is (t5 a disput$ po9t 9 a t[n z to :e!r ?is %\ld be done by ! ,urban ,au?ority at ! exp5se ( ! rates1 or by ! h\sehold]s !mselves1 & ?is c only be settl$ :]e ! t[n has a private improvem5t act1 9 :i* a clause or clauses may be ins]t$ ?r[+ ! onus ( su* cleans+ & sweep+ ( ! footpa?s ^u ! sev]al & respective occupi]s ( h\ses & build+s4 ,b on :oev] ! duty re/s !re is no d\bt t ! easie/ & quicke/ me?od ( effect+ a ?or\gh cleans+ ( a footpa? f sn[ is by an application ( salt1 & !n to sweep (f ! slu% t is eng5d]$ ) a broom4 ,m$ical m5 & o!rs1 h[ev]1 ass]t t ! practice ( putt+ salt ) ! sn[ is to make a freez+ mixture1 :i* is detrim5tal to ! heal? ( p]sons walk+ on su* a mixture1 & !re c be no d\bt t excessive cold is caus$ by ?is practice1 (t5 suffici5tly sev]e to crack ! flag/ones ( ! foot pavem5t4 ,9 ! ,city ( ,london ! footways are swept once daily by m5 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,commission]s ( ,sew]s1 & 9 wet wea!r ^? 9 ! ma9 /reets are cleans$ repeat$ly dur+ ! day1 & ?is has be5 done1 ,i believe1 s9ce ! ye> #ahgb1 al?\gh ! occupi]s are legally liable = ! execution ( ?is "w4 ,9 ,liv]pool1 also1 ?is is done aft] a fall ( sn[1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ int]e/+ rem>ks on ! subject1 conta9$ 9 a report by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,scav5g+ ,dep>tm5t 9 t bor\gh3-- ,! only way to compass ! removal ( sn[ f ! footwalks ( ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es )9 a comp>atively %ort "t is by spr9kl+ !m ) salt su* z is commonly us$ = agricultural purposes4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 unaid$ by ! salt1 a suffici5t numb] ( m5 _c be procur$ = ! em]g5cy ( cle>+ sn[ f ! footways ( ! mo/ important ?or\ghf>es4 ,x has be5 /at$ by m$ical au?orities t ! application ( salt to sn[ is detrim5tal to ! heal? ( p :o h to walk ?r\gh ! 'slu%' produc$ by ! mixture1 & t ! excessive cool+ ( ! air surr\nd+ ! places :]e ! application has be5 made is injuri\s to delicate p]sons4 ,x1 !re=e1 seems t ! application ( salt to sn[ %\ld n be und]tak5 dur+ ! day "t1 b %\ld be comm5c$ n be=e #aa p4m41 nor cont9u$ aft] #f a4m41 & t only su* an area ( footwalks %\ld be s treat$ on any "o night z ! available /aff ( m5 c cle> by an e>ly h\r ! foll[+ morn+4 ,to sweep sn[ f ! footwalks :il/ ! fall ( sn[ cont9ues1 & especially dur+ bus9ess h\rs1 appe>s to be wa/eful & futile1 & to apply salt dur+ ! same p]iods may be held to be injuri\s to heal?4 ,t ! sn[ ( an ord9>y fall c be remov$ f ! footwalks by an application ( salt an h\r or s be=e !y are scrap$ is an asc]ta9$ fact1 except at lea/ :5 a mod]ately sev]e fro/ has prec$$1 accompani$1 or foll[$ ! sn[ fall1 or :5 ! sn[ has drift$ into ext5sive accumulations4 ,7 x n = ! dang] to heal? by excessive cool+ ( ! air1 & = ! exp5se att5d+ ! op]ation1 all ! imp]vi\s pavem5ts c\ld be cle>$ ( sn[ 7unless ! fall 0 a heavy "o7 9 a comp>atively %ort "t by a lib]al application ( salt & ! employm5t ( ! horse sweep+ ma*9es z soon z ! sn[ _h become suffici5tly s(t5$ to admit ( _! use4 ,to ^! rem>ks ,i h no?+ to add1 except to sugge/ t 9 addition to cle>+ ! sn[ f ! footpa?s c>e %\ld also be tak5 to scrape out & ?or\ghly cle> ! ro( wat] trunks1 :i* are frequ5tly f\nd cross+ ! footpavem5ts2 if ^! rema9 *ok$ damage may ensue to ! adjo9+ prop]ty :5 a ?aw comm5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/reet ,,wat]+4 ,! effective wat]+ ( /reets & roads 9 any t[n dur+ ! summ] mon?s is an important matt]1 n only on sanit>y gr\nds1 b also f ! fact t consid]able damage may be caus$ 9 ! neighb\r+ %ops1 w>eh\ses1 & dwell+s1 if some?+ is n done to prev5t ! cl\ds ( detritus & decay+ refuse1 ( :i* ! du/ is compos$1 f be+ bl[n ab\t4 ,9 ! metropolis ( ,london alone1 ! wat]+ ( ! /reets & roads employs1 9 addition to a /aff ( surveyors1 inspectors1 & =em51 ab\t #a1ejj m51 & an equal numb] ( horses & c>ts2 & 9 ord] to lay ! du/ effectually1 ab\t #cj1jjj tons ( wat] mu/ be spread ^u ! /reets e dry day1 ! co/ ( ?is gigantic "w be+ ne>ly #bjj1jjj p] annum ^u an av]age ( #abj days1 :5 wat]+ becomes necess>y4 ,! mo/ commonly kn[n me?od 9 ?is c\ntry = wat]+ ! /reets & roads ( our t[ns is t ( c>ry+ ! wat] 9 :eel$ b>rels1 c>ts1 or vans1 & di/ribut+ x !refrom ?r\gh a p]=at$ pipe ^u ! surface ( ! road z ! vehicle is drawn along by a horse atta*$ to ! %afts4 ,! po9ts ( importance to be consid]$ "u ?is sy/em are z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,! numb] & position ( ! /& po/s or hydrants1 f :i* ! wat] c>ts are to be fill$1 & :e!r !y %all be swan neck /& po/s or valve hydrants4 7#b47 ,! size & =m ( ! body ( ! wat] c>ts1 z reg>ds its cubical capacity1 its weight1 /r5g?1 lightness ( draught1 durability1 wid? ( spread1 & %ape ( jet1 s z to ensure ev5ness ( supply )\t leav+ pools ( wat] or dry pat*es aft] x has pass$1 or caus+ t unpleasant cl\d ( du/ :i* s (t5 foll[s ! c>t4 ,a wond]ful improvem5t 9 all ^! respects has be5 lately effect$ by ! introduction ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,bayley's ,pat5t ,hydro/atic ,van1 ( :i* ,i %all speak m 9 detail h]eaft]4 7#c47 ,ano!r po9t ( "s importance is ! mat]ial ( :i* ! hose %all be con/ruct$1 if valve hydrants & n swan necks are exi/+4 ,my op9ion is t x %\ld be ( lea!r1 z be+ r\ghly h&l$ & little c>$ =2 canvass hose1 al?\gh ! *eape/1 is n suffici5tly durable1 & is consequ5tly ! de>e/ 9 ! end2 & 7#d71 la/ly1 ! driv] & horse %\ld bo? be ( "s intellig5ce4 ,a *eck %\ld also1 if possible1 be kept ^u ! =m] to see t he p]=ms 8 allott$ task1 & does 8 prop] numb] ( r\nds4 ,mr4 ,bayley has also introduc$ = ?is purpose a ,tell ,tale ,indicator1 :i* records automatically ! quantity ( wat] us$2 x _c be tamp]$ )1 & regi/]s on a dial outside ! van ea* load ( wat] deliv]$1 s t ! surveyor or o!r (fic] c see at a glance :e!r ! driv] is att5d+ to 8 "w1 or :e!r ! hot wea!r has made him f9d 8 ?roat dri] ?an ! roads1 & he has be5 sp5d+ "s ( 8 "t 9 moi/5+ x4 ,9 ! ye> #ahef1 ,mr4 ,scott1 ,c4,e41 ! *ief surveyor ( ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,pancras1 kept an acc\nt ( ! daily r\nd ( an ord9>y wat] c>t1 :5 he f\nd t ?r\gh an av]age work+ day ( #aj h\rs1 exclusive ( ! breakfa/ & d9n] h\rs1 ! c>t took "o h\r & tw5ty m9utes fill+1 fifty m9utes only 9 di/ribut+ ! wat] on ! roads1 & eight h\rs & sev5 m9utes 9 travell+ to spread ! wat] & back to ! /& po/s4 ,x 0 obvi\s t ^! 7 plac$ too f> ap>t1 & by ! subsequ5t introduction ( additional /&po/s ,mr4 ,scott f\nd1 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 t ! fill+ occupi$ two h\rs1 ! di/ribution "o h\r & ?irty m9utes1 & ! travell+ to & fro six h\rs & ?irty m9utes1 s t x may be assum$1 ) an ord9>y two-:eel$ wat] c>t1 t two-?irds ( ! day is sp5t 9 travell+1 "o-fif? 9 fill+1 & ab\t "o-sev5? 9 ! actual spread+4 ,to _m ( my read]s ,bayley's ,van is probably z famili> z x is to me1 b x may not)/&+ be well to describe x4 ,x is a h&some vehicle 9 appe>ance1 ! body be+ made ( wr\ght iron plates1 & measures #h ft4 9 l5g? by #d ft4 #h 94 9 bread?1 & #b ft4 9 dep?1 hold+ #dej gallons4 ,x is m\nt$ on spr+s ^u f\r :eels hung ^u ,bayley's pat5t axles1 & has a pair ( light %afts2 x c easily be fitt$ ) a break = hilly roads1 & !re be+ no weight at any "t ^u ! horse's back1 he is reliev$ f any sev]e /ra9s4 ,by means ( an adju/able valve ! fl[ ( wat] c be regulat$ accord+ to ! /ate ( ! roads1 &1 if necess>y1 a d\ble valve c be ins]t$1 s t ei!r side ( ! di/ributor c be at "w :5 only half ! wid? is requir$1 or :5 pass+ a c>riage or n>r[ spaces4 ,! bran* pipe is ( uni=m size1 except close to ! spread]1 :]e x enl>ges 9 ord] to avoid friction1 & ?is is assi/$ by ! bran* pipe be+ %ap$ into a cycloidal curve on ea* side4 ,9 ord] to obta9 z great a pressure z possible ^u ! jets ( ! di/ribut+ pipe1 & ?us to give ! side jets a great] trajectory ?an !y o!rwise w\ld h1 ! tank is elevat$ z high z is consi/5t ) ! conditions ( draught4 ,at ! same "t1 ! di/ribut+ pipes are plac$ z ne> to ! gr\nd z conv5i5t1 s t ! maximum ext5t ( di/ribution is obta9$1 & t ) less du/ & spla%+ ?an 9 ! ord9>y sy/em4 ,! holes 9 ! di/ribut+ pipe in/ead ( be+ drill$ 9 /raight l9es1 are on a curv$ l9e1 :i* rises along ! l5g? ( ! pipe f ! c5tre t[>ds ! ends4 ,?is has be5 f\nd necess>y1 9 ord] t ! di/ribut+ pipe may be plac$ l[1 & at ! same "t advantage be tak5 ( ! wid? ( ! trajectory ( ! jets4 ,comp>+ ! "w ( "o ( ^! vans ) t report$ ^u by ,mr4 ,scott1 x is f\nd t ! van occupies n9e m9utes 9 fill+1 six m9utes 9 spread+ ! wat]1 & only ?ree h\rs & fifte5 m9utes 9 travell+ to & fro1 s t 9 sev5 h\rs x accompli%es z mu* "w z ! ord9>y wat] c>t effects 9 t5 h\rs4 ,9 ,ed9burgh1 :]e a trial ( "o ( ^! vans took place aga9/ "o ( ! old c>ts1 x 0 f\nd t ! van spread ! wat] a wid? ( #bj feet1 :ile ! old c>t only cov]$ #ad feet2 ! van convey$ ! wat] #a1gca feet1 & ! c>t only #iea feet4 ,! sup]ficial area wat]$ by "o load ( ! van 0 #cd1fbj feet1 & by ! old sy/em only #ac1cad feet4 ,:5 we consid] ! "t t is lo/ 9 travell+ to & f ! /& pipe1 :at a l>ge sav+ ?is repres5ts 9 ! co/ ( ?is "w4 ,mr4 ,tomk9s1 ,c4,e41 ! surveyor ( ! important ,metropolitan p>i% ( ,/4 ,george1 ,hanov] ,squ>e1 has made ! foll[+ comp>ative exp]im5ts ) "o ( ,bayley's vans z aga9/ an ord9>y c>t3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,cont5ts ,no4 ( ,total ,ga9 9 ,loads toquantity ,"t4 ,diff]5ce4 p] ,gallons4 cov] ( ,wat]4 ,c5t4 beat4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hrs4 ,mnts4 ,hrs4 ,mnts4 ,van #dej #e #bdge #a #bc -- -- ,no4 #d ,c>t #bbe #aa #bdge #a #ej #j #bg #bd ,van #dej #e #bdge #a #ch -- -- ,no4 #i ,c>t #bcg #aa #bfjg #b #aj #j #cb #be ,van #dej #f #bgjj #a #de -- -- ,no4 #ae ,c>t #bij #aa #caij #b #aj #j #be #ai ,van #dej #h #cfjj #b #ae -- -- ,no4 #ai ,c>t #bfj #ag #ddbj #c #cj #a #ae #cf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,?is %[s a mean ga9 ( #bf p] c5t4 9 fav\r ( ! van1 & ! foll[+ tables made by an inspector 9 #ahgc1 %[+ ! actual occupation ( ! ord9>y c>ts & ,bayley's vans dur+ a day's "w1 are extremely int]e/+1 z %[+ t :ile ! van is engag$ 9 spread+ ! wat] ! "t ( ! c>t is wa/$ 9 travell+ to & f ! /& po/s1 & :5 x is borne 9 m9d also t ! van spreads wat] m widely ?an ! c>t1 !re c be no d\bt t a sav+ ( at lea/ #cj p] c5t4 c be effect$ by ! sub/itution ( ^! vans = ! old-fa%ion$ c>t4 ,,c>ts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,travell+,travell+ ,fill+4 ,full4 ,empty4 ,wait+1 c4,,spread+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,h4 ,m4 ,padd+ton #a #de #b #i #a #eh #j #bj #a #cj ,/4 ,savi\r's #a #bi #b #af #b #d #j #bf #a #bi ,/r& #a #aa #b #cj #b #ah #j #ag #a #c ,k5s+ton #d #dj #b #b #a #eg #j #j #a #ed ,*elsea #b #dd #a #ae #b #ad #j #ce #a #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,vans4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,padd+ton #c #cc #a #i #a #c #j #j #c #j ,/4 ,savi\r's #b #bj #a #d #a #ba #j #bc #b #eh ,/r& #b #cj #a #be #a #ad #j #bj #b #bc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"o ( ! e>lie/ me?ods = wat]+ /reets1 b "o :i* has1 ,i ?9k1 almo/ entirely di$ out on acc\nt pr9cipally ( ! l>ge quantity ( wat] us$ 9 ! process1 0 t ( all[+ ! wat] to run d[n ! *annel gutt]s1 pond+ x back by means ( canvass or lea!r aprons plac$ across ! gutt]1 & !n spread+ ! wat] on to ! surface ( ! /reet by ?r[+ x ) wood5 %ovels4 ,?is me?od1 al?\gh at fir/ sight may appe> clumsy1 is an exce$+ly good "o ^u sanit>y gr\nds4 ,x n only lays ! du/1 b x wa%es ! surface ( ! /reets1 & x mo/ effectually sc\rs out ! gutt]s & at ! same "t flu%es ! sew]s1 :i* at ! season t wat]+ is necess>y is also ( great importance to any t[n4 ,by ?is process a delightful fre%ness is giv5 to ! air1 & ! appe>ance ( ! cool & limpid wat] ru%+ along on ea* side ( ! /reet acts favorably ^u ! inhabitants4 ,! great objections to ?is sy/em are ! enorm\s quantity ( wat] t is us$ 9 ! process1 & ! difficulty ( do+ ! "w aft] ! traffic ( ! day has comm5c$4 ,some:at ( a modification ( ?is process is :at is kn[n z ,br[n's ,sy/em ( ,/reet ,wat]+1 :i* may be describ$ z foll[s3--,a lead pipe is laid 9 ! footpa? at ! back ( ! k]b on ea* side ( ! /reet to be wat]$1 small grat+s or %ields be+ fix$ 9 ! pipe at int]vals ( twelve in*es1 & ! rema9+ space fill$ ) asphalte2 small holes are !n bor$ 9 ! pipe ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! %ields4 ,! pipe is connect$ ) ! wat] ma9 9 ! /reet1 & is provid$ ) ! necess>y /opcocks1 c4 ,on ! wat] be+ turn$ on1 f9e jets are ?r[n 9 diff]5t directions ^u ! surface ( ! /reet4 ,! wid? ( roadway t c be wat]$ by ?is process dep5ds ^u ! pressure ( ! wat]1 b x may be fairly assum$ t 9 mo/ t[ns /reets ( fifty feet wid? c\ld be effectually wat]$ 9 a few m9utes by a pipe on ea* side ( ! /reet4 ,?is process has n ga9$ mu* fav\r hi!rto1 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! l>ge fir/ co/ involv$1 :i* w\ld am\nt to upw>ds ( #hjj p] mile ( /reet1 b ! exp5se aft]w>ds %\ld n mu* exce$ ! wages ( "o man at ab\t #cs4 #f;d4 p] day to manipulate ! necess>y "w1 & ! int]e/ on ! outlay & depreciation ( ! pipes1 c4 ,! o!r objections to ?is sy/em are3-- 7#a47 ,! liability ( ! pipes & p]=ations to get out ( ord]1 especially :5 all[$ to lie idle = s _m mon?s 9 ea* ye>4 7#b47 ,! unpleasantness to p$e/rians :i* mu/ be caus$ :il/ ! wat]+ is proce$+4 7#c47 ,! inconv5i5ce to ! traffic dur+ ! process4 7#d47 ,! effect ^u ! wat] by high w9ds1 :5 9 all probability x w\ld be bl[n back across ! foot pavem5ts4 7#e47 ,9 v broad /reets x w\ld be inop]ative4 ,9 ,p>is & o!r cont95tal cities1 & also 9 sev]al t[ns 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! wat]+ is effect$ by hose & reels1 or by portable iron tubes4 ,mr4 ,p>ry1 ,c4,e41 ! bor\gh surveyor ( ,read+1 has giv5 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( ! sy/em ( h& wat]+ adopt$ 9 t bor\gh1 9 :i* he gives ! co/1 & describes ! utility ( t me?od z comp>$ ) ! use ( wat] c>ts3-- ,a wat] c>t 7he /ates7 w wat] twice a day a sup]ficial area ( #bc1hdi y>ds1 & = a l5g? wat]$ "o wid? t means #e1ifb l9eal y>ds1 or = a d\ble wid? #b1iha y>ds1 ! co/ p] day ( lay+ on be+ z foll[s3--,horse1 c>t1 & man1 #hs42 co/ ( ma9t5ance ( c>t1 h>ness1 %oe+1 c41 #as4 #e;d41 mak+ #is4 #e;d4 p] day4 ,) respect to ! h& ma*9es he /ates t he has "o ( ,headley's drum ma*9es1 & ?ree ( special make1 some:at simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,p>is4 ,!y are equal 9 po9t ( "w2 & "o ma*9e w wat] #bc1gdj squ>e y>ds twice a day1 :i*1 x w be obs]v$1 is v close to ! am\nt ( "w p]=m$ by a c>t4 ,headley's ma*9e co/ u 7he cont9ues71 five ye>s ago :5 new1 #ca #gs4 #c;d41 & ! repairs & ma9t5ance s9ce t date h be5 #bb1 or an av]age ( #d #hs4 p] annum1 & is j n[ almo/ pa/ repair4 ,! o!r description ( h& ma*9e co/ ea* :5 new #bj1 & ! repairs & ma9t5ance h am\nt$ to an av]age ( #c #ahs4 ea* ye>4 ,!y 7 9 use sometime be=e ,headley's 0 obta9$1 & !y w be ( use = a long "t yet4 ,! co/ ( lab\r p] day by ! h& ma*9es is = two m5 at #bs4 #aj;d4 ea*--#es4 #h;d4--z x requires two m5 to "w ! ma*9e prop]ly1 "o to di/ribute ! wat]1 & ! o!r to move ! ma*9e & to atta* & deta* ! app>atus to & f ! hydrants2 add to ?is #g;d4 p] day = ma9t5ance & repairs1 w make #fs4 #c;d4 p] day4 ,! quantity ( wat] deliv]$ by ! wat] c>ts is #j4ea gallon p] squ>e y>d1 & by ! h& ma*9e #a4cj gallons4 ,x w ?us be se5 t 9 ! case ( ! c>t #bd1cbd gallons ( wat] are us$ p] diem1 & #fa1gbd gallons by ! h& ma*9es1 ! surface wat]$ be+ v ne>ly ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,assum+ t ! wat] has a comm]cial value ( #f;d4 p] #a1jjj gallons1 & add+ ?is to ! co/ p] diem 9 ea* case1 ! total co/ /&s ?us3-- ,h& ma*9es #a #ajs4 #aj;d4 ,c>ts #a #as4 #g;d4 ! advantage 9 po9t ( co/ be+ 9 fav\r ( ! c>ts1 b ! h& ma*9e may wat] bett]1 especially 9 broad /reets1 al?\gh 9 n>r[ /reets or :]e !re is mu* traffic1 ?is me?od w\ld be impracticable4 ,9 ,p>is bo? hose & c>ts are us$ = wat]+ ! ?or\ghf>es1 ! =m] = ! b\lev>ds1 ! av5ues1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( fir/-class /reets4 ,! wat]+ plant belongs to ! municipality1 & !y h v>i\s =ms ( c>ts1 conta9+ #bbj1 #bdb & #bhf gallons respectively1 & w wat] f #b1djj to #c1cej squ>e y>ds4 ,! wat]+ by hose is att5d$ to by ! ord9>y /reet clean]s1 :o c easily wat] #bd1jjj squ>e y>ds 9 ab\t ?irty-five m9utes1 d$uct+ ! "t necess>y to connect ! app>atus ) ! ma9s1 b ?is requires a gymna/ic p]=mance1 :i*1 if once se51 is n easily =gott54 ,wat]+ ! /reets ) sea wat] %\ld be adopt$ :5ev] x is feasible1 z x n only gives a delightful fre%ness to ! air & dispels iod9e1 b x also causes ! surface ( ! /reet to ma9ta9 its humidity = a long] p]iod ?an :5 fre% wat] is us$1 z x impregnates ! soil ) hygrometric matt]4 ,?is has be5 (t5 attempt$ artificially1 n only by add+ common salt to ! wat] us$ = wat]+1 b also by add+ *loride ( calcium1 notably 9 ,r\51 :]e ?is mat]ial is obta9$ f ! manufactories ( pyrolig5\s acid 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x is /at$ t on a mile ( road1 #af feet 9 wid?1 #e1fcj gallons ( wat] 7 necess>y daily1 b t ! same result 0 atta9$ ) #a1dhj gallons ( *loride solution1 m>k+ #cj ,beaum1 & co/+ ab\t d4 p] gallon1 ! humectation rema9+ good = five or six days ) ! solution ( *loride4 ,) wat] only 9 #a1jic y>ds1 9 f\r r\nds daily1 #c1ebj gallons 7 us$1 ! co/ be+ #dhs42 ) *loride ( calcium ! co/ 0 #cbs4 p] day4 ,wat]+ ! roads ) a l>gely dilut$ dis9fectant1 su* z ,sanitas 9 ! liquid =m1 is frequ5tly ( great b5efit1 & :]e x c be af=d$1 x %\ld be occasionally done1 especially 9 ! n>r[] /reets & m cr[d$ di/ricts ( a city or t[n4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,contracts ,v4 ,,adm9i/ration ,,by ,,local ,,au?ority4 ,among/ ! que/ions :i* ,i address$ to ! surveyors ( ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ,engl& 0 ! foll[+3--,is ! h\se refuse collect$ by ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority or by a ,contractor8 & out ( ! n9ety t[ns f :i* ,i receiv$ replies1 only ?irty 7 f\nd to employ contractors = ?is purpose1 & ( ^! ! au?orities ( two ( !m propos$ to disp5se ) ! s]vices ( ! contractor1 & to adm9i/rate ! "w ) _! own /aff1 z !y f\nd ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s 0 ?or\ghly unsatisfactory4 ,?is is h>dly to be wond]$ at :5 ! nature ( su* contracts comes to be consid]$4 ,! du/ or slopp+ contractor1 or :atev] he may be designat$1 c h>dly be expect$ to be a philan?ropi/1 ^: pr9cipal object 9 c>ry+ out 8 contract is t ( b5efit+ 8 fell[ creatures & n himself2 on ! contr>y1 x may fairly be assum$ t ! contractor's object is to s]ve 8 own int]e/s1 & to make 8 contract pay4 ,x is b natural1 al?\gh ! result may n be em95tly satisfactory ei!r to ! ratepay]s1 :o require a c>eful & sy/ematic cleans+ ( _! du/b9s & /reets1 or to ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority & _! (fic]s :o h to look aft] him4 ,! (fic]s1 if !y d _! /rict duty1 w probably be engag$ 9 con/ant disputes & litigation ) ! contractor z to ! due & prop] obs]vance ( ! t]ms ( 8 contract1 & ! consequ5ce ( _! "t be+ ?us occupi$ in/ead ( 9 o!r m important matt]s1 is naturally detrim5tal to ! int]e/s ( ! ratepay]s4 ,if we turn to ! articles ( agreem5t or contract usually drawn up betwe5 a ,sanit>y ,au?ority & a contractor = scav5g+1 we f9d t !y are g5]ally v b9d+ 9 _! phraseology1 & ent] fully into ! details ( ! "w2 !y %\ld /ate v cle>ly ! numb] ( times 9 e week t ! contractor %all cause all ! a%pits 9 ! di/ricts enum]at$ to be empti$ & cleans$1 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is "w %all be p]=m$1 & h[ ! mat]ials ?us remov$ %all be dispos$ ( & ! place ( _! ultimate de/9ation4 ,! conditions %\ld fur!r specify :at am\nt ( manual1 team lab\r1 & c>ts1 are necess>y = ! "w1 & also :at plant ! contractor mu/ keep 9 ! way ( ladd]s1 baskets1 %ovels1 & brooms1 c4 ,! conditions %\ld also conta9 a c>efully prep>$ li/ ( ! /reets to be swept1 & ! mann] & numb] ( times ?is "w mu/ be execut$1 & arrange = ! disposal ( ! mat]ials ?us remov$4 ,9 _m su* contracts x is f\nd necess>y to ins]t clauses b9d+ ! contractor "u all sorts ( fe>ful p5alties1 to be always at ! disposal & "u ! comm&s ( ! inspector ( nuisances1 or su* o!r (fic] or (fic]s z ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority may appo9t4 ,! contractor's m5 also are =bidd5 to refuse gratuities 7an ord] :i* !y no d\bt fully c>ry out87 & are direct$ on no acc\nt to remove ei!r trade or g>d5 refuse1 & !y are also enjo9$ to be c>eful to consult ! conv5i5ce ( ! h\sehold]s 9 _! visits1 & to ?or\ghly clean up all dirt & litt] t !y may cause 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duties4 ,if !y fail 9 any or ei!r ( ^! injunctions & comm&s1 or = any o!r d]eliction ( duty1 ! inspector ( nuisances1 or su* o!r (fic] z ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority %all appo9t1 may summ>ily dismiss !m1 )\t any ref]5ce be+ made on ! subject to _! employ] ! contractor1 & 9 fact ! conditions h necess>ily to be made s /r+5t & b9d+ z to be ei!r totally inop]ative or op5 to grave abuses1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "w c be c>elessly & improp]ly execut$ by ! contractor4 ,i am1 !re=e1 /rongly ( op9ion t ! "w ( ! collection ( h\se refuse & cleans+ ! /reets %\ld be c>ri$ out by ! ,local ,au?ority ) _! own (fic]s & /aff1 & t execut+ ?is "w by contract is a mi/ake & a false economy4 ,x is1 p]haps1 true t x may be done 9 ! latt] mann] at less actual co/ to ! ratepay]s1 b all public "w %\ld be done 9 ! be/ mann] possible1 irrespective ( co/1 ?or\ghly1 b )\t extravagance1 & ! result ( su* "w1 especially :]e x affects ! cleanl9ess & ! appe>ance ( a t[n1 soon fully repays any mod]ate extra co/ t may ?us h be5 incurr$1 irrespective ( ! enorm\s b5efit t is conf]r$ ^u any community by ! r$uction ( disease & ! dea?-rate by a prop] att5tion to su* necess>y sanit>y "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 s4 d4 ,a "q ( ! greate/ importance to ! ratepay]s1 & "o 9 :i* !y (t5 take ! mo/ lively int]e/1 is t ( ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! necess>y /aff = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out ! scav5g+ ( ! t[n1 or = pay+ ! contracts = a simil> "w4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n possible to lay d[n any h>d & fa/ l9e z to ! co/ ( scav5g+ 9 any city or t[n1 z x mu/ necess>ily v>y consid]ably accord+ to circum/ances2 mu* dep5ds ^u :e!r ! di/rict to be scav5g$ is an urban "o1 consi/+ ( h\ses closely pack$ toge!r1 or :e!r x is suburban1 ) scatt]$ villas & mansions /&+ 9 _! own gr\nds2 ! "q1 also1 ( ! di/ance ( ! depts to :i* ! mat]ial has to be c>t$1 consid]ably affects ! result ( any e/imate1 z also does ! co/ ( horse hire1 ! rate ( wages1 & :e!r ! di/rict is ( a hilly or flat nature1 &1 z ,i h be=e %[n1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! /reets are =m$ & pav$1 ! habits ( ! p1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ! mann] ( ! ev5tual disposal ( ! rubbi% aft] removal2 all ^! po9ts mu/ be> ) great weight ^u any "q ( co/1 & make ! results widely diff]5t4 ,on ref]r+ to ! returns to :i* ,i h m ?an once allud$1 x is f\nd t ! co/ ( remov+ ! h\se refuse & cleans+ & sweep+ ! /reets comb9$1 v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t localities1 9 "o case ! sum am\nts only to ! rate ( "o half-p5ny p] annum p] head ( ! population ( ! t[n1 :]eas 9 ano!r case ! am\nt is at ! rate ( ?ree %ill+s & sixp5ce p] head4 ,on calculat+ ! av]age co/ p] head ( population p] annum ( ! n9ety t[ns f :i* ,i receiv$ replies on ?is po9t1 ,i f9d t x am\nts to ab\t t5p5ce half-p5ny1 aft] giv+ cr$it = any sum ( money realis$ by ! sale ( ! refuse to f>m]s & o!rs2 s t if ?is "w is co/+ ! ratepay]s ( a t[n or city any?+ "u a %ill+ p] head ( ! :ole population e ye> !y h no cause to grumble1 z !y are s frequ5tly f\nd to d t _! rates are high]1 & :at !y h to %[ = !m less ?an any o!r t[n 9 ,engl&4 ,i h discuss$ ! "q ( contracts or adm9i/ration 9 a =m] *apt]1 b !re is /ill ano!r "q :i* is also closely connect$ & int]m+l$ ) ! "q ( co/1 & t is :5 ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority c>ry out ! collection & removal ( ! h\se refuse & cleanse ! /reets ) _! own /aff1 :e!r x is bett] & m economical = !m to keep _! own /ud ( horses or to hire !m4 ,to d ?or\gh ju/ice to ! "w ,i am ( op9ion t bo? ! horses & c>ts %\ld be ! prop]ty ( ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority = ! foll[+ reasons3-- 7#a47 ,! horses & _! driv]s %\ld be "u ! control ( ! t[n surveyor or sup]9t5d5t1 9 ! same mann] z ! scav5g]s :o accompany ! c>t4 ,?is is n ! case if ! horses are hir$4 7#b47 ,! c>ts c be />t$ on _! r\nds & leave "w at su* "t z may be f\nd mo/ conv5i5t1 & all ! horses be+ kept 9 "o /able greatly facilitates ?is arrangem5t4 7#c47 ,! horses hir$ = ?is k9d ( s]vice are frequ5tly q unfit to draw ! bulky loads 9 ! l(ty c>ts beh9d !m1 & opprobrium is ?r[n ^u ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority & ! (ficials 9 consequ5ce4 7#d47 ,economy 9 work+ is secur$1 = n only w good horses prop]ly kept d a mu* bett] day's "w ?an bad ones ill kept1 b !re is no "o mak+ a pr(it out ( !m z is ! case :5 ! horses are hir$4 ,) reg>d to ! "q z to ! comp>ative co/ ( scav5g+ :]e a /ud ( horses is kept & :]e !y are hir$1 ! figures t ,i am ab\t to give c only be speculative1 z ! conditions ( ea* t[n are s widely diff]5t1 b ! figures may s]ve z a guide = =m+ an e/imate ( ! k9d1 & !y may be alt]$ to suit ! requirem5ts ( any city or t[n4 ,i w1 !re=e1 assume t a t[n ) a population ( ab\t #ce1jjj inhabitants w require at lea/ sev5 scav5g]s' c>ts con/antly at "w1 )\t reckon+ ^? :i* w be requir$ aft] a fall ( sn[ or 9 exceptionally muddy wea!r1 & = :i* purposes auxili>y horses & c>ts mu/ be hir$1 z also ^? :i* are engag$ 9 haul+ /ones & o!r mat]ials us$ = roads or public works4 ,i h already /at$ t ! value ( an ord9>y du/ c>t is ab\t #ah1 s ,i w reta9 t figure = my e/imate4 ,! value ( a new set ( c>t h>ness1 includ+ a lo9 clo?1 %\ld n exce$ #g4 ,to "w sev5 c>ts prop]ly1 eight horses w be requir$1 :i* may be e/imat$ to co/ ab\t #ej ea*4 ,! fir/ co/ ( ! necess>y /abl+ = eight horses1 includ+ pur*ase ( l&1 erection ( build+s ) a =eman's h\se1 corn & hay l(ts & ma*9]y & tools1 may be reckon$ at ab\t #a1ejj4 ,) reg>d to ! wages to be paid to ! scav5g]s & ! c>t]s1 x may be reasonably assum$ t _! rate ( wages may be mu* l[] ?an t paid to navvies1 or :at are kn[n z pick & %ovel m51 = ! foll[+ reasons3-- ,9 all h\se refuse !re is always pres5t a quantity ( su* mat]ials z rags1 bones1 pieces ( iron1 & o!r articles1 :i* h a comm]cial value1 & beh9d ea* scav5g]'s c>t hangs a sack1 into :i* all su* articles are plac$ by ! m5 engag$ 9 ! removal ( ! h\se refuse1 & are subsequ5tly sold1 & ! spoil divid$ betwe5 !m z p]quisites4 ,i h be5 cr$ibly in=m$ t 9 "s localities ! am\nt ?us realis$ av]ages m ?an f\r %ill+s a week ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,x is also a notable fact t al?\gh ! h\sehold]s are mo/ p>ticul>ly reque/$ n to give gratuities to ! m5 employ$ by ! ,sanit>y ,au?ority 9 ?is "w1 yet a consid]able numb] ( !m con/antly give ! m5 a gratuity or bribe to ensure ! du/b9 be+ regul>ly & prop]ly cle>$1 al?\gh ! less g5]\s1 or poor] memb]s ( ! community probably suff] 9 consequ5ce2 aga9 at ,*ri/mas ! scav5g] feels himself entitl$ to dem& & receive a h&some pres5t 9 ! =m ( a ,*ri/mas-box1 :i*1 9 a ri* neighb\rhood1 am\nts 9 ! aggregate to no inconsid]able sum4 ,= ^! reasons ,i put ! wages bo? ( ! scav5g] & ! c>t] at #afs4 ea* p] week1 & add+ a gu9ea a week = ! =eman1 :o has 9 addition to ?is a h\se to live 9 r5t free1 & a /ableman at #ahs4 a week1 ! total exp5ses are acc\nt$ = except ^? ( ! keep ( ! horses1 %oe+1 vet]9>y att5dance1 light+ ! /able1 c4 ,?is also is a sum v difficult to e/imate1 z fodd]1 b$d+1 c41 v>ies s widely 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 b = ! purposes ( ?is calculation x may be e/imat$ t #ags4 p] horse p] week %\ld be suffici5t to cov] all exp5ses "u ^! heads4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is calculation x w be necess>y to assume t ! #a1ejj has be5 borr[$ at #d p] c5t4 9 p]petuity1 al?\gh z a matt] ( fact any monies borr[$ = su* a purpose z ?is w\ld probably c>ry a s9k+ fund1 s z to lib]ate ! debt at ! end ( ?irty or p]haps fifty ye>s1 b if ,i 7 to reckon ! int]e/ 9 ?is way 9 my e/imate1 x w\ld complicate x unnecess>ily4 ,i h assum$ t to meet ! depreciation ( horse fle% x w be necess>y to put aside ! value ( "o horse ea* ye>1 )\t reckon+ any?+ p] contra = ! sale ( ^? worn out or injur$ 9 ! "w1 z ,i ?9k ?is w be f\nd to be :at w\ld be necess>y4 ,i h all[$ #ej p] annum = repairs & depreciation ( ! build+s & ma*9]y1 z ,i consid] ?is %\ld be q suffici5t = a well-manag$ & c>$-= prop]ty4 ,i h all[$ #ae p] c5t4 p] annum = repairs & depreciation ( ! h>ness1 & #ab p] c5t4 = ! c>ts4 ,! e/imate w consequ5tly /& ?us3-- ,,specim5 ,,e/imate ( ! co/ p] annum involv$ by any ,urban ,sanit>y ,au?ority ( a t[n ( #ce1jjj inhabitants1 9 execut+ ! "w ( collection ( h\se refuse & ! cleans+ ( /reets1 ) _! own /aff ( m5 & horses & c>ts4 ,annual ,co/4 s4 d4 ,capital borr[$ #a1ejj1 ye>ly int]e/ at #d p] c5t #fg #aj #j ,d4 d4 = #h horses at #ej #djj ,d4 d4 = #g c>ts at #ah #abf ,d4 d4 = #g sets ( h>ness at #g #di ---- #ege at #d p] c5t4 #be #ag #f ,repairs to build+s1 ma*9]y1 c4 #ej #j #j ,depreciation ( horse fle%1 say #ej #j #j ,d4 ( #g c>ts1 co/+ #abf1 at #ab p] c5t4 #ae #b #b ,d4 ( #g sets ( h>ness1 co/+ #di1 at #ae p] c5t4 #g #g #j ,wages ( #g c>t]s at #afs4 ea* p] week #bia #d #j ,d4 ( #g scav5g]s at d4 d4 #bia #d #j ,d4 ( #g sweep]s ( roads at d4 d4 #bia #d #j ,d4 ( #a =eman at #bas4 p] week #ed #ab #j ,d4 ( #a /ablekeep] at #ahs4 d4 #df #af #j ,keep1 c41 ( #h horses at #ags4 p] week ea* #cec #ab #j -------------- ,total e/imat$ co/ #a1edd #h #aa ,if ! =ego+ e/imate is comp>$ ) ! /&>d ( "o %ill+ p] head ( ! population p] annum1 :i* ,i h fix$ z a fair av]age co/ ( su* "w1 x is f\nd to be less by #bje ?an t ( a t[n ( #ce1jjj inhabitants1 = ?is latt] case am\nts to #a1gej1 & no?+ has be5 all[$ = ! possible sale ( ! h\se refuse ?us collect$1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h all[$ no?+ = any em]g5cy1 su* z a v ra9y season or a deep fall ( sn[4 ,if ! horses & driv]s _h be5 hir$ ! e/imate might /& ?us3-- ,annual ,co/4 s4 d4 ,hire ( #g horses & driv]s at #hs4 p] diem = six days a week #hgc #ab #j ,hire ( #d horses & driv]s on ,sunday1 half-a-day ea* #da #ab #j ,=eman to sup]9t5d 7no free h\se r5t z 9 =m] case7 #fe #j #j ,wages ( scav5g]s z be=e #bia #d #j ,d4 ( sweep]s d4 #bia #d #j -------------- #a1efb #ab #j ,?is %[s t ! co/ ( hir+ w\ld be slightly 9 excess ( t ( keep+ a /ud ( horses1 & :5 we consid] ! unque/ionable b5efit to be d]iv$ by adopt+ ?is me?od1 ,i ?9k mo/ ,urban ,au?orities :o are n[ hir+ _! team lab\r w\ld d well to consid] ! "q ( pur*as+ & keep+ _! own /ud4 ,great c>e1 h[ev]1 w\ld h to be ex]cis$ 9 ! sup]vision1 or ! exp5diture w\ld spe$ily increase1 z 9 all /able e/abli%m5ts )\t su* sup]vision1 grave abuses1 & ev5 fraud1 may g undetect$ = a consid]able p]iod4 ,! figures t ,i h giv5 9 my e/imates mu/ n be criticis$1 = !y are n int5d$ to fix ! value ( su* "w1 b simply to act z a guide to anyone int]e/$ 9 mak+ an e/imate ( ! k9d1 9 :i* case prices m 9 accordance ) ! di/rict c\ld be ins]t$4 ,! foll[+ table1 h[ev]1 gives ! actual co/ ( collect+ h\se refuse & cleans+ & wat]+ /reets 9 f\rte5 l>ge ,engli% t[ns3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,annual co/ ( col- ,?is am\nts to ! lect+ h\se refuse foll[+3-- ,"n ( ,t[n4 & cleans+ & --------------------------- wat]+ /reets & ,p] #a1jjj ( ,p] mile ( c\rts4 population4 /reets4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,b$=d #ijj #de4j #de4i ,bri/ol #ac1jje #fc4a #ajh4c ,cambridge #b1cej #fg4a #hc4i ,c>diff #e1ede #fe4b #ie4f ,c>lisle #b1bfa #fd4f #aac4j ,exet] #b1ajj #eb4e #fj4j ,gl\ce/] #a1dgh #cf4i #di4c ,liv]pool #hb1bhd #aea4b #caf4b ,nor?ampton #b1hbj #ea4c #ajd4d ,ox=d #b1gej #fc4i #he4i ,portsm\? #e1bgf #ci4j #aja4d ,s\?ampton #a1iii #cc4c #de4d ,s\?port #d1jgg #aai4i #ig4j ,swansea #d1bjj #fj4j #gf4c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,^! figures are tak5 f a return prep>$ by ,mr4 ,williams1 ,c4,e41 ,eng9e] to ! ,bor\gh ( ,c>diff4 ,i h frequ5tly ref]r$ to "s returns :i* ,i h obta9$ on ! subject ( ! collection ( h\se refuse & cleans+ ( /reets1 & x may be int]e/+ & ( use to o!rs :o wi% to obta9 in=mation on ^! subjects if be=e clos+ ?is book ,i give a li/ ( ! que/ions t 7 ask$4 ,!y 7 z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,"n ( city or t[n4 7#b47 ,numb] ( inhabitants4 7#c47 ,area ( di/rict scav5g$4 7#d47 ,is ! h\se refuse collect$ by ! ,urban ,au?ority4 7#e47 ,or by a contractor4 7#f47 ,h[ (t5 is ! h\se refuse remov$4 7#g47 ,d ! scav5g]s make a h\se to h\se call4 7#h47 ,or d !y give notice ( _! approa* by r++ a bell or o!rwise1 & require ! h\sehold] to br+ out ! refuse to ! c>t4 7#i47 ,d ! scav5g]s remove g>d5 or trade refuse1 &1 if s1 "u :at conditions4 7#aj47 ,are ! h\se du/b9s1 z a rule1 fix$ or movable4 7#aa47 ,h y any public du/b9s1 &1 if s1 are !y m]ely isolat$ in/ances1 or h y a regul> sy/em4 7#ab47 ,numb] ( depts = ! refuse collect$1 & ! di/ance !y are f ! t[n4 7#ac47 ,h[ is ! refuse dispos$ (4 7#ad47 ,approximate mileage ( /reets cleans$4 7#ae47 ,are all ! /reets swept daily1 or only ! pr9cipal ones4 7#af47 ,h y any provision = sweep+ /reets (t5] ?an once a day1 or = ! frequ5t removal ( horse dung1 c4 7#ag47 ,are private c\rts & alleys swept & cleans$ by ! ,urban ,au?ority1 &1 if s1 h[ frequ5tly4 7#ah47 ,:at numb] ( m51 horses1 & c>ts respectively1 d y employ4 7#ai47 ,net co/ ( y\r sy/em aft] giv+ cr$it = any money realis$ by sale ( refuse4 ,9 conclud+ ?is little book on ,dirty ,du/b9s & ,sloppy ,/reets1 ,i hope t :at has be5 said may be ( "s use to my read]s1 & t !y w !mselves supply any omissions t !y h f\nd1 & k9dly correct all ! errors1 :i* are only too ready to creep into a "w ( ?is description4 ,,f9is4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,! ,table on page #ed entitl$ ',,gross ,,co/ ,,= 444' 0 l>ge 9 wid?1 & has be5 split into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ column 7,/reet47 is repeat$ 9 ! second "p4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,= example1 brick mak]s1 brick-mak]s2 p]vi\s2 potatoe2 unhung2 r9s+s4 ,pg #g1 'a% pit atta*$' replac$ by 'a%pit atta*$'4 ,pg #aa1 'di/ance ( ' replac$ by 'di/ance ( 4 ,pg #cj1 'a specialite' replac$ by 'a speciality'4 ,pg #ef1 '( sillicate' replac$ by '( silicate'4 ,pg #ff1 'cle>+ ! foo?pa?s' replac$ by 'cle>+ ! footpa?s'4