,,the ,,southern ,,literary ,,messenger3
    ,,devoted ,,to ,,every ,,department 
,,of ,,literature ,,and ,,the ,,fine    
,,arts4      ,au gr de nos desirs bien  
plus qu'au gr des vents4                
,crebillon's ,electre4    ,as we will1  
and not as the winds will4              
,,richmond3  ,t4 ,w4 ,,white1           
,,publisher ,,and ,,proprietor4         
#ahcd-e4          ,,southern ,,literary 
,,messenger4    ,,vol4 ,i4  ,,richmond1 
,,february1 #ahce4  ,,no4 #f4    ,t4 ,w4
 ,,white1 ,,printer ,,and ,,proprietor4 
,,five ,,dollars ,,per ,,annum4         
,,virginia ,,historical ,,and           
,,philosophical ,,society4      ,we     
promised to present in our present      
number a more detailed account of  the  
proceedings of the late anniversary     
meeting of this valuable  institution1  
which we trust is destined to retrieve  
the character of  our state from the    
charge of long indifference to the vast 
resources it  contains1 both in         
materials for scientific research and in

 memorials of  its past civil and       
political history4 ,we should sincerely 
lament if so  noble an effort to diffuse
 throughout the country a taste for     
science  and elegant literature1 should 
fail for want of encouragement1 but we  
think we perceive a growing conviction  
of its importance1 and an  increasing   
disposition to promote its objects4     
,these objects1 as  declared in the     
constitution of the society1 are to     
discover1 procure  and preserve whatever
 may relate to the natural1 civil and   
literary  history of this state2 and to 
patronize and advance all those sciences
  which have a direct tendency to       
promote the best interests of our       
citizens4 ,what intelligent ,virginian  
is there who does not feel  inclined to 
co-operate in the attainment of so much 
good8 ,who does not  desire that the    
strife and bitterness of politics should
 be allayed by  the diffusion of a      
spirit which shall unite and harmonize  
the most  discordant elements1 and      

establish a point where all men of every
 sect  and party may rally for the      
interests of their country1 and forget  
the  unhappy differences which distract 
and divide them4 ,it is certainly an    
extraordinary fact that1 with one       
honorable exception1 no similar         
institution seems ever to have been     
established in ,virginia1 during the    
more than two centuries of its civilized
 existence4 ,the exception  stated is   
recorded by ,gerardin1 in his           
continuation of ,burk's ,history4  ,it  
was an association formed for literary  
and scientific purposes1 as  far back as
 the administration of ,governor        
,fauquier1 who was himself a  lover and 
patron of learning2 but it was          
principally indebted for its  origin to 
,dr4 ,small1 an able professor at       
,william and ,mary1--and  afterwards    
among its members and most active       
friends1 were enrolled the  honored     
names of ,jefferson and ,wythe1 ,john   
,page and the venerable  ,bishop        

,madison4 ,the last gentleman was its   
secretary and curator1 when  the        
stirring and eventful scenes of the     
revolutionary war put a period  to its  
existence4    ,the present society was  
organized in ,december1 #ahca1 and there
 have  been three anniversary meetings  
since1 at each of which very able       
addresses were delivered4 ,one only1    
7,professor ,cushing's7 has as yet  been
 spread before the public2 but we       
understand that the orations of         
,messrs4 ,maxwell and ,tucker will also 
be published4    ,we stated in the last 
number of the ,messenger that ,mr4      
,maxwell  presented to the society at   
its late meeting an ancient pistol1     
alleged  on plausible authority to have 
been the property of ,captain ,john     
,smith1  the father of ,virginia4 ,we   
have not been able to learn the precise 
particulars of its history1 but we      
understand there is no doubt that it    
was sent by a former ,governor of       
,canada to ,general ,washington as the  

property of ,smith4 ,it bears upon a    
silver ornament on its handle or  butt1 
the initials ,j4 ,s42 and in the form   
and shape of its barrel and  some other 
peculiarities1 it has undoubted marks of
 antiquity4 ,there  was another valuable
 relic presented to the society1 through
 the  standing committee1 which deserves
 to be particularly mentioned4 ,it is   
the identical silver badge or medal     
furnished the ,king of the ,potomac     
,indians1 under a law of the ,colonial  
,assembly of ,virginia1 which  passed in
 ,march #affa4 ,see ,hening's ,statutes 
at ,large1 vol4 #b1 p4 #adb4  ,this     
curious relic was found in the county of
 ,caroline a year or two  since1 and    
presented to the society by ,w4 ,g4     
,minor1 ,esq4 of that  county4 ,on its  
face the words ,ye ,king of--and on the 
reverse--,patomeck1 are engraved in the 
ancient orthography--and on  both sides 
are rude devices1 attesting the         
imperfect state of the arts  at the     
period referred to4    ,the society has 

already collected many valuable mineral 
specimens and  ,indian antiquities--also
 various books and manuscripts1--a more 
particular account of which we shall    
spread before our readers in some  of   
our future numbers4 ,the trustees of the
 ,richmond ,academy have1 we  learn1    
assigned one of the rooms in the        
spacious building they have  erected1   
for the uses of the society as a place  
of deposite and  arrangement of its     
various acquisitions2 and it is with    
much pleasure  we perceive that the     
legislature1 by a joint resolution1 has 
directed  the library committee to      
present to the society copies of such   
books1  maps1 c4 as belong to the       
library fund4 ,these examples of        
liberality  in our public functionaries1
 are proofs of the growing interest     
which  is felt in the cause of science  
and literature4--,james ,mc,dowell1     
,esq4  of ,rockbridge1 has been selected
 to deliver the next anniversary        
address1 and ,professor ,dew1 of        

,william and ,mary1 chosen alternate4   
,the  following gentlemen were appointed
 officers for the present year1 to  wit3
    ,,john ,,marshall1 ,president2      
,,professor ,,cushing1 first ,vice      
,president2  ,,judge ,,clopton1 second  
,vice ,president2 ,,james ,e4 ,,heath1  
,corresponding  ,secretary and          
,librarian2 ,,gustavus ,a4 ,,myers1     
,recording ,secretary2 ,,wm4  ,p4       
,,sheppard1 ,treasurer2 and ,judge      
,francis ,t4 ,brooke1 ,dr4 ,robert      
,briggs1 ,conway ,robinson1 ,robert ,c4 
,nicholas1 ,charles ,b4 ,shaw1 ,john ,s4
  ,myers1 ,dr4 ,richard ,a4 ,carrington 
and ,rowland ,reynolds1 ,members of the 
,standing ,committee4                   
,,virginia ,,gazetteer4    ,our readers 
are probably most of them aware1 that a 
work bearing the  above title1 has been 
for some time in the ,charlottesville   
press1 and  will soon make its          
appearance before the public4 ,we have  
been favored  by the very deserving and 
enterprising publisher1 ,mr4 ,,joseph   

,,martin1  with #bdj pages of the       
volume1 and have given them a cursory   
reading2  not sufficient1 indeed1 to    
pronounce decidedly upon the character  
of  the work1 but enough to convince us 
of its great utility1 and of the        
general ability and industry with which 
it has been compiled4 ,we shall  take   
occasion when the work is published1 to 
examine its contents more               
particularly2--for the present1 we      
remark1 that the editor in his          
preliminary and ,general ,description of
 ,virginia1 has borrowed very           
copiously1 and without acknowledgement1 
that we have seen1 from an  article     
bearing the title ,virginia1 in the     
,americana ,encyclopdia4  ,whilst it is 
not expected1 that in a work like the   
,gazetteer1 its whole  contents should  
be original2 it is but an act of        
literary justice1 we  conceive1 that the
 sources from which material aid has    
been derived1  should be acknowledged4  
,of course1 we confine ourselves to such

 matter  as is not original4 ,we have   
taken the liberty to transfer to our    
pages1  the account contained in the    
,gazetteer1 of the ,city of             
,richmond--subjoining in the form of    
notes1 a few observations  rendered     
necessary by the change of              
circumstances1 since that account  was  
written4      ,,richmond ,,city1 the    
metropolis of ,virginia1 is situated in 
the county of  ,henrico1 on the north   
side of ,james river1 and immediately at
 the great  falls1 or head of tide      
water4 ,lat4 #cg #cb' ,n41 long4 #be    
#ed' ,w of ,w4  ,its location is        
uncommonly delightful1 and has often    
excited the  admiration of strangers4   
,perhaps the most glowing1 and yet most 
faithful picture which has ever been    
drawn of its natural beauties1 is  from 
the pen of the eminent and lamented     
author of the ,british ,spy4 ,i  have   
never met1 says that enchanting writer1 
with such an assemblage  of striking and
 interesting objects4 ,the town         

dispersed over hills of  various shapes2
 the river descending from west to east1
 and obstructed  by a multitude of small
 islands1 clumps of trees1 and myriads  
of rocks2  among which it tumbles1 foams
 and roars2 constituting what are called
  the falls2 the same river at the lower
 end of the town1 bending at  right     
angles to the south1 and winding        
reluctantly off for many miles  in that 
direction2 its polished surface caught  
here and there by the  eye1 but more    
generally covered from the view by the  
trees2 among which  the white sails of  
the approaching and departing vessels   
exhibit a  curious and interesting      
appearance3 then again on the opposite  
side1  the little town of ,manchester   
built on a hill1 which sloping gently to
  the river1 opens the whole town to the
 view1 interspersed as it is with       
vigorous and flourishing poplars2 and   
surrounded to a great distance by  green
 plains and stately woods2--all these   
objects falling at once  under the eye1 

constitute by far the most finely varied
 and most  animated landscape that ,i   
have ever seen4 ,the truth and beauty of
 the  foregoing sketch may be realised  
from numberless positions or points of  
view1 extending from the high hills to  
the west1 which overlook the  ,james    
river canal1 as far as the ,church      
,hill1 the eastern barrier of  the city4
 ,from the latter elevation1 perhaps the
 landscape combines  greater variety and
 grandeur1 than from any other point4   
,shockoe hill1  however1 is the favorite
 residence of the citizens4 ,this is    
divided  from the other by the valley of
 ,shockoe creek1 and is a high and      
spacious plain occupied by the principal
 public buildings1 and by  numerous     
private edifices1 some of which are of  
elegant and expensive  construction4    
,the ,capitol1 or ,state ,house1 stands 
in the centre of a  beautiful park or   
square1 near the brow of the hill1 and  
from its size  and elevated position is 
the most conspicuous object in the city4

 ,the  exterior of the building is of   
admirable proportions1 and its fine     
columns of ,ionic architecture seen from
 a distance1 have a very  imposing      
effect4 ,it was formed from a model of  
the ,maison ,carree at                  
,nismes1--brought by ,mr4 ,jefferson    
from ,france4 ,its interior             
construction1 however1 is neither       
elegant nor convenient4 ,in a large     
open saloon or hall1 in the centre of   
the building1 is a marble statue  of    
,washington1 executed with great skill  
by ,houdon1 a ,french artist4  ,there is
 also a bust of ,lafayette1 occupying   
one of the niches in the  wall4 ,besides
 the statue it is still in contemplation
 to erect a superb  monument to the     
memory of ,washington on the capitol    
square4 ,the fund  which was dedicated  
to this object was originally raised by 
private  subscription1 and is now loaned
 out at interest by direction of the    
legislature4 ,its present amount is     
about #ah1jjj4 ,when this monument is   

erected1 it will add to the attractions 
of one of the finest promenades  in the 
,union4 ,the square1 which contains     
about nine acres1 is enclosed  by a     
handsome railing of cast iron1 and is   
ornamented by gravelled  walks1 and a   
variety of forest and other trees4 ,the 
,governor's ,house  is a plain1 neat    
building1 adjoining the square1 and on a
 part of the  public domain4 ,the ,city 
,hall1 which is also contiguous to the  
,state  ,house1 is a costly and elegant 
building of ,doric architecture4 ,it is 
devoted to the use of the ,city ,courts 
and ,council1 and other officers  of the
 ,corporation4 ,the other public        
buildings1 are the ,penitentiary  and   
,manufactory of ,arms--both extensive   
establishments1 and well  adapted to    
their respective purposes4 ,the ,bank of
 ,virginia and  ,farmer's ,bank1 are    
connected under one roof1 and together  
constitute  a handsome edifice on the   
principal street4    ,richmond is not   
deficient in benevolent institutions4   

,besides a very  spacious ,poor ,house1 
which stands in the suburbs of the      
city1--there  is a ,female ,orphan      
,asylum1 supported in part by funds of  
the  corporation1 and partly by private 
liberality4 ,its funds have been        
principally raised however for several  
years past1 by an annual fair  held at  
the ,city ,hall4 ,this institution is   
incorporated by the  legislature1 and is
 under the management of female         
directors4 ,there is  also a school for 
the education of poor children of both  
sexes1 upon  the ,lancasterian system1  
founded in #ahaf1 which with some       
fluctuations  in its progress1 is still 
in a prosperous condition4 ,it is now   
under  the superintendence of trustees  
appointed by the ,city ,council1 and is 
sustained by an annual contribution from
 the ,literary fund of the  state1      
together with an appropriation from the 
city treasury4 ,a  suitable building was
 erected for the accommodation of the   
school1 soon  after its first           

establishment1 and hundreds have        
received from it the  benefits of       
elementary instruction1 who would       
probably have been  otherwise the       
victims of ignorance and depravity4     
,the city has not been so fortunate in  
other institutions for the  cultivation 
of the mind4 ,a few good schools it is  
true have  occasionally existed1 where a
 competent knowledge of the classics and
  some of the sciences might be         
obtained1 but none of these sources of  
instruction have been commensurate with 
the wants of the citizens4 ,it  is a    
remarkable circumstance1 that the       
metropolis of the state1  containing as 
it does considerable wealth and         
population1--many  distinguished and    
well informed men1 and much boasted     
refinement1  should yet be destitute of 
a single academical institution4 ,as far
 back  as #ahjc1 a charter was obtained 
from the state by some of the prominent 
citizens1 for the establishment of an   
academy by lottery and private          

subscription4 ,a few thousand dollars   
were raised1--a site was  injudiciously 
selected a mile beyond the limits of the
 city--and the  basement story of the   
building erected1 but no further        
progress was  made4 ,within the present 
year1 however1 the vacancies in the     
,board of  ,trustees have been filled1  
and there is some prospect of reviving  
the  institution4#a    ,footnote #a3 ,we
 are happy to have it in our power to   
state1 that by the  liberality of the   
,city ,council1 an elegant and costly   
building has been  erected by the       
trustees1 which is now near completion4 
,it may be  mentioned1 however1 with    
regret1 that an unsuccessful application
 has  been made to the ,legislature for 
an annual endowment out of the surplus  
of the ,literary ,fund--but it ought    
also in justice to be added1 that       
measures have been adopted for          
collecting information preparatory to a 
just and equitable distribution of the  
,literary ,fund surplus1 by the  next   

,general ,assembly4 ,indeed1 the        
munificent patronage bestowed by the    
,legislature of #ahcd-e1 upon works of  
internal improvement--is of  itself1    
sufficient to exempt that body from the 
reproach of leaving to  its successors1 
something to do for the great cause of  
education4    ,besides this marked      
deficiency in the means of educating    
youth1 there  are few or no associations
 of an intellectual character among     
persons  of maturer years4 ,whilst the  
northern cities can boast of their      
literary and scientific societies1 the  
capital of the ancient dominion         
scarcely contains one which deserves the
 name4 ,an honorable exception1  it is  
true1 may be mentioned in the ,virginia 
,historical and  ,philosophical         
,society1 which was established in      
#ahca1 and has since  been              
incorporated2--but as its members are   
principally dispersed  through the      
state1 and few of the citizens of       
,richmond manifest any  zeal in its     

welfare1 it can scarcely be considered  
an association of  the city1 either in  
its origin or character4 ,about #bj     
years since a  ,museum was erected      
principally by individual enterprize2   
which was  designed as a repository of  
the fine arts1 and of natural           
curiosities4  ,this institution however1
 has for a long time languished for want
 of  patronage4    ,societies however of
 a moral and religious cast1 are        
numerous1 active  and flourishing4      
,various associations exist for         
promoting temperance1  for colonizing   
the free people of color1 for aiding    
missionaries1 for  the distribution of  
the ,bible and religious tracts1 and for
 various  other objects of a similar    
character4 ,the encouragement also which
 is  given to ,sabbath schools is       
extensive and beneficial4 ,the means of 
religious instruction are very          
considerable1 and probably in due       
proportion to the wants of the city4    
,the ,episcopalians have #c  churches or

 houses of worship2--the ,presbyterians 
#b1 the ,baptists  #c1 the ,methodists  
#c1 the ,roman ,catholics #a1 and this  
last  congregation are now constructing 
a new and elegant building1 which  will 
probably rival any in the city for the  
style of its architecture4  ,the        
,baptist ,seceders or followers of      
,alexander ,campbell1 have #a place  of 
worship1--the ,unitarians and ,quakers  
#a each1--and the ,jews a  handsome     
,synagogue in a retired and handsome    
situation4    ,the ,monumental ,church1 
one of the three belonging to the       
,episcopalians1 and of which the        
venerable ,bishop of ,eastern ,virginia 
has long been the ,rector1--has acquired
 a melancholy celebrity from the        
circumstance that it occupies the site  
of the ,richmond ,theatre1 which  was   
destroyed by fire in ,december #ahaa2 on
 which tragical occasion the  ,governor 
of the ,commonwealth1 and #gj or #hj    
respectable persons of both  sexes      
perished miserably in the flames4 ,long 

will that mournful event  be remembered 
by those who survived or witnessed its  
horrors6--,either  from the deep        
impressions which it produced or from   
other causes1--the  taste for theatrical
 exhibitions has not kept pace with the 
increase of  wealth and population4 ,the
 commodious ,theatre which succeeded the
 old  one1--which is placed in a far    
more eligible situation1 and is of much 
safer construction1 is only occasionally
 patronized1 when the  appearance of    
some attractive star1 or celebrated     
performer1 is  announced4    ,richmond  
was first established by act of         
,assembly1 as early as #agdb1  and      
became the seat of ,government of the   
state in #aggi4 ,various  legislative   
acts have passed from time to time      
enlarging its corporate  powers and     
privileges4 ,nine persons are annually  
chosen from each of  the three wards    
into which the city is divided1 who when
 assembled  elect out of their own body 
a recorder1 and #aa aldermen1 who       

exercise  judicial functions4 ,the same 
persons also elect from their own body1 
or  from the citizens at large1 a       
,mayor1 who is both a judicial and      
executive officer4 ,the remaining #ae   
members constitute the legislative      
council of the city1 and as such1 are   
authorised to raise and  appropriate    
money1 and to enact all such ordinances 
as are necessary  for the due execution 
of the powers conferred by the charter4 
,the  valuation of real property within 
the city according to the assessment  of
 #ahcc1 was #f1fad1eej4 ,the revenue    
raised for corporation purposes  may be 
stated in round numbers at #fj1jjj1     
besides which1 the city  contributed as 
its quota of the state tax in the year  
#ahcc1 nearly  #i1jjj4 ,this large      
amount of taxation is principally       
derived from real  and personal         
property1 and from licenses to          
merchants1 ordinary  keepers1 c4 ,the   
number of wholesale merchants1 paying   
license tax in  #ahcc1 as appears by the

 returns of the ,state ,commissioner was
  #bj2--retail ditto #cbf1 auctioneers  
#g1 lottery ticket venders #g1  ordinary
 keepers #dc1 and keepers of houses of  
private entertainment #i4  ,according to
 the same returns there were #gci horses
 and mules1 #aeg  coaches1 #i carryalls1
 and #ed gigs4    ,the expenses of the  
city are considerable4 ,the principal   
items of  appropriation are #ab1jjj for 
a sinking fund1 to pay the interest1 and
  redeem gradually the corporation debt2
 #d1jjj for the poor2 #a1gjj to  the    
,lancasterian ,free ,school and ,orphan 
,asylum2 #d1jjj for repairing  the      
streets2 and #h1ejj for the support of a
 night watch4 ,the remaining  expenses  
are on account of the public markets1   
fire companies1 salaries  of officers1  
paving of streets and various           
contingencies4 ,the city debt  at this  
time 7#ahcd7 amounts to                 
#acf1aej2--ie1jjj of which1 bearing an  
interest of #e per centum only1 was     
incurred on account of the water  works4

 ,these works were commenced in         
,september #ahcj1 under the  direction  
of ,albert ,stein1 an accomplished      
,engineer from ,holland1 and  were      
completed as far as originally designed1
 at the end of the ensuing  year4 ,since
 that time1 a second pump and wheel1 and
 a third reservoir  have been added2    
making the cost of the whole work about 
#ajj1jjj4 ,the  pumps are each          
calculated to raise from the river1 and 
propel into the  reservoirs at a        
distance of #hjj yards1 and at a        
considerable elevation  #djj1jjj gallons
 of water in #bd hours4 ,these pumps are
 designed to  operate alternately1      
either being competent to fill the      
reservoirs in  sufficient time4 ,the    
reservoirs will each of them contain    
#a1jjj1jjj  gallons1 and double lines of
 pipes extend from them to the pump     
house  on the margin of the river4 ,the 
main pipe from the reservoirs to the    
intersection of ,h and #ast streets is  
#b1jeh yards in length2 and the         

smallest pipes extend from this through 
the principal streets1  lessening in    
diameter to the point of greatest       
depression from the  level of the       
reservoirs1 a distance of about three   
miles4 ,fire plugs  are placed at       
convenient distances along the line of  
pipes1 and afford  an ample supply of   
water for extinguishing fires4 ,in the  
lower part of  the city the pressure is 
sufficient to force the water to the    
tops of  the houses through hose1       
without the aid of engines4 ,three      
hundred and  forty houses and tenements 
are already furnished with water1 and   
the  rents which are daily increasing1  
amount at this time1 ,april #ahcd1 to   
#d1jjj4 ,the annual expense of          
superintendence1 c4 is #a1jjj4 ,these   
works may justly be considered the pride
 of the city4 ,the water which  they    
supply is not only pure and wholesome1  
but for a considerable part  of the year
 is sufficiently clear to be used       
without filters4    ,the exports of     

domestic produce from ,richmond to      
foreign countries  are very             
considerable4 ,in the year #ahcc1 their 
value in ,american  vessels1 was        
#b1dff1cfj #jj    ,and in foreign       
vessels1        #dih1aca #jj            
-------------    ,making the aggregate  
of     #b1ifd1dia #jj    ,the value of  
domestic produce shipped coastwise to   
the principal  ,northern ,cities1 cannot
 be ascertained correctly4 ,it is       
believed to be  at least equal if not   
greater than the amount exported to     
foreign  countries1 and if such be the  
fact1 the total value of produce        
shipped1  may be estimated at nearly    
#f1jjj1jjj4 ,the import trade1 however1 
bears  no proportion to the other4 ,the 
value of merchandize imported into the  
district of ,richmond from foreign      
countries for the year #ahcc1 amounted  
to only #bji1ifc1 and the duties paid to
 the ,government of the ,united  ,states
 to #ge1abj4 ,of this latter sum1 #g1aig
 was paid on merchandize  brought by    

foreign vessels4    ,in #ahcc1 #e       
schooners1 #i barks1 #cg brigs1 and #cj 
ships1 in all #ha  vessels1 cleared from
 the port of ,richmond for foreign      
countries1 the  tonnage whereof amounted
 to #bb1cca1 or an average of #bge tons 
to each  vessel4 ,in the same year #d   
schooners1 #f brigs1 #b barks1 and #c   
ships  entered from foreign             
countries1--making in the aggregate1    
#c1dab tons1  or #bbg to each vessel4   
,no inconsiderable part of the produce  
shipped from the city is brought  down  
the ,james ,river ,canal4 ,this         
important improvement commences at      
,maiden's ,adventure1 on ,james river   
about thirty miles distant1 and         
terminates in a deep and commodious     
basin in the heart of the town4 ,the    
tolls paid to the ,james ,river ,company
 on produce descending in the year      
#ahcc1 amounted to #dc1idi1 and on      
various articles carried up the ,canal  
to #aj1aci1 making in the aggregate1    
#ed1jhh4 ,among the items brought  down1

 may be enumerated upwards of #ae1jjj   
bbds4 of tobacco1 #aeb1jjj  barrels of  
flour1 #acc1jjj bushels of wheat1       
#fgg1ffd bushels of coal1  #a1cgd tons  
of bar and pig iron2 and #b1bcj1ijj lbs4
 of manufactured  tobacco4 ,among the   
ascending articles may be mentioned1    
nearly #ca1jjj  sacks of salt1 #big tons
 of bar and pig iron1 and upwards of    
#c1jjj tons  of plaster1 lime1 c4       
,the proximity of the coal mines to     
,richmond1 constitutes that mineral a   
valuable article of commerce4 ,besides  
the quantity brought down the  canal1   
there were more than #b1jjj1jjj of      
bushels 7#d pecks to the  bushel7       
transported on the ,chesterfield rail   
road in #ahcc1 the tolls on  which      
amounted to #hg1hac #cj4 ,the           
,chesterfield rail road1 terminates on  
the ,manchester side of the river1 and  
deserves to be honorably  mentioned as  
the first successful enterprize of the  
kind in the state  of ,virginia4 ,it was
 planned and executed under the         

direction of ,moncure  ,robinson1 a     
distinguished ,engineer1 and it owes    
much in its original  design and final  
accomplishment1 to the perseverance and 
patronage of  ,mr4 ,nicholas ,mills1 one
 of the few proprietors of its stock1   
and an  owner of one of the extensive   
coal mines at the upper termination of  
the road4    ,james river from ,richmond
 to the ocean1 presents a tedious and   
somewhat  obstructed navigation4 ,this  
with the circumstance that she is       
surrounded by rival towns1 each having  
its peculiar advantages of              
location1--will probably prevent the    
metropolis from  ever attaining a  high 
degree of commercial importance4#b      
,there is no doubt1 however1 of  its    
final destination as a manufacturing    
city1--as there is probably no  spot in 
the ,union endowed by nature with finer 
facilities for that kind  of industry4  
,from the commencement of the rapids a  
few miles above1 the  fall is upwards of
 #ajj feet to the level of tide water1  

and in all this  space there is scarcely
 a limit to the extent of water power   
which  exists4 ,in the city and its     
vicinity1 there are already several     
flourishing establishments which deserve
 to be mentioned4 ,the ,gallego  flour  
mills having been destroyed by fire in  
the spring of #ahcc1 their  present     
proprietor1 ,mr4 ,chevallie1 is         
rebuilding them at a more  convenient   
site on the bank of the ,james river    
basin1 and upon a much  more improved   
and enlarged plan4 ,the mill house which
 is nearly  completed1 is six stories   
high from the foundation and covered    
with  tin4 ,it is #id feet long by #hc  
wide1 and is calculated for #bj pair of 
stones to be worked by three water      
wheels4 ,connected with it1 is  another 
building #hj feet square1 and four      
stories high1 in which the  wheat will  
be received and cleaned4 ,the two       
together present a front on  the basin  
of #afc feet1 and the whole appearance  
is very imposing4 ,the  old ,gallego    

mills ground upwards of #bjj1jjj bushels
 of wheat in the  eight months preceding
 their destruction4 ,it is probable that
 the  operations of the new             
establishments will be much more        
extensive4 ,the  ,gallego brand1 and    
indeed that of the city mills generally1
 has  acquired much celebrity in the    
,south ,american markets and elsewhere4 
,footnote #b3 ,the question as to the   
future commercial rank of ,richmond1    
derives additional weight and importance
 from recent acts of the  ,virginia     
,legislature4 ,the passage of the law   
for connecting the ,james  and ,kanawha 
rivers1 and uniting the east and west by
 canals or rail  roads--if the scheme   
should be carried out with energy and   
resolution  corresponding with the noble
 spirit in which it has been            
adopted1--must  undoubtedly make the    
,metropolis of the ,old ,dominion1 a    
place of much  importance4 ,the         
contemplated rail road from ,richmond to
 the ,potomac1  which has also received 

the fostering aid of the state1 cannot  
fail  likewise to produce consequences  
beneficial to the whole country1 on  the
 line of the improvement4    ,haxall's  
,mills1 have also a high reputation3    
they are five stories  high and of      
nearly equal dimensions with            
,chevallie's4 ,they work #ad pair  of   
stones1 with four water wheels1 and     
grind about #bjj1jjj bushels  wheat     
annually4 ,this year that quantity will 
probably be exceeded1 as  it is         
contemplated to add four additional pair
 of stones4    ,rutherford's ,mill works
 eight pair of stones by two water      
wheels1 and  grinds about #ij1jjj       
bushels of wheat annually4    ,mayo's   
,mill in ,manchester opposite to        
,richmond1 works six pair of  stones by 
three water wheels1 and grinds also     
about #ij1jjj bushels of  wheat         
annually4    ,in the city and its       
vicinity1 there are five corn or grist  
mills1 two  manufactories for cut nails1
 and rolling and slitting iron1 two saw 

mills1 and one iron foundery1 whose     
operations are extensive4    ,the       
,richmond ,cotton ,manufactory is a     
large and important  establishment4 ,it 
was established by ,cunningham          
,anderson1 in the year  #ahbi1 and sold 
by them with all its appendages1 to the 
,richmond  ,manufacturing ,company1     
incorporated by an act of the ,virginia 
,legislature in the winter of #ahca4    
,the building is of stone and brick1    
four stories high1 #adf feet long1 and  
#dd feet wide1 situated upon the  north 
bank of the ,james1 a few hundred yards 
west of the ,armory1  receiving its     
water power from the ,james river canal1
 immediately below  the ,penitentiary4  
,the water is also conveyed from the    
canal in iron  pipes of six inches bore 
to the building1 thence up the stair-way
 to  within five feet of the eaves1 from
 which in case of accident by fire1     
every floor except the upper one1 can be
 flooded in a few seconds1 by  simply   
turning a cock and using a hose4 ,in    

this factory are employed  from #fj to  
#gj white operatives and #acj blacks1   
from the age of #ad and  upwards3--a    
large proportion of both descriptions   
are females4 ,it runs  #c1ggf spindles1 
and #hj looms1 together with all the    
necessary  preparatory machinery for    
spinning and weaving1 of the most       
approved  kinds1 and consumes about     
#a1ejj pounds of raw cotton per day4    
,the fabrics are heavy1--negro shirtings
 #bi inches wide1 #d-d sheetings  and   
shirtings of ,no4 #af yarn1 and cotton  
yarns from ,no4 #e to #bj--;all  of     
which are celebrated for their superior 
quality4 ,the capital  employed is      
#abj1jjj4    ,the ,gallego              
,manufacturing ,company was incorporated
 in ,january #ahcd1  and the capital    
subscribed is #aej1jjj4 ,the buildings1 
which it is  supposed will be commenced 
the present year1 will be located near  
the  ,gallego ,mills4 ,the ,franklin    
,company for the manufacture of paper1  
has  also been recently incorporated1   

and the capital nearly subscribed4      
,besides the manufactures produced at   
the ,penitentiary on state account1  the
 city has its due proportion of the     
various mechanic trades1 and  private   
manufactories4 ,of printing             
establishments there are as many as     
#aa1 7perhaps an undue proportion7 from 
two of which there are issued  daily1   
political and commercial papers1--from  
one1 a semi-weekly  political--from     
four1 weekly ,religious1--and from one1 
a monthly  journal devoted to           
literature1 c4 ,the others are either   
,book or ,job  ,offices4 ,the number of 
professional men is also considerable1  
and it is  the more remarkable that so  
many members of the medical faculty     
should  find employment in a city       
proverbial for the salubrity of its     
climate4  ,situated at the point of     
demarcation between the upper and lower 
districts1 it is fortunately exempt from
 many of the maladies which are         
peculiar to both regions4 ,it is neither

 visited by the enervating  autumnal    
diseases of eastern ,virginia1 nor by   
the more violent and  inflammatory      
attacks which belong to the upper       
country4 ,the yellow  fever1 that       
scourge of cities more populous and     
commercial1 has never  prevailed4       
,the population of ,richmond has nearly 
trebled in #cj years4 ,by the  census of
 #ahjj1 the free whites numbered1       
#b1hcg                      ,slaves1    
#b1bic                      ,free       
colored persons1             #fjg       
-----                                   
#e1gcg    ,by the census of #ahcj1 the  
free whites amounted to  #g1gee         
,slaves1                  #f1cdi        
,free colored1            #a1ief        
------                                  
#af1jfj    ,the several classes have    
increased in nearly corresponding       
ratios4    ,richmond has been frequently
 reproached for a want of hospitality1  
and  if this virtue consists in         
unreserved and indiscriminate attention 

to  strangers and visiters1--the        
reproach is probably not altogether     
unfounded4 ,it must be acknowledged too1
 that the manners and customs of  what  
are called the leading classes1 are not 
characteristic of the old  ,virginia    
character1--which was frank1 simple and 
unostentatious4 ,in  almost all         
considerable towns1 even in republican  
,america1 artificial  castes or classes 
exist1 which are founded principally    
upon the  possession of wealth1 or the  
mysterious refinements of fashion1 and  
have but little reference either to     
moral or intellectual distinction4  ,it 
is probable that this vice of cities is 
one of the chief sources of  that       
prejudice which is felt towards them by 
the people of the country4  ,these      
remarks1 however1 are not to be         
construed into a sweeping censure  upon 
towns--for although in all dense        
populations1 there is always a  greater 
or less degree of human                 
infirmity1--there is also an equal      

concentration of the more virtuous and  
noble qualities of our nature4          
,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,sonnet--,,the ,,sea4    ,,by ,a4  
,l4 ,b4 ,m4,d4          ,there's silent 
grandeur in the boundless waste    ,of  
,ocean's bosom when the winds are still1
      ,and quiet beauty1 like the       
moonbeam traced    ,in lengthened       
shadows on some snow-clad hill2         
,there's fiercer grandeur in the        
chainless sea1    ,when the storm-spirit
 wakes it from its rest1      ,and the  
high waves are dashing wild and free1   
,as the white foam they bear upon their 
breast4      ,the thunder's voice is    
louder on the sea1    ,the lightning    
flashes with a wilder glare1      ,and  
landsmen know not of the dangers1 he1   
,whose home is on the ,ocean's wave1    
must dare2    ,yet it is pictured in its
 mighty roar1    ,and in the wrecks     
which strew the rock-bound shore4       
,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,sketches ,,of ,,the ,,history     

,and ,present ,condition of ,tripoli1   
with some accounts of the other         
,barbary ,states4    ,no4 ,,iv4         
,egypt was then in an unsettled state1  
and a few details respecting its        
situation may be permitted1 although not
 absolutely connected with the  present 
subject4    ,for many years previous to 
the invasion of the ,french 7#agig7     
,egypt had  been nominally governed by a
 ,turkish ,pasha2 but the power was in  
reality possessed by a soldiery of a    
peculiar and formidable character1  who 
under ,beys or ,chiefs chosen from their
 own body1 ruled the country  with      
absolute sway4 ,these troops were called
 ,mamelukes1 from the  ,arabic word     
signifying slaves1 their numbers being  
recruited entirely  by the purchase of  
young men from the regions of the       
,caucasian chain1  who were transferred 
to ,egypt1 instructed in the use of     
arms1 and at a  proper age enrolled2    
they fought entirely on horseback1 and  
were  considered by ,buonaparte as the  

finest cavalry in the world4 ,no person 
born in ,egypt could be enlisted2 and   
marriage being discouraged1 if not      
prohibited among them1 they had no      
feelings which were likely to  interfere
 with their esprit de corps4 ,each ,bey 
held a particular  district of the      
country in subjection1 keeping as many  
,mamelukes as he  could purchase and    
maintain1 paying tribute to the ,porte  
when he could  not avoid it1 and        
supplying his expenses by wresting from 
the miserable  inhabitants every thing  
except the bare means of subsistence4   
,the ,pasha  had thus little else to do 
than collect the tribute1 which he      
effected  by the aid of ,turkish troops1
 and by fomenting dissensions among the 
,beys4    ,the ,sultan had indeed made  
several attempts to recover his         
authority1  of which the only one worthy
 of note was that conducted by the      
,capoudan  ,pasha ,hassan in #aghf1     
which is mentioned in the second number 
of these  ,sketches4 ,this expedition   

was but partially successful4 ,the ,beys
 soon  regained their power1 which they 
exercised with additional insolence  and
 rapacity towards all classes2 and when 
the ,french under ,buonaparte  entered  
,egypt1 it was ostensibly for the       
purpose of restoring the  country to its
 former master1 their ancient ally1 and 
of thus  revenging the insults committed
 on citizens of the ,republic by the    
tyrannical ,mamelukes4    ,the invaders 
found twenty-three ,beys united against 
them under the  command of ,mourad1 the 
most powerful of these chiefs2 their    
forces  consisted of eight thousand     
,mamelukes1 and a vast number of ,arabs 
and  irregular troops4 ,european skill  
and discipline1 as might have been      
expected1 prevailed1 and the ,beys      
having been defeated in several         
desperate conflicts1 lost their         
confidence in each other2 some1 among   
whom was ,mourad1 joined the ,turks1    
others sided with the ,french1 and  the 
remainder endeavored to maintain their  

position in the upper  country4 ,when   
the ,french had been expelled1 the      
,sultan was determined  to re-establish 
his dominion entirely1 and to extirpate 
the ,mamelukes1  if possible4 ,in       
pursuance of this plan1 at the time of  
,eaton's arrival1  a desultory but      
devastating warfare was carried on      
between the ,turkish  troops and those  
of the ,beys1 who occupied the banks of 
the upper ,nile  and the oases of the   
adjoining desert4 ,it was with one of   
these  ,chieftains named ,mahomed ,elfi1
 that ,hamet had taken refuge1 and he   
was  then at the village of ,minieh1    
about one hundred and fifty miles above 
,cairo1 at the head of a few refugee    
,tripolines and ,arabs1 closely  pressed
 by the forces of the ,turkish ,pasha4  
,the arrival of an ,american ship of war
 created a great sensation in  ,lower   
,egypt1 and many surmises as to its     
objects4 ,the ,french consul  ,drovetti1
 an able but unprincipled man1 who has  
until lately maintained  a great        

influence in the government of ,egypt1  
denounced ,eaton and his  followers as  
,british spies who were endeavoring to  
open an  intercourse with the           
,mamelukes1 and employed every          
dishonorable means  to defeat their     
plans1 and have them expelled from the  
country4 ,they  were however ably       
assisted by ,major ,misset1 the ,british
 resident1 to  whom ,eaton carried      
letters of recommendation from ,sir     
,alexander ,ball1  ,governor of ,malta4 
,after a few days spent at ,alexandria  
they sailed for  ,rosetta1 where having 
engaged a boat1 they arrived at ,cairo  
on the #hth  of ,december4 ,to this     
place they were fortunately accompanied 
by ,doctor  ,mendrici1 an ,italian with 
whom ,eaton had been intimate at ,tunis1
 and  who was then physician to the     
,pasha2 he proved very serviceable in   
representing their objects in the true  
light1 and in counteracting the         
artifices of the ,french consul4    ,the
 ,turkish ,viceroy of ,egypt at that    

time was ,koorsheed1 who afterwards     
7#ahba-c7 as ,pasha of the ,morea1      
distinguished himself by the defeat and 
destruction of ,lord ,byron's old friend
 ,ali ,pasha of ,albania1 and by his    
efforts to put down the insurrection of 
the ,greeks1 at its  commencement2      
,mahomet ,ali1 who has since risen to   
supreme power in the  country1 was then 
merely the commander of the ,albanian   
troops4  ,koorsheed is represented by   
,eaton as an intelligent and really high
  minded man2 and after the true objects
 of the strangers had been made  known  
to him by ,mendrici and ,misset1 he did 
not hesitate to grant them  a private   
interview1 which took place on the #ith 
of ,december4 ,in it  ,eaton played his 
part well1 and succeeded so far in      
interesting the  ,pasha1 that he agreed 
to assist him in his efforts to detach  
,hamet from  the ,mamelukes1 provided   
the ,prince should not have compromised 
himself1  by any open act in concert    
with those rebels4    ,eaton had        

previously despatched messengers to     
,hamet1 from ,alexandria1  ,rosetta and 
,cairo1 directing him to proceed to     
,alexandria2 and since  his arrival at  
the capital1 he had discovered three of 
the ,prince's  former high officers1 who
 gave him more minute information as to 
their  master's circumstances4 ,there   
were great difficulties1 not only in    
detaching him from the ,mamelukes1 but  
even in communicating with him to  any  
effect4 ,the war between the two parties
 in ,egypt was one of  extermination1   
and from the characters of the          
combatants on both sides1  neither      
passports nor flags of truce were likely
 to afford much  protection to their    
bearers2 moreover1 it was very          
improbable that ,elfi  ,bey would suffer
 a person so well acquainted with his   
strength and his  plans as ,hamet must  
have been1 to quit his encampment and go
 among his  enemies4 ,the enterprising  
,american however exerted himself to    
obtain  farther demonstrations from the 

,pasha1 and to have every thing in      
readiness to proceed against ,tripoli1  
in case he should get ,hamet into  his  
power4 ,he sought out the refugee       
,tripolines1 and enlisted recruits  for 
the contemplated expedition1 principally
 among the ,franks1 ,greeks  and        
,levantines2#a he also distributed his  
bribes among the officers of  the ,court
 with so much liberality and discretion1
 that at a second  audience with the    
,pasha on the #afth of ,december1 he    
succeeded in  obtaining from him a      
passport and letter of amnesty for      
,hamet1 which  were immediately         
despatched by trusty messengers4        
,footnote #a3 ,the natives of ,europe1  
except those of ,greece and ,turkey1    
are termed ,franks in the ,east2 and    
their descendants are called            
,levantines4    ,at length on the #hth  
of ,january #ahje1 ,eaton received a    
letter from  ,hamet1 in reply to his    
first from ,cairo1 stating that he would
 proceed  directly to ,alexandria4 ,on  

receipt of this1 the ,american without  
delay  set off for the latter place1    
where on his arrival he found a second  
letter from the ,prince1 expressing his 
unwillingness to trust himself  alone in
 the power of the ,turkish ,pasha2 and  
making an appointment with  him on the  
borders of the province of ,fayoom1 near
 the site of the  celebrated ,labyrinth 
and ,lake of ,mris4 ,eaton instantly    
determined to  seek him there1 and      
accordingly set out on the #bb;d1       
accompanied by  ,lieutenants ,mann and  
,blake of the ,argus1 and an escort of  
twenty-three  men4 ,at the close of the 
next day1 the party were arrested at the
  ,turkish lines near ,damanhour1 about 
seventy miles from ,alexandria1  where  
the officer in command1 a fierce and    
savage fellow1 was at first  inclined to
 treat with some harshness these        
strangers who were passing  through the 
country with a body of armed attendants1
 in search of a  refugee ,pasha4 ,but   
,eaton was never taken unawares2 he     

flattered the  ,turk's vanity1 by       
complimenting his military vigilance and
 discipline1  and showing him the       
,viceroy's passport1 gave him a handsome
 present1  which secured respect for it4
 ,the commander being softened by these 
means1 listened to the stranger's story1
 and introduced a young ,arab  ,chief   
who declared that he knew ,hamet well1  
and would bring him to the  spot in ten 
days4 ,arrangements were made by which  
the ,arab was  despatched to ,fayoom1   
,eaton agreeing to dismiss his escort1  
and to  remain at ,damanhour1 with the  
officers and their servants1 until the  
,prince arrived4    ,notwithstanding    
these promises1 the situation of the    
,americans was by  no means agreeable3  
the ,turk evidently mistrusted them2    
they were  closely guarded1 and they    
daily witnessed acts of barbarous       
cruelty1  which impressed on them the   
necessity of proceeding with the utmost 
caution4 ,having reason to suspect that 
there was some hidden cause for  this   

vigilance1 ,eaton sounded the ,turk1 and
 finally discovered that  ,drovetti had 
been tampering with him1 and had        
instigated him to acts of  violence     
against them4    ,at length on the #fth 
of ,february1 ,hamet actually arrived1  
accompanied  by a suite of forty        
persons4 ,as soon as he had received    
,eaton's first  letters from ,alexandria
 and ,cairo1 he determined to accept the
  propositions contained in them1 and   
having succeeded in eluding the         
vigilance of his ,mameluke friends1 he  
escaped to ,fayoom2 of four copies  of  
the ,pasha's letter of amnesty1 not one 
had reached him2 the  messengers having 
been seized and imprisoned by the ,bey4 
,on the day  after his arrival ,eaton   
set off with him for ,alexandria4    ,on
 arriving at that place the ,turkish    
,admiral1 whose authority was           
paramount1 refused admittance to the    
,prince and his followers1 and  declared
 his intention of not allowing them to  
embark from any ,egyptian  port4 ,this  

was also the consequence of ,drovetti's 
intrigues2 but the  refusal proved vain1
 for it had been already determined that
 the  expedition should proceed by land1
 at least as far as ,derne1 in order  to
 keep together the ,arabs whom they     
might first engage1 and to recruit  from
 the tribes encountered on the way4     
,this was a project which none  but a   
man of ,eaton's hardihood would have    
undertaken4 ,the distance to  ,derne was
 at least six hundred miles1 through a  
most desolate region1  inhabited only by
 wandering barbarians1 where supplies of
 food and even  of water were uncertain2
 and he was to be accompanied by persons
 with  whom1 except a few1 he was       
unacquainted2 persons lawless and       
faithless1  who hated him for his       
difference of creed1 and who might well 
be  supposed ready to sacrifice him at  
any moment1 either under the  influence 
of passion1 or in order to obtain his   
property and arms4    ,this expedition  
being determined on1 ,hamet proceeded   

about thirty miles  west of ,alexandria1
 and established himself at a place near
 the sea  called the ,arab's tower1     
where he was soon surrounded by         
wandering  ,sheiks or ,chiefs1 offering 
their services and the use of their     
camels4  ,eaton went to ,alexandria1 and
 having obtained some arms1 ammunition  
and  money from the ,argus1 forwarded   
them to the camp4 ,he then arranged with
  ,captain ,hull that the latter should 
proceed to the squadron1 and get  fresh 
supplies1 with which he should sail for 
,bomba1 a small harbor  about eighty    
miles from ,derne1 there to meet the    
expedition4    ,before proceeding       
farther1 ,eaton concluded a treaty in   
the name of the  ,united ,states1 with  
,hamet as ,pasha of ,tripoli1 which was 
signed on the  #bc;d of ,february1      
#ahje4 ,in this treaty the ,united      
,states are made to  engage--7,article  
second7--,so far as comports with their 
own honor and  interests1 their         
subsisting treaties and the acknowledged

 law of  nations1 to use their utmost   
exertions to establish the said ,hamet  
,pasha in the possession of his         
sovereignty of ,tripoli--7,article      
third7--,in addition to the operations  
they are carrying on by sea1 to  furnish
 said ,hamet ,pasha1 on loan1 supplies  
of cash1 ammunition and  provisions2 and
 if necessity require1 debarkations of  
troops also1 to  aid and give effect to 
the operations of said ,pasha ,hamet by 
land  against the common enemy4 ,by     
,article eighth--,,william ,,eaton1 a   
citizen of the ,united ,states now in   
,egypt1 shall be recognised as  ,general
 and ,commander in ,chief of the land   
forces which are1 or may be  called into
 service against the common enemy2 and  
his said ,highness  ,hamet ,pasha       
engages that his own subjects shall     
respect and obey him as  such4 ,the     
other articles provide for the          
indemnification of all  expenses        
incurred by the ,united ,states1 in     
executing the second and  third         

articles1 the liberation of all         
,american prisoners1 c4 ,a secret       
article stipulates for the surrender of 
,yusuf1 and of ,morat ,rais alias       
,peter ,lyle1 to the ,americans1 to be  
held as hostages1 provided they do  not 
escape by flight4 ,finally1 the         
convention shall be submitted to  the   
,president of the ,united ,states for   
his ratification2 in the  meantime there
 shall be no suspense in its operations4
    ,that ,eaton far exceeded the limits
 of his commission in making the        
,united ,states a party to this treaty1 
a slight review of his powers  will     
serve easily to show4 ,diplomatic powers
 he had properly none2 he  had left the 
,united ,states as navy agent1 and was  
throughout the whole  affair entirely   
subordinate to the ,commander of the    
,american forces in  the ,mediterranean4
 ,on leaving ,malta1 verbal orders were 
given by  ,commodore ,barron to him and 
to ,captain ,hull1 to seek out ,hamet   
and  convey him to ,derne or such other 

place on the coast1 as may be           
determined the most proper for          
co-operating with the naval force       
against the common enemy2 or if more    
agreeable to the ,prince1 to bring  him 
to the squadron before ,tripoli4 ,the   
same orders indeed also  authorised them
 to assure ,hamet that the most         
effectual measures  would be taken with 
the ,american forces for co-operating   
with him  against the usurper his       
brother1 and for re-establishing him in 
the  regency of ,tripoli4 ,arrangements 
to this effect with him are confided  to
 the discretion with which ,mr4 ,eaton  
is vested by the ,government4  ,how far 
this discretion extended1 appears       
clearly from ,eaton's own  words in a   
letter to ,colonel ,dwight1 written on  
the #ith of ,april1 #ahjd1  during his  
passage to ,europe3 ,i am ordered on the
 expedition by  ,secretary ,smith1      
without any special instructions to     
regulate my  conduct2 without even a    
letter to the ally to whom ,i am        

directed2  without any thing whatever   
said to the ,commander in ,chief on the 
subject of supplies2 nothing but a      
general and vague discretion  concerning
 the co-operation1 and nothing more to  
him of my agency in  the affair1 than   
that ',mr4 ,eaton is our agent for the  
several ,barbary  regencies1 and will be
 extremely useful4'--,i carry with me no
 evidence  whatever from our ,government
 of the sincerity of their intentions   
towards the friendly ,pasha--,i can say 
as a ,spartan ,ambassador to the  ,king 
of ,persia's ,lieutenant when asked1    
'whether he came with a public          
commission or on his own account8' ',if 
successful1 for the public2 if          
unsuccessful1 for myself4' ,we do not   
learn that he received any  instructions
 from his government1 subsequently4     
,from this we may conclude1 that ,eaton 
considered himself1 as he indeed  was1  
fully authorised to assure ,hamet of the
 co-operation of the  ,american forces  
for his restoration2 and that in signing

 the treaty1 he  knew he was acting like
 the ,spartan ,ambassador--at a venture4
 ,some such  arrangement1 must however  
be admitted to have been necessary2 as  
without it he had no means in the event 
of ,hamet's success1 to secure  those   
interests of his country which were the 
ultimate objects of his  operations4    
,his own opinion as to the validity of  
the ,convention1 is  sufficiently shewn 
by his letter of ,may #ast1 #ahje1 to   
,commodore ,barron1  in which he says1  
,the convention ,i have entered into    
with ,hamet ,pasha1  may be useful in   
case he succeeds in getting repossession
 of his  government2 otherwise it can do
 no mischief1 even if ratified1 as will 
appear by the precaution in the second  
article1--rendering the  co-operation of
 the ,united ,states1 dependant on their
 own honor and  interests1 their        
subsisting treaties1 and the            
acknowledged law of  nations4    ,the   
convention having been signed1 and some 
difficulties respecting the             

transportation of provisions from       
,alexandria being arranged1 ,eaton and  
his followers joined ,hamet at his      
encampment1 on the #c;d of ,march4      
,the force assembled at the ,arab's     
tower consisted of about four hundred   
persons2 being nine ,americans1 seventy 
odd ,greeks and ,levanters1 ,hamet  with
 ninety persons in his suite1 and a body
 of ,arab cavalry under the  ,sheiks ,el
 ,taib and ,mohamet1 with some footmen  
and camel drivers  completing the       
number4 ,the beasts of burden were one  
hundred and seven  camels1 engaged by   
,hamet1 as ,eaton thought1 for the whole
 distance1 at  eleven dollars a head1   
and a few asses4 ,all being now ready1  
the  expedition against ,tripoli really 
commenced on the #hth of ,march1 and on 
the following day began a series of     
annoyances and difficulties1  arising   
from the irresolution of ,hamet1 the    
intrigues of his followers1  and the    
faithlessness of the ,arab chiefs1 which
 continued during the  whole period4    

,the ,sheik ,el ,taib who had been      
loudest in his expressions  of devotion 
to ,hamet1 and of confidence in the     
success of his cause1  began by hinting 
to the camel owners that they should    
demand their pay  in advance1 as the    
,christians would not fail to cheat them
 if they  neglected this precaution4    
,they followed his advice1 and ,eaton   
who knew  them too well to trust them1  
having refused to comply with their     
demand1 they refused to proceed4 ,hamet 
on this began to despond1 but  ,eaton   
quieted this first symptom of disunion1 
by promptly calling the  ,christians    
under arms1 and declaring his intention 
to return to  ,alexandria1 abandoning   
,hamet and his cause4 ,the feint was    
successful1  and the march was resumed4 
,on the #acth they were met by a courier
 from ,derne1 bringing information  that
 the whole ,province had taken up arms  
in behalf of ,hamet1 and that  the ,bey 
was shut up in the castle4 ,the receipt 
of this news gave them  courage2 it was 

however near being attended by fatal    
results2 for  ,hamet's followers1 who   
were in front1 having discharged their  
arms in  expression of their joy1 the   
,arabs in the rear1 apprehending that an
  attack had been made on them by some  
hostile tribe1 determined to  secure    
their own share of the plunder1 by      
killing the ,christians who  were with  
them4 ,this was prevented by the very   
proper observation of  one of the       
,chiefs1 that it would be better to wait
 until the result of  the engagement in 
front was known4    ,on the #ahth they  
reached a castle built of hewn stone1   
called ,massarah1  distant about two    
hundred miles from ,alexandria1 and     
occupied by an  ,arab ,sheik2 here      
,eaton first learned that the beasts of 
burden had been  engaged by ,hamet to   
accompany them only thus far4 ,their    
owners demanded  immediate payment1 and 
signified their intention of returning  
to ,egypt4  ,three days were spent in   
altercations with them1 after which they

 were  paid by the surrender of nearly  
all the funds in possession of ,eaton   
and ,hamet4 ,attempts were then made to 
prevail on them to accompany the        
expedition to ,bomba1 a small seaport1  
at which an ,american ship of war  was  
expected to bring them supplies2 and on 
their refusing this1 to  march two days 
farther on1 to a station where other    
camels could be  procured4 ,fifty camels
 were engaged as far as the latter      
place2 the  others returned with their  
owners to ,egypt4 ,meanwhile a report1  
said to  have been brought by a pilgrim 
from ,morocco1 had become current in the
  camp1 that a large force was on its   
way from ,tripoli to oppose them1  and  
that it had even passed ,bengazi4 ,this 
report was sufficient to  render ,hamet 
dispirited and mistrustful2 he held     
consultations with his  followers and   
the ,arabs1 from which ,eaton was       
excluded2 and it soon  appeared that a  
plan was in agitation among them to     
arrest the progress  of the expedition  

until information had been received of  
the arrival of  the ,american ships at  
,bomba4 ,eaton on learning this1        
instantly ordered  the rations of these 
persons to be stopped1 resolving to     
seize the  castle and to maintain       
himself in it with the ,christians1     
until they  were relieved by an         
,american detachment procured from      
,bomba or  ,alexandria2 then to abandon 
,hamet to his fate4 ,this decisive step 
produced its effect1 and the march was  
resumed on the #bast4    ,the following 
day they fell in with a tribe of ,arabs 
called ,ouedalli1  who had never before 
seen ,christians1 and what was strange1 
appeared to  be totally unacquainted    
with bread2 of money however they knew  
the  value1 and it being a scarce       
article among the invaders1 they could  
only obtain supplies of meat by giving  
their rice and biscuit in  return4      
,eighty of their warriors entered       
,hamet's service1 and  forty-seven tents
 of ,arab families were afterwards added

 to their  company2 ninety camels being 
also engaged to ,bomba4 ,but just as    
they  were about to march1 a courier    
arrived from ,derne1 confirming the     
report brought by the pilgrim1 of the   
advance of a ,tripoline force2 the      
greatest alarm ensued1 the camel drivers
 fled1 the ,arab ,chiefs became         
insolent1 and ,hamet despairing1 seemed 
determined to go back to ,egypt4  ,eaton
 again took the bold step of suspending 
rations until the camels  returned1 and 
the march was resumed4 ,the ,sheik ,el  
,taib the originator  of all            
disturbances1 on this withdrew1 carrying
 with him in addition to  his own       
followers1 many of the new recruits1 and
 hinting that he might  probably be     
found with the enemy4 ,hamet prayed that
 a messenger might  be sent to pacify   
him1 and offer him terms2 to this ,eaton
 would not  agree2 he despatched an     
order to the ,sheik to return to his    
duty1  coupled with a defiance in case  
he should prove a traitor2 and having   

brought the remnant of his forces to    
obedience1 resumed his progress4  ,hamet
 became more fearful and irresolute     
every moment1 and shewed every          
disposition to abandon the undertaking2 
he deprived the ,americans of  their    
horses1 and on one occasion actually    
marched back a short  distance2 ,eaton  
continued onwards1 and his perseverance 
shamed the  ,prince1 who returned1      
having succeeded by means of his        
principal  officer1 in bringing with him
 the deserting ,arabs4    ,during this  
delay1 ,eaton employed his leisure      
moments in attempting to  quiet the     
religious prejudices of the ,arabs      
against himself and the  other          
,americans2 assuring them that in his   
country no form of worship  or opinion  
was either enforced or excluded1 all    
being free to act in  this respect as   
their consciences dictated2 and that    
,god had promised  the ,americans a     
heaven different from those of          
,mussulmen or of ,papists1  to which    

however any good men would be admitted  
who chose to establish  themselves in   
it4 ,his expositions did not convince1  
but they served to  conciliate4 ,whether
 they were warranted or not by the      
nature of the  circumstances1 each      
person must judge for himself2 it may   
however be  observed1 that his          
declarations cannot be said to be       
insincere1 as his  ideas on religion    
seem never to have been fixed4    ,on   
the #ast of ,april new difficulties     
occurred4 ,the ,arab ,sheiks demanded   
an augmentation of the ration1 and on   
its being refused1 openly  threatened   
,eaton4 ,he defied them as usual1 and   
returned the threat1 by  giving notice  
to the ,sheik ,el ,taib that if any     
mutiny arose1 he should  instantly put  
him to death1 as being the cause of it2 
they were thus  again brought to        
obedience4 ,the expedition had now      
reached the country  anciently settled  
by the ,greeks1 and they frequently     
passed extensive  tracts covered with   

massive ruins4 ,of the style and        
character of the  architecture ,eaton   
says nothing2 he knew but little of     
ancient history1  and was totally       
unacquainted with any of the fine arts2 
indeed1 he was  rather disposed to view 
a magnificent monument of antiquity as a
  degrading memorial of despotism4 ,of  
the wells and cisterns which he  found  
among these ruins1 he however1 as may be
 supposed1 always speaks  in grateful   
terms4 ,he confirms the accounts of the 
barrenness of the  surrounding country1 
from which we are led to form the       
opinion that the  wealth of these places
 must have been derived from commerce   
with the  interior of ,africa4    ,on   
the #eth they encamped at ,salliaum1    
near ,cape ,luco1 one of the few  places
 mentioned by ,eaton1 which can be found
 on any map or chart4 ,by  the #hth they
 had arrived within eighty miles of     
,bomba1 and had  travelled about four   
hundred miles since leaving ,alexandria4
 ,they had  now but six days provisions 

left1 and ,eaton was of course most     
anxious  to proceed2 ,hamet however     
objected1 and resolved to await the     
return of  a messenger whom he meant to 
despatch to ,bomba4 ,eaton replied that 
if  he stopped he must starve1 and      
refused to give out rations4 ,the ,arabs
  determined to seize them1 and the     
,american drew up the ,christians under 
arms in front of the magazine tent4     
,after some time spent by the two       
parties in eyeing each other1 the ,arabs
 with ,hamet at their head1  prepared to
 make a charge2 some of the ,greeks and 
,levantines quailed1  the others and the
 ,americans stood firm2 and ,eaton      
advancing towards  ,hamet1 reproached   
him with his rashness4 ,as usual the    
superior  character triumphed2 the poor 
,prince embraced him1 and on his promise
  to distribute rations after they had  
marched1 the camp was restored to       
quiet4    ,on the #ajth the messenger   
returned from ,bomba1 bringing the      
agreeable  intelligence that the        

,american ships were lying off that     
place2 on the  #aeth they reached it1   
and what were the feelings of ,eaton to 
find there  not a vessel1 nor a human   
being1 nor a drop of water4 ,the vessels
 had  been seen1 but had departed1      
probably considering the expedition as  
having entirely failed1 as the time     
calculated for its arrival had long     
since elapsed4 ,the provisions being    
exhausted1 imprecations now burst  forth
 from the whole ,mussulman host on the  
,christians who had brought  them to    
this terrible pass4 ,even in this       
situation ,eaton did not  despair2 he   
ordered fires to be lighted on the hills
 as signals1 and  endeavored to devise  
some means of getting his little army on
 to ,derne4  ,the next morning all was  
confusion1 and the ,arabs were preparing
  severally to seek their own safety1   
when a ship was descried bearing  down  
for the place2 she proved to be the     
,argus1 which had been sent  with the   
sloop of war ,hornet from ,malta1 with  

seven thousand dollars in  specie1 and  
supplies of provisions and ammunition4  
,the supplies were  immediately landed  
and distributed1 as also were those from
 the ,hornet1  which arrived on the     
following day2 and on the #bc;d the     
expedition again  took up its line of   
march in good spirits4    ,of the vast  
region traversed by the expedition since
 leaving ,egypt1  probably the only     
account in modern times is to be found  
in the journal  of ,eaton2 with the     
exception of a few tracts offering      
pasture for  cattle1 it was totally     
barren1 consisting of desert plains or  
rocky  ledges4 ,on the day of leaving   
,bomba they saw the first stream or     
spring  of running water1 having been   
hitherto supplied entirely from wells   
and  cisterns4 ,they shortly after      
entered a beautiful and fertile         
district2  as they advanced signs of    
cultivation increased1 and it became    
necessary1 in order to conciliate the   
inhabitants1 to take active  measures to

 prevent marauding or wanton injury of  
property4 ,news  arrived that ,yusuf's  
army was approaching2 but the prospect  
of a  conflict which animated ,eaton1   
depressed the spirits of the ,prince in 
whose cause he was engaged1 and served  
to excite the avaricious  propensities  
of his ,arab allies4 ,hamet and his     
followers again began  their secret     
consultations4 ,the ,sheiks refused to  
advance1 and the  ,bedouins1 who had    
joined as independent partizans1        
remained within  their tents4 ,a promise
 of money by ,eaton however prevailed2  
they  resumed their march1 and on the   
#beth encamped on an eminence           
overlooking ,derne4    ,the country     
eastward of the ,great ,syrtis1 forming 
the ancient  ,cyrenaica1 is now called  
,barca1 and is divided into two         
provinces1 of  which the capital of the 
western is ,bengazi1 a small town       
occupying the  site of the ancient      
,berenice2 that of the eastern is       
,derne4 ,each  province is governed by a

 ,bey1 who is generally a member of the 
royal  family4 ,the ,province of ,derne 
is beautiful and fertile1 and is        
considered the most valuable portion of 
the ,tripoline dominions2 it  produces  
in great luxuriance1 grapes1 figs1      
melons1 bananas1 oranges1  dates and    
other fruits of a tropical climate2 and 
affords good pasture  for cattle1 of    
which many are exported for the supply  
of ,malta and the  ,ionian ,islands4    
,the capital is a small and irregularly 
built town1  situated near the seashore1
 at the mouth of a valley which extends 
for  a considerable distance into the   
country2 through this valley rushes a   
mountain torrent1 which in the rainy    
season sometimes overflows the  town1   
and in the summer is nearly dry2 water  
for the use of the  inhabitants1 and for
 irrigating the fields and gardens1 is  
however  constantly and plentifully     
supplied by a spring gushing from the   
side  of a hill above the town4 ,its    
distance 7following the seashore7 is    

about eight hundred miles from ,tripoli1
 from ,alexandria about six  hundred2   
and it is considered on good grounds1 as
 the remnant of  ,darnis1 one of the    
principal ports of the ,cyrenaica4      
,about fifty miles  west of it1 are the 
massive ruins and extensive excavations 
which point  out the spot formerly      
occupied by the wealthy and polished    
,cyrene4    ,the only regular           
fortification of the place was a battery
 near the sea1  occupied by the ,bey    
,mustapha1 a cousin of the ,pasha2 his  
troops1 about  eight hundred in number1 
occupied the adjoining houses1 in the   
walls of  which they had pierced        
loopholes for their musquets4 ,a few    
temporary  parapets had also been thrown
 up in positions not covered by the     
battery4 ,the inhabitants of the town   
were generally in favor of ,hamet2      
those surrounding the ,bey's residence1 
if similarly affected1 were  restrained 
by fear from any demonstration of their 
feelings4    ,on the #bfth of ,april1   

the day after the arrival of the        
expedition in  sight of ,derne1 ,eaton  
sent a flag of truce to the ,bey1       
demanding in the  name of ,hamet as     
rightful ,pasha of ,tripoli1 quiet      
passage through the  place1 and         
provisions for his troops2 promising in 
case of compliance1  that he should not 
be removed from his government4 ,the    
,bey instantly  sent back the flag1 with
 this short but expressive answer--,your
 head  or mine4 ,in the course of the   
night the ,argus1 the ,hornet1 and the  
schooner ,nautilus appeared2 and on the 
#bgth1 ,eaton having succeeded  with    
great difficulty in landing a field     
piece from the latter vessel1           
determined on an immediate attack1 it   
being his object to gain  possession of 
the town before the arrival of the      
troops which were  daily expected from  
,tripoli4 ,accordingly he himself       
advanced with some  of the ,christians  
and ,arabs down the valley1 towards the 
entrance of  the place2 ,lieutenant     

,o',bannon with six ,americans and fifty
 other  ,christians took post to the    
eastward1 and brought the cannon to bear
 on  the ,bey's quarters2 ,hamet with   
about a thousand ,arabs occupied a      
ruined  castle on the southwest side of 
the town4 ,at two o'clock the vessels   
stood in as near as possible1 and fired 
upon the battery and houses  occupied by
 the ,tripolines4 ,by this means1 and by
 the active use of  ,o',bannon's field  
piece1 the battery was soon silenced1   
and the ,bey's  troops rushing from     
their coverts upon ,eaton's little band1
 which had  now reached the entrance of 
the place1 succeeded in throwing them   
for a  moment into confusion4 ,they were
 however speedily rallied1 and being    
joined by a few of ,o',bannon's men1    
were brought to the charge2 the         
,tripolines were driven through the town
 to their former posts1 which  they were
 however obliged immediately to abandon1
 the greater part  seeking refuge on the
 seashore1 where they were exposed to   

the fire  from the vessels4 ,the battery
 was seized by the ,christians2 and the 
guns1 found loaded and primed1 were     
turned on the houses occupied by  the   
,bey and his few remaining followers4   
,hamet's troops had remained  very quiet
 during the affair1 which was conducted 
almost entirely by  the ,christians2    
when success had been assured1 some of  
them entered the  town1 which they began
 to pillage1 others pursued the         
fugitives4 ,it is  believed that they   
lost none of their number4 ,the         
,christians had  fourteen killed1 and   
several wounded2 among the latter was   
,eaton1 who  received a ball in his     
wrist on entering the town4    ,eaton   
was particularly anxious to secure the  
person of the ,bey1 with a  view to his 
exchange for ,captain ,bainbridge2 but  
he had taken refuge  first in a ,mosque1
 and afterwards in the ,harem of an old 
and  respectable inhabitant1 who had two
 years before sheltered ,hamet in a     
similar manner1 when pursued by this    

same ,bey4 ,preparations were made  by  
the ,christians to drag him from his    
place of refuge2 but the  inhabitants   
and the ,arabs expressed so much        
dissatisfaction at the  contemplated    
insult to what they considered most     
sacred1 that it was  found expedient to 
abandon the attempt4 ,the proprietor of 
the ,harem1  though in favor of ,hamet1 
declared his readiness to die rather    
than  submit to such a disgrace4 ,eaton 
then attempted by stratagems to draw    
the ,bey forth from his asylum2 but they
 failed1 and he at length  escaped to   
the enemy1 his protector afterwards     
openly avowing that he  had assisted him
 in so doing1 as he had formerly        
assisted ,hamet4    ,every exertion was 
then made to put ,derne in a state of   
defence4 ,hamet  took possession of his 
former palace1 and endeavored to render 
it  secure against any insurrectionary  
movement4 ,eaton established himself  in
 the battery2 parapets were thrown up in
 proper positions1 and  mounted with    

guns1 to prevent the place from being   
carried by a sudden  attack4 ,the       
,tripoline forces at length appeared on 
the #dth of ,may1 in  number between two
 and three thousand1 under the command  
of ,hassan ,bey1  with the ,beys of     
,bengazi1 and ,ogna1 and ,hadgi ,ismain 
,bey1 as commander  of the cavalry1     
acting under his orders4 ,they took post
 about two miles  above the town1 on    
each side of the valley1 nearly in the  
positions  first occupied by ,hamet's   
troops4    ,hassan did not think proper 
to begin his operations immediately2 at 
length on the #acth his troops rushed   
down from each side of the valley1  upon
 a body of ,hamet's cavalry which was   
posted below1 about a mile  from the    
town4 ,the ,arabs received them with    
great steadiness1 and  maintained their 
ground for some time1 but being         
overpowered1 fled in  disorder into the 
town4 ,the ,tripolines pursued1 and     
although galled by  the musquetry from  
the houses1 and by the guns of the      

battery and ships  wherever an opening  
presented itself1 they succeeded in     
reaching  ,hamet's palace4 ,all was near
 being lost2 the ,arabs were giving way 
in  all directions2 the ,christians were
 too few in number to quit their  posts1
 and there was every prospect that      
,hamet would soon be either  killed or  
made prisoner4 ,eaton then turned the   
guns of the battery upon  the part of   
the town about the palace1 and some of  
the ,tripolines being  killed1 a panic  
seized the others1 and they fled with   
precipitation1  pursued by the ,arabs1  
who behaved gallantly on this occasion4 
,of the  ,tripolines about eighty were  
killed or wounded2 the loss on ,hamet's 
side did not exceed twelve4    ,this    
defeat so much dispirited the           
,tripolines1 that all the exertions  of 
the ,beys could not induce them for some
 time to make another attack2  the      
,arabs obstinately refusing to encamp   
near the town1 or to venture  within    
reach of the cannon shot1 with which    

they had hitherto been  entirely        
unacquainted4 ,hassan finding bold and  
open measures  ineffectual1 resorted to 
others from which he anticipated more   
success2  he offered six thousand       
dollars for ,eaton's head1 and double   
the sum  for him if taken alive4 ,this  
magnificent promise however produced no 
effect1 doubtless from an apprehension  
that the task would be  difficult1 and  
the reward by no means certain4 ,he then
 engaged the  services of two expert    
women1 who engaged to take off the      
troublesome  infidel by poison2 but     
,eaton having received notice of their  
plans1  took precautions which rendered 
them ineffectual4 ,the ,beys in despair 
next endeavored to attain their object  
by an assault1 to be made under  cover  
of the camels1 which were thus to form a
 moving parapet in front  and on the    
flanks4 ,but this proposal was attended 
with no success1 the  ,arabs being as   
little inclined to risk the lives of    
their camels as  their own4 ,in this    

state of things the ,pasha's army began 
to disappear2  desertions daily took    
place1 and on the #bb;d of ,may ,eaton  
writes1 ,we  want nothing but cash to   
break up our enemy's camp without firing
  another shot4    ,partial attempts    
were however made on the #bhth of ,may  
and the first  three days of ,june1     
which were unsuccessful4 ,on the #gth   
,hadgi ,ismain  ,bey1 commander of the  
,tripoline cavalry1 quitted his post    
with some  followers1 and escaped to    
,egypt1 carrying with him the military  
chest4  ,the ,bey of ,bengazi was also  
reported to be wavering1 and ,eaton in  
his  despatches to ,commodore ,barron1  
earnestly urged him to send a few       
marines and some money1 by means of     
which he pledged himself soon to  appear
 in ,tripoli and liberate his captive   
countrymen4    ,on the #ajth the        
,tripoline forces received a large      
accession1 and the  ,beys determined to 
make a desperate effort4 ,the action was
 begun by  some of their cavalry1 who   

attempted to descend a pass leading to  
the  plain near the town2 they were met 
by a body of ,hamet's mounted ,arabs1   
which resisted the attack gallantly1 and
 succeeded in repelling it4             
,reinforcements appearing on each side1 
the action became general1 and  it was  
supposed that at least five thousand men
 were engaged4 ,the  ,tripolines were   
driven off with some loss2 but pursuit  
was impossible1  and ,eaton was obliged 
still to remain1 hoping or rather       
wishing for the  reinforcements he had  
so long requested4 ,at ,bomba and since 
his arrival  at ,derne1 he had received 
communications from the commanding      
officer of  the ,american forces in the 
,mediterranean1 which gave him great    
anxiety1  and his situation was every   
day becoming more uncertain and painful4
  ,his doubts were however terminated on
 the #aath1 when the frigate            
,constellation entered the harbor1      
bringing despatches from ,tripoli1      
dated the #fth2 in order to understand  

the nature of these several             
communications1 and of his feelings1 it 
will be necessary to relate the         
occurrences at and before that city     
since ,september #ahjd4    7,to be      
continued47            ,for the         
,southern ,literary ,messenger4         
,,remarks ,,on ,a ,,note ,,to           
,,blackstone',s ,,commentaries1 ,,vol4  
,i1 ,,page #dbc4      ,,mr4 ,,white1--,i
 have read the ,note on a passage in    
,blackstone's  ,commentaries1 which you 
gave us in your last1 with some         
surprise4 ,i had  supposed before1 that 
no gentleman of any intelligence could  
be found  within the four corners of our
 state1 who would seriously undertake to
  maintain that our domestic slavery1   
which is obviously the mere  creature of
 our own positive law1 is so right and  
proper in itself1  that we are under no 
obligation whatever to do any thing to  
remove1 or  lessen it1 as soon as we    
can4 ,i had thought1 indeed1 that it was
 a  point conceded on all hands1 that1  

wrong in its origin and principle1  it  
was to be justified1 or rather excused1 
only by the stern necessity  which had  
imposed it upon us without our consent1 
and which still  prevented us from      
throwing it off at once1 without a      
degree of danger  which we could not    
properly encounter4 ,and1 at any rate1  
,i had imagined  that all of us were    
fully satisfied1 by this time1 that it  
was an evil  of such injurious influence
 upon our moral1 political1 and civil   
interests1 that we owed it to ourselves 
as well as to our subjects1 to  reduce1 
and remove it1 as soon1 and as fast as  
possible1 consistently  with the rights 
which we had created or sanctioned by   
our laws2 and  with other considerations
 which we were bound to regard4 ,in all 
this1  however1 it seems1 ,i was        
reckoning without my host1 the author of
 the  article before me1 who has come   
forward1 at this late hour1 to assert   
the absolute rectitude and utility of   
the system1 with all the power of  his  

pen4 ,i do not1 however1 by any means1  
feel disposed to question his  perfect  
right to do so1 or to deny for a moment 
the ingenuity with  which he has labored
 to maintain his novel position4 ,on the
 contrary1 ,i  freely acknowledge both2 
but believing at the same time1 as ,i   
do1 that  his reasonings are false in   
their principle1 and pernicious in their
  tendency1 ,i must beg leave to follow 
his annotations with a few  remarks4    
,and first1 the ,annotator1 after       
declaring that he has been impelled to  
defend our domestic slavery by a pious  
reverence for the institutions  of our  
forefathers1 7a very honorable motive2  
but strangely  misapplied17 proceeds to 
say3 ,it is hardly necessary to expose  
the  sophistry by which ,mr4 ,blackstone
 affects to prove that slavery cannot   
have had a lawful origin4 ,we do not    
pretend to trace our title to its       
source4 ,we have no call to sit in      
judgment between the conquered  ,african
 and his conqueror4 ,we rest our defence

 on principles which  legitimate our    
title1 whatever its origin may have     
been4 ,yet it may not  be amiss to say a
 few words to show the fallacy of those 
plausible and  imposing dogmas1 with    
which we too often suffer ourselves to  
be talked  down4 ,now ,i have always    
regarded the reasoning of ,blackstone on
 this  point as absolutely unanswerable2
 and ,i am happy to know that ,i am not 
alone in my opinion of its weight2 for  
the late venerable ,judge ,tucker1  ,i  
see1 in his note upon the same passage1 
7which ,i commend to all  your readers17
 after quoting it at length1 adds these 
words3 ,thus by  the most clear1 manly1 
and convincing reasoning1 does this     
excellent author refute every claim1    
upon which the practice of slavery  is  
founded1 or by which it has been        
supposed to be justified1 at least1  in 
modern times4 ,i will not1 however1 too 
hastily conclude against the            
,annotator's objections2 but endeavor to
 weigh them with due care4 ,he  proceeds

 thus3 ,slavery1 says ,mr4 ,blackstone1 
cannot originate in  compact1 because   
the transaction excludes the idea of an 
equivalent4  ,this is the substance of  
,blackstone's argument on this head2 but
 does  not give us a full idea of its   
force4 ,his own statement of it is as   
follows3 ,but secondly1 it is said that 
slavery may begin 'jure civili'  when   
one man sells himself to another4 ,this1
 if only meant of contracts  to serve or
 work for another1 is very just2 but    
when applied to strict  slavery1 in the 
sense of the laws of old ,rome or modern
 ,barbary1 is  also impossible4 ,every  
sale implies a price1 a quid pro quo1 an
  equivalent given to the seller in lieu
 of what he transfers to the  buyer2 but
 what equivalent can be given for life  
and liberty1 both of  which 7in absolute
 slavery7 are held to be in the master's
 disposal8  ,his property also1 the very
 price he seems to receive1 devolves    
ipso  facto to his master1 the instant  
he becomes his slave4 ,in this case1    

therefore1 the buyer gives nothing1 and 
the seller receives nothing3 of  what   
validity then can a sale be1 which      
destroys the very principles  upon which
 all sales are founded8 ,now this seems 
to me to be pretty  good logic2 and how 
then does the ,annotator answer it8 ,why
 he says3  ,for an answer to this       
specious fallacy1 ,i shall content      
myself by  referring you to the masterly
 essay of ,professor ,dew1 who has so   
clearly exposed it as to leave me       
nothing to add4 ,this is certainly      
judicious1 and ,i cannot but commend him
 for his prudence1 at least1 in  thus   
turning over the trouble of answering   
such an argument to another4  ,how this 
latter gentleman1 however1 7who must    
take the compliment cum  onere17 can    
have contrived to expose so clearly the 
specious fallacy  which1 it seems1 lurks
 in it1 ,i confess ,i cannot imagine2 as
 ,i have not  his masterly essay before 
me4 ,no doubt his exposure must be      
clever2  but1 with all due respect for  

him1 it is plainly impossible that it   
can  be sound4 ,as at present advised1  
therefore1 ,i shall stick to            
,blackstone1 or rather to his reasoning1
 which1 as far as ,i can see1 no  human 
wit can ever refute4    ,but the        
,annotator takes upon himself to grapple
 with another argument  of ,blackstone1 
which he states in these words3 ,the    
commentator further  tells us that      
slavery cannot lawfully originate in    
conquest1 as a  commutation for the     
right to kill2 because this right rests 
on  necessity1 and this necessity       
plainly does not exist1 because the     
victor does not kill his adversary1 but 
makes him captive4 ,now this1  too1 ,i  
have heretofore taken for very sound    
logic2 and why is it not  perfectly so8 
,why because1 says the ,annotator1 the  
conqueror may be in  such a situation   
that he can only secure himself against 
the future  hostility of his conquered  
enemy1 by killing1 or by enslaving him2 
and if he may enslave him himself1 then 

he may hand him over to another  to     
deport him2 which is the mildest mode of
 doing the thing4 ,of course1  the mere 
captivity of his enemy does not imply   
the security of the  captor1 should he  
allow his prisoner to go free4 ,and he  
illustrates  his argument on this point1
 very prettily1 by a figure4 ,the snared
  tiger is in your power4 ,you may      
kill--you may cage him4 ,therefore1     
says ,mr4 ,blackstone1 you are under no 
necessity to do either1 and the  noble  
beast has a fair claim to his liberty4  
,this is a dexterous turn2  but         
unluckily it proceeds upon a            
misconception of the true point of      
,blackstone's argument1 which the       
,annotator ought to have perceived is   
itself an answer to another4 ,the       
commentator1 observe1 is answering the  
argument of ,justinian1 that slavery may
 arise jure gentium1 from a  state of   
war2 that is1 from the right of a captor
 to kill his enemy  taken prisoner in   
battle4 ,but it is an untrue position1  

says he1  when taken generally1 that by 
the law of nature or nations1 a man may 
kill his enemy2 he has only a right to  
kill him in particular cases1 in  cases 
of absolute necessity for self-defence2 
and it is plain this  absolute necessity
 did not subsist1 since the victor did  
not actually  kill him1 but made him    
prisoner4 ,now the answer is obviously  
complete1  so far as regards the point  
to which it applies4 ,but1 says the     
,annotator1 it does not settle the      
question4 ,perhaps not2 nor does        
,blackstone say that it does2 but it    
settles the argument of ,justinian2  and
 that is all that1 considered as an     
answer1 it was intended1 or  could be   
fairly required1 to do4    ,but why does
 it not even settle the question8 ,why1 
because1 says the  ,annotator1 the      
conqueror has a right to dispose of his 
captive in such  a manner as to protect 
himself from his future hostility2 and  
if he may  not kill1 it does not follow 
that he may not enslave1 or transport   

him1  provided it is necessary for his  
own security1 to dispose of him in  that
 way4 ,very true2 but this is new       
matter1 which demands perhaps a  new    
answer2 but does not at all invalidate  
the former answer to the  former        
argument4 ,and with regard to this new  
matter too1 ,blackstone  has1 in my     
opinion1 very fairly answered it in     
advance by what he  immediately adds1   
but what the ,annotator1 7inadvertently 
no doubt17 has  kept back4 ,thus he     
adds3 ,war is itself justifiable only on
 principles  of self-preservation1 and1 
therefore1 it gives no other right over 
prisoners1 but merely to disable them   
from doing harm to us1 by  confining    
their persons2 much less can it give a  
right to kill1  torture1 abuse1 plunder1
 or even to enslave1 an enemy1 when the 
war  is over4 ,to expand this sentence a
 little4 ,you may1 says ,blackstone1  by
 the laws of war1 put your enemy hors de
 combat2 but you must do  it1 by the law
 of humanity1 which is a prior and      

perpetual part of the  same law of      
nature1 with as little suffering to him 
as possible1  consistently with your own
 safety4 ,you may then1 ,i grant you1   
take him  prisoner1 and confine his     
person1 that is1 if you cannot venture  
to  discharge him on his parole2 but    
only while the war lasts2 for the  very 
foundation of your right to confine him 
grows out of the war1 and  vanishes1 of 
course1 with the return of peace4       
,now it is obvious1 ,i think1 that this 
argument1 duly considered1 very  fairly 
answers1 by anticipation1 the new matter
 which the ,annotator has  brought into 
view4 ,for how1 ,i ask1 can a temporary 
right to confine  your captive durante  
bello1 become the basis for the transfer
 of an  absolute right to enslave and   
deport him8 ,obviously1 if ,i must even 
grant that you can transfer your right  
of self-defence1 or the powers  which it
 involves1 to a neutral1 7which ,i might
 well question17 you can  only transfer 
it to the extent to which you possess it

 yourself4 ,but  your right over your   
prisoner of war ceases with your war    
against the  nation1 or tribe1 to which 
he belongs4 ,and what right1 then1 can  
you  have to hand him over to an        
assignee1 who you know will continue his
  dominion over him1 7and over his      
children after him17 without putting  it
 in your power again to restore him1 as 
in duty bound1 upon the  cessation of   
hostilities1 to his family and friends8 
,or what right can  your assignee have  
to hold the prisoner under your         
assignment1 one  moment after your right
 itself has run out8 ,obviously1 none at
 all4 ,a  holds a slave1 who is to serve
 for the life of ,b1 but to be free     
afterwards1 and sells him to ,c in fee  
simple2 what right has ,c to hold  him  
after the death of ,b8 ,clearly none at 
all4    ,there is no escaping from the  
force of this argument1 as far as ,i can
  see1 but by maintaining1 7as the      
,annotator indeed seems disposed to     
do17 that barbarians can have no peace  

with each other2 but that war  among    
them must be waged ad internecionem1 to 
the point of mutual  extermination1 or  
something equivalent4 ,but this notion  
is plainly more  barbarous than the     
practice of the most barbarous tribes   
that we have  ever read1 or heard of2   
for there is not one of them that does  
not make  peace1 after its fashion2 7or 
did not at least1 before our ,european  
slavers taught them a different lesson17
 and the act of making peace  obviously 
implies that there can be1 and is1 a    
reasonable security  against future     
hostilities1 without the destruction of 
either party4  ,and there is no tribe on
 earth1 ,i suppose1 7or was not before  
the  slave-trade began17 so absolutely  
and desperately barbarous as to  insist 
upon holding its captives after the war 
is over1 and the treaty  of peace fairly
 ratified by a smoking match1 or a dance
 upon the green4    ,but the ,annotator 
may yet say1 7and does in fact17 that   
granting all  this1 the captor may have 

been in the dilemma which he has        
supposed1  during the war2 that is1 he  
may have been obliged to kill or sell   
his  captives immediately1 to save      
himself2 and he puts a case to          
illustrate  his argument on this point4 
,when ,colonel ,campbell1 at the head of
 a  few militia1 stooped from the       
mountains of ,virginia on ,carolina1 and
  bore off the corps of ,colonel        
,ferguson in his pounces1 had he been   
pursued and overtaken by ,tarleton1 he  
must have killed his prisoners4  ,he    
could not have held them1 and to have   
enlarged them would have been  to       
sacrifice the lives of thousands4 ,if1  
then1 he had had no place of  refuge1 he
 might have handed them over to any     
custody1 civilized or  savage1 in which 
they might have been removed from the   
theatre of the  war4 ,but this case is  
obviously an imaginary one2 and such as 
could  hardly have occurred in fact4 ,it
 is remarkable indeed that the          
,annotator could find no example in all 

the romance of real life to suit  the   
exigence of his argument2 but was       
compelled to fabricate one for  the     
purpose2 or at least to piece out an    
actual occurrence1 by a  supplemental   
supposition or two of his own2 and even 
then could not  make it serve his turn4 
,thus ,colonel ,campbell was not pursued
 and  overtaken by ,tarleton1 and1 if he
 had been1 would evidently have had  to 
fight or surrender1 and could have had  
no time to think about the  supposed    
alternative of killing his prisoners1 or
 handing them over to  a third party1   
even if one had been there to receive   
them4 ,and if you  vary the case a      
little1 so as to make him pursued1 but  
not overtaken2  the time that you will  
thus give him to hand over his prisoners
 to  others1 will equally suffice to    
enable him to escape with them himself4 
,or if you give him time enough to hand 
them over2 but not enough to  escape    
with them1 7a point of nicety that is   
hardly conceivable17 then  you also     

allow the pursuing enemy time enough1 in
 all probability1 to  come up and       
recapture them from their new holders2  
the very thing to be  avoided4 ,the     
case1 therefore1 is evidently altogether
 fanciful1 and  proves nothing4 ,at all 
events1 it is quite clear that such a   
nodus as  it indicates could not have   
occurred in any single instance of the  
sale  of captives for slaves1 by any    
,african chief1 to the master of a      
,spanish ship4 ,at least1 it is quite   
fair to say that1 in general1 the  mere 
fact of the captor's having sold his    
captive1 even during the war1  must be  
prima facie1 if not conclusive evidence1
 that he could not  have been in the    
dilemma imagined1 of being obliged to   
kill1 or to  enslave him2 for it must be
 obvious that if he had him so          
completely in  his power as to be able  
to bargain1 sell1 and deliver him to the
  slaver1 and to receive his money or   
goods stipulated for him in return2  he 
could not have been very closely pursued

 by any barbarous ,tarleton  in his rear
 at the time1 and could not have been   
under any pressing  necessity to do     
either the one thing1 or the other2 but1
 for aught that  appears1 might have    
disposed of his prisoner in some more   
humane  manner4 ,the onus probandi1     
then1 or burden of proof1 to show that  
in  point of fact the captor and vender 
of any ,african slave1 was1 in any  case
 whatever1 in the precise predicament   
supposed1 must be on the  ,annotator2   
and can he bear it8 ,hardly1 ,i suppose4
 ,but of what avail1  then1 can it be to
 his argument1 that he can imagine or   
invent a  case1 7or a hundred cases1 if 
he likes17 in which there might have    
been a lawful origin of slavery1 when he
 evidently cannot show that  any thing  
like it has ever occurred in fact1 from 
the first beginning  of the slave trade 
down to the present time8    ,thus it   
appears that the reasoning of           
,blackstone to prove the  unlawfulness  
of slavery in its origin1 is as strong  

as we have always  thought it2 and very 
easily defends itself against all that  
any  ingenuity can urge against it4 ,but
 say that it is not so2 and grant1 if   
you please1 for the sake of argument1   
that it is all a specious  fallacy      
indeed2 what then8 ,does it follow that 
slavery as it exists  in our state1 was 
just and lawful in its origin8 ,by no   
means4 ,for  say that ,mr4 ,dew has by  
some miraculous effort of intellect1    
very  clearly established1 in the face  
of ,blackstone's demonstration1 7and in 
the face of our ,bill of ,rights also17 
that a man can sell himself2  can it be 
shown that1 in point of fact1 any single
 one of the slaves  who were imported   
into our colony from the year #afbj to  
the revolution1  had actually sold      
himself to any one who claimed to be his
 owner8 ,and  say1 also1 that the       
,annotator has proved1 against the      
unanswerable  argument of his author1   
7and against the plainest principles of 
the law  of nature17 that a conqueror   

may justly enslave and export his       
prisoner  of war in any imaginable case 
whatever1 can it be made to appear that 
any one of the ,africans brought to our 
shore was really captured1 and  sold1 in
 such a state of things8 ,on the        
contrary1 we have unhappily the  most   
ample evidence from history1 that the   
whole of our exotic slaves  were either 
stolen from their native woods1 and     
brought away against  their will1 or    
under false and fraudulent promises     
which were never  performed2 or bought  
for swords and rum1 7fit price for such 
articles67  from those who had captured 
them1 not in just and necessary wars of 
self-defence1 but in predatory          
hostilities1 excited and fomented for   
the very purpose1 by the worst of       
pirates1 the foulest and most deadly    
enemies of the human race4    ,but      
passing from this grave sophistry1 as he
 calls it1 of ,blackstone1  the         
,annotator now comes to the             
consideration of those principles on    

which he chooses to rest his defence of 
slavery1 and which1 he says1  legitimate
 our title1 whatever its origin may have
 been4 ,but can  any principles1 ,i ask1
 do this8 ,if slavery1 as we have seen1 
is  clearly wrong in its origin2 that   
is1 if it is1 in itself1 a violation  of
 the law of nature1 can any thing       
legitimate it2 that is1 make it  lawful2
 by that law8 ,is not the law of nature1
 like its author1  immutable1 and       
eternal8 ,and must not that1 then1 which
 is against this  law in one age1 be    
equally against it in another1 and in   
every  succeeding age1 to the end of    
time8 ,and if slavery1 then1 was        
unlawful  in its origin1 must it not be 
so now1 and continue to be so forever8  
,or1 can the mere lapse of time make it 
lawful8 ,but that cannot alter  the     
nature of things4 ,indeed ,i may remind 
the ,annotator1 that our  municipal law 
even1 while it legalizes slavery1 does  
not allow any  length of time to bar a  
claim to freedom2 and much less1 then1  

can the  law of nature1 which has no    
statute of limitations in its code4     
,but waiving this1 let us see1 for a    
moment1 what these principles are  which
 the ,annotator supposes may legitimate 
our title1 whatever its  origin may have
 been4 ,what are they8 ,why1 if ,i      
understand his view of  the subject1    
7though it is not1 ,i think1 very       
clearly conveyed17 it is  substantially 
this4 ,by the decree of ,god1 who has   
said1 that man shall  eat of the fruit  
of the earth by the sweat of his face1  
there must  always be a working class of
 men1 in every country1 who must be     
satisfied to labor for their victuals   
and clothes2 that being the  natural and
 impassable stint of their wages4 ,it   
makes no manner of  odds1 therefore1    
whether the members of this working     
class be free or  slave3 if they are fed
 and clothed1 it is all that they have a
 right to  expect1 or any reason to     
demand4 ,in point of fact1 indeed1 the  
slave of  this class is perhaps rather  

better off than the freeman2 since he is
  usually better fed and better clothed2
 and if he has no hope of any  thing    
better1 he has no fear of any thing     
worse2 and1 upon the whole1  has a      
pretty considerable balance of comfort  
on his side4 ,it follows  from all this1
 that his master may1 very legitimately1
 hold him down  as a slave1 ad          
indefinitum1 7that is1 till slavery runs
 out of  itself1 as he thinks it may in 
time17 without feeling any qualm of     
conscience in the case1 or giving       
himself any trouble whatever about  the 
matter4    ,now all this is doubtless   
very pretty1 and very imposing6 ,it has1
  however1 ,i acknowledge1 some small   
mixture of truth in it2 and if it  were 
offered merely by way of apology for our
 slavery1 and as a set-off  against the 
gross caricatures of it which are       
sometimes drawn by the  ultras of the   
other side1 and especially by our       
northern  abolitionists1 ,i should      
hardly choose to criticise it too       

nicely4  ,indeed ,i am happy to believe 
myself1 that bad as the system          
unquestionably is1 it is yet not without
 some alleviating concomitants1  which  
materially soften its natural horrors1  
and may properly serve to  make us      
endure it with more patience1 while we  
must4 ,but if the  ,annotator intends to
 go further than this1 and to prove by  
these  remarks1 7as ,i understand him to
 do17 that it is right and lawful2  then
 ,i must protest against the reasoning  
as utterly vain and  irrelevant4 ,for1  
granting all his premises1 7though there
 are certainly  some rather strange and 
startling propositions among them2 yet  
granting  them all for the sake of      
argument17 ,i really cannot perceive how
 the  conclusion follows from them4 ,for
 if ,i grant that there must be a       
working class1 does it follow that we   
have a right to determine by            
compulsion1 or by positive law1 who     
shall compose that class8 ,the  decree  
of ,divine ,providence1 as quoted by the

 ,annotator himself1 is  that man1 7that
 is1 that all men17 shall work for his  
bread4 ,what  right1 then1 has any one  
portion1 or set of men1 to slip their   
own  necks out of the brazen collar1 7as
 he calls it17 of toil2 and fasten  it  
immoveably and inexorably upon another8 
,is not this at once evading  and       
altering1 as it were1 the counsel of the
 ,creator of all8 ,and if ,i  grant1    
also1 that the slave is happier than the
 free laborer1 does it  follow that his 
master may lawfully hold him as such8   
,does the question  of right depend     
simply1 or at all1 upon the degree of   
happiness which  the laborer enjoys8    
,and have ,i1 then1 a right to make any 
man work  for me1 according to my will  
and pleasure1 provided ,i take care to  
feed  and clothe him well1 and make him 
as happy as any laborer can expect to   
be8 ,would the ,annotator think it      
exactly right to have such a principle  
carried home to himself8 ,but he would  
perhaps say1 that ,i must not take      

quite so great a range as that1 but be  
satisfied to take my man from  the      
working class4 ,but who compose this    
working class8 ,all those1 ,i  presume1 
who have been reduced by the various    
misfortunes of human  life1 to the hard 
necessity of laboring for others1 for   
their daily  bread4 ,but would any one  
of this class consent to have the       
principle of  compulsion brought to bear
 against him1 and surrender forever all 
hope  and chance of escaping to the     
upper air of a higher class8 ,certainly 
not4 ,then ,i must yet further take     
care1 ,i suppose1 to see that my man    
whom ,i am to force to labor for me1 on 
the ,annotator's principle1 shall  be   
black4 ,so the question of right turns  
at last upon the color of  the skin4    
,admirable logic indeed6    ,but the    
,annotator thinks that he has found     
something like an argument  to prove the
 lawfulness of our slavery1 in the text 
of his author1 who  happens to say 7on  
another point17 that1 by the law of     

,england1 all  single men between twelve
 years old and sixty1 and married ones  
under  thirty years of age1 and all     
single women between twelve and forty1  
not  having any visible livelihood1 are 
compellable by two justices to go  out  
to service in husbandry1 or certain     
specified trades4 ,this1 says  he1 is as
 much as to say1 they who can only live 
by labor shall be  made to labor4 ,what 
more do we8 ,they compel him to choose a
 master4 ,we  appropriate his labor to a
 master to whom use and a common        
interest  attach him1 and who is        
generally the master of his choice4 ,the
 wages of  both are the same--to wit1   
victuals and clothes4 ,and he adds      
afterwards1 ,it is here2 on this very   
point1 of the necessity of  forcing     
those to labor who are unable to live   
honestly without labor1  that we base   
the defence of our system4 ,this is     
pleasant indeed2 but  does not the      
,annotator perceive that he has entirely
 mistaken the  principle of the ,english

 law1 which is not1 as he states it1    
that  they who can only live by labor   
shall be made to labor2 but that  those 
who can only live by labor1 and yet will
 not labor for  themselves1 and are1    
therefore1 likely to become chargeable  
to the  parish1 shall be made to labor  
for a time1 and for wages1 until  they  
have learned1 in this way1 to work      
freely and willingly1 for their  own    
support4 ,but1 according to this        
principle1 it is easy to see that       
hundreds and thousands of our slaves    
would be entitled to their freedom  at  
once2 for it cannot be pretended that   
many of them at least would  not be both
 able and willing to labor for          
themselves2 and if all1 or  the larger  
part of them1 would not1 it can only be 
because their very  slavery itself has  
incapacitated them for voluntary toil4  
,but can we1  then1 plead a defect of   
theirs which is the consequence of our  
own act1  to justify that act1 in this  
way8 ,surely this ground of defence must

 be  abandoned at once1 as wholly       
untenable1 and even dangerous in the    
highest degree4 ,at any rate1 there is  
no reason to charge the ,english  law   
with countenancing our system4 ,the     
,english law says that a freeman  who   
can1 and will not1 work to support      
himself shall be made to do so2  in     
order that others may not be called upon
 to support him4 ,our law  says that all
 slaves shall be made to work for their 
masters1 whether  they are able and     
willing to support themselves1 or not4  
,is the  principle of both laws the     
same1 or entirely different8    ,but the
 ,annotator finds an excellent reason   
why our mode of compelling  all slaves  
to work1 should even be preferred to the
 ,english one of  compelling freemen to 
do so in particular cases2 and it is    
curious  enough4 ,i must give it in his 
own words3 ,that such compulsion1 says  
he1 is often necessary1 all reason and  
experience prove4 ,but to a  people     
jealous of freedom1 it is a delicate    

question whether such a  power can be   
safely trusted to the municipal         
authority4 ,to make it  effectual it    
must be a power dangerous to liberty4   
,it could never be  carried into effect 
but by a degree of rigor which must bow 
the spirit  of the laborer1 and         
effectually disqualify him for the      
political  functions of a sovereign     
citizen4 ,this is truly excellent4 ,so1 
then1  it would be dangerous to our     
liberty to have such a law as that of   
,england which allows1 in certain cases1
 a freeman who is likely to  become a   
freebooter1 or at least a hanger-on upon
 the community1 to be  compelled to work
 for himself2 and not at all dangerous  
to that same  liberty to compel one half
 of our population to work for the      
other6 ,it  would1 forsooth1 bow the    
spirit of the laborer1 7as if the       
vagabond  had any spirit to bow17 and   
disqualify him for the political        
functions  of a sovereign citizen2 and  
so to prevent that occasional           

disqualification of a few1 we must      
systematically disqualify hundreds  and 
thousands from performing those same    
functions of freemen1 which  are so     
important and interesting to the whole  
body politic6 ,a notable  expedient     
indeed to preserve the purity and lustre
 of our liberty1 from  all possible     
danger of destruction or decay6    ,upon
 the whole1 ,i must say that1 in my     
judgment1 the ,annotator has  failed    
entirely either to invalidate           
,blackstone's argument against the      
lawfulness of slavery in its origin1 or 
to advance any principles  whatever     
which can legitimate it1 as it exists in
 our state1 at the  present time4 ,i    
must not1 however1 by any means1 be     
understood as  meaning to convey the    
idea that ,i consider it as altogether  
indefensible before the tribunal of an  
impartial world4 ,on the  contrary1 ,i  
still hold1 as ,i have always done1 that
 under the peculiar  circumstances in   
which we find it amongst us1 it is      

justifiable1 or  rather excusable1 upon 
the soundest principles of the law of   
nature2  and1 more particularly1 upon   
the principle of necessity and          
self-defence4 ,by the law of nature1 ,i 
may take away the life of another  when 
,i cannot otherwise defend my own4 ,of  
course1 ,i may take away his  liberty in
 a like case2 and1 a fortiori1 ,i may   
continue my custody of  his person1 when
 he has been committed to my charge1    
however  wrongfully1 by one in whose act
 ,i had no participation2 and when ,i   
cannot release him without hazarding my 
own safety1 and his too4 ,to  apply this
 principle to the subject before us2 our
 fathers have  fastened this enormous   
evil upon us in the beginning without   
our  concurrence or consent2 and we now 
find and feel it to be too great and    
complicated for us to think of removing 
it at once4 ,to emancipate our  slaves  
on the spot1 would indeed1 in all human 
probability1 be followed  by the ruin of
 both parties2 and would at least be an 

experiment too  tremendous in its       
aspect1 and too uncertain in its issue1 
to be rashly  tried4 ,in this state of  
things1 therefore1 we may1 ,i conceive1 
most  rightfully and properly1 continue 
to hold them1 as we would hold          
prisoners of war1 whose persons1 we have
 seen1 we may lawfully confine  while it
 is necessary for us to do so in order  
to protect ourselves  from their        
hostilities2 but whom1 at the same time1
 we must sincerely  and earnestly desire
 to liberate1 and send back to their own
 country1  as soon as we can4    ,a     
,,virginian4          ,the ,western     
,monthly ,magazine concurs with us in   
our opinions of ,vathek4  ,the editor   
says1 ,vathek is the production of a    
sensual and perverted  mind4 ,the events
 are extravagant1 the sentiments        
pernicious1 and the  moral bad4 ,it has 
nothing to recommend it but ease of     
style and  copiousness of language4     
,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,real ,,life4 

,i'll make thee famous with my pen1     
,and glorious with my sword4      ,it is
 said1 and truly said1 that ,truth is   
often more incredible than  fiction4 ,it
 is natural too1 that we should take a  
deeper interest in  the fortunes of     
creatures of flesh and blood1 who have  
actually lived  and suffered1 than in   
the imaginary sorrows of beings that are
  themselves but figments of the        
writer's brain4    ,why then do we so   
rarely meet with any narrative of facts 
which engages  our feelings so deeply as
 a well wrought fiction8 ,may it not be 
that in  all histories of a romantic    
character there is1 from the very nature
 of  the thing1 a degree of mystery     
which we cannot penetrate2 and that the 
innumerable little incidents1 which     
adorn the pages of a romance1 and  so   
aptly illustrate the characters of the  
parties1 are hidden by the  veil of     
domestic privacy8 ,it might be allowable
 to supply these2 but  the attempt to do
 so1 is always offensive to the reader4 

,we are  disgusted at seeing truth      
alloyed by fiction1 and the fiction     
always  betrays itself4 ,let a          
characteristic chit-chat be detailed1   
and we find  ourselves wondering who it 
was that took notes of the conversation4
 ,we  read the scene between ,ravenswood
 and ,miss ,ashton at the haunted       
fountain1 and never ask1 whether she    
rose from her grave1 or he emerged  from
 the ,kelpie's flow1 to describe it to  
the writer4 ,but such a  narrative      
concerning real persons1 would          
inevitably disgust us2 and no  writer of
 any tact would ever attempt it4 ,none  
above the grade of  ,parson ,weems ever 
did4 ,there is no wilder romance than   
his life of  ,marion4 ,but who reads it8
 ,we feel that it profanes the truth of 
history  with fiction1 and we throw it  
away with disgust4 ,yet it comes nearer 
to  ,schiller's masterpiece1 ,the       
,robbers1 than any thing else4 ,is it   
less  interesting because the prompting 
impulse of the hero is virtuous1 not    

criminal8 ,no2 but there is just truth  
enough to keep us always mindful  of the
 falsehood4    ,the great art1 and the  
great charm of ,walter ,scott1 is that  
he never  describes his characters4 ,he 
brings us into their society1 and  makes
 us know them4 ,but how shall ,i make   
known the persons of whom ,i  wish to   
speak8 ,i can say that ,,he was generous
 and brave1 sincere1 and  kind1 and     
true1 and that ,,she was fair and       
gentle1 and pure and tender4  ,these are
 but words1 and have been repeated till 
they have lost their  meaning4 ,i can   
say that both loved2 but how can ,i show
 the passion  flashing in the eye1 and  
glowing in the cheek--and how can ,i    
give it  breath in their own burning    
words8 ,i heard them not4 ,none heard   
them4 ,i can say that the hand of       
destiny was upon them1 and tore them    
asunder1 to meet no more4 ,i can even   
use the words of one whose strains  he  
loved1 to tell      ,that neither ever  
found another     ,to free the hollow   

heart from paining2    but how can ,i   
develope the mysterious means by which  
this destiny was  accomplished8 ,how    
could ,i speak1 but in their own words1 
uttered only  to the midnight solitude1 
the deep yearnings of their hearts--and 
the  noble enthusiasm which made it the 
task of his life to render glorious  the
 name of him she had honored with her   
love8 ,could these details be  given    
truly1 what a romance of real life would
 they form6 ,let the  reader judge from 
the following lines found among his     
papers1 when the  damps of the grave had
 at last cooled the fever of his brain4 
',tis sweet1 when night is hushed in    
deep repose2      ,and hides the        
,minstrel's form from every eye2    ,to 
breathe the thoughts that speech can    
ne'er disclose1      ,in all the        
eloquence of harmony4      ,the mellow  
strain pervades the silent air1         
,and mingles with the sleeper's blissful
 dream3    ,the ,lover hears the song of
 maiden fair2      ,the humble saint1 an

 ,angel's holy hymn4      ,then sweet to
 know that she1 for whom alone1         
,pours the wild stream of plaintive     
melody1    ,recalls the voice of ,love  
in every tone2      ,approves its truth1
 and owns its purity4      ,borne on the
 breeze that cools her glowing cheek1   
,but fans the ardor of her fevered      
breast2    ,lifts the loose lock that   
floats upon her neck1      ,sports round
 her couch1 and hovers o'er her rest3   
,borne on that breeze1 it greets her    
listening ear      ,with tales of       
raptured bliss and tender wo2    ,and   
tells of ,joy and ,grief1 of ,hope1     
,despair1      ,and all that love1 and  
,love alone can know4      ,her fair    
companions hear the soothing sound1     
,but mute to them the voice that speaks 
to her2    ,burns the warm blush1       
unmarked of all around1      ,and       
darkling falls1 unseen1 the silent tear4
      ,but not unseen of all2 for to his
 eye1      ,by ,fancy's magic light she 
stands revealed2    ,her bosom          

struggling with the half-breathed sigh1 
,by the strong pressure of her hand     
repelled4      ,the ,tear that in the   
moon-beam sparkles bright2      ,the    
pensive look2 the outstretched neck of  
snow2    ,the ,blush1 contending with   
the silver light1      ,whose cold pale 
gleam would quench its fervid glow2     
,he sees and hears it all4 ,the music's 
stream      ,extends a viewless chord of
 sympathy1    ,thought answers thought2 
and1 lost in ,fancy's dream1      ,each 
breast responsive swells with sigh for  
sigh4      ,then ,o how sweet6 warmed by
 the sacred flame1      ,of             
mutual--true1--but fruitless--hopeless  
love1    ,to run the high career of     
deathless fame1      ,and mid the       
world's admiring gaze to move           
,reckless of all but her4 ,by midnight  
lamp1      ,to turn1 with heedful eye1  
the learned page2    ,to shake the      
,senate1 or to rule the ,camp2      ,to 
brave the tempest's blast1 or battle's  
rage6      ,what is the thought that    

prompts his studious zeal8      ,that   
mans his breast in danger's fearful     
path8    ,that nerves his arm to grasp  
the gory steel1      ,despising toil and
 hardship1 wounds and death8      ,it is
 that she the impassioned strain will   
love1      ,that gives her charms in    
deathless verse to shine2    ,her       
favoring smile his steadfast faith      
approve2      ,her raptured tears bedew 
each glowing line4      ,it is that she 
will cherish the renown      ,of noble  
deeds achieved her name to grace2       
,and prize the heart that beat for her  
alone1      ,in glory's triumph1 and in 
death's embrace4      ',tis that a      
grateful nation's loud acclaim      ,may
 pour his praises on her favoring ear2  
',tis that the twilight splendor of his 
name      ,the widowed darkness of her  
heart may cheer4      ,o6 ever lovely1  
loving and beloved2      ,constant in   
absence2 constant in despair6    ,by    
time unwearied1 by caprice unmoved2     
,thy lover's faith and fame thine only  

care6      ,tho' known to none but thee 
thy minstrel's name1      ,or who the   
fair that caused his tender pain2       
,all undistinguished by the voice of    
fame1      ,the bard who sung2 the maid 
that waked the strain4      ,yet may'st 
thou catch the unconscious sympathy     
,of some soft nymph1 who1 from her      
lover's tongue1    ,hears1 with averted 
look and blush and sigh1      ,her      
heart's fond secret in this artless     
song4      ,but were ,i skilled to weave
 the immortal verse1      ,which after  
ages with applause would read2    ,thy  
praise in fitting accents ,i'd rehearse1
      ,and with unfading bay would crown
 thy head4      ,then should my ,laura's
 charms survive the tomb1      ,in      
strains like that the fairy bulbul      
sings1    ,when all unseen he wakes the 
midnight gloom1      ,hovering o'er     
beauty's grave on viewless wings4       
,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,extract ,,from ,a ,,lady',s       
,,album4          ,and must ,i stain    

this virgin leaf1        ,so fair1 so   
pure1 and so like thee6      ,it grieves
 me--but it is thy will2        ,and    
that is always law to me4        ',tis  
said that those who feel the most       
,can best describe love's potent spell--
      ,that what the heart most deeply  
feels1        ,the tongue most          
eloquently tells4        ,alas6 it is an
 erring rule--        ,it is not true6  
it is not true6      ,strong ,passion's 
voice was ever low2        ,and lower   
yet as ,passion grew4        ,when      
fiercest winds o'er ocean sweep1        
,the sea is quell'd--no billows roll    
,their foaming crests upon the deep4    
,thus ,passion treads the very soul     
,low in the dust1 and bids it weep      
,in silent anguish--and 'tis still      
,as the aw'd slave who bows before a    
despot's will4        ,then think not ,i
 can tell my love        ,in well-set   
phrase1 with fitting smiles2      ,he   
loves not--,oh6 believe it true--       
,who knows and practices such wiles4    

,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,the ,,prayer4        ,oh6 mother1 
whither do they lead    ,this wretched  
form1 this drooping frame8    ,what     
means the white rose in my hair8        
,these jewels sure are not a dream4     
,of wither'd leaves 'twere better far   
,the bridal chaplet had been wove--     
,oh6 mother1 lead me back again2    ,i  
cannot love--,i cannot love6      ,look 
not for love--it is in vain6    ,within 
this heart no more it dwells3           
,unclasp the volume if thou wilt1       
,and ponder on the truth it tells4      
,ah6 dearest mother1 do not seek    ,to 
warm to life a thing that dies1    ,nor 
re-illume the flame1 when once    ,the  
shrine1 in hopeless ruin lies4      ,not
 to the altar1 mother--no1    ,i cannot 
kneel and speak that vow--    ,oh6 let  
me rend these hated gems1    ,and tear  
the white rose from my brow4    ,nay1   
let the dark grave be my couch1    ,of  
cypress leaves my bridal wreath1    ,and
 ,i will wed1--yes1 gladly wed1    ,and 

clasp my welcome bridegroom1 ,death6    
,,octavian4            ,for the         
,southern ,literary ,messenger4         
,,selections ,,from ,,my ,,port ,,folio4
    ,,my ,,own ,,opinion--,a la         
,shakspeare4        ,there are1 who say 
she is not beautiful4    ,her forehead's
 not well turned1 cries one4 ,the nose  
,too large--,her mouth ill-chiselled1   
says a third4    ,with these1 ,i claim  
no fellowship4    ,for me1 7'tis an odd 
taste1 ,i know1 and now-a-days1    ,when
 people feel by rule1 such taste is     
thought    ,exceedingly romantic--yet   
'tis true17    ,i look not with this    
mathematic eye    ,on woman's face2 ,i  
carry not about    ,the compass1 and the
 square--and when ,i'm asked1    ,is    
that face fine8 draw forth my           
instruments1    ,and coolly calculate   
the length of chin1    ,th' expanse of  
forehead1 and the distance take         
,twixt eye and nose1 and then1 twixt    
nose and mouth1    ,and if1 exactly     
correspondent1 it    ,should not prove  

just so much1 two and three-eighths1    
,or1 one four-fifths1 disgusted1 turn   
away1    ,and vow 'tis vile6 there is no
 beauty in't6    ,out1 on this mechanic 
disposition6    ,look you6 ,that man was
 born a carpenter4    ,he hath no       
heart--he hath no soul in him1    ,who  
thus insults the human face divine1     
,and tests its beauty with a vile       
inch-rule1    ,as he would test the     
beauty of a box1    ,a chess-board1 or a
 writing-desk6 ,oh no6    ,it is not in 
the feature's symmetry    7,for choose  
of earth the most symmetric face1       
,phidias shall carve as perfect--out of 
stone17    ,that the deep beauty lies6  
,give me the face    ,that's warm--that 
lives--that breathes--made radiant      
,by an informing spirit from within6    
,give me the face that varies with the  
thought1    ,that answers to the heart6 
and seems1 the while1    ,with such a   
separate consciousness endued1    ,that1
 as we gaze1 we can almost believe      
,it is itself a heart--and1 of itself1  

,doth feel and palpitate6               
,and such is her's6    ,one need but    
look on1 to converse with her6    ,why  
,i1 without a thought of weariness1     
,have sat1 and gazed on her for hours6  
and oft1    ,as ,i have listened to her 
voice1 and marked    ,the beautiful     
flash of her fine dark eye1    ,and the 
eloquent beaming of her face1    ,and   
the tremulous glow that1 when she spoke1
    ,pervaded her whole being1--,i have 
dreamed    ,a spirit held communion with
 me then1    ,and could have knelt to   
worship6    ,p4 ,h4    ,augusta1        
,georgia4            ,for the ,southern 
,literary ,messenger4    ,,letters      
,,from ,,new ,,england4--,,no4 #d4      
,,by ,a ,,virginian4      ,albany1 ,n4  
,y4 ,july #bgth1 #ahcd4    ,it is a     
,southern opinion1 that the large       
factories which have grown up  in the   
,north1 within the last seventeen years1
 are of a very  demoralizing tendency3  
that so many persons--such persons      
too--cannot  be housed together1 and    

allowed the free intercourse unavoidable
 where  the restraint is not for crime1 
without a large result of               
licentiousness and vice4 ,i have long   
thought thus3 and must confess ,i       
entered ,new ,england with a sort of    
wish 7arising from my hostility to  the 
protective system17 to have the opinion 
confirmed4 ,in some places1  ,i heard   
and saw confirmation strong3 but in     
most--and those the chief  seats of     
manufactures--my inquiries resulted     
directly otherwise4 ,the  laborers      
there1 it seems1 are as moral as any    
other class of the  population4 ,the    
females watch each other's deportment   
with the most  jealous vigilance3 a slip
 is at once exposed1 and punished by    
expulsion2 even a slight indiscretion is
 sure to draw down  remonstrance1 and if
 that fails1 complaint to the ruling    
power4 ,the  boys and girls are allowed 
a reasonable part of the year to attend 
the  common-schools2 and are encouraged 
at all seasons to frequent ,sunday      

schools4 ,lectures1 occasional or in    
courses1 are delivered1 of which  the   
operatives are eager hearers3 and social
 ,libraries1 with habits of  reading1   
sometimes produce among them            
strengthened and well stored  minds4    
,wherever these good effects appear1 be 
it observed1 the  proprietors and       
superintendents 7generally men of       
fortune1 as well as  intelligence7 have 
taken the greatest possible care to     
produce them4  ,and where the           
unfavorable appearances occurred1 there 
seemed to have  been a corresponding    
neglect on the part of owners and agent4
    ,the natural course of these        
establishments1 then1 seems to be down  
the stream of vice4 ,great exertions may
 enable them to resist1 nay to  surmount
 and ascend the current2 but so soon as 
those efforts cease1  that instant the  
downward tendency prevails4#a ,while the
 manufacturing  system is young--while  
high protecting duties enable employers 
to give  high wages--while a desire to  

conciliate favor to the system keeps    
both  owners and operatives upon their  
best behavior--the favorable moral      
condition ,i have described may         
continue4 ,but the oarsman cannot       
forever  row up the stream2 weariness1  
or confidence1 or incaution1 will1 some 
day1 relax his arm4 ,in process of time1
 these promiscuous assemblages  of      
hundreds and thousands will vindicate   
the justness of the reasoning1  which   
argues the danger of contamination 7a   
sort of spontaneous  combustion7 from so
 close a contact3#b will shew themselves
 rank hot  beds of vice2 and make the   
lover of good morals grieve1 that so    
many  souls should ever have been       
seduced from the healthful air of field1
  and forest1 and rustic fireside1 to   
sicken and die in a tainted1  unnatural 
atmosphere4    ,footnote #a3 ,non aliter
 quam qui adverso vix flumine lembum    
,remigiis subigit2 si brachia fort      
remisit1               ,atque illum in  
prceps prono rapit alveus amni4         

,footnote #b3 ,in ,godwin's ,inquirer1  
are some very just and forcible         
observations on the corrupting effect   
upon youth1 of too close and  numerous  
an association with each other4 ,he     
applies it to large  boarding schools4  
,the enlightened ,president of a ,rhode 
,island  ,university1 on similar grounds
 7as he told me71 does all that he can  
to  discourage students from boarding   
and lodging in ,college4 ,observation   
and experience had shewn him the danger 
of spontaneous combustion1  from the too
 near approach of human passions and    
weaknesses4 ,the same  principle applies
 to the case of ,factory hands3 only1   
here1 are  superadded1 elements which   
incalculably enhance the danger4    ,i  
mentioned ,lectures1 and social         
,libraries4--,these1 and similar        
institutions for diffusing knowledge    
among the multitude1 are among the      
chief glories of ,new ,england4 ,in all 
the cities1 and many of the larger  and 
middling towns 7towns in the ,english   

sense17 there are ,lyceums1  ,young     
,men's ,societies1 ,library ,societies1 
or associations under some  such name1  
for mental exercise and improvement4 ,a 
collection of books  is a usual1 and a  
philosophical apparatus an occasional   
appendage4  ,connectedly with these     
institutions1 or sometimes1             
independently of  them1 ,lectures on    
every variety of subjects that can      
instruct or profit  mankind1 are        
delivered by public spirited            
men--professional and                   
unprofessional--sometimes1 by farmers   
and mechanics themselves4 ,they  are    
gratuitous2 and in a style plain enough 
to be understood by all  classes of     
society1 who flock to hear them4 ,for   
these occasions1 the  first abilities of
 the country have now and then been put 
in  requisition4 ,story1 ,everett1 and  
,webster--alike with the village        
teacher and mechanic2 have contributed  
their quota of ,,mind1 towards the  holy
 cause of ,popular ,instruction4 ,a     

valuable lecture from each of  these2   
from ,mr4 ,everett indeed1 two          
,lectures--are in ,vol4 #a of the       
,american ,library of useful knowledge4 
,the name of this work at once  suggests
 that a similar one1 published by ,mr4  
,brougham and his generous  associates  
in ,great ,britain1 in fortnightly      
pamphlets1 at a rate so  cheap as to be 
within every laborer's reach2 unfolding1
 in a familiar  style1 the useful parts 
of scientific and historical knowledge4 
,to his  share in this work1 ,brougham1 
you remember1 having his hands already  
filled with pressing employments1 was   
obliged to devote hours stolen  from    
needful rest4 ,how magnanimous the      
spirit1 which could prompt  that hardest
 lesson that humility can teach--a      
voluntary descent from  the dignity of  
science1#c to explain the simple        
rudiments of  knowledge to unlettered   
minds6 the spirit1 which could make     
genius and  power drudge in the lowliest
 walks of learning1 to open and smooth  

them  for the ingress of intellectual   
babes and sucklings6 ,when will the     
great of ,virginia deign this           
magnanimous descent8 ,when will our     
,leigh1  our ,tazewell1 our ,barbour1   
our ,rives1 our ,johnson1 our ,stanard1 
our  ,robertson--a generous spirit1 from
 whose devotion to democracy1  something
 might be expected towards fitting his  
countrymen for self  government--when   
will they1 and the host of talents      
besides that  ,virginia possesses1 be   
found striving in this noble race of    
usefulness  with ,brougham1 ,jeffrey1   
,mc,intosh1 ,webster and ,everett8 ,that
  trumpet-call of the ,north ,american  
,review five years ago1 which might     
have roused apathy itself to energetic  
effort in the cause of ,popular         
,education1 and which--whether it       
betokened only1 or strengthened1  the   
beneficent operation of the spirit that 
has so long been diffusing  through the 
,north the blessed light of             
,,mind--doubtless met a response  in    

every ,northern bosom2 that             
trumpet-call1 in ,virginia1 fell upon   
senseless ears4 ,you indeed1 ,i         
remember1 echoed it2 but trumpet-call   
and  echo both1 sounded in ears deaf    
save to the miserable wranglings of     
party1 about the more miserable         
pretensions of opposing candidates3     
and1 at this day1 our people1 and their 
leaders1 are in a slumber as  profound  
on this subject1 as if we had no        
,literary ,fund--no ,primary            
,schools--no youth to educate--no       
country to save from the certain fate   
of popular ignorance4    ,footnote #c3  
,dr4 ,johnson4    ,it is bed time1 and  
,i must forbear saying more at present4 
,yet ,i have  not done with ,new        
,england3 there remain several topics1  
which ,i incline  to touch4 ,so you     
shall hear from me at my next stopping  
place4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,west ,point1 ,n4 ,y41   
,july #bh4    ,on board the ,steam-boat 
this morning1 ,i met ---- ---- and his  

family2  who1 without my knowing it1    
were in ,albany all of yesterday4 ,they 
have  landed here too2 and we expect to 
descend the river together to ,new      
,york city1 to-morrow4 ,he has given me 
a very gratifying account of the        
,temperance reformation in this state4  
,it seems to be triumphant1 beyond  all 
experience in ,virginia1 or even in ,new
 ,england4 ,the means have  been1       
perfectly organized action--great       
diligence of exertion--and  the use of  
the ,,press4 ,the organization consists 
in a regular and  intimate concert1 of  
township societies with county          
societies1 and  of these with the ,state
 society4 ,this powerful machinery has  
been  aided by the active zeal1 and     
generosity1 of individuals1 who have    
profusely lavished time1 and toil1 and  
money1 to advance the goodly  work4 ,and
 by a judicious use of a great modern   
improvement of the  ,press1 a monthly   
paper 7the ,temperance ,recorder7 is    
published1 at the  price of seventeen   

cents per annum3 a copy of which1 or of 
some other  ,temperance newspaper1 it is
 believed1 is received by almost every  
family in the state4 ,measures are      
taking to convey light thus to1         
absolutely1 every family4 ,cannot       
something like this be done in          
,virginia8 ,in ,massachusetts1 ,i       
perceived with regret1 a strong         
disposition to invoke ,legislative      
action in support of the ,temperance    
,society3 to get the making and vending 
of ardent spirits prohibited by  ,law4  
,in ,new ,york1 they disarm opposition  
of so plausible a pretext for           
hostility1 by fixedly determining to    
ask--to accept--no such aid2 but  to    
rely exclusively upon reasoning1 the    
exhibition of facts1 and  the influence 
of example--means1 which have already   
achieved1 what  were seven years ago    
deemed chimras1 and which will doubtless
 be fully  adequate to the consummation 
of this great work4--,but ,i am         
digressing  from my design1 of dwelling 

a little longer on some features of ,new
  ,england4    ,manual ,labor ,schools  
7on the ,fellenberg plan7 have not      
multiplied  there1 or grown in esteem1  
as might have been expected from the    
forwardness of the people in adopting   
every valuable improvement2 and         
particularly1 from the congeniality of  
this one with their own  long-cherished 
custom1 of blending labor with study4   
,possibly1 this  very custom may1 in    
their eyes1 make the improvement        
unnecessary3 since  their youth already 
substantially enjoy its advantages4 ,to 
study in  winter--to work in            
summer--has1 time out of mind1 been the 
routine of  ,new ,england education3    
differing from the ,fellenberg method   
only in  having the alternations        
half-yearly1 instead of                 
half-daily4--,franklin1 the ,trumbulls1 
,sherman1 ,dwight1 ,pickering1          
,webster1 ,burges1 and all the          
illustrious self-made men1 who have     
rendered that otherwise unkindly soil so

 verdant with laurels1 were  nurtured   
strictly in the discipline of manual    
labor schools3 and  perhaps the new     
method would be quite needless1 were not
 the progress  of wealth1 luxury1       
indolence and pride1 now rapidly        
swelling the  numbers of those who1     
urged by no necessity1 and relying upon 
no  exertions of their own for          
distinction1 would never feel the       
salutary  influence of labor1 if not    
sent to schools where it is taught2 and 
were  not the same progress multiplying 
those also1 who never could procure     
instruction1 except by the opportunity  
which this method affords them1  of     
purchasing it by their labor4 ,perhaps  
too1 the ,common ,schools 7in  which    
poor and rich are equally entitled to   
learn7 may tend still more  to render   
the new plan useless2 as to the branches
 of knowledge taught  in them4          
,infant ,schools appear to have sunk a  
good deal in esteem1 among  intelligent 
people in ,new ,england4 ,at ,hartford1 

a lady1 whose name  7were it seemly to  
publish a lady's name7 would give       
commanding weight  to the opinion1 told 
me that they were found hurtful both to 
body and  mind3 ,to body 7and this the  
physicians confirmed7 by overexciting1  
and thus injuring1 the brain and the    
nervous system3 to mind1 by  inducing   
the habit of learning parrot-like1 by   
rote--by sound  merely--without exercise
 of the thinking power4 ,it seems       
agreed1 that  some features of the      
infant school system may advantageously 
be  transferred to ordinary schools3 for
 instance1 the use of tangible and      
visible symbols and illustrations4 ,and 
infant schools themselves are  certainly
 well enough1 for those children who    
would otherwise have to  be left alone1 
or untended1 while their parents are    
abroad or at work4  ,but for young      
children1 where the sternest necessity  
does not forbid1  there is nothing      
comparable to domestic education2 no    
care1 no skill1  no authority1 like     

those of a mother--or of a father4 ,and 
how few  parents there are1 who1 by     
methodical husbandry of time1 and       
reasonable  exertion of intellect1 might
 not find both leisure and ability to   
train  the minds and form the habits of 
their offspring1 for at least the  first
 nine years of life6    ,the            
,common-school system1 as a system1 is  
certainly admirable4 ,but  some minuti  
of its administration may be censured4  
,teachers are  often tasked with too    
many pupils4 ,i saw a young woman of    
twenty1  toiling in the sway of         
fifty-two noisy urchins1 with twenty of 
whom ,i  am quite sure my hands would   
have been over-full3 and it was said to 
be  no unusual case4 ,then1 ,webster's  
spelling book is in frequent use4       
,there are half a dozen better ones4    
,and the barbarous usage1 of making  a  
child go on to spell in five or six     
syllables1 before he is allowed  the    
refreshment of reading--instead of      
teaching him to read as soon as  he can 

spell in three letters1 and then        
carrying on the two processes  together1
 to their mutual acceleration--is still 
kept up1 as in our  old-field           
schools4--,a usage about as worthy of   
this enlightened age1  as the old rule1 
of whipping a boy for miscalling a word1
 or for not  crossing a t4 ,i was glad  
to see ,warren ,colburn's books--his    
,intellectual ,arithmetic               
particularly--in pretty general use4    
,his merit  is1 not so much that he has 
smoothed the road to that               
child-perplexing  branch of knowledge   
7though in that respect he has entitled 
himself to  every child's gratitude71 as
 that he has rendered the study an      
improving exercise to the mind--a       
strengthener and quickener of the       
reasoning faculty2 and has disclosed the
 rationalia of many processes  of       
calculation1 as mysterious before to the
 young mind as so many feats  of        
jugglery4 ,a pervading fault in the     
management of the common-schools1  is a 

false economy2 shewn1 in choosing       
teachers less by their proper           
qualifications1 than by their cheapness4
 ,in ,connecticut1 more  especially1    
this wretched mistake seems to prevail2 
as a curious fact1  told me in          
,providence1 strikingly illustrates4 ,of
 the many who go forth  from the        
,university there1 and from several good
 ,academies in the state  of ,rhode     
,island1 to find employment as teachers 
in the adjoining  states1 few or none1  
it was said1 found it in ,connecticut3  
owing to the  niggardly wages paid      
there4 ,the man for their money1 is he  
who asks  the least4    ,wide           
discretion1 as to the classification of 
the ,common-schools1 and as  to the     
extent of the studies in them1 is given 
to the ,towns4 ,in some1  the people1 or
 their commissioners appointed to       
superintend the  schools1 are content   
with a single grade or tier1 in which   
are taught  merely the necessary sorts  
of knowledge1 from ,arithmetic          

downwards4  ,others classify them1 into 
#ast4 primary schools1 where only       
spelling1  reading1 and writing1 are    
taught3 #bnd4 secondary schools1 for the
  rudiments of ,arithmetic1 ,geography1 
,english ,grammar1 and further  progress
 in reading and writing3 #crd4          
,apprentices' schools1 where the  above 
branches are further taught1 with the   
addition of some ,history1              
,book-keeping1 and ,geometry3 #dth4     
,high schools1 for ,algebra1 ,geometry1 
use of the ,globes1 ,latin1 7and        
sometimes ,greek7 with perhaps the      
elements of ,natural ,philosophy4 ,the  
classification sometimes stops at  the  
third1 sometimes at the second1 tier4   
,there are but few towns1 in  which it  
is carried to the fourth4 ,worcester is 
one of these3 ,boston1  and ,salem1 are 
the only others that ,i heard of4 ,in   
the first and second  grades1 boys and  
girls are schooled together3 in the     
higher grades1  male and female schools1
 are separate4    ,latin and            

,mathematics are coming to be considered
 as a regular part of  female education1
 throughout the ,north4 ,but ,i have not
 ascertained  satisfactorily1 whether it
 is a mere smattering that is taught1 or
 so  thorough a course as may solidly   
improve the memory1 taste1 judgment  and
 reasoning powers4 ,in relation to women
 even more emphatically than  to men1   
7it seems generally agreed7 these       
studies are less to be  prized1 for any 
specific pieces of knowledge they       
furnish1 than for the  activity1        
strength1 acuteness and polish1 they    
give to the various  powers of the      
understanding4 ,the ,yankees are too    
shrewd1 and too  habitually observant of
 practical utility1 not to perceive this
 truth1  and act accordingly4    ,the   
voyage hither from ,albany abounds with 
captivating spectacles4 ,for  the first 
fifty miles1 these consisted chiefly of 
waving hills1  interspersed with modest 
but handsome country seats half-veiled  
by  trees2--and of villages and         

landings1 where1 at intervals of four or
  five miles1 our immense floating      
,hotel would halt to take in and land   
passengers--if halt it could be called1 
when her motion was not  actually       
suspended1 but only slackened1 while by 
her boat1 she  rapidly communicated with
 the shore4 ,the ,catskill ,mountains   
were in  sight2 and we were nearly      
entering the ,highlands1 so celebrated  
in the  journal of every tourist1 from  
,dolph ,heyliger downwards1 for their   
almost matchless combination of beauty  
and sublimity2 when the lean  orderer of
 all things1 for reasons best known to  
himself and his  employers1 contrived to
 coop us all under hatches at dinner4 ,a
 slender  appetite1 and a surmise that  
there would be something worth seeing1  
carried me on deck before the rest were 
half done eating2 when  mountains1      
hemming in the majestic ,hudson to a    
width of not more than  five or six     
hundred yards1 broke at once upon my    
view4 ,they rise1 from  the water's very

 edge1 within twenty or thirty degrees  
of the  perpendicular1 to a height of   
fourteen or fifteen hundred feet2 their 
sides and summits undulating with       
various prominences and depressions1    
occupied by dark brown rocks1           
intermingled with scanty shadings of    
evergreens1 stunted bushes1 and shrubs4 
,after sailing three or four  miles     
between these awful embankments1 we     
reach ,west ,point4 ,here are  quite too
 many pleasing objects1 for enumeration2
 a skilful book-wright  could make a    
volume of them4 ',kosciusko's ,garden'  
is a romantic  sinus1 or recess1 in the 
precipice which forms the eastern face1 
7upon the river7 of the table land      
called ,west ,point4 ,hither1 it is     
said1 that hero used daily to retire for
 meditation and repose2 and a  shelf in 
the rock is shewn1 as the couch where he
 often reclined4 ,nay1  within a few    
inches of where his head probably used  
to lie1 an  indentation in the rock is  
pointed out1 said to have been made by a

  cannon ball1 fired at him from a      
,british man of war that lay in the     
river3 but this story wants             
confirmation4 ,you descend by a flight  
of  stone steps to the ,garden1 which is
 only ten or fifteen feet above  the    
river4 ,it is furnished with wooden     
seats2 and with a neat fountain  of     
whitish marble1 in which bubbles up a   
bold vein of water4    ,on the          
north-eastern angle of the ,point1      
around which the river  somewhat        
abruptly sweeps1 is a handsome monument1
 erected by the ,cadets  some years ago1
 to the same hero4 ,it is a plain marble
 column1 about  fifteen or eighteen feet
 high2 with no inscription save the     
single word  ,,kosciusko4 ,this simple  
memorial is1 in moral sublimity1        
scarcely  inferior to that conception1  
one of the noblest of its kind in the   
whole compass of poetry--      ,we      
carved not a line1 we raised not a      
stone1     ,but we left him alone with  
his glory4    ,there are few names which

 can justly be relied upon1 thus to     
speak the  epitaphs of those who bore   
them4 ,among those few1 doubtless1 is   
the  name of ,,kosciusko4 ,history1 and 
the halo thrown around that name by     
,campbell1 will ensure it a place among 
the household words of ,poland  and     
,america1 and of every people who shall 
speak the language or  breathe the      
spirit of either4      ,hope1 for a     
season1 bade the world farewell1        
,and ,freedom shrieked1 as ,,kosciusko  
fell6    ,to be mentioned thus1 and so  
deservedly--is to be embalmed in ,light1
  and set conspicuously on high in the  
,temple of ,fame4    ,a similar         
inscription is upon the tomb of         
,spurzheim1 in the cemetery  of ,mount  
,auburn1 near ,boston4 ,to me1 this     
seems to be taking too high a  ground   
for him3 though you1 who are a          
phrenologist confirmed1 may not  think  
so4 ,possibly1 you are right4           
,contemporary celebrity is no measure   
of posthumous fame4 ,,paradise ,,lost   

was almost unknown till near half a     
century after its author's death3 and he
 was contemptuously designated  as ,one 
,milton1 by a man then conspicuous1 but 
whose very name  7,whitelocke7 it has at
 this moment actually cost me an effort 
to  recollect4 ,so1 possibly1           
,spurzheim's renown may freshen with    
time2 and  a discerning posterity1      
honoring him above ,napoleon1 and even  
above  ,kosciusko1 may apply the just   
saying of a great--that is a            
voluminous--poet3                       
,the warrior's name1    ,though pealed  
and chimed on all the tongues of ,fame1 
,with far less rapture fills the        
generous mind1    ,than his1 who        
fashions and improves mankind4    ,good 
night4            ,for the ,southern    
,literary ,messenger4    ,,extracts     
,,from ,,my ,,mexican ,,journal4        
,,city ,,of ,,mexico--,,chapoltepec4    
,may #be1 #ahbe4--,this morning we made 
our entree into the city of ,mexico4    
,passing through the little villages of 

,istapalapa and ,mexicalsingo1  we rode 
for several miles over a paved          
causeway--calzada--lined with  the      
schinus1#a aspins1 and a species of     
willow very much resembling  the        
lombardy poplar--in sight of the        
numerous towers and domes which  rise   
above the scarcely visible flat-roofed  
houses of the city4 ,the  approach to   
it1 but for this and other fine avenues1
 would be perfectly  tame1 as its       
situation is a level1 whose elevation   
above the plain  which surrounds it is  
quite imperceptible4 ,from the          
gate--garita--we  turned into the ,paseo
 de las ,vigas1 a beautiful promenade on
 the bank  of the canal1 which leads    
from ,chalco1 through the eastern       
portion of  the city1 into the lake of  
,tescuco4 ,we were here joined by the   
few  ,american residents of ,mexico1 and
 accompanied by them1 soon entered its  
streets1 which in the suburbs are       
exceedingly filthy1 but as we  advanced1
 they were clean1 well paved1 but not   

wide1 with good yet  narrow sidewalks of
 broad flags of porphyry4 ,my first     
feeling was  disappointment--not so much
 with the city1 as with the crowds of   
wretched ill-dressed people1 of beggars1
 and poor half-naked ,indians1  bending 
under heavy burdens4 ,there are no carts
 or drays for the  transportation of    
goods1 which are carried upon the backs 
of these poor  creatures1 who are       
enabled to carry a load of three hundred
 pounds1 by  means of a leather band or 
strap1 the cargador leaning forward at  
an  angle of about #de1 the burden      
resting on the back1 supported by this  
strap4 ,with so heavy a load they travel
 great distances1 moving in a  brisk    
walk or trot4    ,footnote #a3 ,the     
,schinus or ,arbol de ,peru is a        
beautiful tree1  somewhat resembling a  
willow2 it is odorous1 and bears in     
bunches a  small red berry1 which is    
almost as pungent as black pepper1 as a 
substitute for which it is used by the  
poorer people4    ,the houses of        

,mexico1 some of which are very spacious
 and magnificent1  are constructed      
generally of a light volcanic production
 called  tetzontli1 in some instances   
cut smooth and square1 but more         
frequently rough1 when the walls are    
plastered with lime and painted4  ,the  
handsomest are built of light gray      
porphyry4 ,they are mostly of two       
stories1 some of three1 with axoteas or 
flat roofs4 ,they have all  open        
squares4 ,a gate1 large enough for      
carriages to pass through1 leads  from  
the street into the patio1 or court     
yard4 ,the basement upon the  street is 
occupied commonly as a store or shop1   
and in the rear are the  stables4       
,across the patio1 fronting the gate1 is
 the staircase1 which  leads to the     
corridors1 or interior porticoes1 which 
surround the  area1 and are ornamented  
with flowers4 ,from the corridors1 the  
doors  open into the various rooms1     
which communicate with each other around
  the whole area1 in instances where the

 house is so large as to occupy  the    
four sides4 ,it is an airy style of     
building1 the windows being  large1     
level with the brick floor1 opening like
 double doors1 and is  well adapted to  
the delightful climate of ,mexico4 ,the 
most serious evil  is the want of       
privacy to the chambers4 ,each window   
has its balcony4    ,the streets of     
,mexico run nearly from north to south1 
and from east to  west1 crossing at     
right angles4 ,the greatest longitudinal
 length is  about two miles--the        
latitudinal about a mile and three      
quarters2#b  but as the figure of the   
city is unequal1 these lengths are far  
from  uniform4 ,in either direction the 
view is terminated by the mountains     
which bound the plain of ,mexico4 ,in   
the central and most frequented  parts  
of the city1 the streets are well paved 
and are kept clean2 but  apart from     
these1 they are amazingly dirty--the    
drains passing through  the centre being
 open1 offensive both to the sight and  

to the smell4    ,footnote #b3 ,this    
measure does not mean the distance of   
the opposite  garitas or custom-house   
gates from each other1 which is         
considerably  greater--but comprises the
 compactly built part of the city1 not  
comprehending the scattered houses in   
the outskirts4    ,the ,plaza ,mayor is 
the principal open square in the centre 
of the  city4 ,on the northern side of  
it is the cathedral2 the government     
house1 formerly the vice regal palace1  
occupies its eastern side2 on  the      
southern and western sides are the      
,cabildo1 7town-hall17 and  colonnades  
or portales1 within which are the       
principal stores1 and  where varieties  
of goods and trinkets1 lottery tickets  
and shilling  pamphlets1 are sold4 ,in  
the southeastern portion of this square 
stood  the magnificent equestrian statue
 of ,charles ,,iv1 raised on a fine     
pedestal1 and surrounded by a handsome  
iron railing4 ,it has been  removed     
lately to the patio or court of the     

university1 where it  remains to be     
admired for its admirable workmanship in
 bronze1 although  it is seen to        
disadvantage in a compass too confined  
for it4 ,in the  southwestern part of   
this plaza stands a collection of       
stores1 a sort  of bazaar1 called the   
,parian1 which disfigures it extremely2 
but as  the city derives a large revenue
 from the rent1 there is little         
prospect of the levelling system being  
extended to this little town of  shops4 
,the cathedral is a splendid edifice1   
with a front of three hundred and  fifty
 feet1 upon the plaza4 ,it stands upon  
the same spot which the  famous ,aztec  
,temple of ,huitzilopochtli occupied4   
,the eastern part of  the front1 built  
of red tetzontli1 is a curious gothic1  
bearing a  more antique appearance than 
the other portion1 which last1 indeed1  
is  the front to the body of the        
edifice4 ,this is built of gray         
porphyry1  ornamented with pilasters and
 statues1 and surmounted by two handsome

  towers4 ,the interior is very rich and
 magnificent2 the dome is lofty  and    
supported by large stone columns4 ,the  
grandeur of the whole is  diminished    
greatly by the choir1 which occupies a  
large portion of the  nave1 and is      
connected with the chief altar by a     
railing of bronze1  surmounted by silver
 figures supporting branches for        
candles4 ,a superb  chandelier of silver
 is suspended nearly under the great    
dome in front  of the grand altar1 which
 is richly ornamented with gold and     
silver4  ,the tout ensemble has an      
imposing effect2 and at night1 when     
illuminated1 with the music of a full   
choir1 instrumental and vocal1  the     
impressions it makes are irresistibly   
strong4 ,the depth of the  whole edifice
 is about four hundred and fifty feet4#c
    ,footnote #c3 ,the entire length of 
the interior of the cathedral is #cgc   
feet--its width #agi feet4 ,those in the
 journal are the external  dimensions4  
,the structure was begun in #aegc1 and  

cost #a1geb1jjj4 ,it  was dedicated in  
#affg4 ,the grand altar bears a later   
date1 and was  dedicated in #agdc4      
,in the southwestern corner of the      
cathedral1 inlaid in the exterior  wall1
 is the celebrated calendar stone of the
 ancient ,mexicans4 ,it is a  huge mass 
of gray porphyry1 having a circular face
 seven feet in  diameter1 on which the  
figures that represent the months are   
sculptured  in relief4 ,in the centre is
 a head1 from the mouth of which water  
seems  to flow--surrounded by two       
circles1 a large and a small one--the   
latter  divided into twenty parts1 with 
hieroglyphics which designate the       
twenty months of eighteen days each1    
into which the ,mexican year was        
divided4 ,the remainder of the face is  
ornamented with figures in  relief4     
,the ,palace1 filling the eastern side  
of the ,plaza1 occupies a  square of six
 hundred and sixty feet by six hundred1 
within which space  are comprised the   
residence of the president1 the offices 

of the  different departments of the    
government1 the senate chamber and that 
of  the deputies1 the mint1 prison1     
botanic garden1 and the barracks of a   
regiment of infantry4 ,on this spot     
,cortes fixed his residence after the   
capture of the city2 but he exchanged it
 subsequently for the site of           
,montezuma's palace1 on which now stands
 the ,casa de ,estado1 the  family      
mansion of the conqueror4 ,this classic 
ground is to the west of  the cathedral1
 fronting it2 and the space1 believed to
 have embraced  the residence of the    
,mexican kings1 is a square of about six
 hundred  feet4 ,on the northern side of
 this square passes the street running  
west1 ,calle de ,tacuba1 by which       
,cortes retreated on the memorable      
noche triste 7unfortunate night7 when he
 was driven from  ,tenochtitlan1 or     
,tenictitan1 as ,cortes writes the name 
of the  ancient city4    ,the botanic   
garden occupies an inner patio1 or court
 of the palace1  and is altogether      

unworthy of the celebrity which it has  
obtained in  foreign countries4 ,it is  
confined and crowded4 ,collections of   
seeds  sold by the superintendent at    
high prices1 have1 to the great chagrin 
of foreigners1 been found invariably to 
comprise the most ordinary  plants1 when
 the most rare and valuable were        
promised to the  purchasers4 ,an        
additional garden has been laid out     
recently at  ,chapoltepec4 ,there are   
two tall trees of the ,manitas1 in the  
botanic garden--all1 with the exception 
of one at ,toluca1 that are  said to be 
growing in the republic4 ,the ,professor
 of ,botany1 ,don  ,vicente ,cervantes1 
informed me that it is a common tree in 
,guatemala4  ,the flower is exceedingly 
beautiful1 of a bright scarlet color2   
its  supposed resemblance to a hand1    
gives the name to the trees1 ,arbol de  
las ,manitas--but it is far more like a 
bird's claws4           99       99     
99       99       99    ,less than a    
league from the city to the west1 is the

 porphyritic rock  of ,chapoltepec1#d   
which rises one hundred and sixty feet  
above the  plain4 ,on its summit is a   
palace or castle built by the ,viceroy  
,galvez1  but never finished4 ,towards  
the city it bears the appearance of a   
fortress1 and the work is so constructed
 as to withstand a siege4 ,the  founder1
 no doubt1 had it in view in its        
construction1 as the resort of  the     
,viceroy in case of insurrection among  
the people1 of which there  had been    
several instances4 ,the view of the city
 and plain of ,mexico  from this spot1  
is remarkably beautiful4 ,baron         
,humboldt1 whose  enthusiasm sometimes  
led him to extravagance1 thus eloquently
 describes  it3#e ,nothing can be more  
rich and varied than the picture which  
the  valley presents1 when1 on a fine   
summer's morning1 the heaven being      
cloudless and of that deep blue which is
 peculiar to the dry and  rarified air  
of high mountains1 we ascend one of the 
towers of the  ,cathedral of ,mexico1 or

 the hill of ,chapoltepec4 ,a beautiful 
vegetation surrounds this hill4 ,the    
ancient trunks of cypress1 of more  than
 fifteen or sixteen metres#f in         
circumference1 divested of  foliage1    
rise above those of the schinus1 which1 
in figure1 resemble  the weeping willows
 of the east4 ,in the depth of this     
solitude1 from  the top of the          
porphyritic rock of ,chapoltepec1 the   
eye overlooks a  vast plain with well   
cultivated fields1 which extend even to 
the foot  of the colossal mountains1    
covered with perpetual ice4 ,the city   
seems  washed by the waters of the lake 
of ,tescuco1 whose basin1 surrounded  by
 villages and hamlets1 reminds one of   
the most beautiful lakes of the         
mountains of ,switzerland4 ,long avenues
 of elms and poplars lead on all  sides 
to the capital4 ,two aqueducts1         
constructed upon lofty arches1  cross   
the plain1 and present an aspect both   
agreeable and interesting4  ,to the     
north is seen the magnificent convent of

 ,our ,lady of  ,guadalupe1 with the    
mountains of ,tepexacac behind it1 among
 ravines  which furnish shelter to dates
 and tufted yuccas4 ,to the south1 the  
whole country between ,san ,angel1      
,tacubaya1 and ,san ,agustin de las     
,cuevas1 appears an immense garden of   
oranges1 peaches1 apples1  cherries1 and
 other ,european fruit trees4 ,the      
beautiful cultivation is  contrasted    
with the savage aspect of the bald      
mountains which enclose  the valley1 and
 among which are distinguished the      
famous volcanoes of  ,puebla1 the       
,popocatepetl1 and ,iztaccihuatl4 ,the  
first forms an  enormous cone1 whose    
crater1 constantly inflamed1 throwing   
out smoke  and ashes1 opens in the midst
 of eternal snows4    ,footnote #d3     
,chapoltepec signifies the mountain of  
grasshoppers2 from  ,chapolin1 a        
grasshopper1 and tepetl1 mountain4      
,footnote #e3 ,vol4 #b1 ,book #c1 c4 #h4
    ,footnote #f3 ,about fifty ,english 
feet4    ,a less enthusiastic spectator 

would subtract many of its beauties from
  this glowing description1 and still   
could not fail to admire--to admire     
much and long1 the prospect from        
,chapoltepec4 ,he would see a fine      
city1 with its sixty domes and twice as 
many towers1 but the lake of  ,tescuco  
is too distant and indistinct to seem to
 wash it with its  waters--and he would 
look in vain for the villages and       
hamlets that  surround it4 ,the fruit   
trees of ,tacubaya1 ,san ,angel and     
,agustin  exist1 but unfortunately are  
not seen4 ,these villages are situated  
on  the southwestern border of the      
plain1 and abound in orchards1 but these
  are shut from view by high stone      
walls4 ,with like disappointment he     
would look towards the smoking volcano  
of ,puebla2 the  ,popocatepetl does     
indeed smoke1 but the smoke is          
indiscernible except  from the mouth of 
the crater itself--nor has it been known
 to throw out  ashes since #affe1 when  
it continued to discharge for four days4

 ,in  other respects the preceding      
description is not too highly wrought4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,about a mile from ,chapoltepec is      
situated the little village of          
,tacubaya1 celebrated for its mills1 but
 chiefly for the palace and  garden of  
the ,archbishop of ,mexico4 ,from this  
palace1 which stands upon  a commanding 
point above the village1 the view is as 
extensive1 and  perhaps even more       
beautiful than that from ,chapoltepec1  
inasmuch as  this last is comprehended  
in it4 ,the garden is laid out prettily1
 and  contains some fine plants and     
fruits1 but is very much neglected4 ,a  
large orchard of olive trees adjoins it1
 which yield plentifully2 but  the      
olives1 which may not be so well cured1 
are not as good as those  imported from 
,spain4 ,the cultivation of olive trees 
was forbidden under  the ,spanish       
government1 lest it might interfere with
 the monopoly of  the mother country1   
which exported in #ahjc1 olives to the  

value of  thirty thousand dollars4#g    
,footnote #g3 ,humboldt1 vol4 #d1 p4    
#cgd-efd4          ,in two subjoined    
articles1 extracted from the ,american  
,annals of  ,education1 a very useful   
periodical1 published in ,boston1--are  
the  same which are referred to by an   
intelligent correspondent in the last   
number of the ,messenger4 7,see page    
#bje47 ,they are well worth the         
reader's attention4    ,,heinroth ,,on  
,,the ,,education ,,of ,,infancy4       
7,translated from the ,german47      ,we
 have often put the question to parents1
 at what period of infancy  moral       
discipline should begin1 and we have    
heard various ages assigned1  from six  
months to a year4 ,but in watching the  
management of early  infancy1 in        
observing one child incessantly fed and 
dandled1 and yet  incessantly fretful1  
in seeing another burst into distressing
 outcries1  if its wants were not       
gratified at the instant1 in remarking  
how  another would submit1 with         

comparative quiet1 to be laid down when 
it  desired to move1 and suppress its   
cries when its gratification was        
delayed1--above all1 in seeing how the  
infant of poverty1 or of savage  life1  
submits to be left unnoticed and        
unattended1 while its mother  toils the 
livelong day for a subsistence1 and can 
only snatch a few  moments of repose to 
feed and fondle her nursling1 we could  
not but  ask1 whether the first want and
 the first gratification do not in  fact
 commence the course of moral           
discipline4 ,is not the question  often1
 if not always1 settled in early        
infancy1 whether the appetites  and     
passions shall be established with      
uncontrollable despotism before  the    
dawn of reason1 or whether they shall be
 kept in their appropriate  and         
subordinate place1 until reason assumes 
the throne8 ,on points like  this1 we   
are anxious to present the results of   
wider experience and  deeper research   
than our own2 and we have been gratified

 to find in a  work of ,heinroth1       
,professor of ,medicine in the          
,university of ,leipzig1  opinions      
expressed which entirely accord with    
those which observation  and reflection 
have led us to form4 ,we present our    
readers with a  translation of the      
passage1 and earnestly recommend it to  
the attention  of mothers especially1 as
 containing the results derived from    
extensive  experience1 by a man whose   
medical knowledge1 and whose reputation 
as a  writer on education1 give his     
opinion high authority4    ,when a child
 enters the world1 its education is     
commenced by its  physical              
treatment1--by the manner in which its  
bodily wants are  provided for4 ,as it  
is the offspring of love1 so it should  
be cherished  in the arms of love1 from 
the first moments of its life4 ,we take 
it for  granted that it is blessed with 
a healthful1 virtuous1 and affectionate 
mother4 ,she is the angel who is to     
watch over that frail existence1 and    

guard it from accident2 she should      
suffer nothing in the elements of       
nature1 nor surrounding circumstances1  
neither cold air1 dazzling  light1      
excessive heat1 or oppressive clothing1 
to excite the child to  pain4 ,even its 
first nourishment should not be given   
till the want  begins1 lest injurious   
excitement be the consequence2 and it   
should not  be given more freely1 or    
more frequently than this want          
absolutely  requires4    ,the first day 
of the infant's life must be greeted    
with order and  temperance2 and both    
must preside over its whole future      
management4  ,as one sense after another
 developes itself1 each should be       
supplied  with agreeable objects2 for   
cheerful circumstances produce cheerful 
dispositions4 ,no obstacle should be    
allowed to the free play of all the     
limbs and muscles--nothing which will   
hinder the development of life  and     
strength--and no undue pains must be    
taken to excite even these2  let them   

advance quietly and naturally4    ,the  
look and voice of the mother's love     
should be the first food of  the infant 
soul4 ,life itself is joy2 let joy      
cherish the germs of life4  ,the sight  
and the touch soon find appropriate     
objects2 but even now  must the spirit  
of education watch over the child4 ,it  
must not grasp  all in its reach2 it    
must not touch the flame1 or the knife1 
or in  short1 any thing injurious to it4
 ,as soon as it learns to hear1 it      
learns to listen to its mother's voice1 
that is1 to obey4 ,the ear  gradually   
becomes the spiritual leading-string of 
the growing man4 ,the  child cannot see 
and touch1 without desiring1 and does   
not desire1  without exercising the     
will4 ,his first will is self-will1 and 
it  soon takes root and strengthens1 if 
the will of the mother does not         
promptly meet1 and gently1 but firmly   
check it4    ,here then1 education must 
begin1--with the first want1 and its    
supply4  ,it begins1 therefore1         

immediately1 with the physical treatment
 of the  child1 for its first wants are 
only physical4 ,every mode of treating  
an  infant is wrong which does not      
satisfy its wants in the right way1 and 
peculiarly wrong is every unseasonable  
or excessive supply4 ,the first  wants  
of infancy are food1 warmth1 air1 motion
 and sleep4 ,a greater  number of       
children suffer from an excess of these 
comforts1 than from  too scanty a       
portion of them4 ,it is true1 bad       
nourishment1 confined  air1 want of     
cleanliness and of free exercise1 and   
unquiet sleep  arising from these       
causes1 destroy many children who are   
left to the  care of hireling nurses4   
,but on the other hand1 a greater number
 suffer  from the peculiar care of an   
over-anxious mother1 from superfluous   
nourishment1 and excessive wrapping1    
from guarding against all those         
influences of air1 deemed pernicious1   
from artificial motion1 and from  the   
sleep thus artificially produced and    

maintained4 ,in this way1 many  of the  
most favored nurslings leave the world  
when they have scarcely  entered it4 ,it
 is not however with the dead1 but with 
the living that  we have to do4 ,few    
mothers will allow themselves to be     
charged with too  little care or        
indulgence2 and even experienced nurses 
avoid it from  prejudice and            
disposition4 ,let us then examine the   
errors in physical  treatment1 arising  
from excess1 and particularly from      
excess in food4    ,it is a most        
pernicious custom to stop every cry of a
 child with food1  whether it is done   
from the idea that it needs so frequent 
nourishment1  or to make it quiet4      
,inquire why the infant cries1 and      
remove the  cause1 if it can be         
discovered4 ,it will be more rarely the 
want of  food1 in proportion as it has  
been accustomed to regularity4 ,if the  
child is irregularly fed1 it acquires   
bad habits1 it departs from  order1     
7',heaven's first law1'7 whose first    

principles should be  implanted in man  
while instinct still governs him4 ,but  
the infant who  is thus accustomed to   
excess1 soon becomes inordinate in its  
demands1  and ,,temperance and ,,order1 
the great pillars of life1 are both     
overthrown4 ,it will become greedy when 
it is unseasonably fed1 even  with      
simple food1 and the evil becomes still 
greater when it is  pampered with       
delicacies4 ,an artificial necessity is 
produced for  continual gratification of
 the palate1 so that it will often not  
be  pacified without having something   
pleasant to the taste constantly in  its
 mouth2 and upon this1 the whole        
enjoyment of its young life  depends4   
,the sense of taste checks the progress 
of every noble sense2  the child        
concentrates its whole thoughts on the  
enjoyment of this  single appetite4 ,in 
this way1 it is prepared to become1 not 
only an  epicurean1 but a sensualist2   
and the obvious evils of overloading the
  stomach and producing disease are not 

the only evils arising from this        
treatment4 ,the moral character is also 
injured before it is fairly  developed4 
,the child thus miseducated1 becomes    
obstinate and  self-willed4 ,if its     
demands are not satisfied1 7and its     
cries are  demands17 it will soon learn 
to fret itself1 almost into childish    
insanity4 ,see now the seeds of moral   
corruption implanted in the  physical   
soil1 whose roots strike deeper in      
proportion as they are sown  earlier6   
,whence is it that we so frequently see 
this pernicious physical  treatment1 and
 its natural fruits8 ,why do we see so  
many over-fed1  gormandizing1           
ill-humored1 selfish and self-willed    
children8 ,the  combined power of three 
great causes are at work3 maternal love1
  vanity and ignorance4 ,we may venture 
to say1 every mother in her  senses     
loves her child more than she loves     
herself4 ,how can she then  refuse to   
give him any thing6 ,food is the most   
obvious comfort1 the  greatest pleasure 

he enjoys1 and she gives it freely4 ,she
 wishes her  child to thrive1 to become 
strong1 vigorous and fleshy4 ,and now   
vanity comes in play4 ,every mother is  
vain of her child1 and would  fain have 
it the finest1 and for this purpose also
 it is excessively  fed4 ,yet this does 
not happen without the third            
cause1--ignorance4  ,ignorance does not 
perceive that the thriving of the child 
depends upon  the quantity which it     
digests1 rather than upon the quantity  
it  swallows1 and overlooks the great   
medium1 which it does not understand1   
the organs of nourishment1 whose office 
it is to prepare nourishment  for the   
body from the food which enters the     
stomach4 ,only so much food  as the     
child really digests does it any good2  
what remains undigested  is a source of 
evil4    ,as these bad habits began with
 blind and injudicious affection1 so    
they end with the same4 ,how can one who
 loves a child so much1 give it  pain6  
,when the necessary consequences of this

 treatment appear1 and the  child       
becomes ill-humored1 selfish and        
self-willed1 and beginning very  early1 
to worry its mother2 this blind and weak
 love1 incapable of  resistance1 pleads1
 ',the poor child cannot understand yet4
 ,the  understanding is not developed   
the first year4 ,let it grow older1 and 
then ,i will educate it4' ,in the       
meantime1 before the understanding is   
developed1 the child is miseducated and 
spoiled4 ,the first use it  makes of the
 understanding1 is in tormenting the    
mother2 and it soon  becomes a little   
tyrant4 ,there are too many mothers of  
this sort1 who  are slaves to their     
children4 ,they reap only what they have
 sown4           99       99       99   
99       99    ,,effects ,,of ,,maternal
 ,,indulgence4      ,we have expressed  
more than once the pleasure we felt on  
finding the  subject of education occupy
 so much more attention of late in other
  periodicals1 c41 and have given       
several extracts4 ,we add another       

striking article from the ,albany       
,journal and ,telegraph4    ',messrs4   
,editors1--,of the solemn character of  
the duties devolving upon  mothers1 all 
writers agree to express the same       
sentiment4 ,where these  duties are     
neglected1 where a mother's fondness    
controls all without  judgment and      
intelligence1 the most unhappy          
consequences follow4 ,i do  not know    
where these have been drawn out in a    
more vivid and awful  picture than in   
the late work1 entitled ,guy ,rivers4   
,it does not fall  within your line to  
have to do with such works1 yet ,i trust
 you will  allow me to furnish an       
extract which does fall in with the     
practical  object of your paper4 ,guy is
 a highwayman--a murderer--a cold       
blooded  murderer--an outlaw--of most   
violent1 headlong passions1 which pause 
at  nothing where their gratification is
 concerned1 and yet he is a man of      
great shrewdness and of superior natural
 intellect4 ,at the point where  the    

extract is made1 this man's course is   
approaching its catastrophe4  ,in his   
den he sees its approach1 and his mind  
is occupied with bitter  reflection4    
,with his ,lieutenant this is his       
conversation2 and when ,i  think of what
 ,i have known of maternal weakness1 ,i 
shudder to think how  near to the life  
the picture may be4    ',i do you wrong1
 ,dillon--but on this subject ,i will   
have no one speak4  ,i cannot be the man
 you would have me2 ,i have been        
schooled otherwise4  ,my mother has     
taught me a different lesson1--her      
teachings have doomed  me1 and these    
enjoyments are now all beyond my hopes4 
',your mother6 was the response of      
,dillon1 in unaffected astonishment4    
',ay1 man--my mother4 ,is there any     
thing wonderful in that8 ,she taught  me
 this lesson with her milk--she sung it 
in lullabies over my  cradle--she gave  
it me in the plaything of my            
boyhood--her schoolings  have made me   
the morbid1 the fierce criminal1 from   

whose association  all the gentler      
virtues must always desire to fly4 ,if1 
in the doom1  which may finish my life  
of doom1 ,i have any person to accuse of
 all1  that person is--my mother6       
',is this possible8 ,is it true8 ,it is 
strange1 very strange4    ',it is not   
strange--we see it every day--in almost 
every family4 ,she  did not tell me to  
lie--or to swindle1 or to stab4 ,no6 ,oh
 no6 she  would have told me that all   
these things were bad--but she taught me
  to perform them all4 ,she roused my   
passions and not my principles  into    
activity4 ,she provoked the one and     
suppressed the other4 ,did my  father   
reprove my improprieties1 she petted me 
and denounced him4 ,she  crossed his    
better purposes and defeated all his    
designs1 until at  last1 she made my    
passions too strong for my government1  
not less than  hers2 and left me1       
knowing the true1 yet the victim of the 
false4 ,what  is more1--while my        
intellect1 in its calmer hours1 taught  

me that  virtue was the only source of  
true felicity1 my ungovernable passions 
set the otherwise sovereign reason at   
defiance1 and trampled it under  foot4  
,yes--in that last hour of eternal      
retribution1 if called upon to  denounce
 or to accuse1 ,i can point but to one  
as the author of all--the  weakly1 fond1
 misjudging1 misguiding woman1 who gave 
me birth4 ,within  the last hour1 ,i    
have been thinking over all these       
things4 ,i have been  thinking how ,i   
had been cursed in childhood1 by one who
 surely loved me  beyond all other      
things beside4 ,i can remember how      
sedulously she  encouraged and prompted 
my infant passions1 uncontrolled by her 
reason1  and since utterly              
unrestrainable by my own4 ,how she      
stimulated me to  artifices1 and set me 
the example herself1 by frequently      
deceiving my  father and teaching me to 
disobey and deceive him4 ,she told me   
not to  lie1 and she lied all day to    
him1 on my account1 and to screen me    

from  his anger4 ,she taught me the     
catechism to say on ,sunday1 while      
during  the week1 she schooled me in    
almost every possible form of ingenuity 
to  violate all its precepts4    ',she  
bribed me to do my duty1 and hence my   
duty could only be done  under the      
stimulating promise of a reward4 ,she   
taught me that ,god was  superior to    
all1 and that he required obedience to  
certain laws1 yet as  she hourly        
violated those laws herself in my       
behalf1 ,i was taught to  regard myself 
as far superior to him4 ,had she not    
done all this1 ,i had  not been here and
 thus3 ,i had been what ,i now dare not 
think on4 ,it is  all her work4 ,the    
greatest enemy my life has ever known   
has been my own  mother4    ',this is a 
horrible thought1 captain1 yet ,i cannot
 but think it true4    ',it is true4 ,i 
have analyzed my own history1 and the   
causes of my  character and fortunes    
now1 and ,i charge it all upon her4     
,from one  influence ,i have traced     

another1 until ,i have the sweeping     
amount of  twenty years of crime and    
sorrow and a life of hate1 and probably 
a  death of ignominy1 all owing to the  
first ten years of my infant  education1
 when the only teacher that ,i knew was 
the woman that gave me  birth4'    ,this
 is a fictitious tale indeed1 but it is 
sadly true to nature4 ,we  have seen the
 victim of indulgence trained by the    
mere neglect of  restraint to a violence
 of passion which reviled and abused the
 mother  that bore him4 ,we have known  
the abandoned son turn with doubled fist
  and furious gestures to his mother1   
and tell her1--,you have trained  me to 
all this4 ,we have known those who      
escaped this dreadful fate1  mourn      
through life1 the mental suffering1 or  
the bodily debility1 which  the mistaken
 indulgence of a mother's love had      
entailed upon them4 ,and  if the man    
could always look back with the skill of
 ,heinroth to his  early childhood1 even
 when no gross neglect of discipline was

 to be  discovered1 would he not accuse 
her early and excessive indulgence of   
his dawning appetites and craving       
desires as the source of that  violence 
of passion--that obstinacy1 which cost  
him so much painful  discipline in      
youth1 and perhaps still poison the     
peace of his manhood8  ,is there no     
argument1 no appeal which can reach the 
heart of those  mothers1 who are        
sacrificing the future peace and        
character and hopes  of their children1 
to the mere pleasure of gratifying them 
for the  moment8            ,for the    
,southern ,literary ,messenger4    ,,an 
,,address ,,on ,,the ,,subject ,,of     
,,literary ,,associations ,,to ,,promote
  ,,education4    ,delivered before the 
,institute of ,education of ,hampden    
,sidney ,college1  at their last        
commencement1 by ,,james ,m4 ,,garnett4 
,gentlemen ,members      of the         
,institute of ,education3    ,in        
compliance with the invitation with     
which your committee honored me  some   

months ago1 and for which ,i desire here
 publicly to make my  acknowledgments2  
,i now present myself to address you on 
the subject of  literary associations   
for the promotion of education4    ,thus
 called upon for a purpose so           
philanthropic1 a cause so truly         
glorious1 and one moreover of such vital
 importance to our whole  community1 ,i 
could not hesitate to comply1 however   
apprehensive ,i might  feel of not being
 able to do full justice to the subject4
 ,i came to  this determination the more
 readily1 from the confident belief that
 the  invitation would never have been  
given1 had not the gentlemen members  of
 your committee as well as those for    
whom they acted1 been prepared  to      
extend towards my deficiencies every    
indulgence which they might  require4   
,this brief explanation of the          
circumstances which brought me  here1   
and of my own feelings on this highly   
interesting occasion1 seems  due not    
only to myself1 but to the very         

respectable assembly in whose  presence 
,i now appear4 ,let me endeavor now to  
fulfil the duty1 which ,i  have         
undertaken to perform4    ,literary     
associations for the promotion of       
education1 unquestionably  transcend in 
importance all other voluntary          
combinations of human  beings that      
either do or can be imagined to exist   
for other  purposes than mental culture1
 as far as the intellectual and moral   
powers of man surpass his mere animal   
appetites and passions3 for it is  by   
education alone--education ,i mean as it
 should be1 that the former  can be     
fully developed and perfected2--by      
education alone as it should  be1 that  
the latter can be so restrained and     
regulated as to minister  to our comfort
 and happiness1 instead of overwhelming 
us with  irreparable misery and ruin4   
,obvious as this most momentous truth   
surely is1 and deeply as we should      
imagine it would be felt by every       
rational being1 it is but too certain   

that the number of those who do  feel it
 in any such way1 is most lamentably    
small in proportion to our  whole       
population4 ,this would be altogether   
incredible1 were we to judge  only from 
listening to our constant vauntings of  
the rapid progress of  society in all   
the arts and sciences2 of the           
multiplication and vast  extent of      
modern discoveries2 and the actual      
improvements in every  branch of worldly
 knowledge4 ,but when we use our eyes1  
as well as our  ears2 when we look      
immediately around us and view          
attentively our  condition in ,virginia1
 the striking want of public spirit in  
regard to  the general instruction of   
the people1 and the melancholy scarcity 
of  literary associations for the       
promotion of education2 it inflicts a   
pang of deep disappointment--of bitter  
mortification on the heart of  every    
true1 intelligent lover of his country4 
,travel through our sister  states to   
the north and east1 7as many of us would

 be much the better  for doing1--to     
remove our senseless prejudices17 and we
 behold such  associations1 almost every
 where4 ,no large city is without many  
of  them2 while they are found diffusing
 their incalculable blessings  through  
nearly every little town and village1   
under some one or other  of the various 
forms and titles which they there       
assume3 such for  example1 as lyceums1  
conventions of teachers and other       
friends of the  cause1 institutes of    
instruction1 and education societies4   
,their  precious fruits manifest        
themselves in their numerous            
schools2--in  their neighborhood        
libraries2 in their public book stores2 
but above  all in their multiplied      
places of public worship4 ,these all    
combined in  one view1 present to the   
mind's eye of the contemplative patriot 
and  philanthropist1 a picture of social
 improvement and happiness1 which it  is
 impossible to mistake1 or to consider  
without the most heartfelt  emotions4   

,the plain simple realities which we may
 there see1 unaided by  any of the      
fashionable magniloquence about the     
march of intellect2  unvarnished by any 
false coloring or exaggeration whatever2
 force upon  our minds a most thorough  
conviction1 that the people of these    
happy  states1 owe the whole1 either    
directly or indirectly1 to their        
constant  and zealous encouragement of  
associations for the promotion of       
education4 ,these have been so ramified 
and extended among them1 as now  to     
embrace nearly every member of their    
several communities4 ,why1 my  friends1 
why let me most earnestly demand of you1
 should not we  ,virginians1 go and do  
likewise8 ,why should not we profit by  
their  meritorious example2 and love    
them for it as we ought to do with a    
truly fraternal regard1 instead of      
entertaining against them 7as far  too  
many of us do17 dislikes and animosities
 which are much more  disgraceful to    
ourselves than injurious to them8 ,and  

here permit me to  remark1 en passant1  
that were such regard cultivated and    
cherished1  as it should be among all   
the states of this great confederacy1 we
  should not only improve each other    
rapidly in every useful art and         
science2 but the bonds of our           
fraternity1 would be so increased and   
strengthened1 that the whole world could
 not exhibit a government  wherein all  
the numerous blessings of civilized life
 would be so widely  diffused1 so highly
 valued1 so richly enjoyed4    ,but to  
return to our neglect of associations   
for the improvement of  education4      
,shall we plead utter ignorance of their
 numerous advantages1  their extensively
 beneficial effects1 or shall we        
acknowledge what ,i  fear is the        
shameful truth1 and what a very large   
majority of us may  utter--each man for 
himself--the ,heathen's confession3     
,video meliora  proboque1 deteriora     
sequor8 ,shall we not hope however1 that
 the  glorious period of moral reform is

 not far distant2 that the time is  fast
 approaching when this wretched1        
debasing--nay1 wicked habit of          
following the worse1 where we both see  
and approve the better  course1--is     
about to be eradicated in a great       
measure2 by a vigorous  enlightened     
prosecution of all the means necessary  
to effect a thorough  change among us8  
,to you1 gentlemen members of the       
,hampden ,sidney  ,institute1 ,i believe
 ,virginia is indebted for the first    
example of a  voluntary association on a
 large scale1 to promote education--an  
example which ,i most earnestly hope    
will be zealously followed in every     
part of our widely extended             
territory1--until the great1 the vital  
object1 which you so laudably aim to    
accomplish1 shall be fully  realized to 
the utmost extent of your wishes4 ,it   
will be a time of  heartfelt rejoicing1 
a day of glorious jubilee1 to all who   
may live to  see it--a day which even we
 of the present generation may highly   

enjoy by anticipation1 although we have 
little prospect of living to            
participate in all its precious         
blessings4 ,by the way1 how do we       
obtain this power of anticipation1 this 
faculty of feeling  inexpressible       
delight in all the advantages1          
gratifications and  enjoyments of those 
who are to live after we are dead and   
gone8 ,are we  not indebted for it to   
education--to that moral and religious  
part of  it which teaches us that we    
have immortal souls which connect us    
inseparably with future                 
generations--which command us to provide
 as far  as we can for their            
happiness--which convince us that this  
very  occupation1 more than any other1  
will minister to our own felicity2 and  
which in fact constitutes one of our    
most sacred duties upon earth8 ,oh6     
that we could all feel this momentous   
truth in the inmost recesses of  our    
hearts6 ,utterly superfluous then would 
be not only the effort of  the humble   

individual who now addresses you1 but   
every other of a  similar nature2 for   
there would not then be a single member 
of society1  possessed of the common    
capacities and feelings of humanity1 who
 would  not anxiously unite with heart1 
hand1 and all available means1 in       
promoting universal education1 as the   
only practicable mode of insuring       
universal happiness4 ,this1 so far as it
 is attainable in our present  state of 
existence1 necessarily depends upon     
every human ,being1 of  sound mind1     
understanding thoroughly all the various
 duties which he  has to fulfil1 as well
 as comprehending and feeling the utmost
 extent  of his obligations to fulfil   
them--and this again depends both upon  
what and how he has been taught2 in     
other words1 upon education as  it      
should be4    ,to do justice as far as  
,i possibly can to the cause which ,i am
 now  pledged to support1 ,i feel myself
 here bound to assert that in almost    
all our attempts to educate the youth of

 our country a most pernicious  error is
 committed1 either in regard to the     
meaning of the term  education itself1  
or else in the methods pursued to       
accomplish our  object4 ,should ,i      
succeed in establishing this charge1 it 
will certainly  result in the           
irresistible demonstration of that which
 ,i have been  invited to               
illustrate--the great utility of        
voluntary associations1 in  some form or
 other1 for the promotion of education4 
,admit the purpose  to be essentially   
desirable1 the obstacles to its         
attainment such as ,i  believe they can 
be proved to be1 and the necessity for  
such  associations in the absence of all
 effective legislation1 follows as an   
undeniable consequence4 ,they naturally 
possess1 in common with all  other      
combinations of human effort to attain a
 particular end1 far  greater power of  
accomplishing that end1 than the        
insulated and  separate exertions of all
 the individuals concerned1--even       

supposing  that every one would exert   
himself to the utmost1 in his own       
particular  way4 ,this truth has        
resolved itself into the well known     
adage--united  we stand1 divided we     
fall2 and ,i know of no more forcible   
exemplification of it1 than in the      
present state of education among us     
,virginians4 ,individually consulted1 we
 cry out nearly to a man1 let us        
educate our people6 but if called on for
 combined action1 very few or  none     
respond to the invitation4 ,we have no  
common system--the result of  general   
concert2 no uniform plan1 either as to  
the objects1 or modes1  or courses of   
instruction2 no generally established   
class-books in the  various studies     
pursued in our schools and colleges2 no 
particular  qualifications made         
indispensable for teachers2 but each is 
left to the  vain imaginings and devices
 of his own heart1 or to be governed by 
the  chance-medley1 hap-hazard          
contrivances of individuals1 very many  

of  whom have neither the capacity1     
knowledge1 experience1 nor inclination  
to devise the best practicable methods  
for accomplishing the grand  purpose of 
education4 ,politics1 law1 physic1      
absorb nearly all the  talents of the   
,state2 while the vital business of     
instructing the  rising generation2 a   
business which requires minds of the    
very highest  order and moral excellence
 to execute it properly1 is generally   
left to  be pursued by any who          
list--pursued far too often most        
reluctantly1 as  a mere stepping-stone  
to some other profession1 and to be     
abandoned as  soon as possible for      
almost any thing else that may turn up4 
,the  inevitable consequence is         
confusion worse confounded2 driving     
parents  and guardians to frequent      
changes both of schools and teachers for
  their children1 where changes of books
 and modes of instruction follow1       
almost as matters of course2 for those  
who are to handle the new brooms  rarely

 believe they will be thought cleaner   
sweepers than their  predecessors1      
unless they display their superiority by
 pursuing some  entirely different      
method4 ,this petty ambition would be   
too ridiculous  to deserve serious      
notice1 were it not for the vast amount 
of evil  which it produces1 by not only 
retarding the progress of all youths    
under a course of instruction1 but by   
constantly and powerfully tending  to   
bring the whole class of teachers into  
general contempt4 ,under these          
circumstances1 the existence of which   
none can deny1 where shall we  seek an  
adequate remedy for evils of such       
magnitude2 where turn our  eyes but to  
well organized voluntary associations   
for the promotion of  education8 ,these 
would collect and combine the powers1   
the talents1 the  knowledge of a very   
large portion of all the individuals in 
our society  best qualified to          
accomplish the object4 ,they would      
create a general  taste1 an anxious     

desire for intellectual pursuits2 they  
would elevate  the profession of the    
teacher to that rank which its vast     
importance to  human happiness renders  
essential to its success2 and would     
assuredly  extend their influence to the
 remotest limits of our community1 far  
more rapidly than could any scheme of   
legislative creation4 ,it has been  so  
in every other ,state1 so far as the    
experiment has been tried4 ,why  then   
should we doubt their success among     
ourselves8 ,we who believe  ourselves   
possessed of the wisest1 the freest1 the
 happiest government  on earth1 are     
incalculably more interested than any   
other nation 7if  our belief is true71  
in the cause of universal education2 for
 on its  success1 the very existence of 
free government itself1 nay of          
individual and national happiness so far
 as government can affect  either1 must 
ultimately depend4    ,to this          
conclusion my own mind has been         
irresistibly brought by the  whole      

course of my observations and experience
 for the last forty years  of my life4  
,but as some of my auditors may possibly
 differ from me1 ,i  will respectfully  
ask leave now to state more particularly
 my views of  the great objects of      
education and the errors into which we  
have fallen  in pursuit of them--errors 
which ,i verily believe will never be   
corrected but by voluntary and numerous 
associations1 similar at least  in      
design1 to the one here established4    
,these objects are1 the perfecting of   
all our faculties1 both of mind  and    
body2 but chiefly1 the full developement
 of man's moral nature1  as the means of
 leading him thoroughly to understand1  
as well as  voluntarily1 constantly1 and
 anxiously to aim at accomplishing all  
the  glorious ends of his creation4     
,nothing deserves the name of education 
which does not tend directly and        
intelligibly to these great objects4    
,judge then1 ,i pray you my friends1 how
 little what is usually called          

education is entitled to be so styled6  
,but first hear that you may  judge4 ,is
 it not the sole aim in all our schools 
of the lower kinds to  enable pupils to 
enter those of a higher grade1 not by   
the evidences  they can produce of      
advancement in the knowledge and        
practice of moral  and religious        
principles1 but by their proficiency in 
the elements of  certain languages and  
abstract sciences8 ,and what are the    
great1 the  ultimate purposes to be     
achieved after reaching these higher    
schools--the colleges and universities  
of the land8 ,are there any  other1     
generally speaking1 than merely to      
obtain a college degree--a  diploma for 
a more extended proficiency in the same 
or other languages  and abstract        
sciences8 ,is moral and religious       
acquirement ever made a  pre-requisite8 
,is moral and religious conduct always  
rendered  indispensable8 ,yet man       
without these is either a drone or a    
nuisance in  society4 ,surely then1 ,i  

may assert without fear of              
contradiction1 that  education conducted
 on any of the plans most prevalent     
among us1 is  really not what it should 
be1--for it continually places objects  
of  scholastic pursuit in the highest   
rank1 which have no just claim to any   
such elevation2 but should ever be held 
subordinate to the far more  exalted and
 all essential acquisition of sound1    
moral and religious  principles4 ,no    
more of these however1 than will        
superinduce general  conformity to      
college rules1 and decency of general   
conduct1 are ever  required of          
candidates for collegiate honors2 and   
all these may be and  frequently are    
obtained without other proof either of  
moral or  religious attainment1 than    
what has just been stated4    ,this     
cannot be right4 ,man1 in fact1 must be 
considered and treated  from infancy to 
the last moment of his life as a being  
formed by his  ,maker for a state of    
existence far1 very far different from  

the  present--a state for which his sole
 business on earth is1--constantly  to  
be preparing1 by a diligent culture of  
all his powers--by the  beneficent use  
of all his means2 and by the faithful   
performance of  all his duties to       
himself1 to his fellow creatures1 and to
 his ,god4  ,this and this only is      
education4 ,the learning of languages1  
arts1  and sciences1 which too often    
comprise the whole of education1        
furnishes him only with the             
stepping-stones1 the scaffolding1 and   
the  tools to aid him in the erection of
 the grand edifice1 which although      
based on earth1 should rear its ,dome to
 the highest ,heaven1 and be  built for 
eternity as well as for time4 ,but alas6
 these sciences1 arts  and languages1   
are almost always mistaken for the      
edifice itself--an  edifice whose       
external decorations are much more      
valued and regarded  than the great     
purposes for which it should be         
constructed3 in other  words1 it is     

prepared more for show than use--more to
 attract the  admiration of others1 than
 really to benefit for all time the vain
  possessor who is to live in it1 and to
 derive lasting security1 comfort  and  
true enjoyment from the skilful         
adaptation of all its various parts  to 
the complete attainment of these        
inestimable blessings4 ,to the  mistake 
here figuratively expressed1 more than  
to any other cause1 we  owe the         
countless failures1 the innumerable1    
unsuccessful1  heart-sickening efforts  
to educate the rising generation3 for   
scholarship1 by which ,i mean a thorough
 acquaintance with all that is  usually 
taught in our schools of the highest    
grade1 is really and truly  not thorough
 education1 but a very inconsiderable   
and quite inferior  part of the grand   
total4 ,that which crowns the           
whole--that to which all  else should be
 merely subsidiary--that which alone can
 elevate man from  earth to ,heaven1--is
 moral and christian education1         

producing  constantly1 by divine grace1 
moral and christian practice4 ,it is    
this and this only1 which can enable us 
to meet as we should1 all  the changes  
and chances of this mortal life--to     
carry along with us  into whatever      
calling or profession we may choose1 all
 the requisite  knowledge1 ability and  
will1 to render it most conducive not   
only to  our own subsistence1 comfort   
and happiness1 so far as these are      
dependant thereon1 but to the general   
good of the whole community in  which we
 live4 ,in other words1 it is moral and 
christian education  alone1 that will   
give us both the power and effectual    
desire to fulfil  every duty of the     
present life in such a manner as will   
best promote  our own interests1        
temporal and eternal1 as well as the    
great interests  of society at large1 in
 every way towards which we can possibly
  contribute4 ,this efficient devotion  
of our powers and our means to the  good
 of others1 proceeding from a union of  

moral and religious  principle1 should  
ever constitute man's highest honor here
 below1 since  it is certainly the most 
important of all his earthly duties4    
,literary institutions may bring to the 
utmost possible degree of  perfection   
the methods of acquiring all languages1 
arts and  sciences--they may invent     
matchless ways of making accomplished   
scholars1 in the ordinary acceptation of
 the term--they may  indoctrinate the   
youth of our country in every thing     
usually called  scholastic learning--all
 this they may do with a rapidity and   
certainty  heretofore inconceivable1 yet
 they will fall immeasurably short of   
attaining the grand1 the paramount      
objects of all which deserves to be     
called education1 unless the fixing     
indelibly of moral and religious        
principles in the minds of all who are  
to be educated1 be made the  basis1 the 
essence1 and vital end of all           
instruction whatever4 ,the idea  is     
utterly preposterous that human beings  

ever can be taught to form  adequate    
conceptions of the great purposes for   
which they were  created--of the        
indispensable necessity of fulfilling   
most faithfully  all their duties1 in   
order to accomplish these purposes2 and 
of the  ineffable happiness both here   
and hereafter1 that will be secured to  
all who do thus fulfil them1 merely by  
teaching them all the languages1  arts  
and sciences in the world1--if that be  
omitted1 without which  all else is but 
mere dust in the balance1--,i mean      
self-knowledge1  self-control1          
self-devotion to duty as the supreme    
objects of our  temporal existence4 ,do 
not1 ,i beseech you1 my friends1 here   
misunderstand me4 ,far indeed1 very far 
am ,i from underrating the real         
advantages1 the true value of what is   
generally understood by the term        
scholastic attainments4 ,no one can     
estimate more highly than ,i do1  their 
power of extending our views1           
liberalizing our sentiments1            

enlightening our minds1 strengthening   
our intellectual faculties1 and         
exciting an ardent desire to increase   
our knowledge4 ,considered as the  means
 and not the ends of education1 ,i would
 always award to them  the highest rank4
 ,but when we have said this1 nothing   
more can justly  be affirmed in their   
favor--if disconnected1 as they too     
often are1  from the ultimate and vital 
purposes of all perfect education4      
,these  undeniably are1 7and it cannot  
be too frequently repeated17 to expand1 
to warm1 to christianize the heart--to  
call into vigorous1 untiring  action1   
all our best affections1 our noblest    
attributes1 and to fit us  thoroughly   
both for our present and future state of
 existence4 ,unless  that which is      
called education will do this1 we may   
safely assert  that it is grossly       
miscalled1 and that if it is never made 
to  comprehend any thing more than what 
is generally understood by the term     
scholastic attainments1 a mistake more  

fatal to the happiness of our  species  
can scarcely be committed4 ,of this ,i  
would ask no better proof  than would be
 afforded by an impartial examination of
 the actual  acquirements1 the conduct  
and the characters of those who are     
honored  with the high sounding title of
 accomplished scholars4 ,if they are    
really better educated1 ought they not  
certainly to be not only wiser  but     
better men1 that is if education        
actually was what it most  assuredly    
should be8 ,but what is the fact8 ,do we
 find them better men1  better citizens1
 better neighbors1 friends and heads of 
families or  states1 than those who1    
with less scholarship1 have had much    
more  attention paid to their moral and 
religious education1 than to those      
scholastic acquirements of which nothing
 but the most thorough1 moral  and      
religious instruction can teach us      
either the true value or the  proper    
use8 ,gladly1 most gladly do ,i admit   
that very many amiable men  will be     

found among the former2 for ,i am happy 
to say that ,i know many  such--but it  
is equally true1 that those praiseworthy
 traits of  character and conduct which 
we frequently see apart from religious  
belief in christianity1 form exceptions 
to the general rule that  unbelief in   
christianity tends certainly to produce 
both vice and  depravity4 ,whereas      
immoral character and practice among    
professors of  religion1 form exceptions
 to the general rule that christian     
faith  tends surely to produce christian
 conduct4 ,the first class of persons   
are good in spite of their worldly      
creed--the latter are bad in direct     
opposition to what they believe to be   
right4    ,we shall never arrive at a   
clear1 satisfactory conclusion in regard
 to  this all important subject1        
education1 but by first solving the     
questions1 what are the paramount duties
 of the present life--what  the only    
means of securing their fulfilment8 ,are
 these duties solely  or even chiefly1  

to speak1 or to understand a great      
variety of  tongues--to measure the     
earth1 the waters of the mighty ocean1  
nay the  heavens themselves1 with       
instruments and means of human          
invention--to  wear away life itself in 
the vain attempt to discover the        
elementary  principles of all visible   
things--to scan thoroughly the vast     
powers  and possible expanse of human   
intellect--and to astonish the world by 
the perfection to which all human       
science1 arts and accomplishments may   
be brought8 ,or1 are they that we should
 think wisely1 act justly1 and  practice
 truth1 industry1 self-denial1 and      
universal benevolence1--from  the       
sincere1 heartfelt1 ever active love of 
our fellow creatures1--and  willing     
obedience to all the commands of our    
,god8 ,are the means to  secure the     
fulfilment of all these most momentous  
duties1 such as are  usually adopted in 
our schools8--or1 shall we not find them
 in very  numerous instances nearly     

destitute of any but means rather of    
counteraction than promotion8 ,by what  
other term can we characterize  the     
usual school appliances1 to the chief of
 which ,i beg leave to  invite your     
special attention8 ,these are1 the fear 
of human punishments  and disgrace1     
instead of the fear of offending our    
,maker--the stimuli  of emulation and   
ambition3 the first1 to surpass supposed
 rivals and  competitors for fame and   
fortune2 the latter1 to attain the      
worldly  distinctions of high rank and  
emolument in what are called the learned
  professions1 or the celebrity of      
political power1 and elevation above    
our fellow men4 ,but will any sober1    
reflecting person say1 that such        
appliances do not tend constantly1 nay  
almost certainly1 to make us  fear man  
more than ,god--to inspire more dread of
 public sentiment than  love of public  
and private duty--to poison our hearts  
with jealousy and  envy1 and to         
intoxicate us with pride1 vanity and    

ambition1 rather than  to fix indelibly 
in our souls all those truly christian  
virtues1 which  man must not only       
possess but exercise--not only acquire  
but ardently  cherish1 to attain the    
great end of his being8    ,the answers 
to the foregoing questions involve      
matters of the deepest  possible        
interest not only to the present1 but to
 all future  generations2 for it depends
 entirely upon them1 and the effects    
they  may have on those who regulate and
 direct our schools of all kinds1       
whether the whole business of scholastic
 education shall be conducted  in       
reference merely to the things of time1 
or to the immeasurably  higher concerns 
of eternity4 ,in judging of this matter1
 let us not  trust entirely to the      
customary forms of expression1 in which 
all our  schools1 from the highest to   
the lowest1 publicly invite patronage4  
,these are rarely deficient in promises 
that the moral and religious  principles
 and conduct of the pupils shall be     

strictly attended to2  which proves at  
least the general belief in the class of
 instructers1  that the parents and     
friends of children attach great        
importance to  these matters4 ,but no   
one who has the least knowledge of the  
manner in  which our schools are usually
 conducted1 can be ignorant that such   
promises are much more a matter of form 
than substance1 however sincere  the    
individuals may have been in making     
them4 ,profession1 we all  know is not  
principle2 neither is it very generally 
followed by  conformable practice4 ,in  
nothing is this melancholy fact more    
conspicuous1 than in the neglect1       
throughout our schools of every kind1   
of all such moral and religious         
instruction as would thoroughly         
convince the pupils that this is deemed 
of infinitely higher value  than every  
thing else which either is or can be    
taught at such  places4 ,but instead of 
such instruction1 if we examine with a  
view  solely to ascertain the truth1 we 

shall find almost every where that  the 
real1 the constant1 the supreme object1 
is to make what are called  good        
scholars and learned men--men to make a 
figure in the world1 and  to be         
celebrated in the various walks of well 
disguised pride1 vanity  and ambition4  
,to accomplish this object all efforts  
are strenuously  directed1 all          
appliances industriously used2 while    
moral and religious  principles1 if     
inculcated at all1 will be found to     
occupy rather a  nominal than a real and
 efficient rank4 ,if any doubt it1 let  
them  inquire as impartially as they    
can1 what manner of men those are in    
general who constitute the educated     
class8 ,are they in most instances      
moral and religious persons1 or are they
 not8 ,do they seem better  qualified or
 more disposed to fulfil the various    
duties of life1 than  those who have not
 been blessed with equal opportunities  
for  intellectual improvement8 ,if they 
do not1 we may be absolutely certain    

that some radical errors have been      
committed in their education1--since    
the great object of all that deserves   
the name1 assuredly is to make  men1 not
 merely more learned1 but wiser and     
better--more intelligent  and more      
virtuous1 than they could possibly be   
without it4 ,that they  would be so     
under a proper system of instruction--a 
system wherein  mere scholastic         
learning1 in the common acceptation of  
the term1 should  never be considered   
synonymous with education1 none can     
possibly doubt  who have ever paid the  
least serious attention to the subject1 
or who  have any faith in the scripture 
declaration that1 if we train up a      
child in the way he should go1 he will  
never depart from it when he is  old4   
,whenever1 therefore1 we witness any    
departure among such of our  young      
people as are said to be well educated1 
it amounts to a  demonstration that they
 have not been thus trained4 ,if they   
had been1  such departures would be very

 rare1 instead of being most fatally    
common2 nor should we find1 even after  
making all due allowances for  the      
frailty and depravity of our nature1    
these educated youths1 in so  many      
deplorable instances1 despisers of      
religion1 loose in their  morals1       
voluptuaries in practice as well as     
principle1 ignorant or  regardless both 
of their public and private duties1 and 
devoted  entirely to their own selfish1 
depraved gratifications4 ,but the       
lamentable truth is1 that in a vast     
majority of our schools1 whatever       
promises may have been honestly         
promulgated to the contrary1 the moral  
and religious principles of the pupils  
are not made paramount objects  of      
attention4 ,on the contrary1 it seems to
 be almost always presumed1  that the   
great work of forming these principles  
has been accomplished  under the        
parental roof1 where alas6 7to our shame
 be it spoken17 it is  in thousands of  
instances utterly neglected6 ,each pupil

 is consequently  left to form them for 
himself1 after his last course of       
collegiate  instruction1 during which   
these all essential guides to present   
and  future happiness are rarely put    
into requisition1 farther than may be   
deemed necessary to the peace and good  
order of the establishment1 or  as a    
part of the mere compendious formulary  
of instruction4 ,the fatal  and almost  
certain consequence is1 that multitudes 
of college  graduates1 after being      
emancipated from scholastic restraints1 
either  plunge at once into the         
destructive vortex of folly and vice1 or
 devote  themselves so entirely to the  
pursuits of wealth1 pride1 vanity and   
ambition1 as effectually to exclude from
 their minds all thoughts of  another   
life4 ,these minds1 thus pre-occupied1  
have actually no place  left for such   
ideas and reflections as tend to produce
 a thorough  conviction of the necessity
 for making some preparation to quit our
  present state of existence1 with a    

reasonable hope of infinitely  greater  
happiness in the next we are destined to
 enter4 ,that the one we  are now in    
cannot possibly last beyond a period    
most fearfully brief1  infidels as well 
as christians are compelled to observe2 
for none live  to be capable of         
observation whose experience has not    
perfectly assured  them1 that all are   
doomed to die2 none live to years of    
reflection1 who  can well avoid         
sometimes looking forward1 however      
sceptically1 to that  awful doom1       
without many terrors and alarms as to   
what may follow so  fearful a change4   
,for this change1 so absolutely sure1 so
 truly  appalling to man1 christian     
education alone can effectually prepare 
us--and ought therefore most assuredly  
to be made the basis1 the  substantial  
part1 the great end of all education    
whatever4    ,that we can never hope to 
see so desirable and highly important a 
reform accomplished without some other  
means1 some other agencies than  such as

 we have heretofore had1 seems to me    
demonstrably true4 ,it  appears equally 
clear that they must be voluntary       
associations1 in some  form or other1   
for the promotion and improvement of    
education1  consisting of true1 sincere1
 persevering1 efficient friends to the  
cause--no sleeping partners1 7as        
mercantile men say17 but all1 both      
active and zealous to the utmost of     
their power4 ,to expect such reform     
from legislation is a vain hope1 unless 
we already had such law-makers  in      
sufficient numbers for the purpose1 as  
that reform in our parental             
instruction1 schools and colleges alone 
could produce4 ,when such  consummation 
can take place1 all essential as it     
seems to our national  welfare1 and     
devoutly as every one may wish it1 none 
but he who knoweth  all things can      
possibly tell4 ,but each of us may      
venture so far as to  predict1 that     
voluntary institutions and societies1   
similar1 gentlemen1  to that which you  

have established1 hold out far more     
cheering promises  of success than can  
be hoped for from any other source4     
,they will serve  as appropriate nuclei1
 7if ,i may thus apply the term7 for    
attracting  around them the scattered   
talent1 the learning and active         
benevolence  of society4 ,when thus     
concentrated1 they will perform for our 
intellectual world what the sun does for
 that magnificent world of  effulgent   
stars and constellations with which he  
is surrounded--by  diffusing in every   
direction that genial light and heat1 so
 essential  to adorn1 to sustain1 and to
 invigorate both4 ,what a glorious      
prospect6  what a delightful            
anticipation6 ,shall we not then cherish
 it1 my  friends1 as a possible         
event--nay1 as one which nothing is     
wanting to  accomplish1 but a general   
combination of the intelligence1 the    
zeal1  and active perseverance of the   
numerous and sincere1 but too           
desponding1 too supine friends to the   

cause of universal education8    ,you1  
gentlemen members of this institution1  
have commenced the noble  work4 ,let    
your exertions then to sustain and carry
 it on never know a  moment's           
intermission1 and my life on the issue1 
but a few years will  elapse before the 
happy effects of such efforts will be   
felt and seen  to the remotest limits of
 our community4 ,your patriotic example 
will  soon be followed in other parts of
 our beloved state2 similar             
associations will be formed elsewhere2 a
 similar spirit of benevolence  will be 
awakened and exerted1 until poor old    
,virginia will once more  hold up her   
long drooping head among such of her    
sister states as have  most advanced in 
all those useful arts and sciences1 best
 calculated  not only to adorn and      
embellish private life1 but to secure   
both  individual and national happiness4
    ,before ,i conclude1 permit me to   
address a few remarks to you1 young     
gentlemen1 the cherished alumni of this 

college4 ,although not directly         
applicable to our main purpose1 ,i hope 
they may be found to have an  important 
bearing on it1--since ,i shall adduce a 
few practical  illustrations of the     
fatal errors you may commit in regard   
both to  professional and domestic      
duties1 unless you adopt forthwith and  
forever1 as constant guides1 those good 
principles of education which  voluntary
 and numerous associations for its      
improvement1 seem alone  capable of     
introducing into all our schools4 ,you  
will be the first to  enjoy the precious
 fruits of all such as the members of   
this institute  will probably recommend4
 ,suffer me then to add my humble       
efforts to  theirs for your benefit2 and
 deem me not obtrusive1 if they should  
partake somewhat of the admonitory      
character3 for1 be assured that my      
remarks shall all be such as a friend   
and father would make to those in  whose
 happiness he felt the deepest          
solicitude4    ,if ,i have succeeded in 

my most anxious desire to impress upon  
your  minds the thorough conviction that
 the principles of morality and         
religion1 indissolubly united1 must form
 the beginning1 the middle  and the end 
of all that deserves the name of        
education1 your first1  your constant   
and supreme effort will be to acquire   
them4 ,then  indeed1 you may pursue the 
usual course of your scholastic studies1
 not  only without danger of mistaking  
the means for the end1 but with         
incalculable advantages both present and
 prospective2 for all will be  made     
conducive to the great1 the eternal     
purposes for which you were  created4   
,your knowledge of foreign languages and
 histories will  contribute to convince 
you that there have been and still are  
nations1  kindred and people like       
yourselves1--with similar wants1        
passions and  capabilities1 deserving   
your sympathy1 your regard1 your        
brotherly  love1--that national         
antipathies should have no place in a   

human  bosom--that national wars1 except
 for defence1 are national crimes2 and  
that man should consider man his        
brother1 in whatever condition or on    
whatever spot of the habitable globe he 
may be found4    ,your mathematics will 
lead you to the conviction1 strong and  
irresistible as the demonstrative       
principles and reasonings upon which    
the whole of this noble science depends1
 that nothing but a ,god of all  perfect
 wisdom and love could have endowed you 
with faculties and  powers capable of   
deriving not only the highest mental    
gratifications  from such a source1 but 
of applying the discoveries which       
produce these  gratifications to an     
infinite series of the most beneficial  
purposes4    ,your chemistry will aid in
 teaching you that none but a ,being    
infinitely wise and of boundless power  
and goodness1 could possibly  have      
contrived and arranged such a vast      
multitude of substances1 in all  their  
endless variety of combinations and     

affinities1 such an immense  world of   
multiform matter--all as it would seem  
conducive in some way  or other to human
 comfort1 gratification1 or high        
enjoyment4    ,your philosophy and      
metaphysics1 will draw you irresistibly 
to a great  first cause--the supreme1   
beneficent1 ever bounteous ,author of   
all the  objects of our senses1 of all  
the powers and conceptions of our       
understandings2 and will indelibly stamp
 upon your hearts the  sentiments of    
adoration1 love and obedience1 as the   
only proper tribute  you could pay to a 
,being1 who1 so far as we can comprehend
 his works1  hath made them all         
subservient1 either directly or         
indirectly1 to our  own happiness1 both 
in time and eternity4 ,these sciences   
will bring  home to your bosoms and     
business the vital truth that you have  
minds of  vast powers of                
comprehension--faculties capable of     
undefinable  expansion2 and souls of    
such godlike energies1 aspirations and  

capacities of enjoyment1 as nothing less
 than a ,god of all power1  wisdom and  
love1 could either have created or      
bestowed4 ,in a word1  whatever path you
 may pursue within the whole circle of  
scientific and  literary research1 it   
will lead you1 if under the constant    
guidance of  moral and religious        
principles1 to the possession of the    
chief good  here on earth1 and to that  
house above1 not made with hands1       
eternal  in the heavens4    ,there are  
indeed no circumstances nor situations  
in which you can  anticipate even the   
possibility of being placed1 unless     
bereft of all  consciousness or sanity  
of mind1 that can exempt you from the   
obligation of making these principles   
the chart and compass as it were1  by   
which you are to steer your earthly     
course4 ,let us imagine a few of  such  
as most commonly occur in our progress  
through life--such as are  matters of   
choice rather than necessity--and we    
shall then more clearly  see the        

indispensable use of such a chart and   
compass to direct us  safely and happily
 in our unavoidable passage to realms of
 eternal  duration4    ,almost every    
man1 for example1 at some period of his 
existence1 desires  to become a         
husband--to unite himself for life to   
some individual of  the other sex1 as a 
means of enjoying far greater happiness 
than he  possibly could in any single   
state4 ,it is a situation in which      
millions  voluntarily place             
themselves--a situation of vast and     
complicated  responsibilities--involving
 numerous relationships and duties of   
the  highest imaginable importance1 upon
 which depend not only the domestic  and
 social happiness of individuals1 but   
the moral condition of whole            
communities and nations4 ,yet1 how few  
of these millions1 even among the  most 
deeply versed in scholastic lore1 unless
 they are men of the  soundest moral and
 religious principles1 are ever guided  
in their  choice by any thing but fancy1

 whim1 caprice1 or some other far less  
excusable motive8 ,their scholastic     
acquirements alone1 never avail them  in
 the slightest degree4 ,the eye is      
usually the sole guide--the  appellate  
court of reason and judgment not being  
so much as even  consulted4 ,when       
married1 they generally become parents1 
and thereby  incur duties the moat      
sacred and of the most awful            
responsibilities2  for they are then    
answerable for the souls of others as   
well as for  their own--for souls1 with 
whose happiness they are intrusted even 
by  the ,god of the universe himself6   
,yet how1 let me ask1 are these         
momentous duties generally fulfilled1   
even by the best scholars1 unless  they 
are also moral and religious men8       
,instead of fulfilment1 we too  often   
behold total neglect1 nay frequently the
 grossest1 most shameful1  most criminal
 violation2 and all this too by         
individuals who have  obtained the      
highest collegiate honors4 ,what is the 

fair inference from  such facts8 ,why1  
that no education which has not the     
united principles  that ,i am           
endeavoring to recommend for its basis1 
its means of  completion1 and its great 
end1 can fit man even for the two most  
common  and by far the most important   
conditions of life4    ,let me call your
 attention now to a few of the chief    
professions in  which the young men of  
our country are most apt to engage2 and 
let us  endeavor to ascertain how far   
mere scholastic acquirements1 even of   
the  highest grade1 will enable you to  
pursue these professions with profit    
and honor to yourselves1 and with       
benefit to the community of which you   
are members4    ,if you become          
physicians1 without something more than 
the mere nominal  worldy belief in the  
general utility of moral and religious  
principles1  you will have nothing but  
the very feeble1 seldom regarded check  
of  worldy prudence1 to restrain you    
from hurrying into the practice of the  

profession1 before the proper           
preparation can possibly be made4 ,your 
own pecuniary emolument will become your
 chief object1--this you will  be apt to
 pursue with no farther regard than your
 popularity requires1  to the numerous  
risks you will incur of destroying both 
the health and  life of others4 ,you    
will hasten on in this course with a    
brevity of  preparation far shorter than
 is deemed necessary to make even a good
  cook or washer-woman--although the    
thing to be practised upon1 in the      
first case1 is human life itself2 while1
 in the latter cases1 they  are only the
 human appetite for food and some of the
 habiliments of the  human body6 ,yet1  
it is upon the skill and humanity of the
 members of  the medical profession1    
that society must depend for the        
alleviation or  cure of all those       
indescribable miseries1 under which1 in 
the countless  forms of sickness and    
disease1 mankind are doomed to suffer to
 the end  of the world--doomed alas6 in 

a great measure1 by their own vices and 
profligacy1 superinduced by false       
education much more than by any         
naturally inherent defect either in     
their bodily or mental  constitutions4  
,should the profession of law be your   
choice1 here also you will find  that   
mere scholarship1 mere literary and     
scientific acquirement1  unsustained by 
deeply fixed1 continually active1 moral 
and religious  principles1 will avail   
you quite as little as in the practice  
of  medicine4 ,instead of becoming      
compounders of strife1 as these         
principles enjoin us all to be1 you will
 be much more apt to turn out           
encouragers of litigation4 ,you will    
often without scruple aid the  rapacious
 and vindictive in the gratification of 
their criminal  passions1 by defending  
them from the legal consequences of     
their  indulgence4 ,you will frequently 
vindicate the oppressor in his wrongs1  
assist guilt in seeking safety1 and     
enable crime to escape its just and     

lawful punishment4 ,calumniators1       
thieves1 robbers1 and destroyers of     
life as well as of innocence1 will be   
indebted to you for renewed             
opportunities of preying upon the peace1
 the property1 the happiness of         
society4 ,you will thus1 as far as      
depends upon your professional  labors1 
actually cherish crime1 pervert justice1
 and defeat the ends of  all those      
conservative laws which it should be    
your peculiar province  to expound1 your
 inviolable duty to sustain in all their
 purity and  force1 by never for a      
moment countenancing or aiding their    
violators4  ,then the appropriate       
punishment for every outrage against    
penal law  would always follow every    
perpetration of unlawful deeds2 for each
 fee  offered by such enemies of mankind
 as commit atrocious crimes1 would be   
considered and rejected either as the   
price of property wickedly  gained--of  
innocence utterly ruined--of character  
irretrievably  blasted1 or of life      

criminally taken away4 ,i do not speak  
of those  doubtful cases wherein lawyers
 may be deceived by the ex parte        
statements of their clients2 but of such
 as carry deep and damning  guilt in    
their very face--of those in which the  
applicants for counsel  prove           
themselves1 by their own shewing1 to be 
steeped as it were in  infamy1 iniquity 
and deadly crime--of those who practice 
injustice as a  lucrative trade1 ruin   
character by way of recreation1 and     
destroy  innocence as a pleasurable     
pursuit--of those who1 as long as their 
money lasts1 rely upon lawyers to defend
 them in making the property1  the      
character1 the happiness of others      
subservient to their own  diabolical    
appetites and passions4 ,would all      
lawyers make it a point of  conscience  
never to appear for such wretches1      
unless the courts  assigned them as     
counsel1 the criminals themselves would 
never be  unjustly condemned2 neither   
would they ever escape punishment1 as   

they  now often do1 by the ingenious but
 highly pernicious sophistry of their   
hired defenders4 ,laws would then attain
 the great ends for which they  were    
enacted1 and our whole community would  
enjoy a far greater degree  of safety   
from the perpetrators of crime than it  
has ever done  heretofore4    ,should   
political life be your choice1 after    
finishing a scholastic  course wherein  
both morals and religion have been so   
little regarded as  not to be made      
paramount objects of pursuit1 instead of
 becoming pure  patriots1 solely devoted
 to your country's good1 you will be    
much more  apt to turn constant         
calculators of the chances for personal 
aggrandizement--careful measurers and   
weighers of your own private  interests 
against your public duties1 and deep    
casuists in the means of  evading or    
violating the last to promote the first1
 wherever your real  purpose and only   
anxious desire may admit of probable    
concealment4 ,you  will become1 with few

 exceptions1 if possessed of sufficient 
talents  and cunning1 members of that   
most pernicious class of politicians    
called demagogues1 who in fact have     
always proved the curse of every        
country wherein they have acquired      
political power4 ,these have            
patriotism1 patriotism1 continually on  
their lips1 but never in their  hearts  
and actions--deeming it much easier to  
feign love of country  than really to   
possess and exert it--much more thrifty 
to wheedle and  cajole the people for   
their own base selfish purposes1--than  
manfully  and like true friends combat  
their prejudices and inform their       
understandings4 ,you will reach the     
lowest1 most despicable grade of        
political prostitution1 by turning      
man-worshippers2 and soon learn to      
offer up your incense in exact          
proportion to the vanity of your idols  
and their power to gratify your wants2  
until at last you will neither  see1    
hear1 nor understand any thing but as   

they wish you2 and will call  black     
white1 or white black--just as they bid 
you do4 ,to this wretched  state of     
degradation and self-abasement do most  
politicians sink  themselves1 whose     
educations have not been firmly based on
 sound1 moral  and religious principles4
    ,let us suppose1 lastly1 that you   
should prefer the mercantile  profession
 to any other1 after acquiring all the  
learning to be gained  in the customary 
course of education4 ,what will probably
 be your  practice as merchants1 if the 
principles which ,i am recommending as  
the  essentials of all education1 have  
not been made so of yours8 ,will this   
practice be guided by the social or the 
selfish principle8 ,will it be1  live   
and let live1 or live for self alone8   
,but very little  observation and       
experience will compel you to admit that
 the latter  maxim will in most cases be
 the ruling one4 ,nay1 it will not only 
rule  you1 but blind you also to the    
great truth which should always govern  

the whole mercantile class1 that all    
fair commerce is nothing more than  an  
interchange of equivalents--a supplying 
of each other's wants--by  which both   
sellers and buyers are mutually         
benefitted--a bond of peace  and union1 
instead of a war of cunning for the     
accumulation of pelf4 ,in  fact every   
thing called commerce or barter1 wherein
 this effect of  mutual benefit does not
 take place1 so far as depends upon the 
intention of the parties1 is neither    
more nor less than fraud in             
disguise--fraud concealed under the     
specious title of skill in  trade--in   
other words1 it is an unjust attempt on 
both sides to get  some undue advantage 
in the traffic4 ,such attempts you never
 would  make--indeed you could not      
possibly make them1 were your hearts    
constantly and deeply influenced1 during
 the whole of your scholastic  course1  
by the pure1 the genuine principles of  
morality and religion1  while your      
conduct was regulated by them as the    

guardians of your  honor1 the preservers
 of your reputation1 the unerring guides
 that  point the way from time to       
eternity4    ,these principles and these
 alone form our only safeguards against 
vice and crime--our only security for   
using whatever other education we  may  
acquire1 as rational and accountable    
beings should use all the  powers of    
their minds and bodies4 ,once acquired  
and ardently cherished1  they will prove
 to you a refuge in every storm--a      
present help in  every trouble--the     
sweetest solace in all adversity--the   
ever faithful  monitors and guides in   
prosperous fortune4 ,armed with such a  
panoply  you may safely march through   
all the most perilous paths of life1    
without fear of serious injury2 and     
proceed1 rejoicing on your way1  that   
you have neither lived nor labored in   
vain4 ,yours will be the  only true     
glory of the present life1--that of     
contributing to human  happiness--yours 
the sole victory worthy of beings       

endowed with such  godlike              
faculties1--the victory over your own   
passions--and yours the  indescribable  
rewards after death1 of those who have  
done the will of  their ,father on earth
 as it is in heaven4    ,look always to 
these principles as to the polar star of
 your earthly  course--act up to them   
faithfully1 under all the trying        
circumstances  in which you may be      
placed2 and each of you may then1 in the
 confident  hope of being graciously    
heard1 begin and close every day of your
 lives  with the comprehensive prayer of
 the pious ,thomson3--      ,father of  
light and life6 thou ,good ,supreme6    
,oh6 teach me what is good6 teach me    
thyself6     ,save me from folly1 vanity
 and vice1     ,from ev'ry low pursuit6 
and feed my soul     ,with knowledge1   
conscious peace1 and virtue pure2       
,sacred1--substantial1--never-fading    
bliss6            ,for the ,southern    
,literary ,messenger4    ,,the          
,,contrast3    ,,or1 ,a ,,fashionable   

,,and ,,an ,,unfashionable ,,new        
,,england ,,wife4      ,horace ,lawrence
 and ,ellen ,frazier had been three     
years married1 when  ,alpheus ,north1   
their friend1 and nearest neighbor1     
brought home his  beautiful bride1 the  
accomplished ,anna ,weston4    ,they    
resided in a little village1 the        
principal attraction of which  was1 that
 it was a good place for business4 ,the 
village was1 indeed1  beautifully       
situated4 ,from every point the         
landscape was diversified by  hill and  
dale--the one crowned by here and there 
a towering oak1--the  other shaded by   
the branching elm4 ,the clear waters of 
the river1  pursuing its rather         
circuitous course1 might be seen from   
every  eminence2 and its passage being  
in many places obstructed1 waterfalls   
added to the variety and beauty of the  
scenery4    ,but the inhabitants of the 
village had been influenced by other    
motives  than the gratification of the  
eye1 to locate themselves on this       

favored  spot4 ,the useful was to them  
the only truly beautiful2 and however   
much the admirer of the lovely and      
picturesque in nature might have        
regretted it1 there men of business     
delighted in adding mill to  mill1--and 
in seeing the fine river obstructed by  
logs and slabs1--and  every corner      
wearing the appearance of a lumber-yard4
 ,it was a real  business place4 ,the   
men were all intent on accumulating     
dollars and  cents2 and although among  
their wives and daughters1 there was    
abundance of tea-drinking1 visiting1 and
 sociability1--and here and  there an   
effort at the genteel1--there was       
neither science1 nor  literature1 nor   
refinement in the place1 excepting the  
little that just  retained the breath of
 life1 in the habitation of the aged    
pastor of  the parish1 and that which   
was enclosed in the room of the young   
physician4    ,had he consulted taste   
alone1 the village of ,l---- was the    
last place  ,horace ,lawrence would have

 selected as his place of residence2 for
 he  was scientific1 literary1 and      
refined1--calculated at once1 to enjoy  
and adorn polished society2 but though  
the son of a gentleman1 a  finished     
education was all his father could give 
him2--of course he had  his own fortune 
to make4 ,he was a lawyer1 and the      
village of ,l----  presented a fair     
opening for one of that profession4     
,as soon as his business was            
sufficiently established to warrant it1 
he  had married4 ,he did not choose     
,ellen ,frazier because she was either  
the  most beautiful1 the most           
accomplished1 or the most fascinating   
young  lady of his acquaintance2 but    
because she had superior strength of    
mind1 and firmness of character1--was   
amiable1 well-principled1 and           
well-informed--and therefore likely to  
make a judicious friend1 and a  good    
wife and mother4 ,she belonged to a     
family that had for successive          
generations ranked high in ,new ,england

 for learning and piety2 but her  father
 was in narrow circumstances2 and all   
the money he had to spare1  was expended
 on the education of his two sons2--so  
that ,ellen was  constrained to make the
 most of her resources1 to acquire the  
education  of a gentlewoman4 ,but she   
loved knowledge1--and when that is the  
case1  no one will remain in ignorance4 
,she was not scientific1 but her mind   
was richly stored with useful knowledge1
 which rendered her a valuable  friend1 
and a most entertaining companion4 ,and 
in her own mother she  had been blessed 
with a living example of all that is    
most valuable in  woman1 in the several 
relations of life4 ,mr4 ,lawrence was   
not  disappointed in his wife4 ,she     
possessed his entire confidence2 and    
every year witnessed an increase of his 
respect and affection for her4  ,they   
were a well-matched1 and happy pair4    
,alpheus ,north was a native of the     
village of ,l----4 ,his father was an   
untaught man1 but shrewd and            

intelligent2 and by dint of industry and
  frugality1 arose from being a         
shoemaker1 his bench his only property1 
to having money in the stocks1--two or  
three saw-mills on the river1  and a    
very genteel house1 beautifully situated
 in the outskirts of the  village4      
,resolved that his son should be1 what  
he was conscious he  himself was not1   
namely1 a gentleman1 he spared no       
expense on his  education4 ,and he met  
the only return he wished2--,alpheus was
 a  scholar1 and an elegant man4 ,he was
 more4 ,for while his father had been   
thinking of his education and fortune1  
and providing for both1 his  mother had 
been thinking of his heart4 ,she was an 
illiterate woman1 but  devotedly pious2 
and she thought little of the prospects 
of her  children for this world1 in     
comparison with their fitness for the   
next4  ,her first object had been to    
bring them up in the nurture and        
admonition of the ,lord2 and if all the 
holy desires of her heart were  not     

satisfied in their behalf1 they were    
certainly well-principled2  reverencing 
the ,bible1 and respecting1 if not      
possessing true piety4  ,and ,alpheus1  
the only son1 was the most amiable1 the 
most tender1 the  most hopeful of them  
all4    ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,north died      
within a few months of each other1 the  
year  that ,alpheus left college2 and he
 inherited from his father the house  in
 ,l----1 beside other property to the   
amount of fifteen thousand  dollars4    
,having no predeliction for either of   
the learned professions1  and feeling   
strongly attached to his native place1  
he established  himself at ,l---- as a  
merchant4    ,anna ,weston was the only 
child of parents1 who1 though neither   
well-educated1 nor well-mannered1 moved 
in the first circles in the  town in    
which they resided1 nobody knew why1 and
 supported their  station1 nobody knew  
how4 ,they always contrived to appear   
genteelly in  their house1 without any  
obvious means2 for ,mr4 ,weston's whole 

business  seemed to be1 the now and then
 taking the acknowledgement of a deed1  
or  some other trifling business as a   
justice of peace2 and no one could  name
 any property as his1--whether houses1  
or lands1 or money4 ,this1  however1    
only gave rise to idle speculation1 and 
furnished conversation  for those vacant
 minds1 that can find no more           
entertaining or  instructive subject of 
conversation1 than the affairs of their 
neighbors2 for he owed no man anything1 
and therefore no one was really         
concerned as to the exact amount of his 
property4 ,the fact was1 that  both ,mr4
 and ,mrs4 ,weston were remarkably      
skilful in making a good deal  of show1 
with very limited means2 and their study
 from ,january to  ,december was how to 
keep up appearances4    ,anna was the   
idol of her parents4 ,she was beautiful 
in person1 and  amiable in              
disposition1--with as much tact as      
father and mother both4  ,her education 
was completely superficial2 but she     

studied every thing  a little1--and by  
usually being seen in the morning with a
 book in  her hand1 and often speaking  
of her favorite studies1 it was taken   
for  granted1 that her mind was         
uncommonly well stored4 ,but every thing
  about her character and acquirements  
was completely artificial1 her          
sweetness of temper alone excepted4     
,anna was visiting an old school-fellow 
in ,boston1 when ,alpheus ,north  for   
the first time saw her4 ,her beauty     
instantly captivated his eye2  her      
graceful1 and somewhat showy manners1   
pleased his fancy2 and her  amiable     
disposition and sprightly conversation1 
engaged his affections4  ,he was soon   
deeply in love2 and before declaring    
himself1 only wished  to know1 whether  
her principles were such as the son of a
 mother like  his own could approve4 ,he
 conversed with her on the subject of   
religion1 and was delighted to find1 not
 only that her feelings were  tender1   
but that she was a member of the church 

in her native town4 ,he  at once offered
 his hand1 which was accepted2 and in   
due time he  brought his beautiful bride
 to ,l----1 after having taken her to   
,saratoga ,springs1 and one or two other
 places of fashionable resort4          
,between ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,lawrence1 and  
,alpheus ,north1 there was no  ceremony4
 ,similarity of education1 and1 on some 
accounts1 congeniality  of taste1 had   
made them fond of each other's society  
from first  acquaintance2 and time had  
ripened this early preference into      
friendship4 ,mr4 ,north was ever a      
welcome visiter at the house of ,mr4    
,lawrence1 where he was treated more as 
a brother than as a common              
acquaintance4    ,the next morning after
 his arrival at ,l---- with his bride1  
he called  upon ,mrs4 ,lawrence1 to     
bespeak from her an early call2 as ,mrs4
 ,north  must necessarily feel solitary 
among entire strangers2 and1 indeed1    
where there were none with whom she     
could wish ever to be intimate1  ,mr4   

and ,mrs4 ,lawrence alone excepted4 ,he 
hoped he should now be able1  in some   
degree1 to requite the cordial          
hospitality that had been  accorded to  
him1 and which had constituted so large 
a share of his  happiness4    ,in a     
short time an intimacy between the two  
families was established4  ,mrs4        
,lawrence could not1 indeed1 very       
frequently visit ,mrs4 ,north1 as  she  
had two young children2 and her wish to 
promote the comfort of her  husband1 to 
superintend the general well being of   
her family1 and take  care of these     
little ones1 kept her1 the greater part 
of her time1  within her own doors4 ,but
 ,mrs4 ,north had no confinement1--and  
with the  most graceful ease she waived 
ceremony1 and at any hour of the day    
would put her blooming and smiling face 
into the nursery1 the parlor1  or       
whatever room ,mrs4 ,lawrence might     
chance to be in1 and be quite at  home4 
,two months had elapsed since ,mrs4     
,north came to ,l----1 when one morning 

as she was sitting in the nursery with  
,mrs4 ,lawrence1 she said--    ,i look  
upon you with increasing astonishment   
every day1 to see you  always so        
cheerful and happy4 ,mrs4 ,lawrence     
looked up in some  surprise1 and        
inquired1 ,why she should be otherwise4 
,why8--,because you are so perpetually  
employed--shut up in your own  house4 ,i
 should think you would be wretched6    
,i am so constantly1 and necessarily1   
and1 for a greater part of the  time1 so
 interestingly employed1 that ,i have no
 leisure to be  unhappy1 said ,mrs4     
,lawrence1 with a smile4                
,interestingly6 ,pardon me1 said ,mrs4  
,north1 but can domestic concerns  ever 
be interesting8    ,how can you ask such
 a question1 my dear ,mrs4 ,north8      
,call me ,anna1 do--,i hate ,mrs4 ,north
 from an intimate  friend1--especially  
one somewhat older than myself1 said    
,mrs4 ,north4  ,but tell me how you can 
be interested in what ,i have thought   
must be  irksome to every one4    ,every

 affectionate wife1 my dear ,anna1 said 
,mrs4 ,lawrence1 must be  interested to 
promote the comfort and prosperity of   
her husband2  every mother1 especially  
every christian mother1 must be         
interested  in the care and instruction 
of her children2 and my ,lucius is now  
two  years old--capable1 therefore1 of  
receiving moral impressions that may    
endure through eternity2--and every lady
 should strive to be so much  of a lady1
 as to have her whole household well    
regulated1 and all  domestic business   
well1 and reasonably performed4    ,o1  
certainly1 said ,mrs4 ,north4 ,yet every
 human being needs  recreation4 ,you    
will soon wear yourself out by such     
unceasing attention  to domestic duties4
    ,by no means4 ,you know that variety
 of objects and occupations is an       
antidote to exhaustion2 beside1 books   
and my flower-garden are a never        
failing source of pleasure and          
relaxation4 ,indeed1 my dear ,mrs4      
,north1  ,i wonder how a wife and mother

 can ever know ennui1 or find much time 
to devote to general society4    ,would 
,i had your resources1 said ,mrs4       
,north4 ,but1 really1 were it  not for  
you1 ,i believe ,i should die of ennui  
in this stupid1 vulgar  place1          
notwithstanding ,i have the kindest1 and
 most attentive husband  in the world4  
,but he cannot always be with me1 of    
course2 and when he  is attending to    
business1 you are my only resource4 ,do 
you know that  for a month past1 ,i have
 been dreading the approach of this     
week8    ,on what account8    ,because  
,i thought that when ,mr4 ,lawrence went
 to attend court1 you  would certainly  
go with him1 after having been immured  
so long4 ,i  dreaded it so much1 ,i     
could not even ask you whether or not   
you should  go4    ,i very seldom go    
anywhere with ,mr4 ,lawrence1 to be     
absent more than  one day1 said ,mrs4   
,lawrence4 ,we do not feel quite easy to
 be from  home at the same time4    ,and
 do you ever go without him8 asked ,mrs4

 ,north4    ,not very often2 for when he
 is with me1 home is much the           
pleasantest  place in the world4 ,my    
friend1 she added1 with a smile1 you    
have not  yet been a wife long enough to
 know much about it4 ,three or four     
years  hence you will find employment   
enough2 and that which1 ,i doubt not1   
will prove so interesting1 that you will
 not be willing to transfer it  to other
 hands4    ,perhaps so--but1 really1 ,i 
do love society4 ,i do love to drive    
about a  little1 and see the world1 and 
the people that are in it4 ,and1 by the 
way1 do you know that ,i go to ,boston1 
with ,alpheus1 in a fortnight8          
,business calls him there1--and he says 
he cannot go without me4 ,i am  glad of 
it1 truly4 ,i should not like to ask him
 to take me with  him1--and stay at     
home1 alone1 ,i could not6    ,i am glad
 you are to have the pleasure of a      
journey1 said ,mrs4  ,lawrence4 ,and    
there is no reason why you should not4  
,mr4 ,north is1 of  course1 at present1 

your principal care2 and you have little
 else to  do1 but study to promote his  
happiness4    ,the journey to ,boston on
 business was only the precursor of     
another1 in  a different direction1 for 
pleasure2 for ,mr4 ,north1 himself1     
loved to  visit different parts of the  
country2 he took pride in the admiration
  and attention his young wife          
commanded2 and1 beside1 he could not but
  perceive that ,l---- seemed more and  
more unpleasant to her1 after every     
excursion1--and it was his constant     
desire to promote the happiness of  one 
so tenderly beloved4 ,perhaps he took   
not the most certain way to  increase   
her happiness2--but that was the fault  
of his head--not his  heart6    ,mrs4   
,north never teazed1 or even asked her  
husband for any  gratification4 ,she    
was1 at once too amiable1 and too polite
 to do  either2 yet she had a way of her
 own--and a most graceful and           
fascinating way it was--of leading him  
on to propose the very thing she  had   

resolved on1--and then yielding to his  
plan1 with an air of  relinquishing some
 more favored scheme of her own1 for the
 pleasure of  gratifying him4 ,indeed1  
every thing she did1 was done in the    
most  amiable and graceful manner--even 
to the spending of money1 which she  did
 with the air of a princess4 ,and her   
husband sometimes feared she  was a     
little too profuse2 but she dressed with
 such taste2 was so  generous1 and so   
much the belle wherever she appeared1   
that he could  not find it in his heart 
to supply her purse less liberally4     
,for nearly three months ,mr4 and ,mrs4 
,north were scarcely at ,l---- for  more
 than a week at a time2 and the cold    
winds and bad roads of  ,november1 alone
 led them to settle quietly at home4 ,on
 every return to  ,l----1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4
 ,lawrence had been duly visited2 and   
now1 when the  autumnal campaign was    
fairly over1 their society was more     
needed1 more  valued than ever4         
,scarcely twenty-four hours passed1     

without bringing  ,mrs4 ,lawrence the   
favor of a longer or shorter visit4     
,and so1 my dear ,mrs4 ,lawrence1 you   
have not been five miles from  ,l----1  
since my journey to ,boston last        
,august8    ,i have not4    ,nor wanted 
to be1 ,i suppose1 said ,mrs4 ,north4   
,all circumstances considered1 ,i have  
not1 answered ,mrs4 ,lawrence4 ,it      
would afford me great pleasure to see   
various parts of the world1--in  the    
,southern as well as ,northern ,states  
of the ,union1--in ,europe as  well as  
,america2 but as ,i am situated1 by the 
providence of an all-wise  ,father1 ,i  
must content myself with the knowledge  
of different places1  that ,i can derive
 from books4 ,and this1 if not so       
satisfactory1 is1 at  least1 a cheaper  
mode of obtaining information1 than     
travelling4    ,two things in this      
answer struck ,mrs4 ,north4 ,a cheaper  
mode6 ,yes--as  ,mr4 ,lawrence inherited
 no fortune1 it was necessary for his   
wife to  think of economy4 ,how         

fortunate for herself that ,mr4 ,north's
 father was  a rich man6                
,knowledge--travelling to obtain        
knowledge6 ,the idea had  never before  
occurred to her mind4 ,she had always   
travelled solely for  pleasure4    ,mrs4
 ,lawrence really felt attached to ,mrs4
 ,north4 ,her amiable temper  and       
pleasing manners had won her affections1
 and she wished to do her  good4 ,she   
soon learned that her friend had many   
false notions3 that1 in  her estimation1
 wealth was the most valuable           
distinction2 that show was  elegance2   
and that dress and idleness were        
gentility4 ,she saw1 too1  that she was 
nearly1 or quite destitute of internal  
sources of  happiness2 that all the     
nobler powers of her mind lay dormant2  
that she  seemed to have no idea of     
intellectual pleasures4 ,mrs4 ,lawrence 
had no  conception of the difficulty of 
the task she wished to accomplish2 she  
knew not how deep-rooted were the evils 
she wished to subdue2 knew not  that    

they were completely intertwined with   
her whole mental  constitution4    ,mrs4
 ,lawrence often heard ,mrs4 ,north talk
 of books2 and she directed  her to a   
course of reading1 which she thought    
would at once prove  highly interesting 
and beneficial4 ,but ,mrs4 ,north had   
never really read  a book for pleasure1 
or for intellectual improvement1 in her 
life4 ,she  had never been taught by her
 parents1 and had never conceived the   
idea  herself1 that the object in the   
acquisition of knowledge1 was to fit    
her for the discharge of duties to      
herself and others4    ,the knowledge   
she really possessed1 was acquired for  
the express  purpose of display--to give
 her distinction in the circle in which 
she moved4 ,of course she had gone about
 the acquisition of it1 not as a        
pleasure1 but as a task that must be    
accomplished4 ,mrs4 ,lawrence had       
likewise heard her speak of the         
benevolent societies with which she had 
been connected in her native place1 and 

she strove to awaken her  sympathies for
 the poor in ,l----1 and excite interest
 in benevolent  enterprises of a higher 
order4 ,but although ,mrs4 ,north would 
give  freely1 and1 particularly if a    
subscription paper was handed about1    
would subscribe liberally1 there was    
evidently no heart in her  charities4   
,she could find no pleasure in searching
 out the destitute  and afflicted in her
 own person4 ,if she heard of one who   
was sick1 she  would perhaps send them a
 sum of money preposterously large1 that
 ,mrs4  ,north might be spoken of as a  
most munificent lady2 but she could not 
have made a basin of broth1 to have     
saved a life4 ,she knew nothing of  the 
system of benefitting the poor at a very
 trifling expense of time  and labor1 by
 making comfortable garments out of old 
ones that were  lying useless1 an       
encumbrance to closets and drawers4 ,it 
is nearly  useless to give such garments
 to the poor in an unprepared state2    
seldom have they sufficient ingenuity1  

or patience1 or industry1 to  turn them 
to profitable account4 ,mrs4 ,lawrence  
was fully aware of this2  and she was   
remarkable for the ingenuity and        
dexterity with which she  would make a  
comfortable suit of clothes for a poor  
child1 out of  garments that appeared   
not worth a farthing4 ,she was a        
blessing to the  poor around her2 and   
her husband had in no way to pay the    
penalty of  her charities1 as is        
sometimes1 unhappily1 the case4 ,mrs4   
,lawrence  endeavored to interest ,mrs4 
,north in this way of doing good2 but   
the  attempt was fruitless4 ,how could a
 lady degrade herself by attending to   
such occupations6 ,how could the        
delicate and elegant ,mrs4 ,north bend  
her beautiful person over such work2 or 
soil and deface her fair1 round  fingers
 by such menial employments6 ,equally   
unavailing were all ,mrs4  ,lawrence's  
efforts1 to interest her friend in the  
cultivation of  flowers1 or in any      
employment or pursuit1 by which she     

could make  herself happy in solitude4  
,the piety of ,mrs4 ,north was in       
perfect accordance with every other     
point in her character4 ,at a season of 
revival of religion in her  native      
place1 many of her youthful companions  
becoming deeply  interested in the      
subject1 her sympathies were awakened2  
and she  mistook these feelings1 as is1 
alas1 too often the case1 for renovation
  of heart4--,beside1 religion walked in
 her golden slippers2 it was            
fashionable to be benevolent1 and       
charitable1 and attend meetings2  and   
,anna ,weston went with others2 and with
 others she publicly and  solemnly      
avouched the ,lord to be her ,god1 and  
consecrated herself to  his service6    
,but one view of her own heart she had  
never had4 ,she still  loved the world1 
and the things of the world1 the lusts  
of the eye1  and the pride of life1 and 
scarcely felt1 or knew that it was      
wrong4  ,she lived for herself2 and she 
loved herself--supremely2 and she was   

not conscious1 much less was ,mr4       
,north1 that her strongly expressed     
attachment to her husband1 principally  
arose from the ability he  possessed to 
gratify her in all the selfish desires  
of her heart4    ,mrs4 ,lawrence could  
not but perceive that the feelings of   
,mrs4 ,north  were very superficial on  
the subject of religion2 and she knew   
that the  views that resulted in such   
practice1 must be erroneous4 ,as a      
christian1 deeply interested in the     
honor of ,him who had redeemed her  to  
,god by his own blood1--and anxious that
 every one of his professed  disciples  
should walk worthy of their high        
vocation1 she often  conversed with     
,mrs4 ,north on the subject2 and by the 
gentlest and most  touching appeals1    
strove to touch her heart1 and awaken   
and enlighten  her conscience4 ,but     
here1 too1 she was unsuccessful4 ,mrs4  
,north would  so readily assent to all  
she said1 with ,certainly--,o1 yes1     
every  christian should feel and act    

thus1--that ,mrs4 ,lawrence felt that   
the  case was1 at present1 hopeless4    
,there was no feeling2 there was not    
even thought2--it was a mere assent of  
the voice4    ,but an event was now in  
prospect that seemed to have a great    
effect on  ,mrs4 ,north2 and which      
frequently has a vast effect in deciding
  character4 ,life is always            
uncertain1--and1 in a moment of         
reflection1  every one is willing to    
acknowledge it2 but when a lady has the 
prospect of becoming a mother1 there is 
a definite period to which she  looks   
forward1 as the one in which she may be 
called from time into  eternity4 ,it is 
an unthinking woman indeed1 who is never
 serious under  such circumstances4     
,mrs4 ,north was far otherwise4 ,life   
was very dear to  her2 since her        
marriage it had been a scene of         
unclouded sunshine4 ,but  now there was 
a dark curtain raised before her1 beyond
 which she  trembled to look4    ,mrs4  
,lawrence was one of the most judicious 

of woman4 ,she cheered and  sustained   
her friend's spirits1 not by leading her
 to forget1 or think  lightly of her    
danger1 but by teaching her to look at  
it  rationally1--and be in a state of   
preparation for her hour of             
trial4--,and never had she been so much 
encouraged1 for never had ,mrs4  ,north 
appeared so much as she wished to see   
her4 ,her feelings were very  tender1   
and a review of the many blessings she  
had enjoyed1 seemed to  fill her with   
gratitude for the past2 and inspire in  
her some degree of  confidence for the  
future4 ,she professed to hope1 that    
whether she were  to live1 or to die1   
all would be well4    ,at length ,mrs4  
,north became the joyful mother of a    
fine son2 and her  feelings were in a   
glow of gratitude4 ,her heart seemed to 
expand with  love for every one4 ,her   
husband--her friend--never had they been
 half  so dear6--,with her              
congratulatory kiss1 while the tears of 
deep  tenderness suffused her eyes1     

,mrs4 ,lawrence whispered--,consecrate  
yourself1 dearest ,anna1 and this       
precious little immortal1 to the        
service of ,him who has been your       
benefactor and preserver6 ,with         
tremulous lips1 ,mrs4 ,north returned   
the kiss1 and emphatically              
whispered--,o dear friend1 may ,i never 
forget the impressions of this  hour8   
,may ,i never forget the deep debt of   
gratitude ,i owe to my ,father  in      
heaven8    ,but1 alas1 it was not the   
goodness of ,ephraim alone that was as  
the  morning cloud1 and the early dew6  
for the greater part of the goodness  of
 the whole human family is of the same  
transitory and fleeting  nature4 ,at the
 end of six weeks1 when ,mrs4 ,north    
left her chamber1 she  was precisely the
 ,mrs4 ,north of the year               
before--equally thoughtless1  equally   
negligent of duty4 ,with pain ,mrs4     
,lawrence witnessed all  this2--with    
deep pain she saw indications that the  
character of a  fashionable woman must  

be supported at the expense of being an 
unnatural mother4    ,physicians1 when  
practising in fashionable houses1 have a
 wonderful  faculty of divining what    
prescriptions will be most agreeable4   
,mrs4  ,north had a fine constitution2  
but like many women brought up with     
false notions1 she conceived that firm  
health and refinement were  incompatible
 with each other4 ,dr4 ,g----1 was very 
willing to humor her  whim1 as it was in
 no way detrimental to his pecuniary    
interest2 and he  cheerfully acquiesced 
in her recovering from her confinement  
as slowly  as she pleased4 ,and when1 by
 her own confession she was well1 he put
  the cap-stone to the favor in which he
 previously stood with her1 by  saying1 
what his shrewd observation told him    
would just accord with her  wishes1     
namely--that her strength was quite     
unequal to the task of  nursing2 her    
babe must be sent from home2--the ,dr4  
knew just the nurse  for it--a fine1    
healthy1 good-natured woman1 who would  

take the best  possible care of it1 for 
two dollars a week2 and ,mrs4 ,north    
must take a  journey1 as change of air  
and scene were indispensable to the     
perfect  restoration of her health4     
,mrs4 ,lawrence was truly grieved when  
she found this arrangement was  made4   
,she had foreseen the probability of it1
 but she could not be  reconciled to the
 measure4 ,she justly considered        
maternal feelings  among the most sacred
 that belong to earth2 and she knew that
 nothing  more strengthens a mother's   
love1 than the entire dependance of the 
child on her for comfort and happiness4 
,she was fully convinced1 that  anything
 that weakens this tie1 that nature has 
made so strong1 must be  injurious alike
 to both parent and offspring4 ,she was 
musing on the  subject when her husband 
came in4    ,you look sad1 my dear      
,ellen4 ,what is the matter8    ,mrs4   
,north has put the dear little boy out  
to nurse4    ,she is a fashionable      
woman6 ,did you not expect it8    ,i    

feared it--but ,i blame ,dr4 ,g----1 for
 had he not have proposed it1 ,i  think 
,anna would have kept the poor little   
thing with her4 ,he says1  too1 that she
 must journey to confirm her health4    
,he knows his patient1 said ,mr4        
,lawrence4    ,you are severe1 my dear  
husband4    ,do you think so8--but time 
will show4 ,meantime ,i am going to take
 you  a journey4    ,me6 where8    ,to  
,fryburg4 ,business calls me there next 
week--,i shall be absent from  home but 
few days1 and the excursion will do you 
good4 ,be it as it may  with ,mrs4      
,north1 change of air and scene are     
really necessary for you4    ,but the   
children8 said ,mrs4 ,lawrence4    ,i   
have provided for them1 said ,mr4       
,lawrence4 ,nurse ,bevey has  promised  
to come and take care of them during our
 absence8    ,well1 since you have      
arranged it all1 said ,mrs4 ,lawrence1  
do propose  to ,alpheus that he and     
,anna accompany us4 ,it may             
suffice1--and prevent  them from taking 

one of those long journies that ,i begin
 to dread4    ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,north were
 delighted with the proposal4           
,preparations were  immediately         
commenced1 and at the appointed time1   
they all set out on  their excursion4   
,we shall not travel with them4 ,suffice
 it to say1 that  on the evening of the 
second day after their departure1 they  
arrived at  ,mrs4 ,o----'s hotel1 in    
,fryburg4 ,mr4 ,lawrence was rather     
impatient1 as  the journey might have   
been performed in much less time4 ,but  
short  stages1 and long rests were      
necessary for ,mrs4 ,north--at least she
 said  so--and ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,lawrence 
could not with propriety drive on before
  them4    ,on the morning after their  
arrival1 on looking about them1 the     
ladies  were both in raptures at the    
scenery around4 ,they had seen nothing  
like  it before4 ,but we will accompany 
them to the little ,jockey-,cap         
mountain1 which lies not far from a mile
 from ,mrs4 ,o----'s1 which they        

ascended in the afternoon1 and hear what
 they say of it there4    ,this little  
mountain is not difficult of ascent1    
said ,mr4 ,lawrence1  when they had     
attained its summit--yet it is rather   
wearisome1 making  ones way through the 
shrub-oaks--so do you1 my dear ,ellen1  
and ,mrs4  ,north1 rest awhile on this  
table of granite1 and amuse yourselves  
by  picking out some of the well-defined
 garnets that are imbedded in the  rock4
 ,when you are rested1 you may come with
 us toward the verge of the  precipice1 
and view the scenery around4    ,in a   
few minutes the ladies got over their   
fatigue1--and joined their  husbands to 
enjoy the prospect4    ,what is the name
 of this beautiful sheet of water on our
 left1 ,mr4  ,lawrence8 asked ,mrs4     
,north4    ,it is called ',lovell's     
pond1' replied ,mr4 ,lawrence4 ,it was  
on the  margin of this peaceful lake1 as
 it should be called1 that ,capt4       
,lovell and his company of militia1 met 
,pangus1 the ,indian ,sachem1 at  the   

head of a part of his tribe1 prepared   
for deadly conflict4 ,in  ,lovell's     
company was a man named ,john           
,chamberlain4 ,his rifle1 as well  as   
that of ,pangus1 had become foul from   
frequent firing4 ,standing but a  few   
paces apart1 each cleaned his rifle at  
the pond--and each commenced  loading at
 the same moment1--while each watched   
the motions of the  other with the most 
intense interest--knowing that he that  
was first  ready to discharge his rifle1
 would undoubtedly be sole survivor4    
,the  rifle of ,chamberlain was so much 
worn1 that in being loaded1 it primed   
itself4 ,this circumstance decided the  
fate of the ,indian ,chief--he  fell4#a 
,footnote #a3 ,after the fight at       
,lovell's pond1 the remains of the      
,pigwacket tribe of ,indians1 left the  
woods and lakes of ,new ,hampshire  and 
,maine1 for the broader waters and      
deeper forests of ,canada4 ,in  #aggg1  
,chamberlain had become an old          
grey-headed man1--living alone1 and     

laboring in a saw mill to support       
himself4 ,he was one evening informed   
that a young ,indian had appeared in the
 ,village1 with rifle1 wampum  belt and 
tomahawk1 having the noble bearing of   
old ,pangus1 the ,sachem4  ,chamberlain 
instantly took the alarm2 but old as he 
was1 was not  intimidated4 ,well knowing
 the ,indian character and habits1 about
 the  dusk of the evening he put his    
mill in rapid motion1 raised his coat as
  a decoy--and retired to a short       
distance to watch what might follow4    
,in a short time he witnessed the       
cautious approach of the savage1 who    
repeatedly advanced and receded1 ere he 
aimed his rifle at the coat4 ,as  soon  
as he had fired1 and raised himself to  
his full height1 7which was  above six  
feet7 to ascertain the effect of his    
aim1 ,chamberlain  discharged the same  
rifle that had taken the life of the    
,sachem4 ,as the  bullet went through   
his heart1 young ,pangus sprung some    
feet in the  air1 and fell lifeless in  

the stream below4    ,o1 the ever       
wakeful ,providence of our ,heavenly    
,father1 whispered ,mrs4  ,lawrence4    
,the beautiful swell of land1 directly  
in front of us1 and clothed with        
verdure to its summit1 is ,starkes-hill1
 said ,mr4 ,lawrence2 that on  our      
right1 just back of the village1 is     
,kearsarge mountain4    ,and those      
beyond1 piled one upon another1 in      
seemingly endless  succession--far--far 
as the eye can reach1 cried ,mrs4       
,lawrence1 are  the celebrated white    
mountains of ,new-,hampshire4 ,o1 how   
sublime6 how  grand6 how awful6 ,and    
,mount ,washington raises its towering  
head far  above the others1 as if to    
overlook1 and guard them all4 ,what     
majesty  is here6--and how elevating to 
the soul1 to view such specimens of our 
,creator's workmanship6    ,and what is 
the name of this beautiful stream1 that 
flows between us1  and the highlands8   
asked ,mrs4 ,north4    ,this river1     
replied ,mr4 ,north1 still retains its  

,indian  appellation--the ,saco6    ,and
 see1 said ,mrs4 ,lawrence1 how it winds
 around and about1 as if  reluctant to  
leave this broad and beautiful          
intervale1 and striving to  linger in it
 to the last possible moment4    ,i have
 been told1 said ,mr4 ,lawrence1 that   
before some short canals  were cut1 to  
accelerate the passage of lumber down   
the stream1 that the  ,saco ran upwards 
of thirty miles1 in this place1 in      
making the actual  progress of only six 
towards the ocean4    ,and then the     
beautiful1 quiet village1 said ,mrs4    
,lawrence1 lying so  securely amid its  
guardian mountains1 with its long1      
straight  street1--and its church and   
academy spires1 pointing to heaven1     
speaking of spiritual and intellectual  
improvement4 ,o1 this scene is  perfect 
in beauty6--and in grandeur6 ,there the 
sublime and beautiful  are most happily 
associated4 ,the overpowering awe that  
steals upon one1  while viewing those   
mighty efforts of creative power1 which 

fills the  soul with sensations         
altogether too big for utterance1--is   
modified1  when the eye falls1 and rests
 on the peaceful village1 which speaks  
of  human society1 comfort and          
happiness4 ,it seems as if the          
inhabitants1  brought up with such      
scenes of beauty and sublimity          
constantly before  them1 must be more   
free from base and ignoble passions1    
than those who  live and die amid       
scenery of a different character4 ,every
 spot on which  the eye rests1 speaks of
 the grandeur1 the power1 the           
benevolence--and1  if ,i may so express 
myself1 the taste of the ,divine        
,architect4 ,i can  conceive of nothing 
more beautiful--more perfect6--and      
nothing can have  a more elevating      
effect on the soul of man6 ,i must      
believe1 with ,dr4  ,dwight1 that 'he   
who does not find in the various        
beautiful1 sublime1  awful and          
astonishing objects1 presented to us in 
creation1  irresistible and glorious    

reasons for admiring1 adoring1 loving   
and  praising his ,creator1 has no claim
 to evangelical piety4'    ,you are an  
enthusiast1 ,mrs4 ,lawrence1 said ,mr4  
,north1 smiling4    ,perhaps ,i am4 ,but
 nothing1 after moral grandeur1 touches 
my heart  like the beautiful face of    
nature4 ,every flower and tree1 and hill
 and  valley that meets my eye1 gives me
 delight1--and speaks to my soul of  the
 glorious ,being that made them3--how   
much more such a picture as is  now     
spread before me6--,my dear husband1    
when our children are old  enough to    
appreciate its beauty1 they must be     
brought to this spot4 ,it  cannot fail  
of having a salutary effect1 both on the
 heart1 and mind4    ,mr4 ,lawrence     
pressed his wife's arm to his side1 in  
token of  approbation4 ,his admiration  
was divided between the scenery before  
him1  and a wife1--capable of deriving  
such exquisite delight1 from so pure a  
source2 and the piety of whose heart1   
gave a religious cast to every  thing   

around her4 ,he admired the grand and   
beautiful in nature1--but he  admired   
her moral beauty and purity far more4   
,mr4 ,north1 too1 highly enjoyed the    
natural magnificence presented to  his  
view2 but ,mrs4 ,north had felt far     
greater sensible delight1 when1  with a 
well-filled purse1 she had visited a    
repository of rich and  fashionable     
goods1 or the shop of her milliner4 ,yet
 she tried to be  eloquent in praise of 
the beauties on which they gazed2 for   
admiration  of them was certainly at    
that moment fashionable on the summit of
 the  ,jockey-,cap2 yet there was no    
heart in her exclamations of delight2   
there was no feeling in her expressions 
of admiration4 ,her remarks  repressed  
rather than elicited enthusiasm4 ,they  
were like a body  without a soul4    ,on
 the third morning after their arrival  
at ,fryburg1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4  ,lawrence  
prepared to return to ,l----4 ,the      
latter was much surprised  when she     
found that ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,north were   

not to return with them4    ,o1 we are  
going through the notch of the ,white   
,mountains1 said ,mrs4  ,north4 ,we are 
told here1 that the scenery beyond is   
infinitely more  magnificent than this1 
and well worth a much longer journey to 
see4    ,i doubt not its magnificence1  
said ,mrs4 ,lawrence1 and should        
exceedingly like to view it2 yet ,i much
 doubt whether any scene1 in  beauty of 
combination1 can exceed that we have    
seen from the  ,jockey-,cap4 ,but the   
little boy1 my dear ,anna6--,are you not
 anxious to  see him8    ,o             
certainly--the little darling6--,yet he 
is in perfectly good hands1  and a week 
or two can make no difference4 ,he      
knows1 as yet1 no mother  but nurse4    
,nor will he ever1 thought ,mr4         
,lawrence4--,mrs4 ,lawrence sighed4     
,will you take the trouble1 my dear     
friend1 said ,mr4 ,north1 to look  in   
occasionally upon nurse1 and see that   
she neglects not her duty8    ,o1 do1   
said ,mrs4 ,north2 it will be a great   

relief to my feelings1 to  know that    
your vigilant eye1 is now and then upon 
the dear boy4    ,a mingled expression  
of pity and contempt1 sat on the        
features of ,mr4  ,lawrence as he turned
 away2 while ,mrs4 ,lawrence promised to
 see the  little one as often as        
possible1 during the absence of the     
parents4  ,they soon parted--the one    
pair for the notch1--the other for home4
    ,i am truly grieved1 said ,mrs4     
,lawrence1 when they were fairly on     
their homeward journey--,i am truly     
grieved that ,alpheus does not  return  
to ,l---- with us4 ,i had hoped1 that on
 becoming a mother1 ,anna's  character  
would undergo a change4 ,i hoped she    
would learn to love home1  and domestic 
scenes4 ,it is to be lamented1 that such
 qualities as she  has1 qualities that  
might make a superior woman1 should all 
be lost in  the woman of fashion--the   
votary of pleasure4 ,fain would ,i do   
her good  if ,i could--but ,i know not  
how to acquire influence over her mind4 

,it is a hopeless case1 answered ,mr4   
,lawrence4 ,her character has no        
foundation3 ,it is all superstructure4  
,she never acts from principle4  ,she   
has no strength of mind4 ,i mean not    
that she is naturally deficient  in     
intellectual powers2 but she is a       
parvenu1 and all her mental  efforts1   
instead of giving and increasing mental 
vigor1 are directed to  the one object  
of making a show1 and noise in the      
world4 ,and as is  almost universally   
the case with those of her class1 she   
overdoes4  ,she is thoroughly selfish2  
and ere any real improvement can        
rationally  be hoped for1 the present   
edifice must be completely demolished1  
and  a foundation laid1 of new views1   
new motives1 and new principles4 ,poor  
,alpheus6 ,i pity him4 ,the greatest    
defect in his character1 is that love   
of show that he inherited from his      
vulgar father1--and by which he was     
governed in the selection of a wife4 ,he
 is so amiable and indulgent in  his    

disposition1 that he permits her to lead
 him as she will4 ,i foresee  that she  
will be his ruin4    ,mrs4 ,lawrence    
called to see the deserted baby as she  
called him1 the  next day after her     
return to ,l----1 and continued to do   
so1 once or  twice a week1 until the    
return of his parents1 which was delayed
 for  something more than a month4 ,he  
grew finely1--and before his mother's   
arrival1 was beginning to ca and coo and
 smile in the nurse's  face4 ,and ,mrs4 
,lawrence felt that it would bring a    
severe pang to her  heart1 were the     
first smile and look of love of an      
infant of her own1  bestowed on an      
hireling1--however worthy she might be4 
,but ,mrs4 ,north  had no weakness of   
this kind2 on the contrary1 she was     
delighted with  the happiness he        
manifested in nurse's arms1 as it was   
incontestible  proof of her faithful    
discharge of duty4    ,eight years      
passed away1 and in that time the number
 of ,mrs4 ,north's  children increased  

to four2 but never was a woman less     
incommoded by a  growing family4 ,never 
was there one on whom care sat more     
lightly4 ,a  few months confinement to  
,l---- now and then1 was to her the most
  serious part of the business4 ,five or
 six weeks1 of as many winters1  during 
this period1 had been spent in ,boston  
or ,new-,york2 for a whole  winter in   
,l----1 unless confined to her chamber1 
,mrs4 ,north declared  would kill her   
outright4 ,and the expense was nothing  
to be thought of2  for ,mr4 ,north must 
go to purchase goods1 and attend to     
other  mercantile concerns2 and taking  
her with him made but little            
difference1 as she must be supported    
somewhere1--and her being with him  made
 not a great difference in the length of
 his stay4 ,the summers she  passed in  
,l---- were rendered tolerable1 by the  
society of those  fashionable friends   
she from time to time invited to her    
house4    ,meantime1 however1 sagacious 
people began to whisper1 that ,mr4      

,north's  partner in business1 ,mr4     
,mason1 7a young man whom he had taken  
into  partnership1 that his affairs     
might not suffer from neglect1 during   
his  frequent absenses from home17 was  
growing rich1--not from dishonest       
practices1 but by attention to business1
 and economy2 while it was  shrewdly    
conjectured that ,mr4 ,north lived to   
the full extent of his  income1 if not a
 little beyond it4 ,some persons of that
 class who can  always foresee what will
 happen1 predicted1 that in five years  
the  junior partner would be sole       
possessor of the stock in trade1 if not 
the real estate of ,mr4 ,north4    ,at  
the close of the same period ,mrs4      
,lawrence was the mother of five        
children4 ,she had almost given up the  
hope of doing ,mrs4 ,north any  personal
 good2 but she watched over her friend's
 neglected children1  during the long   
periods of her absence from home1 with  
as much  vigilance as was consistent    
with the faithful discharge of duty to  

her  own4 ,so far from exhausting1--her 
diligence increased her mental vigor2   
and her character was constantly        
improving in dignity1 and in every      
christian grace4 ,mr4 ,lawrence had been
 unremitting in his attention to        
business1--and his property had         
gradually and constantly increased4 ,his
  house contained every thing necessary 
for comfort1 gentility1 and             
intellectual improvement4 ,all was in   
perfect keeping4 ,good judgment1  and   
correct taste were manifest in every    
thing in and about the  dwelling1 while 
there was nothing like show or splendor4
    ,your husband is now rich1 my dear  
,mrs4 ,lawrence1 said ,mrs4 ,north1     
after one of her visits to ,new ,york1  
and ,i wonder you do not change1  in    
some measure1 your style of furniture   
and living4 ,you should have an  elegant
 centre-table in your drawing-room1 and 
damask curtains1 like  mine1 instead of 
those modest ones that now hang at the  
windows1--beside some beautiful         

ornaments for the mantel4 ,and in your  
library1 that you love so well1 and     
which is so nobly stocked with  books1  
you must have some such delightful      
lounges and chairs as ,i saw  in ,new   
,york1--that you may be quite at your   
ease while reading4 ,a few  of these    
things would make your house look       
delightfully4    ,i am quite satisfied  
with my furniture1 my dear ,anna1       
replied ,mrs4  ,lawrence1--and can enjoy
 a book as much1 and understand it as   
well1 in  my old fashioned              
rocking-chair1 as if reclining on the   
most delightful  lounge in the world4   
,undoubtedly you can2 but why not pay   
some attention to fashion and  elegance1
 both about your house and dress8 ,i    
really wonder at the  simplicity of your
 dress6 ,your apparel is always very    
well1 certainly1  as to material and    
form1--but it is too plain4 ,i wish you 
would  commission me to get some dresses
 for you2--you would look like another  
creature under my hands2--and you can   

perfectly well afford to consult  your  
taste in these matters4    ,were the    
property of my husband twice as large as
 it is1 said ,mrs4  ,lawrence1 ,i could 
not feel justified in incurring         
unnecessary expense4  ,we have now five 
children to educate2 and that1 of       
itself1 will require  a little fortune4 
,and independently of that1 ,i could    
never be at  peace with myself1 should  
,i expend in unnecessary ornament1 that 
which  would make so many light hearts1 
and cheerful faces among the poor1--to  
say nothing of the more noble1 more holy
 object1 of ameliorating the  condition 
of the heathen world4    ,mrs4 ,north   
colored slightly as she replied--,i know
 the tenderness of  your conscience2 but
 surely one so remarkably disinterested 
and  benevolent as yourself1 may        
occasionally indulge a little without   
compunction4 ,do you not carry your     
scrupulosity too far8    ,there is      
little danger of our erring on the side 
of benevolence1 said  ,mrs4 ,lawrence4  

,and if1 when we appear for final       
judgment1 it be said  to us1 'inasmuch  
as ye did it unto one of the least of   
these1 ye did it  unto me1' we shall    
hardly regret that we made not a more   
elegant and  splendid appearance1 while 
inhabiting1 what will then emphatically 
appear to us1 'this dim spot1 called    
earth4'    ,the following winter ,mrs4  
,north accompanied her husband to       
,boston4 ,they  had been absent nearly  
six weeks1 when ,mrs4 ,lawrence was one 
evening  alarmed by the cry of 'fire1'  
and hastening to the door1 she saw the  
flames bursting from that part of ,mr4  
,north's house1 in which the  nursery   
was situated4 ,giving hasty directions  
to her servants1 she  flew1 with all    
possible speed1 to the spot4 ,mr4       
,lawrence1 and many  others were already
 there1 and had succeeded in rescuing   
all the  children from the blazing      
chamber1 though the third child was     
burned in  a most shocking manner4 ,all 
the children were immediately consigned 

to  the care of ,mrs4 ,lawrence1 who had
 them instantly conveyed to her own     
house1--while a man was despatched to   
call ,dr4 ,g---- to the aid of the      
little sufferer4    ,meantime the whole 
village was collected at ,mr4 ,north's  
house1 which1  by the most strenuous    
exertions1 was saved from utter         
destruction1  though greatly injured4   
,the fire caught in the nursery1 through
 the  carelessness of the nursery-maid1 
who left the younger children1 and a    
blazing fire1 under the care of the     
elder1--while she joined the other      
servants in the kitchen1 to talk over   
the gossip of the day4    ,in a short   
time1 ,dr4 ,g---- arrived at the house  
of ,mr4 ,lawrence1 and  after examining 
the suffering child1 gave his opinion   
that he could not  long survive the     
injury he had sustained4    ,as soon as 
,mr4 ,lawrence reached home1 he         
despatched a letter and  messenger to   
apprise ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,north of the    
calamity that had  befallen them2 and in

 as short a time as possible they       
arrived at  ,l----1 the latter nearly   
frantic with grief4    ,when she could  
bring herself to see the little boy1    
that a few weeks  before1 she had left  
blooming in health and beauty--now a    
spectacle of  horror--she was           
overwhelmed4 ,bitter were the reproaches
 she expended on  the negligent         
nursery-maid3 but more bitter still her 
own  self-upbraiding4 ,repeatedly was   
she on the point of making a most       
solemn asseveration that never again1   
for a day1 would she leave her  dear1   
dear children4 ,the moanings of the     
suffering child1 seemed to  rend her    
heart with anguish2 and it appeared     
impossible that she could  ever forgive 
herself4    ,she now appreciated the    
value of such a friend as ,mrs4         
,lawrence4 ,her  feelings were such1    
that she could do nothing for the       
afflicted boy2  could not even remain in
 the room1 while he was under the hands 
of the  surgeon4 ,mrs4 ,lawrence was    

,dr4 ,g----'s constant assistant1--and  
indeed  almost the sole nurse of the    
child2 from the hand of no one else     
would  he willingly receive either food 
or medicine4 ,mrs4 ,north looked on     
,mrs4  ,lawrence with astonishment2 and 
could not but think1 that with all her  
tenderness1 there was a hard spot in her
 heart1 that enabled her to  be useful  
in such a scene of suffering4 ,mrs4     
,north had no knowledge of  that true   
christian sympathy1 firmness1 and       
philosophy1 that impels one  to relieve1
 instead of flying from suffering2 and  
she dignified her own  weak and selfish 
indulgence by the name of sensibility4  
,o1 my dear friend1 how can ,i ever be  
sufficiently grateful for your          
kindness8 ,my sensibilities are such1   
that it shatters my nerves to  pieces to
 witness suffering in any one--how much 
more in one's own  sweet infant6 ,how   
must the dear boy suffer1 were there no 
one to help  him but his poor1 sensitive
 mother6 ,it is really a misfortune to  

have  a heart so feelingly constituted6 
,the little boy lingered several weeks  
in great pain1--and then his  liberated 
spirit took its flight from its decaying
 tenement4 ,three  months after1 ,mrs4  
,north became the mother of her fifth   
child2 and as  soon as she was able to  
go out1 it was sent from home to nurse1 
like  all its predecessors1--and she    
started on a journey to visit her       
parents4 ,this journey was very         
well--very right2 but ,mrs4 ,lawrence   
feared that the impression made by her  
recent trouble1 was fast fading  away2  
that the rod of affliction would have no
 correcting  influence2--produce no     
favorable change1 either in character or
  conduct4 ,when preparing to leave     
home1 to have her mourning dresses of   
the most elegant1 fashionable1 and      
becoming kind1 engrossed the whole      
woman1 and left no room for any other   
thought or feeling4 ,how  inconceivably 
obdurate may the heart1 even of a       
mother1 be rendered by  selfish         

indulgence6    ,the fears of ,mrs4      
,lawrence were but too well founded4 ,it
 was ,october  when ,mrs4 ,north        
returned from her visit to her parents2 
and a few weeks  after ,mrs4 ,lawrence  
perceived there were great1 and unusual 
preparations making for another journey4
 ,but she asked no questions4  ,her     
heart sickened2 but she despaired of    
doing good1 and was weary of  giving    
unheeded admonitions2 weary of          
attempting to touch a heart  incased in 
the triple mail of vanity1 selfishness1 
and love of  pleasure4    ,without      
inquiry she soon learned from ,mrs4     
,north1 that she and ,mr4  ,north       
designed to spend the greater part of   
the winter in ,washington4  ,mr4 ,north 
had business as far as ,philadelphia2   
they had both ever been  anxious to     
visit the seat of government1 and hear  
the eloquence of the  senate2 so good an
 opportunity might never again          
occur1--and1 really1  ,mrs4 ,north      
added1 ,i have passed through scenes so 

heart-rending1 so  wearing to my        
constitution1 that ,i need something    
more than ordinary1  to restore me to   
myself again4 ,she could leave home with
 an easy  heart2 for the unfaithful1    
cruel nursery-maid was dismissed from   
her  service2 and she had engaged ,mrs4 
,berry1 ,mrs4 ,lawrence's own good      
nurse1 7at very high wages1 it was      
true17 to take care of her children1    
and superintend her household while she 
should be absent4 ,at the  appointed    
time they departed4    ,why will you    
thus grieve1 my dear ,ellen8 said ,mr4  
,lawrence4 ,it is  utterly useless4     
,i know it1 ,horace1 yet how can ,i help
 it8 ,o1 how completely do the  love of 
pleasure1 and the pride of fashion1     
destroy all the best  feelings of the   
heart6--all the finest sensibilities of 
our  natures6--,to see a woman1 capable 
of better things1 thus bent on          
gratifying herself1 in despite of every 
call of duty1 and warning of            
,providence1--and leading an amiable    

husband to neglect every thing but      
herself1 is dreadful2 and yet1 it is for
 the poor neglected children ,i  grieve4
 ,what is to become of them8 ,what can  
be expected of them8--thus  continually 
left to their own guidance4    ,nothing 
good1 of course1 ,ellen4 ,they are a set
 of untaught1  ungoverned1 unmannered   
little bears2 and must continue so1     
unless they  are so fortunate as to lose
 their mother1 or she reform4 ,but you  
have  done1 and are still doing1 all    
that a friend can do1 under such        
circumstances4 ,having1 therefore1      
discharged your duty1 be cheerful1  and 
borrow not troubles that properly belong
 to another4    ,mrs4 ,lawrence received
 frequent letters from ,mrs4 ,north1    
filled with  glowing descriptions of    
what she was seeing1 and hearing1 and   
doing2  and wishes that her kind friend 
were with her to participate in such    
pleasures--pleasures that would suit    
even the correct and refined taste  of  
,mrs4 ,lawrence1--they were so          

intellectual4 ,she frequently expressed 
regret that time flew so rapidly1 as she
 dreaded to leave scenes so  replete    
with pleasure4 ,in every letter she     
would send kisses1 or  something equally
 valuable to her dear little ones2 but  
said she felt  perfectly easy about     
them1 under the care of good ,mrs4      
,berry2 and  having the eye of the best 
of friends frequently upon them4    ,mr4
 and ,mrs4 ,north had been absent       
something more than two months1 when    
,mr4 ,lawrence received a letter from   
the former1 requesting the loan of  a   
hundred or two of dollars4 ,mr4 ,north  
said he had written to ,mr4 ,mason  for 
a remittance2 but having a payment to   
make out1 he had not been  able to      
forward it to him4 ,if ,mr4 ,lawrence   
would oblige him1 doubtless  ,mr4 ,mason
 would in a short time be able to       
reimburse him2 if not1 ,mr4  ,north     
would do so1 immediately on his return  
to ,l----4    ,the very day this letter 
was received1 ,mr4 ,mason called at the 

office  of ,mr4 ,lawrence1 to consult   
with him concerning what was to be done 
in  the present juncture of ,mr4        
,north's affairs1--and as a preliminary 
measure1 to secure to himself the store 
and goods it contained1 which  would    
scarcely be sufficient to satisfy his   
just demands4 ,mr4 ,north's  debts were 
numerous1 and his creditors were        
becoming clamorous2 and  although ,mr4  
,mason had written to him1 he seemed not
 to be alarmed1 and  had given no       
directions4    ,mr4 ,lawrence was       
unwilling to have any thing to do in    
this unhappy  business2 yet he could not
 refuse to assist an industrious and    
honest  young man1 who was in danger of 
losing the earnings of several years'   
close attention to business1 should he  
refuse to lend his assistance as  a     
lawyer4 ,he therefore did what his sense
 of justice and duty demanded1  though  
he pitied his inconsiderate friend2 and 
he immediately wrote  him1 informing him
 of what was done1--and inclosing 7which

 he knew must  be a gift7 a draft for   
the money of which ,mr4 ,north had      
requested the  loan4 ,he concluded his  
letter1 by urging his friend's instant  
return to  ,l----1 if it were yet       
possible to give his affairs a favorable
 turn4    ,three days after this1 all   
property that could be found1 belonging 
to  ,mr4 ,north1 was seized by his      
creditors4    ,my dear ,horace1 said the
 greatly agitated ,mrs4 ,lawrence1 what 
will  ,alpheus and ,anna do8--what can  
they do8    ,they must begin the world  
again1 upon better principles1 said ,mr4
  ,lawrence4 ,i hope they will learn    
wisdom from experience4    ,but what can
 we do for them1 my dear husband8 ,you  
will receive them  here when they       
arrive8 ,anna will feel so wretchedly6  
,for a day or two1 certainly1 if you    
wish it1 my love4    ,and for no longer8
 ,the contrast will be so striking1 they
 will be  overwhelmed6 ,we must afford  
them all the assistance and consolation 
in  our power8    ,certainly6--but let  

us assist them in a rational way4 ,they 
must feel  the blow1 and its            
consequences4 ,we could do nothing to   
prevent it1  short of utter ruin to     
ourselves4 ,and it is necessary they    
should feel  out2 for nothing less could
 prove a cure for their folly4 ,they    
must  taste the bitter fruits of their  
extravagance4 ,they must learn to live  
within their income1 however small2 and 
practise the self-denial that  poverty  
demands4 ,they must learn to be         
industrious1 and support  themselves by 
their own exertions4    ,poor           
,alpheus6--poor ,anna6 ejaculated ,mrs4 
,lawrence4    ,if ,alpheus had possessed
 either common firmness1 or common      
prudence1  said ,mr4 ,lawrence1 or would
 ,anna have listened to the admonitions1
 or  followed the example of the best   
and kindest of friends1 your  sympathies
 would never have been thus called upon4
    ,o1 make no comparisons1--it would  
be unjust1 said ,mrs4 ,lawrence4  ,anna 
was never blessed with the instructions 

of such a father1 or the  example of    
such a mother as mine4    ,true--and let
 us hope that this event will only prove
 a 'blessing in  disguise1' to teach her
 what she would learn in no other way4  
,let us  hope it will be for the best4  
,o1 may it prove so indeed6 said ,mrs4  
,lawrence4 ,may the misguided and       
unfortunate ,anna learn1 that to be a   
fashionable woman1 is not the  way to be
 either respectable1 or useful1 or      
happy4    ,s4 ,h4            ,for the   
,southern ,literary ,messenger4         
,,hints ,,to ,,students ,,of ,,geology4 
,no4 ,,ii4    ,,by ,,peter ,a4 ,,browne1
 ,,esq4      ,the most effectual way to 
guard against the dangerous tendency of 
theories is to collect and lay open to  
examination at one view some of  the    
most celebrated of them1 with which     
mankind have from time to time  been    
furnished4 ,several of these will be    
found to be so obscure that             
astonishment is excited that they were  
ever dignified with the name of         

philosophy2 others are so entirely      
inconsistent and at the same time  have 
such equal claims to plausibility that  
they mutually confute each  other2 a few
 are so intimately connected with the   
truths that the study  of geology and   
astronomy have displayed that it is     
difficult to escape  the hazardous abyss
 into which they would lead--but the    
greater part  are the effusions of      
fancy1 and resemble more the emanations 
of a  feverish or disordered brain than 
the cool dictates of reason and  common 
sense4 ,it is confidently believed that 
the student who will  attentively read  
them all1 will be very slow to adopt any
 one of  the number4    ,the most       
ancient ,indian and ,egyptian           
philosophers agreed in rightly          
ascribing the creation of the world to  
an ,,omnipotent and ,,infinite  ,,being1
 and it is a curious fact that they     
represented him as having  repeatedly   
destroyed and reproduced the world and  
its  inhabitants4 ,in the ,institutes of

 ,menu1 the sacred volume of the        
,hindoos1 which were written eight      
hundred and eighty-eight years ,b4,c41  
are the following verses3    ,the ,being
 whose powers are incomprehensible1     
having created me1  7,menu17 and this   
universe1 again became absorbed in the  
,supreme ,spirit1  changing the time of 
energy for the hour of repose4    ,when 
this power awakes1 then has this world  
its full expansion2  but when he        
slumbers with a tranquil spirit1 then   
the whole system  fades away4    ,it is 
perfectly ascertained that the ,greeks  
borrowed this idea of a  former         
successive destruction and renovation of
 this world from the  ,egyptians4       
,plutarch tells us that it was the theme
 of one of the hymns  of ,orpheus2 and  
it is well known that ,orpheus1 although
 a ,greek poet1  gained all his         
knowledge of astronomy1 divinity1 music 
and poetry in  ,egypt4    ,this most    
ancient ,pagan theologist believed that 
all things were  created by a ,being    

whom he represents as invisible and     
incomprehensible1 and to whom he has    
given the appellation of ,,the          
,,counsellor of ,,light and ,,source of 
,,life2 but he has degraded this        
sublime idea of the ,almighty by        
supposing that from an egg1 the progeny 
of chance1 all mankind have been        
produced4    ,the philosopher           
,leucippus1 who was also a ,grecian1    
taught that the  universe was infinite2 
that it was in part a plenum and in part
 a  vacuum--that the plenum contained   
innumerable corpuscles or atoms of      
various figures1 which1 falling into the
 vacuum1 struck against each  other2 and
 hence arose a variety of curvilinear   
motions1 which  continued till at length
 atoms of similar forms met together1   
and  bodies were produced4 ,the primary 
atoms being specifically of equal       
weight1 and not being able1 on account  
of their multitude1 to move in  circles1
 the smaller rose to the exterior parts 
of the vacuum1 whilst  the larger       

7entangling themselves17 formed a       
spherical shell1 which  revolved about  
its centre and which included within it 
all kinds of  bodies4 ,this central mass
 was gradually increased by a perpetual 
accession of particles from the         
surrounding shell1 till at last 7says   
,leucippus7 the ,,earth was formed4 ,in 
the mean time the spherical shell  was  
continually supplied with new bodies1   
which1 in its revolution1 it  gathered  
from without4 ,of the particles thus    
collected in the  spherical shell1 some 
in their combination formed humid       
masses1  which1 by their circular       
motion1 gradually became dry and were at
  length ignited and became ,,stars4    
,the ,,sun was formed in the same manner
  in the exterior surface of the shell2 
and the moon in its  interior surface4  
,in this manner the universe was        
formed4--,such a  jargon of learned     
nonsense requires no comment2 yet       
,leucippus had for  a time the          
reputation of possessing superior       

wisdom6    ,epicurus adopted the idea of
 ,leucippus as to the atoms1 and        
imagined  that they moved obliquely1 and
 ,democritus bestowed on them           
animation4 ,gassendi contended for atoms
 and a void1 and ,descartes  asserted a 
plenum and a subtle matter1 which       
revolving in vortices  was under the    
direction of an intelligent being4      
,hippasus and ,heraclitus maintained    
that the being who was the author of    
all things was fire4    ,many of the    
ancient philosophers believed this world
 to be  eternal--among these may perhaps
 be ranked ,pythagoras1 ,aristotle1     
,socrates and ,plato4    ,zeno advocated
 with great zeal the theory of two      
principles1 spirit  and matter1 one     
active and the other passive4           
,mahomet maintained that the world was  
created in two days1 and the  mountains 
were afterwards placed upon it2 and that
 during these and  two additional days  
the inhabitants were formed2 and in two 
more the  seven heavens were created4   

,the waters of the deluge are           
ridiculously represented by him as being
  poured out of an oven4 ,the ,alcoran  
says that all men were drowned  except  
,noah and his family2 and that at an    
appointed time ,god said1 ,o  earth     
swallow up the waters6 and thou1 ,o     
heaven1 withhold thy rain6  and         
immediately the waters abated4 ,is it   
not surprising that so many  thousands  
should have adopted this theory4    ,mr4
 ,thomas ,burnet was a man of genius and
 taste1 a learned divine and a          
philosopher2 but he suffered his        
imagination to take the lead of his     
judgment4 ,he was the friend and object 
of admiration of ,addison4 ,his  work is
 entitled1 ,the sacred theory of the    
earth1 containing an  account of the    
origin of the earth and of all the      
general changes which  it hath already  
undergone or is to undergo till the     
consummation of  all things4 ,he taught 
that originally the earth was a fluid   
mass1  composed of various materials2   

that of these the heaviest descended to 
the centre1 and formed a hard and solid 
body--that the waters took  their       
station round this body--and that all   
lighter fluids rose above  the water1   
forming first a strata of oily matter   
and next a strata of  air--that the air 
was then impure1 containing great       
quantities of  earthy particles1 which  
gradually subsided and composed a crust 
of  earth and oil--that this crust was  
the first habitable part of the  earth  
and abode of man and other animals--that
 the surface was  uniform1 no mountains 
nor seas nor other inequalities were to 
be  seen--that in this state it remained
 about sixteen centuries2 by  which time
 the heat of the sun gradually drying   
the crust1 produced  cracks or fissures1
 which gradually penetrating deeper and 
deeper1  finally perforated the entire  
crust--that in an instant the whole     
split  in pieces and fell into the great
 abyss of water4 ,this 7says ,burnet7   
was the ,,universal ,,deluge6--,that    

with these masses of earth were  carried
 vast quantities of air1 and the masses 
dashing violently  against each other1  
accumulated and divided so irregularly1 
that great  cavities filled with air    
were left between them--that the waters 
gradually opened passages into these    
cavities4 ,in proportion as they  were  
filled with water1 the surface of the   
earth began to discover  itself in the  
most elevated places1 till at last the  
waters appeared no  where but in those  
extensive valleys which now contain the 
ocean--that  islands and sea rocks are  
small fragments1 and continents are     
large  masses of this ancient crust4    
,his theory was attacked and pretty     
roughly handled by his cotemporaries    
,erasmus ,warren1 ,john ,keill and      
,mc,flamstead1 the astronomer royal4    
,how ,burnet could imagine that man and 
other land animals could have  inhabited
 an earth which had a plane surface1 it 
is difficult to  conceive4 ,if these    
animals resembled those that at present 

inhabit this  planet1 they could not    
have subsisted without water2 and if    
this  element was supplied by rain1 and 
the earth had no inequalities of        
surface1 the whole earth must have been 
covered by a sea or at least  been a    
swamp4 ,it was perhaps this reflection  
that generated the idea of  ,demailet1  
that man was originally a fish4    ,mr4 
,robinson was a respectable clergyman of
 the ,english established  church4 ,in  
#afid he wrote what he calls an         
anatomical description of  the earth4   
,he contends that matter at first       
consisted of innumerable  particles of  
divers figures and different qualities2 
these he obliges  to move about in a    
confused manner until the world was     
finally created1  by the infusion of a  
vital spirit4 ,he is of opinion that the
 earth  is a great animal2 that it has a
 skin1 flesh1 blood1 c4 ,he lays it     
down as incontrovertible1 that the      
centre contains a vast cavity of a      
multangular figure1 containing crude and

 indigested matter1 endued with         
contrary qualities1 and causing much    
strife and contention4 ,when the  airy  
particles prevail1 they cause           
hurricanes2 when the fiery ones are     
uppermost1 earthquakes and volcanoes are
 the result4 ,the mountain  chains he   
takes to be real ribs1 and finally he   
seriously tells us1  that this vast     
animal is subject to fevers1 agues1 and 
other  distempers4 ,yet ,robinson had   
his day1 and all his readers did not    
appear to consider him a lunatic4       
,mr4 ,john ,woodward was a classical    
scholar and an eminent physician4 ,he   
was also a man of much observation2 but 
he was infected with the  disease of    
theory-making4    ,he agreed in part    
with ,burnet1 but refined upon him4     
,he contended that the waters of the    
ocean were aided by a supply from  the  
central parts of the earth in effecting 
the general deluge4 ,he also  believed  
that the whole fabric was dissolved     
instead of the crust1  as taught by     

,burnet4 ,he said1 that in order to     
assist in this general  dissolution1 the
 power of attraction1 of cohesion1 was  
suddenly  suspended4 ,every thing being 
thus dissolved and jumbled in one common
  mass1 a precipitation took place      
according to the laws of gravitation4   
,locke pronounced a panegyric upon this 
theory6    ,mr4 ,william ,whiston1 a    
celebrated astronomer and learned       
divine1 also  gave loose to his fancy in
 an extraordinary manner4    ,he was of 
opinion that the ancient chaos from     
which this earth  originated1 was the   
atmosphere of a comet2 that the detail  
given by  ,moses is not of the creation 
of the world1 but of its passage from   
the state of a comet to that of a       
planet1 so as to make it  habitable4    
,in the beginning1 7says ,mr4 ,whiston17
 ,god created the universe1 but  the    
earth was then an uninhabitable comet1  
surrounded by darkness2 and  hence1 he  
says1 we are told that1 darkness covered
 the face of the  deep2 that it was     

composed of heterogeneous materials1    
having its  centre occupied with a      
globular hot nucleus of about two       
thousand  leagues in diameter1 round    
which was an extensive mass of thick    
fluid2  that this fluid contained few   
solid particles1 and still less of water
  or air2 that on the first day of the  
creation1 the eccentric orbit of  the   
comet was exchanged for an ellipsis     
nearly circular1 and every  thing       
instantly assumed its proper place4 ,the
 different materials  arranged          
themselves according to the laws of     
gravity1 and the annual  motion of the  
earth then began4 ,that the centre of   
the earth is a  solid body1 still       
retaining the heat of the former comet2 
that round  this is a heavy fluid and a 
body of water in concentric circles1    
upon  the latter of which the earth is  
founded2 that after the atmosphere of   
the earth had been thus freed from the  
earthy particles of that of the  comet1 
a pure air remained1 through which the  

rays of the sun instantly  penetrated1  
when ,god said let there be light4 ,he  
ascribes to the  precipitation with     
which the earth was formed1 the great   
difference  now found in the materials  
that compose its crust1 and the         
mountains  and vallies to the laws of   
gravity4 ,he maintains that before the  
deluge  the water of the present ocean  
was dispersed over the earth in small   
caverns1 and that the mountains were at 
greater distances1 and not so  large as 
at present2 but that the earth was a    
thousand times more  fertile1 and       
contained a great many more inhabitants1
 whose lives were  ten times longer4    
,all this he is of opinion was effected 
by the  superior heat of the nucleus2   
but that this heat augmented the        
passions and destroyed the virtue of man
 and the sagacity of other  animals1 and
 caused the universal sentence of death 
which was inflicted  by the deluge4 ,he 
says1 that that event was occasioned by 
a change in  the inclination of the     

earth's axis1 occasioned by the tail of 
a comet  meeting with the earth1 in     
returning from its perihelium1 when the 
cataracts of heaven were opened4 ,newton
 denied that there was any  thing in    
astronomy wherefrom to presume this     
change of inclination4 ,but  the        
celebrated ,count de ,buffon left his   
predecessors far behind1 after          
premising that the sphere of the sun's  
attraction is not limited by the  orbits
 of the planets1 but extends            
indefinitely1 always decreasing         
according to the squares of the         
augmented distances3 that the comets    
which escape our sight in the heavenly  
regions are1 like the planets1  subject 
to the attraction of the sun1 and by it 
their motions are  regulated3 that all  
these bodies 7the directions of which   
are so  various17 move round the sun1   
and describe areas proportioned to their
  periods2 the planets in ellipses1 more
 or less circular1 and the comets  in   
narrow ellipses of vast extent4--,he    

asserts1 that comets run through  the   
system in all directions2 but that the  
inclinations of the planes  of their    
orbits are so very different1 that      
though1 like the planets1  they are     
subject to the laws of attraction1 they 
have nothing in common  with regard to  
their progressive or impulsive motions1 
but appear in  this respect to be       
absolutely independent of each other4   
,he then conjectures that a comet1      
falling obliquely into the body of  the 
sun1 drove off a part from its surface1 
and communicated to it a  violent       
impulsive force4 ,this effect he        
supposes was produced at the  time when 
,god is said1 by ,moses1 to have        
separated the light from the  darkness1 
by which ,buffon understands a real1    
physical separation2  the opaque bodies 
of the planets being detached from the  
luminous  matter of which he supposed   
the sun to be composed1 and he imagined 
that the part struck off was one six    
hundred and fiftieth part of the  sun's 

body4    ,he informs us that this matter
 issued from the sun1 not in the form of
  globes1 but of liquid torrents of     
fire2 and that a projectile  motion     
having been communicated by the stroke  
of the comet1 the light  particles      
separated from the dense1 which1 by     
their mutual attractions1  formed globes
 of different solidities2 and that the  
projectile force  being proportioned to 
the density of the particles1 determined
 the  respective distances from the sun 
to which they would be carried4 ,our    
author having thus 7at one blow of a    
comet7 created the planets out of  the  
superabundant materials of the sun1 and 
having driven them to the  distances of 
their spheres from that body1 was put to
 a great straight  to prevent them from 
obeying the law of projectiles1 in      
returning  whence they issued1 and in   
obliging them to revolve round a common 
centre4 ,this part of his theory is very
 lame indeed4 ,he first                 
unphilosophically ascribes this change  

of direction to an acceleration  of     
velocity2 and secondly1 the acceleration
 he very erroneously  supposed would    
take place by the anterior particles    
attracting and  hastening the posterior 
ones1 and by the posterior ones pushing 
forward  or hastening the anterior ones4
 ,but appearing to be unsatisfied       
himself  with this explanation1 he next 
makes the shock of the comet remove the 
sun from its former situation--so that  
when the planets1 according to  the law 
of projectiles1 returned to the place   
from whence they had  departed1 they did
 not enter into the sun again1 who had  
thus  fortunately stepped out of their  
way1 or ,buffon's ingenious creation    
would have been entirely destroyed4     
,but to proceed4 ,he supposes that the  
earth1 having acquired its present      
shape by its motion while in a liquid   
state1 the fire was eventually          
extinguished by its rapid passage       
through space1 or after having  consumed
 all the combustible matter it          

contained4 ,mr4 ,buffon  acknowledges   
that the constituent parts of the       
earth's crust are now of  very different
 densities2 but he gives no satisfactory
 explanation for  the change which must 
have taken place1 if as he supposed1    
they were  once homogeneous4 ,nor does  
he account for the separation of the    
land from the water4 ,it is true he     
leaves us to infer that such a          
separation took place2 for he says1 that
 the motion of the waters is  coeval    
with time4 ,he also says1 that the      
waters occupy the lowest  grounds1 and  
that all the mountains have been formed 
at the bottom of  the sea1 by means of  
currents and tides4 ,his primeval world 
must  therefore have had cavities1 in   
which the waters were preserved4        
,such is the theory of the ,count de    
,buffon1 a gentleman of great           
ingenuity1 taste and erudition2 whose   
works1 so long as he confined  himself  
to facts and reasoning1 have been       
universally admired2 but  whose theories

 have been as much ridiculed by others  
as he  ridiculed those of ,burnet and   
,whiston4 ,soon after the publication of
  this theory1 ,buffon was summoned     
before the ,faculty of ,theology at     
,paris1 and there informed that fourteen
 propositions in his works were         
reprehensible and contrary to the creed 
of the church4 ,one of these1  which    
related to geology1 was1 ,that the      
waters of the sea were  concerned in    
producing the mountains and valleys of  
the land4 ,and it  is curious to remark 
that this1 which was almost the only    
correct  geological proposition in the  
whole work1 ,buffon publicly renounced6 
,upon this theory of ,buffon ,i would   
take leave1 upon the highest modern     
authority1 further to observe1 that from
 a long series of  observations1 made   
with powerful telescopes1 ,herschel     
discovered that  the solar light and    
heat do not emanate from the body or    
nucleus of  the sun1 but from certain   
phosphoric and pyrophoric clouds1 which 

are  produced and developed in its      
atmosphere4 ,that this immense ocean of 
light is violently agitated over its    
whole surface1 causing those            
corrugations of its disc which he has so
 well described1--and which  indeed1 may
 be observed through a telescope of     
moderate powers1 by even  an unpractised
 eye4 ,when this superficial structure  
is broken through  and widely separated1
 we may discern the black veil of       
subjacent solar  clouds1 or even the    
solid dark nucleus of the sun itself4   
,hence  ,herschel accounts for the dark 
spots which are frequently observed on  
the sun's disc1 and for the shelving    
margins which surround  them4--,across  
these excavations of the phosphoric     
film1 bridges of  luminous matter1 are  
seen to stretch1 which extending in     
breadth1  finally cause the dark chasm  
to disappear1 and restore to the sun all
  its original brightness4 ,the area of 
one of these black spots is often  much 
greater than the whole surface of the   

terrestrial globe4 ,when the  storm     
subsides in the solar atmosphere1 the   
equilibrium of its clouds  replaces the 
layer of light4 ,it is well known that  
these spots1 first  observed by         
,gallileo1 led to the discovery of the  
sun's motion round  its axis1 and showed
 that this motion is accomplished in    
twenty-five  and a half days4    ,had   
,buffon been acquainted with these great
 excavations of luminous  matter1 he    
would probably have ascribed them to a  
projection of the  solar substance      
giving origin to some new planet or     
comet1 and causing  diminution of the   
sun's heat proportional to the darkened 
portion of  its orb4 ,but ,herschel has 
shown1 on the contrary1 that the seasons
 in  which the solar spots are most     
abundant1 are characterized not by      
decreased light and heat to the earth1  
but apparently by an opposite  result4  
,he hence infers1 that these spots      
correspond1 and are owing to  an        
increased activity in the vibratory     

motions1 by which the sun  excites the  
ether1 diffused through space4    ,the  
new improvements in optics1 afford a    
very unexpected means of  determining   
whether it be true1 as ,herschel        
imagined1 that the solar  light does    
issue from an incandescent solid or     
fluid4 ,when such a body1  raised to a  
very high temperature1 becomes luminous1
 the rays which fly  off in all         
directions1 do not come from the outer  
surface only1 but  also proceed1 as the 
rays of heat do1 from a multitude of    
material  points placed beneath or      
within the surface1 to a certain depth1 
extremely small indeed1 but actually    
existing4 ,now1 such of those rays  as  
traverse the envelope of the heated mass
 obliquely1 acquire and  preserve a     
peculiar property1 which can be rendered
 sensible by  experiment2 they are      
polarised4 ,but if the same mass1       
instead of  being rendered luminous by  
its proper temperature1 be only covered 
with  an exterior film of flame1 which  

is the source of its light1 the rays  do
 not then possess this property4        
,science has thus been enabled to submit
 to this singular test1 the  light which
 the sun sends to us4 ,m4 ,arago1 the   
author of this beautiful  experiment1   
has in fact discovered that the rays of 
the sun1 when  transmitted even         
obliquely1 are not polarised4    ,these 
results are fatal to the theory of      
,buffon4 ,those who belong  to his      
school1 if any remain1 can no longer    
contend for the sun as  the eternal     
furnace from which to make ignited      
spheres2 but on the  contrary1 the      
nucleus of that luminary may possibly   
enjoy a habitable  planetary            
temperature4    ,in #aghh ,werner       
published1 by his lectures1 his famous  
theory of the  earth4 ,he supposed that 
at some former period this globe had1   
for a  long time1 been covered with     
water to a greater depth than the       
original  altitude of the highest       
mountains4 ,that this immense body of   

water was  then tranquil1 or nearly so1 
and contained in solution all the       
materials of all the rocks of which the 
present crust of the earth is  composed4
 ,that in this state1 chemical          
deposites1 exhibiting more or  less of a
 crystalline structure1 were first      
gradually made1 and  invested the       
nucleus of the earth4 ,that these       
chemical deposites  constitute the      
primitive rocks1 including the granite  
and trap1 and are  distinguished by     
their crystalline form1 and by the total
 absence of  organic remains4 ,that     
during this period1 most of the highest 
mountains  were formed2 but by a gradual
 subsidence of the waters the summits of
  these mountains were left naked1 the  
tranquillity of the waters was          
disturbed1 and currents were            
consequently produced4 ,that by these   
currents the naked rocks were worn and  
partially disintegrated2 and the  grains
 or fragments thus produced1 were       
diffused through the mass of  water4    

,that the rocks formed at this period   
would1 of course1 consist  partly of    
chemical and partly of mechanical       
deposites4 ,that they would  also lie   
over the primitive rocks1 but in        
consequence of the diminished  altitude 
of the waters1 they would appear at a   
lower level1 often  resting on the      
declivities of primitive mountains4     
,that as organic  remains make their    
first appearance in the rocks of this   
period1 it is  inferred that the rocky  
shores which had recently emerged from  
the  great deep1 were then passing into 
a habitable state4 ,that the level of   
the great ocean continuing to sink1 more
 extensive portions of the  earth were  
left exposed to the increasing violence 
of the currents1 and  the solution1     
which was originally chemical1 now      
became1 in a great  degree1 composed of 
grains1 or comminuted fragments1        
detached from the  older rocks1 and that
 hence the minerals of this period      
consist of  mechanical deposites2 that  

they lie over the two preceding classes 
and  at a lower level1 in consequence of
 the greater subsidence of the  waters4 
,that extensive portions of the globe   
having now become dry1 new species  and 
genera inhabited the waters and dwelt   
upon the land1 while numerous           
vegetables adorn the shores and other   
parts of the earth4 ,hence these  rocks 
abound with organic remains1 both animal
 and vegetable4    ,doctor ,hutton      
published his theory about the year     
#agie2 he supposed  that all the solid  
parts which form the crust of the       
present globe1  have proceeded from the 
disintegration and destruction of former
  continents1 by the gradual action of  
the atmosphere and water2 that the      
ruins of those ancient continents were  
transported by water1 and  deposited at 
the bottom of ancient seas2 and that    
these heterogeneous  materials thus     
deposited1 were consolidated by the     
action of  subterraneous fires2 and1 by 
the same agents1 were subsequently      

elevated to form the present continents4
 ,that gneiss and other  stratified     
rocks were only softened1 elevated1 and 
sometimes variously  inclined2 while    
granite and other unstratified minerals 
were completely  fused1 and in many     
cases forced upwards by this powerful   
agent through  the incumbent strata4    
,that as this earth had arisen from the 
ruins  of an anterior world1 so that had
 originated from the ruins of a  former 
one1 and so ad infinitum4    ,each of   
the two last theories obtained numerous 
advocates2 and a flame  of controversy  
respecting them was kindled1 that for   
some years blazed  throughout ,europe   
with great fury4 ,as usual1 both parties
 claimed the  victory2 but impartial    
readers appear to think that while each 
party  may lay some claims to           
correctness1 yet as an entire theory    
both are in  the wrong4    7,to be      
continued47          ,a great mind may  
change its objects1 but it cannot       
relinquish them2 it  must have something

 to pursue3 ,variety is its relaxation1 
and amusement  its repose4              
,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,letters ,,from ,a ,,sister4       
,,letter ,,fourth4    ,bridge of ,boats 
at ,rouen--,ancient ,custom--,old ,tower
 and ,town  ,clock--,church of ,st4     
,paul--,jugglers and ,tumblers4         
,,rouen1 ----4    ,dear ,jane3--        
,another letter from ,rouen6 you'll     
exclaim2 yes1 my dear sister1 even      
so--for papa being well pleased with our
 accommodations here1 and  finding the  
town contains more curiosities than     
travellers are usually  aware of1 we    
have thus prolonged our stay2 but       
to-morrow go we must1  as our seats are 
engaged in the diligence for ,paris4    
,since ,i wrote you  three days ago1 we 
have seen divers other objects worthy of
 notice1  though not so interesting as  
those ,i have described to you4 ,to-day 
we  saw the bridge of boats which       
connects the city with the suburb of    
,saint ,svere2 it rises and falls with  

the tide1 and is divided into           
compartments that can be easily         
separated for ships to pass through at  
any moment4 ,the invention of this      
bridge is attributed to an ,augustin    
monk4 ,a handsome stone bridge is now   
building over another part of the       
,seine4    ,every evening at #i o'clock 
we hear the tones of a clear sonorous   
bell1  sounding what is termed the      
retreat4 ,this is merely the            
continuation of an ancient custom1      
practised during the ,norman wars1  when
 it was necessary to give a signal for  
those persons who might be  without the 
city to enter1 ere the gates were shut  
for the night4 ,this  bell is also rung 
on occasions of public ceremonies1      
festivities1 or  calamities1 and is     
called the silver bell1 because         
according to  tradition1 it was made of 
money raised from taxes4 ,it hangs in   
the  belfry of a curious old gothic     
tower1 whose archway spans one of the   
chief streets of ,rouen1 and on the side

 of which is placed the city  clock1    
resembling the face of a gigantic watch4
 ,this afternoon we  purpose visiting   
the botanical garden1 and after that    
taking a farewell  drive in the         
neighborhood of the town2 there are many
 beautiful  prospects to be seen from   
the surrounding hills4    ,yesterday    
,edgar and myself walked to the terrace 
of ,st4 ,paul1 a plain  and antique     
little church1 built it is said on the  
ruins of a temple of  ,adonis4 ,from the
 terrace you enjoy a fine view2 and near
 it is a  mineral spring1 the second in 
,rouen4 ,here we met with a number of   
ladies and gentlemen1 and were much     
diverted at the tricks of a fellow  who 
mimicked the peculiarities of different 
nations2 and when about to  show off the
 ,english1 cried out1 ,maintenant pour  
',got dam2' he made  the most ridiculous
 faces you can imagine1 and excited     
great mirth4 ,it  was surprising what   
power of muscle and expression he       
possessed2 one  moment his nose appeared

 turned up1 his eyes squinting1 and his 
mouth  too small to admit a plum2 the   
next1 you'd think he could take in a    
melon--and his physiognomy would so     
completely change1 that you could       
scarcely believe it was the same person 
before you4 ,sometimes to  increase the 
effect1 he put on a huge pair of        
spectacles and sung a  droll song1 a    
companion playing merrily on the violin 
all the while1  and suiting the melody  
to the performance4 ,after this came a  
band of  tumblers1 and three children   
tawdrily dressed--exhibited sundry feats
  on the back of a chair1 and on the    
head and shoulders of a man4 ,it was    
painful to behold the little creatures  
in such jeopardy2 and having            
contributed our sous for their benefit1 
we quitted the scene4 ,adieu4           
,,leontine4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,,letter        
,,fifth4    ,paris--,modes of           
,living--,rue de la ,paix--,place       
,vendome--,rue  ,castiglione--,garden of

 the ,tuileries--,louvre--,italian      
,boulevard--,dress  of the              
,ladies--,soires--,admiralty--,mademoise
lle ,mars4      ,,paris1 ----4    ,dear 
,jane3--    ,not a question1 ,i pray    
you6 about the journey from ,rouen      
hither4 ,i can  only tell you that we   
chose the lower route2 that the         
prospects were  lovely1 and the         
diligence rolled rapidly along the banks
 of the ,seine2  that we stopped only to
 swallow our meals as quickly as        
possible1 and  had not time to examine  
any thing4 ,we entered ,paris by the    
,porte de  ,neuilly and ,champs ,elyses1
 at dusk1 and witnessed the beautiful   
sight  the latter presents1 when        
illuminated by its numerous lamps1 which
  instead of being fixed on posts1 were 
suspended high above our heads  from    
ropes swung across the road4 ,the       
resemblance of these lamps when         
lighted1 to a range of brilliant stars1 
occasions the gate by which we  entered 
to be called the barrire de l'toile4 ,we

 found rooms ready  for us1 papa having 
written to request ,mr4 ,dorval to      
engage a suite in  the pleasantest      
quarter of the city4    ,here there are 
four modes of living customary among    
visiters4 ,first1  boarding in a hotel  
by the day1 week1 or month3 second1     
boarding at a  lodging house by the     
week1 month or year3 third1 hiring      
furnished  apartments and eating at a   
restaurateur's1 or being supplied       
thence3  fourth1 furnishing rooms       
yourself1 and having your own cook4 ,the
 first  of these plans1 being the least 
troublesome1 we have preferred4 ,it is1 
however1 more expensive than either of  
the others4 ,our hotel is  delightfully 
situated1 and commands a view of the    
,italian ,boulevard and  of the ,rue de 
la ,paix1 at the corner of which it     
stands2 the latter1  one of the widest  
and handsomest streets in the           
metropolis4 ,from our  windows we can   
also see the ,place ,vendome1 with its  
superb and  stately bronze column1      

erected by ,napoleon1 in imitation of   
that of  ,trajan at ,rome4 ,it is made  
of the cannons taken by him at the      
battle of  ,austerlitz2 the principal   
events of that campaign are represented 
in a  bas-relief1 which is carried      
spirally around the whole shaft1 the    
figure of the ,emperor being prominent  
in each compartment4 ,his statue        
formerly crowned the summit of the      
column2 but since his downfall it  has  
been removed1 and the vacancy is now    
supplied by a simple  banner4#a         
,footnote #a3 ,the statue of ,napoleon  
has been replaced since the last        
revolution2 the dress is the great coat 
and three cornered cocked hat  in which 
he is so frequently represented1 and he 
holds in his hand a  short telescope1 or
 rather opera glass4    ,beyond the     
,place ,vendome is the ,rue             
,castiglione1 with its fine shops  and  
arcades2 and at the end of this street  
is the garden of the  ,tuileries1 where 
we repair before breakfast every        

morning1 to enjoy its  shades1 and      
contemplate its statues1 flowers and    
fountains4 ,in flowers  it always       
abounds1 for they are planted in pots   
concealed in the  ground1 and as soon as
 one set goes out of season1 it is      
replaced by  another in bloom4    ,from 
eleven until four o'clock we study the  
pictures in the magnificent  gallery of 
the ,louvre1 whose halls are open for   
the benefit of  strangers and students  
on every day of the week1 except        
,monday4 ,on  ,sunday they are open to  
every body1 and consequently on ,monday 
require the operations of the broom and 
brush4 ,the halls appropriated  to      
sculpture are on the ground floor1 and  
the ceilings of several are  superbly   
painted4 ,it was from the window of one 
of these apartments  that ,charles the  
,ninth fired upon his persecuted        
subjects during the  massacre of ,st4   
,bartholomews4 7,august #bd1 #aegb7     
,our usual evening resort is the        
,boulevard1 where we listen to music1   

and observe the motley crowds around us2
 and when tired1 refresh  ourselves with
 ices or lemonade in a caf4    ,dear me6
 how tastefully the ,french ladies      
dress6 ,what beautiful robes1  and hats1
 and gloves1 and shoes and boots they   
wear6 and how well each  article        
corresponds with another4 ,if they have 
on different colors1  they take care    
that they shall contrast agreeably1 and 
not be an  uncouth mixture1 displeasing 
to the eye4 ,in the morning their       
toilette  is remarkably neat and        
appropriate4 ,you'll probably find them 
when you  call1 in a simple gingham     
dress1 with pelerine to suit1 and a     
black  silk apron2 their hair arranged  
in puffs1 and quite unadorned4 ,now is  
this not more rational than to be       
furbelowed1 and curled1 and richly      
clad1 as if they were expecting company1
 instead of being usefully  employed8   
,at entertainments and in the public    
promenades1 they display  their fine    
clothes4 ,we have already received and  

returned the visits of  several of the  
,french families to whom we brought     
letters2 but much to  our regret1 the   
venerable ,count ,sgur is out of town1  
and ,baron  ,hottinguer1 his lady and   
son1 are at their country seat4 ,the    
,minister  of the ,marine 7,mr4 ,hyde de
 ,neuville7 and ,madame his spouse1 are 
extremely pleasing and amiable4 ,they   
still have their regular soires1        
notwithstanding the advanced season1 and
 we intend to avail ourselves  of their 
polite invitation to attend them4 ,by   
the by1 ,i should tell you  7what ,m4   
,dorval told me17 that in ,paris many   
persons have an  appointed evening for  
receiving their acquaintances1 once a   
week1  fortnight1 or month1 7as suits   
their convenience17 and on this evening 
they illuminate their rooms for the     
reception of their guests4 ,the  greater
 number of these remain only a half     
hour1 and then repair to the  opera1 or 
to some other soire1 as such an assembly
 is termed4 ,it is  usual to go to three

 or four on the same night4 ,there is   
seldom any  refreshment offered1 and the
 amusements are conversation and1       
carte--sometimes billiards2 and when the
 soire is social and small1  they even  
introduce childish plays1 such as       
,colin1 ,maillard1 ,le  ,mouchoir1      
,tierce1 c4 in which elderly people     
frequently join with  all the vivacity  
of youth4    ,monsieur and ,madame de   
,neuville reside in a superb mansion1   
that was  formerly the ,garde meuble1 or
 royal wardrobe4 ,it is now called the  
,admiralty1 and appropriated to the use 
of the ,minister of the ,marine  and    
,colonies4 ,on its roof is a telegraph1 
and its front is embellished  with      
sculpture1 and columns1 which support a 
portico as long as the  building itself4
    ,a few nights since we were at the  
,theatre ,francais1 and saw             
,mademoiselle ,mars perform the part of 
the ,duchesse de ,guise in ,henri       
,trois4 ,to the astonishment of every   
body she excels in this character1      

although it is a difficult one to play1 
and her first attempt at  tragedy4 ,her 
talents hitherto1 you know1 have been   
devoted to comedy4  ,she is the most    
lovely and youthful looking woman of her
 age ,i ever  beheld4 ,what do you think
 of her being passed fifty1 and yet not 
appearing as old as twenty-five8 ,she is
 so graceful too6 and then her  voice is
 melody itself6 ,but ,i must cease my   
encomiums1 or ,i shall not  have space  
to assure you that ,i am your           
affectionate sister1    ,,leontine4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,letter ,,sixth4    ,palais            
,royal--,king's ,library--,hotel de     
,ville--,mint--,palace of               
,justice--,holy ,chapel--,flower        
,market4      ,,paris1 ----4    ,dear   
,jane3--    ,what a variety of places we
 have visited since ,i despatched to you
 my  last letter6 ,par exemple1 the     
,palais ,royal1 with its agreeable      
garden  and jets d'eau1 surrounded by   
arcades1 under which are splendid shops 

and cafs1 that are dazzling when        
illuminated at night2 the ,royal        
,library1 with its vast collection of   
manuscripts and engravings1 and  its    
cabinets of antiquities and medals--the 
latter considered to be the  most       
complete in the world2 the ,hotel de    
,ville1 on the ,place de ,grve1  where  
the guillotine sometimes plies its      
dreadful work2 the ,exchange1  with its 
sixty-four corinthian columns1 fine     
hall1 and superb  imitations of         
bas-reliefs1 so admirably executed1 that
 you can scarcely  be convinced they are
 the effect of the brush instead of the 
chisel4 ,add to these several churches  
and fountains1 the ,mint1 where  we     
witnessed the curious process of        
coining1 and the ,palais de  ,justice4  
,in this vast structure of antiquity1   
the judicial courts of  ,paris hold     
their sittings4 ,it was founded in the  
ninth century1 and is  termed a palace1 
because it was once the abode of the    
,french monarchs4  ,i remember having   

read in some history of the magnificent 
entertainments they gave here1 in a     
grand hall containing statues of  their 
race and a marble table of uncommon     
size1 at which none but  princes of the 
blood were allowed to feast4 ,in #afah  
nearly the whole  edifice was burnt1 and
 the wonderful table and statues        
destroyed2 it  was rebuilt by           
,desbrosses1 the architect of the       
,luxembourg4 ,besides the  court rooms  
and many others above them1 filled with 
the judiciary  archives of the kingdom1 
there are long galleries which have on  
each  side rows of petty shops and      
stalls4 ,beneath these galleries are the
  gloomy prisons of the conciergerie1   
wherein such atrocities were  committed 
during the revolution4 ,here we saw the 
dungeons in which  ,marie ,antoinette   
and the ,princess ,elizabeth were       
immured2 the cell in  which ,robespirre 
was confined2 and that of ,louvel1 who  
assassinated  the ,duke de ,berri4 ,we  
were shown the prison room of the       

gallant ,ney4  ,the cells that inclosed 
the unfortunate queen and her           
sister-in-law1  are now converted into a
 small chapel1 which communicates by    
means of  an arch1 with another of      
larger dimensions4 ,in the latter1 the  
captives  of the conciergerie are       
permitted to attend mass on the         
,sabbath4 ,the  arch is decorated with  
medallions of ,louis the ,sixteenth and 
the  ,princess ,elizabeth1 and a few    
lines extracted from his will are       
inscribed on an altar in the smaller    
chapel4 ,on the wall of this hang  three
 pictures in oil colors2 the first      
represents ,marie ,antoinette  taking   
leave of her family just before she was 
brought to the prison2  in the second1  
you behold her standing wrapt in        
meditation by her  miserable cot-bed1   
after the door is barred upon her2 in   
the third1 you  see her at confession1  
preparatory to ascending the scaffold4  
,melancholy themes1 and well suited to  
the gloom of the place6 ,you  approach  

the ,palace of ,justice through an      
enormous iron gate remarkable  for its  
workmanship and guilding4 ,on the left  
of it stands an ancient  building1      
called the ,holy ,chapel1 from its      
having been erected by  ,saint ,louis   
for the reception of the sacred relics  
he brought with him  from ,palestine1   
whither he went on a crusade1 in        
fulfilment of a vow he  had made during 
a dangerous illness4 ,his oratory is    
still shewn1 and  once served as a      
refuge from popular fury to the present 
,king ,charles  the ,tenth1 in the time 
of the revolution4 ,the painted windows 
of the  chapel are beautiful1--the      
colors so bright and various4 ,around   
the  interior1 instead of altars and    
confessionals1 are a range of cases1    
containing archives and records4 ,by the
 by1 among those we saw in the  upper   
galleries of the ,palace of ,justice1   
7which communicates with the  ,sainte   
,chapelle17 were the condemnation of    
,joan of ,arc1 and that of  ,jean       

,chtel1 who attempted to stab ,henry the
 ,fourth1 but failed1 and  having been  
seized was put to a dreadful death1     
according to the  mandate which we read4
 ,he was stretched on the rack1 then    
drawn on a  sledge to the ,place de     
,grve1 his flesh torn with hot pincers1 
and his  right hand cut off2 finally1   
his limbs were tied to four wild horses1
  and thus rent asunder4 ,when dead1 his
 body was burnt1 and his ashes          
scattered to the winds6 ,the dress he   
wore when he attacked the ,king1  and a 
rope ladder he used in endeavoring to   
escape while confined1 are  carefully   
preserved in a box1 with a scull that   
was found in the  possession of a famous
 robber1 and is said to have served him 
as a cup1  out of which he compelled has
 victims to drink wine1 and then swear  
allegiance to him4 ,the condemnation of 
,joan of ,arc is replete with           
superstition and abuse of that poor     
warrior damsel2 she is pronounced a     
sorceress1 a blasphemer1 a devil1 c4 and

 numerous other opprobrious  epithets   
are given to her besides4 ,we were      
likewise shewn the hand  writing of     
,francis the ,first1 ,louis the         
,eleventh1 and that of several  others  
of the ,french monarchs2 and to speak   
the truth1 ,i don't think  their        
penmanship does them much credit4       
,returning home1 we stopped at the      
flower market1 and were surprised at    
the beauty and cheapness of the flowers4
 ,you may buy them growing in  pots1 or 
arranged as boquets4 ,the market is held
 on the ,quay ,dessaix1  under two rows 
of trees1 in the midst of which a       
plentiful fountain  refreshes the air1  
and affords water for the plants4       
,adieu4 ,ever yours1    ,,leontine4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,letter ,,seventh4    ,church of ,st4  
,roch--,pre la ,chaise4      ,,paris1   
----4    ,dear ,sister3--    ,your      
letter 7received within a few hours7    
gave us all great pleasure1  and we are 
rejoiced to learn that folks and things 

are going on so  well at the ,lodge4    
,what a fine time you and ,albert have  
for  sentimentalizing6 ,make the best of
 it2 for you know ,october is only a    
few months off1 and when it comes you'll
 perhaps find me at your elbow  oftener 
than you anticipate4 ,i shall have so   
much to talk about2 for  believe me1    
altho' my communications are so long and
 frequent1 a great  deal will remain to 
be told when we reach sweet home4       
,now1 let me inform you of the strange  
sight we have just been  witnessing in  
the ,church of ,st4 ,roch2 a funeral and
 two weddings  solemnizing in the same  
place and at the same moment6 ,to us it 
was  shocking1 and certes if ,i had been
 one of the votaries of hymen on  the   
occasion1 ,i should have experienced sad
 forebodings of evil in the  connubial  
state4 ,really1 it was sometimes        
difficult to hear the priests  who were 
performing the marriage rites1 their    
voices being drowned in  the loud       
requiem chanted over the dead4 ,the     

coffin was strewed with  white flowers1 
emblematical of the youth and maidenhood
 of the  deceased4    ,we have visited  
,pre la ,chaise1 and spent nearly a     
whole day in reading  the inscriptions  
on its numerous and varied              
monuments1--many of them so             
magnificent6 many so neat and simple6   
,the inscriptions are generally         
beautiful and touching--they speak to   
the hearts of all2 and the lovely  and  
odoriferous flowers that decorate the   
tombs1 seem to rob the grave  of its    
sadness1 and shed their balmy influence 
o'er the mind of the  beholder4 ,several
 tombs are also adorned with miniatures 
inserted in  the stone1 and portraying  
the once animated countenances of those 
who  rest beneath them4 ,this romantic  
burying ground spreads itself over the  
side of a hill1 and from the upper part 
you have a noble prospect of  the city  
and its environs4 ,in the fourteenth    
century it was the site of  a splendid  
mansion1 built by a wealthy grocer1     

whose name was ,regnaud4  ,its          
magnificence being incompatible with his
 rank1 it was soon entitled  ,regnaud's 
,folly4 ,the ,jesuits afterwards        
obtained possession of it1  and gave it 
the name of ,mont ,louis1 because ,louis
 the ,fourteenth when  a boy1 witnessed 
from its summit the battle in the       
,faubourg ,st4  ,antoine1 between the   
,frondeurs1#b commanded by the ,prince  
of ,cond1  and the ,court ,party1 under 
,marshal ,turenne4 ,i recollect reading 
in  ,voltaire's history of that         
monarch's reign1 that during this bloody
  skirmish1 ,mademoiselle d',orleans    
7,louis's cousin7 sided with the ,prince
  of ,cond1 and had the cannons of the  
,bastile pointed against the royal      
troops4 ,this ruined her forever in the 
opinion of the king2 and  ,cardinal     
,mazarin remarked1 knowing her desire to
 marry a crowned head1  ce canon la1    
vient de tuer son mari--that cannon has 
killed her  husband4 ,but ,i've         
digressed from my original theme1 and   

hasten to  resume it4 ,pre la ,chaise1  
one of the ,jesuits1 became confessor to
  ,louis1 and had entire control of     
ecclesiastical affairs4 ,the king was   
very fond of him1 and as a mark of his  
esteem1 presented him with the  estate  
of ,mont ,louis1 having considerably    
enlarged and embellished it  for his    
use4 ,on the death of the holy father1  
it reverted to his  brethren1 and was   
called after him4 ,these wily priests   
projected there  the ,revocation of the 
edict of ,nantes1 and issued thence many
 a lettre  de cachet1 decreeing         
imprisonment to their enemies4 ,they    
retained  possession of the place until 
the abolishment of their order in #agfc1
  when it was sold for the benefit of   
their creditors1 and had divers  owners1
 until purchased by the ,prefect of the 
,seine1 and appropriated  to its present
 purpose in #ahjd4 ,there are three     
kinds of graves3 first1  those termed   
public1 in which the poor are           
gratuitously buried2 but  each body can 

remain only five years1 the time        
supposed to be  sufficient for its      
decomposition4 ,these graves resemble   
immense  ditches1 and the coffins are   
deposited one upon another1 and side by 
side1 as close as they can lay4 ,they   
are wretchedly made1 and soon drop  to  
pieces2 and therefore it is not         
uncommon1 in burying a corpse1 to  see  
the exposed head and limbs of another6  
,is'nt this horrible8 ,second1          
temporary graves1 wherein the dead      
remain undisturbed during ten  years1   
for the sum of fifty francs4 ,at the    
close of that period1 unless  the grave 
be rendered of the third kind1          
perpetual1 by the payment of  a larger  
portion of money1 its ghastly tenant is 
removed4 ,the oldest  and most          
interesting sepulchre is that of        
,abelard and ,hloise2 it is  formed of  
the ruins of the paraclete1 and covered 
with antique  sculpture and ornaments4  
,it represents a gothic chapel1 in the  
centre  of which the bodies of the      

lovers are represented extended on a    
bier2  the whole is of gray stone4 ,the 
monument of the ,countess ,demidoff1 a  
,russian lady1 we considered the richest
 and handsomest in the  collection4 ,it 
is composed of pure white marble highly 
polished4 ,a part  of the cemetery is   
appropriated to the use of strangers1   
and a  considerable space allowed to the
 ,jews4 ,the gate is always thronged    
with carriages that have brought either 
visiters or mourners4 ,on each  side of 
the entrance are stalls1 where wreaths  
and bunches of flowers  may be          
purchased4 ,i must now conclude1 and am 
sure you will dream of  church yards and
 hobgoblins1 after reading this letter1 
from your  attached    ,,leontine4      
,footnote #b3 ,this party were termed   
frondeurs or slingers by their          
opponents1 in allusion to the boys who  
were then in the habit of  throwing     
stones with slings ,in the street1 and  
who ran away when any  one appeared4    
,the ,soubriquet1 as has frequently     

happened1 was adopted  by them as their 
distinctive appellation4                
,,original ,,literary ,,notices4        
,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,an ,,oration on the ,life and     
,character of ,gilbert ,motier de       
,lafayette1  delivered at the request of
 both ,houses of the ,congress of the   
,united  ,states1 before them1 in the   
,house of ,representatives at           
,washington1 on  the #cast of ,december1
 #ahcd1 by ,john ,quincy ,adams1 a      
,member of the  ,house4 ,washington3    
,gales and ,seaton4 #ahce4 pp4 #id4     
,,eulogy on ,la ,fayette1 delivered in  
,fanueil ,hall1 at the request of the   
,young ,men of ,boston1 ,september #f1  
#ahcd2 by ,edward ,everett4 ,boston3    
,nathan ,hall  ,allen  ,tichnor4 #ahcd4 
pp4 #if4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,an ,oration in praise of
 ,hercules666 ,and who ever thought of  
blaming  ,hercules6    ,the limits of   
the old world bounded the labors of     
,hercules4 ,there  nature had planted   

imperishable landmarks2 and on these the
 gratitude  of nations had inscribed1 in
 imperishable characters1 the name of   
their  benefactor4 ,what could the      
breath of man add to his glory8    ,but 
the pillars of ,hercules have been      
passed4 ,beyond this ne plus  ultra of  
the ancient world1 the genius of        
,columbus opened a way to new  regions1 
and extended the sway of his imperial   
master around the  circuit of the earth4
 ,a new hero was wanting1 whose labors1 
commensurate with this enlarged theatre1
 might compass the globe1 and  convey to
 the new world the benefits which his   
illustrious prototype  had conferred on 
the old4 ,such a hero the bounty of     
,providence  vouchsafed to man4 ,but the
 spirit has returned to him who gave it2
 and  it is in praise of his memory1    
that two distinguished orators have been
  required to task their acknowledged   
powers4    ,but who ever thought of     
blaming ,la ,fayette8 ,who feels it     
necessary to  utter his praise1 even in 

this simple question8 ,who feels it     
necessary  to answer it8 ,is not such   
silence the most expressive praise2 the 
silence imposed by a common sentiment1  
which all are conscious is felt  by all8
    ,what can be expected from eulogy in
 such a case8 ,what is there in the     
breath of praise2 what is there in the  
pomp and circumstance of funeral        
pageantry1 but a solemn mockery of the  
feelings that bleed deep in the  silent 
breast8 ,we find a natural though sad   
pleasure in telling the  world of the   
unobtrusive merit of some good man1 who 
in voluntary  privacy had passed and    
closed a virtuous and useful life4 ,we  
may have a  purpose in erecting         
monuments to the common great1 which1   
perishable  as they are1 may somewhat   
prolong the memory of those to whom they
 are  dedicated4 ,the undying strains of
 bards may rescue from oblivion names   
which might have perished4 ,there were  
heroes before ,agamemnon2 but they  had 
no ,homer to record their deeds1 and    

died without their fame4 ,but  what need
 had ,hercules of ,homer8 ,what need has
 ,la ,fayette that one  should tell his 
fellow of him8 ,why proclaim to the     
world what all the  world already knows8
 ,why tell posterity what posterity can 
never  forget1 until man has lost the   
records of the history of man8    ,we   
talk of monuments to ,washington4 ,why  
is none erected8 ,is it for want  of    
reverence for his memory8 ,for want of  
love8 ,for want of gratitude8  ,these   
questions are reproachfully asked1 from 
time to time1 by novices  in politics1  
who1 in striving to signalize their     
patriotism1 their  enthusiasm1 or their 
eloquence1 do but signalize their       
ignorance of  the human heart4 ,such    
appeals are always answered by silence4 
,it is the  answer dictated by the      
unsophisticated feelings of our         
countrymen4  ,where would you place the 
monument8 ,in the capitol8 ,is not the  
capitol itself too small8 ,but the      
capitol may be considered  symbolically 

as imbodying the free institutions of   
the country which he  made free4 ,what  
then8 ,is not the thing itself worthier 
than the  symbol8 ,is any monument to   
,washington so appropriate as that      
reared by  his genius1 his toils and his
 virtues1--,,his ,,country8 ,and what   
matters  it under what part of that vast
 tablet1 every where emblazoned with his
  glory1 his bones repose8 ,the silence 
of the people is the appropriate1  the  
only natural expression of those        
sentiments which all can feel1  though  
all know not how to speak them4 ,the    
unsuccessful orator who1  having uttered
 his premeditated declamation1 goes his 
way1 reproaching  their apathy1 does but
 expose himself to scorn1 as one who    
would  substitute lip service for the   
homage of the heart4 ,but even that     
scorn1 7such is the influence of the    
all-pervading reverence for the  mighty 
dead17 even that is repressed1 and finds
 no voice4    ,these remarks are made   
because they illustrate the difficulty  

of the  task imposed on ,messrs4 ,adams 
and ,everett4 ,it is a difficulty which 
grows out of the nature of the subject4 
,we are not sure that any man1  endued  
with all those qualities which enter    
into the composition of the  perfect    
orator1 would not instinctively shrink  
from such a task4 ,mr4  ,webster        
declined it2 and it does not appear that
 it was sought by ,mr4  ,clay1 ,mr4     
,leigh1 or ,mr4 ,preston4    ,of one    
thing we are sure4 ,whoever attempted it
 must have failed4 ,all  such attempts  
must end in failure4 ,the eulogies on   
,washington were all  failures4 ,those  
on ,adams and ,jefferson were failures  
too1 but from a  different cause4 ,when1
 on the #dth of ,july1 #ahbf1 the       
,declaration of  ,independence was      
celebrated in jubilee over the          
continent2 while the  political         
partizans of both those illustrious men1
 whose rivalship had  so long divided   
the people1 were hyming their praises1  
it pleased him  whose instruments they  

had been1 to touch them with his finger1
 and to  show that they were dust4      
,never was any people so suddenly and so
  awfully reminded that it is ,god alone
 who doeth his will on earth and  in the
 armies of heaven2 and never did any    
people use so strenuous an  effort to   
shake off a salutary impression4 ,they  
refused to lay to heart  the admonition 
of ,providence4 ,the ,lord of ,hosts had
 called to weeping1  and to mourning1   
and to baldness1 and to girding with    
sackcloth2 and  behold joy and gladness2
 slaying oxen1 and killing sheep2 eating
 flesh1  and drinking wine4 ,the worship
 of the living was closed by the        
apotheosis of the dead3 the best talents
 in the land were engaged in  the solemn
 mockery3 and the very ministers of the 
living ,god were seen  officiating in   
the profane ceremonial4 ,what could come
 of all this2  what did come of it1 but 
failure8 ,we have no fear of offending  
any one  of the distinguished men who   
tasked his powers for that occasion1 by 

saying that his effort was a failure4   
,each one must have felt that it  was   
so2 and each one will readily accept the
 excuse furnished by the  unfitness of  
the ceremony to the occasion4 ,how many 
of those who  witnessed it1 went home   
with hearts oppressed by a consciousness
 of  something wrong8 ,and as the evils 
of man-worship have advanced1 7as  they 
are now advancing17 to their fatal      
consummation1 how many1  recalling the  
circumstances of that ceremonial1 have  
heard a voice as  that of ,jehovah1     
whispering1 ,surely this iniquity shall 
not be purged  from you1 until you die8 
,we trust that the temper of these      
remarks will not be misapprehended4     
,they cannot be made in the spirit of   
party1 for the subjects of them  were   
the very antipodes of conflicting       
parties4 ,whatever feelings such        
thoughts awaken in our minds1 the       
thoughts themselves are suggested by    
considerations purely critical4 ,we have
 but attempted to imbody and  apply two 

maxims that every master of the art of  
eloquence will own as  true4 ,first2    
that1 in cases calling for the highest  
reach of that  art1 every attempt that  
falls short of it is felt to be a       
failure4  ,second2 that under           
circumstances that offend the better    
feelings of  the heart1 the highest     
reach of eloquence is unattainable by   
human  powers4    ,it may be readily    
believed that we have felt reluctant to 
sit in  judgment on the works of men so 
renowned as ,messrs4 ,adams and         
,everett4  ,a decided condemnation would
 seem to many the height of presumption4
  ,even to ourselves it has so much of  
this appearance1 that we are  desirous  
to have it in our power to charge the   
main defects of their  performances     
rather on the occasion than on          
themselves4    ,mr4 ,everett has        
certainly made the most of it4 ,his     
delineation of the  character of ,la    
,fayette is highly graphic2 the         
incidents of his life  are judiciously  

and tastefully selected1 and told with  
spirit1  simplicity and distinctness2   
and the comparative summary of his      
claims  to the grateful admiration of   
the world1 commands the acquiescence of 
the reader4 ,the whole is interspersed  
with just thoughts and natural          
sentiments1 which do honor to the head  
and heart of the speaker4    ,but a     
higher praise is due to ,mr4 ,everett4  
,the history of ,la ,fayette is  the    
history of man1 in the most portentous  
and eventful era of his  existence4 ,of 
the events of that era ,mr4 ,everett so 
speaks as to show  that he has          
understood and rightly applied the      
lesson which they teach  to the world4  
,he does not profess to see any thing   
cheering and  refreshing in the progress
 or the results of the ,french          
revolution4  ,how should he8 ,how should
 a man of untaught feelings1 with a     
heart of  flesh and blood beating in his
 bosom1 find any thing cheering in      
theoretical good1 purchased at such an  

expense of actual crime and  suffering8 
,how should a friend of liberty look1   
but with despondency1  on the result of 
a series of horrors unutterable and     
inconceivable1  only serving to confirm 
the sad truth that men of intemperate   
minds  cannot be free8 ,those who could 
hope against hope1 shut their eyes  as  
long as possible1 and tried to forget   
that rational liberty is but  another   
name for self-government4 ,but they have
 been forced to see  that some          
appropriate training is necessary to    
qualify man for freedom4  ,in what that 
training is to consist1 it is not easy  
to say4 ,its  application depends on him
 who rules the world4 ,when he shall    
please so  to order events as to qualify
 men by the discipline of life1 for     
self-government1 they will then be      
capable of freedom1 and not till  then4 
,a corollary from this important truth  
comes nearer home to  ourselves4 ,when  
men1 thus qualified for freedom and thus
 made free1  become wiser than their    

teachers1 and impatient to unlearn the  
lessons  taught in this school of       
discipline1 there is danger that they   
may  imperceptibly lose those personal  
qualities on which their fitness for    
the function of self-government depends4
 ,the personal qualities of a  limited  
monarch1 who is but the minister of the 
actual sovereignty1 may  be of small    
consequence2 but on the personal        
qualities of a free  people1 the        
efficient sovereign1 de facto as well as
 de jure1 every  thing depends4 ,if     
these be lost in experiments on the     
theory of  government1 all is lost4     
,we should extend our remarks too far1  
if we indulged in all the  reflections  
on this subject suggested by these two  
orations4 ,by that of  ,mr4 ,adams they 
are provoked by repeated allusions to   
it1 which give to  his performance      
something of the character of a         
dissertation 7not very  philosophical7  
on the philosophy of government4 ,he    
doubtless felt the  difficulties of his 

situation1 not the less sensibly1       
because he had  obviously sought it4    
,the whole proceeding seems to have been
 planned by  himself1 but he was        
probably not aware how hard a task he   
had  undertaken1 until he set about its 
performance4 ,he seems throughout to    
have been at cross-purposes with        
himself2 never decided whether to play  
the statesman1 the philosopher1 or the  
orator2 and not always certain  which of
 his two sets of political opinions had 
the ascendant for the  day4 ,his        
digression at page four1 in which he    
wanders away into a  statement of the   
titles of ,louis ,,xv and ,george ,,ii1 
is certainly one of  the strangest      
aberrations from the subject that we    
have ever seen4 ,it  is hard to imagine 
his motive for it1 unless he was seeking
 an  opportunity to record his testimony
 against hereditary monarchy4 ,why  he  
should have felt this necessary1 he best
 knows4 ,but his observations  on this  
point1 after all1 are superficial to    

very childishness2 and we  can hardly   
help questioning his sincerity when we  
see him affecting to  be wholly         
unconscious of the true grounds on which
 the statesmen of the  old world place  
their preference of the hereditary to   
the elective  principle4 ,yet of these  
,mr4 ,adams could not have been         
ignorant1 and had  no right to suppose  
his hearers ignorant4 ,what right had he
 then1 to  speak over their heads1 to   
the uninitiated multitude1 who have not 
yet  learned that1 in the judgment of   
the enlightened friends of liberty1 it  
is not desirable that the throne should 
be filled by a man of high  personal    
endowments8 ,such are the men to whom   
dangerous powers are  conceded4 ,such   
are the men who seize prerogatives never
 claimed before1  and transmit them to  
their successors4 ,even if the statesmen
 of ,england  had been silent on the    
subject1 could we have supposed them so 
unobservant of the history of their own 
country1 as not to have  remarked that  

all concessions in favor of liberty of  
which their  annals bear record1 have   
been obtained from weak princes1 from   
those  who held by doubtful titles1 or  
from minors8 ,do they not know that  the
 odious tyranny1 the folly1 the         
weakness1 and the cowardice of ,john    
gave birth to magna charta8 ,had not    
this been extorted from him1  could it  
have been wrung from the stern grasp of 
the first or third  ,edward8 ,during the
 reign of this last1 where slumbered    
that fierce  spirit which broke out on  
the accession of the minor ,richard     
,,ii1 and  slunk away rebuked1 the      
moment he showed that1 though a boy in  
years1  he was a man in spirit8 ,can we 
identify the abject slaves who crouched 
to the will of the bold and resolute    
,elizabeth1 with the contumacious       
subjects of her silly and imbecile      
,scotch successor8 ,could the spirit    
which tumbled his son from the throne1  
have prepared itself for  explosion     
during her vigilant and energetic reign8

 ,if little was gained  at the          
restoration1 it was because little was  
asked4 ,the people had  lost a sense of 
the value of liberty1 from experience of
 the abuses  perpetrated in her name4   
,they only asked to be freed from a sour
 and  gloomy tyranny which invaded the  
privacy1 and marred the comforts of  the
 domestic circle4 ,they ask for nothing 
but leave to enjoy life4  ,charles      
opposed irreligion to fanaticism1 and   
they wished no more4    ,the revolution 
found them in a different mood4         
,appetite was gorged1  mirth had become 
stale1 animal passion had spent its     
force1 and men  found themselves once   
more requiring something to engage the  
nobler  faculties of the heart and mind4
    ,do we ask why1 in this temper1 they
 gained so little from ,william8 ,look  
at the character of the man1 and you    
have your answer4 ,able1 energetic1     
sagacious1 firm and cold1 he had power1 
even in the act of mounting the  throne1
 to arrest the progress of reform in mid

 career4    ,the weak princes of the    
house of ,brunswick enjoyed an advantage
 of a  different sort1 which supplied   
the place of talent to them4 ,by        
contrast  with the odious pretender of  
the house of ,stuart they were popular2 
and  this counter-prop upheld the power 
of the crown until that race became     
virtually extinct4 ,so sensible of this 
was the purest1 the ablest1 and  the    
most resolved of the friends of liberty 
in the reign of ,george ,,ii1  7we speak
 of ,mr4 ,shippen7--so sensible was he  
of the advantage which  freedom has in  
contending with a weak prince1 and an   
unpopular name1  that he had serious    
thoughts of bringing in the pretender   
with that  view4    ,but the house of   
,stuart passed off the stage2 the       
bugbear of a popish  succession was     
removed2 the cant of the great and      
glorious revolution  went out of        
fashion2 and people instead of looking  
back to that1 took  leave to look       
forward to something better4 ,our own   

revolution was the  first fruit of this 
change in public sentiment4 ,that which 
was  preparing in ,england was arrested 
by the horrors of the premature         
explosion in ,france4 ,but that         
interruption of its progress was but    
temporary1 and it is now finding its    
consummation under the reign of  one    
who1 having passed from first to second 
childhood1 without ever  being a man1   
seems fitted by ,providence for the     
place to which the  order of succession 
called1 and in which the order of events
 required  him4    ,have these things   
been lost on ,mr4 ,adams himself8 ,and  
has not his own  experience taught him  
the advantage which a questionable      
title1 or the  folly of a ruler may give
 his subjects8 ,has he yet to learn that
 vanity  and obvious weakness may       
provoke a clamor for reforms1 which the 
man of  spirit and address1 who is      
brought in to effectuate them1 may laugh
 at8  ,does he believe that the         
revolution so cheering and refreshing to

 his  spirit1 would have taken place1   
had ,henri ,,iv occupied the throne of  
,louis ,,xvi8 ,does he think the reform 
now going on in ,england would have     
commenced under ,elizabeth or her       
grandfather ,henry ,,vii8 ,does he      
believe  that the people of the ,united 
,states would1 at this moment1 address  
themselves to the reform of their       
representation1 however unequal1        
however corrupt1 if its corruption only 
produced subserviency to the  will of   
,andrew ,jackson8 ,in short is he to    
learn1 at this time of day1  that the   
power which the exigencies of public    
affairs require to be  lodged in the    
hands of the ,executive of a great and  
ambitious nation1  implies a faculty of 
usurpation8 ,that such power1 passing   
from  generation to generation          
successively1 into the hands of men of  
mature  age1 of bold spirits and        
commanding minds1 will increase and     
multiply  itself without end1 is        
certain4 ,that such power will be deemed

  necessary1 so long as men give        
themselves up to dreams of glory and the
  lust of conquest1 is equally sure4    
,why did our fathers hope that the      
experiment of free government might     
succeed with us1 though it had failed   
every where else8 ,was it not  because  
our local situation removed us far from 
war1 and the  entanglements of foreign  
politics8 ,let any infatuation tempt us 
to  throw away this advantage1 and seek 
the evil that seeks not us1 and it  is  
not difficult to foresee the            
consequence4 ,we shall soon find        
ourselves1 like the friends of freedom  
in ,england1 reduced to inquire1  what  
hope remains to us1 but to regulate the 
succession on a principle  which may    
afford the people a chance of wresting  
from a weak prince1  the advantages     
gained by the ability and address of his
 predecessors8  ,the solution of this   
problem was found in the device of      
blending  together the principle of     
hereditary succession with that of      

reformed  protestant christianity1 at   
which ,mr4 ,adams sneers so bitterly4   
,its  inventors were the truest friends 
to freedom in the world4 ,they were  our
 masters in the science of government4  
,relieved from the necessity  which     
drove them to this device1 we imbodied  
in our institutions the  lessons we had 
learned from them4 ,should our folly    
throw away our  peculiar advantages1 and
 our vices render some contrivance of   
the sort  necessary to us as to them1   
may we be equally fortunate in applying 
the  maxims learned from them6 ,if      
monarchy become necessary1 7and they who
  most feel the necessity often most    
deeply lament it17 may we hit on  some  
contrivance as well adapted to give the 
people the comfortable  sense of        
security1 while the ruler is made to    
feel that he holds his  power only by   
their will4 ,that in every stage of our 
political  existence we may choose      
wisely1 let us shut our ears to those   
who would  disguise their well known    

predilections for strong government1 by 
ad  captandum sneers at any of its      
particular modes4 ,what end can such    
sneers answer at this moment1 but to    
confirm our people in the fatal  error  
of supposing liberty secure because the 
forms of the  constitution are          
preserved8 because our monarch is       
elective1 not  hereditary2 a man and not
 a child8    ,of a piece with this is   
the declaration 7at page forty-three7   
that1 in  the contemplation of the great
 results of the ,french revolution1 ,mr4
  ,adams finds something cheering and   
refreshing4 ,it is well known that      
while the friends of freedom were       
animated with a hope1 that the dark     
hour of its commencement was but the    
forerunner of a day of light and        
liberty and happiness1 ,mr4 ,adams      
belonged to a school which taught that  
this bright hope was but illusory2 that 
all the horrors of the reign  of terror 
were gratuitous2 and that the ,french   
people would1 in the  end1 return as    

near as might be1 to the condition from 
which they were  struggling to escape4  
,these bodings have been fulfilled4 ,the
 younger  branch of the house of ,capet 
has taken the place of the elder4 ,the  
unteachable folly of those who could    
neither learn nor forget1 has been      
superseded by the address1 the subtlety1
 the energy and spirit of ,louis        
,philippe4 ,by these qualities1 and by  
what is instar omnium1 his  private     
wealth1 he has been able to stay the    
tempest of revolution in  its wildest   
rage1 and to establish himself firmly on
 the throne4 ,the  condemnation         
pronounced by ,mr4 ,adams's school of   
politics1 in the  earlier stages of the 
revolution1 has been justified by the   
event1 and  he finds something quite    
refreshing in the result6    ,we have   
perhaps extended these observations too 
far1 and left ourselves  but little room
 to remark on the style of these        
compositions4 ,there is  certainly much 
to praise in ,mr4 ,everett's1 and we    

would gladly adorn  our pages with      
copious extracts from it2 but it is in  
every body's  hands1 and will be read by
 thousands whom our humble pages will   
never  reach4    ,it has been well said 
that truth is sometimes more incredible 
than  fiction4 ,the history of ,la      
,fayette is a chapter in the romance of 
real  life1 more strange and interesting
 than any tale that imagination has     
ever suggested4 ,the succinct sketch of 
that history1 which forms the  body of  
,mr4 ,everett's eulogy1 must be read    
with great interest even by  those      
already familiar with the facts4 ,it is 
quite felicitously hit  off4    ,we have
 already intimated the opinion1 that the
 nature of the occasion  fixed the doom 
of failure on the attempts of both      
gentlemen1 however  executed4 ,we wish  
we could say that no part of the fault  
attached to  the execution itself4 ,the 
circumstances justified the expectation 
that  each oration should be perfect in 
its kind4 ,men selected from among      

millions for the occasion1 and having   
months for preparation1 were  bound to  
furnish specimens of composition without
 blemish4 ,we are sorry  to point out   
faults which would merit censure in     
works of less  pretension4 ,in ,mr4     
,everett's eulogy we mark a few4        
,does he mean1 at page six1 to intimate 
that the boldness of truth was  ,,only  
not ,,wholly uncongenial to the         
character of ,la ,fayette8 ,we  take    
this as a specimen of the faults into   
which men blunder1 who adopt  a sort of 
diluted style1 in which affirmative     
propositions are stated  by disaffirming
 the negation of the affirmative4 ,this 
may be very  polite and genteel4 ,it    
betokens an amiable aversion to say any 
thing  offensive2 an eagerness to       
qualify and explain2 and sometimes even 
a  readiness to take back any thing that
 may displease4 ,it may be called  the  
apologetic or bowing style2 for whenever
 we meet with it1 we  presently have    
before us the image of the speaker1     

ruffled1 powdered  and perfumed1 and    
accompanying every sentence with the    
appropriate  gesture of a deferential   
bow4 ,this is ,mr4 ,everett's besetting 
fault4  ,but for this he might have been
 an orator4    ,at pages twelve and     
thirteen1 we were inextricably puzzled  
7to say  nothing of the ungraceful      
introduction of the egomet ipse17 by the
  following sentence4    ,yes1          
fellow-citizens1 that ,i may repeat an  
exclamation1 uttered ten  years ago by  
him who has now the honor to address    
you1 in the presence  of an immense     
multitude1 who welcomed 'the nation's   
guest' to the  academic shades of       
,harvard1 and by them received with     
acclamations of  approval and tears of  
gratitude2 when he was told by our      
commissioners1  'that they did not      
possess the means or the credit of      
procuring credit  of procuring6 a single
 vessel in all the ports of ,france1    
then1  exclaimed the gallant and        
generous youth1 ',i will provide my     

own4'    ,the reader may unriddle this4 
,we cannot4 ,if the thing were possible1
  the most plausible guess would be1    
that the words ,i will provide my  own1 
were the words of ,mr4 ,everett4 ,it is 
the only exclamation we hear  of4    ,we
 have not often had the pleasure of     
hearing ,mr4 ,everett speak1 and  cannot
 pronounce whether he possesses that    
magic power of voice1 and  countenance1 
and attitude and gesture1 which should  
have been  displayed in the utterance of
 his closing paragraph4 ,without these1 
it  is a school-boy declamation4 ,we    
rather fear that ,mr4 ,everett is not so
  endowed4 ,such was our impression on  
hearing him1 and this is confirmed  by  
the fact1 that his power over the house 
of which he has long been a  member1 is 
no way commensurate to his acknowledged 
talents4 ,we subjoin  the paragraph1    
adding this advice--that no man attempt 
to utter such a  passage who is not very
 sure of his own powers4 ,he who can do 
it as it  should be done1 may rival     

,cooke in ,richard1 or ,cooper in the   
ghost-scene in ,hamlet4 ,this is the    
paragraph4    ,you have now assembled   
within these renowned walls1 to perform 
the  last duties of respect and love1 on
 the birth-day of your benefactor1      
beneath that roof which has resounded of
 old with the master voices of          
,american renown4 ,the spirit of the    
departed is in high communion  does this
 mean high mass8 with the spirit of the 
place2--the temple  worthy of the new   
name1 which we now behold inscribed on  
its walls4  ,listen1 ,americans1 to the 
lesson1 which seems borne to us on the  
very  air we breathe1 while we perform  
these dutiful rites4 ,ye winds1 that    
wafted the pilgrims to the land of      
promise1 fan in their children's        
hearts1 the love of freedom2--blood     
which our fathers shed1 cry from  the   
ground2 echoing arches of this renowned 
hall1 whisper back  the voices of other 
days2--glorious ,washington1 break the  
long silence  of that votive            

canvass2--speak1 speak1 marble lips1    
teach us ,,the ,,love  ,,of ,,liberty   
,,protected ,,by ,,law4#a    ,footnote  
#a3 ,subjoined to ,mr4 ,everett's speech
 is an account of the  circumstances of 
the ceremonial1 much in detail4 ,from   
this it appears  that by his side1 on   
the platform where he stood1 was placed 
a bust  of ,la ,fayette1 on a pedestal  
just high enough to bring the face on a 
level with the speaker's4 ,the taste of 
this we de not propose to  discuss with 
the committee of arrangement4 ,it seems 
to have imposed on  ,mr4 ,everett a sort
 of necessity to have a word to say to  
the figure1  and we do not know that he 
could have done it better than he has   
done4  ,we incline to suspect that he   
would gladly have escaped from that part
  of his task4 ,we are glad he got      
through it so well4 ,we are glad too we 
were not there4 ,the thought of ,punch  
and the ,devil knocking their noses     
together1 might have made us laugh most 
unreasonably4 ,now that the  thing is   

over1 we venture to intreat that no man 
of genius and taste  may be placed in a 
situation so perilous and so painful4   
,at pages six and seven1 we have a      
passage1 which besides savoring of      
transcendentalism1 smacks of the school 
of ,garrison and ,tappan4 ,we pass  it  
by1 because it is not with a mere       
occasional volunteer like ,mr4  ,everett
 that we would discuss the subject there
 hinted at4 ,indeed we  would touch him 
with a lenient hand1 for his eulogy has 
great merit1  and has deepened the      
kindly impression which his amiable     
character and  classic talent had       
already made on us4 ,the blemishes we   
have noted are  but        ,stains upon 
a vestal's robe1    ,the worse for what 
the soil4    ,we recommend it to the    
perusal of all 7if any there be7 who    
have not  read it4    ,we had noted for 
animadversion some of the most faulty   
passages of ,mr4  ,adams's oration1 but 
do not find them so much at variance    
with the  general character of the work 

as to merit particular censure4 ,when   
,secretary of ,state to a ,president1   
who1 while minister to ,england1        
informed his government1 in an official 
despatch1 that he had  enjoyed very bad 
health1 he acquired by contrast the     
reputation of a  fine writer4 ,he was   
the cheval de battaille of the          
administration4  ,afterwards1 when the  
head of a dominant party1 it pleased him
 to lay  claim to the first place among 
the writers of the day1 and his         
followers of course accorded it to him4 
,a fatal claim1 most fatally            
acknowledged6 ,had he known no more of  
writing than his successor1 he  might   
have been ,president now4 ,as it was1 he
 perilled the enjoyment of  power1 for  
the sake of vaunting it1 in well turned 
sentences about  light-houses in the    
skies4 ,his vanity tore away the veil   
under which  federalism had lain        
securely hid for years4 ,had he1 like   
his successor1  unmasked a battery in   
doing so1 he might have done it safely4 

,this may  explain some of our former   
remarks1 when classing him among those  
whose  weakness afforded the people an  
opportunity 7fatally abused7 of         
retrieving their rights4    ,mr4        
,adams's style is any thing but         
felicitous4 ,he has not the art of      
gliding gracefully on from topic to     
topic4 ,his digressions are abrupt1     
untimely and rectangular2 his allusions 
are generally of the ebony and  topaz   
school2 his blows are never inflicted   
with that dexterous sleight  which      
engages our admiration too much to      
permit sympathy with the  sufferer4     
,they never take effect but when the    
victim is bound hand and  foot1 or on   
some imbecile wretch1 like ,jonathan    
,russel1 who can neither  parry nor     
elude them4 ,his oratory reminds us of  
the fa sol la of a  country singing     
school1 differing as much from the easy 
flow of  spontaneous eloquence1 as the  
mellifluous stream of real music from   
that harsh jangling in which each note  

claims its separate syllable4    ,to    
those who may be startled at this       
account of ,mr4 ,adams's style1 we      
recommend the perusal of his oration as 
an exercise4 ,we venture to  predict    
that by the time the sixty thousand     
copies ordered by ,congress  have found 
as many readers1 our judgment will be   
confirmed by at least  fifty-nine       
thousand of them4 ,but that will never  
be4    ,to ,mr4 ,everett's address are  
appended a requiem and a hymn1 of which 
we  will say1 but more emphatically1    
what we said of the orations4 ,they     
should have great excellence and no     
fault4 ,each should be a gem of the     
first water1 and without flaw4 ,the     
first consists of six stanzas1 of  which
 two or three are very fine4 ,but what  
shall we say to this3      ,one pulse is
 echoing there4    ,an echoing pulse6   
,one pulse is echoing there6    ,the far
 voiced clarion and the trump are still1
    ,and man's crushed spirit to the    
changeless will            ,bows in     

rebuke and prayer6    ,whom or what does
 man rebuke8 ,if the writer meant under 
rebuke1 he  should have said so4        
,again--              ,gather about his 
pall1    ,and let the sacred memory of  
years    ,that he made glorious1 call   
back your tears1            ,or ,,light 
them as they fall6    ,if the writer had
 an idea connected with the last line it
 is  incomprehensible to us4    ,the    
hymn of four short stanzas being        
destitute of any original thought1  has 
not merit enough to be chargeable with  
any particular fault4 ,there  may be    
something new1 though common-place1 in  
the last stanza4  ,astronomers tell us  
that ,venus and ,mercury are morning and
 evening star  by turns4 ,our poet1 if  
we can understand his orrery1 has a mind
 to make  the name of ,la ,fayette both 
morning and evening star at once4       
,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,the ,,beauties of the ,court of   
,charles the ,second2 a series of       
,memoirs1  ,biographical and ,critical1 

illustrating the ,diaries of ,pepys1    
,evelyn1  ,clarendon1 and other         
contemporary writers4 ,by ,mrs4         
,jameson1 authoress  of ,the ,loves of  
the ,poets1 ,lives of ,female           
,sovereigns1 ,visits and  ,sketches at  
,home and ,abroad1 c4 c4 ,philadelphia3 
,e4 ,l4 ,cary  ,a4  ,hart4 pp4 #cjd4    
#hvo4    ,few portions of history are   
more replete with characters            
illustrating  the good and evil of human
 nature1 in both extremes1 than that of 
the  reign and court of ,charles ,,ii4  
,the stern dominion of a sour and       
superstitious bigotry had just passed   
away2 the disgusting hypocrisy  which   
had disguised all vice under the mask of
 religion and virtue had  been exposed2 
and the disclosure had awakened a doubt1
 even in the  minds of the wise and     
good1 whether unbounded license was not 
more  tolerable than the enormities     
practised in those hiding-places of     
crime1 into which the severe discipline 
of the ,protectorate had driven  it4    

,the public eye might impose some       
restraint2 but when the indulgence  of  
harmless mirth and the enjoyment of     
innocent amusement were unsafe1  except 
in private1 who could tell what unseen  
abominations might be  perpetrated in   
recesses which the world was not        
permitted to look into4    ,nothing is  
more true1 than that the appetite for   
pleasure grows by  indulgence1 and that1
 pushed to the verge of what is lawful1 
it is too  apt to pass into criminal    
excess4 ,but innocent pleasures men will
  have4 ,what security that they will be
 content with these8 ,none but the      
influence of public sentiment1          
constraining them to respect the almost 
viewless boundary that divides the      
extreme of lawful indulgence from  the  
beginnings of licentiousness4 ,the      
exercise of this influence is a  duty   
society owes to itself2 but to exert it1
 we must bear to look upon  the scenes  
where its authority should be felt4 ,if 
we fastidiously turn  away1 and refuse  

to the young1 the gay1 the sanguine and 
the  thoughtless1 the benefit of that   
aggregate judgment concerning right  and
 wrong1 which we distinguish by the name
 of public sentiment1 we  incur more    
risk of becoming partakers of the sins  
of others1 than we  should by looking on
 with that complacent smile of          
benevolent sympathy1  which its objects 
would not willingly exchange for the    
frown of merited  disapprobation4 ,in   
this smile and this frown are the       
sanctions for that  regulated indulgence
 which a wise and good man has          
pronounced to be  the best security     
against excess4    ,when ,charles on his
 accession avowed a disposition to claim
 for  himself1 and to allow to others   
the unbounded license which his foreign 
habits had rendered necessary to him1 it
 was of course1 that multitudes  should 
eagerly avail themselves of the         
privilege4 ,it was not wonderful  that  
even the virtuous should acquiesce in   
this new scheme of things1  instead of  

endeavoring to apply correctives which  
they had just seen so  much abused4     
,the consequence was1 that during that  
most flagitious reign1 the mind  was    
left to put forth all its wild unpruned 
luxuriance4 ,human nature  displayed    
itself in all the forms of all of its   
varieties1 each in the  most extreme    
dimensions4 ,vice walked abroad in naked
 deformity2 and  orgies1 such as the sun
 had never before been permitted to look
 on1  were perpetrated in the face of   
day4    ,but if the poor virtues of the 
age lacked countenance1 how  conspicuous
 was that virtue1 which still resolutely
 resisted all the  allurements with     
which fashion invests pleasure1 and in  
the midst of a  corrupt generation1     
preserved its purity inviolate4 ,god has
 never left  himself without a witness4 
,there were1 even in that day1 men      
devoted to  all their duties to him1 to 
their fellows1 and to themselves1 and   
their  light did but shine the brighter 
for the darkness that surrounded it4    

,the pacific policy of a monarch1 who is
 now known to have been the  pensioner  
of the natural enemy of his country1    
afforded few  opportunities to acquire  
fame in the service of the crown4 ,it   
was  chiefly in private life that virtue
 had to seek that honorable  distinction
 which it naturally covets4 ,that       
distinction the character  of the age   
rendered more conspicuous and honorable1
 and it was  therefore the more eagerly 
sought4    ,we are not particularly     
anxious about this theory1 but it helps 
us to  understand1 not only how it was  
that the pure and muddy waters mingled  
without blending1 but how it happened   
that the unexampled excellence  of in   
,ormond and an ,ossory were found side  
by side with the unheard of  depravity  
of a ,buckingham and a ,rochester4      
,of the private as well as public       
history of the courtiers of ,charles    
,,ii1 we have the most authentic        
records1 and they are full of amusement 
and instruction4 ,it has been lamented  

that they have been1 for the most  part1
 transmitted to us through channels     
which must soil the reader's  mind1 and 
endanger an injury more than            
commensurate to the value of the        
information4 ,we have reason to rejoice 
therefore1 that we are at length        
permitted to receive them through the   
refining filter of a female mind1  from 
which they are transmitted pure and     
bright as diamond spark4    ,what lover 
ever read the history of ,grammont      
without lamenting that it  was          
impossible to impart any portion of his 
delight to his mistress4  ,the          
difficulty is now removed2 and ,mrs4    
,jameson deserves the thanks of  her    
sex1 for having rendered accessible to  
them1 not only a theme of  most amusing 
gossip1 but one of the most instructive 
and edifying  chapters in the history of
 man4 ,we especially recommend this work
 to  their perusal4 ,the witty ,hamilton
 and the gay ,grammont will still       
perhaps be most read by the men1 but    

even they will derive advantage  from   
looking1 through the chaste eyes of a   
virtuous female1 on the same  scenes and
 the same characters exhibited by this  
profligate pair4    ,of the manner in   
which this work is executed1 nothing    
need be said to  those familiar with the
 writings of ,mrs4 ,jameson4 ,it is     
every way  worthy of her well merited   
reputation4 ,we extract a few passages1 
which  may serve as examples of the     
work4 ,but they are not selected for any
  particular merit1 but merely to       
illustrate the foregoing remarks4 ,they 
are most attractive pictures of virtues1
 the exact opposite of the  vices which 
characterized the age2 and we are not   
sure that they do not  as widely differ 
from the average standard of the human  
character4    ,what can be more         
captivating than this account of ,la    
belle ,hamilton4    ,she was then just  
arrived at that age when the budding    
girl expands  into the woman3 her figure
 was tall1 rather full1 but elegantly   

formed2  and1 to borrow ,lord ,herbert's
 beautiful expression1 'varied itself   
into  every grace that can belong either
 to rest or motion4' ,she had the       
finest neck and the loveliest hand and  
arm in the world3 her forehead  was fair
 and open2 her hair dark and luxuriant1 
always arranged with  the most exquisite
 taste1 but with an air of natural and  
picturesque  simplicity1 which meaner   
beauties in vain essayed to copy2 her   
complexion1 at a time when the use of   
paint was universal1 owed nothing  to   
art2 her eyes were not large1 but       
sparkling and full of expression2  her  
mouth1 though not a little haughtiness  
is implied in the curve of  the under   
lip1 was charming1 and the contour of   
her face perfect4    ,the soul which    
heaven had lodged in this fair person   
was worthy of its  shrine4 ,in those    
days1 the very golden age of folly and  
affectation1  the beauties1 by          
prescriptive right1 might be divided    
into two  factions1 whom ,i shall call  

the languishers and the sparklers2 the  
languishers were those who1 being dull  
by nature1 or at least not  bright1     
affected an extreme softness--lounged   
and lolled--simpered and  sighed--lisped
 or drawled out their words--half shut  
their eyes--and  moved as if 'they were 
not born to carry their own weight4'    
,the  sparklers were those who1 upon the
 strength of bright eyes and some       
natural vivacity and impertinence1 set  
up for female wits3 in  conversation    
they attempted to dazzle by such sallies
 as would now be  scarcely tolerated    
from the most abandoned of their sex2   
they were gay1  airy1 fluttering1       
fantastical1 and talkative--they dealt  
in bon mots  and repartees--they threw  
their glances right and left1 a tort et 
a  travers--and piqued themselves upon  
taking hearts by a coup-de-main4  ,miss 
,hamilton belonged to neither of these  
classes3 though lively by  nature1 she  
had felt perhaps the necessity of       
maintaining a reserve of  manner which  

should keep presumptuous fops at a      
distance4 ,she wore her  feminine       
dignity as an advanced guard--her wit as
 a body of reserve4  ,she did not speak 
much1 but what she said was to the      
purpose1 just what  the occasion        
demanded and no more4 ,fiere a toute    
outrance1 whenever  she was called upon 
to stand on the defensive1 she was less 
possessed  with the idea of her own     
merit than might have been supposed2    
and1 far  from thinking her consequence 
increased by the number of her lovers1  
she was singularly fastidious with      
regard to the qualifications of  those  
whom she admitted upon the list of      
aspirants4    ,in the family of ,ormond 
we have a galaxy of excellence4 ,the    
following  extracts make us balance the 
truth of history and our experience of  
real life4 ,whom do we know like old    
,ormond and his wife8 ,whom like his    
noble son and his charming countess8    
,take the character of the ,duchess from
 the lips of an enemy4    ,when the     

,duke of ,ormond withdrew to ,france1 in
 #afee1 he found himself  obliged to    
leave his wife and family behind3 and   
soon afterwards  ,cromwell caused the   
,earl of ,ossory to be arrested upon no 
specific  charge and committed to the   
,tower4 ,his mother waited upon the     
protector  to remonstrate1 and to       
solicit his enlargement1 pleading the   
quiet and  inoffensive life which she   
led with her children in ,london4       
,cromwell  told her plainly1 that he had
 more reason to fear her than any body  
else4 ,she replied with dignity and     
spirit1 and in the presence of a        
numerous drawing-room1 that 'she desired
 no favor at his hands1 but  merely     
justice to her innocent son2'--and that 
'she thought it strange  that she1 who  
had never been concerned in a plot in   
her life1 nor  opened her mouth against 
his person and government1 should be    
represented as so terrible a person4'   
',no1 madam6' replied ,cromwell1  'that 
is not the case2 but your worth has     

gained you so great an  influence over  
all the commanders of our party1 and we 
know so well  your power over your own  
party1 that it is in your ladyship's    
breast to  act what you please4'    ,the
 following descriptions of the ,earl and
 ,countess of ,ossory are  delightful4  
,at this time1 the ,earl of ,ossory was 
about four and twenty2 he was  tall1    
well made1 and handsome2 with an open   
expressive countenance1 and  fine teeth 
and hair2 he rode1 fenced1 and danced   
remarkably well2  played on the lute and
 the guitar2 spoke ,french eloquently1  
and ,italian  fluently2 was a good      
historian2 and seems to have had a taste
 for light  and elegant literature1 for 
,sir ,robert ,southwell represents him  
as so  well read in poetry and romance1 
that 'in a gallery full of pictures  and
 hangings1 he could tell the stories of 
all that were there  described4' ,these 
however were the mere superficial graces
 which  enabled him to please in the    
drawing-room1 and to these he added all 

the rare and noble qualities which can  
distinguish a man in the cabinet  and in
 the field4 ,he was wise in council1    
quick and decided in action1  as brave  
in battle as an ,amadis of              
,gaul--gallant 'beyond the fiction of   
romance'--humane1 courteous1 affable1   
temperate1 generous to profusion1  and  
open almost to a fault4 ',in a word1'   
says the historian1 'his  virtue was    
unspotted in the centre of a luxurious  
court2 his integrity  unblemished amid  
all the vices of the times2 his honor   
untainted  through the course of his    
whole life2' and it is most worthy of   
remark1  that in those days1 when the   
spirits of men were heated with party   
rage2 when profligate pens were wielded 
by profligate and obscure  individuals1 
and satire 'unbated and envenomed1' was 
levelled at  whatever was noble1 or     
beautiful1 or good in the land2 not a   
single  expression can any where be     
traced to contradict or invalidate this 
universal testimony4 ',no writer1' 7,i  

quote again from history17 'ever        
appeared then or since1 so regardless of
 truth and of his own  character1 as to 
venture one stroke of censure on that of
 the ,earl of  ,ossory4'    ',she was1  
indeed1' adds the grave historian of the
 family1 'an  admirable economist2      
always cheerful1 and never known to be  
out of  humor1 so that they lived       
together in the most perfect harmony    
imaginable4 ,lord ,ossory never found   
any place or company more agreeable     
than he found at home2 and when he      
return thither from court1 they         
constantly met with open arms1 with kind
 embraces1 and the most moving          
expressions of mutual tenderness4'      
,but this picture1 bright and beautiful 
as it is1 had its shades4 ,in  this     
world of ours1 'where but to think1 is  
to be full of sorrow1' ,lady  ,ossory   
was so far most happy1 that though she  
suffered through those  she loved1 7as  
all must do who embark their happiness  
in their  affections17 she never        

suffered by them3 but she lost several  
of her  numerous family at an early age2
 and the frequent absence of ,lord      
,ossory1 whilst engaged in the highest  
civil and military employments1  must   
have doomed her to many widowed hours4  
,the reckless valor too1  with which he 
exposed his life1 and which was such as 
even to call down  a rebuke from his    
brave father1 must have filled the      
gentle bosom of  his wife with a        
thousand fond anxieties3 yet might not  
those partings  and meetings1 those     
alternations of hope and fear1 those    
trembling  terrors for his safety1 those
 rapturous tears which greeted his      
return1  have assisted to keep freshly  
alive1 through a long series of years1  
all the romance of early passion8 ,and  
was not this much8 ,did ,lady  ,ossory  
buy too dearly the proud happiness of   
belonging to that man1  upon whom the   
eyes of all ,europe were fixed to gaze  
and to admire2 who  from every new      
triumph brought her home a faith and    

love  unchanged--deposing his honors at 
her feet1 and his cares in her gentle   
arms8 ,let the woman who reads this     
question1 answer it to her own  heart4  
,the following anecdote1 with the       
appended note1 illustrates a point of   
character on which we always dwell with 
delight1 though it is not often  found  
associated with prudence and wisdom4    
,in #afga occurred that extraordinary   
attempt on the life of the ,duke of     
,ormond by the ruffian ,blood1 of       
notorious memory2 it is supposed at the 
instigation of ,buckingham4 ,there was1 
in fact1 something so audacious  and so 
theatrical in the idea of hanging the   
duke upon the gallows at  ,tyburn1 that 
it could only have originated with that 
',fanfaron de  crimes4' ,such1 at least1
 was the general opinion at the time4 ,a
 few  days after this event1 ,lord      
,ossory meeting the ,duke of ,buckingham
 in  the king's chamber1 the color      
flushed to his temples with passion1 and
  his eyes sparkled with such ire1 that 

the duke took refuge behind the  king's 
chair4 ',my lord1' said ,ossory1        
stepping up to him1 ',i know well  that 
you are at the bottom of this late      
attempt of ,blood's upon my  father1 and
 therefore ,i give you fair warning1 if 
my father comes to a  violent end by    
sword or pistol1--if he dies by the hand
 of a ruffian1  or the more secret way  
of poison1 ,i shall not be at a loss to 
know the  first author of it2 ,i shall  
consider you as the assassin2 ,i shall  
treat you as such1 and ,i shall pistol  
you1 though you stood beside the  king's
 chair2 and ,i tell it you in his       
majesty's presence1 that you may  be    
sure ,i shall keep my word4' ,so saying1
 he turned upon his heel1  leaving the  
duke so completely overawed1 that he had
 not even spirit to  utter a denial4#a  
,footnote #a3 ,i believe no writer has  
remarked the singular coincidence       
between the characters and fortunes of  
the ,duke of ,ormond1 and his  ancestor1
 the ,earl of ,ormond1 of ,elizabeth's  

time4 ,both were brave1  popular1       
enthusiastically loyal1 and inflexibly  
honest2 both were  accomplished         
courtiers1 and lived to experience the  
ingratitude and  injustice of the       
princes they had served2 both           
experienced many changes  of fortune1   
and lived to an extreme old age1 so as  
to behold their  heirs in the third     
generation4 ,both were opposed to the   
reigning  favorites1 for the enmity of  
the ,duke of ,ormond and ,buckingham was
 at  least equal to that of the ,earl of
 ,ormond and ,lord ,leicester4 ,as      
,buckingham was believed to have        
instigated ,blood in his attempt on the 
,duke of ,ormond1 so ,leicester was     
known to have attempted the             
assassination of ,ormond1 by means of a 
hired cut-throat1 who was  afterwards1  
like ,blood1 forgiven and rewarded4 ,the
 following anecdote  is very            
characteristic3--,the ,earl of ,ormond  
coming one day to court1  met ,lord     
,leicester in the antechamber3 after the

 usual salutations1 ,my  lord1 said     
,leicester1 insolently1 ,i dreamed of   
you last night6  ,indeed6 replied       
,ormond1 what could your lordship dream 
of me8 ,i  dreamed that ,i gave you a   
box on the ear4 ,dreams are interpreted 
by  contraries1 replied the high        
spirited ,irishman1 and instantly lent  
him  a cuff on the ear1 which made the  
favorite stagger2 for this he was       
committed to the tower by ,elizabeth4   
,we will conclude by adding the         
character of a lady 7the wife of ,hyde  
,earl of ,rochester17 of whom it is     
praise enough to say1 that she was      
beautiful1 rich1 noble and powerful1 and
 chose to love her husband1  nurse her  
children1 and live in obscurity4    ,it 
is perhaps the highest eulogium that    
could be pronounced on the  character   
and conduct of his fair1 gentle-looking1
 and really amiable  wife1 that while   
her husband was treading the steep and  
tortuous paths  of court diplomacy1     
rising to rank and honors1 and filling  

the highest  offices in the state1 we do
 not even hear of her1 except in her    
domestic relations4 ,in the recent      
publication of the ,clarendon papers1   
,lady ,rochester is seldom mentioned2   
but from the manner in which she is     
alluded to1 we may infer1 without danger
 of being mistaken1 that she  was the   
excellent and submissive wife of an     
impatient and despotic  husband2 that   
she lived in the utmost harmony with her
 children and her  relatives2 that she  
frequented the court but little4    ,it 
should seem that her days flowed along  
in one even course of  unpretending     
duties and blameless pleasures3 duties  
such as her sex and  station prescribe1 
pleasures such as her rank and fortune  
permitted1--interrupted and clouded by  
such cares and infirmities as  are the  
common lot of mortality4 ,this          
description of ,lady ,rochester may     
appear a little insipid after the       
piquante adventures of a ,cleveland  and
 a ,chesterfield1 and others of her more

 brilliant and interesting              
contemporaries2 yet there is in its     
repose and innocence something that  not
 only refreshes1 but sweetens the       
imagination3 as in a garden where       
peonies1 and pinks1 and carnations1 and 
tall lilies1      ',and canker blooms1  
with full as deep a die1     ,as the    
perfumed tincture of the roses1'        
flaunt to the eye and allure the sense1 
should we suddenly find a  jasmine1     
trailing its light tendrils and         
luxuriant foliage round a  lordly elm1  
with what delight should we appropriate 
its starry1  unsullied blossoms1 and    
place them in our bosom6      ,,calavar2
 or ,the ,knight of the ,conquest3 a    
,romance of ,mexico4  ,philadelphia3    
,carey1 ,lea  ,blanchard4 #ahcd4    ,who
 reads an ,american book8 was tauntingly
 asked some years since1 by  the        
,edinburg or ,quarterly ,review1--we do 
not recollect which1--nor is  it        
important to know4 ,for the present we  
will answer the question  somewhat in   

the ,hibernian or ,yankee style1 by a   
remark which is not  exactly responsive2
 and that is1 that if ,sir ,walter      
,scott himself were  living1 he would   
have the candor and honor to acknowledge
 that  ,calavar was vastly superior to  
some five or six of the last litter of  
his own great genius1 and not very far  
behind the very best of those  renowned 
performances which have thrown a classic
 glory over the bleak  hills and barren 
moors of ,scotland4 ,but whether that   
would have been  the award of ,sir      
,walter or not1 impartial critics on    
both sides of the  ,atlantic1 and coming
 generations1 if ,calavar should escape 
the vortex  of oblivion1--will          
undoubtedly render a judgment somewhat  
similar4 ,it  is certainly the very best
 ,american novel1 excepting perhaps one 
or two  of ,mr4 ,cooper's1 which we have
 ever read2 that is1 if boldness of     
design1 vigor of thought1 copiousness   
and power of language1--thrilling       
incident1 and graphic and magnificent   

description1 can constitute a  good     
novel4 ,for the first fifty or sixty    
pages1 it is confessedly  somewhat      
heavy2 still the reader will perceive   
that a master spirit is  at work1 to    
whose guidance he confidingly trusts4   
,in a short time the  whole interest of 
the narrative rushes upon him2 he gazes 
in  imagination upon the beautiful and  
,eden-like vallies of ,mexico2 he       
throbs with pain at the spectacle of    
slaughtered thousands of the brave      
aborigines1 and he sympathises with the 
tender sorrows and heroic  sufferings of
 the only female who figures in the     
story1 and she too in  the unwomanly    
garb of a page1 destined to perform the 
somewhat curious1  and certainly very   
unthankful office1 of a menial to her   
own lover4  ,here we think the author   
has decidedly failed1--we mean in the   
invention and arrangement of his story4 
,he is entirely too unnatural  even for 
romance4 ,there is too much improbable  
and miraculous agency in  the various   

life-preserving expedients1 and         
extraordinary rescues which  are        
constantly occurring1--and which1       
although taken singly1 do not  surpass  
the strange events of actual life1 shock
 us nevertheless by  their perpetual    
succession1 and impart to a tale founded
 upon  historical truth1 an air of      
oriental fiction which is not agreeable4
  ,the author1 who is vastly superior to
 ,cooper in dialogue1 is1 we fear1      
equally unqualified with that writer1 to
 depict the female character in  all its
 exquisite traits and attractive        
graces--else why not give us  more than 
a mere glimpse at the daughter of       
,montezuma1 7the beloved of  the        
melancholy ,de ,morla17 whose image we  
behold as in a glass darkly1  and whose 
wretched fate we regard with the less   
anguish1 knowing so  little as we do of 
the fair and unfortunate victim4 ,even  
,jacinto is a  mysterious and shadowy1  
though lovely being1 with whom we have  
not1 and  cannot well have much         

sympathy4 ,some few passages indeed1    
illustrate  the disguised princess with 
great force1--and throughout there is an
  unaccountable anxiety felt towards    
her2 but she is not sufficiently        
presented in the foreground of the      
picture1 to awaken a positive and       
powerful interest in her behalf4        
,jacinto1 alias ,leila1 is nevertheless 
a most delightful vision1--seen always  
under very unfavorable                  
circumstances1--but when seen1 winding  
around the heart of the reader  in spite
 of himself1--a beautiful1 modest1      
heroic boy1--and yet a  girl1--the      
discovery of whose sex1 though          
anticipated1 does not beam  upon the    
reader until towards the latter end of  
the story4 ,by the way1  there is       
something very strange and improbable in
 the idea1 that this  same sweet        
creature should have waited upon her own
 lover in the  assumed character of page
 or servant1 and he1 the lover1 not to  
know  it4 ,it is altogether too         

marvellous1 and the author of ,calavar  
ought  not to have drawn such a heavy   
draft upon the reader's credulity4 ,as  
to  ,don ,amador de ,leste1 he is in    
fact the hero of the story2 instead of  
that demented melancholy uncle whose    
name gives the title to the  romance1   
but whose agency in it is of very little
 importance1 and whose  wild and        
mournful aberration of mind attracts    
less of admiration than  pity1 sometimes
 mingled with a feeling allied to       
disgust4 ,the character  of ,botello    
too1 half knave and half conjurer1 is1  
we think1 somewhat of  a failure2       
perhaps not altogether so1 for he       
relieves the mind from the              
contemplation of spectacles of blood and
 misery1--and that of itself is  a      
refreshment for which we ought to be    
thankful4    ,notwithstanding these     
strictures1 which impartial justice     
required1 we  still maintain the opinion
 that ,calavar is the production of a   
man of  great capacity4 ,if he follows  

up this first effort by corresponding   
success in the region of historical     
romance1 he will assuredly outstrip  all
 his competitors on this side of the    
,atlantic4 ,the history of the  conquest
 of ,mexico1 affords an admirable field 
for the novelist2 and in  the faithful  
delineation of ,cortez1 the             
extraordinary spirit who  directed the  
work of devastation and surmounted      
almost superhuman  difficulties in his  
triumphant career1--we think that the   
author of  ,calavar has been wonderfully
 successful4    ,we forbear making      
quotations from the work1 or entering   
into a more  minute analysis of the     
story4 ,our chief object is to inform   
our readers  that ,calavar is an        
,american production1 which will not    
shrink from  competition with the very  
best ,european works of the same        
character4  ,faults it has1 and some of 
them obvious and censurable2 but its    
display  of intellectual power and its  
various beauties are so transcendant1   

that its blemishes are lost like specks 
upon the orb of day4    ,the description
 of the flight of the ,spaniards over   
the dike of ,tacuba1  and of the horrors
 of the ,melancholy night1 so called in 
history1 is  awfully sublime4 ,in truth 
the whole work abounds in powerful      
delineation both of character and       
scenery1 and it is with pride that we   
hail it as at once assuming and         
commanding a proud rank in the          
department of historical romance4       
,,judge ,,blackstone--,a ,poet4    ,a   
correspondent in ,january's ,messenger  
said1 that on the death of this  great  
lawyer1 poems were unexpectedly found   
among his papers4 ,the  following is the
 only one of them we have seen4 ,its    
smooth yet vigorous  numbers1 its simply
 touching strain of thought and         
language1 the deep  and just feeling it 
evinces1 and the apt felicity of its    
imagery1 prove  the author to have      
possessed a genius which1 had it been so
 inclined1  might have rendered him as  

conspicuous in the flowery paths of     
elegant  literature1 as he actually     
became in the sterner walks of the law4 
,there is something strikingly          
magnanimous in the self-denial1 which   
could make such a mind relinquish       
pursuits so congenial to its tastes  and
 so meet for its abilities1 for a       
profession the most abounding of  all   
others in dry1 ponderous1 and perplexing
 drudgery1 yet amongst the  most vital  
to the well-being of society4 ,what a   
lesson to our  dilettanti1 who1 even    
after having adopted that profession1   
cannot  bravely face and grapple with   
its difficulties1 but remain entranced  
by  the ,circean draughts and ,syren    
songs of the lightest and most frivolous
  of the ,muses6 ,what should be their  
humiliation1 when they compare their    
own inability to renounce the novel1 the
 newspaper1 and the frothy  magazine1   
with ,blackstone's generous farewell to 
his so far noble muse8  ,they may rest  
assured1 that it is only to one capable 

of such a  sacrifice1 that ,lord ,coke's
 parting wish is not addressed in vain3 
,i  wish unto him the gladsome light of 
,jurisprudence1 the lovelinesse of      
temperance1 the stabilitie of fortitude1
 and the soliditie of justice4    ,,the 
,,lawyer',s ,,farewell ,,to ,,his       
,,muse4    ,,by ,,sir ,,wm4             
,,blackstone4        ,as by some        
tyrant's stern command1    ,a wretch    
forsakes his native land1    ,in foreign
 climes condemned to roam1    ,an       
endless exile from his home2    ,pensive
 he treads the destined way1    ,and    
dreads to go1 nor dares to stay2        
,till on some neighb'ring mountain's    
brow    ,he stops1 and turns his eye    
below2    ,there1 melting at the well   
known view1    ,drops a last tear1 and  
bids adieu3    ,so ,i1 thus doomed from 
thee to part1    ,gay queen of fancy and
 of art1    ,reluctant move with        
doubtful mind1    ,oft stop1 and often  
look behind4      ,companion of my      
tender age1    ,serenely gay1 and       

sweetly sage6    ,how blithesome were we
 wont to rove    ,by verdant hill and   
shady grove1    ,where fervent bees with
 humming voice    ,around the honeyed   
oak rejoice1    ,and aged elms1 with    
awful bend1    ,in long cathedral walks 
extend6    ,lulled by the lapse of      
gliding floods1    ,cheered by the      
warbling of the woods1    ,how blest my 
days1 my thoughts how free1    ,in sweet
 society with thee6    ,then all was    
joyous1 all was young1    ,and years    
unheeded roll'd along3    ,but now the  
pleasing dream is o'er1--    ,these     
scenes must charm me now no more3       
,lost to the field1 and torn from you1  
,farewell6--a long1 a last adieu6       
,the wrangling courts1 and stubborn law1
    ,to smoke1 and crowds1 and cities   
draw2    ,there selfish faction rules   
the day1    ,and pride and avarice      
throng the way2    ,diseases taint the  
murky air1    ,and midnight             
conflagrations glare2    ,loose revelry 
and riot bold    ,in frighted streets   

their orgies hold2    ,or when in       
silence all is drowned1    ,fell murder 
walks her lonely round2    ,no room for 
peace1 no room for you1--    ,adieu1    
celestial nymph1 adieu6                 
,shakspeare1 no more1 thy sylvan son1   
,nor all the arts of ,addison1          
,pope's heaven-strung lyre1 nor         
,waller's ease1    ,nor ,milton's mighty
 self must please4    ,instead of these 
a formal band    ,in furs and coifs     
around me stand1    ,with sounds        
uncouth1 and accents dry1    ,that grate
 the soul of harmony4    ,each pedant   
sage unlocks his store    ,of mystic1   
dark1 discordant lore2    ,and points   
with tottering hand the ways    ,that   
lead me to the thorny maze4      ,there1
 in a winding1 close retreat1    ,is    
justice doom'd to fix her seat2         
,there1 fenced by bulwarks of the law1  
,she keeps the wondering world in awe2  
,and there1 from vulgar sight retired1  
,like eastern queens1 is much admired4  
,oh let me pierce the secret shade1     

,where dwells the venerable maid6       
,there humbly mark with reverend awe1   
,the guardian of ,britannia's law2      
,unfold with joy her sacred page1       
7,th' united boast of many an age1      
,where mixed1 though uniform1 appears   
,the wisdom of a thousand years47    ,in
 that pure spring the bottom view1      
,clear1 deep1 and regularly true1       
,and other doctrines thence imbibe1     
,than lurk within the sordid scribe2    
,observe how parts with parts unite     
,in one harmonious rule of right2       
,see countless wheels distinctly tend1  
,by various laws1 to one great end2     
,while mighty ,alfred's piercing soul   
,pervades and regulates the whole4      
,then welcome business1 welcome strife1 
,welcome the cares1 the thorns of life1 
,the visage wan1 the pore-blind sight1  
,the toil by day1 the lamp by night1    
,the tedious forms1 the solemn prate1   
,the pert dispute1 the dull debate1     
,the drowsy bench1 the babbling hall1   
,for thee1 fair justice1 welcome all6   

,thus1 though my noon of life be past1  
,yet let my setting sun at last    ,find
 out the still1 the rural cell    ,where
 sage retirement loves to dwell6        
,there let me taste the home-felt bliss 
,of innocence and inward peace2         
,untainted by the guilty bribe1         
,uncursed amid the harpy tribe2    ,no  
orphan's cry to wound my ear2    ,my    
honor and my conscience clear2    ,thus 
may ,i calmly meet my end1    ,thus to  
the grave in peace descend6             
,there are moments of despondency1 when 
,shakspeare thought himself no  poet and
 ,raphael no painter2 when the greatest 
wits have doubted the  excellence of    
their happiest efforts4            ,for 
the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4     
,i do not know that the author of the   
following lines designed or wished  them
 to appear in print2 but ,i am sure that
 the readers of the  ,messenger1 and    
especially that portion who saw the     
parody of ,roy's  ,wife1 in the last    
number1 will be obliged to the publisher

 for their  insertion4 ,the author is   
one1 as far as ,i can judge1 who1 like  
,garrick1  between the muses of tragedy 
and comedy1 has his attachments to      
poetry  and music so nicely balanced1   
that neither can be said to have won his
  superior regard4 ,such a one was      
peculiarly qualified to pour out a      
tribute to the memory of the orator and 
poet1 and at the same time to  adapt his
 words to that truly beautiful air which
 was first imbodied in  language by     
,burns1 and afterwards by the lamented  
,davis with scarcely  less success4     
,h4 ,e4 ,j4    ,,lines4    ,written as a
 tribute to the memory of the ,hon4     
,warren ,r4 ,davis2  suggested by his   
inimitable verses to ,johnston's ,wife  
of ,louisiana4      ,air--,roy's ,wife4 
,he's gone to join his sainted ,anna1   
,he's gone to join his sainted ,anna4   
,extinguished is the brightest beam1    
,that lighted up the gay savannah4      
,the wit--the poet--patriot--sleeps6    
,but long his country's brilliant story1

    ,will glitter through the tear she  
weeps1      ,o'er one so blended with   
her glory4                  ,he's gone1 
c4      ,the ,inca's radiant mantle     
fell1      ,its splendor round his form 
revealing2--    ,his glowing heart      
proclaimed the spell1      ,and         
overflowed with generous feeling4       
,he's gone1 c4      ,when flushed with  
hope and manhood's prime1      ,one form
 controlled his heart's emotion2--      
,love triumphed o'er the power of time1 
,and sanctified his last devotion4      
,he's gone1 c4      ,his harp is        
broken--hushed the breath      ,which   
won the free and chained the wise2      
,but ,time shall hurl a dart at ,death1 
,before another ,,davis dies4           
,he's gone1 c4            ,for the      
,southern ,literary ,messenger4    ,,the
 ,,exile4        ,i go from the land    
where my forefathers dwelt2      ,i go  
from the land of my home and my birth3  
,the dark doom of exile has rung in my  
ear1      ,and ,i go1 a lone wand'rer1  

abroad through the earth4      ,no more 
shall ,i bend o'er the grave of my sire1
      ,and dream that his spirit is     
hov'ring around6    ,i never shall      
mingle my ashes with his--      ,i never
 shall rest in that dear hallow'd       
ground6      ,and is there a feeling    
more desolate still8      ,more dreary  
and heart-breaking even than this8      
,oh1 yes6 there is one--'tis the thought
 that my cheek      ,has felt for the   
last time1 a lov'd mother's kiss4       
,we select the following exquisite      
little gem from the ,new ,york ,spirit  
of the ,times4 ,the ,times1 by the way1 
is a weekly paper devoted to  the       
,literary1 ,fashionable and ,sporting   
world1 and is one of the most  lively1  
spirited and interesting papers of the  
kind in the whole  country4 ,it is      
edited by ,william ,t4 ,porter4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,the annexed little poem was written    
many years ago1 and has travelled  all  
over the world4 ,it has been translated 

in the ,french1 ,spanish1  ,italian1 and
 ,german languages1 and several times   
set to music in  ,europe4 ,it has been  
the rounds of the ,american press a     
number of times  credited to the        
,english journals4 ,its great popularity
 was the cause of  its being claimed by 
our worthy contemporary of the ,mirror1 
who  published it originally without his
 signature in that superb repository  of
 ,american belles-lettres4 ,like most of
 the productions of that  gentleman1 it 
contains point1 piquancy1 and quiet     
humor4 ,we found it  again the other day
 snugly ensconced in the poet's corner  
of the  ,evening ,star1--let the ,major 
alone for finding out a good thing1     
wherewith to delight his readers4       
,,the ,,miniature4    ,,by ,,geo4 ,p4   
,,morris4        ,william was holding in
 his hand      ,the likeness of his     
wife--    ,fresh1 as if touched by fairy
 wand1      ,with beauty1 grace1 and    
life4    ,he almost thought it spoke3   
,he gazed upon the treasure still1      

,absorbed1 delighted1 and amazed1       
,to view the artist's skill4      ,this 
picture is yourself1 dear ,jane1        
',tis drawn to nature true3    ,i've    
kissed it o'er and o'er again1      ,it 
is so much like you4    ,and has it     
kissed you back1 my dear8               
,why--no--my love1 said he4    ,then1   
,william1 it is very clear1      ,it is 
not all like me6            ,for the    
,southern ,literary ,messenger4         
,,epigram4    ,,the ,,mistake           
,,corrected4        ,anne1 my foolish   
fancy's o'er1    ,and ,i cannot love you
 more--    ,nay1 sweet girl1 why knit   
your brow8    ,cannot love you          
more--than now4            ,for the     
,southern ,literary ,messenger4    ,,the
 ,,spider4    ,the ,spider taketh hold  
with her hands and is in ,kings'        
palaces4--,proverbs of ,solomon         
#cj3bh4--        ,what dost thou there1 
unlucky wight1        ,upon that cornice
 fair1    ,midst things so beautiful and
 bright8    ,thy many eyes might sure   

have sight    ,to see that it would not 
be right        ,to do thy spinning     
there6      ,these things1 ,i own are   
wondrous fine        ,and beautiful and 
bright2    ,and eyes1 accustomed less   
than mine    ,to things that so         
resplendent shine1    ,no doubt to      
wonder would incline        ,and gaze at
 such a sight2      ,but ,i've been used
 to splendid things--        ,familiar  
long at ,courts2    ,in all the palaces 
of ,kings1    ,my beauteous five-twined 
net-work swings1--    ,of this a sacred 
poet sings        ,and ,history reports4
      ,the wisest of the sons of men--  
7,and glorious too was he7    ,with     
graphic and historic pen    ,describes  
the blessed era1 when    ,amidst his    
court--in glory then--        ,he gave a
 place to me4      ,since then1 each    
,queenly drawing-room        ,hath own'd
 me for a guest1    ,and where the      
eternal roses bloom1    ,in ,tapestry1  
from the ,gobelin's loom1    ,to hang my
 own1 ,i dare presume--                 

,finer--by all confest4      ,tapestry  
in needle-work is seen        ,in       
stately ,hardwicke ,hall2    ,done by   
the famous ,scottish ,queen    ,when    
captive there1--her thoughts to wean    
,from chequered past1 or gloomier scene 
,that might her steps enthral4      ,my 
skill with her ,i used to try1          
,when she was sad and lone1    ,and oft 
amused her languid eye    ,by spinning  
down so merrily2    ,and now her        
handiwork close by        ,is proudly   
hung my own4      ,poor ,coligni's      
untimely doom1        ,when ,medicis was
 ,queen1    ,was pictured in the        
,gobelin's loom2--    ,colors of light  
o'er thought of gloom1    ,like         
sun-shine on an unblest tomb--          
,portray'd the historic scene4      ,the
 broach and reed ,i saw them ply1       
,and work the wondrous loom2    ,nor    
broach nor loom nor silk had ,i1    ,but
 spun my web and wove it by1--    ,they 
watch'd me with invidious eye           
,and swept me from the room6      ,the  

wise may triumph o'er the proud3        
,their work of skill complete           
,adorn'd the palace of ,st4 ,cloud1--   
,and there1 amidst the courtier crowd1  
,where weaver ,gobelin never bowed1     
,i took my honored seat4      ',twere   
long1 my life and works to trace        
,through lines of ,kings renown'd--     
,how mirrors proud my net-works grace   
,where daily shines a princely face     
,and hang--most worthy of the place--   
,corregio's pictures round4      ,none  
my prerogative disown1        ,nor is it
 ought to me    ,what ,dynasties the    
nations own2--    ,whether ,legitimates 
alone    ,or ,citizens usurp the throne 
,to make the people free4    ,,eliza4   
,maine4            ,for the ,southern   
,literary ,messenger4    ,,dialouge1    
,from the ,italian of ,francisco da     
,lemene4    ,,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,wilde1 of    
,georgia4      ,,tirsis4 ,,phillis4     
,phillis4 ,i'd love you ,tirsis1 but 444
    ,tirsis4                      ,speak
 out6--but what8    ,phillis4 ,i must   

not tell you that--    ,tirsis4         
,dearest6 why not8    ,phillis4 ,perhaps
 you'd laugh at me8    ,tirsis4         
,indeed ,i sha'nt4    ,phillis4 ,you    
wo'nt8--,i'll tell you then--,o no6 ,i  
ca'nt6--    ,tirsis4  ,tell me at once1 
you plague6 do'nt teaze me so6--        
,phillis4 ,well then--,i'd love you     
,tirsis--but ,i know 444    ,tirsis4    
,know what8    ,phillis4 ,you're vowed  
to ,,chloris--a'nt it true8    ,tirsis4 
,and what of that8 ,i'll vow myself to  
you4    ,phillis4 ,what6 two at once6   
,d'ye take me for a fool8    ,tirsis4   
,love those that love you--is not that  
the rule8    ,both4   ,then we must love
 each other6--yes1 we must6             
,swear to love those that love          
you6--a'nt it just8    ,,newport1 ,r4   
,i4 ,august #bi1 #ahcd4            ,for 
the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4     
,,university ,,of ,,virginia1           
,january #bj1 #ahce4    ,,mr4           
,,white1--,i enclose you the following  
lines for insertion in the  ,messenger4 

,they are copied from the note book of a
 dear departed  parent1 whose           
affectionate tenderness1 and sincere and
 ardent  piety1--are portrayed in every 
line1 and breathe from each word1 of    
these simple and touching verses4 ,i am 
unable1 at this moment1 to say  whether 
they are1 or are not1 original2 but be  
this as it may1 they  cannot fail ,i    
think to interest your readers4         
,,from ,,the ,,note ,,book ,,of ,,my    
,,mother4        ,when morning1 from the
 damps of night1    ,beams on the eye   
with rosy light1    ,and calls thee     
forth with smile benign--    ,then think
 whose heart responds to thine1    ,and 
still1 with sympathy divine1            
,remember me4    ,when gentle twilight1 
pure and calm1    ,comes leaning on     
reflection's arm1    ,when o'er the     
throngs of cares and woes1    ,her veil 
of sober tints she throws    ,and woos  
the spirit to repose1                   
,remember me4    ,when the first star1  
with crescent bright1    ,beams lonely  

from the arch of night1    ,the moon    
sends forth her cheering glance1        
,then--gazing on the blue expanse1      
,remember me4    ,when mournful sighs   
the hollow wind1    ,and pensive        
thoughts enwrap the mind1    ,if e'er   
thy heart1 in sorrow's tone1    ,should 
sigh1 because it feels alone1--         
,remember me4    ,when passing to thy   
silent bower1--    ,devotion claims the 
sacred hour1--    ,when bending o'er the
 holy page1    ,whose spirit calms      
affliction's rage1    ,directs our youth
 and cheers our age1                    
,remember me4    ,oh6 yet indulge the   
ardent claim1    ,while friendship's    
heart the wish can frame1    ,for1 oh6  
but transient is my lay--    ,and1      
mingling soon with kindred clay1    ,my 
silent lip no more shall say            
,remember me4    ,and when in deep      
oblivion's shade1    ,my cold and       
mouldering form is laid1    ,if near    
that bed thy steps should rove1    ,with
 one short prayer1 by feeling wove1     

,one glance of faith1 or tear of love1  
,remember me4            ,for the       
,southern ,literary ,messenger4         
,,thoughts ,,on ,,seeing ,,the ,,evening
 ,,star4        ,mild star of the soul6 
in the vesper glow      ,of the         
lingering daylight beaming--    ,there's
 a priceless balm to the bosom of woe   
,in the light from thy coronet          
streaming4      ,from the placid arch of
 the evening sky1      ,and the waveless
 ether sleeping--    ,thy spell descends
 to the dewy eye1      ,and our woes    
dissolve in weeping4      ,on the       
lightning wings of memory borne1        
,we retrace the paths of our gladness1--
    ,and the bounding bliss of our      
vernal morn      ,brings smiles to      
lighten our sadness4      ,with the airy
 step and the bird-like song      ,of   
our youth on the star-lit mountain1     
,we dance to the streamlet's tuneful    
tongue1      ,or lave in the gelid      
fountain4      ,we renew the joys of the
 wild-rose bower      ,where the burning

 vow was plighted2    ,and again in the 
calm of the genial hour      ,we drink  
the warm kiss delighted4      ,in the   
smiles of a ,mother's love we stand1    
,the tears of joy repressing1    ,and we
 thrill at the touch of a ,father's     
hand1      ,as we kneel to ask his      
blessing4      ,these--these are the    
thoughts that thy talisman ray1         
,calls up from the years departed2      
,and these are the joys that in hope's  
decay1      ,yield a balm to the        
broken-hearted4            ,for the     
,southern ,literary ,messenger4    ,,jeu
 ,,de ,,mots4--,,on ,a ,,name4          
,says ,hal1 ,this ,miss ,a----'s a      
charming young belle1    ,but has she a 
beau1 my dear ,will1 can you tell8      
,indeed1 replied ,will1 it is more than 
,i know2    ,but an archer1 ,i think1   
must of course have a bow4    ,a4 ,z4   
,,miss ,,martineau4      ,our city has  
lately been favored with a short visit  
from this  celebrated lady1 who has     
distinguished herself so much by her    

,illustrations of ,political ,economy1  
and other popular writings4 ,she        
excited1 of course1 no small sensation  
in the monde here1 in which  she        
appeared like a star shot brightly1 7we 
cannot say madly7  from its sphere2 and 
she has certainly left a very favorable 
impression of herself behind her4 ,we   
had the pleasure ourselves to be  in her
 company for a short time1 and have set 
her down in our  souvenir as a woman of 
fine understanding2 a ready talker2     
easy1  affable1 and unaffected in her   
manners2 and altogether more feminine   
and pleasing than we had expected to    
find her4    ,we understand that ,miss  
,m4 is making a sort of moral and       
political  reconnoissance of our        
country1 for the purpose of giving the  
,british  public a more accurate account
 of our institutions1 and the state of  
things amongst us1 than any one has yet 
done4 ,in some points1 we think1  she is
 admirably qualified for such a work2   
but in others1 we should  apprehend1 she

 may be a little deficient4 ,she has    
good sense1  certainly2 and1 we suppose1
 a good disposition to do us justice2   
but we  doubt whether she will have the 
best opportunities for obtaining full   
information upon some subjects2 and1 in 
many cases1 her very sex must  shut her 
out from the most proper sources of     
intelligence4 ,still she  will1 no      
doubt1 give us something rather better  
than the scandal of  ,mrs4 ,trollope1 or
 the blunders of ,basil ,hall4 ,so we   
shall look out for  her book with       
interest2 and not the less for having   
seen and chatted  with her for a few    
moments1 whilst she was here4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,miss ,m4 we believe1 is not at all     
poetical2 but1 it seems1 she has        
inspired a friend of ours1 who is also a
 friend of the ,muses1 to write  the    
following tribute to her merit1 which1  
with his permission1 we  append4        
,,lines4    ,,on ,,miss ,,martineau4    
,when ,martineau came1 ,i was curious to

 see    ,what sort of a body the damsel 
might be3    ,a writer of sensible      
stories1 ,i knew1    ,on labor and      
wages2 but was she a blue8    ,was she  
grave as a judge8 ,did she talk like a  
book8    7,a sort of man-woman17 and how
 did she look8    ,so ,i waited upon    
her1 and1 venturing near1    ,i         
whispered some words in her ivory ear2  
,when she broke forth at once in her    
voluble chat1    ,and talked away freely
 of this and of that1    ,with such     
feminine ease1 and such masculine sense1
    ,without any portion of pride or    
pretence2    7,illustrating all that she
 said with a smile1    ,that showed she 
could charm if she thought it worth     
while27    ,that ,i dub her1 you see1 an
 agreeable dame1    ,and worthy of      
,hymen1 as well as of ,fame4            
,richmond1 ,feb4 #bh4            ,for   
the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4     
,,epitaph4    ,,on ,a ,,young ,,lady4   
,where this bending willow weeps1       
,all alone1 ,myrtilla sleeps3    ,softly

 scatter nard and myrrh1    ,lest ye    
should awaken her4            ,for the  
,southern ,literary ,messenger4         
,,epigram4    ,,on ,a ,,waltzing ,,girl4
        ,there's a charming young girl  
that ,i know1    ,and ,i've thought     
that1 if ,i were a beau1    ,i should   
like to engage her in chat1    ,to feast
 on her smiles1 and all that1    ,and   
drink her sweet words as they flowed    
,from her musical mouth1 like an ode2   
,but there's one thing that shocks me1  
,i own1    ,and drives me to let her    
alone3    ,she has one of the worst of  
all faults--    ,she is fond of this    
new-fangled waltz4    ,q4               
,,another4--,,on ,,the ,,same4          
,she is pretty1 ,i agree2    ,but she   
waltzes1 sir1 you see2    ,and ,i would 
not give a fig    ,for a dancing        
whirligig4    ,q4          ,for the     
,southern ,literary ,messenger4         
,,lines4      ,oh6 to forget            
her6--,young4        ,oh6 give me that  
oblivious draught      ,that comes from 

,lethe's silent shore6    ,and when the 
charming cup is quaff'd1      ,i may    
forget--and love no more4      ,forget8 
,forget8 ,and can it be8      ,and is   
there aught beneath the sun    ,can wean
 my constant heart from thee1      ,thou
 lovely and beloved one8      ,ah no6   
,remembrance cannot choose      ,but    
hold thy precious image fast2    ,and   
,time1 whatever else ,i lose1           
,shall spare me that--till all is past4 
,long nights of sorrow may elapse       
,when all the stars of joy are set2     
,this heart may bend--may break         
perhaps--      ,but never1 never can    
forget4    ,,monos4            ,for the 
,southern ,literary ,messenger4    ,,the
 ,,true ,,foundation4      ,quisquis    
volet perennem      ,cautus ponere      
sedem1 c4                ,boet4 ,lib1   
,,ii1 ,met4 #d4        ,say1 wouldst    
thou build a lasting seat1      ,secure 
from ,fortune's rage2    ,a quiet and a 
safe retreat1      ,to rest thy weary   
age8      ,set not thy house upon the   

sand1      ,by ocean's sounding shore2  
,vain ,pleasure's palace cannot stand   
,when tempests rise and roar4      ,nor 
yet upon the mountain's side            
,command thy tower to rise3    ,how oft 
the airy hall of ,pride      ,calls     
lightning from the skies6      ,but     
build upon the solid rock1      ,in that
 sweet vale of green    ,where the ,good
 ,shepherd feeds his flock1      ,and   
wait life's closing scene4              
,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,truth ,,and ,,falsehood4          
,there's a tuneful river            ,in 
,erin's ,isle1          ,where the      
sunbeams quiver            ,in silvery  
smile2          ,where the leaves that  
fall            ',neath the autumn sky1 
,grow gem-like all1            ,and     
never die3    ,and such is the stream1  
by truth enlightened1    ,that leaves   
the breast by wisdom brightened1        
,where even the joys that the storms    
dissever1    ,are turned to gems that   
glow forever4            ,there's a     

darkling tide            ,in the ,indian
 clime1          ,by whose herbless side
            ,there's a sulphury slime-- 
,to the flower that it touches1         
,a scorching wave1--          ,to the   
bird that approaches1            ,a     
weltering grave3--    ,and such are the 
waters of bitterness rising    ,in the  
desart bosom of dark disguising2    ,and
 the birds of joy1 and the flowers of   
feeling1    ,must perish1 wherever that 
wave is stealing4            ,for the   
,southern ,literary ,messenger4         
,,lines    ,,to ,,miss ,h---- ,m----    
,on her talking against slavery4        
,you're a foe to all slavery1 ,harriet1 
you say2    ,then why do you talk in so 
charming a way8    ,for ,i too have     
surely a right to be free1    ,and yet  
you are fastening your chains upon me6  
,richmond1 ,february #bh4               
,for the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4
    ,,trust ,,not4    ,,by ,a4 ,l4 ,b4  
,m4,d4                ,ay they that find
    ,affection's perfect trust on aught 

of earth1    ,have many a dream to start
 from4        ,trust not to aught of    
earthly mould2      ,o6 trust not       
woman's love--    ,the warmest heart    
will soon grow cold1      ,the purest   
faithless prove4      ,put not thy trust
 in glowing smiles1      ,or lips of    
rosy hue2    ,o6 fly thee far from      
woman's wiles1      ,her heart cannot be
 true4      ,o6 never trust the sunny   
beam      ,in maidens sparkling eye1    
,how bright soever it may seem1      ,it
 glistens but to die4      ,the lips    
that once could speak of love1      ,can
 breathe another strain2    ,and1 ,o6   
the warmest breast may prove      ,the  
seat of proud disdain4      ,then leave 
the hall of love and song1      ,cast   
off the gaudy chain1    ,nor worship    
with the craven throng1      ,where     
truth must sue in vain4                 
,,variety4      ,the subjoined          
advertisement1 which appeared1 we       
believe1 in the  ,lynchburg ,virginian  
some time since1 escaped our notice     

until recently4  ,we are gratified that 
the opinion expressed by a correspondent
 of the  ,messenger1 in respect to the  
stanzas referred to1 is sustained in so 
substantial a manner4 ,we feel          
authorized to say that the name of the  
author can be communicated by us if     
desired4    ,the author of the piece    
which appeared in the ,southern         
,literary  ,messenger1 recently1        
commencing--      ',i'd offer thee this 
heart of mine     ,if ,i could love the 
less1' c4 c4    will receive a ,gold    
,medal1 by writing to ',w4 ,b4 ,t4'     
,lynchburg1  ,virginia1 and giving his  
name1 which the writer of this notice   
wishes  to have engraved upon it4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,from ,littel's ,museum of ,foreign     
,literature4    ,byron and ,brougham4   
,it may not be generally known that the 
late ,lord  ,chancellor ,brougham is the
 real author of the famous article in   
the  ,edinburgh ,review1 on ,byron's    
juvenile production ,hours of ,idleness1

  for which ,jeffrey was so severely    
taken to task in the satire ,english    
,bards and ,scottish ,reviewers4 ,we    
have this fact from an authority on     
which we can place the utmost reliance4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,scraps from the ,spirit of the ,times4 
,a ,,significant ,,question4 ,stuart    
once asked a painter1 who had met with a
  painter's difficulties1 how he got on 
in the world8 ,oh1 said the  other1 so1 
so6 hard work--but ,i shall get through4
 ,did you ever hear  of any body that   
did not8 was the rejoinder4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,,clerical ,,error4 ,an ignorant priest 
celebrating mass1 finding in the        
rubric1 salta per tria1 meaning skip    
three 7that is1 three  pages17 took     
three leaps in front of the altar1 to   
the astonishment of  the congregation4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,lady',s ,,reply ,,to ,,an             
,,impertinent4      ,louisa1 you've the 
brightest eyes1      ,they look me      

through1 just like a dart4    ,do they1 
,sir ,fop8 ,louisa cries2      ,if so1  
,i'm sure they see no heart4            
99       99       99       99       99  
,a scrap from a conversation between too
 literary and fashionable  characters1  
in the immediate vicinity of ,thorburn's
 garden4    ,hist now and ,i'll sing you
 a solo4    ,well1 sing it so low1 then1
 that nobody can hear it4           99  
99       99       99       99    ,a wag 
of the first water closed an amusing and
 spirited article in the  last          
,knickerbocker with the following brace 
of clever items4 ,i have  been sick of  
poetry since ,i saw the ,vermont        
editor's quotation from  ,shakspeare4   
,speaking of the free negroes in ,new   
,york1 and their  depredation on        
society1 he says1 that during the       
fervors of a summer's  solstice1 they   
come1      --------from the sweet       
,south1    ,stealing and giving odor4   
,but more especially1 since a friend of 
mine travestied a noble line of         

,byron's by applying it--while riding   
along a road which commanded a  view of 
,weathersfield1 ,connecticut--to that   
place of onions1 tears and  pretty      
maidens3      ,niobe of nations--there  
she stands6           99       99       
99       99       99    ,the following  
epigram from the ,north ,american       
,magazine1 is a ,bonne  bouche4         
,i'm sorry dear ,m----1 there is a damp 
to your joy1      ,nor think my old     
strain of mythology stupid1    ,when ,i 
say that your wife had a right to a boy1
      ,for ,venus is nothing without a  
young ,cupid4      ,but since ,fate the 
boon that you wished for refuses1       
,by granting three girls to your happy  
embraces1    ,she meant1 while you      
wandered abroad with the ,muses1        
,your wife should be circled at home by 
the ,graces4          ,,editorial       
,,remarks4      ,we have placed the     
whole of the letter of our correspondent
 in  ,shepherdstown1 7,see ,letters from
 ,correspondents17 before our readers1  

and we do it the more readily1 as it    
contains some gentle thrusts at         
ourselves1 which we receive in very good
 part4    ,we take leave also to offer  
one or two words of explanation4 ,the   
writer  is totally mistaken in supposing
 that in order to obtain admission into 
the columns of the ,messenger1 it is    
necessary that its contributors  should 
be personally known to the ,publisher1  
or his ,editorial  ,auxiliaries1 or that
 the contributors themselves should be  
individually  known to fame4 ,the great 
design of the ,messenger1 from its      
commencement  to the present moment1 has
 been much misconceived1 if such an     
inference  has been deemed in the       
slightest degree warrantable4 ,its      
principal aim  has been1 to foster and  
encourage native genius--no matter how  
obscure  or humble1 and without         
inquiring whether the writer be a friend
 and  acquaintance1 or a stranger4 ,its 
columns are open to the fair claims of  
him who inhabits the lowly cottage1 as  

well as of the proud tenant of a        
wealthier mansion4 ,that some articles  
have met with a kind reception  which   
did not deserve it1 is extremely        
probable2 and it is not less  probable1 
that some have been excluded1 or        
hitherto suspended1 for lack  of proper 
discrimination in our council of        
criticism4 ,we will endeavor  to make   
amends however1 by sharpening our optics
 a little in future2  and1 if we cannot 
please all1 we will strive to give      
offence to none4  ,our correspondent we 
think1 however1 is a little harsh in his
  criticisms4 ,it is easy to select     
particular words or passages from any   
production1 and by showing partial      
defects1 involve the whole in  ridicule 
or censure4      ,a perfect judge will  
read each work of wit1     ,with the    
same spirit that its author writ2       
,survey the whole1 nor seek slight      
faults to find     ,where nature moves1 
and rapture warms the mind4    ,we make 
this quotation from ,pope1 for the      

special benefit of our  ,shepherdstown  
friend4 ,does he see no beauty1 no      
merit1 no poetry1 in  the ,song of the  
,seasons8 ,we grant there are defects1  
and we  endeavored gently to point them 
out2 but we still contend that the      
writer 7we have reason to believe him a 
very young man17 is endowed  with       
talents of no mean order4 ,who has      
written more quaintly and  obscurely    
than ,ben ,johnson or ,cowley2 or to    
come nearer to our own  time1 than      
,wordsworth or ,coleridge8 ,and yet who 
will deny to either of  these bards the 
possession of genius4 ,the remarks of   
our correspondent  upon ,the ,passage of
 the ,beresina1 are1 we think1 also     
couched in too  much severity4 ,he seems
 to think there can be no good poetry   
without  exact metrical arrangement and 
harmony2 but there are numerous examples
  to the contrary4 ,we do not say indeed
 that all his observations are  unjust1 
but some at least strike us as          
hypercritical4 ,we take pleasure  in    

concurring with him however1 in the high
 praise which he bestows  upon the two  
little poems which appeared in the last 
number1 to wit3  ,beauty without        
,loveliness1 and the lines to ,ianthe4  
,we hope that no one whose eye may light
 upon the fourth number of the          
,tripoline ,sketches1 will forego the   
pleasure of reading it4 ,the  energy and
 enterprise of our brave countryman1    
,general ,eaton1 were  worthy to be     
recorded by such a pen4 ,note3 ,we have 
to call the reader's  attention to a    
typographical transposition of two words
 in the fourth  number of the ,sketches4
 ,in the first column of page #bfa1     
eleven  lines from bottom1 instead of   
,mourad1 joined the ,turks1 others sided
  with the ,french1 read ,mourad1 joined
 the ,french1 others sided with  the    
,turks4    ,impartial justice would have
 required the insertion of the answer to
 a  ,note to ,blackstone's              
,commentaries1 even if it had not been  
demanded  by higher considerations4 ,the

 author has won many a trophy on the    
field  of logic and eloquence2 and even 
an adversary who should contend that    
his weapons were pointless1 would not   
deny that they were highly  polished1   
and dexterously wielded4    ,we are     
mistaken if the ,romance of ,real ,life 
be not highly  commended4    ,we        
particularly invite the reader's        
attention to the fourth number of  the  
,letters from ,new ,england1 by a       
,virginian4 ,it is replete with         
interesting facts and reflections1      
presented in the writer's peculiarly    
happy and forcible style4    ,the       
,extracts from my ,mexican ,journal1 are
 from a gentleman every  way qualified  
from his opportunities for accurate     
observation1 to  present vivid pictures 
of the city of ,montezuma and its       
environs4 ,we  hope he will feel no     
reluctance to furnish us with further   
glances at  his journal4    ,mr4        
,garnett's ,address before the          
,institute of ,education at ,hampden    

,sidney ,college1 never before          
published1 needs no commendation from   
us4  ,his ability as a writer1 and his  
ardent zeal in the cause of education1  
are well known to the public4 ,to the   
graver portion of our readers1          
especially such as have thought deeply  
upon the necessity of wise and  extended
 systems of instruction1 and their      
intimate connexion with the             
preservation of sound morals and        
rational liberty1 this paper will be    
particularly acceptable4    ,the        
,contrast1 by a lady1 whose pen has     
heretofore charmed our  readers1 will be
 read with interest4 ,it is a touching  
illustration of  the consequences which 
await the love of pleasure and a life of
  imprudence1 as well as of the solid   
benefits which attend a contrary        
course4    ,the second number of ,hints 
to ,students of ,geology1 is a learned  
epitome of the various theories with    
which geologists have puzzled           
themselves and mankind4 ,that absurd    

views have been entertained  concerning 
this science1 does no more detract from 
its  importance1--than that because of  
the vain and visionary speculations     
which were once indulged respecting     
astronomy1 the now certain truths  of   
that sublime branch of knowledge should 
be discredited4    ,the ,letters from a 
,sister1 which have reached their       
seventh in the  present number1 increase
 in attraction4 ,they will amply repay  
the  reader4    ,we cannot say that we  
coincide in every particular with the   
able and  eloquent author of the ,review
 of the ,orations of ,messrs4 ,adams and
  ,everett on the death of ,la ,fayette4
 ,some of his criticisms are            
undoubtedly just1 but some perhaps have 
more piquancy than the  subject         
deserved4 ,we cannot concur in the      
sentiment that the fame of ,la          
,fayette1 or even of ,washington1 has   
placed either of those great men        
superior to eulogy4 ,the most sublime   
events and the most heroic actions  have

 generally found some poet or historian 
of sufficient  qualifications to record 
them with dignity and effect4 ,even the 
most  exalted truths which have ever    
dawned upon mankind1--the facts and     
doctrines of revelation1--have lost none
 of their grandeur in the  simple       
narratives of plain and unlettered men4 
,we somewhat fear too  that a few of the
 passages in the review may be supposed 
rather too  political for a literary    
journal4 ,we hope however that in this  
respect our apprehensions are unfounded4
    ,to the same vigorous pen however1  
we award all the praise which is due    
for the judicious and discriminating    
notice of ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,book1  which
 appears in the present number4    ,we  
can fearlessly recommend the poetry in  
this number1--if not  faultless1 as at  
least superior to the carpings of       
illiberal and  puerile criticism4 ,there
 are some little great men in the world1
 who  have the vanity to conceive that  
their taste and judgment 7if they have  

any7 is the standard for all            
mankind--and if all do not exactly      
conform  to it1 they snap and bark like 
the curs which infest our streets1 and  
annoy the by-ways4 ,true criticism is   
the sentence of a liberal and           
enlightened judgment1 which delights as 
much in approving what is  worthy of    
praise1 as in condemning what deserves  
censure4 ,by such an  arbiter1 and by   
such alone1 let the specimens of native 
genius which we  now present to our     
readers be tried4 ,reluctant as we are  
to  discriminate1 we cannot forbear to  
express the hope that the author of     
,truth and ,falsehood1 and another piece
 in the present  number1--will1 from    
time to time1 unfold his ,port ,folio   
for our  special use--and that he will  
delight others with some of those dulcet
  strains with which he has beguiled his
 own toilsome and victorious  march in  
the severer paths of science4    ,the   
lines commencing ,oh6 give me that      
oblivious draught1 are  beautiful4      

,,extracts ,,from ,,the ,,letters ,,of  
,,correspondents4      ,,from           
,,pennsylvania4    ,philadelphia1 ,feb4 
#ag1 #ahce4    ,i enclose five dollars  
for my subscription to the ,southern    
,messenger4  ,allow me to take the      
occasion to express my particular       
gratification in  the perusal of the    
,letters from ,new ,england4 ,although  
their merit as  literary compositions1  
as bright and graphical descriptions of 
the  condition and manners of an        
interesting people1 much misunderstood1 
is  of a high order1 they have1 in my   
estimation1 a still higher value4  ,they
 tend to remove prejudices excited by   
vulgar anecdotes and the  practices of  
vulgar men2 to bring the members of the 
,american family  better acquainted with
 each other2 to cultivate a fraternal   
feeling and  mutual respect among them2 
and to show that there is no important  
difference of character1 education or   
habits1 between gentlemen of the  same  
grade in the ,south and ,north4 ,each   

have some local peculiarities  in their 
modes of life1 but none of them affect  
the substantial  ingredients of their   
personal and national character4    ,if 
your ,journal should do nothing more    
than promote this good feeling          
throughout our great ,republic1 it will 
entitle itself to the patronage  and    
thanks of every sound ,american4 ,with  
great respect1    ,,joseph ,,hopkinson4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,from ,,washington ,,city4    ,i am    
happy to tell you1 that ,i hear your    
,messenger spoken well of in  many high 
quarters4 ,a young lady here1 who1 in   
talent1 education and  taste1 has not1  
,i think1 her equal among the ladies of 
,america1  yesterday told me that it    
contained better original poetry than   
any  other periodical she had ever seen4
           99       99       99       99
       99    ,,from ,,the ,,university  
,,of ,,north ,,carolina4    ,i cannot   
let this occasion pass1 without         
expressing my high sense of  the merits 

of your most excellent periodical1 the  
,southern ,literary  ,messenger4 ,it is 
read here with universal applause4 ,as a
 ,virginian1 ,i  have used and shall    
continue to use my best efforts to      
promote its  success here4           99 
99       99       99       99    ,,from 
,,georgia4    ,permit me to compliment  
you1 sir1 on your undertaking2 and deem 
it no  flattery when ,i express myself  
delighted with the numbers of your work 
which have been thus far published4 ,the
 sincere good wishes of every  man      
interested in the cause of southern     
literature1 are with you2 and  if these 
wishes do but dictate1 as ,i have no    
doubt they will do1  sincere exertions1 
success will crown your efforts1 and    
triumph  attend your periodical4 ,your  
,messenger shall not depend upon the    
,old  ,dominion alone for encouragement 
in its pioneering pilgrimage4 ,from  the
 land of the palmetto and the           
orange-grove1 shall tributes to your    
budget flow4 ,macte virtute4            

99       99       99       99       99  
,,from ,,alabama4    ,i have received   
four numbers of the ,southern ,literary 
,messenger1 and am  well pleased with   
the work4 ,i have no doubt but it will  
be more  extensively circulated than any
 literary work in the ,united ,states4  
,there is something in every number     
interesting and instructive to the      
youth1 the middle1 and the aged4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,your numbers of the ,literary          
,messenger were received by the last    
evening's mail4 ,my anticipations       
relative to its merit1 though of the    
most exalted nature1 were more than     
fully gratified4 ,that you may be  amply
 compensated1 both in honor and lucre1  
for so laborious and  magnanimous an    
undertaking1 is my most ardent wish4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,from ,,ohio4    ,permit me to add     
here1 that ,i am heartily glad that the 
experiment  7for such it is17 of        
publishing a literary paper in the      

south1 is  likely to succeed4 ,i do hope
 that the southerners1 and especially   
the  young men1 have pride and          
patriotism sufficient to sustain the    
,messenger1 both by their funds and     
talent4 ,as a native of the south ,i    
feel an interest in its permanent       
success4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,,from ,,tennessee4    ,i
 am much pleased with the ,messenger1   
particularly the third and fourth       
numbers1 and hope you will continue as  
you have begun1 and not let it          
degenerate and become filled up with the
 light stuff that is generally  found in
 the columns of the periodicals of the  
day4           99       99       99     
99       99    ,,from ,,western         
,,virginia4    ,the opinion entertained 
of the ,messenger1 is1 perhaps1 more    
clearly  manifested by becoming         
subscribers1 than in any other way2 you 
will  therefore know that it is very    
favorably received in this section when 
,i give you the following list of five  

subscribers4          ,,to              
,,correspondents1 ,,contributors1 c4    
,we have given the communication of     
,spectator the disposition which  he    
suggested1 in case of its exclusion from
 our columns4 ,it is due to  the writer 
to state1 that we lament with him1 the  
innovations upon the  ancient simplicity
 of ,virginia manners1 which are daily  
becoming more  popular and fashionable4 
,we remember well the time1 when an     
attempt to  introduce public waltzing   
between the two sexes1 would have been  
sternly rebuked1 by those who now not   
only tolerate1 but encourage it4  ,we   
think1 however1 that his satire is too  
severe and pointed2 and  might1         
possibly1 do more mischief than good4   
,we are aware that satire  is almost the
 only weapon by which customs violating 
propriety1 can be  driven from          
society1--and especially from that      
circle which1 par  excellence1 is called
 the first2 but then1 to be effective1  
the  arrow must be keen and elegant2 and

 neither barbed nor tipped with  venom4 
,we are not sure either1 that ,spectator
 strikes at the root  of the mischief4  
,why should he level all his wit at the 
poor girls1 and  suffer their fathers1  
and mothers1 and brothers1 who aid and  
abet the  custom complained of1 to      
escape censure8 ,young females1 just    
entering  into society1 are liable to   
receive the strongest impressions1 from 
those who are most likely to share their
 confidence4 ,it is one of the          
privileges of the sex too1 to be won by 
assiduous attentions2 and1 if  their    
heads are sometimes made a little giddy 
by adulation1 it is less  imputable to  
them as a fault1 than to those flippant 
flatterers who  pour the leperous       
distilment into their ears1--and as     
often laugh at  the fruits of their own 
folly and insincerity4    ,we beg leave 
to say to our worthy young friend1 and  
frequent  correspondent1 who resides    
somewhere in a nearly due north line    
from  the ,metropolis1 that we had      

pledged our pages to an answer from     
another  quarter to the ,note to        
,blackstone's ,commentaries--before the 
receipt of his essay on the same        
subject4 ,with respect to his poetical  
effusions1 we hope he will not take the 
remark amiss1 that1 whilst we  should   
like to gratify him1 by their           
insertion--we fear that he has not      
bestowed sufficient care upon most of   
them--to authorise the belief1  that our
 readers would also be gratified4 ,we   
ask him candidly1 to say1  whether he   
does not think that the following       
stanza1 in the ,lines to  ,lillia1 might
 be considerably improved4      ,take   
the verse and oh if joy1     ,blooms to 
print one votary there     ,bear the    
strain with thee and brightly     ,thou 
shalt in its joys share4    ,we confess 
that we cannot very readily perceive its
 claim to the rank  of poetry1 nor      
indeed penetrate its real               
meaning--though it is  probable1 that1  
owing to the peculiar character of the  

hand writing1  the language of the      
writer may not be truly represented4    
,we have a number of favors on hand     
which we shall attend to as speedily  as
 possible4 ,among those whose exclusion 
from the present number we  particularly
 regret1 is the article on the fine     
arts4    ,we have received the poetical 
communications of a writer who chooses1 
for some reason or other1 to sign       
himself ,fra ,diavolo2 but too late  for
 our present number4 ,we shall publish  
them in our next1 according to  his     
wish1 as poetry 7and very fine poetry it
 is17 but with some small  omissions    
which we must make1 not so much for the 
sake of our  orthodoxy1 as for that of  
common decency1 which the lines excluded
  would1 in our judgment1 grossly       
offend4 ,such things indeed1 may be only
  dramatic1 and quite in character for a
 ,lover ,fiend2 but we do not  choose1  
for our part1 to deal with one of his   
cloth1 in any form or  shape whatever4  
,we have1 in fact1 no sort of taste for 

,german  diablerie1 which1 in our       
judgment1 sins against good taste1 as   
well  as against good morals4 ,in saying
 this1 however1 we must not be          
understood to insinuate any thing       
against the character of our  unknown   
correspondent himself1 who1 for aught we
 know1 may be the  very pink of virtue  
and decorum4 ,we only speak of his      
pieces as  poetry1 and not as articles  
of his creed1 which we should be sorry  
to  suppose them4 ,indeed it is         
sufficiently apparent to us that1 in the
  worst parts of his verses1 he is only 
affecting something that is  foreign to 
himself1 but which he happens to think  
very fine2 and we  regret that he should
 thus fancy to imitate such vicious     
models as  ,byron1 ,shelly1 and other   
gentlemen of the ,satanic school1 as it 
has  been called1 who1 we think1 have   
had their day4 ,it is a pity1 in truth1 
that he should do so2 for he has        
evidently a fine vein of his own1 and1  
we are confident1 would do better if he 

would only dare to be a little  more    
original4 ,let him reform his poetry1   
then1 7we do not say  himself17 and we  
will give him a fair page1 at any time1 
for the  effusions of his genius1 which1
 we can truly assure him1 we shall      
always be happy to receive1 and to      
display4    ,we thank our correspondent 
,d4 for the ,parody of the ,lines on the
 ,death  of ,sir ,john ,moore1 which he 
has so obligingly sent us2 and which1 we
  think1 is worthy of all the praise he 
gives it--for the poetry4 ,we  believe1 
however1 that we have seen it in print  
more than once already2  and we must    
reserve our columns1 as far as possible1
 for original  matter4 ,we are of       
opinion1 moreover1 7though in this we   
may be  singular17 that it would not be 
exactly right1 or in good taste1 to     
profane1 as it were1 one of the very    
finest odes in our language1 by         
associating it in our remembrance1 with 
a burlesque imitation of it1  which     
might rather injure its beauty in our   

minds4 ,indeed we hate all  parodies2   
or1 at least1 all such as cast an air of
 ridicule over their  originals2 because
 they give us a lower and baser         
pleasure1 for one of  a higher and purer
 strain4 ,so we hope our friend ,d4 will
 excuse us for  shutting his article    
out1 7good as it is in its way17 and    
send us  something better for it1 from  
his own pen4           99       99      
99       99       99    ,,from          
,,shepherdstown1 ,,jefferson ,,county1  
,,va4    ,as you do not know me1 ,i take
 it for granted that this communication 
will not be honored with a place in the 
,messenger2 for ,i have  discovered by  
your editorial remarks1 that the authors
 of almost all  the pieces which adorn  
the columns of that work1 are persons   
already  distinguished in the literary  
world1 7as1 for instance1 ,death among  
the ,trees1 the production of a         
distinguished female writer already     
known to fame17 or else they are        
individuals with whom you have a        

personal acquaintance1--as the author of
 ,lines on the billet of an  early      
friend1 whom you know as a gentleman of 
fine taste and varied  endowments1 c4 c4
 ,now all this is very well1 and no one 
can object  to it1 so long as the       
productions of those persons are really 
worthy of  your notice1 or of a place in
 the ,messenger4 ,and as the pieces     
which ,i  have just quoted are very     
beautiful1 ,i can make no objections to 
them4 ,but how the authors of some of   
the poetical effusions which  grace the 
columns of your fifth number1 have      
managed to get into your  good graces1  
is to me a mystery1 unless it was       
through a personal  acquaintance with   
yourself1 and your reluctance to wound  
their feelings  by refusing to publish  
their pieces1 for ,i know that you have 
too much  taste to have published them  
through choice4 ,i do not pretend to say
  that the poetical contributions for   
the ,messenger are1 generally  speaking1
 indifferent2 on the contrary1 ,i       

believe it contains more  truly         
excellent original poetry1 than any     
periodical ,i have ever seen4  ,even the
 fifth number is not entirely destitute 
of beauty in this line4  ,it contains   
several very talented and beautiful     
pieces of original  poetry2 among which1
 the piece headed ,beauty without       
,loveliness1  stands pre-eminent4 ,i    
have seldom met with a more chaste and  
beautiful  piece of composition than    
that4 ,in my opinion1 it is surpassed by
  nothing that has ever appeared in the 
,messenger1 unless it be the piece  to  
,ianthe1 in the fourth number1          
beginning--,think of me1 c4 and  signed 
,fergus4 ,you have not thought either of
 those pieces worth  noticing in your   
remarks2 but ,i am confident that if you
 will read  them again1 you will agree  
with me in thinking that they are       
surpassed  by nothing that the          
,messenger has ever contained4    ,but  
while ,i admire these and many other    
beautiful gems1 ,i cannot but  marvel   

why you should crowd your columns with  
such trash as most of the  pieces       
contained in your fifth number4 ,for    
example1 the ,song of the  ,seasons1 by 
,zarry ,zyle1 the youth of              
unquestionable talent1  perception1 c4  
,he certainly must be a youth of great  
perception1  and judges every one by    
himself1 or else he never would have    
inflicted  upon the public the study of 
his song4 ,i perfectly agree with you   
in thinking it advisable for him to     
change his style1 and write less        
obscurely2 for as we are not all youths 
of his perception1 it is  quite         
difficult for us      ,to comprehend1   
the mystery of what he means4    ,if1   
instead of talking about amethystine    
beams1 bugle-bees1 7a new  species ,i   
presume1 as ,i never heard of them      
before2 perhaps ,zarry meant  bumble    
bee17 old summer's conck1 robins with   
golden breasts1  7they used to be red17 
and gauze wings1 and soughing blasts1   
c4 c4 he would give us a little more    

common sense and a little  better       
measure in his next1 we will like it    
better4 ,but if ,mr4 ,zyle's  song were 
the only objectionable piece contained  
in the fifth  number1--or if it were the
 worst that it contained1 we might grin 
and bear it4 ,but there are many others 
even more dull and common than  this4 ,i
 will name but one more--,the ,passage  
of the ,beresina4 ,now ,i  appeal to you
 as a man of candor and good taste1 to  
know if there is  any thing in this     
effusion which should entitle it to a   
place in the  ,messenger8 ,has it one   
single attribute of true poetry8 ,if it 
has ,i  beseech you to point it out in  
your next number1 for ,i confess ,i     
cannot discover one4 ,no1 it has not    
even measure4 ,i beg you to take  the   
trouble to read it over again1 for ,i am
 certain you never gave it a  very      
careful perusal1 or you never would have
 printed it2 your taste is  too good4   
,read it once more1 and if you can      
discover any thing like  poetry1 or even

 like common sense in the following     
lines1 ,i hope you  will let us know    
what it is in your next3      ,thousands
 lie here2 kindred and aliens in race1  
,they are rigid and fix'd in death's    
cold embrace2     ,they clench and they 
cling in the last dying grasp1     ,and 
the living1 the dead1 reluctantly clasp3
     ,or1 fearing a friend in his last  
cold embrace1     ,they spurn him       
beneath to his dark dreary place4       
,now ,i say if you can discover any     
thing like poetry in these lines1  or   
can tell us how thousands who are rigid 
and fixed in death's  cold embrace1 can 
clench and cling1 or spurn a friend to  
his  dark dreary place1 you will very   
much oblige more than one of your       
subscribers4 ,i could make you many     
other quotations from the same  piece1  
equally as obscure as the above4 ,as--  
,with unearthliest cries1 grim          
phantasied shapes     ,brood o'er the   
senses ere the spirit escapes2     ,on  
the wings of the wind how swift speeds  

the blast1     ,with pinions all        
viewless it fleets as the past2--       
,oh say1 does it bear the spirits that  
have fled1     ,in the last bitter      
strife1 ere the dying be dead8    ,i    
should presume not1 as it would be      
rather a difficult matter for the       
spirit to have fled before the dying be 
dead4 ,now the idea of the  blast's     
speeding on the wings of the wind1 is   
certainly  original2 but not satisfied  
with this1 the author has also hoisted  
death upon the same wings4 ,i wonder    
what the wind did in the  meantime8     
,took it a-foot1 ,i s'pose2 or perhaps  
it borrowed death's  wings for a few    
moments4    ,the two last lines of this 
piece would be very pretty1 if it did   
not  unfortunately happen to be         
impossible for the smile of ,hope to    
linger  upon the face of the dead before
 the spirit be fled4 ,dead1 fled1  and  
dread1 seem to be favorite rhymes with  
this author4    ,your correspondent from
 ,eastern ,virginia1 has given you some 

excellent advice3 ,i hope you will      
follow it next time4    ,you say1 those 
who dislike the contents of the         
,messenger1 should write  better pieces 
themselves4 ,i do not exactly agree with
 you4 ,we pay for  reading the paper1   
and are entitled to the best pieces that
 are  written for it1 and not merely    
those of your personal friends and      
acquaintances4 ,i am one of your        
subscribers1 and most sincere well      
wisher4