,,gunp[d] ,,& ,,ammunition ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,/ray ,,milit>y ,,pap]s4 ,) #b ,plates4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d ,,lucian1 ,,! ,,syrian ,,satiri/4 #hvo1 #es4 net4 ,,! ,,outl9es ,,( ,,quat]nions4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,& ,,bombay ,,gunp[d] ,,& ,,ammunition ,,_! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,progress ,,by ,,lieut4-,,colonel ,,h5ry ,w4 ,l4 ,,hime 7,,late7 ,,royal ,,artill]y ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,bombay #aijd ,all rights res]v$ ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,gunp[d] ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #c ,,ii4 ,,saltpetre #ab ,,iii4 ,,! ,,greeks #bi ,,iv4 ,,m>cus ,,gr,,cus #eg ,v4 ,,! ,,arabs #ij ,,vi4 ,,! ,,h9dus #aje ,,vii4 ,,! ,,*9ese #abd ,,viii4 ,,fri> ,,bacon #ada ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,ammunition ,,ix4 ,,analytical ,,table ,,( ,,ammunition #afe ,x4 ,,h& ,,ammunition3-- ,,fire-,,arr[s ,,& ,,fire-,,pikes #afh ,,h& ,,gr5ades #afi ,,xi4 ,,w> ,,rockets #agb ,,xii4 ,,gunp[d] #agg ,,xiii4 ,,%ock ,,projectiles3-- ,,d>ts1 ,c4 #aii ,,r\nd ,,%ot #bjj ,,case #bjg ,,%rapnel #bjh ,,xiv4 ,,igne\s ,,projectiles3-- ,,hot ,,%ot #bag ,,inc5di>y ,,fireballs #bag ,,inc5di>y ,,%ell #bbj ,,c>casses #bbd ,,explosive ,,fireballs #bbd ,,explosive ,,%ell #bbe ,,xv4 ,,ignit]s3-- ,,hot ,,wires1 ,,prim+ ,,p[d]1 ,,mat*es1 ,,& ,,portfires #bbh ,,tubes #bcj ,,"t ,,fuzes #bca ,,p]cussion ,,& ,,concussion ,,fuzes #bdd ,,xvi4 ,,signals #bdf ,,tables ,,table ,,page ,i4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,ref9+ ,,saltpetre #bg ,,ii4 ,,greek ,,fires #cb ,,iii4 ,,sea ,,fires #da ,,iv4 ,,analytical ,,table ,,( ,,ammunition #afg ,v4 ,,price ,,( ,,engli% ,,p[d] ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,times #ahd ,,vi4 ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,size ,,( ,,gra91 ,,muzzle ,,velocity1 ,,& ,,pressure #aie ,,vii4 ,,composition ,,( ,,engli% ,,p[d] ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,times #aig ,,viii4 ,,composition ,,( ,,=eign ,,p[d] ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,times #aih ,,ix4 ,,price ,,( ,,metals ,,9 #acge ,,& #ahfe #bjd ,x4 ,,comp>ative ,,co/ ,,( ,,"o ,,r\nd ,,fir$ ,,) ,,%ot ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,mat]ials1 cir4 #acge #bje ,,xi4 ,,comp>ative ,,pressure ,,on ,,bore ,,:5 ,,fir+ ,,%ot ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,mat]ials1 cir4 #acge #bjf ,,xii4 ,,composition ,,( ,,mat*es ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,times #bbi ,,xiii4 ,,composition ,,( ,,"t ,,fuzes ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,times #bdc ,,xiv4 ,,composition ,,( ,,signal ,,rockets ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,times #bdf ,,xv4 ,,fix$ ,,lights #bdf ,,xvi4 ,,fireworks #bdg ,,index #bdi ,,books ,,(t5 ,,quot$ ,! foll[+ works are frequ5tly quot$1 & are only designat$ by ! au?or's "n4 ,?us1 8,elliot10 ii4 #ge1 means ,sir ,h4 ,m4 ,elliot's 8,hi/4 ( ,india1 z told1 c4 c410 vol4 ii4 p4 #ge4 ,,bacon1 ,,rog]1 ,op]a qudam hact5us in$ita1 ed4 by ,pr(essor ,brew]2 ,rolls ,s]ies1 #ahei4 ,,b]!lot1 ,m4 ,p4 ,e41 ,la ,*imie au ,moy5 ,age1 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,,brack5bury1 ,lieut4-,g5]al ,sir ,h41 ,g4,c4,b41 8,anci5t ,cannon 9 ,europe10 9 vols4 iv4 & v4 ( ,proce$4 ,roy4 ,artill]y ,in/itution1 ,woolwi*1 #ahfe-f4 ,,elliot1 ,sir ,h4 ,m41 8,hi/4 ( ,india1 z told by its own ,hi/orians10 ed4 by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d[son1 ,m4,r4,a4,s41 ,london1 #ahfg-gg4 ,j,,hns1 ,ob]/-,lieut4 ,m41 ,h&bu* e9] ,ges*i*te des ,kriegswes5s1 ,leipsig1 #ahhj4 ,,napoleon ,,iii41 tudes sur le ,pass et l',av5ir de l',artill]ie1 ,p>is1 #ahdf-ga4 ,,nye1 ,ma/]-,gunn] ,n41 8,art ( ,gunn]y10 to :i* is add$ a 8,treatise on ,artificial ,fireworks0 7sep>ately pag9at$71 ,london1 #afdg4 ,,re9aud 7,pr(essor7 et ,,fav 7,capita9e71 ,du ,feu ,grgeois1 c41 ,p>is1 #ahde4 ,,romocki1 ,s4 ,j4 ,,von1 ,ges*i*te d] ,explosiv/(fe1 ,hanov]1 #ahie4 ,,:itehorne1 ,p41 8,c]ta9 ,waies = ! ord]+ ( ,s\ldi]s 9 ,battelray10 ,london1 #aefj4 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,gunp[d] ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,i ,mu* discussion has be5 caus$ 9 ! pa/ by ! vagu5ess ( ! ^w gunp[d]4 ,! foll[+ are ! mean+s :i* ?is & a few o!r words be> 9 ^! pages3-- ,explosion4--,! sudd5 & viol5t g5]ation1 ) a l\d noise & 9 a "t inappreciable by ! unaid$ s5ses1 ( a v great volume ( gas1 by ! combu/ion ( a body occupy+ a comp>atively v small volume4 ,progressive ,combu/ion4--,combu/ion :i* takes place 9 a "t appreciable by ! unaid$ s5ses1 su* z t ( rocket composition or a bit ( pap]4 ,gunp[d]4--,a mixture ( saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 :i* explodes4 ,! signs ( its explosion are a bright fla%1 a l\d noise1 & a l>ge volume ( smoke4 ,inc5di>y 7= 8inc5di>y composition074--,a sub/ance or mixture :i* burns progressively1 al?\gh fi]cely1 & is h>d to put out4 ,ma*9e always means an app>atus ( ! balli/a type4 ,cannon includes bomb>ds1 mort>s1 guns1 c4 ,musket includes all h& fire>ms *>g$ ) gunp[d]4 ,,ii ,( ! _m difficulties t beset ! pres5t inquiry1 two des]ve special m5tion4 ,! fir/ is ! want ( simple exactness 9 mo/ e>ly writ]s :5 record+ ! facts f :i* we h to draw our conclusions4 ,at times _! descriptions are s meagre t x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to decide :e!r c]ta9 projectiles 7 inc5di>y or explosive4 ,at o!r times !y ab\nd 9 tropes & figures ( spee* :i* am\nt to an un9t5tional sugge/io falsi4 8,! missiles spread !mselves abroad l a cl\d10 says a ,spani% ,arab2 8!y ro> l ?und]2 !y flame l a furnace2 !y r$uce ev]y?+ to a%es40#a ,a projectile full ( blaz+ ,greek fire appe>$ to ,jo9ville to be ( port5t\s bulk4 ,x flew ?r\gh ! midnight sky ) ?und]+ noise l a fi]y dragon1 foll[$ by a long trail ( flame2 & x illum9$ ! :ole camp z ) ! light ( day4#b ,ev5 to approa* ! tru?1 we mu/ prune su* figures ( rhetoric2 & ?is is a dang]\s op]ation1 = we may prune too mu*4 ,! only safegu>d aga9/ ^! sugge/ive metaphors is to keep /eadily 9 view ! di/9ctive peculi>ities ( inc5di>y & explosive projectiles4 ,! inc5di>y %ell 0 simply an envelope int5d$ to convey into ! int]ior ( a =t1 %ip1 c41 a quantity ( combu/ible matt]1 :i* burn$ ) su* viol5ce z to set fire to ev]y?+ inflammable t 0 ne> x4 ,! prim>y object ( ! explosive %ell1 on ! o!r h&1 0 to bl[ up :atev] x fell ^u4 ,x might occasionally1 by ! int5se heat g5]at$ by ! explosion1#c set fire to its surr\nd+s :5 inflammable2 b ?is 0 a m]e incid5tal consequ5ce ( its action4 ,its aim & end 0 to explode4 ,:5 a musket or cannon 0 fir$ !re 0 a bright fla%1 a l\d1 mom5t>y report1 & a l>ge volume ( smoke4#d ,:5 an inc5di>y missile 0 dis*>g$ f a ma*9e !re 0 no fla%1 b little smoke1 & ! only s\nds 7 ! :izz+ & sputt]+ ( ! burn+ mixture & ! creak+ & groan+ ( bolts1 sp>s1 ropes1 c43-- 8,) grisly s\ne out go? ! gret gonne40#e ,an explosive missile made its way ?r\gh ! air ) little noise#f & less light3#g dur+ its flight ! blaz+ cont5ts ( ! inc5di>y %ell d\btless gave out mu* light & made a consid]able noise1 z describ$ by _m e>ly writ]s4 ,:5 an explosive %ell rea*$ its object !re 01 soon] or lat] 7if x act$ at all71 an explosion1 occasionally foll[$ by a conflagration3 an inc5di>y %ell produc$ a conflagration only4 ,! second difficulty arises f ! *ange ( mean+ :i* _m te*nical words h und]gone 9 ! lapse ( ye>s4 ,! ,arabic ^w b>d orig9ally meant hail1 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to saltpetre1 & f9ally came to signify gunp[d]4 ,our own ^w p[d]1 :i* at fir/ meant a f9e1 fl\ry du/ 7pulvis71 is (t5 us$ 9 ! pres5t day to designate ! /r+y nitrocelluloid1 cordite--smokeless p[d]4 ,! ,*9ese ^w yo means gunp[d] n[1 al?\gh its fir/ mean+ 0 a drug or plant4 ,= c5turies gunp[d] 0 call$ kraut 9 ,g]many1 & to ?is day x is call$ kruid 9 ,holl&4 ,! ,dani% krud has n long become obsolete4 ,! pres5t ,*9ese ^w = fire>m1 huo p'u1 orig9ally meant a ma*9e = ?r[+ blaz+ inc5di>y matt]4 ,! ,arabic ^w bundq at fir/ meant a hazel-nut1 secondly a clay-pellet ! size ( a hazel-nut1 ?irdly a bullet1 & f9ally a fire>m4#h ,! ,lat9 no*us1 a hazel-nut1 is us$1 /range to say1 to designate a smoke-ball by an old ,g]man milit>y writ]1 ,konrad ,kyes]1 ^: 8,belli=tis0 dates f #adje4i ,! ^w 0 also appli$ 9 ,g]many to bullets 9 g5]al1 & m p>ticul>ly to projectiles dis*>g$ by ma*9es4 ,! ^w ,artill]y1 bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&1 orig9ally meant b[s & arr[s4 ,9 8 orig9al acc\nt ( ! battle ( ,cressy1 ,froiss>t calls ! app>atus & bolts ( ! ,g5oese crossb[m5 leur artill]ie2 :ile a few l9es fur!r on he speaks ( ! kanons ( ! ,engli%4#aj ,as*am1 writ+ 9 #aega1 says3 8,artill]ie n[adays is tak5 = two ?+s3 gunnes & b[es40#aa ,seld5 rem9ds u t gonne1 our pres5t gun1 at fir/ meant a ma*9e ( ! balli/a type4#ab ,x is us$ 9 ?is s5se 9 8,kyng ,alisaund]10 #cbfh1 writt5 ,a4,d4 #abge-acjj1 & o!r metrical romances4 ,l ! ,arabic bundq1 ! ^w is occasionally appli$ to ! projectile1 z 9 ! 8,av[+ ( ,ar?ur10 /4 #fe4 ,x is us$ 9 ! mod]n s5se1 z cannon1 9 ! 8,vision ( ,pi]s ! ,pl[man10 ,passus xxi1 ,c text1 #bic1 a poem begun 9 #acfb & f9ally revis$ by its au?or 9 #acij2 & 9 all ?ree mean+s by ,*auc]1 9 poems writt5 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2--z a ma*9e 9 ! 8,romaunt ( ! ,rose10 #dagf1 z a projectile 9 ! 8,leg5de ( ,good ,wom510 #fcg1 & z a cannon 9 ! 8,h\s ( ,fame10 #ecc4 8,:5 ! ?+ is p]ceiv$1 ! idea conceiv$10 says ,pr(essor ,:itney1 87m57 f9d 9 ! exi/+ res\rces ( spee* ! means ( its expression--a "n :i* =m]ly belong$ to some?+ else 9 "s way ak9 to x2 a comb9ation ( words10 c4#ac ,= example1 a ^w1 ,w1 :i* has always be5 ! "n ( a ?+1 ,m1 is appli$ to "s new ?+1 ,n1 :i* has be5 devis$ = ! same use z ,m & answ]s ! purpose bett]4#ad ,w ?us repres5ts bo? ,m & ,n = an indef9ite "t1#ae until ,m ev5tually drops into disuse & ,w comes to mean ,n & ,n only4 ,! confusion necess>ily aris+ f ! equivocal mean+ ( ,w dur+ ?is indef9ite p]iod1 is entirely due1 ( c\rse1 to neglect ( ,horace's advice to co9 new names = new ?+s4#af ,_h a new "n be5 giv5 to ,n f ! fir/1 no difficulty c\ld possibly h ensu$1 & our way w\ld h be5 /raight & cle>4 ,b z matt]s h fall5 out1 n only h we to det]m9e :e!r ,w means ,m or ,n1 :5ev] x is us$ dur+ ! transition p]iod1#ag b we h to meet ! argum5ts ( ^?1 nev] f> (f1 :o insi/ t because ,w meant ,n f9ally1 x mu/ h meant ,n at "s bygone "t :5 hi/ory & probability alike %[ t x meant ,m & ,m only4 ,examples1 en\gh & to sp>e1 ( su* argum5ts w be met ) %ortly4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( mean+ :i* _m milit>y words h suff]$1 no translation ( passages 9 =eign books conta9+ ambigu\s words %\ld be reli$ ^u1 if access to ! orig9als1 or fai?ful copies ( !m1 c be obta9$4 ,z an example ( ! necessity = ?is precaution1 let u comp>e a few s5t5ces relat+ to ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #gj1 f ! 8,poly*ronicon0 ( ,higd5 7d4 cir4 #acfc71 ,rolls ,s]ies1 iv4 #dbi ff41 ) ! translations ( !m by ,trevisa1 #ache1 & by ! au?or ( ,,ms4 ,h>l4 ,no4 #bbfa1 ( ,a4,d4 #adcb-ej4 ,a 7#a7 ,inde ,vespasianus ictu arietis murum conturbat 7,higd574 7#b7 ,?anne ,vaspacianus de/\rb$ ! wal ) ! /roke ( an engyne 7,trevisa74 7#c7 ,:]e=e ,vespasian tr\bl$e ! walle soore ) gunnes & o!r engynes 7,,ms4 ,h>l474 ,b 7#a7 ,josephus tam5 ard5ti oleo sup]jecto omnia ma*9am5ta exussit 7,higd574 7#b7 ,b ,joseph ?rewe out br5nynge oyle uppon alle h] gynnes & smoot all h] gynnes 7,trevisa74 7#c7 ,!n ,josephus de/roy$e alle !ire in/rum5ts 9 ca/5ge br5n5ge oyle on hit 7,,ms4 ,h>l474 ,c 7#a7 ,quo viso tanta vis telorum ex p>te ,titi proruit1 ut unius de sociis ,josephi occipitium lapide p]cussum ultra t]tium /adium excut]etur 7,higd574 7#b7 ,:an t 0 i-seie !re fil s gret /r5! ( ca/ynge & ( s*ot ( ,titus 8 side1 t ! noble knyght ( oon ( ,josephus 8 fel[es 0 i-smyte ( t place ) a /oon & flewe ov] ! ?rydde =long 7,trevisa74 7#c7 ,titus p]ceyv5ge t1 s5de fur! a sawte & s*otte gunnes to ! walles 9 s mu* t ! hynd] p>te ( ! h$de ( a man /ond5ge by ,josephus 0 smyt5 by ! space ( ?re =longes 7,,ms4 ,h>l474 ,d 7#a7 ,admotis t&em arietibus ad templum 7,higd574 7#b7 ,at ! la/e ! engynes 7 remev$ t[>d ! temple 7,trevisa74 7#c7 ,titus caus$e 8 gunn]s to s*ote at ! ,temple 7,,ms4 ,h>l474 ,no suspicion re/s ^u ei!r ( ^! translators2 yet1 7 ! orig9al lo/1 a cov]t allusion to cannon might be discov]$ 9 ,trevisa's translation ( ,b & ,c1 & ! ,h>leian translation ( ,a1 ,c1 & ,d w\ld be put =w>d z pro( positive ( _! use4 ,,iii ,! claims ( ! ,greeks to ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] are exam9$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 is an inquiry into ! nature & au?or%ip ( ! ,lib] ,ignium ( ,m>cus ,grcus4 ,! claims ( ! ,arabs1 ,h9dus1 ,*9ese1 & ,engli% are consid]$ 9 ,*aps4 ,v4-,,viii4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii4 ! progress ( ,ammunition is v briefly trac$ f ! introduction ( cannon to ! introduction ( bree*load+ arms4 ,z ! book is address$ to ! (fic]s ( ! ,army1 :o seldom h a libr>y at comm&1 ! au?orities = ! /atem5ts ( important facts are g5]ally giv5 at l5g?4 ,on all controv]sial po9ts1 :5 a =eign au?ority is quot$ ! orig9al#ah is giv5 z well z ! translation4 ,i h endeav\r$ to ackn[l$ge my obligation 9 all cases :]e quotations h be5 borr[$ f o!rs )\t v]ification4 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d] 0 impossible until ! prop]ties ( saltpetre _h become kn[n4 ,we proce$1 !re=e1 9 ! foll[+ *apt] to det]m9e ! approximate date ( ! discov]y ( ?is salt4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,saltpetre ,! att5tion ( ! anci5ts 0 naturally attract$ by ! effloresc5ces :i* =m on c]ta9 /ones1 on walls1 & 9 caves & cell>s2 & ! ,h9dus & nomad ,arabs mu/ h notic$ ! deflagration ( at lea/ "o ( !m :5 a fire 0 lit on x4 ,^! effloresc5ces consi/ ( v>i\s salts1--sulphate & c>bonate ( soda1 *loride ( sodium1 saltpetre1 c4--b !y are s simil> 9 appe>ance & ta/e1 ! only two crit]ia kn[n 9 primitive times1#ai t e>ly obs]v]s succe$$ 9 discrim9at+ only "o ( !m1 common salt1 f ! re/4 ,s close1 9 fact1 is ! resemblance betwe5 pota% & soda1 t _! radical diff]5ce 0 only f9ally e/abli%$ by ,du ,hamel 9 #agcf4 ,common salt receiv$ a di/9ctive "n 9 remote times2 all o!r salts 7 gr\p$ toge!r "u su* vague g5]ic names z nitrum1 natron1 afro-nitron1 c4 ,no trace ( saltpetre has hi!rto be5 f\nd any:]e be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ,greek al*emi/s ( prec$+ c5turies are sil5t4 ,!re is no saltpetre 9 ! e>lie/ recipe we possess = ,greek fire1 ,no4 #bf ( ! ,lib] ,ignium1#bj ascrib$ to "o ,m>cus ,grcus1 ei!r z giv5 9 ! ,p>is ,,mss4 ( #acjj1 or 9 ! ,muni* ,,ms4 ( #adch4 ,x is true t ! phrase sal coctus 9 ?is recipe has be5 translat$ by saltpetre 9 ,m4 ,hf]'s untru/wor?y ,hi/oire de la ,*imie1 b z ,,mm4 ,re9aud & ,fav rem>k3 8,ri5 n'autorise traduire a9si2 le sel ord9aire a t s\v5t employ dans les artifices40#ba ,!re is no in/ance 9 ,lat91 ,i believe1 ( saltpetre be+ designat$ o!rwise ?an by sal petr 7or petrosus71 or by nitrum1 s+ly or 9 comb9ation ) "s o!r ^w1 z spuma nitri4 ,! sub/itution ( sal petr = sal coctus1 9 lat] editions ( ! recipe1 only %[s t :5 ! valuable prop]ties ( saltpetre became kn[n x 0 employ$ in/ead ( common salt4 ,! v fact ( ! *ange hav+ be5 made by mo/ ( ! lat] al*emi/s1 proves t to !m sal coctus did n mean sal petr1 b some?+ else4 ,if sal coctus _h meant sal petr1 :at ne$ 0 !re = ! *ange8 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 0 n univ]sal4 ,9 ! v]sion ( recipe #bf1 giv5 9 ! ,livre de ,canonn]ie et ,artifice de ,feu1 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #aefa1 b writt5 long be=e by a fire-work] well acqua9t$ ) saltpetre1 we f9d3 8pr5ez s\fre vif1 t>te1 f>cocoly 7s>cocolla71 peghel 7pit*71 s>co/i 7sal coctum71 c40#bb ,! ^w coquo 7to boil or evaporate7 0 necess>ily connect$ ) ! prep>ation ( common salt by evaporation1#bc & coctus w\ld correctly di/+ui% evaporat$ or artificial salt f natural or rock salt4 ,9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory10 xxxi4 #ci 7#g71 ,pl9y tells u t salt is f\nd r\nd ! edges ( c]ta9 lakes 9 ,sicily :i* are p>tially dri$ up 9 summ] by ! heat ( ! sun2 :ile 9 ,phrygia1 :]e mu* great] evaporation takes place 7ubi l>gius coquitur71 a lake is dri$ up 7& salt is deposit$7 to its v middle4 ,sal coctus 0 salt recov]$ f salt wat] by natural or artificial heat1 z di/+ui%$ f natural1 or rock salt1 :i* 0 dug out ( ! gr\nd4#bd ,! ,arab al*emi/s be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury are z sil5t z ! ,greeks3 no?+ t c be id5tifi$ ) saltpetre is to be f\nd 9 _! volum9\s works4 ,! evid5ce ( ,geb]1 s (t5 cit$ to prove t saltpetre 0 kn[n to ! ,arabs 9 ! n9? c5tury1 has be5 /ripp$ ( all au?ority by ,m4 ,b]!lot1 :o has satisfactorily prov$ t !re 7 two ,geb]s4 ,! real ,arab1 ,jabir1 says no?+ ( saltpetre1 b he m5tions a salve us$ by naph?a-?r[]s#be z a safegu>d aga9/ burns4 ,! o!r ,geb]1 or pseudo-,jabir1 0 acqua9t$ ) saltpetre1 z well he might be2 = he 0 a we/]n :o liv$ "s "t ab\t ! ye> #acjj1bf & wrote a numb] ( ,lat9 works falsely purport+ to be translations f ! ,arabic ( ! real ,jabir4 ,all d\bt ab\t ! matt] has be5 remov$ by ,m4 ,b]!lot's publication ( ! real ,jabir's ,arabic writ+s4#bg ,x has be5 also suspect$ t ! sal ,indicus ( ! ,lib] ,sac]dotum1 cir4 t5? c5tury1#bh a salt aga9 m5tion$ 9 ! ,lib] ,secretorum ( ,bubac>1 cir4 #ajjj1bi means saltpetre4 ,bo? ^! works are translations f ! ,arabic or ,p]sian1#cj & sal ,indicus is ! lit]al translation ( ! ,p]sian-- 7nimaki ,h9di7 7nimaki siyah7 salt ( bitum52 a sub/ance ( ! same family z ! 8salt ( naph?a0 also m5tion$ by ,bubac>4 ,!re is no ^w = saltpetre 9 classical ,sanskrit1 sauv]*ala be+ a g5]ic t]m = natural salts1 :i* correspond$ to1 & 0 z compreh5sive z ! nitrum1 spuma nitri1 c41 ( ! ,we/4 8,rec5t ,sanskrit =mul = ! prep>ation ( m9]al acids conta9+ nitre1 m5tion ?is salt "u ! "n ( soraka4 ,?is ^w1 h[ev]1 is n met ) 9 any ,sanskrit diction>y1 & is evid5tly ,sanskritis$ f ! v]nacul> sora1 a t]m ( =eign orig940#ca ,bo? ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson & ,pr(essor ,m4 ,williams1 9 _! ,sanskrit diction>ies1 8errone\sly r5d] yavak%>a z saltpetre1 z also does ,colebrooke 9 8 #8,am>a-ko%a4'0#cb ,! ^w means impure c>bonate ( pota% obta9$ by ! inc9]ation ( b>ley /raw4#cc ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 not)/&+ co>se scales & clumsy app>atus1 ! want ( all means ( regi/]+ "t & temp]ature1 & ! abs5ce ( any g5]al pr9ciple to guide !m 9 _! rese>*es1 ! al*emi/s succe$$ 9 diff]5tiat+ c]ta9 natural salts f ! re/1 & among !m saltpetre4 ,! ,*9ese 7 acqua9t$ ) x ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4#cd ,abd ,allah ibn al-,bay?>1 :o di$ at ,damascus 9 #abdh1 tells u t ! fl[] ( ! /one ( ,assos 0 call$ ,*9ese sn[ by ! ,egyptian physicians & b>d 7i4e4 saltpetre7 by ! 7,arab7 p ( ! ,we/4#ce ,fri> ,bacon1 ^: ,de ,secretis 0 writt5 be=e #abdi1 & ,hassan er-,rammah :o wrote #abge-ie1 7 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! salt4 ,a gr& *emical discov]y _h be5 made1 & saltpetre became kn[n f ,*9a to ,spa94 ,! ,egyptians ?\ght fit to call saltpetre 8,*9ese sn[10 b ?is does n ju/ify ! conclusion t ! discov]y 0 made by ! ,*9ese4 ,consid] our own phrases 8,j]usalem0 arti*oke1 8,wel%0 onion1 & 8,turkey0 cock4 ,j]usalem is a g>d5]'s corruption ( girasole1 ! ,turkey came f ,am]ica1 & ! home ( ! ,wel% onion is ,sib]ia4 ,! ,p]sians call$ _! native alkal9e salt jamadi ,*9i1 & no "o w sugge/ t ?is sub/ance came f ,*9a4 ,x is evid5t f ! way 9 :i* x is m5tion$ by ! al*emi/s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & f _! primitive me?ods ( ref9+ x1 t saltpetre 0 !n 9 its infancy4 ,rog] ,bacon speaks ( x z "o w\ld speak ( a sub/ance rec5tly discov]$ & /ill little kn[n--8t salt :i* is call$ saltpetre0 7illius salis qui sal petr vocatur74#cf ,m>cus ,grcus ?\ght x necess>y to expla9 :at ! ^w means1 9 8 #ad? recipe :i* probably belongs to ! latt] ye>s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4#cg ,! me?ods ( ref9+ ! salt giv5 by ,m>cus & ,hassan leave no possible d\bt t 9 _! "t x _h b j come into use4 ,x is true t ,bacon's me?od 0 mu* sup]ior1 if ! solution ( 8 /eganogram giv5 9 ,*ap4 viii4 be accept$4 ,b x w\ld h be5 pa/ all explanation _h ! me?od ( ! greate/ natural philosoph] ( ! age be5 f\nd to be no bett] ?an t ( an ,arabic druggi/ or a ,european firework]4 ,z ! matt] is "o ( ! greate/ importance1 ! me?ods ( all ?ree are giv5 9 full1 toge!r ) t ( ,:itehorne1 #aefj4 ,! ,wal?am ,abbey me?od is add$1 z a /&>d by :i* to judge !m4 ,to admit ( easy comp>ison1 ! correspond+ op]ations are m>k$ ) ! same lett]4 ,! five me?ods are summ$ up 9 ,table ,i4 ,,wal?am ,,abbey1 #ahfj4 ,a4 ,prep>ation ( gr\gh f natural saltpetre4#ch ,natural saltpetre is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 ! insoluble impurities remov$1 & ! solution evaporat$ by ! sun or artificial heat4 ,! solid residue is gr\gh saltpetre1 & conta9s #a to #aj p] c5t4 ( impurities1 consi/+ ( ! *lorides ( potassium & sodium1 sulphates ( pota%1 soda1 & calcium1 vegetable matt]1 s&1 & moi/ure4 ,b4 ,boil+ ! solution ( gr\gh saltpetre4 ,! gr\gh saltpetre is plac$ 9 an op5 copp] ) a false bottom2 wat] is add$1 & heat appli$ until ! mixture boils at #aaj ,c4 ,c4 ,removal ( ! insoluble impurities4 ,! scum :i* rises to ! surface dur+ ?is op]ation is remov$ by ladles2 ! s& & heavy impurities fall ^u ! false bottom1 :i* is remov$ j be=e ! mixture boils4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ until ! scum ceases to rise4 ,d4 ,second boil+ ( ! solution4 ,cold wat] is add$2 ! solution is boil$ = a few m9utes1 & !n all[$ to cool some:at4 ,e4 ,filtration4 ,at #ajd4e ,c4 ! "m liquid is transf]r$ to a tank ) holes 9 its bottom1 clos$ by filt]s4 ,f4 ,use ( wood-a%1 *>coal1 c4 ,if ! impurities prev5t ! liquid f pass+ freely ?r\gh ! filt]s1 x is treat$ ) glue1 wood-a%1 or1 bett]1 ) a little animal *>coal1 :i* seizes on ! impurities & rises to ! top z scum4 ,g4 ,cry/allisation4 ,! "m liquid filt]s into ! cry/allis+ tr\gh at #gj4b to #fe4h ,c4 ,h4 ,/irr+ ! deposit+ solution4 ,! solution is kept 9 con/ant agitation by poles :il/ cool+1 9 ord] t x may deposit 9 m9ute cry/als1 call$ saltpetre fl\r4 ,l>ge cry/als conta9 m or less ( ! impure "m liquid4 ,i4 ,wa%+ & dry+4 ,! agitation is discont9u$ at #be4h ,c4 & ! "m liquid drawn (f4 ,! fl\r is dra9$ on an incl9$ plane1 transf]r$ to a wa%+ vat1 :]e x is wa%$ ?ree times ) cold wat]1 & !n f9ally dri$4 ,,:itehorne1 #aefj4 ,a4 ,prep>ation ( gr\gh f natural saltpetre4 ,on ! bottom ( a vessel pi]c$ ) 8?ree or f[] littell holes0 is plac$ a l95 clo?1 8or else ! end ( a broom1 or "s /raw40 ,a lay] ( nitrifi$ e>?1 8a spanne ?icknesse10 is laid on ?is1 & on ! e>? 8?ree f+]s' ?icknesse0 ( a mixture ( 8two p>ts ( unslack$ lime & ?ree ( oke as%es1 or o!r as%es4444 ,& s1 putt+ "o rewe0 ( saltpetre alt]nately ) "o ( ! mixture1 8y %all fill ! tubbe 444 )9 a spanne ( 7its m\?71 & ! re/ y w fill ) wat]40 ,! wat]1 on p]colat+ ?r\gh ! mass1 drips into a brass cauldron :i*1 :5 two-?irds full1 is boil$ 8till x come to "o-?ird "p or !reab\ts4 ,& aft] take x (f & put x to settell 9 a great vessell10 :5 x is to be 8cl>ifi$ & f e>! & grosse matt] dilig5tlie purg$40 ,b4 ,boil+ ! solution ( gr\gh saltpetre4 ,! solution is !n 8tak5 & boyl$ ( new40 ,f4 ,use ( wood-a%1 animal *>coal1 c4 ,:5 ! solution boils & ?r[s up scum1 x is treat$ ) a mixture ( 8#c p>ts ( oke as%es & #a ( lime1 toge!r ) #d lbs4 ( rock alum to e #ajj lbs4 ( ! "m liquid40 8,9 a little "t y %all see x alaie1 bo? cle> & fair & ( an azure col\r40 ,c4 ,removal ( insoluble impurities4 ,! heavy impurities1 :i* s9k to ! bottom1 are got rid ( by p\r+ ! cl>ifi$ "m liquid into ano!r vessel4 ,g4 ,cry/allisation4 8,take x out & put x 9 vessels ( woode or ( e>? t are r\gh )91 ) c]ta9 /icks ( wood1 to congeal40 ,i4 ,wa%+ & dry+4 8,?is same saltpet] be+ tak5 f ! sides ( ! vessel :]e x congeal$1 & 9 ! wat] !re( wa%$1 y mu/ lay x ^u a table to drie ?r\ghly40 ,f4#ci ,use ( wood-a%1 animal *>coal1 c4 8,m9d+ to h 7saltpetre7 above ! common use1 = "s purpose1 m purifi$1 c4 7:i* = to make exce$+ f9e p[d]1 or aqua =tis1 is mo/ requisite s to be73--take ( ! a=esaid mixture 7,f7 444 & = e b>rel ( wat] y h put 9 ! cauldron 444 y mu/ put into x five potfulls0 ( ! mixture4 8,9 ! same quantity ( wat] s prep>$1 put s mu* saltpet] z x w dissolve40 ,d4 ,second boil+ ( ! solution4 ,boil ! :ole until x 8resolve v well40 ,e4 ,filtration4 ,:5 ! scum rises1 transf] ! "m liquid to a tub ) holes 9 ! bottom1 on :i* is laid a l95 clo? cov]$ ) a lay] ( s& f\r f+]-bread?s deep4 ,d4 ,?ird boil+ ( ! solution4 ,! filt]$ liquid is boil$ aga9 89 ord] to make ! great] "p ( ! wat] see? away4444 ,make x boil s mu* until y see x ready to ?ick51 p\r+ 9 n[ & !n a little ( ! mixture0 7,f74 ,g4 ,f9al cry/allisation4 ,! "m liquid is !n transf]r$ to wood5 tr\ghs 8to congeal10 = :i* ?ree or f\r days are all[$4 8,aft] ?is sort ?\ %alt make ! saltpet] mo/ :ite & fair1 & mu* bett] ?an at ! fir/ sett+40 8,,lib] ,,ignium10 cir4 #acjj4 ,a4 ,prep>ation ( gr\gh f natural saltpetre4 ,if natural saltpetre is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 cleans$1 & pass$ ?r\gh a filt]1 & boil$ = a day & a night2 ! 7gr\gh7 saltpetre w be f\nd deposit$ 9 cry/als at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! orig9al is z foll[s3-- 8,nota1 quod sal petrosum e/ m9]a t]r et rep]itur 9 scrophulis contra lapides4 ,hc t]ra dissolvitur 9 aqua bulli5te1 po/ea depurata et di/illata p] filtrum et p]mittatur p] diem et noctem integram decoqui1 et inv5ies 9 fundo lam9as salis conielatas cri/all9as40#dj ,,hassan ,,er-,,rammah1 #abge-ie4 ,a4 ,prep>ation ( gr\gh f natural saltpetre4 8,take :ite1 clean1 bright 7natural7 saltpetre ad lib41 & two new 7e>!n7 j>s4 ,put ! saltpetre into "o ( !m1 & add "s wat]4 ,put ! j> on a g5tle fire until x gets w>m0 7& ! saltpetre dissolves4 ,skim (f7 8! scum t rises0 7&7 8?r[ x away4 ,/ir up ! fire until ! liquid becomes q cle>4 ,!n p\r x into ! o!r j> 9 su* a way t no scum rema9s atta*$ to x4 ,place ?is j> on a l[ fire until ! cont5ts beg9 to coagulate4 ,!n take x (f ! fire1 & beat 7! cry/als7 g5tly40 ,f4 ,use ( wood-a%1 animal *>coal1 c4 8,take dry will[ wood1 burn x1 & plunge x into wat] accord+ to ! recipe = its inc9]ation4 ,take ?ree p>ts by weight ( ! saltpetre0 7j obta9$71 8& ! ?ird ( a "p ( ! wood-a%1 :i* has be5 c>efully pulv]is$1 & put ! mixture into a j>--if made ( brass1 s mu* ! bett]40 ,b4 ,boil+ ! solution ( gr\gh saltpetre4 8,add wat] & apply heat1 until ! a%es & saltpetre no long] adh]e toge!r4 ,bew>e ( sp>ks40 ,! orig9al is z foll[s3--#da ,,rog] ,,bacon1 cir4 #abdh4 ,a4 ,prep>ation ( gr\gh f natural saltpetre4 ,c>efully wa% ! natural saltpetre1 & 7z f> z possible7 remove all impurities4 ,dissolve x 9 wat] ov] a g5tle fire1 & boil x until ! scum ceases to rise1 & x is purifi$ & cl>ifi$4 ,let ! op]ation be repeat$ aga9 & aga91 until ! solution is cle> & bright4 ,let x !n deposit its cry/als ( ! /one :i* is n a /one1#db & dry !m 9 a w>m place4 ,b4 ,boil+ ! solution ( gr\gh saltpetre4 ,pulv]ise ! cry/als ( gr\gh saltpetre ?us obta9$1 & imm]se !m 9 wat]4 ,make a p[d] ( two purify+ sub/ances 9 ! proportion ( #c3b4 ,dissolve ! cry/als ov] a g5tle fire4 ,f4 ,use ( wood-a%1 *>coal1 c4 ,to ! p[d] add "s animal *>coal1 & ?or\ghly incorporate ! +r$i5ts 79 a vessel74 ,!n p\r ! hot solution ^u x1 & y\r object 7( cl>ify+ ! "m liquid7 w be ga9$4 ,c4 ,removal ( ! insoluble impurities4 ,if 7by its appe>ance & ta/e y judge t7 ! solution is good1 p\r x out 7into a cry/allis+ vessel1 leav+ ! heavy impurities beh9d74 ,g4 ,cry/allisation4 7,! "m liquid is n[ all[$ to cry/allise47 ,h4 ,/irr+ ! deposit+ solution4 7,:ile deposit+71 /ir ! solution ) a pe/le4 ,collect ! cry/als z be/ y c1 & gradually draw (f ! "m liquid4 ,! orig9al is z foll[s3-- ,calcem dilig5t] purifica1 ut fiat t]ra pura p5itus lib]ata ab aliis elem5tis4 ,dissolvatur 9 aqua cum igne levi1 ut decoquatur quat5us sep>etur p+u$o sua1 donec purgatur et dealbetur4 ,it]etur di/illatio donec rectificetur3 rectificationis novissima signa sunt c&or et cry/all9a s]5itas4 ,ex hac aqua mat]ia congelatur4 ,lapis v]o ,ari/otelis1 qui non e/ lapis1 ponitur 9 pyramide 9 loco calido4 ,accipe lapidem et calc9a ipsum4 ,9 f9e p>um commisce de aqua dulci2 et m$ic9am laxativam compone de duabus rebus qu>um proportio melior e/ 9 sesquialt]a proportione4 ,resolve ad ignem et mollius calefac4 ,mixto ex ,phnice adjunge1 et incorpora p] =tem motum2 cui si liquor calidus adhibeatur1 habebis propositum ultimum4 ,evacuato quod bonum e/4 ,regyra cum pi/illo1 et congrega mat]iam ut potes1 et aquam sep>a paulatim4#dc ,,table ,i4 ,me?ods ( ,ref9+ ,saltpetre4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,rog] ,bacon1 cir4 #abdh ,a ,b ,f ,c ,g ,h 444 444444444 444 ,hassan er-,rammah1 #abge-ie ,a ,f ,b 444444444444 444444444 444 ,lib] ,ignium1 cir4 #acjj ,a 444444444444444444 444444444 444 ,:itehorne1 #aefj ,a ,b ,f ,c ,g ,i ,f ,d ,e ,d ,g ,wal?am ,abbey1 #ahfj4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a ,prep>ation ( gr\gh f natural saltpetre4 ,b ,boil+ ! solution ( gr\gh saltpetre4 ,c ,removal ( insoluble impurities4 ,d ,second boil+ ( ! solution4 ,e ,filtration4 ,f ,use ( wood-a%1 animal *>coal1 c4 ,g ,cry/allisation4 ,h ,/irr+ ! deposit+ solution4 ,i ,wa%+ & dry+4 ,! simple & highly probable conclusion to be drawn f ! =ego+ facts is1 t saltpetre 0 n discov]$ until ! second qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 b ?is conclusion is n univ]sally accept$4 ,x is said by "s t al?\gh saltpetre 0 unkn[n to ! re/ ( ! _w until !n1 x _h be5 secretly us$ by ! ,greeks = five hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is !ory w be exam9$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,greeks ,hom] knew no?+ app>5tly ( inc5di>y compositions4 ,:5 ! ,trojans set fire to ! ,greek %ips1 he c]ta9ly says t !y burn$ ) 8unqu5*able flame0 7 71 ,iliad1 xvi4 #abc2 b ?is is a m]e figure ( spee*1 = pres5tly aft]w>ds he tells u t ,patroclus ext+ui%$ ! fire 7 ' 71 #bic4 ,! ,assyrian bas-reliefs 9 ! ,briti% ,museum prove t liquid fire 0 us$ 9 w>f>e 9 v remote times4 ,:e!r ! ,greeks adopt$ its use f ! ,ori5tals or orig9at$ x !mselves1 !re is little evid5ce to %[2 b traces ( x are f\nd at an e>ly date1 = in/ance at ! siege ( ,syracuse1#dd #dac ,b4,c41 & ! siege ( ,rhodes1#de #cjd ,b4,c4 ,vessels full ( burn+ matt] 7 ?r[n1 at fir/ by h&1 f walls & ! tops ( =ts ^u besieg]s2 & :5 %ell ( suitable con/ruction _h be5 devis$1 ^! missiles 7 dis*>g$ f ma*9es4 ,! e>lie/ in/ance ( ! use ( fire>ms by ! ,greeks is f\nd 9 ,?ucydides1 ii4 #ge1 :]e x is /at$ t at ! siege ( ,plata1 #dbi ,b4,c41 ! ,platans f\nd x necess>y to protect a wood5 wall by sk9s & hides aga9/ ! fire-arr[s 7 7 ( _! ,peloponnesian besieg]s4 ,by ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire1 fire-arr[s 7 s well kn[n z to be m5tion$ by ! ,lat9 poets1#df & ! hi/orians speak ( fire-lances :i* 7 dis*>g$ f ma*9es#dg 7adact torm5tis ard5tes ha/74 ,vegetius1 :o liv$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 gives ! composition ( fire-arr[s2#dh & ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 :o liv$ ab\t ! same "t1 po9ts out _! defects4 ,fir/1 ! fire-arr[ _h to be dis*>g$ ) a l[ velocity--ictu enim rapidiore ext+uitur2 x 0 ext+ui%$ by ! cool+ effect ( ! air :5 dis*>g$ ) ! full =ce ( ! b[4 ,secondly1 9 addition to its l[ velocity 7& consequ5tly limit$ range7 x 0 ext+ui%$ :5 cov]$ ) clay4#di ,h[ev]1 ! composition 0 easy to light & h>d to put out--ev5 ) clay or v9eg>2 its viscosity enabl$ x to /ick to ! body x /ruck2 &1 becom+ m & m fluid f ! heat ( combu/ion1 x 8spread l wild-fire40 ,b ! use ( inc5di>ies 0 n conf9$ to gr5ades & arr[s4 ,at ! siege ( ,plata1 j ref]r$ to1 ! ,sp>tans pil$ up faggots ( bru%wood aga9/ ! walls1 &1 aft] p\r+ a mixture ( sulphur & pit* on ! heap1 set fire to x 9 ord] to burn ! t[n4#ej ,!y w\ld h ga9$ _! object b = a ra9/orm :i* put out ! fire4 ,we h "h p]haps ! e>lie/ hi/orical acc\nt ( ! composition ( an inc5di>y--#dbi ,b4,c4 ,at ! siege ( ,delium1 #dbd ,b4,c41 a tree 0 cut d[n & holl[$ out1 s z to =m a tube1 & f "o end ( x1 :i* 0 protect$ by a cov]+ ( iron1 0 hung a cauldron conta9+ a burn+ mixture ( *>coal1 sulphur1 & pit*4 ,into ?is cauldron 0 introduc$ an iron bell[s-pipe1 lead+ f ! end ( ! tree f :i* x hung4 ,hav+ transport$ ! ma*9e close to ! wall ( ! t[n 7! cauldron to ! front71 ! besieg]s ins]t$ ! sn\t ( a l>ge bell[s into ! o!r end ( ! holl[$ tree1 & blew !m4 ,a great flame 0 ?us produc$2 ! wall1 9 :i* !re 0 mu* wood1 0 set on fire2 ! heat ( ! fire & ! vap\r ( ! inc5di>y drove ! def5d]s f ! walls1 & ! t[n fell4#ea ,its simplicity %[s t ! mixture belongs to ! infancy ( inc5di>ies 9 ,greece4 ,we meet ) fire-%ips z e>ly z #dac ,b4,c41 :5 ! ,syracusians employ$ "o ineffectually aga9/ ! ,a!nian fleet2#eb & a special inc5di>y = naval use is recomm5d$ by neas1 ! tactician1 ab\t #cej ,b4,c4 ,x consi/$ ( sulphur1 pit*1 inc5se1 p9e-wood1 & t[4 ,! mixture 0 /[$ 9 egg-%ap$1 wood5 vessels1 admirably adapt$ = _! purpose1 :i* 7 ?r[n light$ ^u ! enemy's decks4#ec ,,table ,,ii4 ,greek ,fires4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- neas4#ed ,vegetius4#ee ,lib] ,ignium4#ef ,kyes]4#eg ,wild ,fire4#fh ,c>cass ,composition4#ei cir4 #cej ,b4,c4 cir4 ,a4,d4 #cej4 #abjj-abbe4 #adje4 #aefj4 #aijc4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sulphur ,sulphur ,sulphur ,sulphur ,sulphur ,sulphur ,pit* ,bitum5 ,pit* 444 ,pit* ,tall[ ,p9e-wood#fj ,ros9 ,s>cocolla#fa 444 ,*>coal ,ros9 ,inc5se ,naph?a ,petroleum ,petroleum ,turp5t9e ,turp5t9e ,t[ 444 ,sal ,coctus#fb ,salfanium8 ,bay ,salt ,crude ,antimony 444 444 ,oil ( ,gemma 444 444 444 444 444 ,t>t>um#fc ,saltpetre ,saltpetre ,saltpetre ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 su* ways 7 inc5di>ies employ$ by ! ,greeks = ne>ly elev5 c5turies aft] ! siege ( ,plata4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod ! composition 0 ( c\rse improv$1 & ! mixture ( ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 burn$ m fi]cely1 & 0 h>d] to put out ?an t ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c42 b nev]!less ! two mixtures 7 ( ! same species4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! decade #fgj-hj1 a new species 0 devis$4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness1 ! old inc5di>y mixtures w h5ce=w>d be call$ ,greek fire2 ! new "o 8sea-fire40 ,we are told by ,!ophanes 9 8 8,*ronography10 writt5 #haa-hae1 t 9 ! ye> #fgc an ar*itect call$ ,kall9ikos#fd fl$ f ,heliopolis 9 ,syria to ! ,romans 7i4e4 ,con/ant9ople71 & ev5tually comp\nd$ a 8sea-fire0 :i* enabl$ !m to burn l>ge numb]s ( ! ,moslem vessels engag$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1#fe #fga-fgg4 ,?is inc5di>y 0 aga9 employ$ ) success aga9/ ! ,moslems dur+ _! second attack aga9/ ,con/ant9ople1 #gag1 & at ! decisive naval victory ov] ! ,russians "u ,igor 9 #ida4 ,! evid5ce ( ,!ophanes ab\t ,kall9ikos is corroborat$ almo/ v]bally by ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,,vii41 ,porphyrog5itus1 9 ,*ap4 xlviii4 ( 8 8,adm9i/ration ( ! ,empire03 8,be x kn[n t "u ! reign ( ,con/ant9e ,pogonatus 7#ffh-fhe7 "o ,kall9ikos1 :o fl$ f ,heliopolis to ! ,romans1 prep>$ a #8wet-fire' to be dis*>g$ f siphons1 by means ( :i* ! ,romans burn$ ! fleet ( ! ,s>ac5s at ,cyzicus & ga9$ ! victory40#ff ,x is true t :5 writ+ to 8 son 79 ,*ap4 xiii4 ( ! same "w7 ! ,emp]or gives 7or tells 8 son to give7 a diff]5t v]sion ( ! inv5tion ( sea-fire3 8,if any p]sons v5ture to inquire ( y h[ ?is fire is prep>$1 )/& !m & dismiss !m ) "s su* answ] z ?is--t ! secret 0 reveal$ by an angel to ! fir/ ,emp]or ,con/ant9e0 7,a4,d4 #cbc-ccg74fg ,b ?is passage only proves t ! ,emp]or 0 m5daci\s & 8 p sup]/iti\s4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is great inv5tion 0 made by a ,greek = ! ,greeks 9 ! decade #fgj-fhj2 b :at 0 ! nature ( ! mixture8 ,all we "k = c]ta9 ab\t x is t x 0 a ,/ate secret1 0 int5d$ = sea s]vice1 burn$ ) mu* noise & vap\r1 & 0 project$ f siphons4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mixture fulfill$ ! foll[+ conditions3-- 7#a7 ,its composition c\ld be kept secret4 7#b7 ,x _h "s close connection ) ! sea1 or wat]4 7#c7 ,x burn$ ) mu* noise & smoke4 7#d7 ,x _h "s close connection ) siphons1 or tubes4 ,! fact t ! sea-fire 0 made a ,/ate secret proves t x did n belong to ! same family z ! ,greek fire ( neas & ,vegetius :i*1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 _h be5 kn[n all ov] ! ,ea/ f "t immemorial4 ,x 0 a new mixture--i4e4 ei!r a mixture conta9+ "s sub/ance n hi!rto kn[n1 or a mixture ( kn[n sub/ances n hi!rto comb9$ toge!r = w>like purposes4 ,_m hold t an unkn[n sub/ance 0 employ$1 &1 fur!r1 t x 0 no o!r ?an saltpetre4 ,we might1 ( c\rse1 fall back on ! conclusion e/abli%$ 9 ,*ap4 ii41 & reply t saltpetre 0 n discov]$ until ! ?irte5? c5tury & c\ld n h be5 us$ z an +r$i5t ( an inc5di>y 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,b ! conclusion drawn 9 ,*ap4 ii4 0 n a c]ta9 "o3 x 0 !re *>act]is$ z highly probable4 ,saltpetre might possibly h be5 employ$1 & a belief :i* is %>$ 9 by "s good writ]s des]ves respectful consid]ation4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to inve/igate h[ f> a saltpetre mixture w\ld satisfy ! above f\r conditions4 ,!re 0 absolutely no?+ to attract public att5tion 9 ! pur*ase f "t to "t ( common1 well-kn[n sub/ances1 su* z sulphur1 quicklime1 naph?a1 c4 c41 by ! au?orities ( ! ,ars5al2 b ! suspicions ( ! spies & traitors1 always to be f\nd 9 ,con/ant9ople1#fh w\ld h be5 in/antly r\s$ by ! importation ( any new or r>e sub/ance su* z saltpetre4 ,& :5ce c\ld saltpetre h come8 ,m4 ,b]!lot recognises ! importance ( ?is "q1 al?\gh he _c answ] x3 8,comm5t se procurait-on le salptre8444 ,aucun r5seignm5t n'e/ v5u n\s l'appr5dre4 ,ce po9t p\rtant e/ capital40#fi ,saltpetre w\ld naturally h be5 obta9$ f ! c\ntries :]e x 0 mo/ abundant & *eape/--f ! ,ea/2 b ! ,greeks c\ld n h reli$ ^u ?is s\rce ( supply1 = :5ev] political complications arose betwe5 ! ,emp]or & ! ,caliph--& !y 7 int]m9able--! ports ( ,egypt & ,syria 7 clos$ aga9/ ,greek %ips4 ,h[ev]1 saltpetre did n gr[ 9 ! /reets ( ,con/ant9ople3 ! natural salt 7if us$7 mu/ h be5 collect$ some:]e1 & sold to ,gov]nm5t by someone1 & transport$ someh[ to ! capital2 & :at despot c\ld h ti$ ! tongues ( collectors1 m]*ants1 sailors1 & port]s8 ,! m]e facts t only "o ,/ate traffick$ 9 saltpetre1 t ?is ,/ate only b\ght x 9 "t ( w>1 & t ?is ,/ate alone employ$ sea-fire1 w\ld h imm$iately betray$ ! secret ( its composition to ^! m51 & :at 0 kn[n to !m 0 kn[n to ! _w4 ,x is mo/ improbable t ! use ( saltpetre c\ld h be5 conceal$ = "o ye>1 mu* less ! five hundr$ ye>s dur+ :i* ! secret ( ! sea-fire 0 successfully gu>d$4 ,i may be rem9d$ ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,,vii4's /atem5t 79 ,*ap4 xiii4 ( 8 8,adm9i/ration1 c4071 t on "o occasion a ,roman g5]al1 corrupt$ by a l>ge bribe1 did reveal ! secret & %ortly aft]w>ds1 :5 ent]+ a *ur*1 0 consum$ by fire :i* fell f heav5 ^u him4 ,! /ory is obvi\sly leg5d>y4 ,! v5al g5]al is z unreal z ! fire f heav52 he is m]ely introduc$ to u z 8an awful example10 & we _c end[ him ) reality by reject+ ! fire4 ,! claim ( ! ,m>quess ,c>abbas to reality is n e/abli%$ by d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ,puss-9-,boots4 ,_h ! secret be5 divulg$ ! sea-fire w\ld h be5 us$ aga9/ ! ,greeks1 & no mixture t c be id5tifi$ ) x ev] 04 ,a saltpetre mixture1 !n1 w\ld n1 9 all probability1 h fulfill$ ! fir/ condition1 nor w\ld x h fulfill$ ! second4 ,!re is no conceivable connection betwe5 saltpetre & ! sea1 or wat] 9 g5]al4 ,a saltpetre mixture 7( suitable proportions7 w\ld h prov$ a mu* bett] inc5di>y ?an ,greek fire1 b x w\ld h act$ z effectively f a =t z f a %ip4 ,inde$1 if we consid] ! ill effect ( ! moi/ sea air on ! impure saltpetre ( e>ly times1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! action ( su* mixtures on l& w\ld h be5 bett]1 9 g5]al1 ?an at sea4 ,a saltpetre mixture w\ld h fulfill$ ! ?ird condition by burn+ ) mu* noise & smoke1 :i* we may suppose to be ! ess5tial mean+ ( ! ,emp]or ,leo's phrase1 8?und] & smoke40#gj ,we _c reasonably atta* great] significance to "o ( ! commone/ ( all metaphors1 ?und]1 :i* has be5 appli$ times unnumb]$ to ! human voice1 to ! bur/+ ( a *ild's crack]1#ga & to ! :irr+ ( a d>t4 8,nev] bur/ su* peals f ! ?und]-cl\d10 says ,v]gil1 z 7 produc$ by ! javel9 ?r[n by neas4#gb ,z reg>ds ! f\r? condition1 ! above /atem5t ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ab\t sea-fire & siphons#gc completely ju/ifies u 9 conclud+ t !re 0 "s necess>y connection betwe5 ! two ?+s4 ,n[1 !re 0 no necess>y connection betwe5 saltpetre mixtures1 ev5 :5 explosive1 & siphons4 ,small quantities ( su* mixtures c\ld h be51 & ev5tually 71 ?r[n by h&1 9 gr5ades1 l ,greek fire4 ,saltpetre mixtures1 !re=e1 w\ld n h fulfill$ ! f\r? condition4 ,! result ( ! =ego+ inquiry is1 t a saltpetre mixture w\ld h only fulfill$ "o1 ! ?ird1 ( ! f\r conditions to :i* ! sea-fire 0 subject2 & we h n[ to ca/ ab\t = "s mixture ( kn[n sub/ances1 n hi!rto comb9$ toge!r = w>like purposes1 :i* w\ld h fulfill$ !m all4 ,a clue to ! composition ( ! ,kall9ikos mixture may p]haps be f\nd 9 its ,greek "n1 8sea-fire0 or 8wet-fire40 ,"o sub/ance _h long be5 kn[n ) ^: combu/ion wat] 0 closely connect$--quicklime1 & ) its prop]ties ,kall9ikos1 z an ar*itect1 mu/ h be5 p]fectly famili>4 ,its temp]ature rises--to #aej ,c4 7#cjb ,f47 if ! quantity be l>ge--:5 spr9kl$ ) wat]1 & x c consequ5tly be employ$ to ignite sub/ances ) l[ po9ts ( ignition4 ,= example1 if a mixture ( quicklime & naph?a be ?r[n into wat]1 ! rapid rise 9 temp]ature ( ! lime causes a sudd5 & /rong developm5t ( vap\r f ! naph?a1 :i* on mix+ ) ! air becomes highly explosive4 ,su* a mixture1 x is almo/ unnecess>y to add1 c\ld n be h&l$ ) safety aft] x has be5 wet4 ,plut>* 0 aw>e ( ! explosive nature ( naph?a vap\r4 8,naph?a10 he says1 8is l bitum51 & is s easy to set on fire t1 )\t t\*+ x ) any flame1 x w cat* light f ! rays :i* are s5t =? f a fire1 burn+ ! air :i* is betwe5 bo?40#gd ,pl9y speaks ( ! heat develop$ by quicklime :5 spr9kl$ ) wat]4 8,x is /range10 he says1 8t :at has already be5 burnt %\ld be ignit$ by wat]0 7mirum aliquid1 po/quam ars]it1 acc5di aquis74#ge ,! same prop]ty is implicitly ref]r$ to 9 ! 8,ke/oi10 attribut$ to ,sextus ,julius ,africanus ( ,emaus1 :o liv$ "u ,alex&] ,sev]us1 #bbb-bce4 ,! milit>y portions ( ?is "w1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 writt5 long aft]w>ds1 9 ! end ( ! six? or ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury at ! e>lie/2 = ,belis>ius1 :o 0 born 9 #eje1 is m5tion$ 9 ! sixty-six? *apt]4#gf ,9 ! =ty-fif? *apt] !re is a recipe = a quicklime-asphalt composition1 :i* is call$ 8automatic fire40 ,?is mixture 0 us$ by juggl]s to exhibit 8spontane\s combu/ion10 a little wat] be+ secretly p\r$ on a plate on :i* a ball ( ! composition 0 plac$4#gg ,x conta9$ v little quicklime 7 74 ,cam5iata tells u t at ! /orm+ ( ,salonika 9 #ijd ! ,moslems ?rew 8pit* & tor*es & quicklime0 ov] ! walls4#gh ,by 8quicklime0 he probably meant ! e>!nw>e h& gr5ades1 fill$ ) wet quicklime1 describ$ by ! ,emp]or ,leo1 :o !n sat on ! ?rone 7#hhf-iaa74 8,! vap\r ( ! quicklime10 he says1 8:5 ! pots are brok51 /ifles & *okes ! enemy & di/racts 8 soldi]s40#gi ,! simple/ & mo/ probable explanation ( ! nature ( ! sea-fire !n is1 t x 0 a sulphur-quicklime-naph?a mixture ( ! same family z ^? %[n 9 ! foll[+ ,table4 ,,table ,,iii4 ,sea-,fires4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,lib] ,ignium4#hj ,lib] ,ignium4#ha ,de ,mirabilibus4#hb ,kyes]4#hc ,h>tlieb4#hd cir4 #acjj4 cir4 #acej cir4 #acej4 #adje4 cir4 #adbe4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,sulphur4 ,sulphur4 ,sulphur4 ,sulphur4 ,sulphur7,oil (74 ,quicklime4 ,quicklime4 ,quicklime4 ,quicklime4 ,quicklime4 ,oil ,turp5t9e4 ,naph?a4 ,petroleum4 ,ma/ic4 ,gum ,arabic4 444 ,wax4 ,wax4 ,gum ,arabic4 444 444 ,oil ( ,balm4 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,n4,b4--,none ( ^! mixtures pr(esses to be ! (ficial ,greek sea-fire1 ! exact composition ( :i* is unkn[n2 b ! 8,de ,mirabilibus0 mixture is probably a close approximation to x4 ,al?\gh call$ sea-fires "h1 !y 7 n s call$ by _! we/]n au?ors1 :o 7 ignorant ( ! use & ev5 ( ! "n ( sea-fire4 ,! fir/ f\r recipes are describ$ z mixtures :i* w ignite 8:5 ra9 falls ^u !m40 ,h>tlieb alone =esaw t su* mixtures w\ld ignite 8if ?r[n ^u wat]40 ,su* a mixture w\ld h completely fulfill$ ! f\r conditions already m5tion$4 ,fir/1 ! secret ( its composition 0 easy to keep1 s9ce x lay 9 ! *oice & proportions ( kn[n +r$i5ts2 n 9 ! use ( "o special & unkn[n sub/ance 7su* z saltpetre71 smuggl$ privily into ! ,ars5al#he ) a my/]y :i* 0 c]ta9 to excite ! curiosity ( a p :o 8sp5t _! "t 9 no?+ else1 b ei!r to tell or to he> "s new ?+40 ,secondly1 x 0 lit]ally a 8sea-fire0 or 8wet-fire10--a fire :i* 0 ignit$ by wat] & :i* burn$ on its surface4 ,?irdly1 its combu/ion gave rise to a consid]able volume ( vap\r & a s]ies ( small explosions 9 ! air4 ,f\r?ly1 f ! mode ( its combu/ion x 0 unsafe to h&le aft] ignition1 & x 0 necess>ily dis*>g$ f siphons4 ,?is simple explanation ( ! sea-fire#hf sweeps away ! insurm\ntable difficulties rais$ by ! saltpetre !ory4 ,we h no long] to believe 9 ! patriotic sil5ce ( ,byzant9e (ficials1 workm5 & sailors1 ma9ta9$ = five hundr$ ye>s2 we h no long] to admit reluctantly t saltpetre 0 kn[n 9 ,greece1 :]e x occurs 9 comp>atively scanty quantity1 five hundr$ ye>s be=e x 0 kn[n 9 ! great natural /oreh\se ( ?is salt1 ,asia2 we h no long] to suspect ! :ole body ( ,greek writ]s on al*emy & ph>macy1 f ! sev5? to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ( hav+ ent]$ into a va/ conspiracy ( sil5ce to hide _! k ( saltpetre f ! b>b>ians2 we are no long] left wond]+ :5ce ! ,greeks got _! saltpetre1 & :y !y gave ! "n ( 8sea-fire0 to a mixture 9 no way connect$ ) ! sea2 & we are no long] p]plex$ by ! fact t ! e>lie/ recipes = ,greek fire conta9 no saltpetre4#hg ,x rema9s to inquire h[ ! sea-fire 0 expell$ f ! siphons4 ,!re 7 two k9ds ( siphons1 l>ge siphons & h&-siphons4 ,( ! h&-siphons !re 7 sev]al patt]ns4 ,"s seem to h be5 ?r[n by h&1 l squibs2#hh f o!rs1 m5tion$ by ,cam5iata1 ! *>ge 0 project$ by air#hi--presumably by a bell[s or "s su* contrivance2 :ile 9 a ?ird k9d1 describ$ by ! ,pr9cess ,anna1 a pellet 0 bl[n by ! brea? ?r\gh a flame plac$ be=e ! front end ( ! tube4#ij ,! two latt] siphons 7 ( ! same species1 & z ,anna's 0 *>g$ ) ,greek fire#ia we may suppose ,cam5iata's took a simil> *>ge4 ,! l>ge sea-fire siphon 0 fix$ 9 ! b[ ( ! %ip & s]v$ by ! two =emo/ r[]s1 "o ( :om laid ! siphon & 0 call$ ! siphonator1 :ile ! o!r1 we may suppose1 load$ x4 ,! siphon 0 m\nt$ on a swivel1 z may be ga!r$ f ! acc\nt giv5 by ! ,pr9cess ,anna ( ! naval battle f\ght ne> ! isl& ( ,rhodes 9 #aajc by ! ,greeks & ! ,pisans4 ,! latt] 7 t]rifi$1 %e says1 by an app>atus :i* direct$ on !m fire ( an extraord9>y nature4 8,ord9>y flame rises upw>ds1 b ?is flame %ot d[nw>ds & sideways z well1 at ! w ( ! gunn]40#ib ,unless ! siphon 0 m\nt$ on a swivel1 ! phrase :i* ,i h translat$ by 8at ! w ( ! gunn]0 7' 7 w\ld be mean+less4 ,9 8 ,re*]*e sur le ,feu ,grgeois1 p4 #bc1 ,m4 ,*rti5-,lalanne ma9ta9s t ! inc5di>y 0 expell$ f ! siphon by means ( a spr+4 ,?is !ory is inadmissible1 = helical spr+s are n he>d ( until long aft] ! "t 9 "q4 ,fur!r1 ! anci5ts possess$ no means ( cond5s+ air to ! degree necess>y = ! projection ( a heavy body ov] ev5 ! %ort ranges ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 & /eam p[] _h h>dly be5 recognis$ at all4#ic ,!re=e1 x has be5 urg$1 ! inc5di>y mu/ h be5 expell$ f ! siphon by means ( an explosive saltpetre mixture1 ?is be+ ! only way ( effect+ ! object t rema9$ at ! disposal ( ! anci5ts4 ,z w be se5 pres5tly1 !re rema9$ a simple & efficaci\s me?od1 involv+ v little exp5se & no dang] :atev]2 a fact :i* 9 itself w\ld be suffici5t to meet ! above argum5t 9 fav\r ( saltpetre1 ev5 7 x unsupport$ by ! evid5ce already br\ght =w>d 9 ,*ap4 ii4 to %[ t saltpetre _h n be5 yet discov]$ at ! "t 9 "q1 & ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 ! pres5t *apt] to prove t 9 fact x 0 n us$4 ,fur!r1 ! supposition t an explosive 0 employ$ is exclud$ by ! con/ruction ( ! siphon1 :i* 0 made ( wood4 ,su* is ! only reasonable explanation t c be giv5 ( ! ,emp]or ,leo's ord] t ! siphons %\ld be 8cas$ ) bronze40#id ,_h !y be5 ( metal1 a cas+ ( bronze w\ld h be5 a useless complication2 b1 be+ ( wood1 an int]nal cas+ ( metal 0 absolutely necess>y to protect !m f ! flame ( ! burn+ composition4 ,only "o r\nd probably c\ld h be5 fir$ f a wood5 tube by means ( an explosive1 & t r\nd 9 mo/ cases w\ld h be5 m fatal to ! siphon deta*m5t ?an to ! enemy4 ,aga91 z ! projectile 0 simply a lump ( oleag9\s matt]1 x w\ld h be5 bl[n by an explosive c>tridge into ?\s&s ( fragm5ts1 ea* ( !m s small z to be wor?less = inc5di>y purposes2 = ! efficacy ( an inc5di>y dep5ds to a great ext5t on its conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( matt]4 ,s9ce ! use ( spr+s1 compress$ air1 & /eam 7 impossible1 & ! use ( an explosive extremely improbable1 x only rema9s to exam9e ! argum5ts = & aga9/ wat] z ! motive p[]4 ,! ,emp]or ,leo ,,vi4 speaks ( ! 8artificial fire dis*>g$ by means ( siphons20#ie ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ,,vii4 speaks simil>ly ( 8! wet-fire project$ by means ( siphons20#if & if we translate siphon by tube bo? phrases are intelligible1 b nei!r gives any h9t z to ! means by :i* ! mixture 0 expell$ f ! tubes4 ,b l s _m o!r milit>y words1 siphon has 7at lea/7 two mean+s1 & signifies n only a tube1 b a fire-eng9e1 or wat]-eng9e1 or squirt4 ,h]on ( ,alex&ria 7cir4 #acj ,b4,c47 beg9s 8 description ( a fire-eng9e ) ! words3 8,! siphons us$ = ! ext9ction ( fire are made z foll[s40#ig ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] 7cir4 #ajj ,a4,d471 9 a lett] to ! ,emp]or ,trajan ab\t a fire :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! t[n ( ,nicom$ia1 obs]ves t 8!re 0 n a sipho1 nor ev5 a bucket1 at h& to qu5* x40#ih ,hesy*ius 9 8 ,greek ,lexicon1 ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 gives "u 3 8an app>atus = pump+ wat] 9 conflagrations40#ii ,if we translate siphon by wat]-eng9e1 z we are p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 do+1 we f9d t ! phrases us$ by ! two ,emp]ors are n only intelligible1 b indicate bo? ! mode ( projection & ! mode ( ignition ( ! sea-fire4 ,! lump ( quicklime-naph?a-sulphur 0 project$1 & at ! same "t ignit$1 by apply+ ! hose ( a wat]-eng9e to ! bree* ( ! tube1 :i* ?us became an integral "p ( ! app>atus to :i* x gave its "n4 ,two obscure passages 9 ,byzant9e works1 :i* hi!rto h nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$1 are made cle> by ?is int]pretation4 ,! fir/ occurs 9 ! 8,tactics0 ( ,con/ant9e ,,viii41 :]e he directs 8#8flexible' 7app>atus7 ) 7artificial7 fire1 siphons1 h&-siphons1 & manjaniks0 to be employ$1 if !y are at h&1 aga9/ any t[] t may be advanc$ aga9/ ! wall ( a besieg$ t[n4#ajj ,! 8flexible0 app>atus _c ref] to ! helical spr+s ( a lat] age4 ,nei!r c x mean crossb[s1 = ! ,pr9cess ,anna1 :o wrote a c5tury aft] ,con/ant9e1 expressly says3 8,! crossb[ 7tzangra7 is a =eign weapon 7hi!rto7 unkn[n 9 ! ,greek s]vice40#aja ,t x _c mean longb[s is q c]ta9 f ! second ( ! obscure passages 9 "q1 :i* occurs 9 ! 8,alexiad03 8,9 ! b[ ( ea* %ip he 7! ,admiral7 put ! heads ( lions & o!r l& animals1 made ( brass & iron1 gilt1 s z to be 7q7 frightful to look at2 & he arrang$ t f _! m\?s1 :i* 7 7wide7 op51 %\ld issue ! fire to be deliv]$ by ! soldi]s by means ( 7or ?r\gh7 ! #8flexible' app>atus40#ajb ,! enemy might h exclaim$ ) ! ,jewi% k+3 8,!y gap$ ^u me ) _! m\?s1 z a rav5+ & z a ro>+ lion40 ,b :atev] ! moral effect ( ^! trump]y sc>ecr[s--if ev] actually us$--x is c]ta9 t ar*]s ) longb[s c\ld n h %ot fire-arr[s ?r\gh !m ) any success2 & ! mean+ ( ,emp]or & ,pr9cess rema9s hidd5 until we int]pret 8flexible in/rum5t0 z ! lea!rn hose ( a pump or wat]-eng9e1 ?an :i* no?+ c be m flexible4 ,! import ( bo? passages !n becomes p]fectly pla94 ,su* a mode ( dis*>g+ inc5di>ies is by no means unkn[n 9 lat] milit>y hi/ory4 8,dans une expri5ce faite au ,havre1 #ageh1 avec une pompe huile de naphte1 dont le jet tait enflamm p> une m*e allume1 on brla mme une *al\pe40#ajc ,at ! siege ( ,*>le/on1 #ahfc1 n only 0 solidifi$ ,greek fire 9 t9 tubes employ$1#ajd b coal naph?a plac$ 9 %ells or pump$ ?r\gh hose4#aje ,f9ally1 ,m4 ,b]!lot speaks ( 8les propositions faites1 p5dant le sige de ,p>is 7#ahgj71 p\r rep\ss] les ennemis au moy5 de pompes projetant des jets de ptrole enflamm4 ,mais cet ag5t 444 n'a t mis rellem5t l'preuve que p> la ,commune1 p\r brl] nos palais40#ajf ,:5 ! ,crusades began 9 #ajig ,greeks 7 ?us 9 possession ( two species ( inc5di>ies3 ! sea-fire :i* 0 di/9ctively & exclusively ,greek1 & ! old mixture ( ! neas family :i* 0 kn[n all ov] ! ,ea/4 ,yet x 0 to ! latt] t ! "n 8,greek fire0 0 giv5 by ! ,crusad]s1 :o1 ,i believe1 _h nei!r exp]i5ce nor k ( ! sea-fire4 ,! only passage ,i c recall among ! old writ]s 9 :i* ! two fires are discrim9at$ & correctly nam$ occurs 9 ! metrical romance 8,ri*>d ,co]-de-,lion10 temp4 ,edw>d ,i4 7#abgb-acjg73-- 8,kyng ,ri*>d1 oute ( hys galye1 ,ca/e wylde-fyr into ! skye ,& fyr ,gregeys into ! see4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! see br5t all (f fyr ,gregeys0 7#bfbg74ajg ,hi/orically ?is passage is probably wor?less2 b1 :e!r delib]ately or by accid5t1 ! poet indicates ! real di/9ction betwe5 ! two fires4 ,x 0 ! sea-fire1 ! true ,greek fire1 :i* 0 ?r[n or fell into ! sea2 :ile ! wild-fire1 misnam$ 8,greek fire0 by ! ,crusad]s1 0 flung 8into ! sky0 to desc5d on ! heads ( ! enemy4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages ,i h adopt$ ! ,crusad]s' nom5clature1 because x is n[ too late to rectify _! blund]4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,/irl+ ,ca/le1 #acjd1 ,edw>d ,i4 8gave ord]s = ! employm5t ( ,greek fire1 ) :i* he _h probably become acqua9t$ 9 ! ,ea/40#ajh ,x 0 also made use ( by ! ,flemi% eng9e]1 ,crab1 :o took an active "p 9 ! def5ce ( ,b]wick :5 besieg$ by ,edw>d ,,ii4 9 #acai3-- 8,& pyk 7pit*7 & t] 7t>7 als haiff ?ai tane1 ,& lynt 7fat7 & h]des 7refuse ( flax7 & brym/ane1 ,& dry treyis 7trees or wood7 t wele wald br9 7burn740#aji ,we aga9 made use ( ,greek fire 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,ca/le ( ,breteuil1 & 9 ! attack on ! ,ca/le ( ,romor5t91 9 #acef2aaj b no record rema9s ( its composition or ( ! way 9 :i* x 0 project$4 ,x 0 no d\bt simil> to ,:itehorne's wild-fire ( #aefj1 giv5 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,z late z #aega ,greek fire 0 p\r$ d[n on ! heads ( ! ,turks1 9 ! primitive fa%ion1 by ! ,v5etians 9 ! def5ce ( ,famagu/a4#aaa ,! phrase 8,greek fire0 nev] took root 9 ,engl&1 :]e 8wild-fire0 0 e>ly sub/itut$ = x4 ,wild-fire is f\nd 9 ,rob]t ( ,gl\ce/]'s 8,*ronicle10#aab ( ! same date z 8,ri*>d ,co]-de-,lion40 ,accord+ to ! ,promptorium ,p>vulorum1 an ,engli%-,lat9 diction>y compil$ 9 #addj by ,galfridus1 a ,dom9ican ( ,lynn ,episcopi 9 ,norfolk1 ! phrases 8,greek fire0 & 8wild-fire0 7 !n synonym\s2 = he gives z ! ,lat9 equival5ts ( ! latt]--8ignis ,pelasgus1 vel ignis pelagus1 vel ignis ,grcus40 ,among ! ammunition suppli$ to ! troops s5t to ,scotl& "u ,"l ,l5nox 9 #aede1 we f9d 8xx tronckes *>g$ ) wylde fy]40#aac ,:itehorne gives a plate ( ^! tronckes or trombes1 :i* 7 holl[ wood5 cyl9d]s1 8z bigge z a man's ?igh & ! l5g? ( an ell10 fill$ ) ! mixture giv5 9 ,table ,,ii4 = ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,phillips' ,engli% ,diction>y1 #agjf1 wild-fire is describ$ z 7#a7 8a sort ( fire inv5t$ by ! ,grecians ab\t ,a4,c4 #ggg10 & 7#b7 8gunp[d] roll$ up wet & set on fire40 ,x is us$ 9 ! latt] s5se 9 8,rob9son ,crusoe10 publi%$ 9 #agai4 ,be=e an attack on ! ,indians1 ! sailors 8made "s wild-fire 444 by wett+ a little p[d] 9 ! palms ( _! h&s0 7,"p ii4 *ap4 #ba74 ,! ^w is only he>d n[ 9 ! phrase 8spreads l wildfire40 ,b ?\gh its names h pass$ away1 ! ?+ rema9s4 ,greek fire 0 us$ at ! siege ( ,*>le/on 9 #ahfc2 9 #ahgj ,m4 ,b]!lot wat*$ its effects :5 ?r[n into ,p>is by ,g]man guns2 we ourselves possess x to ?is day 9 our ,c>cass composition4#aad ,! sea-fire1 on ! o!r h&1 0 comp>atively %ort-liv$1 & ,i c f9d no c]ta9 evid5ce ( its employm5t aft] ! ye> #abjj4 ,its disappe>ance is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,f ab\t ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury ! ,byzant9es began to %[ signs ( an ev]-increas+ dis9cl9ation = w>-s]vice ei!r afloat or a%ore1#aae a want ( national hon\r & milit>y en]gy :i* ,mr4 ,f9lay ascribes to 8a g5]al defici5cy ( common hone/y & p]sonal c\rage20#aaf & ?is moral deg5]acy ?rew naval duties m & m into ! h&s ( ! ,v5etians & o!r =eign m]c5>ies1 to :om ! ,gov]nm5t may h be5 unwill+ to make kn[n ! secret ( ! sea-fire4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s did n escape ! notice ( ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 a ,jewi% travell] ( ! twelf? c5tury3 87,les ,grecs7 entreti5n5t des soldats gages de t\tes les ,nations qu'ils appell5t ,b>b>es1 p\r faire la gu]re au ,roi des ,peuples de ,tog>ma appellez ,turcs4 ,c> les ,grecs eux-mmes n'ont ni cur ni c\rage p\r la gu]re4 ,aussi sont-ils reputez comme les femmes qui n'ont aucune =ce p\r combattre40#aag ,matt]s came to a crisis 9 #abjj3 9 ?is ye> ,mi*ael ,/ruphnos1 ! admiral comm&+1 sold ! naval /ores at ,con/ant9ople & appropriat$ ! proce$s ( ! sale4#aah ,:51 !re=e1 ! pi\s w>riors ( ! ,f\r? ,crusade turn$ _! arms aga9/ _! fell[-,*ri/ians & beleagu]$ ! city 9 ,april #abjd1 !re 0 no sea-fire at h& = use aga9/ _! %ips1 & an attempt to burn !m by means ( sixte5 ord9>y fire-%ips 0 foil$ by ! activity ( ! ,v5etian sailors4#aai ,! accession ( ! ,lat9 dyna/y to ! ?rone ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ?is ye> 0 a s]i\s h9drance to ! reemploym5t ( sea-fire4 ,! ,lat9s 7 ignorant ( its composition1 & !y 7 n likely to ga9 in=mation ^u ! subject f ! few ,greeks :o 7 acqua9t$ ) x2 = ^! ,*ri/ians did n love "o ano!r4 ,f9ally1 saltpetre 0 discov]$ n _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 & its sub/itution = cu/om>y +r$i5ts 9 ! lat] editions ( exi/+ 8,fire-books0#abj proves t x 0 utilis$ )\t delay = ,greek fire1 :i* ?us became a m =midable inc5di>y ?an sea-fire4 ,! ,greeks _h no h& 9 ! inv5tion ( cannon4 ,"o ( _! hi/orians ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 speculat+ on ! subject 9 8 n>rative = ! ye> #achi1 says ! ,g]mans 7 commonly believ$ to h be5 ! inv5tors4#aba ,c\ld ! ,greeks1 !n1 h be5 9 possession ( saltpetre-mixtures _m c5turies be=e8 ,is x cr$ible t p ) intellect z ke5 z ! ,greeks employ$ an explosive = long ages )\t hitt+ ^u ! idea ( metal guns8 ,yet judg+ f ! mann] 9 :i* ,*alcocondyles speaks ( cannon 9 8 n>rative = #addf1 !y 7 ev5 !n b little kn[n to ! ,greeks4 8,cannon10 he tells 8 c\ntrym51 8are =midable in/rum5ts1 :i* no arm\r c resi/1 & :i* p5etrates ?r\gh ev]y?+40#abb ,no hi/orian ( ! ability ( ,*alcocondyles w\ld h spok5 9 ?is mann] ab\t an arm :i* 0 well kn[n4 ,! fact t ! fir/ record$ use ( fire-arr[s on ,greek soil 0 made by ,p]sian ar*]s1#abc l5ds "s probability to ! view t ,greek fire 0 orig9ally borr[$ f ! ,ea/2 b ! ,greeks assur$ly inv5t$ ! sea-fire :i* 0 ! palladium ( ! ,empire = sev]al c5turies4 ,to ! discov]y ( saltpetre !y h no legitimate claim4 ,! claim put =w>d 9 _! "n is bas$ p>tly on a metaphor1#abd p>tly on ! assumption t ! effects ( sea-fire c\ld h be5 only produc$ by a mixture conta9+ saltpetre2 & x _c be su/a9$4 ,! hypo!sis t ,kall9ikos comp\nd$ a saltpetre mixture ignores ! highly probable conclusion t saltpetre 0 n discov]$ until ! ?irte5? c5tury2#abe fails to expla9 "s /atem5ts1 & is irreconcilable ) o!r /atem5ts made by ! anci5ts2 & involves _m incr$ible consequ5ces4 ,x may be object$ t ?is conclusion has be5 arriv$ at )\t tak+ ! evid5ce ( ! *ief witness = ! ,greeks1 ,m>cus ,grcus4 ,let u exam9e 8 ,lib] ,ignium4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,m>cus ,,gr,,cus 7,du ,!il's text#abf ) ,b]!lot's num]ation7 ,incipit ,lib] ,ignium a ,m>co ,grco descriptus1 cuius virtus et efficacia ad combur5dos ho/es tam 9 m>i quam 9 t]ra plurimum efficax rep]itur2 quorum primus hic e/4 #a4 ,recipe s&>ac pur libram ,i41 armoniaci liquidi ana4 ,haec simul pi/a et 9 vase fictili vitreato et luto sapi5ti dilig5t] obturato de9de 7872 donec liquescat ignis subponatur4 ,liquoris v]o i/ius haec sunt signa1 ut ligno intromisso p] =am5 ad modum butyri videatur4 ,po/ea v]o ,,iv4 libras de alkitran grco infundas4 ,haec autem sub tecto fi]i prohibeantur1 quum p]iculum imm9]et4 ,cum autem 9 m>i ex ipso op]>i volu]is1 de pelle capr9a accipies utrem1 et 9 ipsum de hoc oleo libras ,,ii4 intromittas4 ,si ho/es prope fu]9t1 intromittes m9us1 si v]o remoti fu]9t1 plus mittes4 ,po/ea v]o utrem ad v]u f]reum ligabis1 lignum adv]sus v]u grossitud9em faci5s4 ,ipsum v]u inf]ius sepo p]ungues1 lignum prdictum 9 ripa succ5des1 et sub utre locabis4 ,tunc v]o oleum sub v]u et sup] lignum di/illans acc5sum sup] aquas discurret1 et quidquid obviam fu]it concremabit4 #b4 ,et sequitur alia species ignis qu comburit domos inimicorum 9 montibus sitas1 aut 9 aliis locis1 si libet4 ,recipe balsami sive petrolii libram ,i41 m$ul cann f]ul libras sex1 sulphuris libram ,i41 p+u$9is ariet9 liquefact libram ,i41 et oleum t]eb5?9 sive de lat]ibus vel ane?orum4 ,omnibus 8 collectis sagittam quadrifidam faci5s de confectione prdicta replebis4 ,igne autem intus reposito1 9 arem cum arcu emittes2 ibi enim sepo liquefacto et confectione succ5sa1 quocumque loco cecidit1 comburit illum2 et si aqua sup]jecta fu]it1 augm5tabitur flamma ignis4 #c4 ,alius modus ignis ad combur5dos ho/es ubique sitos4 ,recipe balsamum1 oleum ?iopi1 alkitran et oleum sulphuris4 ,haec quidem omnia 9 vase fictili reposita 9 fimo diebus ,,xiv4 subfodias4 ,quo inde extracto1 corvos eodem p]ungu5s ad ho/ilia loca sive t5toria de/9abis4 ,ori5te enim sole1 ubicumque illud liquefactum fu]it1 acc5detur4 ,unde semp] ante solis ortum aut po/ occasum ipsius prcipimus esse mitt5dos4 #d4 ,oleum v]o sulphuris sic fit4 ,recipe sulphuris uncias quattuor1 quibus 9 m>moreo lapide contritis et 9 pulv]um r$actis1 oleum iunip]i quattuor uncias admisces et 9 cald>io pone1 ut1 l5to igne supposito1 de/ill>e incipiat4 #e4 ,modus autem ad idem4 ,recipe sulphuris spl5didi quattuor uncias1 vitella ovorum qu9quag9ti unum contrita1 et 9 patella f]rea l5to igne coquantur2 et quum ard]e incep]it1 9 alt]a p>te patellae decl9ans1 quod liquidius emanabit1 ipsum e/ quod quris1 oleum scilicet sulphuricum4 #f4 ,sequitur alia species ignis1 cum qua1 si opus1 subeas ho/iles domus vic9as4 ,recipe alkitran1 boni1 olei ovorum1 sulphuris quod levit] frangitur ana unciam unam4 ,qu quidem omnia commisceantur4 ,pi/a et ad prunas appone4 ,quum autem commixta fu]9t1 ad collectionem totius confectionis qu>tem p>tem c] nov adicies1 ut 9 modum cataplasmatis conv]tatur4 ,quum autem op]>i volu]is1 vesicam bovis v5to repletam accipias et 9 =am5 9 ea faci5s c]a supposita ipsam obturabis4 ,vesica tali prscripta spissime oleo p]uncta cum ligno m>ubii1 quod ad haec inv5ietur aptius1 acc5so ac simul imposito1 =am5 ap]ies2 ea enim semel acc5sa et a filtro quo involuta fu]it extracta1 9 v5tosa nocti sub lecto vel tecto inimici tui supponatur4 ,quocumque enim v5tus eam sufflav]it1 quidquid prop9quum fu]it1 comburetur2 et si aqua projecta fu]it1 letales procreabit flammas4 #g4,sub pacis namque specie missis nuntiis1 ad loca ho/ilia bacleos g]5tes excavos hac mat]ia repletos et confectione1 qui jam prope ho/es fu]9t1 quo fungebuntur ignem jam p] domos et vias fund5tes4 ,dum calor solis sup]v5]it1 omnia inc5dio combur5tur4#abg ,recipe s&>acae 7libram1 c]ae7#abh libram3 9 vase v]o fictili1 ore concluso1 liquescat4 ,quum autem liquefacta fu]9t1 m$ietatem libr olei l9i et sulphuris sup]adjicies4 ,qu quidem omnia 9 eodem vase tribus m5sibus 9 fimo ov9o reponantur1 v]um tam5 fimum t] 9 m5se r5ov&o4 #h4 ,ignis quem inv5it ,ari/oteles quum cum ,alex&ro ad obscura loca it] ag]et1 vol5s 9 eo p] m5sem fi]i id quod sol 9 anno prp>at4 ,ut 9 sp]a de auricalco1 recipe s]is rubicundi libram ,i41 /anni et plumbi1 limatur f]ri1 s+ulorum m$ietatem libr4 ,quibus p>it] liquefactis1 ad modum a/rolabii lam9a =metur lata et rotunda4 ,ipsam eodem igne p]unctam ,x4 diebus siccabis1 duodecies it]&o3 p] annum namque integrum ignis idem succ5sus nullat5us deficiet4 ,qu enim inunctio ultra annum durabit4 ,si v]o locum quempiam inungu]e libeat1 eo desiccato1 sc9tilla qulibet diffusa ardebit cont9ue1 nec aqua ext+ui pot]it4 ,et haec e/ prdicti ignis compositio4 ,recipe alkitran1 colophonii1 sulphuris crocei1 olei ovorum sulphurici4 ,sulphur 9 m>more t]atur4 ,quo facto univ]sum oleum sup]ponas4 ,de9de tectoris limag9em ad omne pondus acceptum insimul pi/a et inungue4 #i4 ,et sequitur alia species ignis1 quo ,ari/oteles domos 9 montibus sitas de/ru]e inc5dio ait1 ut et mons ipse subsid]et4 ,recipe balsami libram ,i41 alkitran libras ,v41 oleum ovorum et calcis non ext9ctae libras ,x4 ,calcem t]as cum oleo donec una fiat massa2 de9de inunguas lapides ex ipso et h]bas ac r5asc5tias quaslibet 9 diebus canicul>ibus1 et sub fimo eiusdam regionis sub fossa dimittes2 po/ea#abi namque autumnalis pluvi dilapsu succ5ditur4 ,t]ram et indig5as comburit igne ,ari/oteles1 namque hunc ignem annis ,,ix4 dur>e ass]it4 #aj4 ,compositio inext+uibilis et exp]ta4 ,accipe#acj sulphur vivum1 colophonium1 asphaltum classam1 t>t>um1 piculam navalem1 fimum ov9um aut columb9um4 ,hc pulv]isa subtilit] petroleo2 po/ea 9 ampulla repon5do vitrea1 orificio b5e clauso1 p] dies ,,xv4 9 fimo calido equ9o subhumetur1 ,extracta v]o ampulla de/illabis oleum 9 cucurbita l5to igne ac c9]e m$iante1 calidissima ac subtili4 ,9 quo si bombax int9cta fu]it ac acc5sa1 omnia sup] qu arcu vel balli/a proiecta fu]it1 inc5dio concremabit4 #aa4 ,nota quod omnis ignis inext+uibilis ,,iv4 rebus ext+ui vel suffoc>i pot]it1 videlicet cum aceto acuto aut cum ur9a antiqua vel ar5a1 sive filtro t] 9 aceto imbibito et toties desiccato ignem iam dictum suffocas4 #ab4 ,nota quod ignis volatilis 9 are duplex e/ compositio2 quorum primus e/3--recipe p>tem unam colophonii et tantum sulphuris vivi1 ,,ii4 p>tes v]o salis petrosi et 9 oleo l9oso vel lamii#aca quod e/ melius1 dissolvantur b5e pulv]isata et oleo liquefacta4 ,po/ea 9 canna vel ligno excavo reponatur et acc5datur4 ,evolat enim subito ad quemcumque locum volu]is1 et omnia inc5dio concremabit4 #ac4 ,secundus modus ignis volatilis hoc modo conficitur4 ,accipias libram ,i4 sulphuris vivi1 libras duas c>bonum vitis vel salicis1 ,,vi4 libras salis petrosi2 quae tria subtilissima t]antur 9 lapide m>moreo4 ,po/ea pulvis ad libitum 9 tunica reponatur volatili vel tonitrum faci5te4 ,nota1 quod tunica ad volundum debet esse gracilis et longa et cum prdicto pulv]e optime conculcato repleta4 ,tunica v]o tonitrum faci5s debet esse brevis et grossa et prdicto pulv]e semipl5a et ab utraque p>te =tissime filo f]reo b5e ligata4 ,nota1 quod 9 tali tunica p>vum =am5 faci5dum e/1 ut t5ta imposita acc5datur2 qu t5ta 9 extremitatibus sit gracilis1 9 m$io v]o lata et prdicto pulv]e repleta4 ,nota1 quod qu ad vol&um tunica1 plicaturas ad libitum hab]e pote/2 tonitrum v]o faci5s1 quam plurimas plicaturas4 ,nota1 quod duplex pot]is fac]e tonitrum atque duplex volatile in/rum5tum1 videlicet tunicam includ5do4 #ad4 ,nota1 quod sal petrosum e/ m9]a t]r et rep]itur 9 scopulis et lapidibus4#acb ,haec t]ra dissolvatur 9 aqua bulli5te1 po/ea depurata et de/illata p] filtrum1 p]mittatur p] diem et noctem integram decoqui2 et inv5ies 9 fundo lam9as salis congelatas cri/all9as4 #ae4 ,c&ela qu1 si semel acc5sa fu]it1 non amplius ext+uitur4 ,si v]o aqua irrigata fu]it1 maius p>abit inc5dium4 ,=metur spha]a de re ,italico2 de9de accipies calcis viv p>tem unam1 galbani m$iam et cum felle te/ud9is ad pondus galbani sumpto conficies4 ,po/ea can?>ides quot volu]is accipies1 capitibus et alis abscisis1 cum aequali p>te olei zambac1 t]as et 9 vase fictili reposita1 ,,xi4 diebus sub fimo equ9o reponantur1 de qu9to 9 qu9tum diem fimum r5ov&o4 ,sic olei foetidi et crocei spiritum assum5t1 de quo sphram ill9ias2 qua siccata1 sepo +uatur1 po/ igne acc5datur4 #af4 ,alia c&ela que cont9uum pr/at inc5dium4 ,v]mes noctilucas cum oleo zambac puro t]es et 9 rotunda ponas vitrea1 orificio lutato c]a ,grca et sale combu/o b5e recluso et 9 fimo1 ut iam dictum e/1 equ9o repon5da4 ,quo soluto1 sphram de f]ro ,indico vel auricalco undique cum p5na ill9ias2 qu 8 iuncta et dessiccata igne succ5datur et nunquam deficiet4 ,si v]o att+it pluvia1 majus pr/at inc5dii increm5tum4 #ag4 ,alia qu semel inc5sa dat lum5 diuturnum4 ,recipe noctilucas quum incipiunt vol>e1 et cum quali p>te olei zambac commixta1 ,,xiv4 diebus sub fimo fodias equ9o4 ,quo inde extracto1 ad qu>tam p>tem i/ius assumas felles te/ud9is1 ad sex felles mu/el1 ad m$ietatem fellis furonis4 ,9 fimo repone1 ut iam dictum e/4 ,de9de exhibe 9 quolibet vase li*num1 cujuscumque g5]is1 pone de ligno aut latone vel f]ro vel re4 ,ea t&em hoc oleo p]uncta et acc5sa diuturnum pr/at inc5dium4 ,haec autem op]a prodigiosa et admir&a ,h]mes et ,?olomeus#acc ass]unt4 #ah4 ,hoc autem g5us c&el neque 9 domo clausa nec ap]ta neque 9 aqua ext+ui pot]it4 ,quod e/3 recipe fel te/ud9is1 fel m>9i leporis sive lupi aquatici de cuius felle ,tyriaca4 ,quibus insimul collectis quadruplicit] noctiluc>um capitibus ac alis prcisis adicies1 totumque 9 vase plumbeo vel vitreo repositum 9 fimo subfodias equ9o1 ut dictum e/1 quod extractum oleum recipias4 ,v]um tum cum quali p>te prdictorum fellium et quali noctiluc>um admisc5s1 sub fimo ,,xi4 diebus subfodias p] s+ul>es hebdomades fimum r5ov&o2 quo iam extracto de radice h]b que cyrogaleonis#acd et noctilucis pabulum factum1 ex hoc liquore m$ium sup]fundas4 ,quod si volu]is1 omnia repone 9 vase vitreo et eodem ord9e fit4 ,quolibet enim loco repositum fu]it1 cont9uum pr/at inc5dium4 #ai4 ,c&ela qu 9 domo relucet ut arg5tum4 ,recipe lac]tam nigram vel viridem1 cuius caudam amputa et desicca2 nam 9 cauda eius arg5ti vivi silicem rep]ies4 ,de9de quodcumque li*num 9 illo ill9itum ac involutum 9 lampade locabis vitrea aut f]rea1 qua acc5sa mox domus arg5teum induet colorem1 et quicumque 9 domo illa erit1 ad modum arg5ti relucebit4 #bj4 ,ut domus qulibet viridem induat colorem et avicul coloris ejusdem vol5t4 ,recipe c]ebrum avicul 9 panno involv5s t5tam et baculum1 inde faci5s vel pabulum 9 lampade viridi novo oleo oliv>um acc5datur4 #ba4 ,ut ignem manibus ge/>e possis s9e ulla lsione4 ,cum aqua fab>um calida calx dissolvatur1 modicum t]r ,mess91 po/ea p>um malv visci adicies4 ,quibus insimul commixtis palmam ill9ias et desicc>i p]mittas4 #bb4 ,ut aliquis s9e lsione comburi videatur4 ,alceam cum album9e ovorum confice1 et corpus p]ungue et desicc>i p]mitte4 ,de9de coque cum vitellis ovorum it]um1 commisc5s t]5do sup] pannum l9eum4 ,po/ea sulphur pulv]isatum sup]asp]g5s acc5de4 #bc4 ,c&ela qu1 quum aliquis 9 manibus ap]tis t5u]it1 cito ext+uitur2 si v]o clausis1 ignis subito r5itebitur3 et haec millies1 si vis1 pot]is fac]e4 ,recipe nucem ,indicam vel ca/aneam1 eam aqua camphor conficias1 et manus cum eo inungue1 et fiet confe/im4 #bd4 ,confectio visci e/ cum si aqua projecta fu]it1 acc5detur ex toto4 ,recipe calcem vivam1 eamque cum modico gummi ,arabici et oleo 9 vase c&ido cum sulphure confice2 ex quo factum viscum et aqua asp]sa acc5detur4 ,hac v]o confectione domus qulibet adv5i5te pluvia acc5detur4 #be4 ,lapis qui dicitur petra solis 9 domo loc&us1 et appositus lapidi qui dicitur albac>imum 7alba c]aunia874 ,lapis quidem nig] e/ et rotundus1 c&idas v]o hab5s notas1 ex quo v]o lux sol>is s]5issimus proc$it radius4 ,quem si 9 domo dimis]is1 non m9or quam ex c&elis c]eis spl5dor proc$it4 ,hic 9 loco sublimi positus et aqua compositus relucet valde4 #bf4 ,ignem ,grcum tali modo facies4 ,recipe sulphur vivum1 t>t>um1 s>cocollam et picem1 sal coctum1 oleum petroleum et oleum gemm4 ,facias bullire invicem omnia i/a b5e4 ,po/ea impone /uppam et acc5de1 quod1 si volu]is1 exhib]e 7pot]is 87 p] embotum ut supra diximus4#ace ,/uppa ill9ita non ext+uetur1 nisi ur9a vel aceto vel ar5a4 #bg4 ,aquam ard5tem sic facies4 ,recipe v9um nigrum spissum et vetus et 9 una qu>ta ipsius di/emp]abuntur unci ,,ii4 sulphuris vivi subtilissime pulv]isati1 lib4 ,,ii4 t>t>i extracti a bono v9o albo1 unci ,,ii4 salis communis2 et subdita ponas 9 cucurbita b5e plumbata et alembico supposito de/illabis aquam ard5tem quam s]v>e debes 9 vase clauso vitreo4 #bh4 ,exp]im5tum mirabile quod fecit hom9es ire 9 igne s9i lsione vel etiam port>e ignem vel f]rum calidum 9 manu4 ,recipe succum bisvalv et album5 ovi et sem5 psillii et calcem et pulv]isa2 et confice cum album9e succis 787 raphani et commisce4 ,et ex hac commixtione ill9ias corpus tuum et manum et desicc>e p]mitte et po/ it]um ill9ias2 et tunc pot]is audact] su/9]e s9e nocum5to4 #bi4 ,si autem velis ut videatur comburi1 tunc acc5ditur sulphur1 nec nocebit ei4 #cj4 ,c&ela acc5sa qu tantam r$dit flammam qu cr9es vel ve/es t55tis eam comburit4 ,recipe t]eb5?9am et de/illa p] alembicum aquam ard5tem1 quam impones 9 v9o cui applicatur c&ela et ardebit ipsa4 #ca4 ,recipe colophonium et picem subtilissime tritum et ibi cum tunica proicies 9 ignem vel 9 flammam c&el4 #cb4 ,ignis volantis 9 are triplex e/ compositio4 ,quorum primus fit de sale petroso et sulphure et oleo l9i1 quibus tritis1 di/emp]atis et 9 canna positis et acc5sis1 pot]it 9 arem suffl>i4 #cc4 ,alius ignis volans 9 are fit ex sale petroso et sulphure vivo et ex c>bonibus vitis vel salicis2 quibus mixtis et 9 t5ta de papiro facta positis et acc5sis1 mox 9 arem volat4 ,et nota1 quod respectu sulphuris debes pon]e tres p>tes de c>bonibus1 et respectu c>bonum tres p>tes salpetr4 #cd4 ,c>bunculum gemm lum5 pr/antem sic facies4 ,recipe noctilucas quam plurimas2 ipsas cont]as 9 ampulla vitrea et 9 fimo equ9o calido sepelias et p]mor>i p]mittas p] ,,xv4 dies4 ,po/ea ipsas remotas de/illabis p] alembicum et ipsam aquam 9 cri/allo reponas concavo4 #ce4 ,c&ela durabilis maxime +5iosa fit4 ,fiat ar*a plumbea vel nea omn9o pl5a intus et 9 fundo locetur canale gracile t5d5s ad c&elabrum1 et pr/abit lum5 cont9uum oleo durante4 ,explicit lib] ,ignium4 ,,*emical ,,index4 ,rec4 ,acetum1 #aa1 #bf s1 #ag1 #ce 0 ,italicus1 #ae 0 ,rubicundus1 #h ?iopi ,oleum1 #c ,alambicum1 #bg1 #cj1 #cd ,albac>imum 7,alba ,c]aunia 871 #be ,alcea 81 #bb ,alkitran1 #a1 #c1 #f1 #h1 #i ,ammoni ,liquor1 #a ,ane?orum ,oleum1 #b ,aqua ,ard5s1 #bg1 #cj ,ar5a1 #aa1 #bf ,arg5tum ,vivum1 #ai ,asphaltum1 #aj ,a/rolabium1 #h ,auricalcum1 #h1 #af ,avicul ,c]ebrum1 #bj ,balsamum1 #b1 #c1 #i ,bismalv ,succum1 #bh ,bombax1 #aj ,calx1 #ba1 #bh 0 non ,ext9cta1 #i 0 ,viva1 #ae1 #bd ,camphor ,aqua1 #bc ,can?>ides1 #ae ,c>bo ,salicis1 #ac1 #cc ,c>bo ,vitis1 #ac1 #cc ,c>bunculum1 #cd ,c]a1 #f1 #g1 #ac ,colophonium1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #ca ,cucurbita1 #aj1 #bg ,cyrogaleo 7,cynoglossum 871 #ah ,embotum1 #bf ,fab>um ,aqua1 #ba ,f]ri ,limatur1 #h ,f]rum1 #ag 0 ,indicum1 #af ,filtrum1 #f1 #aa ,fimum ,columb9um1 #aj 0 ,ov9um1 #aj ,furonis ,fel1 #ag ,galbanum1 #ae ,gemm ,oleum1 #bf ,gummi ,arabicum1 #bd ,junip]i ,oleum1 #d ,lac]tus ,nig]1 #ai 0 ,viridis1 #ai ,lamii ,oleum1 #ab ,lat]um ,oleum1 #b ,laton1 #ag ,leporis ,m>9i ,fel1 #ah ,l9i ,oleum1 #g1 #ab1 #cb ,lupi ,aquatici ,fel1 #ah ,lutum ,sapi5ti1 #aacf ,malv ,viscus1 #ba ,m>rubii ,lignum1 #f ,m$ulla ,cann ,f]ul1 #b ,mu/el ,fel1 #ag ,noctiluc1 #ag1 #ah1 #cd ,nux ,ca/anea1 #bc 0 ,indica1 #bc ,oleum1 #bd1 #ce 0 ,foetidum1 #ae ,oliv>um ,oleum1 #bj ,ovorum ,album51 #bb1 #bh 0 ,oleum1 #f1 #h1 #i 0 ,vitella1 #e1 #bb ,petroleum1 #b1 #aj1 #bf ,picula1 #aj ,p+u$o ,ariet9a1 #b ,pix1 #bf1 #ca ,plumbum1 #h1 #ce ,psillii ,sem51 #bh ,raphani ,succum1 #bh ,sal ,coctus1 #bf 0 ,combu/us1 #af 0 ,communis1 #bg ,sal ,petrosus1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #cb1 #cc ,s&raca1 #a1 #g ,s>cocolla1 #bf ,/annum1 #h ,/uppa1 #bf ,sulphur1 #b1 #d1 #f1 #bb1 #bd1 #bi1 #cb1 #cc 0 ,croceum1 #h 0 ,oleum1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #h 0 ,spl5didum1 #e 0 ,vivum1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #bf1 #bg1 #cc ,t>t>um1 #aj1 #bf1 #bg ,t]eb5?9a1 #cj 0 ,oleum1 #b ,t]ra ,mess91 #ba ,te/ud9is ,fel1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah ,tyriaca1 #ah ,ur9a1 #aa1 #bf ,v]mes ,noctiluc1 #af ,v9um1 #cj 0 ,album1 #bg 0 ,nigram1 #bg ,zembac ,oleum1 #ae1 #af1 #ag ,m4 ,b]!lot 7i4 #ajj ff47 gives ! be/ exi/+ text ( ! =ego+ tract1 f\nd$ on ,p>is ,,mss4 #gaef & #gaeh collat$ ) ! ,muni* ,,ms4 #bfg4 ,he adds extracts f ! ,muni* ,,ms4 #aig1 dat$ #adch4 ,h]r von ,romocki gives ! text reproduc$ "h & ! ,nrnb]g ,,ms4 ( a some:at lat] date ?an ! ,p>is ,,mss41 say #acej4acg ,a glance at ! text giv5 "h %[s t1 f> f be+ a =mal & connect$ treatise1 x is a m$ley ( recipes ?r[n toge!r ) v little me?od & )\t any lit]>y skill4 ,( ! ?irty-five recipes 79 ,du ,!il's ,,ms47 f\rte5 are w> mixtures1 six relate to ! ext9ction ( inc5di>ies or ! prev5tion & cure ( burns1 elev5 are = lamps1 lights1 c41 & f\r describe ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 *emicals--"o ( !m1 ,no4 #ad1 giv+ a mode ( ref9+ saltpetre4 ,! w> mixtures consi/ ( n9e recipes = v>i\s fires1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #bd1 & #bf2 "o = fire-arr[ composition1 ,no4 #aj2 & f\r = rockets & ,roman c&les 7includ+ a 8crack]071 ,nos4 #ab1 #ac1 #cb1 & #cc4 ,nos4 #i1 #ae1 & #bd conta9 quicklime2 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #cb1 & #cc conta9 saltpetre4 ,a clos] exam9ation leads to ! conclusion t ! tract is ! "w ( nei!r "o au?or nor "o p]iod4 ,z we read ( su* +r$i5ts z weasel's gall 7#ag7 & pa/e ( gl[-worms 7#af72 ( ! m]cury to be f\nd 9 black & gre5 liz>ds' tails 7#ai72 ( ! mixture :i* ignites incont95tly at sunrise1 :]e) cr[s are to be ano9t$ & despat*$ aga9/ ! enemy 7#c71 we seem to he> ! *ant ( ! wit*es 9 8,macbe?03-- 8,eye ( newt & toe ( frog1 ,wool ( bat & tongue ( dog1 ,add]'s =k & bl9d-worm's /+1 ,liz>d's leg & owlet's w+40 ,^! recipes embody ! same traditions z ! w> recipes ( ! 8,ke/oi0 ( ,sextus ,julius ,africanus1 :i* belong to ! sev5? c5tury4 ,b on turn+ to ,nos4 #cb & #cc1 we f9d recipes z precise & =mal z ^? ( ,hassan er-,rammah1 :o wrote 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! description ( ! rocket & its composition 7#ac7 is z def9ite & intelligible z _m a recipe ( ! sev5te5? c5tury3 recipes #h & #ag1 ) _! allusions to ,h]mes1 ! my?ical ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,ari/otle ! wiz>d & ,ptolemy ! magician1 belong to a f> e>li] p]iod4 ,9 %ort1 ! extraord9>y contra/ 9 /yle & matt]1 phraseology & diction1 betwe5 c]ta9 recipes & o!rs1 leads irresi/ibly to ! conclusion t ! olde/ recipes are sep>at$ f ! y\nge/ by sev]al c5turies1 & t ! tract 7z we possess x7 0 n ! "w ( "o man1 b ( sev]al4 ,!re is a k]nel ( old recipes1 to :i* o!rs 7 add$ f "t to "t4 ,?is conclusion receives /rong support f ! fact t no two ( ! ,,mss4 are ( ! same l5g?4 ,! ,muni* ,,ms4 conta9s tw5ty-two1 ,b]!lot's text ?irty-five1 & ! ,nrnb]g ,,ms4 tw5ty-five recipes4 ,! be/ judges date ! olde/ exi/+ ,,mss41 ,p>is1 #gaef & #gaeh1 at ab\t #acjj ,a4,d41 & ,abd ,allah tells u t saltpetre 0 kn[n to ! ,spani% ,arabs 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4#ach ,! saltpetre recipes1 !re=e1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #cb1 #cc1 lie betwe5 ! ye>s #abbe & #acjj4 ,we %all call !m1 = conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 ! 8,late ,recipes40 ,no "o :o c>efully /udies ! rema9+ recipes c fail to obs]ve t _m ( !m are m>k$ by ar*aism ( /yle1 =m & matt]1 & t !y h& d[n to u anci5t al*emical traditions1 or traces ( !m2 :ile o!rs display no su* peculi>ities4 ,let u !n1 aga9 = m]e conv5i5ce1 divide !m into two s]ies--! 8,e>ly ,recipes10 :i* possess ^! peculi>ities1 & ! 8,middle ,recipes10 :i* d n4 ,to :at p]iods d ^! two s]ies belong8 ,no4 #bf1 app>5tly ! mo/ mod]n ( ! ,middle ,recipes1 w pres5tly be %[n to belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 &1 z x does n conta9 saltpetre1 its approximate date is #abjj-abbe4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 :i* w\ld enable u to fix ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle or ! end ( ! ,e>ly ,recipes4 ,! matt]1 happily1 is immat]ial2 x is suffici5t = u to "k t ! =m] s]ies is und\bt$ly subsequ5t to ! latt]1 & 7z w be %[n7 q indep5d5t ( x4 ,= a reason :i* w appe> pres5tly1 ! date ( ! olde/ ( ! ,e>ly ,recipes dep5ds ^u ! p]iod at :i* ,moslems began to write ^u al*emy4 ,accord+ to ,arab au?orities1#aci ! fir/ ,moslem :o wrote on ! subject 0 ,pr9ce ,khalid ibn ,yaze$ ibn ,moawyah1 :o di$ 9 #gjh4 ,aft] him came ! real ,jabir1 ( ! eigh? or n9? c5tury2 b ,masudi1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 tells u t !re 7 _m o!r writ]s on al*emy ^: names are n[ lo/4#adj ,! v e>lie/ date1 !n1 t c be assign$ to ! olde/ ( ! ,e>ly ,recipes is ! eigh? c5tury1 say #gej4 ,! ?ree s]ies are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,e>ly ,recipes1 ,middle ,recipes1 ,late ,recipes1 #gej- 8 8 -#abbe4 #abbe-acjj4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a1 #b1 #c #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #a,o1 #d1 #e1 #aa1 #bb1 #bd1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #cb1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc #ba1 #bc1 #be1 #cd #cj1 #ca1 #ce ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,look+ f ! *emical po9t ( view1 ,m4 ,b]!lot divides ! recipes into six gr\ps4#ada ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! matt] w f9d on exam9ation t1 *ronologically1 8 gr\ps h>monise p]fectly ) ! ?ree s]ies giv5 "h4 ,! read] w obs]ve on a cursory exam9ation ( ! ,lat9 text t mo/ ( ! recipes conta9 =eign1 i4e4 non-,lat9 words2 & ?is fact sugge/s ! "q1 ,is ! ,lib] ,ignium an orig9al "w or a translation8 ,! numb] ( =eign words & allusions is s consid]able z to leave little d\bt t a l>ge "p ( ! tract 0 translat$ f "s =eign language1 & no "o1 ,i believe1 s]i\sly ma9ta9s t ! "w1 z a :ole1 is orig9al4 ,f :at language1 !n1 has x be5 translat$8 ,we meet ) ! ,greek prop] names ,h]mes1 ,ptolemy1 ,alex&] & ,ari/otle1 & ) a numb] ( ,greek words :i* look l survivals ( a ,greek orig9al4 ,among ! mo/ prom95t are alba c]aunia 7871 asphaltum1#adb bombax1 cynoglossum 7871 ori*alcum & s>cocolla1 all ( :i* are lat9is$ ,greek words4 ,b on look+ closely into ?is evid5ce we f9d t x has v little weight4 ,! ,greek prop] names prove no?+4 ,h]mes & ,ptolemy became common prop]ty to al*emi/s ( all nationalities 9 ! infancy ( al*emy4 ,alex&] ! ,great's extraord9>y c>e] excit$ univ]sal wond]1 & ! _m & m>vell\s leg5ds :i* grew r\nd 8 "n 9 ! ,we/ 7 only surpass$ by ^? ( ! ,ea/4 ,he & 8 ,wazir1 ,ari/u 7,ari/otle71 7 common prop]ty long be=e ! ,lib] ,ignium saw ! light4 ,! ,greek words give no support to ! hypo!sis ( a ,greek orig9al unless x c be %[n ei!r t !y _h n previ\sly be5 adopt$ by ! ,lat9s1 or t ! tract 0 writt5 be=e !y 7 borr[$4 ,a p>ticul> in/ance w make ! matt] cle>]4 ,we took ! ^w h>quebus f ! ,fr5* at "s p]iod1 say p4 ,if h>quebus occurs 9 an ,engli% book writt5 aft] p1 its pres5ce raises no presumption t ! book 0 9 any way connect$ ) ,france1 or ev5 t its au?or und]/ood ,fr5*4 ,if ! book 0 writt5 be=e p1 its au?or mu/ h _h rec\rse1 directly or indirectly1 to ,fr5* s\rces4 ,n[ all ! ,greek words giv5 above _h be5 lat9is$ long be=e ! ,lib] ,ignium 0 writt51 & might h be5 us$ by a ,lat9 :5 translat+ f any language4 ,alba c]aunia1 asphaltum1 bombax1 cynoglossum & s>cocolla are f\nd 9 ,pl9y's 8,natural ,hi/ory10 fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 & ori*alcum occurs 9 ! 8,bragg+ ,soldi]0 ( ,plautus ab\t ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b x is unnecess>y to cont9ue ! exam9ation ( ! ,greek words conta9$ 9 ! tract = ! foll[+ reason4 ,a hypo!sis mu/ cov] all ! facts ( a case1 & "s facts 9 ! pres5t case are inexplicable on ! !ory ( a ,greek orig9al4 ,! ,greeks _h ?ree words = ! asphalt family1 pissa1 asphaltos1 & naph?a2 & ! translator _h at lea/ ?ree ,lat9 words 7:i* he has actually us$7 :]e) to translate !m1 pix 7or picula71 asphaltum1 & petroleum4 ,h[1 !n1 came he to use ! b>b>ism1 alkitran ,grcum1 9 recipe #a8 ,! orig9al ( ?is phrase came f no ,greek s\rce4 ,we c\ld n expect ! au?or ( ! tract to reveal ! secret ( ! sea-fire1 :i* 0 only kn[n to a few (ficials2 b ! m$ival ,greeks 7 n an exceptionally mode/ p1 & we naturally look = "s slight allusion to ?is triumphant inc5di>y & ! siphons 9 :i* x 0 employ$4 ,!y are nev] ref]r$ to1 al?\gh balli/1 b[s1 & rockets are m5tion$ 9 recipes #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #cb1 #cc4 ,! title ( ! tract1 ,lib] ,ignium1 a ,m>co ,grco descriptus1 assum+ x to h be5 correctly & lit]ally translat$1 0 n writt5 by a ,byzant9e ,greek4 ,no ,byzant9e ,greek ev] describ$ himself 7or a compatriot7 z a ,greek3 89 ! l[e/ p]iod ( deg5]acy & decay ! "n ( ,roman adh]$ to ! la/ fragm5ts ( ! ,empire ( ,con/ant9ople40#adc ,! writ] ( ! title1 !re=e1 0 ei!r a ,moslem or a we/]n4 ,! au?or ( recipe #bf1 ,ignem ,grcum1 c41 0 nei!r a ,greek nor a ,moslem4 ,no ,greek#add or ,moslem#ade writ] ev] uses ! phrase 8,greek fire10 :i* sprang up 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! ,crusades4#adf ,! recipe1 !re=e1 _c h be5 writt5 be=e ! siege ( ,nice1 #ajig1 ! fir/ act ( ! fir/ crusade1 & x 0 probably n writt5 until long aft]w>ds4 ,! phrase 8,greek fire0 mu/ h tak5 "s "t to rea* ! ,we/1 & x spread !re v sl[ly4 ,abb ,guib]t de ,nog5t1 :o di$ 9 #aabd1 speaks ( 8dis*>g+ f ma*9es ! fire !y call ,greek0 7,grcos1 quos ita vocitant1 ,ignes injic]e ma*9is74#adg ,at ! close ( ! c5tury ,william ! ,little1 ,canon ( ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,newburgh1 ,york%ire1 m5tions 8a c]ta9 k9d ( fire :i* !y call ,greek 8 7quodam ignis g5]e quem ,grcum dicunt7#adh ,su* modes ( expression %[ t ,greek fire 0 v little kn[n 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,lib] ,ignium1 on ! o!r h&1 x is spok5 ( )\t qualification or explanation1 l sulphur or pit*1 z a sub/ance too well kn[n to require note or comm5t4 ,! #bf? recipe1 !re=e1 belongs v probably to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & its au?or 0 c]ta9ly a we/]n4 ,! hypo!sis ( a ,greek orig9al1 !n1 mu/ be ab&on$1 ev5 ?\gh old ,greek al*emical traditions are cry/allis$ 9 ! ,e>ly ,recipes4 ,! ,greeks f\nd$ al*emy 9 remote times2 _! me?ods 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,syrians & ,egyptian ,greeks to ! ,moslems2 & a l>ge numb] ( _! recipes _h become common prop]ty long be=e ! ,lib] ,ignium 0 writt54 ,b ,greek sci5ce did n spread equally 9 all directions1 at lea/ to any appreciable ext5t4 ,x spread to ! s\? & ea/ only1 & ! we/ ow$ its k ( al*emy to ! ,arabs :o invad$ ,spa9 9 #gaj ,a4,d4 ,?is fact may ?r[ "s light ^u ! ,arabic words & allusions to be f\nd 9 ! tract4 ,9 a v old recipe1 ,no4 #i1 we meet ) ! phrase1 8! fir/ fall ( ! autumnal ra9 8 7primo autumnalis pluviae dilapsu71 :i* indicates ! regul>1 p]iodic ra9s ( ! ,ea/1 & is app>5tly ! translation ( 7kh>if7 ! autumnal ra9s4 ,! beg9n+ ( ^! ra9s 0 an ev5t ( great importance to ! ,arabs4 8,suivant ,masudi10 says ,b>on de ,sacy1 8les ,arabes nomm5t l'automne 7wasmy71 cause des pluies qui tomb5t en cette saison1 p>ceque la t]re1 tant alors trs-s*e1 et n'ayant pas t humecte depuis longtemps1 la premire pluie qui vi5t tomb] imprime sa m>que sur la t]re4444 ,il aj\te que les ,arabes comm5c5t l'anne l'qu9oxe d'automne1 p>ceque c'e/ l'poque o comm5ce tomb] la pluie laquelle ils doiv5t leur subsi/ance40#adi ,alambicum is app>5tly ! lat9is$ =m ( ! ,spani% alambique1 :i* is simply ! ,arabic 7al-ambiq7--:atev] ! d]ivation ( ! ,arabic ^w may be4 7,a/urlab71 al?\gh f\nd 9 ,masudi#aej & ! 8,arabian ,nights10#aea is n a g5u9e ,arab ^w4 ,x 0 borr[$ f "s o!r language by ! ,arabs1 :o possess$ few or no sci5tific words ( _! own4 ,! 8,nihayet al-,adab0 tells u 79 ,lane's 8,arabic ,diction>y10 "u a/urlab7 t ! names ( all in/rum5ts by :i* "t is kn[n1 :e!r by means ( calculation or wat] or s&1 are =eign to ! ,arabic language4 ,9 mo/ ,arabic diction>ies a/urlab is d]iv$ f ! ,greek 1 a ^w :i* appe>s to g back no fur!r ?an ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 x 0 employ$ by ! ,egyptian a/ronom]1 ,ptolemy4 ,b x 0 long suspect$ t ! in/rum5t 0 ( ea/]n orig91#aeb & all d\bt ab\t ! matt] 0 at l5g? set at re/ by ,mr4 ,george ,smi?'s discov]y1 9 ! palace ( ,s5na*]ib at ,n9eveh1 ( ! fragm5t ( an a/rolabe1#aec :i* _c be dat$ lat] ?an ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,n[ ! e>lie/ record$ a/ronomical obs]vation made by ! ,greeks 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! summ] sol/ice by ,meton1 #dcj ,b4,c4#aed ,= ! "n ( ?is fragm5t1 !re=e1 we mu/ look to ! language ( ! c\ntry ( its bir?2 & !re we f9d ! ,p]sian a/urlab1 :i* is app>5tly =m$ f ! primitive v]bal root labh tak+1#aee & ! ,p]sian a/> or sitra ,pehlevi1 trak ,z5d1 t>e ,sanskrit1 /> our own />4 ,! ,arabs mo/ probably took _! a/urlab1 ) s _m o!r words1 f ! ,p]sian4 ,! ,greeks :o foll[$ ,alex&] ! ,great into ,p]sia f\nd !re mu* t 0 new to !m4 ,!y saw = ! fir/ "t 8! cotton tree & ! f9e tissues & pap] = :i* x furni%$ ! mat]ials40#aef ,!y h&l$ ! wool ( ! great ,bombax tree4 ,!y f\nd naph?a1 ( ^: prop]ties ,alex&] 0 entirely ignorant4#aeg ,!y obta9$ drugs & gums ( :i* !y knew no?+4 ,! philosoph] ,kalli/h5es discov]$ 9 ,babylon ,*aldan a/ronomical obs]vations ext5d+ back to #gba ,b4,c42#aeh 0 %[n1 we _c d\bt1 ! in/rum5t ) :i* !y 7 made2 & probably he>d = ! fir/ "t ! ^w a/urlab or u/urlab4 ,= copp] 7or "s alloy ( x#aei7 ! cyprium ( ,pl9y 7:i* became cuprum ab\t ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d47 is ignor$ 9 ! tract1 & ! metal is call$ s rubicundus4 ,?is phrase may possibly repres5t ! ( ,hom] 7,il4 ix4 #cfe72 b x is f> m probably ! lit]al translation ( ! ,arabic phrase us$ to ?is day = copp] 7nuhas ahm>7 r$ brass4 ,f\r 7s-call$7 sulphurs are m5tion$ by bo? ,pl9y & ! writ]s ( ! ,lib] ,ignium1 b _! names are id5tical 9 only "o case1 sulphur vivum4 ,two sulphurs are nam$ 9 ! tract f _! col\r1 aft] ! ori5tal fa%ion1 sulphur spl5didum & sulphur croceum4 ,masudi speaks 9 ! t5? c5tury ( 8:ite1 yell[1 & o!r k9ds ( sulphur10#afj & 8:ite & r$ sulphur0 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,ay9 ,acb]i1 a ,p]sian ,,ms4 quot$ by ! ,b>on de ,sacy4#afa ,sev]al sulphurs1 all nam$ f _! col\r1 are giv5 9 ! ,lib] ,secretorum1 translat$ f ! ,arabic or ,p]sian1 cir4 #ajjj ,a4,d41#afb & simil> sulphurs are f\nd 9 ! ,syriac treatise reproduc$ by ,m4 ,b]!lot1 ii4 #aei-fj4 ,f9ally1 ! ,h9dus _h f\r sulphurs1 :ite1 r$1 yell[1 & black4#afc ,! ,arabs _h no special ^w = bitum53 bitum5 is n to be f\nd 9 ! tract4 ,alkitran1 ! ,spani% alquitran1 :i* is us$ five times1 is pure ,arabic1 7al-qitran74 ,9 ?ree successive recipes we meet an ,arabic ^w 9 its native =m1 )\t any attempt to translate x-- 7zembaq74 ,its mean+ is d\btful1 = a reason giv5 by ,b>on de ,sacy3 8,le nom zambak e/ commun plusieurs plantes4 ,=skl le donne l'iris et au lis blanc40#afd ,we h already met ) two ,arabic words :i* 7 adopt$ un*ang$1 & are /ill us$1 by ! ,spani>ds1 alembic & alkitran4 ,!re are o!r traces ( ,spa94 ,rog] ,bacon obs]ves 9 8 8,greek ,gramm>0 7p4 #ib7 t ! alloy auricalcum is 9 no way connect$ ) aurum1 gold1 b is a corruption ( ori*alcum4 ,! ,spani>ds1 h[ev]1 reta9$ 9 _! language ! corrupt =m auricalco1 & auricalcum occurs twice 9 ! tract4 ,we may ga!r f ,lebrixa's explanation ( 8bitum5 ,judaicum0--8e/ quod grce dicitur asphaltos0#afe--t ! ,spani>ds _h no special ^w = asphalt2 asphaltum is us$ only once 9 ! tract1 recipe #aj4 ,b !y us$ petroleo = petroleum2#aff petroleum is f\nd 9 recipes #b1 #aj1 & #bf4 ,?is ^w1 9 ! =m petra oleum1 is us$ 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon 8,lee*doms10 publi%$ 9 ! ,rolls ,s]ies1 :i* ,rev4 ,o4 ,cockayne1 ! editor1 dates at #ijj2 ii4 #bhi4 ,! ,spani>ds did n use ! ^w naph?a1 :i* is describ$ by ,lebrixa z 8el fuego como de alquitran40 ,naph?a does n occur 9 ! tract1 al?\gh x is f\nd 9 ,lat9 & ,greek au?ors ( ! fir/ & second c5turies ,a4,d42 9 ,pl9y's 8,natural ,hi/ory10 ii4 #aji 7#aje72 9 ,dioskorides1 i4 #aja2 & 9 ,plut>*'s 8,alex&]10 #ce4 ,x appe>s z napha! 9 ! 8,speculum0 ( ,v9c5tius ,bellovac5sis1 #abbh2 l4 i4 c4 #ib4 ,! commone/ ,spani% ^w = "o or o!r ( ! asphalt family1 alquitran1 occurs 7z be=e m5tion$7 five times 9 ! tract4 ,on ref]r+ to ! ,*emical ,index1 p4 #fh1 x w be f\nd t all ! =ego+ ,arabic & ,spani% words occur 9 ! ,e>ly ,recipes4 ,! ,middle ,recipes conta9 only "o ,arabic ^w1 alambic1 recipes #bg & #cj1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ! ,e>ly ,recipes1 ,no4 #cd2 & "o ,spani% ^w1 petroleo1 recipe #bf1 :i* occurs twice 9 ! e>li] s]ies1 ,nos4 #b & #aj4 ,n[1 ,spa9 0 ! only ,european c\ntry 9 :i* ,arabic 0 und]/ood dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 8,9 all ,europe1 outside ,spa91 b ?ree isolat$ ,arabi/s ( t "t are kn[n--,william ( ,tyre1 ,philip ( ,tripoli1 & ,adel>d ( ,ba?40#afg ,pagn9o pr9t$ an edition ( ! ,qur'an at ,v5ice 9 #aecj1 & x 0 imm$iately suppress$ by ! ,*ur*2 8a precaution h>dly requir$10 says ,hallam1 8:ile !re 0 no "o able to read x40#afh ,fur!rmore1 we "k t a s]ies ( ,lat9 translations ( ,hebrew & ,arabic ,,mss4 7 made 9 ,spa9 betwe5 ! ye>s #aahb & #acej4afi ,we may !re=e conclude ) "s little probability3-- #a4 ,t ! ,e>ly ,recipes 7 translat$ f a lo/ ,arabic orig9al4 #b4 ,t ! translator 0 a ,spani>d4 #c4 ,t ! translation 0 made betwe5 ! ye>s #aahb & #abbe4 #d4 ,t to ?is translation 7 add$ by o!r h&s1 be=e #abbe1 ! ,middle ,recipes1 :i* practically conta9 nei!r ,hispanicism nor ,arabism1 & :i* make no m5tion ( saltpetre4 #e4 ,t ! ,late ,recipes 7 ins]t$ t[>ds ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4#agj ,on accept+ ^! conclusions1 ! difficulties rais$ by ! hypo!sis ( a ,greek orig9al vani%4 ,! ,spani% translator _h no ne$ to translate ! alkitran ( ! ,arabic writ]1 = ! ^w 0 ,spani% z well z ,arabic4 ,l all we/]ns1 he call$ ! ,byzant9es ,greeks1 & a c]ta9 inc5di>y ,greek fire4 ,nei!r ,moslem nor ,spani>d 0 likely to speak ( ! sea-fire4 ,moslems w\ld be lo? to recall ! disa/]s at ,cyzicus & else:]e1 :5 ?is inc5di>y made havoc ( _! %ips2 ,spani>ds knew no?+ ab\t x4 ,ow+ to ! secrecy ma9ta9$ by ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t1 we/]ns knew v little ab\t ,byzant9e pyrote*nics4 8,at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury ! ,pisans 444 suff]$ ! effects1 )\t und]/&+ ! cause1 ( ! ,greek fire40#aga ,! ,pr9cess ,anna ,comn5a ascribes ! defeat ( ! ,pisans 9 a naval battle f\ght 9 #aajc1 to an unkn[n inc5di>y employ$ by ! ,greeks4#agb ,9 bo? cases ! inc5di>y c\ld only h be5 ! sea-fire1 = ! ,lat9s _h be5 acqua9t$ ) ord9>y inc5di>ies = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,z late z #abjd1 ! ,emp]or ,baldw9 ,i41 9 a manife/o to all ,*ri/ians1 decl>es t ! ,greeks us$ 8ma*9es & def5ces to protect _! capital 79 ?is ye>7 :i* no "o 7f ! ,we/7 _h ev] se5 be=e40#agc ,x is "t to inquire :o 0 ,m>cus ,grcus4 ,he has be5 fancifully id5tifi$ ) _m ( ! ,m>ci ( hi/ory & fable1 & ,m4 ,dut5s discov]$ him 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! views ( ,m4 ,dut5s mu/ be notic$ "h1 because !y h be5 unw>ily adopt$ by "s good writ]s4 ,!re exi/s a ,lat9 translation ( a lo/ ,arabic treatise on m$ic9e1 ,de ,simplicibus1 suppos$ by "s to h be5 writt5 by ,masawyah ( ,damascus 9 ! elev5? c5tury1#agd :ile o!rs1 ) ,m4 ,dut5s1 assign x to ,yahya ibn ,masawyah1 :o att5d$ ! ,caliph ,mam\n on 8 dea?b$1#age #hcc ,a4,d4 ,! "q be=e u is1 does ! ,de ,simplicibus 7:atev] its date7 conta9 any ref]5ce to ,m>cus8 ,:5 m5tion+ ! use ( syrup ( cyclam51 ,masawyah quotes ! op9ions ( o!r physicians3 8,! son ( ,s]apion said 7s & s7 444 & a ,greek 7physician7 says 7s & s70 7dixit filius ,s]apionis 444 et dicit ,grcus74#agf ,on ! la/ two words1 dicit ,grcus1 ,m4 ,dut5s builds 8 !ory t ! ,greek physician 0 no o!r ?an ,m>cus3 8,ce qui p>ot =t probable1 e/ que 7,m>cus ,grcus7 devoit vivre avant le mdic9 arabe1 ,mesu1 qui a p>u au comm5cem5t du neuvime sicle1 puisque celui-ci le cite4#agg ,by ?is mode ( reason+1 :i* is g5]ally call$ 8begg+ ! "q10 ,m>cus ,grcus may be id5tifi$ at w ) any ,greek :o ev] liv$4 ,m4 ,dut5s cont9ues3 8,fabricius croit que 7,m>cus ,grcus7 e/ le mme dont ,gal5 p>le dans un endroit de ses ouvrages1 au quel cas il s]ait du temps requis p\r appuy] mon s5tim5t40 ,x w\ld be /range inde$ to f9d m5tion ( a ,lat9 writ] or book 9 a ,biblio!ca ,grca1 & ,i h fail$ to v]ify ,m4 ,dut5s' ref]5ce4 ,9 ! editions ( ,fabricius' "w :i* ,i h consult$ he expresses no su* belief1 nor does he allude to ,m>cus ,grcus4 ,9 ! li/ ,fabricius gives ( anci5t physicians !re are sev]al :o be> ! "n ( ,m>cus1 b no ,m>cus ,grcus4 ,! la/ ( ^! ,m>ci happ5s to be simply call$ 8,m>cus10 & ( him ,fabricius says3 8,?is ,m>cus1 :o is m5tion$ by ,gal5 9 8 book on comp\nd+ m$ic9es1 may possibly h be5 "o ( ! =ego+0 7,m>cus1 simplicit]1 ,gal5o 9 compositionibus m$icam5torum 1 l4 iv4 c4 #g1 quem cr$ibile fuisse unum ex illis prioribus74#agh ,! ,lib] ,ignium 0 writt5 f fir/ to la/ 9 ! p]iod ( lit]>y =g]ies & pseudographs1 :i* produc$ ! 8,book ( ,h]mes10 8,! ,dome/ic ,*emi/ry ( ,moses10 ! al*emical works ( ,plato & ( ,ari/otle & ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 & s on2 & we may reasonably conclude t ,m>cus ,grcus is z unreal z ! imag9>y ,greek orig9al ( ! tract :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,_h ! la/ editor ( ! ,lib] ,ignium1 :o add$ ! saltpetre receipts1 any k ( an explosive8 ,we ne$ n l+] ov] ! ,roman c&le ( ,no4 #ab1 or ! rocket ( ,no4 #ac3 _h _! *>ges be5 explosive !re w\ld h be5 an end ( ! c&le & rocket1 & ( ! m5 :o fir$ !m4 ,! crack] ( ,no4 #ac 0 a toy int5d$ to 8g (f ) a bang10 )\t hurt to ! by/&]s4 ,! case 0 to be z /rong z possible & securely fa/5$ at bo? ends ) iron wires4 ,x 0 to be half fill$ ) rocket composition1 a mixture :i* burn$ 9 a crack]-case precisely z x burn$ 9 a rocket-case--) progressive combu/ion4 ,n[ ,rog] ,bacon _h a simil> toy1 con/ruct$ ) ! v same object1 i4e4 8to g (f ) a bang10 ! case ( :i* 0 8m]ely a bit ( pap]40 ,:y 0 !re ?is m>k$ diff]5ce1 !n1 betwe5 ! two cases8 ,because ! noise 0 produc$ 9 ! "o by ! explosion ( ! *>ge & 9 ! o!r by ! rupture ( ! case4 ,bacon's *>ge 7z w be %[n 9 ,*ap4 viii47 0 gunp[d]1 & ! requir$ 8bang0 0 directly produc$ by its explosion4 ,m>cus' toy 0 *>g$ ) an inc5di>y1 ! combu/ion ( :i* did n produce a 8bang0 directly1 b :i* produc$ "o indirectly by ultimately bur/+ op5 ! ?ick1 /\t case4 ,! gases g5]at$ by its combu/ion 8gradually develop$ until ! case bur/10#agi j z a bladd] bur/s 8) a bang0 :5 ov]-inflat$4 ,_h ,bacon's toy be5 *>g$ ) an inc5di>y1 ! case1 :i* 0 only a %eet ( pap]1 w\ld h be5 set on fire by ! heat$ gases long be=e _! pressure _h rea*$ ! bur/+ po9t1 & !re w\ld h be5 no 8bang40 ,_h ,m>cus' toy be5 *>g$ ) an explosive1 x w\ld h explod$ de/ructively1 & :at 0 int5d$ = a public div]sion w\ld h prov$ a common dang]1 ow+ to ! ?ickness ( ! case & ! iron wire coil$ r\nd x4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! tract to %[ t its au?ors _h any notion ( explosives1 & _! sil5ce1 )\t any assignable motive1 is /rong evid5ce t !y knew no?+ ab\t !m4 ,x is incr$ible t pyrote*ni/s :o seldom omit to call att5tion to ! effects ( _! inc5di>ies1#ahj %\ld h fail$ to make "s allusion to explosives if !y possess$ !m4 ,_! sil5ce 0 n ow+ to fe> ( ! ,*ur*1 = ! decree ( ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ! ,lat]an 0 direct$ aga9/ ! v mixtures :i* =m ! /aple ( ! ,lib] ,ignium1 inc5di>ies4#aha ,! #ab? & #ac? recipes conta9 ! +r$i5ts ( ! future gunp[d]2 !y =m ! la/ l9k 9 ! long *a9 ( evolution :i* connects ! inc5di>ies ( primitive times ) gunp[d]2 b !y 7 n gunp[d]1 because !y did n explode4 ,! *rysalis1 we "k1 w become a butt]fly if x lives2 nev]!less x w\ld be an abuse ( language & a misrepres5tation ( fact to call x a butt]fly4 ,! read] c n[ appreciate ! value ( ! argum5t t ! ,greeks possess$ an explosive betwe5 ! sev5? & ?irte5? c5turies1 because ,m>cus ,grcus describes "o2 & he c und]/& :y ,m>cus 0 n summon$ 9 ,*ap4 iii4 to give evid5ce = ! ,greeks4 ,a suspicion may be rais$ by ! ,arabic orig9 ( ! ,lib] ,ignium1 t ! p :o approa*$ s ne>ly to ! manufacture ( gunp[d] may h ultimately rea*$ x4 ,we pass1 !re=e1 to a consid]ation ( ,arabic inc5di>ies 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,arabs ,al?\gh ! ,arabs _h _h relations ) ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,p]sians = c5turies1 & 7 acqua9t$ ) ! details ( ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 #gj ,a4,d41 ! e>lie/ allusion to _! use ( ma*9es is ! tradition t ,jodhaimah1 ,k+ ( ,he]ah1 con/ruct$ manjnik 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4#ahb ,! sc>city ( timb] 9 ,arabia may p>tially expla9 ! lat5ess ( _! introduction1 & ! position ( ,he]ah1 9 ! nor?-ea/ prov9ce ( ,arabian ,irak1 raises a suspicion t ! ,arabs le>n$ ! use ( ma*9es f ! ,p]sians1 :o got !m f ! ,greeks4 ,:5 ! ,prophet besieg$ ,tayif 9 #h ,a4,h4 7#fcj ,a4,d471 ! def5d]s _h rec\rse to heat$ projectiles4#ahc ,we may safely assume t !y 7 ! balls ( hot clay spok5 ( 9 ! #aan? ,sura ( ! ,qur'an1 9 describ+ ! de/ruction ( ! ,cities ( ! ,pla93 8we ra9$ ^u !m /ones ( bak$ clay40#ahd ,half a c5tury aft]w>ds1 #fhc1 dur+ ! siege ( ,mecca1 ! ,ka'aba 0 burn$ d[n by inc5di>y compositions1 dis*>g$1 n by ,arabs1 b by ,syrians1 :o d\btless und]/ood ! manipulation ( naph?a & ! o!r combu/ibles us$4#ahe ,9 #gab ! h[dah 9 :i* sat ,dahir1 ,k+ ( ,alor 9 ,sc9de1 0 set on fire by a fire-arr[ %ot by a ,moslem naph?a-?r[]#ahf--! same nature ( projectile t _h be5 us$ by ! ,p]sian ar*]s at ! tak+ ( ,a!ns1 #dhj ,b4,c4 ,9 speak+ ( ! capture ( ,alor1 bo? ,mir ,ma'sum ,bhakk>i1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,sc9de10 & ,haid> ,razi1 9 8 8,g5]al ,hi/ory10 m5tion ! employm5t ( ati% bazi1 or fire-?r[+ ma*9es1 8:i* ! ,moslems _h se5 9 use ) ! ,greeks & ,p]sians40#ahg ,/ones 7 dis*>g$ f ma*9es to s little purpose at ! siege ( ,h]aclea1 #hje1 t ,h>un er-,re%id urg$ 8 g5]als to fa/5 inc5di>ies to !m4 ,?is 0 done ) su* effect t ! resi/ance ( ! besieg$ at once collaps$1 ! inhabitants be+ t]ror-/rick5 at ! sight ( ! flam+ naph?a4#ahh ,!re is no trace ( an explosive "h1 yet a ,fr5* ,arabi/ w\ld h u believe t muskets 7 9 use dur+ ?is ,caliph's reign4 ,al-bunduqani1 ! man :o c>ries a bunduq1 :i* 9 ?is connection is a contraction = qaus al-bunduq1 or simply qaus bunduq1#ahi 0 an epi!t be/[$ on ,h>un by ! public1 or assum$ by himself2 & 9 translat+ "o ( ! 8,arabian ,nights0 ) ?is title1 ,m4 ,gautti] rem>ks3 8,bond\k signifie en ,arabe h>quebuse1 albond\kani signifie l'arquebusi]40#aij ,?is argum5t may be illu/rat$ by a m famili> "o3 8,jona?an gave 8 artill]y unto 8 lad0 7#a ,sam4 xx4 #dj72 b artill]y signifies cannon2 !re=e1 c4 c4 ,x may be rem>k$ t arquebuse is ambigu\s4 8,avant d'tre une arme feu l'arquebuse tait une arme jet10 says ,dr4 ,dozy1#aia :o is support$ by ,m4 ,s*el]3 8l'arquebuse tait son orig9e une sorte d'arbalte40#aib ,assum+1 h[ev]1 z ,gautti] evid5tly did1 t arquebuse meant a fire>m1 8 argum5t only e/abli%es ! use ( fire>ms 9 ! n9? c5tury1 if we take signifie z equival5t to means n[1 9 ! ye> #ahbb1 & meant also 9 ! "t ( ,h>un4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 turns ^u ! mean+ ( ! words bunduq1 or qaus bunduq1 9 ! "t ( ! great ,caliph1 & an anecdote told by ,masudi leaves no d\bt ab\t :at t mean+ 04#aic ,he tells u t 9 ! "t ( ,muhtadi ,billah1 #hfh-i1 a neglig5t port] 0 s5t5c$ by 8 ma/] to be ti$ up 7app>5tly 9 a room or c\rty>d7 & %ot at fifty times by a man arm$ ) a qaus bunduq1 :i* c>ri$ lead5 bunduq4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ allusion to *>ge1 c>tridge1 gunp[d]1 wad1 or mat*1 nor to ! op]ation ( load+4 ,! ammunition consi/$ solely ( lead5 balls4 ,al?\gh ! m>ksman s5t 8 fifty bunduq home1 ! port] 0 s little ! worse = 8 puni%m5t t1 :5 all 0 ov]1 he made a co>se b cutt+ rem>k to 8 torm5tor4 ,!re c be no "q ( fire>ms "h3 "o1 or at mo/ two bullets fir$ by s good a %ot f any fire>m ev] con/ruct$ w\ld h sil5c$ ! port] = ev]4 ,! m>ksman 0 al-bunduqani1 ! bunduq 7 lead5 balls1 & ! qaus bunduq 0 a pellet-b[ /one-b[#aid 7golul keman7 golail1 us$ to ?is day by ! ,k>5s ( ,burma1 & kn[n to ev]ybody :o has be5 9 ,india4 ,su* is ! explanation ( qaus bunduq giv5 by ! comm5tator ,tabrizi 9 a note on "o ( ,motanebbi's poems--a b[ :i* dis*>ges a ball z big z a hazel nut4#aie ,! b[ itself is a long-b[ ) two /r+s jo9$ at _! c5tre by a bit ( clo? or s(t lea!r1 :i* supports a ball g5]ally ( bak$ clay or /one4 ,if ,hans>d's plate be correct1 ! we/]n /one-b[ 0 a cross-b[ ) two /r+s4#aif ,! golail1 z we le>n f "o ( ! olde/ ( ! 8,arabian ,nights10 0 *iefly us$ = %oot+ birds1 squirrels1 c43 8he %oote? birds ) a pellet ( clay10#aig 4 ,aga91 :5 ! fir/ ,kal&> miss$ 8 bird & hit ! ,wazir 9 ! eye1 he 0 us+ a qaus al-bunduq1#aih 4 ,! insult convey$ by ! words ( ! ,sultan ,kai-kubad1 :5 speak+ ( ! dead lead] ( ! ,mughals1 lay 9 ! fact t ! golail 0 n a soldi]'s weapon1 b m]ely a sport+ implem5t3 8,no "o w\ld condesc5d to %oot an arr[ at a dead body2 x is only a pellet-ball t is fit = su* 7c>rion7 z ?is40#aii ,we ne$ n pursue ! matt] fur!r3 9 ! primitive & simple golail is f\nd ! musket c>ri$ by ! ,caliph ,h>un er-,re%id4 ,f a passage 9 ! 8,*a*nama10 giv5 9 ,b>nes' 8,travels into ,bokh>a10 x is cle> t ! ,moslems 9 _! invasion ( ,india reli$ ^u inc5di>ies to meet ! attacks made ^u !m ) elephants1 :i* are v mu* afraid ( fire4 ,at ! battle ( ,alor1 #gab1 already m5tion$1 ! ,moslems 8fill$ _! pipes0 7hukkaha-e ati% bazi gr5ades or siphons7 8& return$ ) !m to d>t fire at ! elephants0 7i4 #fg74 ,?is fact goes f> to expla9 a difficulty rais$ by ! words to(ung 7musket7 & tope 7cannon7 f\nd 9 "s ,,mss41 9 place ( ! khudung 7arr[7 & nuft 7naph?a7 giv5 9 o!r copies ( ,f]i%ta's acc\nt ( ! battle f\ght ne> ,pe%awur 9 #ajjh4 ,he says3 8,on a sudd5 ! elephant ^u :i* ! pr9ce :o comm&$ ! ,h9dus rode1 becom+ unruly f ! effects ( ! naph?a balls & ! flights ( arr[s1 turn$ & fl$4 ,?is circum/ance produc$ a panic among ! ,h9dus1 :o1 see+ !mselves des]t$ by _! g5]al1 gave way & fl$ also40#bjj ,! be/ critics reject ! read+s musket & cannon 9 ?is passage4 ,^! words 7 unkn[n to o!r ,indian hi/orians1 & ! circum/ances ( ! case make ! use ( an inc5di>y exce$+ly probable4 8,i am sl[ 9 believ+ ?is premature use ( artill]y10 says ,gibbon2 8,i mu/ desire to scrut9ise fir/ ! text & !n ! au?ority ( ,f]i%ta40 8,^! read+s mu/ be due to int]polators10 adds ,pr(essor ,bury4#bja 8,x appe>s likely10 says ,g5]al ,briggs1 ! translator ( ,f]i%ta1 8t ,bab> 0 ! fir/ invad] :o introduc$ great guns into ,upp] ,india1 9 #aebf1 s t ! words tope & to(ung h be5 probably introduc$ by ignorant transcrib]s ( ! mod]n copies ( ?is "w1 :i* are 9 g5]al v faulty ?r\gh\t40#bjb ,sir ,h4 ,m4 ,elliot says3 8,! ,t>ikh-i ,yam9i1 ! ,jami'u-t ,taw>ikh ( ,ra%idu-d ,d91 ! ,t>ikh-i ,guzida1 ,abu'l ,fida1 ! ,tabakat-i ,nasiri1 ! ,rauzatu'-s ,safa1 ! ,t>ikh-i ,alfi & ! ,tabakat-i ,akb>i1 ?\gh almo/ all ( !m notice ?is important engagem5t 444 & m5tion ! capture ( ?irty elephants1 yet none ( !m speak ( ei!r naft or tope40#bjc ,f9ally1 we mu/ rememb] t !re is an abundant supply ( naph?a 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,pe%awur1#bjd & t ! practice ( ?r[+ inc5di>y missiles 0 univ]sal 9 ,asia long be=e ! battle 9 "q4 ,! ,ka'aba1 z we h se51 0 burnt d[n by inc5di>ies 9 #fhc1 & ?is trem5d\s ev5t ( c\rse became in/antly kn[n all ov] ,islam4 ,at ! battle ( ,alor1 #gab1 ! ,moslems specially prep>$ inc5di>ies to repulse ! attacks ( ! elephants4 ,igne\s projectiles 7 employ$ by ,h>un er-,re%id 9 #hje at ! siege ( ,h]aclea4 ,! la/ day ( ! siege ( ,baghdad1 #hac1 is describ$ by ! poet ,ali z 8a day ( fire03 8! ma*9es play$ f ! ho/ile camps 444 & fire & ru9 fill$ ,baghdad40#bje ,s well kn[n 7 inc5di>y %ell 9 ,p]sia at ! close ( ! t5? c5tury t ,firdusi m5tions !m 9 ! episode ( ,nu%irvan & ,porphyry3 8,! ,romans began ! fight f ! gates & dis*>g$ arr[s & pots 7( fire740#bjf ,9 #ajfg ,%ems al-,mulk ,nasr1 :5 besieg+ ,bokh>a1 ord]$ inc5di>ies to be dis*>g$ aga9/ "s ar*]s po/$ 9 ! m9>et ( ! ,gr& ,mosque4 ,! wood5 ro( ( ! m9>et took fire1 ! sp>ks fell ^u ! ma9 build+1 & 9 ! end ! :ole mosque 0 burn$ d[n4#bjg ,we may re/ assur$1 !n1 t ! words ,f]i%ta wrote 9 8 acc\nt ( ! battle ne> ,pe%awur1 #ajjh1 7 naph?a & arr[1 n musket & cannon4 ,f> f possess+ muskets 9 ! n9? c5tury1 !re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! ,arabs _h fire>ms1 t is1 arms *>g$ ) an explosive1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,crusade p]iod1 #ajig-abia4 ,s /range & deadly an ag5t ( de/ruction z gunp[d] c\ld n possibly h be5 employ$ 9 ! field )\t ! full k ( bo? p>ties2 yet no hi/orian1 ,*ri/ian or ,moslem1 alludes to an explosive ( any k9d1 :ile all ( !m c>efully record ! use ( inc5di>ies4 ,! ,arab acc\nts ( ^! campaigns w be f\nd collect$ toge!r 9 ,m4 ,re9aud's ,extraits des ,hi/ori5s ,arabes relatifs aux gu]res des ,croisades1 ,p>is1 #ahbi2 ! ,*ri/ian acc\nts are scatt]$ 9 v>i\s volumes2 b !y tea* u no m ?an we h le>nt already 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s ab\t inc5di>ies & ,greek fire3 8les projectiles inc5diaires ont pu re/] peu prs les mmes p5dant t\tes ces ,croisades40#bjh ,at ! siege ( ,nice1 fir/ ,crusade1 we read ( ! ,s>ac5s ?r[+ balls ( pit*1 oil & fat aga9/ ! ma*9es ( ! ,*ri/ians4#bji ,fire-arr[s be>+ pit*1 wax1 sulphur1 & t[ 7 dis*>g$ f ! walls ( ,j]usalem dur+ ! siege 9 ! same ,crusade4#baj ,dur+ ! second ,crusade we f9d ! ,arabs mak+ use ( simil> inc5di>ies1#baa mixtures practically id5tical ) t ( neas ,tacticus1 cir4 #cej ,b4,c41 giv5 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,%ell full ( burn+ naph?a 7 us$ at ! siege ( ,acre1 #aahi-ia1 9 ! ?ird ,crusade2#bab & ,ri*>d ( ,engl&1 on 8 voyage ?i!r1 sank a %ip :i* an eye-witness _h se5 lad$ at ,beyrut ) balli/a1 b[s1 arr[s1 & lances1 & a l>ge supply ( ,greek fire secur$ 9 bottles 7ignem ,grcum abundant] 9 phialis71#bac a phrase :i* rem9ds u ( ! #ah? recipe ( ! ,lib] ,ignium ( ,m>cus ,grcus3 8put ! mixture 9 a glass bottle0 7hoc 9 vase vitreo ponatur74 ,= ! six? ,crusade1 we h ! invaluable ,hi/oire du ,roy ,sa9t ,loys ( ,jo9ville1 :o describes ! t]ror excit$ by ! inc5di>ies ( ! ,moslems1 believ$ by all to be ! "w ( ! ,p[]s ( ,d>kness4 8,quant le bon *evali] ,messire ,gaulti] mon compagnon vit ce feu1 il s'escrie et n\s di/3 ,seigneurs1 n\s sommes p]duz jamais sans nul remde4 ,c> s'ilz brusl5t nos *az *ateilz1 n\s sommes ars et bruslez2 et si n\s laissons nos g>des1 n\s sommes ahontez4444 ,et t\tes les fois que no/re bon ,roy sa9t ,loys oyoit qu'ils n\s gettoi5t a9si ce feu1 il se jettoit t]re1 et t5doit ses ma9s la face leve au ciel1 et crioit haulte voix no/re ,seigneur1 et disoit en pleurant grans l>mes3 ,beausire ,dieu ,jesu*ri/1 g>de moy et t\t mag5t10 c4#bad ,yet ! inc5di>ies :i* creat$ all ?is panic appe> to h w\nd$ b few & to h kill$ nobody6 ,al?\gh no evid5ce is =?com+ to %[ t explosives 7 us$ 9 ,pale/9e dur+ ! ,crusade p]iod1 !re is good evid5ce1 x has be5 said1 to prove t gunp[d] 0 us$ by ! ,arabs 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/1 ,i believe1 to />t ! !ory t ! ,spani% ,arabs possess$ gunp[d] at ?is e>ly p]iod 0 ,mi*ael ,casiri1 a ,m>onite1 :o 0 libr>ian ( ! ,escorial & publi%$ 8 ,biblio!ca ,arabico ,hispana ,escurial5sis 9 #agfj-gj2 & 8 me?od ( support+ 8 !ory :5 translat+ ! ,,ms4 ( ,%ehab b5 ,fadhl1 :i* he dates at #abdi1 0 ! simple "o ( translat+ b>ud by pulvis nitratus1 ! recognis$ ,lat9 phrase = gunp[d]4#bae ,_h he translat$ b>ud by saltpetre no difficulty c\ld h aris51 s9ce an ,arab al*emi/1 ,abd ,allah1 /ates t saltpetre 0 s call$ 9 ! ,we/ dur+ ! second qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4#baf ,!re w\ld be no?+ surpris+1 !re=e1 9 f9d+ saltpetre mixtures employ$ 9 ,spa9 at ?is p]iod2 b saltpetre mixtures1 su* z ! la/ ?ree giv5 9 ,table ,,ii41 are n necess>ily explosive4 ,n only is ,casiri's translation ( b>ud unw>rantable1 b he probably dates 8 ,,ms4 a c5tury too e>ly4 ,m4 ,re9aud1 a safe guide1 believes t ! ,,ms4 is ,al-,om>i's1 & dates #acdi1bag eighte5 ye>s aft] ! siege ( ,cividale :]e ! ,g]mans us$ cannon1#bah & ?ree ye>s aft] ,cressy :]e we c]ta9ly _h guns4#bai ,casiri's me?ods are well illu/rat$ by 8 translation ( an ,arabic passage relat+ to ! siege ( ,baza1 #acbe1 by ,ismael b5 ,nasr1 ,k+ ( ,granada4 ,! lit]al translation ( ! passage is z foll[s3 8,he 7! ,k+7 m>*$ ?r\gh ! enemy's c\ntry to ! t[n ( ,baza1 :i* he inve/$ & attack$4 ,by means ( a great ma*9e provid$ ) naph?a 7made up 97 hot 7burn+7 balls1 he /ruck ! ar* ( an inaccessible t[]40#bbj ,accord+ to ,casiri ! passage reads3 8,%ift+ 8 camp1 he besieg$ ) a l>ge army ! t[n ( ,baza1 :]e1 by apply+ fire1 he dis*>g$ 7explosit7 ) mu* noise a great ma*9e1 provid$ ) naph?a & a ball1 into a =tifi$ t[]40#bba ,he introduces1 x w be obs]v$1 an explosion 7explosit7 into a passage :i* nei!r m5tions nor sugge/s "o4 ,! application ( fire has no place 9 ! orig9al1 & sugge/s ! ignition ( an explosive *>ge4 ,he *anges ! mean+ ( ! orig9al by gratuit\sly ins]t+ an & betwe5 naph?a & ball1 :i* 7 "o & ! same ?+4 ,he leaves u to inf] t ! *>ge 0 naph?a1 ?\gh x 0 n explosive & c\ld n project a ball4 ,he speaks ( ! explosion be+ accompani$ by a l\d noise1 ( :i* !re is no?+ 9 ! orig9al4 ,! inc5di>y balls are m5tion$ 9 ano!r ,arabic acc\nt ( ?is siege1 translat$ by ,conde 9 8 ,hi/oria de la ,dom9acion de los ,arabes en ,espagna1 p4 #eic3 8,! ,arabs attack$ ! city night & day ) ma*9es & eng9es :i* ?rew balls ( fire ) a l\d noise0 7combatio la ciudad de dia y no*e con maqu9as +5ios que lanzaban globos de fuego con gr&es tru5os74 ,9 ?is passage ! dis*>ge ( ! inc5di>y balls is said to h be5 accompani$ by 8?und]+s10 & at ! siege ( ,nibla1 #abeg1 we are aga9 told t ! ,moors 8laun*$ /ones & d>ts f ma*9es1 & missiles ( ?und] ) fire0 7lanzaban pi$ras y d>dos con magu9as1 y tiros de tru5o con fuego74#bbb ,f ?is innoc5t metaphor1 tru5o con fuego1 ! ,emp]or ,leo's 8?und] ) smoke10 has be5 wr5*$ ! mean+ t ! ,arabs possess$ a tra9 ( artill]y4 8,il n'y a ri5 cela que de vraisemblable10 says ! ,emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii4#bbc ,no?+1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 c be m unlikely4 ,! ,arab writ] is deal+ ) ma*9es :i*1 he says 9 8 own way1 dis*>g$ /ones & d>ts1 & also igne\s missiles :i* burn$ ) mu* noise4 ,ano!r ,arab1 already quot$ 7p4 #d71 gives a fre] re9 to 8 fancy3 ! projectiles 8ro> l ?und]2 !y flame l a furnace2 !y r$uce ev]y?+ to a%es40 ,9 pla9 words1 !y are inc5di>ies4 ,! writ] makes no allusion to ! effect ( _! mom5tum or %ock2 he impresses on u ! effect ( _! ess5tial quality--_! inc5di>y p[]1 exagg]at+ ! noise made by _! combu/ion4 ,jo9ville writes 9 a simil> /yle ( ,greek fire3 8,la manire du feu grgeois e/oit telle 444 ,il faisoit tel bruit v5ir qu'il sembloit que ce fu/ f\ldre qui *eu/ du ciel 444 et gettoit si grant cl>t qu'il faisoit aussi cl] d$ans no/re o/ comme le j\r1 tant y avoit grant flamme de feu40#bbd ,unless we make due all[ance = ! luxuriant ,ori5tal imag9ation1 we may despair ( ev] be+ able to rea* ! mean+ ( ! ,ea/]n writ]s4 ,"o ( !m wants to expla9 t ! dit* ( a =t 0 deep & wide1 & he tells u x 0 8broad z ! ocean & fa?omless40#bbe ,wi%+ to /ate t on ! arrival ( ! army on its banks1 ! ,n]budda1 :i* happ5$ to be 9 flood1 subsid$ quickly1 ano!r writ] says3 8,y might say t x 7! riv]7 0 a remnant ( ! univ]sal deluge4 ,z ! miracul\s p[] ( ! sa9tly ,sultan accompani$ ! ,army1 all ! :irlpools & dep?s became ( !mselves imm$iately dry on ! arrival ( ! ,army1 & ! ,musulmans pass$ ov] ) ease40#bbf ,a simil> indulg5ce 9 metaphor1 al?\gh n s unbridl$1 is f\nd 9 ,european writ]s4 ,= in/ance1 ,vegetius lik5s ! projectile hurl$ by an onag] to a ?und]bolt2#bbg & ! ,pr9cess ,anna ,comn5a comp>es ! fi]y p>ticles bl[n by ! brea? ?r\gh a popgun1 or spitfire1 to lightn+4#bbh ,x is h>dly necess>y to exam9e ! acc\nts giv5 by ,conde ( ! siege ( ,t>ifa1 #acdj1 & by ,casiri ( ! siege ( ,algesiras1 #acdb1 s9ce bo? sieges took place "s ye>s aft] t ( ,cividale1 #acca4 ,! read] w f9d ! two acc\nts ably analys$ 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 pp4 #gj-gd4 ,if ! ,arabs _h possess$ an explosive 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! fact mu/ h be5 kn[n to _! al*emi/s1 & !y %[ no su* k4 ,!re is n an allusion to saltpetre 9 ! ,leyd5 ,arabic ,,ms4 ( #abbe4bbi ,hassan er-,rammah1 :o di$ 9 #abie1 knew no?+ ( explosives4 ,9 speak+ ( saltpetre 9 ! ye> #acaa1 ,yusuf ibn ,ismal al-,juni says3 8,! p ( ,irak use x to make a fire :i* t5ds to rise & move4 ,saltpetre increases ! ease & rapidity ( ignition40#bcj ,?is s5t5ce conta9s ! sum total ( ,yusuf's k ( saltpetre mixtures4 ,he 0 aw>e ( ! effects ( _! progressive combu/ion1 b he knew no?+ ab\t _! explosive combu/ion4 ,by :omsoev] gunp[d] 0 inv5t$1 x 0 n by ! ,arabs4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,h9dus ,9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 by ord] ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 a committee ( ,brahm9s collect$ a body ( ,g5too 7or ,h9du7 laws f a numb] ( anci5t ,sanskrit books4 ,^! laws 7 translat$ into ,p]sian "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( "o ( ! ,brahm9s1 & ! ,p]sian v]sion 0 translat$ into ,engli% 9 #aggf by ,mr4 ,n4 ,b4 ,halh$1 ,b5gal ,civil ,s]vice4 ,9 8 preface he /ates t gunp[d] _h be5 kn[n 9 ,india 8f> beyond all p]iods ( inve/igation10 a conclusion arriv$ at by a me?od n[ famili> to ! read]3 8! ^w #8fire>ms' is lit]ally 9 ,sanskrit agni a/ra 444 ,cannon 9 ! ,sanskrit idiom is %ataghni40 ,agni is f\nd 9 ! ,lat9 ignis fire2 a/ra1 ,romocki expla9s1 is connect$ ) ! ,slav o/r po9t 7( an arr[1 c472 & ! comp\nd agnia/ra is simply a fire-arr[ or rocket4 ,9 ! %ataghni1 or 8hundr$ kill]10 we h "s weapon describ$ 9 ! exagg]at$ /yle usual 9 e>ly times & by no means conf9$ to ,india4 ,:5 ,sigurd /ruck an anvil ) 8 sword ,gram1 8he cleft x d[n to ! /ock !re(20#bca & 8if "o smote a m\nta90 ) al-,mahik 7! annihilator7 ! sword ( ,gh>ib1 8#8tw\ld ov]?r[ x40#bcb ,!re is no?+ to connect ! %ataghni ) fire3 inde$ x seems to h be5 a mace1 = 9 ! 8,raghuvansa0 ! demon is said to h laid 8 iron-head$ %ataghni ^u ,rama1 j z ,kuv]a laid 8 club on ,jamraj4#bcc ,no m5tion ( any projectile dis*>g$ by an explosive is to be f\nd 9 ,manu's 8,code ( ,laws10 & to ,manu belongs a passage 9 ! 8,code ( ,g5too ,laws0 7p4 #ec7 :i* ei!r ,halh$ has mi/ranslat$ f ! ,p]sian1 or ! ,p]sian translators h mi/ranslat$ f ! ,sanskrit4 ,pr(essor ,ry has une>!d ! orig9al text ( ,manu 7vii4 #ij71 & gives ! correct translation3 8,! k+ %all n slay 8 enemies 9 battle ) deceitful or b>b$ or poison$ weapons1 nor ) any hav+ a blade made r$ hot by fire1#bcd or tipp$ ) burn+ mat]ials40#bce ,halh$'s translation is3 8,! magi/rate %all n make w> ) any deceitful ma*9e1 or ) poison$ weapons1 or ) cannon & guns1 or ) any o!r k9d ( fire>ms40 ,mephi/opheles 0 "r3-- 8,mit ,wort5 ls/ si* treffli* /reit51 ,mit ,wort5 e9 ,sy/em b]eit540 ,halh$'s mi/akes might h be5 =gott5 _h !y n be5 reviv$ & elaborat$ by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,opp]t 9 an essay 8,on ! ,weapons1 c41 ( ! ,anci5t ,h9dus10 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,8 argum5t is briefly ?is3 fire>ms are cle>ly m5tion$ 9 ! 8,laws ( ,manu0 & two v anci5t ,sanskrit poems2 !re=e at "s v remote p]iod ! ,h9dus possess$ an explosive :i*1 = :atev] reason1 fell into disuse ev5tually4 8,does ! passage 9 ,manu ref] to fire>ms or n80 asks ,dr4 ,opp]t4 8,9 our op9ion x c]ta9ly alludes to !m0 7p4 #gj74 ,we ne$ n recur to ! mi/ranslation ( ,manu already notic$4 ,! two poems on :i* ,dr4 ,opp]t relies = fur!r evid5ce are ! ,nitipraksika ( ,vaisampayana1 & ! ,sukraniti ( ,sukra4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 ! ,h9du deities1 ,sita1 ,indra1 ,kri%na1 c41 7 au?ors ( 8books on polity40 ,brahma's contribution to lit]ature consi/$ ( #aj1jjj1jjj d\ble v]ses 7p4 #cf74 ,! con/itution ( an army 0 z foll[s 7p4 #e73-- ,foot #b1ahg1jjj1jjj ,horse #ba1hgj1jjj ,elephants #bah1gjj ,*>iots #ba1hgj ,! 8arms 9 use0 ( "o species 7 =ty-f\r 9 numb]2 ( ano!r species1 fifty-five4 ,rabelais has only succe$$ 9 catalogu+ =ty-six arms 9 ! introduction to ! ?ird book ( 8,pantagruel40 ,le/ ! n9ety-n9e arms 9 use might fail to ensure success1 a spell 7( ?irty-two syllables7 is giv5 7p4 #aj7 :i* w\ld br+ c]ta9 victory to him :o repeat$ x #cb1jjj times4 ,bo? ( ^! v]aci\s works1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly m5tion cannon & muskets1 & a recipe = gunp[d] is giv5 9 ! ,sukraniti4#bcf ,dr4 ,opp]t makes no critical exam9ation ( ! texts ( ^! poems to asc]ta9 :e!r !y conta9 ! int]polations to be f\nd 9 mo/ ,ori5tal works4 ,( _! age he only says t 8no ,*9ese "w 444 c1 ) respect to antiquity1 be comp>$ ) ! ,sukraniti0 7p4 #de74 ,z ! read] w f9d 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 ?is implies a consid]able age4 ,x is h>d to believe t gunp[d] 0 kn[n to a p ^: language conta9$ no ^w = saltpetre2#bcg t cannon 7 us$ by m5 ^: books make no allusion to gunp[d]1 ) ! exception j m5tion$4 8,x is peculi>10 says ,dr4 ,opp]t1 8t p[d] %\ld n h be5 m5tion$ 9 ,sanskrit works0 7p4 #fc74 ,! same peculi>ity is obs]vable 9 ,anglo-,saxon works1 & is probably due to ! same cause4 ,b ! fatal objection to ! exi/5ce ( ?is v e>ly explosive is ! admitt$ fact t aft] a "t x 0 disc>d$ & =gott54 ,writ]s :o lightly tell u s are app>5tly unconsci\s ( ! greatness ( ! dem& !y make ^u our cr$ulity4 ,!y ask u1 9 effect1 to accept ! a/oni%+ proposition1 t a nation volunt>ily surr5d]$1 )\t any assignable cause1 an incalculable 8advantage0 9 ! 8/ruggle = exi/5ce0--! eag]1 cont9u\s1 & un5d+ prep>ation = self-def5ce :i* is1 9 ,mr4 ,bagehot's words1 8! mo/ %[y fact0 9 human hi/ory4 ,x is inf9itely m probable t ! passages 9 ! two poems :i* m5tion gunp[d] & cannon 7 int]polat$ by ! scribes ( aft]-ages ?an t ! ,h9dus wantonly broke ! fir/ & /ronge/ law ( human nature1 ! law ( self-def5ce4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ! recipe = gunp[d] 9 ! ,sukraniti is an int]polation4 ,! proportions are giv5 9 ! fir/ place z #e3a3a1 & !n x is add$1 8if ! p[d] is to be us$ = a gun10 let !m be #d3a3a1 or #f3a3a4bch ,& :y n #e3a3a also8 ,?is recipe 0 n writt5 by a gunn]3 x is ! h&iwork ( "s *>latan ( ! sixte5? or sev5te5? c5tury1 :o imag9$ t1 by mak+ a c]ta9 my/]y ab\t ! proportions #e3a3a1 he %\ld give a semblance ( great antiquity to ! recipe4 ,b he blund]$ badly ab\t ! proportions4 ,! proportions #d3a3a 7 only rea*$ by ! ,sw$es ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5?#bci c5tury1 & approa*$ by ! ,engli% ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5?1#bdj & p[d] ( su* /r5g? w\ld h bl[n weak1 e>ly bomb>ds to pieces4 ,o!r s\nd reasons are giv5 by compet5t critics = reject+ f fir/ to la/ ! allusions to fire>ms conta9$ 9 ! two poems4 ,a critic 9 ,nature po9ts out t a "w :i* m5tions ! ,hunas 7,huns or ,europeans7 _c be ( ! age app>5tly assign$ by ,dr4 ,opp]t to ! ,nitipraksika4#bda 8,opp]t10 says ,sir ,r4 ,burton1 8%[s no reason :y ! allusions to1 & descriptions (1 gunp[d] & fire>ms %\ld n be held mod]n int]polations into ^! absurd compositions40#bdb ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,s9clair concludes f ! /rong resemblance betwe5 ! fire>ms describ$ & ^? :i* we "k 7 import$ into ,india dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ei!r t ! ,,mss4 date no fur!r back ?an ! sixte5? c5tury1 or t ! allusions to fire>ms 7 int]polat$ at t p]iod4#bdc 8,"o is naturally l$ to suspect10 says ,pr(essor ,ray1 8t ! l9es 7( ! ,sukraniti7 relat+ to gunp[d] 444 are int]polations40 ,! suspicion is fur!r enhanc$ :5 x is borne 9 m9d t 9 ! 8,polity ( ,kam&aki10 an anci5t "w ( und\bt$ au!nticity1 8!re occurs no ref]5ce :atev] to fire>ms1 nor is !re any 9 ! ,agnipurana1 9 :i* ! subject ( tra9+ 9 ! use ( arms & arm\r takes up f\r *apt]s4444 ,! m rational conclusion w\ld be t ! ,sukraniti is a pat*work1 9 :i* portions ( *ap4 iv4 7 add$ "s "t aft] ! introduction ( gunp[d] 9 ,indian w>f>e dur+ ! ,moslem p]iod40#bdd 8,! la/ *apt] is app>5tly spuri\s10 says ,raj5dralala ,mitra1 8z x describes guns z !y exi/$ a hundr$ ye>s ago40#bde ,f9ally1 ,h]r von ,romocki utt]ly rejects ,dr4 ,opp]t's !ory4#bdf ,! milit>y hi/ory ( ,india confirms ! conclusions ( ! writ]s :o h be5 quot$3 n a fact is to be f\nd !re :i* l5ds any support to ! !ory ( e>ly gunp[d] 9 ,india4 ,! employm5t ( gunp[d] 9 ,europe revolutionis$ ! art ( w> & affect$1 m or less1 almo/ e human in/itution4 8,! milit>y art10 says ,gibbon1 8has be5 *ang$ by ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]4444 ,ma!matics1 *ymi/ry1 me*anics1 ar*itecture1 h be5 appli$ to ! sci5ce ( w>40#bdg ,gunp[d]1 says ,a4 ,comte1 8en emprimant l'art de la gu]re un c>actre de plus en plus sci5tifique1 a directem5t t5du intress] t\s les p\voirs l'actif dvellopem5t cont9u de la philosophie naturelle40#bdh ,we may reasonably assume t ! discov]y ( s trem5d\s an ag5t z gunp[d] w\ld h produc$ 9 ,india "s few effects1 at lea/1 simil> 9 _! g5]al features to ! effects x produc$ 9 ,europe4 ,to m5tion "o or two details3 ,sanskrit w\ld h co9$ a ^w = saltpetre1 :i* x did n possess2 ! use ( ! b[ w\ld h be5 curtail$2 a la/+ m>k w\ld h be5 put on =tifications2 & "s few specim5s ( ! e>ly fire>ms might h surviv$4 ,n a trace ( ^! or simil> *anges is to be f\nd2 n a ve/ige ( e>ly fire>ms has rema9$4 ,g5]al ,cunn+ham ?\ght t ! /ate ( ! ru9s ( c]ta9 anci5t ,ka%mir temples proves ! use ( an explosive 9 _! de/ruction1#bdi b m prolong$ obs]vation %[s t _! condition is *iefly ! effect ( natural ag5cies4 8,! f+]s ( ,"t1 & mod]ate movem5ts ( ! e>?1 h be5 mak+ op5+s 9 "s ( ! o!r old ,h9du build+s 9 ,ka%mir10 su* z ! little temple ( ,paya* & ! spl5did temple ( ,m>t&2 8& f _! appe>ance x may be believ$ t ^! same ag5cies1 toge!r ) und]m9+ "w appli$ = wilful de/ruction1 c\ld d :at has be5 done40#bej ,! pl5tiful supply ( saltpetre to be f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,ganges has be5 br\ght =w>d z a pro( t ! anci5t ,h9dus mu/ h _h gunp[d]1 b ! fact proves no?+4 ,h[ _m c5turies did coal lie )9 rea* ( man's h&1 9 ,engl& & else:]e1 be=e x 0 discov]$ & made use (8 ,! attractive prop]ty ( ! magnet 0 kn[n to ,plato 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 & ,lucretius 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 devotes a long passage ( 8 poem to x 7vi4 #iji-ajhi72 yet its prop]ty ( po9t+ nor? & s\? :5 free to move horizontally is fir/ di/9ctly m5tion$ 79 ,europe7 9 ! twelf? c5tury ,a4,d4#bea ,e>ly ,indian gunp[d] is a fiction4 ,! fir/ gunp[d] & fire>ms us$ 9 ,india 7 nei!r inv5t$ nor manufactur$ by ! ,h9dus3 !y 7 import$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages f ! ,we/4 ,! guns ( ,upp] ,india ent]$ ?r\gh ,afghani/an2 ^? ( ,we/]n ,india 7 br\ght by %ips4 ,let u consid] ! latt] fir/4 8,if any reliance is to be plac$ on ,m\lla ,daud ,bidury1 ! au?or ( ,tohfutu-s ,salut910 says ,g5]al ,briggs1 8guns 7 us$ 79 #acfh7 by ! ,h9dus 7( ,bijanag>71 & 9 a subsequ5t passage 7,f]i%ta rem>ks7 t ! ,muhammadans us$ !m = ! fir/ "t dur+ ! next campaign4 ,b ,i am dispos$ to d\bt ! validity ( bo? ^! /atem5ts4444 ,f]i%ta 444 also obs]ves t ,turks & ,europeans skill$ 9 gunn]y work$ ! artill]y4 ,t guns 7 9 common use be=e ! arrival ( ! ,portuguese 9 ,india 9 #adih1 seems c]ta9 f ! m5tion ( ,f>ia y ,s\sa40#beb ,! fir/ obs]vation sugge/$ by ?is passage is1 t ,f]i%ta does n say ! ,h9dus _h guns on ?is occasion2 he says !y _h 7'arbah71#bec a ^w :i* orig9ally meant a c>t4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( field artill]y ! guns 7 c>ri$ 9 c>ts1#bed f :i* !y 7 tak5 & laid on tre/les :5 requir$ = use4 ,:eel$ gun-c>riages only came into g5]al use 9 ,europe dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xi4 ( ,france 7#adfa-hc74bee ,?+s foll[$ ! same c\rse 9 ,india1 & ! ^w 'arba ?us came 9 "t to h two mean+s2 mo/ arba be+ simply c>ts1 "s be+ 7s to speak7 gun-c>riages4 ,!n lat] writ]s arose :o insi/$ t all 'arba 7 gun-c>riages at ! e>ly date ( #acfh1 because "s 'arba 7 gun-c>riages 9 & aft] #aebf4 ,f]i%ta 7:o di$ ab\t #afaa7 fell into ! trap1 & aft] him fell sev]al mod]n hi/orians4 ,secondly1 ,g5]al ,briggs' conclusion ab\t guns 9 ,india be=e #adih seems some:at ungu>d$4 ,x is beyond dispute t fire>ms 7 us$ on ! we/ coa/ ( ,india dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b ! evid5ce we possess po9ts to ! conclusion t !y belong$ almo/ exclusively to ,arab & ,portuguese %ips4 ,! fact t ,capta9 ,cook cruis$ on ! coa/ ( ,otaheite 9 #agfi 9 a %ip equipp$ ) fire>ms1 does n w>rant ! conclusion t ! natives possess$ fire>ms4 ,f]i%ta 0 writ+ ab\t ev5ts :i* took place two hundr$ ye>s be=e he 0 born1 & !re is a p>ticul> reason = d\bt+ ! exi/5ce ( fire>ms 9 ,bijanag> at ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,9 #adda ',abd ur-,razzak1 :o _h be5 s5t to ,india by ,%ah ,rukh on an embassy to ,calicut1 visit$ ,bijanag>1 ^: ru9s may /ill be se5 on ! banks ( ! ,tumbhadra4 ,he has giv5 u a full & amus+ acc\nt ( :at he saw1 bur/+ =? into poetry on ! ugl9ess ( ! natives3-- 8,i h lov$ a moon-fac$ beauty1 ,b ,i _c fall 9 love ) e black woman40#bef ,he 0 pres5t at ! great review held dur+ ! fe/ival ( ,mahanawi1 :5 8! numb] ( p & ! huge elephants resembl$ ! gre5 sea & ! myriads :i* w appe> on ! ,pla9s ( ! ,resurrection40 ,n an allusion is made to fire>ms1 al?\gh he notices ! naph?a-?r[]s m\nt$ on elephants4#beg ,f]i%ta tells u t 9 ! ye> #hhg ,a4,h4 7,a4,d4 #adhb71 ,mahm\d ,%ah ,begurra ( ,guj>at1 he>+ t ,cambay 0 likely to be raid$ by ! pirates ( ,buls>1 collect$ a fleet conta9+ 8a =ce ( gunn]s1 muskete]s1 & ar*]s10 & defeat$ !m4 ,on ?is passage ,g5]al ,briggs rem>ks3 8,?is is ! fir/ m5tion ( artill]y & musketry 9 ! ,guj>at hi/ory4 ,!y 7 probably introduc$ by ! ,arabs & ,turks f ! ,r$ ,sea & ,p]sian ,gulf40#beh ,! fire>ms t came f ! ,p]sian ,gulf mu/ h be5 few & f> betwe54 ,writ+ 9 #aedi1 a ,jesuit says3 8,! ,p]sians use no bomb>ds or arms ( ?is k9d40#bei ,!re is no m5tion ( ! ,buls> exp$ition 9 ! 8,hi/ory ( ,guj>at10 by ,ali ,muhammad ,khan1 translat$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,bird4 ,! ,mirat-i ,sik&>i1 a hi/ory ( ,guj>at translat$ by ,sir ,e4 ,c4 ,bayley1 speaks ( an attack made by ,mahm\d on c]ta9 pirates z e>ly z #hgh ,a4,h4 7,a4,d4 #adgc71 b nei!r ,buls> nor fire>ms are m5tion$4 ,we are told1 h[ev]1 t dur+ a previ\s exp$ition 9 ! same ye> aga9/ ! isl& ( ,sankhodh>1 ! infidels 7,h9dus7 8resi/$ bravely & kept up a su/a9$ dis*>ge ( arr[s & muskets0 7pp4 #aih-i74 ,f]i%ta relates t dur+ ! siege ( ,*ampanir1 #adhd1 a %ell 7hookah7 fell on ! ,rajah's palace2 b he does n /ate h[ x 0 dis*>g$1 nor :e!r x 0 explosive or inc5di>y4#bfj ,on l&+ at ,calicut 9 #adih1 ,vasco da ,gama & 8 foll[]s 7 l$ ?r\gh ! /reets ) tomtoms beat+1 & f "t to "t an esp+>da1 or musket1 0 fir$ (f4#bfa ,! t[n seems to h possess$ only "o ( ^! weapons4 ,at lea/1 ! soldi]s ( ! gu>d :o m\nt$ ov] ,gama aft] he _h be5 arre/$ 7 n arm$ ) esp+>das1 b ) swords1 dagg]s1 & b[s1#bfb & no m5tion is made ( !re be+ any cannon 9 ! t[n4 ,9 #aejb a sea-fight took place 9 ^! wat]s betwe5 a ,portuguese man-(-w> & a ,moori% 7,arab7 %ip1 dur+ :i* ! ,arab bore d[n on ! ,portuguese1 8p\r+ 9 h] %ot1 & !n made away40#bfc ,! orig9al says3 8,una nube de fle*as sobre nue/ra g5te y algunas balas20 i4e4 a cl\d ( arr[s & "s balls4#bfd ,^! balls 7 und\bt$ly cannon balls4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,,mss4 #hbf-h1 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,p>is1 t 9 #iag ,a4,h4 7,a4,d4 #aeaa-ab7 ,modhaff] ,%ah ( ,guj>at s5t to ,kansuh1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 ask+ him = arms & cannon to enable ! ,guj>atis to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! ,europeans2 8! p ( ,india n hav+ hi!rto possess$ ,artill]y ( any k9d40#bfe ,9 answ] to ?is reque/1 ,hossa9 0 s5t to sea 9 comm& ( a consid]able fleet4 ,if ,mahm\d possess$ %ips ) guns 9 #adhb1 h[ came x t 9 #aeaa ! ,guj>atis 7 s5d+ r\nd ! _w begg+ = fire>ms8 ,_h ,mahm\d m]ely hir$ = ! occasion f ! ,arabs ! %ips & guns ) :i* he cru%$ ! ,buls> pirates8 ,x is impossible to say categorically2 b two facts may be extract$ f ! =ego+ conflict+ /atem5ts--fir/1 t fire>ms 7 us$ by ,arab & ,portuguese %ips on ! we/ coa/ ( ,india be=e ! ,h9dus possess$ !m1 & secondly1 t !re 0 an esp+>da 9 ! t[n ( ,calicut 9 #adih4 ,:atev] d\bt !re may be ab\t ! exact date at :i* ! natives ( ,we/]n ,india fir/ procur$ fire>ms f ! =eign %ips :i* visit$ _! %ores1 !re c be none ab\t ! fir/ employm5t ( artill]y 9 ,upp] ,india4 ,z has be5 already /at$1 ! ma*9es ( ! ,greeks 7 adopt$ at an e>ly p]iod by ! ,p]sians1 f :om !y 7 ev5tually borr[$ by ! ,arabs1 ,mughals1 c4 ,! ,h9dus 9 turn adopt$ ! ma*9es !y saw employ$ by _! invad]s & nam$ !m1 accord+ to _! cu/om1 aft] ! "p ( ! _w !y came f--maghribha we/]n 7ma*9es or manjank74 ,at ! abortive attack on ,rantambhor1 #abij1 ,sultan ,jalalu-d ,d9 ord]$ ,we/]ns to be erect$4#bff ,! ,h9dus _h collect$ mat]ials = mak+ inc5di>ies be=e be+ besieg$ 9 ! same =tress by ,sultan ,alau-d ,d9 9 #acjj4 8,e day ! fire ( ^? inf]nals fell on ! light ( ! ,moslems1 &1 z !re 7 no means ( ext+ui%+ x1 !y fill$ bags ) clay & prep>$ entr5*m5ts4444 ,! ,royal ,we/]ns %ot l>ge e>!n balls aga9/ t infidel =t4444 ,! /ones f ! balli/as & catapults )9 & )\t ! =t enc\nt]$ ea* o!r half-way & emitt$ light5+40#bfg ,dur+ ! attack on ,arangal1 #acji1 ! ,we/]ns 87 play$ on bo? sides & _m 7 w\nd$40#bfh ,! mud walls 7 s /rong & ela/ic t ! balls ( ! ,we/]ns reb\nd$ (f !m 8l nuts :i* *ildr5 play )40#bfi ,ev5tually ! 8we/]n /one-balls0 =m$ a brea* & ! =t fell4 ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 by ,amir ,khusru :o di$ 9 #acae1 ( :om ,sir ,h4 ,m4 ,elliot says 7vi4 #dfe73--8;,he is full ( illu/rations & leaves no mann] ( d\bt t no?+ l gunp[d] 0 kn[n to him40 ,ne> ! close ( ! c5tury1 #acih-i1 ! ,h9dus besieg$ by ,timur 9 ,bhatnir 8ca/ d[n 9 %[]s arr[s & /ones & fireworks ^u ! heads ( ! assailants40#bgj ,at ! attack on ,*&]i1 #aebg-h1 8! ,pagans ex]t$ !mselves to ! utmo/1 hurl+ d[n /ones & ?r[+ flam+ sub/ances on ! heads0 ( ,bab>'s troops4#bga ,9 #aebh-i1 ! ,h9dus succe$$ 9 ignit+ ) 8fireworks1 turp5t9e1 & o!r combu/ibles0 "s hay :i* ! ,mughals _h collect$ 9 ! =t ( ,luckn[4 ,! heat became s intol]able t ! ,mughals retir$ & ! =t 0 tak54#bgb ,x is ne$less to enl>ge ! li/ ( quotations3 inc5di>ies pursu$ mu* ! same c\rse 9 ,upp] ,india z 9 ,greece & ,arabia4 ,no reliable evid5ce ( an explosive is to be f\nd until ! #ba/ ,april #aebf1 ! date ( ! decisive battle ( ,panipat1 9 :i* ,ibrahim1 ,sultan ( ,delhi1 0 kill$ & 8 army r\t$ by ,bab>1 ! ,mughal1 :o possess$ fire>ms great & small4#bgc ,on ! introduction ( ,artill]y ! ^w maghribiha 0 gradually replac$ by ! m def9ite ^w f]+iha ,european4 ,at ,panipat ! ,artill]y ( ! left c5tre 0 comm&$ by ,mu/apha ,rumi1 ^: "n is suffici5t pro( ( 8 we/]n orig94 ,b traces ( ,european artisans are to be f\nd long be=e ?is4 ,:5 ! ,k+ ( ,gor cross$ ! ,attok 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 he _h ) him 8skilful ,franks1 le>n$ 9 all ! arts40#bgd ,! success ( ! attack on ,*itor 9 #aeia1 by ,buhadur1 ,sultan ( ,guj>at1 0 *iefly due to 8 eng9e]1 ,labri ,khan ( ,fr5gan ,frangi/an1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,franks4#bge ,speak+ ( ! ,mughal ,artill]y 9 #afie1 ,dr4 ,c>]i tells u t x 0 8all1 especially ! heavy ,artill]y1 "u ! direction ( ,franks1 or ,*ri/ian gunn]s1 :o _h extraord9>y pay40#bgf ,haid> ,mirza gives u "o or two details ab\t ,bab>'s guns :i* des]ve a pass+ notice4#bgg ,!re 0 a z>b-zan1 or swivel gun1 c>ry+ a ball ( #ejj miskals1 & a heavi] gun ?r[+ a 8brass0 ball :i* weigh$ #ejjj miskals1 & co/ #bjj miskals ( silv]4 ,! =m] 0 drawn by f\r1 ! latt] by eight pairs ( bullocks4 ,let u adopt ! weight ( ! miskal giv5 9 ,/e+ass' 8,p]sian ,diction>y10--#a-c_/g dra*ms #ci4jde grs4 troy1 :i* makes ! weight ( ,bab>'s l>ge ball #cd lbs4 ne>ly4#bgh ,its price1 #bjj miskals1 w\ld !n be #ghji grs4 troy ( pure 7silv]71 or 7s9ce our /&>d %ill+ is #hg4bg grs4 troy & its f95ess #cg_/dj7 #if4g %ill+s ( our pres5t money4 ,! price ( a #aj4ah lbs4 ball ( ! same mat]ial w\ld consequ5tly be #bis41 includ+ ! co/ ( manufacture4 ,! price ( ! ,engli% #d0 bronze ball ( #aj4ah lbs4 giv5 "h 9 ,table ,x41 is #bf4dfh;d41 or ab\t #bbs4 ( our pres5t money1 exclusive ( ! co/ ( manufacture4 ,add+ #gs4 to cov] ! co/ ( manufacture1#bgi its price w\ld be ab\t #bis4 ,! value ( ! alloy 9 our %ill+ has be5 neglect$ "h1 & ,que5 ,elizabe?'s money may n h be5 wor? exactly sev5 times our money2 b mak+ full all[ance = bo? ^! errors1 ! prices ( ! two balls approximate z closely z c be reasonably expect$4 ,gunp[d] 0 n inv5t$ by ! ,h9dus3 its discov]y by !m w\ld h fall5 little %ort ( a miracle4 ,! ext9ction ( ,buddhism ab\t ! n9? c5tury ,a4,d41 & ! consequ5t e/abli%m5t ( a dom9ant prie/ly class1 7 a dea?bl[ to ! cultivation ( physical sci5ce4 ,by ! seem+ly innoc5t in/itution ( ca/e1 ! ,brahm9s succe$$ 9 trampl+ sci5ce 9 ! du/4 ,"o ca/e 0 n p]mitt$ to t\* ?is1 ano!r ca/e c\ld n t\* t sub/ance2 & ! high] ! ca/e1 ! great] ! numb] ( =bidd5 objects4 ,! /udy ( exp]im5tal sci5ce 0 consequ5tly ?r[n back ^u ! l[e/ & poore/ classes1 :o _h nei!r ! means1 ! leisure1 nor ! incl9ation to pursue x4 ,?us 8! _s ( inquiry gradually di$ out10 says a ,h9du ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 8& ! "n ( ,india 0 all b expung$ f ! map ( ! sci5tific _w40#bhj ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,*9ese ,*9a1 l ,india1 af=ds an example ( 8arre/$ civilisation30 ! ,*9ese intellect & language became petrifi$ :ile /ill 9 a primitive /age ( developm5t4 ,b1 unlike ! ,h9dus1 ! ,*9ese betook !mselves at an e>ly p]iod to hi/orical pursuits4 8,deb>r$ bo? by ! nature ( ! mat]ial at _! comm& & by a lack ( orig9al g5ius f indulg+ 9 ! high] bran*es ( imag9ative writ+1 ,*9ese au?ors devot$ !mselves ) untir+ en]gy & ) v consid]able ability to ! compilation ( in=mation conc]n+ _! own & neighb\r+ c\ntries40#bha ,among ! results ( _! lab\rs are ! 8,tw5ty-,"o ,hi/ories10 f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 sixty-six folio volumes1 & a numb] ( va/ ,encyclopdias1 ( :i* ! ,koo-k9-too-%oo1 c41 occupies #faji volumes4 ,f su* imm5se compilations & o!r s\rces ,*9ese s*ol>s h suppli$ u ) mu* in=mation ab\t ! pres5t subject4 ,al?\gh ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] is disclaim$ = 8 c\ntrym5 8by e 7,*9ese7 writ] :o treats s]i\sly0 on ! subject1#bhb ! p *]i% ! leg5d t ! inv5tion 0 made by a ,*9aman 9 "s =gott5 pa/4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is leg5d among a p possess$ ( a deep v5]ation = antiquity is 9 no way surpris+4 ,e ,*9ese cu/om1 art1 & in/itution is suppos$ to be v anci5t1 & :at is n really old is readily inve/$ ) fictiti\s antiquity4 ,! _w z we "k x1 !y tell u1 came into be+ #b1fgj1jjj ye>s be=e ,confucius1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ! prophet ,daniel4 8,! m sob] hi/orians1 h[ev]1 are cont5t to beg9 ) a suffici5tly my?ical ,emp]or1 :o reign$ only #bhjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era40#bhc ,?is insatiable crav+ = antiquity is %[n 9 all _! works4 8,z ) all o!r arts 7! ,*9ese7 h claim$ = ! manufacture ( porcela9 an antiquity f> beyond ! actual facts ( ! case4 ,?is exagg]at$ e/imate ( ! antiquity ( ,*9ese porcela9 0 = a long "t support$ by ! suppos$ discov]y 9 ,egypt ( c]ta9 small bottles made ( real porcela9 & inscrib$ ) ,*9ese *>act]s1 :i* 7 said to h be5 f\nd 9 tombs at ,!bes1 dat+ z e>ly z #ahjj ,b4,c4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t !y are inscrib$ ) quotations f ,*9ese poets ( ! eigh? c5tury ,a4,d41 & h *>act]s ( a comp>atively mod]n =m1 %[s t ! :ole /ory ( _! discov]y is a fraud4444 ,dur+ all p]iods ,*9ese pott]s 7 con/antly 9 ! habit ( copy+ e>li] /yles & ( =g+ _! m>ks1 s t v little reliance c be plac$ on int]nal evid5ce4 ,inde$1 ! =g]ies (t5 deceive ! ,*9ese collectors ( old porcela940#bhd ,accord+ to ! ,jesuits1 ,*9ese hi/ory is free f ?is defect4 ,fa!r ,moyria de ,maillac 7commonly call$ ,mailla71 9 ! long introductions to 8 ,hi/oire gnrale de la ,*9e1 begs u to put our full tru/ 9 ! ,*9ese hi/orians1 & pleads t1 h[ev] m5daci\s ! l[] ord]s ( ! nation1 ! bett] classes love ! tru?1 & ! hi/orians are hone/ & accurate4 ,b su* pleas 9 b> ( inve/igation & v]ification are ( little weight unless x c be %[n t ,*9ese hi/orians nev] drew 79 good fai?7 errone\s conclusions1 nev] mi/ook ! mean+ ( a docum5t1 7 nev] mis9=m$1 & nev] made a slip 9 writ+4 ,z ,gibbon cle>ly saw1#bhe ! ,jesuits 7 bl9d$ by admiration ( ! ,cele/ials2 _! %>p1 critical sagacity 0 blunt$ by ! air ( s9c]ity display$ 9 ,*9ese books4#bhf ,b ?is 8acc5t de s9crit0 is ru?lessly treat$ by ,,mm4 ,langlois & ,seignobos3 8,c'e/ une impression presque irrsi/ible1 mais elle n'en e/ pas mo9s une illusion4 ,il n'y a aucun critrium extrieur ni de la s9crit ni de l'exactitude4 #8,l'acc5t de s9crit1' c'e/ l'app>5ce de la conviction2 un orateur1 un acteur1 un m5teur d'habitude l'auront plus facilem5t en m5tant qu'un homme indcis en disant ce qu'il croit4 ,la vigeur de l'affirmation ne pr\ve pas t\j\rs la vigeur de la conviction1 mais seulem5t l'habilet ou l'effront]ie4 ,de mme l'abondance et la prcision des dtails1 bi5 quelles fass5t une vive impression sur les lecteurs inexprim5ts1 ne g>antiss5t pas l'exactitude des faits2#bhg elles ne r5seign5t que sur l'imag9ation de l'auteur qu& il e/ s9cre ou sur son impud5ce qu& il ne l'e/ pas4 ,on e/ port de dire d'un rcit circon/anci3 #8,des *oses de ce g5re ne s'inv5t5t pas4' ,elles ne s'inv5t5t pas1 mais elles se transport5t trs facilem5t d'un p]sonage1 d'un pays ou d'un temps un autre4--,aucun c>actre extrieur d'un docum5t ne disp5se donc d'en faire la critique40#bhh ,9 spite ( _! zeal = ! tru?1 ,*9ese hi/orians are no m infallible ?an o!rs1 & x is c]ta9 t !y 7 unconsci\sly l$ into error at times by ! *ange 9 mean+ :i* milit>y words und]w5t 9 ,*9a z well z else:]e4 ,?us ,mao-yiian-i errone\sly believ$ t huo-p'u meant cannon 9 old times1 z x did 9 8 own4 ,b f a sket* he has =tunately giv5 ( "o 7reproduc$ by ,romocki1 i4 #da7 x is cle> t x orig9ally meant a ma*9e = scatt]+ blaz+ inc5di>y matt]4 ,! fir/ two que/ions t pres5t !mselves are3 7#a7 ,did ! ,*9ese make use ( gunp[d] 9 a v di/ant pa/8 & 7#b7 did !y possess an explosive %ell 9 #abcb8 ,! ,*9ese annals give no support to ! hypo!sis t gunp[d] 0 kn[n 9 ,*9a 9 v e>ly times4 ,curr5cy 0 giv5 to ! popul> leg5ds ab\t x by su* writ]s z ,fa!r ,gaubil1 :o decl>es t gunp[d] _h be5 9 use = #afjj ye>s :5 he wrote1 & ,fa!r ,amiot1 :o fully accepts a mu* e>li] date4 ,) ref]5ce to ,k\ng-m+1 :o is said to h employ$ e>?-?und] 7ty-lei7 ab\t #bjj ,a4,d41 ,amiot says3 7a7 8,les auteurs qui p>l5t de ,k\ng-m+ ne le font pas l'inv5teur de cette manire de nuire l'ennemi4 ,ils dis5t1 au contraire1 qu'il l'avait puise dans les ouvrages des anci5s gu]ri]s2 ce qui e/ une preuve sans rplique que les ,*9ois connaissai5t la p\dre tir] 444 bi5 longtemps avant que cette connaissance ft p>v5ue en ,europe4444 7b7 ,les anci5s ,*9ois employai5t la p\dre 7*5-ho-y571 soit dans les combats1 soit p\r mettre le feu au camp des ennemis4444 7c7 ,cette p\dre 7ny-f\ng-yo7 a une v]tue qui1 ce me semble1 p\rrait tre d'une trs gr&e utilet dans nos armes2 c'e/ que la fume va galem5t contre le v5t40#bhi ,9 7a7 & 7c7 ( ^! extracts ! true note ( leg5d is audibly s\nd$1 & ! tacit assumption t ty-lei 0 an explosive is to be not$4 ,z to 7b71 ,amiot 0 unwitt+ly describ+ "s e>ly inc5di>y simil> to t ( ,m>cus ,grcus1 ,no4 #b3 8,ignis qu comburit domos inimicorum40 ,su* is ,fa!r ,amiot's 8preuve sans rplique0 t ! ,*9ese possess$ gunp[d] 9 ! times ( ! pre-adamite ,sultans4 ,x mu/ be put aside2 & ) x mu/ be laid ! evid5ce ( ,fa!rs ,maillac & ,gaubil4 ,fir/1 _! critical faculty became p>alys$ :5 deal+ ) ,*9ese hi/ory4 ,secondly1 !y evid5tly did n und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 an explosive & an inc5di>y4 ,?irdly1 )\t que/ion+ _! good fai?1 !y are op5 to ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ !m by ,,mm4 ,re9aud & ,fav1 :5 speak+ ( ,m4 ,quatremre's dat+ ,artill]y 9 ,*9a at ! ?irte5? c5tury3 87,il7 ne s'e/ pas ap]u que ,,pp4 ,mailla et ,gaubil avai5t traduits diffrem5t c]ta9s passages des ,annales *9oises1 et qu'ils y avai5t mme aj\t tantt des expressions de leur cru1 et tantt des int]polations de la v]sion t>t>e-m&*\1 v]sion qui date seulem5t d'un peu plus d'un sicle1 et qui1 p> consequ5t1 n'a aucune autorit40#bij ,_h ! ,*9ese an explosive %ell 9 #abcb8 ,! foll[+ is a translation by ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 ( a passage 9 ! ,encyclopdia entitl$ ,tung-,*i5-,kang-,mu1 relat+ to ! siege ( ,pi5-k+ 7n[ ,kai-fung-fu7 9 #abcb1 giv5 by ,re9aud & ,fav 9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,oct4 #ahdi3 8,a cette poque on faisait usage de ho-pao ou pao feu1 appele ,t*9-ti5-l\1 ou #8tonn]re qui branle le ciel1' ,on se s]vait p\r cela d'un pot en f] que l'on remplissait de yo4 ,a pe9e y avait-on mis le feu que le pao s'levait1 et que le feu clatait de t\te "p4 ,son bruit ressemblait celui du tonn]re1 et s't5dait plus de c5t lis 7i4e4 ?irty-?ree ,engli% miles72 il p\vait rp&re l'inc5die sur une surface de plus d'un demi-arp5t 7i4e4 ab\t "o-?ird ( an acre74444 ,les ,mongols con/ruisir5t avec les peaux de buf un c\loir qui leur p]mit d'arriv] jusqu'an pi$ des remp>ts4 ,ils se mir5t sap] les murs1 et y pratiqur5t des cavits1 o l'on p\vait se log] sans avoir ri5 cra9dre des hommes placs en haut4 ,un des assigs proposa de susp5dre des *anes de f] des pao feu1 et de les desc5dre le long du mur4 ,arrivs aux endroits qui tai5t m9s1 les pao clatai5t et mettai5t en pices les ennemis et les peaux de buf1 au po9t mme de ne pas en laiss] de ve/ige40 ,!re is ano!r acc\nt ( ! %ell 9 ! ,wu-pei-*i1 publi%$ 9 #afba1 b 7z "o ga!rs f ,mr4 ,may]s#bia7 x is s simil> 9 ! details t ! two acc\nts _c be tak5 z indep5d5t4 ,!y m]ely quote "s common docum5t or repeat "s common tradition4 ,l ! ,lib] ,ignium ( ,m>cus ,grcus1 ! ,tung-,*i5-,kang-,mu is n ! "w ( "o man or ( "o p]iod4 ,! orig9al portions 7! 8,old ,recipes0 ( ,m>cus7 7 writt5 by ,ssu-ma-kuang1 #ajai-hf1 & 7 nam$ ,t'ung-,*i51 or ! 8,mirror ( ,hi/ory10 by ! reign+ ,emp]or4 ,! book 0 br\ght up to date by ,*u-hsi1 #aacj-abjj1 & 0 aft]w>ds cont9u$1 ) comm5t>ies1 by v>i\s writ]s1 up to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! above-quot$ passage belongs to ! comm5tators1#bib & 0 writt5 by "s "o ^: date1 "n1 & au?ority = 8 /atem5t are alike unkn[n to u2 b x 0 presumably writt5 long aft] ! ev5t x records4 ,we h se5 9 ,juli5's translation :at ! encyclopdi/ actually says1 b :at mean+ did he int5d to convey by 8 words8 ,did he mean to say ! %ell explod$8 ,! passage may be divid$ into two clauses3 9 ! fir/ he expla9s g5]ally ! action ( ! ho-pao1 & 9 ! second he gives a p>ticul> example ( its use4 ,9 ! fir/ clause he says t 8no soon] 0 a light appli$ to x ?an ! fire bur/ =? on all sides0 7le feu clatait de t\te "p73 9 ! second clause he says1 8! pao bur/ =?0 7les pao clatai5t74 ,b ! effect produc$ by ! %ell %[s t ?is latt] phrase is simply an elliptical way ( say+1 8! fire ( ! mixture conta9$ 9 ! pao bur/ =?40 ,on ?is po9t ,re9aud & ,fav are cle>3 8,les pao feu clatai5t s'applique aux clats de la flamme qui sortait p> les ouv]tures10#bic--;holes 9 ! %ell :i* 7 probably num]\s4 ,may]s agrees3 ! pao 7 l[]$ into ! excavations1 8:5 ! fire bur/ out f !m1 utt]ly de/roy+ e fragm5t ( ! hides10 c4#bid ,! ,*9ese writ] 0 describ+ an inc5di>y1 n an explosive4 ,gunp[d] w\ld h left 9 ! hid+-place ( ! ,mongols a tangl$ mass ( *>r$ human rema9s & scor*$ c[hide3 only an inc5di>y c\ld h de/roy$ its cont5ts s t 8n a ve/ige rema9$40 ,fa!r ,gaubil & ,m4 ,b]!lot acquiesce 9 ?is conclusion3#bie ,h]r von ,eomocki diss5ts f x4#bif ,!re is no?+ 9 ! milit>y hi/ory ( ,*9a 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies to lead u to suppose t ! ,*9ese possess$ an explosive dur+ t p]iod4 ,9 #abee ,pr9ce ,hulgu _h #ajjj ,*9ese arbali/]s 9 8 pay to "w 8 inc5di>ies1#big & x may be presum$ t he w\ld h le>nt ! secret ( gunp[d] f !m if !y _h kn[n x2 b he possess$ no explosive4 ,fa!r ,c>p9i1 cir4 #abej1 /ates t :5 h>d-press$ ! ,t>t>s _h rec\rse to inc5di>ies1 & ,ra%id ed-,d91 9 8 hi/ory ( ,hulagu's campaign ( #abfj1 makes no allusion to explosives4#bih ,! ,*9ese _h only rea*$ ! same /age z ,m>cus ,grcus 9 #abeg3 9 ?is ye> !y _h ,roman c&les4#bii ,dur+ ! siege ( ,siang-yang-fu1 #abfh-gc1 8,khubelai s5t to 8 nephew ,abaka1 9 ,p]sia1 = eng9e]s skill$ 9 mak+ catapults1 call$ mangonals#cjj by ,m>co ,polo4 ,two su* eng9e]s 7 s5t40#cja ,we h ?ree diff]5t notices ( ?is siege1 ,*9ese1 ,p]sian1 & ,v5etian1 & 8!y all concur z to ! employm5t ( =eign eng9e]s f ! ,we/10#cjb b none ( !m m5tions ! use ( explosives by ei!r side4 8,! ,*9ese at t p]iod10 says ,sir ,john ,davis1 87 z little acqua9t$ ) fire>ms z ,europeans40#cjc ,:5 ,*ang-*i-ki's fleet on ! ,kiang ,riv] 0 de/roy$ a few ye>s aft]w>ds by ,at*u1 x 0 by means ( fire-arr[s4#cjd ,9 a ^w1 dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,*9ese made a free use ( v>i\s inc5di>ies already notic$ 9 ! *apt]s on ! ,greeks & ,arabs2 & !y seem to h made no progress 9 ! manufacture ( _! missiles dur+ ! c\rse ( ! f\rte5?4#cje ,n until we rea* ! fifte5? c5tury d we meet ) gunp[d] & cannon4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,y5 7aft]w>ds ! ,emp]or ,yung ,loh7 is said to h be5 8defeat$ by fire>ms0 at ! battle ( ,tung ,*ang1 #adja2cjf b :e!r ^! arms 7 furni%$ ) inc5di>ies or explosives is d\btful4 ,! fir/ tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ! use ( artill]y 9 ,*9a is giv5 9 ! ,kai-yii-tsung-kao1 publi%$ 9 #agij1 by ,*ao ,i1 a man ( consid]able ability1 & an accompli%$ antiqu>ian4 ,he /ates t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,yung ,loh's reign1 #adjg1 cannon 7 acquir$ by ! ,emp]or & employ$ dur+ 8 campaigns 9 ,co*9 ,*9a4#cjg ,:5ce came ^! cannon & _! ammunition8 ,x is antec$5tly improbable t ! ,*9ese ei!r inv5t$ or manufactur$ !m2 = al?\gh ! ,*9ese exhibit$ consid]able intellectual p[] 9 "s fields ( inve/igation1 !y possess$ little g5ius = me*anical or *emical inv5tions1 & :at me*anical ability !y _h 0 absorb$ 9 o!r pursuits4 ,:5 actually possess$ ( p[d]1 !y seem to h be5 incapable ( mak+ any improvem5t 9 its manufacture4 8,si la p\dre de ,*9e vaut mieux que la ntre10 says ,fa!r ,inc>ville1 ! able/ ( ! ,jesuits ,i h consult$1 8cela vi5 plutt de la bont des matires que du so9 que les ,*9ois pr5n5t de la faire bonne2 ils la gra95t trs mal et ne sav5t pas la liss]40#cjh 8,:atev] _! claims z inv5tors10 says ano!r writ]1 8x is c]ta9 t ! ,*9ese h made no progress 9 ! art0 7( mak+ gunp[d]74#cji ,ev5 _! fireworks 7 no bett] ?an ,european fireworks4 ,!y did n employ />s1 & _! l>ge/ rockets _h a l5g? ( only five in*es1 ) an int]nal diamet] ( eight l9es4#caj ,!re is no tru/wor?y evid5ce1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 to prove t ! ,*9ese inv5t$ gunp[d]4 ,! /atem5ts ( ! ,jesuits on ?is p>ticul> matt] are wor?less = reasons already giv51#caa & ! popul> ,*9ese tradition is depriv$ ( any little weight x might o!rwise h _h by ! disav[al ( ! inv5tion by sob] ,*9ese hi/orians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we possess a numb] ( facts :i* po9t to ! conclusion t ! ,*9ese obta9$ _! fir/ gunp[d] & fire>ms f ! ,we/4 7a7 ,x has be5 already po9t$ out t ! mangonals us$ at ! siege ( ,siang-yang-fu1 #abfh-gc1 7 ( we/]n orig91 & 7 work$ by we/]n eng9e]s4 7b7 ,! resid5ce ( ! ,polos 9 ,*9a1 #abge-ib1 0 by no means an isolat$ fact4 ,!y 7 b ! pione]s ( a consid]able body ( me*anics1 mission>ies1 & m]*ants :o cont9u$ _! relations ) ! c\ntry = at lea/ half a c5tury4#cab ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! m]*ants ev] lo/ t\* ) ,*9a4 7c7 ,yung ,loh1 ! fir/ ,*9ese ,emp]or :o possess$ ts'iang1 or cannon1 _h ag5ts 9 ,malay1 ,delhi1 ,h]at1 & ,mecca1#cac & 8 ag5t 9 ! latt] city c\ld h>dly h fail$ to he> (1 & report on ! use ( fire>ms 9 ! ,we/4 ,if su* 7 ! case1 !re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! ,emp]or f obta9+ small guns by l&1 or guns ( any size by sea4 ,!re _h be5 communication by l& betwe5 ,*9a & ,europe f ! "t ( ! e>ly ,roman emp]ors ( ! ,we/4#cad ,x 0 s]i\sly int]rupt$1 no d\bt1 by ! disord]s :i* broke out 9 ,*9a at ! close ( ! n9? c5tury1 b x 0 re-e/abli%$ :5 !y came to an end 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5?4#cae ,mr4 ,f4 ,hir? proves 9 8 8,*9a & ! ,roman ,ori5t0 t !re 0 communication by sea betwe5 ,*9a & ,europe at a v e>ly date4 ,masudi speaks ( ! communication 9 8 own "t1 ! t5? c5tury4 ,! ,arab & ,*9ese %ips met1 he says1 at a port call$ ,killat1 half-way betwe5 ,arabia & ,*9a1 :]e !y tran%ipp$ _! c>goes4#caf ,!re 0 con/ant communication betwe5 ,*9a & ! we/ coa/ ( ,india 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,abd ur-,razzak says ! m5 ( ,calicut 7 bold navigators1 & adds t !y 7 call$ 79 complim5t7 8! sons ( ,*9a40 ,:5 ,john ,deza de/roy$ ! ,zamor9's fleet !re1 x 0 comm&$ by a ,*9aman1 ,cutiale4#cag 7d7 ,! ,*9ese made _! *>coal f "y %oots ( ! will[ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1#cah & 8z !y seldom *ange any?+10#cai !y probably did s f ! beg9n+4 ,twigs ( will[ are recomm5d$ = ?is purpose by ,rog] ,bacon & ,hassan er-,rammah 7pp4 #adi1 #bd47 7e7 ,! ,*9ese /ra9$ ! "m-liquor ( _! saltpetre ?r\gh /raw2#cbj s also did ,:itehorne 7,a41 p4 #bj74 7f7 ,!y employ$ animal glue1 or *>coal1 to remove ! insoluble impurities ( ! "m-liquor1#cba j z ,bacon did1 if ! explanation ( ! ^w 8,phnix0 giv5 9 ,*ap4 ,,viii4 be accept$ 7p4 #aed74 7g7 ,!y incorporat$ ! +r$i5ts ( gunp[d] on a m>ble slab1#cbb z direct$ by ,m>cus ,grcus1 recipes #d & #ac1 = inc5di>ies1 & by ,ard]ne = gunp[d] 7p4 #agg74 7h7 ,!y pass$ _! rocket composition ?r\gh a sieve ( f9e silk1#cbc ! c\nt]p>t ( ,ard]ne's 8sotille c\]*ief0 7,ib474 7i7 ,!y occasionally add$ camphor & m]cury to _! p[d]1#cbd l ,kyes] & _m o!r we/]ns 7,romocki1 i4 #aeg74 7j7 ,!y call$ _! p[d] yo1 8! drug10 z did ! ,g]mans1 ,danes1 & ,dut* 7p4 #f74 7k7 ,!y us$ v>ni%es1#cbe ( ! same family z ! lutum sapi5ti1 ,m>cus ,grcus1 recipe #a4 7l7 ,an ,encyclopdia1 quot$ 9 ! ,pai-pi51 #aeha1 /ates t 8on ! walls ( ,si-ngan !re 0 long pres]v$ an iron *5-ti5-lui heav5-%ak+ ?und]]1 :i* 9 %ape 0 l two cups0#cbf--! %ell ( ,valturio 7p4 #bba74 7m7 ,bits ( metal1 mitraille1 7 add$ to ! *>ge ( ,*9ese %ells1#cbg aft] ! mann] prescrib$ 9 a ,g]man ,firebook 7,romocki1 i4 #ahi74 7n7 ,! %ell 7 load$ ) ! maximum *>ge t c\ld be ramm$ into !m1#cbh z direct$ 9 ! same ,firebook 7ib474 7o7 ,= repair+ & clos+ ! int]/ices ( _! built-up bomb>ds1 ! ,*9ese appe> to h us$ ! same mat]ials ! ,scot* us$ = ,mons ,meg2 & x is noticeable t ! ,*9ese pref]r$ 8we/]n iron0 = ?is purpose3 8,ils emploi5t p\r les confectionn] du cuivre r\ge4 ,dans les int]/ices app>5ts1 ceux qui emploi5t du f] se s]v5t de f] d\x et mallable p\r consolid] 7ces ma*9es74 ,le f] de l',occid5t e/ le meilleur qui puisse tre employ cet usage40#cbi ,9 ! 8,*ronicles & ,memorials ( ,scotl&10 vol4 vi41 = ,july #adei1 we f9d3 8,= ! repair ( ! great bomb>d at ,ed9burgh1 brass1 copp] & iron1 s mu*0 pro exp5sis factis circa e&em em5dacionem 7magni bumb>di ante ca/ellum de ,ed9burgh7 9 ere1 cupro et f]ro4 7p7 ,9 #aebj ! heavy guns ( ! ,portuguese %ips at ,canton 8attract$ consid]able att5tion1 & soon acquir$ ! "n ( #8,franks4'444 ,! ,*9ese seem to h subsequ5tly avail$ !mselves ( ! assi/ance ( ! ,portuguese1 & ( _! wond]ful guns1 to puni% _! own pirates02#ccj a circum/ance :i* recalls ! exp$ition ( ,mahm\d ( ,guj>at aga9/ ! ,buls> pirates 9 #adhb 7p4 #aaf74 ,^! 8,franks10 we le>n f ! ,wu-pei-*e1 87 ( iron1 #e or #f *'ih 7#f or #g ft47 long4444 ,five small b>rels 7*amb]s7 7 us$1 :i* 7 plac$ 7successively7 inside ! body ( ! piece f :i* !y 7 fir$ (f40#cca 7q7 ,! ,*9ese guns manufactur$ 9 #afah 7 ca/ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,jesuits at ,pek+4#ccb ,! g5]al conclusion to be drawn f ! =ego+ inquiry is virtually ,gibbon's1 :i* may be express$ 9 some:at firm] language ?an he has us$1 s9ce we possess _m facts :i* 7 unkn[n to him4 ,x is highly probable t ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] 0 c>ri$ f ! ,we/ to ,*9a1 by l& or wat]1 at ! end ( ! f\rte5? or ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 80 falsely adopt$ z an old national discov]y be=e ! arrival ( ! ,portuguese & ! ,jesuits 9 ! sixte5?40#ccc ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,fri> ,,bacon ,rog] ,bacon 0 born at ,il*e/]1 9 ,som]set%ire1 9 #abad1 & di$ ab\t #abid4 ,if ! d$ication be au!ntic1 8 ,epi/ola de ,secretis ,op]ibus ,artis et ,natur et de ,nullitate ,magi1 ! "w ) :i* we are *iefly conc]n$ "h1 0 writt5 be=e #abdi4ccd ,bacon attacks ,magic 9 ?is book on ! gr\nd t sci5ce & art c exhibit f> great] wond]s ?an ! alleg$ wond]s ( ! ,black ,art1 & to prove 8 po9t he enum]ates1 9 ! fir/ eight *apt]s1 a numb] ( wond]s :i* 7he believ$7 art c\ld produce & magic c\ld n4 ,ev]y?+ is suffici5tly cle> until we rea* ! n9?1 t5?1 & elev5? *apt]s1 & !y are un9telligible z !y /&4 ,n[1 x is pa/ belief t a man ( comm&+ g5ius %\ld h delib]ately /oop$ to write page aft] page ( nons5se4 ,! ?ree *apt]s1 !re=e1 mu/ h "s mean+1 hidd5 f u ?\gh x be4#cce ,x is unque/ionable t ,bacon believ$ he possess$ secrets ( va/ importance4 ,at ! close ( ,*apt] ,,viii4 he tells u by way ( w>n+ t he may resort 79 ! foll[+ *apt]s7 to c]ta9 cryptic me?ods1 8on acc\nt ( ! magnitude ( 8 secrets0 7propt] secretorum magnitud9em72 &1 fe>+ t ord9>y cryptic me?ods might be too transp>5t1 he wraps up 8 secrets 9 an anagram 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,if ,bacon 7 9 possession ( su* secrets1 :y1 x may be ask$1 did he n publi% !m op5ly8 ,! reason 01 z he expla9s repeat$ly & at l5g?1 t he firmly believ$ sci5tific k to be hurtful to ! p4 ,he prote/s 9 8 works aga9 & aga9 aga9/ ! diffusion ( sci5tific in=mation4 8,! cr[d10 he says1 8is unable to dige/ sci5tific facts1 :i* x scorns & misuses to its own detrim5t & t ( ! wise4 ,let n pe>ls1 !n1 be ?r[n to sw9e40#ccf ,else:]e he says3 8,! mob sc(f at philosoph]s & despise sci5tific tru?4 ,if by *ance !y lay hold ^u "s great pr9ciple1 !y are sure to mis9t]pret & misapply x1 s t :at w\ld h be5 ga9 to e "o causes loss to all40#ccg 8,x is madness10 he goes on to say1 8to commit a secret to writ+1 unless x be s done z to be un9telligible to ! ignorant1 & only j intelligible to ! be/ educat$02#cch & s mu* 9 e>ne/ 0 he ^u ?is po9t t he enum]ates sev5 me?ods ( baffl+ public curiosity4 ,a secret may be conceal$ by mak+ use (3-- 7#a7 ,symbols & incantations 7*>act]es et c>m9a72 7#b7 ,enigmatic & figurative words2 7#c7 ,consonants only1 )\t v[els2 7#d7 ,lett]s f diff]5t alphabets2 7#e7 ,specially devis$ lett]s2 7#f7 ,pre>rang$ geometric figures2 7#g7 ,%or?& 7ars notatoria74 ,^! are among ! means ( veil+ secrets1 he tells u1 & 8ill w x betide him :o reveals !m40#cci ,bacon 0 n s+ul> 9 hold+ ! doctr9e ( secrecy 9 matt]s ( sci5ce1 nor 0 x peculi> to ! age he liv$ 93 x arose ages be=e 8 bir?1 & 0 held = ages aft] 8 dea?4 ,to any objections t might h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! doctr9e1 philosoph]s w\ld probably h repli$ ) ,subtle & ,mammon3-- 8444 0 n all ! k ,( ! ,egyptians writ 9 my/ic symbols8 ,speak n ! ,scriptures (t 9 p>ables8 ,are n ! *oice/ fables ( ! poets1 ,t 7 ! f\nta9s & fir/ spr+s ( wisdom1 ,wrapp'd 9 p]petual allegories8 99 99 99 99 99 444 ,sisyphus 0 damn$ ,to roll ! ceaseless /one1 only because ,he w\ld h made ,ours common40#cdj ,a man :o boldly1 ev5 fi]cely1 av[$ su* op9ions z ,bacon's1 0 b\nd 9 consi/5cy to employ "s cryptic me?od 9 record+ 8 own secrets2 & :5 we closely exam9e ! c\rse ,bacon actually foll[$1 we f9d t 8 practice 0 rigidly 9 accordance ) 8 !ory--9 fact1 too rigidly4 ,^? /eep$ 9 ! ,cabbala ( ,al*emy 9 8 own age may h grasp$ 8 mean+1 b to ^? :o came aft]w>ds x 0 obscure1 if n hidd54 ,ev5 to ! e>ly copyi/s ( 8 ,,mss4 x 0 un9telligible4 ,9 "o ( ! ,,mss4 consult$ by ,pr(essor ,brew]1 ! scribe has writt5 on ! m>g9 ( ,*ap4 ,,ix4 ( ! ,de ,secretis3--,hc sunt nigmata2 8^! ?+s are enigmas10 & enigmas !y h rema9$ = sev5 c5turies4 ,! pres5ce ( two anagrams 9 ,*ap4 ,,xi4 is suffici5t ( itself to ar\se a suspicion t "s cryptic me?od 7( a diff]5t k9d7 has be5 employ$ 9 ,*aps4 ,,ix4 & ,x41 & ?is suspicion is /r5g!n$ by _! :ole mann] & diction4 ,_! /yle is involv$1 & _! mean+ 7z !y /&7 un9telligible4 ,bacon passes f "o subject to ano!r 9 bewild]+ ha/e2 f ! unf9i%$ description ( "o process to in/ructions ab\t a second1 :i* he leaves half told 9 ord] to plunge into a ?ird4 ,among directions ( seem+ly primitive simplicity he int]polates su* phrases z 8cat* my mean+ if y c0 7intellige si potes72 8y w see :e!r ,i am speak+ riddles or ! pla9 tru?0 7videas utrum loquor nigmata aut secundum v]itatem72 & he w>ns u t ! purport ( ,*ap4 ,,ix4 may :olly escape u1 unless we di/+ui% ! 7real f ! app>5t7 mean+ ( 8 /atem5ts 79 hoc capitulo decipi]is1 nisi dictionum significata1 di/+uas74 ,^! special peculi>ities ( ,*aps4 ,,ix4 & ,x4 c be only expla9$ by ! use ( "s cryptic me?od1 to :i* ,bacon po9ts pla9ly 9 ,*ap4 ,,viii4 ,he !re names two cryptograph]s1 ,e?icus & ,artephius1 9 connection ) ! sev5 cryptic me?ods already giv51 & he broadly h9ts t he may make use ( "s ( ^! me?ods 7=san1 propt] secretorum magnitud9em1 aliquibus 8 ut> modis74 ,x is ne$less to pursue ! matt] fur!r3 ,*aps4 ,,ix4 & ,x4 are n1 z !y appe> to be1 nons5se1 b ! cryptic exposition ( "s secret :i* ,bacon believ$ to be ( great value4 ,few ( ! difficulties we exp]i5ce 9 inve/igat+ ! mean+ ( ^! ?ree *apt]s 7 felt by ! correspond5t to :om ! ,fri> address$ !m z lett]s4 ,he & ,bacon _h long be5 9 communication ) ea* o!r1 & z bo? knew ! sub/ance :i* =m$ ! real subject ( ^! lett]s1 ,bacon 0 at lib]ty to call x *alk or *eese or :at he will$4 ,!y appe> to h _h "s sy/em ( num]ical signs1 ! mean+ ( :i* is lo/ to u4 ,! t5? *apt] beg9s ) a ref]5ce to a lett] receiv$ by ,bacon f 8 correspond5t 9 ! ye> #fjb ,a4,h41 & z ! date is giv5 9 words1 n figures1 x c h>dly h be5 mi/ak5 by ! scribes4 ,n[ ! ye> #fjb ,a4,h4 began on #ah? ,aug41 #abje ,a4,d41 n9e ye>s be=e ,bacon 0 born4 ,! numb] #fjb1 !re=e1 is ei!r a bl9d1 or a conv5tional sign or key4 ,! same may be said ( ! numb] #fcj 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ,*ap4 ,,xi41 & ( ! totally unnecess>y #cj :i* occurs j be=e ! anagram 9 ! same *apt]--87sit7 pondus totum #cj10 i4e4 let ! total weight be #cj4 ,no "o c h ev] want$ to "k ! total weight ( ! mixture 9 "q3 e "o want$ to "k ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,our ignorance ( ^! signs creates difficulties = u :i* did n exi/ = ! initiat$ 9 ,bacon's "t4 ,z w be %[n h]eaft]1 ,bacon has occasionally avail$ himself 9 ,*aps4 ,,ix41 ,x41 & ,,xi4 ( ,nos4 #b & #d ( ! cryptic me?ods he has giv5 u2 b ^! me?ods apply only to words & phrases1 & ! wily ,franciscan did n ?9k x necess>y to allude to ! m g5]al me?od by :i* he set =? s mu* ( 8 /atem5t z is conta9$ 9 ,*aps4 ,,ix4 & ,x4 ,we _c discuss cryptograms "h3 suffice x to say t "s ( ! e>ly me?ods 7 too t$i\s & "s too complicat$ to be employ$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ,*aps4 ,,ix4 & ,x4 ,! me?od he appe>s to h adopt$ 7z ! result w %[7 0 t kn[n long aft]w>ds z ! 8,argyle ciph]10 ( :i* ! foll[+ lett] f ,?ack]ay's 8,esmond0 is an example4 ,! real cont5ts ( ?is lett] are ! phrases )9 brackets3-- 8,! ,k+ w take m$ic9e on ,?ursday4 ,8 ,maje/y is bett] ?an he ha? be5 ( late1 ?\gh incommod$ by indige/ion f 8 too great appetite4 ,madame ,ma9t5on cont9ues well4 ,!y h p]=m$ a play ( ,mons4 ,rac9e at ,/4 ,cyr4444 ,! ,visc\nt ,ca/lewood's passports 7 refus$ to him1 'twas said2 8 lord%ip be+ su$ by a goldsmi? = ,vaisselle plate & a pe>l necklace suppli$ to ,mademoiselle ,m]uel ( ! ,fr5* ,com$y4 ',tis a pity su* news %\ld get abroad & travel to ,engl& ab\t our "y nobility "h4 ,mademoiselle ,m]uel has be5 s5t to ,=t l',evesque2 !y say %e ord]$ n only plate1 b furniture1 & a c>riage & horses "u t lords "n1 ( :i* extravagance 8 un=tunate ,visc\ntess kn[s no?+4 8,8 ,maje/y w be eighty-two ye>s ( age on 8 next bir?day4444 ,all "h admir$ my ,"l ,visc\nt's portrait1 & said x 0 a ma/]piece ( ,rigaud4 ,h y se5 x8 ,x is at ! ,lady ,ca/lewood's h\se 9 ,k5s+ton ,squ>e4 ,i ?9k no ,engli% pa9t] c\ld produce su* a piece4 8,our poor fri5d ! ,abb ha? be5 to ! ,conci]g]ie :]e 8 fri5ds may visit him4 ,!y are to ask = a remission ( 8 s5t5ce soon4 8,! ,"l ,ca/lewood has _h ! affair ( ! plate made up & dep>ts = ,engl&4 8,is n ?is a dull lett]84440--,bk4 ,,iii4 ,*ap4 #h4 ,?is lett] %[s v cle>ly t ! ,argyle /eganogram is "o :i* x is almo/ impossible to solve )\t ! key1 unless ! matt] to :i* x relates is kn[n be=eh&#cda--;a difficulty to :i* ,bacon's correspond5t 0 n expos$1 = he knew well :at ! subject ( ,bacon's communication w\ld be4 ,"h1 !n1 we %\ld h f\nd ourselves left 9 utt] d>kness 7 x n = a ray ( light af=d$ by ,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,!re we are told t some?+1 9 connection ) saltpetre & sulphur1 produces an explosion1#cdb & we "k t ?is some?+ is *>coal4 ,s9ce ,*ap4 ,,xi4 is conc]n$ ) ! composition & effects ( ?is mixture1 :at m probable ?an t ,*aps4 ,,ix4 & ,x4 %\ld deal ) its +r$i5ts sep>ately--or at lea/ ) saltpetre & *>coal1 = sulphur 0 s simple & common a drug t ,bacon 0 n likely to dwell ^u x8 ,n[1 t[>ds ! end ( ,*ap4 ,x4 ,bacon speaks )\t disguise ( *>coal "u ! "n ( ! wood f :i* x is made1#cdc & m5tions ! two trees1 hazel & will[1 :i* give ! be/4 ,he significantly adds t :5 *>coal is add$ to prop] proportions ( c]ta9 o!r sub/ances1 some?+ notewor?y happ5s 7si v]o p>tes virgulti coryli aut salicis mult>um j r]um s]ie apte ord9av]is1 unionem naturalem s]vabunt3 et hoc non tradas oblivioni1 quia valet ad multa74 ,s9ce1 !n1 *>coal is "o ( ! subjects ( ^! two *apt]s1 x becomes all ! m probable t saltpetre =ms ano!r4 ,bacon 0 writ+ b a few ye>s aft] its discov]y1 & no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t ! great al*emi/ %\ld be/[ 8 att5tion ^u ! prep>ation ( ! new salt4 ,?is hypo!sis expla9s simply & completely ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ,*aps4 ,,ix4 & ,x4--! s]ies ( common & well-kn[n al*emical t]ms & phrases1 ref]r+ und\bt$ly to ! prep>ation ( ei!r saltpetre or gold1 :i* are scatt]$ & hidd5 among incoh]5t maund]+s ab\t *alk & *eese1 philosophic eggs & ,tagus s&1 ,adam's bones & ap]i5t m$ic9e4 ,b h[ c\ld ! prep>ation ( gold lead up to ! recipe = an explosive ) :i* ,*ap4 ,,xi4 ends8 ,!re is no connection :atev] betwe5 gold & gunp[d]1 :ile ! connection betwe5 saltpetre & gunp[d] is ( ! close/ possible k9d4 ,be=e giv+ a recipe = gunp[d] x 0 absolutely necess>y = ,bacon to describe ! me?od ( ref9+ ! lately discov]$ saltpetre1 )\t :i* 8 recipe w\ld h be5 wor?less2 & he took advantage ( ! close simil>ity betwe5 ! al*emical prep>ation ( gold & ! ref9+ ( saltpetre to conceal ! real import ( 8 tract4 ,by ! title ( ! la/ ?ree *apt]s--8,on ! ,me?od ( ,mak+ ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one0--& by con/antly h>p+ on gold1 he endeav\r$ to di/ract & deceive 8 ord9>y read]s1 lead+ !m to believe t he 0 writ+ ab\t gold :5 he 0 really treat+ on saltpetre4 ,! unnam$ sub/ance saltpetre1 !n1 is ! pr9cipal subject ( ,*aps4 ,,ix4 & ,x41 & our c\rse is cle>4 ,we mu/ treat ^! *apt]s z we %\ld treat ,col4 ,esmond's lett] 7 ! brackets omitt$#cdd-we mu/ make %ift to ins]t !m4 ,we mu/ bracket toge!r ! phrases & s5t5ces relat+ to ! real subject ( ^! *apt]s1 ! famili> al*emical expressions relat+ to saltpetre4 ,on do+ s we %all f9d a connect$ & rational me?od ( ref9+ ! salt4 ,9 ! foll[+ reproduction ( ,*aps4 ,,ix4 & ,x4 ,i h us$ ! ,esmond brackets1 b ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to repr9t all ! padd+ :i* connects !m4 ,all omissions1 h[ev]1 are %[n by dots4 ,no ^w ( ! bracket$ phrases has be5 *ang$1 alt]$1 add$1 or suppress$1 nor has ! ord] ( ! words be5 alt]$4 ,no?+ has be5 done b to indicate by brackets ! mislead+ int]polations4 ,,cap4 ,,ix4 ,de modo faci5di ovum philosophorum4 ,dico igitur tibi quod volo ord9>i qu sup]ius n>ravi expon]e1 et ideo volo ovum philosophorum et p>tes philosophici ovi inve/ig>e1 nam hoc e/ initium ad alia4 ,calcem#cde igitur dilig5t] aquis alkali et aliis aquis acutis purifica1 et v>iis contritionibus cum salibus confrica#cdf et pluribus assationibus concrema1 ut fiat t]ra pura p5itus lib]ata ab aliis elem5tis#cdg1 quam tibi pro me longitud9is /atura dignam duco4 ,intellige si potes1 quia proculdubio erit compo/um ex elem5tis1 et ideo e/ p>s lapidis qui non e/ lapis1#cdh et e/ 9 quolibet hom9e et 9 quolibet loco hom9is4444 ,de9de oleum ad modum crocei casei et viscosi accipias1#cdi primo ictu insecabile1 cujus tota virtus ignea dividatur et sep>etur p] di/illationem2 dissolvatur#cej autem 9 aqua acuta temporat acuitatis cum igne levi1#cea ut decoquatur quat5us sep>etur p+u$o sua#ceb1 sicut p+u$o 9 c>nibus4444 ,melius e/ tam5 ut decoquatur 9 aquis temporatis 9 acuitate donec purgatur et dealbetur4 ,aqua v]o salut>is exaltatio fit ex igne secco vel humido2 et it]etur di/illatio ut effectum bonitatis recipiat suffici5t] donec rectificetur3 rectificationis novissima signa sunt c&or et cry/all9a s]5itas#cec2 et cum ct]a#ced nigrescunt ab igne hoc albescit1 mundatur1 s]5itate nitescit et spl5dore mirabili4 ,ex hac aqua et t]ra sua arg5tum vivum g5]atur1 quod e/ sicut arg5tum vivum 9 m9]alibus1 et qu&o inc&idit hoc modo mat]ia congelatur4 ,lapis v]o ,ari/otelis1 qui non e/ lapis1 ponitur 9 pyramide 9 loco calido#cee4 ,,cap4 ,x4 ,de eodem1 s$ alio modo4#cef ,transactis annis ,arabum sexc5tis et duobus1 roga/i me de quibusdam secretis4 ,accipe igitur lapidem#ceg et calc9a ipsum assatione l5i et contritione =ti sive cum rebus acutis4 ,s$ 9 f9e p>um commisce de aqua dulci2 et m$ic9am laxativam#ceh compone de septem rebus 444 vel de quot vis2 s$ quiescit animus meus 9 duabus rebus qu>um proportio melior e/ 9 sesquialt]a proportione#cei vel circit]1 sicut te pote/ doc]e exp]i5tia4 ,resolve#cfj tam5 aurum#cfa ad ignem et mollius calefac4 ,s$ si mihi cr$as1 accipias unam rem1 hoc e/ secretum secretorum1 et natur pot5s miraculum4 ,mixto#cfb igitur ex duobus1 aut ex pluribus1 aut ,phnice#cfc1 quod e/ animal s+ul>e1 adjunge1 et incorpora p] =tem motum2 cui si liquor calidus adhibeatur1#cfd habebis propositum ultimum#cfe4 ,s$ po/ea cle/is natura debilitatur si aquam infundis t] vel quat]4 ,divide igitur1 debile a =ti 9 vasis div]sis1#cff si mihi cr$as4 ,evacuato#cfg igitur quod bonum e/4 ,it]um adhibe pulv]em1 et aquam qu remansit dilig5tur exprime1 nam pro c]to p>tes pulv]is d$ucet non incorporatas4 ,et ideo illam aquam p] se collige1 quia pulvis exsiccatus ab ea habet incorpor>i m$ic9 laxitiv4444 ,regyra cum pi/illo1#cfh et congrega mat]iam ut potes1 et aquam sep]a paulatim et r$ibit at /atum4 ,quam aquam exsiccabis1 nam cont9et pulv]em#cfi et aquam m$ic91 qu sunt incorpor&a sicut pulvis pr9cipalis4 ,! phrases )9 brackets1 :i* con/itute ! recipe1 w be f\nd collect$ toge!r & translat$ 9 _! prop] place 9 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,x w\ld be presumptu\s to sugge/ t ! =ego+ solution ( ,bacon's ,argyle /eganogram is free f error2 b ,i may express a hope t ! errors are few & inconsid]able--a hope f\nd$ ^u ! complet5ess ( ! me?od disclos$4 ,:atev] errors may be f\nd1 !re c at lea/ be little d\bt t ! occult mean+ ( ! two *apt]s is ! ref9+ ( saltpetre4 ,"o s5t5ce1 two s5t5ces1 or ev5 m1 might be select$ f ! description ( almo/ any long *emical process :i* w\ld apply ) equal propriety to "s o!r process2 b x is incr$ible t a long1 v>i$1 & connect$ process1 su* z ! ref9+ ( saltpetre1 c\ld be extract$ by any me?od f docum5ts pr(ess$ly devot$ to ! philosoph]'s /one1 unless ?is process _h be5 design$ly ins]t$ !re1 piecemeal or :ole1 by ! au?or himself4 ,= ! figurative int]pretation giv5 ( two or ?ree words & phrases1 we h ,bacon's own w>rant4 ,he ?reat5$ to employ v]ba nigmatica & v]ba figurativa1 & he has be5 tak5 at 8 ^w2 ) ! result t a rational *emical process has be5 extract$ f :at 0 previ\sly un9telligible4 ,hav+ said all he _h to say ab\t ! +r$i5ts1 ,bacon proce$s to deal ) _! mixture 9 ,*ap4 ,,xi41 9 :i* he employs a cryptic me?od )\t disguise3-- ,,cap4 ,,xi4 ,de eodem1 tam5 alio modo4 ,annis ,arabum #fcj transactis1 petitioni tu respondeo 9 hunc modum4444 ,item pondus totum #cj4 ,s$ tam5 salis petr#cgj ,,luru ,,vopo ,,vir ,,c ,,utriet sulphuris2 et sic facies tonitruum et coriscationem1 si scias artificium4 ,videas tam5 utrum loquor nigmatate aut secundum v]itatem4 ,omitt+ ! anagram1 ! translation is3--8,9 ?is #fcj? ye> ( ! ,higira ,i comply ) y\r reque/ z foll[s4444 ,let ! total weight 7( ! +r$i5ts7 be #cj4 ,h[ev]1 ( saltpetre 444 ( sulphur2 & ) su* a mixture y w produce a bright fla% & a ?und]+ noise1 if y "k #8! trick4' ,y may f9d 7by actual exp]im5t7 :e!r ,i am writ+ riddles to y or ! pla9 tru?40 ,! m5tion ( ! fla% & ! noise indicates at once t we h "h to d ) an explosive4 ,b saltpetre & sulphur :5 mix$ toge!r d n =m an explosive4 ,we may feel sure1 !re=e1 t ! "n ( ! "o sub/ance necess>y to conv]t ! inc5di>y mixture ( saltpetre & sulphur into an explosive1 namely *>coal1 is includ$ "u "s =m 9 ! anagram--ei!r z c>bo1 or ! "n ( ! wood f :i* x is made4 ,! et sic facies ( ! second clause %[s t !re mu/ necess>ily be 9 ! fir/ clause1 & consequ5tly 9 ! anagram1 "s v]b 9 ! imp]ative mood1 su* z mix or take4 ,we may expect a ^w = a weight 7libr1 unci1 c471 or ! ^w p>tes4 ,z reg>ds ! proportions1 ! e>lie/ we are acqua9t$ ) approximate m or less closely to #b3a3a1 ,ard]ne's recipe be+ m]ely a laboratory recipe4 ,! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts1 !re=e1 if includ$ 9 ! anagram1 w probably n diff] mu* f #b3a3a4 ,re>rang+ ! lett]s ( ! anagram1 we get-- ,,rviip>tvn\corulvet1 or s9ce ,u & ,v are int]*angeable1 ,r4 ,,vii ,,"p4 ,v ,,nov4 ,,corul4 ,v ,,et2 i4e4 r7ecipe7 vii "p7es71 v nov7ell7#cga corul 7i71 v et4 ,! :ole passage 9 ! orig9al !re=e reads3-- 8s$ tam5 salis petr recipe vii p>tes1 v novell coruli1 v et sulphuris10 c42 t is-- 8b take #g p>ts ( saltpetre1 #e ( "y hazel-wood1 & #e ( sulphur10 c42 i4e4 #a-b_/e sp41 #a *>4 & #a sulph4 ,r4 0 ! common contraction = recipe1 & may be se5 9 ,m>cus ,grcus' fir/ recipe 7,b]!lot's text74 ,nov4 ,corul4 c\ld h pres5t$ no difficulty to ,bacon's correspond5t1 see+ t 9 ! previ\s lett]1 ,cap4 ,x41 ,bacon _h spok5 ( virgulti coryli4 ,!re he writes coryli3 9 8 ,opus ,majus he wrote coruli 7ii4 #bai1 ,bridges ed474 ,! second anagram 79 ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,anglo-,saxon lett]s7 seems to be a note to ! fir/ & ne$ n deta9 u1 s9ce we h already got ! names & proportions ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,9 def]5ce to ^? read]s :o may reject ! prec$+ attempts to read ,bacon's riddles1 we n[ proce$ to %[1 on gr\nds indep5d5t ( ! /eganogram & anagram1 t ,bacon 0 9 possession ( an explosive4 ,! igne\s bodies ( :i* ,bacon speaks fall into two classes4 ,! fir/ class are inc5di>ies4 8,inc5di>ies10 he tells u1 8may be made f saltpetre1 or petroleum1 or mal?a1#cgb or naph?a1 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances4444 ,to ^! are alli$ ,greek fire & _m o!r inc5di>ies#cgc4444 7,burn+7 mal?a1 if ?r[n ^u an arm$ soldi]1 w cause 8 dea?4444 ,x is difficult to ext+ui%1 wat] be+ useless = ?is purpose40#cgd ,b side by side ) ^! passages we f9d descriptions ( igne\s compositions ( a totally diff]5t k9d4 8,!re are o!r natural wond]s4 ,we c produce 9 ! air s\nds l\d z ?und] & fla%es bright z lightn+--nay1 ev5 surpass+ ! p[]s ( nature4 ,a small quantity ( 7a c]ta97 composition1 no bigg] ?an "o's ?umb1 w give =? 7on ignition7 a deaf5+ noise & a vivid fla%40#cge ,we h1 too1 ! passage1 already quot$1 9 ! elev5? *apt]1 :]e he says t saltpetre & sulphur & some?+ else give =? 7on ignition7 8a ?und]+ noise & a vivid fla%40#cgf ,aga93 8,"s compositions 7:5 ignit$7 make an unbe>able noise4444 ,no o!r s\nd c be comp>$ ) x4 ,o!rs produce fla%es m fe>ful to behold ?an real lightn+4444 ,we may exemplify ^! effects ) a *ild's toy :i* conta9s )9 x a quantity ( saltpetre 7mixture7 ! size ( "o's ?umb4 ,9 ! bur/+ ( ?is bauble1 made only ( p>*m5t1 !re are giv5 =? a noise l\d] ?an ! mutt]+s ( ?und] & a fla% bright] ?an ! brighte/ lightn+40#cgg ,x w be evid5t on a mom5t's consid]ation t ! *>ge ( ?is toy mu/ h be5 an explosive4 ,_h x be5 an inc5di>y1 ! pap] w\ld h tak5 fire long be=e ! pressure ( ! gases g5]at$ by ! combu/ion _h increas$ suffici5tly to bur/ ! case1 & !re w\ld h be5 no l\d report4 ,! consequ5ces ( ignit+ ^! two classes ( composition are describ$ s cle>ly z to preclude all possible misund]/&+3--! inc5di>y burns fi]cely1 :ile ! o!r mixture gives =? a bright fla% & a l\d noise4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ,bacon 0 describ+ an explosion1 &1 z he has else:]e spok5 ( saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 ! reasonable conclusion is t ! explosive 0 gunp[d]4 ,x has be5 said t ! fir/ ( ! =ego+ passages--8!re are o!r natural wond]s10 c4--describes a rocket4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 a rocket 9 its flight makes a :izz+ noise & is foll[$ by a trail ( heat$ gas & sp>ks4 ,! :izz+ noise c only be comp>$ to ?und] by a total disreg>d ( fact1 = no s\nd resembles ?und] less4 ,does ?und] :izz8 ,! fi]y trail c only be call$ a fla% by an equal disreg>d ( fact3 x gives a cont9u\s light4 ,b if ! rocket c>ries a bur/+ *>ge :i* explodes 9 mid-air1 ! explosion may1 ) v5ial exagg]ation1 be said to produce a fla% l lightn+ & a noise l ?und]4 ,bacon 0 allud+ to a bur/+ *>ge consi/+ ( an explosive1 & t explosive 0 gunp[d]4 ,0 ,bacon aw>e ( ! projective =ce ( gunp[d]8 ,!re is no?+ 9 8 works 7s f> z ,i am acqua9t$ ) !m7 :i* sugge/s t he 04 ,he knew t gunp[d] explod$1 & he believ$ t an army might be ei!r actually bl[n up by x1 or put to flight by ! t]ror inspir$ by its explosion2#cgh b he seems to h gone no fur!r4 ,he exp]im5t$1 probably1 ) v small quantities ( x2 & ! behavi\r ( gunp[d] :5 fir$ 9 l>ge quantities "u pressure is s unlike its behavi\r :5 fir$ 9 small quantities 9 ! op5 air1 t its projective =ce c\ld nei!r h be5 pr$ict$ by ab/ract reason+ nor realis$ by ev5 8 p[]ful imag9ation4 ,if a surmise be p]missible1 ,bacon did n inv5t1 he discov]$ gunp[d]4 ,exp]im5t+ ) "s inc5di>y composition1 prep>$ ) pure in/ead ( impure saltpetre1 ! mixture explod$ unexpect$ly & %att]$ all ! *emical app>atus ne> x1 !reby lay+ ! f\ndation ( ! m$ival leg5d ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! ,braz5 ,head4 ,?is sugge/ion1 if correct1 only adds "o m item to ! long li/ ( accid5tal discov]ies4 ,! laws ( ! /ructure ( cry/als 7 discov]$ by ,hay's accid5tally lett+ fall a piece ( calc-sp>1 :i* broke into fragm5ts4 ,malus1 *anc+ to look ?r\gh a d\ble refract+ prism at ! light ( ! sett+ sun1 reflect$ f ! w9d[s ( ! ,luxemb\rg ,palace1 discov]$ ! pol>isation ( light4 ,galvani discov]$ galvanism by m]e accid5t4 ,! decomposition ( wat] by voltaic electricity 0 accid5tally discov]$ by ,ni*olson 9 #ahja4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r z discov]] or inv5tor1 ,rog] ,bacon made & fir$ ! fir/ gunp[d]4 ,x fell to ! lot ( a p]secut$ ,engli% monk to fulfil ! prophecy ( ,prome!us1 t 9 ! latt] day !re %\ld appe> 8a wondr\s be+1 :o %\ld call =? fla%es bright] ?an lightn+ & s\nds l\d] ?an ?und]40#cgi ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,ammunition ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,analytical ,,table ,,( ,,ammunition ,to ^? :o are n pr(essional gunn]s1 ,artill]y ammunition may seem at ! fir/ glance to be a hopeless & *aotic jumble ( endless /ores4 ,?is is no d\bt p>tly ow+ to ! necess>y multiplicity ( ! /ores1 b f> m to ! abs5ce 79 mo/ books & li/s7 ( any synoptic dige/1 or plan1 %[+ at "o view ! classification ( ! :ole & ! p$igree ( ea* article4 ,to rem$y ?is want ! foll[+ table has be5 drawn out1 %[+ ! /ems to :i* belong ! v>i\s k9ds ( ammunition we are conc]n$ ) "h4 ,_m trees ( a some:at simil> nature might ( c\rse be con/ruct$1 full] & m sci5tific ?an ,table ,,iv42 b x has ! advantage ( be+ v simple & suffici5tly compreh5sive = ! pres5t purpose4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! table ought to h includ$ all ! ammunition 9 use betwe5 ! introduction ( cannon & ! introduction ( rifl$ arms 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury2 b ! pr9ciple has n be5 pu%$ to its limit1 nor 0 x necess>y to d s 9 ord] to enable ! read] to =m a cle> notion ( ! broad divisions ( ammunition4 ,ma*9es l+]$ on = "s "t aft] ! inv5tion ( cannon3 9 fact !y 7 us$ at ! siege ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #adec4 ,_! /one balls & pots ( ,greek fire are n =mally includ$1 because :at is said ( /one %ot = guns 9 ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 applies equally to /one balls = ma*9es1 & all t x 0 consid]$ necess>y to say ab\t ,greek fire has be5 said 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,electric fuzes1 & "s few species ( ammunition ( little int]e/ or value1 h be5 also omitt$1 because _! inclusion w\ld h increas$ ! size & complexity ( ! table )\t any c\nt]balanc+ advantage4 ,ammunition = rifl$ guns has n be5 includ$1 because x is = ! mo/ "p an adaptation & developm5t ( smoo?-bore ammunition4 ,,table ,,iv ,fire ,arr[s1 c4 ,h& ,gr5ades1 ,inc5d4 & ,explos4 ,automatic ,rockets1 ,w> ,*>ge ,gunp[d] ,d>ts1 tc4 ,/one ,r\nd ,iron ,cannon ,%ock ,%ot ,bronze ,lead ,case ,%>apnel ,projectiles ,hot ,%ot ,,ammunition ,inc5di>y ,fireballs ,%ell ,c>casses ,explosive ,fireballs ,%ell ,hot ,wires ,prim+ ,p[d] ,mat*es1 ,sl[ & ,quick ,ignit]s ,portfires ,tubes ,fuzes ,"t ,p]cussion ,concussion ,signals ,rockets ,fix$ ,lights ,,*apt] ,x ,,h& ,,ammunition ,fire-,arr[s & ,fire-,pikes ,! sy/em ( atta*+ inc5di>ies to arr[s1 lances1 c41 surviv$ ! introduction ( gunp[d] & di$ a l+]+ dea?4 ,9 ,novemb] #aehh ! ,gov]nm5t ord]$ ! pur*ase ( 8#bj ,slurr ,b[s at #bes4 ea*1 & #bj doz4 ( firework arr[s = ! said slurr b[s at #es4 ! doz40#chj ,f a li/ ( naval /ores = ! ye> #aeii1 x w\ld appe> t fire-arr[s 7 dis*>g$ f long-b[s z well z slur-b[s3-- 8,slurb[e arr[es ) firewoorkes1 #ahd2 inde #ai )\t firewoorkes4 ,longb[e arr[es ) firewoorkes1 #d %ef4 #a arr40#cha ,hans>d gives a plate ( an ,engli% ar*]1 #abej1 ) spicula ignita1 or arr[ tipp$ ) wildfire4#chb ,sir ,r4 ,w4 ,payne-,gallwey gives a sket* ( a slur-b[4 ,x is a cross-b[1 ) a b>rel & a s+le /r+ :i* works 9 two slits cut 9 ! sides ( ! b>rel4#chc ,fire-lances 7 us$1 p]haps = ! la/ "t1 at ! fir/ siege ( ,bri/ol1 #afdc4 ,!re1 ,pr9ce ,rup]t tells u1 8,capta9 ,cl]k1 ,anci5t ,hodgk9son1 & "s o!rs runn+ 9 ^u 7! ,royali/s7 ) fire-pikes1 nei!r m5 nor horses 7 able to endure x4 ,! fire-pikes did ! feat40#chd ,fire-arr[s _h a long] spell ( exi/5ce1 & 7 us$ by ! ,*9ese aga9/ ! ,fr5* 9 #ahfj4che ,h& ,gr5ades ,inc5di>y h& gr5ades are ( great antiquity4 ,we h se5 t e>!nw>e gr5ades 7 us$ at ! siege ( ,salonika1#chf #ijd4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,hassan er-,rammah describes gr5ades made ( b>k1 papyrus1 or glass--mat]ials well adapt$ to break up on impact & scatt] ab\t _! burn+ cont5ts4#chg ,!y 7 us$ at ! passage ( ! ,lys 9 #achb3--8;,adonc v9r5t arbaltri]s et g5s de pi$ avant2 et si en y avait aucuns qui jetait de bomb>des portatives et qui traioi5t gr&s qu>riaulx emp5ns de f]10 c4#chh ,by a common figure ( spee* ,froiss>t calls ! gr5ade a bomb>d1 j z ! au?or ( ! 8,av[+ ( ,ar?ur0 calls a %ot a gun3-- 8444 !re came fli& a gunne ,& lemet z ! leuyn44440#chi 7,a gun came fly+ by & gleam$ l lightn+47 ,! plate f ! ,,ms4 ( ,kyes]'s ,belli=tis1 #adje1 giv5 by ,h]r von ,romocki 7i4 #afi71 %[s ?ree projectiles :i* 7 unque/ionably h& gr5ades4 ,figs4 #be & #cj are provid$ ) spikes1 l cr['s-feet4#cij ,fig4 #bg is a flask or bottle ( ! same family z ,hassan's gr5ades1 & 0 probably made ( e>!nw>e4 ,x 0 by an explosive e>!nw>e gr5ade t ,del ,va/o 0 sev]ely w\nd$ 9 #aebh1 dur+ ! sea-fight betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,spani>ds (f ,cape ,campanella4#cia ,! ,comte de ,r5dan 0 kill$ by a gr5ade ( unkn[n con/ruction at ! siege ( ,r\51 #aefb1cib & gr5ades 7 freely us$ at ! siege ( ,famagu/a1 #aegb4 ,du ,bellay tells u t gr5ades 7 made 9 l>ge quantities at ,arles 9 #aecf4cic ,z x is improbable t iron gr5ades c\ld h be5 turn$ out 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we may conclude t !y 7 ei!r e>!nw>e or "s =m ( brittle brass4 ,?is is r5d]$ probable by ,:itehorne's rem>ks on ! subject4 ,he says t 8e>!n bottles or pottes10 fill$ ) inc5di>y or explosive matt]1 _h be5 =m]ly us$2 b he recomm5ds 8holl[ balles ( metal1 z bigge z smal b\les & 94 ?ick1 ca/ 9 m\ldes & made ( #c p>tes ( brasse & #a ( t9ne40 ,_! *>ge consi/$ ( 8#c p>tes s]p5t9e1 #c p>tes f9e corne p\d]1 & #a "p ros540 ,a little f9e corn$ p[d] 0 us$ z prim+2 & he directs ! gr5ades to be 8quickly ?r[n10 z !y w almo/ imm$iately 8breake & flye into a ?\s& pieces40 ,! want ( a prop] fuze r5d]$ _! use s dang]\s t he advises trials to be made ) !m1 8to see h[ long !y w t>ry be=e !y breake40#cid ,major ,ralph ,adye m5tions t gr5ades 7 suppos$ to be capable ( be+ ?r[n #ac fa?oms1 or #bf y>ds4#cie ,evelyn says 9 8 8,di>y0 t on #bi? ,june #afgh1 he saw at ! ,h\nsl[ ,camp c]ta9 soldi]s 8call$ granadi]s1 :o 7 dext]\s 9 fl++ h&-granades40 ,9 ! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 xxiii41 #bb1 w be f\nd a plate 8,bl[ y\r ,mat*10 aft] a sket* by ,l5s1 8limn] to ,8 ,maje/y0 ,george ,,ii41 :i* repres5ts a gr5adi] ( ! #a/ ,regim5t ( ! ,gu>ds 9 #agce1 gr5ade 9 h&4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,w> ,,rockets ,inc5di>y rockets 7 kn[n 9 ! ,ea/ f an e>ly "t1 & !y are frequ5tly m5tion$ at lat] p]iods2 b we are told s little ab\t ! loss !y inflict$ ^u an enemy t "o is incl9$ to suspect _! effect 0 conf9$ to w\nd+ a few m5 & fright5+ elephants & horses4 ,!y are said to h be5 us$ by ! ,*9ese aga9/ ! ,tat>s 9 #abcb4cif ,! ,malzufat-i ,timuri & ! ,zaf>nama leave u 9 d\bt :e!r ,timur's rockets 7 us$ or n at ! great battle ( ,delhi1 #acii4cig ,! effect produc$ by a s+le rocket l$ to ! fall ( ! /rong =t ( ,bit> 9 #afeg1 b ?is result 0 purely accid5tal4 ,! comm&] ( ! =t1 =esee+ t an assault w\ld be made ^u "o ( ! ba/ions :i* _h be5 mu* damag$ by artill]y fire1 ord]$ a hole to be dug 9 x & fill$ ) gunp[d]1 gr5ades1 c41 int5d+ to bl[ up ! besieg]s :5 !y ent]$4 ,j be=e ! assault 0 made1 "o ( ! besieg]s' rockets fell by accid5t into ?is pit & fir$ its cont5ts1 creat+ !reby s mu* loss & confusion among ! g>rison t ! place 0 c>ri$ aft] a %ort /ruggle by ,aurangzeb's troops4#cih ,9 ! ,we/1 rockets 7 employ$ z e>ly z #achj1cii if n e>li]2 b !y 7 nev] look$ on ) fav\r1 & !y appe> to h be5 seldom1 if ev]1 us$ betwe5 ! e>li] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury & our bomb>dm5t ( ,b\logne ) ,congreve rockets 9 #ahjf4 ,dunois' capture ( ,pont ,audem] 9 #addi 0 a consequ5ce ( a fire t broke out 9 ! t[n2 b ! fire appe>s to h be5 caus$ by a h&-gr5ade or fire-arr[1 n by a rocket4 ,h[ev]1 ! exact mean+ ( ! ^w fusus is s d\btful t ! matt] is n wor? pursu+4#djj ,t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury rockets 7 almo/ =gott5 9 ! "o ,european city :]e !y 7 mo/ likely to h be5 rememb]$--,con/ant9ople4 ,9 #aghc-hd ,tipu ,sultan s5t a mission to ! ,sultan ( ,turkey1 & ( ! pres5ts :i* !y (f]$ 8none 7 s mu* admir$ z ! ,rockets1 ( :i* !re 7 none 9 t c\ntry40#dja ,we f9d traces ( ! employm5t ( rockets1 bo? inc5di>y & explosive1 9 ,india 9 ?is v ye>1 :5 "s 8rockete]s 444 ?rew confusion & disp]sion into ! masses ( ! ,mahrattas40#djb ,no?+ c be m probable3 ! army ( ! ,mahrattas 0 an army ( cavalry1 & horses are t]rifi$ by fire 9 any =m4 ,! ,indian rocket at ?is "t _h a tube ( #h0 l5g? & #a4e0 diamet]1#djc & x does n appe> to h be5 a v effective missile4 ,speak+ ( our loss dur+ ! attack on ,s]+apatam1 #agib1 ,colonel ,dirom says3 87,we _h7 a good _m w\nd$1 ?\gh 9 g5]al b slightly1 *iefly by rockets40#djd ,)9 ! next few ye>s1 h[ev]1 rockets 7 mu* improv$1 & an eye-witness speaks ( ! use ( 8rockets ( an uncommon weight0 at ! siege ( ,s]+apatam1 #agii4dje ,^! 7 und\bt$ly explosive rockets1 = ,col4 ,g]r>d saw "o ( !m kill ?ree & w\nd f\r ( our m54#djf ,%ortly aft] ! tak+ ( ,s]+apatam ! ,ordnance ,(fice appli$ to ! ,laboratory1 ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 = ! s]vices ( "s "o :o und]/ood ! manufacture ( w> rockets4 ,! ,laboratory ref]r$ ! ,ordnance to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 :o repli$ t !y knew ( no "o :o possess$ su* k4#djg ,?is /ate ( ?+s l$ ,colonel ,congreve to turn 8 att5tion to ! subject4 ,x is n correct to say t he br\ght rockets f ,india1#djh = he nev] 0 !re4 ,he knew ( c\rse--! :ole _w knew--t w> rockets 7 employ$ !re3 8,i knew t rockets 7 us$ = milit>y purposes 9 ,india1 b t _! magnitude 0 inconsid]able & _! range n exce$+ #ajjj y>ds40#dji ,8 object 0 to make l>ge inc5di>y & explosive rockets ) a range ( #ajjj-cejj y>ds1 & he succe$$1 p]haps1 z well z ! mat]ials at 8 disposal p]mitt$4 ,he nev] laid claim to ! inv5tion ( w> rockets3 8,:at ,i h done10 he says1 8t[>ds ! p]fection ( ?is weapon is z mu* my own z if ! orig9al inv5tion ( rockets 9 g5]al 7 m9e40#daj ,ob]/-,lieut5ant ,jhns tells u t1 f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 ! ,emp]or ,caligula's rockets 7 on a level ) ^? ( ,congreve4#daa ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ,caligula's rockets w\ld h produc$ ! same effect z ! ,congreve rockets at ,cop5hag5 9 #ahjg1dab or at ,wal*]5 9 ! same ye>1 :5 ! ,fr5* ,comm&ant1 ,g5]al ,monnet1 prote/$ aga9/ _! use4 ,!y did good s]vice at ! passage ( ! ,ad\r 9 #ahac1 & at ! battle ( ,leipsig1 :]e ,capta9 ,bogue1 :o comm&$ ! ,rocket ,brigade1 0 kill$4 ,a ,fr5* infantry brigade 9 ! village ( ,paunsdorf1 8unable to )/& ! well-direct$ fire 7( rockets71 fell into confusion1 began to retreat10 & ultimately surr5d]$ to ! ,rocket ,brigade4#dac ,two ye>s aft]w>ds1 at ,wat]loo1 ! rockets1 "u ,s]geant ,daniel ,dunnett1 prov$ v effective4 ,( late ye>s rockets h fall5 into disrepute ev]y:]e1 ow+ to radical defects expla9$ by ,capta9 ,c4 ,o4 ,br[ne1 ,r4,a42#dad & _! use is unlikely to be reviv$ until ! *emi/s make "s un=ese5 & a/oni%+ discov]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,gunp[d] ,,! olde/ recipe = gunp[d] is ,rog] ,bacon's4 ,if ! solution ( 8 anagram :i* ,i h v5tur$ to propose be accept$1 ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts 9 #ajj p>ts 73-- ,saltpetre4 ,*>coal4 ,sulphur4 #da4b #bi4d #bi4d ,! ,fr5* recipe ( #acch be+ incomplete 7,table ,,viii471 ! next complete recipe = gunp[d] is t giv5 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ,dr4 ,john ,ard]ne ( ,new>k1 :o began to practise z a surgeon be=e #acej3dae-- 8,p]nez j4 li4 de s\ffre vif2 de *>bones de saulx 7i4 weloghe7 ij4 li42 de saltpetre vj4 li4 ,si les fetez bi5 et sotelm5t m\dre sur un pi]re de m>bre1 puis bultez le p\dre p>my vn sotille c\]-*ief2 ce/ p\dre vault gett]e pelottes de f]1 ou de plom1 ou d'areyne1#daf "o vn in/rum5t qe l'em appelle gonne40 ,?is gives 9 #ajj p>ts3- ,saltpetre4 ,*>coal4 ,sulphur4 #ff4f #bb4b #aa4a ,! ^w gonne1 9 ! s5se ( cannon1 mu/ h be5 commonly kn[n dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 = ,*auc] uses x ) ?is mean+ 9 ! 8,h\s ( ,fame10 iii4 #eec1 cir4 #achj-- 8,z swift z pelet out ( gonne1 ,:an fyr is 9 ! p\dr ronne20 & ,langley uses x ) ! same mean+ 9 ! ,c text ( 8 8,vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man10 xxi4 #bic1 cir4 #acic3-- 8,set b[s ( brake & bras5e gonnes1 ,& %oot out %ot en\gh 8 %eltrums to bl5d40 ,n[ ! explanatory phrase1 8qe l'em appelle gonne10 %[s t gonne 0 b little kn[n :5 ! above recipe 0 writt54 ,we may !re=e date x at #acej4 ,x w be obs]v$ t d[n to ! ^w m>bre1 ! recipe is a lit]al translation ( a receipt = rocket composition giv5 by ,m>cus ,grcus4#dag ,yet ! two p[d]s1 al?\gh made ( nom9ally ! same +r$i5ts 9 ! same proportions1 did n produce ! same effects :5 fir$2 = gunp[d] w n propel a rocket1 & rocket composition w n project a cannon-ball4 ,! diff]5ce 9 _! effects 0 probably due to ! rese>*es ( ,rog] ,bacon1 :o _h discov]$ ! importance ( us+ pure saltpetre & ( ?or\ghly incorporat+ ! +r$i5ts4 ,x is improbable t ,ard]ne's recipe repres5ts ! p[d] us$ 9 ! cannon ( 8 "t4 ,its proportions are s entirely out ( keep+ ) ^? ( ! ,fr5* p[d] ( #acch 7,table ,,viii47 & ^? ( ,:itehorne's p[d] ( #aefj 7,table ,,vii471 t we may reg>d x z no m ?an a laboratory receipt4 ,x ne$$ b little exp]i5ce to %[ h[ f> %ort ( p]fection s]p5t9e p[d] fell4 ,:ile ! f\l+ ( dry1 well-incorporat$ p[d] is comp>atively trifl+1 a damp or sl[-burn+ p[d]1 su* z s]p5t9e1 leaves a mu* l>g] residue4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t1 aft] a few r\nds1 x 0 exce$+ly difficult to reload small arms1 a consid]able "p ( ! loose1 fl\ry *>ge /ick+ to ! f\l+4#dah ,! rem$y = ?is evil 0 ! use ( c>tridges4 ,:itehorne m5tions 8bagges ( l9n5 or pap]0 = ! *>ges ( cannon 9 #aefj1dai & 9 #aeij ,sir ,john ,smy! speaks n only ( c>tridges1 b ( composite c>tridges = small arms--8c>tages ) :i* 7muskete]s7 *>ge _! peeces bo? ) p[d] & ball at "o "t40#dbj ,!re are paym5ts = talwood 7faggots7 8= dry+ p[d]0 9 ! ,engli% /ore acc\nts #acgb-gd1dba & 9 #adei ! ,scot* ,gov]nm5t 7 endeav\r+ to keep _! p[d] dry by /or+ x 9 wax$ canvas bags4#dbb ,an (ficial recomm5ds ! ,engli% ,privy ,c\ncil 9 #aehi to sell c]ta9 8bad p[d]0 at ,dor*e/]1 add+1 8! long] x is kept ! worse yt wilbe40#dbc ,! ,navy 7 ( c\rse1 !n & always1 ! *ief suff]]s f damp p[d]4 ,s]p5t9e p[d]1 ,sir ,h5ry ,manwayr+ tells u 9 #affd1 0 nev] tak5 to sea 7aft] big guns _h become /rong en\gh to /& corn$ p[d]7 8bo? because x is ( small =ce1 & also = t x w1 ) ! aire ( ! sea1 quickly drie & lose its =ce40#dbd ,b corn$ p[d] 0 by no means pro( aga9/ damp4 ,9 ! action f\ght (f ,gr5ada 9 ,july #aggi1 ,bi%op ,watson says 8! ,engli% %ot w\ld n rea*0 ! ,fr5*4 ,! p[d]1 x 0 f\nd1 8_h concret$ into l>ge lumps1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! saltpetre 0 visible to ! nak$ eye40#dbe ,betwe5 ! ye>s #agij & #ahaa1 #ahi1jjj :ole b>rels ( p[d]1 8:i* _h =m$ into lumps f ! damp ( ,h4,m4's %ips ( w>10 & _h consequ5tly be5 return$ into /ore z useless1 7 r5d]$ s]viceable 9 ! ,gov]nm5t p[d] factory4#dbf ,be+ m]ely a loose me*anical mixture ( ?ree sub/ances ) diff]5t specific gravities1 s]p5t9e p[d] _h a t5d5cy1 :5 %ak5 9 transport1 to resolve itself into ?ree /rata1 ! heavie/ sub/ance 7! sulphur7 settl+ d[n to ! bottom1 & ! lighte/ 7! *>coal7 rema9+ at ! top4 ,?is meant1 practically1 t on com+ into ! enemy's pres5ce ! +r$i5ts _h to be incorporat$ afre%4 ,to save tr\ble1 & to avoid ! dang] ( a second mix+1 x 0 = a long "t cu/om>y to c>ry ! +r$i5ts sep>ately1#dbg or1 at lea/1 to c>ry ! *>coal ap>t f ! saltpetre & sulphur4 ,!re 0 ano!r argum5t1 h[ev]1 9 fav\r ( ?is c\rse4 ,:ile s]p5t9e p[d]1 h[ev] tightly secur$1 gave out a l>ge quantity ( impalpable du/ :i* might cause an explosion at any mom5t1 no explosion 0 possible s long z ! +r$i5ts 7 kept asund]4 ,b :atev] 0 ! reason = resort+ to su* an exp$i5t1 x is evid5t t ! rem$y 0 ne>ly z bad z ! disease4 ,s]p5t9e p[d] _h ano!r drawback1--x requir$ v c>eful ramm+ home4 8,?ru/ ! p\d] home fair & s(tly10 says ,:itehorne4#dbh 8,! p[d] ramm$ 9 too h>d & ! wad also10 says ,b\rne 9 #aehg1 8x w be long be=e ! peece goe? (f4444 ,! p[d] too loose 444 w make ! %otte to come %ort ( ! m>k4444 ,put up ! p[d] ) ! ramm] head some:at close1 b beat x n too h>d40#dbi ,by beat+ x too h>d ! int]/ices betwe5 ! p>ticles ?r\gh :i* ! flame p]meat$ ! *>ge 7 dim9i%$ 9 size1 & if beat5 suffici5tly h>d ! mixture t5d$ to become a solid :i* burn$ away )\t explod+4 ,f9ally1 ! combu/ion ( s]p5t9e1 at ! be/1 0 s sl[ t a l>ge volume ( its gas escap$ wa/efully ?r\gh ! v5t4 ,^! evils 7 9 "s cases mu* less5$1 & 9 o!rs q got rid ( by ! gradual introduction ( corn$ p[d]1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 #adbi 9 ! ,firebook ( ,conrad von ,s*ongau1#dcj & 0 9 use = h&-guns 9 ,engl& long be=e #aefj4 ,corn$ p[d] 7#a7 deposit$ less f\l+ ?an s]p5t9e2 7#b7 x 0 less susceptible to damp1 especially aft] ! introduction ( glaz+2#dca 7#c7 x did n resolve into /rata 9 transport2 7#d7 x gave out less du/2 7#e7 x 0 mu* less affect$ by h>d ramm+2 7#f7 ow+ to ! l>g] int]/ices betwe5 ! gra9s1#dcb x burn$ s quickly t !re 0 little or no wa/e ( gas ?r\gh ! v5t1 & x 0 consequ5tly s /rong t #b lbs4 ( corn$ did ! same "w z #c lbs4 ( s]p5t9e p[d]4#dcc ,x 01 9 fact1 too /rong = cannon = a long p]iod3 ,*emi/ry _h outrun ,metallurgy4 8,if s]p5t9e p\d] %\ld be occupi$ 7us$7 9 h&guns10 says ,:itehorne1 8x w\ld scant be able to drive _! pellets#dcd a quoit's ca/ f _! m\?s2 & if h&gunne 7i4e4 corn$7 p\d] %\ld be us$ 9 pieces ( ordnance1 )\t great discretion1 x w\ld quickly break or m>re !m40#dce ,"h we h ! cause :i* necessitat$ ! g5]al ret5tion ( s]p5t9e p[d] = cannon until ! fir/ half 7or middle7 ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 aft] :i* x is he>d ( no m except = second>y purposes1 su* z prim+1 c4 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! importance ( ,:itehorne's rem>k4 ,he 0 an educat$ man ( s\nd1 practical s5se1 :o _h be5 a /ud5t ( ,gray's ,inn1 & ^: exp]i5ce 0 n conf9$ to ! ,engli% ,artill]y1 = he _h se5 s]vice 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,:at he says is a suffici5t safegu>d aga9/ inf]r+ too mu* f ,s*ongau's m5tion ( corn$ p[d] 9 #adbi4 ,x came sl[ly into use = h&-gr5ades & small arms 9 ! fifte5? c5tury2 b no c\ntry !n possess$ cannon /rong en\gh to /& its explosion1 & x did n come into g5]al use = ano!r c5tury4 ,9 addition to its be+ at fir/ too /rong = big guns1 corn$ p[d] _h ! disadvantage ( be+ de>] ?an s]p5t9e4 ,! latt] 0 sold 9 #aefi at #hj ! la/ 7#bdjj lbs472 ! =m] 9 #aegj at #ij4dcf ,! foll[+ ,table gives ! price ( ,engli% p[d] at v>i\s times3-- ,,table ,v4 ,price ( ,engli% ,gunp[d] p] lb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,nature4 #acdg #acgh #adfb #adhb #aefi #aegh #aehh #aeie #afie #ahfe #dcg #dch #dci #ddj #dda #ddb #ddc #ddd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ d4 d4 d4 d4 d4 d4 d4 d4 d4 d4 ,s]p5t9e#ac-c_/dac-b_/c #ab #aj #h -- -- -- -- -- ,corn$ -- -- -- -- #i #aj #ab #ac #aj-c_/d #g ,f9e -- -- -- -- -- #aa -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,! rem>kable uni=mity 9 ! prices ( ,engli% p[d] has be5 notic$ by ,pr(4 ,rog]s 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices10 iv4 #fca4 ,he ?9ks t 8f9e0 p[d] meant prim+ p[d]1 because infantry soldi]s 7 usually s]v$ out ) #a lb4 8common0 7corn$7 p[d] & -lb4 8f9e0 p[d]4 ,x d\btless did at "o "t2 b ! t]m 0 appli$ to all small-arm p[d] ev5tually4#dde ,! prices ( ! fir/ two p[d]s h necess>ily be5 calculat$4 ,! price ( *>coal 9 #acdg 0 4#jac;d4 p] lb42 9 #acgh x 0 4#jb;d4#ddf ,! prices ( sulphur & saltpetre 9 #acdg 7 #h;d4 & #ah;d4 p] lb4 respectively2#ddg 9 #acgh !y 7 7= l>ge quantities7 #d;d4 & #bj;d4 respectively4#ddh ,f an ,engli% ,,ms41 quot$ by ! ,emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii41 x appe>s t ! co/ ( manufactur+ p[d] at ,s\?ampton 9 #adgd 0 4#hfd;d4 p] lb42#ddi &1 z x is ! only fact available1 ,i h be5 oblig$ to assume t ?is 0 ! co/ ( mak+ p[d] 9 #acdg & #acgh4 ,b x is probably n f> f ! tru?4 ,! proportions tak5 = ! #acdg p[d] are ,ard]ne's1 #f-b-a2 ^? = #acgh1 #c-a-a4 ,f ^! data we h3-- #acdg4 #acgh4 d4 d4 #f lbs4 saltpetre #ajh4 #c lbs4 saltpetre #fj4 #b 8 *>coal 4#jbf #a lb4 *>coal 4#jb #a lb4 sulphur #h4 #a 0 sulphur #d4 -------------- -------------- ,price ( #i lbs4 ( mat]ials #aaf4jbf ,price ( #e lbs4 ( mat]ials #fd4jb 0 0 #a lb4 0 0 #ab4hib 0 0 #a lb4 0 0 #ab4hj ,co/ ( mak+1 p] lb4 4#hfd ,co/ ( mak+1 p] lb4 4#hfd -------------- ------------ ,price ( #a lb4 #ac4gef ,price ( #a lb4 #ac4ffd ,! price ( ,fr5* p[d] 9 #acge 0 #abj;d4 p] lb42#dej b 9 ord] to be able to comp>e x ) ! price ( ,engli% p[d] 9 #acgh1 we mu/ "k ! ratio ( ,fr5* to ,engli% money at t p]iod4 ,! ,fr5* ,troyes livre !n conta9$ #egfj gs42 ! ,engli% ,t[] p\nd #edjj gs4 ,!re=e-- #a livre 7pure silv]7 #af_/ae p\nd 7pure silv]74 ,"u ,philip ( ,valois 7#acbh-ej7 ! livre 0 debas$ to #a_/ab its orig9al value1#dea & almo/ simultane\sly ! p\nd 0 debas$ by ,edw>d ,,iii4 to #d_/e its primitive value4#deb ,or #a good livre 0 wor? #ab bad livres1 & #a good p\nd 0 wor? #e_/d ( a bad p\nd4 ,!re=e-- #ab livres #af_/ae 7#e_/d p\nd7 #d_/c p\nd2 or #i livres #a p\nd4 ,divid+ ! price ( #a lb4 ,fr5* p[d]1 #acge1 by ! price ( #a lb4 ,engli% p[d]1 #acgh1 we get #abj_/ac4ffd #h4g2 s t ! ,fr5* p[d] at ?is p]iod 0 some:at *eap] ?an ! ,engli%4 ,z ! pur*as+ p[] ( f\rte5?-c5tury money 0 ab\t t5 times t ( ours1 ! ,fr5* p[d] ( #acge co/ ab\t #aas41 & ! ,engli% p[d] ( #acgh1 #aas4 #d;d4 p] lb4 ,! high price ( e>ly gunp[d] result$ f high freights & 79 ! case ( saltpetre7 ! rapacity ( ,ea/]n m]*ants4 ,we may =m "s notion ( ! price !y exact$ = _! saltpetre :i* co/ !m little1#dec f ! price !y put ^u _! naph?a :i* co/ !m next to no?+4 8,ano!r f\ntayne !re is t[>de ! ,ory5t :]e( is made fyre grekys%e1 ) o!r myxtyons 7mixtures7 t is put !reto2 ! :i* fyre :5 x is tak5 & lyght is s hote t x c n be qu5*$ ) wat]1 b ) aysel 7v9eg>71 ur9e or s&e only4 ,! ,s>asynes sell ?is wat] d]e1 & d]] ?an !y d good wyne40#ded ,! manufacture ( gunp[d] soon became a trade4 ,we f9d a p[d]-mill 9 ,ausburg 9 #acdj1 9 ,sp&au 9 #acdd1 & 9 ,liegnitz 9 #acdh4dee ,!re 0 a gunmak] 9 ,/ockholm 9 #adcj1 :o 0 v probably a p[d]-mak] too2#def & x is c]ta9 t !re 0 a p[d]-mak] !re 9 #adfd--,m/] ,b]5d4#deg ,nor 7 ,gov]nm5ts bl9d to ! importance & ! pr(it ( ! trade4 ,beckmann /ates t ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,magdeburg 9 #adai only p]mitt$ ! collection ( saltpetre on paym5t ( a lic5se1#deh & ,cl>ke in=ms u t ! ,pope & ! ,ar*duke ( ,bav>ia engag$ !mselves 9 p[d]-mak+ at an e>ly date4#dei ,l\is ,,xi4 appo9t$ commission]s 9 #adgg to collect all ! saltpetre !y c\ld f9d1 ) p[] to =ce an entry :]ev] !y suspect$ x 0 /or$4#dfj ,dur+ ! ,anci5t ,p]iod1 say #abej-adej1 :5 s]p5t9e 0 exclusively us$1 "o p[d] c\ld only diff] f ano!r 9 composition1 t is1 9 ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts us$1 suppos+ !m to be equally pure2 dur+ ! ,mod]n ,p]iod1 say #agjj-ahhf1 ! p[d]s us$ 79 ea* individual ,/ate7 diff]$ only1 z a g5]al rule1 9 ! size ( ! gra92#dfa dur+ ! ,transition ,p]iod1 #adej-agjj1 !y g5]ally diff]$ bo? 9 composition & gra94 ,! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts 7 q arbitr>y dur+ ! ,anci5t ,p]iod1 & n only ,gov]nm5ts1 b private manufactur]s1 _h _! special recipes4 ,z late z #afbh ,norton says !re 7 8inf9ite recipes = mak+ ( p[d]1 b mo/ /ates h enjoyn$ a c]ta9 proportion40#dfb ,! introduction ( corn+1 f> f curb+ ! lawlessness ( ! ,anci5t ,p]iod1 made confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,!n !re 0 b "o v>iable--! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts2 n[ a second indep5d5t v>iable 0 introduc$--! size ( ! gra94 ,b a reaction 0 at h&1 :i* set 9 fir/ 9 ,france1 :]e corn$ p[d] _h be5 adopt$ 9 #aebe4dfc ,x appe>s to h be5 notic$ dur+ ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury t l>ge-gra9$ p[d] 0 ! fitte/ = big guns1 & ?is fact ! ,fr5* utilis$ 9 #aedj by (ficially re/rict+ ! s]vice p[d]s to ?ree1 ( uni=m composition b diff]5t-siz$ gra9s4#dfd ,! l>ge/-gra9$ p[d] 0 us$ = ! l>ge/ guns1 & ! composition 0 #hj4g salp41 #aa4e *>41 & #g4h sulph41 :i* closely correspond$ to ,:itehorne's 7corn$7 h&-gun p[d]--#gh4c salp41 #ac *>41 & #h4g sulph4#dfe ,x may be que/ion$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! ,fr5*1 (ficial injunctions not)/&+1 conf9$ !mselves v religi\sly to p[d]s ( uni=m composition4 ,boillot1 ^: "w 0 publi%$ at ,*aumont 9 #aeih1 says ! gra9 = big guns 0 z l>ge z a pea1 t = m$ium guns ! size ( hempse$1 & t = s]p5ts1 c41 /ill small]4 ,b f a rem>k he makes on rea*+ ! manufacture ( p[d]--8v\s vi5drez la composition 7de la p\ldre71 mais p> poix et mesure1 selon que v\s v\drez faire les p\ldres0#dff--;x is cle> t p[d]s = all purposes 7 n ( ! same composition4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,fr5* (ficial p[d] 0 weak] ?an ! above--#ge4f salp41 #ac4f *>41 & #aj4h sulph4--& = big guns _h gra9s z l>ge z hazel-nuts4#dfg ,at ,pont--,m\sson1 j across ! ,g]man bord]1 p[d]s ( diff]5t compositions 7 9 use 9 #afbj2dfh & ea/ ( ! ,rh9e p[d] = diff]5t guns probably v>i$ 9 gra91 & c]ta9ly v>i$ 9 composition4 8,( ! v>i\s p[d]s n[ made10 says ,furt5ba* 9 #afbg1 8! foll[+ are g5]ally employ$3#dfi-- ,saltpetre4 ,*>coal4 ,sulphur4 #fi4j #af4e #ad4e = big guns2 #gb4d #ad4e #ac4a = small guns2 #ge4g #ac4j #aa4c = small arms40 ,! in=mation giv5 to u ab\t granulation by ! e>ly ,engli% gunn]s is nei!r cle> nor full4 ,:5 ,:itehorne tells u t ! me?od ( corn+ 8all sorts ( p[d]0 0 ! same1 namely1 by means ( a sieve & a few heavy metal balls1#dgj :at mean+ did he int5d to convey by ! phrase 8all sorts ( p[d]08 ,!re c be little d\bt t he meant 8p[d]s ( :atev] composition1 & :atev] ! size ( ! gra9 to be produc$20 fir/1 because x w\ld be prepo/]\s to assume t all ! sieves ( 8 "t _h me%es ( equal size2 & secondly1 because !re is abundant evid5ce to %[ t1 long aft] ,:itehorne's "t1 ! p[d]s = diff]5t guns 9 ,engl& 7& else:]e7 v>i$ bo? 9 composition & gra94 ,9 #afbj ,?ybovril & ,hanzelet tell u t p[d] to be granulat$ is to be pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ) holes 8de la grosseur que v\s desirez votre p\dre02#dga & eight ye>s aft]w>ds ,norton uses ! v same ambigu\s phrase1 8a syve 444 made full ( holes ( ! bignesse y desire y\r cornes40#dgb ,did !y mean t ! size ( ! gra9 9 _! "t 0 purely arbitr>y & might be ( any magnitude :atev]8 ,a passage 9 ,boillot's 7e>li]7 "w expla9s _! mean+ mu* bett] ?an !y h done x !mselves4 ,he fir/ tells u t ! sieve is to h holes 8de telle grosseur que v\s v\drez10 & he !n goes on to expla9 ! prop] size ( gra9 = use 9 ! diff]5t classes ( ordnance1 z giv5 "h on a previ\s page4 ,9 a ^w1 ?ree or f\r k9ds ( sieves 7diff]+ 9 ! size ( _! me%es7 7 procurable--"s = gra9+ p[d] = big guns1 o!rs = gra9+ p[d] = m$ium guns1 c4 c4--& hav+ fix$ ^u ! gun f :i* y\r p[d] 7:5 gra9$7 0 to be fir$ 7& consequ5tly ^u ! size ( ! gra971 y 7 to select ^? sieves :i* _h me%es 8( ! bignesse y desir$ y\r cornes40 ,f ! phrase us$ above by ,norton1 x is c]ta9 t sev]al p[d]s1 diff]+ 9 gra91 7 9 use :5 he wrote2 f ! evid5ce ( ,norton1#dgc ,nye1#dgd & o!rs1 x is equally c]ta9 t sev]al diff]5t receipts = mak+ p[d] 7 9 use dur+ _! "t4 ,! conclusion is t dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury p[d]s made 9 ,engl& = diff]5t guns v>i$ bo? 9 composition & size ( gra94 ,! lawlessness 9 composition & gra9 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ,transition ,p]iod 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( any in/rum5t to measure ! comp>ative /r5g? ( diff]5t p[d]s1 & enable gunn]s to e/abli% "s /&>d = ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts & ! size ( ! gra94 ,! e>lie/ in/rum5t propos$ = te/+ ! /r5g? ( p[d] 01 ,i believe1 ,b\rne's 8eng9e or little boxe10 :i*1 he says1 0 8v necess>ie to be us$40#dge ,:e!r he inv5t$ x himself or n1 x is impossible to say3 he tells u1 8"s ( 7! inv5tions7 ,i h ga!r$ by "o meane & "s by ano!r1 b ! mo/ "p ( !m ha? be5 m9e own40#dgf ,! eng9e 0 a wret*$ "o4 ,! p[d] to be te/$ 0 ignit$ 9 a small metal cyl9d] ) a heavy lid 7work+ on a h+e7 :i* :5 rais$ c\ld n %ut ( itself4 ,! angle ?r\gh :i* ! lid 0 rais$ by ! explosion indicat$ ! /r5g? ( ! p[d]4 ,a bett] in/rum5t 0 t describ$ by ,furt5ba* 9 #afbg4dgg ,x diff]$ f ,b\rne's 8little boxe0 9 t ! lid 0 only laid ^u ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! p[d] explod$ ! lid 0 bl[n upw>ds along two v]tical wires :i* pass$ ?r\gh x2 b x c\ld n desc5d aga9 ( itself1 be+ held 9 ! place x rea*$ by iron tee? 7l ^? :i* support$ ! lid ( ,b\rne's box74 ,nye describes ?is in/rum5t1 & sugge/s t ! comp>ative /r5g? ( p[d]s %\ld be fur!r te/$ by measur+ ! p5etration ( pi/ol balls into clay1 & ! ranges ( projectiles fir$ f a small mort>4#dgh ,?is is1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ proposal ( ! mort> pr\vette1 #afdg4 ,! ,fr5* c]ta9ly adopt$ !m be=e #afhf1 (t5 ?\gh x has be5 said t !y !n introduc$ !m4 ,on ! #ah? ,septemb] ( ?is ye> ,l\is ,,xiv4 publi%$ an ordonnance compla9+ ( 8! v>iety ( epr\vettes0 9 use = te/+ p[d]1 & direct+ t = ! future no p[d] %\ld be accept$ unless #c oz4 ( x c\ld ?r[ a ball ( #fj lbs4 #ej toises 7#cbj ft47 f ! ,gov]nm5t patt]n mort>4#dgi ,9 a previ\s ordonnance 7,april #af1 #afhf7 ! ,k+ _h prote/$ aga9/ ! bad *>coal 7de m*ante qualit7 con/antly employ$2 aga9/ impure saltpetre 7rempli de graisse et de sel71 insi/+ ^u ! exclusive use ( saltpetre 8de trois cuites02 & aga9/ insuffici5t incorporation 7dix ou d\ze heures 444 au lieu de 444 v+t quatre heures74#dhj ,b he m>r$ ! re=ms he made by tak+ ! unacc\ntable /ep ( introduc+ "o p[d]1 ( ! same composition & size ( gra91 = all arms4#dha ,= ?is blund] ! ,fr5* aft]w>ds paid 9 blood1 especially dur+ ! ,p59sul> w>4#dhb ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury mo/ c\ntries _h r$uc$ _! p[d]s to two or ?ree1 :i* 7 ( ! same composition1 & diff]$ only 9 gra94 ,9 #agdb ,b5jam9 ,rob9s1 by 8 8,new ,pr9ciples ( ,gunn]y10 plac$ gunn]y ^u a /rictly sci5tific basis1 & by 8 epo*-mak+ inv5tion ( ! balli/ic p5dulums#dhc enabl$ gunn]s = ! fir/ "t to measure ! muzzle-velocity ( projectiles ) consid]able accuracy4 ,x may h be5 ow+ to ! lessons taught by ?is in/rum5t t1 betwe5 #agdb & #agha1 we *ang$ ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts ( our p[d] f #ge--ab--ab to #ge--ae--aj4 ,pr(it+ by ! rapid progress ( electricity dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one propos$ 9 #ahdj 8 electro-magnetic *ronoscope1#dhd :i* regi/]$ to ! #a_/gcj "p ( a second1 to replace ,rob9s' pond]\s p5dulum4 ,:eat/one's in/rum5t 0 n adopt$ by our ,gov]nm5t1 b 8 idea 0 foll[$ up & improv$ ^u by ,capta9 ,navez1 ( ! ,belgian ,artill]y1 :o 9 #ahdg br\ght =w>d 8 electro-balli/ic p5dulum4#dhe ,only "o in/rum5t 0 n[ want+ to enable ! me*anical effect ( ! explosion to be directly & completely obs]v$--an in/rum5t to measure ! pressure ^u ! bore ( ! gun2 & ?is want 0 suppli$ 9 #ahfa :5 ,capta9 ,t4 ,j4 ,rodman1 ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 produc$ 8 ,ind5t+ ,app>atus & 8 ,int]nal ,pressure ,gauge4#dhf ,! foll[+ ,table gives ! results ( "s exp]im5ts ) ! new in/rum5ts3-- ,,table ,,vi4 ,%[+ ! connection betwe5 ! ,size ( ! ,gra91 ,muzzle ,velocity1 & ,pressure on ,bore4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,diamet] ( ,*>ge4 ,weight ( ,muzzle ,pressure on ,gra9s4 ,lbs4 ,%ot4 ,velocity4 ,bottom ( ,bore4 ,ins4 ,lbs4 ,f4s4 ,tons p] ,sq4 ,94 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 4#a #h #dc #abfa #ba4e 4#ae 0 0 #abce #ba4j 4#b 0 0 #aaii #ah4h 4#be 0 0 #aaea #ag4a 4#c 0 0 #aadf #ae4c 4#d 0 0 #aahg #ad4b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?is ,table %[s t z ! size ( ! gra9 sl[ly increases1 ! muzzle velocity decreases v sl[ly1 & ! pressure on ! bore decreases v quickly4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is discov]y 0 ! manufacture ( v>i\s v l>ge gra9$ p[d]s su* z pebble p[d]1 c41 = heavy guns4 ,b ! ?or\gh k ( ! me*anical effect ( ! explosion ( gunp[d] ga9$ by ! use ( ! ,navez & ,rodman in/rum5ts1 0 ( little avail to anybody1 = gunp[d] _h ne>ly run its c\rse4 ,j tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ! pressure gauge ,m4 ,vieille put ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 9 possession ( a nitrocellulose explosive1#dhg & gunp[d] 0 add$ to ! li/ ( ?+s t 74 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole gunp[d] p]iod en?usia/s seem nev] to h be5 want+ :o believ$ 9 ! possibility ( mak+ smokeless p[d] & noiseless p[d]4 ,ca/n]'s p[d]1 :i* conta9$ only #c p] c5t1 sulphur1 seems to h be5 ! ne>e/ approa* to ! =m]1 b no p[d] conta9+ sulphur c\ld be absolutely smokeless4 ,:e!r e>ly gunn]s suspect$ ?is or n ,i d n "k2 c]ta9 x is1 h[ev]1 t sulphurless p[d] 0 "u discussion c5turies ago4 ,rabelais 7:o may h he>d soldi]s talk+ ab\t ! matt]7 alludes jok+ly to 8p\ldre de canon curieusem5t compose1 degresse de son s\lfre40#dhh ,9 #agef ! ,fr5* actually exp]im5t$ ) sulphurless mixtures1 "o ( :i* 7#hj p] c5t4 sulph4 & #bj p] c5t4 *47 gave good results 9 range1 ) v little smoke4 ,x prov$ to be wor?less = milit>y purposes f ! difficulty ( corn+ x1 & f its crumbl+ to du/ dur+ ord9>y transport4#dhi ,! belief 9 a noiseless p[d] 0 sc(f$ at by ,:itehorne3 8,!re be _m :o br+ up lies1 say+ t !y c tell h[ to make p\d] t %oot+ 9 gunnes %all make no noise1 ! :i* is impossible40 ,a c5tury aft]w>ds ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne believ$ means might be adopt$1 if n to /ifle ! s\nd altoge!r1 at lea/ 8to abate ! vig\r !re(1 or sil5ce its bombulation40#dij ,tables ,,vii4 & ,,viii4 give ! composition ( gunp[d] at v>i\s times4 ,,table ,,vii4 ,engli% ,gunp[d]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- #abejdia #adhbdib #aefidic #aeghdid #aehhdie #aeiedif #afiedig cir4 cir4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,saltpetre #da4b #ff4f #ej4j #ff4f #ga4d #ge4j #ge ,*>coal #bi4d #bb4b #cc4c #af4f #ad4c #ab4e #ae ,sulphur #bi4d #aa4a #af4f #af4f #ad4c #ab4e #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,n4,b4--,all ^! writ]s give ! proportions ( gunp[d] 9 _! own times4 ,,table ,,viii4 ,=eign ,gunp[d]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,france#dih,sw$5#dii ,g]many#ejj;,d5m>k#eja;,france#ejb,sw$5# ejc;,g]many#ejd #acch #aefj #aeie #afjh #afej #afig #ahhb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,saltpetre #ej #ff4f #eb4b #fh4c #ge4f #gc #gh ,*>coal 8 #af4f #bf4a #bc4b #ac4f #ag #ai ,sulphur #be #af4f #ba4g #h4e #aj4h #aj #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,%ock ,,projectiles ,! nature ( ! fir/ ,artill]y projectiles 0 det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! small-arm missiles 9 use :5 cannon 7 introduc$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,to use ! bulky & pond]\s projectiles ( ! ma*9es 9 ^! small & feeble pieces 0 out ( ! "q2 no?+ rema9$1 !re=e1 b to adopt ! d>ts1 bolts1 or qu>rels :i* produc$ su* deadly effect :5 %ot f cross-b[s3-- ,( ,arbla/]s grete pl5t 71 ,noon armure myght h] /roke )/onde4#eje ,d>ts4 ,! iron d>ts fea!r$ ) brass--g>ros f]rs et empans en deux cassez--:i* are m5tion$ 9 ! e>lie/ docum5t relat+ to ,artill]y t has be5 f\nd 9 ,france1#ejf dat$ #acch1 belong$ unmi/akably to ! same family z ^? us$ = cross-b[s4 ,! braz5 fea!rs 7 nail$ to ! %aft1 & ! missile1 :i* weigh$ ab\t #g oz41#ejg 0 wrapp$ 9 a lea!r cov]+1 s z to fit ! bore tightly4 ,exp]i5ce quickly prov$ ^! d>ts to be q unsuit$ = fire>ms2 yet !y dragg$ on a l+]+ & prec>i\s exi/5ce = q #bej ye>s4 ,9 ! anonym\s ,livre de ,canonn]ie et ,artifice de feu1 ,p>is1 #aefa1 ! title ( ! sev5ty-f\r? *apt] is3 8,p\r tir] lances f]res d'une bomb>de1 canon ou autre ba/on feu de cannon]ie40#ejh ,to a return ( ! p[d] on bo>d 8 squadron1 dat$ ,m>* #cj1 #aehh1 address$ to ,gov]nm5t1 ,sir ,francis ,drake add$ a ,p4,s43 8,=gett n ! #ejj musketts1 & at lea/ #ajjj arr[s02#eji & on ! #h? ,april foll[+ ! ,privy ,c\ncil ord]$ him to be suppli$ ) 8muskittes1 #bjj2 arr[es = ! said muskittes ) tamk9es = e*e1 #ajjj40eaj ,r\nd ,%ot4 ,on ! failure ( ! d>ts1 in=mal trials 7 begun ev]y:]e ) balls ( /one1 iron1 bronze1 & lead1 to discov] :i* mat]ial 0 be/ suit$ = ordnance4 ,/one %ot1 :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ma*9es = c\ntless c5turies1 7 on trial = cannon 9 ,france 9 #acdf2eaa &1 unless a ballad writt5 ab\t ?is "t ref]s to ma*9es & n to guns1 we employ$ !m at ! siege ( ,calais ! same ye>3-- 8,gonn]s to s*ew _! art ,into ! t[n 9 _m a p>te ,s*ot _m a fulle great /one4 ,?ank$ be ,god & ,m>y mild1 ,!y hurt ney!r man1 woman1 nor *ild2 ,to ! h\ses1 ?\gh1 !y did h>m40#eab ,/one %ot 7 9 use 9 ,italy 9 #acfd1eac & 9 #acgh ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ord]$ #fjj /ones to be b\ght = ! cannon 9 ! ca/le ( ,bre/4#ead ,!y 7 employ$ m or less 9 ,engl& & else:]e until ! ,great ,rebellion1 & possibly ev5 lat]4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( iron %ot1 p]haps1 is t 9 ! ,ard]ne ,,mss41 say #acej2eae al?\gh we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ f x t !y 7 !n 9 actual use4 ,!re 7 #ibh iron %ot 9 ! ars5al ( ,bologna 9 #acha1eaf b iron seems to h be5 sp>+ly employ$ until ! "t ( ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france1 #adhc-ih4eag ,! only iron projectiles m5tion$ by 7or1 we may inf]1 kn[n to7 ! au?ors ( ! ,b]l9 ,firebook1 #adjj-ej1eah & ( ! ,tractatus de ,pugnaculis ( ! same p]iod pres]v$ 9 ! ,h(-,biblio!k at ,vi5na1#eai are iron bullets = h&guns4 ,:5 us$ aga9/ troops 9 wood5 build+s1 c41 !y bo? recomm5d t ! balls %\ld be heat$ r$-hot ,hot 7cannon7 balls 7 introduc$ mu* lat]1 9 #aegi1 by ,/eph5 ,ba?ory1 ,k+ ( ,pol&4#ebj ,x 0 a simple matt] to dis*>ge hot projectiles f a ma*9e1 b a delicate op]ation to load a gun ) !m )\t explod+ ! *>ge4 ,9 fact1 x 0 impracticable until ! ?ick wet wad _h be5 devis$4 ,x appe>s f ,petr>*'s ,de ,rem$iis ,utriusque ,=tun1#eba :i* mu/ h be5 writt5 9 or be=e #acdd1 t bronze %ot--gl&es neas--7 !n 9 use among ! ,italians2 & ,valturio m5tions bronze %ells--pil ne--9 8 "w1 :i*1 al?\gh n publi%$ until #adgb1 0 already writt5 9 #adfc4ebb ,a docum5t1 dat$ #bi? ,april #acde1 proves t ! ,fr5* 7 employ+ lead %ot at ?is "t2#ebc & ! acc\nts ( ,rob]t de ,mild5hale1 ,keep] ( ,edw>d ,,iii4's ,w>drobe1 %[ t we s5t to ,calais on ! #a/ & #bnd ,septemb] #acdf1 #gc l>ge lead5 %ot1 #ca small %ot1 & #f pieces ( lead4#ebd ,f9ally1 ! acc\nts ( ,john de ,slea=d1 ,cl]k ( ! ,k+'s ,privy ,w>drobe1 prove t 9 #acgb-gd workm5 7 employ$ 9 ! ,t[] 9 mak+ lead5 8pelottes0 = guns4#ebe ,9 a battle at ,t>o1 #adia1 ! ,v5etians are said to h fir$ ^u ! ,fr5* ) %ot ( all ?ree metals--iron1 bronze1 & lead4#ebf ,^! trials naturally result$ 9 ! g5]al1 b by no means exclusive1 adoption ( /one z ! be/ mat]ial = r\nd %ot2 because x 0 f\nd t n only ! use ( metal balls 0 consid]ably m co/ly ?an t ( /one1 b t ! heavi] *>ges ( p[d] necessitat$ by metal %ot ex]t$ a de/ructive effect ^u ! feeble cannon4 ,! respective prices p] lb4 ( iron1#ebg gun-metal1#ebh & lead#ebi 9 ! second half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 4#hef1 #b4dd1 & 4#fbg p5nies1 f\rte5? c5tury money4 ,multiply+ by #aj1 to get _! approximate prices 9 our money1 we obta93-- ,,table ,,ix4 ,comp>ative ,prices ( ,metals1 #acge & #ahfe4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,price p] lb41 ,price #acge1 p] lb41 ,metal4 multipli$ ,ratio4 #ahfe4 by #aj4 d4 d4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,iron #h4ef #h4e to #e4g #a to #a4e ,b> iron ( ,gun-metal #bd4d #b4jc #ab av]age ,lead #f4bg #c4ac #b quality ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,x w be notic$ t ! price ( bronze1 :i* _h be5 br\ght to p]fection by ! anci5ts1 & ^: manufacture 0 indep5d5t ( mod]n appliances1 only fell to half its old price 9 five c5turies2 t ! price ( lead1 :i* _h "s dep5d5ce on ^! appliances1 fell to a little ov] "o-?ird2 :ile ! price ( iron1 ^: progress dep5d$ ess5tially ^u ! use ( coal1 sci5tific furnaces1 c41 fell to betwe5 "o-fif? to "o-n9?4 ,! weights ( 7wr\ght7 iron1#ecj bronze1#eca & lead balls ( #d0 diamet] are respectively #i4c1 #aj4ah1 & #ac4h lbs41 & ,ma/] ,gunn] ,nye in=ms u t ! weight ( a /one ball ( ?is diamet] 0 #c4cge lbs4#ecb ,!re=e ! respective prices ( ! iron1 bronze1 & lead balls 7 #g4if1 #bf4dfh1 & #h4fe p5ce1 exclusive ( ! co/ ( manufacture2 :ile ! price ( ! mat]ial ( ! /one ball 0 mu* less ?an a f>?+4#ecc ,aga91 = p[d] at #ac4ffd;d4 p] lb41#ecd & *>ges "o-n9? ! weight ( ! %ot1 ! prices ( ! *>ges = ! /one1 iron1 bronze1 & lead balls are respectively #e4ab1 #ad4jg1 #ae4dd1 & #bj4dif p5ce4 ,we c !re=e =m an e/imate ( ! relative co/ ( "o r\nd ) balls ( ! f\r mat]ials4 ,,table ,x4 ,comp>ative ,co/ ( ,"o ,r\nd1 #d4be gun2 /one1 iron1 bronze1 & lead balls4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,/one4 ,iron4 ,bronze4 ,lead4 d4 d4 d4 d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,price ( #d0 ball #j4be #g4if #bf4dfh #h4feb ,price ( p[d] #e4ab #ad4jg #ae4dd #bj4dif ,co/ ( "o ,r\nd #e4cg #bb4jc #da4ijh #bi4adh or 9 our money #ds4 #e-c_/d;d4#ahs4 #d-a_/d;d4 #cds4 #aa;d4#bds4 #c-a_/b;d4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,^! figures d n pr(ess to give ! absolute price ( "o r\nd1 b !y repres5t pretty accurately ! relative co/ ( a r\nd ) ! diff]5t projectiles4 ,! pressures p] squ>e in* ex]t$ ^u ! bore ( a gun are directly proportional to ! weight ( ! *>ges us$1 & ^! *>ges 7 directly proportional to ! weights ( ! projectiles us$4 ,we h !re=e ! foll[+ comp>ative pressures3-- ,,table ,,xi ,numb]s proportional to ! pressures p] squ>e in* on ! bore ( a #d4be gun :5 fir$ ) %ot ( diff]5t mat]ials4 -------------------------------- ,/one4 ,iron4 ,bronze4 ,lead4 #c4f #aj #aj4i #ad4e -------------------------------- ,table ,x4 %[s t ! co/ p] r\nd ) /one 0 mu* less ?an ) metal %ot1 :ile ,table ,,xi4 %[s h[ great 0 ! disp>ity betwe5 ! pressures on ! bore 9 ! two cases1 :i*1 z ! calibre 7& !re=e ! absolute pressure7 increas$1 became a s]i\s matt]4 ,) ! v small1 e>ly guns1 ! great] co/ & heavi] /ra9 may n h be5 s5sibly felt4 ,! extra co/ 9 _! case 0 n v consid]able1 & ! increas$ pressure may n h be5 ev5 suspect$ until guns began to bur/4#ece ,b t ^! disadvantages made !mselves unmi/akably felt :5 ! guns grew l>g] is prov$ beyond a d\bt by ! fact t 8great /one %ot & great cannon 7 introduc$ toge!r40#ecf ,lead5 bullets 7 reta9$ = h&-guns1 because x 0 comp>atively easy to /r5g!n !m1 & ! metal1 al?\gh de>] p] bullet ?an iron1 0 mu* easi] to manipulate4 ,iron %ot 7 d\btless us$ z a g5]al rule = brea*+ purposes1 = :i* /one %ot 7 ill adapt$1 ow+ to _! lightness & liability to break up4 ,we ev5 he> f "t to "t ( ! use ( bronze & lead cannon balls4 ,case4 ,!re 7 two ways1 9 e>ly times1 ( fir+ a volley ( small %ot at troops4 ,! fir/ consi/$ 9 m\nt+ a numb] ( small bomb>ds on "o c>riage & fir+ !m all1 or a c]ta9 numb] ( !m1 toge!r4 ,gatt>o speaks ( #add bomb>ds m\nt$ on ! same b$1 & s arrang$ z to fire ?irty-six at a "t4#ecg ,! :ole app>atus 0 call$ a ribaudequ91 b>ricade1 orgue1 orgelges*tz1 c42 ! two latt] names be+ giv5 to x because x resembl$ 8organ-pipes plac$ ^u a broad c>riage40#ech ,by ! second me?od ! bullets requir$ = ! volley 7 put = conv5i5ce 9 a c>tridge case or cani/]1 & fir$ f a l>ge bomb>d4 ,! bullets1 accord+ to ,g5]al ,khl]1 7 simply pebbles ( fl9t4#eci ,dur+ ! ,indian ,mut9y1 ,i =get :]e1 a volley ( 8,pyramid0 or 8,pool0 balls 0 fir$ by ! mut9e]s f a clubh\se ^u our /orm+ p>ty ) deadly effect4 ,ess5we9 gives plates ( an orgue1 dat$ #acij-adjj1 & ( a gun fir+ case dat$ #adaj4edj ,case 0 us$ at ! siege ( ,belgrade1 #adci1eda & at ! siege ( ,scut>i1 #adgh4edb ,orgues 7 us$ z late z ! ,great ,rebellion4 ,at ! battle ( ,copr$y ,bridge1 #afdd1 ! ,cavali]s took 8two b>icadoes ( wood1 :i* 7 drawn ^u :eels1 & 9 ea* sev5 small brass & lea!r cannon1 *>g$ ) case40#edc ,%rapnel4 ,isolat$ attempts to fire %ell f guns 7z di/+ui%$ f h[itz]s & mort>s7 _h be5 made f "t to "t 9 ! c\rse ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 b !y prov$1 "o & all ( !m1 abortive4 ,! fir/ me?odical & successful %ell-fire f guns 0 c>ri$ on dur+ ! siege ( ,gibralt>1 #aggi-hc1 at ! sugge/ion ( an ,engli% ,infantry (fic]4 ,! di/ance f our ne>e/ batt]ies to ! ,spani% l9es :5 ! siege began 0 #agjj to #bjjj y>ds1#edd & at ?is range our fire 0 ineffective4 ,_m ( ! mort> %ell bur/ at ! muzzle f ! heavy *>ges requir$ = ^! long ranges1 a gunn] los+ 8 life on "o occasion f ?is cause4#ede ,! %ell t )/ood ! %ock flew wildly2 ! fuzes 7 89 g5]al faulty02#edf _m good %ell 7 smo!r$ 9 ! s& ( :i* ! ,spani% works 7 con/ruct$2 ^? t bur/ produc$ b little effect2#edg & r\nd %ot 7 ( no avail aga9/ s&banks tw5ty-two feet high4 ,z fire aga9/ ! ,spani% works 0 useless1 x only rema9$ to direct x on ! work+ p>ties4 ,aga9/ !m our mort> fire 0 z ineffective z aga9/ ! works1 & :at 0 to be look$ = f guns provid$ only ) r\nd %ot & case8 ,case w\ld n c>ry "o-six? ( ! range1 & r\nd %ot aga9/ h&fuls ( m51 scatt]$ "h & !re1 7 z wor?less z %ell4 ,! difficulty 0 /ill unsolv$ :5 ,capta9 ,m]ci]1 #ci? ,regim5t1 sugge/$ fir+ ! #e4e-;in* %ell ( ! royal mort>s1 ) %ort fuzes1 f ! #bd-p\nd] guns :i* _h ! same calibre z ! mort>s1 #e4h-;in*4 ,a trial 0 made on ! #be? ,septemb] #aggi ) 7,i believe7 ! 8,rock gun10 :i* 0 a #bd-p\nd]2 ! 8calculat$ fuzes10#edh x 0 f\nd1 8(t5 bur/ 7! %ell7 ov] ! heads ( ! work+ p>ties10#edi & ,m]ci]s brilliant proposal 0 (ficially adopt$4 ,:5 ! siege 0 ov]1 & m5 _h "t to ?9k1 x became cle> en\gh t excell5t z 0 ,capta9 ,m]ci]'s plan z a make%ift dur+ ! /ress & /ra9 ( a siege1 x _h its weak po9ts4 ,! /rong *>ge necess>y to bur/ ! common %ell t5d$ to scatt] ! fragm5ts "h & !re 9 all directions1 & ! fragm5ts 7 few 9 numb]4 ,exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on 9 ,prussia 9 #agfa to det]m9e ! bur/+ *>ges :i* broke 7mort> & h[itz]7 %ell into ! greate/ numb] ( pieces4 ,x 0 f\nd t royal mort> %ell 7maximum bur/+ *>ge1 #a lb4 #b oz47 broke into eight pieces1 ) a bur/+ *>ge ( #a lb41 & into n9ete5 pieces ) a bur/+ *>ge ( #ad oz41 ^! figures be+ ! means ( six trials4#eej ,9 any case1 ! siege ( ,gibralt> prov$ beyond d5ial t we possess$ no recognis$ & effective projectile aga9/ troops 9 op5 ord] beyond ! range ( case4 ,to fill ! void ?us disclos$ 9 our ammunition1 ,lieut5ant ,h5ry ,%rapnel1 ,r4,a41 conceiv$ ! idea 9 #aghdeea ( a gun-projectile1 :i* he call$ 8sph]ical case40 ,z he 0 qu>t]$ 9 ,newf\ndl& dur+ ! siege1 x is improbable t he 0 aw>e at ?is "t ( ,capt4 ,m]ci]'s plan4 ,at all ev5ts he did n foll[ x1 ! pr9ciple ( 8 inv5tion be+ radically diff]5t f t ( common %ell4 ,! bur/+ *>ge ( ! latt] 0 a maximum1 ! bur/+ *>ge ( ! =m] 0 a m9imum2 ! fuze ( ! latt] 0 bor$ long1 ! fuze ( ! =m] 0 bor$ %ort2 ! fragm5ts ( common %ell 7 project$ by ! bur/+ *>ge ( ! %ell1 ! fragm5ts ( ! %rapnel by ! *>ge ( ! gun f :i* x 0 fir$4 ,?is absolutely new & orig9al inv5tion at fir/ met ! fate ( _m o!r new inv5tions--x 0 long disreg>d$4#eeb ,n until #ahjc1 :5 ,engl& 0 9 grave dang]1 did ! au?orities be/ir !mselves ab\t x3 a trial ( ,%rapnel's %ell 0 !n ord]$1 & ! ,ordnance ,committee report$ 9 _! fav\r4#eec ,h[ great an inv5tion ^! %ell 7 may be measur$ by _! inext+ui%able vitality3 !y outliv$ (ficial apa?y2 !y ov]came endless objections2 !y surviv$ c\ntless modifications2 !y adapt$ !mselves to rifl$ guns2 & at ! pres5t mom5t !y are ! be/ projectiles available aga9/ troops 9 op5 ord] beyond ! range ( case4 ,! orig9ality ( ! ,%rapnel %ell did n1 ( c\rse1 rema9 un*all5g$4 ,c]ta9 (fic]s 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,belgium discov]$ t ! inv5tion 0 an old "o1 & t ,ma/] ,gunn] ,samuel ,zimm]mann _h employ$ ,%rapnel no lat] ?an #aegc4 ,8 ,,ms41 x may be obs]v$1 _h be5 remov$ f ,heidelb]g to ,rome dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>2 0 s5t back to ,heidelb]g 9 #ahaf2 & 0 n discov]$ by ,hauptmann ,toll until #aheb1 j t5 ye>s aft] ,%rapnel's dea?4#eed ,zimm]mann's projectile 0 n con/ruct$ on ,%rapnel's pr9ciples4 ,x consi/$ ( a lead5 cyl9d]1 ) a "t fuze fix$ 9 ! end plac$ next to ! *>ge ( ! gun4 ,! back half ( ! cyl9d] 0 fill$ ) /rong 7rs*em7 p[d]2 ! front half ) bullets2 & ! missile 0 int5d$ to act a few hundr$ paces 7etli* hund]t s*rytt7 beyond ! ord9>y range ( case1 say1 at #ejj-fjj y>ds4 ,a v small bur/+ *>ge w\ld h suffic$ to bur/ op5 a lead5 case3 :y1 !n1 did ! ,ma/] ,gunn] use ! maximum *>ge :i* 0 possible )\t unduly dim9i%+ ! numb] ( bullets--a *>ge1 too1 ( specially /rong p[d]8 ,because he int5d$ ! bur/+ *>ge n only to op5 ! case1 b to accel]ate ! velocity ( ! bullets--he c\ld h _h no o!r conceivable reason4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! m]its ( ?is missile1 x 0 c]ta9ly n a ,%rapnel1 z w be se5 cle>ly by plac+ ! details ( con/ruction ( ! two projectiles side by side4 ,zimm]mann's ,case1 #aegc4 ,%rapnel's ,sph]ical ,case1 #ahje4 7a7 ,a holl[ lead5 cyl9d]4 7a'7 ,a holl[ iron sph]e4 7b7 ,?ickness ( cyl9d] unkn[n4 7b'7 ,?ickness ( sph]e a m9imum4#eee 7c7 ,conta9$ a numb] ( bullets4#eef7;c'7 ,conta9$ a numb] ( bullets4 7d7 ,bur/+ *>ge a maximum4 7d'7 ,bur/+ *>ge a m9imum4 7e7 ,bullets accel]at$ by explosion 7e'7 ,bullets 7z f> z practicable7 ( bur/+ *>ge4 unaffect$ by explosion ( bur/+ *>ge4 7f7 ,a v bad fuze4 7f'7 ,a tol]ably fair fuze4#eeg 7g7 ,range up to #ejj-fjj yds4 7g'7 ,range up to #cjjj yds4 ,! annals ( ,artill]y w be ransack$ 9 va9 = ,%rapnel %ell be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury1 because ! successful application ( ,%rapnel's pr9ciple 0 impossible until an extremely accurate "t fuze _h be5 con/ruct$1 & no nation possess$ a really good fuze be=e t epo*#eeh--nor 9 tru? until long aft]w>ds4 ,! results ( ! ,%rapnel practice 9 #ahai1eei aft] ,%rapnel & _m o!rs _h devot$ _! be/ en]gies to ! improvem5t ( "t fuzes = sixte5 ye>s1 %[ h[ defective !y /ill 74 ,b al?\gh ! want ( a suffici5tly accurate fuze made ! ,%rapnel sy/em a practical impossibility be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a man above 8 fell[s might h dreamt dreams ( di/ant case fire ages be=e4 ,t ,zimm]mann 0 grop+ ab\t bl9dly 9 se>* ( ! projectile ,%rapnel f\nd 9 #aghd1 is prov$ beyond a d\bt by ! "q :i* ! ,feu]w]k] puts to ! ,b*s5mei/]3 8,_c a case %ot be made :i* w leave ! bore :ole & bur/ at a few hundr$ paces' di/ance80#efj ,b ,zimm]mann fail$ 9 8 se>*3 :at he s\ght did n lie on ! road t he took4 ,l ,fronsp]g]1#efa he plac$ 8 fuze next ! *>ge1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* 7z ! old man frankly confesses7 mo/ ( 8 cyl9d]s bur/ 9 ! bore3 8,gema9li* im ,/ckh angegang5 und z]sprung540 ,boillot1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 _h a bett] k ( gunn]y3 8advis]ez que le tr\ d'icelle 7! fuze-hole7 soit du co/ de la b\*e dudit morti]40#efb ,zimm]mann fill$ ! front half ( 8 cyl9d] ) bullets & ! re> half ) /rong p[d]1 obvi\sly assum+ ! /ability ( ! missile 9 its flight4 ,n[ ,pr(4 ,gre5hill has giv5 u a table %[+ ! m9imum twi/ at ! muzzle requisite to give /ability ( rotation to elongat$ projectiles4 ,if a common %ell's l5g? be #c calibres1 x requires a twi/ ( #a turn 9 #ch4de calibres2 if its l5g? be #d calibres x requires a twi/ ( #a turn 9 #bg4f calibres2 & s on4#efc ,h[ f>1 !n1 w\ld ,zimm]mann's ill-balanc$1 smoo?-bore cyl9d] h travell$ be=e x toppl$ ov]1 ) ! c]ta9 result t1 :5 x did1 ! l>ge bur/+ *>ge w\ld bl[ ! bullets any way b ! "r way8 ,zimm]mann's projectile fail$1 & 8 sole m]it consi/s 9 vaguely =e%ad[+ ! ,%rapnel1 j z ,rog] ,bacon dimly =esaw balloons & %ips driv5 by ma*9]y--8,m>9e eng9es c be con/ruct$ & work$ by "o man :i* w propel ! l>ge/ vessels quick] ?an a %ip's crew ( o>sm54444 ,fly+ ma*9es c also be made40#efd ,8 cyl9d] no m e/abli%es ,zimm]mann's claim to be ! inv5tor1 or ev5 ! sugge/]1 ( ,%rapnel %ell1 ?an ,b\rne's me?od ( %oot+ 8?ree times 9 a peece at "o lad+ ( h]0#efe entitles him to be reg>d$ z ! inv5tor ( quick-fir+ guns4 ,we %\ld h be5 sp>$ mu* unpr(itable controv]sy _h =eign critics ?\ght fit to make !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! nature & prop]ties ( ,%rapnel's ,sph]ical ,case be=e discuss+ its hi/ory4 ,its hi/ory is simple4 ,x 0 made 9 ,engl&1 ! inv5tion ( an ,engli% ,artill]y (fic] :o ow$ no?+ to e>li] gunn]s 9 ,g]many or any:]e else4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,igne\s ,,projectiles ,hot ,%ot4 ,! ,britons set fire to ! ,roman ,camp dur+ ,cs>'s second invasion1 #ed ,b4,c41 by dis*>g+ hot balls ( clay among ! t5ts4#eff ,at ! attack on ,plac5tia1 ,a4,d4 #fi1 igne\s missiles 7 employ$ 7gl&es et missilem ignem71 & probably de/roy$ ! amphi!atre4#efg ,z be=e m5tion$1 hot %ot 7= cannon7 7 inv5t$ by ! ,poli% k+1 ,/eph5 ,ba?ory1 9 #aegi4efh ,_! greate/ triumph 0 ! de/ruction ( d',aron's float+ batt]ies & a great "p ( ! ,spani% fleet at ,gibralt>1 #ac? ,septemb] #aghb4 ,inc5di>y ,fireballs4 ,! gunn]s ( old enc\nt]$ great difficulties 9 _! endeav\rs to introduce igne\s projectiles4 ,_! use 9 ! e>ly guns 0 n absolutely impossible1 b x w\ld h be5 fruitless2 = to prove effective an igne\s projectile1 :e!r inc5di>y or explosive1 mu/ conta9 a consid]able mass ( combu/ible matt]1 & ?is condition c\ld n be fulfill$ ) guns ( v small calibre4 ,:5 ! calibre _h greatly increas$1 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 any attempt to employ su* igne\s projectiles z 7 9 use ) ! ma*9es mu/ h end$ 9 failure4 ,! action ( ! ma*9es 0 simil> to t ( a sl+1 & ! %ells 7or envelopes7 ( _! inc5di>y missiles 7 made j /rong en\gh to resi/ ! pressure to :i* !y 7 subject$ on dis*>ge1 al?\gh n /rong en\gh to be> ! %ock ( impact ) ! object !y /ruck4 ,?is broke !m up & scatt]$ _! blaz+ cont5ts ab\t4 ,su* projectiles 7 evid5tly unfit = use 9 cannon2 = ! explosion ( ! *>ge w\ld inevitably break !m up 9 ! bore1 & _! visc\s cont5ts w\ld travel b a v %ort way4 ,ow+ to ^! difficulties ! ma*9es held _! gr\nd to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 if n long]1 & ! igne\s projectiles ultimately con/ruct$ = cannon 7 developm5ts ( ! h&-gr5ade4 ,9 ,fig4 #ca ( ! plate f ! ,,ms4 ( ,kyes]'s 8,belli=tis10 #adje1 giv5 by ,h]r von ,romocki 7i4 #afi71 we are %[n a projectile :i* unque/ionably belongs to ! same family z ! tonneau :i* t]rifi$ ,jo9ville & 8 companions2#efi b ?is b>rel c\ld h only be5 dis*>g$ f a ma*9e4 ,:e!r ,figs4 #bf & #bh ( ! same plate 7 ?r[n by h& or ma*9e dep5d$ on _! size1 :i* we d n "k4 ,f _! con/ruction1 ) a m]e cov]+ ( clo? or cordage1 we may safely conclude t !y 7 n gun-projectiles4 ,we are giv5 a detail$ acc\nt ( fireballs 9 ! ,g]man ,firebook1 #adjj-ej1 belong+ to ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,b]l91 ,,ms4 ,g]m4 qu4 #ajah4 ,missiles are !re describ$ :i* consi/$ ( an int]ior ball ( gunp[d] knead$ ) spirits ( w9e1 sme>$ ov] ) ?ick inc5di>y matt]1 roll$ tightly 9 a cov] ( cotton /eep$ 9 ! same mixture1 & secur$ by two metal b&s at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,!y c\ld be ei!r ?r[n by h& or fir$ f a bomb>d4 ,9 ! latt] case a hole 0 bor$ ?r\gh ! ball & ! plug :i* 0 us$ 9 bomb>ds to close ! end ( ! p[d]-*amb] next ! projectile1 9 ord] to admit ! flame into ! int]ior ( ! ball4 ,! success ( ! missile1 x 0 ?\ght1 dep5d$ on ! hole ?r\gh ! ball be+ exactly opposite ! hole ?r\gh ! plug1 a condition :i* c\ld be only fulfill$ 9 a bree*load+ bomb>d4 ,! inv5tor believ$ t ! ball w\ld explode1 = he w>ns ! gunn] to ?r[ x be=e ! flame rea*es ! composition1 le/ x 8bl[ 8 head (f40#egj ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! gunn]'s head 0 q safe1 al?\gh he might burn 8 f+]s1 :5 us+ ^! inc5di>y toys :i* are unkn[n to milit>y hi/ory4 ,! inc5di>y projectiles actually us$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7 comp>atively simple & ( a diff]5t nature4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! inc5di>y cannon-projectile us$ at ! siege ( ,weiss5burg 9 #adfi1 j six ye>s aft] ,valturio _h pres5t$ 8 book to ! ,sultan ,mahom$ ,,ii4#ega ,x consi/$ ( a /one ball1 consid]ably small] ?an ! bore ( ! gun1 :i* 0 sme>$ ov] ) ?ick inc5di>y matt] & wrapp$ 9 a clo? soak$ 9 ! same mixture4 ,?is process 0 cont9u$ until ! ball 0 ! prop] size = ! bore4#egb ,o!r inc5di>y missiles 7 tri$1#egc b none ( !m1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 _h any?+ 9 common ) ! unpractical projectile propos$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,firebook4 ,inc5di>y ,%ell4 ,a fur!r /ep is tak5 9 a lat] edition ( ! ,firebook j quot$1 b ( ! same p]iod1#egd #adjj-ej4 ,a quill full ( inc5di>y matt] is direct$ to be ins]t$ 9 ! hole ?r\gh ! ball above describ$1 & ! :ole 0 enclos$ 9 an envelope or %ell ( e>!nw>e or iron4 ,an e>!nw>e ball c\ld ( c\rse only be ?r[n by h&3 an iron ball w\ld be fir$ 9 g5]al f a bomb>d4 ,! metal %ell 0 =m$ ( two hemisph]es ( iron fa/5$ toge!r by b&s1 ) a small hole to admit ! flame to ! quill4 ,a simil> envelope1 ( bronze1 is sugge/$ by ,valturio 9 8 ,de ,re ,milit>i1 #adfc1 p4 #bfg2ege b 9 ?is case ! %ell is fill$ ) p[d]1 :i* 9 all probability 0 driv5 9 & compress$ z tightly z possible ) a mallet & drift4#egf ,! ,g]man writ] und\bt$ly believ$ t 8 %ell w\ld bur/1 = he uses su* phrases z 8*ugel dye da spr+t0 & 8z]spr+t und z]sle*t alls umb40 ,nei!r 8 %ell or ,valturio's w\ld h explod$ except "u ! mo/ exceptional circum/ances4 ,! weakness ( ! %ell leads ,h]r von ,romocki to suppose t ,valturio's plate is wrong or griev\sly exagg]at$4 ,i see no gr\nds = ?is suspicion3 ! %ell 0 purposely made weak1 s t x might break into two pieces on impact & leave ! inc5di>y *>ge free to d its "w4 ,! missile belong$ to ! same family z ! inc5di>y projectiles ?r[n into ,rov]$o by ! ,swiss 9 #adhg4egg ,!re ! %ell 0 fill$ ) pit* & ros93 ,valturio's %ell 0 *>g$ ) p[d]1 b x 0 probably compress$ tightly into ! int]ior ( ! %ell1 & p[d]1 especially s]p5t9e p[d]1 w n explode "u su* circum/ances4 ,:5 exp]im5t+ ) gunp[d] at ,new ,york1 ,doremus & ,budd subject$ good mod]n p[d] to su* hydraulic pressure z to compress x into a solid block )\t int]/ices1 & on ignition ! mass burn$ quietly away4#egh ,valturio's *>ge 0 probably r$uc$ to a /ate approximat+ m or less closely to t ( ! ,new ,york p[d]1 & x w\ld h explod$ b r>ely & occasionally4 ,b ! m]e fact t ! %ell 0 made ( bronze is a suffici5t pro( t x 0 an inc5di>y missile4 ,ev5 _h ! *>ge be5 explosive1 a bronze envelope w\ld h be5 only ripp$ op5 by x1 n brok5 into _m pieces z iron w\ld h be52 a fact :i* ,valturio mu/ h kn[n4 ,f9ally1 ! gunn]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 n 9 possession ( a fuze t w\ld h enabl$ !m to c>ry on fire ) explosive %ell4 ,! con/ruction ( su* a fuze 7z w be se5 9 ! section on 8,"t ,fuzes07 0 ! "w ( ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,! ,b]l9 ,firebook does n pr(ess to give u an acc\nt ( ammunition actually us$ 9 ! field2 x m]ely describes c]ta9 ammunition propos$ = use by a firework]1 or inv5tor1 & x adds 8 hone/ convictions ( ! way 9 :i* x w\ld act if manufactur$4 ,! exc]pts giv5 by ,h]r von ,romocki f ! ,firebook1 9 s f> z !y conc]n ! projectile 9 "q1 are simply ! specification & op9ions ( an inv5tor1 & !re are no gr\nds = suppos+ t 8 missile 0 ev] made or ev] tri$4 ,if ^! projectiles _h be5 us$ ) effect 9 ! field1 _! inv5tor w\ld surely h be5 ! fir/ to tell u ( _! success4 ,!re is no?+ rem>kable 9 ! above conclusion3 ! inv5tor foll[$ ! cu/om ( 8 age4 ,! value ( exp]im5t g5]ally1 ! absolute necessity = exp]im5t 9 gunn]y1 0 unkn[n or altoge!r und]rat$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ^? firework]s :o may h suspect$ its importance _h nei!r ! money nor ! opportunity to put _! !ory into practice4 ,w\ld ,sextus ,julius ,africanus & ,m>cus ,grcus h bequea!d to u c]ta9 prepo/]\s recipes1 _h !y be5 at ! pa9s & exp5se ( mak+ !m & try+ !m8 ,x 0 ,rog] ,bacon :o wrote3 8,exp]im5tal sci5ce ignores ab/ract argum5ts2 because1 /rong ?\gh !y may be1 _! conclusions are n p]fectly c]ta9 until v]ifi$ by exp]im5t4444 ,9 ^! /udies exp]im5t alone1 n ab/ract reason+1 leads to c]ta9 conclusions40#egi ,yet ev5 he1 ) 8 8ev]la/+ lamps10 has n q escap$ ! infection ( ! prevail+ fa%ion3 he nev] tri$ ^! lamps4 ,b\rne has left u a :ole book ( 8,inv5tions & ,devices10 & at lea/ "o half ( ,boillot's book is occupi$ by simil> inv5tions2 b nei!r ( !m makes ! slighte/ sugge/ion t any "o ( 8 contrivances 0 ev] made or ev] tri$4 ,we may1 !n1 disc>d ! :olly unpractical proposal ( ! ,b]l9 ,firebook1 & accept ,valturio's z ! e>lie/ inc5di>y cannon-%ell ( :i* we h any detail$ acc\nt4 ,c>casses4 ,c>casses 7 inv5t$ 9 #afgb by a gunn] 9 ! s]vice ( ,*ri/oph] van ,gal51 ! fight+ ,pr9ce ,bi%op ( ,mun/]4#ehj ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,london ,gazette1 #aihj_/a1 #afhd4 ,!y 7 orig9ally oblong1 9 ord] to conta9 a l>ge quantity ( inc5di>y matt]2 b _! flight 0 s erratic t x became necess>y to make !m sph]ical4 ,_! ?ickness 0 at ! same "t s mu* r$uc$1 9 ord] to increase _! int]nal capacity1 t a l>ge proportion broke up 9 ! bore4 ,to rem$y ?is defect dur+ ! siege ( ,quebec1 #agei1 8! int]val betwe5 ! p[d] & ! c>cass 0 fill$ ) turf10 an arrangem5t :i* 8produc$ e desir$ effect40#eha ,explosive ,fireballs4 ,explosive fireballs 7 simply h&-gr5ades1 :i*1 accord+ to ! classification ( ammunition adopt$ "h1 h be5 already notic$1 p4 #afi4 ,explosive ,%ell4 ,! /ep f ,valturio's %ell to common %ell may seem to u n[ to h be5 a %ort & an easy "o1 yet x took ne>ly a c5tury to make x2 ! ob/acle t b>r$ ! way be+ nei!r ! envelope nor ! bur/+ *>ge1 b ! fuze4 ,x is impossible to say exactly :51 :]e1 or by :om explosive %ell 7 fir/ employ$4 ,! want ( !m _h be5 long felt ev]y:]e1 & numb]less attempts to manufacture !m 7 made4 ,!y may1 !re=e1 h come into be+ indep5d5tly 9 sev]al c\ntries ab\t ! same p]iod2 a supposition :i* receives consid]able support f ! conflict+ claims :i* h be5 set up1 q hone/ly no d\bt1 to _! fir/ employm5t4 ,we h s\nd evid5ce ( ! manufacture ( l>ge mort>s & %ell 9 ,engl& z e>ly z #aedc4 ,9 ?is ye> ,bawd & ,collet con/ruct$ mort>s ( #aa to #ai 9 calibre1 ) ca/-iron %ell 8to be /uff$ ) fireworks or wildfire10 & a mat* 7i4e4 fuze7 8t ! firework might be set on fire = to breake 9 smal pieces1 :]e( ! smalle/ piece hitt+ any man w\ld kill or spoile him40#ehb ,/[1 to :om we owe ^! facts1 began life z a tailor1 & 0 n famili> ) ! intricacies ( ,artill]y matriel2 b x is suffici5tly cle> t he speaks "h ( two k9ds ( projectiles--inc5di>y %ell fill$ ) wildfire1 & explosive %ell fill$ ) firework4 ,:e!r ^! %ell 7 ev] us$ &1 if s1 :e!r _! action 0 successful1 !re is no evid5ce to %[2 b 9 #aehh took place ! sieges ( ,b]g5-op-,zoom & ,wa*t5donck at :i* explosive %ell 7 us$ ) mu* effect1 = ! fir/ "t accord+ to ! evid5ce we at pres5t possess4 ,reyd1 ^: ,belg>um ali>umque ,g5tium ,annales 0 publi%$ 9 #afjj1 tells u 7lib4 viii41 p4 #ahb7 t dur+ ! siege ( ,b]g5-op-,zoom 8an ,italian des]t] to ! ,dut* devot$ himself to ! art1 hi!rto unkn[n1 ( mak+ holl[ balls ( iron or /one1 :i*1 :5 fill$ ) a c]ta9 composition & ignit$1 bur/ into innum]able fragm5ts l grape /ones40#ehc ,fa!r ,/rada1 ,s4,j41 9 8 ,hi/4 de la ,gu]re des ,pays ,bas1 ,brussels1 #agci1 speaks z foll[s 7iv4 #dae73-- ,sid5ote3 ,on bat la ,ville avec une n\velle espce de balles qu'on nomme ,bombes4 8,il n'y avoit ri5 qui p\vantait davantage les assigs 79 ,wa*t5donck7 que de c]ta9es grosses b\les de fonte creuses1 et remplies de p\dre et d'autres matires inext+uibles1 qui tant p\sses en l'air avec de gros morti]s1 accabloi5t p> leur psanteur t\s les lieux sur qui ils tombai5t1 et en mme tems1 comme le feu s'y pr5oit p> des buses qui y toi5t atta*es1 ils rompoi5t en se crvant et embrasoi5t t\t ce qui toit l'ent\r1 sans que l'eau le put te9dre4 ,sid5ote3 ,l'inv5teur de ces sortes de b\lets4 8,cette sorte de b\let1 que n\s avons v ajot] aux gr5ades1 aux pots feu1 c4 444 fut1 dit on1 inv5te un peu devant le sige de ,wa*t5donck p> un artisan de ,v5loo4444 ,je sais que quelqu'un 7i4e4 ,reyd7 a ecrit qu'une p>eille expri5ce avait t faite a ,b]g-op-,zoom 444 avec un p>eil succs p> un ,itali5 des]teur des tr\pes d',espagne4 ,au re/e1 le ,comte ,mansfeld se s]vit de cette ma*9e qui fut inv5te ,v5loo et faisoit dans ,wa*t5donck une d/ruction des maisons et des hommes aussi 9vitable qu'elle toit inop9e40 ,^! passages possess at lea/ "o quality ( good evid5ce--!y diff] ab\t details & agree on ! ma9 po9ts2 & x is difficult to see h[ !y c be ga9said or ov]look$4 ,we may take x1 !n1 until fur!r evid5ce 7:i* may possibly exi/7 is produc$1 t explosive %ell 7 fir/ us$ 9 l>ge numb]s & ) good effect 9 #aehh4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,ignit]s ,*>ges ( inc5di>ies & explosives conf9$ 9 guns1 %ells1 m9es1 c41 are n fir$ directly3 = conv5i5ce & safety !y are ignit$ by means ( "s int]m$iate ag5t1 or ag5ts1 su* z prim+ p[d]1 fuzes1 c41 :i* are !mselves 9 turn ignit$ by "s o!r ag5ts4 ,^! collective ag5ts are "h call$ ,ignit]s4 ,hot ,wires1 ,prim+ ,p[d]1 ,mat*es1 & ,portfires4 ,! small e>ly guns1 ^: recoil 0 insignificant1 seem to h be5 fir$ directly by ?ru/+ a hot wire into ! p[d] ?r\gh ! v5t4#ehd ,:5 guns grew bigg]1 ?is me?od _h to be ab&on$ & prim+ p[d] came into use4#ehe ,= c5turies prim+ p[d] consi/$ ( s]p5t9e1 or "s sl[-burn+ mixture1 :i* 0 at fir/ laid 9 a tra9 f "s conv5i5t spot to ! v5t1 & 0 aft]w>ds simply p\r$ on ! v5t4 ,! advantage ( ! =m] proce$+1 9 secur+ ! safety ( ! gunn]s1 is po9t$ out 9 a v old ,fr5* book3--8v\s p\rrez retir] aff9 que vo/re ba/on 7gun7 ne v\s face dommage40#ehf ,9 ! latt] case1 ! prim+ 0 ignit$ 9 v>i\s ways3--by a hot wire2 by a mat* fix$ 9 a l9t-/ock1 :i* 0 8a /affe ( a y>d or two y>ds long20#ehg & lat] by a portfire atta*$ to a portfire-/ick4#ehh ,! objection to prim+ p[d] 0 its liability to be wett$ by ra91 or bl[n away by w9d4#ehi ,,table ,,xii4 ,mat*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,*9ese4 ,arab4 ,engli%4 ,engli%4 #ac? ,c5tury4 #ac? ,c5tury4 #ag? ,c5tury4 #bj? ,c5tury4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,cord soak$ ,cord ( cotton 8,cottonweeke 8,cottonwick 9 a mixture & palm dipp$ boil$ 9 ( sulphur & leaves soak$ 9 gunp[d] a solution ( wat] 7& well 9 naph?a & wet ) wat]0 meal$ p[d] dri$74#eij dri$4#eia & dri$4#eib & gum1 & aft]w>ds du/$ ov] ) meal$ p[d] be=e x is dry4#eic ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,tubes4 ,prim+ p[d] 0 ultimately replac$ by small tubes1 full ( combu/ible matt]1 :i* fitt$ into ! v5ts ( guns4 ,( ! multitude ( ^! tubes only a few c be m5tion$ "h4 ,tubes fill$ ) quickmat*1 & prim$ ) meal$ p[d] & spirits ( w9e1 are said to h be5 9 use 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4#eid ,9 #aggh ,capta9 ,sir ,*>les ,d\glas1 ,r4,n41 inv5t$ ! gun-fl9t-lock4 ,x 0 simply a fl9t-&-/eel app>atus1 fa/5$ to ! v5tplate ( ! gun & work$ by a lany>d1 :i* ignit$ a tube plac$ 9 ! v5t4 ,capta9 ,d\glas introduc$ ?is lock into 8 %ip1 ! ,duke1 at 8 own exp5se1 & x work$ s well t x 0 (ficially adopt$ = ! ,navy 9 #agij4eie ,x 0 ow+1 app>5tly1 to ! p]sonal int]v5tion ( ,g5]al ,sir ,alex&] ,dickson t ?is lock 0 at l5g? adopt$ = ! ,artill]y 9 #ahbj4eif ,9 a lett] to ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas 7son ( ,sir ,*>les71 #ah? ,april #ahah1 ,sir ,alex&] gives 8 reasons = advocat+ ! *ange3--8,by ! employm5t ( sl[ mat* only1 ! fire is frequ5tly ret>d$1 & no?+ c be m dang]\s ?an light$ portfires 9 a batt]y 444 ,i h ev] prev5t$1 z mu* z 9 my p[]1 ! use ( portfires40#eig ,a p]cussion tube1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,m>%1 ( ! ,royal ,ars5al ,surg]y1 0 approv$ = ! ,navy 9 #ahca3 ! ,artill]y 0 n suppli$ ) a simil> tube until #ahdf4 ,9 #ahda ,lieut5ant ,siem5s1 ( ! ,hanov]ian ,army1 laid a friction tube be=e ! (ficials ( ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 :i* 0 tri$ &1 ow+ to :atev] defects1 0 reject$4 ,j t5 ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,toz]1 ( ! ,royal ,laboratory1 made ! copp] friction tube n[ 9 use4 ,x 0 (ficially adopt$ 9 #ahec4eih ,9 #ahfj !re 7 no less ?an six tubes 9 ! s]vice3--7#a7 ! ,common ,quill ,tube2 7#b7 ! ,dut* ,pap] ,tube2 7#c7 ! ,common ,metal ,tube2 7#d7 ! ,p]cussion ,tube2 7#e7 ! ,friction ,tube2 & 7#f7 ! ,galvanic ,tube4#eii ,"t ,fuzes4 ,no?+ c be less satisfactory ?an ,hassan er-,rammah's allusions to ignit]s1 ( :i* he possess$ two--! rose & ! ikreekh 774 ,! latt] ^w /rictly means a duct1 *annel1 or tube2 b j z we frequ5tly use fuze = fuze composition1 s ! ,arabs (t5 use ikreekh = ! composition x conta9$4 ,hassan1 = in/ance1 speaks ( 8! sulphur ) :i* "o makes ikreekhs40#fjj ,x is q cle>1 h[ev]1 f ,re9aud & ,fav's ,plate ,,ii41 fig4 #bd1 t ! ikreekh 0 ( ! nature ( a fuze-case4 ,:e!r ! composition giv5 "h 9 column #a ( ,table ,,xiii4 0 us$ 9 ! ikreekh or ! rose1 ,i d n "k4 ,9 fact our k ( ^! two ignit]s may be summ$ up 9 ! /atem5t t !y 7 us$ toge!r 9 ! same 7inc5di>y7 %ell1 & t x 0 ! rose :i* 0 light$4#fja ,! ikreekh possibly conta9$ ! fuze composition prop]1 & ! rose correspond$ to our prim+ matt]4 ,judg+ f ! plates ( ,kyes]'s ,belli=tis reproduc$ by ,h]r von ,romocki 7i4 #afi71 ! igne\s projectiles ( #adje 7 ignit$ by "s sl[-burn+ composition1 :i* 0 put on ! top ( ! *>ge1 & fill$ up ! load+ hole flu% ) ! ext]ior ( ! missile4 ,! bree*-load+ quill fuze ( ! second ,b]l9 ,firebook1 m5tion$ 9 ! section on 8,explosive ,%ell10 seems to h be5 only ! abortive proposal ( an inv5tor4 ,! =ego+ ,arab & ,g]man ignit]s 7 = use 9 ma*9e & h& projectiles1 & we n[ rea* cannon fuzes4 ,! fir/ igne\s gun-missiles 7 inc5di>y1 at once h&-gr5ades & cannon-balls1 & 7 ignit$ by means ( "s sl[-burn+ mixture1 )\t a case1 :i* 0 put into ! %ell on ! top ( its *>ge4 ,:5 ! missile is 8ne]e full 7( good come p\d]710 says ,b\rne1 8take "s receite ( s(t fire worke t w n burne too ha/ily & fill up ! re/ ( ! ball40#fjb ,t ! fuze-hole 0 orig9ally plac$ next ! c>tridge is %[n by ,boillot's repeat$ directions to turn x t[>ds ! muzzle#fjc--;directions :i* w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s _h x n be5 previ\sly cu/om>y to place x next ! c>tridge2 & by _m o!r indications4 ,by ?is mode ( load+ ! ignition ( ! fuze composition 0 ensur$ be=e ! projectile left ! piece4 ,!re 0 p]haps no absolute necessity = ! use ( ?is s(t1 sl[-burn+ mixture1 ) inc5di>y %ell s plac$2 b x 0 probably f\nd v useful 9 conf9+ ! *>ge )9 ! missile dur+ flight4 ,! ne$ ( an explosive projectile to bl[ up e>?works1 c41 0 m & m felt z "t roll$ on1 & ! use ( su* missiles 0 cle>ly impossible ) su* ignit]s s plac$4 ,b ! be/ way ( m5d+ matt]s 0 by no means s cle>4 ,if an explosive %ell 0 plac$ 9 ! bore ) an ignit] ( s(t1 caseless composition next ! c>tridge1 !re 0 9 ! great majority ( r\nds a bur/ 9 ! bore4 ,if ! %ell 0 rev]s$1 ) ! ignit] t[>ds ! face ( ! piece1 ei!r ! composition did n ignite & ! %ell 0 bl9d1 or ! s(t composition set back into ! %ell f ! %ock ( ! explosion#fjd & aga9 !re 0 a bur/ 9 ! bore4 ,fur!rmore1 9 fir+ aga9/ works x 0 be=e all ?+s necess>y t ! %ell %\ld ent] ! revetm5t1 c41 be=e x explod$1 & x 0 extremely difficult 9 practice to put into ! %ell ! exact am\nt ( composition t w\ld burn j long] ?an ! "t ( flight4 ,to prev5t ! gases ( ! explosion f =c+ _! way into ! int]ior ( ! %ell1 x 0 necess>y to h ! fuze-hole t[>ds ! muzzle :5 ! %ell 0 home4 ,to prev5t ! s(t composition f sett+ back1 & to ensure t x 0 suffici5t 9 quantity to burn long] ?an ! "t ( flight1 a fuze-case 0 necess>y4 ,to ensure ! ignition ( ! fuze 79 its new position7 x 0 necess>y to light x f ! muzzle j be=e ! piece 0 fir$1 & ?is condition re/rict$ ! use ( explosive %ell = c5turies to mort>s & 7aft]w>ds7 h[itz]s4 ,no "o w\ld h d>$ to ?ru/ a lit mat* d[n ! bore ( a gun :i* _h be5 load$ ) loose p[d] by means ( a ladle1 & c>tridges 7 n 9 g5]al use :5 ! "q ( explosive %ell arose4 ,b\rne says 9 #aehg3 8,x is a great deal bett] = to *>ge a peace 9 "t ( s]vice ) a c>tr$ge ?an ) a ladell10#fje & he pres5tly proce$s to give 8 reasons = ?9k+ s at great l5g?4#fjf ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 ,diego ,ufano only all[s ! use ( c>tridges :5 a ladle is n at h&4 ,su* 7 ! /eps ( ! evolution ( ! fuze1 z p>tially expla9$ by ,hanzelet & ,?ybovrel 9 _! ,receuil de plusieurs ,ma*9es ,militaires1 publi%$ 9 #afbj3 8,le s\spirail de l'amorce 7! funnel ( ! prim+ ! fuze-case7 e/ long 444 et creux4444 ,a9si ce canal /ant emply de composition l5te1 il ne p]met que le feu se pr5ne qu'il nait 7n'ait7 l5tem5t consum la matire mise audit canal1 et p> ce moy5 le feu ne peut t\*] la p\dre gra9e 7! bur/+ *>ge7 qu'il ne soit arriv jusques au fond de la ditte gr5ade4 ,cela s]t p\r avoir loisir de la jett] la ma91 ou de l'allum] et la mettre dans le morti] ou canon0 7l4 iv4 c4 #f74 ,"o ( ! fir/ indications ( a fuze ) a case is af=d$ by a passage 9 ,/['s 8,annals0 = ! ye> #aedc1 :]e he speaks ( 8holl[ %ot ( ca/-yron1 to be /uff$ ) fireworks or wild fire2 :]e( ! bigg] sort _h screwes ( yron to receive a mat*0 7p4 #ehd74 ,/[ 0 evid5tly describ+ some?+ :i* he did n und]/&1 b 8 mean+ is made cle> by ,boillot4 ,! fuze-case 0 a holl[1 cyl9drical male screw :i* fitt$ a female screw 9 ! fuze-hole1 & :5 fix$ ext5d$ across ! cavity ( ! %ell3 8,en laquelle 7! %ell7 laiss]ez un tr\ 444 auquelle f]s faire une viz p\r le bi5 b\*]1 laquelle s]a de la longeur de la gr5ade0 7p4 #afc74 ,fur!r on he speaks ( ! case z 8un tuyau de f] blanc ou cuivre 444 bi5 adj\/ au dit tr\10 & directs x to be fill$ 8bi5 massif de p\ldre sans gra9e40 ,x 0 light$ f ! muzzle ( ! mort> by a quick-mat* or h&-fuze1#fjg z ,nye directs half a c5tury aft]w>ds--light ! fuze fir/1 8& !n ) great spe$ give fire to ! t\*-hole0 7*ap4 v474 ,diego ,ufano describes exp]im5ts c>ri$ on dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( ! sixte5?1 or ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ) cas$ fuzes ( a new patt]ns#fjh propos$ by ! 7!n7 ,gov]nor ( ,g5appe4 ,! fuze1 :i* 0 fill$ ) moi/ p[d] or "o ( sev]al mixtures giv5 by ,ufano1 0 plac$ next ! c>tridge4#fji ,! fir/ %ell fir$ bur/ at ! muzzle1 ! second bur/ %ort4 ,two r\nds 7 !n fir$ f an ,engli% #fj-pr4 7c>?aun571 bo? ( :i* bur/ 9 ! air & damag$ h\ses & walls 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,a ?ird %ell lodg$ 9 ! gr\nd at a di/ance ( #bej y>ds1#faj & on bur/+ s5t its fragm5ts back t[>ds ! gun1 damag+ a gu>d-room#faa :i* /ood #aej y>ds 9 re> ( x4 ,! exp]im5ts !n ceas$1 on ! urg5t repres5tations ( an ,artill]y (fic] ab\t ! risk !y 7 all runn+4 ,! e>li] fuzes implicitly ref]r$ to by ,ufano 7 d\btless ! 8buses0 :i*1 ,fa!r ,/rada tells u1 7 employ$ at ,wa*t5donck 9 #aehh4 ,_! "n1 buses tubes or pipes1 is suffici5t pro( t !y 7 fuzes ) cases4 ,9 8 8,gunn]10 #afbh1 p4 #aef1 ,norton speaks ( a 8pype prim$ ) sl[ receipt0 = explod+ %ell4 ,we f9d ! v same ^w appli$ to fuzes 9 ,dani% (ficial docum5ts 9 #afdd3 8pib] til ,granat]10 pipes = %ell4#fab ,writ+ ?ree ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,nye1 ,ma/]-,gunn] ( ,worce/]1 speaks famili>ly ( fuzes :i* 7 conical 9 %ape1 = he comp>es !m to 8faucets = a spigot40#fac ,he says3 8,! mat* do? (ttimes fail1 b fuzes are v c]ta9 to give fire40 ,!re 7 no means ( regulat+ ! "t ( burn+ ( ^! pipes1 :i* 7 g5]ally metallic4 ,! composition _h a con/ant 7& unalt]able7 l5g?1 correspond+ r\ghly to t requir$ = ! maximum range at :i* %ell c\ld be fir$4 ,:atev] ! range1 ! oblong bombs 7 fir$ ) a fuze t burn$ "s f\rte5 seconds1 answ]+ to ab\t #ajjj y>ds range2 ! sph]ical gr5ados ) a fuze t burn$ "s tw5ty seconds1 answ]+ to ab\t #bajj y>ds range4#fad ,9 fir+ aga9/ works1 c41 x 0 ess5tial t mort> %ell--& until ! siege ( ,gibralt>1 #aggi1 all %ell 7 mort> or h[itz] %ell#fae--%\ld n bur/ be=e impact4 ,a %ell :i* bur/ 9 flight 0 a %ell wa/$1 b x matt]$ little :e!r x bur/ on impact or a few seconds aft]w>ds4#faf ,b x 0 occasionally necess>y to use %ell aga9/ troops1 & x 0 !n t ! radical defect ( ! tube became fully manife/4 ,9 ?is case x 0 desirable t ! fuze %\ld fire ! bur/+ *>ge ! in/ant ! %ell t\*$ ! gr\nd1#fag & ?is 0 impracticable ) ! primitive pipe4 ,:ile ! long fuze 0 burn+ d[n to its end1 ! explosion might be prev5t$1 or its effects might be neutralis$ 9 _m ways4 ,! %ell might be ?r[n bodily into a pond or ! sea2#fah ! fuze might be extract$2#fai or x might be ext+ui%$ ) wat]4#fbj ,b 9 ! va/ majority ( cases ! explosion ( ! %ell 0 neutralis$ 9 a mu* homeli] & less h]oic way2 ^? ne> :om x fell wait$ = no comm& to quit its neighb\rhood 9 all ha/e4 ,x 0 long be=e any real progress 0 made 9 ! adju/m5t ( fuzes to burn a c]ta9 "t1 *iefly because ! e>ly gunn]s _h no timekeep]4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is fact is f\nd 9 ! ,artis ,magn ,artill]i1 c41 ( ,siemi5[icz1 publi%$ 9 #afej4 ,wi%+ to give 8 read]s an idea ( ! action ( a c]ta9 fireball1 he expla9s t x burn$ 9 ! "t "o takes to recite delib]ately ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4#fba ,! fir/1 s f> z is kn[n1 :o urg$ ! adju/m5t ( fuzes 0 ,seba/ian ,hlle1#fbb 9 #aeif1 & he f>$ z f>e mo/ ( ^? :o see fur!r ?an _! fell[s4 ,! _m fail$ to see ! object :i* he saw cle>ly2 !re=e 7!y said7 ! object did n exi/1 & he 0 a dream]4 ,a c5tury aft] 8 dea?1 h[ev]1 gunn]s began to discov] t 8 dreams 7 sub/antial en\gh2 & 9 #afhb ,zeug-,lieut4 ,bu*n] dilates ^u ! advantages ( a fuze t w burn e9 gewiss ,tempo#fbc--;a c]ta9 "t4 ,! m]e fact t !re 7 at lea/ ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( fuze 9 use t[>ds ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--pap]1 wood1 & iron#fbd--proves t ! se>* = a s]viceable fuze 0 go+ actively =w>d4 ,! excell5t plates giv5 by ,bu*n] & ,mie? %[ cle>ly t _! fuzes 7 bor$4 ,9 bo? cases ! rate ( burn+ 0 te/$ ) difficulty1 ow+ to ! want ( a practical timekeep]4 ,bu*n] recomm5ds ! use ( a p5dulum1 or v c>eful beat+ "t 7or c\nt+72#fbe ,mie? alludes to ! p5dulum1 b evid5tly put little tru/ 9 x1 = he adds1 8,! correct "t c be only f\nd by trial %ell40#fbf ,by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury we _h bee*wood fuzes1 :i* 7 cut4 ,! rate ( burn+ 0 det]m9$ 8by burn+ two or ?ree1 & mak+ use ( a wat* or /r+ by way ( p5dulum40#fbg ,x 0 obs]v$ ab\t ?is p]iod t :5 fuzes 7 cut v %ort1 ei!r ! flame fail$ to rea* ! bur/+ *>ge & ! %ell w5t bl9d1 or ! ?9 disc ( fuze composition set back into ! %ell f ! %ock ( ! dis*>ge & ! %ell bur/ 9 ! bore4 ,to obviate ?is ,mull] propos$ to provide special fuzes1 ) a quick]-burn+ composition ?an usual1 = use at %ort ranges4#fbh ,?is plan 0 tempor>ily adopt$1 = we f9d t !re 7 ?ree diff]5t fuzes 9 our s]vice 9 #aggi1 "o t burn$ an in* 9 #e seconds1 a second t burn$ an in* 9 #d4e seconds1 & a ?ird t burn$ an in* 9 #d seconds4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 f a rem>k made by ! ,inspector ( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy1 ,capta9 ,george ,smi?1 ,r4,a41 9 8 8,univ]sal ,milit>y ,diction>y0 7f :i* ^! details h be5 tak57 t ! /&>d ( %ell fire 9 ! ye> #aggi 0 a l[ "o4 8,:5 ! di/ance ( ! batt]y f ! object is kn[n1 ! "t ( ! %ell's flight may be comput$ to a second or two40 ,extreme regul>ity ( burn+1 !n1 0 n expect$3 an error ( 8a second or two0 9 ! "t ( flight 0 ( trivial importance4 ,b an ev5t happ5$ 9 ,gibralt> 9 ?is v ye> :i* sudd5ly rais$ ! /&>d to a height t no "o c\ld h =ese5--! adoption ( ,capta9 ,m]ci]'s me?od ( %ell-fire f guns1 ) %ort fuzes4 ,?is sy/em end$ ) ! siege2 x 0 nev] resort$ to1 probably1 outside ! gates ( ,gibralt>2 &1 m probably /ill1 :5 ! siege 0 ov] ?+s fell gradually back into ! unruffl$ quiet ( r\t9e4 ,b ! calm 0 only mom5t>y1 = 9 #ahjc appe>$ ,%rapnel %ell1 & ) !m reappe>$ ,capta9 ,m]ci]'s =gott5 sy/em ( 8calculat$ fuzes40 ,f ! fir/ mom5t x 0 beyond all d\bt t ! ultimate success ( ,%rapnel c\ld be only assur$ by ! use ( :at no ,artill]y !n possess$--a ?or\ghly good "t-fuze4 ,writ+ to ,major 7aft]w>ds ,g5]al ,sir ,?omas7 ,d[nman1 ,r4,a41 on ! #bi? ,feb4 #ahjd1 ,%rapnel rem>ks t 9 fir+ at %ort ranges ! fuze composition 8gives way into ! %ell once 9 t5 times10#fbi ?us produc+ a bur/ 9 ! bore2 & z a rem$y he sugge/s cutt+ all fuzes #a long & !n saw+ a cut ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! fuze1 9 a plane pass+ ?r\gh its long] axis1 up to ! desir$ l5g?4 ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ all precautions1 ( ! #ajij %ell fir$ dur+ ! ,woolwi* exp]im5ts ) ,%rapnel 9 #ahai1 #gd bur/ 9 ! bore1 #ga bur/ 9 ! butt1 & #aaa 7 bl9d1 i4e4 #bc4d p] c5t4 7 failures4#fcj ,no ef=ts 7 sp>$ to improve ^! fuzes or replace !m by bett] ones1 & a l>ge numb] 7 propos$1 or con/ruct$1 dur+ ! second qu>t] ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 #ahej !re 7 no less ?an n9ete5 "t-fuzes 9 our s]vice3 ?ree ( metal & sixte5 ( wood4 ,( ! latt]1 t5 7 ,%rapnel fuzes1 viz4 an #h1 a #e & a #a fuze1 :i* 7 uncut2 & sev5 fuzes :i* 7 cut ready = use1 & lett]$ ,a = 4#a1 ,b = 4#b1--;,g = 4#g4fca ,?is m$ley ( fuzes 0 gradually sup]s$$ by a wood5 "t-fuze propos$ 9 #ahdi by an (fic] :o _h a g5ius = ammunition1 ,capta9 7aft]w>ds ,g5]al7 ,e4 ,m4 ,box]1 ,r4,a41 & adopt$ 9 #ahej4 ,9 ! f9al patt]n ( ?is fuze1 adopt$ e>ly 9 #ahed1 ,engl& possess$ probably ! be/ fuze 9 ,europe4 ,,table ,,xiii4 ,"t-,fuze ,composition4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,arab4#fcb;,g]man4#fcc;,engli%4#fcd,sw$i %4#fce;,engli%4#fcf;,g]man4#fcg;,engli%4 #fch ,late ,late ,e>ly ,late ,middle ,e>ly #bj? #ac? #af? #ag? #ag? #ah? #ai? ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,saltpetre #ga4dc #eb4a #fi4h #fi4he #ge4j #gb4a #gf4d ,*>coal #ba4dc #be4f #ab4g 4#e #f4be #aj4g #ad4a ,sulphur #g4ad #bb4c #ag4e #ba4fe #ah4ge #ag4b #i4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p]cussion & ,concussion ,fuzes4 ,! e>lie/ proposal = ignit+ ! bur/+ *>ges ( %ell by p]cussion appe>s to h be5 made 9 #aeif by ,seba/ian ,hlle4#fci ,a simil> proposal 0 made 9 #afaj by ,graf ,johann von ,nassau 9 a ,,ms4 n[ 9 possession ( ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,b]l9 7,,ms4 ,g]m4 fol4 #d71 :]e two h&-gr5ades are describ$ :i* explode on be+ let fall on ! gr\nd4 ,! second diff]s f ! fir/ 9 hav+ a safety app>atus to prev5t premature explosions1 b bo? are bas$ on ! same pr9ciple z ,hlle's3 fl9ts & /eel s arrang$ z to /rike toge!r on impact ) ! gr\nd4#fdj ,9 #afej ,siemi5[icz gives a description 7) plates7 ( simil> gr5ades1 )\t a safety arrangem5t1#fda :i* ,mie? reg>d$ z 8curiosities0 specially adapt$ to hurry ^? :o m$dl$ ) !m into ! next _w4#fdb ,yet ,bu*n] m5tions !m 9 #afhb1fdc & ,&]son 9 #afia1fdd )\t any 7express$7 misgiv+s ( _! dang]4 ,we may re/ assur$ t ^! man-traps 7 nev] us$ on actual s]vice4 ,! use ( p]cussion p[d] to ignite ! bur/+ *>ges ( %ells 0 fir/ def9itely propos$1 ,i believe1 by ,johann ,jrg5son von ,tra*5fels 9 #afee2fde j sev5 ye>s aft] ,glaub] _h drawn att5tion to su* mixtures 9 8 ,philosophis*5 f54#fdf ,tra*5fels' proposals 7 nev] put into practice1 & no attempt 0 made to apply p]cussion p[d]s to milit>y purposes = m ?an a c5tury4 ,fulm9at+ silv]1 discov]$ by ,b]?ollet t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 c\ld n be utilis$ ow+ to ! viol5ce ( its detonation4 ,aft] ,h[>d's discov]y ( fulm9at+ m]cury 9 #ahjj1 a numb] ( p]cussion mixtures 7 made2 b sev5 ye>s pass$ be=e ,rev4 ,alex&] ,=sy? propos$ to use !m = ! prim+ ( fire>ms1#fdg & elev5 ye>s m elaps$ be=e x occurr$ to ,colonel ,pet] ,hawk] to enclose p]cussion prim+ 9 a copp] cap4#fdh ,! p]cussion musket did n make its appe>ance until #ahdb4 ,! fir/ ,engli% concussion fuze#fdi 0 inv5t$ by ,qu>t]ma/] ,freeburn1 ,r4,a41 9 #ahdf2 ! fir/ p]cussion fuze by ,comm&] ,moorsom1 ,r4,n41 9 #ahej4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,signals ,! foll[+ tables tell _! own tale3-- ,,table ,,xiv4 ,signal ,rockets4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,*9ese4#fej;,greek4#fea;,arab4#feb;,engl i%4#fec;,engli%4#fed #ac? #ac? #ac? #ag? #bj? ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ,c5tury4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,saltpetre #fa4j #fi4b #fi4e #fj4j #fa4f ,*>coal #ah4c #bc #ae4g #be4e' #bc ,sulphur #ah4c #g4h #ad4h #ad4d' #ae4d ,mi-to-s+8 #b4d -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,table ,,xv4 ,fix$ ,lights4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,arab4#fee ,engli%4#fef 8,light ( ! 8,light1 ,illum9at+ ,moon10 ,wrecks1 ,m>k ,,iv410 #ac? ,c5tury4 #bj? ,c5tury4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,saltpetre #ga4d #gb ,*>coal #ae4b #ba ,orpim5t #ac4d #f4g ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,table ,,xvi ,fireworks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,arab4#feg ,engli%4#feh ,gold5 ,g>l&s1,t\rbillions1 #ac? ,c5tury4 #bj? ,c5tury4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,saltpetre #fb4e #eh ,*>coal #be #ab ,sulphur #f4be #ac ,/eel fil+s #c4abe #d4h ,ca/ iron bor+s -- #ab4b ,bronze fil+s #c4abe -- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,footnotes3 #a ,escorial ,,ms41 ,no4 #abdi1 giv5 9 ,casiri's ,biblio!ca ,arabico-,hispana ,escur41 ii4 #g4 #b ,hi/4 du ,roy ,sa9t ,loys1 ,p>is1 #affh1 p4 #ci4 ,he calls ! projectile 8ung tonneau10 :i* x probably 04 ,see ! section on 8,inc5di>y ,fireballs40 #c ,e/imat$ = gunp[d] at #ccgc ,c4 #d 8444 to be ! m>k ,( smoky muskets40 --,all's ,well t ,ends ,well1 iii4 #b4 #e ,*auc]'s 8,leg5d ( ,good ,wom510 #fcg4 ,pr(essor ,skeat po9ts out t ! ^w 8gonne0 applies to ! projectile 9 ?is l9e4 #f ,only ! :irr+ ( ! %ot4 #g ,only ! fa9t light ( ! "t fuze4 #h ,sacy's ,*re/oma?ie ,arabe1 ,p>is1 #ahbg1 iii4 #fh4 #i ,cod4 ,,ms4 phil4 #fc1 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+51 quot$ by ,romocki1 i4 #acd4 #aj ,froiss>t's orig9al acc\nt ( ! battle ( ,cressy 9 ! ,ami5s ,,ms4 w be f\nd 9 ,k]vyn de ,lett5hove's ed4 ( ! 8,*ronicles10 ,brussels1 #ahgj1 & 9 ! ,app5dix to ,pola9's ed4 ( ! ,vrayes ,*roniques de ,messire ,jehan le ,bel1 ,brussels1 #ahfc4 ,see also 8,cannon at ,cressy10 by ! pres5t writ]1 9 ,proc4 ,r4 ,a4 ,in/41 vol4 xxvi4 #aa 8,toxophilus10 p4 #fg4 #ab 8,sometimes we put a new signification to an old ^w1 z :5 we call a ,piece a ,gun4 ,! ^w ,gun 0 9 use 9 ,engl& = an ,eng9e to ca/ a ?+ f a ,man1 long be=e !re 0 any ,gunp[d] f\nd out40--8,table ,talk10 p4 #ajg4 #ac 8,language & ! ,/udy ( ,language10 #ahfg1 p4 #abf4 #ad ,cordite1 = in/ance1 is frequ5tly miscall$ 8smokeless p[d]40 #ae ,z ,artill]y = ages repres5t$ bo? b[s & cannon4 #af 8,si =te necesse e/ ,indiciis mon/r>e rec5tibus abdita r]um1 ,f+]e c9ctutis non exaudita ,ce!gis ,cont+et1 dabiturque lic5tia sumpta pud5t]40--,a4 ,p4 #dh4 #ag e4g41 :e!r ,artill]y means b[s & arr[s or cannon 9 #a ,sam4 xx4 #dj2 b ?is is an exce$+ly simple case4 #ah ,except "o disput$ ,sanskrit text :i* w be f\nd 9 ,ry's 8,h9du ,*emi/ry10 pp4 #ig-h4 #ai 8,les t]res d'o l'on tire le ki51 ou la c\p]ose de ,*9e1 f]m5t5t comme celles du salptre2 on y e/ s\v5t tromp1 ce n'e/ qu'au gt qu'on peut di/+u] les unes des autres40--,pre ,inc>ville1 a ,*9ese mission>y1 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #bea4 #bj ,suppos$ to be ( ,greek orig94 #ba ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,oct4 #ahdi1 p4 #bhc4 #bb ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #adb4 ,on ! next page1 #adc1 s>co/i is spell$ 7by ! same writ]7 salco/i4 #bc 8,tunc aquam illam 7salt wat]7 coque 9 vase vitreo40--,alb]t ,groot 9 ,zetzn]'s ,!atrum ,*emicum1 #afac1 ii4 #dcc4 #bd ,! ,greeks _h a correspond+ di/9ction betwe5 natural & artificial salt4 ,h]odotus calls ! salt cry/allis$ by ! sun at ! m\? ( ! ,bory/h5es 1 automatic1 or spontane\s salt1 z di/+ui%$ f 1 dug-out1 or rock salt2 iv4 #ec & #ahe4 #be ,b]!lot1 iii4 #aec4 #bf ,ib41 i4 #bci4 ,! =g]ies 9 "q may h be5 ! "w ( sev]al writ]s1 b ?is does n affect ! date giv5 above4 #bg ,! ,arabic works ( ! real ,jabir are giv5 by ,b]!lot 9 iii4 #abf ff42 ! ,lat9 works ( ! false ,jabir 7or ,geb]7 9 i4 #ccf ff4 #bh ,ib41 i4 #aii1 recipe #fj4 #bi ,ib41 i4 #cjh4 #cj ,ow+ to ! great numb] ( ,arabic words borr[$ by ! ,p]sians x is extremely difficult to judge f a translation :e!r a lo/ orig9al 0 ,arabic or ,p]sian1 ! m s z ! ,arabs borr[$ l>gely f ! ,p]sian4 ,f> m hon\r = sci5tific "w has be5 paid to ! ,arabs1 f> less to ! ,p]sians1 ,syrians1 & ,h9dus1 ?an 0 _! prop] due4 ,r5an says t ,al-,k9di 0 ! only ,moslem philosoph] ( pure ,arab blood4--,disc\rs et ,confr5ces1 p4 #cia4 #ca ,udoy ,*& ,dutt1 8,mat]ia ,m$ica ( ! ,h9dus10 pp4 #hi-ij4 ,i presume t sora 7be+ ( =eign orig97 0 a corruption ( ! ,p]sian 7%ora7 saltpetre4 #cb 8,h9du ,*emi/ry10 by ,praphulla ,*&ra ,ry1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,presid5cy ,college1 ,calcutta1 #aijb1 pp4 #ii-ajj4 #cc ,yavak%>a 0 app>5tly ! 8b>ley0 us$ 9 a saltpetre mixture ( ! ,arabic treatise 79 ,syriac *>act]s7 giv5 by ,b]!lot1 ii4 #aih4 #cd ,romocki1 i4 #ea4 #ce 444 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #ad4 ,! phrase1 8fl[] ( ! /one ( ,assos10 0 a ?\s& ye>s old :5 ,abd ,allah us$ x1 = we f9d x 9 ,lucian's ,tragodopodagra 7 1 l4 #afb71 a "w writt5 ,a4,d4 #ahj-bjj4 ,b1 l s _m o!r words1 x completely *ang$ its mean+ 9 ! lapse ( ye>s4 ,abd ,allah us$ x to designate saltpetre3 ,pl9y ! eld] 78,nat4 ,hi/410 xxxvi4 #ag7 tells u x _h ! prop]ty ( utt]ly consum+ dead bodies1 except ! tee?1 9 =ty days--a prop]ty saltpetre does n possess4 #cf ,majus ,opus1 ,london1 #agcc1 p4 #dgd4 #cg ,see *apt] iv4 #ch ,?is process 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! ,ea/1 or :]ev] ! natural saltpetre 0 collect$2 n at ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,! facts are tak5 f ! 8,h&book ( ! ,manufacture ( ,gunp[d]10 by ,capt4 ,f4 ,m4 ,smi?1 ,r4,a41 ,london1 #ahga4 #ci ,f1 c41 means a repetition ( ,f1 c4 #dj ,see *apt] iv41 recipe #ad4 #da ,tak5 f ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #bcg4 #db i4e4 ! lapis assius saltpetre4 #dc ,! way 9 :i* ?is process has be5 obta9$ w be expla9$ 9 *apt] viii4 ,! phrases )9 brackets !re are simply writt5 consecutively "h1 ^w = ^w1 except a few conjunctions r5d]$ unnecess>y by ! punctuation4 #dd ,?ucydides1 vii4 #dc4 #de ,diodorus ,siculus1 xx4 #hh4 #df ,v]gil1 n41 ix4 #gje2 ,lucan1 ,ph>s41 vi4 #aii4 #dg ,tacitus1 ,hi/41 iv4 #bc4 #dh ,de ,re ,milit>i1 *ap4 viii4 ,see ,table ,,ii4 #di xxiii4 #d4 #ej ,?ucydides1 ii4 #gg4 8,e lor porge di zolfo e di bitumi ,due palle1 e'n cavo rame ascosi lumi40 --,,tasso1 ,g]4 ,lib41 xii4 #db4 #ea ,ib41 iv4 #ajj4 #eb ,ib41 vii4 #ec4 #ec ,9 ,biblio!ca ,script4 ,grc4 et ,rom4 ,teubn]iana4 ,leipsig1 #ahgd4 ,*ap4 xxxv4 p4 #gi4 ,see ,table ,,ii4 #ed ,poliorketikon1 xxxv4 #gi4 #ee ,de ,re ,milit>i1 iv4 #h4 #ef ,recipe #bf 7see ,*ap4 iv474 #eg 8,belli=tis10 9 ,romocki1 i4 #aed4 #eh ,:itehorne1 ,*ap4 xxix4 fol4 #dj4 #ei ,(ficial 8,treatise on ,ammunition40 #fj i4e4 ,p9e-wood *>coal4 #fa ,a gum4 #fb ,salt recov]$ f salt-wat] by natural or artificial heat4 #fc ,cream ( t>t> bit>trate ( pota%4 #fd ,kall9ikos 0 probably a ,syrian-,greek2 ,h]tzb]g1 ,ges*4 d] ,byzant9]1 c41 p4 #eh4 #fe 1 1 1 4 4 ,corp4 ,script4 ,hi/4 ,byzant41 ed4 ,niebuhr3 8,!ophanes10 ,a4,m4 #fafe1 ,a4,c4 #ffe2 i4 #edb4 #ff 444 1 1 1 ' 4 #fg ,k4 ,k4 ,mll]1 9 8 ,e9e grie*is*e ,s*rift b] ,seekrieg1 #ahhb1 p4 #dd1 p]t95tly rem>ks t ,jhns1 :o accepts ?is e>ly date1 c give no example ( ! use ( sea-fire be=e ! sev5? c5tury4 #fh 8,traitors are (t5 to be suspect$ ev5 ab\t y\r p]son0 7 74 ,leo's 8,tactics10 xxi4 #ce4 #fi ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae? ,aug4 #ahia1 p4 #hje4 #gj 8,tactics10 xix4 #ea4 #ga ,by ,fri> ,bacon4 ,see ,*apt] viii4 #gb 8444 nec fulm9e tanti ,dissultant crepitus 4440--n41 xii4 #ibb4 #gc ,siphons1 ( :atev] k9d1 7 kn[n be=e sea-fire4 ,on he>+ ( ! ,moslem prep>ations to attack him 9 #fga1 ,con/ant9e ,pogonatus ord]$ ! siphon-be>+ w>%ips 7 7 to be put 9 commission4--,!ophanes' 8,*ronography10 i4 #edb4 #gd 8,alex&]10 c4 #ce2 tr4 by ,/ew>t & ,long4 #ge 8,natural ,hi/ory10 xxxvi4 #ec4 #gf ,see ,boiv9's notes on ! 8,ke/oi0 9 ,vet4 ,ma!maticorum 444 ,op41 ed4 ,?v5ot1 #afic1 p4 #ceg2 & ,gelz]'s ,s4 ,j4 ,africanus1 #ahhj1 i4 #ac4 #gg ,9 ! ,deipnosophi/s ( ,a!nu a juggl] is repres5t$ z produc+ automatic fire1 c4 #af1 e4 #gh ,corp4 ,script4 ,hi/4 ,byzant41 ,pt4 xxii4 p4 #ecg4 #gi ' 444 8,tactics10 xix41 #ed1 9 ,meursii ,op41 vi4 #hj ,recipe #bd 7see ,*apt] iv474 #ha ,nrnb]g ,,ms41 9 ,romocki1 i4 #abe1 recipe1 8ignis qui 9 pluvia40 #hb ,g5]ally ascrib$ to ,alb]t ,groot1 b mu* m probably by "o ( 8 pupils4 ,b]!lot1 i4 #ia4 #hc ,romocki1 i4 #aed4 #hd ,ib41 #acj4 #he ,c$r5us seems to convey t ! manufacture ( inc5di>ies 0 ! privilege ( ! ,lampros family1 b x 0 presumably c>ri$ on 9 "s ,gov]nm5t e/abli%m5t 7 1 72 ed4 ,bekk]1 ,bonn1 #ahch1 i4 #gfe4 #hf ,h]r von ,romocki 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ to (f] ?is explanation4 #hg ,see p4 #ac1 & ,table ,,ii41 col4 ,lib] ,ignium4 #hh ,dr4 ,bury 9 ,gibbon's 8,decl9e & ,fall10 c41 vii4 #edj4 #hi 1 p4 #ecf4 #ij 444 ' 4 8,alex410 xiii4 #c4 #ia 8,f ! fir & su* l ev]gre5 trees may be prep>$ a fi]cely-burn+ mixture0 7 74 ,ib4 ,see neas' mixture 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,anna's recipe is int5tionally incomplete4 #ib 1 1 ' ' ' 4 8,alex410 l4 xi41 c4 #aj4 #ic ,! e>lie/ notice ( /eam1 z a motive p[]1 is f\nd 9 ! ,pneumatica ( ,h]on ( ,alex&ria1 cir4 #acj ,b4,c4 ,no fur!r progress seems to h be5 made until ! publication ( ! ,pneumatica ( ,giambatti/a della ,porta 9 #afja4 ,p]k9s' /eam-gun 0 exhibit$ 9 #ahbd4 #id 4 8,tactics10 xix4 #f4 ,!re is no ambiguity ab\t ! ^w 1 :i* is commonly appli$ to clo?+1 e4g4 8a man clo!d 9 s(t raim5t10 ,luke vii4 #be4 ,i m5tion ?is because x has be5 /at$ & re/at$ t ! siphons 7 made ( bronze1 in/ead ( be+ 8clo!d0 or 8cas$0 ) bronze4 #ie 444 4 ,ib41 #ea4 #if ,see p4 #cd n4 #ig 4 8,spiritalia10 9 ,vet4 ,ma!mat4 ,op41 ed4 ,?v5ot1 p4 #ahj4 #ih 8,nullus usquam 9 publico sipho1 nulla hama1 nullum d5ique in/rum5tum ad inc5dia20 l4 x41 c4 #dh1 ed4 ,titze1 p4 #beb4 #ii 4 #ajj 1 4 ,9 ,meursii1 ,op4 ,,vi41 #acdi4 ,9 8 8,lex4 ( ,byzant9e ,greek0 ,sophocles gives 1 4 #aja 4 8,alex410 ii4 c4 #h4 #ajb 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 8,alex410 xi4 #aj4 ,! obscurity 9 /yle ( bo? ! ,royal writ]s 0 no d\bt int5tional4 #ajc ,b]!lot1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,aug4 #ae1 #ahia1 p4 #hjj4 #ajd ,am]ican (ficial 8,hi/4 ( ! ,w> ( ,rebellion10 s]4 #a1 vol4 xxviii4 pt4 #a1 p4 #cc4 #aje 8,greek ,fire10 9 8,ency4 ,brit410 n9? ed4 #ajf ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,aug4 #ae1 #ahia1 p4 #gib4 #ajg ,webb]'s 8,metrical ,romances40 #ajh ,lib] ,g>drob ( ,ed4 ,i41 9 ,tytl]'s 8,hi/4 ( ,scotl&10 i4 #aha4 #aji ,b>b\r's 8,! ,bruce10 bk4 xvii41 quot$ by ,g5]al ,r4 ,maclagan 9 ,j\rnal ( ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 xlv4 #cj ff4 #aaj ,froiss>t1 vol4 i4 pt4 #b1 c4 #ba1 p4 #ccb2 c4 #bf1 p4 #ccg4 #aaa ,di$o1 8,hi/4 ( ! ,republic ( ,v5ise10 ii4 #bbh ff42 ,p>uta1 ,/oria della ,gu]ra di ,cipro1 #hh ff4 #aab ,9 ,col]idge's 8,dict4 ( ! ,olde/ ,words 9 ! ,engli% ,language40 #aac ,/ate ,pap]s1 ,dom4 ,s]ies1 iii4 #cec4 #aad ,see ,table ,,ii4 #aae ,e4 ,pe>s1 8,fall ( ,con/ant9ople10 #ahhe1 p4 #baa4 #aaf 8,hi/ ( ,greece10 iii4 #dib4 #aag 8,voyages10 c4 ,trans4 p> ,b>ati]1 #agcd1 c4 #f1 p4 #ej4 #aah 8,/ruphnos 444 turn$ into money n only ! bolts & an*ors ( ! %ips b _! sails & rigg+1 & left ! navy )\t a s+le l>ge %ip0 7 444 1 74 ,nicet ,hi/41 8,de ,alex4 ,isaac4 ,ang4 ,fr410 l4 iii4 p4 #gaf4 ,sea-fire is n actually m5tion$1 b ! man :o made away ) ! fitt+s ( ! %ips 0 n likely to sp>e ! ammunition1 if saleable4 #aai ,ville-,h>d\91 ,la ,conqute de ,con/ant9ople1 ed4 ,b\*on1 #ahia1 p4 #aaa4 #abj ,see p4 #ad4 #aba 444 ,*alcocondyles1 ,corp4 ,script4 ,hi/4 ,byzant41 ed4 ,niehbuhr1 ,bonn1 #ahdc1 l4 ii4 p4 #gb4 ,! tradition 0 widespread4 ,ario/o 7#adgd-aecc7 says3-- 8,la mac*9a inf]nal 444 ,prima portata fu tra gli ,alamanni40 --,orl&o ,furioso1 xi4 #bc4 #abb 4 ,ib41 l4 vii4 p4 #cdf4 #abc ,h]odotus1 viii4 #eb1 9 8 description ( ! tak+ ( ,a!ns dur+ ! invasion ( ,x]xes1 #dhj ,b4,c4 #abd 4 ,leo's 8,tactics10 xix4 #ea4 ,see p4 #ch1 & ,jhns1 #eae4 #abe 8,dans notre op9ion1 les div]ses compositions inc5di>es employes p> les ,arabes et p> les ,grecs1 antrieurem5t l'anne #abbe1 ne conti5n5t pas de salptre40--,re9aud & ,fav1 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,oct4 #ahdi1 p4 #bhb4 #abf ,p>is ,,mss4 #gaef & #gaeh1 :i* may be dat$ #acjj4 #abg ,^! l9es are atta*$ by ,b]!lot to ,no4 #f4 #abh ,i h ins]t$ ^! two words f ! ,nrnb]g ,,ms4 7,romocki1 i4 #abd71 in/ead ( ! unmean+ 8horatact940 #abi ,b]!lot reads 8primo40 #acj 8,take0 is "h 8accipe0 in/ead ( ! 8recipe0 us$ 9 ! n9e prec$+ recipes4 #aca ,b]!lot reads1 8lauri40 #acb ,bett]1 89 scrophulis contra lapides10 ,b]!lot's read+4 #acc ,?is is ! read+ ( ! ,p>is ,,ms4 #gaef4 ,ptolemy is "h spelt z ,*auc] spells x1 ,?olome2 8,boece10 ii4 #g4 #acd ,probably a scribe's blund] = cynoglossi4 #ace ,!re seems to h be5 "s lacuna 9 a previ\s recipe4 #acf ,!re is no ,index to ! orig9al4 ,! above has be5 made = ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]4 #acg i4 c4 #d4 ,!re is a m>k$ simil>ity betwe5 c]ta9 num]als to be f\nd 9 ,kyes]'s 8,belli=tis10 #adje1 & ^? us$ 9 ! ,nrnb]g ,,ms4 ,romocki1 i4 #abd1 #aej4 #ach ,see p4 #af4 ,he 0 born ne> ,malaga4 #aci ,b]!lot1 iii4 #b4 #adj 8,gold5 ,prairies10 ,p>is ed41 viii4 #agg4 #ada i4 #abh-acb4 #adb ,n a g5u9e ,greek ^w1 al?\gh us$ by ,h]odotus4 #adc ,gibbon1 vi4 #ajc1 ,bury's ed4 #add ,romocki1 i4 #g n4 #ade ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #di4 #adf ,jhns1 #eab n4 #adg 8,hi/4 ,hi]osol410 l4 vii4 c4 #cc4 #adh ,hi/4 ,r]um ,anglic>um1 l4 iv4 c4 #ai4 ,a "w c>ri$ up to ! ye> #aaih4 #adi ,9 8 summ>y ( ,masudi's 8,book ( ,indication & ,admonition10 app5d$ to ! 8,gold5 ,prairies10 ,p>is ed41 ix4 #caa4 #aej ,ib41 i #aih4 #aea 8,tale ( ! ,tailor10 i4 #bhj1 #bhe1 ,burton's ed41 #ahid4 #aeb 8,ar*ologia10 xxxiv4 #bfa4 #aec 8,assyrian ,discov]ies10 p4 #djg4 #aed ,r4 ,grant1 8,hi/4 ( ,physical ,a/ronomy10 p4 #dce4 #aee ,pr(4 ,:itney1 8,language & ! ,/udy ( ,language10 #ahfg1 p4 #bei4 #aef ,humboldt's 8,cosmos10 ii41 pt4 ii4 p4 #ebc1 ,bohn's ed4 #aeg ,plut>*1 8,alex&]10 #ce4 #aeh ,humboldt1 ib4 #aei 8,le mot et le mot s en lat9 compr5nai5t la fois le cuivre et ses alliages colors en r\ge ou en jaune40--,b]!lot1 ii4 #abb n4 #afj 8,gold5 ,prairies10 ,p>is ed41 iii4 #di4 #afa ,*re/oma?ie ,arabe1 iii4 #def4 #afb ,b]!lot1 i4 #cjf4 #afc ,ry's 8,h9du ,*emi/ry10 p4 #ej4 #afd ,*re/oma?ie ,arabe1 ii4 #dhb4 #afe ,dict4 ,lat4-,hispanico1 #aegj1 b writt5 half a c5tury be=e4 #aff ,m9%eu1 8,span4-,engli% ,dict410 #afbc4 #afg ,mr4 ,fitzmaurice-,kelly1 8,hi/4 ( ,spani% ,lit]ature10 p4 #ai4 ,he is speak+ ( ! ,crusade p]iod4 #afh 8,lit]ature ( ,europe10 c41 c4 ix4 #d4 #afi ,b]!lot1 i4 #bcb4 #agj ,ib41 i4 #acj1 #ace4 #aga ,gibbon1 vi #aa1 ,bury's ed4 #agb ,alexiad1 xi4 #aj4 #agc 8,urbem ma*9is et propugnaculis munit 7,alexius71 quorum similia nemo vid]it unquam40--,du*esne1 ,hi/4 ,franc4 ,script41 v4 #bgi4 #agd 8,ency4 ,brit410 xv4 #hje4 #age 8,! ,gold5 ,prairies0 ( ,masudi1 ,p>is1 #ahgc1 vii4 #ajj4 #agf 8,j4 ,mesu 444 ,op]a10 ,v5ice1 #aeha1 p4 #he4 ,fabricius ?\ght ?is ,greek physician might h be5 ,g]eon 7qui =te e/ ,g]eon71 ,biblio!ca ,grca1 ,hamburg1 #agah-eb1 xiii4 #agb4 ,i _c foll[ ,,mm4 ,re9aud & ,fav & ,h]r von ,romocki 9 id5tify+ him ) ,dioskorides4 ,! evid5ce 7f ! description ( ! cyclam5 & ! prep>ation ( ! syrup7 seems to po9t ! o!r way4 ,! pa/ t5se1 dixit1 9 ! passage 9 ! text1 w\ld seem to %[ t ,ibn ,s]apion 0 dead :5 x 0 writt54 ,! pres5t t5se1 dicit1 indicates simil>ly t 8,grcus0 0 !n liv+1 a contempor>y ( ,masawyah's4 ,yet ,dut5s speaks ( 8 hav+ liv$ 8avant le mdic9 arabe40 #agg ,l',orig9e des ,dc\v]tes1 #agif1 p4 #aih4 #agh ,bibliot4 ,grc41 xiii4 #cbj4 ,8 ,bibliot4 ,lat9a conta9s no allusion to ,m>cus ,grcus4 ,gal5 di$ 9 #bjj ,a4,d4 #agi ,guttmann1 8,manufac4 ( ,explosives10 #ahie1 i4 #h-i4 #ahj ,recipes #a1 #b1 #aj1 c4 #aha 8,artem illam mortif]am et ,deo odibilem bali/>iorum et sagitt>iorum adv]sus ,*ri/ianos et ,ca?olicos ex]c]i de cet]o sub ana!mate prohibemus40--,concil4 ,rom41 ann4 #aaci1 c4 #cj4 #ahb ,causs9 de ,p]ceval1 ,essai sur l'hi/4 des ,arabes1 ii4 #ag4 #ahc ,muir's 8,life ( ,mahomet10 p4 #dcb2 ,causs9 de ,p]ceval1 iii4 #beg4 #ahd ,dev\t ,moslem comm5tators expla9 8bak$0 to mean 8bak$ 9 hell40 ,see ,sale's trans4 ad loc4 #ahe ,masudi's 8,gold5 ,prairies10 ,p>is ed41 v4 #aff4 #ahf 8,*a*nama10 9 ,elliot1 i4 #agj4 #ahg ,ib41 vi4 #dfb4 #ahh ,masudi1 ii4 #cej4 #ahi ,see ,burton's note1 8,arab4 ,nights10 xii4 #ch4 #aij ,i h be5 unable to f9d a copy ( ,gautti]'s 8,arab4 ,nights10 ,p>is1 #ahbb1 & quote him z giv5 9 ,burton1 xii #ch4 #aia ,supplem5t aux ,dictionaires ,arabes1 ,leyd51 #ahgg1 "u 4 #aib ,dict4 d',etymologie ,franaise1 ,brussels1 #ahhh4 #aic viii4 #ag-ah4 #aid 8,hail/ones full ( wra? %all be ca/ z out ( a /one b[40--8,wisdom ( ,solomon10 v4 #bb4 8,oh = a /one b[1 to hit him 9 ! eye60--8,twelf? ,night10 ii4 #e4 #aie ,sacy1 ,*re/oma?ie ,arabe1 iii4 #fh4 #aif 8,! ,book ( ,ar*]y10 ,london1 #ahdj1 p4 #bcf4 #aig ,burton's ed41 #ahid1 ii4 #cch4 #aih ,burton's ed41 #ahid1 i4 #ih4 #aii ,elliot1 iii4 #ebf4 #bjj ,elliot1 vi4 #bai4 #bja 8,decl9e & ,fall10 c41 vi4 #bbf n4 #bjb ,9 ,elliot1 vi4 #dee4 #bjc ,ib4 #bjd ,ib41 #def4 #bje ,9 ,masudi's 8 ,gold5 ,prairies10 c4 #ic3-- ,a l>ge numb] ( in/ances ( ! actual use ( inc5di>ies 9 ,asia w be f\nd 9 ,g5]al ,maclagan's 8,e>ly ,asiatic ,fire ,weapons10 ,j\r4 ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1 xlv4 p4 #cj ff4 #bjf ,%ahnama1 ,mohl's ed41 vol4 vi4 p4 #bab1 l4 #fbh3-- #bjg ,s*ef]1 ,*re/oma?ie ,p]sane1 i4 #dh-di4 #bjh ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #fe4 #bji ,william ( ,tyre1 ,hi/41 c41 ,p>is1 #ahdd1 p4 #abc4 #baj ,bong>s1 ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos1 p4 #agh4 #baa ,alb]t d',aix1 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #fb4 #bab ,boha ed-,d91 ib4 #bac ,t4 ,gale1 ,hi/4 ,anglicani ,scriptores1 ,ox=d1 #afhg1 ii4 #cbg4 #bad ,p>is ed41 #affh1 p4 #ci ff4 #bae ii4 #g4 ,milton uses ! phrase1 nitrati pulv]is igne1 9 8 juv5ile ,lat9 poem1 8,9 ,qu9tum ,novembris10 l4 #abj4 #baf ,see p4 #ag4 ,he 0 a ,spani% ,arab1 born ne> ,malaga4 #bag ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #ff n4 ,if ?is ,arab is id5tical ) ,%aykhun al-,om>i1 ! ,egyptian gr& amir1 he di$ 9 #geh ,a4,h4 7#acef ,a4,d474 ,sacy's ,*re/4 ,arabe1 i4 #bgb4 #bah ,jhns1 p4 #gge4 #bai ,see 8,cannon at ,cressy10 by ! pres5t writ]1 ,proce$4 ,r4 ,a4 ,in/41 vol4 xxvi4 #bbj --,bib4 ,arab4 ,hispan41 ii4 #g4 #bba 8,ille ca/ra mov5s1 multo milite1 ho/ium urbem ,baza obs$it1 ubi ma*9am illam maximam naphta et globo in/ructam1 admoto igne1 9 munitam arcem cum /repitu explosit40--,ib4 #bbb ,conde1 p4 #eei4 #bbc iii4 #hc-d4 #bbd ,hi/4 du ,roy ,sa9t ,loys1 ,p>is1 #affh1 p4 #fi ff4 #bbe ,elliot1 ii4 #bai4 #bbf ,elliot1 iii4 #gi4 #bbg ,saxa fulm9is m contorquet1 ,de ,re ,milit>i1 iv4 #bb4 #bbh 1 ,alex41 xiii4 #c4 #bbi ,re9aud & ,fav1 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,oct4 #ahdi1 p4 #bha4 #bcj 4 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #gh4 ,! fire :i* 8rises & moves0 is ( c\rse rocket composition4 #bca ,vlsunga ,saga1 translat$ f ! ,icel&ic by ,magnusson & ,william ,morris1 p4 #ea4 #bcb ,burton's 8,arab4 ,nights10 #ahid1 v4 #bdb4 #bcc ,elliot1 vi4 #dga n4 #bcd e4g4 ! r$-hot pl\gh%>e wield$ ) mu* effect by ,bailie ,nicol ,j>vie at ! ,cla*an ( ,ab]foyle4 #bce 8,h9du ,*emi/ry10 pp4 #ig-h4 #bcf ,giv5 by ,ry1 8,h9du ,*emi/ry10 p4 #if4 #bcg ,see p4 #ae4 #bch ,ry's 8,h9du ,*emi/ry10 p4 #if4 #bci ,see ,table ,,viii4 #bdj ,see ,table ,,vii4 #bda ,oct4 #ba1 #ahhj4 #bdb 8,camo5s10 c41 ii4 #fcb n4 #bdc 8,indian ,antiqu>y10 #ahgh4 #bdd 8,h9du ,*emi/ry10 pp4 #if-g4 #bde 8,notices ( ,sanskrit ,,mss410 v4 #ace4 #bdf i4 #cf4 #bdg 8,decl9e & ,fall10 c41 iv4 #aff1 ,bury's ed4 #bdh 8,philosophie ,positive10 vi4 #aad4 #bdi ,j\rnal ( ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 xvii4 #bdd4 #bej ,g5]al ,maclagan on 8,e>ly ,asiatic ,fire ,weapons10 ib41 xlv4 #fd4 #bea ,among o!r books1 ! ,de ,naturis ,r]um ( ,nekham1 #aaeg-abag1 ,rolls ,s]ies1 p4 #ahc4 ,! editor1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,wright1 rem>ks 9 8 preface1 xxxv43--8,! m>9]'s compass1 9 a rude =m1 0 9 use among ! sailors 9 ,we/]n ,europe at an e>ly p]iod1 & 444 in/ead ( be+ borr[$ f ! ,ea/1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 x seems to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean to say t x 0 n inv5t$ 9 o!r p>ts also40 ,x is explicitly notic$ 9 a ,*9ese ,encyclopdia f9i%$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aba 7,sir ,j4 ,davis1 8,! ,*9ese10 c41 ii #ahe74 ,b ,*9ese *ronology is always suspici\s1 &1 ev5 if ?is date be correct1 !re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! inv5tion ev] rea*$ ! ,we/4 ,! ,*9ese seem to h gu>d$ _! discov]ies & inv5tions ) a jeal\s eye4 ,_! valuable & accurate a/ronomical obs]vations 7 only laid op5 to ,europe by ! ,jesuits1 m ?an two ?\s& ye>s aft] !y 7 made4 ,! pr9t+ press 0 n inv5t$ 9 ,europe until ! fifte5? c5tury1 yet ,f5g ,tao _h inv5t$ block-pr9t+ 9 ,*9a 9 ! t5? 7,giles' 8,*9ese ,lit]ature10 p4 #baj74 ,accord+ to _! own acc\nt1 ! ,*9ese h us$ tea s9ce ! ye> #bgcg ,b4,c4 ,x 0 n he>d ( 9 ,europe until aft] ,a4,d4 #aeag1 & did n become g5]ally kn[n until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,brunetto ,lat9i 7#abcj-id71 quot$ by ,davis1 gives a curi\s1 b only too probable a reason = ! sl[ progress ( ! compass 9 ,*ri/5dom3 8,no ma/] m>9] d>es to use 7x71 le/ he %\ld fall "u ! suspicion ( be+ a magician40 #beb ,f]i%ta1 8,hi/4 ( ! ,rise ( ,mahom$an ,p[]10 c41 trans4 by ,g5]al ,j4 ,briggs1 #ahbi1 ii4 #cab4 #bec ,see ,pr(4 ,d[son's note 9 ,elliot1 iv4 #bfh4 #bed ,grose gives two plates ( ^! 8,anci5t ,gun ,c>ts0 9 8 8,milit>y ,antiquities10 i4 #djg4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,scot* ,p>liam5t1 #eb ( ,james ,,ii4 & #ee ( ,james ,,iii4 #bee ,fav1 ,hi/4 et ,tact4 des ,troit ,armes1 p4 #ab4 ,grew5itz1 ,trait de l',organ41 c41 de l',artill]ie1 p4 #bh4 ,:eel$ gun-c>riages 7 s little kn[n to ! g5]al public z late z #aedh1 t ,rabelais specially m5tions "s 8pieces d',artill]ie sus r\e0 9 8 acc\nt ( a %am fight at ,rome 9 ?is ye>4 8,la ,scioma*ie10 9 8 works1 ed4 by ,burgaud des ,m>ets & ,ra!ry1 ii4 #efh4 #bef ,elliot1 iv4 #ajj4 #beg ,elliot1 iv4 #aag4 #beh iv4 #fe4 #bei 8,nullis bomb>dis nec aliis hujus g5]is torm5tis utuntur40 ,epi/4 ,indic1 ,m4 ,gaap>i ,belg1 p4 #ch4 #bfj iv4 #fi4 #bfa 8,ha esp+>da a quai hia tir&o amte nos40 ,roteiro da ,viagem1 c41 #ahch1 p4 #eg4 ,trans4 9 ,*>ton1 ,voyageurs ,anci5s1 c41 iii4 #bdg4 #bfb 8,t\s arms d'pes1 de guis>mes1 d'cus1 d'arcs et de fl*es40 ,*>ton1 ib41 #beb4 ,guis>mes1 :i* ,i h translat$ by 8dagg]s10 is a ^w ( obscure orig91 b x means "s small arme de ma94 ,we f9d 9 ,ducange1 "u gis>ma1 8cultellos et alia arma m9uta40 ,diez1 ,etymologis*es ,wrt]bu*1 ii4 #bag1 gius>ma4 #bfc ,f>ia y ,s\sa1 trans4 by ,capt ,j4 ,/eph5s1 #afie1 i4 #eh4 #bfd ,f>ia y ,s\sa1 ,asia ,portuguesa1 i4 #dh4 #bfe 8,c> les peuples de l',inde n'avai5t en jusque l ni canons ni autres pice d',artill]ie-- 40 ,la ,f\dre du ,yem51 trans4 by ,s4 de ,sacy 9 ,notices el ,extraits des ,,mss4 de l',acad4 des ,inscriptions1 c41 iv4 #dbj4 ,= mukhal1 see ,hyde's ,syntagma ,diss]tationum1 #agfg1 ii4 #abh4 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,lane-,poole gives ! date z #aejh2 8,m$ival ,india10 p4 #agf4 #bff ,ziau-d ,d9 ,b>ni1 9 ,elliot1 iii4 #adf4 #bfg ,amir ,khusru1 ib41 #ge4 #bfh ,b>ni1 ib41 #bjb4 #bfi ,khusru1 ib41 #hj4 #bgj 8,malfuzat-i ,timuri10 ib41 #dbd4 #bga 8,tuzak-i ,bab>i10 ib41 iv4 #bgf4 #bgb ,ib41 #bhf4 #bgc ,ib41 #bea ff4 #bgd ,suraj ,prakas1 9 ,col4 ,tod's 8,annals ( ,raja/'han10 ii4 #h4 #bge ,ib41 i4 #caj4 #bgf ,dr4 ,c>]i 9 ,*ur*ill's 8,collection ( ,voyages10 #agdd1 iv4 #bcg4 #bgg ,elliot1 v4 #aca-b4 ,bab>'s ironical description ( ! ,b5galis z gunn]s is tak5 q s]i\sly by "s writ]s3 8,! ,b5galis are fam\s = _! skill 9 ,artill]y4444 ,!y d n direct _! fire aga9/ a p>ticul> po9t1 b dis*>ge at r&om10 ,elliot1 iv4 #bhe4 ,su* a proc$ure is n altoge!r unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,:5 %oot+1 ,mr4 ,tracy ,tupman 0 wont to %ut 8 eyes firmly & fire 9 ! air4 ,7 ^! gunn]s fri5dly ,b5galis employ$ by ,bab>1 or ho/ile ,b5galis work+ _! own guns8 ,if ! latt]1 _! guns 7 probably made by ,portuguese des]t]s4 ,we "k t two artisans des]t$ 9 #aejc to ! ,zamor9 ( ,calicut1 = :om !y (f]$ to make guns ( ! same nature z ! ,portuguese1 8:i* !y aft]w>ds did40 ,ca/5h$a 9 ,k]r's 8,collection ( ,voyages10 ii4 #ded1 quot$ 9 ,elliot1 vi4 #dfg4 #bgh ,! #ga grs4 avoir4 giv5 to ! miskal by ,burton & ,cl>ke 78,p]sian ,h&book07 w\ld make ,bab>'s l>ge %ot weigh #ej lbs4--an impossible weight1 z e (fic] w admit :o rememb]s our #ah ,pr4 ,s4,b4 bullock batt]ies 9 ,india4 ,bab> c\ld n h dragg$ #ej ,prs4 f ,caubul to ,panipat4 ,burton admits t ! miskal 8v>ies ev]y:]e40 8,arab4 ,nights10 #ahid1 vii4 #cbd4 #bgi i4e4 two m5's wages = "o day4 ,see p4 #bje4 #bhj 8,h9du ,*emi/ry10 pp4 #ajg-h4 #bha ,pr(4 ,r4 ,k4 ,d\glas1 8,*9a10 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 v4 #ffc4 #bhb 8,gunp[d] 444 among ! ,*9ese10 9 ,j\rnal ( ,nor? ,*9a ,bran* ( ,roy4 ,asiatic ,soc41 ,n4,s4 vi41 #ahfi-gj1 p4 #gd1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,may]s1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,*9ese ,consul> ,s]vice4 8,gunp[d] came f ! out] b>b>ians10 says ! ,wuh-li-siao1 publi%$ 9 #afcj4 #bhc ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a4 ,giles1 8,hi/4 ( ,*9ese ,lit]ature10 #aija1 p4 #d4 #bhd ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,middleton1 8,pott]y10 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 xix4 #fcc4 #bhe 8,decl9e & ,fall10 c41 iv4 #bca n 7,bury's ed474 #bhf ,! ,jesuits1 8ei!r s$uc$ by "s appe>ance ( tru?1 or ?9k+ x prud5t to conciliate ! p :om !y 7 attempt+ to conv]t1 adopt$ _! m>vell\s relations reg>d+ ! antiquity ( _! sci5ce1 & spread !m ov] ,europe40--,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 8,a/ronomy10 ,ency4 ,brit41 ii4 #gdf4 #bhg 8,un bon exemple de la fasc9ation ex]ce p> un rcit circon/anci e/ la lg5de des orig9es de la ,ligue des trois cantons suisses primitifs 7,gessl] et les conjurs du ,grtli7 fabrique au ,,xvie4 sicle p> ,ts*udi1 dev5ue classique depuis le #8,guillaume ,tell' de ,s*ill]1 et qu'on a eu tant de pe9e extirp]40 #bhh ,introd4 aux tudes ,hi/oriques1 pp4 #acf-g4 #bhi ,mmoires conc]nant l',hi/41 c41 des ,*9ois1 viii4 #ccf4 #bij ,9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,oct4 #ahdi1 p4 #beh4 #bia ,9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,oct4 #ahdi1 ,p4 #ia4 #bib ,re9aud & ,fav1 9 ,j\rnal ,asitique1 ,oct4 #ahdi1 p4 #bhd n4 #bic ,re9aud & ,fav1 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,oct4 #ahdi1 p4 #bia4 #bid ,z be=e1 p4 #ia4 #bie ,sur la ,=ce des ,matires ,explosives1 ii4 #ced4 #bif i4 #dh4 #big ,h[or?'s 8,hi/4 ( ! ,mongols10 iii4 #ig4 #bih ,re9aud & ,fav1 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,oct4 #ahdi1 pp4 #bif1 #cjh4 #bii ,romocki1 i4 #ea4 #cjj ,?is ^w1 :i* ,diez 7,etymolog4 ,wrt]bu*7 d]ives f 1 betrays ! we/]n orig9 ( ! ma*9e4 ,x 0 well kn[n 9 ,engl&3-- 8,set ,mah\nd at ! mangonel1 & mill/ones ?r[40 --8,pi]s ,pl[man10 ,c text1 cir4 #acic1 passus xxi4 #cja ,h[or?1 i4 #abe4 #cjb ,yule1 9 8,m>co ,polo10 ii4 #aeb4 #cjc 8,! ,*9ese10 c41 ii4 #aha4 #cjd ,h[or?1 i4 #abi4 #cje ,may]s1 p4 #ic4 #cjf ,may]s1 p4 #ic4 #cjg ,ib41 #id-e4 #cjh ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #bed4 #cji ,ency4 ,metropol41 art4 8,*9a10 p4 #eic4 #caj ,inc>ville1 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #bei4 #caa ,^! ,fa!rs 7 /rang]s to ! 8d\te m?odique0 ( ,,mm4 ,langlois & ,seignobos1 & !y c]ta9ly did n scan ! pages ( _! va/ ,*9ese ,encyclopdias ) ! d\bt+ eye ( ,he9e3-- 8,aug5 gab uns ,gott e9 ,pa>1 ,dans wir s*au5 re9 und kl>2 ,um zu glaub5 0 wir les51 ,wr' e9 ,auge gnug gewes540 #cab ,sir ,h5ry ,yule1 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 v4 #fbh4 #cac ,may]s1 p4 #ie4 #cad ,gibbon1 iv4 #bcj1 & ,app5dix #ab1 by ,dr4 ,bury4 #cae ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #bja n4 #caf 8,gold5 ,prairies10 ,p>is ed41 i4 #cjh4 #cag ,elliot1 iv4 #ajc4 #cah ,inc>ville1 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #bed4 #cai ,sir ,j4 ,davis1 8,! ,*9ese10 c41 ii4 #ahb4 8,ils ne sont po9t envieux de ri5 faire de n\veau10 ,inc>ville1 z above1 p4 #bei4 #cbj ,inc>ville1 z above1 p4 #beb4 #cba ,ib4 #cbb ,fa!r ,amiot1 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #aha4 #cbc ,inc>ville1 z above1 p4 #bdg4 #cbd ,amiot z above4 #cbe ,ib4 #cbf ,may]s1 z be=e1 p4 #ia4 #cbg ,amiot1 z be=e1 p4 #ahc4 #cbh ,ib4 #cbi ,hoang-*ao-li-ki-?\-*i1 trans4 by ,pau?i] 9 8 edition ( 8,m>co ,polo10 p4 #dge n4 #ccj ,e4 ,h4 ,p>k]1 8,*9a10 c41 #aija1 p4 #hc4 #cca ,may]s1 p4 #if4 #ccb ,pr(essor ,r4 ,k4 ,d\glas1 8,*9a0 78,/ory ( ! ,nations0 s]ies71 p4 #gd4 #ccc 8,decl9e & ,fall10 c41 vii4 #aa n 7,bury's ed474 #ccd 8,rog] ,bacon10 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 by ,pr(essor ,adamson4 #cce 8,qu& le s5s littral e/ absurde1 incohr5t ou obscur 444 on doit prsum] un s5s dt\rn40--,langlois et ,seignobos1 ,introd4 aux tudes ,hi/oriques1 p4 #abg4 #ccf 8,vulgus 7arcana sapi5ti7 cap]e non pote/1 s$ d]idet et 7abutitur7 9 sui et sapi5tum disp5dium et gravam54 ,quia non sunt m>g>it sapi5ti sp>g5d int] porcos40--,comp5dium ,/udii1 p4 #daf4 #ccg 8,vulgus d]idet sapi5tes1 et negligit secreta sapi5ti1 et nescit uti rebus dignissimis2 atque si aliquid magnificum 9 ejus notitiam cadat a =tuna1 illud p]v]tit et eo abutitur 9 damnum multiplex p]son>um et communitatis40--,de ,secretis1 cap4 viii4 #cch 8,insanus e/ qui aliquid secretum scribit nisi ut a vulgo celetur1 et ut vix a /udiosissimis et sapi5tibus possit intilligi40--,ib4 #cci 8,multa mala sequuntur eum qui revelat secreta40--,de ,secretis1 cap4 viii4 #cdj ,jonson's 8,al*emi/10 ,act ,,ii4 #cda 8,ciph]0 9 ,rees' 8,cyclopdia0 & ,klb]'s ,kryptographik ,lehrbu*1 ,tb+51 #ahji4 ,9 a note to ^! *apt]s 9 ! ,!atricum ,*emicum1 ,zetzn] says3 8,hic tam5 jacta esse ,/eganographi fundam5ta c]tissimum e/40 #cdb 8,tonitruum et coriscationem40 #cdc neas ,tacticus adopts ! same mode ( expression1 ,table ,,ii4 #cdd ,t is1 suppos+ we knew ! subject ( 8 lett]1 or _h evid5ce :i* made x probable t x 0 s & s4 #cde ,to lull suspicion he calls natural saltpetre *alk1 a v]bum figurativum4 ,o!r ,,mss4 read 8sal40 #cdf 8,t]e ipsum =tit] cum aqua salis communis4444 ,ablue 9 aceto ac]rimo40 ,! section 8,nitri ,sep>atio0 ( 8,ari/oteles1 de ,p]fecto ,magi/]io10 9 ! ,!atrum ,*emicum1 ed4 by ,zetzn]2 a collection ( al*emical tracts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 iii4 #fh4 #cdg ,almo/ lit]ally translat$ by ,:iteborne3 8cl>ifi$ & f e>! & grosse matt] dilig5tly purg$40 ,see ,a1 p4 #ba4 #cdh i4e4 ! lapis ,assius saltpetre4 ,we h "h unmi/akably a v]bum nigmaticum4 ,! effloresc5ce ( ! /one ( ,assos1 :i* 0 unkn[n to ! cr[d1 0 ( c\rse 8n a /one10 al?\gh call$ s4 ,! philosoph]'s /one1 :i* 0 well kn[n by "n to ! cr[d1 0 likewise 8n a /one10 al?\gh call$ s3-- 8444 'tis a /one ,& n a /one2 a _s1 a s\l1 & a body40 --,jonson's 8,al*emi/40 ,bacon avails himself ( ! ambiguity ( ! phrase1 8/one :i* is n a /one10 to support ! delusion creat$ by ! title ( ! *apt]1 & confirm ! unw>y 9 ! belief t ! philosoph]'s /one is "u discussion1 in/ead ( saltpetre4 #cdi ,he passes sudd5ly f *alk to *eese--yell[ *eese1 laugh+ op5ly 9 8 read]'s face4 #cej i4e4 ! cleans$ natural saltpetre4 #cea 8,put ! j> on a g5tle fire40--,hassan1 ,a1 p4 #bd4 #ceb 8,! "m liquid is boil$ until ! scum ceases to rise40--,wal?am ,abbey process1 ,c1 p4 #ai4 #cec 8,cle> & fair & ( an azure col\r40--,:itehorne1 ,f1 p4 #ba4 #ced i4e4 ! scum & impurities4 #cee i4e4 8to drie ?r\ghly40--,:itehorne1 ,i1 p4 #bb4 #cef ,?is repetition corresponds ) ,:itehorne's second process2 beg9n+ at ,f1 p4 #bb4 #ceg i4e4 ! cry/als j obta9$4 #ceh ,a p[d] to purge1 or to purify & cl>ify4 8,pr5ez de la *aulx vive et de l'eau de pluye 444 et les br\llez bi5 ensemble1 et puis le laissez repos] 444 et se f]a =te lexive4444 ,pr5ez de la lexive dessus dicte1 et mettez vo/re salpetre d$ans10 c4 8,livre de ,canonn]ie10 c41 :i* al?\gh n publi%$ until #aefa1 appe>s to belong to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4--,9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 pp4 #adf-g4 #cei ,bacon does n "n ! two sub/ances he alludes to1 b ,:itehome names two & prescribes ! same proportions3 8,two p>ts ( unslack$ lime & ?ree ( oke as%es40--,see ,a1 p4 #ba4 ,did ,:itehorne h access to ,bacon's ,,mss48 #cfj ,treat+ o/5sibly on gold1 ,bacon is oblig$ to use resolve = dissolve4 #cfa ,! al*emical prep>ation ( gold _h mu* 9 common ) ! ref9+ ( saltpetre4 ,9 ! 8,nitri ,prep>atio0 ( ,b]n>d's & ,p5oti's ,!atrum ,*emicum1 iii4 #gh1 we read3 8,fac po/modum de eo p] omnia ut dicam 9 prep>atione auri1 id e/1 de/illa p] alambicum et congela10 c4 #cfb i4e4 to ! laxative4 #cfc ,a v]bum nigmaticum4 ,! ,phnix is a s+ul> animal1 z ,bacon ju/ly obs]ves1 inasmu* z x spr+s f its own a%es4 ,its "n1 !re=e1 may be figuratively us$ ) p]fect propriety to d5ote animal *>coal1 an efficaci\s ag5t 9 cl>ify+ solutions ( impure saltpetre4--,bloxam's 8,*emi/ry10 #h? ed41 p4 #dhh4 #cfd ,bacon appe>s to h p\r$ ! hot solution ^u ! laxative1 precisely z ,cl>ke directs 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,nitre10 ,london1 #afgj1 p4 #db3 8,p\r ! hot liquid on a%es 444 'tis no matt] h[ soon y let x run (f ! a%es aga940 #cfe i4e4 ! removal ( ! insoluble impurities4 #cff 8,!n p\r x into ! o!r j>40--,hassan1 ,a1 p4 #bd4 #cfg i4e4 into a cry/allis+ j>4 #cfh 8,! solution is kept 9 con/ant agitation by poles :ile cool+40--,wal?am ,abbey ,regs41 ,h1 p4 #bj4 #cfi 8,! "m liquid1 f :i* ! saltpetre fl\r has be5 deposit$1 is boil$ d[n & cry/allis$40--,bloxam's 8,*emi/ry10 #h? ed41 p4 #dhh4 #cgj ,salit petr is ! read+ ( ,zetzn]'s ,!atrum ,*emicum1 #afac1 v4 #ifb1 :i* is adopt$ by ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #abc2 ( ,manget's ,biblio!ca ,*emica1 #agjb1 i4 #fbd2 ( ! ,v]osimilia ,sacra et ,pr(ana ( ,hov5 & ,molf5g]1 #agcb1 ii4 #ic2 & ( ! copy us$ by ,romocki1 i4 #ic4 ,pr(4 ,brew]'s ,,ms4 reads sal petr4 #cga 8,atque mala vites incid]e falce novellas40--,v]gil1 8,bucol410 iii4 #aa4 ,! ^w1 h[ev]1 may be simply nov4 #cgb 8,mal?a1 qu e/ g5us bitum5is40--,opus ,majus1 ,london1 #agcc1 p4 #dgd4 #cgc 8,possumus artificialit] compon]e ignem combur5tem1 scilicet1 ex sale petr 444 ex oleo petroleo 444 ex mal?a et naphta et consimilibus4444 ,8 vic9us e/ ignis grcus et multa combur5tia40--,de ,secretis1 cap4 vi4 #cgd 8,mal?a 444 projecta sup] hom9em armatum comburit eum4444 ,ignis combur5s fit ex eo qui cum difficultate pote/ ext+ui1 nam aqua non ext+uit40--,op4 ,maj41 z above4 #cge 8,sunt alia /up5da natur4 ,nam soni velut tonitrua et coruscationes fi]i possunt 9 a]e2 imo majori horrore quam illa qu fiunt p] naturam4 ,nam modica mat]ia adaptata1 scilicet ad quantitatem unius pollicis1 sonum facit horribilem et coruscationem o/5dit vehem5tem40--,de ,secretis1 cap4 vi4 #cgf ,see p4 #aef4 #cgg 8,qua$am v]o auditum p]turbant4444 ,nullus tonitrui fragor posset talibus comp>>i4 ,qudam tantum t]rorem visui incutiunt1 quod coruscationes nubium longe m9us et s9e comp>atione p]turbant4444 ,exp]im5tum hujus rei capimus ex hoc ludicro pu]ili1 quod fit 9 multis mundi p>tibus1 scilicet ut in/rum5to facto ad quantitatem pollicis humani ex viol5tia illius salis qui sal petrae vocatur1 tam horribilis sonus nascitur 9 ruptura tam modic rei1 scilicet modici p]gam5i1 quod =tis tonitrui s5tiatur exc$]e rugitum1 et coruscationem maximam sui lum9is jub> exc$it40--,opus ,majus1 ,london1 #agcc1 p4 #dgd4 8,(f5b> i/ hi] das ,s*iesspulv] v]/&540--,l4 ,s*neid]1 8,rog] ,bacon10 #ahgc1 p4 #aaj4 ,two c5turies be=e1 :5 ref]r+ to ,bacon's rem>ks on ! de/ruction ( ! ,midianites by ,gideon1 ,borri*ius _h said3 8,hic ap]tissime loquitur ,bacon de nitrato illo sclopetorum pulv]e40--,de ,ortu c41 ,*emi1 #affh1 p4 #abf4 #cgh ,?is is ,m4 ,b]!lot's view2 ,sur la ,=ce des ,matires ,explosives1 ,p>is1 #ahhc1 ii4 #ceh2 & x is probably ! "r "o4 #cgi 444 ' 1 ' 4 --,,s*ylus1 ,prome!us ,v9ctus1 #iba4 #chj 8,/ate ,pap]s10 ,dome/ic ,s]ies1 #aeha-ij4 #cha 8,ar*ologia10 xiii4 #bg1 #cig-djj4 ,! t]m slur-b[ is1 ,i presume1 ak9 to ! ,g]man s*leud]bog54 #chb 8,! ,book ( ,ar*]y10 ,london1 #ahdj1 ,pl4 xvii41 ,no4 #e4 #chc 8,! ,cross-b[10 #aijc1 fig4 #hd1 p4 #abi4 #chd ,rup]t's ,di>y1 9 ,w>burton1 8,pr9ce ,rup]t10 iii4 #afc4 #che ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #bfa4 #chf --e>!nw>e vessels4 ,j4 ,cam5iata1 p4 #ebg4 #chg ,re9aud & ,fav1 9 ,j\r4 ,asiatique1 #ahdi4 #chh ,froiss>t's 8,*ronicles10 ed4 ,b\*on2 ii41 *4 #aha1 p4 #bce4 #chi ,/4 #fe1 ed4 ,robson4 #cij ,accord+ to ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 ! ,scot* 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury /ill call$ cr['s-feet cal?rops1 a ^w :i* goes back to 8,pi]s ,pl[man10 cir4 #acic3--8,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,heavy/]ne f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries su/a9$ mu* injury by sitt+ d[n sudd5ly & incauti\sly on ?ree anci5t cal?rops0 78,antiqu>y10 *4 iii474 #cia 8,fictili globo inc5di>ii pulv]is40--,p4 ,jovii1 ,hi/4 sui ,temp41 i41 c4 #ah4 #cib ,mm4 de ,ca/elnau1 ed4 ,b\*on2 xiii41 p4 #aed4 #cic ,mm4 de ,messire du ,bellay1 ed4 ,b\*on1 vii41 p4 #fcb4 #cid ,fol4 #da4 ,^! braz5 gr5ades ( ,:itehorne's correspond to ! 8,kobb]-,granat]0 %[n 9 ! books ( ! ,cop5hag5 ,ars5al at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,blom's ,kri/ian d4 ,,iv4's ,artill]i1 pp4 #bfh-fi4 #cie 8,! ,bomb>di]10 #ahjb1 p4 #adg4 #cif ,d&uli ,*ronicon1 ,muratori1 xii4 #ddh1 9 ,elliot1 vi4 #dfi4 #cig ,9 ,elliot1 vol4 iii4 #cih ,9 ,elliot1 vii4 #abe4 #cii ,9 ! w> ( ,*iozza4 ,dur+ ! attack on ! ,torre della ,bebbe1 8furono tirate molte ro*ette40--,muratori1 xv4 #gfi4 #djj 8,ecce quidam adolesc5s 444 quid ,grcus ignis pote/ exp]iri vellet 444 fusum sulphure ignitum 444 ad quamdam domum1 /ipula et /ram9e coop]tam1 maximo impetu traxit4 ,it]um1 alium et alium transjecit4 ,acriori inc5dio edes acc5se concremantur40--uvres de ,r4 ,blondel1 pub4 by 8,soc4 de l',hi/4 de ,norm&ie10 ii4 #gd4 ,little is kn[n ( ,blondel's life1 b he 0 alive 9 ! ye> #adfj4 ,i believe fusus to be ! fuse de feu ( ! ,livre de ,canon]ie1 ,p>is1 #aefa 7,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #adj71 & ?is inc5di>y 0 n a rocket4 #dja 8,hi/4 ( ,tipu ,sultan10 by ,husa9 ,kirmani1 trans4 by ,col4 ,miles1 p4 #ade4 #djb 8,hi/1 ( ,tipu ,sultan10 by ,husa9 ,kirmani1 p4 #aji4 #djc 8,n>rative ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mysore10 ,hull1 #ahjd1 p4 #ej4 #djd 8,n>rative ( ! ,campaign ) ,tippoo ,sultan10 ,london1 #agic1 p4 #bji4 #dje 8,n>rative ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mysore10 p4 #eb4 ,_! *>ge 0 #a lb4 ( p[d]1 & _! range ab\t #ajjj y>ds4 8,description ( ,indian & ,ori5tal ,arm\r10 by ,"l ,eg]ton ( ,tatton1 #ahif1 p4 #cb4 #djf 8,ammunition10 pt4 ii4 p4 #agd1 by ,capt4 ,c4 ,o4 ,br[ne1 ,r4,a4 #djg ,sir ,w4 ,congreve's 8,concise ,acc\nt ( ! ,rocket ,sy/em10 ,london1 #ahjg1 p4 #db4 ,he held 8 commission 9 ! ,hanov]ian army4 #djh ,jhns1 p4 #ebc2 ,romocki1 i4 #fi n4 #dji ,congreve1 z above1 p4 #a4 #daj ,ib41 p4 #db4 #daa 8,9 dies] ,h9si*t /&5 also die ,feu]w]k] d] ,zeit des ,caligula wol s*on auf d]selb5 ,hhe wie ,congreve1 dess5 #8,geheimnis' zu ,anfang des #ai ,jahrhund]ts s ange/aunt wurde60 7p4 #eaf47 #dab 8,fur*tb>e ,wirkung40 ,deck]'s ,ges*4 des ,ges*tzwes5s1 c41 #ahbb1 p4 #gi4 #dac 8,capt ,bogue & ! ,rocket ,brigade10 by ,col4 ,f4 ,a4 ,:9yates1 late ,r4,h4,a41 9 8,proce$4 ,r4,a4 ,in/itution10 vol4 xxiv4 #dad 8,ammunition10 z above1 pp4 #age-gf4 #dae ,sloane ,,mss41 #cce1 #gie2 & ,fre9d's 8,hi/4 ( ,physick10 #ageh1 ii4 #cbe4 #daf 8,bomb>des1 basilics1 jettans b\llets de f]1 de plomb1 de bronze40--,rabelais 7d4 #aeec71 iv41 c4 #fa4 #dag ,recipe #ac4 ,extracts f ,ard]ne's ,,mss4 giv5 by ,hewitt1 8,anci5t ,arm\r10 ii4 #bhd1 leave little d\bt t ,ard]ne 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,lib] ,ignium ( ,m>cus ,grcus4 #dah ,9 ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 our m5 c\ld fire ov] #ajj r\nds1 ! ,fr5* only #ej1 )\t wa%+ out ! b>rels ( _! muskets4 ,m>quis de ,*ambray1 uvres1 v4 #bic-d4 #dai ,fol4 #cc4 #dbj 8,c]ta9 ,disc\rses 444 conc]n+ ,div]s ,weapons10 p4 #bj4 #dba ,sir ,h4 ,nicolas1 8,hi/4 ( ,royal ,navy10 ii4 #dgi4 #dbb 8,pro tribus petris c]e 444 ad c]&um canubium ad arifici5dum pulv]is bumb>dorum 9 ca/ro de ,ed9burgh10 c4 8,*ronicles ( ,scotl&10 publi%$ by ! ,deputy ,cl]k-,regi/]1 vi4 #die-ig4 ,9 ^! docum5ts a cross-b[ is call$1 8arcus cum circulo40 #dbc 8,acts ( 7,engli%7 ,privy ,c\ncil10 ,n4,s41 xvii4 #cib4 #dbd 8,seaman's ,diction>y10 "u 8,p[d]40 #dbe 8,*emical ,essays10 #agha1 ii4 #aj4 ,?is l$ to a ,p>liam5t>y inquiry4 #dbf 8,a ,/atem5t ( ,facts10 c41 by ,g5]al ,sir ,w4 ,congreve1 #ahaa1 pp4 #ah-ai4 #dbg ,brack5bury1 iv4 #bib4 #dbh ,fol4 #cc4 #dbi 8,art ( ,%oot+ 9 ,great ,ordnance10 p4 #b4 #dcj ,jhns1 p4 #hjd4 #dca ,mie? m5tions glaz+ 9 #afhd2 ,artill]i ,rec5tior ,praxis1 ,franckfurt1 pt4 ii4 c4 #ee4 #dcb ,?is is ! only reason giv5 by ,cl>ke = ! introduction ( corn$ p[d]4 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,nitre10 #afgj1 p4 #hh4 #dcc 8,das knoll5 bullf] ij pfund m] tud d5n g]$5 bullf] iij pfund40 ,firebook1 #adjj-ej1 9 ,romocki1 i4 #ahb4 #dcd 8#8,( a v]ity ! %oot+ ( ! foem5 do? beg9 to increase1' exclaim$ ! ,rev4 ,gabriel ,kettl$rummle2 #8p]adv5ture "s pellet may atta9 unto u ev5 "h4 ,lo6 ,i w ensconce me beh9d ! cairn1 z beh9d a /rong wall ( def5ce4' #8,he's b a c[>d body aft] a'1' said ,cuddy2 #8he's b a daidl+ c[>d body4'0 8,old ,mortality10 *ap4 xvii4 #dce ,*ap4 xxiv4 #dcf ,pr(4 ,j4 ,e4 ,?orold ,rog]s1 8,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices10 #ahff1 iii4 #egh-gi4 #dcg ,rog]s1 8,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices10 iii4 #eef4 #dch ,ib41 #eeh4 #dci ,ib41 #egh4 #ddj ,ib41 #eha4 #dda 8,acts ( ,privy ,c\ncil10 #aehh1 ,n4,s41 xvi4 #adf4 #ddb ,ib41 #bh? ,decemb] #aeie1 xxv4 #acg4 #ddc ,rog]s1 v4 #geb4 #ddd ,wal?am ,abbey4 #dde 8,fyne corne p[d] = small %ot40 8,acts ( ,privy ,c\ncil10 #h ,ap41 #aehh2 xvi4 #be4 #ddf ,rog]s1 i4 #ded4 #ddg ,rev4 ,j4 ,hunt] 9 ,ar*ologia1 xxxii4 #chb1 :o quotes ! paym5ts made by ,wm4 de ,/anes 9 ! ,w>drobe ,acc\nts ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 #ddh ,rog]s1 ii4 #ged4 #ddi ,ib41 iii4 #bje4 #dej ,ib41 iv41 ,pices ,ju/ificatives1 ,no4 #f1 p4 xliv4 #dea ,hallam's 8,middle ,ages10 i4 #baa4 ,on ! accession ( ,l\is ,,xi4 7#adfa7 8! livre 0 only ab\t #a_/ae ( its orig9al value 444 & 9 #aghi ! livre _h come to be only #a_/gh ( its weight 9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne4 8,money10 by ,pr(4 ,ba/able1 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 #i? ed41 xvi4 #gbg4 #deb 8,treatise on ! ,co9s ( ! ,realm10 by 7! fir/7 ,"l ,liv]pool1 repr9t$ ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #dj4 #dec ,9 #aehj saltpetre 0 sell+ 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,india at a half-p5ny a p\nd4 8,manufacture ( ,gunp[d]10 ,col4 ,w4 ,&]son1 #ahfb1 p4 #af4 #ded ,caxton's 8,myrr\r & ,description ( ! ,worlde10 #adhj1 ,"p ,,ii41 c4 #ba4 #dee ,m4 ,b]!lot 9 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae? ,augu/ #ahia1 p4 #hag4 #def ,k4 ,vitt]hets ,hi/4 o* ,antiq4 ,acads4 ,h&r41 ,/ockholm1 iv4 #ccg4 #deg ,kapt5 ,f4 ,a4 ,spak's fv]sigt fv] ,artill]iets ,uppkom/ o* ,utveckl+ i ,europa1 p4 #ab4 #deh 8,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions10 ,bohn's ed41 ii4 #eji4 #dei 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,nitre10 ,london1 #afgj1 p4 #ba4 #dfj ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #bje4 #dfa ,!re 7 exceptions1 su* z bla/+ p[d]4 #dfb 8,! ,gunn]10 p4 #ade4 #dfc ,jhns1 #hjd n4 #dfd ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #bcb4 #dfe ,*ap4 #bd4 #dff ,modelles1 ,artifices de feu1 c41 pp4 #ie1 #ig4 #dfg ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #cbi4 #dfh 8,receuil de ,plusieurs ,ma*9es ,militaires et ,feux d',artifices p\r la gu]re40 ,de la dilig5ce ,?ybovril et ,j4 ,appi] dit ,hanzelet2 ,pont--,m\sson1 #afbj1 liv4 iv4 p4 #ab4 #dfi 8,nun w]d5 unt]e*i$li*e ,pulv] gema*t1 j$o* ab] alle9 drey ,sort5 zum mei/5s gebrau*t40 ,hal9itro ,pyrbolia1 ,ulm1 p4 #f4 #dgj ,*ap4 xxiii4 fol4 #bh4 #dga 8,receuil de ,plusieurs ,ma*9es ,militaires et ,feux d',artifices10 c41 ,pont--,m\sson1 #afbj1 p4 #ad4 #dgb 8,! ,gunn]10 p4 #ade4 #dgc 8,! ,gunn]0 p4 #ade4 #dgd pp4 #d1 #e4 #dge 8,inv5tions & ,devices10 #aegh2 ,no4 #ed1 8,art ( ,%oot+10 c41 p4 #bh4 #dgf ,ib41 ,preface4 #dgg ,hal9itro ,pyrbolia1 ,ulm1 #afbg1 p4 #i4 #dgh ,*ap4 xvi4 p4 #bi4 #dgi ,napoleon ,,iii41 iv4 #ed4 #dhj ,ib41 #ec4 #dha 8,trait 444 de fabriqu] la ,p\dre10 c4 ,botte & ,riffault1 #ahaa1 p4 lij4 #dhb ,m>quis de ,*ambray1 uvres1 v4 #bic-d4 #dhc 8,dieses ,p5del wurde mit ,re*t als e9 epo*ma*5de ,erf9dung bezei*net40 ,g54 ,h4 ,mll]1 ,entwickelung d] ,feld>till]ie1 ,b]l91 #ahic1 i4 #bc4 ,to save ! "t ( any ( my read]s :o wi% to read ,g54 ,mll]'s rem>ks on our ,artill]y1 ,i may m5tion t !y w n be f\nd "u ! head+ 8,engl&10 b "u ! compreh5sive head+ ,die kle9]5 ,/aat51 gr\p$ ) ,greece1 ,switz]l&1 c41 ii #bgb4 #dhd ,see ,:eat/one's own acc\nt ( 8 in/rum5t 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 #ahde1 tom4 xx4 pp4 #aeed-fa4 #dhe 8,n\s reconnaissons1 avec l'abb ,moigno1 que ,m4 ,:eat/one a eu le premi] l'ide de la belle application dont il e/ ici "q4444 ,il a fallu du temps et du travail p\r r5dre fconde1 dans les expri5ces d',artill]ie1 la belle ide de ,m4 ,:eat/one40 ,cap4 ,navez1 ,l',application de l',electricit la mesure de la ,vitesse des ,projectiles1 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,,pp #d1 #e4 #dhf 8,report on ,exp]im5ts on ! ,prop]ties 444 ( ,cannon ,p[d]10 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 #ahfa1 pp4 #agd1 #bii4 ,table ,,vi4 is tak5 f ?is ,report4 #dhg #ahhf4 #dhh ,bk4 ,,iv41 c4 #fb4 #dhi ,romocki1 ii4 #g-aj4 #dij 8,vulg> ,errors10 #afdh1 ,bk4 ,,ii41 c4 #e4 #dia ,rog] ,bacon's p[d]1 see *ap4 viii4 #dib ,doctor ,ard]ne's p[d]1 a laboratory receipt4 #dic ,:itehorne's 8ord9>y0 common p[d]1 *ap4 xxiii41 fol4 #bh4 #did ,nye1 pp4 #d1 #e4 #die ,sir ,james ,turn]'s ,pallas ,armata1 #afgj1 p4 #ahh4 #dif ,rob9s' 8,new ,pr9ciples ( ,gunn]y10 #agdb1 p4 #abj4 #dig ,bi%op ,watson's 8,*emical ,essays10 #agha1 ii4 #af4 #dih ,,ms4 9 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,p>is1 giv5 9 ,lacabane's ,bib4 de l'cole des ,*>tes1 #b s]41 i4 #ea4 ,! quantity ( *>coal is n giv54 #dii ,spak's fv]sigt fv] ,artill]iets ,uppkom/1 c41 ,/ockholm1 #ahgh-ha1 p4 #ff4 #ejj ,ib41 p4 #fb4 ,spak ga!rs f ,fronsp]g] t ! manufacture ( p[d] 9 ,g]many 0 9 a v backw>d /ate dur+ ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury3 8att kruttillv]kn+ i ,tyskl& fv5 "u s5>e hlft5 af #aejj-talet befann sig p en srdeles primitiv /ndpunkt1 framgr af ,fronsp]g]s beskrifn+ fv] krutets korn+40 ,a ,br&5burg ,,ms4 ( #aeig gives a p[d] ( #gc4e 3 #ac4g 3 #aj4h1 b ?is mu/ h be5 = small arms4 ,c4 von ,deck]'s ,ges*i*te des ,ges*tzwes5s1 c41 #ahbb1 p4 #hg1 p[d] ,no4 #ca4 #eja ,blom's ,kri/ian d4 ,,iv4's ,artill]i1 ,cop5hag51 #ahgg1 p4 #di4 #ejb ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #cbi4 ,! gra9s ( ?is p[d] 7 z l>ge z hazel nuts4 #ejc ,spak1 p4 #aff4 #ejd ,ca/n]'s cocoa p[d]1 balli/ically ! be/ p[d] ev] made4 ,romocki1 ii4 #ca4 #eje ,romaunt ( ! ,rose1 #daif1 attribut$ to ,*auc]4 #ejf ,orig9al ,p>*em9 p>mi les titres scells de ,clairambault1 xxv4 fol4 #ahbe2 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,p>is 79 ,brack5bury1 iv4 #bia74 #ejg ,e/imat$ by ,sir ,h4 ,brack5bury4 #ejh ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #afh4 #eji 8,cal5d>1 ,/ate ,pap]s10 ,dom4 ,s]41 #aeha-ij1 ,m>* #cj1 #aehh4 #eaj 8,acts ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil10 ,new ,s]41 xvi4 #be4 #eaa ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #if4 #eab ,wright & ,halliwell's ,reliqui ,antiqu1 ,london1 #ahda4 #eac ,muratori1 ,r]4 ,ital4 ,script41 xv41 col4 #ahb4 #ead ,rym]'s ,fd]a1 vii4 #ahg4 #eae ,no reliance c be plac$ on ! docum5t giv5 9 ,libri's ,hi/4 des ,sci5ces ,ma?m4 en ,italie1 iv4 #dhg1 :i* /ates t !re 7 cannon & iron %ot 9 ,flor5ce on ! #aa? ,febru>y #acbf4 ,libri 0 expell$ f ! ,fr5* ,academy1 & s5t5c$ to t5 ye>s' imprisonm5t 9 #ahej = falsify+ & sell+ public docum5ts :i* he _h /ol5 f v>i\s in/itutions4 #eaf ,napoleon ,,iii41 i4 #ceh4 #eag ,b]+uccio calls iron %ot 8cosa nova all' uso della gu]ra2 p]* non prima 7*e io sappi7 furono v$ute palle di f]ro 9 ,italia p] tir>le con artigli]ie1 *e quelle *e ci condusse ,c>lo ,re di ,fran*ia contra ,re ,f]d9&o l'anno #adie40--,pyrote*nia1 ,v5ice1 #aeei1 p4 #bdg4 #eah ,,mss4 g]m1 qu41 #ajah4 #eai ,meyn]t's ,ges*4 des ,kriegswes5s1 c41 ,vi5na1 #ahfh1 i4 #cgh4 #ebj ,a ,rege ipso in/itutum2 ,heid5/e91 ,de ,bell4 ,moscovito1 #aehh1 p4 #dj4 ,!y 7 9 use 9 ,d5m>k 9 #aeib4 ,blom's ,kri/ian d4 ,,iv4's ,artill]i1 p4 #bff4 #eba ,g5eva1 #afde1 p4 #cjc4 #ebb ,de ,re ,milit>i1 ,v]ona1 #adgb1 lib4 #aj1 c4 iv4 p4 #bfg4 #ebc ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #hj4 #ebd ,mr4 ,j4 ,burtt1 9 ,ar*ol4 ,j\rnal1 xix4 #fh4 #ebe ,w4 ,l4 ,cl[es1 8,! ,royal ,navy10 #ahig1 i4 #adi4 #ebf ,b5$ict4 ,v]on41 ,de ,rebus ,c>ol4 ,,viii41 9 ,ecc>di1 ,script4 ,r]4 ,g]m41 ii 7,jhns74 ,at ! siege ( ,bilqan 9 ,p]sia by ! ,moguls "u ,pr9ce ,hulgu 9 #abef1 /ones n be+ procurable = ! ma*9es1 wood5 %ell fill$ ) lead 7 employ$ ) good effect4--,heft ,iqlim1 ,p]sian ,,ms4 9 ,bib4 ,nat41 ,p>is1 ,no4 #cef1 fol4 #ejj4 #ebg ,av]age price1 #acga-hj4 ,rog]s' 8,hi/4 ( ,agriculture & ,prices10 i4 #dhd4 #ebh #ij4e p] c5t4 copp] & #i4e p] c5t4 t92 copp] at #bs4 #cd;d4 p] lb4 7av]age1 #acjc-ec72 t9 at #c4da;d4 p] lb4 7av]age1 #acga-hj74 ,mr4 ,rog]s notices ! r>5ess ( copp]1 #acej-adjj4 ,ib41 i4 #dhd2 ii4 #eca4 ,! bronze ( an ,egyptian mirror1 cir4 #agej ,b4,c41 0 f\nd by ,m4 ,b]!lot to consi/ ( #ia p] c5t4 copp] & #i p] c5t4 t94--,introd4 ,al*imi/es ,grecs1 p4 #bba4 #ebi ,ib41 i4 #fje 7av]age1 #acga-hj74 ,!re is "s little unc]ta9ty ab\t ! exact price ( lead ow+ to ! 8fo!r0 hav+ ?ree mean+s4 8,9 ! ,book ( ,rates x is said to be two ?\s& p\nd-weight2 at ! m9es x is tw5ty-two hundr$ & a half2 & among ! ,plumm]s at ,london1 n9ete5 hundr$ & a half40 8,! ,new ,_w ( ,words10 #f? ed41 by ,e4 ,phillips1 ,london1 #agjf4 ,i h tak5 ! #bjjj lbs4 ( ! ,book ( ,rates4 #ecj ,!re 0 no ca/-iron 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #eca ,i h tak5 ! proportions = bronze z giv5 = %ell by ,g4 della ,valle 9 8 ,vallo1 ,v5ice1 #aeba3 #ge p] c5t4 copp] & #be p] c5t4 t91 :i* _h a sp4 gr4 ( #h4d & co/ #b4f;d4 p] lb4 #ecb ,?is gives a sp4 gr4 ( #c4a1 & %[s t ! /one 0 probably lime/one1 al?\gh ,nye objects to 8free/one0 = %ot & recomm5ds 8m>ble1 pibble /ones1 & h>d blew /ones10 p4 #eh4 8,pibbil/on0 is f\nd 9 ,wiclifs ,bible1 ,prov4 xx4 #ag1 cir4 #achc4 #ecc ,lime/one sold 9 #affd at #cs4 #f;d4 a ton2 ,rog]s1 v4 #ejh4 ,b ! wages ( a gun/one-mak] 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign 7 #f;d4 a day1 or ab\t #cs4 #f;d4 ( our money4 ,brack5bury1 v4 #b n44 #ecd ,see p4 #ahe4 #ece ,! e>ly gunn]s suff]$ t]ribly f ! bur/+ ( _! guns4 ,james ,,ii4 ( ,scotl& 0 kill$ 9 #adfj by ! bur/+ ( a gun1 & a bomb>d bur/ ne> ,p>is 9 #adgi1 kill+ f\rte5 m51 & w\nd+ fifte5 or sixte54 ,libre de ,faits1 ,jean de ,troyes1 ed4 ,b\*on1 p4 #cdj4 ,! ,emp]or ,bab> tells u ( a gun t bur/ 9 ,india 9 #aebg-h1 kill+ eight m54 ,elliott's 8,hi/4 ( ,india10 iv4 #bgb4 ,& s on4 #ecf ,brack5bury1 v4 #cj4 #ecg ,muratori1 ,r]4 ,ital4 ,script41 xvii41 col4 #eeh4 #ech ,r4 ,norton1 8,! ,gunn]10 c41 ,london1 #afbh1 p4 #aeh4 #eci ,entwickelung des ,kriegswes5s1 ,breslau1 #ahhf1 iii4 #bff4 #edj ,quell5 zur ,ges*i*te des ,feu]waff51 #ahgb1 ,a1 viii41 xix4 #eda ,ducas1 ,hi/4 ,byzant41 ,bonn1 #ahca1 p4 #baa4 #edb ,sabellicus1 ,hi/4 ,v5et41 ,dec4 iii41 lib4 #aj 7,jhns74 #edc ,cl>5don's 8,hi/4 ( ! ,great ,rebellion10 p4 #ebb4 ,boillot calls orgues 8b>riquades10 ,modelles ,artifices de feu1 c41 ,*aumont1 #aeih1 p4 #ahi4 #edd ,see ,admiralty survey ( ,gibralt>1 by ,capt4 ,aldri*1 ,r4,n4 #ede 8,die ,granate vor dem ,/ck crepirt 444 wodur* e9 ,artill]i/ das ,leb5 v]lor5 habe40 ,neues militris*es ,hannovranis*es ,j\rnal1 ,/ck iv41 p4 #bbe1 k9dly communicat$ to me by ,major ,w4 ,balck1 ,g]man ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,app>5tly by an eye-witness4 #edf ,dr9kwat]'s 8,siege ( ,gibralt>10 #aghf1 p4 #hg4 #edg 8,die ,bomb5 fiel5 s tief 9 d5 ,s&1 dass die ,/cke niem& s*ad5 konnt540 ,hannovranis*es ,j\rnal1 z above4 #edh ,capt4 ,say]'s 8,hi/4 ( ,gibralt>10 #ahfb1 p4 #bia4 #edi ,dr9kwat]1 p4 #hi4 ,! ,hanov]ian (fic]1 speak+ ( ! trial1 says3 8,v]su*1 wel*] d] ,erw>tung vollkomm5 entspra*40 ,( ! effect ( ! fire on ! enemy he says3 8 ,die ,br&rhr5 7w>57 s g5au be/immt1 dass die ,bombe (t d5 ,fe9d b] d5 ,kpf5 crepirte 444 und incommodirte d5 ,fe9d unaufhrli*40 ,j\rnal1 z be=e4 #eej 8,univ]sal ,milit>y ,diction>y10 by ,capt4 ,g4 ,smi?1 ,r4,a41 #aggi1 art4 8,%ell40 #eea ,writ+ on #e? ,april #ahac1 ,%rapnel said x 0 8ne>ly ?irty ye>s0 s9ce he began 8 exp]im5ts4 8,synopsis ( ,reports & ,exp]im5ts by ! ,ordnance ,select ,committee3 ,%rapnel ,%ell10 #aheh4 #eeb 8,ammunition10 by ,capt4 7aft]w>ds ,col4 ,sir ,v4 ,d47 ,maj5die1 ,r4,a41 #ahfg1 i4 #cej ff42 8,memoirs ( ,sir ,j4 ,s9clair10 ii4 #bdd4 #eec ,%rapnel's %ell fail$ at ! fir/ trial1 #crd ,june #ahjc--!y 7 too ?94 ,aft] ! second trial1 #bi? ,june #ahjc1 8ab\t a doz50 7 recomm5d$ to be suppli$ to %ips = ea* c>ronade4--,ord4 ,sel4 ,committee1 8,%rapnel ,%ell10 p4 #b4 #eed ,die ,%rapnels3 e9e ,erf9dung des #af-t5 ,jahrhund]ts1 9 8,ar*iv fr die ,(fici]e d] ,k4 ,preuss4 ,artill]ie1 c410 ,b]l91 #aheb1 ,b& #cb1 p4 #afj4 ,toll does n allude to ,%rapnel p]sonally4 ,he gives ! text ( ,zimm]man's ,,ms41 :i* ,i quote above4 #eee ,"o ( ,boillot's mort> %ell1 :i* nobody has yet claim$ to h be5 a ,%rapnel1 0 ( m9imum ?ickness1 8af9 qu'elle rompe plus facilem5t0--,modelles1 ,artifices de feu1 c41 ,*aumont1 #aeih1 p4 #afc4 #eef ,"s ( ,boillot's mort> %ell conta9$ bullets1 n only inside b outside1 :]e !y 7 /uck into "s glut9\s sub/ance ) :i* ! %ell 0 cov]$4 ,ib41 p4 #afg4 #eeg ,capt4 ,may1 ,r4,a41 report$ t be=e rea*+ ! ,great ,belt1 #ahjg 7on ! voyage to ! siege ( ,cop5hag571 ,%rapnel's own fuzes 7 f\nd to be s affect$ by ! damp z to be uns]viceable1 & t o!rs _h to be improvis$4--,ord4 ,sel4 ,com41 8,%rapnel ,%ell10 = #ai? ,june #ahji4 #eeh 8,ehe die ,znd] ni*t zu d] ,vollkomm5heit gekomm5 w>51 g5au tempirt w]d5 zu konn51 0 er/ geg5 das ,ende des vorig5 7#ah-t57 ,jahrhund]ts e9trat1 konnte ub]haupt von d] ,errei*ung e9] ,wirkung1 wie sie ,%rapnel vor ,aug5 hatte1 g> ni*t die ,r$e se92 und es i/ das un/reitb>e ,v]di5/ ,%rapnels1 dass er die ,v]vollkommung d] ,znd] zur ,errei*ung bis dah9 ni*t gekannt] ,k>tts*wirkung b5uzte40--8,notiz b] die ,ges*i*te d] ,%rapnells10 by ,hauptmann ,mey]1 9 ,ar*iv fr d4 ,(fic4 d4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,art41 c41 #e ,b&1 zwiet] ,heft1 p4 #aeg4 #eei ,giv5 fur!r on4 #efj 8,mag au* ni*t a9 ,hagel gema*t w]d5 d] ganntz vom ,rohr f]t und si* er/ ub] etli* hund]t ,s*rytt na*et od] fe] wie man w von e9&] ?ut und si* au/haylet80 #efa ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #bfd4 #efb ,modelles1 c41 p4 #afc4 #efc 8,hydrodynamics10 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 p4 #deg4 #efd 8,in/rum5ta navig&a possunt fi]i s9e hom9ibus remigantibus1 ut naves maxim1 fluviales et m>91 f]antur unico hom9e reg5te1 majori velocitate quam si pl5 ess5t hom9ibus4444 ,item possunt fi]i in/rum5ta vol&i40--,de ,secretis1 c4 iv4 #efe 8,inv5tions & ,devices10 ,no4 #db1 fol4 #ca-b4 #eff ,cs>1 ,de ,bell4 ,gall41 v4 #dc4 ,see also p4 #ij "h4 #efg ,tacitus1 8,hi/410 ii4 #ba4 #efh ,see p4 #bjb4 #efi ,see p4 #d4 #egj 8,das es dir d5 hals nit ab/oss40 ,romocki1 i4 #ahi4 #ega ,romocki1 i4 #aib n4 #egb ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #aef4 ,:itehorne describes a simil> fireball1 9 :i* t[ is us$ in/ead ( clo?4 #egc ,jhns1 #haj4 #egd 8,ungefhr aus d]selb5 ,zeit40 ,romocki1 i4 #ahi4 #ege ,valturio's plate is reproduc$1 ib41 p4 #aic4 #egf 8,ye ve/] d>ynn ge/ozz51 ye pess]40 ,b]l9 ,firebook1 9 ib41 p4 #aib4 #egg 8,es w>5 eis]ne ,kugeln von g]+] ,cohr5z1 die1 mit1 ,pe* und ,h>z gefllt1 angezndet1 aus d5 ,mau]bre*]n ges*oss5 wurd54 ,beim ,aufs*lag5 z]s*ellt5 diese ,kugeln und die ,/cke1 von d]5 j$em e9e heftige ,flamme emporlod]te1 wurd5 umh]ges*leud]t4 ,das kle9e/e von ihn5 konnte s*w] v]letz51 weil das ,pe* h9d]te1 es abzus*tteln4 ,niem& v]mo*te vor diesem ,feu] auf d5 ,mau]n zu bleib540 ,bembo1 ,op]a1 #aeef1 i4 #ae1 9 ,jhns1 #haj4 #egh ,romocki1 ii4 #ba4 #egi 8,haec vocatur sci5tia exp]im5talis qu negligit argum5ta1 quoniam non c]tificant1 quantumcunque s9t =tia1 nisi simul adsit exp]i5tia conclusionis4444 ,sola exp]i5tia c]tificat hic1 et non argum5tum40 ,opus ,t]tium1 c4 #ac4 #ehj ,daniel's ,hi/4 de la ,milice ,franaise1 #agbd1 i4 #bdj4 #eha ,major ,ralph ,adye1 ,r4,a41 8,! ,bomb>di]10 c41 #ahjb4 #ehb 8,annals10 c41 p4 #ehd1 = ! ye> #aedc4 ,/[ di$ 9 #afje4 ,! #ae mort>1 "u ,firema/] ,?omas ,wright1 :i* accompani$ a small =ce s5t by ,cromwell 9 #afea to r$uce ! ,royali/ ca/le ( ,elizabe? 9 ,j]sey1 may h be5 "o ( ,bawd & ,collet's4 ,betwe5 five & t5 r\nds 7 fir$ daily = sev]al days )\t any damage to ! piece1 al?\gh ! c>riage broke d[n completely on two occasions4 ,! range 0 #aedj y>ds1 & ! %oot+ accurate4 ,! fir/ r\nd1 we may feel c]ta91 0 laid ) extreme c>e4 8,i pr(f]$ to lay a wag] ( t5 p\nds ) ,capta9 ,dov]10 says ! ,firema/]1 8t my fir/ %ot %\ld /rike ! ,ca/le1 444 & by ,god's provid5ce x did /rike "o side ( ! great ,t[]1 :]e ! ,granado brake0 7i4e4 explod$74 ,! second %ell 8brake v]ie k9dly10 & = ! ?ird he 8alt]$ 7!7 degrees ( elevation40 ,capta9 ,dov] may h paid 8 bet1 b ! ,ordnance ,(fice =got to remit ,wright's pay2 h5ce ! 8,p]fect ,n>rative ( ! ,p>ticul> ,s]vice p]=m$ by ,firema/] ,?omas ,wright10 c4 c41 #afea4 ,! ^w explode is n f\nd be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury--see ,dr4 ,murray's 8,new ,engli% ,diction>y0--& 0 sp>+ly us$ 9 ,wright's "t4 #ehc 8,italus a ,p>m5si ad ,fo$]atos p]fugi5s1 inauditam artem jactabat p>&i vasa1 cavatosque e f]ro aut lapide globos1 qui 9 obsessas urbes adig]5tur1 impleti ejus natur mat]i1 ut simul ignem concepiss5t1 9 innum]os quasi ac9os dissilir5t40 #ehd ,see ! acc\nts ( ! bailiffs ( ,/4 ,om] 9 #acdb1 9 ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #gg4 #ehe ,ib41 p4 #adi4 #ehf ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #aeh4 #ehg ,:itehorne1 c4 #be4 #ehh ,portfires g back to ab\t #agjj4 ,mull]'s 8,treatise on ,artill]y10 p4 #bjb4 #ehi ,! battle ( ,uddevalla 9 ,sw$51 #afgg1 0 decid$ by armes blan*es1 a prolong$ /orm ( ra9 hav+ put a /op to all fir+4 ,cri*ton & ,:eaton's 8,sc&9avia10 p4 #aji4 #eij ,pre ,amiot1 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #ahc4 #eia ,hassan1 ib41 #cg4 #eib ,nye1 p4 #fh bis1 :]e x is call$ 8prim+40 #eic 8,quickmat*10 9 (ficial 8,treat4 on ,ammunition10 p4 #dcj4 #eid ,mull]'s 8,treatise on ,artill]y10 #agfh1 p4 #bjc4 #eie ,g5]al ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas1 8,naval ,gunn]y10 #ahfj1 p4 #deh4 ,sir ,*>les ,d\glas also introduc$ into 8 %ip 7at 8 own exp5se7 ! quill tubes he _h inv5t$ = naval use1 & flannel c>tridge cases :i* at t "t 7 us$ 8= artill]y c>tridges ( all sorts40 ,capta9 ,g4 ,smi?1 8,univ]4 ,mil4 ,dict410 #aggi2 8,laboratory40 #eif 8,artill]y ,equipm5t10 ,colonel ,f4 ,mill]1 ,v4,c41 ,r4,a1 ,pt4 ,,ii41 p4 #hd4 ,x is unc]ta9 to :at ext5t fl9t-locks 7 adopt$ = ! ,artill]y4 8,ammunition10 by ,sir ,v4 ,d4 ,maj5die1 i4 #aib4 #eig 8,naval ,gunn]y10 z be=e4 #eih ,! above facts are *iefly tak5 f ! 8,treatise on ,ammunition10 by ! late ,colonel ,sir ,v4 ,d4 ,maj5die1 ,r4,a41 #ahfg2 & ! "w on 8,artill]y ,equipm5t10 by ! late ,colonel ,f4 ,mill]1 ,v4,c41 ,r4,a4 #eii 8,elem5t>y ,lectures on ,artill]y10 by ,major ,c4 ,h4 ,ow5 & ,capta9 ,t4 ,l4 ,dames1 ,woolwi*1 #ahfa4 #fjj ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #dd4 #fja 8,qu& tu v\dras attaqu] ton adv]saire1 mets le feu la rose10 ib41 #ch4 8,tu mets le feu aux roses et tu lances la m>mite10 ib41 #dc4 #fjb 8,inv5tions & ,devices10 #aegh1 p4 #ci4 #fjc ,= in/ance3 8,advis]ez que le tr\ d'icelle 7! %ell7 soit du co/ de la b\*e dudit morti]40 ,modelles1 ,artifices du ,feu1 c41 #aeih1 p4 #afc4 #fjd ,z happ5$ c5turies aft]w>ds ) ,%rapnel's fuzes :5 cut 8%ort40 #fje 8,art ( ,%oot+ 9 ,great ,ordnance10 p4 #ac4 #fjf ,ib41 pp4 #cj1 #ca4 #fjg ,among ! /ores detail$ by ,firema/] ,t4 ,wright 9 8 8,p]fect ,n>rative10 c41 ( 8 exp$ition to ,j]sey1 #afea1 are f\nd 8#ajjj ,fuzes = %els1 #fjj h& ,fuzes40 #fjh 8,inv5tion die bi%]o no* nit i/ gebrau*t word540 ,ar*eley1 #afba1 p4 #aai4 ,! ,spani% ,tratado de ,artillria1 #afac1 ,i h n se5 & rely ^u ! ,fr5* & ,g]man translations1 bo? by ,j4 ,t4 ,brey1 ! =m] entitl$ ,artill]ie1 c41 ! latt] ,ar*eley1 c4 ,ei!r ( !m has be5 c>elessly execut$--p]haps bo? ( !m4 #fji 8,la b\*e du tuyeau sur la p\dre de la *>ge de la ditte pices40 ,artill]ie1 p4 #aai4 #faj 8#aej s*ritt0--geometrical paces1 ,i presume3 #a geom4 pace #e ft4 #faa ,wa*?aus4 ,! ,fr5* translation has corps de g>de4 #fab ,blom's ,kri/ian d4 ,,iv4's ,artill]i1 p4 #bgg4 #fac ,p4 #fc bis4 #fad ,pr4 ,lieut4 ,w4 ,ritt] von ,brei?aupt1 ,d] ,entwicklungsgang und die d>auf gegrndete ,sy/ematik d] ,znd]wes5s1 c41 #ahfh1 p4 #ah4 #fae 8,geg5 das ,ende des #af t5 ,jahrhund]ts fiel man d>auf1 ,granat5 aus ,kanon5 zu s*iess54 ,da ab] die er/5 ,v]su*e ni*t mit gehrig] ,vorsi*t1 und b]haupt mit zu />k] ,pulv]ladung ange/ellt wurd51 s misslang5 sie1 und man behielt die si*]]e ,art1 sie aus ,haubitz5 zu w]f51 bei40 ,major ,c4 von ,deck]1 ,ges*i*te des ,ges*tzwes5s1 c41 #ahbb1 p4 #gd4 #faf ,9 fir+ aga9/ build+s1 8i/ es ni*t eb5 von n!n auf das ,tempo g5au ,a*tung zu geb540 ,mie?1 ,artill4 ,rec5t4 ,praxis1 ,leipsig1 #afhc1 lib4 iii4 c4 #cd4 #fag ,9 fir+ aga9/ troops1 8! fuze mu/ h su* a l5g? z 444 to set fire to ! p[d] z soon z ! %ell t\*es ! gr\nd40 8,univ]sal ,mil4 ,dict410 ,capta9 ,g4 ,smi?1 ,r4,a41 #aggi2 8,laboratory40 #fah ,a ,*9ese %ell 0 ?r[n f ! deck ( "o ( our vessels into ! sea1 ,i =get by :om1 9 ! attack on ! ,peiho ,=ts1 #ahfj4 #fai ,z 0 done m ?an once dur+ ! dynamite outrages 9 ,london "s ye>s ago4 #fbj ,at ! siege ( ,gl\ce/]1 dur+ ! ,great ,rebellion1 a gr5ado fell ne> ,s\?gate2 8b a woman com+ by ) a pail ( wat]1 ?rew ! wat] !reon & ext+ui%$ ! phuse !re(1 s t x brake n40 ,vic>s' 8,jehovah ,jireh10 #afdf1 i4 #djb4 #fba 8,p] tempus quo quispiam non fe/9ant] ,symbolum ,apo/olorum recit>e possit10 p4 #agd4 ,wat*es 7 inv5t$ by ,huyg5s 9 #afgd1 & indep5d5tly by ,hooke 9 #afge4 ,ball's 8,ma!matical ,recreations10 #ahib1 p4 #baf4 #fbb ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,artill]ie1 by ,hauptmann ,c4 ,s*neid]1 9 ,oe/]rei*is*e ,mil4 ,zeitung1 ,wi51 #ahfc1 ,no4 #gi4 #fbc ,!oria et ,praxis ,artill41 ,nrnb]g1 #afhb1 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #fb4 #fbd 8,brnde von ,holtz1 ,papi] od] ,eis510 ib4 #fbe 8,man das ,tempo entw$] dur* e95 p]p5dicul od] na* e9em p]fect5 und gewiss5 ,tacte erkundig5 muss10 ib4 #fbf 8,das re*te ,tempo nun zu f9d51 kan auf ke9e aud]e ,weise1 als aus d5 er/5 ,wrff5 erl]net w]d540 ,artill4 ,rec5t4 ,praxis1 l4 iii41 c4 #cd1 p4 #de4 #fbg 8,treatise on ,artill]y10 #agfh1 p4 #bjd4 #fbh ,ib41 p4 #bjc4 #fbi ,,ms4 lett] k9dly l5t to me by ,col4 ,f4 ,:9yates1 late ,r4,h4,a4 #fcj ,g54 ,piob]t's notes1 communicat$ to ,pr(4 ,turquem & ,capt4 ,fav1 ! translators ( ,g54 ,c4 von ,deck]'s ,expri5ces sur les ,%rapnel1 ,p>is1 #ahdg1 p4 #cbj4 #fca 8,ammunition10 by ,col4 ,sir ,v4 ,d4 ,maj5die1 i4 #bce4 ,! ,prussians _h a simil> s]ies ( fuzes ab\t ! same "t2 ,brei?aupt1 ,d] ,entwicklungsgang 444 d] ,znd]wes5s1 p4 #ba4 ,on ! #ba/ ,nov4 #ahjh1 ,%rapnel propos$ to c>ry ! bor$ fuzes 9 canvas bags pa9t$ diff]5t col\rs4 ,ord4 ,sel4 ,com41 8,%rapnel ,%ell40 #fcb ,hasans er-,rammah 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #be4 ,?is composition 0 call$ 8prim+10 & belong$ to ! 8sl[ receipt0 family4 #fcc ,napoleon ,,iii41 iii4 #bge4 #fcd ,nye1 p4 #fc1 bis4 #fce ,spak's fv]sigt fv] ,artill]iets ,uppkom/1 c41 p4 #aeg4 #fcf ,mull]'s 8,treatise on ,artill]y10 #agfh1 p4 #bjc4 #fcg ,j4 ,g4 von ,hoy]'s ,allgeme9es ,wrt]bu*1 ,tb+51 #ahjd4 #fch #e fuze1 (ficial 8,treatise on ,ammunition40 #fci ,beitrag zur ,ges*4 d4 ,artill]ie1 ,haupt4 ,c4 ,s*neid]1 ,wi51 #ahfd4 #fdj ,see plate 9 ,romocki1 i4 #cdc4 #fda ,art4 ,mag4 ,artill]i1 c41 pt4 i4 bk4 #d1 c4 #c4 ,!y 7 call$ 8bl9d %ell0 because !y gave out no light 9 _! flight4 #fdb 8,w] e9 w5ig ,v]nunft hat und ni*t g> tumm i/1 wird kl> seh5 dass dieselbe ,inv5tion e95 sehr bald 9 die &]e ,welt s*ick5 kan40 ,artill4 ,rec5t4 ,prax41 c4 xi4 p4 #ac4 #fdc ,!or4 et ,praxis ,artill41 pt4 i4 p4 #fh4 #fdd 8,cutt+ ! ,rigg+10 ,proposition iii4 #fde ,,ms4 9 ,royal ,libr>y1 ,b]l91 q4 9 ,romocki1 i4 #cdg4 #fdf ,cap4 #dh4 #fdg ,see 8 ,pat5t1 ,no4 #cjcb1 #aa? ,april #ahjg4 #fdh ,we are told by ,mr4 ,gre5] t 8all ! gunsmi?s 9 ,engl&0 laid claim to ! inv5tion ( ! cap3 8,! ,gun & its ,developm5t10 #crd ed41 #ahei1 p4 #aaj4 ,h[ _m ( !m1 if any1 e/abli%$ _! claim ,i d n "k2 b x is absolutely c]ta9 t ! notion ( a copp] cap /ruck ,colonel ,hawk] 9 #ahah4 ,he gave a sket* ( :at he want$ to ! celebrat$ ,joe ,manton1 :o made him "s caps & adapt$ a gun = _! use4 8,in/ructions to ,"y ,sportsm510 by ,col4 ,pet] ,hawk]1 #aa? ed41 #ahei1 p4 #gf4 #fdi ,! concussion fuze 0 set 9 action by ! %ock ( dis*>ge2 ! p]cussion fuze by ! %ock ( impact ) ! t>get4 #fej ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #ahj4 #fea ,m>cus ,grcus1 recipe #cc4 #feb ,hassan er-,rammah 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #bd4 #fec #a1 #b1 & #c oz4 rockets 9 ,nye1 p4 #hb4 #fed ,signal rocket1 (ficial 8,treat4 on ,ammunition40 #fee ,hassan1 z above4 #fef ,(ficial 8,treat4 on ,ammunition40 #feg ,hassan1 9 ,re9aud & ,fav1 p4 #bg4 #feh ,k5ti%'s 8,pyrote*ni/'s ,treasury10 #ahgh1 p4 #ahg1 ,no4 #ac4 ,,index ,abd ,allah ibn al-,bay?> 7d4 #abdh71 #af ,abd ur-,razzak on ,bijanag> 7#adda71 #aae ,acc5t de ,s9crit1 #abf ,africanus1 ,sextus ,julius1 #dj ,agnia/ra1 #aje ,al-,bunduqani1 mean+ (1 #ia ,alor1 tak+ ( 7,a4,d4 #gab71 #ia ,amiot1 ,fa!r1 on ,*9ese p[d]1 #abh ,ammianus ,m>cell9us on fire-arr[s1 #cj ,anagram1 ,fri> ,bacon's1 sugge/$ solution (1 #aeg ,anna ,comn5a1 ,pr9cess1 on crossb[s1 #dh ---- on sea-fire1 #dd ---- on siphons1 #dc ,antiquity1 ,*9ese v5]ation =1 #abe ',arba 7,p]sian71 its d\ble mean+1 #aad 8,arabian ,nights10 m5tion ( a/rolabe 91 #gh ---- m5tion ( qaus bunduq 91 #ic-d ,arabic language1 g5]al ignorance (1 9 ,middle ,ages1 #hb ---- words 9 ,lib] ,ignium1 #gg ,arangal1 siege ( 7#acji71 #aai ,ard]ne's recipe = p[d] 7cir4 #acej71 #agg ,arquebuse1 orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w1 #ib ,arr[s = muskets 7#aehh71 #bjj ,artill]y1 orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w1 #g ,assos1 fl[] ( ! /one (1 #ag1 #aea ,assyrians1 e>ly use ( inc5di>ies by !1 #bi ,a/rolabe ,a/urlab ,u/urlab1 orig9 (1 #gh ,a/ronomy1 ,*9ese1 #aac1 #abf ,bab>'s projectiles1 size & price (1 #abb ,bacon's 7,fri>7 *>coal1 #adi ---- mode ( ref9+ saltpetre1 #be1 #aea ---- recipe = gunp[d]1 #aeg ,baghdad1 siege ( 7,a4,d4 #hac71 #if ,baldw9 ,i4 on ,byzant9e def5ces1 #hd ,balls1 hot clay1 ,briti% & ,arabic1 #ij1 #bag ,b>b\r's 8,bruce10 m5tion ( inc5di>ies 91 #ej ,b>d 7,arabic71 successive mean+s (1 #f ,baza1 siege ( 7#acbe71 #ajj ,b5gali gunn]s1 ,bab> on1 #aba ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela on ,byzant9es1 twelf? c5tury1 #ec ,b]g5 op ,zoom1 siege ( 7#aehh71 #bbf ,b]+uccio on iron r\nd %ot1 #bja ,b]wick1 ,greek fire at 7#acai71 #ej ,bijanagur1 alleg$ use ( cannon at 7#acfh71 #aac ,bilqan1 siege ( 7#abef71 #bjc ,bit> tak5 by a s+le rocket 7#afeg71 #agb ,bokh>a1 siege ( 7#ajfg71 #if ,bomb%ells orig9ally oblong1 #bch ,b\rne's 8box0 = te/+ p[d] 7#aegh71 #aib ,b[s1 cross-1 #dh ---- slur-1 #afh ---- /one-1 #ic ,box]'s 7,g5]al ,e4 ,m47 wood5 "t-fuze 7#ahdi71 #bdc 8,braz5 ,head10 leg5d ( ,bacon's1 #afa ,breteuil1 ,greek fire at 7#acef71 #ea ,bri/ol1 fire-pikes at siege (1 7#afdc71 #afi ,bronze1 ,egyptian1 #agej ,b4,c41 analysis (1 #bjc ---- price (1 at v>i\s times1 #bjd ,bullets1 hot1 = small arms1 #bjb ,bunduq 7,arabic71successive mean+s (1 #f ,cal?rops cr[sfeet1 #agj ,cannon1 inv5tion (1 ascrib$ to ! ,g]mans1 #ed ,cap1 p]cussion1 inv5tion ( 7#ahah71 #bde ,c>casses1 inv5tion ( 7#afgb71 #bbd ,c>riages1 gun-1 field-1 introduction ( 7#adfa-hc71 #aad ,c>tridge-cases1 ,artill]y1 flannel 7#aggj-hj71 #bcj ,c>tridges1 ,infantry1 e>ly composite 7#aeij71 #agi ,case1 e>ly use (1 #bjh ---- ,zimm]mann's1 #bab-ac ,casiri's translations1 #ii ,caxton on price ( naph?a 7#adhj71 #ahg ,*alcocondyles on e>ly cannon1 #ed ,*>coal1 hazel & will[ wood =1 #fb1 #acg1 #adi ,*>le/on1 siege (1 #ahfc1 inc5di>ies at1 #di ,*5-ti5-lui1 ,*9ese projectile1 #acj1 #ach ,*9a1 e>ly communication (1 ) ! we/1 #acf ,*9ese hi/orical works1 #abd1 #abf ---- sn[1 #ag ,*ronoscope1 ,:eat/one's electro-magnetic 7#ahdj71 #aid ,combu/ion1 progressive1 #c ,compass1 ,m>9]'s1 #aab ,comte1 ,a41 on ! inv5tion ( p[d]1 #aaa ,concussion fuze1 inv5tion ( ,engli% 7#ahej71 #bde ,conde's metaphor1 tru5o con fuego1 #aja ,congreve1 on 8 rockets1 #age ,con/ant9e ,,vii41 on sea-fire1 #cd1 #df ,copr$y ,bridge1 action at 7#afdd71 #bjh ,corn+ 7gra9+7 p[d]1 fir/ m5tion ( 7#adbi71 #ahb ,crack] ( ,m>cus ,grcus1 #hg ---- ( ,fri> ,bacon1 #hg1 #aei ,cre$1 ,apo/les'1 us$ to measure "t1 #bci ,cressy1 ,engli% guns at1 #g ,crusades1 no explosive us$ dur+ !1 #ig ,crusoe's 7,rob9son7 wildfire1 #eb ,cunn+ham1 ,g5]al1 on decay ( ,indian temples1 #aaa ,cuprum 7copp]71 orig9 ( ^w1 #hj ,dahir1 ,k+ ( ,alor 7#gab71 #ia ,d>ts = cannon1 #aii ,delium1 siege ( 7#dbd ,b4,c471 #ca ,dickson1 ,g5]al ,sir ,a41 on port-fires1 #bcj ,discov]ies1 accid5tal1 #afb ,d\glas1 ,capta9 ,sir ,c41 ,r4,n41 inv5tions (1 #bcj ,drake1 ,sir ,francis1 dem&s arr[s = muskets 7#aehh71 #bjj ,dunnett1 ,s]geant ,d41 rockets at ,wat]loo "u1 #agf ,dunois' capture ( ,pont ,audem] 7#addi71 #agc ,dut5s on ,m>cus ,grcus1 #hd ,encyclopdias1 ,*9ese1 #abd ,esp+>da1 mean+ (1 #aag ,europeans 9 ,*9a 9 e>ly times1 #ace ---- 9 ,india 9 e>ly times1 #aad1 #aba ,exi/5ce1 ! /ruggle =1 #ajh ,explosion1 mean+ (1 #c ,famagu/a1 ,greek fire at 7#aega71 #ea ,f]+iha1 mean+ (1 #aba ,firdusi1 m5tion ( inc5di>ies by1 #if ,fire-arr[s1 defects (1 #cj ---- e>ly use (1 by ,greeks 7#dbi ,b4,c471 #bi ---- e>ly use (1 9 ,greece 7#dhj ,b4,c471 #ee ,fire-%ips1 e>ly use ( 7#dac ,b4,c471 #ca ,firework1 an ,arabic & ,engli%1 #bdg ---- s(t or sl[1 z "t-fuze1 #bcc ,flexible in/rum5ts1 ,byzant9e1 mean+ (1 #dh ,fl9t & /eel z p]cussion fuze 7#aeif71 #bdd ,=sy?1 ,rev4 ,a41 applies fulm9ates to prim+ 7#ahjg71 #bde ,fo!r1 an anci5t ,engli% weight1 #bjc ,f\l+ ( s]p5t9e p[d]1 #agi ,franks1 ,portuguese guns call$1 by ,*9ese 7#aebj71 #aci ,freeburn1 ,qu>t]ma/]1 ,r4,a41 inv5ts concussion fuze 7#ahdf71 #bde ,friction tube inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,toz] 7#ahea71 #bca ,fulm9ates1 fir/ use (1 9 prim+ 7#ahjg71 #bde ,furt5ba*'s in/rum5t = te/+ p[d] 7#afbg71 #aic ,fuze1 concussion1 fir/ ,engli% 7#ahdf71 #bde ---- h& 7#afea71 #bcf ---- p]cussion1 e>lie/ proposal ( 7#aeif71 #bdd ---- ---- fir/ ,engli% 7#ahej71 #bde ---- "t1 ,box]'s wood5 7#ahdi71 #bdc ---- ---- calculat$1 ! phrase 7#aggi71 #baj ---- ---- e>ly ,arabic1 #bca ---- ---- e>ly ,dani%1 #bcg ---- ---- e>ly ,engli% 7#aedc71 #bce ---- ---- propos$ adju/m5t ( 7#aeif71 #bci ---- ---- l5g? ( e>ly1 con/ant1 #bcg ---- ---- n9ete5 9 ,engli% s]vice 7#ahej71 #bdb ---- ---- %ort1 difficulties )1 #bda ---- ---- %ort1 ,%rapnel's mode ( cutt+1 #bdb ---- ---- ,%rapnel's1 r5d]$ useless by damp 7#ahjg71 #bac ---- ---- ,ufano's exp]im5ts ) 7cir4 #afjj-ac71 #bcf ,gama1 ,vasco da1 9 ,calicut 7#adih71 #aag ,gautti] on al-,bunduqani1 #ib ,geb]4 ,see ,jabir ,g5too ,laws1 code (1 #aje ,gibbon on fire>ms 9 ,*9a1 #adj ---- on gunp[d]1 #aaa ---- on ,jesuits 9 ,*9a1 #abf ,gibralt>1 hot %ot at siege ( 7#aggi-hc71 #bag ---- %ell-fire f guns at1 #bji ,glaz+ gunp[d]1 m5tion$ 9 #afhd1 #ahb ,golail1 a two-/r+$ long-b[1 #ic ,gold1 al*emical prep>ation (1 resembl$ t ( saltpetre1 #aec 8,gold5 ,g>l&s10 an ,arabic firework1 #bdg ,gra91 influ5ce ( size (1 ( gunp[d]1 #aie ,gram1 ! sword ( ,sigurd1 #aje ,greek fire1 a ,crusad]'s t]m1 #di1 #gf ---- ---- composition (1 #ca ,gre5hill1 ,pr(essor1 on /ability ( projectiles1 #bae ,gr5ados1 sph]ical %ell1 #bch ,guis>me1 mean+ (1 #aag ,gun1 or gonne1 triple use (1 #g ---- pressure on bore (1 ) diff]5t projectiles1 #bjf ---- nature ( e>lie/ missiles =1 #aii ---- fl9t-lock =1 inv5tion ( 7#aggh71 #bcj ,gun-c>riages1 field1 introduc$ 7#adfa-hc71 #aad ,gun-metal1 composition (1 #bjc-d ---- price (1 #bjd ,gunp[d]1 ,ard]ne's recipe = 7cir4 #acej71 #agg ---- ,fri> ,bacon's recipe = 7cir4 #abdh71 #aeg1 #agg ---- ,*9ese1 badly made1 #acd ---- composition (1 at v>i\s times1 #aig-ih ---- compress$1 #bbb ---- corn$ 7gra9$71 advantages (1 #ahb ---- ---- too /rong = guns at fir/1 #ahc ---- damage to1 by damp1 #ahj ---- def9ition (1 adopt$ "h1 #c ---- effects ( inv5tion (1 #aaa ---- f\l+ ( s]p5t9e 7ungra9$71 #agi ---- ,fr5* adopt "o k9d = all arms1 #aid ---- +r$i5ts (1 c>ri$ sep>ately at fir/1 #aha ---- inv5tion ( 7cir4 #abdh71 #afb ---- ,l\is ,,xiv4's ,ordonnances ab\t1 #aic ---- price ( ,engli%1 at v>i\s times1 #ahd ---- ramm+-home s]p5t9e1 #aha ---- sil5t1 #aig ---- smokeless1 #aif ---- sulphurless1 #aif ---- te/s (1 #aib-id ,gun/one-mak]'s wages 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #bje ,halh$ on e>ly ,indian fire>ms1 #aje ,hlle on "t-fuzes & p]cussion %ell 7#aeif71 #bci1 #bdd ,h>quebuss1 see ,arquebuse ,hassan er-,rammah 7d4 #abie71 #ag ,havre1 exp]im5ts ) naph?a at 7#ageh71 #di ,hawk]1 ,colonel ,p41 inv5ts p]cussion cap 7#ahah71 #bde ,h]aclea1 siege ( 7#hje71 #ia ,hi/ory1 ,*9ese1 ! ,jesuits on1 #abf ,hom]1 no m5tion ( inc5di>ies 91 #bi ,hookah 7,p]sian7 gr5ade or fire-pot1 #id1 #aag ,huo-p'u 7,*9ese71 mean+s (1 #f ,igor1 ,russian ,admiral1 defeat$ by ,greeks 7#ida71 #cd ,ikreekh 7,arabic71 = ignit+ %ell1 #bca ,inc5di>y1 e>lie/1 consi/$ ( sulphur & pit*1 #cj ---- mean+ ( ^w1 "h1 #c ,index1 *emical1 to ,m>cus' ,lib] ,ignium1 #fh ,iron1 price (1 at v>i\s times1 #bjd ,jabir1 ! true & ! false1 #ad ,jesuits sup]9t5d gun-ca/+ at ,pek+ 7#afah71 #adj ,jodhaimah possesses fir/ ,arabic ma*9es1 #ij ,jo9ville on ,arabic inc5di>ies1 #d1 #ih1 #ajb ,ka'aba1 burn+ ( ! 7#fhc71 #ij ,kall9ikos1 ! inv5tor ( sea-fire 7#fgj-hj71 #cc ,kalli/h5es 9 ,babylon 7#cca ,b4,c471 #hj ,khalid1 ,pr9ce1 ! fir/ ,arab writ] on inc5di>ies 7d4 #gjh71 #gb ,khubelai ,khan s5ds = we/]n gunn]s 7#abgj71 #acc ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 decree (1 aga9/ inc5di>ies 7#aaci71 #hh ,lead1 price (1 at v>i\s times1 #bjd ,leipsig1 battle ( 7#ahac71 ,engli% rockets at1 #agf ,leo ,,vi4 on sea-fire1 #df ,leo's metaphor1 ?und] & smoke1 #ch ,lib] ,ignium ( ,m>cus ,grcus1 a composite "w1 #hc 8,light ( ! ,moon10 ,arabic fix$ light1 #bdf ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,ordonnances (1 ab\t p[d]1 #aic ,lys1 ,passage ( 7#achb71 h&-gr5ades at1 #afi ,ma*9e1 mean+ (1 "h1 #c ,maghribiha1 mean+ (1 #aai ,mahm\d ,%ah ,begurra ( ,guj>at 7#adhb71 #aaf ,mangonals 9 ,*9a1 #acc ,manjnik 7,arabic7 ma*9es1 #ij ,manu's 8,code ( ,laws10 #ajf ,m>cus ,grcus1 a m]e "n1 #hf ,m>%'s p]cussion tube 7#ahca71 #bca ,masawyah 7,mesu71 ,arab physician1 #hd ,masudi on autumnal ra9s1 #gg ----- on qaus al-bunduq1 #ib ,mat*1 "t-fuze call$ s by ,/[1 #bce ,mecca1 siege ( 7,a4,d4 #fch71 #ij ,m]ci]1 ,capta91 #ci? ,regim5t1 proposes %ell-fire f guns 7#aggi71 #bji ,m]cury1 fulm9ate (1 fir/ us$ 9 prim+ 7#ahjg71 #bde ,metaphors1 difficulties creat$ by1 #d1 #aja ,mey]1 ,hauptmann1 on ,%rapnel %ell1 #bad ,mie? on e>ly p]cussion %ell1 #bdd ,mills1 p[d]1 #ahg ,mi?kal 7or ,miskal71 a ,p]sian weight1 #abb ,modhaff] ,%ah ( ,guj>at 7#aeaa71 #aah ,money1 ,engli% & ,fr5*1 9 f\rte5? c5tury1 #ahf ,mons ,meg1 mat]ials = repair+1 #aci ,moorsom's 7,comm&]1 ,r4,n47 p]cussion fuze 7#ahej71 #bde ,mort> pr\vette1 #aic ,moyria de ,maillac1 ,fa!r1 on ,*9ese hi/orians1 #abf ,naph?a1 ,plut>* on1 #ci ,nassau1 ,graf4 ,johann von1 proposes a p]cussion %ell 7#afaj71 #bdd ,navez's 7,capta97 electro-balli/ic p5dulum1 #aie ,nibla1 siege ( 7#abeg71 #aja 8,nitipraksika0 on arms & armies1 #ajg ,norton1 "t-fuzes call$ 8pypes0 by 7#afbh71 #bcg ,nye proposes mort> pr\vette 7#afdg71 #aic ,opp]t1 ,pr(essor1 on e>ly ,h9du gunp[d]1 c41 #ajg ,orgue1 mean+ (1 #bjg ,p>is1 use ( inc5di>ies 9 7#ahgj71 #di ,pellet1 = bullet1 #ahc ,p5dulum1 balli/ic1 ( ,rob9s1 #aid ---- electro--balli/ic1 ( ,navez1 #aie ---- = tim+ fuzes1 #bdj ,p]cussion p[d]1 e>lie/1 #bde ,p]sia1 late 9 adopt+ fire>ms1 #aaf ,pe%awur1 battle ne> 7#ajjh71 #id ,petroleum m5tion$ 9 ,anglo-,saxon "w 7cir4 ,a4,d4 #ijj71 #hb 8,pib] til ,granat]10 e>ly ,dani% "t-fuzes1 #bcg ,pi5-k+1 siege ( 7#abcb71 #acj ,pikes1 fire1 at ! siege ( ,bri/ol 7#afdc71 #afi ,plac5tia1 attack on 7,a4,d4 #fi71 #bag ,plata1 siege ( 7#dbi ,b4,c471 #bi ,pont ,audem]1 tak+ ( 7#addi71 #agc ,porcela91 dates (1 =g$ by ,*9ese1 #abe ,portfires 7cir4 #agjj71 #bbi ,pressure on bore1 comp>ative1 ) diff]5t projectiles1 #bjf ---- gauge1 ,rodman's1 #aie ,pr9t+ press1 inv5tion (1 #aac ,projectiles = cannon1 nature ( e>lie/1 #aii ,pype1 e>ly "t-fuze call$ a1 #bcg ,quicklime1 ,pl9y on1 #ci ,ra91 autumnal1 9 ,lib] ,ignium1 #gg ,ramm+ home s]p5t9e p[d]1 on1 #aha ,rantambhor1 attacks on 7#abij & #acjj71 #aai ,ry1 ,pr(essor1 on ! ,sukraniti1 #aaj ,ribaudequ91 #bjg 8,ri*>d ,cr-de-,lion10 metrical romance 7#abgb-acjg71 #ej ,rob9s' balli/ic p5dulum1 #aid ,rockets at ,leipsig 7#ahac71 #agf ---- ,*9ese1 #ace ---- ,m>cus ,grcus' 7rec4 #ac1 #cb1 #cc71 #fb1 #fg ---- ,tipu ,sultan's1 #agd ,rodman's pressure gauge1 #aie ,roman c&les1 ,*9ese1 #acb ---- ,m>cus ,grcus' 7rec4 #ab71 #fa ,rom]5t91 ,greek fire at 7#acef71 #ea ,rose 7,arabic71 = ignit+ %ell1 #bca ,r\nd1 "o1 comp>ative co/ (1 ) diff]5t balls 7cir4 #acge71 #bje ,sal coctus1 #ac ---- ,indicus1 #ae ,salonika1 siege ( 7#ijd71 #dj ,saltpetre1 approximate date ( discov]y (1 #bh ---- ,indian1 price ( 7#aehj71 #ahg ---- modes ( ref9+3-- ,hassan er-,rammah's1 #bd ,m>cus ,grcus'1 #bc ,fri> ,bacon's1 #be ,wal?am ,abbey's1 #ah ,:itehorne's1 #bj ,sauv]*ala 7,sanskrit71 mean+ (1 #af ,sea-fire1 composition (1 #da ---- unkn[n to ,we/]ns1 #da1 #hd ,s]+apatam1 rockets at 7#agib1 #agii71 #agd ,%ahnama1 m5tion ( inc5di>ies 91 #if ,%atagni 7,sanskrit71 mean+ (1 #aje ,%ell1 common1 fir/ use (1 #bbg ---- ---- numb] ( pieces into :i* x broke1 #baj ,%ell-fire f guns 7#aggi71 #bjh ,%ot 7cannon71 hot 7#aegi71 #bag ,%rapnel's fuzes indiff]5t1 #bac-ad1 #bdb ---- mode ( cutt+ %ort fuzes1 #bdb ,%rapnel %ell1 exp]im5ts ) 7#ahai71 #bdb ---- pr9ciples (1 #baa1 #bac ,siang-yang-fu1 siege ( 7#abfi-gc71 #acc ,sieves = com+ p[d]1 #aij ,silv]1 fulm9ate (1 #bde ,s9crit1 ,acc5t de1 #abf ,siphon 7,greek71 mean+ (1 #df ---- two k9ds (1 #dc ,slur-b[1 #afh ,smi?1 ,capta9 ,g41 ,r4,a41 on %ell fire1 #bda ,sora 7,indian colloquial71 mean+ (1 #af ,spani% words1 c41 9 ,lib] ,ignium1 #ha ,spell1 ,indian1 to ensure victory1 #ajg ,/eganogram1 ,fri> ,bacon's1 sugge/$ solution (1 #aea ,/irl+1 siege ( 7#acjd71 ,greek fire at1 #ej ,/one1 be/1 = r\nd %ot1 #bje ,/one-b[1 a golail1 #ic 8,/one :i* is n a /one10 #aea ,/[ on %ell 7#aedc71 #bbe ,/rada1 ,fa!r1 on bomb%ells1 #bbf ,/ruphnos1 ,admiral1 sale ( naval /ores by 7#abjj71 #ec 8,sukraniti10 recipe = p[d] 9 !1 #aji ,sulphurs1 sev]al 7s-call$71 9 e>ly times1 #hj ,talwood1 #agi ,tampions = musket-arr[s 7#aehh71 #bjj ,tayif1 siege ( 7,a4,d4 #fcj71 #ij ,tea 9 ,*9a & ,europe1 #aac ,tell1 ,william1 leg5d (1 #abg ,temples1 ,indian1 causes ( decay (1 #aab ,te/+ p[d]4 ,see ,gunp[d] ,!ophanes on inv5tion ( sea-fire1 #cc ,toll1 ,hauptmann1 on ,%rapnel %ell1 #bab ,t\rbillion1 a firework1 #bdg ,toz]'s friction-tube 7#ahec71 #bca ,tra9 ( p[d] to fire e>ly guns1 #bbh ,translations1 specim5s (1 #i ,trombes1 or tronckes1 #ea ,tubes1 friction 7#ahec71 #bca ---- p]cussion 7#ahca71 #bca ---- quill1 = navy 7cir4 #aggh71 #bcj ,tung-kian-kang-mu1 ,*9ese ,encyclopdia1 #acj-ca ,uddevalla1 battle ( 7#afgg71 #bbi ,ufano's exp]im5ts ) fuzes 7cir4 #afjj71 #bcf ,valturios bronze %ell 7#adfc71 #ach1 #bba ,wa*t5donck1 siege ( 7#aehh71 #bbg ,wat*es inv5t$ 7#afgd71 #bci ,weiss5burg1 siege ( 7#adfi71 #bbj ,:eat/one's electro-magnetic *ronoscope1 #aid ,:itehorne on sil5t p[d]1 #aig ---- on s]p5t9e & corn$ p[d]1 #ahc ,wildfire1 hi/ory ( ! ^w1 #ea ,words1 *anges 9 ! mean+ (1 #f ,wright1 ,mr4 ,?omas1 on m>9]'s compass1 #aab ,x]xes' fire-ar*]s1 #ee ,yavak%>a 7,sanskrit71 mean+ (1 #af ,yo 7,*9ese71 successive mean+s (1 #f ,yung ,loh1 ,*9ese ,emp]or 7#adjc71 #acc-cd ,yusuf ibn ,ismal al-,juni on saltpetre 7#acaa71 #ajc ,z>b-zan swivel gun1 ,bab>'s1 #aba ,zembaq 7,arabic71 d\btful mean+ (1 #ha ,zimm]mann's projectile 7#aegc71 #bab-ac ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,ed9burgh ,london