,,! ,,religi\s ,,?\ght ,,( ,,! ,,greeks ,,f ,,hom] ,,to ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,by ,,clif=d ,,h]s*el ,,moore ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,lat9 ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,illu/ration ,,cambridge ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london3 ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press #aiaf ,,copyright1 #aiaf ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,fir/ impression issu$ ,novemb]1 #aiaf ,second impression issu$ ,decemb]1 #aiaf ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,,preface ,9 ?is book eight lectures giv5 be=e ! ,l[ell ,in/itute 9 ,bo/on dur+ ! late autumn ( #aiad are comb9$ ) mat]ial drawn f a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ ! previ\s spr+ be=e ! ,we/]n ,colleges ) :i* ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ma9ta9s an annual ex*ange--,beloit1 ,c>leton1 ,colorado1 ,gr9nell1 & ,knox4 ,! lecture =m has be5 kept1 ev5 at ! co/ ( occasional repetition4 ,! purpose ( ^! lectures is to pres5t )9 a mod]ate compass an hi/orical acc\nt ( ! progress ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght ?r\gh some?+ ov] a ?\s& ye>s4 ,no attempt has be5 made to give a g5]al treatm5t ( ,greek religion1 or to deal ) pre-,hell5ic orig9s1 ) religi\s antiquities1 or ) my?ology4 ,! discussions are conf9$ r to ! ,greeks' ideas ab\t ! nature ( ! gods1 & to _! concepts ( ! relations betwe5 gods & m5 & ( m5's obligations t[>d ! div9e4 ,! lectures !re=e deal ) ! high] ranges ( ,greek ?\ght & at times h mu* to d ) philosophy & !ology4 ,yet ,i h felt free to int]pret my subject lib]ally1 &1 s f> z space all[$1 ,i h t\*$ on :atev] seem$ to me mo/ significant4 ,e?ics has be5 includ$ )\t hesitation1 = ! ,greeks !mselves1 c]ta9ly f ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 reg>d$ morals z closely connect$ ) religion4 ,a treatm5t ( ! ori5tal religions seem$ desirable1 s9ce ! fir/ two c5turies & a half ( our era _c be und]/ood if ^! religions are left out ( acc\nt4 ,/ill m necess>y 0 x to include ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 my h&l+ ( ?is ,i h discuss$ ! tea*+s ( ,jesus & ( ,paul ) comp>ative fullness1 9 ord] to set =? cle>ly ! mat]ial :i* lat] "u ! influ5ce ( secul> ?\ght 0 trans=m$ into a philosophic sy/em4 ,orig5 & ,plot9us repres5t ! culm9ation ( ,greek religi\s philosophy4 ,su* a book z ?is c be no?+ m ?an a sket*2 9 x ! s*ol> w miss _m topics :i* might well h be5 includ$4 ,( su* omissions ,i am fully consci\s2 b limitations ( subject & ( space =c$ me to select ^? !mes :i* seem$ mo/ significant 9 ! developm5t ( ! religi\s ideas ( ! anci5t _w4 ,x is n possible = me to ackn[l$ge all my obligations to o!rs4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 to express "h my gratitude to ,pr(essor ,c4 ,p4 ,p>k]1 :o has %>$ 8 k ( ,plato ) me2 to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,ropes1 :o has help$ me on _m po9ts 9 my la/ two lectures1 :]e ,i especially ne$$ an exp]t's aid2 & to ,pr(essor ,c4 ,n4 ,jackson1 :o has read ! entire book 9 manuscript & by 8 le>n+ & judgm5t has made me 8 con/ant debtor4 ,! criticism :i* ^! fri5ds h giv5 me has be5 ( ! greate/ assi/ance ev5 :5 ,i c\ld n accept _! views2 & none ( !m is responsible = my /atem5ts4 ,! translations ( ,aes*ylus are by ,a4 ,s4 ,way1 ,macmillan1 #aijf-jh2 ^? ( ,euripides are f ! same skill$ h&1 9 ! ,loeb ,classical ,libr>y1 ,he9emann1 #aiab2 = ,sophocles ,i h drawn on ! v]sion by ,lewis ,campbell1 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5* & ,company1 #ahhc2 & = ,?ucydides & ,plato ,i h us$ ! classic r5d]+s ( ,j[ett ) slight modifications 9 "o or two passages4 ,9 an app5dix w be f\nd select$ bibliographies = ea* lecture4 ,to ^! li/s ,i h admitt$1 ) "o or two exceptions1 only su* books z ,i h f\nd useful f actual exp]i5ce2 & few articles 9 p]iodicals h be5 nam$4 ,,clif=d ,,h]s*el ,,moore4 ,,cambridge1 ,,mass4 ,augu/ #a1 #aiaf4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,hom] ,,& ,,hesiod #c ,,ii4 ,,orphism1 ,,py?agoreanism1 ,,& ,,! ,,my/]ies #dj ,,iii4 ,,religion ,,9 ,,! ,,poets ,,( ,,! ,,six? ,,& ,,fif? ,,c5turies ,b4,c4 #gd ,,iv4 ,,! ,,fif? ,,c5tury ,,at ,,a!ns #aji ,v4 ,,plato ,,& ,,ari/otle #add ,,vi4 ,,lat] ,,religi\s ,,philosophies #ahc ,,vii4 ,,! ,,victory ,,( ,,greece ,,ov] ,,rome #bba ,,viii4 ,,ori5tal ,,religions ,,9 ,,! ,,we/]n ,,half ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire #beg ,,ix4 ,,*ri/ianity #bif ,x4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,paganism #cbf ,,app5dix ,i 7,,bibliographies7 #cfa ,,app5dix ,,ii 7,,specim5 ,,( ,,roman ,,cal5d>7 #cgj ,,index #cgc ,,! ,,religi\s ,,?\ght ,,( ,,! ,,greeks ,,! ,,religi\s ,,?\ght ,,( ,,! ,,greeks ,i ,,hom] ,,& ,,hesiod 8,hom] & ,hesiod creat$ ! g5]ations ( ! gods = ! ,greeks2 !y gave ! div9ities _! names1 assign$ to !m _! pr]ogatives & functions1 & made _! =ms kn[n40 ,s ,h]odotus describes ! s]vice ( ^! poets to ! c5turies :i* foll[$ !m4#a ,b ! mod]n hi/orian ( ,greek religion _c accept ! /atem5t ( ! fa!r ( hi/ory z :olly satisfactory2 he kn[s t ! excavations ( ! la/ =ty ye>s h reveal$ to u civilizations ( ! ?ird & second mill5ia be=e ,*ri/1 ! ,m9oan & ,myc5aean cultures1 ( :i* ! hi/orical ,greeks 7 h>dly consci\s1 b :i* nev]!less made l>ge contributions to religion 9 ! p]iod aft] ,hom]4 ,yet at ! mo/ ! ,myc5aean & ,m9oan ,ages 7 = ! ,greek ( ! six? & fif? c5turies only a k9d ( dim backgr\nd = ! remote hi/ory ( 8 race4 ,! ,hom]ic poems repres5t$ = him ! e>lie/ /age ( ,hell5ic social life & religion4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !n1 9 tak+ ! ,iliad & ,odyssey z />t+ po9ts 9 our pres5t consid]ations4 ,^! mat*less epics ca/ an ineffable spell ov] ! imag9ations ( ! ,greeks !mselves & influ5c$ religion h>dly less ?an lit]ature4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures we _c consid] toge!r all ! multitud9\s phases ( ,greek religion3 x w be impossible to discuss ^? l>ge primitive elem5ts 9 ! practices & beliefs ( ! anci5t ,greek folk :i* are s attractive to _m /ud5ts ( religion today1 = ^! ?+s 71 by & l>ge1 only survivals f a rud] pa/ & did n contribute to ! religi\s progress f age to age2 nor c we rehe>se ! details ( wor%ip1 or review all ! v>ieties ( religi\s belief :i* we f9d 9 diff]5t places & 9 successive c5turies2 /ill less c we conc]n ourselves ) my?ology4 ,allur+ z ^! ?+s are !y d n conc]n our pres5t purpose4 ,i %all invite y r to trace ) me ! developm5t ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght ?r\gh some?+ ov] a ?\s& ye>s1 f ! p]iod ( ! ,hom]ic poems to ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 su* a survey we mu/ be occupi$ = ! mo/ "p ) ! l>g] movem5ts & ! high] ranges ( ,greek ?\ght1 ) ! advance :i* 0 made f c5tury to c5tury2 & we %all try to see h[ ea* /age ( religi\s developm5t came to fruition 9 ! next p]iod4 ,to accompli% ?is purpose we mu/ take into due acc\nt ! social1 economic1 & political *anges 9 ! ,greek _w :i* influ5c$ ! c\rse ( ,hell5ic ?9k+4 ,ultimately1 if our /udy is successful1 we %all h discov]$ 9 "s measure1 ,i tru/1 :at p]man5t contributions ! ,greeks made to our own religi\s ideas4 ,) ^! ?+s 9 m9d1 !re=e1 let u return to ! ,hom]ic ,poems4 ,:atev] ! date at :i* ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey receiv$ _! f9al =m1 ! common view t !y belong to a p]iod some:]e betwe5 #hej & #gjj ,b4,c4 is sub/antially correct4 ,!y repres5t ! culm9ation ( a long p]iod ( poetic developm5t & picture s to speak on "o canvas sc5es & de$s f _m c5turies4 ,yet ! composite life is wr\ght by poetic art into "o spl5did :ole1 s t ! ord9>y read]1 9 antiquity z today1 0 unconsci\s ( ! v>iety & contradictions 9 ! poems2 only ! analytic m9d ( ! s*ol> detects ! traces ( ! v>i$ mat]ials :i* ! epic poet made 8 own4 ,x is important t we %\ld realize ! fact t ! ,hom]ic poems made ! impression ( a consi/5t unity ^u ! popul> m9d 9 antiquity1 = ! influ5ce ( ^! epics ?r\gh ! recitations ( rhapsodes at great public fe/ivals & ?r\gh _! use 9 s*ool 0 enorm\s4 ,! /atem5t ( ,h]odotus1 ) :i* ,i began1 0 v l>gely true4 ,^! poems 7 compos$ to be recit$ at ! c\rts ( pr9ces 9 ,ionia = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! nobles at ! banquet or aft] ! fea/ 0 ov]4 ,?is purpose naturally influ5c$ ! poet 9 depict+ life & religion1 = ! incid5ts *os51 ! adv5tures rec\nt$1 all ! life repres5t$1 ( necessity _h to be consonant ) ! int]e/s & life ( ! b>d's audi5ce4 ,8 lays 7 = ! e>s ( m5 :o _h n yet lo/ ! consci\sness t !y 7 9 a new l&1 :o knew t !y 7 liv+ 9 /irr+ times1 & :o feel+ ! _s ( adv5ture /ill fre% )9 !m respond$ joy\sly to tales ( h]oic combat4 ,?is fact expla9s 9 "p :y x is t we f9d s little t is primitive or savage 9 ,hom]4 ,su* elem5ts 7 delib]ately left out by ! b>d z unsuit$ to 8 audi5ce2 he *ose to neglect !m1 n because ( any antagonism t[>d !m1 b because !y did n agree ) 8 arti/ic aim4 ,aga91 ! antiquity ( ! !mes1 ev5 at ! "t ( composition1 made a fre$om & picturesqu5ess ( treatm5t possible1 :i* a n>rative ( contemporane\s ev5ts c\ld nev] h possess$4 ,fur!rmore s9ce ! peoples ( ,ionia1 on migrat+ f ! ma9l& ( ,greece1 _h left beh9d _! sacr$ places & _h c>ri$ ) !m _! gods1 sev]$ f _! anci5t homes1 ! epic poet c\ld treat religion ) a lib]ty & c\ld ex]cise a fre$om ( selection among ! div9ities1 c\ld use 8 poetic imag9ation to modify =ms & to emphasize c]ta9 attributes1 z he nev] c\ld h done if s++ = a p long resid5t 9 an anci5t home :]e _! gods _h be5 localiz$ & fix$ 9 "* "t out ( m9d4 ,a poet s++ ( ,h]a 9 ! ,argolid w\ld h f\nd himself b\nd by ! traditions ( ! ,h]aeum :]e ! goddess _h be5 domicil$ f prehi/oric "t1 b ! ,hom]ic b>d 9 ,ionia 0 "u no su* limitation4 ,!re=e we f9d t ! ,iliad & ,odyssey pres5t to u a picture ( life & religion compos$ ( select$ elem5ts & s univ]saliz$ t x 0 und]/ood ev]y:]e & at all lat] times4 ,exactly z ! ,hom]ic dialect1 probably nev] spok5 9 any place or p]iod1 0 univ]sally compreh5d$1 s ! cont5ts ( ! poems seem$ no?+ /range or difficult to audi5ces 9 ! remote/ p>ts ( ! ,greek _w2 9 ! ,greek colonies 9 ,sicily1 along ! we/]n %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 or on ! bord]s ( ! ,black ,sea1 ! epic tales 7 z easily und]/ood z at ,delos1 ,olympia1 or ,a!ns4 ,yet we h no w>rant = us+ ! ,hom]ic poems z s\rces = ! full hi/ory ( ,greek religion 9 ! n9? & eigh? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! epic b>d 0 lea/ ( all compos+ sy/ematic treatises ab\t religion2 on ! contr>y he 0 n>rat+ h]oic tales1 su* z ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 ! dea? ( ,hector & ! ransom+ ( 8 body1 & ! return ( ,odysseus2 he introduc$ ! gods solely z mighty actors 9 ! /ruggles & adv5tures ( 8 mortal h]oes4 ,! div9ities :o play _! p>ts 9 ! ,iliad1 = example1 7 summon$1 l ! ,a*aean pr9ces1 s to speak1 f _m places to take "p 9 ! combat be=e ,troy1 & 9 ! ,odyssey only ^? gods appe> :o are requir$ by ! /ory4 ,9 %ort1 ! poet us$ ! gods & religion exactly z he us$ 8 o!r mat]ials1 draw+ f a great /ock ( beliefs & practices t :i* suit$ 8 tale1 disreg>d+ all ! re/1 & tr\bl+ little ab\t consi/5cy4 ,hom]'s aim1 l t ( mo/ poets1 0 prim>ily arti/ic1 & lea/ ( all didactic4 ,fur!rmore e read] ( ! ,hom]ic epics is /ruck by ! fre%ness ( ! treatm5t2 inde$1 s*ol>s ( an e>li] day ?\ght t ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey 7 ! fir/ fruits ( ,european poetic inspiration4 ,today we "k t ,hom] repres5ts ! culm9ation ( a long f9e ( b>ds1 t 8 arti/ry 0 won by ef=t & 0 n simply ! incr$ible inspiration ( "o untaught2 b ?is k does n dim9i% 9 ! slighte/ degree our appreciation ( ! fre%ness & directness ( treatm5t :i* t art realiz$4 ,^! qualities are obta9$ 9 "p by a fre$om f reflection1 by a lack ( self-consci\sness 9 ! poems4 ,!y d n deal ) ! orig9 ( ! gods1 !y pres5t no !ogonies1 any m ?an !y conc]n !mselves ) ! desc5t ( man4 ,x is true t ,zeus is ! son ( ,cronos1 z ,h]a is ! daught] ( ,cronos & ,rhea1 & t x is said t ,zeus drove ,cronos b5ea? ! e>? & sea1 b we h no acc\nt ( ! rule ( ! eld] gods or ( ! /ruggle by :i* ,zeus won 8 place4 ,= ! epic poet ! _w ( gods1 m51 & nature simply is2 he does n indulge 9 speculation himself nor does he make 8 h]oes debate que/ions ( :5ce or :i!r2 ! liv+ pres5t ) its actions1 its /ruggles1 victories1 & defeats fill$ ! compass ( ! poet's ?\ght & ( 8 audi5ce's desire4 ,! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey !n mu/ n be consid]$ z treatises or z reflective & philosophical works4 ,?is elem5t>y po9t mu/ be emphasiz$ "h1 = !re is always dang] ( los+ ! true p]spective :5 we are consid]+ a s+le !me4 ,! poems d]ive _! great significance = ! hi/ory ( ,greek religion f ! fact t ?r\gh recitations !y became ! *ief popul> lit]ature ( ,greece1 & t f ! six? c5tury !y 7 ! basis ( education1 z ,i h already said4 ,?us !y 7 univ]sally kn[n & univ]sally influ5tial2 !y creat$ a common ,olympic religion beside ! local religions2 & ?r\gh ! individualities :i* !y gave ! gods !y fix$ ! types :i* poets 7 to recall & :i* arti/s 7 to embody 9 m>ble or 9 wood1 ivory1 & gold at ! c5t]s ( ! ,greek _w4 ,) ^! facts 9 m9d we may ask :at are ! nature & *>act]i/ics ( ! gods 9 ,hom]4 ,excavations h %[n u t ! ,myc5aean ,age _h already pass$ beyond ! rud] /ages & _h conceiv$ "s at lea/ ( its div9ities 9 an?ropomorphic fa%ion4 ,9 ,hom] ! gods are frankly made 9 man's image4 ,!y are be+s l>g]1 wis]1 & /rong] ?an mortals2 !y h a sup]human b n complete control ov] nature & mank9d4 ,_! *ief prem95ce ov] man lies 9 ?is sup]ior p[] & 9 ! possession ( immortality z well z ( t et]nal y\? & beauty :i* is appropriate to immortals4 ,9 _! ve9s fl[s a div9e i*or in/ead ( blood2 _! food & dr9k are n ! bread & w9e :i* mortals ne$4 ,yet = all ?is !y are h>dly m indep5d5t ( physical ne$s ?an m53 !y mu/ sleep & eat1 & !y ne$ ! light ( ! sun4 ,! passions hold sway ov] !m to su* an ext5t t ! morality ( ! gods1 ( ,zeus 9 p>ticul>1 is di/9ctly inf]ior to t ( mortal pr9ces4 ,! div9ities c suff] pa9 & indignities4 ,diom$es 0 able to w\nd bo? ,aphrodite & ,ares1 :]eat ! valiant god ( w> bawl$ out z l\d1 ! poet says1 8z n9e or t5 ?\s& m5 %\t 9 battle10 & fl$ into ! broad heav5 to appeal to ,zeus4#b ,9 ! tw5ty-fir/ book ( ! ,iliad ,a!na hits ,ares 9 ! neck ) a l>ge b\nd>y /one & ov]?r[s him1 add+ insult to injury by laugh+ m]rily at ! god's discomfiture2 !n :5 ,aphrodite w\ld lead him (f groan+1 ,a!na hurries aft] & ) a bl[ ( h] /\t h& lays goddess & god pro/rate on ! gr\nd4#c ,nor are ! gods m j & honorable ?an m52 !y are mov$ by caprice2 & _! godhead does n prev5t _! qu>rel+ or mak+ up _! diff]5ces 9 v human fa%ion1 z ! dome/ic j> betwe5 ,zeus & ,h]a 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,iliad %[s4#d ,fur!rmore ! ,hom]ic gods are nei!r omnisci5t nor omnipot5t4 8,! gods "k all ?+s0 is a pi\s tribute ( ! poet1 b ! n>rative %[s x to be untrue4 ,9 ! ?irte5? book ( ! ,iliad1 :5 ,zeus is gaz+ (f into ,?race he fails to notice t ,poseidon ent]s ! battle on ! pla9 imm$iately bel[ him4#e ,9 ! fif? book ( ! ,odyssey ! tables are turn$ 9 a s5se1 = ,poseidon f9ds t dur+ 8 abs5ce among ! ,e?iopians ! ,olympians h tak5 action favorable to ,odysseus1 ^: return ! god ( ! sea w\ld fa9 prev5t4#f ,= n9e ye>s ,!tis & ,eurynome alone among ! gods knew :]e ,hephae/us 0 conceal$3 :5 he _h be5 ?r[n f heav5 by 8 "m 9 %ame = 8 lam5ess1 !y hid him 9 a grotto :]e ! s\nd ( ! /ream ( ,oceanus dr[n$ ! noise ( 8 smi?y4#g ,apollo arrives too late to save ,rhesus f 8 fate2#h & we are told t 9 ! previ\s g5]ation ,ares 0 imprison$ by ! giants ,otus & ,ephialtes 9 a bronze j>1 l an ,ori5tal j9n1 = ?irte5 mon?s4 ,!re he _h p]i%$ if x _h n be5 = ! fri5dly aid ( ,h]mes :o /ole him f 8 prison4#i ,! gods at times ?w>t "o ano!r's purposes1 &1 z we h se51 !y may ev5 be w\nd$ or fright5$ l human be+s4#aj ,9 su* ways z ^! d ! ,hom]ic div9ities %[ _! limitations4 ,n only c ! gods ?w>t "o ano!r1 b !y are all at times subject to ,fate or ,de/9y1 :i*1 al?\gh vaguely conceiv$ by ! poet1 is none ! less inexorable4 ,x seems usually to be an imp]sonal p[]1 al?\gh sometimes x is id5tifi$ ) ! w ( an indef9ite god 7 7 or ) t ( ,zeus himself 7 74 ,x 0 fat$ t ,s>p$on1 ! son ( ,zeus1 %\ld die1 & ,zeus1 9 spite ( 8 grief1 yield$ him up to 8 doom1 n because he c\ld n h oppos$ ,fate successfully1 b because he fe>$ t o!r div9ities w\ld wi% to save _! *ildr5 if he sav$ 84#aa ,yet 9 ! ,odyssey ,a!na disguis$ z ,m5tor decl>es to ,telema*us t n ev5 ! gods c save a man !y love :5ev] ! fatal doom ( dea? lays hold on him4#ab ,s naturally inconsi/5t is ! poet1 = 9 8 day m5 _h n rea*$ ! /age :]e !y c\ld =m any adequate notion ( unity 9 ! _w4 ,fate !re=e is n conceiv$ to be an inexorable p[] :i* is con/antly op]ative1 z we f9d x repres5t$ at a lat] "t among ! ,greeks & among ! ,romans1 notably 9 ,virgil4 ,at times we f9d a m or less fatali/ic view ( life1 ,fate be+ conceiv$ z a de/9y fix$ at bir?1 = ! notion t ! ?read ( life 0 spun already exi/$4 ,s ,hecuba1 wail+ = h] son1 cries t mighty ,fate spun ,hector's doom at ! h\r %e gave him bir?2#ac & ,alc9\s decl>es t "u ,phaeacian escort ,odysseus %all rea* 8 home1 b t !re he w suff] all t ,fate & ! cruel sp9/]s spun = him :5 8 "m bore him4#ad ,?is fatalism is mo/ cle>ly express$ 9 passages su* z t :]e ,odysseus on ,circe's isle *e]s 8 companions by rem9d+ !m t !y %all n ent] ! h\se ( ,hades until _! fat$ day %all come1#ae & especially 9 ^? l9es 9 :i* ,hector com=ts 8 wife ,&roma*e :o w\ld h re/ra9$ 8 impetu\s desire = battle3#af 8,my good wife1 grieve n ov]mu* = me 9 ?y he>t1 = no man %all s5d me to ,hades contr>y to my fate2 & ,i say t none1 be he a c[>d or brave1 has ev] escap$ 8 doom1 :5 once x comes40 ,/ill ! ,hom]ic b>d _h n arriv$ at any consi/5t view ( de/9y2 he gave utt]ance to t feel+ :i* m5 _h vaguely !n z n[1 t beyond all lies some?+ fix$ & inv>iable to :i* all ?+s & be+s are ultimately subject4 ,z we h se51 ! div9ities may "w at cross purposes2 !re is no?+ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems l mono!ism or pan!ism 9 any true s5se4 ,:5 ! ,hom]ic man said t a ?+ happ5$ 8) god's help10 he 0 simply recogniz+ ! ag5cy ( ! gods 9 ev]y?+4 ,n kn[+ ! special div9ity conc]n$1 he left him nameless2 lea/ ( all _h he any concept ( a complete div9e polity4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no su* ?+ 9 ! epics z a div9e provid5ce 9 ! way ( a def9ite purpose or plan su* z we %all lat] f9d 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,l mortals ! ,hom]ic gods discuss _! plans1 )\t be+ able to see ! end f ! beg9n+2 !y are mov$ by caprice1 s t ,zeus *anges sides twice on ! second day ( ! great battle betwe5 ! ,a*aeans & ,trojans4#ag ,! vacillat+ & caprici\s "* ( ! gods is n (fset by ! protection t a div9ity may give a favorite1 su* z ,a!na gave to ,odysseus 9 8 long w&]+s & on 8 return to ,i?aca4 ,?r\gh\t bo? poems we f9d ! assumption con/antly held t e bless+ comes f ! gods1 t !y give e di/9ction4 ,9 l fa%ion m5 believ$ t all mis=tunes 7 due to div9e ang] or ho/ility4 ,s ,odysseus 0 kept f home = ne>ly t5 ye>s by ,poseidon's hate2 ! favor ( ,a!na t[>d ! ,a*aeans turn$ to wra? because ( ! viol5ce done h] %r9e 9 ! sack ( ,troy s t %e caus$ an evil return = h] =m] favorites4 ,inde$ 9 mis=tune ! ,hom]ic h]o's fir/ "q 0 z to :at god he _h (f5d$4 ,! problem ( evil !re=e 0 a simple "o--all dep5d$ on ! w or :im ( "s div9ity4 ,b !re are o!r ?+s :i* we %\ld note ) reg>d to ^! div9ities4 ,z has be5 said1 !y are univ]saliz$1 n atta*$ to def9ite localities2 9 fact ! epics conta9 few traces ( t localization :i* 0 ! rule 9 ! common religion ( ,greece4 ,al?\gh ,h]a decl>es3#ah 8,v]ily ?ree cities !re are mo/ de> to me1 ,argos & ,sp>ta & broad-/reet$ ,myc5ae10 %e is 9 no s5se reg>d$ z b\nd to ^! localities4 ,9 ,demodocus' song ( ! love ( ,ares & ,aphrodite x is said t :5 releas$ f ! bonds 9 :i* ,hephae/us _h ensn>$ !m1 ! god ( w> fl$ to ,?race & laught]-lov+ ,aphrodite to ,paphos 9 ,cyprus1#ai b ^! places are n _! homes 9 any /rict s5se4 ,& s ) ! o!r gods4 ,! ,olympians are r free1 univ]sal div9ities1 unhamp]$ by local atta*m5ts4 ,olympus itself is 9 ! upp] heav5 m ?an 9 ,!ssaly4 ,x is ( c\rse true t less] div9ities1 l riv]-gods & m\nta9-nymphs1 are localiz$1 b ^! be+s h little influ5ce on ! affairs ( m54 ,let u n[ consid] briefly ! mo/ important ,hom]ic gods4 ,at ! head ( ! div9e ord] /&s ,zeus1 8fa!r ( gods & ( m50 7 71 8mo/ exalt$ ( rul]s0 7 71 8mo/ glori\s & mo/ mighty0 7 71 z he is call$4#bj ,to him ! elem5ts are subject & at 8 nod great ,olympus trembles4 ,he is ! gu>dian ( oa?s1 ! protector ( ! /rang] & ! suppliant4 ,fam$ = 8 pr[ess & might he nev] 9 p]son ent]s battle1 b indirectly he takes a h& 9 ! /rife betwe5 ! ,greeks & ! ,trojans4 ,al?\gh he surpasses all 9 wisdom & p[]1 at times he is outwitt$ by o!r div9ities4 ,l a mortal *iefta9 he presides at c\ncil on ,olympus 9 8 great hall1 :i!r he may on occasion summon ! div9ities ( e class to att5d a g5]al assembly4#ba ,olympus inde$ is conceiv$ z loosely organiz$ aft] ! fa%ion ( an ari/ocratic /ate ) ,zeus z *ief 771 ! ,olympians z memb]s ( ! c\ncil 771 & ! :ole body ( m9or div9ities z mak+ up ! assembly 774 ,h]a1 ! que5 ( ,olympus1 is at once bo? si/] & wife ( ,zeus2 !y are ! only w$d$ pair on ,olympus4 ,%e belongs1 h[ev]1 di/9ctly to ! second class ( ,olympians4 ,%e takes no "p 9 ! ,odyssey2 & 9 ! ,iliad1 al?\gh %e favors ! ,a*aeans mo/ vehem5tly1 %e is less active ?an ,a!na4 ,9 "* %e is a good deal ( a scold1 s t ,zeus fe>s h] jeal\s ang]4#bb ,he kn[s t %e is accu/om$ to block 8 plans1 al?\gh on "o occasion he _h puni%$ h] by /r++ h] up by ! wri/s & ty+ anvils to h] feet6 ,( ?is he indignantly rem9ds h]3 8,do/ ?\ n rememb] :5 ,i /rung !e up al(t & f ?y feet ,i hung two anvils1 & r\nd ?y wri/s ,i b\nd a gold5 bond unbreakable8 ,& ?\ wa/ hung 9 ! upp] air & ! cl\ds4 ,wro? 7 ! gods ?r\gh\t high ,olympus1 b /ill !y c\ld n approa* & free !e40#bc ,aga9 he _h beat5 h]1 & :5 ,hephae/us tri$ to int]v5e1 ,zeus seiz$ ! m$dl] by ! foot & ?rew him out ( ,olympus4 ,hephae/us himself recalls ! exp]i5ce3 8,all ! day long ,i fell & at sett+ ( ! sun ,i dropp$ 9 ,lemnos1 & !re 0 little life left 9 me40#bd ,a!na is above all ! goddess ( w>1 & %e plays a l>ge "p 9 bo? ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,9 ! latt] poem %e is ! special gu>dian ( ,odysseus1 ^: ready m9d w9s h] admiration4 ,%e is also ! mo/ skill$ ( all div9ities1 ! patroness ( e h&icraft4#be ,%e is p]haps ! *ief div9ity ( ,troy2 on ! ,trojan citadel /&s h] temple to :i* ! noble matrons br+ a gift ( a beautiful robe ) ! promise ( g5]\s sacrifice if ! goddess w give !m h] protection aga9/ ,diom$es4#bf ,%e also has a home on ! acropolis at ,a!ns4#bg ,apollo1 ! ar*] god1 is a patron ( w> & ( b[m54 ,9 ! ,iliad he is a viol5t enemy ( ! ,a*aeans & gives mo/ effective aid to ! ,trojans2 b 9 ! ,odyssey he plays no active "p4 ,he also inspires se]s & prophets2 & he is ! god ( ! lyre & ! tea*] ( b>ds4 ,9 pray]s he is nam$ ) ,zeus & ,a!na :5 an object is mo/ e>ne/ly desir$4#bh ,^! ?ree are ! greate/ ( ! ,hom]ic div9ities1 al?\gh !re is no close connection among !m4 ,apollo's virg9 si/]1 ,artemis1 plays a "p mu* inf]ior to t ( h] bro!r1 b 9 _m ways %e is simil> to him4 ,h] arr[s br+ a quick & peaceful end to wom5 z ,apollo's d to m54 ,9 ! *ase %e is prem95t3 %e is ! fair goddess ( wood & m\nta94 ,ares & ,aphrodite also belong to a l[] rank4 ,9 function !y are limit$ to an appeal to a s+le passion ea*1 ,ares to rage = slaught]1 ,aphrodite to ! passion ( love4 ,!y are bo? treat$ ) a c]ta9 contempt & are mock$ by ! o!r gods4 ,hephae/us is ! god ( fire1 ! lame craftsman ( ,olympus4 ,x 0 he :o built ! homes ( ! gods2 b 8 skill 0 especially %[n 9 ! wondr\s works he wr\ght 9 gold & silv]4 ,su* 7 ! mix+-b[l :i* ,pha$imus1 ! ,sidonian k+1 gave to ,m5elaus2#bi wond]ful automata1 tw5ty gold5 tripods1 :i* on occasion w\ld g ( _! own accord to ! assemblage ( ! gods & !n return2#cj or ! gold & silv] dogs :i* gu>d$ ! palace ( ,alc9\s4#ca ,/ill m m>vell\s 7 ! gold5 maid5s end[$ ) reason1 spee*1 & cunn+ k1 :i* support$ _! mak] z he limp$ f 8 =ge to 8 *air2#cb & above all ! spl5did armor wr\ght = ,a*illes4#cc ,poseidon1 ! bro!r ( ,zeus1 has z 8 special prov9ce ! sea2 b he appe>s on ,olympus at ! c\ncils ( ! gods4 ,9 ! ,iliad he supports ! ,a*aeans vigor\sly2 no d\bt f ang] at ! ,trojans ^: k+ ,laom$on _h once *eat$ him ( ! pay :i* 0 8 due = build+ ! walls ( ,troy2#cd 9 ! ,odyssey1 angry at ! bl9d+ ( 8 son1 ,polyphemus1 he holds ,odysseus f> f ,i?aca1 until at la/ ! ,phaeacians br+ him home4 ,!n 9 wra? he turns _! vessel into /one4#ce ,su* 9 brief are ! eight great gods ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,( ^! ,zeus is easily ! fir/1 b 9 ! fir/ rank also are ,a!na & ,apollo2 ,h]a & ,poseidon hold a second place2 & ,hephae/us1 ,ares1 & ,aphrodite belong to ! ?ird class4 ,_m o!r div9ities !re are1 b all ( less] rank1 l ,h]mes ^: duties are ^? ( a high] s]vant or mess5g]4 ,he is s5t to escort ,k+ ,priam to ! t5t ( ,a*illes to ransom ,hector's body1#cf & he is despat*$ to ,calypso's isle to bid h] let ,odysseus g4#cg ,!re are "s indications t he is already ! patron ( ?ieves1 z he is ( s]vants4 ,dionysus & ,demet]1 s prom95t 9 lat] ,greece1 h n yet won a place 9 ! ,olympic circle4 ,!re is no h9t 9 ! epics ( ! my/]ies & ! orgia/ic cults :i* 7 aft]w>ds ( great significance4 ,hades1 ! bro!r ( ,zeus & ,poseidon1 holds z 8 realm ! d>k abode ( ! dead1 :]e he reigns ) ,p]sephone z que54 ,8 murky k+dom is n[ repres5t$ z b5ea? ! e>?1 aga9 z f> out on ! b\nds ( ,oceanus4 ,b ,hades takes no active "p 9 ei!r poem4 ,besides ^! !re is a ho/ ( div9ities1 "s nam$ b mo/ unnam$1 :o cause all ! ph5om5a ( ! visible _w4 ,9 fact1 ! ,hom]ic man c\ld n conceive ( a natural _w obey+ laws ^: op]ation 0 fix$2 on ! contr>y1 he c\ld only ?9k ( animat$ be+s z ! causes ( all ev5ts4 ,= him e occurr5ce 0 ! manife/ation ( ! w ( "s div9ity2 ! natural & ! miracul\s 7 "o4 ,x is evid5t f ?is ha/y review ( ! ,hom]ic gods t we h 9 ! epics no complete & fully organiz$ pan!on4 ,zeus is reg>d$ z supreme b he is ?w>t$ & outwitt$ by less] memb]s ( ! ,olympic circle1 ev5 z !y block "o ano!r4 ,9 fact ,hom]'s view ( ! gods ab\nds 9 contradictions ( :i* h[ev] only ! s*ol> & ! critic h ev] be5 v consci\s4 ,f our mod]n /&po9t we notice ! moral inconsi/5cies above all4 ,al?\gh ,zeus is ! gu>dian ( ju/ice1 he is deceitful & trea*]\s if occasion arises1 z :5 at ! reque/ ( ,!tis he s5ds a delusive dream to ,agamemnon to urge him to give battle1 9 spite ( ! fact t he _c be successful4#ch ,x is ,zeus also :o is responsible = ! fai?less break+ ( ! truce betwe5 ! ,a*aeans & ,trojans#ci2 & _m o!r in/ances might be cit$ to illu/rate 8 utt] untru/wor?9ess4 ,on 8 lack ( dome/ic morality ,i ne$ h>dly dwell4 ,yet we mu/ rem9d ourselves t to ! ,hom]ic ,age !re 0 little connection1 if any1 betwe5 morals & religion4 ,religion is conc]n$ ) man's relation to ! gods1 morality ) 8 relation to 8 fell[ m54 ,morality is !re=e develop$ ?r\gh ! social relations fir/ ( all1 & only lat] is br\ght into relation to religion4 ,9 ,hom] ! s5se ( social obligations is mu* m ke5ly realiz$ ?an is t ( religi\s sanctions4 ,! c>d9al virtues are brav]y1 wisdom1 love ( home & family1 & reg>d = hospitality4 ,9 a life ( action1 fill$ ) w>1 brav]y is ( prime importance2 by x weal?1 p[]1 & honor are won4 ,prop] to su* a life are practical wisdom & ev5 cunn+4 ,! highe/ praise is to be call$ 8fir/ 9 c\ncil & fir/ 9 battle40#dj ,agamemnon is laud$ by ,hel5 z 8bo? a good k+ & a mighty w>rior40#da ,! /&+ epi!ts ( ,odysseus1 8v crafty0 77 & 8! man ( _m devices0 771 %[ ! qualities :i* 7 deem$ praisewor?y4 ,yet ,odysseus _h won ?is di/9ction by 8 skill 9 ly+ & deceiv+--practices /ill deem$ highly laudable 9 our own _w if employ$ aga9/ a foe1 or sometimes ev5 :5 us$ z acts ( caution4 ,yet if our mod]n views d n :olly co9cide ) ! anci5t on ^! po9ts1 we c feel only admiration = ! reg>d = home & family1 ! unselfi% g5]osity1 & ! univ]sal hospitality t[>d /rang]s :i* ! epic h]oes display4 ,! poems also set a high value on p]sonal honor4 ,! outrage done ,m5elaus by ,p>is1 :o violat$ ! mo/ sacr$ laws ( hospitality by c>ry+ away 8 ho/'s wife1 0 ! :ole cause ( ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,to av5ge ?is outrage all ! pr9ces ( ! ,a*aeans ralli$ z if ! wrong suff]$ _h be5 _! own4 ,agamemnon's high-h&$ act 9 tak+ ! captive ,briseis f ,a*illes r\s$ t wra? :i* is ! fir/ ^w ( ! ,iliad4 ,! ,odyssey is ! epic ( a p]sonal w :i*1 triumph+ ov] all disa/]s1 f9ally wreak$ a t]rible v5geance on ! insol5t suitors :o _h woo$ ,odysseus' wife1 dev\r$ 8 sub/ance1 plott$ aga9/ 8 son1 & at ! end %amefully insult$ ,odysseus himself4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! suitors is ! victory ( ju/ice ov] lawlessness1 & possesses a moral significance :i* 0 n lo/ on antiquity4 ,9 :at ,i h j be5 say+ ,i h already impli$ t man's relation to ! gods 0 n e?ical b rituali/ic4 ,we mu/ rememb] t :5 we speak ( 8s90 or a 8consci\sness ( guilt10 we are presuppos+ a self-consci\s & self-se>*+ individual4 ,?is ! ,hom]ic man 0 n2 on ! contr>y he 0 9 ! highe/ degree natural1 unreflective1 & unconsci\s ( self4 ,9 fact ! ,hom]ic concept ( s9 t\*es our moral ideas at h>dly m ?an ?ree po9ts4 ,disreg>d = an oa?1 failure to honor "o's fa!r & "m1 & disrespect = ! /rang] & suppliant 7 high (f5ses aga9/ heav5 & br\ght d[n div9e wra? on ! transgressor4 ,b 9 g5]al s9 is failure to recognize man's absolute dep5d5ce on ! immortals1 to give !m due honor1 to pay !m prop] sacrifice1 & to walk humbly on ! e>?4 ,sacrifice is tribute :]eby man acquires m]it ) div9ity2 ( su* m]itori\s cr$it ! prie/ ,*ryses rem9ds ,apollo 9 8 pray] at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,iliad3#db 8,he> me1 ,"l ( ! silv] b[1 444 if ev] ,i h ro($ ov] a temple pleas+ to !e1 or if ev] ,i h burnt 9 ?y honor fat ?ighs ( bulls or ( goats1 !n accompli% ?is my pray]40 ,agamemnon 9 ! /ress ( battle reproa*es ,zeus = br++ 8 pres5t disa/] ^u him 9 spite ( ! fact t he made sacrifice on e alt> z he hurri$ to ,ilion2#dc & _m o!r illu/rations might be cit$4 ,failure to make due (f]+ might br+ s]i\s disa/]4 ,m5elaus1 on 8 way home f ,troy1 omitt$ sacrifice be=e leav+ ,egypt2 s he 0 =c$ to return f ! isl& ( ,ph>os & repair 8 failure1 aft] :i* he accompli%$ 8 voyage easily4#dd ,:5 ,o5eus neglect$ ,artemis1 %e s5t ! ,calydonian bo> to afflict 8 l&3 8,artemis ( ! gold5 ?rone s5t a plague ^u !m1 angry t ,o5eus did n (f] h] ! fir/ fruits ( 8 ri* l&4 ,all ! o!r gods _h _! fea/ ( hecatombs1 & only to ! daught] ( mighty ,zeus did he fail to make (f]+1 :e!r he =got or _h no ?\ght ( ! matt]4 ,b he %[$ great folly 9 8 s\l40#de ,aga9 ! plague s5t by ,apollo on ! ,a*aean ho/ be=e ,troy sugge/s to ,a*illes t ! god may be ang]$ at a failure to p]=m "s v[ or to (f] a hecatomb4#df ,x is little wond] t ! enlight5$ ,plato felt horror & disgu/ at su* notions z ^! & t he condemn$ ?is k9d ( wor%ip z an 8art ( traffick+0 7 74#dg ,/ill ?is ,hom]ic idea ( ! relations betwe5 m5 & gods--an idea :i* has n :olly disappe>$ f ! _w today--re/s on ! notion t gods & m5 belong to "o common society 9 :i* ! obligations are b9d+ on bo? sides4 ,especially to be avoid$ 0 insol5t pride2 man mu/ n boa/ himself ov]mu*2 !re 7 fix$ b\nds set = him :i* he might n transgress4 ,s ,ajax met 8 fate because ( 8 insol5t defiance3 8,ev5 s he _h escap$ 8 doom1 hateful ?\gh he 0 to ,a!na1 if he _h n let fall an insol5t spee* & committ$ great folly4 ,he said t 9 spite ( ! gods he _h escap$ ! great gulf ( ! sea2 b ,poseidon he>d 8 l\d boa/+4 ,/raightway !n he took 8 trid5t 9 8 mighty h&s & /ruck ! ,gyraean rock & cleft x 9 twa94 ,"p rema9$ 9 its place1 b a portion fell 9 ! deep1 t "p on :i* ,ajax fir/ sat & utt]$ 8 great folly2 b x n[ bore him d[n b5ea? ! va/ bill[y sea40#dh ,b ,a*illes %[$ ! approv$ attitude ( m9d :5 he ?us address$ ! dead ,hector3 8,lie n[ dead2 b my doom ,i w accept :5ev] x please ,zeus & ! o!r immortal gods to s5d x40#di ,?is fe> ( puni%m5t f heav51 ( t :i* ,aes*ylus & ,h]odotus call 8! envy ( ! gods10 long op]at$ to keep 9 *eck excess ( spee* & add$ no d\bt to ! com=t ( ,greek society4 ,( magic :]eby man c compel ! gods !re is no?+ 9 ,hom]2 ! inf]iority ( mortals to ! immortals is complete4 ,we may n[ prop]ly consid] ! ,hom]ic view ( life aft] dea?4 ,! epic psy*ology made no %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! s\l & ! body2 on ! :ole ! body 0 id5tifi$ ) ! self r ?an ! s\l 771 :i* goes to ! realm ( ,hades :5 ! man is dead4 ,!re 9 ! _w ( %ad[s b5ea? ! e>? or f> out by ! /ream ( ,oceanus ! %ades1 pale images ( ! m5 :o 71 exi/2 !y d n live4 ,! pa!tic pla9ts ( ! %ades t come up to ,odysseus 9 ! elev5? book ( ! ,odyssey %[ h[ hopeless is _! lot4 ,?\gh ,orion pursue ! wild bea/s ov] ! *e]less pla9s ( asphodel & ,m9os hold 8 gold5 /aff & sit 9 judgm5t ov] ! dead1 yet all is insub/antial & f> less ?an life4 ,! (t5 quot$ words ( ,a*illes' %ade sum up ! :ole matt]3 8,speak n to me ( dea?1 glori\s ,odysseus4 ,= s ,i might be on e>?1 ,i w\ld r be ! s]vant ( ano!r1 ( a poor man :o _h little sub/ance1 ?an to be "l ov] all ! dead40#ej ,!re is no sy/em ( future puni%m5t or rew>ds1 al?\gh a few individuals h won supreme suff]+ l ,tityus1 ,sisyphus1 & ,tantalus or ga9$ high /ation l ,m9os1 ! judge4 ,!re=e beyond ! grave !re 0 = ! ,hom]ic man no hope1 no satisfaction4 ,only "h "u ! light ( ! sun & 9 ! glory ( action c\ld ! epic h]o f9d 8 joy4 ,?is is1 9 no small measure1 ! cause ( t pa?os :i* /rikes u occasionally 9 ! poems4 ,man is spok5 ( z ! mo/ pitiful ( creatures1 ! feeble/ ( all be+s :i* ! e>? n\ri%es4 ,evil & suff]+ s5t by ! gods are 8 lot1 unreliev$ by any prospect ( ! future4#ea ,let u n[ summ>ize briefly ! matt] we h ?us f> be5 consid]+ toge!r4 ,z ,i said at ! beg9n+ ( ?is lecture1 religion 9 ! ,hom]ic poems %[s ! influ5ce ( ! conditions "u :i* ! poems 7 compos$4 ,int5d$ = ,ionian pr9ces ( ,asia ,m9or1 emigrants :o _h lo/ ! support :i* local atta*m5t always gives1 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey pres5t ^? traits ( religion :i* 7 ev]y:]e und]/ood & :i* made a univ]sal appeal4 ,!re=e ! ,hom]ic gods h a syn!tic "*2 !y are1 z has be5 aptly said1 8composite photographs0 ( local ,zeus's1 ,apollos1 ,a!nas1 & s on4 ,aga9 s9ce ! epics 7 int5d$ = ent]ta9m5t1 ! gods are repres5t$ n z remote1 b human & real2 !y h *>act]s & p]sonalities :i* local div9ities did n possess4 ,9 pictur+ !m z m human1 9 rehe>s+ _! qu>rels1 intrigues1 passions1 & ev5 physical peculi>ities1 ! poet n only amus$ 8 c>efree audi5ce1 b br\ght ! gods clos] to m52 he made !m m com=table creatures to live )1 ev5 if !y 7 mov$ by :ims & fancies4 ,_! wor%ip 0 sacrifice associat$ ) ! banquet :i* m5 & gods %>$ 9 common fell[%ip2 ! gods 7 ?\ght to wi% man's (f]+s & s]vice j z man desir$ communion ) !m4 ,malevol5t div9ities1 daemons ( ! e>?1 rites ( riddance by :i* man seeks to av]t ! wra? ( "s spiteful or angry be+1 all ! great mass ( practices unque/ionably common to ! folk-religion ( ! age1 7 = ! mo/ "p omitt$ by ! poet z unsuit$ or un9t]e/+ to 8 ari/ocratic audi5ce4 ,!re is almo/ no?+ be>+ on ! cult ( ! dead save possibly 9 connection ) ! fun]al ( ,patroclus2 incantation prop] is m5tion$ only once2 & ,circe's pot5t h]bs by :i* %e trans=m$ ,odysseus's companions into bea/s1 l ,circe h]self1 belong to fairyl&4 ,! ,hom]ic religion1 !re=e1 is l>gely a social religion ( ?is _w1 ( sunlight & ( action4 ,yet if ,hom]'s gods are human1 !y are /ill impressive2 !y h ! dignity :i* comes f un*ang+ age & sup]human p[]2 !y are conceiv$ 9 ! gr& way4 ,s true 0 ?is t z ! ,hom]ic poems became popul> lit]ature1 /udi$ 9 s*ool & kn[n to all m51 !y creat$ a univ]sal religion4 ,!y also influ5c$ ! types "u :i* ! ,greek arti/s repres5t$ _! great gods4 ,tradition says t :5 ,phidias 0 ask$ by 8 associate ,pana5us :at type he _h select$ = 8 ,zeus at ,olympia1 he repli$ ) ,hom]'s l9es3 8,! son ( ,cronos spoke & nodd$ "u 8 d>k br[s2 & ! ambrosial locks ( ! k+ fell d[n f 8 immortal head1 & he %ook great ,olympus40#eb ,su* 0 ! effect ( ?is /atue aft] x _h /ood = five c5turies & a half t ! orator ,dio ,*ryso/om said ( x3 8,:oev] among mank9d is :olly we>y 9 s\l1 :oev] has exp]i5c$ _m mis=tunes & sorr[s 9 life1 & may n f9d sweet sleep1 he1 me?9ks1 if he /ood be=e ?is /atue1 w\ld =get all ! calamities & griefs t come 9 ! life ( man40#ec ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 recognize t ! spiritual contribution ( ! ,hom]ic poems to lat] ,greece 0 inevitably less ?an ! arti/ic4 ,no inspir$ b>d 0 ne$$ to tea* ! lessons ( man's inf]iority to ! gods & ( 8 dep5d5ce on !m1 al?\gh ^! are con/antly emphasiz$2 yet ! epics also inculcate ! necessity ( mod]ation 9 act & spee*2 & !y tea* t ,zeus is ! gu>dian ( oa?s & ( hospitality4 ,fur!rmore !y express ! half-realiz$ belief t ,zeus is ! protector ( all ju/ice2 & !y br+ home ! fact t ! individual mu/ pay = 8 s91 h[ev] he may h be5 l$ into x4 ,b ! greate/ contribution :i* ! poems made to lat] religi\s ?\ght 0 p>adoxically due to ! fact t !y made _! gods s ?or\ghly human1 = x inevitably foll[$ 9 due season t ! gods 7 measur$ by ! same /&>ds ( "r & wrong t 7 appli$ to m54 ,?is ev5tually ennobl$ man's concept ( div9ity1 s t he requir$ ( ! gods a p]fection to mat* _! immortal nature4 ,h]odotus names ,hom] & ,hesiod toge!r z ! great !ological tea*]s ( ,greece4 ,b :5 we comp>e ! lat] poet ) ! e>li] we f9d a m>k$ contra/ betwe5 !m4 ,hom] looks backw>d to an e>li] day2 8 poems reflect ! glory ( t spl5did age :5 ! ,a*aean pr9ces1 l ,agamemnon 9 gold5 ,myc5ae1 rul$ at home 9 p[]1 or on ! pla9s ( ,troy cont5d$ ) div9e & human foes4 ,hom] is ari/ocratic1 univ]sal1 objective1 ) little self-consci\sness1 h>dly conc]n$ ) ! orig9s ( gods & m5 or ) ! possible goals t[>d :i* ! _w 0 mov+4 ,hesiod 0 ! son ( a f>m]1 :o accord+ to tradition _h come f ,cyme 9 ,asia ,m9or to ,boeotian ,ascra :i* lay on a spur ( ! range ( ,helicon ne> a %r9e ( ! ,muses4 ,:5 ,hesiod wrote1 ! l& _h felt ! exhau/ion ( w>1 ! com+ ( rud] tribes f ! nor? & we/ _h swamp$ ! e>li] civilization1 & bo? noble & peasant 7 f9d+ life h>d]4 ,^! conditions are reflect$ 9 ! ,hesiodic poetry3 x deals ) fact r ?an fancy2 = ! spl5did dramatic de$s ( m5 & gods x sub/itutes homely adage1 reason$ reflection1 & moral tale4 ,hesiod is self-consci\s & reflective4 ,he uses ! fir/ p]son1 :]eas ,hom] nev] names himself4 ,a d\r son ( ! soil1 born 9 gloomy days1 he is ! fir/ writ] ( ,europe to speak = ! common man4 ,! two *ief poems :i* be> ! "n ( ,hesiod are ! ,!ogony & ! ,works & ,days4 ,! =m] deals ) ! orig9 ( ! _w & ! g5]ations ( ! gods4 ,x is an attempt to br+ ord] into curr5t my?s by sift+ & arrang+ !m into a sy/em4 ,! mat]ial ,hesiod f\nd ready to 8 h&2 8 task 0 to sy/ematize & set x =? to 8 audi5ce4 ,! ,!ogony is ! fir/ extant "w ( ,european lit]ature to pres5t ! idea t dyna/ies ( ! gods h succe$$ ea* o!r 9 "t1 ! rule ( ,uranus giv+ way to ! sway ( ,cronos1 :o 9 8 turn 0 displac$ by ,zeus4 ,we h se5 t ,hom] did n conc]n himself ab\t su* matt]s z ^!2 t only vague ref]5ces to su* ideas are f\nd 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,hesiod1 h[ev]1 repres5ts ano!r age & ano!r aspect ( ! ,greek m9d1 a desire to br+ h>mony into ! v>i$ & inconsi/5t tales ( curr5t my?ology & ?us 9 a way to r5d] ! gods intelligible to m54 ,! gods ( ! ,!ogony are h>dly moral be+s2 on ! contr>y mu* ( ! !ology !re pres5t$ is f> rud] ?an t ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,"s ( ! tales are on ! level ( primitive my?ology1 su* z ! acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* e>? & heav5 7 sep>at$ & ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! e>? 0 f]tiliz$2 o!rs reta9 m (f5sive elem5ts l t ( ,cronos dev\r+ 8 *ildr51 or ( ,zeus swall[+ 8 wife ,metis :5 %e 0 ab\t to give bir? to ,a!na1 = x 0 fat$ t h] *ild %\ld be ! equal ( its fa!r 9 wit & cunn+4 ,9 g5]al ! poet gives no sign ( be+ consci\s t ?is "w might h moral or religi\s significance4 ,! ^w ju/ice 771 :i* is s frequ5t 9 ! ,works & ,days1 occurs b twice 9 ! ,!ogony4 ,! wives ( ,zeus are 9 succession ,wisdom 77 & ,"r 771 b 8 con/ant att5dants are ,viol5ce 77 & ,=ce 774 ,9 nei!r case1 h[ev]1 is any moral conclusion drawn !refrom4 ,! only be+s to :om moral functions are assign$ are ! ,fates1 8,goddesses :o visit transgressions ( m5 & gods & nev] cease f _! fe>ful wra? until !y h inflict$ dire puni%m5t on ! s9n]40#ed ,save = ?is passage & "o 9 :i* ! puni%m5t ( ! gods = p]jury is describ$1 ! ,!ogony is less e?ical ?an ev5 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 = !y h reg>d = c]ta9 social sanctions4 ,! "w is nev]!less significant & requires notice "h because x be>s witness to ! critical m9d t set ! my?s 9 ord]1 & because x %[s t ! age ( ,hesiod 0 a reflective "o4 ,hesiod's o!r poem1 ! ,works & ,days1 is ( high moral import4 ,x owes its title to ! fact t x gives directions = v>i\s k9ds ( occupations & t x also conta9s a k9d ( peasant's cal5d>4 ,by brib+ 8 judges ! poet's bro!r ,p]ses _h depriv$ ! poet ( ! inh]itance :i* 0 prop]ly 84 ,to ?is unju/ bro!r ,hesiod addresses 8 poem1 b he rises con/antly f ! p>ticul> case to g5]al moral consid]ations2 inde$ ! poet's e?ical lessons ga9 9 =ce because !y />t ) a p]sonal application4 ,"w1 ju/ice1 "r social relations1 & piety t[>d ! gods are ! c>d9al !mes ( ! ,works & ,days4 ,at ! v op5+ ( ! poem ,hesiod po9ts out t !re are two k9ds ( ,/rife or ,rivalry on e>?1 ! "o good & praisewor?y1 ! o!r evil4 ,evil /rife leads to w> & to discord1 b ! good1 implant$ by ,zeus 9 ! v ord] ( ?+s1 ev] urges m5 on to "w4 ,hesiod delights 9 emphasiz+ ! value ( toil2 he has giv5 endur+ expression to ! natural dignity ( labor 9 ! v]se1 ' 1 ' 4 ,"w is no disgrace1 b laz9ess is a disgrace4#ee ,by con/ant toil alone1 he says1 c ! _m mis=tunes ( life be reliev$2 by x ri*es & honor are won2 & ! work] is belov$ by ! gods4 ,! lazy man on ! contr>y has hung] = 8 portion & is dete/$ by gods & m53 8,gods & mortals are alike indignant ) ! man :o lives )\t toil+2 he is l 9 en]gy to ! /+less drones1 = !y )\t toil+ wa/e & dev\r ! product ( ! honey-bees' "w4 ,b d ?\ 7,p]ses71 love all seemly toil t ?y b>ns may be fill$ ) food 9 ! prop] seasons40#ef ,= ! poor man ! poet1 & app>5tly 8 contempor>ies1 _h little compassion1 s9ce he reg>ds pov]ty z pro( ( a lack ( indu/ry1 ( a failure to "w unceas+ly ) a det]m9$ _s1 :i* he holds to be ! only way 9 :i* man c acquire ! com=ts :i* give dignity to life4 ,9 8 m9d %ame is ! natural lot ( ! poor1 b self-respect ! prop] possession ( ! successful work]4 ,& toil has = him a div9e sanction2 x is a moral duty impos$ on m5 by ! gods4 ,by x alone m5 atta9 n only mat]ial prosp]ity b virtue z well4 8,i p]ceive ! good & w tell x !e1 ,p]ses1 v fooli% ?\gh ?\ art4 ,wick$ness m5 atta9 easily & 9 great numb]s1 = level is ! road to h] & %e dwells v ne>2 b be=e ,virtue ! immortal gods h set ! sweat ( toil4 ,long & /eep is ! pa? to h] & r\gh at ! outset2 b :5 "o has rea*$ ! summit1 !reaft] x is easy1 h>d ?\gh x 0 be=e40#eg ,sm>t+ "u ! inju/ice done him by 8 unju/ bro!r & ! v5al judges1 ,hesiod naturally prais$ ju/ice 77 9 8 "w4 ,he repeats ! ^w aga9 & aga94 ,9 ! "n ( outrag$ univ]sal ju/ice he prote/s aga9/ ! p>ticul> wrong he has suff]$1 b 9 8 h&l+ ( ?is !me he passes f> beyond ! matt] betwe5 him & 8 bro!r1 & treats ju/ice 9 a univ]sal & impressive mann]4 ,he ?us exhorts ,p]ses3 8,p]ses1 h>k5 to ju/ice1 & make n insol5ce prosp]4 ,= insol5ce is baneful ev5 to ! humble2 nor c ! noble easily be> ! burd5 ( x1 b he s9ke? b5ea? its weight1 meet+ doom4 ,yet ! road t leade? 9 ! opposite direction1 t[>d ju/ice1 is bett] to travel4 ,ju/ice prevaile? ov] insol5ce 9 ! end2 ev5 ! fool kn[e? f exp]i5ce40#eh ,he presses home ! tru? t wrong h>ms ! do] no less ?an him :o suff]s ! wrong3 8,! man :o worke? evil to ano!r1 worke? evil to himself1 & evil c\nsel is mo/ evil = him :o c\nsell$ x40#ei ,aga9 he tea*es t ev5 if retribution is sl[ 9 com+1 ,zeus accompli%es x 9 ! end3 8,f9ally ,zeus imposes due requital = ! wick$ man's unju/ de$s40#fj ,on ! o!r h& ,hesiod 9 a fam\s passage pictures ) satisfaction ! prosp]ity ( ! j3 8,b = ^? :o r5d] /raight judgm5ts to bo? /rang]s & citiz5s & nev] dep>t f ju/ice1 _! city fl\ri%es & _! p prosp] 9 x4 ,peace1 :i* nurtures y\?1 dwells 9 ! l& & nev] does f>-see+ ,zeus br+ fe>ful w> ^u ! inhabitants4 ,nev] does fam9e or woe att5d m5 :o d ju/ice1 b 9 good *e] d !y p]=m _! due tasks4 ,= !m ! e>? yields abundant food1 ! oak on ! m\nta9s be>s !m acorns 9 its topmo/ bran*es1 & its trunk is ! honey-bees' home2 fleecy %eep are heavy ) wool1 wives be> *ildr5 :o are l _! p>5ts4 ,! j fl\ri% 9 prosp]ity cont9ually2 nor d !y g away on %ips1 = ! fruitful e>? gives !m its product40#fa ,! la/ s5t5ce %[s t trad+ 9 %ips 0 less highly reg>d$ ?an agriculture4 ,! reason is to be f\nd n alone 9 ! comp>atively undevelop$ /ate ( comm]ce1 b also 9 ! v nature ( su* comm]ce z ! poet saw x1 = he admits comm]ce into 8 plan r unwill+ly4 ,he kn[s t ! sea is trea*]\s & (t5 wrecks %ips & causes ru92 he holds t only m5's inord9ate desires & folly tempt !m to v5ture across ! wat]s & to /ake all on ! *ances ( loss & dea?4 ,m ?an ?is1 he feels a moral defect 9 transm>9e trad+1 ev5 :5 pr(itable1 = "o may ga9 weal? by a s+le v5ture4 ,su* is n 8 ideal2 r he w\ld see mat]ial prosp]ity won by ! long toil & frugality :i* make agriculture successful4 ,b to return to ju/ice4 ,hesiod1 z we h already se51 makes ?is ! :ole basis ( man's relation to 8 fell[s2 on j actions & labor dep5ds all prosp]ity2 inju/ice injures ! do] no less ?an ! object ( ! wrong1 & 9 ! end is sure ( puni%m5t4 ,inde$ accord+ to ! poet ju/ice is :at di/+ui%es man f ! l[] animals3 8,p]ses1 put ^! words n[ 9 ?y he>t1 & h>k5 to ju/ice1 b =get viol5ce utt]ly4 ,= ?is ! son ( ,cronos has e/abli%$ z a rule = m54 ,fi%es & wild bea/s & w+$ birds he orda9$ %\ld dev\r "o ano!r1 s9ce !re is no ju/ice among !m2 b to man he has giv5 ju/ice1 :i* is by f> ! be/40#fb ,! !me ( ju/ice 9 human relations is develop$ into injunctions to be k9d to ! /rang]1 ! suppliant1 & ! orphan1 to respect p>5ts1 to reg>d ano!r's b$1 & to give hospitality to "o's fri5ds4 ,yet x mu/ be said t ,hesiod's social morality is /rictly utilit>ian1 n altrui/ic2 inde$ !re is some?+ 9 8 poem :i* rem9ds u ( ! maxim 8,an eye = an eye1 & a too? = a too?10 z :5 he writes3 8,if ?y fri5d is ! fir/ to d !e an unk9dness ei!r 9 ^w or de$1 rememb] to return him tw(old2 b if he w\ld br+ !e aga9 into fri5d%ip & cons5t to r5d] !e ju/ice1 accept x40#fc ,b we mu/ rememb] t ?is 0 ! almo/ univ]sal tea*+ among ! ,greeks d[n to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,ju/ice1 h[ev]1 is m ?an a social virtue betwe5 m52 x is ! *ief attribute ( ,zeus1 p]sonifi$ z 8 daught] & con/ant att5dant3 8,ju/ice is ! daught] ( ,zeus1 glorifi$ & honor$ by ! gods :o hold ,olympus2 & :5ev] anyone does h] wrong ) p]v]se blame1 /raightway %e sits by ,zeus1 son ( ,cronos1 & %e tells him ! ?\ghts ( unju/ m51 t ! p may pay = ! folly ( ! pr9ces :o by _! wrongful purposes & crook$ spee*es turn judgm5ts f ! "r c\rse40#fd ,9 8 "w ( def5d+ ju/ice ,zeus is aid$ n only by 8 daught]1 b by a ho/ ( wat*ful gu>dians1 int]m$i>ies :o report mortals' de$s3 8,?rice t5 ?\s& are ! immortal s]vants ( ,zeus ^u ! ri* e>?1 :o wat* mortal m54 ,clad 9 mi/ !y f>e to & fro on ! e>? wat*+ de$s ( ju/ice & wrongful acts40#fe ,ju/ice !n nev] fails to br+ soon] or lat] ! due return to "r & wrong actions2 f h] & ! wat*ful mess5g]s ( ,zeus !re is no escape4 ,! ,hom]ic man _h recogniz$ t righte\sness is bett] ?an evil & t ! wick$ are con/antly ?reat5$ by puni%m5t2 b ,hesiod 9 8 ,works & ,days goes some:at fur!r ?an ,hom]1 9 t he makes ju/ice a necess>y attribute ( ! gods z well z ( m54 ,man's dep5d5ce on ! gods is naturally recogniz$ 9 ,hesiod z else:]e by ! obligations ( sacrifice1 libation1 & pray]1 = ^! are univ]sal modes ( religi\s expression4 ,! poet betrays ! unimag9ative "* ( a peasant by ! baldness ) :i* he says t mat]ial prosp]ity is ! :ole purpose ( religi\s obs]vance z well z ( ju/ice3 8,accord+ to ?y ability (f] sacrifice to ! immortal gods ) ?y p]son pure & undefil$1 & burn ! goodly ?igh-pieces2 aga9 propitiate !m ) libations & ) sacrifices1 bo? :5 ?\ lie/ d[n & :5 ! sacr$ light comes1 t !y may h a he>t & m9d k9dly dispos$ t[>d !e2 t ?us ?\ maye/ buy ! l& ( o!rs & n ano!r ?9e40#ff ,yet we mu/ rememb] t ?is huck/]'s m9d1 z ,plato might h call$ x1 0 common en\gh 9 ,greece1 t x 0 ! ord9>y attitude ( ! (ficial ,roman religion ?r\gh\t ,rome's hi/ory1 & t x has n disappe>$ f m5's ?\ght today4 ,9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey evil1 l ! good1 comes f ! gods4 ,! simple fact is unque/ionably recogniz$4 ,b ,hesiod se>*es m deeply = ! orig9 ( evil :i* he pessimi/ically reg>ds z omnipres5t4 ,! /ory ( ,prome!us & ,p&ora conta9s 9 "p ! poet's answ] to ?is et]nal riddle4 ,! my? 0 already anci5t & famili> to all4 ,once m5 liv$ )\t ef=t & free f evils1 b :5 l$ by crafty ,prome!us !y _h endeavor$ to *eat ,zeus ( ! bett] "p ( ! sacrific$ bullock1 ! god )held fire f !m4 ,yet ! cunn+ ,titan /ole a sp>k ( ?is div9e fire & deliv]$ x to mortals4 ,?is ,zeus all[$ m5 to keep2 by its aid !y creat$ all indu/ries1 b only at ! co/ ( con/ant toil & /ruggle4 ,prome!us he puni%$ h>%ly4 ,to "w 8 v5geance on mortals he caus$ ,hephae/us to create a woman on :om ! gods be/[$ all gifts s t %e 0 nam$ ,p&ora4 ,%e op5$ a j> conta9+ e k9d ( evil1 :i* /raightway flew out among mank9d4 ,only rema9$ !re9--a ^w h>dly equival5t to our ,hope1 b r mean+ 8anticipation ( mis=tune40 ,x !n is ! only plague to :i* man is n subject$4#fg ,he is oblig$ to suff]1 hav+ be5 involv$ 9 ! orig9al s9 ( ,prome!us1 :o wi%$ to *eat ,zeus ( ! sacrifice due him4 ,su* is ! sacr$ tale (f]$ z an explanation ( ! pres5ce ( evils on e>?4 ,to u x seems *ildi%1 & inde$ x did n completely satisfy ,hesiod4 ,a second explanation ( a v diff]5t sort 0 giv51 "o :i* 0 9 reality a pr(\nd attempt to trace man's orig9 z well z to expla9 8 actual condition4#fh ,?is is ! /ory ( ! five ages ( man1 beg9n+ ) ! age ( gold 9 :i* gods & m5 dwelt toge!r4 ,!n mortals liv$ l ! gods ) he>ts untr\bl$1 f> f toil & suff]+1 & ! e>? yield$ !m ( its own accord abundant food4 ,ov] !m ,cronos reign$4 ,b ! m5 ( ?is ,utopian age di$ 9 pa9less sleep2 & ! silv] age "u ,zeus foll[$4 ,comp>$ ) ! =m] x 0 an age ( deg5]acy 9 :i* m5 %[$ insol5ce t[>d "o ano!r & fail$ to sacrifice to ! gods4 ,zeus 9 8 ang] de/roy$ ^! mortals4 ,! ?ree rema9+ ages--! bronze1 ! h]oic1 & ! iron1 %[ bo? decay & advance4 ,! m5 ( ! bronze age 7 fi]ce1 wild creatures1 unapproa*able 9 _! savag]y4 ,to ^! succe$$ a bett] & ju/] race1 t ( ! h]oes1 :o h[ev] met _! fate 9 w> b5ea? sev5-gat$ ,!bes or at ,troy = fair-hair$ ,hel5's sake4 ,& n[ !y dwell c>e-free 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,f9ally ,hesiod pictures 8 own age1 t ( iron4 ,n[ no long] d m5 sp5d _! ef=t 9 w> & battle1 b !y h come to a selfi% individualism1 8:5 fa!r & *ildr5 w n agree toge!r1 nor gue/ ) ho/1 nor fri5d ) fri5d1 nor bro!r long] be de> z a=etime40#fi ,b ?is unlimit$ egoism1 :i* ,hesiod pictures1 presupposes an intellectual evolution beyond ! /age :]e m5 f\ght 9 masses z 9 ! h]oic "t4 ,?us fai?fully & rel5tlessly he describes 8 own day4 ,yet ! poet is n )\t confid5ce t !re are good z well z evil elem5ts 9 ! age ( iron2 b on ! :ole he is despond5t & exclaims3 8,w\ld t ,i 7 n liv+ 9 ! fif? age ( m51 b t ,i _h ei!r di$ be=e !m or be5 born lat]40#gj ,?us ,hesiod takes anci5t my?s & by 8 g5ius makes !m epitomize ! /ages ( man's evolution d[nw>d morally1 b =w>d intellectually4 ,! fa9t hope express$ at ! end ( ! exclamation j quot$ %[s t ! poet saw ! possibility ( a bett] age to come1 & !re9 he %[$ himself a prophet4 ,he app>5tly did n reg>d ! pres5t age ( iron z et]nal1 b p]haps1 9 accordance ) ! cyclical !ory ( ! _w1 ?\ght t ! ages might revolve & ! ,gold5 ,age return aga94 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh he reg>ds man's c\rse z l>gely "o ( deg5]ation1 he sees t x has also be5 "o 9 :i* intellectual progress has be5 made & law develop$4 ,:5 we come to ! "q ( life beyond ! grave we mu/ ackn[l$ge t h]e9 ,hesiod %[s no advance ov] ,hom]4 ,= ord9>y mortals oblivion 9 ! dank halls ( ,hades seems to be ! rel5tless doom4 ,only a few1 ! h]oes ( t e>li] age are all[$ by div9e favor to dwell ) he>ts free f tr\ble 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,yet if we consid] ! ,hesiodic poetry z a :ole x does be> witness to a great *ange f ! _w ( ,hom]4 ,x %[s cle>ly t by ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 man 0 com+ to self-consci\sness1 t he 0 endeavor+ by reflection to solve "s ( ! deepe/ problems ( life1 & t he _h already develop$ a moral code t dem&$ righte\sness 9 ! individual4 ,hesiod depicts = u a m ?\ghtful & a m reflective "t ?an t %[n u by ,hom]4 ,h[ significant ?is *ange 0 ,i %all try to %[ 9 my next lecture4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,h]od4 #b1 #ec4 #b ,il4 #e1 #cce ff42 #hee ff4 #c ,il4 #ba1 #djj-dbf4 #d ,il4 #a1 #eca-egj4 #e ,il4 #ac1 #a ff4 #f ,od4 #e1 #a-bih4 #g ,il4 #ah1 #cid-dje4 #h ,il4 #aj1 #eae ff4 #i ,il4 #e1 #che-cia4 #aj ,cf4 ,il4 #bc1 #chb ff42 ,il4 #e1 #cce2 #hee ff4 #aa ,il4 #af1 #dcc ff4 #ab ,od4 #c1 #bcf ff4 #ac ,il4 #bd1 #bji ff4 #ad ,od4 #g1 #aif ff4 #ae ,od4 #aj1 #agd ff4 #af ,il4 #f1 #dhf ff4 #ag ,il4 #h4 #ah ,il4 #d1 #ea f4 #ai ,od4 #h1 #cfj-cff4 #bj ,il4 #a1 #edd2 ,od4 #a1 #de2 ,il4 #c1 #bgf4 #ba ,il4 #bj1 #a ff4 #bb ,il4 #a1 #eag ff4 #bc ,il4 #ae1 #ah-bb4 #bd ,il4 ,i1 #eib ff4 #be ,od4 #ac1 #bif-bii2 #cca ff4 #bf ,il4 #f1 #big-caj4 #bg ,il4 #b1 #edi2 ,od4 #g1 #ha4 #bh ,il4 #b1 #cga & (t54 #bi ,od4 #d1 #fae ff42 #ae1 #aae ff4 #cj ,il4 #ah1 #cfi ff4 #ca ,od4 #g1 #ia ff4 #cb ,il4 #ah1 #dag ff4 #cc ,il4 #ah1 #dgh ff4 #cd ,il4 #ba1 #ddb ff4 #ce ,od4 #ac1 #afb ff4 #cf ,il4 #bd1 #ccd ff4 #cg ,od4 #e1 #bh ff4 #ch ,il4 #b1 #e ff4 #ci ,il4 #d1 #a ff4 #dj ,il4 #a1 #beh2 cf4 #b1 #bjb1 #bgc4 #da ,il4 #c1 #agi4 #db ,il4 #a1 #cg-da4 #dc ,il4 #h1 #bcf ff4 #dd ,od4 #d1 #cea ff4 #de ,il4 #i1 #ecc ff4 #df ,il4 #a1 #fe4 #dg ,eu?4 #ad ,e2 ,alc4 #aa1 #adi ,d ff4 #dh ,od4 #d1 #ejb ff4 #di ,il4 #bb1 #cfe f4 #ej ,od4 #aa1 #dhh ff4 #ea ,il4 #ag1 #ddf f42 #bd1 #ebe f4 #eb ,il4 #a1 #ebh ff4 #ec ,or4 #ab1 #ea4 #ed ,?4 #bbj ff4 #ee ,w4 & ,d4 #caa4 #ef ,ibid4 #cjc ff4 #eg ,w4 & ,d4 #bhf ff4 #eh ,ibid4 #bac ff4 #ei ,w4 & ,d4 #bfe f4 #fj ,ibid4 #ccc f4 #fa ,ibid4 #bbe ff4 #fb ,w4 & ,d4 #bgd ff4 #fc ,ibid4 #gji ff4 #fd ,w4 & ,d4 #bef ff4 #fe ,ibid4 #beb ff4 #ff ,w4 & ,d4 #ccf ff4 #fg ,w4 & ,d4 #dg-ajd4 #fh ,ibid4 #aji-bja4 #fi ,w4 & ,d4 #ahb ff4 #gj ,ibid4 #agd f4 ,,ii ,,orphism1 ,,py?agoreanism1 ,,& ,,! ,,my/]ies ,! sev5? & six? c5turies be=e ,*ri/ 7 m>k$ by important social1 philosophic1 & religi\s movem5ts4 ,( ! _m causes :i* br\ght ab\t ^! *anges1 ! mo/ easily trac$ are ^? ( a political & economic nature4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* is pictur$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems is "o 9 :i* ! k+ & nobles alone h an effective voice4 ,! humbl] folk meet to he> ! decision ( ! few1 :i* !y are expect$ to accept )\t a murmur4 ,on only "o occasion does a common man1 ,!rsites1 v5ture to raise 8 voice aga9/ 8 bett]s1 & !n he is made ! laugh+-/ock ( 8 fell[s & is beat5 into a sad sil5ce by ,odysseus4 ,b ! ,hom]ic organization ( society 0 gradually sup]s$$ by ari/ocracies 9 :i* ! p[] ( weal? ultimately claim$ a position beside nobility ( bir?4 ,! developm5t ( indu/ry & trade 9 ,ionia & on ! ma9l& ( ,greece prop] creat$ a new weal?y class :i* 0 a rival ( ! old nobility ^: ri*es _h be5 9 h]ds & l&s4 ,! political /ruggles :i* accompani$ ^! *anges 7 highly educative to consid]able bodies ( citiz5s1 :o 7 exp5d+ _! ef=ts 9 improv+ ! condition ( _! own class or ( !mselves r ?an 9 ma9ta9+ ! advantage ( "s pr9ce or noble4 ,9 ?is way !re 0 develop$ a political & social self-consci\sness4 ,:5 k+s 7 sup]s$$ by ari/ocracies1 magi/racies1 limit$ 9 scope & duration1 _h necess>ily be5 employ$4 ,?us political ma*9]y & organization develop$4 ,^! political *anges & ! failure ( anci5t cu/oms to fit new social & economic conditions naturally l$ to a dem& = writt5 law1 :i* alone c be ! basis ( ev5 ju/ice & protection4 ,s we he> ( _m 8law-giv]s0 9 ,greece dur+ ! sev5? & six? c5turies ,b4,c41 ( :om ! mo/ fam\s 7 ,zaleucus among ! we/]n ,locrians1 ,*>ondas ( ,catane1 & ,draco ( ,a!ns1 foll[$ ab\t ?irty ye>s lat] by ,solon4 ,n[ writt5 law usually t5ds to become ultimately ! embodim5t ( rules = all1 n simply = "o class alone1 s t ! writt5 codes m>k$ a long /ep 9 ! advance ( ! common man t[>d equality ) ! noble4 ,x is true t ! ari/ocracies 9 _m p>ts ( ,greece 7 lat] foll[$ by ! rule ( tyrants1 b ! tyrannies !mselves fo/]$ ! developm5t ( ! l[] classes on ^: well-be+ & support ! exi/5ce ( ! tyrannies dep5d$4 ,( ! law-giv]s ,i h j m5tion$ "o belong$ to ,catane1 a ,greek city 9 ,sicily4 ,?is fact sugge/s ano!r important movem5t :i* dem&s our notice4 ,i mean ! plant+ ( colonies4 ,! great era ( ,hell5ic colonization fell betwe5 ! eigh? & six? c5turies1 & 0 9 a s5se b a cont9uation ( t e>li] wave ( expansion :i* _h c>ri$ ! ,greeks to ,cyprus & to ! ne>] %ores ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,among ! causes :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( colonies ! *ief seem to h be5 defects 9 ! l& sy/em1 :]eby _m 7 depriv$ ( a %>e 9 _! ance/ral e/ates1 political conditions (t5 oppressive1 & trade1 :i* 0 n[ com+ l>gely into ! h&s ( ,greeks because ( ! disa/]s :i* 7 inflict$ on _! =m] rivals1 ! ,pho5icians1 by _! ea/]n neighbors4 ,f ,meg>a & ,miletus1 f ,*alcis & ,eretria1 began an outp\r+ ( eag] trad]s1 ( ! l&less1 ! ne$y1 ! discont5t$1 & ! adv5tur\s1 :o ev5tually plant$ colonies entirely ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean & ,eux9e ,seas4 ,betwe5 ^! colonies & ! "m cities a ri* /ream ( traffic fl[$2 ! gr[? ( trade /imulat$ manufactures & increas$ weal?4 ,9 ! colonies !re exi/$ f ! beg9n+ great] equality ?an 9 ! old] communities1 ! l& sy/em 0 m equitable1 & _m m5 ( humble bir? came to weal? & p[]4 ,fur!rmore1 ) travel & success 9 new communities !re 0 an expansion ( m9d1 a s5se ( p[] acquir$ by prosp]ity1 su* z c always be obs]v$ "u simil> conditions4 ,^! developm5ts _h _! reflex influ5ce on ! society ( ! "m cities1 & bo? at home & 9 ! colonies !re came to pass ^? political & social *anges to :i* ,i h ref]r$ above4 ,b ! mo/ important result ( ^! ?+s = our pres5t consid]ation 0 ! fact t by ^! developm5ts l>ge numb]s ( m5 7 awak5$ to self-consci\sness1 & t ! fir/ p]iod ( individualism 9 ,greece 0 begun4 ,:5ev] individuals come to self-consci\sness1 & h ! leisure & security :i* 7 enjoy$ 9 _m ,greek cities ( ?is "t z ! result ( improv$ social & economic conditions1 m5 f9d n only ! opportunity b also ! occasion = reflection4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 our p]iod4 ,m5 began to ?9k & "q ab\t !mselves & ! _w ar\nd !m1 to reflect n only conc]n+ ! political & social _w 9 :i* !y liv$1 to ask :at _! place 9 x 01 b also to inquire /ill deep] into ! mean+ ( ?+s4 ,!y debat$ ) !mselves que/ions relat+ to ! gods1 ! nature & ju/ice ( _! rule2 & mo/ significant = our pres5t int]e/ !y began to ask :5ce m5 came & :i!r !y 7 go+4 ,"o great monum5t ( ?is p]iod is ,hesiod's 8,works & ,days10 ( :i* ,i spoke 9 my la/ lecture4 ,x is also important to rememb] t ! sev5? & six? c5turies 7 ! age ( ! s-call$ ,sev5 ,wise ,m51 to :om 7 assign$ _m moral precepts :i* became rev]$ prov]bs 9 ,greece4 ,^! say+s1 no less ?an ! works ( ,hesiod & ! ,gnomic ,poets1 be> witness to an age ( increas+ reflection4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,ionia controll$ ! trade betwe5 ,asia & ,europe4 ,its *ief c5t] 0 ,miletus4 ,"h 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury be=e our era began ,greek philosophy1 ) ,?ales1 ,anaxim&]1 & ,anaxim5es z ! lead]s4 ,! mode/ task :i* !y set !mselves 0 no?+ less ?an ! solution ( ! univ]se4 ,_! philosophic views are ( no special int]e/ to u n[2 b x is a fact ( supreme importance t "h = ! fir/ "t 9 ,greece appe>$ m5 ^: reflection _h made !m bold en\gh to wre/le ) ! :ole problem ( nature includ+ man1 & to propose solutions entirely at v>iance ) ! traditional views4 ,?is philosophic developm5t 0 "o result ( ! factors :i* we h be5 consid]+--factors :i* produc$ also new e?ical & religi\s movem5ts t d conc]n u directly4 ,) ! em]g5ce ( ,greece 9 ! sev5? c5tury f ! d>k ages t foll[$ ! ,myc5aean civilization1 we f9d t c]ta9 beliefs1 express$ or only h9t$ at 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 come to ! surface1 & t religi\s ideas import$ f )\t make !mselves manife/4 ,! cult ( ! dead = example is almo/ pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,at ! fun]al pyre ( ,patroclus ,a*illes (f]$ j>s ( oil & honey1 & slew horses1 dogs1 & twelve ,trojan y\?s#ga2 b n[h]e else is su* a sacrifice m5tion$ 9 ! ,iliad4 ,likewise 9 ! ,odyssey ! only in/ance ( any simil> (f]+ is 9 ! description ( ,odysseus' visit to ! bord]s ( ! realm ( ,hades to consult ! %ade ( ! se] ,teiresias1 :]e x is said t he dug a squ>e pit1 p\r$ into x a triple *rism1 & !n aft] pray] & v[s let ! blood ( a ram & a black ewe fl[ into x to attract ! %ades4#gb ,yet we "k f ar*eological & o!r evid5ce t ! wor%ip ( ! dead 0 common 9 ,greece f ! ,m9oan & ,myc5aean times ?r\gh\t antiquity4 ,c]emonial purification also1 ( :i* !re are b few in/ances 9 ,hom]--& none ( ^! is magical--n[ appe>s common1 z a notion ( impurity atta*es to _m conditions & acts :i* require expiation4 ,! *ange 9 s5tim5t ) reg>d to murd] w s]ve z an illu/ration4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic poems kill+ br\ght no pollution ei!r to ! murd]] or to 8 l&2 b 9 ! ,cyclic epics1 :i* date f ! sev5? & six? c5turies ,b4,c41 bloodguilt requir$ expiation j z 9 ! lat] trag$ies4 ,s 9 ! ,ae?iopis ,a*illes w5t to ,lesbos to be cleans$ f ! /a9 ( hav+ sla9 ,!rsites4 ,9 fo/]+ & direct+ rites ( purification ! oracle ( ,apollo at ,delphi play$ an important "p4 ,!re 0 develop+1 inde$ !re _h be5 develop+ f an unkn[n p]iod1 a s5se ( defilem5t & ( ! necessity ( cleans+4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ aga9 speak a ^w ( caution4 ,we ne$ to rememb] t morality develops sl[ly4 ,x is und\bt$ly a f> cry f ! morality ( ! sev5? c5tury to ,plato's def9ition ( ! impure man z ! "o ^: s\l is base1 or to t motto :i* 9 a lat] c5tury 0 writt5 ov] ! entrance ( ! %r9e ( ,aesculapius at ,epidaurus1 8,piety consi/e? 9 holy ?\ghts40 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t to ! man ( ! sev5? & six? c5tury s9 & purification 7 prim>ily if n :olly c]emonial matt]s1 & t 8 concept ( future happ9ess 0 l>gely mat]ial4 ,b ! consequ5ce ( 8 feel+ 0 great 9 future c5turies4 ,o!r ph5om5a ( ! sev5? & six? c5turies require our notice at ?is po9t4 ,we saw 9 ! prec$+ lecture t ! gaze ( ! ,hom]ic man 0 fix$ on ?is _w ) its victories & its defeats1 t he view$ spl5did action on ! field & wise c\nsel 9 ! assembly ( ! pr9ces z ! individual's highe/ prov9ce & 8 supreme happ9ess4 ,! _w beyond ?is _h no rew>ds comp>able ) ^? ( ?is life2 ! greate/ boon man c\ld hope f ! future 0 t 8 exploits "h might become ! subject ( song = com+ g5]ations4 ,suff]+ he reg>d$ z necess>y t a high] purpose might be atta9$4 8,! w ( ,zeus 0 accompli%$0 0 ! explanation beyond :i* man might n g2 he mu/ f9d 8 com=t 9 su* unity z t ?\ght gave to ! _w4 ,h5ce arises t pa?os & sadness :i* /rike u aga9 & aga9 9 ,hom]4 ,b ! new age s\ght relief by %ift+ its gaze f ?is _w to ! next & by expect+ !re ! recomp5ses & balances :i* make life j & complete2 = x ! future life furni%$ an escape f ! suff]+s ( ?is pres5t exi/5ce4 ,moreov] "u ! manifold influ5ces :i* ,i h tri$ to sket* above1 m5 began to be impress$ ) ! unity :i* app>5tly und]lay ! v>iety ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,?is is ! problem ( philosophy4 ,x is true t ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s devot$ !mselves *iefly to ! mat]ial _w1 ( :i* !y reg>d$ man z a "p2 b 9 religion !re result$ a t5d5cy to pan!ism1 :i* saw beh9d ! multitude ( div9ities "o all-embrac+ god4 ,moreov] !re 7 n lack+ ?9k]s to /ruggle ) ! "q z to ! way 9 :i* man c\ld br+ himself into accord ) ! unity ( ! _w4 ,s 9 spite ( ! individualism ( ?is age we f9d x also an age ( my/icism--:i* is ! v opposite ( individualism4 ,! my/ic always holds 9 great] or less degree ! belief t by de/roy+ t :i* sets (f ! individual f 8 fell[s1 t is1 by uproot+ p]sonality ?r\gh ! de/ruction ( ! passions1 or by "s ec/atic /ate :i* takes "o out ( himself1 man may atta9 to union ) god & !re=e to salvation4 ,?is belief may lead ev5 to a religion )\t gods1 or x may be b\nd to a belief 9 div9ity4 ,9 ,greece ^! t5d5cies 7 n fully develop$ = a consid]able "t1 b we c see t 9 ! sev5? & six? c5turies ! long+ = future happ9ess1 ! desire = salvation1 & ! my/ic means !reto 7 already pot5t elem5ts 9 ,greek ?\ght4 ,!y %[$ !mselves 9 v>i\s ways2 "o outlet = ! religi\s long+ 0 f\nd 9 ! religion ( ,dionysus1 especially z x 0 incorporat$ 9 ! beliefs ( ! ,orphic sect4 ,dionysus came late into ,greek religion4 ,z we h se51 9 ,hom] he 0 n a memb] ( ! ,olympic circle4 ,my?ology has pres]v$ _m /ories :i* be> witness to ! opposition :i* 8 wor%ip receiv$ z x spread ov] ,greece4 ,! newcom]1 l ,ares & ! ,muses1 0 a ,?racian4 ,8 wor%ip 0 introduc$ by immigrants & spread gradually to ! s\?4 ,app>5tly ! cult ( ! god 0 br\ght into ,greece by m ?an "o wave ( immigration1 & by m ?an "o r\te4 ,!bes & ,or*om5os 9 ,boeotia 7 e>ly c5t]s ( 8 wor%ip1 f :i* ,delphi 0 lat] influ5c$4 ,9 ! ,peloponnesus probably ,argolis receiv$ ! new com] fir/4 ,ev5 be=e ! god 0 e/abli%$ 9 s\!rn ,greece he may h be5 c>ri$ to ,crete directly f 8 nor!rn home4 ,! isl&s ( ! ,aegean1 ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ultimately ! remote colonies knew ! div9ity4 ,9 ,attica tradition said t 8 fir/ home 0 9 ! c\ntry demes1 notably at ,ic>ia1 :]e ,am]icans excavat$ 8 %r9e ov] tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,probably ! e>ly rul]s at ,a!ns receiv$ ! god into ! city1 b x 0 ! ,pisi/ratidae :o especially favor$ 8 wor%ip & gave him a home on ! s\? side ( ! ,acropolis1 :]e ! fif? c5tury saw pres5t$ all ! glories ( ! ,attic /age4 ,! new god came z ! god ( all liv+ ?+s1 ( plants1 trees1 ! l[] animals1 z well z ( man4 ,9 %ort he 0 a nature div9ity ^: dea? 0 se5 9 ! dead vegetation ( w9t] & ^: rebir? appe>$ ) ! revival ( spr+4 ,8 orgia/ic rites no d\bt 7 orig9ally1 9 "p at lea/1 int5d$ to recall ! dead god to life4 ,b 9 all su* religions !re is ! t5d5cy to see 9 ! rebir? ( ! dead god ! w>rant ( man's future life4 ,! hope is easily awak5$ t z ! vegetation1 ^: life disappe>s 9 ! gr\nd1 is revivifi$ 9 ! spr+1 s man1 ^: body also is laid 9 ! e>?1 may be recall$ to new life4 ,! ,dionysiac my? set =? ! /ory ( ! god's dea? & rebir?4 ,x 0 natural !n t m5 %\ld feel t if !y c\ld secure union ) ! god1 lose !mselves 9 ! div9e1 !y too might atta9 immortality4 ,h]odotus tells u t among ! ,?racian peoples ! ,getae believ$ t m5 at dea? w5t to dwell ) _! *ief div9ity b5ea? ! e>?4#gc ,su* hope ( immortality ,dionysus br\ght ) him f 8 ,?racian home4 ,! wor%ip ( ?is god 0 :olly unlike t ( ! ,olympian gods4 ,"u 8 influ5ce 8 devotees1 mo/ly wom51 9 div9e madness left _! homes & daily tasks to roam ! wild m\nta9side1 clad no long] 9 _! ord9>y dress b we>+ ! sk9s ( wild bea/s1 _! fl[+ hair b\nd ) ivy & wild bryony4 ,9 _! excitem5t !y 7 unconsci\s ( "t & place1 unfett]$ by ! normal limitations ( human p[]s & s5sibilities4 ,wild music /imulat$ _! orgia/ic dance2 9 fr5zy !y tore liv+ creatures limb f limb1 & dev\r$ ! raw dripp+ fle%1 call+ meantime on ! god by "n4 ,?is mad revel 0 cont9u$ until ! p>ticipants fell exhau/$ to ! gr\nd4 ,we c well und]/& h[ ^! ?+s %ock$ ! e>lie/ ,hell5ic spectators & :y x 0 t 9 becom+ a ,greek god1 ,dionysus lo/ mu* ( 8 wild] ,?racian nature & ! m savage elem5ts ( 8 cult4 ,to ?is amelioration ! ,delphic oracle d\btless contribut$4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t ! ec/atic rites 7 kn[n on ,mt4 ,ci?a]on & on ! heights ( ,p>nassos d[n to a late date4 ,else:]e = ! mo/ "p ! excesses ( ! cult 7 *eck$ & ord]$ by law4 ,! ,greeks _h come to see t !re 0 some?+ m ?an extravagant madness 9 ! wild ,dionysiac revel4 ,! possess$ devotee 0 set free = ! mom5t f ! tangl$ net ( daily life1 ga9$ = a brief "t new & sup]human p[]s1 a v =eta/e ( immortality4 ,n lea/ ( all he 0 made "o ) all nature t unit$ to wor%ip ! "o god4 ,n[ ?is escape f ! daily r\nd ( human affairs1 ?is desire = union ) div9ity1 has con/antly made its appe>ance 9 v>i\s times & "u v>i$ conditions2 z we all "k1 x has l$ to extraord9>y religi\s outbur/s 9 bo? pagan & ,*ri/ian ages4 ,dionysus came also z god ( w9e4 ,9 ! revival & elevation ( ! man1 :i* ! mod]ate use ( w9e gives1 ! ,greek saw a div9e my/]y4 ,( c\rse ?is use ( w9e is exactly p>allel to ! use ( ha%i% & o!r n>cotics = religi\s ends1 & ! ec/asy produc$ by music & ! dance is famili> 9 ! hi/ory ( religion z a means to put individuals or :ole companies into direct communication ) ! spirits or into union ) a god4 ,n[ x w readily be se5 t ?is idea t ! s\l c be sep>at$ f ! body & unit$ ) ! god implies two ?+s3 fir/1 a belief 9 a diff]5ce betwe5 s\l & body :i* sets !m (f aga9/ ea* o!r1 & secondly1 a belief 9 ! div9e nature ( ! human s\l4 ,! =m] cle>ly e/abli%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,greek ?\ght ! concept ( ! dual ego1 ! d\ble self1 ! significance ( :i* we c h>dly ov]e/imate4 ,we %all be conc]n$ ) x ?r\gh\t ! entire c\rse ( our consid]ations4 ,! second made x easy = m5 to expla9 ! s\rce & de/9y ( ! s\l & to po9t out ! means by :i* ! s\l mu/ be set free to seek its natural de/9y4 ,! possibility t ! s\l1 escap+ f ! body dur+ ! ,dionysiac fr5zy1 might unite itself ) god1 might inde$ become a god1 s t ! orgia/ic devotee 0 giv5 ! div9e "n --?is %[$ ! way by :i* man c\ld secure immortality4 ,he mu/ loose 8 div9e s\l f ! body t x might ultimately enjoy its div9e life unhamp]$ by e>?ly bonds & be =ev] ) god4 ,accord+ to ! ,dionysiac my?1 :i* naturally v>ies mu* 9 details1 ! god 0 pursu$ by ! ,titans1 ! w>r+ p[]s oppos$ to ,zeus2 9 8 di/ress ,dionysus *ang$ himself into v>i\s =ms1 f9ally into t ( a bull :i* 0 torn to pieces & dev\r$ by ! ,titans4 ,b ,a!na sav$ ! he>t & gave x to ,zeus :o swall[$ x4 ,h5ce sprang ! new ,dionysus4 ,! ,titans 7 ultimately de/roy$ by ! ?und]bolt ( ,zeus & _! a%es scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,y w at once notice ! p>allelism betwe5 ?is my? ( ,dionysus & ^? ( ,osiris1 ,attis1 & ,adonis4 ,^! are all gods :o die & live aga91 & s become gods ( life & dea?1 div9ities ?r\gh :om man ga9s assurance ( 8 own immortality4 ,y w also notice 9 ?is my? ( ,dionysus h[ mo/ anci5t & crude/ elem5ts are unit$ ) a r advanc$ attempt to wre/le ) ! problems ( ! _w1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! problem ( evil4 ,ov] aga9/ ! b5efic5t div9ity1 or div9ities1 are set ! ,titans1 p[]s ( ill4 ,! my? became ! basis ( ! spiritual belief & ( ! my/ic c]emonial1 & 0 made ! c5t] ( t movem5t :i* we call ,orphism4 ,:o ! f\nd]1 ,orpheus1 01 we _c say4 ,! anci5ts knew him z a ,?racian1 a magical musician1 & also z a prie/ ( ,dionysus4 ,9 ! popul> tradition ! musician ov]%ad[$ ! prie/4 ,yet he 0 reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,bac*ic or ,dionysiac rites4 ,! tru? we c nev] "k2 b ?us mu* is c]ta91 t 9 ! six? c5tury1 possibly because ( a second wave ( ,dionysiac religion1 a movem5t appe>$ 9 :i* ! religion ( ,dionysus 0 spiritualiz$ & ennobl$1 & 9 :i* consecration1 c]emonial hol9ess 9 ?is life1 became ! *ief conc]n z ! means ( secur+ t immortality :i* w\ld foll[4 ,! movem5t1 h[ev]1 :i* may h be5 /imulat$ by a feel+ ( dissatisfaction ) ! traditional religion1 0 only "o prom95t manife/ation ( ! g5]al my/icism :i* %[$ itself 9 _m =ms dur+ ! six? c5tury4 ,py?agoreanism 0 closely alli$ to x4 ,inde$ "s ?9k ,orphism only a collective "n = ! my/icism ( ! "t4 ,our in=mation z to ! beg9n+ & e>lie/ =ms ( ,orphism is scanty & mo/ly late4 ,b consid]+ ! influ5ce :i* ,orphic ideas _h 9 ! fif? c5tury1 = example on ,p9d>1 ,emp$ocles1 & ,plato1 n to speak ( ! latt] ,neoplatoni/s1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! sect z ( great significance4 ,& we h a w>rant = attribut+ to ! six? c5tury doctr9es :i* are consi/5tly set =? by our witnesses1 especially by ,emp$ocles & ,plato1 s t ) due caution we may use also ! fragm5t>y ,orphic lit]ature ) "s confid5ce4 ,we d n "k :]e ,orphism />t$4 ,9 ,greece prop]1 ,delphi1 ,!bes1 & ,a!ns 7 prom95t c5t]s2 9 great] ,greece1 ,croton 9 s\!rn ,italy1 ,cam>9a & ,syracuse 9 ,sicily4 ,"s w\ld reg>d s\!rn ,italy1 & specifically ! city ( ,croton1 z ! home ( ! movem5t2 possibly !y are correct1 = tradition told ( ?ree great ,orphics at ! c\rt ( ,pisi/ratus4 ,!y 7 ,zopyrus ( ,h]aclea1 ,orpheus ( ,croton1 & ,onomacritus1 :o =m$ "p ( ! commission :i* is said to h arrang$ ! ,hom]ic poems at ! ord]s ( ! ,a!nian tyrant4 ,:atev] ! tru? ( ! tradition 9 detail is1 x is significant t two ( ! ?ree came f s\!rn ,italy2 & ! "n ( "o ( ! commission1 ,orpheus1 m>ks him z a devotee4 ,yet ,a!ns became ! lit]>y c5t]1 if ,i may use ! t]m1 = ! diffusion ( ,orphism4 ,! ,orphic religion 0 di/+ui%$ f ! popul> religions by hav+ a body ( belief & a me?od ( life4 ,und\bt$ly ! beliefs ( ! sect 7 enl>g$ & modifi$ f age to age2 b ! ,orphics _h a unity :i* is remotely comp>able to t ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,( ! organization ( ! bro!rhoods we "k little1 b probably !y 7 loosely b\nd toge!r 9 a mann] simil> to ^? ( ! religi\s associations kn[n to u f lat] times4 ,nor c we tell :e!r ! ,orphics 7 num]\s4 ,probably !y 7 n2 b 9 any case _! my/]ies & tea*+s 7 important & influ5tial2 !y introduc$ new ideas :i* 7 de/9$ to produce pr(\nd *anges 9 ,greek religi\s ?\ght4 ,) ! v>i$ details ( ! grotesque ,orphic !ogonies we are n n[ conc]n$4 ,!y 7 simil> to ^? ( ,hesiod & o!rs 9 _! ma9 l9es1 b !y owe _! importance = u n[ to ! fact t !y exhibit a pan!ism :i* is oppos$ to ! common poly!i/ic !ology ( ! "t2 !y endeavor to %[ t deity is "o & univ]sal "u :atev] =m or appe>ance4 ,to ?is univ]sal div9ity !y give ! "n n[ ( ,zeus1 n[ ( ,dionysus1 ! greate/ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,zeus2 at times he is call$ also ,zagreus4 ,c]ta9 ,orphic v]ses cle>ly express ?is pan!i/ic ?\ght3 8,"o ,zeus1 "o ,hades1 "o ,sun1 "o ,dionysus1 "o god 9 all40#gd ,& aga93 8,zeus 0 ! fir/1 ,zeus ( ! fla%+ lightn+ bolt ! la/2 ,zeus ! head1 ,zeus ! middle2 f ,zeus h all ?+s be5 made4 ,zeus 0 ! f\ndation ( ! e>? & ( ! />ry heav52 ,zeus 0 male1 ,zeus 0 ! bride immortal2 ,zeus ! brea? ( all ?+s1 ,zeus ! ru% ( ! flame unwe>i$2 ,zeus ! s\rce ( ! sea1 ,zeus ! sun & ! moon2 ,zeus ! k+1 ,zeus ( ! fla%+ lightn+ ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s4 ,= he conceal$ all & aga9 br\ght !m =? f 8 sacr$ he>t to ! glad light1 work+ wondr\s ?+s40#ge ,y w rememb] t 9 ! my? ( ! r5d+ ( ,dionysus by ! ,titans1 ^! p[]s ( evil 7 burn$ to a%es by ! ?und]bolt ( ,zeus4 ,accord+ to "o v]sion ( ! /ory man is =m$ f ^! a%es1 :i* conta9 ! elem5t ( ! div9e1 tak5 9 by ! ,titans :5 !y dev\r$ ! god4 ,?us man is ( a two-fold nature1 8 s\l div9e1 ,dionysiac1 8 body evil1 ,titanic4 ,on an ,orphic tablet f\nd 9 a grave 9 s\!rn ,italy ! s\l decl>es3 8,i am a *ild ( e>? & ! />ry heav51 b my race is f heav54 ,?is ye "k y\rselves40 ,"h we h a complete expression ( man's duality3 8 body is ( ! e>?1 b 8 s\l is ( cele/ial orig94 ,! desc5t ( ! s\l 0 due to s92 w9d-borne--z ,emp$ocles says ( himself1 8an exile f god & a w&]]10#gf x ent]$ into ! body1 9 :i* prison x 0 condemn$ to live until su* "t z x might be deliv]$4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 quot+ ! ,py?agorean ,philolaus ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 reports3 8,! anci5t !ologians & se]s be> witness t = a puni%m5t ! s\l is yok$ ) ! body & buri$ 9 x z 9 a tomb40#gg ,?is figure ( ! body z ! prison-h\se or ! tomb ( ! s\l 0 us$ by ,plato1 z we %all h occasion to see 9 a lat] lecture4 ,man's hope1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! ,orphic1 lies 9 deliv]ance f 8 body1 ! ,titan elem5t ( 8 nature1 t ! ,dionysiac "p1 8 s\l1 may be free & untrammell$4 ,yet "o might n ( 8 own motion ca/ (f 8 body by a physical act1 = a r\nd is prescrib$ by necessity4 ,aft] dea? ! s\l 0 fat$ to pass to ,hades & !n f its soj\rn !re into ano!r body1 & s on4 ,?is doom 0 ! result ( s94 ,to ha/5 ! process & escape f evil1 8to end ! cycle & h respite f s910 a c\rse ( life 0 necess>y1 :i* 0 def9$ by ! ,orphic tea*+4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! ,orphic life seem to u trivial & absurd = ! mo/ "p4 ,app>5tly ab/95ce f fle% 0 requir$1 except p]haps at c]ta9 sacram5tal fe/ivals2 ?is prohibition 0 ( c\rse due to ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis4 ,no bloody sacrifices 7 all[$ = ! same reason4 ,! use ( eggs & beans 0 =bidd51 = ^! articles 7 associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! dead2 & burial 9 wool5 g>m5ts 0 likewise wrong4 ,besides ^! taboos c]ta9 rites exi/$ ( :i* we get only h9ts4 ,!re 7 liturgies1 initiations1 magic incantations :i* seem to %[ t 9 "t at lea/ an elaborate ritual 0 develop$4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 ! means by :i* ! s\l might be purifi$ f its s9 :i* condemn$ x to ! prison ( ! body1 & :i* pursu$ x ?r\gh inc>nation aft] inc>nation4 ,aft] dea?1 z ,i h said1 ! s\l await$ 9 ,hades its rebir?1 b its /ay 9 ,hades1 l its life on e>?1 0 a p]iod ( rew>d or puni%m5t3 8,!y :o are righte\s b5ea? ! rays ( ! sun1 :5 !y die h a g5tl] lot 9 a fair mead[ by deep-fl[+ ,a*]on4444 ,b !y :o h work$ wrong & insol5ce b5ea? ! rays ( ! sun are l$ d[n b5ea? ,cocytus's wat]y pla9 into *ill ,t>t>us40#gh ,s ?is /ay 9 ,hades 0 a p]iod ( puni%m5t & ( purification1 z life itself 0 a p]iod ( p5ance4 ,! duration ( ?is int]m$iate /ay 9 ,hades 0 conceiv$ p]haps z a ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 any case1 aft] due season ! s\l ent]$ ^u a new inc>nation1 :i* app>5tly 0 det]m9$ by ! innoc5ce or guilt ( its =m] life4 ,rebir? 0 n always into human =m1 z ! ,orphic v]ses %[3 8,:]e=e ! *ang+ s\l ( man1 9 ! cycles ( "t1 passes into v>i\s creatures3 sometimes x ent]s a horse1 444 aga9 x is a %eep1 !n a bird dread to see2 aga9 x has ! =m ( a dog ) heavy voice1 or z a *ill snake creeps along ! gr\nd40#gi ,! poet-philosoph] ,emp$ocles decl>$ t be=e 8 pres5t exi/5ce he _h be5 8a y\?1 a maid51 a bu%1 a bird1 & a fi% ( ! sea40#hj ,s ! s\l 0 buffet$ f bir? to dea? & back to bir? aga94 ,( ^? :o _h be5 guilty ( mo/ griev\s s9s ,emp$ocles says3 8,!re is an oracle ( ,necessity1 an anci5t1 et]nal decree ( ! gods seal$ ) /rong oa?s3 :5 "o 9 s9 /a9s 8 h&s ) murd]1 or :5 ano!r jo9+ 9 /rife swe>s falsely1 !y become ! spirits :o h long life z _! portion1 :o are doom$ to w&] ?rice t5 ?\s& seasons f> f ! bless$1 be+ born 9 ! c\rse ( "t into all =ms ( mortal creatures1 %ift+ along life's h>d pa?s4 ,= ! might ( ! air drives !m to ! sea & ! sea spews !m on ! gr\nd1 & ! l& b>es !m to ! rays ( ! bright sun1 & ! sun ?r[s !m 9 :irls ( e!r4 ,"o receives !m f ano!r1 b all hate !m4 ,( ?is numb] am ev5 ,i n[1 an exile f god & a w&]]1 = ,i put my tru/ 9 mad /rife40#ha ,! numb] ( re9c>nations 0 n fix$ s f> z we "k1 ?\gh app>5tly t5 ?\s& ye>s 0 ?\ght to be ! limit ( ! process = ! ord9>y s\l4 ,probably x 0 believ$ t !re 0 no end ( rebir?s = ! wick$1 b t !y 7 condemn$ to _! repeat$ fate =ev]2 or t !y 7 doom$ to endless puni%m5t )\t rebir?s4 ,b y may ask1 :at 0 ! ultimate fate ( ! purifi$ s\l8 ,to ?is1 too1 we c give no complete answ]4 ,app>5tly ! s\l1 /ripp$ at la/ ( all t 0 e>?ly & defil+1 0 !n ?\ght to be fir/ truly free & alive4 ,on ,orphic tablets ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era f\nd 9 s\!rn ,italy we read ^! words ( ! triumphant s\l3 8,i h escap$ f ! sorr[ful1 we>y r\nd1 ,i h ent]$ ) eag] feet ! r+ desir$4 ,i h pass$ to ! bosom ( ! mi/ress que5 ( ! l[] _w40 ,& x is greet$ 9 answ]3 8,o happy & bless$ "o1 ?\ %alt be god in/ead ( mortal40#hb ,app>5tly ! purifi$ s\l left e>? & ,hades beh9d4 ,!re is no h9t ( absorption into god2 no idea ( ,nirvana4 ,! _s ( ,greek ?\ght requir$ t ! individuality ( ! s\l %\ld be reta9$4 ,no d\bt ! ,orphics conceiv$ ( e k9d ( heav5 t 0 possible1 _m ( !m ( mo/ mat]iali/ic nature4 ,inde$1 ,plato reproa*es "s ( !m = believ+ future happ9ess to be a p]petual drunk5 r\nd4 ,= ! s9ful1 torm5ts ( a mo/ fe>ful sort 7 res]v$3 n only did !y lie 9 mud & fil?1 b !y 7 expos$ to mo/ t]rible creatures :o r5t _! vitals4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,orphic hell 0 n less awful physically ?an t ( ! m$ieval & lat] ,*ri/ian1 :i* 9 no small "p 0 inh]it$ f ! ,orphics4 ,be=e we g on to consid] o!r movem5ts ( ! six? c5tury1 let u summ>ize briefly ! contributions ( ! ,orphics to ,greek religi\s ?\ght4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y def9itely %ift$ man's look f ?is _w to ! _w beyond4 ,9 ,hom]1 z we h se51 ?is _w (f]$ all = :i* man c\ld hope2 b to ! ,orphic1 z to ! devot$ sect>ies ( all r$emptive religions1 ?is _w 0 unimportant comp>$ ) ! next 9 :i* he 0 to realize 8 fonde/ desires4 ,aga9 ! ,orphics emphasiz$ ! duality ( man1 reg>d+ him z a div9e s\l imprison$ 9 a s9ful body4 ,!y made ! div9ity ( ! s\l a motive = ! religi\s life1 ! aim ( :i* 0 to free ! _s ( man f ! s9 :i* visits him 9 ! prison-h\se ( ! fle%4 ,!reby !y />t$ ! t5d5cy to religi\s asceticism :i* 0 to be %>ply emphasiz$ by ,*ri/ianity :5 a ?\s& ye>s _h pa/4 ,_! doctr9e ( ! div9e nature ( ! s\l !y also made ! basis ( _! belief 9 ! s\l's immortality2 = if ! s\l is div9e1 x mu/ be et]nally s4 ,fur!rmore1 s f> z we c "k1 !y introduc$ ! idea ( pre-natal s9 = :i* ! individual s\l mu/ pay ! p5alty4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to %[ ! intr9sic importance ( ^! ideas2 z we g on1 we %all h occasion to obs]ve _! significance 9 ,greek religi\s ?\ght4 ,less valuable 9 itself1 b n less p]si/5t1 z we c /ill see 9 our own ,*ri/ian *ur*1 0 ! notion t only ! initiates1 :o by purificatory rites _h be5 receiv$ into ! sacr$ association1 c\ld hope = salvation4 ,union ) ! div9e nature & future bless$ness 7 ?us made to dep5d on sacram5ts r ?an on virtue4 ,inde$1 we ne$ n suppose t "h any m ?an 9 ! my/]ies at ,eleusis !re 0 orig9ally any requirem5t ( a virtu\s life4 ,b reason & an awak5$ e?ical s5se among ! ,greeks began e>ly to dem& ( ! initiates compliance ) ! recogniz$ /&>ds ( morality1 z ! passages already quot$ %[2 & !re c be no d\bt t 9 due "t mo/ ( ! v>i\s my/]ies contribut$ to ! e?ical life4 ,yet ! inevitable t5d5cy 9 ! opposite direction made itself felt & !re 7 _m ,orphic *>latans & quacks :o promis$ salvation to all :o w\ld und]go ! *eap rites ( _! initiations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we mu/ n[ glance at a contemporane\s & relat$ movem5t--,i mean ,py?agoreanism1 :i* w h sprung into ! ?\ghts ( _m ( y already4 ,:e!r ,orphism le>n$ f ,py?agoras or ,py?agoras f ,orphism _c be det]m9$2 b x seems probable t ,croton 0 already an ,orphic c5t] :5 ab\t #ecj ,b4,c4 ,py?agoras ( ,samos aft] long travels e/abli%$ !re an association :i* comb9$ 9 a way hi!rto unkn[n religi\s & philosophic aims4 ,py?agoras may h atta*$ himself to "s gr\p ( ,orphics already 9 exi/5ce & h inspir$ x ) 8 political & philosophic int]e/s4 ,9 any case 8 society1 :i* 0 oppos$ to ! democratic temp] ( ,croton1 became 9 "t important en\gh to be reg>d$ ) suspicion & =c$ to move to ,metapontum2 ultimately ! memb]s 7 disp]s$ c>ry+ _! doctr9es ) !m ?r\gh\t ! ,greek _w4 ,our k ( ! philosophic ideas ( ,py?agoras himself am\nts to little4 ,x is cle> t 9 contra/ to ! emotional ,orphics he 0 int]e/$ 9 intellectual pursuits1 especially 9 ma!matics2 m ?an t we _c say2 our pres5t conc]n lies r 9 ! e?ical & religi\s views & practices ( ! society :i* he e/abli%$4 ,?is set high /ore on e?ical discipl9e1 foll[+ a /rict c\rse ( life1 = ! ultimate aim 0 id5tical ) t ( ! ,orphics--salvation & release f s94 ,l !m ! ,py?agoreans also held to ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,_! rules enjo9$ simplicity ( food1 r>e use ( meat1 & ab/5tion f ! eat+ ( beans & eggs4 ,b m important 0 ! discipl9e :i* 0 prescrib$ = ! m9d & s\l4 ,! applicant = admission to ! bro!rhood 0 fir/ te/$ to det]m9e 8 fitness4 ,! neophyte 0 b\nd to sil5ce & ob$i5ce4 8,! ma/] said x0 0 argum5t en\gh = him4 ,! memb]s devot$ !mselves to reflection1 to self-exam9ation1 to ! pursuit ( ! tru?4 ,_! highe/ aim 0 8to foll[ god40 ,al?\gh ! ,py?agoreans fix$ _! gaze m on ?is _w ?an ! ,orphics did1 !y also 7 ( great religi\s significance4 ,!y emphasiz$ ! duality ( man1 ! moral obligation ( ! individual1 & especially ! possibility ( tra9+ & purify+ ! s\l1 & s help$ to e/abli% a spiritual h]itage = lat] c5turies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ ,i %all invite y\r att5tion to a ?ird manife/ation ( ! my/ic t5d5cy ( ?is age4 ,f\rte5 miles nor?we/ ( ,a!ns1 betwe5 a f]tile pla9 & ! sea1 lies ! anci5t t[n ( ,eleusis1 ! c5t] ( ! mo/ important my/]ies 9 ,greece4 ,! /ory ( ,demet] is famili> to u all--! goddess ^: daught]1 ,p]sephone or ,kore1 0 c>ri$ (f by ! god ( ! l[] _w4 ,accord+ to ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,demet]1 ! "m w&]$ fa/+ 9 se>* ( h] daught] ov] ! e>?4 ,%e came to ,eleusis 9 ! guise ( an old woman1 :]e %e 0 f\nd by ! daught]s ( ! k+1 ,keleos1 :o took h] to _! home4 ,!re %e 0 k9dly receiv$1 & 0 in/all$ z nurse to ! infant son ( ! k+4 ,"u h] c>e ! *ild prosp]$ & grew m>vell\sly1 = q secretly ,demet] ano9t$ him ) ambrosia1 brea!d ^u him1 & *]i%$ him 9 h] bosom4 ,by night %e hid him 8l a br& 9 ! fire 4441 = %e w\ld h made him free f age & dea? =ev]40 ,b ! que5 saw h] & cri$ out 9 dismay4 ,! goddess 0 angry1 yet none ! less promis$ glory imp]i%able2 %e decl>$ h]self3 8,i am ! honor$ ,demet]1 :o am ! greate/ good & joy to immortals & mortals alike4 ,come1 let all ! p build me a mighty temple & h>d by x an alt> b5ea? y\r t[n & its /eep wall1 above ,calli*oros on ! jutt+ spur4 ,b ! rites ,i w myself prescribe1 t "h ev] aft] y may duly p]=m !m & appease my w40 ,s ! temple & alt> to ! goddess 7 built1 b %e /ill m\rn$ = h] lo/ daught]4 ,9 h] sorr[ %e held back ! se$gra9 9 ! gr\nd & all man's pl[+ 0 va91 s t ! race ( m5 _h ne>ly p]i%$ f ! e>? if x _h n be5 = ,zeus1 :o int]pos$ & f9ally re/or$ ,p]sephone to h] "m--b n =ev]4 ,be=e %e left ! h\se ( ! dead1 ,pluto _h made h] eat a pomegranate se$ by :i* %e 0 b\nd to return b5ea? ! e>?4 ,s %e sp5t two-?irds ( ea* ye> ) h] "m on ! e>?1 com+ 8:5 ! gr\nd blossom$ ) fragrant fl[]s10 b return+ to ! "l ( ! dead :5 ! fl[]s fad$ & ! grass )]$ be=e ! com+ ( w9t]4 ,zeus !n summon$ ,demet] to jo9 ! immortal gods on ,olympus2 b be=e %e w5t1 8%e quickly s5t up ! gra9 f ! f]tile gr\nd1 & all ! broad e>? 0 heavy ) leaves & ) fl[]s4 ,& ! goddess w5t & taught ! k+s :o deal out ju/ice1 ,triptolemus & ,diocles ! *>iote]1 mighty ,eumolpus1 & ,keleos1 lead] ( ! p4 ,to !m %e %[$ ! mann] ( h] rites & to !m all h] my/]ies1 holy1 :i* none may transgress or enquire into or make kn[n4 ,= a great curse ( ! gods re/ra9s m5's spee*4 ,happy is he :oev] ( m5 dwell+ on ?is e>? has se5 ^! ?+s6 ,b he :o is un9itiate 9 ^! holy rites1 :o has no %>e 9 !m1 nev] ha? equal lot 9 dea? 9 ! %ad[y gloom40 ,s says ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,demet]1 :i* 0 compos$1 accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion ( s*ol>s1 9 ! sev5? c5tury be=e our era4 ,?us we see t be=e ?is hymn 0 writt5 ! my? 0 fully develop$ at ,eleusis4 ,!re ,demet]1 ,kore1 & ,pluto _h _! place1 & ) !m 7 associat$ c]ta9 h]oic p]sonages4 ,a temple & alt> to ! two goddesses already exi/$1 & my/]ies 7 celebrat$ :i* gave to ^? :o might see !m & %>e 9 !m ! w>rant ( a bett] lot 9 dea? ?an t = :i* ! un9itiate might hope4 ,! date at :i* ! my/]ies 7 e/abli%$ _c be det]m9$4 ,?is is no place = ! speculations ( ! le>n$ 9 detail1 b !y seem to h exi/$ z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury1 & inde$ !y probably g back to a mu* remot] antiquity2 yet !re is no m5tion ( !m 9 ,hom] or ,hesiod4 ,9 _! e>lie/ =m !y evid5tly consi/$ ( c]ta9 religi\s c]emonies connect$ ) agriculture by :i* ! dead gra9 0 call$ to life 9 ! spr+4 ,! gra9 & ! e>? f :i* x sprang 7 wor%ipp$ z ! corn-"m1 ,demet]1 & !n by a developm5t natural 9 su* religions ! goddess 0 d\bl$ & ,kore1 ! maid51 came into exi/5ce beside ,demet]4 ,9 ! cult ( ^! goddesses v>i\s rites _h develop$--fa/+1 purifications1 & night vigils2 a my? grew up to expla9 ! ritual & ! relation ( ! two goddesses1 ) :om a god ( ! dead 0 e>ly associat$2 s some?+ l ! /ory 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn came into be+4 ,! agricultural fe/ival 0 gradually trans=m$ into "o ( pr(\nd mean+1 by p>tak+ 9 :i* "o ga9$ an assurance ( future happ9ess4 ,! wond]ful miracle ( reviv+ vegetation1 ( ! gra9 :i* dies 9 ! gr\nd & spr+s anew to life1 has (t5 s]v$ z ! w>rant ( man's long+ = a revival ( 8 own life1 z an assurance ( 8 hope ( immortality4 ,s gods & goddesses ( agriculture or ( vegetation1 :i* gr[s & dies & gr[s aga91 h become = m5 ! lords ( life & dea?1 z we h already se5 9 ! case ( ,dionysus4 ,! ,engli% ^w my/]y is some:at mislead+ 9 su* a connection4 ,a my/]y 9 ! ,greek s5se is a secret ritual to :i* only ^? may be admitt$ :o h fir/ be5 prep>$ by "s rites ( purification or probation4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! ,*ri/ian ,eu*>i/ to :i* ! ,greek ^w 0 freely appli$4 ,aft] ! prop] ritual ( initiation1 ?r\gh :i* ! neophyte is guid$ by "o previ\sly initiate & exp]t1 he may take "p 9 ! secret p]=mances1 :i* are ?\ght to conf] "s special p[] or to br+ him into close & privileg$ relation to div9ity4 ,orig9ally ! fe/ival at ,eleusis belong$ to a noble ,eleus9ian family1 or possibly to two families4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ,eleusis 0 incorporat$ ) ,attica2 an ,eleus9ion1 a %r9e to ,demet] ( ,eleusis1 0 built ne> ! city2 & ! privilege ( %>+ 9 ! fe/ival 0 app>5tly giv5 to all ,a!nians4 ,! my/]ies 7 especially fo/]$ 9 ! six? c5tury by ! tyrant ,pisi/ratus1 :o built a new hall ( initiation :i* 0 de/roy$ by ! ,p]sians dur+ _! great invasion4 ,"u ,pisi/ratus ! my/]ies may h be5 op5$ to ! :ole ,hell5ic _w4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ! broad =mula ( admission 03 8,:oev] has pure h&s & speaks our tongue40 ,eleusis %>$ 9 ! glory ( ,a!ns' greate/ p]iod1 & ev5 9 ! "t ( ,a!nian weakness & decay ! my/]ies reta9$ mu* ( _! anci5t pre/ige4 ,_m ,romans1 includ+ "s ( ! imp]ial h\se1 7 initiat$1 & ! popul>ity ( ,eleusis cont9u$ z late z ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,julian ! ,apo/ate 9 8 y\? 0 "h initiat$4 ,9 #cfd ,a4,d4 ! ,emp]or ,val5t9ian ,i =bade all nocturnal fe/ivals1 includ+ t at ,eleusis1 b :5 ! pro-consul ( ,a*aea decl>$ t ! p c\ld n live )\t ! my/]ies1 he relax$ 8 prohibition s f> z !y 7 conc]n$4 ,?irty-two ye>s lat] ,al>ic de/roy$ ! sanctu>y1 & its long hi/ory1 :i* began be=e hi/ory1 seem$ clos$4 ,yet ,eleusis 0 true to ,demet]1 = 9 spite ( ! iconocla/ic t5d5cies ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ! inhabitants cont9u$ to wor%ip z ,/4 ,demetra a mutilat$ anci5t /atue ( ! goddess1 until 9 #ahja ! ,engli%m5 ,cl>ke & ,cripps c>ri$ x (f to its pres5t re/+-place 9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,museum at ,cambridge4 ,! my/]ies 7 "u ! g5]al *>ge ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on & 8 assi/ants at ,a!ns1 b ! (ficials prop] cont9u$ to be drawn f ! two sacr$ families ( ! ,eumolpidae & ,c]yces4 ,f ! =m] 0 select$ ! highe/ (ficial1 ! hi]ophant1 :o held (fice = life4 ,he alone _h ! "r to %[ or to expla9 ! secret objects & c]emonies4 ,! next ?ree prie/s 7 tak5 f ! ,c]yces1 & l ! hi]ophant 7 *os5 = life2 !y 7 ! tor*-be>]1 dad\*os1 :o c>ri$ ! sacr$ tor* at sacrifices & purifications1 ! alt>-prie/1 & ! sacr$ h]ald1 hi]oc]yx4 ,besides ^! f\r high (ficials we "k ( a consid]able numb] ( less] prie/s & prie/esses1 h]alds1 & secul> (fic]s :o d n conc]n u n[4 ,! w\ld-be initiate appli$ to someone belong+ to ei!r ( ! sacr$ ,eleus9ian families to act z my/agogue & lead him ?r\gh ! prelim9>y purification1 :i* seems to h be5 ess5tially id5tical ) t employ$ to purify any unclean p]son2 ?is done1 ! my/agogue duly pres5t$ ! novice to ! (ficials & recomm5d$ him z a prop] p]son to be initiat$4 ,!re 7 two degrees ( ! secret rites3 9 ! fir/ ! novices 7 initiat$ & became my/ae2 9 ! second !y advanc$ to be epoptae1 ^? to :om 7 made special revelations n v\*saf$ to ! my/ae4 ,ea* ye> !re 7 two celebrations ( ! my/]ies1 "o at ,agrae1 a suburb ( ,a!ns1 9 ! mon? ,an!/]ion1 :i* corresponds r\ghly to our ,febru>y-,m>*1 & ! great] celebration at ,eleusis 9 ,bodromion1 our ,septemb]4 ,! initiate 0 ord9>ily oblig$ to take "p 9 ! less] celebration be=e he c\ld be admitt$ at ,eleusis4 ,! great fe/ival la/$ eight or n9e days1 f ! fifte5? to ! tw5ty-second or tw5ty-?ird ( ! mon? ,bodromion4 ,on ! fir/ day ! p>ticipants assembl$ be=e ! ,pa9t$ ,por* 9 ,a!ns to li/5 to ! =mal proclamation1 9 :i* ! (ficials ord]$ all unclean p]sons & all =eign]s to )draw1 & enjo9$ secrecy on all :o 7 to %>e 9 ! fe/ival4 ,! sixte5? 0 a day ( purification :5 ! p>ticipants wa%$ 9 ! sea2 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? 7 sp5t z holidays at ,a!ns1 dur+ :i* v>i\s sacrifices 7 made2 s t x 0 n until ! n9ete5? t ! fe/al procession />t$ = ,eleusis1 c>ry+ ! image ( ,iac*os1 a =m ( ! infant ,dionysus4 ,al?\gh ! ,sacr$ ,way is less ?an f\rte5 miles 9 l5g?1 s _m /ops 7 made at %r9es t ,eleusis 0 n rea*$ until ev5+4 ,! c]emonies !re cont9u$ ?ree days & nights4 ,!re 7 sacrifices & (f]+s to _m div9ities4 ,9 memory ( ,demet]'s hunt = h] daught] ! devotees roam$ ! %ore by night c>ry+ light$ tor*es2 & f9ally l ! goddess1 !y broke _! fa/ by dr9k+ a holy potion ( meal & wat]4 ,! consummation ( ! fe/ival 0 ! celebration 9 ! ,great ,hall1 :]e "s ?ree ?\s& might f9d place on ! seats :i* rose 9 banks on all f\r sides4 ,!re 7 two sorts ( repres5tations--"o = ! my/ae1 :o 7 witness+ ! fe/ival = ! fir/ "t1 & ! o!r = ^? :o 7 m exp]t1 ! epoptae4 ,:at w5t on 9 ! ,hall we d n "k2 we c1 h[ev]1 conjecture 9 g5]al ! nature ( ! celebrations4 ,!y consi/$ ( 8?+s done10 1 & 8?+s said10 4 ,! =m] may well ref] to "s k9d ( my/]y play1 or ( tableaux1 9 :i* incid5ts f ! my? 7 repres5t$1 su* = example z ! rape & ! recov]y ( ,kore1 ! m\rn+ ( ,demet]1 ! bir? ( ! *ild ,iac*os1 & s =?4 ,9 fact ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria tells u3 8,deo & ,kore became p]sons 9 a my/ic drama1 & ,eleusis ) its tor*-be>] celebrates ! w&]+1 ! abduction1 & ! sorr[40#hc ,f ?is & o!r notices we may conclude t "s simple my/]y play 0 act$ or tableaux vivants pres5t$ be=e ! eyes ( ! company4 ,9 any case !re 0 no?+ elaborate4 ,sacr$ objects 7 d\btless exhibit$1 & app>5tly h&l$ by "s ( ! spectators4 ,! =mula3 8,i fa/$1 ,i drank ! potion1 ,i took x f ! *e/ & hav+ ta/$ ,i put x away 9 ! basket & f ! basket into ! *e/0#hd gives a h9t ( c]ta9 sacram5ts1 b we _c n[ cle>ly det]m9e _! nature4 ,!re 0 no prea*+ or exhortation4 ,at mo/ ! 8?+s said0 7 a simple ritual1 or explanation ( ! objects exhibit$4 ,!re may h be5 music & s++4 ,on ! la/ day ( ! fe/ival two j>s 7 fill$ ) wat] & set up1 "o to ! ea/ & ! o!r to ! we/ ( ! great hall4 ,!n ^! 7 ov]turn$ ) ! words1 1 8ra910 8conceive40#he ,"h we h a bit ( anci5t agricultural ritual1 ( magic1 int5d$ to secure abundant ra9s & ! prosp]ity ( ! crops4 ,a simil> rite 0 ! solemn exhibition ( an e> ( gra9 z a symbol ( ! initiates' hope4#hf ,we inevitably inquire z to :at ! nature ( ! tea*+ ( ^! my/]ies 04 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re 0 probably little if any in/ruction giv54 ,life beyond ! grave 0 c]ta9ly tak5 = grant$4 ,! my/ic ritual consi/$ ( only c]ta9 simple symbolical c]emonies & repres5tations :i* ea* initiate might int]pret accord+ to 8 own impressions4 ,! spectators 7 put into a c]ta9 frame ( m9d2 ! celebration t\*$ _! emotions & n _! intellects4 ,s ,ari/otle says3 8,! initiates are n to le>n any?+1 b !y are to be affect$ & put into a c]ta9 frame ( m9d40#hg ,?is we c und]/& f ! effect ( a ,*ri/ian ,mass1 :i*1 full ( ! ri*e/ mean+ to ! dev\t ,ca?olic1 to ano!r may seem ( no significance4 ,al?\gh we h no reason to believe t !re 0 =mal tea*+ at ,eleusis1 we h abundant evid5ce ( ! convictions ( ! initiates4 ,!y cle>ly enjoy$ peace ( m9d & happ9ess1 & !y believ$ t 9 ! future life _! bless$ness w\ld be secure1 & t !y c\ld dance 9 ! sacr$ dance1 :ile ! un9itiate w\ld be wret*$4 ,z ! ,hom]ic hymn to ,demet] promis$3 8,bless$ is he among mortal m5 :o has se5 ^! rites40#hh ,& ,p9d>1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 decl>$3 8,happy he :o has se5 ^! ?+s1 & !n goes b5ea? ! e>?4 ,= he kn[s ! end ( life & its ,zeus-giv5 beg9n+40#hi ,sophocles too says3 8,?rice bless$ are !y :o h se5 ^! rites & !n g to ! h\se ( ,hades1 = !y alone h life !re2 b all o!rs h only woe40#ij ,9 ! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes ! *orus ( my/ae s+3 8,= we alone h a sun & a holy light1 we :o 7 initiat$ & :o live t[>d fri5ds & /rang]s ) rev]5ce t[>ds ! gods40#ia ,& f9ally ,i w\ld (f] y ! evid5ce ( an inscription set up 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( our era by an ,eleus9ian hi]ophant3 8,v]ily glori\s is t my/]y v\*saf$ by ! bless$ gods1 = dea? is no ill = mortals1 b r a good40#ib ,!re 7 bran*es ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies e/abli%$ 9 ! ,peloponnesus1 ( :i* t at ,&ania 9 ,mess5ia is be/ kn[n to u ?r\gh a long inscription happily pres]v$4#ic ,b x nev] rivall$ ,eleusis4 ,( ! o!r my/]ies dat+ f an e>ly p]iod1 ^? ( ,samo?race 7 mo/ important & influ5tial1 be+ second only to ! ,eleus9ian4 ,h]odotus tells u t ! ,samo?racians got ^! my/]ies f ! ,pelasgians2 among mod]n s*ol>s x has be5 ! fa%ion to reg>d ! two male div9ities !re wor%ipp$1 ! ,kabeiroi1 z ,pho5ician 9 orig92 b :atev] ! s\rce f :i* !y sprang1 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* !y are kn[n to u nei!r ! gods nor ! my/]ies betray =eign elem5ts4 ,) ! ,kabeiroi 7 associat$ ,demet] & ,kore1 & 9 g5]al ! my/]ies seem to h resembl$ ^? ( ,eleusis4 ,z else:]e ! initiates 7 ( two grades1 my/ae & epoptae2 !re 7 8?+s done0 & 8?+s said10 & ! assurance ( safety "h & h]eaft] 0 equally pot5t4 ,bran*es 7 e/abli%$1 notably 9 ,!bes1 z e>ly z ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,y w obs]ve t ! my/]ies did n int]f]e 9 any s5se ) a fai? 9 ! _m gods ( popul> belief or ) _! wor%ip4 ,we %\ld also note t "h no less ?an 9 ,orphism ecclesia/ical exclusiv5ess 0 evid5t3 only ^? :o _h be5 initiat$ & _h p>tak5 ( ! sacram5ts c\ld hope = salvation4 ,yet by ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies _h ga9$ a moral significance1 z is %[n by ! passage f ! ,frogs ( ,ari/ophanes quot$ j n[4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,&ocides 9 8 spee* ,on ! ,my/]ies appeal$ to 8 jurors1 rem9d+ !m t ! purpose ( _! initiation 0 t !y might puni% ! impi\s & save ^? :o _h done no wrong4#id ,/ill !re 0 und\bt$ly abundant w>rant = ! s>ca/ic joke ( ,diog5es :o ask$3 8,%all ! robb] ,pataecion h a bett] lot aft] dea? ?an ,epam9ondas1 j because he has be5 initiat$80#ie ,we h n[ consid]$ ?ree manife/ations ( ! my/icism :i* became prom95t 9 ! six? c5tury be=e our era--,orphism1 ,py?agoreanism1 & ! ,great] ,my/]ies4 ,we h se5 h[ a new religi\s s5se arose :i* turn$ m5's ?\ghts t[>d ! next _w & future happ9ess4 ,?is happ9ess ! ,orphics & ,py?agoreans endeavor$ to secure by a prescrib$ mode ( life1 by c]emonial purifications1 & by sacram5ts4 ,! ,my/]ies likewise (f]$ assurance ?r\gh initiation & p>ticipation 9 _! sacr$ ritual4 ,9 e case ! devotees 7 inspir$ ) confid5t hope1 n by reason1 b by c]emonies & emotional exp]i5ces4 ,philosophy 0 n yet unit$ ) religion4 ,,footnotes3 #ga ,il4 #bc1 #agj-agf4 #gb ,od4 ,,ii1 #bd-cf4 #gc ,h]od4 #d1 #id ff4 #gd ,frg4 #g ,a4 #ge ,frg4 #df ,a4 #gf ,frg4 #aae4 #gg ,frg4 #ad4 #gh ,frg4 #aed ,a4 #gi ,frg4 #bbc ,a4 #hj ,frg4 #aag4 #ha ,frg4 #aae4 #hb ,or4 #ah4 #hc ,clem4 ,protrep4 p4 #ab ,p4 #hd ,ibid4 p4 #ah ,p4 #he ,a?4 ,,xi1 #ic1 p4 #dif3 ,proclus ad ,plat4 ,tim4 p4 #bic ,c4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ! notices 9 ,a!naeus & 9 ,proclus ref] to ! same rite1 b ,i h v5tur$ s to int]pret !m4 #hf ,hippol4 ,philos4 p4 #aae ,m4 #hg ,frg4 #de ,rose4 #hh #dhj f4 #hi ,frg4 #acg4 #ij ,frg4 #gec4 #ia #ded ff4 #ib ,eph4 ,ar*4 ,,iii 7#ahhc71 p4 #ha1 #h4 #ic ,ditt4 ,syll4#b1 #fec4 #id ,de mys4 #ca4 #ie ,plut4 de aud4 poet4 #ba ,f4 ,,iii ,,religion ,,9 ,,! ,,poets ,,( ,,! ,,six? ,,& ,,fif? ,,c5turies ,b4,c4 ,9 ! prec$+ lecture we consid]$ toge!r v>i\s manife/ations ( ! my/ic t5d5cies :i* develop$ 9 ,greece dur+ ! sev5? & six? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,n[ we mu/ turn back & ask :at evid5ce we h f ! poets ( ^! c5turies z to ! c\rse ( morality & religion4 ,to ! epic poetry ( ,hom] & ! didactic v]se ( ,hesiod succe$$ ! elegiac1 iambic1 & melic poets4 ,! individualism ( ! age1 ! _s ( reflection1 political *anges1 p]sonal ambitions & passions are all mirror$ 9 _! v]ses4 ,:5 we summon !m z witnesses to _! day1 we mu/ rememb] t ! evid5ce !y c (f] is only incid5tal & frequ5tly p>tial2 t x reflects ! temp] ( ! audi5ce z well z ! views ( ! poet4 ,9 ?is fact1 inde$1 lies our *ief w>rant = consult+ !m1 = :ile poets may be lead]s 9 ?\ght f> 9 advance ( _! "t1 a contempor>y he>+ is secur$ by !m only :5 _! he>]s sympa?ize ) ! ideas :i* !y express4 ,aga9 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t we h = ! mo/ "p only fragm5ts ( ! poetry ( ?is "t1 pres]v$ by quotations1 & t we _c !re=e =m adequate judgm5ts ( ! :ole4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we exam9e ! scanty rema9s t we possess1 we f9d t on ! :ole !re is little evid5ce ( progress 9 morality & religion beyond ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,! concepts ( ! gods are ess5tially ! ,hom]ic1 except t ,zeus plays a l>g] "p 9 ! div9e economy ?an 9 ,hom]4 ,9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 z we h se51 he is (t5 ?w>t$ & outwitt$ by ! o!r gods1 "s ( :om seem at times almo/ on an equality ) him4 ,b 9 ! poets ( ! sev5? & six? c5turies ! w ( ,zeus is unque/ionably supreme4 ,no god hopes to oppose him successfully2 all ! re/ play m9or rles4 ,inde$1 x is n too mu* to say t we h "h a develop$ s5se ( unity 9 ! _w1 al?\gh ! poets ( ?is "t did n by any means rea* ! position ( ! philosoph]s or atta9 to any real pan!ism4 ,yet an advance is made3 n only is ,zeus supreme1 b ,zeus & ,fate are n[ m closely id5tifi$1 s t !re is no conflict betwe5 !m1 su* z we notic$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,( all ! poetry t has be5 pres]v$ to u f ! six? c5tury ! elegiac v]ses :i* h be5 h&$ d[n "u ! "n ( ,!ognis %[ mo/ reflection4 ,! poet himself 0 an ari/ocrat ( ,meg>a1 :o ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury 0 driv5 into exile by ! viol5t /ruggles betwe5 ! ari/ocratic & ! democratic p>ties4 ,mu* ( ! v]se :i* we h is address$ to a y\?1 ,cyrnus1 & is ( a didactic or gnomic "*4 ,! poet und]takes to tea* 8 "y fri5d conduct 9 life1 s t ! v]ses consi/ l>gely ( rules = liv+ adapt$ to v>i\s situations & ( a univ]sal nature4 ,al?\gh x is probably true t mu* ( :at passes "u ! "n ( ,!ognis 0 n writt5 by him1 on ! :ole ! t5or ( ! v]ses is su* t we may use !m ) a good deal ( confid5ce to illu/rate ! ?\ght & ! _s ( 8 age4 ,x5ophon 9 comm5t+ on ?is poet b slightly exagg]at$ ! tru? :5 he said t he 0 conc]n$ ) no?+ else b virtue & wick$ness1 & t 8 poetry is a treatise on man1 j z if a horse-fanci] %\ld write a treatise on horses4#if ,!ognis1 l ,hom]1 tea*es t x is f ! gods t all ?+s come1 bo? good & evil4 ,he decl>es t no mortal man c be ei!r weal?y or poor1 base or good1 ap>t f div9ity4 ,he bids 8 "y fri5d pray to ! gods1 = !y h all p[] & )\t !m are no bless+s or mis=tunes to m54#ig ,a simil> view is express$ by ,simonides :o insi/s t no "o1 nei!r /ate nor mortal man1 has ev] atta9$ to virtue )\t ! gods2#ih likewise by ,ar*ilo*us1 :o 9 v]ses1 imitat$ by ,horace c5turies lat]1 exhorts 8 he>] to tru/ fully to ! gods1 & rem9ds him t (t5times ! gods set upright m5 :o z a result ( mis=tune are pro/rate on ! black e>?1 & (t5times !y ov]?r[ ^? :o are v prosp]\s4#ii ,& aga9 he decl>es t f ,zeus come all ?+s to mortals1 & t no "o %\ld be surpris$ at any m>vel :i* ,zeus br+s to pass4#ajj ,9 fact1 f ,hom] on1 ! poets reg>d ,zeus & ! o!r gods z ! s\rce ( all ?+s1 bo? good & evil4 ,x is only lat] t ! doctr9e ( man's complete responsibility = 8 s9 supplants ?is e>li] view4 ,x 0 natural t ,!ognis & 8 contempor>ies %\ld reg>d ! lot ( man ) a pessimism exce$+ t ( ,hom]4 ,z !y look$ ab\t !m !y saw evil ev]y:]e1 ! good afflict$1 ! wick$ prosp]\s4 ,!y 7 oppress$ by ! weakness ( humanity1 s t _! v]ses ) reg>d to man & 8 lot are gloomy inde$--s mu* s t 9 "o passage ,!ognis decl>es t 9 reality no mortal man on :om ! sun %9es is truly happy4 ,aga9 he holds t man c h no =esight into ! future1 = x is h>de/ ( all1 he says1 to le>n ! end ( a ?+ z yet unaccompli%$1 to "k h[ god w br+ t to pass2 a mi/ is /ret*$ be=e m5's eyes1 & !re is no way = mortals to te/ & try ! outcome ( ! future4#aja ,! poet feels a deep despair1 :5 he reflects t no k or =esight = mortals is possible1 b ! gods accompli% ev]y?+ accord+ to _! w2 & because !re is little hope ( implant+ virtue 9 m51 !n x 7 bett] n to be born at all & nev] to h se5 ! bright rays ( ! sun4 ,b s9ce ?is may n be1 !n he is mo/ =tunate :o ent]s ,hades mo/ quickly1 & has a high m\nd ( e>? heap$ ov] him4#ajb ,/ill !re are o!r passages :i* %[ t man's case 0 n consid]$ :olly hopeless4 ,!re is an appeal to self-pride1 an expression ( ! view t pov]ty is ! te/ ( a man1 t has a tonic s\nd4 ,! poet says t pov]ty reveals ! wor?less man & ! sup]ior :5ev] ne$ ( money comes on !m1 = ! m9d ( ! good man1 ^: ?\ght is ev] upright 9 8 he>t1 ?9ks only ( ju/ice4#ajc ,9 ano!r place he assures 8 "y fri5d t ! good man ev] has 8 wit ) him1 & 8 c\rage1 :e!r he be 9 adv]sity or 9 good =tune4 ,b if a god gives abundance & ri*es to a base creature1 !n he 9 8 folly _c re/ra9 8 bas5ess4#ajd ,aga9 ! poet exhorts 8 own s\l3 8,endure1 my s\l1 al?\gh ?\ ha/ suff]$ un5durable ?+s at ! h&s ( ! wick$02 he bids x n be di/ress$ or angry ov] mis=tune & disa/]1 nor to blame fri5ds or *e] enemies by failure3 8,= mortal man may n easily escape ! fat$ gifts ( ! gods1 ?\gh he dive into ! v dep? ( ! purple sea1 or ev5 :5 ! d>k %ad[ ( ,t>t>us holds him40#aje ,?us we see t ! poet1 9 spite ( 8 pessimism & ( 8 realization ( ! h>d%ip & inju/ice 9 ! _w1 /ill urg$ 8 "y fri5d to face x 9 ! same _s 9 :i* ! lat] ,/oics l ,m>cus ,aurelius exhort$ !mselves to endure4 ,al?\gh 9 ! _w z se5 by ! poets ( ! six? c5tury ,zeus is supreme & ! gods are ! s\rce ( all ?+s = mortals1 _! rule nev]!less is bas$ on ju/ice1 :i* ! gods love & :i* is _! *ief attribute4 ,oppos$ to ju/ice is insol5ce 771 :i* !y dete/ & :i* !y wi% to puni%4 ,ar*ilo*us addresses ,fa!r ,zeus1 decl>+ t 8 is ! rule ( heav51 & t he ov]sees all ! works ( man1 bo? ^? :i* are base & ^? :i* are lawful1 & has a c>e ev5 = insol5ce & ju/ice among wild bea/s4#ajf ,! /atesman ,solon assures ! ,a!nians t _! city w nev] come to ru9 contr>y to ! w & int5tion ( ,zeus & ! immortal gods2 t ru9 only c be br\ght ^u ! city by ! citiz5s !mselves1 by ! unju/ _s ( ! lead]s ( ! p1 ^: mighty insol5ce w br+ great suff]+ ^u !m4 ,l ,aes*ylus ,solon believes & tea*es t insol5ce mu/ fail 9 ! end & t ,ju/ice1 :o 9 sil5ce kn[s all ?+s bo? pres5t & future1 w recomp5se completely 9 due season4#ajg ,9 ano!r passage ,solon dwells on ! fact t ! ri*es :i* are s\ght ) insol5ce br+ doom quickly1 & 9 /rik+ v]ses comp>es ! beg9n+ ( de/ruction ) ! sp>k :i* spr+s f a little fire1 slight at fir/1 b f9ally consum+ all2 ev5 s are ! results ( insol5ce t fall ^u mortals2 = ,zeus sees ! end ( all ?+s3 z ! w9d sudd5ly 9 ! spr+time quickly scatt]s ! cl\ds1 /irs up ! sea1 & works de/ruction ov] ! gra9be>+ e>?1 rea*+ to v heav51 ! /eep home ( ! gods1 & makes ! bright sky appe> aga91 & ! brilliant sun %9e f> ov] ! ri* e>?1 s t !re are no long] any cl\ds to be se52 ev5 s is ! v5geance t comes f ,zeus4 ,zeus is n quick to ang] ov] ea* fault l mortal man1 b :oev] has a wick$ he>t nev] escapes 8 notice1 b 9 ! end is utt]ly de/roy$4#ajh ,x w\ld be possible to cite simil> passages f o!r poets :i* %[ a deep5+ ( t s5se ( ! inevitabl5ess ( puni%m5t :i* 0 fir/ express$ 9 ,hesiod4 ,yet ! problems ( evil & ( ! ju/ice ( ! gods 7 n satisfactorily solv$ = ,!ognis & 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 two /rik+ passages he criticizes ,zeus1 say+ fir/3 8,de> ,zeus1 ,i wond] at !e1 = ?\ rule/ ov] all ?+s1 hav+ ?rice great honor & great p[]1 & ?\ kn[e/ well ! m9d & w ( ea* man1 & ?y own p[] is supreme ov] all1 ,o ,k+4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 son ( ,cronos1 t ?y m9d endures to keep wick$ m5 & ! j subject to ! same lot8 ,:e!r ! m9d ( ! "o be turn$ to prud5ce or ( ! o!r1 :o tru/s 9 unju/ action1 to insol5ce1 !re is no di/9ction made by god or mortals2 nor is !re any road :i* "o may travel & please ! gods40#aji ,9 ! second passage 8 reproa* is ! ke5] f ! =m ( its expression3 8,fa!r ,zeus1 w\ld t x might be ! w ( ! gods t insol5ce be ! pleasure ( ! wick$1 & w\ld t x might be _! pleasure1 t :oev] contrive? wick$ de$s 9 he>t & ?\ght1 hav+ no reg>d = ! gods1 %\ld pay = 8 wick$ness himself2 & ! folly ( ! fa!r n h>m ! *ildr5 !reaft]2 & w\ld t ! *ildr5 ( an unju/ fa!r1 :o !mselves h j purposes & reg>d = ?y wra?1 ,son ( ,cronos1 !y :o f *ildhood love ju/ice along ) _! fell[ citiz5s1 might n pay = ! insol5ce ( _! sires4 ,i w\ld t su* might be ! w ( ! bless$ gods4 ,b z x is1 ! man :o does evil escapes1 & ano!r !n be>s ! evil4 ,h[ !n is ?is j1 ,k+ ( ! ,immortals1 t a man :o has no "p 9 unju/ de$s %\ld himself be treat$ unju/ly80#aaj ,"h we h n only a recognition ( ! fact t ! s9s ( ! fa!rs are visit$ ^u ! *ildr5 ev5 to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ations--a tru? :i* ,solon _h e>li] enunciat$1#aaa--;b also a prote/ aga9/ ! inju/ice ( x4 ,^! are "s ( ! conflict+ expressions on morality1 ju/ice1 & religion1 :i* we f9d among ! fragm5ts ( ^! e>ly poets4 ,! contradictions :i* !y %[ ne$ n surprise u1 = we are draw+1 z ,i h already said1 f m]e fragm5ts writt5 on v>i\s !mes & = diff]5t occasions2 s ! record is inevitably imp]fect4 ,nor mu/ we suppose t ! poets ( ?is "t _h arriv$ at any cle>] conceptions ) reg>d to ^! fundam5tal que/ions ?an ?9k]s ( a lat] age2 ! problem ( evil1 ! ju/ice ( ! div9e economy1 ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ & ! suff]+s ( ! good are matt]s :i* /ill baffle m5 z !y did m ?an tw5ty-five c5turies ago4 ,b let u n[ turn to ! poets ( ! fif? c5tury1 above all to ,p9d>1 ,aes*ylus1 & ,sophocles1 ( ^: works we h consid]able portions4 ,^! 7 poets ^: position & g5ius made !m ! true/ witnesses to ! highe/ ?\ghts ( ,greece1 & especially ( ,a!ns 9 t glori\s p]iod ( h] supremacy f ! "t ( ! ,p]sian ,w>s ?r\gh ! ,p]iclean age4 ,! poetry ( ,p9d> & ( ! trag$ians 0 by its v nature connect$ ) ! s]vice ( ! gods4 ,! =m] wrote 8 odes to ! victors :o _h won r5[n at ! great national fe/ivals ( ,zeus1 ,apollo1 & ,poseidon1 or compos$ 8 hymns & paeans 9 honor ( ! div9ities4 ,! trag$ians produc$ _! plays = p]=mance at ! great fe/ival ( ,dionysus4 ,& yet we mu/ be cauti\s "h1 z ev]y:]e1 s9ce we are n always ju/ifi$ 9 attribut+ to ! poet ! s5tim5ts :i* he puts into ! m\?s ( 8 speak]s4 ,! trag$ian's purpose 0 fir/ ( all arti/ic4 ,:ile x is true t 8 own beliefs inevitably color$ & temp]$ 8 "w1 /ill he nev] became a prea*]4 ,he dealt ) traditional mat]ial1 :i* he might modify some:at1 b 9 l>ge measure 8 !mes 7 det]m9$ = him4 ,yet !re are _m passages bo? 9 *oral songs & 9 s+le spee*es :i* c]ta9ly reflect ! poet's own ?\ght or 8 int]pretation ( ! views held by 8 audi5ce4 ,! v /r5g? ( p]sonality :i* ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides possess$ made x impossible t !y %\ld n voice _! own conceptions1 & t too )\t viol5ce to _! poetic purpose4 ,p9d>'s "w lay 9 diff]5t fields1 b he no less ?an ! trag$ians help$ to int]pret & m\ld ! moral & religi\s s5tim5ts ( 8 audi5ce4 ,p9d> 0 born ab\t #ebb ,b4,c4 ( a noble family ne> ,!bes 9 ,boeotia2 b he belong$ to all ,greece4 ,he wrote 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury :5 ! influ5ce ( ! prec$+ c5tury 0 /ill /rong ^u m5's m9ds1 & he also %>$ ! great /imulus :i* _! c\ntry's victory ov] ! ,p]sians imp>t$ to ! ,greeks4 ,( 8 p]sonal devotion to ! gods we h abundant evid5ce4 ,he sp5t a "p ( 8 =tune 9 d$ications at ,!bes4 ,!re 9 ! second c5tury ( our era ! travell] ,pausanias saw ?ree /atues :i* ! poet _h set up1 "o 9 honor ( ,apollo1 ano!r to ,h]mes1 & a ?ird1 by ! fam\s sculptor ,calamis1 :i* /ood 9 ! %r9e ( ,zeus ,ammon4 ,to ! ,asiatic ,cybele & to ! new ,arcadian ,pan ,p9d> erect$ a %r9e be=e 8 own door2 !re1 z he himself tells u1 ! ,!ban maid5s came by night & sang _! hymns4#aab ,p9d> %[s ?r\gh\t ! p]vasive influ5ce ( ,hom]1 bo? 9 8 conception ( ! gods & 9 8 /yle z well4 ,he makes no break ) ! ,hom]ic an?ropomorphism1 & 8 div9ities are subject to ! ne$s & desires ( mortals2 b 8 concept is a noble "o1 = 8 gods are mighty & p]man5t1 :ile m5 are transitory & weak3 8,"o is ! race ( m5 & ( gods2 f "o "m we h ! brea? ( life4 ,yet 9 p[] we are :olly div]se3 = man is no?+1 b ! braz5 heav5 abides1 a home ev] un%ak54 ,/ill we resemble some:at ! immortals ei!r 9 l(ty m9d or 9 nature2 yet we "k n 9 ! day or 9 ! night :at c\rse fate has m>k$ out = u to run40#aac ,! p[] & ! k ( ! gods are 9 fact complete & p]fect2 !y are n ! limit$ creatures ( ! ,hom]ic pan!on4 ,) !m resides all p[]1 s t !y easily br+ ?+s to pass beyond man's expectation4 ,_! might may cause man's wond]1 b 8no?+ ev] appe>s to be incr$ible02#aad & 9 8 second ,py?ian ,ode ! poet writes3 8,god br+e? e end to pass accord+ to 8 desires4 ,he ov]take? ev5 ! w+$ eagle & passe? ! dolph9 9 ! sea2 & he br+e? l[ _m a pr\d man1 grant+ to o!rs glory t gr[s n old40#aae ,& 9 ! n9? ,py?ian ,ode he addresses ,apollo ?us3 8,?\ :o kn[e/ ! f9al de/9y ( all ?+s & all ! pa?s !reto2 all ! leaves t ! e>? s5ds up 9 ! spr+1 & all ! s&s :irl$ by ! waves 9 sea & riv]s & by ! bla/s ( ! w9ds2 ?\ see/ well ! future & :5ce x %all come to pass40#aaf ,p9d>'s gods are ?us all-wise & all-p[]ful4 ,at times he %[s a c]ta9 t5d5cy t[>d pan!ism1 = he speaks ( god or div9ity 9 a g5]al s5se1 z if 8 m9d conceiv$ ! div9e nature to be "o1 s t ! div9ities 7 no long] sev]al gods1 b1 z x 71 b\nd toge!r 9 a common div9e unity4 ,b we mu/ n deceive ourselves into ?9k+ t ?is pan!i/ic t5d5cy 0 at all cle>ly develop$ 9 ,p9d>1 or t he broke ) poly!ism4 ,r he seems to h conceiv$ ( div9ity z some?+ :i* pres5ts itself 9 _m p]sons1 ! v>i$ gods ( ! traditional pan!on4 ,if we accept z g5u9e ! fragm5t pres]v$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1#aag 9 :i* ! poet asks1 8,:at is ,god80 & answ]s 8,! all10 we c h>dly ?9k t ?is pan!i/ic def9ition means m ?an ! univ]sal cause2 unless inde$ x result$ f ! ,orphic pan!ism4 ,b :atev] ,p9d>'s views z to ! unity ( ! div9e1 8 tea*+s z to ! gods' p[] are cle>4 ,he w>ns m5 t !y _c hope to avoid ! gods' wat*ful eyes3 8,= if man expects to escape god's notice :5 he does aught1 he is mi/ak540#aah ,moreov]1 ,p9d> tea*es t ! gods1 ?\gh ! giv]s ( bo? good & evil to m51 l ,hom]'s div9ities1 are nev]!less j & tru?ful be+s :o rew>d ! righte\s & rev]5t & puni% ! wick$3 8,! bliss ( m5 :o feel rev]5ce lives long]1 b he :o associates ) wick$ purposes prosp]s n =ev]40#aai ,tru? also belongs to god3 inde$ %e is 8! daught] ( ,zeus01 8! f\ndation ( virtue40 ,( ,apollo x is said t he 8lays n hold ( lies40#abj ,"h is a great advance ov] ,hom]'s ideas ( ! godhead4 ,p9d>'s attitude 9 ?is respect is n dissimil> to t ( ,hesiod1 :o1 z we h se51 fir/ gave poetic expression to ! idea t ju/ice is an attribute & h&maid ( ,zeus4 ,consonant ) ^! high] views ( div9ity is ,p9d>'s treatm5t ( ! my?s4 ,! gross] elem5ts he leaves aside z be+ unwor?y ( ! gods4 ,at times he op5ly prote/s1 z = example 9 ! fir/ ,olympian ,ode :]e he decl>es t he w n treat ! /ory ( ,pelops 9 ! traditional way1 :i* made ,tantalus (f] 8 son's fle% at a d9n] giv5 ! immortals3 8,i w speak diff]5tly f ^? :o h gone be=e4 ,i may n call any "o ( ! bless$ gods a cannibal40#aba ,?is revolt aga9/ ! curr5t =ms ( my?s 0 due 9 "p to 8 belief 9 ! moral p]fection ( div9ity1 9 "p to 8 moral s5se conc]n+ man4 ,8 rule 01 z laid d[n by himself1 t man %\ld say only good ?+s ( ! gods1 & he %rank f attribut+ to ! div9ities ?+s :i* x w\ld be base = m5 to d4 ,s 9 8 fif? ,nemean ,ode he 0 unwill+ to tell ( ! fratricide ( ! h]oes ,peleus & ,telamon1 b broke (f 8 n>rative abruptly1 j z he reject$ ) indignation ! %ameful tales told ( ,tantalus4 ,fur!rmore ,p9d> subject$ ! my?s & religi\s beliefs ) :i* he _h to deal to ! te/ ( reason2 among ! sev]al v]sions :i* he f\nd curr5t he recogniz$ t "s mu/ be false1 & s he endeavor$ to sep>ate ! good f ! evil1 to control ! traditions ( 8 p1 & ?us to practise a free criticism 9 8 "w4 ,on ! nature ( s9 ,p9d>1 z ! ,greeks 9 g5]al1 holds t :5ev] man passes ! b\nds appo9t$ betwe5 a mortal & a god1 or betwe5 man & 8 fell[m51 he becomes !reby a s9n]4 ,excess is ! =m ( s9 :i* he makes repeat$ly 8 !me4 ,:5 he praises ,lampon ( ,aeg9a = 8pursu+ ! mean ) 8 ?\ght & ma9ta9+ x 9 8 acts10#abb he is recall+ ! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ,hesiod's v]se1 :i* _h pass$ long s9ce into a prov]b3 8,keep a middle c\rse2 ! seasonable 9 all ?+s is be/40#abc ,aga9 & aga9 9 v>i$ =ms he w>ns u to rememb] t man is mortal3 8,if "o prosp] & enjoy a good "n1 /ill seek n to become ,zeus4 ,?\ ha/ all1 if ev] p]*ance ! fate to possess ^! honors %\ld come to !e4 ,mortal ?+s befit a mortal40#abd ,& aga9 he says3 8,b if a man %all h weal? & excel o!r m5 9 beauty1 & if 9 ! games he ha? exhibit$ 8 /r5g? & ga9$ di/9ction1 let him /ill rememb] t 8 g>m5t wraps mortal limbs & t e>? %all be ! raim5t ( all 9 ! end40#abe ,s9 !n is presumption1 & z su* is puni%$ by ! gods4 ,t 8envy ( ! gods10 :i* seems 9 ,hom] almo/ a *ildi% res5tm5t1 is ?us giv5 an e?ical value :i* co9cides v closely ) ,aes*ylus' int]pretation ( ?is belief4 ,! moral "* ( ,p9d>'s =m ( ?is doctr9e is secur$ 9 "p by ! poet's app>5t belief t man is a free moral ag5t4 ,! s9n] sometimes1 l ,ixion1 might n be able to endure prosp]ity1 & s fall into insol5t pride1 & !nce into bl9d infatuation4 ,9 l fa%ion ,bac*ylides tea*es t ! giants 7 de/roy$ by insol5t pride1 :]eas ! pa? to happ9ess is op5 to all :o w foll[ ju/ice3 8,w>riors ( ,troy1 ,zeus1 :o rules on high & beholds all ?+s1 is n ! au?or ( griev\s woes = mortals2 no1 op5 be=e all m5 is ! pa? t leads to unsw]v+ ,ju/ice1 att5dant ( holy ,eunomia & prud5t ,!mis3 happy ! l& ^: sons take h] to dwell ) !m4 ,b insol5ce--! _s void ( rev]5ce1 :o luxuriates 9 %ifty wiles & illicit follies--:o swiftly gives a man 8 neighbor's weal? & p[]1 b anon plunges him into a gulf ( ru9--%e x 0 :o de/roy$ ! ,giants1 ov]we5+40#abf ,on ! "q ( man's fre$om ,p9d> is n entirely cle>4 ,& yet he seems to hold t man1 & n "s god1 is responsible = 8 initial wrongdo+4 ,b he also po9ts out t :5 man has once giv5 way to t insol5t pride1 :i* is presumptu\s s91 !n ! gods 9 puni%+ him may drive him on 8 wrong c\rse until ! man is utt]ly ru9$4 ,?is doctr9e appe>s m cle>ly 9 ,aes*ylus4 ,:5 we come to ,p9d>'s view ( ! life aft] dea?1 we f9d t he has a m exalt$ vision ?an ! poets ( an e>li] day4 ,! ideas ( immortality1 ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 ( rebir?1 & ( a possible f9al bliss1 :i* 7 curr5t f ! e>ly six? c5tury at lea/1 _h n fail$ to h _! effect on our poet4 ,9 a rem>kable fragm5t he sets =? a doctr9e z to ! relation ( body & s\l :i* is v simil> to t held by ! ,orphics1 "u ^: influ5ce he _h evid5tly come3 8,! bodies ( all m5 foll[ all-conqu]+ dea?2 b life's image /ill live? on1 = t only is f ! gods4 ,x sleeps :5 ! limbs are active1 b (ttimes 9 dreams x %[s to ! sleep] com+ judgm5t1 a judgm5t ( peace & pa940#abg ,t is1 :5 ! body is awake x hamp]s ! s\l s t ! s\l is numb$ 9 sleep2 b :5 ! s\l is free f ! dom9ation ( ! imprison+ fle%1 x !n enjoys its prop] p[]s4 ,!re is a fam\s passage 9 ! second ,olympian :i* sets =? ,p9d>'s views ( future rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,accord+ to ?is passage1 s9s committ$ on ! e>? are puni%$ b5ea? ! e>?1 & ^? done b5ea? ! e>? are puni%$ 9 ! s\l's next re9c>nation4 ,s heav5 & hell are always pres5t to man's s\l1 :e!r "h 9 ! light ( ! sun1 or 9 ! d>kness ( ,hades4 ,^? f :om atonem5t is accept$ 9 ! l[] _w are all[$ to return to ! e>? 9 high positions2 :5 !y h accompli%$ ?is rebir? ?rice1 if !y h be5 j1 !y may ent] into _! f9al happ9ess4 ,^! are ,p9d>'s words3 8,! guilty s\ls ( ! dead /raightway pay ! p5alty "h on e>?2 & ! s9s done 9 ?is k+dom ( ,zeus are judg$ by "o b5ea? ! gr\nd1 :o deliv]e? 8 judgm5t to hateful necessity4 ,b ev] 9 ! night & 9 ! day alike ! good receive z _! lot a life free f toil1 enjoy+ ! light ( ! sun4 ,!y vex nei!r ! gr\nd nor ! wat] ( ! sea = food t does n satisfy1 b among ! honor$ gods1 ^? :o h f\nd _! pleasure 9 keep+ _! oa?s1 enjoy a life free f te>s2 b ! o!rs be> suff]+ too great to look ^u4 ,yet all ^? :o h t>ri$ ?rice on ei!r side 7( dea?7 & h p]sev]$ 9 keep+ _! s\ls :olly free f unju/ de$s1 travel ! road ( ,zeus to ! t[] ( ,cronos4 ,!re ! ocean breezes bl[ ar\nd ! isl&s ( ! ble/1 gold5 fl[]s bloom1 "s f glori\s trees on ! l&1 o!rs wat] fe$s4 ,) g>l&s ! ble/ entw9e _! h&s & cr[n _! temples40#abh ,we ne$ n pause "h to po9t out 9 detail ! great contra/ betwe5 ,p9d>'s ideas ( religion & ^? express$ 9 ! ,hom]ic & ,hesiodic poetry4 ,he pres5t$ a high] doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 :i* 0 b9d+ ^u m5 9 all ! relations ( ?is life2 & he express$ a high] conception ( morality & ( ju/ice1 to ^: obligations ! gods z well z m5 7 subject4 ,! bas] elem5ts ( my?ology he ref9$ away & elevat$ !reby m5's ideas ( ! div9e2 & by mak+ righte\sness & tru? ! prime attributes ( ! gods1 9 accordance ) :i* !y puni%$ ! wick$ & bless$ ! good1 he lift$ morality & religion to a nobl] plane4 ,:5 we turn to ! two old] tragic poets1 ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles1 we f9d t !y tea* doctr9es v l ^? ( ,p9d>1 al?\gh naturally !y dwell on ^? elem5ts 9 religion & morality t are adapt$ to _! tragic !mes2 & !y diff] betwe5 !mselves 9 ! po9ts :i* !y emphasize4 ,aes*ylus makes prom95t ! punitive aspect ( div9e ju/ice2 he dwells ^u ! puni%m5t :i* mu/ inevitably foll[ s91 & :i* pursues a guilty l9e f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! poet displays a moral e>ne/ness & int5sity l t ( a ,hebrew prophet1 & he %[s an extraord9>y pr(undity 9 8 h&l+ ( moral & religi\s !mes2 fur!rmore he is consci\sly a religi\s tea*]4 ,sophocles keeps religion m 9 ! backgr\nd1 us+ x z "o ( ! mat]ials :i* he z a lit]>y arti/ c employ 9 8 dramas2 yet he is important z a religi\s poet = he lays especial /ress on ! necessity ( purity ( he>t1 :i* = him is ! sub/ance ( piety t[>d ! gods4 ,! eld] trag$ian1 ,aes*ylus1 0 born at ,eleusis ab\t ! ye> #ebe ,b4,c4 ,tradition told t he f\ght 9 ! ,p]sian w>s & 0 w\nd$ at ,m>a?on4 ,he began to pres5t trag$ies ab\t ! ye> #ejj1 & cont9u$ to produce !m until ab\t ?ree ye>s be=e 8 dea? 9 #def4 ,aes*ylus 0 a man ( mighty concepts & massive ?\ght1 to :i* 8 cond5s$ & pregnant /yle corresponds2 a man ( a pr(\nd & religi\s nature1 /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,my/]ies1 he ?\ght deeply ^u ! problems ( m5 & ( gods4 ,he fac$ ) hone/y ! contradictions involv$ 9 ! curr5t notions ) reg>d to ! moral nature ( ! gods1 & 9 ! e?ical /&>ds ( m54 ,l ,p9d> he elevat$ & ref9$ ! traditional my?s & made !m a m$ium = ! tea*+ ( great moral tru?s4 ,aes*ylus reg>ds ! ord] ( ! univ]se z moral ?r\gh\t4 ,?is view appe>s ev5 9 ! ,prome!us ,b\nd1 t unique drama ( revolt4 ,:5 we n[ read ?is trag$y alone1 x seems z if ,zeus 7 repres5t$ z a lawless tyrant1 us+ 8 p[] & might 9 mo/ unju/ ways4 ,b x is evid5t t if we _h ! o!r two plays ( ! trilogy1 ! sympa?y :i* we feel ) ! ,titan ,prome!us w\ld be less5$1 t we %\ld realize t ! extant play repres5ts ! transition f viol5ce to law1 & t 9 reality ! rule ( ,zeus is n "o ( might b "o subject ultimately to ! law ( ju/ice4 ,al?\gh ,aes*ylus1 l all ( 8 day1 0 a poly!i/1 he exalts ,zeus f> above all o!r div9ities4 ,he reg>ds him z prem95t1 ! possessor ( all maje/y & p[]1 ^: w always prevails1 s t1 :5 he speaks1 ! ?+ he wi%es comes to pass4 ,! poet uses ! highe/ & mo/ compreh5sive epi!ts ( him ?r\gh\t 8 plays2 9 ! ,supplices ! *orus appeal to ,zeus z 8,k+ ( k+s1 mo/ bless$ ( ! bless$1 mo/ p]fect p[] ( p]fect p[]s2 bless$ ,zeus02 & aga9 !y address him z 8! "o :o rules ?r\gh inf9ite "t40#abi ,9 o!r passages ! poet seems to feel z if language 7 unequal to ! task ( describ+ adequately ! maje/y & p[] ( ?is supreme god4 ,9 8 m9d ,zeus surpasses ! o!r gods s mu* t 8 w repres5ts ! :ole ( ! div9e laws2 to him man inevitably turns 9 d\bt & p]plexity4 ,z ! *orus say 9 ! ,agamemnon3 ,zeus--:ate'er ',zeus' expresse? ( ,8 ess5ce-- ,if ! "n please him on ! lips ( pray]1 ,) 8 "n on my lips ,i seek 8 pres5ce1 ,kn[+ none else ,i may ) him comp>e4 ,yea1 ?\gh ,i pond]1 9 ! balance lay+ ,all else1 no help save ,zeus alone ,i f9d1 ,if ,i w\ld ca/ aside ! burd5 weigh+1 ,all to no pr(it1 ev] on my m9d4#acj ,x is n impossible t ,aes*ylus *]i%$ ideas ( div9ity :i* approa*$ ! pan!ism or ! h5o!ism ( a lat] age4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria has pres]v$ two ( 8 v]ses :i* are s extraord9>y t we are glad to h !m atte/$ also by ,philodemus4#aca ,:5 9 ^! ! poet says3 8,zeus is ! e!r1 ,zeus ! e>? also2 also ! sky4 ,zeus is all ?+s1 & t :i* is above all ?+s z well10 ?is syncreti/ic expression may well be due to ! influ5ce ( ,orphism or ( ! philosoph] ,h]aclitus2 b :atev] ! s\rce ( ! idea x /&s at diamet] ) popul> tradition4 ,( c\rse x does n exclude ! gods ( ! popul> belief1 :o c\ld be includ$ 9 ! div9e unity1 z lat] ?\ght usually conceiv$ !m4 ,t ,aes*ylus uses ! gods ( ! p 9 8 plays is n surpris+1 = ! dramatic poet1 :atev] 8 p]sonal belief1 mu/ always use mat]ial famili> to 8 audi5ce & suit$ to 8 dramatic & poetic purpose4 ,9 ! ,prome!us ,b\nd ! ,titan ?reat5s ,zeus ) ,fate & decl>es t ev5 he _c escape ,necessity4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! ,prome!us1 z ,i h said be=e1 is a drama :i* repres5ts transition f ! old ord] to ! new1 & t at ! end ( ! trilogy !re 0 no conflict betwe5 ,zeus & ,fate2 & 9 g5]al ,aes*ylus1 ?\gh n always cle>1 mo/ (t5 repres5ts ,fate ei!r z ! w ( ,zeus himself or z 8 assi/ant4 ,! =m] idea is aga9 & aga9 express$ 9 ! ,supplices1 :]e ! w ( ! supreme god is %[n z some?+ mighty & absolute :i* none may transgress4 ,b if ,zeus is exalt$ to ?is supreme position1 x is z a god ( supreme ju/ice4 ,) ! poet ! ideas ( ju/ice & piety1 inju/ice & impiety are equival5t4 ,l ,hesiod he makes ,ju/ice ! daught] ( ,zeus1 :om ,zeus always supports & av5ges1 8allott+ duly ill to ! wick$1 bless+ to ! righte\s40 ,to ! poet x is inconceivable t a god ( p]fect ju/ice c\ld desire any?+ 9 ! _w except :at is "r & j2 & !re=e he conceives t man's obligation is to /rive aft] t :i* is j & righte\s1 & s to put himself into h>mony ) ! div9e w4 ,a failure to d ?is is s94 ,inde$ ! poet says t :5 m5 disreg>d ju/ice !y injure ! gods1 & m ?an once s9 is spok5 ( z a disease ( ! m9d4 ,! s9n] is a va9 creature1 labor+ "u a delusion :i* (t5times spr+s f o'erwe5+ pride & is doom$ to be> te>s = its fruit4 ,! envy ( ! gods1 :i* seems 9 ,hom] a *ildi% ?+1 is 9 ,aes*ylus only ! res5tm5t :i* !y feel t[>d a s9n] :o has be5 l$ away by success into insol5t pride & s is doom$ to puni%m5t4 ,9 ! ,p]sians ,x]xes is repres5t$ z hav+ be5 swept away by 8 haughty insol5ce s t he lack$ discretion 77 & came to 8 doom4 ,! %ade ( ,d>ius says to ! *orus3 ,zeus sits above1 a *a/5] ( ?\ghts ,exce$+ pr\d1 a /]n inquisitor4 ,:]e=e1 s9ce ,heav5's w>n+ bids be prud5t1 ,admoni% him ) c\nsel ( wise spee* ,to cease f fl\t+ ,gods ) reckless pride4#acb ,& ,x]xes' armies 7 likewise doom$ to pay ! price ( insol5ce & ( _! godless ?\ghts4 ,fur!rmore ,aes*ylus tea*es t good m5 mu/ avoid ! wick$1 & illu/rates ! tru? by ! fact t x 0 evil companions :o urg$ ,x]xes to 8 folly4 ,!re is a /rik+ passage 9 ! ,septem 9 :i* ,eteocles1 :5 in=m$ t ! se] ,amphi>aus is among ! h]oes :o are besieg+ ,!bes1 says3 ,woe = ! om5 t ) impi\s m5 ,jo9e? a righte\s man 9 fell[%ip6 ,?an evil conv]se1 9 all ent]prise ,no?+ is worse2 its h>ve/ let none reap4 ,infatuation's field ha? dea? = fruit4 ,if ! godfe>+ man = %ipmates ha? ,a crew hot-he>t$ 9 iniquity1 ,) t god-hat$ tribe he p]i%e?3 ,! righte\s man :o dwells ) citiz5s ,traitr\s to gue/s & reckless ( ! ,gods1 ,is ju/ly tak5 9 ! selfsame net1 ,la%$ by ! same imp>tial sc\rge ( ,god4#acc ,we h j se5 t ,p9d> %[s a t5d5cy to make man responsible = 8 s91 q 9 contra/ to ! popul> belief :i* /ill kept ! ,hom]ic view t ! gods 7 responsible = all ?+s4 ,) ?is popul> idea ,aes*ylus seems at times 9 accord4 ,b if we consid] 8 plays 9 _! entirety1 he makes man responsible = ! fir/ /ep4 ,9 ! ,eum5ides1 = example1 ! ,furies decl>e t no j man has ev] put 8 h&s ju/ly to any de$ & met _! wra?4 ,! lesson is t :5 m5 h tak5 ! initial d[nw>d /ep !mselves an evil div9ity or daemon drives !m on1 b t ! fir/ /ep no man is =c$ to take4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he has tak5 x1 !n ! poet repres5ts ! s9n] z ?r\gh god's w infatuat$ ) 8 s94 ,no o!r extant poet %[s s impressively h[ s9 rel5tlessly p]si/s ?r\gh g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,! mo/ famili> illu/ration is f\nd 9 ,aes*ylus' treatm5t ( ! /ory ( ! bloody l9e ( ,atreus1 :o s9n$ by slay+ 8 bro!r's sons & (f]+ _! fle%1 an unholy banquet1 to _! fa!r2 !n ,agamemnon's que51 ) h] p>am\r ,aegi/hus1 slew h] "l on 8 return f ,troy2 & f9ally ,agamemnon's son ,ore/es murd]$ 8 "m & ,aegi/hus to av5ge 8 sire4 ,?us ?r\gh ?ree g5]ations ! curse ran1 ea* g5]ation add+ its own crime until only ! div9e int]v5tion ( ,apollo & ,a!na c\ld /ay ! c\rse ( s9 & its doom4 ,:5 9 ! ,*oephoroe ,ore/es has exact$ 8 v5geance & /a9$ himself ) 8 "m's blood1 ! *orus f9ally s+s3 ,lo1 h[ ^u ! palace royal ha? bur/ ,! ?ird /orm t fulfils ! h\se's fate6 ,fir/1 wret* ,?ye/es at a fea/ accur/ ,( 8 own *ildr5 ate3 ,!n %riek$ ! second /orm ! agony ,( t k+ 9 t lav] hack$ to dea?1 ,:5 ! ,a*aians' *ief to trea*]y ,!re yield$ up 8 brea?3 ,n[ on ! ?ird /orm's wild w+s d[n do? sweep ,a ,savi\r--or a ,doom %all he be nam$8 ,:]e %all ! ,curse end8--h[ be lull$ to sleep ,its fury8--h[ be tam$8#acd ,a simil> !me 0 h&l$ by him 9 8 trag$ies :i* dealt ) ! hi/ory ( ! royal h\se ( ,!bes4 ,aga9/ ! w>n+ ( ! oracle ,laius m>ri$ ,joca/a2 _! son ,o$ipus slew 8 fa!r & w$ 8 own "m :o bore him *ildr54 ,"u ! burd5 ( ,o$ipus' curse _! two sons1 ,eteocles & ,polynices1 fell 9 fratricidal /rife4 ,^! are d>k bloody tales1 b 9 ! trag$ies ( ,aes*ylus !y 7 giv5 a fe>ful moral import4 ,x is true t ! same /ories 7 h&l$ by o!r trag$ians1 b by none ) su* moral impressiv5ess4 ,! m9d ( ! poet 0 too se>*+ & e>ne/ to avoid ! difficult problems :i* appe> 9 real life :5 !re is a conflict ( duties4 ,su* a conflict arises :5 ,agamemnon has to *oose betwe5 slay+ 8 daught] & fail+ to d 8 duty by 8 c\ntry2 aga9 :5 ,antigone at ! close ( ! ,sev5 aga9/ ,!bes has to decide :e!r %e w disobey ! high] law :i* requires t ! dead %all be buri$1 or resi/ ! edict ( ! /ate :i* =bids h] ! s]vice to h] dead4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,*oephoroe & ,eum5ides ,ore/es has to face ! duty ( av5g+ 8 fa!r's dea? laid ^u him by ,apollo1 & ! pi\s rev]5ce :i* he %\ld %[ 8 "m4 ,! poet (f]s no satisfactory solution to su* problems z ^!--inde$1 8 purpose 9 br++ !m out cle>ly 0 probably dramatic r ?an moral4 ,yet :atev] 8 purpose1 x is important = u to note t he realiz$ ! moral conflict cle>ly z a "p ( man's common exp]i5ce4 ,i h already said t ,aes*ylus dwells *iefly ^u ! retributory nature ( puni%m5t1 tea*+ t ! s9n] mu/ suff] = 8 own de$s4 8,an eye = an eye & a too? = a too?0 0 no less b9d+ 9 ,greek ?an ,hebrew ju/ice3 ,de/9ies1 ,mighty ,ones1 grant t f ,zeus may ! issue betide ,ev5 z ,ju/ice require?1 :o n[ is array$ on our side4 #8,ev] ! tongue ( hate %all ! tongue ( hate requite3 ,aye = ! /roke ( murd] ! /roke ( murd] %all smite' ,ju/ice exact+ h] dues cries r++-voic$ ?is law4 #8,do]s mu/ suff]'--s saye? ! immemorial saw4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a law sai?1 #8,murd]-drops ( blood-libation ,on e>? spilt1 cry = blood 9 expiation4' ,! ,av5g+ ,sprite %rieks1 ha/5+ ,havoc on ,:i* br+s f graves ( m5 dead long agone ,ru9 to cr[n ! "w ( ru9 done4#ace ,?is pr9ciple runs ?r\gh ! entire trilogy ( ! ,ore/eia4 ,agamemnon lo/ 8 life z recomp5se = ! life ( 8 daught] ,iphig5ia :om he slew ) 8 own h&1 & ! murd] ( ,agamemnon 0 av5g$ by ! slaught] ( ,clytemne/ra & h] p>am\r4 ,?r\gh\t ! ?ree plays doom foll[s ! crim9al rel5tlessly & only div9e int]f]5ce 9 ! end cle>s ! acc\nt4 ,& yet at times ,aes*ylus tea*es a g5tl] belief1 t wisdom comes ?r\gh suff]+ & con/ra9t1 & t x is ?r\gh ! discipl9e ( pa9 t we travel ! road to und]/&+4 ,al?\gh ,aes*ylus lays ov]:elm+ emphasis on ! tru? t puni%m5t = s9 falls ^u ! s9n] 9 ?is life1 he also tea*es t !re is puni%m5t = ! wick$ 9 ! _w bel[4 ,9 8 description ( ! dead !re are _m rem9isc5ces ( ,hom]4 ,b 8 ,hades is n ,hom]ic2 !re is reality 9 puni%m5t !re no less ?an ^u e>?4 ,9 ! ,eum5ides ! ,furies ?reat5 ,ore/es ?us3 ,nay1 ,i %all suck--?\ can/ n *oose b pay ! p5alty-- ,! r$ gore f ?y liv+ limbs1 & w9 me out ( !e ,! banquet ( a draught t %all ) awful angui% fl[4 ,yea1 ,i w wa/e ?y liv+ frame1 !n drag !e f> bel[1 ,!re to pay all ?y p5alty1 ! "m-murd]'s woe4 ,s %all all else t h transgress$1 ,h s9n$ aga9/ a ,god1 a gue/1 ,or p>5ts1 m>k h[ ea* receives ,! dues ( s9 t ,ju/ice gives4 ,= ,hades 'nea? ! e>? waits e s\l1 ,a mighty judge :o wat*e? to enscroll ,all s9s on 8 et]nal memory's roll4#acf ,( ! rew>ds ( ! righte\s 9 ! next life ,aes*ylus has no ^w to say4 ,!re is no ,elysium or ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/4 ,aes*ylus repres5ts ! ,a!ns ( ! ,p]sian ,w>s2 ,sophocles belongs to ! ,p]iclean age4 ,he 0 born fifte5 ye>s be=e ! battle ( ,salamis & l$ ! *orus :i* sang a paean to celebrate ! ,greek victory4 ,to 8 contempor>ies 8 life seem$ happy1 z if he 7 belov$ by ! gods above all o!r m54 ,9 #dfh ,b4,c4 he 0 successful 9 cont5d+ = ! tragic prize ) ,aes*ylus1 & he cont9u$ to write until 8 dea? 9 #djf4 ,in/ead ( ! rugg$ /r5g? & passion t we f9d 9 ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles displays a sunny & g5tle nature t naturally s\ght out ! k9dly & m$iat+ elem5ts 9 life4 ,a cons]vative1 he 0 n an innovator1 critic1 or tea*]1 z bo? ,aes*ylus & ,euripides 72 he does n make 8 *>act]s reason mu* on ! deep] ?+s ( life or criticize ! traditional ord]4 ,yet 9 "o s5se he is ! mo/ religi\s ( ! ,greek poets1 %[+ a fai? 9 div9e gov]nm5t & a wide outlook on ! univ]se :i* ! two o!r trag$ians did n display4 ,he does n break ) ! traditional belief z to ! nature ( ! gods2 inde$ at mo/ po9ts he foll[s closely ! ,hom]ic conception2 !y are /ill to 8 m9d ! giv]s ( evil z well z ( good to m51 & 9 fact 8 *orus 9 ! ,antigone quotes ) approval ! anci5t say+ t evil seems good soon or late to him ^: m9d ! god draws to mis*ief4#acg ,al?\gh he does n foll[ ,p9d> & ,aes*ylus 9 ascrib+ to div9e be+s a pure morality1 yet he is incl9$ to believe ) ! eld] poets t 8,ju/ice reveal$ f ( old sits ) ,zeus 9 ! might ( ! et]nal laws40#ach ,!re are only two passages 9 :i* 8 *>act]s may be said to criticize ! gods4 ,9 ! fir/ ,philoctetes1 sm>t+ "u 8 suff]+ & neglect1 exclaims3 ,no evil yet 0 cru%$4 ,! ,heav5s w ev] %ield x4 ',tis _! sport ,to turn back all ?+s rancor\s & malign ,f go+ d[n to ! grave1 & s5d in/ead ,! good & true4 ,oh1 h[ %all we comm5d ,su* acts1 h[ con/rue !m8 ,:5 ,i extol ,?+s god-l1 ,i f9d evil 9 ! ,gods4#aci ,b x mu/ be obs]v$ t any o!r s5tim5t w\ld h be5 out ( "* = ,philoctetes at ?is po9t4 ,! second is a fragm5t f 8 lo/ play1 ,aleites1 9 :i* "s speak]1 contemplat+ ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ & ! mis=tunes ( ! good1 decl>es t ! gods ought n to ord] ?+s ?us = mortals1 b t on ! contr>y ! pi\s %\ld h "s evid5t pr(it f _! piety & ! unju/ %\ld pay ! p5alty = _! wrongs t all might see4#adj ,b ?is fragm5t is s at v>iance 9 s5tim5t ) ,sophocles' g5]al attitude t x has be5 conjectur$1 n )\t probability1 t x came f ,euripides4 ,ev5 if we reject ?is conjecture1 z ,i ?9k we mu/1 we ne$ n suppose t ! s5tim5ts :i* ! poet puts into ! m\?s ( 8 *>act]s always repres5t 8 real view4 ,a dramati/1 z we mu/ rem9d ourselves1 %\ld make ! speak]s 9 8 play express s5tim5ts 9 h>mony ) _! *>act]s & = ! mo/ "p w h !m utt] moral ideas ) :i* mo/ ( 8 audi5ce is 9 sympa?y1 unless inde$ he w\ld play ! "p ( innovator or prophet4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,sophocles' own attitude seems to be express$ 9 ano!r fragm5t3 8,no man is wise save him :om god honors2 b if "o look unto ! gods1 ev5 if ! god bid him dep>t f ju/ice1 !re he mu/ g4 ,= no?+ to :i* ! gods lead m5 is base40#ada ,?is seems ! key to ,sophocles' religi\s attitude4 ,he is confid5t t h[ev] ?+s may seem to u 9 our %ort-sight$ness1 if we c\ld only see ! purposes ( ! gods 9 _! totality1 we %\ld "k t !y are good4 ,! bases ( man's life & action1 8 highe/ duty1 ,sophocles tea*es is piety & discretion1 4 ,:5 9 ! ,philoctetes ,h]acles appe>s1 he urges ^u ! h]oes t :5 !y return to ,troy !y be m9dful1 9 lay+ wa/e ! l&1 to %[ rev]5ce t[>ds ! gods3 ,b1 take good he$1 ,mid/ all y\r spoil to hold ! gods 9 awe4 ,= our great ,fa!r c\nte? piety ,f> above all4 ,?is foll[s m5 9 dea?1 ,& fails !m n :5 !y resign _! brea?4#adb ,& ! *orus s+s at ! end ( ! ,antigone3 ,wise ?\ght ha? ! fir/ place 9 happ9ess ,be=e all else1 & piety to ,heav5 ,mu/ be pres]v$4 ,high boa/+s ( ! pr\d ,br+ sorr[s to ! height to puni% pride3-- ,a lesson m5 %all le>n :5 !y are old4#adc ,9 ! ,ajax ,a!na says3 ,!n1 w>n$ by :at ?\ see/1 be ?\ n ra% ,to vaunt high words t[>d ,heav51 nor swell ?y port ,too pr\dly1 if 9 puissance ( ?y h& ,?\ passe/ o!rs1 or 9 m9es ( weal?4 ,s9ce ,"t abases & uplifts aga9 ,all t is human1 & ! mode/ he>t ,is lov$ by ,heav51 :o hates ! intemp]ate w4#add ,!re is an extraord9>y passage 9 ! ,o$ipus ,coloneus :]e ,o$ipus is made to say1 :5 8 /r5g? fails him & he _c g to ! alt> to sacrifice1 b mu/ s5d "o ( 8 daught]s3 8,= ,i ?9k t "o s\l suffices to pay ?is debt = t5 ?\s&1 if x come ) good w 7purity7 to ! %r9e40#ade ,piety1 rev]5ce1 & purity1 ^! to ,sophocles are ! highe/ qualities ( man4 ,= ! poet ! moral ord] 0 un*ang+1 dep5d5t n ^u caprice b hav+ a div9e s\rce & a div9e sanction2 ! laws ( heav5 are !re=e sup]ior to ^? ( man1 & man's ob$i5ce to ! high] law is made 8 duty & ! means ( 8 consecration4 ,9 an ode 9 ,o$ipus ! ,k+1 :i* is call$ =? by ! k+'s h>%ness & by ! suspicion t he is n :olly guiltless1 z well z by ! que5's bold contempt = ,apollo's oracle1 ! *orus s+s3 ,o may ,i live ,s9less & pure 9 e ^w & de$ ,orda9$ by ^? firm laws1 t hold _! realm on high6 ,begott5 ( ,heav51 ( brighte/ ,e!r born1 ,creat$ n ( man's ephem]al m\ld1 ,!y ne'er %all s9k to slumb] 9 oblivion4 ,a ,p[] ( ,god is !re1 unt\*$ by ,"t4#adf ,t is1 ! *orus "h pray t !y may always %[ _! piety & rev]5ce by obey+ ! div9e laws4 ,?is s5tim5t is repeat$ m ?an once 9 ! extant trag$ies2 z :5 ,odysseus w>ns ,agamemnon n to refuse burial to ! body ( ,ajax3 8',tis n he1 'tis ! law ( heav5 t ?\ w\ld'/ hurt40#adg ,?r\gh ?is belief ,sophocles ju/ifi$ ,antigone 9 h] decision to defy ! edict ( ! /ate1 = ,creon _h orda9$ t h] bro!r ,polynices might n be buri$1 s9ce he _h attack$ ,!bes4 ,b ,greek belief reg>d$ x z a sacr$ duty ( ! next ( k9 to bury _! dead1 & ?is duty ,antigone c\ld n b fulfil1 al?\gh %e knew t dea? w\ld be h] lot4 ,:5 ,creon asks h] if %e did inde$ d>e to transgress 8 edict1 %e replies3 ,i he>d x n f ,zeus1 nor came x =? ,f ,ju/ice1 :]e %e reigns 9 ! ,und]world4 ,!y too h publi%$ to mank9d a law4 ,nor c\ld ,i ?9k ?9e edict ( su* might ,t "o :o is mortal ?us c\ld ov]rule ,! infallible1 unwritt5 laws ( ,heav54 ,_! maje/y beg9s n f today ,b f et]nity1 & none c tell ,! h\r t saw _! bir?4#adh ,x 0 = ?is same pr9ciple t ,socrates1 a g5]ation lat]1 gave up 8 life4 ,9 8 def5se he told 8 jury :y3 8,p]haps someone may say1 #8,b ,socrates1 c y n g (f & live 9 exile1 give up talk+ & be quiet8' ,?is is ! v po9t on :i* x is h>de/ to p]suade "s ( y1 = if ,i say t ?is is exile to be disobey+ ! god & !re=e t x is impossible to keep quiet1 y w n believe me1 b w say t ,i am ironical40#adi ,socrates believ$ t he _h a div9e commission to "q & exam9e o!rs1 & t duty he mu/ p]=m z ! h]o9e 9 ! trag$y mu/ p]=m h]s1 co/ him :at x might4 ,! et]nal problem ( human suff]+1 ! fact t pa9 & mis=tune are n always ! result ( wrong do+1 b t ! innoc5t suff] :ile ! guilty escape1 0 a matt] ) :i* ,sophocles 0 mu* conc]n$4 ,8 pr$ecessor ,aes*ylus _h tri$ to %[ 9 opposition to exp]i5ce t s9 always prec$$ pa92 & 9 ,sophocles ! doom ( ,creon & 8 h\se is due to ! k+'s pr\d res5tm5t :]e9 he s9n$ aga9/ heav5's law4 ,b 9 ! same play ! h]o9e ,antigone1 :o has obey$ ! div9e m&ates1 is =c$ to suff] a mo/ pa!tic fate4 ,k+ ,o$ipus 0 n int5tionally guilty1 & ! fate ( ! innoc5t que5 ,deianeira surpasses 9 pa?os t ( any o!r tragic h]o9e4 ,%e 0 impell$ by ! t5d] desire to recall ! love ( h] fai?less husb&1 & ! poet acquits h] ( blame1 8,%e err$1 ?\gh %e int5d$ well40#aej ,b none ! less %e involv$ bo? husb& & h]self 9 dreadful doom4 ,! tragic poet f\nd 8 solution ( ?is anci5t p]plex+ problem only 9 ! l>g] view1 :i* reg>d$ ! individual z b a slight factor 9 ! economy ( ! :ole4 ,at times suff]+ 0 reg>d$ z a means ( discipl9e3 8,! s\l t has be5 b$d$ 9 mis=tune sees _m ?+s40#aea ,?us ?r\gh pa9 "o le>ns & has 8 nature develop$4 ,!seus1 9 ! ,o$ipus ,coloneus1 (f]s a k9dly welcome to ! exile ,o$ipus & 8 daught]s1 = 8 own suff]+s 9 exile h produc$ a _s ( k9dl9ess & *>ity 9 him4 ,o$ipus himself 9 ! same play is unlike ! head/rong k+ ( ! e>li] trag$y2 suff]+ & "t h *a/5$ & enlight5$ him1 ?\gh !y h n made him mild 9 _s4 ,sophocles also displays great sympa?y ) human weakness & suff]+4 ,?is appe>s 9 8 treatm5t ( ! "* ( ,deianeira1 & above all 9 ! t5d] pa?os ) :i* he br+s out ! human long+s ( ,antigone1 :o ?\gh %e has nobly obey$ heav5's unwritt5 law1 yet %r9ks f suff]+ & dea? & f ! loss ( all t y\? promises4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t we f9d 9 ,sophocles m]cy emphasiz$ z a div9e attribute1 & ?is quality 9 ! gods held up z an example to m54 ,on ?is ,polynices makes 8 appeal to ,o$ipus3 ,b see+ t ,zeus on 8 almighty ?rone ,keeps ,m]cy 9 all he does to c\nsel him1 ,?\1 too1 my fa!r1 let h] plead ) !e6#aeb ,! s5tim5t is n f> f ,portia's plea3 ,x is en?ron$ 9 ! he>ts ( k+s1 ,x is an attribute to ,god himself2 ,& e>?ly p[] do? !n %[ like/ ,god's ,:5 m]cy seasons ju/ice4 ,sophocles' sympa?y = undes]v$ suff]+1 8 und]/&+ ( ! weakness ( m51 ( _! liability to error1 & 8 fai? 9 ! gods1 all l$ him to try to take ! l>g] view ( ! ills ( life1 to :i* ! philosoph] ,h]aclitus _h already giv5 expression :5 he said t god does all ?+s = ! h>mony ( ! :ole2 & t :ile m5 reg>d "s ?+s z "r & o!rs wrong1 to god all ?+s are fair & good & "r4 ,! individual is only a "p ( ! great :ole1 & :5 human exp]i5ces are reg>d$ sub specie aet]nitatis1 we %all f9d t t :i* seems evil is only p]mitt$ to make a j & h>moni\s unity4 ,! poet tri$ to conceive ( ! life ( man1 ,z a great :ole1 n analyz$ to p>ts ,b ea* "p hav+ ref]5ce to all4 ,look$ at f ?is univ]sal po9t ( view ! suff]+s ( ,philoctetes1 ,antigone1 ,deianeira1 & ,o$ipus are ju/ifi$ to m54 ,x 0 natural t ,sophocles %\ld use _m ,hom]ic concepts ) ref]5ce to ! condition ( m5 & ! life aft] dea?4 ,9 ! ,antigone alone is !re any p]sonal hope ( future happ9ess4 ,x may well be t ! poet's s5se ( :at 0 fitt+ dramatically is responsible = 8 cons]vative attitude2 he 0 deal+ ) traditional mat]ial1 & us+ !mes & incid5ts :i* 7 f> remote 9 "t f 8 audi5ce4 ,x may h seem$ to him t fidelity to 8 subject & ! requirem5ts ( arti/ic unity prev5t$ 8 putt+ into ! m\?s ( 8 *>act]s s5tim5ts :i* an e>ly age c\ld h>dly h conceiv$4 ,sophocles 0 n animat$ by ! iconoclasm :i* we %all f9d 9 ! bold] ,euripides2 b if ! future life is n pictur$ 9 ,sophocles' extant trag$ies1 we ne$ n d\bt = a mom5t t he believ$ 9 immortality4 ,he _h be5 initiat$ into ! ,my/]ies & "o ( ! f9e/ expressions ( ! ecclesia/ical confid5ce :i* ! initiates felt came f 8 p53 8,?rice bless$ are ^? mortals :o h se5 ^! rites & !n g to ! h\se ( ,hades1 = !y alone h life !re2 b all o!rs h only woe40#aec ,su*1 9 brief1 7 ! tea*+s ( "s ( ! greate/ poets ( ! six? & fif? c5turies be=e our era4 ,b ^! repres5t only "o side ( ,greek ?\ght 9 ?is "t4 ,9 ,a!ns !re 7 influ5ces1 political1 social1 & intellectual1 :i* 7 work+ pr(\nd *anges4 ,p9d>1 ,aes*ylus1 & ,sophocles belong$ to an old] ord]2 ! voices ( ! new age w conc]n u 9 our next lecture4 ,,footnotes3 #if ,x54 ap4 ,/ob41 ,flor4 #hh1 #ad4 #ig #afe f42 #aga f4 #ih ,frg4 #fa4 #ii ,frg4 #ef4 #ajj ,frg4 #gd1 #e ff4 #aja #afg f42 #ajge ff4 7cf4 #ehc f474 #ajb #dbe-dca4 #ajc #chc ff4 #ajd #cai ff4 #aje #ajbi ff4 #ajf ,frg4 #hh4 #ajg ,frg4 #d1 #a-af4 #ajh #ac1 especially vv4 #aa-cb4 #aji #cgc-chj4 #aaj #gca ff4 #aaa ,solon #ac1 #ca f4 #aab ,py?4 #c1 #gh f4 #aac ,nem4 #f1 #a ff4 #aad ,cf4 ,ol4 #ac1 #hc2 ,py?4 #aj1 #di2 ,frg4 #adb4 #aae ,py?4 #b1 #di ff4 #aaf ,py?4 #i1 #dd ff4 #aag ,frg4 #adj4 #aah ,ol4 #a1 #fd4 #aai ,i/h4 #c1 #e f4 #abj ,ol4 #aj1 #c2 ,frg4 #bje2 ,py?4 #c1 #bi4 #aba ,ol4 #a1 #eb4 #abb ,i/h4 #f1 #ga4 #abc ,w4 & ,d4 #fid4 #abd ,i/h4 #e1 #ac ff4 #abe ,nem4 #aa1 #ac ff4 #abf ,bac*4 #ad1 #ej-fc 7,jebb74 #abg ,frg4 #aca4 #abh ,ol4 #b1 #fc ff4 #abi ,supp4 #ebd f42 #egd4 #acj ,ag4 #afj ff4 #aca ,frg4 #gj4 #acb ,p]s4 #hbg ff4 #acc ,sept4 #eig-fjh4 #acd ,*oeph4 #ajfe ff4 #ace ,*oeph4 #cjf ff42 #djj ff4 #acf ,eum4 #bfd ff4 #acg ,antig4 #fba ff4 #ach ,o4 ,c4 #acha f4 #aci ,phil4 #ddf ff4 #adj ,frg4 #ajc4 #ada ,frg4 #bbf4 #adb ,phil4 #addj ff4 #adc ,ant4 #acdg ff4 #add ,ai4 #abg ff4 #ade ,o4 ,c4 #die ff4 #adf ,o4 ,t4 #hfc ff4 #adg ,ai4 #acdc f4 #adh ,ant4 #dej ff4 #adi ,plato1 ,apol4 #cg ,e4 #aej ,tr4 #aacf4 #aea ,frg4 #fjj4 #aeb ,o4 ,c4 #abfg ff4 #aec ,frg4 #gec4 ,,iv ,,! ,,fif? ,,c5tury ,,at ,,a!ns ,! defeat ( ! ,p]sians at ,salamis 9 #dhj ,b4,c4 made ,a!ns ! fir/ /ate 9 ,greece4 ,n only _h %e suff]$ enorm\s losses 9 ! ru9 ( h] city & l&s = ! common cause1 b %e _h borne ! brunt ( ! naval fight at ,salamis1 z t5 ye>s be=e1 ) ! brave m5 f ,plataea1 %e _h driv5 ! ,p]sian hordes f ! pla9 ( ,m>a?on into ! sea4 ,! ,a!nians _h acquitt$ !mselves well1 = !y _h %[n ! l(tie/ patriotism & loyalty to ! cause ( ,hellas2 n[ _! high position 0 recogniz$ ev5 by _! jeal\s rivals4 ,a!ns ent]$ on a brilliant p]iod ( fifty ye>s :i* has nev] be5 equall$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,)9 t "t %e produc$ /atesm51 ar*itects1 arti/s1 & poets :o h nev] be5 surpass$ s9ce 9 any /ate 9 ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,h] naval p[]1 h] weal? & culture1 plac$ h] 9 a supreme position4 ,nei!r ! ,a!nians nor ! o!r ,greeks =got ! gods to :om !y believ$ t !y ow$ _! victory ov] ! ,p]sians4 ,to ,apollo at ,delphi ! allies s5t a gold5 tripod set on a pill> ( ?ree bronze s]p5ts be>+ ! names ( ^? :o made ! (f]+2 ! ,a!nians on _! own acc\nt erect$ a trophy !re1 & on ! ,acropolis !y deposit$ ! brok5 cables ( ! bridge :i* ! ,p]sians _h built across ! ,hellespont4 ,soon !y set up 9 ! same place a colossal bronze /atue ( ,a!na made f ! spoils captur$ at ,m>a?on4 ,a new temple to ! goddess 9 place ( ! "o de/roy$ by ! ,p]sians 0 plann$ by ,cimon2 b 8 o/racism 9 #dfa ,b4,c4 /opp$ its build+4 ,:5 ,p]icles 0 able to c>ry out 8 plans = adorn+ ,a!ns1 he det]m9$ to enl>ge ! /ructure2 z a result ! ,p>!non ) its wondr\s sculptures & great *ryselephant9e /atue ( ! goddess 0 complet$ 9 #dch ,b4,c4 ,at ! entrance ( ! ,acropolis a spl5did propylaea 0 begun & _m o!r public build+s 7 erect$ to adorn ! city4 ,! *ief div9ity ( ,a!ns1 ! goddess ,a!na1 n[ held h] position )\t a rival2 all ! o!r gods 7 9 second place4 ,! conception ( ! goddess 0 ess5tially t fix$ by ! ,hom]ic poems1 & z su* ,phidias repres5t$ h] ) aegis1 spe>1 & %ield1 c>ry+ victory 9 h] h&4 ,%e became ! embodim5t ( ! p[] & ! glory ( ! /ate4 ,9 an e>li] lecture ,i ref]r$ to ! "p :i* ,pisi/ratus play$ dur+ ! six? c5tury 9 fo/]+ ,orphism at ,a!ns & 9 develop+ ! my/]ies at ,eleusis4 ,n[ ! ,a!nian success 9 driv+ back ! ,p]sian invad]s _h fill$ ! citiz5s ) a _s :i* _h little desire = ! sacram5ts ( ! ,orphics1 & fur!rmore ! my/]ies at ,eleusis satisfi$ all long+ = my/ic assurance ( security & ( future happ9ess4 ,b ,pisi/ratus _h also emphasiz$ ! ,olympian religion z set =? 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,inde$1 we may say t he produc$ a ,hom]ic revival2 = :atev] ! tru? may be 9 ! tradition t he _h ! ,hom]ic text fix$ & writt5 d[n 9 ! ,attic alphabet1 !re c be little "q t he made ! ,iliad & ,odyssey m widely kn[n by orda9+ t ! rhapsodes %\ld recite !m at ! great ,pana!naic fe/ival4 ,! emphasis giv5 by him to ! ,olympian div9ities result$ 9 ! exaltation ( ,a!na & ! subord9ation ( mo/ local cults to h] wor%ip ^u ! ,acropolis4 ,x 0 ,pisi/ratus also :o develop$ & gave new magnific5ce to ! ,pana!naic fe/ival4 ,?is 0 annual1 b 0 celebrat$ ) special spl5dor e f\r? ye>4 ,at ^! fe/ivals ! recitation ( ! ,hom]ic poems br\ght be=e ! p 9 impressive mann] ! :ole pageantry ( ,olympus4 ,! great procession ) :i* ! fe/ival culm9at$--t procession kn[n to u f ,phidias' frieze ^u ! ,p>!non--_h z its objective po9t ! ,acropolis1 :]e ! sacr$ robe & o!r gifts 7 (f]$ to ! patron goddess1 ,a!na4 ,h] old temple on ! site once occupi$ by ! goodly h\se ( ,erec!us 0 adorn$ at ! tyrant's ord]s ) a p]i/yle & new p$im5t sculptures4 ,! battle ( ,a!na ,polias & ! gods aga9/ ! giants replac$ ! old sculptures ( ,zeus enc\nt]+ a ?ree-head$ mon/] & ( ,h]acles de/roy+ ! ,hydra4 ,?us ,pisi/ratus made ! temple ( ,a!na ! c5t] ( ! unit$ ,a!nian /ate1 & e/abli%$ ! goddess z ! *ief div9ity ( ,attica4 ,?is ,olympian religion 0 well suit$ to ! /ate 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,! ,a!nian success 9 sav+ ,greece f ! ,p]sians _h magnifi$ ! importance ( ,a!ns 9 ! eyes ( all h] citiz5s4 ,_! life 0 n[ "o ( action2 !y 7 pr\dly consci\s ( _! exp&+ empire1 _! gr[+ p[]1 & increas+ weal?4 ,! joy :i* !y felt 9 _! pres5t exi/5ce _h some?+ ( ! epic quality 9 x4 ,fur!rmore ! gr[? ( free democracy1 :i* op5$ up _m *annels ( successful activity ?r\gh ! /ate1 _h n yet result$ 9 t individualism ) its dis9tegrat+ t5d5cies :i* m>k$ ! f\r? c5tury1 & ! common int]e/s ( ! ,a!nians made ! /ate ! c5t] ( _! ?\ght4 ,!y reg>d$ x z an organization exi/+ = ! b5efit ( all free citiz5s4 ,its unity & its p[]1 s f> z ,a!ns 0 conc]n$1 7 symboliz$ by ! goddess ,a!na4 ,on h] home & on h] wor%ip ! res\rces ( ! /ate 7 lavi%$4 ,x 0 inevitable t h] religion %\ld be reg>d$ z prim>ily a /ate affair1 & t at ! same "t %e & ! o!r protect+ gods %\ld seem to ! individual citiz5 some:at m remov$ f human int]e/s & sympa?y z !y ga9$ 9 ! augu/ maje/y :i* ! weal? ( ! empire l5t !m4 ,exactly z to _m a ,*ri/ian ! weal? & magnific5ce ( a spl5did ca!dral seem to put ,god f>!r away ?an ! b>e simplicity ( "s belov$ *apel1 s ! ,p>!non und\bt$ly made ,a!na seem m augu/ & m remote to _m an ,a!nian ?an ! rude & simple protect+ deity ( 8 c\ntry home4 ,! result ( ^! v>i\s causes :i* 7 op]ative 9 ! fifty ye>s ( ,a!ns' greatness 0 t a "p ( religion became a /ate conc]n1 & t m5's loyalty 0 c5t]$ on ! /ate4 ,patriotism & pride 9 empire took ! place to a consid]able ext5t ( :at may be r\ghly describ$ z p]sonal religion4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n mean t a belief 9 ! gods among ! mass ( ! p _h di$ out 9 any s5se4 ,! ord9>y ,a!nian cont9u$ 8 wor%ip z be=e at ! local %r9es & jo9$ ) ! o!r citiz5s 9 pay+ tribute to ! great div9ities4 ,b especially ) _m ( ! intellectual & lead+ m5 religion 0 absorb$1 s to speak1 into patriotism1 exactly z has be5 ! case 9 our own "t 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,?is attitude ( m9d f9ds supreme expression 9 ! fun]al oration ( ,p]icles1 :i* he pron\nc$ ov] ^? :o _h di$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,8 spee* is devot$ to glorify+ ! ,a!nians & to celebrat+ ! noble s]vice :i* ! fall5 r5d]$ :5 !y gave up _! lives = _! fa!rl&4 ,!re is n "o syllable ab\t ! gods1 "o ^w ( gratitude to heav51 or a s+le expression ( solace to ! relatives ( ! dead bas$ on any hope ( immortality4 ,9 ! s]vice ( ! /ate ,p]icles saw e inc5tive & e rew>d4 ,?is w be cle> f ! foll[+ p>agraphs3#aed 8,su* 0 ! end ( ^! m52 !y 7 wor?y ( ,a!ns1 & ! liv+ ne$ n desire to h a m h]oic _s1 al?\gh !y may pray = a less fatal issue4 ,! value ( su* a _s is n to be express$ 9 words4 ,any "o c disc\rse to y =ev] ab\t ! advantages ( a brave def5ce1 :i* y "k already4 ,b in/ead ( li/5+ to him ,i w\ld h y day by day fix y\r eyes ^u ! greatness ( ,a!ns1 until y become fill$ ) ! love ( h]2 & :5 y are impress$ by ! spectacle ( h] glory1 reflect t ?is empire has be5 acquir$ by m5 :o knew _! duty & _h ! c\rage to d x1 :o 9 ! h\r ( conflict _h ! fe> ( di%onor always pres5t to !m1 & :o1 if !y fail$ 9 an ent]prise1 w\ld n all[ _! virtues to be lo/ to _! c\ntry1 b freely gave _! lives to h] z ! faire/ (f]+ :i* !y c\ld pres5t at h] fea/4 ,! sacrifice :i* !y collectively made 0 individually repaid to !m2 = !y receiv$ aga9 ea* "o = himself a praise :i* gr[s n old1 & ! noble/ ( all sepul*res--,i speak n ( t 9 :i* _! rema9s are laid1 b ( t 9 :i* _! glory survives1 & is proclaim$ always & on e fitt+ occasion bo? 9 ^w & de$4 ,= ! :ole e>? is ! sepul*re ( fam\s m52 n only are !y commemorat$ by columns & inscriptions 9 _! own c\ntry1 b 9 =eign l&s !re dwells also an unwritt5 memorial ( !m1 grav5 n on /one1 b 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,make !m y\r examples1 & e/eem+ c\rage to be fre$om & fre$om to be happ9ess1 d n weigh too nicely ! p]ils ( w>4 ,! un=tunate :o has no hope ( a *ange = ! bett] has less reason to ?r[ away 8 life ?an ! prosp]\s :o1 if he survive1 is always liable to a *ange = ! worse1 & to :om any accid5tal fall makes ! mo/ s]i\s diff]5ce4 ,to a man ( _s1 c[>dice & disa/] com+ toge!r are f> m bitt] ?an dea?1 /rik+ him unp]ceiv$ at a "t :5 he is full ( c\rage & animat$ by ! g5]al hope4 ,:]e=e ,i d n n[ commis]ate ! p>5ts ( ! dead :o /& "h2 ,i w\ld r com=t !m4 ,y "k t y\r life has be5 pass$ amid manifold vicissitudes2 & t !y may be deem$ =tunate :o h ga9$ mo/ hon\r1 :e!r an honorable dea? l !irs1 or an honorable sorr[ l y\rs1 & ^: days h be5 s ord]$ t ! t]m ( _! happ9ess is likewise ! t]m ( _! life4 ,i "k h[ h>d x is to make y feel ?is1 :5 ! good =tune ( o!rs w too (t5 rem9d y ( ! gladness :i* once light5$ y\r he>ts4 ,& sorr[ is felt at ! want ( ^? bless+s1 n :i* a man nev] knew1 b :i* 7 a "p ( 8 life be=e !y 7 tak5 f him4 ,"s ( y are ( an age at :i* !y may hope to h o!r *ildr51 & !y ought to be> _! sorr[ bett]2 n only w ! *ildr5 :o may h]eaft] be born make !m =get _! own lo/ ones1 b ! city w be d\bly a ga9]4 ,%e w n be left desolate1 & %e w be saf]4 ,= a man's c\nsel _c h equal weight or wor?1 :5 he alone has no *ildr5 to risk 9 ! g5]al dang]4 ,to ^? ( y :o h pass$ _! prime ,i say3 #8,congratulate y\rselves t y h be5 happy dur+ ! great] "p ( y\r days2 rememb] t y\r life ( sorr[ w n la/ long1 & be com=t$ by ! glory ( ^? :o are gone4 ,= ! love ( hon\r alone is ev] "y1 & n ri*es1 z "s say1 b hon\r is ! delight ( m5 :5 !y are old & useless4'0 ,! loyalty to ! /ate1 h[ev]1 :i* animates ?is oration we mu/ rememb] actually result$ 9 ! glorification ( ,a!na & ! o!r great gods4 ,= !y1 too1 7 a "p ( ! /ate1 & _h a %>e 9 its reputation & prosp]ity4 ,b ,i mu/ po9t out aga9 t 9 ?is exaltation ( ! ,olympic gods !re 0 no?+ ( t p]sonal relation ( ! individual to div9ity1 su* z mu/ exi/ 9 e really religi\s age4 ,yet at ! risk ( repetition1 ,i w\ld recall ! fact t ! practice ( religion by individuals _h n ceas$ at ,a!ns4 ,! common man /ill paid devotion to 8 gu>dian gods1 made (f]+s to ! dead1 & %>$ 9 _m =ms ( wor%ip4 ,fur!rmore ! spread ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 9 ?is c5tury1 s t a new & l>g] initiation hall _h to be erect$ at ,eleusis1 %[s t ?\ghts ( ! future life & ! deepe/ religi\s feel+s /ill exi/$ 9 l>ge numb]s ( ! citiz5s4 ,we h "h1 !n1 an app>5t contradiction1 su* z has appe>$ _m times & 9 _m places 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( man4 ,_m ( ! lead]s ( ! /ate 7 int]e/$ 9 religion only z x 0 an affair ( /ate1 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! army & navy 74 ,on ! o!r h& !re 7 l>ge numb]s :o felt a m p]sonal int]e/ 9 religion & :o cultivat$ a m p]sonal relation to div9ity4 ,nor 7 !re lack+ m5 ( ! mo/ intellectual class to deal ) ! high] concepts ( religion :i* _h be5 develop+ dur+ ! rec5t c5turies4 ,^! ideas f9d _! true/ utt]ance 9 ! "w ( ! poets1 & we h already se5 h[ ,p9d>1 ,aes*ylus1 & ,sophocles int]pret$ nobl] views ) reg>d to ! gods1 human conduct1 & man's relation to ! div9ities1 to all ,greece & especially to ,a!ns :i* _h n[ become ! intellectual c5t] ( ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,b ano!r new =ce _h be5 develop+ among ! ,greeks dur+ ! six? c5tury :i* 0 de/9$ to deal a f> great] bl[ to traditional religion ?an any o!r--,i mean philosophy4 ,?is began 9 ,ionia & 0 cultivat$ 9 o!r p>ts ( great] ,greece be=e x came to ,a!ns4 ,b aft] ! ,p]sian ,w>s ! prom95ce & prosp]ity ( t city 0 s great & h] intellectual em95ce 0 s high t %e attract$ ! m5 ( note 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( life4 ,among !m 0 ! philosoph] ,anaxagoras ( ,clazom5ae :o made ,a!ns 8 home = ab\t ?irty ye>s 7c4 #dfb-dcb ,b4,c474 ,he became a memb] ( ! mo/ intellectual ,a!nian society ( 8 day1 a fri5d ( ,euripides1 & an intimate ( ,p]icles4 ,:5 dang]s began to ?reat5 ! /ate1 ) ! prospect ( w> loom+ on ! horizon1 ! p began to blame _! great lead]2 to injure him1 !y bani%$ "o & ano!r ( 8 fri5ds4 ,! two mo/ not$ 7 ,phidias ! sculptor1 ( ^: art ! m>bles ( ! ,p>!non are /ill ! unsurpass$ witnesses1 & ,anaxagoras ! philosoph]2 ! *>ge aga9/ bo? 0 impiety4 ,anaxagoras taught t ! sun 0 a r$ hot mass ( rock1 z ! moon 0 a cold mass1 l ! e>?4 ,accord+ to ?is tea*+ ! sun & moon c\ld no long] be reg>d$ z gods1 s t a *>ge ( impiety 0 z easily bas$ on su* doctr9es z x 0 on ! tea*+ ( ,galileo tw5ty c5turies lat]4 ,b al?\gh ! philosoph] 0 driv5 out1 philosophy c\ld n be s easily bani%$4 ,! eag] intellectual life ( ,a!ns _h caught ! sp>k1 & ! flame ( philosophy 0 nev] ext+ui%$ on ! ,a!nian alt>s = almo/ a ?\s& ye>s1 until ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian clos$ ! philosophic s*ools 9 #ebi ,a4,d4 ,n[ philosophy aim$ f ! v fir/ to expla9 ! orig9 & /ructure ( ! univ]se by r$uc+ all ?+s to a s+le pr9ciple1 or to a few pr9ciples at mo/4 ,! purpose ( ! philosoph] 0 to c>ry out a m sy/ematic se>* = unity ?an ! ?\ght ( ! poet or ( ! ord9>y man c\ld accompli%4 ,we h se5 h[ ,hesiod & ! ,orphics tri$ by cosmogonies to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! _w4 ,! philosoph]s turn$ to physical sci5ce = _! explanation4 ,b 9 e case _! "w 0 f its v nature antagoni/ic to popul> poly!ism1 :i* saw a sep>ate div9ity 9 e ph5om5on4 ,x 0 inevitable t ! conflict %\ld become an op5 "o soon] or lat]4 ,x5ophanes ( ,colophon 7flor4 c4 #edj ,b4,c47 0 ! fir/ to ent] ! li/s4 ,driv5 into exile by civil di/urbances at ab\t ! age ( tw5ty-five1 he liv$ mo/ ( 8 life 9 ,sicily4 ,he 0 z mu* a social & religi\s re=m] & satiri/ z philosoph]4 ,) a frankness :i* pass$ beyond ! fre$om ( 8 age he /ruck at ! popul> beliefs ) reg>d to ! gods1 :i* taught t ! gods 7 born & _h clo!s & voices & =ms l mortals4 ,he illu/rat$ ! folly ( ! ,greeks 9 mak+ ! gods aft] _! own image by rem9d+ !m t ! ,e?iopians made _! gods flat-nos$ & black1 & ! ,?racians !irs blue-ey$ & r$-hair$1 :ile if cattle & horses & lions _h b h&s & c\ld draw & m\ld & fa%ion l m51 !n ea* w\ld draw & fa%ion ! gods 9 8 own image4#aee ,= ! curr5t notions ( div9ity he held ,hom] & ,hesiod responsible & *>g$ t ^! poets _h attribut$ to ! gods ev]y?+ t 0 reckon$ z %ame & reproa* among m5--/eal+1 adult]y1 & *eat+4#aef ,he likewise oppos$ ! doctr9e t ! gods _h taught m5 _! k1 b decl>$ t man _h always le>n$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce & inve/igation ! bett] way = himself4#aeg ,x5ophanes w5t ev5 fur!r ?an ?is & us$ ! sci5ce ( 8 day to prove t :at 0 reg>d$ z ! appe>ances ( ! gods 0 m]ely meteorological ph5om5a4 ,9 ! place ( _m gods he decl>$ t !re 0 b "o1 & he n l mortal m5 ei!r 9 =m or intellig5ce1 b t he 0 :olly sight1 :olly intellig5ce1 :olly he>+--t is to say1 god & ! univ]se are id5tical1 & ! cosmos is et]nal1 s5ti5t1 & intellig5t4#aeh ,!re c\ld h>dly h be5 a great] contra/ ?an betwe5 ?is pan!ism & ! poly!ism ( ! day4 ,x is true t ,x5ophanes (f]s no adequate explanation ( ! way 9 :i* ph5om5a arise2 he does n solve ! problem ( d]iv+ ! transi5t out ( t :i* is p]man5t & fix$4 ,b nev]!less he crudely anticipat$ ! ?\ght ( lat] philosoph]s & !ologians & began ! op5 /ruggle ) poly!ism :i* 0 to cont9ue = _m c5turies4 ,ano!r philosoph] :o des]ves our att5tion "h is ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! e>ly fif? c5tury4 ,z he survey$ ! _w he 0 impress$ ) ! v>iety ( ph5om5a t mov$ be=e him1 ) ! fact t no?+ is /able b t ev]y?+ is always 9 process ( *ange4 ,he decl>$ !re=e t no?+ is p]man5t b t all ?+s 9 reality are 9 a /ate ( flux & fl[ 7 74 ,! explanation = ?is con/ant *ange he app>5tly f\nd 9 ! crude sci5ce ( ! day :i* obs]v$ t *anges 9 temp]ature cause *anges ( =m1 "s solids becom+ liquid & liquids gase\s4 ,?is ph5om5on he ?\ght 0 due to fire4 ,fire he reg>d$ z univ]sal 9 ! cosmos--inde$1 z id5tical ) x1 & he is report$ z say+ t ?is univ]se1 :i* is ! same = all be+s1 no god or mortal has made1 b x has always be5 & is & ev] w be et]nal fire1 :i* sometimes gr[s ! bright] & aga9 is qu5*$4 ,?is fire he is will+ to call god2 x is to him ! pr9ciple :i* p]meates ! univ]se & causes all *ange )9 x4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ,h]aclitus ma9ta9s t true k is n conc]n$ ) _m ?+s b solely ) ! unity 9 ! _w :i* 8 tea*+s set =?4 ,9 8 scorn = 8 pr$ecessors he outdoes ,x5ophanes4 ,n only ,hom] & ,hesiod1 b ,py?agoras1 ,x5ophanes1 ,ar*ilo*us1 & ,hecateus are alike condemn$4 ,hom] & ,ar*ilo*us he decl>es des]ve to be driv5 f ! games & flogg$1 su* folly _h !y taught4#aei ,9 8 assaults on ! popul> religion ,h]aclitus did n conc]n himself s mu* ) my?ology z ) ! rites & c]emonies curr5t 9 8 "t4 ,he evid5tly attack$ ! repres5tatives ( ! my/]y religions1 call+ !m night walk]s1 magi1 prie/s ( ,bac*us1 devotees ( ! w9e-vat1 & my/]y-mong]s4 ,9 ano!r fragm5t he ridicules ^? :o pray to ! images ( ! gods1 = t is z if "o 7 to pray to a man's h\se2 & aga9 he decl>es t if m5 on ord9>y occasions sang songs l ! hymns :i* !y raise 9 honor ( ,dionysus !y w\ld be act+ mo/ %amelessly4 ,man's duty to 8 m9d is to devote himself :olly to ! appreh5sion ( ! div9e unity 9 ! _w1 ( t wisdom to :i* alone he w\ld cons5t to give ! "n ( ,zeus4#afj ,we h n[ se5 f ^! two repres5tatives h[ philosophy reg>d$ traditional poly!ism1 & taught t ! unity ( ! univ]se 0 id5tical ) god4 ,b nei!r ,x5ophanes nor ,h]aclitus (f]$ any satisfactory explanation ( ! way 9 :i* multiplicity c\ld arise out ( unity4 ,/ill less did !y conceive ( a p]sonal god4 ,?is concept 0 res]v$ = ,plato or possibly = 8 great tea*]4 ,a slight approa* t[>d an explanation ( v>iety 0 made1 x is true1 by ,h]aclitus1 ?r\gh 8 8fire0 & also ?r\gh a doctr9e :i* ,i h n m5tion$1 namely t 8/rife10 ! action ( opposites1 is ! cause ( *ange4 ,n[ ano!r philosoph]1 ,emp$ocles ( ,agrig5tum1 :om we h already met z a my/ic1 (f]$ an explanation ( ! cause ( ph5om5a n dissimil> to t ( ,h]aclitus1 & yet "o t m>k$ an advance4 ,= 8 elem5ts ,emp$ocles took ! f\r ( popul> belief--e>?1 air1 fire1 wat]1 :i* he said 7 comb9$ 9 v>i\s =ms by ! pr9ciples ( 8fri5d%ip0 & ( 8/rife02 or1 z we %\ld say today 9 less symbolic language1 by aff9ity & incompatibility4 ,b l ,h]aclitus ,emp$ocles fails to make cle> h[ or :y ^! pr9ciples act at all on 8 elem5ts4 ,9 %ort be=e ,anaxagoras no ?9k] conceiv$ ( any satisfactory =mative or motive pr9ciples to expla9 ph5om5a2 likewise none _h arriv$ at a well def9$ di/9ction betwe5 a mat]ial pr9ciple & a =mative pr9ciple4 ,anaxagoras solv$ ! problem 9 a way highly satisfactory = 8 age & 9 a mann] :i* unconsci\sly anticipat$ _m ( ! pr9ciples ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,accord+ to him all sub/ances are elem5t>y1 exi/+ 9 se$s or g]ms1 inf9ite 9 numb]1 inf9itesimal 9 size4 ,ari/otle & ! anci5ts 9 g5]al und]/ood him to mean t ^! se$s or g]ms are m9ute p>ticles ( ! ?+s :i* we "k 9 ! mass1 z = example bread or wat]1 or fle% & bones4 ,"s mod]n s*ol>s ?9k t he meant t ! orig9al mass ( matt] 0 inf9itely divid$ & t e atom _h 9 x a portion ( ev]y?+ else3 ! v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! se$s1 atoms1 we "n bread1 wat]1 or fle% & bones accord+ to ! pr$om9ance ( ^! ?+s 9 ! se$s :i* make up ! :ole4 ,yet :e!r ,ari/otle & ! anci5ts or ! mod]ns be "r is a matt] ( little mom5t to u n[4 ,anaxagoras ?\ght t ^! 8se$s10 :atev] !y 71 7 set 9 motion & comb9$ to produce ! inf9ite div]sity ( ! natural objects by ,m9d 774 ,anaxagoras' great s]vice1 !n1 0 8 introduction ( ,m9d into philosophy z a =mative1 a motive pr9ciple to provide ! cause = *ange & div]sity4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t ,anaxagoras conceiv$ 8 pr9ciple to be z mat]ial z ! elem5ts !mselves1 & t he did n employ 8 pr9ciple fully1 ev5 aft] he introduc$ x into ! _w4 ,inde$1 he did n advance beyond a me*anical concept ( ! cause ( ph5om5a4 ,b nev]!less he is significant 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european ?\ght z ! f\nd] ( ! duali/ic sy/em :i* l>gely prevail$ !reaft]4 ,8 contempor>ies1 too1 recogniz$ him z an innovator1 = we are told t ! wits ( ,a!ns nicknam$ him 8,m9d40 ,) ! consequ5ces ( ?is new dualism we %all be mu* conc]n$ h]eaft]4 ,ano!r gr\p ( m5 contribut$ to ! intellectual life ( t wond]ful fifty ye>s ( ,a!nian hi/ory :i* began ) ! defeat ( ! ,p]sians & end$ ) ! outbreak ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,h[ ke5 ! intellectual life ( t "t 0 is %[n by ! high excell5ce ( ! plays to :i* ! masses ( ! common citiz5s li/5$ 9 ! !at]4 ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides 7 n enjoy$ by ! few b by ! great body ( ,a!nian citiz5s1 & _! plays 7 kn[n ev5 among ! remote ,greek colonies4 ,! intellectual _s ( ! age 0 /imulat$ to inquiry & to scepticism4 ,h]odotus is :olly sceptical1 & ! agno/ic t5d5cy ( ! "t is %[n by ! entire lack ( my?ology & sup]/ition display$ by ,?ucydides4 ,a fur!r /imulus 0 furni%$ by ! developm5t ( a high] education giv5 by pr(essional tea*]s--! ,sophi/s4 ,! la/ half ( ! fif? c5tury is (t5 call$ ) good reason ! 8,age ( ! ,sophi/s40 ,we mu/ und]/& cle>ly j :at we mean by ?is t]m z appli$ to ! m5 ( ?is "t1 = today ! ^w sophi/ has an unfavorable connotation4 ,! ,sophi/s ( ! fif? c5tury nei!r =m$ a philosophic s*ool nor 7 !y *>latans4 ,! mo/ prom95t among !m 0 ,protagoras ( ,abd]a ^: ability & "* is %[n by ! fact t ,p]icles select$ him to draw up ! laws = ,?urii 9 #ddd-dc ,b4,c4 ,gorgias ( ,leont9i 9 ,sicily enjoy$ su* high reputation t 9 #dbg he 0 s5t at ! head ( an embassy to ,a!ns4 ,^! ,sophi/s 7 simply m5 devot$ to ! pursuit ( wisdom1 frequ5tly pr(essional tea*]s :o und]took to give a g5]al culture1 to tra9 _! pupils to take "p 9 society & ! /ate4 ,= ! old tra9+ :i* _h be5 ga9$ by obs]vation !y sub/itut$ a =mal discipl9e2 !y (f]$ in/ruction 9 rhetoric1 politics1 music1 9 %ort 9 all ! high] bran*es1 z we %\ld call !m4 ,b !y _h no unity ( doctr9e4 ,by ! close ( ! fif? c5tury !y _h fall5 some:at into disrepute & 7 "u suspicion1 s9ce 9 ! ,a!nian /ate all ! y\?s :o c\ld af=d to pay ! fees :i* ^! pr(essional tea*]s *>g$ belong$ to ! ari/ocratic class1 :i* frequ5tly vot$ aga9/ ! democracy4 ,! ,sophi/s ow$ _! great influ5ce to ! fact t !y met an actual ne$ 9 ! small society ( ,a!ns :i* includ$ an unusual numb] ( m5 ) eag] al]t m9ds & great intellectual curiosity4 ,n[ x %\ld be obs]v$ t rhetoric1 :i* =m$ a consid]able "p ( ! new education introduc$ by ^! pr(essional tea*]s s9ce political life 0 ! *ief c>e] op5 to a "y ,a!nian1 l$ to habits ( exam9ation1 analysis1 & def9ition4 ,we are all famili> ) ! fact t any attempt to analyze & def9e cu/om>y beliefs & practices is pretty c]ta9 to detect inconsi/5cies unobs]v$ be=e2 to lead1 at fir/ at lea/1 to confusion & to d\bt z to ! validity ( ! practice or belief "u consid]ation2 & t :5 appli$ to traditional morality or religion x is likely to loos5 ! obligations :i* m5 h hi!rto reg>d$4 ,= illu/rations ( ?is tru? we h only to look ab\t u & to see h[ 9 ?is g5]ation1 z 9 ! g5]ations ( our fa!rs1 long accept$ beliefs h crumbl$ be=e exam9ation1 z = example ! in/itution ( slav]y1 ! ju/ice ( :i* few que/ion$ a c5tury & a qu>t] ago4 ,s x 0 inevitable t 9 ,a!ns "s ( ! effects ( ! sophi/ic tea*+ %\ld be de/ructive4 ,& ^! effects 7 exagg]at$ by ! great /ore :i* 0 set on skill 9 disputation4 ,:5 moral or religi\s !mes 7 "u discussion1 ! po9t at issue 0 n ! value ( ?is or t position1 b r ! relative skill ( ! disputants4 ,we are s famili> ) ?is 9 academic life1 9 college debates1 = example1 t ! "q ( ! moral effect does n rise 9 our m9ds4 ,b x is little wond] t 9 ! fif? c5tury 9 ,a!ns ! ,sophi/s 7 *>g$ ) mak+ ! worse cause ! bett]4 ,fur!rmore ! ,sophi/s 7 sceptical z to ! possibility ( acquir+ absolute k ab\t any?+4 ,?is scepticism may h be5 due to a failure on ! "p ( ! sci5ce ( ! day :i* l$ individuals to turn f nature to man z ! object ( _! inquiry4 ,protagoras ma9ta9$ t all k 0 relative1 s9ce ! only way 9 :i* a man c "k any?+ is ?r\gh 8 s5ses2 ?r\gh !m he p]ceives t an object is hot or cold1 r\nd or squ>e1 sweet or bitt]4 ,he po9t$ out1 also1 t ! same object w n always appe> ! same ev5 to ! same individual2 h5ce he decl>$ t !re is no su* ?+ z absolute tru?1 b t :atev] seems true to y or to me at ! mom5t is ! tru? = y or = me1 & t x is n at all necess>y t y & ,i %\ld hold ! same ?+ to be true at "o & ! same "t4 ,:atev] seems to ! individual true is true1 accord+ to him4 ,f ?is came 8 fam\s dictum t man1 t is ! individual1 is ! measure ( all ?+s4#afa ,x is cle> t ?is doctr9e :5 appli$ to politics1 morals1 or religion 0 upsett+4 ,s long z m5 /udi$ nature1 !y 7 conc]n$ ) discov]+ ! inflexible laws :i* gov]n ! _w4 ,b :5 !y turn$ _! att5tion f nature to society or gov]nm5t1 !y realiz$ t human in/itutions seem$ to be ! result on ! :ole ( conv5tions agre$ ^u & adopt$ by mank9d4 ,! ,sophi/s held 9 g5]al t ! =m ( ! /ate1 ! curr5t moral & religi\s beliefs & social cu/oms _h no absolute validity2 t !y 7 ! results ( conv5tion2 & t _! only w>rant 0 t !y work$ well 9 practice1 t !y 7 pr(itable to ! individual & to society4 ,?is pragmatic view ( in/itutions fell 9 well ) ! temp] ( ! la/ half ( ! fif? c5tury1 bo? 9 ! p]iod ( ,a!ns' imp]ial supremacy & 9 ! "t ( h] trial dur+ ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 :5 9 passion or despair ! p disreg>d$ law &1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,melians1 all t humanity _h c\nt$ sacr$4 ,x 0 an age :5 _m held t might & "r 7 id5tical1 & = ?is view ! ,sophi/s1 ev5 ?\gh unwitt+ly1 furni%$ argum5ts2 = if ! te/ ( an in/itution or act is t x works well :5 put into practice1 success proves validity4 ,! ,sophi/s1 too1 taught t virtue 77 0 no?+ else ?an :at we call today effici5cy4 ,x is n /range t ! cons]vative ,a!nians came to look on !m ) suspicion4 ,) reg>d to ! gods ,protagoras 0 naturally agno/ic4 ,he began 8 8,treatise on ! ,gods0 ) ! words3 8,s f> z ! gods are conc]n$1 ,i _c "k :e!r !y exi/ or d n exi/2 or :at _! nature is4 ,_m ?+s prev5t our kn[+4 ,! matt] is obscure & life is %ort40#afb ,"o may be curi\s to "k :at l>ge matt] ,protagoras f\nd = 8 discussion :5 he began ) ?is frank confession ( ignorance2 b x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 ?is confession !re is no?+ necess>ily antagoni/ic to ! popul> !ology ( 8 day4 ,x only %[s :at ! words pla9ly decl>e1 t a belief 9 ! gods _c dep5d ^u k4 ,ano!r ,sophi/1 ,prodicus1 ma9ta9$ t ! div9ities 7 no?+ b ! k9dly p[]s ( nature :i* man _h deifi$2#afc & ! 8,g5tle ,critias10 "o ( ! wor/ ( ! ,?irty ,tyrants1 & a ready pupil ( ! e>li] ,sophi/s1 is said to h set =? 9 a satyric drama ! !ory t ! gods 7 ! clev] inv5tion ( someone :o wi%$ to sc>e m5 out ( _! desire to d evil4#afd ,! effect ( su* scepticism & agno/icism we c easily imag9e4 ,_m ?+s _h be5 wrongly laid at ! door ( ! ,sophi/s1 b x is small wond] t ! cons]vative ,a!nian citiz5s came to look ) di/ru/ & al>m on ^! new-fangl$ subv]sive notions2 t !y bani%$ ,protagoras & burn$ 8 books 9 ! m>ket place2 or f9ally t !y %\ld h put ,socrates to dea?4 ,into ?is age ( intellectual f]m5t & readju/m5t1 ( scepticism & eag] inquiry1 ! age ( ,anaxagoras & ! ,sophi/s1 ,socrates ent]$4 ,he 0 at once ! *ild ( 8 "t & ! greate/ fecundator ( m5's m9ds t ,europe _h yet kn[n4 ,he 0 born 9 #dfi ,b4,c4 & 0 =c$ to dr9k ! hemlock 9 ,m>*1 #cii1 s t he _h complet$ ! allott$ span ( life4 ,! son ( a sculptor1 we are told t he foll[$ 8 fa!r's pr(ession 9 8 y\?1 b app>5tly he did n cont9ue ?is long4 ,:5ce he d]iv$ ! means ( livelihood we d n "k4 ,he receiv$ ! regul> ,a!nian education1 0 int]e/$ especially 9 geometry & a/ronomy2 ! works ( ! philosoph]s he _h read1 b pr(ess$ t he ga9$ little f !m4 ,"o is tempt$ to dwell on ! picturesque *>act]i/ics ( ?is man--8 refusal to tea* = pay1 z did ! ord9>y tea*]s1 8 pr(ession ( complete ignorance--8 only claim to wisdom1 he said himself1--8 ugl9ess ( feature1 & 8 beauty ( s\l1 8 omnivor\s int]e/ 9 ! "w ( ! humble craftsm51 above all on 8 belief t he _h a w>n+ _s1 a daemon1 :i* *eck$ him :5 8 c\rse 0 wrong4 ,al?\gh 9 ob$i5ce to ?is inw>d monitor ,socrates refra9$ f politics1 he fulfill$ all 8 civic duties 9 peace & 9 w>4 ,he con=m$ to ! traditional religion1 sacrific+ & pray+ to ! traditional gods1 al?\gh he und\bt$ly did n hold t !y 7 ! limit$ & s5sual creatures ( ! popul> belief4 ,:5 he pray$ he ask$ n = gold or silv] or p[]1 b = :at ! gods knew 0 good = him4 ,at ! close ( ,plato's ,pha$rus he (f]s ?is appeal3 8,belov$ ,pan1 & all ye o!r gods :o haunt ?is place1 grant me beauty ( ! inw>d s\l1 & make ! outw>d & ! inw>d man to be b "o40 ,?is 0 ! man :o 0 *>g$ ) corrupt+ ! y\? ( ,a!ns4 ,socrates _h mu* 9 common ) ! ,sophi/s4 ,al?\gh x is evid5t t 9 8 e>li] ye>s he _h be5 int]e/$ 9 physical sci5ce1 we "k t he turn$ away f t 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 conv9c$ t man alone 0 m ?an man c\ld und]/&4 ,he r conf9$ 8 att5tion to man himself1 & made man & 8 conduct ! c5t] ( philosophic inquiry4 ,) ! ,sophi/s ,socrates held t ! cultivation ( excell5ce1 ( virtue1 :atev] t might be1 0 ! *ief ?+4 ,he also id5tifi$ virtue & k1 & l ! ,sophi/s 0 sceptical z to man's ability to atta9 absolute k4 ,practicability 0 ! te/ he appli$ to v>i\s op9ions4 ,if "o notion z to ! /ate or society or any?+ else work$ bett] ?an ano!r1 x 01 !re=e1 9 8 view ! bett]2 & accord+ to him x 0 by ! adoption ( su* useful op9ions t ! individual became ! wis] man4 ,he held t education does n consi/ 9 putt+ ?+s into p's heads1 b 9 lead+ !m to discov] ! tru?s :i* !y already possess4 ,he !re=e employ$ discussion z to ! validity ( hypo!ses to br+ out ! lat5t k 9 ! m9ds ( 8 "y fri5ds4 ,?is me?od ( 8--dialectic--0 n id5tical ) t ( ! ,sophi/s app>5tly1 b 0 n unlike !irs4 ,x 01 !re=e1 natural t 8 own "t %\ld h reckon$ him z "o ( ! pr(essional class4 ,h[ !n 0 he di/+ui%$ f ^! ,sophi/s8 ,ext]nally1 fir/ ( all1 by ! fact t he did n tea* = pay1 t 8 purpose 0 unselfi%1 8 int]e/ be+ solely ! elucidation ( tru? & s ! e/abli%m5t ( virtue4 ,he himself believ$ t he _h a div9e commission to s]ve ! ,a!nians z a mission>y4 ,plato makes him decl>e 9 8 def5ce be=e 8 judges3 8,m5 ( ,a!ns1 ,i %\ld be guilty ( a crime inde$ if ?r\gh fe> ( dea? or any?+ else ,i %\ld des]t ! po/ to :i* ,i am assign$ by ! god4 ,= ! god orda9s 444 t ,i %\ld foll[ aft] wisdom & exam9e myself & o!rs40#afe ,he conceiv$ ( himself z ! physician ( ! s\l1 & ma9ta9$ t 8 :ole bus9ess 0 8to p]suade all1 bo? "y & old1 n to c>e ab\t ! body or ri*es1 b fir/ & =emo/ ab\t ! s\l--h[ to make ! s\l z good z possible40#aff ,z ,i h already said1 he believ$ t if m5 c\ld only "k :at ju/ice1 goodness1 & temp]ance 7 !y w\ld naturally & inevitably be j & good & temp]ate4 ,vice he ?\ght 0 due to a lack ( k2 !re=e he employ$ 8 que/ion+1 dialectic1 to endeavor to secure cle> def9itions ( ^! & o!r virtues1 = he 0 conv9c$ t if only he & 8 associates c\ld discov] :at virtue 01 !y w\ld at once pursue virtue & flee f all wrongdo+4 ,we may smile at ! navet ( ?is belief1 t virtue is some?+ t c be taught1 t to be practis$ x ne$s only to be se52 b we mu/ rem9d ourselves t 8 confid5ce 0 bas$ on ano!r belief1 :i* 0 t virtue is ! be/ & ! mo/ pr(itable = ! individual2 & t s9ce ea* man desires ! be/ = himself1 if he sees :at is "r1 he w foll[ t c\rse unsw]v+ly to ! end4 ,x may be said ) reason t ?is is a utilit>ian view1 & s x is2 b 9 ,socrates x 0 comb9$ ) a p[] ( w :i* enabl$ him to translate 8 convictions into reality1 = x 0 9 ob$i5ce to ?is conviction t ! great tea*] gave up 8 life4 ,?us f> we h se5 t 9 ! f]m5t ( ! la/ "p ( ! fif? c5tury 9 ,a!ns !re 7 two =ces :i* 7 9 a s5se oppos$ to ea* o!r1 ! ,sophi/s ) _! inevitable scepticism1 :o taught t all tru? 0 subjective1 t ju/ice & goodness 7 only t :i* seem$ j & good to ! individual2 oppos$ to !m 9 reality 0 ,socrates1 n only 9 _s b also by ! doctr9e :i* he endeavor$ to e/abli%2 = 8 se>* 0 always direct$ at f9d+ ! reality1 0 always aim$ at k 9 opposition to op9ion4 ,^! objective tru?s1 ! univ]sals1 :i* to him 7 ! only real ?+s 9 ! _w1 he endeavor$ to obta9 by a process ( def9ition :i* 0 n :olly adequate2 b he turn$ m5 away f m]e obs]vation1 f :at seem$ to be true1 to se>* = p]man5t objective reality4 ,h[ fruitful 8 tea*+ 01 0 %[n by _m s*ools1 b above all by 8 greate/ pupil1 ,plato4 ,8 foll[]s h la/$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! la/ ?ird ( ! fif? c5tury 0 a new era = ,greece4 ,! ,peloponnesian ,w> broke out 9 ! ye> #dca1 & la/$ until #djd4 ,on ! "o side 0 ,a!ns ) ! empire :i* %e _h boldly built & some:at ru?lessly held2 on ! o!r 0 a l>ge numb] ( alli$ /ates ( ,greece ) ,sp>ta at _! head4 ,! w> end$ ) ! complete humiliation ( ,a!ns4 ,%e lo/ h] empire1 h] weal?1 & a l>ge "p ( h] population4 ,^! disa/]s gave opportunity & occasion = new =ces to come to ! front4 ,e>ly 9 ! w> ! m]curial ,a!nians _h %[n !mselves impati5t ( ! lead]%ip :i* _h made ,a!ns great1 & !y reject$ ,p]icles4 ,!y 7 easily l$ a/ray by wild s*emes1 z :5 !y foll[$ ! imp]iali/ic p>ty head$ by ,alcibiades & s5t out ! ,sicilian exp$ition 9 #dae1 :i* 0 to meet irrep>able disa/] two ye>s lat]4 ,9 "t ( di/ress1 "u ! burd5 ( political & economic mis=tune1 m5 (t5 turn to reconsid] ! bases ( _! beliefs & actions1 to te/ ! validity ( ! doctr9es :i* h hi!rto guid$ !m4 ,?is 0 ! case at ,a!ns4 ,! old beliefs w5t by ! bo>d2 society1 gov]nm5t1 & religion all became subjects ( d\bt & ( reexam9ation4 ,! greate/ spokesman ( ?is "t 0 ,euripides4 ,al?\gh he 0 ! y\ng] contempor>y ( ,sophocles1 :o outliv$ him by a few mon?s1 ,euripides belongs to a new age4 ,! =m] repres5ts imp]ial ,a!ns ( ! age ( ,p]icles1 ! latt] ! ,a!ns ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,born ( a family app>5tly well-to-d he c]ta9ly receiv$ a lib]al education4 ,politics & society seem nev] to h attract$ him to active p>ticipation 9 !m1 b ! intellectual life ( 8 "t he %>$ to ! full2 & m ?an any extant writ] ( 8 day1 he %[s t he felt ! =ce ( ! movem5ts :i* 7 trans=m+ ,a!nian ?\ght4 ,x has be5 aptly said t 9 ,sophocles ! poetical c\rse ( traditional religion culm9at$2 9 ,euripides we h = ! fir/ "t ! poetic & philosophical developm5t fully comb9$4 ,he 0 a pr(\nd ?9k]1 tr\bl$ by ! mo/ difficult problems ( humanity1 & approa*+ tradition ) ! lib]al frankness ( ! new age4 ,yet we mu/ always be> 9 m9d t he 0 a dramatic poet1 n a sy/ematic !ologian or moral tea*]4 ,aga9 & aga9 fidelity to 8 art made him put s5tim5ts into ! m\?s ( 8 *>act]s :i* mu/ h be5 abhorr5t to him4 ,nor h we any "r to se>* = "s hidd5 mean+ 9 8 plays4 ,yet aft] all all[ances h be5 made1 we _c d\bt t 9 8 dramas he frequ5tly expresses 8 p]sonal views on politics1 morals1 & religion1 :i* 7 q at v>iance ) ! views ( tradition4 ,t[>d ! gods ( ! curr5t my?ology no "o c\ld h be5 m frankly sceptical or scornful ?an he4 ,z ,ne/le1 a ,g]man critic1 has po9t$ out1 ! basic pr9ciple ( 8 attacks is f\nd 9 8 v]se3 1 4#afg ,if ! gods d aught t is base1 !n !y are n gods4 ,t is1 z ! same critic says1 = ,euripides 8,god & s9 are mutually exclusive t]ms40 ,sophocles held ! same belief1 yet 8 po9t ( view 0 :olly diff]5t1 z is %[n by 8 v]se3 4#afh ,no?+ to :i* ! gods lead m5 is base4 ,t is1 :atev] ! gods d is good no matt] h[ x may seem to man4 ,!re is !n a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two trag$ians3 ! eld] has fai? to believe 9 ! righte\sness ( ! traditional gods1 ! y\ng] is ready to ?r[ tradition ov]4 ,! unreasonabl5ess & immorality ( popul> beliefs & ! baffl+ exi/5ce ( evil 9 ! _w ,euripides c\ld n reconcile ) a fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( all p[]ful & j be+s su* z he held ! gods mu/ be1 if !y exi/ at all4 ,8 firm conviction t div9ity1 if x h any exi/5ce1 mu/ be absolutely j1 expla9s ! poet's boldness 9 hold+ up to scorn ! popul> notions4 ,9 ! ,hippolytus he exhibits ! goddess ( love 9 a %ameful light1 & makes ,artemis jo9 ) ! innoc5t h]o ( ! play 9 condemn+ h]4 ,inde$ ?r\gh\t ! trag$y ! traditional beliefs are treat$ ) p[]ful irony4 ,:5 ,pha$ra is fill$ ) %ame at ! passion = h] /ep-son ) :i* ,aphrodite has inspir$ h]1 ! nurse tempts h] to yield1 quot+ anci5t tales ( ! cele/ials' am\rs z examples3 ,:oso h scrolls writ 9 ! anci5t days1 ,& w&] /ill !mselves by pa?s ( song1 ,!y "k h[ ,zeus ( yore desir$ ! embrace ,( ,semele2 !y "k h[ radiant ,dawn ,up to ! gods snat*$ ,cephalus ( yore1 ,& all = love2 yet ^! 9 ,heav5 _! home ,dwell1 nei!r d !y flee ! face ( ,gods1 ,cont5t1 ,i tr[1 to be love's vanqui%$ ones4 ,?\--wilt n yield8#afi 99 99 99 99 99 ,nay1 d>l+1 f ?y deadly ?\ghts refra91 ,& f presumption--%e] presumption ?is1 ,t "o %\ld wi% to be m /rong ?an ,gods4 ,9 love fl9* n2 a ,god ha? will$ ?is ?+4#agj ,b ,pha$ra dies by h] own h& r ?an yield to ! goddess's design4 ,! innoc5t ,hippolytus1 second victim ( div9e inju/ice1 cries out z he dies3 ,innoc5t ,i1 ev] fe>+ ! ,gods1 :o 0 :olly he>t-clean ,above all m5 beside1-- ,lo1 h[ am ,i ?ru/ ,unto ,hades1 to hide ,my life 9 ! du/6 ,all va9ly ,i rev]5c$ ,god1 & 9 va9 unto man 0 ,i j4#aga ,:at great] condemnation ( ! traditional gods c\ld !re be ?an ?is6 ,9 ! ,h]cules ,h]a drives ! h]o mad & makes him ! slay] ( 8 own innoc5t *ildr51 all because ( ! goddess's jeal\sy ( ,zeus4 ,small wond] t ,h]cules cries :5 ! tru? is br\ght home to him3 ,to su* a ,goddess ,:o %all pray n[8 :o1 = a woman's sake ,jeal\s ( ,zeus1 f ,hellas ha? cut (f ,h] b5efactors1 guiltless ?\gh !y 74#agb ,! h]o refuses to f9d any consolation = 8 woes 9 ! sugge/ion t ! gods too h s9n$ & suff]$ = _! wrongs--8if m9/rel leg5ds be n false40 ,:]eat he exclaims3 ,i deem n t ! ,gods = sp\sals crave ,unhall[$3 tales ( ,gods' h&s manacl$ ,ev] ,i scorn$ nor ev] w believe1 ,nor t "o ,god is born ano!r's "l4 ,= ,god ha? ne$1 if ,god inde$ he be1 ,( naught3 ^! be ! m9/rels' sorry tales4#agc ,?is play !n l ! ,hippolytus is a condemnation ?r\gh ,h]a & ,zeus ( ! :ole sy/em ( gods4 ,9 ^! s5tim5ts !re is some?+ m ?an direct defiance ( tradition4 ,euripides does n1 l ,p9d>1 ref9e away ! bas] elem5ts ( leg5ds2 or1 l ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles1 obscure ! ugli] features ( ! anci5t my?ology4 ,on ! contr>y1 con/ra9$ by 8 pr(ession z dramatic poet to draw 8 !mes f ! d>k tales ( gods & h]oes 9 a my?ological age--tales ^: immorality 0 :olly hateful to him--he accompli%es 8 purpose by %[+ ^! gods & h]oes on 8 /age engag$ 9 actions & prompt$ by motives :i* are s base z to de/roy ! spectator's reg>d = be+s ( su* a sort1 & to w9 ! onlook]'s sympa?y = ! mortal victim aga9/ ! high] p[]4 ,to ! %ameless natures ( ! gods ! poet bluntly gives fitt+ *>act]izations3 he names !m cruel1 v5geful1 trea*]\s1 lic5ti\s4 ,euripides is no less iconocla/ic 9 deal+ ) curr5t religi\s practices2 !re is none t escapes 8 scorn4 ,sacrifices & votive (f]+s seem to him unwor?y ( true gods4 ,! folly ( popul> wond] at ! ri*es ( temples is br\ght out 9 a fragm5t ( ! lo/ ,philoctetes1 9 :i* ! h]o s>ca/ically bids 8 he>]s see h[ ev5 ! gods prize ga91 & !re=e m5 %\ld n hesitate to get pr(it & !reby make !mselves equal to ! gods4#agd ,t x is n ! size ( ! gift1 b piety :i* secures ! favor ( j ,heav51 is ! lesson ( ano!r c\plet4#age ,temples & /atues1 & all ! sacr$ privileges atta*$ !reto are treat$ ) equal disreg>d = tradition2 & ! sacr$ in/itution ( blood-v5geance is mo/ emphatically condemn$4 ,= ! common tru/ 9 om5s giv5 by dreams & ! flight ( birds he has only ridicule4 ,s 9 ! ,tauric ,iphig5ia :5 ,iphig5ia le>ns f ,ore/es t h] bro!r lives1 %e cries3 ,false dreams1 avaunt6 ,s !n ye 7 b naught4#agf ,to :i* ,ore/es answ]s3 ,ay1 & n ev5 ,gods1 :om m5 call wise1 ,are less deceitful ?an be fleet+ dreams4 ,utt] confusion is 9 ?+s div9e ,& human4 ,wise m5 grieve at ?is alone ,:5--ra%ness8--no1 b fai? 9 oracles ,br+s ru9--h[ deep1 !y t prove x "k4#agg ,! condemnation ( ! int]pret] ( signs giv5 by birds is made ! m effective 9 ! ,pho5issae by putt+ x into ! m\? ( ! se] ,tirisias3 ,:o use? ! div9]'s art ,is fooli%4 ,if he h]alde? ill ?+s1 ,he is loa!d ( ^? to :om he prophesies4 ,if pity+ !m t seek to him1 he lie1 ,he wrongs ! ,gods4#agh ,9 ! ,iphig5ia at ,aulis ,a*illes bitt]ly asks1 8,:at is a se]80 & answ]s 8 own "q1 8,a man :o speaks few tru?s & _m lies40#agi ,ev5 pray] is sometimes reg>d$ z ( d\btful aid1 al?\gh naturally ,euripides' *>act]s (t5 appeal to ! ,gods4 ,at times1 too1 ! poet is m op5ly a!i/ic or agno/ic ) ref]5ce to ! popul> religion4 ,! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration is f\nd 9 ! pray] :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,hecuba1 ! ,trojan que53 ,o ,e>?'s ,upbe>]1 ?\ ^: ?rone is ,e>?1 ,:oe'er ?\ be1 ,o pa/ our f9d+ out1 ,zeus1 be ?\ ,nature's ,law1 or ,m9d ( ,man1 ,to !e ,i pray2 = tread+ s\ndless pa?s1 ,9 ju/ice do/ ?\ guide all mortal ?+s4#ahj ,y w obs]ve t al?\gh ?is pray] rejects all curr5t poly!ism1 x is f> f d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a div9e p[]--r x ma9ta9s 9 poetic language ! exi/5ce ( su* a pr9ciple--! reason ( ! univ]se :i* %[s itself 9 nature z law & 9 ! m9d ( man z reason4 ,?is pan!ism f9ds expression else:]e 9 8 poetry4 ,9 illu/ration ,i w quote two fragm5ts4 ,! fir/ id5tifies div9ity ) all embrac+ e!r3 ,see/ ?\ ! b\ndless e!r !re on high1 ,t folds ! e>? ar\nd ) dewy arms8 ,?is deem ?\ ,zeus1 ?is reckon "o ) ,god4#aha ,! second id5tifies god ) ! intellig5ce :i* p]vades ! _w3 ,!e1 self-begott51 :o 9 e!r roll$ ,ceaselessly r\nd1 by my/ic l9ks do/ bl5d ,! nature ( all ?+s1 :om veils enfold ,( light1 ( d>k night fleck$ ) gleams ( gold1 ,( />-ho/s danc+ r\nd !e )\t end4#ahb ,! la/ ?ree passages %[ h[ ! poet's m9d 0 fill$ ) ! philosophic ?\ght ( ! day4 ,9 id5tify+ div9ity ) ! e!r he 0 app>5tly giv+ poetic expression to ! views ( 8 contempor>y1 ! philosoph] ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 :om he mu/ h kn[n at ,a!ns4 ,diog5es foll[$ ,anaxim5es 9 mak+ 8,air0 7or ! 8,e!r07 ! basic elem5t ( ! _w1 b advanc$ beyond 8 pr$ecessor 9 attribut+ to 8,air0 intellig5ce & movem5t--inde$ he held t x c\ld only be conceiv$ z intellig5t2 & he fur!r said t ?is intellig5t 8,air10 :i* 0 ! cause &1 by virtue ( its intellig5ce1 ! director ( all ?+s1 seem$ to him to be god4 ,9 ! m9d ( man !re=e ! div9e pr9ciple %[s itself z intellect1 9 nature x is law4 ,b 9 ,hecuba's pray] !re is a high] conception ( god ?an ev5 ?is--! div9e reason is also _w-rul+ ,ju/ice3 ,ju/ice & ,god are "o4 ,?is id5tification 9 a s5se is z old z ,hesiod1 b ,euripides conceives ( ,ju/ice n z ! daught] ( ,zeus b z id5tical ) ! cosmic reason1 imman5t 9 all ?+s1 =m+ & direct+ all ?+s4 ,:5 ! poet speaks ( ,ju/ice 9 ways m natural to ! ord9>y man1 he combats ! curr5t notion t ,ju/ice dwells 9 heav5 :]e m5's s9s are record$ 9 a book2 r1 he says1 %e is "h on e>? ) m51 unse5 b see+ all4#ahc ,yet he nev] c>ri$ out ?is idea & reconcil$ x ) ! actual moral condition ( ! _w & ! undes]v$ suff]+s ( mank9d4 ,! problem ( evil & d\bt con/antly vex$ him2 nei!r fai? nor reason gave him re/3 ,:5 fai? ov]fl[e? my m9d1 ,god's provid5ce all-embrac+ ,bani%e? griefs3 b :5 d\bt :isp]e? #8,ah b to "k6' ,no clue ?r\gh ! tangle ,i f9d ( fate & ( life = my trac+3 ,!re is ev] a *ange & _m a *ange1 ,& ! mutable =tune ( m5 ev]more sways to & fro ,ov] limitless range4#ahd ,on dea? & ! possibility ( a future life ,euripides aga9 gives u no consi/5t views4 ,he ?\ght t m5 fe> ! great transition f inexp]i5ce ) x2 b he f\nd "s com=t 9 ! fact t dea? comes 9 ob$i5ce to nature's univ]sal law1 & !re=e %\ld cause no al>m4#ahe ,/ill he felt t ! possibility ( life beyond ! grave gave no c]ta9ty ( joy1 = _m1 l ,mac>ia 9 ! ,h]aclidae1 might say3 ,if 9 ! grave aught be3 ,b ah t naught might be6--= if !re too ,we mortals :o mu/ die %all yet h c>es1 ,i "k n :i!r "o %all turn2 s9ce dea? ,= sorr[ is acc\nt$ *iefe/ balm4#ahf ,sometimes he expresses or h9ts at ! view t our s\ls return to ! air or e!r f :i* !y sprang4#ahg ,aga9 he uses ! ,hom]ic pictures ( a *e]less o!r _w4 ,once he ref]s to ! ,orphic doctr9e 9 ! cryptic utt]ance1 8,:o kn[s b life be dea?1 & dea? be reckon$ life bel[80--v]ses :i* ,plato & o!r philosoph]s 7 to int]pret aft] him4 ,if space all[$1 we might gladly dwell on ,euripides' sympa?y ) human pov]ty & suff]+1 on ! h9ts he gives t he p]ceiv$ ! common bro!rhood ( man4 ,9 8 noble ideals ( womanhood he surpasses 8 contempor>ies4 ,above all ^! matt]s x is important = u ) our pres5t int]e/ to note t m ?an once ! trag$ian seems to wi% to inculcate ! tru? t ! /&>d ( morality among m5 0 f> sup]ior to t ( ! traditional pan!on4 ,no o!r poet ( 8 age sets =? ! true nobility ( man s p]fectly z ,euripides4 ,! la/ play ( ! long li/ he wrote 0 ! ,bac*ae4 ,compos$ 9 ,mac$onia1 x 0 fir/ produc$ at ,a!ns aft] ! poet's dea?4 ,z 0 fitt+ = a trag$y writt5 9 ! home ( ,dionysus1 ! drama deals ) ! ,dionysiac possession1 en?usiasm1 ! 8div9e madness10 on :i* ! ,greeks ev] set high /ore4 ,no play has s baffl$ int]pretation4 ,"s s*ol>s ?9k x a recantation2 o!rs vigor\sly d5y x4 ,p]sonally ,i am incl9$ to hold ) ,adam t ,dionysus 9 ! play 8/&s = ! _s ( en?usiasm 9 ! anci5t ,greek mean+ ( ! ^w10 & t ! pr9cipal lesson ( ! drama is to be f\nd 9 ! v]se1 8,n ) k is wisdom b\ght0#ahh--t is1 reason is n all 9 man1 b !re is some?+ great]--en?usiasm1 inspiration4#ahi ,f :at we h be5 consid]+ ?us f>1 x is evid5t t ,euripides' _s 0 prim>ily iconocla/ic2 !re c be no "q t he contribut$ to ! decay ( ! anci5t beliefs & t he help$ drive ! ,olympians f _! ?rones 9 ! m9ds ( ?9k+ m54 ,= fifty ye>s he op5ly utt]$ 8 criticisms 9 ! !at] at ! high fe/ival ( ,dionysus be=e ! quick-witt$ ,a!nians4 ,! effect mu/ h be5 great1 = no poet enjoy$ m widespread popul>ity4 ,on ! positive side ,euripides (f]s no sy/em ( religion or ( morals4 ,inde$1 he seems nev] to h arriv$ at any complete unity 9 8 ?\ght4 ,b he is /imulat+ n[1 & 9 8 own day unque/ionably goad$ m5 to reflection1 j because he raises s (t5 fundam5tal que/ions--! que/ions :i* reflect+ m5 7 ask+ !n & h be5 ask+ ev] s9ce--que/ions :i* are nev] :olly answ]$1 b :i* always dem& an answ]4 ,! /imulat+ "* ( 8 dramas makes him inde$ "o ( ! great religi\s poets ( ! _w4 ,,footnotes3 #aed ,?uc4 #b1 #dc-dd4 #aee ,frgg4 #ad-af4 #aef ,frg4 #aa4 #aeg ,frg4 #ah4 #aeh ,frgg4 #bc-bf4 #aei ,frgg4 #a1 #b1 #cj1 #ca1 #dj-db2 cf4 #eg1 #fg1 #ij4 #afj ,frgg4 #ad1 #ae1 #bi1 #cb1 #da1 #abh4 #afa ,frg4 #a4 #afb ,frg4 #d4 #afc ,frg4 #e4 #afd ,frg4 #be #a ,nauck#b1 pp4 #ggj ff4 #afe ,apol4 #bh ,e4 #aff ,apol4 #cj ,a4 #afg ,frg4 #bib1 #g4 #afh ,frg4 #bbf1 #d4 #afi ,hipp4 #dea-dei4 #agj ,hipp4 #dgc-dgf4 #aga ,hipp4 #acfe-acfi4 #agb ,h4 ,f4 #acjg ff4 #agc ,h4 ,f4 #acda ff4 #agd ,frg4 #gid4 #age ,frg4 #idf4 #agf ,i4,t4 #efi4 #agg ,i4,t4 #egj-ege4 #agh ,pho54 #ied-ieh4 #agi ,i4,a4 #ief f4 #ahj ,tro4 #hhd-hhh4 #aha ,frg4 #ida4 #ahb ,frg4 #eic4 #ahc ,frgg4 #aea1 #bee1 #ejf4 #ahd ,hippol4 #aajb ff4 #ahe ,frgg4 #geg1 #haf4 #ahf #eib ff4 #ahg ,hel4 #ajad ff4 #ahh #cie4 #ahi ,adam1 ,religi\s ,tea*]s1 p4 #caf4 ,v ,,plato ,,& ,,ari/otle ,socrates became ! fa!r ( _m philosophic s*ools4 ,8 pupils naturally diff]$ f "o ano!r 9 ! emphasis :i* !y gave to ?is or t side ( _! ma/]'s tea*+ & 9 ! ways 9 :i* !y comb9$ 8 doctr9es ) pr9ciples laid d[n by e>li] ?9k]s1 b all agre$ 9 ?is1 t !y direct$ _! att5tion to man z ! c5t] ( ?\ght & inquiry4 ,f ?is "t e?ics & religion became ! dom9ant !mes ( philosophy4 ,our subject bids u conf9e our att5tion to ! greate/ ( ^! pupils1 ,plato4 ,plato 0 born at ,a!ns 9 ! ye> #dbh_/g ,b4,c4 ( an anci5t family1 :i* 0 relat$ to ! law-giv] ,solon4 ,aft] be+ educat$ 9 ! be/ ,a!nian fa%ion1 he atta*$ himself to ,socrates 9 8 tw5tie? ye>1 :5 ! latt] 0 already ab\t sixty ye>s old1 & he cont9u$ to associate ) 8 ma/] = t5 ye>s until ! latt]'s condemnation & dea?4 ,probably he 0 n "o ( ! inn] circle1 b he tells u t he 0 pres5t at 8 ma/]'s trial & ) o!r foll[]s ( ,socrates 0 prep>$ to g bondsman1 if a f9e 7 inflict$4 ,sickness prev5t$ him f %>+ 9 ! discussion ( ! la/ day1 :i* is relat$ to u 9 ! ,pha$o4 ,aft] ,socrates' dea?1 ,plato 0 abs5t f ,a!ns = ab\t twelve ye>s1 resid+ fir/ 9 ! neighbor+ city ( ,meg>a1 :]e 8 association ) ,euclides1 "o ( ,socrates' olde/ pupils1 mu/ h contribut$ to ! developm5t ( 8 own philosophy4 ,lat] 9 s\!rn ,italy1 if we accept ! traditional acc\nt ( 8 travels1 he _h an opportunity to /udy m closely 9 _! home ! ,orphic-,py?agorean sy/ems & doctr9es1 _m ( :i* no d\bt he _h (t5 he>d ,socrates discuss4 ,at ,syracuse 9 ,sicily he won ov] ,dion1 ! "y bro!r-9-law ( ! tyrant ,dionysius4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 f\nd 8 moral tea*+s (f5sive1 seiz$ him1 & _h him (f]$ = sale z a prison] ( w> 9 ! slave m>ket at ,aeg9a4 ,b a fri5d1 ,annic]is1 b\ght him & set him free4 ,:5 ,plato's o!r fri5ds wi%$ to repay to ,annic]is ! money he _h sp5t1 ! latt] refus$1 & ! sum 0 us$ to pur*ase a grove sacr$ to ! h]o ,academus1 9 :i* ,plato op5$ a philosophic s*ool4 ,!re1 save = ! int]ruptions caus$ by two j\rneys to ,sicily1 he cont9u$ to tea* = ab\t =ty ye>s1 dy+ 9 #cdg ,b4,c4 at ! age ( eighty4 ,to ?is s*ool came pupils f almo/ e "p ( ! ,greek _w4 ,! *ief subjects /udi$ 7 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ma!matics--includ+ ( c\rse a/ronomy & h>monics1--& dialectics1 by :i* is meant 8! art ( "q & answ]1 ! art ( giv+ a rational acc\nt ( ?+s & ( receiv+ su* an acc\nt f o!rs40 ,! di/9ctive me?ods employ$ 7 ^? ( analysis & division :i* ,plato seems to h develop$ s f> t ! inv5tion ( ! =m] 0 actually1 b errone\sly1 attribut$ to him4 ,! purpose ( analysis 0 to secure an explanation or pro( ( a proposition2 t ( division 0 to arrive at a prop] classification or division ( ! object "u consid]ation4 ,plato's in/ruction 0 evid5tly giv5 9 consid]able "p by lectures1 ( :i* 8 he>]s took notes2 !re 0 also sci5tific rese>* on ! "p ( ! pupils :o work$ out ! problems or difficulties set !m by _! ma/]4 ,nor 7 ^! rese>*es :olly ma!matical & a/ronomical1 = !re is good reason to believe t /udies 9 natural hi/ory 7 also pursu$4 ,inde$1 ,ari/otle1 = tw5ty ye>s a memb] ( ! ,academy1 mu/ h _h opportunities "h to c>ry on ^? rese>*es :i* int]e/$ him mo/ 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life4 ,b :atev] ! /udies1 ! purpose 0 to lead ! pupils to ! discov]y & contemplation ( ,reality1 ( ,be+1 ( ! fundam5tal & p]man5t z aga9/ ! individual & transitory ph5om5on4 ,( ,plato's lectures we "k virtually no?+2 8 ,dialogues repres5t ^? p>ts ( 8 doctr9e :i* he wi%$ to give to ! outside _w2 x is probable t !y 9 no s5se adequately reproduce 8 tea*+s to 8 disciples4 ,h[ mu* ( 8 philosophy ,plato receiv$ f 8 ma/] ,socrates1 h[ mu* he develop$ = himself _c n[ be det]m9$4 ,socrates left no writ+s2 we "k him only f ! writ+s ( o!rs1 & above all f ! dialogues ( ,plato4 ,!re he is ! *ief spokesman1 :o leads 8 associates along v>i\s pa?s t[>d tru?2 & c]ta9ly no pupil ev] built a nobl] monum5t to 8 tea*] ?an ,plato did4 ,among mod]n s*ol>s !re are _m views z to ! ext5t ( ,plato's debt to 8 ma/]3 "o extreme w+1 :i* has _m adh]5ts1 w\ld limit ! ,socratic elem5ts 9 ! ,platonic doctr9e to ! e?ical int]e/1 ! se>* = univ]sals1 & ! dialectic me?od2 ! o!r w+1 ( :i* ! em95t ,engli% ,platoni/ ,burnet is ! *ief repres5tative1 w\ld attribute to ,socrates practically ev]y?+ f\nd 9 ! dialogues :i* ,plato wrote be=e he began 8 tea*+ 9 ! ,academy4 ,inde$ ,burnet holds t ,plato's *ief purpose 9 ! e>li] dialogues 0 to set =? ! life & tea*+ ( ,socrates2 he !re=e claims t ! 8doctr9e ( ideas10 ) all its consequ5ces1 & mu* besides1 are purely ,socratic1 tak5 ov] by ,plato 9 develop$ =m4 ,few ( u c accept ei!r ( ^! extreme views2 x seems m probable t ! tru? lies betwe51 t ,plato le>n$ mu* relat+ to 8ideas0 & _! ,py?agorean orig9s f 8 tea*]1 j z he d]iv$ f him 8 e?ical int]e/ & 8 me?od4 ,b to r$uce ! brilliant pupil to a m]e report] ( 8 ma/]'s views ) little philosophy ( 8 own until he 0 pa/ =ty1 is q incr$ible1 & su* a proc$ure has no prop] w>rant4 ,:5 speak+ ( ,socrates 9 my previ\s lecture ,i avoid$ ?is "q1 = a discussion ( x !re w\ld h be5 unpr(itable & confus+2 & ev5 n[ = conv5i5ce ,i propose to treat t "p ( ,plato's philosophy :i* imm$iately conc]ns u z if x 7 :olly 8 own1 begg+ y1 h[ev]1 to keep 9 m9d always t und\bt$ly mu* 9 g]m or develop$ =m 0 d]iv$ directly f ,plato's *ief tea*]4 ,fur!rmore ,i mu/ ask y to rememb] t ,plato _h be5 giv5 to poetry :5 a y\?1 & t al?\gh he r5\nc$ ! practice ( ! art1 he rema9$ a poet 9 _s to ! end ( 8 life2 all 8 ?\ghts 7 t\*$ ) poetry1 enliv5$ ) hum\r1 & fir$ ) religi\s zeal4 ,he 0 a consummate lit]>y arti/1 & a man ( _m sides4 ,x 0 natural !re=e t he %\ld n[h]e set =? a cry/alliz$ sy/em ( philosophy su* z a less imag9ative & dull] p]son might h done2 he 0 app>5tly a man :o grew ?r\gh all 8 eighty ye>s4 ,! result is t 9 spite ( ! fact t we may prop]ly speak ( 8! unity ( ,plato's ?\ght10 we f9d 9 8 works v>iety1 v>iation1 & ev5 contradiction4 ,! requirem5ts ( our pres5t situation1 h[ev]1 =ce u to consid] our !mes categorically1 ?\gh t proc$ure is some:at unfair to ,plato4 ,let u !n fir/ exam9e ! c5tral ?\ght ( ,plato's philosophy--! 8doctr9e ( ideas40 ,develop+ ! doctr9es ( e>li] philosoph]s1 especially ^? ( ,h]aclitus & ,anaxagoras1 ,plato held t ! _w is dual4 ,9 x is ! ph5om5al _w visible to u1 :i* includes all natural objects & ^? made by man1 a transi5t & unreal _w :i* we "k only ?r\gh our s5ses4 ,b beside x1 or r beh9d x1 is ano!r _w invisible b p]man5t & real1 :i* c be grasp$ only by ! reason4 ,?is is ! _w ( ideas4 ,yet ! two worlds are n sep>ate1 = ! _w ( ! s5ses owes its exi/5ce :olly to its dep5d5ce on ! _w ( ideas4 ,to und]/& ,plato's view we mu/ consid] 9 an elem5t>y way :at he meant by 8ideas40 ,! words :i* he uses 71 7 signify 8=m10 & 9 logic are us$ 9 ! s5se ( 8class10 8k9d10 8species10 8! g5]al pr9ciple = ! classification ( objects40 ,! translation 8idea0 is traditional1 & !re is no adequate reason = pref]r+ 8=m0 or any o!r ,engli% equival5t4 ,n[ ,plato's /atem5t t ! _w ( ph5om5a dep5ds on ! invisible _w ( ideas seems at fir/ sight p>adoxical1 = by x he means t ! individual tree1 book1 desk1 *air1 good man1 or :atev] y please1 is n ! real be+ at all1 b t ! ideas ( tree1 book1 desk1 *air1 & goodness alone possess reality4 ,x may be made pla9 by an illu/ration :i* %all be ,plato's own4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? book ( ! ,republic ,socrates & ,glaucon are conv]s+ toge!r4 ,! ma/] w9s ,glaucon's ass5t fir/ to ! proposition t al?\gh !re are _m b$s & tables 9 ! _w1 !re are only two ideas1 "o ( a b$1 ! o!r ( a table4 ,he !n goes on to %[ t ! workman makes a b$ or table by %ap+ 8 mat]ial accord+ to ! idea ( a b$ or a table1 b t he does n create ! ideas !mselves4 ,t is done by ,god :o is ! real mak] ( ! real b$1 t is1 ( ! idea ( a b$4 ,! c>p5t] makes only ! p>ticul> b$ :i* owes its tempor>y exi/5ce to ! et]nal idea--! real b$--:i* is 9 ,nature1 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,or if ,plato %\ld appe> be=e u tonight1 he might say1 8,suppose we take a doz5 books ( diff]5t sizes & diff]5t %apes & appe>ance1 h[ d we recognize t ^! div]se objects are all books80 ,!n :5 we hesitat$ to give an answ]1 z we probably %\ld1 he w\ld reply1 8,x is because ea* "o ( ^! individual books p>takes ( ! idea ( book4 ,! idea is pres5t 9 ! individual example & !reby gives ! individual its exi/5ce2 ! individual dep5ds !re=e on ! idea1 n ! idea on ! individual4 ,if ?is doz51 or inde$ if all ! books 9 ! entire _w 7 to be de/roy$1 ! idea ( book w\ld /ill rema91 & new books c\ld be made by caus+ ! mat]ials1 out ( :i* books are con/ruct$1 to p>take ( ! idea ( book4 ,t is1 all individual books are transitory1 imp]man5t1 unreal2 ! idea ( book is p]man5t1 et]nal1 x alone has reality2 & all individual ?+s1 !re=e1 exi/1 s f> z !y h any real exi/5ce1 only by p>tak+ ( ! ideas4 ,s all ?+s come into be+ & owe _! exi/5ce to %>+ 9 ! et]nal ideas40 ,we %\ld be unju/ to ,plato if we ?\ght t he reg>d$ ?is doctr9e z a p]fect explanation ( ! relation betwe5 ! visible & invisible worlds4 ,f> f hold+ su* a view he himself evid5tly held x to be a 8guess at tru?10 :i* s]v$ to %[ 9 its way t !re is a p]man5t reality beh9d ! ph5om5a ( ! visible _w & a tru? :i* is beyond s5se4 ,inde$ ,plato is v consci\s ( tr\blesome que/ions :i* arise 9 connection ) ! doctr9e1 & 9 ?ree dialogues--8 ,philebus1 ,p>m5ides1 & ,sophi/--he endeavors to meet "s ( ^! que/ions1 & !re he (f]s admirable criticism ( 8 own views4 ,) ref]5ce to ! s\rce ( ! doctr9e1 z ,i h said above1 we _c tell h[ mu* ,plato d]iv$ f ,socrates or h[ mu* he develop$ = himself4 ,socrates 0 evid5tly always se>*+ = univ]sals1 try+ to det]m9e :at goodness is 9 itself 9 contra/ to ! goodness embodi$ 9 a good man1 :at are virtue1 c\rage1 & su* qualities4 ,! tea*] or ! pupil may h ext5d$ ! ideas1 ! univ]sals1 to include all ?+s1 ev5 ! humble articles ( furniture :i* are ! examples 9 ! ,republic4 ,b 9 any case by ?is doctr9e ( 8ideas10 8=ms10 ,plato secur$ a basis = reality1 a means ( atta9+ absolute k 9 contra/ to t relative k1 :i* accord+ to ! ,sophi/s 0 ! utmo/ :i* man c\ld atta94 ,plato w\ld h q agre$ ) ,protagoras t if ! s5ses 7 our only av5ues to k1 !n inde$ man w\ld be ! measure ( all ?+s & 8 k w\ld be limit$ to ! transi5t ph5om5al _w2 t is1 he c\ld h no k ( reality2 b by appreh5d+ ?r\gh our reason ! ideas--t is1 ! realities--on :i* ! ph5om5al _w dep5ds1 we c ga9 g5u9e k & free ourselves f subjection to m]e op9ion4 ,plato also tea*es t !re are v>i\s grades ( ideas1 "s be+ subord9ate to o!rs2 ! highe/ ( all is t ( ! ,good1 id5tifi$ by him ) ! ,beautiful4 ,?is supreme idea is at once ! cause ( all exi/5ce & k1 & compreh5ds )9 itself all o!r ideas2 z ! sun 9 ! visible _w1 s 9 ! _w ( true k ! ,good 8is ! univ]sal au?or ( all ?+s "r & beautiful1 itself ! s\rce ( tru? & intellig5ce40 ,x is ! ,absolute1 ! univ]sal ,reason1 ,god4#aij ,we h se5 t ,plato sets ! _w ( ideas appreh5d$ by reason ov] aga9/ ! _w ( ph5om5a1 kn[n to u ?r\gh our s5ses4 ,! latt] _w is mat]ial1 ! =m] immat]ial4 ,?is concept ( ! immat]iality ( ideas 0 some?+ new 9 philosophy4 ,anaxagoras _h ?\ght 8 =mative pr9ciple 771 z 8 pr$ecessors _h ?\ght !irs1 to be z mat]ial z ! 8se$s0 out ( :i* all ?+s 7 made2 b ,plato develop$ an immat]ial1 an ideal _w1 :]e9 are f\nd all cause & all reality4 ,n[ ! ,platonic ideas are appreh5d$ by ! human intellect4 ,:at are ! consequ5ces ( ?is fact8 ,x mu/ foll[ t man's reason has a nature simil> to t ( ! ideas2 l !m x mu/ belong to ! _w :i* is above ! s5ses2 & ) !m x mu/ p>take ( ! ,absolute4 ,b ,plato %[s t ! ideas are et]nal & immortal1 & draws !refrom ! logical conclusion t man's intellect1 8 reason+ s\l1 likewise kn[s no creation & is free f dea?4 ,h[ev] he is n cont5t to let ! matt] re/ on ?is argum5t alone1 b he supports ! doctr9e ( immortality by _m pro(s1 z 9 ! ,pha$rus :]e ,socrates expla9s3 8,! s\l ?r\gh all h] be+ is immortal1 = t :i* is ev] 9 motion is immortal2 b t :i* moves ano!r & is mov$ by ano!r1 9 ceas+ to move1 ceases also to live4 ,only ! self-mov+1 z x nev] leaves itself1 nev] ceases to move & is ! f\nta9 & beg9n+ ( motion to all t moves besides40#aia ,9 ! ,pha$o#aib he repres5ts ,socrates z (f]+ a numb] ( diff]5t argum5ts to 8 que/ion+ fri5ds4 ,"o ( ^! is t by :i* he fir/ proves t s\ls exi/ be=e !y are domicil$ 9 our bodies1 = recollection implies a previ\s exi/5ce1 & s9ce m5 c recall & recognize ?+s :i* !y h nev] se5 or be5 taught 9 _! pres5t exi/5ce1 x foll[s t !y h be5 born ) ?is k1 s t :at we call le>n+ is aft] all only a recollection ( ideas ga9$ 9 a previ\s exi/5ce4 ,socrates concludes 8 argum5t ) ! "q3 8,!n may we n say1 ,simmias1 t if1 z we are always repeat+1 !re is an absolute beauty1 & goodness1 & an absolute ess5ce ( all ?+s2 & if to ?is1 :i* is n[ discov]$ to h exi/$ 9 our =m] /ate1 we ref] all our s5sations1 & ) ?is comp>e !m1 f9d+ ^! ideas to be pre-exi/5t & our inborn possession--!n our s\ls mu/ h _h a prior exi/5ce1 b if n1 !re w\ld be no =ce 9 ! argum5t80 ,to ?is 8 he>]s give ready ass5t4 ,9 ! ,m5o ?is same argum5t is v adroitly drawn f ! realm ( ma!matics4#aic ,an untutor$ slave is made to 8recollect0 t ! squ>e ( ! hypo!nuse ( an isosceles "r-angl$ triangle is equal to twice ! squ>e ( "o ( its sides4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( recollection to :i* ,wordswor? has giv5 beautiful expression 9 8 famili> l9es3 ,our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+3 ,! s\l t rises ) u1 our life's />1 ,ha? _h else:]e its sett+1 ,& come? f af>2 ,n 9 entire =getfulness1 ,& n 9 utt] nak$ness1 ,b trail+ cl\ds ( glory d we come ,f ,god1 :o is our home4 ,b z ,simmias & ,cebes 9 ! ,pha$o po9t out1 ?is doctr9e only %[s t ! s\l exi/$ be=e ! body2 x does n prove t ! s\l is immortal4 ,socrates !re=e goes on to prove ?is fur!r po9t1 l>gely by %[+ ! simple & un*ang+ nature ( ! s\l :i* is l t ( ! ideas1 & he !re=e concludes t s9ce x _c admit ( *ange1 x mu/ be free f dea?4 ,aga9 he argues t s9ce ! s\l c rule & use ! body z x w1 x mu/ be ant]ior to ! body & h5ce h an et]nal & nev] end+ exi/5ce4#aid ,! f9al & app>5tly mo/ conv9c+ pro( to ,plato's m9d1 9 spite ( its dialectic "*1 is t ! notion ( life _c be sep>at$ f ! s\l1 = ! s\l is t :i* gives life2 !re=e s9ce a dead s\l is an impossibility1 we mu/ agree t ! s\l is immortal4#aie ,to foll[ out 9 detail ! o!r argum5ts w\ld occupy too mu* "t n[1 int]e/+ z x might prove4 ,inde$ if we 7 to rehe>se all ( ,plato's pro(s ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 we %\ld run ?r\gh practically ! entire gamut ( ! argum5ts :i* h ev] be5 (f]$4 ,8 frequ5t return to ! subject indicates ! importance :i* he gave to ! belief4 ,be=e we approa* ,plato's e?ical & religi\s views we mu/ glance = a mom5t at 8 psy*ology1 = on t dep5ds 9 no small measure 8 moral sy/em4 ,9 ! f\r? book ( ! ,republic :5 discuss+ ! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ,socrates is made to %[ t ! s\l has ?ree p>ts or elem5ts3 ! fir/ is ! div9e or rational "p 7 1 7 ^: seat is 9 ! head1 ! second1 ! c\rage\s or passionate elem5t 7 7 resid+ 9 ! he>t1 & ! ?ird is ! appetite 7 7 :i* belongs to ! diaphragm or liv]4#aif ,9 ! ,pha$rus#aig ?is same division is set =? 9 a my?4 ,n[ :5 9 an individual all ?ree p>ts are 9 accord "u ! lead]%ip ( reason1 ^: ord]s are en=c$ by c\rage on appetite1 ! man is virtu\s2 b if appetite & c\rage unite aga9/ reason1 discord results & ! man is vici\s4 ,z ! /ate is well ord]$ :5 h>mony exi/s among its p>ts1 s h>mony ( ! s\l1 l$ by ! reason1 produces ! virtu\s human be+4 ,9 ! e>li] dialogues ! s\l is evid5tly reg>d$ z a unit1 s t ! p>ts are really =ms or manife/ations ( ! s\l2 all ?ree are immortal4 ,b 9 ! ,timaeus only ! reason is immortal1 ! o!r p>ts be+ sep>able & b\nd to ! body ) :i* !y die4#aih ,n[ we h already se5 t ! s\l1 or at lea/ its rational "p1 be+ div9e & immortal1 has an aff9ity = ! et]nal ideas & is end[$ by a natural love = ! true1 ! beautiful1 & ! good4 ,x is !re=e impell$ t[>d ! div9e _w ( ideas by a natural passion1 & ?is ef=t on ! "p ( man's reason is philosophy4 ,! true philosoph] !n is ! lov] ( tru? & reality1 :o is absorb$ 9 ! pleasures ( ! s\l s t he w h>dly be consci\s ( bodily pleasure2 inde$ he w n ?9k mu* ( human life or ev5 fe> dea?4#aii ,! s\l1 h[ev]1 9 its ef=t to m\nt into ! realm ( ! ideas1 is held back by ! body 9 :i* x is imprison$ & fett]$ 9 ! _w ( ! s5ses4 ,?us we f9d 9 ,plato ! ,orphic belief t man has a dual nature1 made up ( a div9e s\l & a mortal h9d]+ body4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ he gave to ! emotional belief ( t sect a philosophic basis & s trans=m$ x into a reasonable article ( morality & religion4 ,n[ we may consid] ,plato's moral & religi\s views4 ,! highe/ good = man1 accord+ to 8 tea*+1 is lik5ess to ,god--t is1 ! l>ge/ possible p>ticipation 9 ! ideas ( ! ,good :i* are 9 ! ,absolute4 ,9 direct proportion to ! success ( ! rational s\l 9 appropriat+ to itself ^! ideas1 ! man w practise ju/ice & hol9ess1 t is1 be righte\s2 b inasmu* z ! _w ( ideas _c be appreh5d$ by ! s5ses1 ! rational s\l ( ! philosoph] mu/ always try to escape f ! _w ( ! s5ses :]e evils dwell4 ,z ,socrates 9 ! ,!aetetus#bjj assures ,!odorus3 8,evils1 ,!odorus1 c nev] pass away2 = !re mu/ always rema9 some?+ :i* is antagoni/ic to ! good4 ,hav+ no place among ! gods 9 heav51 ( necessity !y hov] ar\nd ! mortal nature & ?is e>?ly sph]e4 ,:]e=e we ought to fly away f e>? to heav5 z quickly z we c2 & to fly away is to become l ,god1 s f> z ?is is possible2 & to become l him is to become holy1 j1 & wise 444 ,god is nev] 9 any way unrighte\s--he is p]fect righte\sness2 & he ( u :o is ! mo/ righte\s is mo/ l him4444 ,to "k ?is is true wisdom & virtue2 & ignorance ( ?is is manife/ folly & vice40 ,! man1 !n1 ^: s\l /rives to become l ,god w inevitably be righte\s4 ,plato's philosophy ?us results 9 practical morality4 ,fur!rmore we are assur$ 9 ! ,republic t a seek] aft] righte\sness w n be neglect$ by ! gods1 = ,socrates !re says3#bja 8,!n ?is mu/ be our notion ( ! j man1 t ev5 :5 he is 9 pov]ty or sickness or any o!r seem+ mis=tune1 all ?+s w 9 ! end "w toge!r = good to him 9 life & dea?3 = ! gods h a c>e ( any "o ^: desire is to become j & be l ,god1 s f> z man c atta9 ! div9e lik5ess1 by ! pursuit ( virtue40 ,! pa? by :i* man is to atta9 to lik5ess ( ,god1 & s to fre$om f 8 l[] nature1 is t ( a noble asceticism :i* ,socrates describ$ to ,simmias & ,cebes ! night be=e 8 own dea?3#bjb 8,no "o :o has n /udi$ philosophy & :o is n entirely pure at ! "t ( 8 dep>ture is all[$ to ent] ! company ( ! gods1 b ! lov] ( k only4 ,& ?is is ! reason1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 :y ! true vot>ies ( philosophy ab/a9 f all fle%ly lu/s1 & hold out aga9/ !m & refuse to give !mselves up to !m1 n because !y fe> pov]ty or ! ru9 ( _! families1 l ! lov]s ( money & ! _w 9 g5]al2 nor l ! lov]s ( p[] & hon\r1 because !y dread ! di%on\r or ! disgrace ( evil de$s40 8,no1 ,socrates1 t w\ld n become !m10 said ,cebes4 8,no inde$10 he repli$1 8& !re=e !y :o h any c>e ( _! own s\ls1 & d n m]ely live m\ld+ & fa%ion+ ! body1 say f>ewell to all ?is2 !y w n walk 9 ! ways ( ! bl9d3 & :5 philosophy (f]s !m purification & release f evil1 !y feel t !y ought n to resi/ h] influ5ce1 & :i!r %e leads !y turn & foll[40 8,:at d y mean1 ,socrates80 8,i w tell y10 he said4 8,! lov]s ( k are consci\s t ! s\l 0 simply fa/5$ & glu$ to ! body--until philosophy fre$ h]1 %e c\ld only view real exi/5ce ?r\gh ! b>s ( a prison1 n 9 & ?r\gh h]self2 %e 0 wall[+ 9 ! mire ( e sort ( ignorance1 & by reason ( lu/ _h become ! pr9cipal accomplice 9 h] own captivity40 ,& a little lat] ,socrates says3 8,! s\l ( ! true philosoph] ?9ks t %e ought n to resi/ ?is deliv]ance 7:i* philosophy (f]s71 & !re=e ab/a9s f pleasures & desires & pa9s & fe>s1 s f> z %e is able40 ,some:at e>li] 9 ! dialogue ,socrates _h /at$ 9 /ill m emphatic t]ms ! necessity ( putt+ ! body aside if man's s\l w\ld atta9 real k3#bjc 8,= if :ile 9 company ) ! body ! s\l _c h pure k1 "o ( two ?+s foll[s--ei!r k is n to be atta9$ at all1 or if at all1 aft] dea?4 ,= !n1 & n till !n1 ! s\l w be p>t$ f ! body & exi/ 9 h]self alone4 ,9 ?is pres5t life1 ,i reckon t we make ! ne>e/ approa* to k :5 we h ! lea/ possible int]c\rse or communion ) ! body1 & are n surfeit$ ) ! bodily nature1 b keep ourselves pure until ! h\r :5 ,god himself is pleas$ to release u4 ,& ?us hav+ got rid ( ! fooli%ness ( ! body we %all be pure & %all hold conv]se ) ! pure1 & "k ( ourselves ! cle> light ev]y:]e1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! light ( tru?40 ,z ! phrase1 8until ! h\r :5 ,god himself is pleas$ to release u10 %[s1 man might n ha/5 ! "t ( 8 release by 8 own act4 ,& 9 o!r places1 9 famili> ways1 ,plato tea*es t man may n des]t ! /ation :]e god has set him on gu>d until ! comm& is giv54 ,f9ally 9 ! ,cratylus1#bjd :]e ,socrates 9 discuss+ ! orig9 & nature ( language indulges 9 "s s]i\s fool+ 9 connection ) ! "n ( ! s\l 771 he says t he imag9es t ^? :o fir/ gave ! s\l its "n 8psy*e10 771 wi%$ to express ! tru? t ! s\l :5 9 ! body is ! s\rce ( life1 & gives ! body ! ability to brea! & revive1 & t :5 ?is p[] fails ! body1 !n x p]i%es & dies4 ,z = body1 he rem9ds 8 int]locutor t t ^w 77 is v>i\sly int]pret$1 "s say+ t x is ! grave 77 ( ! s\l1 :i* may be reg>d$ z 9 a tomb dur+ ?is pres5t life2 & he adds t ! ,orphic poets 7 probably ! ones :o inv5t$ ! "n1 = !y _h ! notion t ! embodi$ s\l is suff]+ puni%m5t = s91 & t ! body is a prison 9 :i* ! s\l is inc>c]at$ until ! p5alty ( s9 is paid4 ,likewise 9 ! ,gorgias#bje ,socrates ref]s to ! same ,orphic idea & quotes a v]se f ,euripides3 8,:o kn[s :e!r life be n dea? & dea? life80 ,t is1 ?is dea? 9 life is due to ! body :i* t5ds to /rangle ! s\l4 ,only :5 ! reason+ s\l has escap$ f ?is tomb ( ! fle% c x really live4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! true philosoph] is always pursu+ dea? 9 ! s5se t he is try+ to free 8 s\l1 s f> z may be1 f ! conc]ns ( ! body t x may enjoy life at its be/4#bjf ,i h us$ ,plato's own words ?us ext5sively = !y set =? m eloqu5tly ?an any words ( m9e ! ess5tial features ( 8 doctr9e4 ,x requires no argum5t to %[ h[ great 8 debt to ! ,orphics & ,py?agoreans 04 ,b we _c fail to see t he w5t f> beyond 8 pr$ecessors1 = to _! emotional belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l he gave an intellectual basis1 by %[+ t ! rational s\l is ( ! same nature & sub/ance z ! ,absolute1 & !re=e immortal & ev] /riv+ to appreh5d ! ,absolute to :i* x belongs4 ,9 place ( ! ext]nal purifications & simple taboos :i* made up ! ,orphic c\rse ( life1 ,plato sub/itutes a noble discipl9e1 rem9d+ u ( ,/4 ,paul--a discipl9e :i* has = its aim no?+ less ?an ! lik5+ ( man's s\l to ,god4 ,:5 ,plato tea*es t man mu/ beg9 8 immortality "h 8by ! practice ( dea?10 we n[ see t he really means ! practice ( life2 = life c only beg9 :5 ! s\l is releas$ f its bodily tomb4 ,f ! ,orphics & ,py?agoreans ,plato adopt$ also ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,accord+ to 8 view a ?\s& ye>s--t5 times ! longe/ span ( human life--elaps$ betwe5 dea? & rebir?1 dur+ :i* ! wick$ receiv$ _! t5-fold puni%m5t & ! righte\s _! l rew>d4 ,:5 ! "t to return on e>? came ar\nd1 ! s\ls 7 all[$ to *oose _! new life z !y pleas$1 only ! wick$ s\ls1 8:i* _h nev] se5 ! tru?10 c\ld n pass into ! bodies ( m54 ,! *oice made & _! next de/9y det]m9$1 ! s\ls pass$ to ! pla9 ( ,=getfulness :]e ea* mu/ dr9k ( ! riv] ( ,le!2 9 ! d>kness ( midnight !re 0 an e>?quake & ?und]/orm1 & ! s\ls 7 driv51 l %oot+ />s1 to _! bir?4 ,t5 ?\s& ye>s 7 requir$ to complete ! r\nd ( rebir?s & to all[ ! s\l to return to its heav5ly home4 ,b ! s\l ( a philosoph]1 8guileless & true10 might secure release aft] ?ree rebir?s if ea* "t he _h *os5 ! high] life4 ,"s incurable s9n]s 7 n all[$ to return to e>?1 b :5 _! s\ls approa*$ ! m\? ( ! cav]n :i* l$ to ! upp] _w1 ! m\? gave a mighty ro> & drove !m back1 :ile fi5ds tortur$ !m ) all ! suff]+s :i* a f]tile imag9ation c\ld devise4 ,! pa? ( salvation !re=e lay 9 foll[+ righte\sness & ju/ice1 9 *oos+ ! good1 t is1 9 true philosophy4 ,at ! close ( ! ,republic ,socrates relates ! vision ( ,er ! ,pamphylian ^: s\l return$ ) a report ( ! o!r _w1 & s concludes3 8,& ?us1 ,glaucon1 ! tale has be5 sav$ & has n p]i%$1 & w save u if we are ob$i5t to ! ^w spok52 & we %all pass safely ov] ! riv] ( ,=getfulness & our s\l w n be defil$4 ,:]e=e my c\nsel is1 t we hold fa/ ev] to ! heav5ly way & foll[ aft] ju/ice & virtue always1 consid]+ t ! s\l is immortal & able to endure e sort ( good & e sort ( evil4 ,?us %all we live de> to "o ano!r & to ! gods1 bo? :ile rema9+ "h & :51 l conqu]ors 9 ! games :o g r\nd to ga!r gifts1 we receive our rew>d4 ,& x %all be well ) u bo? 9 ?is life & 9 ! pilgrimage ( a ?\s& ye>s :i* we h be5 describ+40#bjg ,) reg>d to ! ultimate fate ( ! s\l ,plato is n :olly cle>2 b app>5tly he held t ) ! exception ( ^? :o _h done unp>donable wrongs ! s\ls ( m51 :5 _! w&]+s & rebir?s 7 ov] & !y _h atta9$ to purity1 return$ to ,god1 to ! univ]sal reason2 probably1 h[ev]1 he ?\ght ( _! return z be+ )\t loss ( individuality1 = ,plato lays s mu* /ress on ! individual s\l t we _c believe t he w\ld h all[$ x to lose its p]sonality 9 ! ,absolute4 ,?is acc\nt1 ,i tru/1 = all its imp]fections1 is suffici5t to indicate :at a great advance ,plato made 9 8 concept ( ! spiritual life4 ,man's reason is n[ made ! means & ag5t ( 8 spiritual asc5t2 ! reason+ s\l1 by its own nature1 /rives to seek its own1 & s f9ds its goal by virtue ( its reason4 ,! human w is n neglect$ 9 ! ,platonic sy/em1 b x is by no means made prom95t4 ,man's salvation is atta9$ :5 ! s\l ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( its reason has ris5 sup]ior to its bodily prison1 fre$ itself ( ! imp]fections & evils :i* are necess>ily associat$ ) ! body1 & purifi$ has atta9$ to ,god's lik5ess4 ,9 ! prec$+ discussion ,i h us$ ! ^w ,god freely1 b x may fairly be ask$ h[ f> su* use is ju/ifi$1 & fur!rmore :e!r ,plato 0 a pan!i/ or a poly!i/4 ,x is inde$ some:at difficult to answ] ^! que/ions1 = 9 _m passages he speaks ( ! gods 9 ! plural aft] ! common mann]1 & 9 ! ,timaeus he especially provides = a multitude ( gods second>y to ! ,absolute2 9 _m o!r places he speaks ( ! ,div9e 7 7 or simply ,god 774 ,sometimes he seems to conceive ( ,god z a liv+ p]sonality2 aga9 ,god is app>5tly only ! imp]sonal idea ( ! ,good4 ,yet 9 spite ( ! fact t 8 expressions range f poly!ism almo/ to mono!ism1 consid]+ ! sum total ( 8 ?\ght1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( 8 idea ( ,god4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ always und]/& t 8 ?\ght admitt$ _m gods1 subord9ate to ! ,absolute & includ$ 9 x4 ,b :atev] ! =m ( expression :i* he uses1 ,plato conceives ( ,god z ! giv] ( good alone4 ,= him !re is no deception or deceit 9 ! div9e2 ! *a/5+ ( man by ,god is always = ! purpose ( mak+ man bett]1 nev] to satisfy any punitive desire4 ,! notion ( 8! envy ( ! gods10 :i* is s prom95t 9 ,aes*ylus1 ,h]odotus1 & o!r writ]s ( ! fif? c5tury1 to ,plato is abhorr5t & inconceivable4 ,fur!rmore he makes ! ,div9e1 ! idea ( ! ,good1 ! measure ( tru?1 n man1 z ,protagoras w\ld h _h him4 ,8 _w !re=e has a div9e w>rant ( its validity2 x is ord]$ by ! m9d ( ! good & j ,god1 & n by ! w ( a debas$ div9ity or by m]e *ance4 ,previ\s ?9k]s _h made ,ju/ice ! highe/ attribute ( div9ity2 to ?is ,plato add$ ,goodness z ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,god4 ,b 9 ?is discussion ( ,plato's religi\s philosophy we h left "o important subject unt\*$--! problem ( evil4 ,?is 0 a "q :i* a m9d s acute & inquisitive z ,plato's c\ld n f9ally avoid4 ,( ! pres5ce ( evil 9 ! _w he 0 fully aw>e1 & inde$ he ma9ta9$ t evils mu/ always exi/1 = !re mu/ rema9 some?+ antagoni/ic to ! good2 & s9ce evils _c exi/ 9 heav5 ! e>? is _! abode1 f :i* man mu/ try to escape4#bjh ,on ! s\rce ( evil1 h[ev]1 he t\*es only 9 ! ,/atesman & ! ,timaeus2#bji 9 bo? ! "q is intimately connect$ ) 8 !ories ( creation1 :i* he sets =? 9 my?4 ,b leav+ aside ! ,platonic imag]y1 ,i w simply rem9d y t e>li] 9 ?is lecture we saw t ,plato conceiv$ ! _w we "k z dual--! ph5om5al _w kn[n ?r\gh ! s5ses & ! _w ( ideas appreh5d$ by reason4 ,n[ ! ideas alone h ,be+2 b ! ph5om5al _w is always 9 a /ate ( ,becom+1 t is1 ( com+ into be+ & ( ceas+ to be2 x is bo? temporal & imp]fect4 ,obvi\sly !re mu/ be "s pr9ciple1 p>allel 9 a way to ! p]fect & et]nal ideas1 su* t x c receive !m1 & by its p>ticipation 9 !m br+ ! imp]fect s5sible _w into transitory exi/5ce4 ,?is pr9ciple is to ,plato ! mat]ial elem5t4 ,n[ s9ce he ascribes to ! ideas alone real exi/5ce1 t is1 ,be+1 ! mat]ial pr9ciple mu/ be ,n-be+4 ,x is ! negative sub/ratum ( all s5sible ph5om5a1 itself invisible1 )\t =m or *>act]i/ic1 or 9 ,plato's words 8! receptacle1 & 9 a mann]1 ! nurse ( all g5]ation0 =1 al?\gh itself =mless1 x is capable ( tak+ on all ! =ms :i* ! ideas may impose ^u x4 ,plato himself c\ld n avoid ! difficulties :i* su* a mat]ial sub/ratum raises1 & at times he is =c$ to speak z if x 7 some?+ real 9 itself1 hav+ an exi/5ce beside ! ideas4 ,b 8 true notion seems to be t matt] is m]e negation1 l ! ,ari/otelian 1 some?+ :i* _c be grasp$ by ! intellect1 z c ! ideas1 or p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 z c ! ph5om5al _w2 x is id5tical ) space4 ,( c\rse :5 ,plato talks ab\t ?is negative pr9ciple1 he inevitably speaks z if we c\ld "k some?+ ab\t x4#baj ,! ,absolute 9 ,plato's ?\ght _h n only life & intellig5ce b also creative activities2 & ! acts ( creation consi/$ 9 impos+ on ! =mless mat]ial pr9ciple ! ideas :i* ! ,absolute compreh5ds 9 itself1 or1 z p]haps he w\ld h pref]r$ to say1 9 mak+ ! mat]ial pr9ciple p>take ( ! appropriate idea4 ,9 ! ,cratylus he illu/rates ! relation ( matt] to ! idea by ! way 9 :i* ! artisan makes a %uttle out ( wood1 always =m+ 8 mat]ial ) ref]5ce to ! true or ideal %uttle4#baa ,we may illu/rate fur!r by examples modell$ on ,plato's own4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( ! pott] & 8 clay4 ,! clay is =mless matt] :i* ! pott] takes & places on ! :eel1 & !re imposes ^u ! clay ! idea ( ! pot :i* is 9 8 own m9d2 s ! pot acquires a real exi/5ce 9 s f> z x p>takes ( or embodies ! idea :i* exi/s 9 ! pott]'s m9d4 ,or we may ?9k ( ! sculptor & ! %apeless block ( m>ble4 ,by impos+ 8 idea ^u ! m>ble1 by mak+ ! %apeless block embody 8 idea1 ! sculptor br+s ! /atue into be+4 ,^! illu/rations1 bo? ,plato's & my own1 are ( c\rse mislead+1 = ! wood1 clay1 & m>ble f :i* ! sev]al objects are made are f> f be+ ! negative sub/ance :i* ,plato w\ld h u believe 8 mat]ial pr9ciple to be4 ,b !y may s]ve to sugge/ ! way 9 :i* he conceiv$ ! v>i$ _w ab\t u to come into its tempor>y exi/5ce4 ,n[ to ,plato's m9d ! ,absolute & ! ideas are p]fect2 yet we "k t ! ph5om5al _w is imp]fect1 & imp]fection is evil2 !re=e1 he says1 evil mu/ be f\nd 9 ! negative sub/ratum1 s9ce z we h already se51 ?is 0 reg>d$ by ,plato z 9 e way ! opposite ( ! p]fect ideas4 ,?is imp]fection1 inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial pr9ciple1 is ! 8necessity0 ( :i* he speaks 9 ! ,!aetetus z caus+ evils--! opposite ( ! good4#bab ,evil1 !re=e1 is et]nal1 b1 z we h e>li] le>n$1 ! individual may escape1 if he w take ! deliv]ance :i* philosophy (f]s him4 ,z ,i h said1 ! c\rse ( creation is expla9$ ?r\gh my? 9 ! ,timaeus & ! ,/atesman4#bac ,9 ! =m] ,god is repres5t$ z creat+ fir/ ! gods ( heav5 :i* are ! fix$ />s & planets1 f :om sprang ! gods ( popul> my?ology4 ,! ,creator _h already conceiv$ ( creatures ( ! air1 sea1 & l&2 b ^! he did n himself create1 = !n !y w\ld h be5 on equality ) ! gods2 he r commission$ ! gods to create man & ! l[] animals1 :ile he furni%$ ! div9e "p1 ! s\l4 ,man's s\l !re=e is ( ! same nature z ! univ]sal s\l1 b 8 body is mat]ial1 made ( ! f\r elem5ts ( e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]1 & x is imp]fect1 be+ subject to ! passions4 ,9 ! ,/atesman ,plato sets =? 8 !ory ( ! developm5t ( man f an e>li] /age to ! pres5t3 ! significant ?+ = u at ! mom5t is 8 explanation ( man's fall+ away f virtue z due to ! admixture ( matt] 9 him1 t ?is fall 0 8inh]5t 9 ! primal nature :i* 0 full ( disord]40 ,?is1 !n1 w at lea/ sugge/ ,plato's view z to ! orig9 ( evil 9 ! _w4 ,8 language is t ( my?1 & x seems evid5t t he did n =mulate 8 explanation p]fectly ev5 9 8 own m9d4 ,we %all be/ reg>d x z "o ( 8 guesses at tru?4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 easy to f9d weaknesses 9 8 ?\ght on ?is "q & to %[ t ! explanation :i* he sugge/s is n satisfactory4 ,b we %all d bett] to rememb] ! difficulty ( ! problem & to recognize ! value ( 8 attempt to rea* its solution4 ,! greate/ s]vice1 h[ev]1 :i* ,plato did 0 to e/abli% by means ( 8 doctr9e ( ideas a rational relation betwe5 ! invisible _w ( reason & ! visible _w ( ! s5ses2 & by po9t+ out t ! rational "p ( man's s\l is ( ! same sub/ance z ! ideas & !re=e ( ! same sub/ance z ! ,absolute1 to give an intellectual basis to ! doctr9e ( a natural /riv+ on ! "p ( man aft] ! supreme ,good4 ,h>dly second to ?is 0 8 s]vice 9 ! field ( e?ics1 :]e he %[$ t man's spiritual advance dep5ds ^u ! con/ant curb+ ( ! passions & ! body4 ,! greatness ( 8 g5ius is %[n by ! fact t ?r\gh\t antiquity ! highe/ religi\s ?\ght ( paganism _h its s\rce 9 8 "w & 0 only a developm5t ( x4 ,be=e we h f9i%$ ^! lectures we %all ga9 "s h9ts ( 8 pr(\nd influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,platonic philosophy by attribut+ to ! ideas an exi/5ce ap>t f ?+s1 & conv]sely by d5y+ all exi/5ce to any?+ b ! ideas1 _h remov$ all reality to ! sup]natural _w4 ,x 0 inevitable t ?is view %\ld be promptly attack$4 ,! *all5ge came f ,plato's greate/ pupil1 ,ari/otle4 ,ari/otle1 born at ,/agira 9 ,?race ab\t #chd ,b4,c41 by inh]itance & e>ly tra9+ _h a /rong b5t t[>d natural sci5ce1 s9ce he 0 desc5d$ f a l9e ( physicians :o1 accord+ to ,gal51 taught anatomy by dissection4 ,= tw5ty ye>s he 0 ! pupil & assi/ant ( ,plato 9 ! ,academy4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 ma/] he w5t to ! c\rt ( ,h]mias1 a pr9ce ( ,mysia1 & 9 #cdc he 0 appo9t$ tutor to ! son ( ,k+ ,philip ( ,mac$on1 ,alex&]1 !n ?irte5 ye>s ( age4 ,ab\t #cce he op5$ a s*ool 9 ! ,lyceum at ,a!ns1 :]e he taught = "s ?irte5 ye>s4 ,!n1 be+ accus$ ( impiety aft] ,alex&]'s dea?1 he )drew to ,*alcis 9 ,euboea1 z he said1 t ! ,a!nians might n s9 a second "t aga9/ philosophy2 !re he di$ ab\t #cbb4 ,into ,ari/otle's encyclop$ic k & enorm\s sci5tific activities we may n n[ g2 & inde$ we ne$ n dwell at v great l5g? ^u him1 = 8 influ5ce 9 religion 0 less pot5t ?an ,plato's ?r\gh antiquity & ! e>li] ,middle ,ages4 ,! *ief cause ( ! eld] philosoph]'s great] influ5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ,plato's ?\ght c5t]$ on man1 8 morality1 & 8 relation to ,god1 :ile ,ari/otle 0 conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! univ]se ( :i* man 0 to him only a "p2 to ,plato virtue 0 insep>ably connect$ ) religion1 & 0 !re=e some?+ to be s\ght ) f]v5t _s z well z ) cool reason2 to ,ari/otle virtue 0 r an intellectual matt]1 an ev5 balance ( ! s\l1 t natural p]fection ( ! :ole organism on :i* ! well-be+ & happ9ess ( man dep5d$--a /ate :i* 0 to be atta9$ by "r calculation1 *oice1 & habit4 ,s x came to pass t al?\gh ,ari/otle's works on logic 7 cont9u\sly /udi$ 9 "o =m or ano!r1 8 great sway 9 _m realms ( human ?\ght1 includ+ !ology1 began 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :51 le>n+ fir/ f ,arabic s*ol>s1 lat] aid$ & /imulat$ by ! ,lat9 conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #abjd1 ! we/]n intellectual _w eag]ly /udi$ 8 works anew4 ,!n ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ,rog] ,bacon rais$ him to ! supreme position 9 philosophy & !ology1 s t he became = t age inde$ 8! ma/] ( ^? :o "k40 ,let u n[ consid] "s p>ts ( 8 philosophy4 ,he criticiz$ ,plato's doctr9e t ideas h an exi/5ce ap>t f ?+s1 & n unju/ly *>g$ t ,plato _h tak5 ! univ]sals1 :i* we arrive at by ab/raction1 & _h elevat$ ^! g5]al concepts into et]nal & immortal elem5ts1 claim+ = !m t !y 7 ant]ior to ! ?+s ( s5se & alone _h real exi/5ce4 ,9 8 own philosophy he took a position fundam5tally oppos$ to t ( ,plato1 = he insi/$ t 8ideas10 8=ms0 & ! ph5om5al _w c\ld n exi/ ap>t1 = if !y did1 !n we %\ld be oblig$ to po/ulate a ?ird _w beyond !m2 t is to say1 t if ! idea ( man1 = example1 _h a sub/antial exi/5ce ap>t f individual m51 !n !re w\ld h to be an idea antec$5t to bo? ! idea ( man & ! individual m51 ! model ( bo?1 & ?is idea w\ld be a 8?ird man40 ,he fur!r po9t$ out t m5 "k ! ideas only 9 ! concrete objects1 nev] ap>t f ^? objects ( :i* !y are ! ideas1 t ! ess5ce c nev] be sep>at$ f t ( :i* x is ! ess5ce1 s9ce !n bo? ?+ & ess5ce w\ld cease to exi/4 ,s he *>g$ ,plato ) us+ mean+less poetic metaphors :5 he said t ideas1 =ms1 exi/$ ap>t f ?+s4 ,reality to ,ari/otle 0 always 9 ! individual object1 itself an indissoluble union ( matt] & =m4 ,( c\rse he recogniz$ t ! human m9d c\ld ab/ract ^! two elem5ts ea* f ! o!r & c\ld ?9k ( ! matt] & ! =m z sep>ate1 b he w\ld n all[ t ^! ab/ractions _h sub/antial reality 9 ! s5se t !y c\ld ev] exi/ by !mselves4#bad ,s9ce !n to him ! ,platonic ideas 7 no?+ ap>t f ! individual objects1 ,ari/otle c\ld f9d no pr9ciple ( movem5t or *ange 9 !m2 s he claim$ t ! doctr9e ( ideas 0 /]ile & came to naught4 ,9 8 own sy/em he enum]at$ f\r pr9ciples or causes1 :i* he insi/$1 h[ev]1 are only kn[n to u f individual ?+s3 ! mat]ial cause 7 o 1 71 ! =mal cause 7 1 71 ! effici5t cause 7 71 & ! f9al cause 7 o 1 74 ,to make 8 mean+ cle> let u use 9 "p 8 own illu/rations3 ! mat]ial cause ( ! /atue is ! bronze ( :i* x is made1 j z 9 ! example ( ! pot :i* we us$ a little :ile ago1 ! clay 0 its mat]ial cause2 ! =mal cause is ! idea ( ! /atue1 or ( ! pot1 or ( ! octave 9 music1 :i* ! arti/ has 9 m9d2 ! arti/ himself is ! effici5t cause2 & ! object ( ! action1 ! complet$ pot1 /atue1 or :atev] x may be1 is ! f9al cause4#bae ,t is to say ! /atue exi/s pot5tially 9 ! bronze1 ! pot pot5tially 9 ! clay1 ! octave pot5tially 9 ! musical s\nds1 b ^! ?+s c be call$ 9 actual exi/5ce only by ! op]ation ( ! o!r ?ree causes2 & ! same ?+ holds true 9 animate nature4 ,x is possible !re=e to /ate ! matt] g5]ally & to say t 9 e case ! individual is produc$ by ! op]ation ( ! =mal1 effici5t1 & f9al causes on ! mat]ial cause1 br++ to actuality ! pot5tiality 9 matt]4 ,( c\rse we may reg>d ! =mal1 effici5t1 & f9al causes z diff]5t aspects ( ! same =mal cause--a ?+ :i* ,ari/otle himself does 9 m ?an "o passage1#baf s t 9 ! la/ analysis he reg>ds matt] & =m z ! two causes or pr9ciples ( ?+s4 ,^! two are to him correlatives1 ea* complet+ ! o!r1 al?\gh he gives great] importance to ! =mal ?an to ! mat]ial cause4 ,^! two causes1 he says1 attract ea* o!r2 & _! union br+s ab\t movem5t1 :i* is always ! evolution ( some?+ f some?+ else4 ,f ^! consid]ations ,i tru/ t x is evid5t t ,ari/otle reg>d$ e object ( nature1 :e!r animate or inanimate1 z ! product ( causation2 beh9d ea* individual he f\nd ano!r individual1 & he saw t ea* object 0 ! result ( consci\s causal activity4 ,s1 look+ on ! _w ) sci5tific eyes1 he f\nd !re9 cont9u\s movem5t dep5d5t on a *a9 ( causes1 & he po9t$ out t su* a *a9 requires a fir/ cause :i* mu/ be ! s\rce ( all activity4 ,?is fir/ cause 0 to him ,m9d1 pure ,?\ght1 ,god1 consci\s1 et]nal1 & good4 ,b 8 ,fir/ ,cause 0 at ! same "t ! ,f9al ,cause1 = ! supreme ,m9d conceives ! end t[>d :i* all creative activity is t5d+1 t is1 x acts ) intellig5ce s t ! _w is ! creation ( intellig5ce & is direct$ t[>d wise ends4#bag ,! ord] ( ! univ]se be>s witness to ! ,m9d :i* set x 9 ord]1 & :i* keeps x 9 motion1 all = intellig5t ends2 = to use ,ari/otle's own expression1 8,god & ,nature d no?+ )\t a purpose40#bah ,?us ,ari/otle introduc$ into !ology cosmological & teleological argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,b :5 ,ari/otle def9es ,god z pure ,?\ght1 ! supreme ,idea or ,=m1 ) no admixture ( matt]1 x might seem t he _h contradict$ himself4 ,x w be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 8 sy/em matt] & =m d n /& q on an equality--matt] is some:at subord9ate to =m4 ,he reg>d$ matt] z ! po9t ( dep>ture = some?+ high]--! clay be+ antec$5t & l[] ?an ! pot1 ! bronze ?an ! /atue--= ! high] product always results f ! op]ation ( ! =mal cause on ! mat]ial4 ,( c\rse 9 our illu/rations ! bronze & ! clay are n absolute matt]1 b only matt] ) ref]5ce to ! high] products evolv$ f !m--! pot & ! /atue4 ,inde$ ,ari/otle did n suppose t !re 0 su* a ?+ z absolute matt] exi/+ by itself1 b he r ?\ght ( 8 mat]ial cause z matt] n yet =m$1 ! g]m f :i* ! actual object 0 to be develop$ by ! op]ation ( ! =mal cause4 ,n[ he saw 9 ! univ]se an asc5d+ scale ( exi/5ce1 j z today we recognize su* a scale 9 ! animal _w1 ea* /age be+ m p]fect ?an t bel[ x2 he po9t$ out t ) ref]5ce to ! l[]1 ea* high] /age 0 ideal1 b mat]ial ) ref]5ce to t :i* 0 /ill high]4 ,s 9 e /age ! idea1 ! =m1 prec$$ & condition$ ! mat]ial elem5t1 & 9 a s5se we may correctly say t ,ari/otle gradually ref9$ away 8 mat]ial elem5t 9 ! asc5d+ scale4 ,at ! summit ,ari/otle plac$ ! p]fect & supreme ,idea1 ,god1 ! et]nal antec$5t ( all activity1 ! prime mov] ( ! univ]se4 ,s 9 ! end he id5tifi$ ,god & ,=m4 ,/rictly speak+ 9 8 sy/em ,god c\ld n be a resultant ( =m & matt]1 = !n ,god w\ld n be ! ultimate be+1 b "s cause w\ld lie beh9d him2 & he w\ld n be p]fection1 s9ce "s pot5tiality1 ! *>act]i/ic ( matt]1 w\ld /ill reside 9 him4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,ari/otle 9 a numb] ( passages id5tifies 8 ultimate mat]ial & =m 7 72#bai n t he w\ld h grant$ t !re 0 a mat]ial elem5t 9 ! ,supreme ,be+2 b 9 ! light ( :at we h j said we c und]/& h[ he might h held t ! ultimate mat]ial & ,god 7 id5tical4#bbj ,x readily foll[s f ,ari/otle's concept ( ,god z ! prime mov]1 ! s\rce ( all activity 9 ! _w1 t ,god c be b "o4 ,mono!ism is ! logical result ( ! ,ari/otelian reason+4 ,moreov] x 0 inevitable t ,ari/otle %\ld make ,god transc5d5t1 t is1 t he %\ld place him above all objects ( ! natural _w1 s9ce if ! ,fir/ ,cause is pure ?\ght unmix$ ) matt]1 he _c be imman5t 9 mat]ial ?+s4 ,! immat]iality :i* ,plato gave to 8 ideas1 8 pupil transf]r$ to ,god4 ,midway betwe5 ! natural & ! sup]natural worlds ,ari/otle plac$ man1 :om he reg>d$ z b\nd to ! _w ( nature by 8 body & ! l[] elem5ts ( 8 m9d1 b connect$ ) ,god ?r\gh 8 reason1 = he held t ! human m9d possess$ attributes ( ! div9e intellig5ce4 ,ari/otle's psy*ology 0 bas$ on 8 belief t !re 0 a purpose 9 all nature1 & on 8 view t 9 ! individual 7 always unit$ =m & mat]ial4 ,) ref]5ce to animate be+s he %[$ t !y _h _! =mative pr9ciple )9 !m1 :i* br\ght to actuality ! mat]ial :i* _h ! pot5tiality ( life1 & :i* det]m9$ ! purpose = :i* ! individual creature exi/$4 ,?is =mative pr9ciple 0 !n = him ! s\l ( ! animate be+1 :e!r plant1 l[] animal1 or man2 x 0 ! int]nal pr9ciple :i* det]m9$ ! processes ( nutrition1 gr[?1 & decay common to all animate creatures1 & no less ! functions peculi> to ! l[] & ! high] animals ?r\gh\t ! scale ( life4 ,! s\l ( a plant1 !n1 he def9$ z ! assimilative pr9ciple 7 7 ,b creatures ( ! next1 high] /age1 ! s-call$ l[] animals1 he saw _h s5ses1 desires1 & self-movem5t2 to _! s\ls !re=e he assign$ ! additional elem5ts ( s5sation 7 71 appetite 7t rektikn71 & motion 7 74 ,f9ally1 he said1 ! human s\l _h m9d 77 9 addition to ! elem5ts possess$ by ! l[] animals & plants1 = man has ! p[] ( ?\ght & reflection4 ,!re=e man is ! highe/ creature1 ! mo/ p]fect organism 9 ! natural ord]4 ,b ! human m9d1 z ,ari/otle po9t$ out1 has two activities3 x conc]ns itself ) kn[+ & ) reason+2 x is passive1 receptive1 9 t x receives ideas f )\t1 & creative 9 t x c reflect on its own ideas & s create new ideas :i* are 9 no s5se dep5d5t on mat]ial objects--are1 z we say1 ab/ract ideas4 ,to ?is creative "p ( man's s\l1 to 8 reason alone1 did ,ari/otle grant et]nal exi/5ce & immortality4 ,all o!r activities ( ! s\l--kn[+1 mov+1 seek+1 feel+1 & assimilat+--he held to be b\nd to ! body & h5ce to p]i% ) x2 b ! reason+ elem5t he ma9ta9$ 0 9 no way dep5d5t on ! mat]ial _w1 0 always active1 & !re=e x alone 0 immortal & et]nal4#bba ,yet aft] e/abli%+ ! immortality ( ! reason+ elem5t ,ari/otle fail$ to def9e ! fate ( ! immortal human reason aft] dea?2 ( joys or pa9s beyond ! grave he gave no description4 ,9 e?ics ,ari/otle taught t ! highe/ human good 0 t happ9ess :i* results :5 man's m9d "u ! direction ( reason is active t[>d virtu\s ends2 t moral virtue is a habit :i* is acquir$ by cultivation1 a condition :i* is atta9$ :5 ! appetites are controll$ by ! w & guid$ by ! reason4 ,n[ 9 ! ,ari/otelian sy/em man alone 0 reg>d$ z capable ( moral action4 ,! animals are guid$ by appetite & lack intellig5ce to direct !m2 ,god is pure reason & !re=e we _c attribute to him any moral qualities2 b man possesses ! *>act]i/ics ( ! l[] creatures & has at ! same "t ! div9e elem5t1 ! reason1 :i* connects him ) ,god4 ,!re=e s9ce man is end[$ ) reason :i* c ei!r prompt ! w to *eck ! appetite or bid ! w let appetite g its way1 he is capable ( *oice & s ( morality4 ,by ?us emphasiz+ ! controll+ function ( ! w ,ari/otle prep>$ ! way = ! ,/oics1 z we %all see 9 our next lecture4 ,virtue 9 ! active life ( society 0 to him always ! mean betwe5 two extremes1 bo? ( :i* 7 !mselves vices4 ,c\rage1 = example1 lies midway betwe5 c[>dice & ra%ness2 temp]ance betwe5 indulg5ce & ab/95ce2 & s on ?r\gh ! :ole range ( ! e?ical virtues4 ,above ^! virtues ( ! active life1 ,ari/otle plac$ a high] rank--! intellectual virtues ( wisdom1 k1 good-s5se1 practical insight1 etc41 :i* result f a h>mony ( ! active & ! receptive p>ts ( ! intellect4 ,highe/ ( all he put ! speculative activities ( ! intellect1 :i* he reg>d$ z its prop] & mo/ con/ant function4 ,?is 8!oretical0 or 8contemplative0 life 7 7 he said br\ght man 8 highe/ happ9ess j because x 0 8 highe/ activity4 ,yet ,ari/otle c\ld n hold out ! hope t m5 c\ld atta9 ?is joy fully or 9 great numb]s2 he saw t ! great] "p ( human life 0 conc]n$ ) practical virtues1 ) good "*2 & he believ$ t only :5 man 0 good 9 ev]yday life c\ld he hope to rise to ! contemplative life1 b t 9 t life1 at mom5ts1 he might cat* glimpses ( ! happ9ess :i* belong$ cont9u\sly to ,god4#bbb ,unque/ionably ,ari/otle did a l>ge s]vice 9 putt+ e?ics on a m sci5tific basis ?an 8 pr$ecessors _h done1 b 8 *ief contributions to ! subject ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$ 7 9 ! field ( !ology4 ,!re1 z we h already not$1 he e/abli%$ ! cosmological & teleological argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 & he also introduc$ a cle>ly def9$ transc5d5talism1 ?us mak+ explicit :at _h be5 impli$ 9 p>ts ( ,plato's tea*+s4 ,yet he fail$ to provide t satisfaction = religi\s hopes & fe>s :i* m5 desir$1 & s1 z ,i h said1 ! cold sci5tific reason+ ( ! ,/agirite _h f> less influ5ce 9 religion ?an ! en?usia/ic ?\ght ( 8 tea*] until aft] _m c5turies _h pass$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh we may readily recognize t ! influ5ce ( philosophy on ! religi\s belief ( ! mo/ enlight5$ 9 ?is "t 0 great1 we may /ill "q :e!r x _h any consid]able influ5ce on ! religi\s cu/oms ( ! p4 ,practice is always m cons]vative ?an ?\ght1 & we f9d t ! ?9k]s :o did mo/ to de/roy traditional !ology frequ5tly con=m$ to ! traditional wor%ip ( ! common man4 ,s ,socrates sacrific$ 9 ! usual way to ! gods1 al?\gh he held advanc$ ideas ) reg>d to pray]s & oa?s4 ,no d\bt ,plato & ,ari/otle pass$ = pi\s s f> z _! religi\s practices 7 conc]n$1 9 spite ( ! fact t !y put new cont5t into anci5t =ms4 ,! =m] frequ5tly made ! speak]s 9 8 dialogues ref] to ! gods 9 q ! traditional way1 & 9 8 ,timaeus he set =? a k9d ( sy/ematic !ology2 9 8 ,laws1 writt5 9 8 old age z a supplem5t to 8 ,republic1 he plann$ = 8 ideal /ate a religi\s organization1 involv+ a plurality ( gods1 n dissimil> to t ( ! actual ,a!nian /ate2 he repres5t$ 8 *ief spokesman z prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 giv+ w>rant = ! famili> practices ( religion1 & ju/ify+ ! ways ( gods to m52 moreov] he propos$ to h /atutes aga9/ impiety & ! introduction ( religi\s rites n recogniz$ by law4#bbc ,ari/otle cle>ly _h slight respect = ! common notions z to ! gods1 b = all t he reg>d$ ! wor%ip ( _m gods z natural1 & he ?\ght t wor%ip 0 indisp5sable = ! exi/5ce ( a /ate2 !re=e 9 8 ,politics he made a place = a poly!i/ic religion1 def9$ ! duties ( prie/s & o!r sacr$ (ficials1 & provid$ t all ! exp5ses ( public wor%ip %\ld be borne by ! /ate4#bbd ,! *>ge1 prompt$ by political passion1 br\ght aga9/ ,ari/otle = impiety 9 deify+ ,h]mias1 ! pr9ce ( ,mysia1 %[s t he 0 n reg>d$ z a!i/ic4 ,z a matt] ( fact ) all ! *anges 9 religi\s ?\ght :i* ! c5turies br\ght 9 ,greece1 sacr$ cu/oms & practices rema9$ b little alt]$ d[n to ! end ( antiquity4 ,!ology has small int]e/ = ! common man4 ,he mu/ dep5d = 8 assurance on ! p]=mance ( ^? acts :i* immemorial cu/om has sanction$ z ! prop] means ( secur+ ! favor ( ! gods1 r ?an on ! speculations ( "s !ologian or on 8 own poor reflections4 ,sacrifice & pray] be=e ! sacr$ /atue or symbol1 community wor%ip at ! great fe/ivals1 private devotion at ! %r9e )9 ! home1 rites ( riddance & appeas+1 ! promise & paym5t ( v[s1 rema9$ ! practices ( ! mass ( m5 = _m c5turies aft] ! prophet ( ,naz>e? deliv]$ 8 message--inde$ ,*ri/ianity took ov] _m ( ^! ?+s & has kept !m to ! pres5t day4 ,!n too we mu/ rememb] t ! civic "* ( ! common ,greek religion _h a high] side1 = x /r5g!n$ ! bond ( family & ( city-/ate2 & ?r\gh ! great fe/ivals at ,olympia1 ,delphi1 & ,nemea x help$ to =m a dim concept ( a ,greek nation4 ,?us x elevat$ m5's notions ( responsibility to ! social units1 bo? small & great4 ,fur!rmore1 ap>t f ! civic & national sides ( ,greek religion1 ! g5]al religi\s ?\ght ( ! mass 0 gradually ennobl$ ) ! passage ( ! c5turies2 9 spite ( ! survival into lat] antiquity ( c]ta9 rude & primitive elem5ts1 religion became m moral & m spiritual1 z we h already se5 0 ! case ) ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies4 ,plato & ,ari/otle 9 ! v nature ( ! case c\ld h little influ5ce on ! _m 9 _! day2 b :5 _! ?\ghts _h be5 transmut$ into t]ms :i* ! common man c\ld compreh5d & express 9 liv+1 philosophy became = ! _m a guide ( life4 ,,footnotes3 #aij ,x is sometimes said t ,plato does n id5tify ! ,idea ( ! ,good ) ,god1 b ,i _c int]pret ! foll[+ passages save z ,i h done above3 ,phil4 #bb ,c2 ,tim4 #bh ,a-#bi ,e2 #cg ,a2 #ib ,c4 #aia ,pha$rus1 #bde2 cf4 ,laws1 #aj1 #hid ,b ff41 #ab1 #iff ,e4 #aib ,pha$o1 #gb ff4 #aic ,m5o1 #ha ff4 #aid ,pha$o1 #hf ff4 #aie ,pha$o1 #aje4 #aif ,rep4 ,,iv1 #dbg ff41 esp4 #ddj ,e-#dda ,a2 ,,vi1 #ejd2 ,,viii1 #eej2 ,,ix1 #ehj-eha2 cf4 ,timaeus1 #fi-gb4 #aig #bdf f4 #aih #fi ff4 #aii ,rep4 ,,vi1 #dhd ff4 #bjj ,!aet4 #agf4 #bja ,x1 #fac4 #bjb ,pha$o1 #hb f4 #bjc ,pha$o1 #ff ,e ff4 #bjd #cii f4 #bje #dib ,e-#dic ,a4 #bjf ,pha$o1 #fc ff4 #bjg ,rep4 ,x1 #fad ff42 cf4 ,pha$rus1 #bdh f4 #bjh ,!aet4 #agf4 #bji ,/atesman #bgb ff42 ,tim4 #db ff4 #baj ,tim4 #di ,e-#eb ,b2 cf4 ,ari/ot4 ,phys4 #a1 #i1 #aib a1 #c ff42 #d1 #b1 #bji b1 #aa ff4 #baa ,crat4 #chi f4 #bab ,!aet4 #agf4 #bac ,tim4 #bi ,e ff42 ,/atesman1 #bgb ,b ff4 #bad ,met4 ,i1 #i1 #iij b ff42 ,,vi1 #h2 ,,xii1 #aj2 ,,xiii1 #c4 #bae ,phys4 ,,ii1 #c1 #aid b1 #af ff42 cf4 ,met4 ,i1 #c1 #ihc a1 #bd ff42 ,,vi1 #g1 #ajcb a1 #ac ff42 ,,vii1 #d1 #ajdd a1 #cb ff42 et passim4 #baf ,e4 g4 ,phys4 ,,ii1 #g1 #aih a1 #bb ff4 #bag ,phys4 ,,viii1 #f1 #beh b1 #aj ff42 ,met4 ,,xi1 #g 7entire74 #bah ,de caelo1 ,i1 #d1 #bga a1 #cc4 #bai ,e4 g4 ,met4 ,,vii1 #f1 #ajde b1 #ah f4 #bbj ,cf4 ! :ole discussion ( ,god 9 ,met4 ,,xi4 #bba ,on ! =ego+ see ! ,de anima 9 g5]al & especially ,,ii1 #a2 ,,iii1 #d & #e4 #bbb ,cf4 on ! =ego+ ! two e?ical works1 ! ,nicoma*ean & ! ,eudemian ,e?ics1 entire4 #bbc ,laws1 ,,vi1 #gei & ,x entire4 #bbd ,politics1 ,,vi1 #h1 #acbb b1 #ah ff42 ,,vii1 #h1 #acbh b1 #ab ff42 #acbi a1 #bg ff42 #accj a1 #h f42 #acca b1 #d-f1 #ag f4 ,,vi ,,lat] ,,religi\s ,,philosophies ,plato & ,ari/otle m>k ! culm9ation ( a great p]iod 9 ,greek ?\ght4 ,aft] !m metaphysical speculation made little if any advance 9 antiquity4 ,inde$ we are all aw>e ( ! fact t ! great] "p ( ! ?9k+ _w has be5 divid$ betwe5 ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians ev] s9ce1 al?\gh 9 our own "t we are see+ a return by "s to ! philosophic position ( ! ,sophi/s & ,h]aclitus4 ,n[ 9 our discussion ( ! philosophies ( ,plato & ,ari/otle y mu/ h felt t _! sy/ems 7 = ! intellectual lite4 ,! l>ge dem&s :i* !y make ^u ! reason & ! habit ( reason+ unfit !m = ! great majority ( mank9d1 s9ce ! av]age man desires a practical guide 9 life :i* he c readily foll[1 r ?an a philosophical sy/em :i* he c grasp only by ! c>eful use ( 8 intellect4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! p]iod aft] ,alex&]1 :5 national life & int]e/s 7 weak5$ or de/roy$ by ! ,mac$onian's conque/s & ! /ruggles ( 8 successors1 ! individual 0 =c$ to )draw f public life2 he lo/ ! satisfactions :i* ! politics ( 8 community _h once furni%$1 felt himself )\t ! social supports :i* ! compact life ( 8 city-/ate _h =m]ly giv51 & s1 turn$ 9 on himself1 he naturally s\ght = a sure rule ( life & a gu>antee ( individual happ9ess4 ,we %all n[ consid] fir/ a s*ool ( practical philosophy :i* foll[$ ,ari/otle--t ( ! ,/oics1 & !n "s my/ic philosophies ( ! e>ly c5turies ( our era4 ,socrates1 ! great tea*] & ! dramatic spokesman ( ,plato's dialogues1 gave ! impulse to _m philosophic sy/ems4 ,! only "o we ne$ to glance at n[ is t ( ! ,cynics f\nd$ by ,anti/h5es1 :o _h be5 "o ( ,socrates' _m pupils4 ,x 0 cont9u$ by ! :imsical & notori\s ,diog5es ( ,s9ope1 ^: "n is famili> to u all4 ,! f\nd] ( ,cynicism emphasiz$ ! ,socratic aim ( individual virtue to ! neglect ( all else1 = l 8 ma/] he ma9ta9$ t virtue 0 ! only good1 ! sole aim 9 life1 & t x 0 suffici5t 9 itself = happ9ess4 ,b he also w5t to ! extreme ( decl>+ t all ext]nal relations & obligations 7 to be neglect$1 & t !re 0 no middle gr\nd ( ! slighte/ importance betwe5 virtue & vice4 ,anti/h5es also taught t :oev] possess$ virtue 0 wise1 ! re/ ( ! _w fooli%2 & t virtue 0 a ?+ :i* c\ld be taught1 & :i* once le>n$ c\ld nev] be lo/4 ,to ! ,cynic all pleasure 0 vici\s1 b sweat & toil bless+s if associat$ ) ! individual fre$om :i* 0 ! aim ( ! s*ool4 ,al?\gh ! ,cynics 7 conc]n$ only ) practical virtue 9 ?is _w "h & n[1 _! puritanical & doctr9aire sy/em des]ves ?is place 9 our consid]ation1 because x 0 ! fir/ to attempt to make philosophy a practical guide = ! common man 9 ev]yday life4 ,x is q true t ?is 0 also ,socrates' position1 b 8 m9d & common s5se took s l>ge a view ( ! relations ( man t he nev] fell into ! n>r[ exclusiv5ess ( ! ,cynics4 ,) !m philosophy 0 n speculative1 b became ! art ( virtu\s liv+2 x easily deg5]at$ into insol5t & o/5tati\s %[1 & d\btless des]v$ _m ( ! jibes :i* ! lat] satiri/s ?rew at x4 ,)9 ! sect1 /rictly speak+1 ! doctr9e ( virtue z man's *ief good came to little because x lack$ ! pr9ciple ( moral activity4 ,! w ( man 0 n *all5g$ to act 9 advanc+ him along ! pa? ( virtue4 ,b ,/oicism took ov] ! doctr9e1 gave x life by insi/+ on ! ex]cise ( ! w 9 ! practice ( virtue1 & made !reby su* a contribution to ! practical life ( virtue t we are /ill ! ,/oics' heirs4 ,x 0 t[>d ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury t ,z5o ( ,citium 9 ! isl& ( ,cyprus e/abli%$ a s*ool 9 ! ,pa9t$ ,por* 7 7 at ,a!ns4 ,z5o _h be5 an adh]5t ( no "o s*ool or philosophical sect3 he _h li/5$ to bo? ,cynic1 ,meg>ian1 & ,platonic tea*]s4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 9 view ( ! tra9+ ( ! f\nd] & ( ! fact t he 0 born 9 a place di/ant f ! great c5t]s ( ! ,greek _w1 t ! ,/oic s*ool f ! beg9n+ %\ld draw its t5ets f _m s\rces & t x %\ld h a cosmopolitan "*4 ,fur!rmore ! "t 9 :i* x 0 f\nd$ _h a pot5t & direct influ5ce ^u x4 ,alex&] ! ,great di$ 9 #cbc ,b4,c41 aft] c>ry+ 8 arms to ! banks ( ! ,indus & enl>g+ ! ,greek _w f> beyond ev5 8 own va/ dreams4 ,! ideal /ate1 ev5 9 ! m9d ( ,alex&]'s great tea*] ,ari/otle1 0 at ?is "t ?\ght to be "o :i* correspond$ closely to ! actual ,greek /ate1 a community ( limit$ size1 ^: free population %\ld be all ( ! same /ock1 & "o 9 :i* ! manual toil %\ld be p]=m$ by slaves4 ,a %>p contra/ to ?is 0 ! mighty empire :i* ,ari/otle's pupil c>v$ 9 an incr$ible fa%ion out ( ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,asia4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t a philosophy1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* 7 drawn f v>i\s ,a!nian s*ools1 z ,i h j said1 & :i* 0 develop$ by m5 l ,z5o ( ,citium & ,*rysippus ( ,soli 9 ,cilicia %\ld h a "* :i* made x appeal to ! enl>g$ & v>i$ _w ( ,hell5ism1 & to ! ,roman ,empire :i* succe$$ t ( ,alex&]4 ,! developm5t ( ,/oicism correspond$ to its eclectic orig94 ,! sy/em e/abli%$ by ,z5o 0 enl>g$ & r\nd$ out by ,*rysippus4 ,x 0 welcom$ by ! ,romans 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 :5 ,panaetius ( ,rhodes transplant$ ! sy/em to ,rome4 ,9 ! h&s ( its e>lie/ lead]s ! s*ool _h held to a sev]e & uncompromis+ doctr9e1 n dissimil> to t ( ! ,cynics4 ,b ,panaetius greatly modifi$ ?is tea*+1 & accommodat$ ! s*ool to ! o!r great philosophic sy/ems ( ! "t1 especially to ! doctr9es ( ,plato & ,ari/otle2 & ?us he made ,/oicism suit$ to ! educat$ ,roman _w4 ,among 8 disciples he numb]$ _m ( ! ,roman ari/ocracy ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 ! mo/ fam\s ( :om 7 ,laelius & ! y\ng] ,scipio4 ,t unyield+ dogmatism ( ! old] s*ool :i* _h p>allel$ ,cynicism 9 tea*+ t betwe5 virtue & vice !re 0 no int]m$iate position1 t ! philosoph] 0 ! p]fectly virtu\s man1 & t he & ! vici\s 7 absolutely sep>at$1 0 replac$ by a doctr9e ( ! possibility ( gradual progress 9 virtue4 ,inde$ "s ) good s5se held t ?is 0 ! mo/ to :i* man c\ld atta91 t he c\ld nev] hope to rea* p]fection1 b t 8 duty 0 to accompli% a daily advance t[>d excell5ce4 ,panaetius did a great s]vice 9 adapt+ ,/oicism to life4 ,a fam\s pupil ( ,panaetius 0 ,posidonius ( ,apamea 9 ,syria1 :o drew _m ,romans to he> him at 8 s*ool 9 ,rhodes1 among !m ,cic]o & ,pompey4 ,he c>ri$ /ill fur!r ! syn!sis ( ,/oicism ) ,platonism & ,ari/otelianism1 & by ! a/\nd+ range ( 8 le>n+ & ! brilliancy ( 8 /yle acquir$ a l>ge influ5ce4 ,he seems also to h giv5 ,/oicism a /rong religi\s ca/4 ,l o!r philosophies ,/oicism _h embrac$ _m subjects--logic1 includ+ dialectic & rhetoric1 physical sci5ce1 includ+ cosmology & !ology1 & e?ics4 ,b by ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,roman ,empire x _h become almo/ exclusively a philosophy ( moral & religi\s edification1 well calculat$ to /eel m5 aga9/ ! di/ress & tr\ble ( t age4 ,its great repres5tatives 9 ?is la/ p]iod 7 ,s5eca1 ,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ^: works are /ill a s\rce ( /r5g? = _m ?\ghtful m54 ,let u n[ consid] briefly ! sy/em ( ! ,/oics4 ,our !me conf9es u *iefly to ! moral & religi\s sides ( _! philosophy2 b ?is is only a slight limitation1 = true to ! tea*+s ( ! ,cynics1 :o _h greatly influ5c$ ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool1 ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory ! ,/oics laid mu* emphasis on e?ics1 t is1 on ! art ( a righte\s & virtu\s life4 ,!y 7 nev] s mu* conc]n$ ) speculation z to ! nature ( virtue z ) its practice4 ,to !m virtue 0 man's highe/ aim1 & by x !y meant righte\sness 9 ! practical relations ( life4 ,!y def9$ x z a condition ( ! s\l 9 :i* ! s\l is 9 cont9u\s h>mony ) itself4 ,virtue !y subdivid$ into ! f\r *ief elem5ts ( intellig5ce1 discretion1 c\rage1 & ju/ice4 ,"s also recogniz$ subord9ate virtues1 b ^! ,i "n 7 ! f\r t made up ! supreme excell5ce4 ,fur!rmore ! ,/oics1 l ,socrates & ! ,cynics1 id5tifi$ virtue ) k & reg>d$ ! ideal philosoph] z ! "o :o _h atta9$ to true & complete wisdom & consequ5tly to p]fect virtue4 ,!re=e ! ideal ( ! wise man became ! v c5t] ( ! ,/oic doctr9e4 ,he 0 ?\ght to comb9e 9 himself all p]fection1 & z ,s5eca says1 diff]s f ,god only by be+ mortal4 ,z ,i h already obs]v$1 ! e>ly ,/oics _h fix$ an absolute gulf betwe5 ! p]fect wise man & ! unwise2 l ! ,cynics !y _h decl>$ t virtue once atta9$ c\ld n be lo/2 b ! practical good s5se ( a lat] age modifi$ ^! extreme views & taught t !re 7 degrees 9 virtue1 & t ! mo/ t ! ord9>y man c\ld d 0 daily to advance & make progress t[>d 8 goal4 ,z ,s5eca says3 8,i am n yet wise1 nor %all ,i ev] be4 ,d n ask me to be equal to ! be/ b r to be bett] ?an ! base4 ,?is is en\gh = me--to take away daily some?+ f my faults & daily to reject my errors40#bbe ,t man might atta9 to virtue1 accord+ to ! ,/oic1 he mu/ free himself f ! _w & its influ5ces1 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( 8 w he mu/ /rive to atta9 to fre$om f all excess ( feel+ & passion4 ,! extremi/ said t he mu/ raise himself to a position :]e he 0 entirely free f passion1 :]e he _h atta9$ to complete 4 ,! mild] ,/oics held ! view t ! wise man w\ld n be "o :o felt no passion or desire1 b r "o 9 :om virtue ov]ma/]$ ! passions4 ,! ma/]y1 :e!r complete or p>tial1 all agre$ 0 to be atta9$ by ! ex]cise ( ! w2 !re=e man mu/ reg>d z :olly indiff]5t to him all ?+s t are n )9 ! control ( t faculty4 ,on ?is po9t ,epictetus disc\rses mo/ int]e/+ly4#bbf ,he po9ts out t ! mat]ials we employ 9 life are indiff]5t to u1 nei!r good nor bad2 !y are l ! dice ) :i* we play our game4 ,b l ! game/] we mu/ try to manage life dext]\sly2 :atev] happ5s we mu/ say3 8,ext]nals are n )9 my p[]2 *oice is4 ,:]e !n %all ,i seek good & evil8 ,:y1 )91 9 :at is my own40 ,& !n he cont9ues1 po9t+ out t we mu/ c\nt no?+ good or evil1 pr(itable or hurtful1 or ( any conc]n to u1 t is controll$ by o!rs4 ,9 tranquillity & calm we mu/ accept :at life br+s1 conc]n$ only ) :at actually dep5ds on ! w ( ea* "o ( u4 ,we mu/ act 9 life z we d 9 a voyage3 ! individual c *oose ! pilot1 ! sailors1 & ! h\r ( 8 dep>ture2 aft] t he mu/ meet quietly all t comes1 = he has done 8 "p2 & if a /orm arise1 he mu/ face ) indiff]5ce disa/] or safety1 = ^! matt]s are q beyond ! control ( 8 w4 ,s sickness & heal?1 abundance & ne$1 high position or ! loss ( /ation are ?+s :i* my w _c control4 ,!re=e to me z a philosoph] !y are indiff]5t2 ,i mu/ h no anxiety ab\t !m2 !y really are n my affair4 ,b my ?\ghts & my acts are matt]s t ,i c control1 & 9 !m ,i mu/ f9d all my conc]n4 ,! ext]nal circum/ances1 ! acts ( o!rs1 d n t\* me1 b my own acts1 my own relations1 my own inn] life are ?+s to :i* ,i mu/ give all ( my att5tion4 ,s ! ,/oic reason$1 hold+ t virtue 0 q suffici5t = happ9ess1 & t x made man ma/] ( 8 _w4 ,?us we see t to ! doctr9e ( virtue1 :i* ! ,cynics _h magnifi$1 ! ,/oics _h add$ ! vitaliz+ pr9ciple ( ! op]ation ( man's w1 & !reby _h made ! pursuit ( wisdom1 :i* to !m 0 id5tical ) virtue1 a p[]ful means ( moral & spiritual edification4 ,b :5 ! ,/oic disc\rs$ ( virtue & wisdom1 :at did he conceive ! highe/ aim ( man to be8 8,to live 9 accord ) ,nature10 0 ! answ] :i* ! foll[]s ( ,z5o usually gave4 ,by t !y meant t man mu/ br+ himself into accord ) t ,nature :i* rules all ?+s2 t he mu/ make 8 w & reason agree ) ! univ]sal w & reason ( :i* 9 tru? !y are a "p4 ,o!rs said t "o mu/ live 9 h>mony ) himself4 ,b z we %all pres5tly see1 _! def9ition 0 ess5tially ! same z t ( _! fell[s1 = to ! ,/oic man 0 9 himself an epitome ( ! cosmos4 ,9 _! explanation ( ! univ]se ! ,/oics held to a mat]ialism :i* !y borr[$ f ! tea*+s ( ,h]aclitus1 :o _h ma9ta9$ t only matt] _h any exi/5ce :atev]2 !re=e _! sy/em 0 9 !ory a mat]iali/ic monism1 b ) _! moni/ic pr9ciple !y comb9$ an idea :i* 9 reality !y _h d]iv$ f ,ari/otle1 app>5tly )\t realiz+ ! possible consequ5ce to _! view t matt] alone exi/s4 ,al?\gh hold+ t ev]y?+ is mat]ial1 !y recogniz$ 9 all ?+s ! pres5ce ( an active & a passive pr9ciple1 ! active pr9ciple =m+ & direct+1 ! o!r be+ =m$ & direct$1 s t by ! op]ation ( ! active pr9ciple ^u ! passive all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w come into be+4 ,! passive pr9ciple correspond$ to ,ari/otle's mat]ial1 :ile ! active pr9ciple includ$ bo? 8 effici5t & f9al causes4 ,to _! active pr9ciple ! ,/oics gave all ! *>act]i/ics t ,h]aclitus _h giv5 to 8 1 reason1 or ,anaxagoras to 8 1 m9d4 ,9 %ort !y attribut$ to x all ! *>act]i/ics ( reason & intellig5ce1 s t 9 spite ( _! argum5t t ! active pr9ciple 0 no less mat]ial ?an ! passive1 t x 0 ! elem5t ( fire or vapor or bo?1 x 0 inevitable t 9 practice _! philosophy %\ld ultimately t5d t[>d a dualism & t ! anci5t conflict ( matt] & m9d1 ( body & s\l1 %\ld h its place 9 _! tea*+4 ,!y ?\ght t ! op]ative pr9ciple1 fire1 ! div9e reason1 expresses itself 9 e "p ( ! univ]se1 t ev]y?+ :i* exi/s is p]meat$ by ?is div9e _s & direct$ by x4 ,x is no?+ less ?an ! _w-reason1 ,god1 :i* begets all ?+s2 s t !y call$ x 1 t is1 ! reason t conta9s )9 itself ! g]ms ( all ?+s t are to be4 ,n[ s9ce man is ( c\rse a "p ( ! cosmos1 ! ,/oic argu$ t 9 him ! _w-reason naturally expresses itself2 x is t :i* guides him1 9 fact x is 8 reason1 ! direct+ portion ( 8 s\l4 ,& x is ! possession ( ?is s\l1 itself a "p ( ! univ]sal reason1 :i* makes x possible = man to live 9 accord ) ,nature1 = he atta9s t aim :5ev] 8 s\l is 9 agreem5t ) ! univ]sal s\l :i* is its s\rce4 ,9 ?is way ! ,/oic1 = all 8 mat]ialism1 emphasiz$ ! div9e nature ( man & ! community ( human reason ) ,god4 ,! pan!i/ic "* ( ?is philosophy is n[ evid5t4 ,! _w-reason1 ,god1 :atev] ! ,/oic might call x1 is all1 embraces all )9 itself1 & p]meates all4 ,?is conception is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! tea*+s ( ,ari/otle & ! lat] ,platoni/s1 :o conceiv$ ( ,god z transc5d5t1 remov$ f ! _w ab\t u4 ,we h "h ! doctr9e ( ! imman5ce ( ,god1 9 :om all ?+s live & move & h _! be+1 because ! _w-reason is ! pr9ciple on :i* all life & action directly dep5d4 ,9 ?is doctr9e ( ! imman5ce ( ,god ! ,/oics br\ght toge!r aga9 ! worlds ( matt] & ( reason :i* ,plato _h sep>at$2 & 9 ! pan!i/ic "* ( ?is tea*+ !y e/abli%$ a belief :i* lat] fitt$ 9 ) ! g5]al c\rse ( pagan ?\ght "u ! ,roman ,empire1 :5 philosophy & religion 7 at "o 9 recogniz+ ! exi/5ce 9 ! _w ( b a s+le div9e pr9ciple1 al?\gh all sy/ems1 includ+ ,/oicism1 f\nd a way to provide = ! multitude ( gods :i* popul> belief dem&$4 ,! ,/oic !ology !n is 9 te*nical language a mat]iali/ic pan!ism1 & ! _w is only a mode ( ,god4 ,su* ab/ractions are difficult to grasp & h no p]sonal mean+ = ! common man4 ,b 9 practice ! ,/oic ?\ght & spoke ( ,god z a p]sonality4 ,n[h]e is ?is feel+ express$ ) s mu* devotion z 9 ,clean!s' ,hymn to ,zeus2 ! language is l>gely t ( poetic tradition1 b ! ?\ght is n t ( common poly!ism3 ,mo/ glori\s ( immortals1 _m nam$1 p[]ful ov] all1 ,zeus1 ?\ au?or ( all nature1 guid+ all ) law1 ,hail to !e4 ,!e 'tis "r all mortals %\ld address1 ,= f !e m5 d]ive _! race1 !y :o alone ,( all ?+s mortal1 liv+1 creep+ on ! gr\nd1 ,h gift ( spee*4 ,s w ,i hymn !e1 & ?y p[] =ev] s+4 ,= !e ?is entire cosmos1 circl+ e>? ar\nd1 ,obeys :]e'er ?\ leade/1 & 'tis gladly rul$ by !e4 ,su* s]vant ha/ ?\ 9 ?y h&s inv9cible1 ,! two-edg$ ?und]bolt1 ev] liv+ flame4 ,= by its /rokes are all ?+s 9 nature wr\ght2 ,) x ?\ do/ direct ! common law1 :i* ?r\gh\t all ,=ev] moves1 ) e gleam comm+l$1 great & small4 ',tis ?is ha? made !e supreme k+ o'er all2 ,= naught e'er comes to pass on e>? ap>t f !e1 ,o ,god1 ,nor 9 ! sacr$ pole ( e!r above nor 9 ! deep1 ,save all ! s9 m5 d ) folly curs$4#bbg ,b "s ( y h d\btless rememb]$ t ,fate 77 plays a l>ge "p 9 ,/oicism1 t ! ,/oic writ]s describe x z ! cause t works ?r\gh all ?+s & br+s all ?+s to pass4#bbh ,we mu/ !re=e consid] :at ! ,/oic meant by ,fate1 h[ he expla9$ ! exi/5ce ( evil1 & :at provision he made = ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,fate 0 id5tifi$ ) reason or ) :at we call natural law2 & s9ce ! ,/oic held t x does n op]ate 9 a me*anical way1 b is direct$ by reason to ! be/ possible ends1 x foll[$ t ,fate became id5tical ) ,provid5ce 774#bbi ,?is _w !n = ! ,/oic is ! be/ ( all possible worlds4 ,yet ! "q w inevitably be ask$ z to :y x is t evil c exi/ 9 su* a _w1 9 :i* a p>ticul> ,provid5ce rules all ?+s = ! be/4 ,we h already se5 t ,clean!s held t ,god direct$ all ?+s b ! de$s ( ! wick$3 ,naught e'er comes to pass on e>? ap>t f !e1 ,o ,god1 ,nor 9 ! sacr$ pole ( e!r above nor 9 ! deep1 ,save all ! s9 m5 d ) folly curs$4 ,= ! mo/ "p h[ev] ! ,/oics did n attempt to place evil outside ! doma9 ( ,fate1 b boldly ma9ta9$ t ! exi/5ce ( good is inconceivable )\t ! exi/5ce ( its opposite1 evil4 ,!y taught t _m ( ! ?+s :i* are ord9>ily reckon$ evils by m5 7 no?+ ( ! sort2 :at we call physical evils1 = example1 7 = !m n evils1 because !y c\ld n affect ! wise man1 ! philosoph]2 or if !y affect$ him1 !y c\ld s]ve only z discipl9e1 & !re=e contribute to good ends4 ,man has )9 him ! possibility ( good2 he mu/ also h ! possibility ( evil1 & !re=e he mu/ possess ! fre$om ( *oice )\t :i* goodness or evil has no moral value4 ,evil !re=e l ! good mu/ be "p ( a _w 9 :i* ,god rules all ?+s to ! be/ & wise/ ends4 ,/ill !re rema9s ! difficulty t if man c det]m9e 8 own *oice1 h[ c we /ill speak ( ,fate z direct+ ! _w4 ,! answ] is f\nd 9 ! nature ( man1 ^: body is prop]ly direct$ by 8 s\l4 ,?is s\l ?r\gh exp]i5ce develops reason1 & ! reason+ s\l1 z we h already se51 is a "p ( ! univ]sal reason1 ,god4 ,:5 ! reason rules a man's impulses & directs 8 w to foll[ ! "r c\rse1 x leads him into ! pa? ( fre$om1 = fre$om consi/s 9 ! complete subjugation ( ! impulses to reason4 ,! ,/oic _h only to appeal to common exp]i5ce to %[ t if ! body & its impulses prevail1 man obvi\sly is a slave2 b if reason dom9ates he is free4 ,z ,epictetus taught3 8,fre$om & slav]y1 ! fir/ is ! "n ( virtue1 ! o!r ( vice1 b bo? are ! effects ( *oice4 ,^? :o d n h ! p[] ( *oice are t\*$ by nei!r ( ^! ?+s4 ,b ! s\l is accu/om$ to be ma/] ( ! body1 & ! ?+s ( ! body h prop]ly no?+ to d ) ! w to *oose2 = no man is a slave if he is free 9 8 p[] to *oose40#bcj ,! p]fect philosoph]1 !n1 is :olly free1 = 8 e act is guid$ by reason1 & !re=e he lives p]fectly 9 accord ) ,nature & himself4 ,fre$om lies 9 *oice1 b ! *oice once made1 ! consequ5ces inevitably foll[4 ,s ! fre$om ( ! individual 0 reconcil$ ) ! rule ( a det]m9+ ,fate4 ,we h ?us f> se5 t ,/oicism 0 a philosophy = ! individual2 t x dem&$ t man1 be+ a free ag5t1 recognize 8 high call+ z a reasonable be+ & put himself by ! ex]cise ( 8 w into accord ) ,nature & himself1 & s atta9 or at lea/ advance t[>d p]fection4 ,b 9 contra/ to ,cynicism ,/oicism did n dem& t its sect>ies %\ld cut !mselves (f f society2 on ! contr>y x recogniz$ t man is normally a memb] ( a social gr\p4 ,if 9 its doctr9e ( p]sonal edification x 0 /rongly individuali/ic1 x 0 no less cosmopolitan 9 its social philosophy4 ,al?\gh ! e>li] ,/oics _h n tak5 "p 9 political life--probably because ( ! conditions ( ! "t1--none _h =bidd5 p>ticipation 9 public affairs1 b on ! contr>y all favor$ x4 ,moreov] ! ,/oic c\ld n limit 8 view to ! small political unit or to ! society conta9$ !re92 b inasmu* z ea* individual possesses a s\l t is a "p ( ! cosmic reason1 all mank9d is a community ( reason+ be+s1 & e man is a bro!r ( e o!r4#bca ,?us ,/oicism gave a philosophic basis to ! idea ( ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,x taught also t ext]nal circum/ances1 bir?1 weal?1 high position1 physical fre$om or slav]y1 are indiff]5t matt]s2 t ! slave if a philosoph] is ! equal ( ! philosophic emp]or4 ,su* doctr9es z ^! gave a new dignity to ! individual & 7 de/9$ to produce great social effects 9 ! c\rse ( "t3 !y result$ t[>d ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era 9 a new humanit>ian _s :i* began to c>e = ! poor & ! weak4 ,ultimately ! ,/oic ,roman juri/s wrote into ! great law-codes ! doctr9e ( ! bro!rhood ( man1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 natural law1 accord+ to :i* all m5 are bro!rs on an equal foot+1 & human law :i* has br\ght ab\t di/9ctions4 ,^! law-codes sav$ ! writt5 doctr9e = ! lat] c5turies1 & ,*ri/ianity on its "p absorb$ mu* ( ,/oic tea*+2 ?r\gh ^! two *annels we h inh]it$ _m ( ! ideas :i* are mov+ =ces 9 mod]n democracy4 ,^! matt]s t\* u s closely t we may well pause = a mom5t & li/5 to "s anci5t witnesses4 ,on ! "q :e!r a slave c\ld be said to conf] b5efits on 8 ma/]1 ,s5eca wrote t :oev] d5i$ ! possibility ( ?is 0 ignorant ( ! pr9ciples ( all human law3 8= ! "q is z to ! _s ( ! "o :o conf]s ! b5efit1 n z to 8 position 9 life4 ,virtue is clos$ to no man2 b %e is op5 = all1 admits all1 invites all1 bo? freeborn & fre$m51 slaves1 k+s1 & exiles all alike4 ,%e does n *oose h\se or weal?2 %e is satisfi$ ) ! b>e man & asks no?+ m40#bcb ,aga9 he po9ts out t only ! body c be enslav$2 t no prison c hold ! m9d & keep x f consort+ ) ! div9e4#bcc ,he sums up3 8,all ( u h ! same orig91 ! same s\rce2 no man is nobl] ?an ano!r save he :o has a m upright "* & "o bett] fitt$ to honorable pursuits40#bcd ,! great juri/s speak no less pla9ly ?an ! philosoph]4 ,julius ,paulus1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury ( our era1 laid d[n ! pr9ciple t nature has e/abli%$ betwe5 m5 a c]ta9 relation%ip2 ?is 8 contempor>y ,ulpian express$ m pla9ly 9 ^! words3 8,by natural law all m5 are equal40 ,& ,flor5t9us wrote3 8,slav]y is a provision ( ! law ( nations1 by :i* "o man1 contr>y to ! law ( nature1 is subject to ! dom9ation ( ano!r40#bce ,su* doctr9es z ^! naturally broke d[n allegiance to city & nation1 & made m5 feel t !y 7 citiz5s ( ! _w4 ,s5eca di/+ui%$ two /ates1 ! "o t into :i* a man is born2 ! o!r1 ! great & true commonweal? :]e dwell bo? gods & m51 9 :i* "o looks n to ?is corn] or to t1 b measures its bord]s by ! c\rse ( ! sun4#bcf ,9 l language ,musonius taught t ! wise man1 i4e41 ! philosoph]1 believes himself to be a citiz5 ( ! city ( ,god1 :i* consi/s ( gods & m54#bcg ,s ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius reflect$3 8,to me z ,anton9us my city is ,rome1 b z a man x is ! univ]se40#bch ,we may seem to h w&]$ some:at f ! religi\s aspect ( ,/oicism1 b ! digression f9ds its ju/ification n only 9 ! fact t bo? ! belief 9 ! natural equality ( m5 & ! cosmopolitan "* ( ,/oicism grew out ( ! doctr9e t ea* man's reason is a "p ( ! univ]sal reason1 b also 9 ! significance ^! ?+s _h = t "t & = ours4 ,! ,/oic felt himself commission$ to prea* & to turn m5 f _! evil ways2 he became a mission>y to ! _w1 exhort+ m5 to ! pursuit ( sobriety1 pati5ce1 virtue1 & to ! imitation ( ,god4 ,s5eca recall$ ) new emphasis ,plato's def9ition ( man's duty3 8,! fir/ po9t 9 ! wor%ip ( ! gods is to believe t ! gods exi/2 second to r5d] unto !m _! maje/y2 to r5d] likewise _! goodness )\t :i* !re is no maje/y2 to "k t ! gods preside ov] ! _w1 t !y direct ! univ]se by _! p[]1 protect mank9d1 & sometimes h reg>d = individuals4 ,! gods nei!r br+ evil nor h x 9 !mselves2 b !y *a/ise & *eck "s m51 !y inflict p5alties1 sometimes !y puni% "u ! guise ( bless+s4 ,w\ld'/ ?\ propitiate ! gods8 ,be ?\ good ?yself4 ,he has wor%ipp$ !m aright :o has imitat$ !m40 ,& aga93 8,! div9e nature is n wor%ipp$ ) ! fat bodies ( sla9 bulls1 or ) gold or silv] votive (f]+s1 or ) money collect$ = ! sacr$ treasury1 b ) a pi\s & upright w40#bci ,epictetus reviews ! gifts ( provid5ce to m5 & asks3 8,:at words c praise ! works ( provid5ce 9 u & set !m =? accord+ to _! wor?8 ,if we h und]/&+1 ought we to d any?+ else1 individually or all toge!r1 save s+ hymns & bless ! deity & tell ( 8 b5efits8444 ,b s9ce mo/ ( y h become bl9d1 %\ld !re n be someone to fulfill ?is duty & on behalf ( all to s+ ! hymn to ,god8 ,= :at else c ,i d1 a lame old man1 b s+ hymns to ,god8 ,if ,i 7 a night+ale1 ,i %\ld d ! "p ( a night+ale2 if ,i 7 a swan1 ,i %\ld d ! "p ( a swan4 ,b n[ ,i am a rational creature1 & !re=e mu/ praise ,god4 ,?is is my task4 ,i w d x1 nor w ,i leave my po/1 s long z ,i may keep x2 & ,i urge y to jo9 9 ?is same song40#bdj ,"u ! ,empire ,/oicism lo/ ! mod]ate int]e/ 9 speculation :i* x _h once _h1 & became almo/ exclusively a moral philosophy4 ,x 0 an age :i* call$ = moral resi/ance1 :5 m5 7 oblig$ to /eel !mselves to endure oppression & disa/]1 to 8endure & refra940 ,?is is ! motto ( ! lat] ,/oics1 1 by :i* !y meant3 8,refra9 f all t ?y w _c control2 endure all t may assault !e2 practise ?yself 9 foll[+ ! guide ( reason2 resi/ all passions40 ,?is is almo/ ! sum total ( ! disc\rses ( ,epictetus4 ,! anci5t conflict betwe5 body & s\l also came to ! front once m1 & ,/oicism %[$ ! same ascetic t5d5cy t is f\nd 9 all ! lat] philosophies4 ,to x ,m>cus ,aurelius gives cle>e/ expression4 ,reflect+ on 8 own nature ! ,emp]or quotes a say+ ( ,epictetus3 8,?\ art a poor s\l burd5$ ) a corpse40#bda ,aga9 9 self-exhortation he says3 8 ,?is ?+ ,i am is b fle%1 brea?1 & ! guid+ reason4 ,f>ewell my books6 /ra9 aft] !m no m4 ,!y are n = !e4 ,z if already 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?1 despise ?y fle%--x is only f\l blood & bones1 a web & tissue ( s9ews & ve9s & art]ies4 ,consid] brea? too6 ,:at is x8 ,a puff ( w9d nev] ! same1 b e mom5t exhal$ & aga9 inhal$4 ,la/ comes ! guid+ reason--on t set all ?y m9d40#bdb ,! ,emp]or bids 8 books f>ewell4 ,philosophy 0 no long] a ?+ = ! closet & ! s*ol>'s /udy1 b a matt] ( practical life 9 ! m>ket place & public squ>e2 ! unlett]$ might pursue x z well z ! le>n$1 = x 0 ! art ( liv+--an art :i* ! noble/ pursu$ ) all ! en?usiasm ( religi\s emotion4 ,al?\gh ! ,/oic 0 mo/ conc]n$ ) ! pres5t1 & c\ld (f] no cont9u$ life = ! individual s\l beyond ! "t :5 all ! univ]se %\ld s9k back into ! orig9al fire1 8 f]vor c\ld be t ( ! se] ) a vision ( et]nity4 ,! contributions :i* ! ,/oics made to ! e?ical & religi\s life 7 l>ge4 ,!y %[$ t !re is a moral ord] 9 nature to :i* man z a "p ( nature mu/ con=m2 by emphasiz+ ! community ( reason betwe5 man & ,god1 s t 9 ,epictetus' phrase we are b fragm5ts ( ,god1#bdc !y gave a religi\s sanction to duty t[>d ,god & man :i* _h hi!rto be5 lack+2 & by ! conclusions :i* !y logically drew z to ! bro!rhood ( man1 disreg>d+ di/9ctions ( bir?1 position1 or race1 & look+ to "* alone1 !y gave a great impulse to ! improvem5t ( morals1 to ! spread ( ju/ice & k9dl9ess 9 private relations1 & to a g5u9e love = humanity4 ,! /imulus :i* a belief 9 p]sonal immortality might h giv5 !m 0 replac$ by a s5se ( div9e k9%ip & a *all5ge to ! w to *oose ! nobl] c\rse "u ! guide ( reason4 ,on ! !ological side !y e/abli%$ ! doctr9e ( ! imman5ce ( ,god 9 opposition to ! transc5d5tal views ( ! ,platoni/s & ,ari/otelians4 ,s9ce ! :ole cosmos is 9 _! view animat$ by ! univ]sal reason1 e "p ( x is alive4 ,! heav5ly bodies 7 !re=e naturally reg>d$ z div9e1 gods to :om ! names ( ! great] gods ( popul> !ology 7 conv5i5tly giv54 ,b on ! :ole ! traditional gods 7 expla9$ allegorically1 be+ reg>d$ z ! names assign$ to v>i\s manife/ations ( ,god 9 nature4 ,s ,zeus 0 ! heav5s or ! e!r1 ,h]a air1 ,poseidon ! wat]s1 ,demet] e>?1 ,hephae/us fire1 ,hades d>kness1 & s on4 ,n[ ?is physical allegoriz+ t5d$ to de/roy all belief 9 ! my?ological div9ities m effectually p]haps ?an any o!r assault t _h be5 made s9ce ! attacks began 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,b we mu/ n ?9k t ! ,/oics disbeliev$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( gods4 ,i h j spok5 ( _! doctr9e t ! heav5ly bodies are div9e2 & !y held t ! spirits ( ! wise/ & be/ survive ! body z less] div9ities1 z daemons4 ,all ^!1 h[ev]1 w cease to be :5 ! pres5t age comes to an end & ! cosmos s9ks back into univ]sal fire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! religi\s philosophies :i* we h ?us f> consid]$ ! reason & ! w 7 ! *ief means by :i* security & happ9ess "h or h]eaft] c\ld be obta9$4 ,^! sy/ems taught t salvation 0 a matt] ( man's own ef=t1 & )9 8 own p[]4 ,yet 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 = example1 we h aga9 & aga9 cle> evid5ce t ! la/ great ,/oic 0 consci\s ( ! insuffici5cy ( man to save 8 own s\l unaid$1 & ! philosophies to :i* we are n[ to turn recognize man's weakness & make salvation an act ( grace f ,god4 ,z we h rem>k$ be=e1 ! la/ ?ree c5turies be=e our era among ! ,greeks 7 c5turies 9 :i* _! national life & culture decay$4 ,autocratic =ms ( gov]nm5t arose :i* cut m5 (f f active p>ticipation 9 politics & turn$ _! att5tion 9 ^u !mselves4 ,!re 0 a loss ( creative p[] 9 lit]ature1 art1 & speculative ?\ght2 & m5 7 consci\s ( a failure ( ! s5se :i* _! =efa!rs _h _h1 t ?is life c\ld give !m great satisfaction4 ,^! ?+s1 & ! extremes ( weal? & pov]ty1 t]ror ( ! imp]ial p[]1 ! selfi% gre$ & hopelessness ( ! mass ( ! p1 all comb9$ "u ! e>ly ,empire to fill ! m9ds ( ! ?\ghtful ) sadness & pessimism4 ,we f9d ^! s5tim5ts 9 e writ] ( ! fir/ two c5turies ( our era :o deals ) contempor>y society4 ,s5eca feels t ! _w is lo/ & helpless2 t life itself is a fatal gift comp>$ ) :i* no?+ is s deceitful & trea*]\s4 ,fill$ ) ard\r = 8 philosophy & ) confid5ce 9 ! efficacy ( its moral tea*+s1 he nev]!less at times loses he>t4 ,?is is likewise true ( ! re/4 ,z we read ! pages ( ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 9 spite ( ! inspir+ words ( t halt+ slave :o 9 ,nicopolis prea*$ high =titude to 8 he>]s & ( ! ,emp]or :o 9 di/ant camp among ! ,quadi on ! banks ( ! ,gran or 9 w9t] qu>t]s at ,c>nuntum rec\nt$ 8 bless+s & exhort$ 8 own s\l to endure1 we h at times an inevitable s5se ( ! hopelessness ( ! /ruggle4 ,fur!rmore1 z has be5 frequ5tly po9t$ out1 ! la/ c5turies be=e our era _h be5 m>k$ by a feel+ on ! "p ( _m ( a sep>ation f ,god & by a long+ 9 "s way to bridge ! gulf betwe5 ! human & ! div9e1 to secure a revelation f heav51 & to atta9 to direct vision & k ( ,god4 ,z ! satisfactions ( life1 :i* ! e>li]1 fre] c5turies _h giv51 grew less1 9 we>9ess ( _s1 consci\s ( 8 own weakness & lack ( p[] to secure 8 s\l's fre$om & happ9ess1 man turn$ = help f outside himself4 ,! reason & ! w alone _h fail$4 ,god's grace 0 ne$$ = salvation4 ,! conque/s ( ,alex&] _h n only diffus$ ,hell5ic spee* & ?\ght ov] a wide area1 b !y _h also op5$ ! way by :i* ! ne>] ,ea/ c\ld influ5ce ! we/]n "p ( ! anci5t _w4 ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt became ! *ief intellectual c5t]2 f x especially spread intellectual movem5ts to ! remot] p>ts ( ! ,roman _w4 ,z ,i hope to %[ 9 my next lecture1 ,greek culture became ! common prop]ty ( all educat$ m54 ,x 0 natural also t "s ( ! philosophies cultivat$ at ,alex&ria %\ld %[ ! influ5ce ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 = ?is metropolis _h be5 f its f\nd+ a c5t] = ,jews z well z ,greeks4 ,! long+ = tranquillity 9 ?is life1 = a revelation ( ,god1 & = ! assurance ( p]sonal salvation :i* c\ld n f9d satisfaction 9 ,/oicism1 ,epicureanism1 & ! lat] ,ari/otelian s*ools1 l$ to a revival ( ,py?agorean my/icism & ( ,platonism4 ,^! elem5ts1 comb9$ 9 m ?an "o case ) ,jewi% ?\ght1 7 ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! pr9cipal my/ic s*ools develop$ at ,alex&ria4 ,! ?ree ) :i* we are *iefly conc]n$ are ,neopy?agoreanism1 ,judeo-,aex&rian philosophy1 & ,neoplatonism4 ,! ,py?agorean s*ool _h ceas$ to h a sep>ate exi/5ce by ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 b ! ideas :i* ! s*ool _h *]i%$ 7 n lo/4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury be=e our era ^! doctr9es 7 reviv$1 & 9 accordance ) ! syncreti/ic _s ( ! age 7 comb9$ ) ,platonic tea*+s into a philosophic1 or z we may m truly say1 a !osophic sy/em4 ,! fir/ repres5tative ( ?is revival kn[n to u by "n is ,nigidius ,figulus1 a fri5d & contempor>y ( ,cic]o4 ,its mo/ fam\s lead] 0 ,apollonius ( ,tyana 9 ,cappadocia1 :o liv$ "u ,n]o4 ,by ! ?ird c5tury a mass ( m>vell\s leg5ds _h ga!r$ ab\t ?is ,apollonius :i* is pres]v$ 9 8 life1 writt5 ab\t #baj ,a4,d4 by ,philo/ratus at ! reque/ ( ! ,empress ,julia ,domna4 ,! extant evid5ce %[s u cle>ly t by ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ! process _h begun at ,alex&ria ( reconcil+ ,jewi% !ology ) ,greek philosophy4 ,! fir/1 h[ev]1 to comb9e ! two into a sy/em1 kn[n to u z ! ,judeo-,aex&rian1 0 ! le>n$ ,philo1 :o 0 born ab\t #be ,b4,c4 ,he belong$ to "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ,jewi% families2 9 #dj ,a4,d41 he 0 *os5 to head a delegation ( ,aex&rian ,jews :i* 0 s5t to ! ,emp]or ,caligula4 ,8 purpose 9 common ) ! o!r adh]5ts ( ?is s*ool 0 prim>ily religi\s1 & he aim$ at a bett] und]/&+ ( 8 own religion r ?an at build+ up a sy/em ( philosophic ?\ght4 ,to accompli% 8 purpose he took f ! ,hell5ic s*ools :atev] seem$ useful1 )\t tr\bl+ himself ov]mu* ab\t ! logical relation ( ! p>ts :i* he wove toge!r4 ,! movem5t actually develop$ a s*ool :i* _h a l>ge hi/orical significance4 ,! ?ird philosophy is ,neoplatonism1 f\nd$ at ,alex&ria1 accord+ to tradition1 by ,ammonius ,saccas at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,ammonius _h be5 re>$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 b on rea*+ maturity return$ to pagan philosophy4 ,8 in/ruction 0 giv5 :olly by ^w ( m\?4 ,( 8 num]\s pupils ! mo/ fam\s 7 ,orig51 ! *ur* fa!r1 & ,plot9us4 ,! latt] & 8 pupil ,porphyry 7 ! *ief repres5tatives ( ! s*ool 9 ! p]iod we h n[ "u consid]ation4 ,obvi\sly 9 ! "t at our disposal we _c consid] 9 detail all ! sev]al doctr9es ( ^! ?ree s*ools1 b we mu/ focus our att5tion on c]ta9 elem5ts :i* are ( prime importance 9 ! pagan philosophy ( ! day & mo/ significant because ( _! relation to ,*ri/ianity4 ,be=e we proce$ to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ ask y to rememb] t we are n[ deal+ n ) rigidly logical sy/ems1 b ) my/ic philosophies1 ) !osophies4 ,!re is mu* 9 !m1 !re=e1 t we _c hope to und]/& cle>ly1 because ^! philosoph]s !mselves ab&on$ ! pa? ( reason alone & let intuition & emotion guide !m 9 _! l(tie/ exp]i5ces4 ,let u fir/ exam9e c]ta9 *>act]i/ics common to all ^! s*ools4 ,!y all comb9e l>ge elem5ts drawn f ,platonism ) borr[+s f lat] philosophies1 especially ,/oicism2 &1 z ,i h already indicat$1 ,judeo-,alex&rianism %[s ! influ5ce ( ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,all hold to ! dual nature ( man1 a view :i* fir/ became ( religi\s significance ) ! ,orphics 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,plato1 y w rememb]1 emphasiz$ ! conflict ( fle% & _s1 & we h se5 h[ ! ,/oics1 = all _! moni/ic !ory1 came f9ally to ! same dualism4 ,closely connect$ ) ?is view 0 ! contempt = ! _w ( ! s5ses :i* ^! s*ools %[4 ,?is 0 due to a developm5t ( ! ,platonic doctr9es ( matt] & ( ! desc5t ( s\ls into corporeal dwell+s2 ^! tea*+s 9 _! turn l$ to a confirmation ( ! belief t ! ascetic life 0 ! prop] "o = ! philosoph]--a doctr9e :i* _h be5 held 9 consid]able degree by ! ,/oics & ,cynics4 ,9 !ology all ma9ta9$ ! transc5d5ce ( ,god1 & po/ulat$ betwe5 ,god & ?is _w int]m$i>y p[]s1 :i* "w ,god's w & cause all ! s5sible ph5om5a ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,f9ally all believ$ 9 ! possibility ( a direct revelation ( ,god to man1 :5 9 a /ate ( en?usiasm or ec/asy4 ,?is belief 9 direct div9e revelation1 toge!r ) ! ascetic t5d5cies ( ! sev]al s*ools1 l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ideal ( sanctity z t t[>d :i* ! fai?ful sect>y %\ld /rive4 ,py?agoras 0 canoniz$ by 8 lat] foll[]s1 ,plato became 8! div9e02 ,apollonius ( ,tyana grew 9 tradition to be ! model ( ! sa9t on e>?4 ,he 0 reg>d$ z "o fill$ ) div9e inspiration1 a work] ( miracles4 ,he ate no fle%1 b liv$ solely on bread1 fruits1 & ord9>y h]bs2 wat] 0 8 only dr9k2 he practis$ sil5ce & neglect$ 8 p]son4 ,! same description almo/ fits ,plot9us1 z made kn[n to u by 8 biograph] ,porphyry4 ,9 all ! ess5tial practices ^! pagan sa9ts anticipat$ _! lat] ,*ri/ian c\nt]p>ts4 ,let u look at ! !ology ( ^! s*ools a little m closely4 ,b be=e we proce$1 x is important to def9e cle>ly :at we mean by ! transc5d5ce ( ,god1 = ! t]m is (t5 loosely us$4 ,a transc5d5t god is "o :o is absolutely above ! _w & above man's k1 a god :o is s f> remov$ t man c h no deal+s ) him directly1 nor c he deal directly ) man or make 8 works manife/ to man1 save ?r\gh an int]m$i>y4 ,su* ess5tially 0 ,ari/otle's ,god1 8 ,fir/ ,cause4 ,! opposite idea is t ( ! imman5ce ( ,god1 su* z we h se5 9 ! ,/oic tea*+s1 9 :i* ,god is conceiv$ ( z exi/+ 9 all ?+s4 ,n[ x is evid5t t 9 any sy/em ( philosophy or !ology :i* believes 9 a transc5d5t ,god1 & yet reg>ds ! visible _w1 includ+ man1 z ! creation ( ! div9e1 "s provision mu/ be made = a be+ or be+s1 m$i>y betwe5 ! transc5d5t ,god & ! _w1 :i* %all express ,god's w & make ,god intelligible to man4 ,if su* a be+ or be+s d n exi/ to s]ve z m$iators betwe5 ! _w & ,god1 !n man c h no k ( ! div9e :atsoev]1 & ,god _c express himself 9 ! _w4 ,n[ 9 ,plato's philosophy ! transc5d5cy ( ,god 0 at lea/ implicit1 x 0 cle>ly def9$ 9 ,ari/otle's ?\ght1 & ! idea c]ta9ly belong$ to ! ,jewi%-,alex&rian ?\ght ( ! la/ two c5turies be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,philo sets =? ! doctr9e mo/ pla9ly4 ,accord+ to him ,god is s f> above all mortal ?+s t he mu/ be def9$ 9 a negative way4 ,all t we c say ( him is t he is pure be+1 incorporeal1 invisible1 )\t qualities1 above all virtue1 & above all k4 ,we !re=e _c say t ,god is good or beautiful1 because he is above all beauty & goodness2 he is et]nal1 un*ang+1 exi/+ 9 & = himself alone4 ,8 p]fection is beyond our p[] to compreh5d2 our intellect _c grasp 8 nature4 ,all t man c "k or say ( ,god is t ,god is4#bdd ,yet naturally ,philo is n cont5t ) negative def9itions1 b does attempt to express 9 a m or less traditional fa%ion ! p]fection ( ,god2 he speaks ( him z t be+ :i* includes all reality )9 himself1 or z ! only be+ ( :om real exi/5ce c be pr$icat$2 aga9 z ! absolute happy & p]fect be+2 or z ! orig9al ( all beauty4 ,he likewise pictures ,god z ! s\rce ( all activity1 z ! be+ to :om endless activity is z prop] z x is = fire to burn or sn[ to *ill2 ,god is !re=e ! cause ( all ! activity 9 ! _w1 z he is ! supreme cause ( all ?+s4 ,yet ) 8 view ( ! transc5d5ce ( ,god1 ,philo c\ld n say t ,god is pres5t 9 ! _w save 9 8 acts2 & ^! acts he does n p]=m directly1 = if ,god 7 to deal directly ) ! matt] out ( :i* ! visible _w is made1 contact ) t matt] w\ld defile ! div9e p]fection4 ,! creation ( ! _w1 !re=e1 ,god accompli%$ by incorporeal p[]s 771 by ideas 771 :i* are 8 s]vants4#bde ,! *ief ( ^! is ! supreme reason1 ! ^w1 ! logos4 ,9 ?is logos all ! ideas h _! place1 z ! plan ( a city has its place 9 ! s\l ( its ar*itect4 ,! logos /&s midway betwe5 ,god & ! creat$ _w2 x is n et]nal z ,god is1 or mortal z we1 b occupies a middle position4 ,! indebt$ness ( ,philo to ,plato is self-evid5t4 ,plato's absolute & ,plato's ideas h be5 made m$i>y betwe5 ! transc5d5t ,god & ! visible _w4 ,?is t]m1 logos1 ! ^w1 _h be5 famili> n only to ,greek philosophy f ! "t ( ,h]aclitus b x _h also a v]bal p>allel at lea/ 9 c]ta9 ,jewi% expressions1 8! wisdom ( ,god10 8! ^w ( ,god10 :i* ,philo int]prets 9 t]ms ( ! logos4 ,accord+ to ,philo ! logos has a d\ble rle4 ,?r\gh ! logos ,god creat$ ! _w out ( in]t & =mless matt]1 & cont9ues to reveal himself ?r\gh x to ! _w4 ,! logos also s]ves z ! high prie/1 ! int]cessor & advocate ( ! _w ) ,god4#bdf ,let me "h note1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,philo's ?\ght ! logos c\ld n take corporeal =m2 x c\ld n become fle% & dwell among u1 & !re=e x 0 n possible t ! logos %\ld be id5tifi$ completely ) ! idea ( ! ,jewi% ,messiah4 ,foll[+ ,plato & ! ,/oics ,philo tea*es t man's reason1 8 s\l1 is a p>ticle1 s to speak1 ( ! div9e intellig5ce t has ent]$ into ! human body4 ,! human _s1 !re=e1 is div9e1 b man's body is mortal & s9ful4 ,"h !n1 z 9 mo/ ( ! philosophies :i* 7 influ5c$ by ,platonism1 a discipl9e is necess>y to subdue ! fle% & free ! _s3 man mu/ con/antly ex]cise 8 *oice 9 pref]r+ ! ?+s ( ! _s1 = ?r\gh ! gift ( ,god man is free ) p[] to *oose ! "r or wrong4 ,! moral obligation ( man & ! pa? ( 8 salvation is ! same z we h se5 9 e>li] ,greek ?\ght4 ,to ?is end ,philo lays mu* weight on practice & education z contribut+ to advance 9 virtue2 he is fir$ ) a passionate long+ = purity4 ,9 a notable passage he speaks ?us to 8 own s\l3 8,ha/e !e1 ,o my s\l1 to become ,god's dwell+ place1 pure1 holy2 to become /rong in/ead ( utt]ly weak1 p[]ful in/ead ( impot5t1 wise in/ead ( fooli%1 mo/ reasonable in/ead ( w&]+40#bdg ,yet he goes beyond 8 pr$ecessors 9 tea*+ t man is s possess$ by s9 t he c escape f ! bondage only by div9e help2 t 8 own reason & 8 own w are insuffici5t = ! task4 ,k & virtue are n acquir$ by unaid$ human ef=t1 b are ! gifts ( ,god4 ,philo outdoes ev5 ! ,/oics 9 requir+ man to free himself f ! passions ( ! body1 & yet he po9ts out t j because man is subject to ^! passions1 because he is a s9n]1 he _c unaid$ foll[ & imitate ,god1 or make himself ,god's holy temple4 ,man's goodness !n is due to ! favor ( ,god2 salvation is an act ( grace4 ,! end ( man's ef=t & hope is to atta9 to k ( ,god & !reby to f9d supreme happ9ess4 ,b man _c rea* ?is by 8 own w or intellect1 = ,god is s f> remov$ f ! _w t he _c be fully appreh5d$ by "o dwell+ "h1 s t ! gulf betwe5 man & ,god mu/ be bridg$4 ,?is is possible1 ,philo tea*es1 :5 ! s\l 9 ec/asy passes out ( itself1 beyond ! s5su\s _w1 ! realm ( ideas & ! logos1 to be at "o ) ,god4 ,?is vision ( ,god is ! supreme bless+1 accord$ only to ! mo/ p]fect & holy among m52 9 x ! human s\l f9ds n only its re/ & full satisfaction1 b its own consummation4#bdh ,y recognize at once t we h "h philosophy fir$ ) religi\s emotion1 t 9 ,philo's sy/em at ! end reason gives way be=e a passionate desire = revelation ?r\gh union ) ,god4 ,philosophy has become !osophy4 ,! ec/acy :i* we h hi!rto se51 has be5 connect$ *iefly ) ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus1 9 :i* x 0 /imulat$ by means :i* we f9d (f5sive4 ,b ?is ec/asy is n ar\s$ by dance or music1 or inde$ by contemplation1 b is atta9$ 9 a purely passive condition :5 ! s\l is empti$ ( itself & becomes "o ) ! ,absolute4 ,^! same ideas--! transc5d5ce ( ,god1 ! exi/5ce ( m$i>y p[]s betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 ! ascetic life z a means ( gr[?1 ! dep5d5ce ( man on ,god's grace = 8 salvation1 ! possibility ( ! ,beatific ,vision--all are common 9 v>y+ degrees to all ! my/ic philosophies ( ! day4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,neoplatonism became ! mo/ popul> & influ5tial4 ,?r\gh ,orig5 & ,/4 ,augu/9e x pass$ into ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,! real problem = ,neoplatonism1 z = ! o!r religi\s philosophies ( ?is "t1 0 to set =? ! way by :i* ! s\l ( man c\ld grasp ! ,div9e directly & f9d its happ9ess & complete satisfaction 9 p]fect unity ) him4 ,we h j se5 h[ ,philo _h conceiv$ ( ,god z :olly transc5d5t1 & _h e/abli%$ ! logos z ! m$iator :o furni%es ! necess>y connection betwe5 ! et]nal1 transc5d5t ,god & ! creat$1 temporal _w4 ,plot9us outdid ,philo 9 t he remov$ 8 ,god "o /age /ill f>!r away4 ,8 def9ition ( ,god is necess>ily simil> to t ( ,philo1 b he endeavors to give a notion ( an ,absolute m remote1 if possible1 ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,god he says is nei!r reason itself nor c he be grasp$ by ! use ( reason1 b is above all k & reason4#bdi ,we mu/ conceive ( him z absolute unity1 z at once pure creative activity1 ! fir/ cause1 ! p[] on :i* ! _w dep5ds1 & at ! same "t z ! f9al cause t[>d :i* ! _w is t5d+4 ,! acts ( creation are con/ant2 yet ,god does n create ! visible _w directly1 b z ! sun )\t ef=t or loss to itself s5ds out its rays1 s ,god out ( ! fullness ( 8 p]fection emanates ,intellig5ce 771 9 :i* are imman5t ! ,ideas3 ^! are ! causes ( all ?+s :i* come into be+4 ,! second grade ( emanation is t ( ! ,_w-s\l 771 :i* p\rs itself out1 s to speak1 into ! individual s\ls4 ,! la/ /age ( emanation is t ( ,matt]1 ! mat]ial :i* 9 itself has no *>act]i/ics ( be+4 ,! s5sible _w is produc$ by ! action ( ! ,ideas on ,matt]1 =m+ & %ap+ x ?r\gh ,intellig5ce4#bej ,y w note "h ! f\r /ages1 ,god1 ,intellig5ce1 ,s\l1 & ,matt]1 z comp>$ ) ,philo's ?ree1 ,god1 ! ,logos1 & ,matt]4 ,y may well ask at ?is po9t :y ^! lat] philosoph]s ) _! desire to "k ,god1 %\ld /ill lay s mu* emphasis on 8 transc5d5ce1 app>5tly vy+ ) "o ano!r 9 pu%+ ! ,div9e beyond ! univ]se1 :i* !y /ill reg>d$ z 8 creation4 ,n[ we h already se5 t ,plato impli$ t 8 mat]ial pr9ciple 0 imp]fect & !reby ! s\rce ( evil1 & t 8 ,absolute1 ! supreme ,idea1 0 sep>ate f matt]4 ,9 ! p]iod we are n[ consid]+ all s*ools :i* ow$ ultimate allegiance to ,plato or ! ,py?agoreans held to a cle>ly def9$ duali/ic view ( ! univ]se4 ,consci\s t ! visible1 mat]ial _w is imp]fect & full ( evil1 un/able & decay+1 !y argu$ t ,god _c be imman5t 9 ! _w1 = if he 71 he w\ld be subject to evil1 imp]fection1 & *ange1 :]eas we mu/ conceive him to be good1 p]fect1 & un*ang+ unity4 ,!re=e ! motive :i* prompt$ all ^! !ologians 0 _! desire to save ! unity & p]fection ( ,god by remov+ him f all possible contact ) matt]1 to :i* "s l ! ,neoplatoni/s1 foll[+ ,plato1 absolutely d5i$ all ! attributes ( be+4 ,& ! doctr9e ( div9e transc5d5ce 0 ! m natural = ,philo & all :o _h come "u ! influ5ce ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 s9ce ! ,old ,te/am5t con/antly affirms ! absolute exaltation & p]fection ( ,god4 ,9 l mann] ! doctr9e ( m$i>y p[]s 0 help$ by ! ,jewi% idea ( ! wisdom ( ,god & ! popul> po/-exilic belief 9 angels4 ,yet :5 ! !ologians _h remov$ ,god beyond ! conf9es ( ! _w1 beyond all k1 !y _h /ill to deal ) ! passionate long+ = k ( ,god & = assurance ( salvation :i* 0 /rong 9 l>ge numb]s ( ! un9/ruct$1 z well z 9 ! philosophic lite4 ,?is k & assurance c\ld only be suppli$ by a belief 9 ! direct revelation ( ,god to man4 ,su* a belief 0 traditional 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 on ! ,greek side x 0 fo/]$ by ! feel+ t ! great tea*]s ,py?agoras & ,plato 7 div9ely inspir$2 & 9 ! popul> ,ori5tal religions :i* we %all consid] 9 a lat] lecture1 div9e revelation 0 a fundam5tal article ( fai?4 ,b let u return to ,plot9us4 ,! second grade ( emanation 9 ! ,neoplatonic sy/em is ! ,_w-s\l 771#bea :i*1 ?\gh inf]ior to ,intellig5ce 771 is nev]!less div9e & immat]ial4 ,x /&s midway betwe5 ,intellig5ce & ,matt] & is relat$ to bo?4 ,)9 ! ,_w-s\l1 :i* is ! highe/ ( all s\ls1 correspond+ to ,plato's idea ( ! ,good1 are all individual s\ls4#beb ,^! desc5d into matt] &1 p]vad+ bodies 9 all _! p>ts1 give !m s5sation1 reason1 & all _! life4 ,b ev5 z ! sunlight desc5d+ into d>kness is dimm$ or :olly lo/1 s by _! desc5t & bir? into corporeal =ms s\ls are made to =get _! div9e orig94 ,!y wi% to be indep5d5t2 l *ildr5 :o leave _! p>5ts & dwell ap>t f !m1 ! s\ls ( m5 =get _! own nature & _! div9e fa!r2 !y lose _! fre$om2 !y honor t :i* is n honorable1 & s fall deep] into s94 ,! s9n] !re=e mu/ be turn$ f 8 ways1 mu/ be made to rememb] 8 div9e race1 to honor ! ?+s ( ! _s1 & to cease rev]5c+ ^? ?+s :i* are n ! s\l's conc]n4#bec ,! s\l's return is to be accompli%$ by an asceticism ) :i* we are n[ famili>4 ,?is ! lead]s illu/rat$ 9 _! own lives4 ,porphyry tells u t 8 ma/] rema9$ unm>ri$1 ab/a9$ f animal food1 liv$ 9 ! simple/ fa%ion1 & s despis$ 8 body t he seem$ a%am$ ( its possession4#bed ,! pupil laid ev5 m /ress on ! subjugation ( ! fle% t ! s\l might be free & return t[>d ,god4 8,! m we turn t[>d t :i* is mortal10 he says1 8! m we unfit our m9ds = ! inf9ite gr&eur1 & ! m we )draw f atta*m5t to ! body1 9 t same measure we approa* ! div9e40#bee ,he taught t m5 mu/ reg>d _! bodies z g>m5ts1 :i* n only burd5 b actually defile !m1 & :i* !y l a?letes mu/ lay aside t nak$ & unclo!d !y may ent] ! /adium to cont5d 9 ! ,olympia ( ! s\l4#bef ,plot9us1 h[ev]1 held t m5 w\ld n all rise above ! plane ( ! s5ses1 b t _m w\ld rema9 caught by !m1 ?9k+ t ! good is id5tical ) pleasure & pa9 ) evil2 o!rs are m capable1 he said1 b !y _c turn _! gaze upw>d1 & s !y devote !mselves to ! virtues ( ! practical life4 ,b !re is a ?ird class ( div9e m5 ( great] /r5g? & ke5] insight1 :o c see & foll[ ! gleam f above1 s t !y rise beyond ! mi/s ( ?is _w to _! true & natural abode1 l m5 return+ to _! native city aft] long w&]+4#beg ,! s\l's f9al aim 9 its flight f evil ,plot9us def9es 9 ,plato's words3 x is lik5ess to ,god4#beh ,t is ! sum ( all virtue4 ,b ! ma/] di/+ui%es grades & degrees ( virtue 9 practice4 ,!re are ! social virtues ( wisdom1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 & ju/ice1 :i* s]ve to regulate ! passions & help man to =m "r op9ions4 ,at ?is /age ^! c>d9al virtues are relat$ solely to ext]nal objects1 & s]ve prim>ily to bett] man 9 8 mundane activities4 ,next come ^? virtues :i* purify ! s\l f ! pollution ( ! body1 ! activities :i* h no?+ to d ) ! body b belong :olly to ! s\l2 !y are conc]n$ ) ?\ght & reason4 ,b 9 ! highe/ range ! virtues ( ! l[] /ages are no long] relat$ to ext]nal objects1 b h to d ) ! ,intellig5ce 77 alone4 ,?is is ! contemplative life1 man's highe/ activity1 9 :i* he becomes himself div9e4#bei ,yet ! ,neoplatoni/ held t !re is a /ill high] /age4 ,:5 man's s\l has m\nt$ upw>d to ,intellig5ce & lives ! contemplative life1 ! space betwe5 ,intellig5ce & ,god is yet unbridg$4 ,?is gulf c only be cross$ :5 ! s\l 9 ec/asy1 =getful ( all ?\ght & ( self1 rises to complete k & union ) ! ,"o4#bfj ,?is supreme privilege1 accord+ to ,porphyry1 0 v\*saf$ 8 ma/] f\r times 9 ! ye>s he 0 8 pupil2 & once he too _h se5 ! ,beatific ,vision4#bfa ,x is evid5t t ,neoplatonism1 ! la/ /age ( ,greek philosophy1 is no isolat$ or /range ph5om5on4 ,on its metaphysical side x is ! consummation & f9al syn!sis ( ! :ole c\rse ( ,greek ?\ght f ! six? c5tury to its own day2 likewise 9 e?ics x comb9$ ! views ( its *ief pr$ecessors z its lead]s und]/ood !m2 & f9ally 9 ! doctr9e ( ! s\l's union ) ,god x only c>ri$ ! my/ical t5d5cies ( previ\s c5turies to _! natural conclusion4 ,if "t all[$1 we might consid] ! way 9 :i* ! ,neoplatoni/s reconcil$ _! !ology ) ! poly!ism & demonology ( popul> belief1 b t w\ld lead u too f>2 inde$ x w\ld take u away f our own prop] subject & f ! ma9 int]e/ ( ! great lead]s ( ?is s*ool4 ,!y 7 mo/ conc]n$ ) f9d+ out & %[+ m5 ! true pa? to ! s\l's peace & happ9ess1 & we are *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( _! ?\ght on ?is high !me4 ,!y f\nd _! object n 9 ! ex]cise ( ! reason or ! w alone1 b 9 my/icism4 ,,footnotes3 #bbe ,de vita beata1 #ag4 #bbf ,diss41 ,i1 #a2 ,,ii1 #e1 #ac2 & (t54 #bbg ,/ob4 ,ecl4 ,i1 #a1 #ab ,,svf1 ,i1 #ecg4 #bbh ,diog4 ,lart4 ,,vii1 #adi ,,svf1 ,i1 #age4 #bbi ,aetius1 ,i1 #bg1 #e ,,svf1 ,i1 #agf2 ,,ii1 #igd ff4 #bcj ,gnomol4 ,/obaei #ca ,s*5kl2 cf4 ,diss4 #d1 #a 7,on ,fre$om7 entire4 #bca ,cf4 ,cic4 de ,f94 ,,iii1 #fd mundum autem c5s5t 7,/oici7 regi num9e deorum eumque esse quasi communem urbem et civitatem hom9um et deorum2 et unumquemque no/rum eius mundi esse p>tem1 ex quo illud natura consequi ut communem utilitatem no/rae anteponamus4 ,s54 ,ep4 #ie1 #eb membra sumus corporis magni1 etc42 cf4 ,epict4 ,i1 #c 7,h[ "o %\ld proce$ f ! fact t ,god is ! ,fa!r ( all m5 to ! conclusions !refrom74 #bcb ,s54 de ,b54 #c1 #ah1 #b4 #bcc ,ibid4 #bj4 #bcd ,ibid4 #bh4 #bce ,dig4 ,i1 #a1 #d4 #e1 #d2 ,,xvii1 #cb4 #bcf ,de otio1 #d1 #a2 cf4 ,epi/4 #fh1 #b4 #bcg ,/ob4 ,flor4 #dj1 #i4 #bch ,,vi1 #dd2 & (t54 #bci ,ep4 #ie1 #ej2 #aae1 #e4 #bdj ,diss4 ,i1 #af1 #ae-ba4 #bda ,,iv1 #da4 #bdb ,,ii1 #b4 #bdc ,diss4 ,i1 #ad1 #f2 ,,ii1 #h1 #aa3 4 #bdd ,x is impossible to give "h all ! num]\s ref]5ces to ,philo's works on :i* ^! & ! foll[+ /atem5ts dep5d4 ,! mo/ important ( ,philo's works be>+ on ! nature ( ,god are de allegoriis legum1 de somniis1 de opificio mundi1 de ,*]ubim1 quod deus sit immutabilis4 ,= detail$ ref]5ces consult ,zell]1 ,phil4 d4 ,grie*51 ,,iii1 #bd1 pp4 #djj ff4 #bde ,de special4 legib4 ,i1 #cbi2 de vita ,mosis1 ,,ii1 #abg ff4 #bdf ,quis r]4 div4 h]4 #bje f4 #bdg ,de somn4 ,i1 #adi4 ,w5dl&'s transposition & *oice ( text are n foll[$ "h4 #bdh ,de alleg4 leg4 ,,iii1 #bi ff4 #bdi ,porph4 ,vita ,plot4 #bc2 ,plot4 ,enn4 ,v1 #a2 ,,vi1 #i1 #c2 & (t54 #bej ,enn4 ,,iv1 ,v1 & ,,vi4 #bea ,plot4 ,enn4 ,v1 #a f4 #beb ,enn4 ,,iv1 #c1 #g1 & #i4 #bec ,enn4 ,v1 #a1 & (t54 #bed ,vita ,plot4 #a ff4 #bee ,ad ,m>c4 #cb4 #bef ,de abs4 ,i1 #ca4 #beg ,enn4 ,v1 #i1 #a4 #beh ,enn4 ,i1 #b1 #a4 #bei ,enn4 ,i1 #b1 entire4 #bfj ,enn4 ,,vi1 #i1 #aa4 #bfa ,porph4 ,vita ,plot4 #bc4 ,,vii ,,! ,,victory ,,( ,,greece ,,ov] ,,rome ,by h] victory at ,zama 9 #bjb ,b4,c4 ,rome made h] position z mi/ress ( ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean secure2 & 9 ! next c5tury %e ext5d$ h] political dom9ion ov] ,greece4 ,b ! same p]iod saw captur$ ,greece take h] captor captive4 ,nor 0 ?is subjugation ( ! victor by ! vanqui%$ any sudd5 ?+--9 fact x _h begun c5turies e>li]4 ,! c\rse ( t conque/ w be ! ma9 subject ( ! pres5t lecture4 ,! /ory ( ! sale ( ! ,sibyll9e ,books to ,k+ ,t>qu9 is famili> to all3 h[ ! ,cumaean ,sibyl br\ght to ! ,k+ n9e books ( oracles2 :5 he refus$ _! pur*ase %e w5t away & burn$ ?ree1 & (f]$ ! rema9+ six at ! price %e _h orig9ally dem&$ = ! n9e2 ^u 8 second refusal %e burn$ ?ree m1 & !n (f]$ ! la/ ?ree on ! orig9al t]ms4 ,tradition says t h] confid5ce 9 human curiosity 0 ju/ifi$1 & t ,t>qu91 aft] consultation ) 8 se]s1 pur*as$ ! la/ ?ree books4#bfb ,al?\gh we _c today det]m9e :at hi/orical tru? lies beh9d ?is nave /ory1 ! date ( ! reput$ sale--! six? c5tury be=e our era--co9cides ) ! fir/ p]iod ( ,greek influ5ce at ,rome4 ,by _! geographical position ! e>ly ,romans 7 expos$ to influ5ces f two sup]ior civilizations--! ,etruscan at ! nor?1 ! ,greek 9 s\!rn ,italy4 ,! ,etruscans _h ent]$ ,italy probably f ! ,ea/ at "s "t betwe5 ! elev5? & ! eigh? c5turies ,b4,c42 b be=e _! com+ !y _h advanc$ 9 culture beyond ! ,lat9s ^: t]ritories !y t\*$ on ! ,tib]4 ,by ! six? c5tury c]ta9ly ! ,romans _h come into close political & comm]cial relations ) !m1 & inde$ _h already felt _! p[]1 = an ,etruscan dyna/y rul$ at ,rome4 ,9 spite ( ! patriotic ef=ts ( ,roman hi/orians1 we c n[ see t ! ,etruscan dom9ation la/$ long aft] ! traditional expulsion ( ! k+s4 ,f _! nor!rn neighbors ! ,romans took _m political & social in/itutions z well z c]ta9 religi\s elem5ts4 ,! mo/ important ( ! latt] 7 ! ,college ( ! ,h>uspices1 ! ,great ,games 9 ! ,circus1 ! ,triumph1 & ! ,capitol9e ,triad ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,t>qu9s to /r5g!n _! political position4 ,b f> great] 0 ! influ5ce ( ! ,greeks1 ^: colonies1 firmly e/abli%$1 ri* & prosp]\s1 fr+$ ! :ole s\!rn "p ( ! ,italian p59sula4 ,f !m ! ,romans got _! alphabet1 _! weights & measures1 & c]ta9 political in/itutions2 b mo/ important ( all = our pres5t int]e/1 !y receiv$ f !m religi\s influ5ces :i* f9ally s ov]laid ! e>ly ,roman religion t ! ,romans !mselves c\ld n well discov] its orig9al elem5ts1 & we are h>dly 9 a bett] situation4 ,fur!rmore1 if we c believe t !re is a k]nel ( hi/oric tru? 9 ! /ory t ,k+ ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d s5t an embassy to consult ! oracle at ,delphi1 ,rome 0 n :olly )\t connection ) ,greece prop] 9 ! six? c5tury be=e our era4 ,we h !n 9 ,rome ( ! six? & e>li] c5turies an example ( a /ate ^: rude civilization 0 br\ght into close & int5sive contact ) ! high] civilizations ab\t h]4 ,x 0 inevitable t ! results %\ld be rapid & pr(\nd4 ,( ,roman religion be=e x 0 influ5c$ by ! ,greeks & ! ,etruscans we h comp>atively little k4 ,our lit]>y s\rces = t p]iod are late & fragm5t>y1 & consi/ almo/ :olly ( ! speculations ( ! le>n$4 ,b we h pres]v$ 9 fragm5t>y =m "s tw5ty /one cal5d>s1 dat+ f ! e>ly empire4 ,^! cal5d>s are n unlike t classic "w kn[n to u all1 ! ,old ,f>m]'s ,almanack1 9 t !y n only enum]ate ! days & ! mon?s1 b also note religi\s fe/ivals & great hi/oric ev5ts4 ,9 all ( !m two /yles ( lett]s are employ$4 ,! l>g] lett]s 9 "p indicate "o class ( religi\s fe/ivals2 o!r fe/ivals & hi/orical notices are inscrib$ 9 lett]s ( small] size4 ,!odor ,momms5 0 ! fir/ to see ! mean+ ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,he %[$ t ! religi\s fe/ivals record$ 9 ! l>g] lett]s repres5t$ ! e>lie/ /age ( ,roman religion kn[n to u4#bfc ,"s =ty-five fix$ public fe/ivals 9 ! ye>'s r\nd are ?us indicat$4 ,we _c n[ discov] ! "* ( a numb] ( ^!1 & ! functions ( "s ( ! gods :o belong$ to t e>lie/ /age 7 z obscure to ! s*ol>s ( ! "t ( ,cic]o z !y are to u today4 ,b we c det]m9e ! approximate date at :i* ?is e>lie/ p]iod ( ,roman religion clos$1 s to speak1 = !re is no m5tion 9 ^! entries ( ! triad ( ! ,capitol--,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va4 ,z ,i h j said1 tradition tells u t ?is gr\p 0 introduc$ by ! ,t>qu9 dyna/y 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury be=e our era2 s t ! date t c be set = ! close ( ?is fir/ /age ( ,roman religion is some:]e ab\t #fjj-eej ,b4,c4 ,an exam9ation ( ! "* ( ! e>lie/ fe/ivals %[s ! /age ( civilization :i* _h be5 atta9$ by ! ,romans4 ,"s ?irte5 or f\rte5 among ^? ^: nature c be discov]$ _h to d ) agriculture1 a few p]haps ) graz+1 a few o!rs ) w>2 c]ta9 ones 7 connect$ ) ! h\sehold & ! cult ( dead ance/ors1 or 7 ! occasions on :i* special ef=ts 7 made to av]t ! baneful influ5ces ( ! dead4 ,! ,romans !n at ?is /age 7 a simple agricultural p1 busy ) _! ef=ts to get a liv+ f ! soil ) ! aid ( _! flocks & h]ds1 & engag$ 9 arm$ conflicts ) ! neighbors4 ,_! religion _h little 9 x t %[$ ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation2 x 0 conf9$ r to ^? elem5ts :i* a life root$ 9 ! gr\nd1 possess+ no broad outlook1 requir$4 ,! heav5ly bodies1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 & ! op]ations ( nature 7 n deifi$2 & ! social relations1 :i* lat] furni%$ _m ab/ract div9ities1 z yet _h no place among ! div9e p[]s4 ,only ^? ?+s :i* _h to d ) ! ,roman's daily life 9 8 own neighborhood receiv$ 8 devotion4 ,fur!rmore 9 ?is e>lie/ /age ! gods 7 h>dly conceiv$ an?ropomorphically4 ,v>ro says t = ! fir/ hundr$ & sev5ty ye>s ( ,roman hi/ory ! ,romans did n repres5t _! gods by /atues4 ,accord+ to 8 *ronology ?is br+s u to ! f\nd+ ( ! ,capitol9e temple 9 :i* ! ,etruscan triad ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va 7 wor%ipp$4 ,9 g5]al we may say t 8 /atem5t is true1 = ! ,romans 7 9 ! aniconic /age until !y le>n$ f _! neighbors to repres5t _! div9ities by images 9 human =m4 ,9 ?is primitive p]iod ! ,roman ?\ght ( 8 gods n z individuals b z p[]s 7num9a71 resid5t 9 & associat$ ) dep>tm5ts4 ,?is is an idea extremely difficult = u to grasp ) our sophi/icat$ m9ds4 ,to ! e>ly ,roman ,janus1 = example1 0 n ! god ( ! door or ! ?re%old1 he 0 ! door or ! ?re%old--n simply resid5t 9 x1 b n ev5 di/+ui%$ f ! object itself4 ,s ,ve/a 0 ! fire on ! he>?2 ,saturn 0 ! s[n gra92 ,c]es ! gr[+ gra92 ,flora ! blossom+ fl[]2 ,fons ! spr+ ( wat]2 & s on4 ,! circle ( su* p[]s c\ld nev] be clos$1 z ! numb] ( dep>tm5ts 9 :i* div9e p[]s might reside 0 indef9ite4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is e>ly /age c]ta9 num9a 7 reg>d$ z m prom95t ?an o!rs4 ,at ! head ( ! li/ /ood ,janus1 ! num5 ( ! door or passage1 ^: importance 0 su* t /ill 9 lat] times 8 prie/1 ! rex sacrorum1 took prec$5ce ( all o!rs1 & pray]s began ) an appeal to him4 ,jupit] 0 ! god ( ! sky & ( all ! ph5om5a :i* seem to h _! orig9 !re2 ,juno ! fem99e c\nt]p>t ( ,jove2 ,m>s ! god ( w> & protector ( ! l&2 ,quir9us a simil> div9ity1 belong+ orig9ally p]haps to a sep>ate settlem5t on ! ,quir9al ,hill4 ,! li/ clos$ ) ,ve/a1 ! goddess ( ! he>?fire1 ) ^: "n ! anci5t litanies always end$4 ,^! 7 ! great gods ( ! p]iod be=e ,greek influ5ce came4 ,yet 9 ?is e>lie/ "t ! div9ities _h little1 if any1 p]sonality 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y 7 simply p[]s4 ,p]sonalities & an?ropomorphic =ms !y acquir$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,greeks1 :o _h left ! primitive /age _m c5turies beh9d !m & _h long repres5t$ _! div9ities 9 human %ape4 ,! religion ( ! e>ly ,romans 0 at once bo? simple & elaborate4 ,!re 7 no temples 9 ! lat] s5se2 no cult images ( ! gods4 ,b religion 0 ?\ght to consi/ prim>ily 9 ! employm5t ( a scrupul\s c>e 9 all deal+s ) ! div9e p[]s1 t is to say ! ritual _h to be exactly p]=m$ s t ! num9a might be =c$1 if ne$ be1 to p]=m ! ?+s ! suppliant desir$4 ,su* a concept naturally l$ to ! developm5t ev5 9 ?is e>lie/ "t ( an elaborate ritual1 on ! exact p]=mance ( :i* all dep5d$4 ,?is "* ,roman religion ma9ta9$ to ! end4 ,s fix$ 0 ! ritual t ! anci5t litanies c\ld n be *ang$4 ,we h /ill pres]v$ ! songs ( ! ,arval ,bro!rs & ( ! ,salii1 :i* are ( su* primitive =m t 9 ! hi/orical p]iod !y 7 l>gely un9telligible to ^? :o sang !m2 yet no syllable ( ! v5]able =mulae might be v>i$4 ,fur!rmore religion 0 reg>d$ z a /ate affair4 ,x 0 by /ate action t c]ta9 gods _h be5 recogniz$ & giv5 a k9d ( citiz5%ip2 no o!rs !re=e 7 ( conc]n to ! ,romans unless ! /ate adopt$ !m also by =mal decree4 ,! /ate likewise det]m9$ :]e & :5 wor%ip %\ld be c>ri$ on4 ,^! legislative enactm5ts1 accord+ to tradition1 _h foll[$ ! actual e/abli%m5t ( ! /ate by ,romulus2 & 9 ! hi/orical p]iod ! e/abli%m5t ( ! religi\s organization ( a colony1 = example1 0 regul>ly subsequ5t to ! political4 ,9 fact ! ,romans said t ! e>lie/ religi\s sy/em _h be5 e/abli%$ by ,k+ ,numa1 z ! political sy/em _h be5 made by ,romulus1 = !y _h a natural t5d5cy to reg>d _! in/itutions z ! creations ( individuals4 ,! hi/orical significance ( ?is belief = u is t ! 8religion ( ,numa0 m>k$ ! e>lie/ /age ( :i* ! ,romans 7 consci\s4 ,x is t indicat$ 9 ! cal5d>s by ! entries 9 l>ge lett]s4 ,! ,romans fur!r ?\ght ( _! religion z a contract betwe5 ! /ate & its gods4 ,?is view comes out cle>ly 9 ! v[s made at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> or ( a campaign4 ,at su* seasons ! k+1 & lat] ! consuls or o!r (ficials1 promis$ t if ! div9e p[]s %\ld prosp] !m aga9/ _! foes1 & %\ld grant !m abundant h>ve/s1 increase ( ! crops & h]ds1 !n ! /ate1 :5 ! gods _h done _! "p1 w\ld 9 its turn pay ! price promis$ 9 ! =m ( votive gifts & sacrifices4 ,livy furni%es u _m illu/rations4 ,= example1 9 a crisis dur+ ! /ruggle ) ! ,samnites ! ,roman lead] pray$ ?us to ! goddess ( w>3 8,bellona1 if ?\ wilt today grant u victory1 !n ,i promise !e a temple40#bfd ,ano!r is ! v[ made ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>3 8,if ! /ate ( ! ,roman ,p1 ! ,quirites1 %all be pres]v$1 z ,i w\ld h x pres]v$1 = ! next five ye>s 9 ^! w>s--! w> :i* ! ,roman ,p is c>ry+ on ) ! ,c>?ag9ians & ! w>s :i* !y h ) ! ,gauls :o live ?is side ! ,alps1--!n ! ,roman ,p1 ! ,quirites1 w give a gift1 etc402 a long li/ ( ! (f]+s to be made foll[s4#bfe ,9 ?is fir/ p]iod ! religion ( ! family also 0 already fix$ 9 ! =m :i* x reta9$ to ! end ( antiquity4 ,ve/a ( ! he>?fire1 ! ,p5ates ( ! l>d]1 ! ,l> ( ! f>m1 ! ,g5ius ( ! pat] familias1 7 ! div9e p[]s :i* 7 wor%ipp$ 9 ! h\se4 ,rites 7 paid also to ! ,manes1 ! %ades ( ! dead4 ,z )9 ! home ! head ( ! family naturally p]=m$ ! prie/ly (fices1 s 9 ! /ate dur+ ! regal p]iod ! k+ 0 *ief prie/4 ,advis]s & assi/ants 7 giv5 him1 :o ) ! organization ( ! republic acquir$ an indep5d5t position1 s t !reaft] ! ,pontifex ,maximus & 8 associates1 :o =m$ ! ,college ( ! ,pontifices1 7 at ! head ( ! /ate religion4 ,al?\gh x is impossible "h to g into ! details ( ! ,roman prie/hoods1 x is important to note t ^! prie/ly (fices 7 /ate magi/racies j z mu* z ! (fices ( consul & praetor1 & t ) a few exceptions prie/ly (fice nev] deb>r$ its hold] f p]=m+ any o!r political function4 ,! ,roman /ate 0 n burd5$ ) sac]dotalism4 ,n[ ?is e>ly religion ( :i* ,i h be5 giv+ a brief summ>y 0 ! religion ( a little city-/ate2 x 0 suit$ to a small1 unimag9ative community4 ,z su* x rema9$ =mal & practical--a religion int5d$ to secure mat]ial bless+s2 b x lack$ all spiritual elem5ts1 & (f]$ little or no?+ to satisfy man's natural hope = a happy future life4 ,m ?an ?is1 x conta9$ little to ennoble daily life1 save z x taught ! lesson ( duty & ( fidelity t[>ds ! gods 9 ! p]=mance ( contracts agre$ ^u4 ,yet x 0 n an uncom=table religion = unreflective m51 w9n+ _! exi/5ce f ! soil & ga9+ _! weal? f crops1 _! p[] ?r\gh w>4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 h 9 x ! possibility ( satisfy+ m5's high] desires4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! ,greeks & ! ,etruscans ! ,hell5ic gods 7 e>ly introduc$ to ,rome4 ,! temple ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol9e1 :i* ! ,t>qu9 k+s app>5tly built to e/abli% a new religi\s c5t] associat$ ) _! own dyna/y1 h\s$ ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va2 b !y 7 only ! ,greek gods ,zeus1 ,h]a1 & ,a!na1 :o _h travell$ to ,rome by way ( ,etruria4 ,9 ?is temple ! gods 7 repres5t$ 9 human =m1 & !reaft] ! process ( an?ropomorphiz+ & individualiz+ ! div9ities mu/ h gone on apace4 ,"s gods came by migration & trade1 l ! ,greek ,ca/or & ,pollux1 :o 7 introduc$ to ,rome f ! neighbor+ t[n ( ,tusculum1 & ,h]cules1 :om ,greek immigrants _h e/abli%$ at ,tibur4 ,b ! greate/ influ5ce 9 introduc+ ,greek gods 0 ! ,sibyll9e ,books4 ,:5ev] ne$ press$ ! /ate1 ^! books 7 consult$ t !y might indicate :at new means %\ld be employ$ to w9 div9e aid4 ,we c "n at lea/ t5 ,greek div9ities :o 7 ?us br\ght 9 be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 ,apollo mu/ h come at ! "t ( ! acquisition ( ! ,sibyll9e ,books1 or soon aft]1 = ! ,books 7 believ$ to conta9 8 directions2 we "k t he _h a temple by #dcc ,b4,c4 ,"u ! "n ( ! ,italian div9ity ,m]cury1 ! ,greek ,h]mes _h receiv$ a %r9e 9 #die2 two ye>s lat] ! triad ,c]es1 ,lib]1 & ,lib]a1 an ,italian disguise = ,demet]1 ,dionysus1 & ,kore1 7 domicil$ ne> ,m]cury2 & n long be=e #cii ,b4,c4 ! ,greek ,poseidon1 ) ! "n ( ,neptunus1 0 e/abli%$ ne> ! city walls4 ,!n !re 0 app>5tly a pause = ab\t a c5tury4 ,b 9 #bic ,b4,c4 a s]i\s plague ravag$ ! city1 s t ! ,sibyll9e ,books 7 consult$4 ,?is "t !y 7 f\nd to say t relief 0 c]ta9 if ! ,greek god ( heal+1 ,aesculapius1 7 br\ght to ,rome4 ,! div9ity cons5t$1 & two ye>s lat] a temple 0 d$icat$ to him on ! isl& 9 ! ,tib] :]e ! hospital ( ,san ,b>tolomeo today cont9ues 8 k9dly "w4 ,aga9 9 ! crisis ( ! ye> #bdi ,b4,c41 w>n$ by _m om5s1 ! ,romans obey$ ! ,books' injunction to e/abli% on ! ,campus ,m>tius a fe/ival to ! ,greek ,pluto & ,p]sephone "u ! names ,dispat] & ,pros]p9a4 ,?is fe/ival 0 to be r5ew$ e saeculum1 & ultimately became ! fe/ival :i* ,augu/us celebrat$ ) su* magnific5ce 9 #ag ,b4,c4 ,f9ally 9 #bch ,b4,c4 ! ,greek ,aphrodite 0 adopt$ "u ! ,italian "n ,flora4 ,y w obs]ve t mo/ ( ! ,greek gods 7 id5tifi$ ) ,roman or ,italian div9ities long famili> to ! ,romans2 b 9 e case soon] or lat] ! ,greek god s completely ov]%ad[$ 8 ,italian c\nt]p>t t ! ,italian lo/ 8 id5tity 9 ! ,greek4 ,besides ^! div9ities :i* ,i h nam$ ! popul> m9d id5tifi$ _m o!rs1 & 9 ! end a l>ge "p ( ! ,greek pan!on crept into ! ,roman sy/em4 ,! temple = ,jupit] & 8 associates1 ,juno & ,m9]va1 _h be5 built on ! ,capitol9e ,hill 9 ! ,etruscan /yle & ! ?ree gods 7 repres5t$ by ,etruscan t]ra-cotta images2 b ! homes ( ! ,greek div9ities 7 erect$ 9 ! ,greek /yle by ,greek ar*itects1 & ! /atues ( ! div9ities 7 copies ( /atues 9 ,greek cities4 ,^! set models = ! repres5tation ( o!r gods4 ,we c readily und]/& h[ m5's concepts ( _! gods 7 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by _! arti/ic repres5tations4 ,! introduction ( ^! ,greek gods is probably to be connect$ ) ! political /ruggles ( ! two c5turies betwe5 #ejj & #cjj ,b4,c4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,republic ! patricians 7 ! only ones :o _h consid]able political rights or :o enjoy$ ! privileges ( ! /ate religion1 :]eas ! plebeians 7 /ruggl+ to secure admission to bo? political & prie/ly (fices2 & dur+ ^! two c5turies ! humbl] class f\nd religi\s satisfaction 9 ! wor%ip ( ^! new gods1 ^: rites 7 public1 op5 to all1 & n re/rict$ to ! privileg$ citiz5s1 z 7 ! rites ( ! old] div9ities4 ,9 #cfg_/f ,b4,c41 ! plebeians secur$ admission to ! consulate & to ! ,college ( ,t5 :o _h *>ge ( ! ,sibyll9e ,books1 & by ! ye> #cjj !y _h obta9$ a "r to all important political (fices1 includ+ practically all ! prie/hoods4 ,a social significance also atta*$ to ! temples ( ^! new gods3 t ( ,m]cury1 ! god ( trade1 became ! resort ( ! guild ( m]*ants2 ! temple ( ,m9]va on ! ,av5t9e ! c5t] = ! v>i\s guilds ( craftsm51 includ+ t ( poets4 ,along ) ! ,greek gods _h come also ! ,greek ritual4 ,! ,hell5ization ( ,roman religion may be said to h be5 complet$ by ! ye> #bag ,b4,c4 :51 z ord]$ by ! ,sibyll9e ,books1 at ! great fe/ival ( ! lecti/]nium twelve gods 7 repres5t$ z %>+ a sacr$ meal ) ! p2 ^! twelve gods 7 ,greek div9ities1 al?\gh all b ,apollo 7 call$ by ,roman names3 ,jupit] & ,juno1 ,neptune & ,m9]va1 ,m>s & ,v5us1 ,apollo & ,diana1 ,volcanus & ,ve/a1 ,m]cury & ,c]es4#bff ,:ile ! practical "* ( ,roman religion /ill rema9$1 ! ,romans' concept ( ! gods !mselves1 z well z mu* ( ! ritual1 _h be5 pr(\ndly alt]$4 ,9 o!r fields z well ,greece began h] conque/ ( ,rome be=e ,rome ent]$ on h] political subjugation ( ,greece4 ,an educat$ "y ,greek1 tak5 captive at ! fall ( ,t>5tum 9 ! ye> #bgb ,b4,c41 became ! tea*] ( 8 ma/]'s *ildr5 at ,rome2 :5 set free1 he cont9u$ 8 pr(ession "u ! "n ( ,livius ,&ronicus4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no ,roman lit]ature available1 s t he _h to supply ?is lack by translat+ ! ,odyssey into ! rude ,saturnian v]se curr5t 9 ! m\?s ( ! ,lat9s4 ,9 ! ye> #bdj ,b4,c4 he pres5t$ a trag$y & a com$y adapt$ f ,greek orig9als1 & ?us ?r\gh epic & dramatic poetry he became ! f\nd] ( ,lat9 lit]ature4 ,we mu/ realize t at ?is "t ! only lit]ature exi/+ 0 ! ,greek1 :i* 9 its unexampl$ hi/ory ( six c5turies & m _h orig9at$ & p]fect$ almo/ e major lit]>y =m s9ce kn[n4 ,x 0 inevitable t ,&ronicus & 8 successors %\ld turn to ! ,greek = _! models & t ! e>ly drama %\ld l>gely consi/ ( adaptations1 *iefly f ! cosmopolitan com$y ( ,greece4 ,t ?is 0 possible & natural %[s 9 "p h[ common k ( ! ,greek language & ( ,greek cu/oms 0 already 9 ,rome ( ! ?ird & second c5turies be=e our era4 ,n[ ^! adapt$ plays1 bo? trag$ies & com$ies1 _h a %>e 9 break+ d[n ! old] religi\s & social /rictness1 z we c easily see f ! extant com$ies ( ,plautus & ( ,t]5ce4 ,^! prove beyond "q t ! lat] ,greek drama1 :5 adapt$ = ,roman audi5ces1 mu/ h _h a consid]able influ5ce ^u ,roman religion & ,roman society4 ,! gods are int5tionally held up to ridicule2 !y are repres5t$ z be+ m immoral & bas] ?an common m52 nor is ! human society :i* is pres5t$ 9 ^! plays an edify+ spectacle4 ,al?\gh we %\ld n attribute too great influ5ce 9 su* matt]s to ! /age1 !re is no possible "q t ! !atre _h its effect !n1 z x has its influ5ce n[4 ,at ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era native epic poetry began "u ! influ5ce naturally ( ! ,hom]ic epics4 ,naevius1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 wrote a n>rative poem1 ! ,bellum ,punicum1 9 ! native ,saturnian measure--a poem :i* enjoy$ great success & cont9u$ to be read 9 ,horace's day4 ,9 x he popul>iz$ among ! ,romans a simple =m ( ! leg5d ( ,rome's connection ) ,troy1 :i* is famili> to u f ,virgil & ,livy4 ,8 successor 9 ?is field 0 ,ennius1 :o di$ 9 #afi ,b4,c4 ,he boldly adopt$ ! ,greek hexamet] = 8 poetic hi/ory ( ,rome1 ! ,annales1 & m\ld$ ! ,lat9 language to ?is measure s successfully t !reaft] ?is rema9$ ! metre = ! ,roman epic4 ,f ,naevius & ,ennius ?r\gh ,virgil to ! end ( ! f\r? ,*ri/ian c5tury1 :5 ,claudian clos$ ! long l9e ( classical ,lat9 poets1 e "o drew 8 =m1 8 imag]y1 & _m ( 8 incid5ts f ! ,greek epics4 ,! spl5did results ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 made ! m glori\s by ! long ye>s ( d\bt & disa/]1 /irr$ ! ,romans to a desire to record _! national hi/ory 9 prose =m4 ,b ! only prose :i* _h be5 develop$ = ?is purpose 0 ,greek2 !re=e ! ,roman hi/orians wrote 9 t language = half a c5tury until ,cato ! ,c5sor set ! fa%ion ( writ+ 9 ,lat9 prose4 ,s we might g on & po9t out h[ 9 oratory1 lyric poetry1 elegy1 & 9 almo/ e o!r =m ( lit]ature ! ,greeks 7 ! direct models = ! ,romans1 z 9 a way !y h be5 = ! lit]atures ( all peoples s9ce4 ,fur!rmore 9 poetry1 hi/ory1 & inde$ 9 all classes ( lit]ature1 ,greek my?s & leg5ds 7 adopt$ or work$ ov] to fit new conditions1 tales & g5ealogies inv5t$ on ,greek models1 & ev]y:]e ! ,greek gods 7 giv5 ,lat9 names & adapt$ to _! new environm5t4 ,! disa/r\s result = ! indig5\s religion is self-evid5t4 ,dur+ ! ?ird & second c5turies education came to mean fir/ ( all ! /udy ( ! ,greek language & lit]ature4 ,i h j spok5 ( "s ( ! evid5ce we possess :i* %[s t ,greek 0 e>ly widely kn[n among all classes at ,rome4 ,by ! ,second ,punic ,w> x became cu/om>y 9 well-to-d & noble families to employ a private tea*] 7grammaticus7 )9 ! h\se to give in/ruction 9 ! ,greek language & lit]ature2 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 ) ! gr[? ( a wid] int]e/ 9 ! =mal /udy ( ,greek lit]ature1 s*ools arose 9 :i* ! grammatici taught a consid]able numb] ( pupils toge!r4 ,! ,greek au?ors /udi$ 7 fir/ ( all ,hom]1 & !n ! great trag$ians2 among ! writ]s ( com$y ,m5&] 0 ! favorite2 ! fables ( ,aesop & lyric poetry also f\nd _! place4 ,modell$ on ?is ,greek curriculum 0 ! /udy ( ,lat9 lit]ature--,livius ,&ronicus1 ,ennius1 ) selections f ! ,roman writ]s ( trag$y & com$y4 ,9 due season ,virgil & ,horace occupi$ ! fir/ rank4 ,fur!rmore n f> f ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury be=e our era ,greek rhetoricians began =mal in/ruction at ,rome1 & !y cont9u$ to hold ! field aga9/ ,lat9 rhetoricians ?r\gh\t antiquity4 ,we see !re=e t all education ( e grade f ! "t ( ! ,second ,punic ,w> 0 ei!r ,greek or modell$ directly on ! ,greek4 ,by x ! ,lat9 tongue 0 ref9$ & p]fect$2 b m significant = u at ! pres5t mom5t is ! fact t !reby ,lat9 society 0 made famili> ) ,greek social1 philosophic1 & religi\s ideas s f> z !y 7 repres5t$ 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,i h e>li] said t ! temples ( ! ,greek gods at ,rome 7 built 9 ,greek /yle by ,greek ar*itects1 & t ! images ( ! gods )9 7 copies ( fam\s ,greek works ( art4 ,by ^! ! ,romans' ideas z to ! p]sonality ( _! div9ities 7 fix$ 9 ! ,greek concepts4 ,z ,rome ext5d$ h] conque/s ov] ,greek l&s1 fir/ 9 s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily1 & !n 9 ,greece prop]1 %e acquir$ z "p ( ! spoils ( w> great treasures ( ,greek sculpture & pa9t+2 ! numb] ( /atues & o!r works ( art :i* 7 br\ght home by ,memmius alone aft] ! de/ruction ( ,cor9? 9 #adf ,b4,c4 c h>dly be e/imat$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m repres5t$ ! gods1 & int5sifi$ ! process ( ,hell5ization ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1 = ! /atues & o!r repres5tations ( ,cronos1 ,zeus1 ,h]a1 ,ares1 & ,a!na readily repres5t$ ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 ,m>s1 & ,m9]va4 ,9 cases :]e ! simil>ity 0 n s close1 ! ne>e/ ,greek analogy 0 select$2 if none 0 satisfactory1 /ill ! be/ 0 made ( ! case1 z :5 ! ,greek repres5tations ( ! ,dioscuri1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 came to d s]vice = ! ,l>es ,prae/ites4 ,among ! spoils ( w> 7 _m ,greek pa9t+s1 = :i* my?ological sc5es 7 favorite subjects1 & su* frequ5tly repres5t$ ! bas]1 s5sual side ( traditional religion4 ,! effect on ! ignorant 0 to give !m a l[] concept ( div9ity2 ! intellectual classes 7 disgu/$ ) ! gods ( su* a sort & reject$ !m4 ,b ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce t came f ,greece to ,rome 0 naturally philosophy4 ,we _c fix any date = ! introduction ( ,greek philosophic ?\ght at ,rome1 yet x c]ta9ly became influ5tial soon aft] ! close ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 ,we h already se5 t long be=e ?is "t ! ,greek philosophic sy/ems 7 highly develop$ & _h done mu* to drive ! traditional gods f _! high places4 ,x 0 inevitable t ^! philosophies %\ld h a swift effect :5 !y once became kn[n to ! newly ,hell5iz$ ,roman society ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! poet ,ennius1 :o belong$ to ! fir/ half ( t c5tury1 0 a man ( /rong religi\s b5t & moral convictions1 & he he>tily scorn$ ! sup]/iti\s notions ( 8 day4 ,he _h be5 already influ5c$ by ,epicurean scepticism ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 & ! foll[+ words1 spok5 by ,teuc] 9 "o ( 8 trag$ies1 may well h repres5t$ 8 own view3 8,i h always said1 & ,i %all always say1 t ! gods ( heav5 exi/1 b ,i believe t !y h no c>e = :at ! race ( man does4 ,= if !y _h su* c>e1 x w\ld be well ) ! good & ill ) ! wick$2 :i* is n ! case n[40#bfg ,x is ! anci5t difficulty ( ju/ify+ ! ways ( ,god to m54 ,ennius adopt$ ! easy solution by d5ial1 :i* he _h already le>n$ f ,epicureanism4 ,! same poet also translat$ & made kn[n to ! ,romans ! ,sacr$ ,hi/ory ( ,euhem]us4 ,?is 0 a romantic tale writt5 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era 9 :i* ! au?or told ( an imag9>y voyage :i* he _h made f ,arabia to ! isl& ,pan*aea 9 ! ,indian ,ocean2 !re he f\nd inscrib$ on a column ! hi/ory ( ! suppos$ gods ,uranus1 ,cronos1 & ,zeus1 & le>n$ t !y & ! o!r gods & h]oes _h be5 orig9ally hi/orical p]sons :o 7 rais$ to _! high position because ( ! s]vices !y _h r5d]$ mank9d4 ,?is ,sacr$ ,hi/ory 0 an int]e/+ example ( ! rationaliz+ t5d5cy ( ! age t produc$ x2 its effect ^u ! ,roman1 ^: belief 9 ! traditional religion 0 already %ak51 we c readily und]/&4 ,unque/ionably ,ennius' "w & ! plays ( ! com$ians ha/5$ ! "w ( unbelief1 al?\gh !y 7 only two ( _m factors t contribut$ to ! ultimate result4 ,! fir/ half ( ?is same second c5tury 0 also a "t ( religi\s unre/4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! reason1 :e!r ! common long+ = my/ic assurance ( safety & salvation _h come naturally to ! front 9 ! ,roman & ,italian m9d1 or :e!r ! l>ge numb] ( ,greeks1 slaves1 trad]s1 & o!r memb]s ( ! l[] & immigrant classes _h mov$ ! natives by my/ic practices :i* !y _h br\ght ) !m1 c]ta9 x is t a consid]able "p ( ! ,romans f\nd no satisfaction = _! deep] long+s 9 ! traditional religion1 & turn$ to a =m ( ! ,greek my/]ies4#bfh ,! my/]ies ( ,bac*us :i* _h gradually made _! way up ! p59sula f ! ,greek cities ( ! s\? l$ to su* excesses 9 #ahf ,b4,c4 t ! ,roman s5ate felt oblig$ to adopt /]n measures2 yet x is significant t x did n d>e to =bid ! celebration ( ^! my/]ies1 b attempt$ only to control !m4 ,! ,bac*ic my/]ies (f]$ ess5tially ! same religi\s satisfaction t ! great my/]ies at ,eleusis did4 ,_! influ5ce at ?is "t 9 ,italy %[s h[ consci\s m5 _h become ( l>g] religi\s desires & h[ little ! curr5t =ms ( religion satisfi$ !m4 ,! cons]vatives 9 ! /ate abhorr$ ! ,bac*ic rites & w\ld h no m "p 9 !m ?an 9 philosophy1 t[>ds :i* !y %[$ an amus+ timidity4 ,five ye>s aft] ! regulation ( ! my/]ies an attempt 0 made to introduce at ,rome "s philosophic books :i* 7 g5]ally reg>d$ z subv]sive 9 _! t5d5cies4 ,! me?od ( _! introduction 0 ! same "o :i* has be5 us$ _m times = simil> purposes4 ,"s f>m]s pl[+ 9 _! fields at ! foot ( ! ,janiculum f\nd two /one *e/s or c(f9s ) inscriptions ^u !m 9 bo? ,lat9 & ,greek1 say+ t 9 "o ,k+ ,numa ,pompilius _h be5 buri$1 & t 9 ! o!r 7 ! books ( ! sacr$ law e/abli%$ by him4 ,on op5+ ! s>cophagi x 0 discov]$ t ! body ( ! k+ _h disappe>$1 b 9 ! second *e/ 7 f\nd two rolls ( sev5 books ea*2 "o set 0 9 ,lat9 & treat$ ( ! pontifical law1 ! o!r1 9 ,greek1 dealt ) ,greek philosophy--tradition said x 0 ! philosophy ( ,py?agoras4 ,aft] solemn delib]ation by ! (ficials x 0 f\nd t ^! books t5d$ to de/roy religion1 & a timid s5ate ord]$ !m to be publicly burn$4#bfi ,aga9 ab\t #agc ,b4,c41 ! s5ate requir$ ! ,epicurean philosoph]s1 ,aldus & ,philiscus1 to leave ! /ate2#bgj & once m 9 #afa x pass$ a vote bani%+ ! ,greek philosoph]s & rhetoricians4#bga ,9 #aef_/e an embassy f ,a!ns includ$ ! ,p]ipatetic philosoph] ,critolaus1 ! ,academic ,c>neades1 & ! ,/oic ,diog5es1 :o dur+ _! /ay at ,rome exhibit$ _! skill 9 disputation & _! eloqu5ce 9 spee*es be=e ! p4 ,! populace 0 *>m$1 b old fa%ion$ p 7 horrifi$ at su* exhibitions4 ,cato ! ,c5sor 0 s %ock$ t he mov$ 9 ! s5ate t ! ,roman y\? %\ld n be all[$ to li/5 to su* tea*+s4#bgb ,b x 0 too late2 philosoph]s might be driv5 f ! /ate1 b philosophy _h f\nd a foo?old at ,rome4 ,! two s*ools t made ! /ronge/ appeal to ! ,romans at ! end ( ! ,republic 7 ,epicureanism & ,/oicism4 ,! =m] _h wide influ5ce until ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 *iefly because its agno/icism1 or r its d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( any future life1 (f]$ a refuge f ! unc]ta9ty :i* prevail$ n[ t ! old beliefs 7 brok5 up & m51 h>rass$ by political disord]s1 _h n yet f\nd an abid+ place 9 any positive philosophy4 ,! ,epicureans did n d5y ! exi/5ce ( gods1 x is true1 b !y decl>$ t ! gods1 if !y exi/$1 mu/ dwell 9 "s remote place 9 ! upp] e!r 9 et]nal sun%9e1 undi/urb$ by any c>e = mortals4 ,!y expla9$ ! univ]se by a resort to ! atomi/ic mat]ialism ( ,democritus1 a philosoph] ( ! late fif? c5tury4 ,_! religi\s aim1 if we may s def9e x1 0 to free m5 f ! t]ror :i* _! sup]/iti\s beliefs 9 ! gods & 9 future puni%m5t br\ght ^u !m4 ,no writ] sets ?is =? ) great] g5ius or ) great] passion ?an ,lucretius1 ! contempor>y ( ,cic]o4 ,8 six books are devot$ to an explanation ( ! univ]se & its ph5om5a1 ( ! nature ( man1 & ( ! impossibility ( immortality4 ,?is spl5did poem furni%es u ! be/ pro( t 9 t day ! mass ( m5 /ill believ$ 9 immortality & long$ = an assurance t _! belief 0 n 9 va94 ,9 practical e?ics ! ,epicureans did n diff] mu* f ! o!r sy/ems ( _! "t4 ,!y taught t happ9ess mu/ be f\nd 9 ! avoidance ( pa91 & t inasmu* z "s pleasures h pa9ful results !y 7 to be reject$1 z "s pa9s 7 to be accept$1 = !y 7 foll[$ by pleasure2 & !y held t 9 self-control & *oice lay ! means by :i* man c\ld atta9 to 8 goal1 :i* 0 1 complete repose ( ! m9d4 ,s ! ,epicurean tri$ to rea* an end simil> to t ( ! ,/oic1 al?\gh 8 premises 7 some:at diff]5t4 ,epicureanism made a natural appeal to m5 9 a "t l ! la/ c5tury & a half ( ! ,republic1 :5 ! anci5t confid5ce 9 ! /ate religion 0 gone1 :5 ! simplicity ( ! e>li] c5turies _h be5 replac$ by a m elaborate me?od ( liv+1 made possible ?r\gh ! rapid increase ( weal?1 & :5 9 e dep>tm5t ( ,roman life rapid *anges 7 tak+ place4 ,yet = v>i\s reasons ,epicureanism gradually lo/ its hold4 ,x may be t ! passivity :i* x eng5d]$ fail$ to make a la/+ appeal to ! ,roman m9d1 or m probably o!r philosophies may h (f]$ m attractive means ( atta9+ ! same goal ( happ9ess4 ,at any rate1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 an e>li] lecture1 ! ,roman temp]am5t _h an especial lean+ t[>ds ,/oicism4 ,i !re spoke ( ! introduction ( ,/oicism at ,rome by ,panaetius dur+ ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & ,i sket*$ ! t5d5cies ( 8 sy/em s f> z popul> religion 0 conc]n$4 ,x 0 probably ,panaetius :o 0 responsible = t ?reefold !ology :i* 0 set =? by ! fam\s ,scaevola1 :o decl>$ t !re 7 ?ree classes ( gods--^? ( ! poets1 ^? ( ! /atesm51 & ^? ( ! philosoph]s4 ,! my?ical !ology ( ! poets1 he said1 0 full ( absurd & degrad+ /ories unwor?y ( ! att5tion ( m52 ! religion ( ! /ate 0 no?+ b a wise device1 a useful conv5tion adopt$ by /atesm5 z suit$ to ! necessities ( ! political organism2 b ! !ology ( ! intellig5t man1 ! philosoph]1 0 alone true1 yet naturally x 0 beyond ! p[] ( ! common man to grasp4 ,su* 0 ! attitude ( ! mo/ fam\s juri/ & ! head ( ! /ate religion at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury be=e our era4#bgc ,a little lat] ,v>ro1 ! fam\s polyhi/or1 9 writ+ ( ! gods & religion 9 8 great ,encyclop$ia ( ,roman ,antiquities1 made a simil> di/9ction betwe5 !ologies & %[$ ?r\gh\t 8 treatm5t ! pan!i/ic influ5ce ( ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,9 8 works he 0 ! fir/ fully to comb9e ! my?ological traditions ) ! philosophic doctr9es :i* ! ,romans _h be5 le>n+ = ov] a c5tury4 ,yet ! ,epicurean & ! ,/oic s*ools 7 n ! only ones :i* numb]$ adh]5ts among ! ,romans4 ,! repres5tatives ( ! lat] ,academy1 ,philo ( ,l>issa & ,antio*us ( ,ascalon1 _h _m pupils4 ,cic]o1 ,atticus1 ,brutus1 & ,v>ro _h all he>d ! latt] lecture at ,a!ns4 ,b ! tea*+s ( ,plato _h be5 greatly modifi$1 inasmu* z ^! lat] ,academicians _h adopt$ ! great] "p ( ,/oicism into _! philosophy4 ,fur!rmore ! sceptical t5d5cy :i* is s cle>ly m>k$ among ! ,sophi/s ( ! fif? c5tury _h gradually develop$ dur+ ! f\r? & ?ird c5turies into some?+ l a philosophic sy/em4 ,! ,sceptics1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be call$ a s*ool2 !y includ$ ^? m5 9 ! v>i\s s*ools :o d\bt$ ! possibility ( atta9+ to absolute k4 ,among ! ,romans !y _h close aff9ity ) ! t5ets ( ! lat] ,academicians on ! "o h& & ) ,/oic doctr9es on ! o!r4 ,b _! ke5 consci\sness ( ! limitations ( human k made !m also a factor 9 produc+ a c]ta9 agno/icism among ! educat$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! majority ( ! ,romans 7 pla9 m51 n giv5 to speculation1 ) a fondness = ! concrete r ?an ! ab/ract4 ,!y naturally select$ f ! v>i\s philosophies ! elem5ts :i* appeal$ to _! practical s5se1 & :i* =tifi$ !m to meet ! burd5s & responsibilities ( _! daily life4 ,on ! :ole ,/oicism did ?is s]vice m ?an any o!r ( ! curr5t sy/ems1 & 9 ! end1 z we h already se51 ,/oicism became ! *ief philosophy "u ! e>ly ,empire4 ,! ,/oics' int]e/ 9 gramm> & logic also appeal$ to ! legal "* ( ! ,roman m9d2 _! sy/em ( duties1 :i* 7 to be met unfl9*+ly1 accord$ ) ! ,roman temp]1 & _! cosmopolitan view f\nd favor ) a p t 7 ma/]s ( ! great] "p ( ! kn[n _w4 ,b :atev] ! sy/em ( philosophy or selection ( philosophic doctr9es ! ,roman adopt$1 he f\nd !re9 no w>rant = a belief 9 ! /ate religion4 ,philosophy c\ld g no fur!r ?an x did ) ,scaevola & ,v>ro4 ,! traditional religion 0 ab&on$ by ! intellectual ,romans2 !y sub/itut$ = x ei!r agno/icism1 "s =m ( moral philosophy1 or a pan!i/ic concept ( ! _w4 ,9 tru? ! conque/ ( ,greece ov] ,rome 0 complete3 9 lit]ature1 art1 philosophy1 & religion captur$ ,greece _h tak5 h] captor captive2 by ! beg9n+ ( our era ,greek ?\ght _h p5etrat$ to all ! great c5t]s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & "u t long peace1 :i* ) comp>atively few int]ruptions la/$ = two c5turies aft] ! battle = ,actium1 philosophy & _m new religions1 includ+ ,*ri/ianity1 travell$ ! great ,roman roads f "o end ( ! anci5t _w to ! o!r4 ,! la/ c5tury ( ! ,republic f ! "t ( ! ,grac*i to ! battle ( ,actium 9 #ca ,b4,c4 0 n only a p]iod ( religi\s *ange b also a "t ( political decay4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,republic 0 s f> gone t democratic gov]nm5t no long] exi/$1 & ! rule fell into ! h&s ( political lead]s4 ,h[ev] mu* ! ,grac*i may h be5 inspir$ by public _s & high purpose1 !y set 9 motion a tra9 ( ev5ts t 0 de/9$ to result 9 ! loss ( all public lib]ty & 9 ! f\ndation ( ! ,empire4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is la/ c5tury mu/ be read 9 ! hi/ory ( individuals--,tib]ius & ,gaius ,grac*us2 ,saturn9us2 ,m>ius1 ,c9na1 & ,sulla2 ,pompey1 ,caes>1 & ,crassus2 ,octavian1 ,antony1 & ,lepidus4 ,^! 7 ! political bosses :o = good or ill l$ ! /ate & comb9$ = its control4 ,f ! day t ,caes> cross$ ! ,rubicon 9 ,janu>y #di to ! battle ( ,actium 9 ,septemb] #ca ,b4,c41 ,italy & _m o!r l&s ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean 7 h>ass$ almo/ cont9u\sly by civil w>4 ,! ,italian p59sula nev] fully recov]$ f ! disa/]s ( ?is "t4 ,ev5 ) ! horrors ( ! ,european /ruggle be=e u1 we 9 ?is l& c h>dly picture to ourselves ei!r ^! disa/]s or ! joy ) :i* ! majority ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,roman _w hail$ ! pax ,romana :i* ! ,emp]or ,augu/us e/abli%$4 ,) peace came a revival ( trade & a return ( prosp]ity1 to :i* eloqu5t witness is giv5 by ,virgil & ,horace4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,empire1 ,augu/us1 attempt$ to revive ! old /ate religion & to introduce c]ta9 modifications to ! advantage ( 8 own position4 ,9 ?is he 0 aid$ by ! s5se ( dissatisfaction :i* ! prec$+ disa/]s _h increas$1 & by t inh]5t belief :i* always seems to p]si/1 ev5 9 times ( great religi\s d\bt1 t someh[ ! prosp]ity ( ! /ate is insep>ably connect$ ) ! rites ( religion4 ,"u 8 direction temples 7 rebuilt1 old prie/hoods ree/abli%$1 & ! anci5t ritual p]=m$ ) a magnific5ce t m5 _h nev] be=e se54 ,he also magnifi$ ! wor%ip ( ,apollo & ( ,apollo's si/] ,diana2 ! =m] god 9 fact he reg>d$ z 8 patron div9ity1 & ?ree ye>s aft] 8 victory at ,actium he d$icat$ a magnific5t temple to him on ! ,palat9e4 ,b ! new wor%ip ( ,apollo did n atta9 to ! supreme position to :i* ,augu/us app>5tly wi%$ to raise x1 & 8 ef=ts to recall ! old /ate religion c\ld n br+ back m5's belief1 al?\gh !y c\ld re/ore its practices4 ,inde$ we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! traditional wor%ip ( ! great] ,roman gods cont9u$ to exi/ to ! end ( antiquity1 9 spite ( ! fact t x _h lo/ its vitality c5turies be=e its f9al d[nfall4 ,"o important & p]man5t contribution to religion ,augu/us did make3 z e>ly z ! ye> #db ,b4,c41 ! ma/]ful y\? _h =c$ an unwill+ s5ate to decl>e ,julius ,caes> div9e2 !reby he e/abli%$ ! wor%ip ( ! deifi$ emp]ors--a cult :i* 0 to la/ ne>ly f\r c5turies4 ,! significance = u ( ?is wor%ip ( ! emp]or lies 9 ! fact t n[ = ! fir/ "t !re 0 introduc$ into ! entire civiliz$ _w a common religion4 ,f ! remote/ ,ea/ to ! f>!/ ,we/1 f ,brita9 on ! nor? to ! edge ( ! ,great ,des]t on ! s\?1 temples to ! deifi$ emp]ors _h be5 erect$ be=e a c5tury ( ! ,empire _h pass$1 & ^! did mu* to accu/om m5 to ! idea ( "o common wor%ip = ! :ole _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us f> we h be5 consid]+ almo/ :olly ^? =ces :i* 7 op]at+ 9 ! ,roman _w fir/ to obscure ! orig9al ,roman religion & f9ally to break d[n fai? 9 t traditional religion :i* _h result$ f ! victory ( ! gods ( ,greece ov] ^? ( ,rome4 ,yet ! age ( ,augu/us 0 f> f be+ irreligi\s4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t ,virgil alone w\ld be suffici5t witness if all o!rs 7 lack+1 = ! ,a5eid ow$ its imm$iate popul>ity & its p]man5t high place1 n only to ! unmat*$ expression :i* x gave to ,roman imp]ialism1 b also to its religi\s tone1 :i* ! poet's contempor>ies & _! successors f\nd p>tly 9 ,virgil's exact k ( ,roman ritual & felt /ill m 9 ! six? book ( ! ,a5eid1 :]e ! curr5t beliefs 9 a future life ) rew>ds & puni%m5ts 7 set =? 9 comb9ation ) impressive prophecy aft] ! ev5t2 all 0 plann$ & comb9$ 9 su* a way z to make a /rong appeal to ! ,romans' national pride & religi\s s5se alike4 ,moreov] "u ! ,empire positive elem5ts t5d+ to elevate religi\s ?\ght & to purify morals 7 n lack+4 ,on _m ( ^! we h already t\*$ 9 our la/ lecture1 = !y 7 l>gely to be f\nd 9 philosophy1 "o ( ! greate/ gifts :i* ,greece gave to h] conqu]or4 ,ev5 at ! risk ( repetition1 we %all n[ consid] briefly "s ( ^! con/ructive =ces4 ,al?\gh ,epicureanism taught t man's highe/ good 0 pleasure1 x 0 f> f be+ a ?or\ghgo+ h$onism1 z ,i po9t$ out a little :ile ago4 ,on ! contr>y its f\nd] taught t ! pleasures ( ! m9d 7 sup]ior to ^? ( ! body1 & t ! c>d9al virtue ( man 0 correct insight1 t is to say1 wisdom1 virtue1 & ju/ice2 & t ^! ?ree factors--wisdom1 virtue1 & ju/ice--7 necess>y = a pleasant life4#bgd ,su* doctr9e z ?is does n prop]ly make = religion1 b x does contribute to ! welf>e & com=t ( society4 ,epicureanism 0 ! mo/ quieti/ic ( ! lat] philosophic s*ools & s 0 well adapt$ to ! conditions ( ! lat] ,republic & ! e>ly ,empire4 ,we h se5 h[ ,py?agoreanism 9 its revival _h some?+ approa*+ ! ,*ri/ian cult ( ! ,sa9ts1 & made sanctity an ideal ( human life z well z an object ( admiration4 ,platonism nev] lo/ its own religi\s f]vor & mission>y zeal1 b _h inde$ communicat$ !m to mo/ ( ! eclectic lat] s*ools4 ,yet ( all ! s*ools p]haps ,/oicism made ! l>ge/ contribution directly to ! moral & indirectly to ! religi\s life ( ! fir/ two c5turies ( our era4 ,! ,/oic1 l ! ,cynic1 8 doctr9aire & less effective intellectual c\s91 at ?is "t conceiv$ ( 8 task z t ( a mission>y to a lo/ _w2 he 0 a director ( m5's s\ls4 ,speculation 0 by mo/ reg>d$ z unpractical & useless1 save z x might help to elevate m5's m9ds & s contribute to _! moral edification4 ,_m ( ! ari/ocracy1 ^: weal? furni%$ only a spl5did cloak = ! disord] ( _! s\ls )91 _h 9 _! h\ses philosoph]s :o s]v$ z confessors & private *apla9s--physicians to ! s\l4 ,su* 0 ,s5eca1 to ^: real significance & m]it we mu/ n be bl9d$ ei!r by 8 own weakness or by ! mon/rosity ( ! emp]or ^: m9i/] he 04 ,he 0 a spiritual director1 a confessor1 & a guide to _m ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,8 correspond5ce %[s h[ he endeavor$ to build up 8 fri5ds 9 virtue & moral /r5g?1 n by !oretical speculation z to ! nature ( virtue1 b by wise in/ructions z to ! practice ( a virtu\s life4 ,epictetus on ! o!r h& 0 m ( a prea*] to ! masses4 ,arrian occasionally gives u ! dramatic sett+ ( 8 ma/]'s disc\rses1 z = example3 8,:5 a man ask$ 8 advice z to ! way 9 :i* he c\ld p]suade 8 bro!r to be no long] angry at him1 ,epictetus said10 etc4#bge ,^! words %[ t ! text ( ,epictetus' s]mons might (t5 be furni%$ by ! "q ( an individual1 b ! s]mons !mselves make x cle> t any "o :o wi%$ might he> ! tea*]4 ,s5eca & ,epictetus are simply ! two examples be/ kn[n to u ( ! philosophic director & ! mission>y1 b x is cle> t !re 7 _m ( bo? classes4 ,_! ess5tial moral & religi\s tea*+s 7 9 practical accord4 ,:at 7 "s ( ! supports & satisfactions :i* ,/oicism (f]$ s]i\s m5 9 ! disord]$ political & social _w ( ! e>ly ,empire8 ,fir/ ( all1 x laid /ress on conduct & frankly propos$ to give rules by :i* m5 c\ld atta9 to ! peace !y s\ght4 ,bo? ,s5eca & ,epictetus inculcat$ daily self-exam9ation1 & ?is practice 0 n ! habit ( _! s*ool alone4 ,! eclectic ,sextius1 :o belong$ to ! g5]ation be=e ,s5eca1 at ! end ( ea* day ask$ 8 s\l3 8,:at fault ( y\rs h y cur$ today8 ,:at vice resi/$8 ,9 :at way are y a bett] man80 ,s5eca himself f\nd ! same practice helpful2 he w\ld say to himself3 8,9 t discussion y spoke ) too mu* w>m?4 ,d n engage aga9 ) ! ignorant1 = !y :o h nev] le>n$ d n wi% to le>n40#bgf ,epictetus quot$ f ! 8,gold5 ,words0 ( ,py?agoras & rem9d$ 8 he>]s t ! v]ses 7 n = recitation b = use3 8,nev] let sleep come to ?y languid eyes e'er ?\ ha/ consid]$ ea* act ( ! day4 #8,:]e h ,i slipp$8' #8,:at done1 :at fail$ to d8' ,beg9 ?us & g ?r\gh all2 & !n *ide ?yself = ?y %ameful acts1 rejoice ov] ?y good40#bgg ,su* a se>*+ ( "o's daily acts ,epictetus reg>d$ z an ess5tial ex]cise to prep>e & tra9 a man to meet ! vicissitudes ( life4 ,9 ! disc\rse 9 :i* he quotes ^! ,py?agorean v]ses1 he cont9ues ) ! "q3 8,:at is philosophy80 8,is x n a prep>ation aga9/ ?+s :i* may happ5 to a man80 ,he argues t a man :o ?r[s away ! pati5ce :i* philosophy tea*es him is l an a?lete :o because ( ! bl[s he receives wi%es to )draw f ! pancratium--/ill worse ?an he1 = ! a?lete may avoid 8 conte/ & escape ! bl[s2 b no man c escape ! buffet+s ( life4 ,!re=e ! prea*] says t to give up philosophy is to ab&on ! "o res\rce aga9/ mis=tune1 ! only s\rce ( happ9ess & c\rage4 ,! pagan mission>y no less ?an ! ,*ri/ian apo/le to ! ,g5tiles reg>d$ life z a battle to be f\ght & a race to be run4 ,epictetus (t5 comp>$ human life to a w>f>e2 he said t m5 7 assign$ _! sev]al places & duties 9 ?is _w1 j z 9 an army "o man is oblig$ to /& wat*1 ano!r to spy1 & a ?ird to fight1 ea* do+ 8 "p 9 ! place 9 :i* ! great g5]al1 ,god1 _h set him1--a figure :i* ,socrates _h us$ five c5turies e>li] 9 8 def5ce be=e 8 judges4 ,9 accord ) ?is view ( life z a battle or an a?letic conte/1 ! philosoph]s laid mu* weight on tra9+4 ,s5eca & ,epictetus bo? exhort$ _! pupils to ex]cise !mselves 9 ! means :]eby !y c\ld meet mis=tune or be ready to p]=m any duty :i* ! *anges ( life might br+ !m4 ,! latt] _h a disc\rse 8,on ,ex]cise10 :i* 0 app>5tly a favorite !me = all ,/oic prea*]s4#bgh ,! purpose ( ?is ex]cise 0 to tra9 ! individual 9 "r ab/5tions & ! prop] use ( 8 desires1 s t he w\ld be always ob$i5t to reason & d no?+ out ( season or place--9 %ort to make him an adept 9 liv+ s t he c\ld manage 8 usual life ) adroit uprightness & meet ! sudd5 *anges ( =tune undismay$4 ,9 ano!r disc\rse ,epictetus po9t$ out t ! mis=tunes ( life 7 te/s s5t by ,god to prove ! individual's fidelity 9 tra9+2 8,god says to y1 #8,give me pro( if y h duly practis$ a?letics1 if y h eat5 :at y %\ld1 if y h ex]cis$1 if y h obey$ ! tra9]4' ,& !n w y %[ y\rself weak :5 ! "t = action comes8 ,n[ is ! "t = a fev]4 ,be> x well4 ,n[ ! "t = ?ir/4 ,endure ?y ?ir/ well40#bgi ,9 my la/ lecture ,i spoke ( ! doctr9e ( con/ant advance 9 virtue :i* ^! lat] moral tea*]s magnifi$4 ,/oicism _h come to recognize ! facts ( human life & 9 practice _h ab&on$ ! old] doctr9e ( ! sudd5 & complete p]fection ( man by philosophy4 ,s5eca's hone/ words ,i mu/ quote aga93 8,i am n yet wise1 nor %all ,i ev] be4 ,d n ask me to be equal to ! be/ b r to be bett] ?an ! base4 ,?is is en\gh = me--to take away daily some?+ f my faults & daily to rebuke my errors4 ,i h n atta9$ complete moral heal?1 nor %all ,i ev] atta9 x40#bhj ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out t su* tea*+ z is giv5 9 ^! words 0 f> m tonic ?an ! uncompromis+ doctr9e ( an e>li] day1 = progress 9 virtue ea* man c\ld feel 0 )9 8 p[]2 sudd5 p]fection he knew 0 beyond ! /r5g? ( any man4 ,fur!rmore ! philosoph]s gave detail$ injunctions z to ! ways 9 :i* "o c\ld fur!r 8 moral progress1 z = example :5 ,s5eca1 foll[+ ,epicurus1 advis$ ,lucilius to select "s p]son ( noble "* l a ,cato1 a ,scipio1 or a ,laelius1 & to imag9e t he 0 always pres5t1 wat*+ & judg+ ! novice's e act2 !n :5 he _h advanc$ to ! po9t :]e 8 self-respect 0 suffici5t to keep him f wrong-do+1 he c\ld dismiss 8 gu>dian4#bha ,b if ,s5eca recogniz$ ! limitations ( human nature1 he /ill kept cle>ly 9 view ! ultimate goal ( man's ef=t--t p]fection ( ! individual :i* accord+ to ! ,/oic 0 atta9$ :5 8 reason 0 h>moni\sly develop$ & _h become supreme4#bhb ,!n man 0 to be :olly indep5d5t1 happy1 & s]5e2 8 m9d w\ld be l t ( ,god4 ,self-exam9ation1 self-tra9+1 daily advance 9 virtue1 ultimate calm & peace--^! 7 ! moral habits & ! atta9able goals :i* ! lat] ,/oics tri$ to tea* _! age4 ,moreov] ! ,/oic doctr9e ( ! community betwe5 ! div9e & ! human reason gave a dignity to man2 cut (f f activity 9 ! political _w he realiz$ t he 0 dwell+ 9 a _w 9 :i* ,god & m5 7 ! citiz5s1 t he %>$ 9 t div9e polity1 free 9 ! fre$om :i* 8 relation%ip to ,god gave him4 ,betwe5 man & ,god = ! ,/oic !re 0 no gulf fix$2 on ! contr>y z ,s5eca wrote 8 y\ng] fri5d3 8,god is ne> y1 ) y1 )9 y4 ,?is ,i say1 ,lucilius3 a holy _s sits )9 u1 wat*] ( our good & evil de$s1 & gu>dian ov] u4 ,ev5 z we treat him1 he treats u4 ,no man is good )\t ,god4 ,c any "o rise sup]ior to =tune save ) ,god's help80#bhc ,a nobl] concept ( ! wor%ip ( ! gods & ( man's duty t[>d !m arose3 n by ! light+ ( lamps1 ! giv+ ( gifts1 ! slay+ ( bullocks1 or visitations to ! temples 7 ! gods to be wor%ipp$1 b by a recognition ( _! true nature & goodness1 by r5d]+ to !m aga9 _! p]fect ju/ice1 & by ascrib+ to !m con/ant praise4#bhd ,9 ! contemplation ( ,god alone & 9 lov+ ob$i5ce to 8 comm&s lay ! means ( free+ ! m9d f sorr[1 fe>1 desire1 envy1 av>ice1 & e base ?\ght1 & ( secur+ t peace :i* no ,caes> b only ,god c\ld give4#bhe ,a belief 9 ! goodness ( ,god & ! p]fection ( 8 works made ! ,/oic naturally reg>d ?is _w z ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 & urge m5 to accommodate !mselves to ! natural ord]1 9 :i* he saw ! p]fect product ( ! supreme reason4 ,he c\ld n ?9k t ! _w 0 out ( jo9t1 b he believ$ t all 0 p]fect h>mony = "o :o w\ld set himself 9 tune ) ! univ]se4 ,s ,m>cus ,aurelius wrote3 8,ev]y?+ is h>moni\s to me t is h>moni\s to !e1 ,o ,univ]se2 no?+ is too e>ly or too late = me t is 9 due "t = !e4 ,ev]y?+ is fruit to me t ?y seasons br+1 ,o ,nature2 f !e are all ?+s1 9 !e are all ?+s1 to !e all ?+s return4 #8,belov$ city ( ,cecrops1' s+s ! poet3 ,%all ,i n say1 #8,o belov$ city ( ,god8'0#bhf ,x is easy to und]/& f passages l ?is h[ /abiliz+ & h[ ennobl+ lat] ,/oicism 04 ,to rev]5ce ,god1 to d no?+ t ,god w\ld n approve1 to ?9k ev] ( ,god1 & to tru/ 9 ! h>moni\s purpose ( ! univ]se 0 ! ,emp]or's con/ant exhortation to himself4 ,) ?is purpose 0 associat$ a simil> desire to help 8 fell[m52 & yet 9 spite ( ! ,emp]or's religi\s devotion & sympa!tic int]e/ 9 humanity1 9 spite ( ! exaltation ( _s :i* appe>s 9 8 ,m$itations1 !re is /ill a note ( sadness :i* _h already be5 s\nd$ by ,s5eca & ,epictetus2 !re is a s5se ( ! vanity ( all ?+s :i* makes itself felt aga9 & aga9 z we read 8 book4 ,= all 8 belief 9 ! h>mony ( ?is univ]se ! ,emp]or exhorts himself too mu* to make ! be/ ( a sad & wick$ _w4 ,:at ,m>cus ,aurelius felt o!rs _h be5 feel+ = g5]ations4 ,! passion = assurance ( protection "h & salvation h]eaft]1 ! long+ = union ) ,god1 w\ld n be quiet$4 ,! ,we/ (f]$ little satisfaction2 ! answ]s f ! ,ea/ w occupy our next lectures4 ,,footnotes3 #bfb ,dionys4 ,hal4 ,,iv1 #fb4 #bfc ,see p4 #cgj f4 = an example ( su* a cal5d>4 #bfd #bif ,b4,c41 ,livy ,x1 #ai1 #ag4 #bfe ,livy ,,xxii1 #aj1 #b ff4 #bff ,livy ,,xxii1 #aj1 #i4 #bfg ,sc54 #caf ff41 ,vahl54 #bfh ,livy ,,xxxix1 #h ff4 #bfi ,livy ,,xl1 #bi2 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ,,xiii1 #hd4 ff4 #bgj ,a!n4 ,,xii1 #edg ,a2 ,aelian ,v4 ,h4 ,,ix1 #ab4 #bga ,suet4 de rhet4 #a2 ,aul4 ,gell4 ,,xv1 #aa1 #a4 #bgb ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ,,vii1 #aab2 ,plut4 ,c4 ,m4 #bb4 #bgc ,augu/94 ,civ4 ,dei ,,iv1 #bg4 #bgd ,epic41 p4 #gb ,us5]4 ,cf4 p4 #ei1 & frg4 #ejf4 #bge ,diss4 ,i1 #ae1 #a4 #bgf ,s54 de ,ira ,,iii1 #cf1 #a-d4 #bgg ,epict4 ,diss4 ,,iii1 #aj1 #b4 #bgh ,diss4 ,,iii1 #ab4 #bgi ,diss4 ,,iii1 #aj1 #h4 #bhj ,de vita beata1 #ag4 #bha ,epi/4 #aa1 #h-aj2 #be1 #e1 #f4 #bhb ,epi/4 #da1 #h2 #ib1 #b f42 & (t54 #bhc ,epi/4 #da1 #b4 #bhd ,s5eca ,epi/4 #ie1 #dg-ej2 #aae1 #e4 ,epict4 ,diss4 ,i1 #af4 #bhe ,epict4 ,diss4 ,,ii1 #af1 #de-dg2 ,,iii1 #ac1 #i ff4 #bhf ,,iv1 #bc4 ,,viii ,,ori5tal ,,religions ,,9 ,,! ,,we/]n ,,half ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,9 our previ\s lectures we h _h occasion m ?an once to ref] to ! effect ( ! conque/s ( ,alex&] 9 op5+ up ! ne>] ,ea/ to ! ,european ,we/1 & 9 mak+ easy ! contact betwe5 ,greeks & ,ori5tals1 especially ^? ( ,semitic & ,p]sian /ocks4 ,greece1 ,egypt1 & we/]n ,asia 7 = a brief p]iod unit$ 9 "o great empire2 & al?\gh t political empire quickly broke into _m units1 ! sway ( ! ,greek language & ( ,greek ideas 0 p]man5tly ext5d$ ov] wide areas :]e !y _h n _h pot5t influ5ce be=e1 & by ?is ext5sion a door 0 op5$ = ! entrance ( ori5tal ideas into ! ,we/4 ,no d\bt ! ,mac$onian conqu]or simply accel]at$ a process :i* _h be5 go+ on imp]ceptibly ?r\gh ! *annels ( trade & ( w> f prehi/oric times4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! "q ( ori5tal influ5ce on ! ,greek _w f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 !re has be5 mu* extravagant /atem5t & conjecture3 ! ,orphics1 ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 & o!rs too are said to h d]iv$ _m ( _! ideas f ! ,ea/4 ,su* inaccuracies ,i wi% to avoid4 ,inde$ ,i w take ?is opportunity to /ate t ap>t f c]ta9 cults :i* we %all pres5tly consid] ,i am unable to see any cle> pro( ( direct & concrete ea/]n influ5ce on ,greek or ,roman philosophic & religi\s ?\ght until ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 at ! e>lie/2 & t ,i believe t ! am\nt ( su* influ5ce lat]--up to ! "t :5 ! ,jewi% & ! ,greek /reams ( ?\ght unit$ 9 ,*ri/ian !ology--has be5 greatly ov]e/imat$4 ,nev]!less x is true t 9 c]ta9 places1 especially at ,alex&ria 9 ,egypt1 ! greate/ intellectual c5t] 9 ! anci5t _w aft] #cjj ,b4,c41 !re 0 "s m+l+ ( ,hell5ic & ,semitic ?\ght4 ,! translation ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,jews into ,greek1 :i* we "k z ! ,septuag9t1 began z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury1 b ?is translation 0 made = ,hell5iz$ ,jews ( ! disp]sion & _h little int]e/ = ,greeks until ! ,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,b 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury be=e our era a c]ta9 ,ari/obulus endeavor$ to reconcile ,greek philosophy1 especially t ( ! ,p]ipatetic ,s*ool1 ) ,jewi% wisdom1 & to %[ t ! ,greeks drew _! philosophy f ! ,mosaic laws & ! prophets4 ,! s-call$ ,wisdom ( ,solomon also betrays ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ic ?\ght on ,jews at ,alex&ria2 & we h 9 an e>li] lecture se5 h[ ! ,greek & ! ,jew met 9 ,philo4 ,moreov] all ! lat] ,platoni/s1 ,py?agoreans1 & simil> sects 7 9 "s degree at lea/ 9 accord ) ! ,jewi% ?\ght ( ! "t2 & 9 g5]al we "k t ! intellectual metropolis ( ! anci5t _w %[$ a fusion ( ,we/ & ,ea/ 9 society & ideas su* z 0 h>dly f\nd else:]e4 ,b :ile ?is m+l+ ( ! ,greek & ! ,jew 0 go+ on at ,alex&ria1 a new p[] 0 ris+ 9 ,italy1 :i*1 hav+ secur$ ! ma/]y ( ! we/]n half ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 turn$ its att5tion t[>d ! ,ea/4 ,let u call to m9d ! position ( ,rome at ! close ( ! ,second ,punic ,w> 9 #bjb ,b4,c4 ,%e 0 mi/ress ( practically ! entire ,italian p59sula f ! ,alps to ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a2 by h] two w>s ) ,c>?age %e _h ga9$ ,sicily1 ,corsica1 ,s>d9ia1 & a l>ge "p ( ,spa9--9 %ort at ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era ,rome 0 ! dom9ant p[] 9 ! ,we/4 ,)9 ! next two c5turies %e 0 de/9$ to take & 9 no small degree to ,lat9ize all ( mod]n ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ! :ole ( ,france & ,belgium1 a "p ( ,holl&1 ! ,rh9e di/ricts1 ,switz]l&1 s\!rn ,g]many1 & ,au/ria bel[ ! ,danube2 %e 0 to ext5d h] p[] ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,balkan p59sula includ+ ,greece2 & %e 0 to become mi/ress ( ! mo/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 ( ,syria & ,pale/9e1 ( ,egypt1 & ( all nor!rn ,africa ) ! exception ( :at is n[ ,morocco4 ,! :ole civiliz$ _w1 & _m l&s to :i* ?is "n c\ld h>dly be appli$1 7 br\ght "u h] sway be=e ! close ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury4 ,9 _! conque/s ( ea/]n l&s ,roman soldi]s came directly into contact ) ,asiatic1 ,syrian1 & ,egyptian =ms ( religion1 s t on _! return to ! ,we/ !y br\ght ) !m "s k ( ea/]n gods4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ori5tal cults _h begun be=e ,rome ent]$ on h] milit>y conque/s2 = a long "t %e _h _h m]cantile & diplomatic relations ) ,asia ,m9or & ,egypt4 ,trade inde$ 0 "o ( ! great *annels ?r\gh :i* gods no less ?an goods mov$ f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/4 ,! ,greeks ( we/]n ,asia ,m9or1 ( ,delos1 ( s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily 7 ! middlem5 :o assi/$ 9 ^! transf]s4 ,fur!rmore1 beg9n+ ) ! second pre-*ri/ian c5tury1 enorm\s numb]s ( slaves 7 br\ght f ,asia ,m9or & ! neighbor+ l&s to ,italy & ! ,we/4 ,^! slaves 7 ( e degree f ! mo/ ignorant to ! highly cultivat$1 b :atev] _! class !y br\ght ) !m _! own religions1 :i* !y practis$ 9 _! captivity & ?us made kn[n to _! ma/]s4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 "u ! ,empire1 auxili>y troops1 enli/$ 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces1 7 /ation$ at _m po9ts 9 ! ,we/4 ,! rema9s ( %r9es & hundr$s ( inscriptions f\nd along ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e1 9 remote/ ,brita91 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 z well z 9 ,france & o!r l&s1 %[ t ^! auxili>y troops did mu* to introduce ori5tal gods to ! areas 9 :i* !y s]v$4 ,s trad]s1 slaves1 & soldi]s became ! great ag5ts 9 transf] ( ^? ori5tal religions1 :i* 9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( our era 7 spread ov] all ! we/]n "p ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,yet ! fir/ ori5tal deity to be receiv$ at ,rome 0 invit$ !re by vote ( ! ,s5ate4 ,9 "o ( ! d>ke/ h\rs ( ! ,second ,punic ,w>1 9 #bje ,b4,c41 ! ,sibyll9e ,books decl>$ t ,hannibal w\ld be =c$ to leave ,italy if ! great ,"m ( ! ,gods c\ld be br\ght f ,phrygia to ,rome4 ,k+ ,attalus ( ,p]gamum1 a fri5d & ally ( ! ,romans1 readily gave up ! meteoric /one :i* repres5t$ ! goddess1 & 9 #bjd ?is 0 receiv$ ) great c]emony at ,rome4 ,?irte5 ye>s lat] ! div9ity 0 in/all$ 9 h] p]man5t home on ! ,palat9e1 :]e ! ru9s ( h] temple may /ill be se54 ,! "* ( h] wor%ip 0 :olly diff]5t f t ( any god hi!rto kn[n at ,rome1 & ! citiz5s mu/ h be5 greatly %ock$ :5 !y fir/ beheld x2 ,phrygian prie/s danc+ & mutilat+ !mselves furni%$ an appall+ contra/ to ! sob] ritual ( ! /ate4 ,s (f5sive 7 ^! p]=mances t no ,roman 0 all[$ to become a prie/ ( ! goddess until aft] ! close ( ! ,republic4 ,only on ,april #d did a /ate (ficial--! city praetor--(f] sacrifice 9 ! temple ( ! goddess1 & on ?is same day sodalities =m$ among ! ari/ocracy d9$ toge!r 9 h] honor2 9 #aid plays 7 pres5t$ on h] fe/al day1 & ?ree ye>s lat] ) ! d$ication ( h] temple !re 7 e/abli%$ 9 h] honor ! ,ludi ,megal5ses1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n diff] ess5tially f simil> fe/ivals 9 honor ( ,roman gods4 ,b ! temple s]vice 0 re/rict$ to ! import$ ,phrygian prie/s1 :o 7 all[$ on c]ta9 days to dance ?r\gh ! /reets to ! s\nd ( _! wild music1 s++ hymns to ! goddess1 & tak+ up collections = ! support ( ! wor%ip4 ,"u ! ,empire ,roman citiz5s 7 admitt$ to ! prie/ly (fices4 ,yet f ! fir/ ! goddess 0 held 9 high e/eem1 = ! promise ( ! ,sibyll9e ,books _h be5 fulfill$--,hannibal _h be5 =c$ to )draw to ,africa1 & ! ,roman cause _h triumph$ ) div9e help4 ,o!r div9ities came 9 :at may be describ$ z un(ficial ways1 ?r\gh ! ag5cies t ,i h already m5tion$4 ,= example1 z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era1 ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ,isis & h] associates ,s]apis1 ,anubis1 & ! re/1 spread f ,alex&ria into ,sicily & s\!rn ,italy1 z x _h ext5d$ 9 ! same p]iod to ,delos & ! o!r isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,sea1 & to ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,be=e #aje ,b4,c4 a temple _h be5 built at ,puteoli1 ! important seaport ( t day on ! ,bay ( ,naples1 :i* _h close comm]cial relations ) ,delos & o!r ports 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! temple ( ,isis at ,pompeii 0 erect$ at ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,)9 half a c5tury a %r9e ( ! goddess _h be5 e/abli%$ on ! v ,capitol at ,rome1 :]e %e ma9ta9$ h]self 9 spite ( _m ef=ts to dislodge h]4 ,?is ,egyptian cult _h be5 introduc$ by immigrant trad]s & slaves1 b x soon spread to o!r classes4 ,ab\t #ch ,a4,d41 a temple to ! goddess 0 erect$ on ! ,campus ,m>tius n f> f ! ,pan!on4 ,!re is today 9 front ( ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia sopra ,m9]va a little ea/ ( ! ,pan!on an elephant c>ry+ on 8 back a small obelisk at :i* he ca/s an amus+ look4 ,t obelisk orig9ally /ood be=e ! temple ( ,isis1 :i* 0 ! *ief c5t] ( ! ,egyptian cult at ,rome to ! end ( paganism4 ,! campaigns ( ,sulla & ,pompey 9 ,asia ,m9or _h br\ght ! soldi]s into contact ) ! wor%ip ( a ,cappadocian 8,"m-goddess10 ,m1 to :om ! ,romans gave ! ,italian "n ( ,bellona4 ,! cult ( ?is div9ity 0 app>5tly c>ri$ on privately at ,rome dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury ( ! ,republic1 b ! goddess did n receive (ficial recognition be=e ! ?ird ,*ri/ian c5tury4 ,x 0 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 h[ev]1 t a flood ( div9ities came f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/4 ,( ^! ,i c m5tion only a few4 ,f nor!rn ,syria slaves & trad]s br\ght ! ,syrian goddess ,at>gatis1 :om !y made kn[n z f> z ,brita9 "u ! "n ( ,dea ,syria4 ,f _m ,syrian t[ns came ! local ,baalim1 :o 7 regul>ly id5tifi$ ) ,iupit] ,optimus ,maximus4 ,s ,adad1 ! consort ( ,at>gatis at ,hi]apolis 9 ,syria1 0 kn[n 9 ! ,we/2 ! ,baal ( ,heliopolis1 ,baalbec1 0 wor%ipp$ z ,iupit] ,optimus ,maximus ,heliopolitanus1 n only 9 ,italy1 b 9 ! ,balkan p59sula1 along ! ,danube & ! ,rh9e1 & 9 ,gaul4 ,! ,syrian port ,b]ytus1 ! mod]n ,beyr\t1 became app>5tly a c5t] = ! export1 s to speak1 ( ^! ori5tal div9ities4 ,we h inscriptions :i* %[ t an association ( ,syrian m]*ants com+ f ?is city 0 settl$ at ,puteoli1 :]e !y =m$ a religi\s society1 cultores ,iovis ,heliopolitani ,b]yt5ses1 :i* c>ri$ on ! wor%ip ( ! ,baal ( ,heliopolis at ! end ( ! fir/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,a d$ication to ! same god1 f ,nmes 9 s\!rn ,france1 0 set up by a retir$ c5turion1 :o tells u t 8 home 0 ,beyr\t2 & likewise 9 ! ?ird c5tury at ,zellhaus5 ne> ! ,rh9e ano!r c5turion paid 8 devotions to ! gods & wrote himself d[n z f ! same place4 ,f ! little t[n ( ,doli*e 9 ,commag5e1 a di/rict ( nor!rn ,syria1 soldi]s c>ri$ _! w>like god to ! we/]n bord]s ( ! ,roman _w2 ,damascus furni%$ ,iupit] ,optimus ,maximus ,damasc5us2 & ,i might quote _m o!r illu/rations4 ,m important1 h[ev]1 ?an ^! div9ities 0 ! god ,mi?ras1 ^: wor%ip orig9at$ 9 ,p]sia1 b _h long be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,x 0 to become prom95t 9 ! ,we/ at ! close ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury4 ,i h already said t ^! ori5tal gods 7 kn[n ov] virtually all ! we/]n _w4 ,we naturally f9d ! evid5ce = _! wor%ip mo/ abundant 9 ! great c5t]s ( trade & 9 ^? di/ricts :]e soldi]s 7 qu>t]$4 ,9 ,italy ! ports ( ,puteoli on ! ,bay ( ,naples & ( ,o/ia at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]1 toge!r ) ! capital1 ,rome1 7 ! greate/ c5t]s4 ,b ! ori5tal cults 7 f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,italian p59sula4 ,9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,gauls & ! ,g]manies we f9d two great areas--! popul\s valleys ( ! ,rhone & ! upp] ,g>onne1 & ! ,rh9e valley4 ,! *ief c5t]s1 z we %\ld expect1 7 = ! mo/ "p ! l>g] t[ns or army headqu>t]s3 ,m>seilles1 ,arles1 ,orange1 ,die1 ,vaison1 ,vi5ne1 ,nmes1 ,n>bonne1 & ,bordeaux2 ,lyons1 ,trves1 ,may5ce1 ,h$d]nheim1 & ,cologne4 ,occasionally a small t[n %[$ rem>kable devotion to "s cult1 z did ,lact\re 9 ,aquita9e1 :]e ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods 0 especially popul> 9 ! latt] ?ird ( ! second & ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury ( our era4 ,9 l fa%ion ^! cults fl\ri%$ along ! valley ( ! ,danube & ev5 9 remote ,dacia1 :i* includ$ approximately mod]n ,rumania & ,transylvania2 d$ications are also f\nd 9 ! m important t[ns 9 ,africa1 ,spa91 & ,brita91 be+ mo/ abundant 9 ! la/ nam$ prov9ce along ! l9e ( ,hadrian's wall4 ,) reg>d to ! c5turies dur+ :i* ^! ori5tal religions fl\ri%$ our evid5ce1 aside f t = ! ,great ,"m1 %[s cle>ly t "s ent]$ s\!rn ,italy 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 or ev5 e>li]1 & t !y began at ,rome ab\t #ajj ,b4,c42 !re !y la/$ to ! v close ( ! f\r? c5tury ( our era1 almo/ a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! recognition ( ,*ri/ianity by ,con/ant9e4 ,9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire ^! cults did n become prom95t until ab\t #ajj ,a4,d41 & !y ceas$ be=e ! close ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,:5 9 #cjg ,a4,d4 ,diocletian1 ,gal]ius1 & ,lic9ius re/or$ a %r9e ( ,mi?ras1 8! protector ( _! empire10 at ,c>nuntum on ! ,danube1 !y 7 honor+ a god ^: pot5cy 9 ! ,european prov9ces _h end$ m ?an a g5]ation be=e4#bhg ,! reasons = ! decay ( ^! cults we %all consid] lat]4 ,b ,i %\ld l y n[ to obs]ve t 9 ,rome ^! religions fl\ri%$ = a good c5tury long] ?an !y did 9 ! we/]n prov9ces4 ,! explanation ( ?is fact is to be f\nd 9 t %>p conflict betwe5 paganism & ,*ri/ianity :i* w5t on ?r\gh ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ! pagan p>ty ralli$ its =ces ( e sort = a f9al def5se aga9/ ! advance ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is movem5t at ,rome1 :i* _h slight influ5ce else:]e save p]haps 9 "s ( ! l>ge/ cities1 produc$ a pagan revival :i* help$ to ma9ta9 ! adopt$ ori5tal religions = ov] a c5tury aft] !y _h lo/ all vitality 9 ! prov9ces4 ,! "* ( ^! ori5tal religions (f]s a m>k$ contra/ to t ( ! ,roman4 ,9 my la/ lecture ,i po9t$ out t ?is latt] 0 a =mal1 practical1 bread-&-butt] sort ( religion1 "o t 0 natural to an unimag9ative agricultural p2 x 0 a religion 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( ! gods consi/$ prim>ily 9 ! exact p]=mance ( ritual to secure practical bless+s ( a mat]ial k9d4 ,i fur!r tri$ to %[ t ?is religion (f]$ no satisfaction to man's deep] que/ion+s1 made slight appeal to religi\s emotion1 & _h little moral effect except 9 ! emphasis :i* x laid on duty2 we also saw t ! =ms ( ,greek religion1 :i* 7 import$ into ,italy1 7 s]viceable *iefly 9 t !y 7 cults 9 :i* all classes ( citiz5s c\ld %>e1 & because !y (f]$ c]ta9 ae/hetic satisfactions2 ,i likewise spoke ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,greco-,roman religion ( ! /ate fell into decay aft] ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era1 s t be=e ,cic]o's day ! intellectual class _h lo/ _! belief 9 x4 ,?is did n mean1 h[ev]1 t m5 _h lo/ _! religi\s long+4 ,f> f x4 ,= !re is abundant pro( t "u ! /imulus ( ,greek philosophy & my/icism1 que/ion+s z to ! nature ( man1 8 relation to div9ity1 & 8 immortality became m e>ne/4 ,to ^! que/ions ! ,greco-,roman religion (f]$ no answ]4 ,! ori5tal gods1 h[ev]1 7 ( a v diff]5t sort f ^? ( ,greece & ,rome3 !y requir$ a spiritual devotion on ! "p ( _! devotees & !y made /rong appeals to ! religi\s emotions4 ,^! appeals 7 increas$ by ! exotic "* ( ^! =eign cults1 = x seems to be a *>act]i/ic ( ! human m9d 9 "t ( special ne$ or di/ress to seek "s =eign s\rce ( help or relief4 ,egypt & ! ,ea/ made a f> great] appeal to ! imag9ation at ! close ( ! ,roman ,republic & 9 ! e>ly ,empire ?an !y d ev5 today4 ,fur!rmore _m ( ^! religions c\ld claim ! w>rant ( great age3 ,isis & ,osiris _h be5 mighty 9 ,egypt = two ?\s& ye>s2 ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods belong$ to a class ( ,asiatic "m-goddesses ( immemorial antiquity2 & ,mi?ras came f a p]iod beyond ! k ( ! ,roman _w4 ,:5ev] records fail$1 pi\s tradition suppli$ ! ne$4 ,! devotees =m$ clos$ communities1 sacr$ bro!rhoods1 to :i* admission 0 obta9$ ?r\gh rites ( initiation4 ,_! rituals 7 ess5tially my/]ies1 9 :i* ?r\gh emotional exp]i5ces & revelations ! dev\t ga9$ assurance ( div9e aid "h & h]eaft]4 ,fur!rmore ^! ori5tal religions _h proselyt+ prie/s :o recruit$ ! numb] ( devotees by _! appeals1 & ea* religion numb]$ among its foll[]s consid]able bodies ( m5 :o foll[$ a c]ta9 holy life--!y 7 kn[n z sacrati1 8! consecrat$40 ,!re 01 9 fact1 mu* 9 common betwe5 ^! ori5tal my/]ies & ! great] my/]ies ( ,greece & ! ,orphic religion4 ,^! ori5tal gods1 moreov]1 7 adaptable4 ,!y 7 sometimes id5tifi$ ) famili> ,greek & ,roman div9ities1 9 ! same fa%ion z ,greek gods _h be5 giv5 ,italian names2 b _! adaptability w5t mu* fur!r4 ,fre$ f all local re/rictions1 ! ,ori5tals c\ld take on ! *>act]i/ics & functions requir$ by _! new environm5t )\t los+ _! individualities1 & _! sy/ems c\ld be easily modifi$ & elevat$ to meet ! ne$s & dem&s ( successive g5]ations4 ,unmoral or ev5 immoral :5 fir/ br\ght into ! ,greco-,roman _w1 a numb] ( !m adopt$ fir/ ! curr5t secul> morality & ev5tually became /rong moral ag5cies4 ,f9ally !y all display$ a pan!i/ic t5d5cy4 ,we h already se5 h[ philosophy incl9$ f ! fir/ t[>d pan!ism or mono!ism2 t ! g5]al attitude :i* fir/ belong$ to ! philosoph] became f9ally common to l>ge numb]s ( m51 = ! human m9d naturally t5ds to see resemblances & ?r\gh !m aff9ities1 r ?an _! opposites4 ,!re=e 9 religi\s ?\ght m51 act+ consci\sly or unconsci\sly "u ! influ5ce ( philosophy & ( ?is syncreti/ic t5d5cy1 n[ look$ ?r\gh ! v>iety ( popul> poly!ism & f\nd unity 9 ! div9e2 !y did n d5y ! multiplicity ( gods1 b !y r reg>d$ ea* ( ! _m gods z a manife/ation ( ! "o div9e pr9ciple 9 ! _w4 ,s religion 0 9 agreem5t ) ,/oicism & ! lat] my/ic philosophies4 ,! devotees ( ! ori5tal gods g5]ally adopt$ ?is syncreti/ic view1 s t mo/1 if n all1 saw 9 _! god ! supreme all-embrac+ div9ity ^: div9e nature 0 manife/ 9 c\ntless o!r gods4 ,?is belief is be/ express$ by ,apuleius1 :o compos$ 8 fam\s ,metamorphoses 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,aft] 8 h]o ,lucius _h pass$ ?r\gh _m h>d%ips & adv5tures1 ! sav+ goddess ,isis appe>$ 9 a vision & ?us decl>$ h]self3 8,lo1 ,i am "h1 ,lucius1 mov$ by ?y pray]s1 ,i1 ! p>5t ( ! univ]se1 mi/ress ( ! elem5ts1 ! primal (fspr+ ( ! ages1 greate/ ( div9ities1 que5 ( ! dead1 fir/ among ! cele/ials1 ! s+le =m ( gods & goddesses2 ,i1 :o by my ^w rule ! bright heights ( heav51 ! heal?ful breezes ( ! sea1 ! gloomy sil5t %ades bel[4 ,to my div9ity1 "o 9 itself1 ! entire _w does rev]5ce "u _m =ms1 ) v>i$ rites1 & manifold names4 ,h5ce x is t ! primal ,phrygians call me at ,pess9us ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 h5ce ! ,a!nians1 :o are sprung f ! gr\nd on :i* !y dwell1 "n me ,cecropian ,m9]va1 ! wave-beat ,cyprians ,paphian ,v5us1 ! ar*] ,cretans ,dictynnan ,diana1 ! ,sicilians ) _! triple spee* ,/ygian ,pros]p9a1 ! p ( ,eleusis anci5t ,c]es1 o!rs ,juno1 o!rs ,bellona1 "s ,hecate1 aga9 ,rhamnusia2 b ! ,ae?iopians on :om %9e ! gr[+ rays ( ! sun at 8 bir?1 ! ,arians1 & ! ,egyptians1 mighty 9 _! anci5t le>n+1 wor%ip me ) ! prop] rites & call me by my true "n ,que5 ,isis40#bhh ,?is revelation by ! goddess n only squ>es ) ! pan!ism ( philosophic ?\ght & ) ! doctr9e ( emanations ( ! div9e1 su* z 7 believ$ 9 by ! ,neoplatoni/s1 b x is also 9 h>mony ) ! popul> poly!ism4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ( our era ! g5ial ,plut>* fir/ /at$ a philosophy ( a univ]sal syncreti/ic religion3 8,n diff]5t gods among diff]5t peoples--gods ( ,b>b>ians1 ( ,greeks1 ( ! ,s\?1 or ( ! ,nor?2 b ev5 z sun & moon1 heav5 & e>? & sea are common to all1 yet h diff]5t names among diff]5t peoples1 s !re is "o ,intellig5ce :i* rules 9 ! _w1 "o ,provid5ce :i* directs x2 ! same p[]s act ev]y:]e4 ,honors1 names1 & symbols v>y40#bhi ,?is /atem5t repres5ts ! attitude ( all ! m enlight5$ classes aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury4 ,a pan!ism1 :i* made abundant provision = a subord9ate poly!ism1 0 ! dom9ant belief4 ,9 fact ,greco-,roman paganism end$ 9 su* a pan!ism1 9 :i* ! sun 0 ! symbol ( ! supreme & all-embrac+ div9ity4 ,al?\gh _m1 if n mo/1 ( ^! ea/]n religions 7 probably my/]ies1 requir+ t _! devotees %\ld und]go c]ta9 initiatory rites be=e be+ admitt$ to full p>ticipation 9 ! sacr$ s]vice1 we %all conf9e ourselves to sure gr\nd & %all consid] briefly ! my/]ies ( ,isis1 ( ,mi?ras1 & ( ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods--especially ^? ( ,isis1 because ,apuleius1 f ^: "w ,i quot$ a mom5t ago1 has left u a r full acc\nt ( ! initiation ( 8 h]o ,lucius1 ^: exp]i5ces 9 ?is "p ( ! ,metamorphoses are app>5tly ! au?or's own4 ,isis & ,osiris 7 anci5t gods ^: wor%ip _h be5 wide spread 9 ,egypt f v e>ly times2 !y _h be5 c>ri$ by ,egyptian trad]s to "s o!r p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean _w be=e ! conque/s ( ,alex&]4 ,b ! =m ( ! ,isiac religion :i* ultimately spread ov] ! ,greco-,roman _w 0 a consci\s m+l+ ( ,egyptian & ,hell5ic elem5ts4 ,! ,ptolemies naturally desir$ to unite ! ,greeks & ,egyptians "u _! rule1 & ,ptolemy ,sot] 7#cjf-bhe ,b4,c471 ! fir/ ( ! l9e1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 employ$ ,mane?o1 a prie/ at ,heliopolis 9 ,egypt1 & ,timo!us1 "o ( ! sacr$ family ( ! ,eumolpidae 9 ,eleusis1 to "w out a modifi$ religion ( ,isis1 ) :om 0 n[ associat$ a new div9ity1 ,s]apis1 said to h be5 orig9ally ,hades ( ,s9ope1 a ,greek colony on ! s\? %ore ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,?us ,greek elem5ts 7 graft$ on ! ,egyptian /ock1 ,s]apis be+ id5tifi$ ) ,osiris4 ,! anci5t =ms app>5tly 7 l>gely reta9$1 & ! prie/hood rema9$ ,egyptian2 b ,greek became ! common language = ! ritual1 :ile ,greek arti/s made /atues ( ,isis & h] consort1 & ,greek poets sang ! goddess's praise4 ,?us ! spread ( ?is composite religion 0 r5d]$ easy1 especially z its my/]ies claim$ to give t assurance ( salvation = :i* m5 long$4 ,! my/]ies 7 bas$ on ! /ory ( ,osiris1 ! bro!r & husb& ( ,isis4 ,accord+ to ! tale ,set1 or ,typhon1 kill$ ,osiris1 b ! body 0 discov]$ by ,isis4 ,h[ev] :ile ,isis 0 visit+ h] son ,horus1 ,set aga9 ga9$ possession ( ! body1 tore x 9 pieces1 & scatt]$ its fragm5ts f> & wide4 ,b ^! ,isis once m f\nd & buri$1 & n[ ,osiris lives aga9 & reigns 9 ! l[] _w1 & also 9 heav51 z ! sun2 t is1 ,osiris-,s]apis is "l ( life & dea?4 ,! /ory 0 e>ly br\ght into relation ) ! ,egyptian doctr9e ( immortality4 ,x is ano!r my? ( a god :o dies & lives aga91 ^: rebir?1 l t ( ,dionysus1 ,attis1 & ,adonis1 becomes ! w>rant ( man's future exi/5ce4 ,! /ory 0 e>ly act$ z a k9d ( passion play at ,abydos2 ?is elem5t 0 kept 9 ! ,ptolemaic creation1 s t 9 ,rome1 at lea/ beg9n+ ) ! reigns ( ,caligula & ( ,claudius1 ,isis' hunt = h] murd]$ consort1 h] m\rn+ = him1 & h] joy ov] ! discov]y ( 8 body & ov] 8 revival 7 exp]i5c$ aga9 ye>ly by h] prie/s dur+ ! days f ,octob] #bh to ,novemb] #c4 ,! f9al joy ( ! p>ticipants 9 ?is sacr$ season 0 indicat$ by ! "n1 ,hil>ia1 giv5 to ! la/ day4 ,! ,empire also knew a spr+ fe/ival ( ! goddess z rul] ( ! sea & protectress ( sailors4 ,!re 7 ?ree grades ( initiation into ! ,isiac my/]ies4 ,! fir/ 0 t ( ,isis1 ! second ( ,osiris-,s]apis1 ! ?ird l$ to ! prie/hood4 ,9 ,apuleius' /ory 8 h]o ,lucius _h ?r\gh ov]-curi\s tamp]+ ) a magic ungu5t be5 *ang$ into ! %ape ( an ass4 ,9 ?is =m he suff]$ v>i\s adv5tures :i* fill ! great] "p ( ! extraord9>y "w2 b at la/1 ?r\gh ! favor ( ! goddess1 he 0 re/or$ to 8 human =m1 & 9 a vision 0 comm&$ to devote himself to ! div9e s]vice4 ,al?\gh mo/ eag] to be initiat$1 he 0 in=m$ t he mu/ wait until ! goddess %\ld indicate h] will+ness to receive him4 ,f9ally ano!r vision told him t ! happy day _h arriv$4 ,at dawn ! prie/ met him & conduct$ him to ! temple1 :]e ! mat9 s]vice ( op5+ ! %r9e 0 solemnly p]=m$4 ,!n he told ,lucius t he mu/ provide c]ta9 ?+s be=e ! initiation took place--evid5tly gifts to ! temple & ! prie/s & some?+ 9 ! nature ( a fee4 ,aft] ^! _h be5 secur$1 ,lucius 0 tak5 to a public ba? ne>by1 :]e aft] pray] ! prie/ spr9kl$ him ) holy wat] & duly purifi$ him4 ,!n ,lucius 0 l$ back to ! temple1 set at ! feet ( ! goddess1 & secretly giv5 _m in/ructions 8too sacr$ = utt]ance02 op5ly he 0 *>g$ to ab/a9 = t5 consecutive days f all pleasures ( ! table1 to eat no animal food1 & to dr9k no w9e4 ,aft] ! t5 days ( prep>ation _h be5 rev]5tly obs]v$1 t[>d nightfall great numb]s ( ! initiates assembl$ br++ gifts to ! neophyte4 ,:5 ! un9itiate _h be5 exclud$ f ! temple area1 a fre% robe 0 plac$ ab\t ,lucius & he 0 l$ into ! holie/ "p ( ! %r9e4 ,:at !re took place he might n tell2 only ?is mu* he c\ld say3 8,i approa*$ ! b\nds ( dea?4 ,i trod ! ?re%old ( ,pros]p9a4 ,i 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh all ! elem5ts & return$ aga9 to ! upp] air4 ,at dead ( night ,i saw ! sun all gl[+ ) a brilliant light4 ,! gods ( heav5 & ( hell ,i approa*$ 9 v p]son & wor%ipp$ face to face40#bij ,our imag9ation may busy itself z mu* z x w ) try+ to conceive ! means :i* 7 employ$ to produce ?is effect2 x is mo/ probable t a hypnotic condition 0 induc$ 9 ! neophyte & t 9 ?is /ate he 0 made to see ! prop] visions4 ,b t mu/ rema9 unc]ta94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is cle>3 ! initiate1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( emotional exp]i5ces1 0 inspir$ ) ! belief t he _h se5 a div9e vision4 ,l ! se] 9 ! ,apocalypse1 he knew t !re 0 no night 9 ! f9al abode ( ^? :o _h be5 consecrat$4 ,by pass+ ?r\gh ! elem5ts he _h acquir$ a k ( holy ?+s1 :i* no un9itiat$ c\ld possibly ga93 he _h be5 giv5 assurance t he 0 to be ev] aft] "u ! div9e protection--9 fact he _h atta9$ ! c]ta9ty ( salvation4 ,b let u foll[ ,apuleius' h]o ?r\gh 8 lat] exp]i5ces4 ,! morn+ aft] 8 secret initiation ,lucius 0 clo!d 9 twelve sacr$ articles ( dress & plac$ on a wood5 dais 9 ! middle ( ! %r9e be=e ! /atue ( ! goddess2 ov] him 0 ?r[n a l95 g>m5t1 ri*ly embroid]$ 9 v>i\s colors ) m>vell\s animals1 ) ,indian dragons & hyp]borean gryphons4 ,9 8 "r h& 0 put a light$ tor*1 :ile on 8 head 0 plac$ a g>l& ( palm leaves1 :i* /ood out l ! rays ( ! sun4 ,!n ! curta9s 7 drawn back & ! neophyte 0 display$ to ! assembl$ p4 ,! mean+ ( ?is c]emony also is evid5t3 by initiation ,lucius _h become "o ) ! god1 & !re=e ?is exhibition ( him is ! epiphany ( ! initiate z ! ,sun ,god4 ,! la/ is cle>ly indicat$ by ! g>l& ( palm leaves :i* repres5t$ ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! mean+ ( ! dress is obscure to u1 b naturally x 0 effective 9 ! impression :i* x made on ! we>] & on ^? :o view$ him4 ,aft] ?is epiphany c]ta9 m9or rites foll[$ on ! next day1 complet+ ! initiation ( ,lucius into ! fir/ degree1 t ( ,isis4 ,aft] cont9u+ = "s days enjoy+ ! inexpressible bliss af=d$ him by ! sight ( ! goddess & receiv+ ! bless+s :i* h] p[] be/[$1 ,lucius set out f ,cor9? = ,rome 9 ob$i5ce to a vision :i* ! goddess _h grant$ him4 ,!re1 :5 a ye> _h roll$ r\nd1 he 0 div9ely w>n$ t he 0 to advance to ! second degree1 t ( ! inv9cible ,osiris2 & %ortly aft] ?is he 0 ord]$ 9 l mann] to take ! highe/ degree ( initiation2 h5ce=? he 0 a prie/ & an (ficial 9 ! sacr$ association4 ,= ! second & ?ird degrees ! same days ( prep>ation 7 requir$ z = ! fir/1 & l c]emonies 7 p]=m$4 ,:5 ! f9al initiation _h be5 und]gone1 ,lucius 0 m>k$ by a %av5 head1 & app>5tly also by a sign br&$ on 8 =ehead1 z "o :o _h consecrat$ 8 life to ,isis4#bia ,?is is a brief summ>y ( ! fulle/ acc\nt :i* we possess ( an initiation into any ( ^! ori5tal my/]ies4 ,we see f x n only h[ ! initiate 0 giv5 ! satisfaction ( feel+ t he _h se5 div9ity face to face--a vision by :i* he obta9$ a =eta/e ( ! f9al k ( god & receiv$ assurance ( 8 own salvation2 b also h[ 8 religi\s life 0 con/antly f$ & support$ by daily religi\s s]vices1 by mat9s & vesp]s 9 ! temple4 ,9 ^! 8 emotions 7 /imulat$ & 8 consecration r5ew$ by a ritual made impressive ?r\gh e means :i* an immemorial hi/ory _h sanctifi$ & by e sugge/ion :i* an elaborate symbolism c\ld give4 ,he realiz$ t he _h become a memb] ( a body set ap>t f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! memb]s ( ?is holy company 7 call$ 8! consecrat$ ones10 sacrati4 ,!y _h be5 born aga9 inde$ ?r\gh initiation into ! ,isiac life4 ,! t]m reborn1 r5atus1 is us$ frequ5tly ( ! initiates1 ! day ( ^: initiation 0 (t5 ref]r$ to & celebrat$ z _! bir?day4 ,m widely spread & m p[]ful ?an ! religion ( ,isis 0 ! religion ( ,mi?ras4 ,into ! details ( its e>ly hi/ory we may n n[ g1 b we mu/ limit ourselves to a few po9ts only4 ,mi?raism _h its orig9 9 ,p]sia1 yet x 0 greatly influ5c$ by ! anci5t !ology ( ! ,*aldeans & by ,babylonian a/rology1 z well z lat] by ! m b>b>\s religions ( ,asia ,m9or1 :i!r x 0 c>ri$ by ,p]sian coloni/s dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,romans fir/ came into contact ) x dur+ ,pompey's campaign aga9/ ! pirates ( ,cilicia 9 #fg ,b4,c41 b ! soldi]s seem n to h be5 greatly impress$ at t "t1 = x 0 ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat] t ,mi?raism began to be influ5tial 9 ! ,we/4 ,soldi]s1 trad]s1 & slaves all aid$ 9 its spread4 ,= ! mo/ "p x foll[$ 9 ! /eps ( ! ,syrian gods1 ) :om x 0 closely associat$4 ,along ! bord]s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 at ! milit>y /ations on ! ,danube1 on ! ,rh9e1 & by ,hadrian's ,wall 9 ,brita9 inscriptions & ru9$ *apels /ill atte/ ! popul>ity ( ! cult2 !re are few ,roman milit>y c5t]s 9 ,europe1 outside ( ,greece1 or 9 ! ,african prov9ces1 :i* h n giv5 evid5ce ( its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ports ( ,italy1 ,puteoli & ,o/ia1 9 ,rome1 & 9 all ! *ief cities ( ! ,we/1 trad]s & slaves introduc$ ! ,p]sian religion2 & ! cult attract$ _m ,roman citiz5s2 x f\nd favor ) ! imp]ial h\se1 especially f ,commodus to ,diocletian4 ,9 fact dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies ,*ri/ianity f\nd 9 ,mi?raism its *ief rival4 ,mi?ras himself 0 an extremely anci5t div9ity kn[n to ! ance/ors ( bo? ! ,iranian & ,indian peoples4 ,9 e>ly ,zoroa/rianism he _h no place1 b lat] appe>$ z "o ( ! inf]ior div9ities4 ,"u ! manifold influ5ces to :i* ,p]sian ,mazdaism 0 expos$1 ! position ( ,mi?ras gradually rose 9 importance4 ,! details ( ! !ology at ! "t ! religion became kn[n to ! ,romans _c be det]m9$1 b x seems evid5t t ! ma9 features 7 ^!3 ! ,mazdai/s conceiv$ ( ! _w z a battlegr\nd 9 :i* ! p[]s ( light & ( righte\sness 7 ev] fight+ aga9/ ! p[]s ( d>kness & ( evil2 at ! head ( ! p[]s ( light 0 ,ahura ,mazda1 ,oromasdes1 or1 to use ! =m m famili> to u1 ,ormuzd2 oppos$ to him 0 ,ahriman1 ! ar*fi5d & adv]s>y1 "l ( ! _w ( d>kness1 :o ) 8 demons 0 ?\ght to /rive cont9ually to spread evil 9 ! _w2 midway 0 ,mi?ras ^: function 0 to help mank9d & to ha/5 ! de/ruction ( wick$ness4 ,s f> z we c judge f ! sculptur$ monum5ts1 ,mi?ras 9 ! sacr$ my?s 0 n id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 yet x is cle> t he 0 reg>d$ by ! ,roman devotees z ! *ief div9ity ( light4 ,?is position 0 ! m easily assur$ him by ! fact t he _h be5 orig9ally su* a god1 s t ! ,*aldeans _h id5tifi$ him ) ,%ama%1 _! sol> div9ity1 j z ! ,greeks 9 ,asia ,m9or _h made him equival5t to _! sun god1 ,helios4 ,lat] philosophy too l5t its aid 9 t x took ! sun z ! supreme symbol ( div9ity4 ,on ,roman d$ications ,mi?ras is (t5 call$ simply 8,! ,inv9cible ,sun10 ,sol ,invictus4 ,= all its exotic "* ,mi?raism c\ld (f] no?+ ess5tially new 9 po9t ( !ology :i* w\ld attract devotees1 nor c\ld x w9 !m simply by its elaborate & di/9ctive ritual4 ,! *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%$ x f ! o!r religions ( its "t save ,*ri/ianity 0 ! ?or\ghgo+ dualism to :i* ,i h j ref]r$--,i mean t dualism :i* divid$ ! _w into two oppos+ armies1 ! "o ! legions ( light & righte\sness1 ! o!r ! =ces ( s9 & d>kness4 ,! evil pr9ciple 0 deifi$ 9 ! same way z ! pr9ciple ( good4 ,x is q true t ! ,greeks & o!r peoples _h conceiv$ ( evil p[]s1 l ! ,titans = example1 b n[h]e 0 ! opposition betwe5 ! two made s %>p or ! conflict reg>d$ z s con/ant4 ,9 ! cosmic /ruggle ! ,mi?rai/ believ$ man %>$2 = he too1 ! microcosm1 0 bo? good & evil1 s t ! same battle _h to be wag$ )9 him z ev]y:]e 9 ! _w4 ,?is religion1 !n1 0 able to supply a /rong moral motive = ! individual3 he 0 b\nd to /ruggle cont9ually aga9/ ! p[]s ( s9 to aid 9 br++ ab\t ! f9al victory ( ! p[]s ( righte\sness1 & he 0 taught t 9 ?is /ruggle ,mi?ras gave ! fai?ful con/ant aid4 ,mi?raism !re=e 0 well suit$ to /ir & en]gize ! individual 9 a "t :5 ! anci5t fibre ( ! ,romans 0 relax+ & :5 ! signs ( social & economic decay 7 evid5t4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ! ,empire1 z we h already _h occasion to obs]ve m ?an once1 ! loss ( political p[] & ! weak5+ ( ! satisfactions :i* a vigor\s society c give1 l$ m5 to se>* = o!r rew>ds & assurances ?an ^? ( ?is _w2 9 ! my/ic philosophies & religions !y f\nd _! /r5g? & hope4 ,no ori5tal pagan cult _h s mu* to (f] z ,mi?raism4 ,its compell+ sy/em ( e?ics1 ! high ideal ( moral purity :i* x inh]it$ f its ,p]sian s\rce1 ! frat]nity :i* its associations fo/]$1 & ! confid5ce :i* ! promise ( ,mi?ras' aid gave ! individual1 all comb9$ to ext5d its sway to ! we/]nmo/ b\nd>ies ( ! ,roman ,empire & to ma9ta9 its p[] until x 0 =c$ to yield be=e ! victori\s advance ( a nobl] fai?4 ,! ,mi?raic wor%ip 0 c>ri$ on 9 small *apels :i* w\ld seldom hold z _m z a hundr$ wor%ipp]s at once1 s t :5 ! numb] ( devotees 0 consid]able m ?an "o *apel 0 requir$4 ,no less ?an five h be5 f\nd at ,o/ia1 ! seaport at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]1 & 9 ! capital "s sixty h be5 discov]$4 ,^! /ructures 7 g5]ally half-subt]ranean1 recall+ ! sacr$ cave ( ! ,mi?raic leg5d4 ,be=e ea* 0 a pronaos1 an ant]oom1 f :i* /eps l$ d[n to ! *apel prop]4 ,?r\gh ! middle ( ?is ran an aisle flank$ on ei!r side by a rais$ plat=m = ! devotees4 ,9 ! floor 7 (t5 repres5t$ ! signs ( ! ,zodiac1 :i* play$ an important "p 9 ! belief4 ,! f>!r end ( ! *apel conta9$ a relief :i* always reproduc$ ! same sc5e 9 ! type :i* "s ,p]gam5e sculptor _h e/abli%$ 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,! god ,mi?ras 0 %[n 9 ! act ( slay+ ! sacr$ bull2 subord9ate figures & creatures 7 also repres5t$1 & on "s reliefs a s]ies ( sc5es f ! sacr$ leg5ds =m$ a frame = ! c5tral repres5tation4 ,we c readily und]/& some?+ ( ! effect produc$ on ! m9d ( ! neophyte :5 he 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! light$ *apel f ! d>kness )\t4 ,! r[s ( wor%ipp]s on ei!r side1 ! symbolic figures & signs1 & especially ! sacr$ relief :i* 0 d\btless brightly illum9at$1 mu/ h all comb9$ to /imulate acutely ! tiro's imag9ation1 already /irr$ by 8 anticipations4 ,!re 7 sev5 grades ( initiation1 ea* ) its symbol & magic "n4 ,! fir/ /age 0 t ( ! ,rav5 7corax71 ! second t ( ! ,hidd5 ,"o 771 & ! ?ird t ( ! ,soldi] 7miles74 ,^! fir/ ?ree degrees seem to h be5 prelim9>y1 s t ! initiate 0 n admitt$ to full p>ticipation 9 ! privileges ( ! sacr$ community until he _h be5 induct$ into ! f\r? degree1 ! ,lion 7leo74 ,! succe$+ degrees 7 ! ,p]sian 7,p]sa71 ! ,c\ri] ( ! ,sun 771 & ! ,fa!r 7pat]72 ! head ( a numb] ( ,mi?raic communities 0 app>5tly ! ,pat] ,patrum4 ,ea* /age _h its prop] initiatory c]emonies1 admission to :i* requir$ ab/95ce1 lu/rations & ablutions1 & _m symbolic acts4 ,! c\rage & con/ancy ( ! neophyte 7 te/$2 oa?s 7 adm9i/]$ to him2 a seal 0 set on 8 =ehead2 he 0 b\nd to secrecy2 & d\btless _m o!r v[s 7 requir$4 ,! c&idate = ! degree ( ! ,soldi] 0 pres5t$ ) a cr[n :i* he 0 expect$ to ?ru/ aside & to say t ,mi?ras 0 8 only cr[n4 ,he 0 made to feel t he _h enli/$ = a sacr$ w>f>e aga9/ ! p[]s ( evil & to realize t p]fect purity 0 ! goal t[>d :i* ! fai?ful mu/ /rive4 ,app>5tly ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! te/s & trials :i* ! neophyte und]w5t 0 a symbolic dea? 9 :i* he di$ at ! h&s ( ! prie/ & rose aga9 into a new & purifi$ exi/5ce4 ,su* rites are common 9 simil> my/]ies1 b !re is "s reason to suspect t 9 ,mi?raism ! symbolic act _h an especially t]rify+ nature4 ,! religi\s life ( ! devotees 0 f$ by meet+s held 9 ! half-und]gr\nd *apels4 ,a "p ( ! s]vices evid5tly consi/$ ( a sacr$ communion1 :i*1 ) consecrat$ cup & loaf1 recall$ ! sacr$ meal :i* ,mi?ras _h once celebrat$ ) ! ,sun aft] he _h complet$ 8 s]vice ^u ! e>?4 ,?is is %[n on a relief discov]$ "s ye>s s9ce at ,konjica 9 ,dalmatia1 9 :i* ,mi?ras & ! ,sun are %[n recl9+ at table1 :]e !y are s]v$ by att5dants1 "o ( :om we>s a ,phrygian cap1 ano!r a mask ( a cr[1 a ?ird t ( a lion1 :ile ! head ( ! f\r? is hopelessly mutilat$4#bib ,x 0 believ$ t ?is my/ic communion on e>? gave ! devotees /r5g? & wisdom1 t x imp>t$ ! p[] necess>y to combat ! emiss>ies ( evil1 & conf]r$ immortality ^u ^? :o p>took ( x4 ,! p>allelism ) ! ,*ri/ian eu*>i/ is self-evid5t1 & x is n /range t ! *ur* fa!rs claim$ t ! ,mi?rai/s _h /ol5 f ,*ri/ianity4 ,accord+ to ! ,mi?raic doctr9e ! div9e ess5ce 9 man surviv$1 & 0 susceptible ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] ?is life4 ,:5 ! body di$ ! emiss>ies f heav5 & ! p[]s ( d>kness cont5d$ = ! possession ( ! s\l4 ,x /ood on trial be=e ,mi?ras1 ! f9al judge4 ,if ! man _h be5 impure1 8 s\l 0 dragg$ bel[ = torture1 b if virtu\s1 !n 8 s\l rose to ! cele/ial regions4 ,at ?is po9t we come ^u a doctr9e :i* seems to be =eign to ,mazdaism1 & :i* 0 d\btless borr[$ f ali5 s\rces4 ,! heav5s 7 conceiv$ to be sev5 sph]es presid$ ov] by ! sev5 planets1 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ,m>s1 ,m]cury1 ,jupit]1 ,v5us1 & ,saturn4 ,9 ea* sph]e 0 a gate gu>d$ by an angel ( ,ormuzd4 ,to op5 ^! gates magic names & passwords 7 necess>y1 :i* 7 kn[n only to ! initiates4 ,! s\ls ( m5 7 ?\ght to h desc5d$ f ! empyrean ?r\gh ^! sph]es1 receiv+ f ! planets t presid$ ov] !m ! passions & qualities :i* !y exhibit$ :5 inc>nate on e>?4 ,z ! righte\s s\l return$1 x dropp$ at ea* /age ( its asc5t its e>?ly passions & faculties l g>m5ts1 until1 /ripp$ & pure1 x ent]$ into et]nal bliss4 ,9 ! realms ( ev]la/+ light beyond ! />s1 x enjoy$ ! companion%ip ( ! gods !mselves4 ,) ?is concept ( ! f9al fate ( ! s\l !re 0 inconsi/5tly unit$ a doctr9e ( a f9al resurrection ( ! fle% :5 ! _w %\ld come to an end4 ,x may be t ! sublimat$ doctr9e ( ! bliss ( ! purifi$ s\l did n appeal to ! ord9>y man1 & t1 !re=e1 !re 0 introduc$ f "s ext]nal s\rce ?is belief t ! :ole man1 fle% & _s alike1 w\ld ultimately enjoy a blissful exi/5ce4 ,9 any case ! ,mi?rai/ believ$ t ! /ruggle betwe5 ! cont5d+ p[]s ( good & evil 0 n to cont9ue =ev]2 t 9 ! fullness ( "t ! evil p[]s w\ld de/roy ! _w1 b t ,mi?ras w\ld once m desc5d1 wake ! dead1 & sep>ate ! good f ! evil2 ) a new communion he w\ld !n conf] immortality on all ! j1 :ile ! wick$ w\ld be consum$ ) ,ahriman & 8 fi5ds1 & ,mi?ras w\ld reign 9 a new & s9less _w =ev]4 ,^! are "s ( ! ess5tial features ( ,mi?raism4 ,x 0 a religion :i* call$ = unceas+ ef=t1 = action on ! "p ( m51 & :i* promis$ !m div9e aid 9 _! ef=ts4 ,x is little wond] t x 0 popul> 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 or t x appeal$ to soldi]s & to civilians alike4 ,! rema9s ( its *apels & ! d$ications to its god furni% m abundant evid5ce ?an we possess = any o!r ori5tal religion4 ,al?\gh 9 common ) o!r cults ( ?is sort x _h fall5 into decay 9 ! prov9ces ( ! we/]n _w be=e ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury1 yet x 0 kept alive by ! pagan revival at ,rome until ne>ly #djj ,a4,d4 ,9 ! cult ( ! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods & ,attis also !re develop$ c]ta9 rites :i* gave ! promise ( security "h & ( salvation aft] dea?--! greate/ religi\s conc]n ( ! op5+ c5turies ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,d[n to ! close ( ! ,republic ! ,great ,"m app>5tly ex]t$ no v wide or deep influ5ce on ! p4 ,%e _h quickly accompli%$ ! purpose = :i* %e _h be5 br\ght 9 #bjd ,b4,c41 & !re=e1 ) ! exceptions ( :i* ,i spoke e>li] 9 ?is lecture1 h] wor%ip 0 left to ! ,phrygian prie/s4 ,attis c]ta9ly play$ a small "p at ,rome be=e ! ,empire1 b by ! second c5tury ( our era1 if n be=e1 he ov]%ad[$ to a consid]able ext5t ! ,great ,goddess h]self4 ,! /ory ( ,attis has _m =ms 9 detail1 due no d\bt to orig9al local diff]5ces & to ! influ5ces ( lat] environm5t4 ,! k]nel ( ! lit]>y my? is z foll[s3 ,attis1 a beautiful %eph]d1 0 lov$ by ! ,great ,goddess2 :5 he refus$ h] advances1 he 0 driv5 mad by h]1 & 9 8 fr5zy mutilat$ himself at ! foot ( a p9e tree1 into :i* 8 _s dep>t$1 :ile f 8 blood sprang violets4 ,b 9 answ] to ! pray]s ( ! m\rn+ goddess ,attis 0 pres5tly re/or$ to life4 ,! primitive elem5ts f :i* ?is my? develop$ we ne$ n n[ discuss1 b x w be suffici5t to note t 9 ,attis1 z 9 ,adonis1 we h an ea/]n vegetation-div9ity1 a god :o dies & lives aga91 ?us becom+ a symbol ( man's resurrection into immortality & an e>ne/ ( 8 hope4 ,! p>allel cases ( ,osiris1 ,dionysus1 & ,p]sephone w also occur to all4 ,9 honor ( ,attis a spr+ fe/ival 0 held 9 :i* ! drama ( ! my? 0 repeat$ by ! prie/s & devotees4 ,?is fe/ival 0 introduc$ at ,rome dur+ ! reign ( ,claudius 7#da-ed ,a4,d471 f :i* "t ! god's importance !re may be dat$4#bic ,! celebration began on ,m>* #ae1 :i* is designat$ 9 a cal5d> ( ! f\r? c5tury by ,canna intrat4 ,^! obscure words mu/ be br\ght into connection ) ! colleges ( ! ,cannophori1 8re$-be>]s10 :i* are kn[n to u f inscriptions1 b ! significance ( ! day is n cle>2 app>5tly x is to be connect$ ) ! /ory ( ! discov]y ( ! infant ,attis1 :o _h be5 expos$ among ! re$s by ! banks ( ! riv] ,gallus4 ,on ,m>* #bb1 ,arbor intrat1 ! d5drophori1 8tree-be>]s10 cut d[n a p9e tree & 9 solemn procession br\ght its trunk1 decorat$ ) violets & wool5 fillets1 to ! temple ( ! ,great ,"m on ! ,palat9e4 ,?is act 0 obvi\sly 9 memory ( ! p9e tree into :i* ! _s ( ,attis pass$ at 8 dea?4 ,two days lat] came ! 8day ( blood10 ,sangu51 dies ,sangu9is1 :i* m>k$ ! height ( ! m\rn+ = ,attis4 ,/imulat$ by wild music & dances1 ! ,galli sc\rg$ !mselves ) :ips load$ ) pieces ( bone or metal1 sla%$ _! arms ) knives1 (f]+ _! blood on ! alt> ( ! goddess1 :ile ! w\ld-be ,galli mutilat$ !mselves4 ,! :ole p]iod f ! fir/ day 0 a "t ( sorr[1 dur+ :i* fa/+ & cont95ce 7 requir$2 x 0 foll[$ on ,m>* #be?1 ,hil>ia1 8rejoic+10 by ! wilde/ outbur/s ( joy 9 celebration ( ! resurrection ( ,attis4#bid ,! next day 0 t ( 8re/10 ,requietio2 & on ! #bg?1 ! fe/ival clos$ ) ! solemn ba?+ 9 ! brook ,almo ( ! sacr$ meteoric /one1 :i* 0 ! symbol ( ! ,great ,"m4 ,x is cle> t ?is fe/ival1 c5t]+ 9 ! spr+ equ9ox1 _h its orig9 9 rites :i* 7 int5d$ to recall ! vegetation f its w9t]'s dea? into v]nal life aga91 b l o!r simil> fe/ivals x _h long _h a deep] mean+ be=e x came to ,rome4 ,z ! ,orphic devotee by p>ticipation 9 ! holy rites became a ,bac*us1 ! ,isiac an ,osiris1 s "h ! orgia/ic p>ticipant became an ,attis & receiv$ assurance ( 8 own resurrection4 ,! result 0 id5tical 9 all ess5tials ) t 9 o!r my/]ies4 ,b f ! second c5tury ( our era !re 0 celebrat$ 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,roman ,empire ano!r my/ic rite 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,great ,"m to :i* we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion = a mom5t4 ,i mean t ritual ( purification & reg5]ation by means ( ! blood ( a sla9 bull :i* ! anci5ts call$ ! taurobolium4 ,)\t mu* d\bt ?is rite develop$ f ! sacrifice ( a bull to ! ,great ,"m1 su* z 0 made annually on ,m>* #ae at ,rome4 ,b ! taurobolium 0 no ord9>y sacrifice4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! we/ 9 an inscription f ,puteoli ( #acd ,a4,d42#bie !nce x quickly spread to ,rome1 f !re to ,lyons2 & x 0 celebrat$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! we/]n prov9ces dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,l ! o!r ori5tal rites x liv$ on at ,rome long aft] x _h di$ 9 ! prov9ces1 ! la/ celebration be+ ne> ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ places at ,rome = ! p]=mance ( ! taurobolium 0 9 ! ,vatican di/rict close by ! circus erect$ by ! ,emp]or ,caligula & enl>g$ by ,n]o4 ,!re1 c]ta9ly f ! "t ( ,anton9us ,pius to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ?is purify+ & reg5]at+ ritual 0 p]=m$1 nev] ) m passionate hope ( its efficacy ?an dur+ ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 = "s sev5ty ye>s ?is pagan %r9e & ,/4 ,pet]'s fir/ basilica /ood side by side1 fanes ( ! dy+ fai? & ( ! triumph+ religion4 ,x /irs ! imag9ation to recall t :5 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury c]ta9 *anges 7 be+ made 9 ! pres5t ,/4 ,pet]'s1 a consid]able numb] ( inscriptions 7 discov]$ buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 record+ ! celebration ( ! taurobolium by memb]s ( ! nobility aft] ! fir/ ,/4 ,pet]'s _h be5 built4#bif ,s side by side ! two rival religions cont5d$ = ! ma/]y4 ,! two descriptions ( ! ritual we h date f ! f\r? c5tury4#big ,! "o :o 0 to be purifi$1 aft] fir/ lay+ aside 8 ord9>y g>m5ts & dress+ himself 9 rags z a suppliant & begg>1 desc5d$ into a pit4 ,?is 0 cov]$ ) planks pi]c$ ) holes2 !n ! sacr$ bull 0 sla9 ov] ! planks t 8 blood1 fall+ on ! devotee1 might cleanse him & give him fre$om f 8 s94 ,! recipi5t endeavor$ to h e "p ( 8 p]son--especially 8 eyes1 nose1 & e>s--wa%$ by ! cleans+ /reams2 he op5$ 8 m\? to cat* ! fall+ blood & swall[$ x4 ,:5 he issu$ =? f ! pit1 dripp+ ) 8 horrible purification1 he 0 greet$ by 8 fell[ consecrates z "o :o _h be5 born aga94 ,usually ! efficacy ( ! new bir? giv5 by ! taurobolium 0 ?\ght to la/ only tw5ty ye>s 7r5atus 9 ,,xx annos71 at ! expiration ( :i* "t ! ritual 0 app>5tly repeat$2#bih once1 h[ev]1 we h ! confid5t ass]tion t ! devotee 0 8born aga9 = et]nity40#bii ,9 all ^! my/ic rites !re 7 _m common elem5ts4 ,fir/1 all gave assurance ( ! salvation ( ! s\l ?r\gh ! exact p]=mance ( ! rites ( initiation & ?r\gh ! ritual ( s]vice4 ,z we h e>li] se51 philosophy1 especially ,neopy?agoreanism & ,neoplatonism1 aim$ at ! same object z ^! ori5tal fai?s2 ! means 7 diff]5t b ! end 0 "o4 ,! devotee ( ,mi?ras1 ( ,isis1 ( ,cybele & ,attis1--:atev] ! god might be--believ$ t by initiation he _h be5 born into a new life1 t ! rites :i* he celebrat$ _h a purify+ p[]1 & t !y protect$ him aga9/ ! assaults ( evil spirits4 ,fur!rmore 8 religi\s life 0 con/antly f$ & n\ri%$ by memb]%ip 9 a bro!rhood :i* 0 consecrat$ & set ap>t f ! re/ ( ! _w1 z well z by regul> s]vices )9 ! %r9e ( 8 div9ity4 ,aga9 ! gods ( ,greece & ,rome requir$ only occasional & r>e s]vice2 ! ,ori5tals claim$ ! :ole ( a man's life3 n only at ! great fe/ivals b app>5tly at daily mat9s & vesp]s !y receiv$ ! praise & wor%ip ( _! foll[]s4 ,! prie/s 7 no long] civilians1 %>+ 9 ! ord9>y life ( _! communities1 b p]sons )drawn = ! div9e s]vice1 di/+ui%$ by _! dress & o!r signs4 ,moreov] ^! ori5tal my/ic religions 7 practically univ]sal1 9 spite ( ! fact t only m5 7 admitt$ to ! my/]ies ( ,mi?ras2 memb]%ip 9 ! sacr$ associations did n dep5d on bir?1 weal?1 or le>n+1 b on devotion4 ,advance 9 religi\s pr(ici5cy 0 usually m>k$ by diff]5t grades1 to :i* ! devotee receiv$ a div9e call4 ,9 ^! initiations ! individual obta9$ direct revelations :i* gave him k & fre$om4 ,he 0 made to feel 8 relation to ! univ]se bo? visible & invisible1 & to f9d himself 9 unity ) x4 ,rebir? into a new life1 con/ant support ( fai? ?r\gh memb]%ip 9 a sacr$ community & by religi\s s]vices1 confid5t assurance ( salvation--^! 7 ! common *>act]i/ics ( ! ori5tal religions :i* g f> to expla9 _! hold on ! ,roman _w 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era4 ,! "q may well be ask$ h[ f> ^! religions inculcat$ morality & :at _! e?ical *>act]s 74 ,x is c]ta9ly true t orig9ally !y 7 n moral or conc]n$ ) morality any m ?an mo/ o!r religions h be52 inde$ 9 ! /ories ( ,cybele & ,attis1 ( ,isis & ,osiris1 & ( _m o!r gods1 !re 7 obsc5e elem5ts almo/ z (f5sive to ! enlight5$ anci5t z to u4 ,mi?raism on ! o!r h& 0 s+ul>ly free f co>se my?s4 ,9 "t ! bas] tales 7 allegoriz$ & _! symbolism univ]sally accept$1 s t1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e tells u1 ! anci5t /ories 7 int]pret$ to ! p = _! moral edification4 ,isis became ! ev]pres5t div9e "m & k9d provid5ce2 ,s]apis 0 a god ( graci\s pity t[>d m52 ! ,great ,"m laid aside h] wild ,phrygian "* & *ang$ into ! b5efic5t "m ( all ,nature1 :ile ,attis became ! ,sun-god1 ! common symbol ( all-embrac+ div9ity4 ,) su* *anges z ^! came a response to :at we may call secul> e?ics1 & !re c be no "q t f ! second c5tury ( our era at lea/ ! ori5tal fai?s taught a morality :i* w\ld w9 our approval 9 l>ge measure today4 ,!re 7 inde$ _m elem5ts 9 !m :i* made = righte\sness4 ,! concept ( div9ity z a k9dly provid5ce :i* c>$ = ! individual & exact$ ! same good qualities f man1 ! unremitt+ devotion dem&$ ( ! devotees1 ! s5se ( moral pollution & ! long+ = moral purification1 ! %ift+ ( m5's eyes f ! mat]ial ga9s ( ?is _w to ! ideal rew>ds ( ! next--all ^! & _m o!r ?+s gave to ! ori5tal cults di/9ct & positive e?ical & spiritual values4 ,fur!rmore1 ! self-re/ra9t1 ! g5tle asceticism1 ! obligation to /rive unceas+ly on ! side ( righte\sness aga9/ ! evil p[]s1 :i* ^! religions impos$1 are n to be neglect$4 ,)9 ! religi\s bodies1 ^: memb]s 7 bro!rs 7fratres1 consecranei7 ! individual le>n$ submission to ! head ( ! society 7pat]71 ga9$ self-control & c\rage = 8 /ruggle aga9/ ! evils ( life4 ,no "o c read ! evid5ce we possess & n be impress$ by ! e>ne/ness & devotion ( ! fai?ful4 ,t ! ori5tal religions actually contribut$ to ! high] moral & spiritual life ( ! ,roman ,empire dur+ ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? c5turies is c]ta94 ,x is v true t ^! pagan religions f ! ,ea/ _h _! *>latans & quacks 9 abundance1 t _! noble/ elem5ts 7 (t5 entangl$ 9 a me% ( magic1 sup]/itions1 & false beliefs2 b ,*ri/ianity too suff]$ f ! same evils4 ,*ri/ianity triumph$ because ( its own inh]5t sup]iority to ! o!r religions1 n because its rivals 7 :olly evil & degrad+4 ,to fail to recognize ! real moral value ( ori5tal ,paganism is to fail to und]/& ! fir/ c5turies ( our era1 & s to rema9 bl9d to ! true nature ( ! _w 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity e/abli%$ its great] wor?4 ,yet ev5 if we 7 incl9$ to d\bt ! value ( ^! religions f our pres5t po9t ( view1 !re c\ld be no "q ( _! effect ^u _! devotees4 ,no "o :o reads ! pray] ( praise to ,isis :i* ,lucius (f]$ be=e leav+ ,cor9? = ,rome1 c mi/ake its s9c]ity3 8,o ?\ holy & et]nal protectress ( ! human race1 ?\ :o art ev] k9d to c>e = mortals & :o %[e/ unceas+ly ! sweet affection ( a "m = ! mis=tunes ( wret*$ m51 nei!r day nor any night1 nor ev5 ! slighte/ mom5t ( "t passes )\t ?y bless+s2 ?\ c>e/ = m5 on l& & sea1 ?\ drive/ f !m ! /orms ( life & ev] ext5de/ a sav+ h&1 :]e) ?\ unravelle/ ev5 ! inextricable web ( ,fate2 ?\ assuage/ ! tempe/s ( ,=tune1 & ?\ holde/ 9 re/ra9t ! baneful c\rses ( ! />s4 ,!e ! gods ( heav5 above adore1 ! gods ( ! _w bel[ obey2 ?\ sp9ne/ ! sph]e ( heav51 ?\ lighte/ ! sun1 guide/ ! univ]se1 & trample/ ,t>t>us b5ea? ?y feet4 ,to !e ! />s make answ]1 ! seasons return1 ! div9ities %[ _! joy1 ! elem5ts d _! s]vice4 ,at ?y nod ! breezes bl[1 ! cl\ds s5d _! n\ri%+ ra9s1 se$s swell1 & buds increase4 ,be=e ?y maje/y ! birds :o trav]se ! heav5s are 9 awe1 ! bea/s t roam ! m\nta9s1 ! s]p5ts t lurk b5ea? ! gr\nd1 ! mon/]s t swim ! deep4 ,b ,i am all too weak 9 wit to r5d] ?y praises1 too poor 9 purse to (f] !e due sacrifice2 my voice has n ! eloqu5ce to express all t ,i feel conc]n+ ?y maje/y4 ,nay1 _h ,i a ?\s& m\?s & tongues or et]nal cont9uance ( spee* unbrok51 x 7 n en\gh4 ,!re=e w ,i try to d t :i* alone a devotee fai?ful1 b poor )al1 c accompli%4 ,i w gu>d ! memory ( ?y div9e features & ?y mo/ holy god-head deep )9 my he>t's secret %r9e & !re keep t image =ev]40#cjj ,x may h seem$ /range to "s ( y t 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures we %\ld be consid]+ matt]s :i* at fir/ sight appe> s ali5 to ,greek ?9k+ z ^! ori5tal my/]ies4 ,! reason is to be f\nd 9 ! goal t[>d :i* we are aim+1 = x has be5 our purpose f ! beg9n+ to trace ! hi/ory ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght ?r\gh to ! "t :5 x _h 9 l>ge measure det]m9$ ! =m ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght & _h provid$ ! means by :i* ! latt] c\ld be made intelligible to ! contempor>y _w4 ,x is necess>y !re=e to exam9e ! sev]al elem5ts :i* made up ! sum total ( ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! e>li] ,*ri/ian c5turies4 ,moreov]1 z we h n[ se51 ! purpose ( ! ori5tal my/]ies 0 "o ) ! aim ( ! ,greek my/]ies & ) ! object ( ! ,greek my/ic philosophies4 ,!re=e we h be5 oblig$ to br+ into our plan ^! ea/]n religions4 ,b ,i ne$ n rem9d y t at ?is "t !re 0 ano!r ori5tal religion spread+ ov] ! _w :i* we h n yet consid]$4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ to ! ,we/1 x mu/ h pres5t$ itself z a new ea/]n my/]y4 ,m5 _h long be5 accu/om$ to su* religions2 = c5turies !y _h s\ght ei!r ?r\gh my/]ies su* z 7 celebrat$ at ,eleusis or l ^? br\ght 9 f ! ,ea/1 to f9d ! satisfaction ( _! hopes = a happy immortality4 ,9 ^! my/]ies1 z 9 ! my/ic philosophies1 "o ( ! c5tral ideas 0 t ( ! direct vision ( ! div9e :i* 0 a revelation ( ,god to man4 ,?is act ( grace _h supplant$1 or r _h be5 add$ to1 ! use ( ! reason or ( ! w :i* ! philosoph]s _h urg$ z ! means ( man's salvation4 ,?r\gh a long c\rse ( c5turies m5 _h be5 tra9$ by philosophy1 by my/]y1 & by political ev5ts1 until an environm5t _h be5 creat$ :i* 0 favorable to ! ideas ( ,*ri/ianity--an environm5t also :i* 0 de/9$ to influ5ce pr(\ndly ?is new religion 9 its e>li] c5turies1 s t x ultimately receiv$ a =m diff]5t f t =e%ad[$ 9 ! tea*+s ( its f\nd]4 ,! relation ( ,*ri/ianity to ! _w into :i* x ent]$ & "s ( ! reasons = its triumph w be ! subject ( our f9al lectures4 ,,footnotes3 #bhg ,,cil4 ,,iii1 #ddac4 ,,iii1 #dgif f ,tanz5b]g 9 s\!rn ,au/ria1 is an important witness "h1 = x records ! re/oration 9 #caa by ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce ( a ,mi?raic %r9e :i* _h be5 des]t$ = ov] fifty ye>s4 #bhh ,apuleius1 ,met4 ,,xi1 #e4 #bhi ,plut>*1 de ,is4 et ,osir41 #fg4 #bij ,apuleius1 ,met4 ,,xi1 #bc4 #bia ,apuleius1 ,met4 ,,xi1 #ai-cj4 #bib ,publi%$ by ,cumont1 ,my/res de ,mi?ra#b1 p4 #acb1 fig4 #ah4 #bic ,lydus1 de m5s4 ,,iv1 #ei4 ,cf4 ,cumont1 ,! ,ori5tal ,religions1 pp4 #ee ff4 ,"s s*ol>s d\bt ! evid5ce & w\ld place ! introduction ( ! fe/ivals 9 ! "t ( ! ,anton9es2 s ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]#b1 p4 #cbb4 #bid ,! same "n 0 us$ 9 ! fe/ival ( ,isis4 ,cf4 p4 #bgc4 #bie ,,cil4 ,x1 #aeif4 #bif ,ibid4 ,,vi1 #dig-ejd2 cf4 ,,igsi4 #ajai1 #ajbj4 #big ,prud5tius1 ,p]siteph4 #aj1 #ajaa ff42 ,anon41 ,c>m5 contra ,paganos #eg ff4 #bih ,,cil4 ,,vi1 #eab1 it]ato vig9ti annis expletis taurobolii sui4 ,probably we %\ld read taurobolio suo4 #bii ,ibid4 ,,vi1 #eaj4 #cjj ,apuleius1 ,met4 ,,xi1 #be4 ,,ix ,,*ri/ianity ,9 ! previ\s lectures we h trac$ ! developm5t ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght f ! ,hom]ic poems to ! ?ird c5tury ( our era2 we h se5 h[ ,greece ext5d$ h] intellectual dom9ion ov] ! entire ,m$it]ranean _w :i* ! milit>y & political g5ius ( ,rome b\nd into "o empire2 & we h exam9$ ! *ief ori5tal my/]ies :i* spread ?r\gh\t ! same area4 ,we n[ turn to ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is x w be necess>y to review at "s l5g? ! "w ( ,jesus & ! doctr9es ( ,paul1 t we may h 9 m9d ! mat]ial :i* 0 lat] br\ght into accord ) ! philosophic ?\ght & ! intellectual habits ( ! ,roman ,empire outside t di/rict 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity _h its bir?4 ,b be=e we d ?is we %\ld recall "s *>act]i/ics ( ! anci5t _w 9 ! e>lie/ c5turies ( our era4 ,9 ! fir/ place we mu/ realize t x 0 a ,greco-,roman _w1 "o 9 :i* ! civilizations ( two great peoples--! "o intellectual1 ! o!r political--_h be5 comp\nd$4 ,9 ! ea/]n half ( ! ,empire ,greek influ5ce dom9at$4 ,alex&]'s conque/s _h made ,greek ! common language ( a great area ) ! result t 9 ! ,ea/ ,greek ?\ght & ,greek habits ( expression--t is to say1 ,greek philosophy & ,greek rhetoric--7 practically native4 ,! ,we/ also1 z ,i h e>li] tri$ to %[1 _h receiv$ ,greek philosophy & ,greek rhetoric m ?an a c5tury & a half be=e our era1 s t inde$ ov] all ! ,roman ,empire common habits ( ?\ght & univ]sal modes ( expression prevail$4 ,! ea/]n half ( ! ,empire conta9$ ,alex&ria1 :i* _h be5 ! *ief intellectual c5t] f ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era2 9 ! ,we/ 0 ,rome1 ! c5t] ( t imp]ial p[] :i* made ! _w a political unit2 yet we/]n ?\ght ow$ n m]ely its =m b almo/ its exi/5ce to ,greek influ5ces4 ,9 ! second place ! ,ea/ 0 ! home ( ! le>n+ ( ! _w4 ,! ,greeks furni%$ ! ,we/ n only philosophy & rhetoric b ! sci5ces z well4 ,build+ on ! ma!matics & a/ronomy :i* !y _h le>n$ f _! ,ea/]n neighbors & ! ,egyptians !y soon develop$ ^! two si/] sci5ces4 ,tradition says t 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! philosoph] ,?ales pr$ict$ an eclipse ( ! sun2 c]ta9ly a c5tury lat] ! ,greeks _h made great advances2 & su* 7 _! atta9m5ts by ! op5+ ( our era t only 9 comp>atively mod]n times has a new p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy & ma!matics begun4 ,9 ! descriptive sci5ces ( botany & zology especially ! ,greeks _h rea*$ a high position by ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! "w ( ,ari/otle1 ( ,!ophra/us1 & ( o!rs /ill holds ! pr(\nd respect ( all mod]n sci5ti/s :o are famili> ) ! hi/ory ( _! subjects4 ,9 geography & m9]alogy also _! accompli%m5ts 7 n inconsid]able2 likewise 9 _m bran*es ( physics !y did notable "w2 :ile ,greek sci5tific m$ic9e1 already highly develop$ 9 ,hippocrates' day 7c4 #dfj-cgg ,b4,c471 0 fur!r advanc$ 9 ! succe$+ c5turies4 ,! works ( ,gal5 7#abi-;c4 #aii ,a4,d47 rema9$ ! au?oritative treatises = m ?an f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,all ^! sci5ces ! ,romans le>n$ f ! ,greeks1 & al?\gh 9 "s fields !y made notable application ( _! lessons1 !y nev] surpass$ _! tea*]s4 ,moreov] ,greece & ,hell5iz$ ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 & ,egypt _h a k ( ! conduct ( bus9ess1 ( bank+1 & ( ! details ( adm9i/ration :i* !y gave to ! we/]n half ( ! ,empire4 ,inde$ ,roman hi/ory betwe5 ! battle ( ,actium & ! reign ( ,diocletian f "o po9t ( view is ! hi/ory ( ! spread ( ea/]n ideas to ! ,we/ & ( _! absorption !re4 ,n only did captive ,greece take h] captor captive1 b 9 a s5se ,egypt1 ,syria1 & ,asia ,m9or won _! conque/s z well4 ,_m causes op]at$ to fur!r ?is intellectual dom9ation ( ! ,hell5iz$ ,ea/ ov] ! ,roman ,we/4 ,! ea/]n prov9ces _h n suff]$ 9 ! civil w>s at ! end ( ! ,republic z _h _m p>ts ( ! ,we/2 _! weal? 0 n wa/$1 & 9 g5]al _! social & economic relations 7 comp>atively undi/urb$4 ,"u ! wise adm9i/ration ( ! ,emp]ors ^! prov9ces grew ri*]2 _! inhabitants1 especially ! ,greeks among !m1 ga9$ a consci\sness ( _! own intellectual sup]iority :i* !y _h n _h 9 ! la/ two c5turies be=e our era4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,ea/1 !re=e1 0 9 _m ways consci\sly ex]t$4 ,?irdly we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! _w 0 cosmopolitan4 ,= c5turies trad]s _h c>ri$ n only w>es b ideas f "o "p ( ! anci5t _w to ano!r1 slaves _h done _! "p1 :i* 0 n small1 s9ce _m ( !m 7 educat$2 & f ! "t ( ,augu/us ! soldi]s drawn f e prov9ce ( ! ,empire ex]t$ a great influ5ce 9 break+ d[n ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! nations4 ,= ! idea ( a cosmopolitan _w ,/oicism _h furni%$ a philosophic basis2 ! actuality 0 realiz$ 9 l>ge measure by ! natural developm5ts "u ,roman imp]ial rule4 ,sep>ate nations _h ceas$ to exi/2 & 9 ! univ]sal levell+ :i* a gr[+ autocracy produc$1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 citiz5s1 prov9cials1 & slaves 7 dim9i%$ & an approa* 0 made to a cosmopolitan equality4 ,fur!rmore ! ,roman _w ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies 0 virtually a _w ( peace4 ,m]*ants & trad]s1 t\ri/s & mission>ies mov$ freely f "o end ( ! ,empire to ! o!r4 ,! value ( ?is ,roman peace 0 recogniz$ by ! ,*ri/ians2 ne> ! end ( ! second c5tury ! ,*ri/ian writ] ,ir5aeus decl>$3 8,! ,romans h giv5 ! _w peace & we travel )\t fe> along ! roads & across ! sea :]ev] we w40#cja ,! _w 0 also "o ( religi\s unre/ & inquiry4 ,! traditional religions & ! inh]it$ =ms ( religi\s expression _h 9 l>ge "p fail$4 ,!re 01 z has be5 said 9 an e>li] lecture1 a s5se ( we>9ess & dissatisfaction :i* %[$ itself 9 ! l>ge resort ( all classes to ,/oic philosophy1 9 ! devotion among ! cultur$ to ! my/ic philosophies1 9 conv]sions to ,judaism1 & lat] 9 ! ready reception ( ori5tal religions1 includ+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h already se5 h[ bo? philosophy & my/icism recogniz$ t m5 _h a s5se ( moral guilt & 7 consci\s ( an e/rangem5t f ,god ?r\gh s91 f :i* !y desir$ to secure purification1 t is1 to atta9 fre$om f ! common lot ( ! bondage ( wick$ness4 ,philosophy & my/icism also agre$ 9 hold+ t ! means at man's disposal 7 n suffici5t to accompli% 8 release1 t ! reason & ! w unaid$ c\ld n free him1 & t !re=e ext]nal help 0 necess>y--t an act ( grace made kn[n by a div9e revelation 0 requir$4 ,?is escape f s91 ?is free+ ( man's _s1 = :i* !y long$1 0 reg>d$ z a reunion ) ,god1 :i* gave ! promise ( security & salvation "h & h]eaft]1 & :i* !reby answ]$ man's hope = an unbrok5 & a p]fect$ exi/5ce4 ,x 0 into a _w ( su* a nature & ) su* religi\s ?\ghts z ^! t ,*ri/ianity ent]$4 ,b ,*ri/ianity grew out ( ,judaism4 ,x w be well !re=e to recall briefly to our m9ds ^? religi\s ideas ( ! ,jews to :i* ! mission & ! tea*+ ( ,jesus 7 imm$iately relat$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( our era a majority ( ! ,jews _h ab&on$ ! e>li] notion ( a gold5 age1 a mat]ial k+dom ( ,god1 :i* 0 to be set up on e>?1 = a belief 9 a m spiritual k+dom1 :i* 0 to be e/abli%$ at "s future "t ei!r on a trans=m$ e>? or 9 a sup]mundane heav54 ,!y no long] expect$ t ! :ole nation w\ld %>e 9 ! supreme happ9ess ( ?is k+dom1 b only ^? individuals :o by righte\sness & ?r\gh ,god's m]cy _h won a place !re92 ! wick$ 7 to be ei!r utt]ly de/roy$ or puni%$ =ev] 9 ,%eol4 ,moreov] ! ,jews g5]ally ent]ta9$ ,messianic expectations ( v>i\s k9ds2 !y did n1 h[ev]1 look =w>d ) confid5ce1 z _! =efa!rs _h done1 to ! com+ ( "o :o %\ld be a national k+ on e>?4 ,!re 7 besides hopes ( revelation f ,god on :i* we mu/ n pause4 ,nor is x necess>y to speak ( ! weaknesses ( ,judaism1 its t5d5cy to make ! practice ( religion a matt] ( con=mity to ! m9ute regulations ( ! law1 its frequ5t disreg>d ( moral motives1 its pride & religi\s pret5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ?\ghtful read]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are aw>e t )9 x are repres5t$ ?ree /ages 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! fir/ ! disciples ( ,jesus =m$ a gr\p & !n a sect )9 ! ,jewi% nation4 ,! second 0 t 9 :i* ! gospel 0 c>ri$ outside ,judea into ! ,roman ,empire to ,g5tiles z well z to ,jews4 ,?us ! trans=mation ( ,*ri/ianity into a univ]sal religion 0 begun4 ,9 t movem5t1 z we all "k1 ,paul 0 ! *ief figure4 ,! ?ird /age 0 t 9 :i* philosophic ?\ght began to op]ate ^u ! doctr9es ( ?is new religion4 ,x 0 ! p]iod 9 :i* ,*ri/ian !ology />t$ to develop2 ! "t 9 :i* ,*ri/ian ?\ght began to be express$ 9 philosophic =m & squ>$ ) ! philosophy ( ! day4 ,! f\r? ,gospel is ! docum5t 9 our canon 9 :i* ! use ( a great philosophic conception = ! expression ( ,*ri/ian ideas is fir/ obvi\s4 ,let u n[ consid] briefly ! tea*+s t belong to ^! ?ree /ages1 z !y are repres5t$ by ,jesus1 by ,paul1 & by ! writ] ( ! ,johann9e books4 ,l e great spiritual tea*] ,jesus built on ! beliefs ( 8 "t1 ref9+1 enl>g+1 ennobl+1 & trans=m+ m5's conceptions ( ,god & ( 8 k+dom1 ( man & ( 8 salvation4 ,8 tea*+s 7 concrete2 he made no attempt to pres5t 8 views 9 philosophic =m1 b inculcat$ 8 lessons z occasion (f]$ or requir$4 ,8 words & ! hi/ory ( 8 life are pres]v$ to u 9 imp]fect & fragm5t>y =ms1 hav+ be5 record$ aft] 8 dea? at a "t :5 8 foll[]s _h consid]ably increas$ 9 numb]s & 7 to be f\nd at _m places outside ,judea & ,syria4 ,= our pres5t purpose we mu/ conf9e ourselves to ! ?ree synoptic gospels4 ,( ^! ,m>k 9 ess5tially its pres5t =m 0 writt5 %ortly aft] #gj2 ,mat!w & ,luke c h>dly be e>li] ?an #hj-ij ,a4,d4 ,^! gospels are necess>ily bo? hi/orical & int]pretative2 _! writ]s 7 *ildr5 ( _! own day & %>$ 9 its beliefs & sup]/itions4 ,!y 7 naturally cr$ul\s t[>d ! my?s & leg5ds :i* _h rapidly gr[n up ab\t ,jesus4 ,:5 we consid] _! great es*atological int]e/1 we realize t ! au?ors actually tell u an extraord9>y am\nt conc]n+ ,jesus' life & tea*+s4 ,! hi/orical int]pretation ( ! gospels mu/ take all ^! matt]s into acc\nt4 ,x is impossible to und]/& ,jesus' tea*+s if we deta* !m f 8 p]son1 = 9 a v real s5se he 0 himself ! gospel4 ,only by grasp+ s f> z possible 8 p]sonality c we compreh5d 9 any adequate degree ! impression :i* he made on 8 foll[]s4 ,_! disciple%ip at ! "t & ! :ole developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity aft] ,jesus' dea? dep5d$ on t p]sonality4 ,nor is !re any?+ /range 9 ?is fact2 we are 9 a degree famili> ) x 9 our own exp]i5ce1 :5ev] any great tea*] or lead] appe>s4 ,let u n[ consid] ,jesus' views z to ! nature ( ,god & z to man's relation to him4 ,fir/ ( all he taught 8 disciples t !y mu/ reg>d ,god z _! ,fa!r4 ,?is idea 0 by no means new or =eign to ! ?\ghts ( 8 he>]s4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we n infrequ5tly f9d ,israel spok5 ( z ! son ( ,god2 x 0 said t ,god took a special & graci\s int]e/ 9 ! p ( ,israel1 t he c>$ = !m :olly1 or especially1 & t !y 7 8 belov$ p :om he _h *os5 to be ! ag5ts ( 8 revelation4 ,jesus taught t ,god's fa!rhood expresses itself 9 inf9ite love = m51 t ?is love ext5ds n only to ! righte\s b to ! wick$ z well1 s t bo? receive 8 c>e & bless+s3 8,b ,i say unto y1 ,love y\r enemies1 & pray = !m t p]secute y2 t ye may be sons ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav53 = he make? 8 sun to rise on ! evil & ! good1 & s5de? ra9 on ! j & ! unju/40#cjb ,fur!rmore he %[$ t ! div9e c>e is giv5 to ! humble/ & smalle/ p>ts ( ! univ]se1 s t ! heav5ly ,fa!r m>ks ev5 ! fall ( a sp>r[ to ! gr\nd4 ,! p]fect nature ( ,god's love ,jesus made ! measure ( ,god's p]fection2 &1 al?\gh he recogniz$ man's limitations & ! moral value ( an hone/ advance 9 righte\sness1 he set z man's ultimate goal no?+ less ?an ! p]fection ( ,god himself z %[n 9 p]fect love4#cjc ,aga9 he gave a new hope to outca/s & s9n]s by decl>+ t ^? :o rep5t$ ( _! s9s & desir$ to ent] into "r relations ) ,god w\ld n be despis$4 ,t 0 ! mean+ ( ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son3 x illu/rat$ ! g5]osity ( ,god's affection & %[$ t x rea*$ to ! poore/ & wor/ ( m54 ,to realize fully ! significance ( ?is tea*+ we mu/ rem9d ourselves ( ! attitude ( self-righte\s ,ph>isees n only t[>d publicans & s9n]s b t[>d ! common p1 association ) :om !y scrupul\sly %unn$ & among :om !y h>dly admitt$ t true piety c\ld exi/4 ,x 0 a sc&al 9 _! eyes t ,jesus m+l$ freely ) ! classes ^: contact 0 defilem5t & ^: intimacy 0 %ame1 :ile he decl>$ t he came to call n ! righte\s1 b s9n]s to rep5tance4 ,man's prop] relation to ,god ,jesus held to be ! exact conv]se ( ,god's to man3 he taught t man's son%ip consi/s 9 a lik5ess to ,god1 :i* w express itself 9 love t[>d ,god & t[>d all m54 ,?is tea*+ is n[h]e m cle>ly set =? ?an 9 ! words :i* ,i h j quot$3 8,love y\r enemies1 & pray = !m t p]secute y2 t ye may be sons ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav520#cjd ! same lesson he inculcat$ 9 ! pray] :i* he taught 8 disciples3 8,=give u our debts z we also h =giv5 our debtors40 ,on ano!r occasion he *>g$ 8 foll[]s3 8,:5soev] ye /& pray+1 =give1 if ye h aught aga9/ anyone2 t y\r ,fa!r also :i* is 9 heav5 may =give y y\r trespasses40#cje ,s ,jesus held t love & =giv5ess1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ,god himself1 are requir$ ( m5 z sons ( _! heav5ly ,fa!r2 t ^? :o wi% to claim su* a relation%ip to ,god mu/ ex]cise ! same g5]\s affection t[>d _! fell[s t ,god %[s to !m2 & t ) ?is mu/ g su* love ( ,god z 0 taught 9 ! law3 8,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y /r5g?1 & ) all ?y m9d2 & ?y neighb\r z ?yself40#cjf ,salvation ,jesus w\ld no d\bt h def9$ 9 "p z peace & confid5ce ( m9d 9 ?is _w & et]nal happ9ess 9 ! next4 ,our data cle>ly %[ t he held t man secures salvation :5 he ent]s on ! life :i* belongs to ! sons ( ,god1 & t ! basis ( ?is life1 z we h j se51 is love1 :ile its outw>d signs are acts prompt$ by :ole he>t$ affection = "o's fell[-m5 & = ,god4 ,?is life ,jesus evid5tly reg>d$ z ! natural "o f :i* man dep>ts ?r\gh s91 & !re=e he taught t rep5tance f s9 is ! antec$5t condition ( entrance into "r relations ) ,god1 t is to say1 into salvation4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 m9i/ry he prea*$ 9 ,galilee t ! k+dom ( ,heav5 0 at h& & call$ on m5 to rep5t & to believe 9 ! good news2 & at ! end ( 8 "w he *>g$ 8 disciples to prea* rep5tance & ! remission ( s9s to all peoples4#cjg ,b x is important t we %\ld keep cle>ly be=e u ! fact t ,jesus did n lay s mu* emphasis on ! negative elem5t ( rep5tance z on ! positive motive ( love4 ,he taught t ! man :o _h t motive w\ld naturally exhibit x 9 a tru/ful dep5d5ce on ,god & 9 a righte\sness ( life :i* w\ld be ( a v diff]5t "* f t ( a life direct$ by m]e ob$i5ce to legal & ritual requirem5ts4 ,a man ^: ?\ghts & acts 7 prompt$ by love ( ,god & ( 8 fell[-m5 _h atta9$ salvation--t is to say1 ,jesus held salvation to be a pres5t exp]i5ce1 "o :i* c\ld be realiz$ at any "t by any man :o recogniz$ ,god z 8 fa!r ) all :i* t impli$1 & :o consequ5tly devot$ himself to a life ( unselfi% s]vice4 ,he decl>$ t su* a man _h already ent]$ into a joy & bless$ness :i* no e>?ly mis=tunes c\ld di/urb4 ,jesus !re=e n only gave 8 foll[]s a sure hope ( salvation 9 ! future1 :5 !y %\ld realize 9 heav5 ! supreme ideal ( life & complete happ9ess1 b he also taught !m t !y c\ld h a real exp]i5ce ( salvation 9 _! pres5t e-day lives4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,jesus laid ! greate/ /ress on ! motives = righte\sness1 & t he paid little att5tion to ! negative & re/rictive elem5ts :i* are inevitably l>ge 9 any legali/ic sy/em ( e?ics or religion4 ,= him m]e ext]nal acts & obs]vances 7 n en\gh1 b righte\sness & s]vice mu/ be prompt$ f )94 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh ! record ( 8 life & tea*+s %[ t he atta*$ mu* importance to ! social elem5ts 9 religion1 he dwelt on ! responsibility ( ! individual1 :o mu/ = himself1 by 8 motives1 "*1 & actions fulfill ! requirem5ts = entrance into salvation4 ,) reg>d to ,jesus' conception ( 8 own p]son x is difficult to speak ) c]ta9ty on _m po9ts4 ,x is beyond "q1 h[ev]1 t he reg>d$ himself z "o div9ely commission$ to pres5t ! fa!rhood ( ,god & to set =? man's prop] relations to ,god & to 8 fell[-m54 ,fai? 9 ! validity ( 8 commission & 9 8 tea*+s z %[+ ! way ( salvation 0 requir$ ( 8 foll[]s1 = only by su* fai? c\ld !y be mov$ to transmute 8 tea*+s into action4 ,yet x is intimat$ t up to ! "t ( 8 la/ arrival at ,j]usalem ,jesus made no ef=t to be popul>ly reg>d$ z ! ,messiah = :om ! ,jews _h look$4 ,:5 at ,caes>ea ,philippi ,pet] decl>$ t he 0 ! ,*ri/1 ,jesus 8*>g$ ! disciples t !y %\ld tell no man40#cjh ,8 reasons = su* caution seem evid5t :5 we consid] ! v>i$ "* ( ! ,jews' ,messianic hopes1 & ! great probability t if he _h all[$ himself to be recogniz$ z ! "o :om !y expect$1 8 prop] "w w\ld h be5 greatly hamp]$1 if n utt]ly *eck$4 ,! dang] is well illu/rat$ by ! incid5t record$ 9 ,john1 :5 ! p wi%$ to take him by =ce & make him k+1 s t he 0 oblig$ to )draw f !m4#cji ,b 9 spite ( ,jesus' unwill+ness to put =w>d ,messianic claims = himself1 x is cle> t he consid]$ 8 relation to ,god z unique 9 its k & p]fection4 ,:5 he ask$ 8 foll[]s to believe on him1 he seems obvi\sly to h call$ on !m to tru/ him z ! "o :o _h be5 div9ely commission$ to int]pret ,god to m51 & to accept ! validity ( 8 tea*+ z to man's prop] relations to ,god & 8 fell[-m51 t is1 z to ! life :i* !y %\ld foll[ z ! sons ( _! ,fa!r4 ,! dogmatic associations :i* today are atta*$ to ! idea ( a 8belief 9 ,*ri/10 obscure ,jesus' pla9 tea*+ = _m4 ,b :5 8 m9i/ry _h be5 br\ght to its tragic close1 8 disciples saw him 9 a new light1 & !reaft] made 8 p]son a matt] ( supreme mom5t1 z ! ,*ur* on ! :ole has done ev] s9ce4 ,aga9 !re has be5 mu* debate z to ! significance ( ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,jesus4 ,f our data we mu/ conclude t ,jesus did n give to 8 passion ! int]pretation :i* 8 disciples naturally gave aft] ! ev5t1 & :i* succe$+ g5]ations h giv5 x4 ,yet t[>d ! end ( 8 m9i/ry ,jesus recall$ & appli$ to himself ! doctr9e t ! good may suff] dea?1 n = 8 own faults1 b = ! s9s ( o!rs1 z f\nd 9 ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah2 & x seems cle> t he reg>d$ 8 rejection & crucifixion z ess5tial factors 9 br++ m5 into ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,:at relation n[ did ! tea*+s ( ,jesus be> to ! religi\s beliefs & hopes ( ! ,jewi% p8 ,c]ta9ly 8 words on mo/ matt]s did n appe> to 8 he>]s oppos$ to ,jewi% doctr9es1 b r !y seem$ to enl>ge & to give a nobl] cont5t to _! own ideas4 ,) ! curr5t doctr9e t ! salvation ( ! individual dep5d$ on 8 own righte\sness he 0 ?or\ghly 9 accord4 ,he gave1 h[ev]1 a deep] mean+ to ! idea ( righte\sness3 9 opposition to ! extreme legali/ic notions :i* 7 emphasiz$ especially by "s ( ! ,ph>isees1 he taught t !re mu/ fir/ exi/ ! inn] motive ( love = ,god & man f :i* alone "r actions c\ld fl[2 t "o :o _h recogniz$ 8 true relations to ,god & 8 fell[s & ^: trans=m$ "* %[$ itself 9 filial dep5d5ce on ,god & 9 lov+ & g5]\s s]vice t[>ds m51 & 9 ! practice ( humility1 0 already deliv]$ f ! bondage ( s9 & _h ent]$ into a new spiritual life4 ,al?\gh 8 contempor>ies _h ab&on$ _! hopes ( a prompt realization ( ! k+dom ( ,god on e>?1 ,jesus %[$ t t k+dom 0 already pres5t 9 its beg9n+ :]ev] m5 display$ ! "* & did ! de$s :i* belong$ to ! k+dom--9 o!r words1 t ! k+dom c\ld be realiz$ "h by *ang+ pres5t conditions s t ,god's w %\ld be done on e>? z 9 heav54 ,god1 to ,jesus' m9d1 0 n to be conceiv$ z a k+ rul+ ov] 8 p1 b r z a univ]sal lov+ fa!r1 ^: affection ext5d$ to ! wick$ z well z to ! good1 & embrac$ e class ( mank9d4 ,he taught fur!r t f ?is div9e love fl[$ an inf9ite grace :i* left no man outside ! possibility ( salvation4 ,b beyond all ^! elem5ts 9 ! tea*+s ( ,jesus1 :i*1 because ( _! supreme moral dem&s1 made ! way ( salvation at once mo/ simple & mo/ sev]e1 m ?an ! fact t 8 tea*+s dealt prim>ily ) ! heal? ( ! s\l1 ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 8 belief t he _h receiv$ a div9e commission1 & 8 consci\sness ( 8 unique relation to ,god mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt if we are to und]/& adequately ! effect ( 8 tea*+4 ,8 imm$iate disciples nev] dream$ ( sep>at+ !mselves f ! ,jews until ev5ts =c$ !m to take t /ep1 b !y 7 fill$ ) ! conviction t _! ,ma/] 0 ! ,messiah & t a new revelation _h come to !m4 ,aft] ,jesus' dea? 8 foll[]s made ! c5tral !me ( _! prea*+ ! proclamation ( him z ! ,*ri/1 :o by 8 suff]+s & dea? _h br\ght salvation to m52 !y taught t ?r\gh him m5 might be deliv]$ f _! s9 & ent] into ! bless+s promis$ by 8 gospel4 ,9 g5]al !y laid m /ress on es*atology ?an ,jesus _h done1 = !y confid5tly expect$ an e>ly end ( ! _w & ! reappe>ance ( ,*ri/ 9 glory4 ,quietly no d\bt at fir/ !y began to make conv]ts 9 ,j]usalem4 ,!n a p]secution broke out & conv]sions 7 made outside ,judea among o!r peoples ?an ! ,jews4 ,ab\t ! ye> #de a *ur*1 l>gely ,g5tile1 0 =m$ at ,antio*1#caj ! ?ird city ( importance 9 ! ,empire4 ,! f\nd+ ( ?is *ur* def9itely began ! expansion ( ,*ri/ianity beyond ! b\nds ( ,judaism4 ,paul 0 ! *ief lead] 9 ext5d+ ! gospel to ! ,g5tiles1 & s mu* did he ov]%ad[ ! o!r mission>ies t 8 "w & tea*+ m>k ! second p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,al?\gh no acc\nt c "h be giv5 ( 8 life & exp]i5ces1 x is necess>y to h ^! 9 m9d to und]/& 8 influ5ce4 ,especially important is x to rememb] t he 0 a tra9$ ,jew1 famili> ) ! ,old ,te/am5t & ) ! !ological doctr9es ( 8 p2 nor 0 he unacqua9t$ ) ! ideas & ! language ( ! ,greek _w1 or unt\*$ by ! my/icism ( 8 day4 ,a ,roman citiz5 by bir?1 a ,hebrew ( ! ,hebrews by desc5t & education1 he 0 well fitt$ to play 8 great rle z ! apo/le :o 0 to c>ry ,*ri/ianity out ( ,judaism to ! ,g5tiles4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 no sy/ematic !ologian to lay d[n a logical body ( doctr9e z a ,greek might h done1 & 8 writ+s 7 all occasional4 ,fur!rmore he _h n be5 a companion ( ,jesus1 b 0 "o :o believ$ t by an extraord9>y exp]i5ce he _h come directly into k ( ! ris5 ,*ri/4 ,yet if ,paul 0 n a sy/ematic !ologian1 he comb9$ ) 8 int5se religi\s devotion a ke5 habit ( m9d :i* made ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( 8 ?\ght /& out cle>ly4 ,to him ,*ri/'s dea? & resurrection 7 ! great facts ( salvation1 ! means :]eby man 0 r$eem$ f s94 ,if we read ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 p]haps ! e>lie/ ( ! ,paul9e epi/les 7c4 #df-ej ,a4,d471 :i* conta9s mu* autobiographical mat]ial1 we f9d c]ta9 ideas set =? !re :i* are repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 8 o!r writ+s4 ,we c h>dly d bett] ?an to beg9 ) ?is lett]4 ,fir/1 ,*ri/ is /at$ to be ! r$eem] ( m5 f _! s9s2 ?is is %[n by ! words ( ! greet+3 8,grace to y & peace f ,god ! ,fa!r1 & our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o gave himself = our s9s1 t he might deliv] u out ( ?is pres5t evil _w1 accord+ to ! w ( our ,god & ,fa!r40 ,! suff]+ ( ! good = ! s9s ( o!rs1 z we h already se51 0 an idea famili> to ! ,jews1 & x 0 easy = a ,jewi% conv]t to relate ! dea? ( ,jesus to ! prophecy 9 ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,paul saw 9 ! dea? & ! resurrection ( ,jesus ! pro( t he 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,! vic>i\s "* ( ,*ri/'s dea? 0 probably an elem5t 9 all apo/olic tea*+4 ,on x & ! my/ic indwell+ ( ,*ri/1 ,paul :olly bas$ 8 prea*+4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 did n tea* t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 9 itself sav$ m5 )\t ef=t on _! "p2 on ! contr>y he held t man c\ld atta9 r$emption only ?r\gh fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,n[ 8fai?0 meant to him some?+ m ?an m]e belief or tru/2 x 0 tru/ m>k$ by an attitude ( sympa?y ) ! div9e nature & a read9ess to receive t nature into "o's self s t ,*ri/ c\ld dwell 9 man1 & ! human & ! div9e natures c\ld be unit$4 ,9 ?is way to ,paul's m9d ! ,jew 0 set free f ! requirem5ts ( ! law & obta9$ ju/ification1 t is1 ga9$ =giv5ess ( 8 s9s & reconciliation ) ,god4 ,fai? supplant$ law1 & made m5 sons ( ,god4 ,s he wrote3 8,we be+ ,jews by nature1 & n s9n]s ( ! ,g5tiles1 yet kn[+ t a man is n ju/ifi$ by ! works ( ! law1 save ?r\gh fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ev5 we believ$ on ,*ri/ ,jesus1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & n by ! works ( ! law3 because by ! works ( ! law %all no fle% be ju/ifi$40#caa ,& aga93 8,b be=e fai? came1 we 7 kept 9 w>d "u ! law1 %ut up unto ! fai? :i* %\ld aft]w>ds be reveal$4 ,s t ! law ha? be5 our tutor to br+ u unto ,*ri/1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai?4 ,b n[ t fai? is come1 we are no long] "u a tutor4 ,= ye are all ! sons ( ,god1 ?r\gh fai?1 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus40#cab ,?is attitude ( ! apo/le 0 due 9 "p to 8 own exp]i5ce1 :i* _h %[n him ! insuffici5cy ( ! ,jewi% law1 & also 9 "p to ! polemic aga9/ ,judaism :i* 0 a necess>y "p ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,b 8 doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? 0 n develop$ = =5sic purposes2 x 0 "o ( 8 firme/ convictions4 ,:5 ,paul spoke ( ,*ri/ dwell+ 9 a man1 z he frequ5tly did 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1#cac he meant 8 words to be tak5 lit]ally3 he held t ,*ri/ ent]s into ! man1 frees him f ! dom9ation ( ! s9ful fle%1 &1 be+ a life-giv+ _s1 br+s ! ,*ri/ian f dea? to life2 & t 9 ?is way ! believ] by fai? %>es 9 ,*ri/'s dea?1 resurrection1 & triumph4 ,!re=e he exhort$ ! ,colossians3 8,if !n ye 7 rais$ toge!r ) ,*ri/1 seek ! ?+s t are above1 :]e ,*ri/ is1 seat$ on ! "r h& ( ,god4 ,set y\r m9d on ! ?+s t are above1 n on ! ?+s t are ^u ! e>?4 ,= ye di$1 & y\r life is hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god40#cad ,fai? to ,paul's m9d 0 a pres5t union ) ! ris5 & glorifi$ ,*ri/2 x 0 = him ! means ( salvation1 or r x 0 salvation4 ,z he wrote 9 ! six? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 he held t ?r\gh union ) ,*ri/ man dies to s9 & rises to fre$om f ! bondage ( wick$ness2 he is reborn a new creature & ent]s into a new spiritual life4#cae ,closely associat$ ) fai? is ,paul's doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,! ^w itself 77 0 intelligible to bo? ! ,greek & ,jewi% _w1 b s9ce ,paul 0 n a sy/ematic !ologian1 x is a matt] ( mu* dispute z to :at 8 exact concept ( ! ,holy ,_s 04 ,he evid5tly ?\ght ( ! ,_s z a div9e objective reality4 ,9 "s passages he id5tifies ,*ri/ & ! _s ( ,*ri/ or ! _s ( ,god2#caf f ?is we may conclude t he probably ?\ght ! ,holy ,_s to be a mode ( ! indwell+ ,*ri/4 ,b if 8 concept is n cle> to u1 we h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ 8 ideas z to ! op]ation ( ! ,_s4 ,he taught t x is ! ,_s :i* assures m5 ( _! son%ip s t !y may address ,god z _! ,fa!r2 t x trans=ms ! inn] man2 & t x dem&s ! sanctification ( ! body1 = ! body is ! temple ( ! ,holy ,_s4#cag ,f ! ,_s come ! fundam5tal virtues--8love1 joy1 peace1 long-suff]+1 k9dness1 goodness1 fai?fulness1 meekness1 temp]ance40#cah ,?us ! ,_s is ! means ( cont9u+ ! believ] 9 8 c\rse & ( p]fect+ him 9 ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,9 common ) 8 contempor>ies ,paul ( c\rse believ$ t _m ec/atic ph5om5a--speak+ ) tongues & prophesy+1 = example--7 ! gifts ( ! ,_s2 b 8 in/ructions to ! excitable ,cor9?ians %[ 8 good s5se & wisdom4#cai ,9 all 8 tea*+ ,paul 0 highly practical4 ,x is n c]ta9 t he held a duali/ic view ( man's nature 9 ! ,greek or ,p]sian s5se1 b he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! /ruggle betwe5 man's l[] & high] natures & he knew ! w>r+ elem5ts )9 ! individual4 ,he frequ5tly contra/$ ! fle% & ! _s1 mean+ by ! fir/ man's s9ful nature :i* keeps him 9 ! bondage ( wick$ness4 ,f ?is bondage & consequ5t dea? he held t man _c escape by 8 own p[]s2 b t ,*ri/ deliv]s man f s9 & its consequ5ces4 ,?is deliv]ance is an act ( grace1 a gift f ,god4 ,we h only to read ! ,epi/les :i* be> 8 "n to see h[ wisely he dealt ) actual errors & s9s1 or /irr$ to concrete acts ( righte\sness ! memb]s ( ! *ur*es :i* he _h f\nd$4 ,9 mo/ ( 8 writ+ ,paul dwelt on ! pres5t salvation :i* ! my/ic union ) ,*ri/ secur$1 b at times he treat$ ! es*atological nature ( salvation1 tea*+ t ! full effects ( x w\ld be realiz$ :5 ,*ri/ %\ld come to be glorifi$ 9 8 sa9ts4 ,t ?is day w\ld come quickly ! apo/le fully believ$2 !n ! fai?ful1 dead & liv+ alike1 w\ld receive _! full rew>d & ! wick$ _! puni%m5t4 ,^!1 briefly1 are ! fundam5tal elem5ts 9 ,paul's doctr9e3 fir/1 ! significance ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus2 second1 fai? :i* secures ! my/ic union ) ,*ri/2 ?ird1 ! indwell+ ,holy ,_s1 :i* completes man's r$emption & moral reg5]ation4 ,= all ,paul d\btless f\nd w>rant 9 ! life & words ( ,jesus1 al?\gh he seems to h neglect$ ! e?ical tea*+s ( ! ,ma/]4 ,paul's views h =m$ ! basis ( mu* ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* s9ce 8 "t1 al?\gh 8 idea ( union ) ,*ri/ ?r\gh fai? soon fell into ! backgr\nd2 :5 x 0 reviv$ x took on a =m v unlike ! apo/le's tea*+4 ,we h ?us f> se5 two t5d5cies 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,! fir/ appe>s 9 ! synoptic gospels :]e ,jesus is repres5t$ z ! m$iator & tea*]1 :o int]pret$ to m5 ! univ]sal lov+ fa!rhood ( ,god & %[$ !m _! prop] relations to ,god & to _! fell[-m52 ! o!r is se5 9 ,paul :o taught t ?r\gh ! indwell+ ,*ri/ salvation 0 secur$4 ,x 0 inevitable t reflective ?\ght %\ld act ^u ^! tea*+s1 & t 9 ! philosophic environm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 at lea/ outside ,judea1 attempts %\ld be made to appreh5d & to =mulate 9 intellectual t]ms ! nature1 life1 & mission ( ,jesus--9 o!r words to create a ,*ri/ian philosophy or !ology4 ,:5 9 ! p]iod betwe5 #ej & #ajj ,a4,d41 ,*ri/ianity came into conflict ) ,hell5i/ic philosophy & !osophy ?is "w ( build+ up a ,*ri/ian philosophy began4 ,?is /age is ! ?ird repres5t$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! s-call$ ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 7c4 #ij ,a4,d47 is ! fir/ docum5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 :i* ! ,greek intellectual habit cle>ly appe>s4 ,al?\gh ! unkn[n au?or 0 writ+ to ,g5tile ,*ri/ians = practical & n doctr9al ends1 !re is good evid5ce t he _h be5 influ5c$ by ,alex&rian ?\ght4 ,he pres5ts ,*ri/ianity z ! f9al & absolute religion1 emphasizes ,*ri/'s prie/ly (fice & 8 sacrifice1 & gives a m philosophical & ab/ract def9ition ( fai? ?an any o!r writ] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! great example1 h[ev]1 ( ! effect ( ! contact ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,greek ?\ght is furni%$ by ! ,gospel ( ,john & ! ,johann9e ,epi/les4 ,?is f\r? ,gospel 0 app>5tly writt5 at ,ephesus1 probably betwe5 #ajj & #aaj ,a4,d41 by "o :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! philosophy & my/icism ( 8 "t2 he 0 also /rongly influ5c$ by ,paul4 ,if ! ,johann9e ,epi/les are n by ! same au?or1 !y repres5t ! same range ( ideas z ! ,gospel1 & we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 us+ !m toge!r ) x4 ,! f\r? ,gospel is mu* m an int]pretation ?an a hi/ory ( ,jesus' p]son & life2 x takes = grant$ t its read]s are acqua9t$ ) ! facts2 & x assumes t ! *ur* is "o univ]sal body4 ,let u n[ consid] ! op5+ words ( ?is ,gospel3 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,! same 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,all ?+s 7 made by him2 & )\t him 0 n any?+ made t ha? be5 made4 ,9 him 0 life2 & ! life 0 ! light ( m54 ,& ! light %9e? 9 ! d>kness2 & ! d>kness appreh5d$ x n4 ,!re came a man1 s5t f ,god1 ^: "n 0 ,john4 ,! same came = witness1 t he might be> witness ( ! light1 t all might believe ?r\gh him4 ,he 0 n ! light1 b came t he might be> witness ( ! light4 ,!re 0 ! true light1 ev5 ! light :i* lighte? e man1 com+ into ! _w4 ,he 0 9 ! _w1 & ! _w 0 made by him1 & ! _w knew him n4 ,he came unto 8 own1 & !y t 7 8 own receiv$ him n4 ,b z _m z receiv$ him1 to !m gave he ! "r to become *ildr5 ( ,god1 ev5 to !m t believe on 8 "n3 :i* 7 born1 n ( blood1 nor ( ! w ( ! fle%1 nor ( ! w ( man1 b ( ,god4 ,& ! ,^w became fle%1 & dwelt among u 7& we beheld 8 glory1 glory z ( ! only begott5 f ! ,fa!r71 full ( grace & tru?40#cbj ,"h !n are two fundam5tal ideas3 fir/1 ! et]nal exi/5ce & div9e nature ( ,*ri/ :o is ! ,^w1 ! ,logos ( philosophic spee*1 & second1 ! revelation ( ,god to man ?r\gh ! inc>nate ,^w--8! ,^w became fle% & dwelt among u40 ,! concept ( ! ,logos z ! _w-reason we saw fir/ appe> 9 ! philosophy ( ,h]aclitus2 !n ! idea develop$ ?r\gh ! c5turies until ! ,logos 0 equival5t to ! reason ( ,god1 at once exi/+ 9 ,god & be+ 8 expression4 ,z su* x 0 a "p ( ,alex&rian ?\ght1 be+ f\nd1 = example1 9 ,philo4 ,! ,logos ( ! philosoph]1 h[ev]1 0 ! ag5t connect+ a transc5d5tal god ) ! div9e creation1 mak+ & su/a9+ ! _w4 ,9 s f> ! ,johann9e /atem5t is 9 accord ) curr5t ?\ght & expression1 al?\gh we %\ld probably be wrong if we affirm$ t ! au?or 0 draw+ on ,philo directly2 x is f> m probable t he 0 simply us+ ideas & language common 9 ! intellectual circles ( ! day4 ,b if we comp>e ! idea ( ! ,logos 9 ! ,johann9e prologue ) t 9 ,philo we obs]ve a pr(\nd & /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,= ,philo1 z we h j said1 ! ,logos 0 an ab/ract entity :i* exi/$ = cosmological purposes2 9 ! ,johann9e ?\ght1 al?\gh ! ,logos is ! creator ( ! _w1 he is mu* m3 he is inc>nate 9 mortal fle% t he may reveal ,god to man & br+ man salvation4 ,! au?or wi%$ to %[ t ! creator & reveal] 7 "o1 t ! ,logos _h appe>$ z a man on e>?4 ,n[ ?is emphasis on ! human side ( ,jesus1 ! son ( ,god1 0 9 all probability due to ! argum5ts ( "s incipi5t ,gno/ics :o d5i$ t ! ,*ri/ _h come 9 ! fle%1 & ?is polemic purpose goes f> to expla9 ! abruptness ( ! prologue4 ,:5 once ! /atem5t has be5 made ! philosophical language deal+ ) ! ,logos is dropp$2 yet ! position & emphasis ( ! ideas 9 ! prologue 7 calculat$ to assure ! enlight5$ read]s ( ! f\r? ,gospel t ! witness ( ! g5]ation :i* _h se5 ,jesus 0 true & mu/ be accept$4#cba ,! fir/ purpose ( ! au?or 0 to set =? ! prime significance ( ! p]sonal human ,jesus1 ) :om m5 _h liv$ on famili> t]ms & f :om !y _h le>n$ ! deepe/ tru?s4#cbb ,h[ !n1 accord+ to ?is writ]1 does ! inc>nation ( ! ,^w ( ,god 9 ! human ,jesus br+ salvation to m58 ,! fir/ answ] is giv5 by ! use ( a symbol :i* is employ$ 9 six passages 9 ! ,gospel3#cbc ,*ri/ is ! light :i* lighte? e man2 t is1 ! function ( ! inc>nate ,^w is to br+ ! light ( true insight1 :i* is k ( ,god1--& ,jesus 9 himself br+s t k4 ,s ,jesus decl>$ t he 0 ! light ( ! _w1 come to illum9e ! d>kness ( s9 & ignorance 9 :i* m5 dwelt by manife/+ ! ,fa!r to !m4 ,he said 9 answ] to ,philip3 8,he t ha? se5 me ha? se5 ! ,fa!r2 h[ saye/ ?\1 ,%ew u ! ,fa!r8 ,believe/ ?\ n t ,i am 9 ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,fa!r 9 me8 ! words t ,i say unto y ,i speak n f myself3 b ! ,fa!r abid+ 9 me doe? 8 works4 ,believe me t ,i am 9 ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,fa!r 9 me3 or else believe me = ! v works' sake40#cbd ,^! words %[ also t k c\ld come only f belief2 h5ce foll[$ ! necessity ( believ+ 9 ,jesus z ! inc>nation ( ! ,^w ( ,god1 & 9 ! tru? ( 8 tea*+s4 ,x is ! k ( ! tru? ?us acquir$ :i* sets m5 free4#cbe ,yet ! k ( ,god reveal$ to ! believ] ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ 0 n to ! au?or's m9d ! sole factor 9 secur+ salvation4 ,we h se5 h[ prom95t love is 9 ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 z report$ by ! synoptic writ]s2 to ?is elem5t ! ,johann9e writ] return$ & made x almo/ prem95t4 ,love is ! def9ition ( ,god himself 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le2#cbf love 0 ! motive :i* prompt$ ,god to reveal himself to ! _w ?r\gh 8 only begott5 son :o by t revelation & 9 8 p]son br\ght salvation to m54#cbg ,to love "o ano!r 0 ! new comm&m5t :i* ,*ri/ gave 8 foll[]s1 & ! measure ( _! love 0 8 love = !m2 x 0 also to be ! pro( to ! _w t !y 7 8 disciples4#cbh ,love1 !n1 0 at once ! w>rant ( _! hope & ! evid5ce ( ! new life into :i* !y 7 reborn ?r\gh belief 9 ,*ri/ & acceptance ( him z ! reveal] ( ,god to m54 ,?is new life is express$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel z a my/ical union ) ,*ri/ :i* _c be di/+ui%$ 9 its ess5ce f t ( ! ,paul9e epi/les2 only ! way ( entrance into x is diff]5tly describ$4 ,paul makes fai? ! gate2 al?\gh ! ,johann9e au?or does n lay less emphasis on fai? ?an ,paul1#cbi he does n look at x 9 q ! same way z ! e>li] writ]1 & he speaks ( ! entrance into ! true relation ) ,*ri/ z a new bir?--us+ ! same idea z ! pagan my/ics4 ,! new bir? 0 describ$ z ( ! _s1 :]eas ! fir/ 0 ( ! fle%1#ccj & ! believ]'s vital relation to ,*ri/ 0 symboliz$ by ! figures ( ! v9e1 ( ! bread1 & ( ! wat] ( life4#cca ,paul9e influ5ce may possibly be se5 also 9 ! ,johann9e doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,_s--at any rate ! f\r? ,gospel %[s t at ! "t x 0 writt5 a belief 9 ! ,holy ,_s 0 well e/abli%$1 s t ! g]m ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity 0 already plant$4#ccb ,! ,holy ,_s is v>i\sly ref]r$ to z ! ,advocate or ,help]1 & ! ,_s ( ,tru?1 :i* 0 to be ! active ag5t 9 edify+ believ]s & rebuk+ ! _w :5 ,*ri/ 0 no long] 9 ! fle%4#ccc ,! purpose ( ! f\r? ,gospel !n 0 fir/ to prove t ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 & secondly to br+ m5 to a belief 9 ?is fact :i* w\ld give !m life 9 ,*ri/4#ccd ,! idea t salvation is pres5t spiritual exp]i5ce culm9ates 9 ! ,johann9e writ+s2 ! doctr9e t ^? :o he> & believe h already ent]$ into et]nal life is cle>ly /at$4#cce ,let u n[ summ>ize ! fundam5tal ideas ( primitive ,*ri/ianity :i* we h be5 exam9+ 9 ?is lecture4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 because ( 8 nature & 8 tea*+s ,jesus 0 reg>d$ z ! reveal] ( ,god to m51 & at ! same "t1 be+ ! ,*ri/1 he 0 held to be _! savi\r & r$eem]4 ,paul emphasiz$ ,*ri/'s dea? & resurrection1 ,john ! inc>nation z ! great c5tral facts4 ,secondly1 love & fai? & _! effects on man's relation to ,god & to 8 fell[-m5 7 made ! ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,?irdly1 ! doctr9e ( ! my/ic union ( ! believ] ) ! div9e ,*ri/ & t ( ! indwell+ ,holy ,_s 7 fundam5tal 9 bo? ! ,paul9e & ,johann9e writ+s4 ,revelation1 fai?1 my/ic union ) ! ,div9e1 salvation--our previ\s /udies h %[n u t ^! ideas 7 bo? famili> & welcome 9 ! ,greco-,roman _w ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,we h n[ review$ ! ess5tial elem5ts 9 ea* ( ! ?ree /ages repres5t$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! tea*+s ( ,jesus %[ no trace ( any influ5ce ex]t$ by ,greek philosophic or religi\s ?\ght4 ,) ,paul we beg9 to detect ! signs ( su* influ5ce--! g]ms ( ! doctr9e ( ,logos1 = example1 are f\nd 9 ! lat] epi/les 7,philippians1 ,ephesians1 & ,colossians71 :i* set =? a belief 9 ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,b x rema9$ = ! ,johann9e writ] to give a full] philosophic /atem5t to ?is doctr9e1 & 9 g5]al to br+ ,*ri/ianity well )9 ! prov9ce ( ,greek ?\ght & expression4 ,!nce=? ,*ri/ianity belong$ to ! ,greek intellectual _w4 ,,footnotes3 #cja ,adv4 ha]4 ,,iv1 #cj1 #c4 #cjb ,matt4 ,v1 #dd-de4 #cjc ,matt4 ,v1 #dc-dh2 cf4 ,luke ,,vi1 #bg-cf4 #cjd ,matt4 ,v1 #dd-de2 ,luke ,,vi1 #ce4 #cje ,m>k ,,xi1 #be4 #cjf ,deut4 ,,vi1 #e2 ,matt4 ,,xxii1 #cg2 ,m>k ,,xii1 #cj2 ,luke ,x1 #bg4 #cjg ,matt4 ,,iv1 #ag2 ,luke ,,xxiv1 #dg4 #cjh ,matt4 ,,xvi1 #ac-bj2 ,m>k ,,viii1 #bg-cj2 ,luke ,,ix1 #ah-ba4 ,cf4 ,m>k ,,xiv1 #fa2 ,matt4 ,,xxvi1 #fc4 #cji ,john ,,vi1 #ae4 #caj ,acts ,,xi1 #ai-bf4 #caa ,gal4 ,,ii1 #ae-af4 #cab ,gal4 ,,iii1 #bc-bf4 #cac ,gal4 ,i1 #af2 ,,ii1 #bj2 ,,iii1 #bg2 ,,iv1 #ai4 ,s ,rom4 ,,viii1 #aj4 ,cf4 also #b ,cor4 ,,iv1 #f-g4 #cad ,col4 ,,iii1 #a-c4 #cae ,cf4 ,rom4 ,,vii1 #d ff42 ,phil4 ,,iii1 #aj f42 & ! passages ref]r$ to p4 #cad4 #caf #b ,cor4 ,,iii1 #ag2 ,rom4 ,,viii1 #aj f4 #cag ,rom4 ,,viii1 #ae2 ,gal4 ,,iii1 #bf f42 ,,iv1 #f2 #a ,cor4 ,,iii1 #af f42 ,,vi1 #ai4 #cah ,gal4 ,v1 #bb f4 ,cf4 ,rom4 ,,xiv1 #ag4 #cai #a ,cor4 ,,xii-,,xiv4 #cbj ,john ,i1 #a-ad4 #cba ,h>nack & "s o!r s*ol>s incl9e to reg>d ! prologue z 8n ! key to ! ,gospel's compreh5sion02 b :5 we consid] ! importance :i* ,john atta*es to ! inc>nation1 x is difficult to sep>ate ! body ( ! book f ! op5+ passage4 #cbb ,cf4 #a ,john ,,iv1 #b-c4 #cbc ,john ,i1 #i2 ,,iii1 #ai-ba2 ,v1 #ce2 ,,viii1 #ab2 ,,ix1 #e2 ,,xii1 #ce-cf4 #cbd ,john ,,xiv1 #i-aa4 #cbe ,john ,,viii1 #ca ff4 #cbf #a ,john ,,iv1 #h1 #af4 #cbg ,john ,,iii1 #af-ag2 #a ,john ,,iv1 #i-aj4 #cbh ,john ,,xiii1 #cd-ce4 #cbi ,cf4 ,john ,,xx1 #ca4 #ccj ,john ,,iii1 #c1 #f2 cf4 ,v1 #bd4 #cca ,john ,,xv1 #a ff42 ,,iv1 #g ff42 ,,vi1 #cc ff4 #ccb ,!ophilus1 ,ad ,autol4 #b1 #ae 7c4 #ahj ,a4,d471 is ! fir/ among our extant ,greek s\rces to use ! ^w ,tr9ity 77 ( ! nature ( ,god2 ,t]tullian1 ,adv4 ,val5t4 #ag 7c4 #bjj71 ! fir/ ,lat9 writ] to employ tr9itas 9 ! same s5se4 #ccc ,! prep>atory disc\rse put into ! m\? ( ,jesus 9 ,john ,,xiv-,,xvi conta9s ! ,johann9e doctr9e4 ,?is disc\rse may be built up f traditional say+s ( ,jesus1 b 9 its pres5t =m x be>s unmi/akable m>ks ( its lit]>y orig94 #ccd ,john ,,xx1 #ca4 #cce ,john ,v1 #bd2 #a ,john ,,iii1 #ad4 ,x ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,paganism ,9 ! la/ lecture we trac$ ! gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages t are repres5t$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & we saw t :5 ! new religion pass$ beyond ! b\nds ( ,pale/9e & ent]$ on a campaign = conv]ts among ! ,g5tiles1 x came into contact ) ,greek philosophic ?\ght & p]=ce began to /ate its doctr9es 9 t]ms :i* %\ld be intelligible to educat$ m54 ,= 9 spite ( ! fact t ! majority ( its adh]5ts--l ^? ( e o!r contempor>y religion--7 naturally ( humble bir? & /ation1 x is c]ta9 t f ! fir/ x appeal$ also to m5 ( position & education1 & t su* 7 among its foll[]s4 ,!re=e :5 x put =? its claims to be ! univ]sal religion1 x _h to meet & satisfy ! dem&s ( ! intellectual classes4 ,n only 7 ! v>i\s =ms ( ,greek philosophy rivals ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ! ori5tal my/]ies also prov$ s]i\s oppon5ts4 ,9 our discussion ( ! mo/ important ( ^! my/]y religions 9 an e>li] lecture we tri$ to %[ ! reasons = ! wide appeal :i* !y made dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies & a half ( our era4 ,*ri/ianity !re=e _h to (f] a great] assurance & satisfaction ?an ^! religions if x 0 to make headway aga9/ !m4 ,?us ,*ri/ianity 0 =c$ to meet two classes ( oppon5ts4 ,b x 0 inevitable t :ile ! new religion 0 seek+ to influ5ce ! environm5t into :i* x _h come1 x %\ld itself be influ5c$ by ! _w x _h ent]$4 ,no liv+ belief or in/itution c exi/ )\t be+ affect$ by ! life ( :i* x is a "p4 ,*ri/ianity accord+ly ran _m dang]s1 receiv$ _m accretions1 & 0 9 "s ways trans=m$ dur+ ! fir/ few c5turies ( its hi/ory4 ,9 ?is f9al lecture we %all consid] briefly1 by means ( significant illu/rations1 fir/1 ! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies accommodat$ itself to ! intellectual _w2 secondly1 ! influ5ce :i* ! pagan environm5t _h on ,*ri/ian ?\ght2 & f9ally1 ! causes ( its triumph4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury x 0 evid5t t 9 its conflict ) pagan poly!ism & philosophy ,*ri/ianity c\ld hope to w9 ! victory only by tak+ into itself ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( t intellectual life & civilization :i* ! ,greco-,roman _w _h be5 e/abli%+ ?r\gh c5turies4 ,its claim t ! gospel 0 univ]sal1 t x solv$ ! deepe/ my/]ies & satisfi$ ! highe/ human aspirations1 inevitably br\ght x into ! ar5a ( contemporane\s life4 ,x n only 0 oblig$ to def5d itself 9 t]ms curr5t 9 ,greek ?\ght1 & to c>ry on a successful polemic aga9/ poly!ism1 b x _h to prove t x (f]$ ! fulle/1 inde$ ! only true satisfaction ( t long+ = salvation :i* m5 felt4 ,f ^! necessities ( attack & def5se came ! ,greek ,apologi/s ( ! second c5tury1 ! mo/ important ( :om 7 ,ari/ides1 ,ju/91 ,tatian1 & ,a!nagoras4 ,moreov] z ! ,*ri/ian communities multipli$1 _! memb]s 7 expos$ to _m influ5ces :i* t5d$ to injure or de/roy ! unity & purity ( _! belief1 s t = self-protection ,*ri/ianity 0 =c$ to develop a =mal /atem5t ( its fai?1 t is1 to create a dogmatic !ology4 ,by =mal dogma ! common doctr9e ( ! *ur* c\ld be ma9ta9$ comp>atively unimpair$ & at ! same "t ! fai? c\ld be made intelligible & attractive to ! le>n$ ( ! pagan _w4 ,b to give philosophic expression to ,*ri/ianity's beliefs meant ! ,hell5ization ( ?is religion4 ,! ,gno/ics--to :om we %all pres5tly return--7 p]haps ! fir/ to und]take ! con/ruction ( a ,*ri/ian !ology1 b _! ab]rations 7 s extreme & viol5t t ! gr[+ *ur* _h to rid itself ( !m s f> z possible4 ,! "w ( build+ up a dogmatic sy/em 0 c>ri$ on m sl[ly 9 ! great cate*etical s*ool ( ,alex&ria4 ,we h already se5 ! beg9n+ ( bo? ! apologetic & ! !ological movem5ts 9 ! ,paul9e & ,johann9e writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,let u n[ consid] ! "w ( ! ,apologi/s ( ! second c5tury4 ,^! def5d]s 7 all educat$ conv]ts2 inde$ "s ( !m1 l ,ari/ides & ,a!nagoras1 call$ !mselves philosoph]s4 ,naturally !y did n give up _! philosophic cu/om :5 !y w5t ov] to ,*ri/ianity1 b r appli$ _! intellectual habit to _! new fai?4 ,we %\ld be wrong1 h[ev]1 9 ?9k+ t !y wi%$ to reconcile ,greek philosophy & ,*ri/ianity2 on ! contr>y !y wi%$ to %[ t ,*ri/ianity 0 ! only true philosophy4 ,/ill all1 ) ! exception ( ,tatian1 treat$ ,greek philosophy & civilization ) respect & 7 ready to recognize ,god's revelations among ! ,greeks z well z ! ,jews4 ,!y labor$1 h[ev]1 ) ! fundam5tal antagonism betwe5 revelation & reason1 & 7 (t5 oblig$ some:at illogically to blame ,greek ?9k]s :ile prais+ !m4 ,yet ! sway ( ,hell5ic philosophy 0 s complete & ! means ( def5se :i* x furni%$ s p[]ful1 t ! ,*ri/ians readily disreg>d$ logical difficulties & gladly us$ ! weapons :i* pagan ?\ght _h =g$4 ,x is impossible "h to di/+ui% 9 full detail ! contributions ( ! sev]al ,apologi/s2 we mu/ !re=e be cont5t ) a summ>iz$ /atem5t ( _! positions4 ,fir/ ( all !y accept$ ! hi/oric tradition ( ! p]son1 "w1 & tea*+s ( ,*ri/ z au!ntic1 & made no attempt to enl>ge or dim9i% t tradition4 ,!y endeavor$ r to pres5t ,*ri/ianity z a rational religion 9 su* a way z to w9 ! approval ( ! intellectual _w4 ,z ,h>nack says3 8,^! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s =mulat$ ! cont5t ( ! ,gospel 9 a mann] :i* appeal$ to ! common s5se ( all ! s]i\s ?9k]s & intellig5t m5 ( ! age4 ,moreov]1 !y contriv$ to use ! positive mat]ial ( tradition1 includ+ ! life & wor%ip ( ,*ri/1 9 su* a way z to furni% ?is reasonable religion ) a confirmation & pro( t _h hi!rto be5 eag]ly s\ght1 b s\ght 9 va940#ccf ,!y all set =? ,*ri/ianity z a revelation f ,god1 giv5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ?r\gh ! inspir$ prophets1 :o _h =etold ! supreme revelation 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ianity !re=e 0 some?+ :i* _h exi/$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w2 x 0 a ?+ :i* revelation _h cont9u\sly atte/$1 & :i* consequ5tly 0 ultimate tru?4#ccg ,accord+ to ,ju/9 n only ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t b also ! ,greek philosoph]s _h borne witness to ! tru? & _h be5 9 a measure ,*ri/ians4 ,?is p[] ( insight & ( prophecy he w\ld ascribe 9 ! latt] case z 9 ! =m] to ! op]ation ( ! reason ( ,god1 a se$ ( :i* 0 grant$ to e man by nature2 all !re=e t 0 reasonable 9 ,greek ?\ght 0 due to div9e inspiration4 ,he f\nd ! cause ( ! ,greeks' failure to exp\nd ! :ole tru? 9 ! view t man's natural end[m5t 0 insuffici5t to enable him to resi/ ! evil demons :i* beset him4#cch ,al?\gh ,a!nagoras did n say t e man _h )9 him a g]m ( ! div9e wisdom1 he no less ?an ,ju/9 grant$ t ! pagan poets & philosoph]s _h kn[n ! tru? 9 "p2#cci _! errors _h be5 due to _! dep5d5ce on !mselves4 ,! full tru? !n 0 to be f\nd 9 revelation1 :i* gave ! ,apologi/s ! sole & suffici5t w>rant ( _! fai? & ! complete rule ( life4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 ! ,apologi/s repres5t$ ,*ri/ianity z ! "o valid philosophy4 ,we mu/ n[ exam9e briefly its pr9ciples4 ,fir/ z to ! nature ( ,god4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is subject ! ,apologi/s us$ a me?od ( ?\ght & ( expression v mu* l t employ$ by ,philo & ! lat] ,platoni/s4 ,!y contra/$ ,god & ! _w3 ! latt] !y said 0 creat$1 temporal1 & condition$2 ! =m]1 uncondition$1 et]nal1 & self-exi/5t2 ! mat]ial _w 0 appreh5d$ by ! s5ses1 ,god by ! m9d & reason alone4#cdj ,god1 !re=e1 to !m 0 ! ,"o1 pure _s1 un*ang+1 requir+ no?+4 ,x foll[$ f ?is idea ( ,god t he mu/ be reg>d$ z supramundane1 if n transc5d5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ^! writ]s 7 p]haps unconsci\sly try+ to reconcile ! p]sonal attributes ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 :i* ! common ,*ri/ian fai? ascrib$ to ! ,godhead1 & ! curr5t concept ( ,god z a transc5d5t & ineffable be+4 ,a v>iety ( expressions1 too num]\s to be quot$ "h1 0 employ$ to sugge/ ,god's exalt$ & p]fect nature4 ,fur!rmore ,god 0 n reg>d$ z a passive1 b z a liv+ & active _s1 :o mu/ express himself 9 creations2 he 0 !re=e ! ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,"l1 ,fa!r1 & ,creator ( all4 ,! p]fection ( 8 nature made him also ! s\rce ( moral good4 ,! complete contra/ betwe5 ! p]fect1 supramundane ,god & ! imp]fect1 transi5t _w requir$ ! ,apologi/s1 l ! lat] pagan philosoph]s1 to po/ulate "s ag5t connect+ ! two1 & !y1 l ,philo & o!rs1 f\nd ?is 9 ! ,logos1 :i* to !m 0 ! op]ative reason ( ,god1 reg>d$ z a p]son4 ,b !re is ?is significant fact to be not$1 t ! ,apologi/s rea*$ _! views ) reg>d to ,god & ! ,logos f a contemplation ( ! _w itself 9 :i* !y saw reason & ord]1 & detect$ spiritual =ces work+ t[>d good ends4 ,!re=e !y believ$ t ! _w 0 creat$ & direct$ by ,god's reason4 ,reflection on ! *a9 ( rational causation _h l$ !m to _! conclusions4 ,b ,philo & ! lat] ,platoni/s we might say conceiv$ ( ! ,logos z a rem$ial be+1 = ?r\gh 8 m$iation !y sav$ ! p]fection ( ,god f contam9ation ) evil matt]4 ,to ! ,apologi/s1 h[ev]1 matt] 0 only an indiff]5t f9ite sub/ance4 ,! ,logos1 z ! reason ( ,god1 0 id5tical ) ,god 9 ess5ce2 b z a projection by ,god f himself1 made = ! purpose ( creation & revelation1 ! ,logos _h a be+ di/9ct f ,god1 n 9 ess5ce b 9 numb]1 s t he 0 a second ,god2 yet at ! same "t ! ,logos1 be+ a mode ( ,god1 ,god's op]ative reason1 0 includ$ 9 ,god2 !re=e no poly!i/ic ideas 7 admitt$ "h4#cda ,! ,logos !n 0 reg>d$ z a creature & a s]vant ( ,god1 b he 0 held to be above all o!r creatures1 be+ "o 9 ess5ce ) ! ,div9e4 ,moreov] be+ creat$ & !re=e f9ite f ! po9t ( view ( "t1 ! ,logos c\ld ent] into ! f9ite & ?us d ! "w ( creation & revelation2 by ! ,logos ! _w 0 made out ( f9ite matt]1 & man 0 end[$ ) reason & fre$om ( ! w4 ,x is a /rik+ fact1 h[ev]1 t ) ! exception ( ,ju/91 ! ,apologi/s betray comp>atively little int]e/ 9 ! inc>nation ( ! ,logos 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,_! ef=ts 7 direct$ r to e/abli%+ aga9/ ! pagan _w _! claim t ,god is ,"o & t ! ,logos is ! op]ative reason ( ,god :i* ex]cises 8 p[]s4 ,fur!rmore !y _h little or no?+ to say ab\t ! ,holy ,_s z a sep>ate p]son1 b = ! mo/ "p !y id5tifi$ ! ,logos & ! ,_s4#cdb ,! problem ( evil ! ,apologi/s solv$ by connect+ x ) a belief 9 ! fre$om ( *oice giv5 spirits or angels :o *ose to dep>t f righte\sness1 &1 ?us becom+ evil demons1 h f ! fir/ beset man & /ill d beset him ) temptations :i* cause him to s94 ,!y reg>d$ man1 by virtue ( 8 end[m5ts ( reason & ( fre$om ( ! w1 z capable ( immortal life or ( complete dea?4 ,! conditions ( immortality 7 fir/1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! k ( ,god & ( 8 relation ?r\gh ! ,logos to ! creat$ _w1 & secondly1 p]si/5ce 9 a life aim$ at moral p]fection1 a life :i* foll[$ aft] ! ,_s & did n yield to ! bodily passions4 ,9 ,tatian especially !re is a di/9ct ascetic /ra94#cdc ,! be/ exposition ( man's moral obligations ! ,apologi/s believ$ to be f\nd 9 ! words ( ,jesus1 b at ! same "t !y agre$ 9 hold+ t ! ess5tial elem5t 9 a life ( virtue 0 a cle> k ( div9e ?+s ?r\gh :i* man 0 at once rais$ above ! ?+s ( ?is _w into a pure & noble exi/5ce4 ,?us man 0 assur$ n[ ( salvation1 & 9 ! future life 0 de/9$ to enjoy immortality & ! p]fection ( k :i* w\ld come ) ! direct vision ( ,god4#cdd ,b su* a doctr9e presupposes a revelation ( ,god4 ,?is1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 ! ,apologi/s said _h be5 made 9 ! beg9n+ by ! ,logos :o disclos$ himself 9 ! creat$ univ]se & 9 man z a "p !re(4 ,man1 h[ev]1 by yield+ to s91 _h lo/ t div9e k :i* _h be5 8 ?r\gh ! orig9al revelation1 ) ! result t repeat$ revelations _h be5 necess>y4 ,! ag5ts ( ^! _h be5 ! inspir$ prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & to a slight degree ! philosoph]s ( ,greece4 ,! revelation ( ! ,logos 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 simply an atte/ation & gu>antee ( ! tru?s & pr$ictions ( ! prophets1 ! highe/ /age 9 ! hi/ory ( revelation1 confirm+ t revelation )\t *ang+ its cont5t 9 any way4 ,b all ?is is some?+ v diff]5t f ! tea*+s ( ,jesus1 or ( ,paul1 or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 inde$ ! relations ( ! ,apologi/s to ,/oicism1 to ,philo & ! lat] ,platoni/s1 seem fully z close z to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,( ! writ]s 9 "q ,ju/9 alone--& he some:at unsuccessfully--tri$ to set =? ,jesus z ! r$eem] 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w & to see 9 him a unique revelation ( ! ,logos4#cde ,side by side ) ! t5d5cy to seek religi\s satisfaction 9 my/icism !re exi/$ ev5 m /rongly 9 intellectual circles a desire to f9d ! pr9ciples ( "r conduct 9 a correct !ory ( ! _w4 ,su* 01 = example1 ! aim ( ! ,/oic4 ,9 attempt+ to satisfy ?is desire ! ,apologi/s probably repres5t$ ! views ( ! majority ( educat$ ,*ri/ians ( _! day :o felt t ! noble morality ( ,*ri/ianity 0 its mo/ edify+ *>act]i/ic2 at any rate !y knew t x 0 ! /ronge/ argum5t = ! validity ( _! religion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h already se5 _m times t ! idea t supreme k 0 conf]r$ by direct revelation & t su* k l$ to p]fection 0 widespread n only among lat] ,greek ?9k]s & ,hell5iz$ ,jews l ,philo1 b also among ! devotees ( ! ori5tal my/]ies4 ,lucius1 ! h]o ( ,apuleius' ,metamorphoses1 believ$ t ?r\gh ! rites ( initiation into ! my/]ies ( ,isis he _h be5 all[$ to see ! gods face to face & to acquire a k :i* only su* revelation c\ld convey4#cdf ,magical papyri describe _! cont5ts z k 771 mean+ !reby ! sup]natural k :i* !y imp>t4 ,f ! o!r extreme we c cite ! case ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 :o claim$ t 8 k & ! gospel :i* he prea*$ _h come to him n f man1 b 8by ! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/40#cdg ,x 0 !n a common belief ( ! day t ?r\gh direct revelation "o might obta9 a secret k 77 ( div9e ?+s :i* no tea*+ c\ld give4 ,su* a revelation1 h[ev] ga9$1 0 recogniz$ z an act ( grace t[>d m51 :]eby !y atta9$ salvation4 ,x 0 ?is idea ( a secret reveal$ k :i* gave ! "n ( ,gno/ic to a s]ies ( movem5ts 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies to :i* we mu/ n[ turn4 ,! ,gno/ics nev] =m$ any s+le community or s*ool1 b !y compris$ gr\ps :i* exhibit$ ! greate/ div]sity & range ( beliefs & ( morals2 ! mo/ fam\s & influ5tial individuals 7 ,basilides1 :o taught at ,alex&ria 9 ! "t ( ,hadrian1 & ,val5t9us1 :o 0 active at ,rome 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury 7c4 #adj-;c4 #afe74 ,gno/icism did n orig9ate )9 ,*ri/ianity1 b r ant$at$ x4 ,all its =ms arose f "s comb9ation ( ori5tal religions & my?ologies ) ,greek modes ( philosophic ?\ght1 :i* 9 _m ways rem9d "o ( lat] ,neoplatonism4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity 0 tak5 into ! ,gno/ic sy/ems1 x 0 inevitable t x %\ld be modifi$1 re%ap$1 & /at$ 9 =ms :i* might conta9 gross error4 ,yet x w\ld be a mi/ake to reg>d ! ,gno/ics z fundam5tally foes ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,ev5 if we _c g s f> z ,h>nack & call !m 8! !ologians ( ! fir/ c5tury10 & attribute to !m ! fir/ place 9 ! e>ly =mation ( a ,*ri/ian !ology1#cdh we mu/ recognize t !y did a great1 & 9 "s ways a p]man5t1 s]vice to ! new fai?4 ,!y 7 seek]s aft] a philosophy ( hi/ory2 !y int]pret$ ,*ri/ianity z ! religion :i* replac$ bo? paganism & ,judaism1 & !y held t ! appe>ance ( ! r$eem] _h complet$ ! developm5t ( ! human race & _h consummat$ ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se4 ,su* a view1 :i* 9 itself 0 q 9 accord ) ! views ( ,*ri/ians g5]ally1 l$ ! ,gno/ics to reject ! ,old ,te/am5t because x 0 supplant$ by ! new revelation2 ! ,apo/olic writ+s !y believ$ to conta9 fir/ ( all ! rule ( fai? :5 tak5 at _! face value1 & secondly to hold a secret & deep] mean+1 :i* c\ld be obta9$ only by allegorical1 t is1 by esot]ic int]pretation4 ,b ?us f> ! ,gno/ics & ! mass ( ,*ri/ians 7 /ill 9 ess5tial agreem5t1 al?\gh ! latt] held to fai? 77 z ! basic elem5t 9 _! religion1 :ile ! =m] exalt$ k 77 above x4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 h[ev]1 commonly believ$ ! _w to be ! creation ( ,god & :olly subject to him1 z we j n[ saw :5 exam9+ ! position ( ! ,apologi/s4 ,! ,gno/ics on ! o!r h& almo/ univ]sally adopt$ "s =m ( dualism :i* set (f ,god & matt] aga9/ ea* o!r z m or less indep5d5t entities4 ,9 matt] !y saw ! basis ( evil2 at ! o!r pole 0 ! p]fect supreme ,be+ :o 0 :olly transc5d5t1 above all ?\ght2 f ?is ,be+1 accord+ to ,basilides1 proce$$ a s]ies ( emanations1 no less ?an ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five 9 numb]1 ! l[e/ ( :i* 7 ! angels :o occupy ! visible heav52 !y 7 ! creators & rul]s ( all ?+s on e>?4 ,! *ief ( ^! angels 0 ! ,god ( ! ,jews1 z he 0 made kn[n 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4#cdi ,val5t9us1 too1 describ$ a s]ies ( ?irty ,eons1 desc5d$ f ! p]fect1 pre-exi/5t ,eon & 8 fem99e c\nt]p>t1 ,ennoea1 9 :i* appe> fanta/ic comb9ations ( ab/ract ideas1 ma!matical concepts1 & conjugal relations1 betray+ ! manifold orig9 ( ?is biz>re sy/em4#cej ,yet su* doctr9es repres5t only extravagant ef=ts to bridge ! gap betwe5 a transc5d5t ,god & ! _w1 a task :i* ,philo & ! lat] ,platoni/s accompli%$ 9 a m re/ra9$ mann]4 ,! common ,gno/ic explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]se 0 t ! cosmos arose f ! desc5t into matt] ( "s sp>ks ( ! div9e4 ,! ,creator ( ! cosmos1 ! ,demiurge1 0 reg>d$ z an int]m$iate creature1 sometimes z an evil "o2 b he is nev] id5tical ) ! supreme ,be+4#cea ,man1 also1 9 _! views1 0 a dual creature1 made up ( corruptible fle% & div9e _s4 ,"s ,gno/ics also divid$ mank9d into two classes3 ! spiritual :o 7 capable ( salvation1 & ! mat]ial :o 7 doom$ to p]i%4 ,! ,val5t9ians1 h[ev]1 conceiv$ ( ?ree k9ds1 correspond+ to ! ?ree =ms ( exi/5ce f\nd ?r\gh\t ! _w3 ! spiritual1 ! animal1 & ! mat]ial4 ,( ^! ! mat]ial m5 7 pr$e/9$ to de/ruction2 ! animal by "r *oice might f9d re/ 9 an 8int]m$iate space02 b ! spiritual 7 to atta9 p]fection & become 8z brides to ! angels ( ! ,savi\r40#ceb ,! ,gno/ics ( c\rse 7 spiritual & de/9$ = ! supreme bliss4 ,z reg>ds _! views conc]n+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/ we may n n[ g into detail4 ,we c simply /ate ! views ( ! two *ief ,gno/ics4 ,basilides id5tifi$ ,*ri/ ) ! fir/-born ( ! ,fa!r1 ! emanation ,m9d 771 :o came to de/roy ! ,god ( ! ,jews & all evil m51 b to save ^? :o believ$ on him4#cec ,val5t9us made ,*ri/ "o ( ! ,eons1 =m+ a conjugal pair ( ,*ri/ & ! ,holy ,_s2 b ,jesus :o appe>$ on e>? 0 ano!r1 ! p]fect product ( ! :ole pl]oma ( ,eons4#ced ,we may say t g5]ally ,*ri/ 0 reg>d$ by ! ,gno/ics z "o ( ! emanations ( ! supreme ,be+1 by :i* ! div9e pr9ciple ent]$ ! visible _w & made ,god kn[n1 :]eas he _h be5 hidd5 hi!rto4 ,*ri/1 !re=e1 0 a p[]1 a heav5ly ,eon1 :i* 0 to be di/+ui%$ f 8 e>?ly appe>ance z ! man ,jesus4 ,?is view 0 9 accord ) o!r beliefs t ,*ri/ _h n actually appe>$ & suff]$ 9 ! fle%1 to :i* is giv5 ! "n docetism4 ,! ,gno/ic e?ics 7 bas$ on ! dual concept ( man1 ) ! natural result t 9 _m gr\ps a m>k$ asceticism 0 practis$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! belief t ! revelation br\ght by ,*ri/ _h fre$ m5 f law--an exagg]ation ( ,paul's position1 un*eck$ by ,paul's good-s5se--l$ to ! extremes ( lib]t9ism4 ,! ,gno/ics laid mu* /ress also on ! magic value ( ! sacram5ts ( baptism1 ! ,"l's supp]1 & ano9t+ ) oil4 ,!y treat$ !m z ! means ( initiation into ! holy my/]ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 :]eby ! initiate obta9$1 z 9 pagan my/]ies1 ! high] k 771 :i* 0 salvation4 ,beyond ?is !y resort$ to ! crasse/ magic1 play+ ) names & numb]s1 employ+ images1 incantations1 invocations1 & _m k9ds ( curi\s arts4#cee ,b 9 ?is respect !y 7 h>dly 9 disaccord ) _! contempor>ies4 ,f ! =ego+ x w appe> t ! ,gno/ic movem5t repres5t$ 9 g5]al exagg]ations ( ! normal ,*ri/ian t5ets1 produc$ by an attempt to comb9e ,*ri/ianity ) _m ,greek & ori5tal elem5ts4 ,! results v>i$ f a doctr9e :i* diff]$ f t1 = example1 ( ! ,johann9e writ+s *iefly 9 d5y+ ! actual human exi/5ce ( ,*ri/1 to ! mo/ extravagant p]v]sions ( ,*ri/ian belief4 ,_m ,gno/ics rema9$ )9 ! ,*ur* undi/urb$1 o!rs 7 bitt]ly attack$4 ,! entire movem5t :i* we h be5 consid]+ is in/ructive1 = x illu/rates 9 a /rik+ way ! dang] :i* ! gr[+ ,*ur* ran ( be+ swamp$ 9 ! confus$ floods ( ,hell5ic & ori5tal ?\ght & my/icism4 ,! conflict ) su* foes z ! ,gno/ics 0 "o ( ! *ief causes :i* l$ to ! =mation ( a body ( accept$ ca?olic doctr9e1 = 9 dogma lay 9 "p ! protection ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,al?\gh ! ,*ur* 0 able to free itself ( mo/ ,gno/ic h]esies1 %e c\ld n :olly escape _! influ5ce1 z we %all pres5tly see4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! heir ( bo? ! ,gno/ics & ! ,apologi/s 0 ! cate*etical s*ool at ,alex&ria "u ! lead]%ip ( ,clem5t & ,orig5 7c4 #bjj-bca74 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is s*ool is unkn[n1 b x became important at ! close ( ! second c5tury4 ,9 x bo? ! ,greek sci5ces & ! holy ,scriptures 7 /udi$1 s t x 0 a natural place = ! fusion ( secul> le>n+ & ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,clem5t1 :o 0 fir/ a pupil1 !n a tea*] 9 ?is s*ool1 & at la/ its head = ?ree ye>s 7#bjj-bjc71 0 ! fir/ to attempt an exposition ( ,*ri/ianity ) all ! aid t h]etical speculation & ,greek le>n+ alike c\ld give4 ,we possess f 8 h& ?ree works ( sy/ematic edification4 ,! ,protrepticus is address$ to conv]ts1 & 9 x he employs argum5ts simil> to ^? ( ! ,apologi/s1 ,ju/9 & ,a!nagoras2 ! ,pa$agogus gives practical directions = ! ,*ri/ian life2 & ! ,/romateis1 8,miscellanies10 is int5d$ to pres5t & e/abli% ,*ri/ianity z ! true philosophy1 & s to lead ! read] to supreme k 771 z its full title ann\nces4#cef ,f ?is x is at once evid5t t ! ,gno/ic movem5ts _h _h _! influ5ce on ,clem5t2 & inde$1 aft] combatt+ ,gno/ic errors frequ5tly1 especially 9 ! ?ird book1 he devotes a consid]able "p ( 8 six? book & ! :ole ( 8 sev5? to a pres5tation ( ! true ,gno/ic4#ceg ,8 view z to ! s]vice done mank9d by ! ,greek intellect is summ$ up 9 ! (t5-quot$ words3 8,philosophy 0 a tutor to br+ ! ,greeks1 z ! law 0 to br+ ! ,hebrews1 to ,*ri/40#ceh ,b s9ce x 0 ,clem5t's great pupil & successor1 ,orig51 :o actually f\nd$ ,*ri/ian !ology z a philosophy1 & :o e/abli%$ 8 views s firmly t al?\gh ! ,*ur* has reject$ mu* 9 detail1 its dogmas /ill be> ! /amp ( 8 sy/em1 we %all pass at once to him & endeavor to set =? 9 summ>y ! mo/ important elem5ts ( 8 doctr9e4 ,orig5 held fa/ to ! traditional tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les & to ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* he felt conta9$ ! sum ( ,*ri/ian tru?1#cei & at ! same "t he work$ freely z a speculative ?9k]4 ,= ! great] "p ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* he 0 ! head ( ! ,alex&rian ,s*ool1 7c4 #bjc-bca7 he 0 undi/urb$ by p]secution & c\ld "w 9 ! cle> atmosph]e ( sci5tific /udy4 ,8 !ology 0 built on ! secul> !ology ( 8 day4#cfj ,god he reg>d$ z :olly transc5d5t1 b pot5tially ev]y:]e pres5t1 incompreh5sible to man save 9 s f> z man c\ld behold ! revelation ( him 9 nature & 9 ,*ri/4 ,he pr$icat$ ju/ice1 goodness1 & omnipot5ce ( ,god1 n simply z pot5tialities1 b z attributes ex]cis$ fully & et]nally 9 ! univ]se4 ,/ill to leave man a free ag5t1 ,orig5 0 oblig$ to hold t ,god limit$ 8 own omnipot5ce4 ,! belief 9 ! et]nal ex]cise ( ,god's attributes requir$ him to reg>d creation z et]nal1 s t he held t ,god & 8 creatures _h et]nally exi/$2 ,god !re=e1 he said1 _h nev] exi/$ ap>t f 8 creation1 b ! two 7 cot]nal4 ,?is does n mean t ,orig5 reg>d$ ! pres5t _w z exi/+ 9 visible =m f et]nity1 = he taught q ! contr>y3 ?is pres5t _w did beg9 & w end 9 "t1 b x is only "o 9 an inf9ite s]ies ( worlds1 a s+le expression ( ! et]nal creative activity ( ,god4#cfa ,! ,logos 9 ,orig5's sy/em /&s midway betwe5 ,god & ! _w4 ,9 opposition to ^? :o claim$ t ! ,logos _h be5 begott5 9 "t & 0 !re=e a temporal creature1 he insi/$ t ! ,logos 0 )\t beg9n+1 b 0 et]nally g5]at$ by ,god4 ,9 attempt+ to make 8 view cle> he employ$ famili> figures1 say+ t ! ,logos1 ! et]nal ,son1 0 relat$ to ! ,fa!r1 z ! gleam to ! s\rce ( light1 or ! w to ! m9d ( man4 ,he 0 ! wisdom1 ! consci\sness1 & ! activity ( ,god2 & he likewise 0 ,god's p]fect image1 a second ,god4 ,yet 9 ess5ce he 0 n indep5d5t1 b r "o ) ! ,fa!r by ^: w he 0 et]nally creat$4 ,be+ creat$1 h[ev]1 he 0 "o /age remov$ f ,god t[>d ! multiple creation2 be+ ! m$ium ( ! ,div9e1 he 0 ! ,creator ( ! _w4#cfb ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ?is philosophical sy/em !re is no necessity = ! r$eem]1 & inde$ ,orig5 made some:at less use ( ?is concept ( ,*ri/ ?an mo/ o!r writ]s4 ,on ,*ri/'s inc>nation he insi/$1 b ! ess5tial "w ( ! human ,*ri/ 0 revelation4#cfc ,nor did ,orig5's sy/em require ! ,holy ,_s1 b to comply ) ! ,*ri/ian belief he gave ! ,_s a place ) ,god ! ,fa!r1 & ,*ri/ ! ,son1 & made him ! inspir] ( ! prophets & apo/les4 ,! functions ( ! ?ree p]sons 9 "o1 s f> z man is conc]n$1 he def9$ by say+ t ,god gave man exi/5ce1 ! ,son suppli$ reason1 & ! ,_s hol9ess4 ,al?\gh he held ! ,_s to be ( ! et]nal ess5ce ( ,god1 he made him subord9ate to ! ,son1 be+ ! fir/ creation ?r\gh ! ,logos4 ,?us ,orig5 9 reality e/abli%$ two /ages ( creation3 ! ,logos & ! ,holy ,_s4#cfd ,bel[ ^! he plac$ an inf9ite numb] ( less] spirits1 end[$ ) fre$om & b\nd = a "t ) matt]3 angels1 m51 & demons4 ,by ! ex]cise ( _! fre$om c]ta9 spirits h fall5 f p]fect hol9ess &1 ent]+ into bodies1 h become ! s\ls ( m51 aid$ by ^? spirits :i* h held fa/ to purity & are ,god's angels1 & h9d]$ by ! demons :o h fall5 l[] ?an m5 & :o pref] evil & f9d pleasure 9 x4#cfe ,! *ief ( ! fall5 angels is ! devil4#cff ,yet ! _w is rul$ by div9e provid5ce t[>d ultimate good2 evil !re=e w n f9ally conqu]3 m5 :o n[ *oose ! good become ! sons ( ,god & rise to ! rank ( angels4 ,ultimately1 by a process :i* w g on imp]ceptibly ?r\gh c\ntless ages1 ev5 ! evil spirits w be br\ght back to ,god & s all wick$ness %all be purg$ away4#cfg ,!n ?is c\rse w beg9 aga94 ,orig5's human psy*ology 0 probably tak5 f 8 tea*] ,clem5t2 b ! views ( bo?1 l ^? ( ! ,gno/ics1 g back ultimately to ,plato4#cfh ,accord+ly ,orig5 held t ! human body has two s\ls1 ! fir/ ! animal or ! passionate1 ! second ! reasonable s\l or ! _s4 ,! latt] is man's div9e ess5ce :i* ent]s him f above2 ! =m] becomes 8 at ! "t ( 8 conception4#cfi ,to human spirits1 z to all o!rs1 ,god grant$ fre$om1 & ?r\gh _! evil *oice !y fell1 s t all m5 are born 9 a condition ( s94 ,! duty ( man is to endeavor to give 8 div9e s\l ! ma/]y 9 him t he may !reby become l ,god & atta9 et]nal happ9ess2 8 inh]5t s9 mu/ be ov]come by 8 own w & det]m9$ aspiration4 ,n t ,orig5 believ$ t man c\ld fully accompli% 8 own salvation2 on ! contr>y he held mo/ firmly t div9e grace 0 ne$$2 b he ma9ta9$ t ! fir/ /ep1 an act ( fai?1 did dep5d on ! individual's free *oice4#cgj ,! hi/orical revelation ( ! ,logos & ! r$emptive "w ( ,*ri/1 :o by 8 dea? dealt ! fir/ bl[ 9 ! /ruggle to ov]?r[ ! devil1 7 bo? made a "p ( ! plan ( salvation by ,orig51 al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 r$emption is n logically an indisp5sable elem5t 9 8 sy/em4#cga ,!re are ?ree /ages ( ,*ri/ian progress1 accord+ to ,orig54 ,9 ! fir/ & l[e/ man may advance ?r\gh fai? & by a belief 9 ! r$emptive dea? ( ! hi/oric ,*ri/ to a /ate ( s9lessness & to fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,"h ! ,logos inc>nate 9 ,jesus acts ?r\gh revelation & r$emption z a physician to cure m5 ( _! s9s4 ,b beyond is a high] /age 9 :i* ?r\gh love & k ! s\l may m\nt f its view ( ! ph5om5al _w to ! 8invisible ?+s ( ,god10 t is1 to an und]/&+ ( ! :ole creation2 & /ill fur!r so> f ^! upw>d to 8! et]nal p[] ( ,god1 9 %ort1 to ,god's own div9ity40 ,9 ^! high] /ages ! ,logos is ! tea*] ( ! div9e my/]ies2 !y make ! contemplative life 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian may obta9 p]fect k4 ,to su* a ,gno/ic z ! ,*ri/ian becomes :o has be5 grant$ ! vision1 ! hi/oric ,*ri/ is no long] significant2 ! ,logos 9 8 manifold revelations tea*es him ! supreme tru?4#cgb ,?us we see t ,orig5 assum$ t !re 7 two =ms ( ,*ri/ianity1 an exot]ic = ! mass1 :o 7 capable only ( fai? & :o c\ld n grasp ! deep] tru?s1 & an esot]ic1 res]v$ = ! few :o c\ld und]/& ! my/]ies ( ,god & ^: s\ls c\ld rise to ! k ( ,god himself4 ,?is d\ble view dep5d$ 9 "p on 8 ,gno/ic t5d5cies1 9 "p on 8 int]pretation ( ,scripture1 to :i* we %all pres5tly turn4 ,we h n[ foll[$ ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity f ! simple tea*+s ( ,jesus into a ,greek philosophy1 z illu/rat$ by ! lat] writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,apologi/s1 ! ,gno/ics1 & ,orig54 ,! la/ ( ^! complet$ ! process :i* began 9 ,paul & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 = he unit$ successfully & fully1 ! religi\s pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ) ! cont5t ( ,hell5ic philosophy4 ,x mu/ be evid5t fur!rmore t ,orig5 & ^? :o prep>$ ! way = him1 7 no less debtors to ! ,greeks ?an !y 7 to ! ,hebrews1 to ,jesus1 & to ,paul1 s9ce ! =m & 9 no small degree ! v matt] ( _! philosophy _h be5 provid$ by secul> ?\ght4 ,inde$ ,porphyry ) "s reason *>g$ ,orig5 ) be+ m ,greek ?an ,*ri/ian4#cgc ,x w be obs]v$ t ,orig51 & 8 pr$ecessors also 9 l>ge measure1 made man's salvation a "p ( a philosophy ( ! entire univ]se1 ea* portion ( :i* 0 to be fully und]/ood only ?r\gh a compreh5sion ( ! :ole4 ,t is to say1 ! s*eme ( salvation 0 an elem5t 9 cosmological speculation4 ,! e>lie/ ,greek philosoph]s _h be5 conc]n$ ) a solution ( ! physical cosmos2 soon ?9k]s began to se>* = ! causes ( *ange1 )\t1 h[ev]1 tr\bl+ !mselves ) e?ics or religion2 b f ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! position ( man1 8 obligations & 8 happ9ess1 ! nature ( ! ,div9e & ! relation betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 became dom9ant !mes4 ,9 ,plato we see fir/ fully develop$ a religi\s philosophy ( ! cosmos ( :i* man's salvation is an insep>able "p4 ,! l9e f ,plato to ,orig51 & we may add to ! pres5t day1 is unbrok54 ,?us we f9d t ,greek philosophy furni%$ ! g5]al plan = a /atem5t ( ,*ri/ianity :i* %\ld n only be intelligible1 attractive1 & conv9c+ to ! le>n$ & ! simple alike1 b :i* %\ld also prove triumphant ov] ! ,gno/ics & o!r ab]rant ?9k]s4 ,?is trans=mation ( ! rule ( fai? into an ,hell5ic philosophy 0 contemporane\s ) ! gr[? ( ! sep>ate *ur*es into "o body politic ) an organization fitt$ = pres5t def5se & = future aggression4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if space all[$1 num]\s illu/rations might be adduc$ to %[ h[ pagan philosophy & my/icism _h influ5c$ ,*ri/ian !ologians 9 details4 ,_m examples we h already se5 9 pass+1 su* z ! view held by bo? ,clem5t & ,orig51 z well z by ! ,gno/ics & p]haps by ,paul1 t ! supreme ,*ri/ian tru? 0 to be obta9$ by direct revelation1 by a vision ( ! ,div9e4 ,?is 0 a curr5t belief n only 9 ! lat] my/ic philosophies1 l ,neopy?agoreanism & ,neoplatonism1 b also 9 ! my/ic religions1 & 9 ! ,greek my/]ies likewise4 ,aga9 x w\ld be possible to %[ t ,orig5's e?ical sy/em ow$ mu* m to ,/oicism & to lat] ,platonism ?an to ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 easily br\ght into accord ) ! philosoph]s' doctr9es4 ,or once m we might enl>ge on ! developm5t ( ! triune nature ( ,god1 :]eby ! transc5d5t ,god & ! ,logos ( pagan !ology 7 unit$ ) a v>y+ concept ( ! _s ( ,god1 also famili> 9 ,hell5ic ?\ght1 to produce ! ,tr9ity ( ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,?us 9 exam9+ ! ways 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity accommodat$ itself to ! intellectual _w = purposes ( def5se & conque/1 we h be5 see+ _m examples ( ! influ5ce :i* ! pagan environm5t _h on ,*ri/ianity4 ,let u n[ exam9e a few fur!r illu/rations4 ,! fir/ ( ^! %all be ! me?od ( int]pretation :i* 0 appli$ to ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,z e>ly z ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,hom]ic my?ology _h ar\s$ a prote/ f ,x5ophanes & o!rs2#cgd & 9 def5se a new =m ( int]pretation 0 adopt$ by ! support]s ( ,hom] :o decl>$ t !re 0 a deep] mean+ to ! my?s ?an appe>$ on ! surface4 ,!ag5es ( ,rhegium 7c4 #ebe ,b4,c47 sugge/$ t ! ,hom]ic gods express$ ei!r human faculties or natural elem5ts1 & ?us he began ! long hi/ory ( allegorical exegesis4#cge ,f ?is "t su* int]pretation ( my?s became a common practice2 x 0 adopt$ by ! ,/oics2 at ,alex&ria ,jewi% s*ol>s took x ov] & appli$ x to ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 s t be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era ! sacr$ writ+s 7 regul>ly s expla9$4 ,philo %[s h[ univ]sal ! proc$ure 04 ,by x ( c\rse ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 ?ru/ into ! backgr\nd1 & ?us _m difficulties ( int]pretation 7 avoid$ :i* o!rwise w\ld vex a man :o reg>d$ e "p ( ! sacr$ books z p]fect4 ,naturally ! e>ly ,*ri/ians foll[$ _! pr$ecessors1 & 9 fact allegorical int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t has la/$ d[n to our own "t4 ,orig5 help$ to fix ! /&>d sy/em1 s to speak2 !re 71 accord+ to him1 ?ree s5ses 9 :i* ! ,scriptures 7 to be und]/ood1 correspond+ to ! triple nature ( man3 fir/1 ! lit]al s5se :i* 0 = ! 8fle%10 ! simple man2 secondly1 ! psy*ic :i* fitt$ ! moral man2 & f9ally ! pneumatic s5se1 = ! spiritual man4#cgf ,! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian asceticism w s]ve z ano!r illu/ration ( our pres5t !me4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ,orphics & ! ,py?agoreans impos$ on _! foll[]s a mode ( life 9 :i* c]ta9 ?+s 7 =bidd54 ,^! two sects 7 ! fir/ to grasp ! mean+ ( ! dualism ( ! fle% & _s :i* we h f\nd significant ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( our inve/igation4 ,plato & ! lat] philosophic s*ools develop$ ! high] significance ( man's dual nature until asceticism 9 great] or less degree became ! normal regim5 = ! philosoph] ( almo/ e s*ool4 ,9 ! ori5tal religions also c]ta9 ab/5tions 7 requir$ z prep>ation = initiation into _! my/]ies4 ,on ! :ole asceticism 0 =eign to bo? ,judaism & e>ly ,*ri/ianity4#cgg ,9 ! ,paul9e epi/les x is true t we f9d passages 9 :i* ! fle% & ! _s are contra/$2 virg9ity is mod]ately approv$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 b ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians conta9s a direct argum5t aga9/ ! errors ( ascetic tea*]s 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & ! non-,paul9e ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y combats celibacy & veget>ianism4#cgh ,x 0 inde$ some:at difficult to f9d a satisfactory w>rant = an ascetic life 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 c\ld n escape its environm5t4 ,pres5tly 9 ! second c5tury c]ta9 sects l ! ,gno/ics1 ,montani/s1 & ,encratites appe>$ :i* laid great /ress on ascetic practice2 at ! same "t ! habit ( fa/+ g5]ally increas$2 _m b\nd !mselves to p]petual virg9ity2 & ri*es 7 reg>d$ z incompatible ) ! highe/ ,*ri/ian "*4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury numb]s began to )draw f ! _w1 & by ! fif? c5tury mona/icism 0 e/abli%$ 9 bo? ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,b x 0 paganism :i* _h giv5 m5 ! ideal ( ! ascetic sa9t1 & ! ,*ur* writ]s :o furni%$ ! w>rant = ! ,*ri/ian practice1 drew _! argum5ts f ,greek philosoph]s1 & sometimes f\nd x difficult to meet ! criticisms ( ! ,jewi% def5d]s ( a normal human life4 ,! almo/ univ]sal rite ( baptism z a means ( ritual purification 0 employ$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,jesus _h be5 baptiz$ by ,john1 b he nev] made baptism a condition ( disciple%ip4 ,! ,apo/les baptiz$ ) wat] imm$iately aft] conv]sion4 ,confession ( s9s1 rep5tance1 & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,jesus z ! ,*ri/ 7 ! antec$5t requirem5ts2 ! act itself 0 believ$ to m>k ! remission ( s9s & ! be/[al ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,b by ! e>ly second c5tury we f9d t ! conv]t w5t ?r\gh a p]iod ( in/ruction & 0 oblig$ to fa/ be=e he c\ld be baptiz$4#cgi ,f ! middle ( ?is c5tury a new gr\p ( ideas drawn f ! my/]ies 0 associat$ ) ! rite4 ,x became a my/]y 771 ! "o :o conf]r$ x 0 a my/agogue 772 _m =ms ( spee* us$ 9 pagan initiations 7 employ$2 & ! pagan expression 8enlight5m5t0 71 7 became a ,*ri/ian t]m4 ,likewise ^? :o _h be5 initiat$ into ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies 7 said to be> a seal 77 on _! =eheads4#chj ,9 g5]al x 0 commonly ?\ght t baptism--! ,*ri/ian initiation--_h a magic p[] to secure salvation simil> to t :i* ! pagan initiatory ritual 0 believ$ to possess4 ,moreov] a long p]iod ( prep>ation 0 requir$1 a %>p di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ^? :o _h receiv$ ?is ,*ri/ian initiation & ^? :o _h n2 & ! ,*ur* became a secret association4#cha ,lat] ! ,"l's ,pray] & ! =mula ( baptism became a pass ^w 771 :i* 0 kept f ! cate*um5s until %ortly be=e baptism4 ,likewise ! ,"l's ,supp] 9 "t assum$ ! "* ( a my/]y4 ,ignatius1 ,ju/91 & ,ir5aeus1 all natives ( ! ,ea/ & famili> ) pagan my/]ies1 ascribe an extraord9>y efficacy to its celebration4 ,! elem5ts 7 believ$ to become ! fle% & blood ( ,*ri/1#chb or to take on a heav5ly nature 9 addition to ! e>?ly1 :]eby ! p>tak] ga9$ ! hope ( et]nal resurrection4#chc ,ignatius e>ly 9 ! c5tury _h call$ ! bread 8! m$ic9e ( immortality & antidote aga9/ dea?40#chd ,z su* x _h a magic value4 ,if "t & subject all[$1 we might draw fur!r illu/rations ( ! influ5ce ( paganism f ! cal5d> ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* w\ld %[ h[ pagan fe/ivals 7 supplant$ by ,*ri/ian2 or we might exam9e ! li/ ( accept$ sa9ts1 "s ( :om h hea!n orig9s--o!rs are composites1 s to speak2 or aga9 we might turn to ,*ri/ian art & see h[ pagan types 7 adapt$ to ,*ri/ian uses4 ,b al?\gh su* /udies might prove int]e/+1 we may n ent] on !m n[1 = we h already dep>t$ some:at f our prop] !me4 ,yet great z ! influ5ce ( ! pagan environm5t 0 on ,*ri/ianity1 !re is always a possibility t 9 su* a /udy z ! pres5t we may get a wrong po9t ( view4 ,we %\ld rememb] t ,*ri/ianity 0 a positive religion1 :i* 9 be+ trans=m$ into a ,greek philosophy did n lose its own "*2 inde$ x 0 n obscur$ by ! ,greek intellectual habit1 b x appropriat$ t habit & 9 ! end made x its own4 ,pagan ?\ght & practice affect$ ,*ri/ianity 9 c\ntless ways1 b !y did n ov]:elm x4 ,nor mu/ we und]e/imate ! s]vice :i* paganism r5d]$ ! fai? :i* 0 to ov]?r[ x4 ,! philosoph]'s long se>* = a rule ( life1 ! ,greek & ori5tal my/]ies1 & ! my/ic !osophies1 all provid$ an environm5t ready & favorable to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! rapid spread ( ?is new religion1 at fir/ 9 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 0 n due simply to ! prop9quity ( ^! c\ntries to ,pale/9e4 ,!y _h be5 = c5turies famili> ) my/ic religions :i* 9 a crude way aim$ to give :at ,*ri/ianity promis$ 9 nobl] fa%ion4 ,! same ?+ 0 true 9 a measure ( ! great c5t]s ( ! ,we/4 ,)\t an environm5t already prep>$ = x ,*ri/ianity w\ld h _h a v diff]5t hi/ory f ! "o we "k4 ,moreov] we h n[ abundantly se5 h[ ,greek rhetoric & philosophy furni%$ ! =ms by :i* ,*ri/ianity made itself und]/ood1 & h[ !y gave ! intellectual weapons by :i* 9 "p x ga9$ its victory ov] paganism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ we may ask :at 7 "s ( ! *ief reasons = ,*ri/ianity's triumph4 ,sometimes x is lightly said t its victory 0 due to ! fact t x 8promis$ immortality to a hopeless _w40 ,b we "k t !re 7 _m contemporane\s religions :i* promis$ immortality & t ! _w 0 n )\t hope4 ,we mu/ try to look some:at m deeply1 & we _c limit ourselves :olly to intellectual causes4 ,! fir/1 al?\gh n ! mo/ significant1 reason may be f\nd 9 ! positive & noble mono!ism ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,o!r religions by syncreti/ic processes arriv$ at a doctr9e ( ! unity ( ! ,div9e1 ( "o ,god :o embrac$ 9 himself a multitude ( div9ities2 b ! new fai?1 support$ by its ,jewi% inh]itance1 taught t ,god 0 b ,"o & t !re 0 no o!r4 ,yet ! mo/ important causes are to be f\nd 9 ! p]son & mission ( ,jesus4 ,he br\ght a new revelation ( ,god to m52 & x 0 a revelation :i* m5 believ$ ! ,old ,te/am5t _h =etold4 ,! ,jewi% ,scriptures 7 ! "o body ( sacr$ writ+s kn[n to ! ,greco-,roman _w1 & _! au?ority 0 enorm\s :]ev] anti-,jewi% prejudices 7 ov]come1 or :51 z 9 ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 ,jesus 0 relat$ to its prophecies4 ,?is influ5ce _h ext5d$ to ,greeks1 especially 9 su* places z ,alex&ria1 long be=e ,jesus began 8 m9i/ry4 ,!re=e x 0 natural t ! ,g5tiles' desire = revelation z well z ! ,jews' ,messianic hopes %\ld be atta*$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 s t ,*ri/ianity _h ! support ( its weighty au?ority4 ,aga9 ,*ri/ianity knew its savi\r & r$eem] n z "s god ^: hi/ory 0 conta9$ 9 a my? fill$ ) rude1 primitive1 & ev5 (f5sive elem5ts1 z 7 ! /ories ( ,attis1 ( ,osiris1 & to a degree ( ,dionysus4 ,su* my?s requir$ viol5t int]pretation to make !m acceptable to enlight5$ m9ds4 ,on ! contr>y ! ,*ri/ian savi\r _h liv$ & associat$ ) m51 ^: m9ds & s5ses _h appreh5d$ 8 p]son1 acts1 & "*4 ,^! witnesses _h transmitt$ _! k directly1 & !y _h te/ifi$ t ! life ( ,jesus correspond$ to 8 tea*+s4 ,jesus 0 !n an hi/orical1 n a my?ical be+4 ,no remote or f\l my? obtrud$ itself on ! ,*ri/ian believ]2 8 fai? 0 f\nd$ on positive1 hi/orical1 & acceptable facts4 ,*ri/ianity %[$ a sup]ior p[] ( adaptation to e class2 x 0 a practical guide ( life = all1 a guide :i* 0 soon recogniz$ by its oppon5ts to be ( ! highe/ e?ical value4 ,9 spite ( ! human weaknesses ( ,*ri/ians1 _! sup]ior morality 0 g5]ally recogniz$ f ! "t ( ,pl9y4#che ,_! motives = righte\s liv+ sprang f love & fai? r ?an f any social or rational sanctions2 & ! fruits 7 8love1 joy1 peace1 longsuff]+1 k9dness1 goodness1 fai?fulness1 meekness1 temp]ance40 ,^! virtues & ! belief t ,*ri/'s revelation & ! my/ic union ( man ) ! ,div9e br\ght salvation1 c\ld be und]/ood by ! mo/ unlett]$4 ,! intellectual classes f\nd ,*ri/ianity fulfill+ ! aim ( bo? ,greek ?\ght & ( ,old ,te/am5t prophecy2 9 x !y saw ! ultimate philosophy4 ,*ri/ianity !re=e prov$ itself a religion :i* satisfi$ m5's desires & hopes z well z _! philosophic aims 9 a m complete & spiritual way ?an ori5tal my/icism or ,greek rationalism2 & x gave a nobl] assurance ( salvation4 ,f9ally1 exp]i5ce taught ! value ( ,*ri/ianity2 already 9 ! second c5tury ! ,apologi/s c\ld make ! appeal to common k ( ! ,*ri/ians to %[ ! sup]iority ( _! fai?4 ,yet by ! close ( ! second c5tury ,*ri/ianity _h n won _m adh]5ts outside ( ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 save 9 ! great] cities4 ,! ?ird c5tury 0 ! p]iod 9 :i* paganism rapidly decay$ & ,*ri/ianity swiftly advanc$ t[>d its triumph2 by ! ye> #cjj x _h fill$ ! ,m$it]ranean _w1 & ! pr\d claim :i* ,t]tullian _h made a c5tury be=e1 began to be ju/ifi$3 8,we are ( ye/]day1 & yet we h fill$ all y\r hold+s1 cities1 h\ses1 ca/les1 t[ns1 c\ncils1 y\r v camps1 tribes1 w>ds1 ! palace1 ! s5ate1 ! =um--we h left y only y\r temples40#chf ,! victory ov] pagan religions & philosophies 0 inde$ c]ta92 b ?is success _h be5 secur$ on ! intellectual side by ! trans=mation ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus & ( ! apo/les into a ,greek philosophy4 ,x is z su* t ,*ri/ianity has ! f9al place 9 a hi/ory ( ,greek religi\s ?\ght4 ,,footnotes3 #ccf ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 ,,ii1 #agj4 #ccg ,vid4 ,ju/9's argum5ts1 ,apol4 ,i1 #ca-ec4 ,a!nagoras1 ,legat4 #i1 limits himself to ! te/imonies ( ! prophets z to ! nature ( ,god4 ,cf4 also ,tatian1 #bj1 at ! end4 #cch ,ju/91 ,apol4 ,,ii1 #h ff42 cf4 ,i1 #df4 ,9 two passages 7,apol4 ,i1 #dd & #ei7 ,ju/9 illogically decl>es t ! ,greeks ow$ all _! true k to _! borr[+s f ,moses4 ,h]e9 he 0 simply foll[+ ! ,alex&rian ,jews4 #cci ,legat4 #g4 #cdj ,tatian1 ,orat4 #e2 cf4 ,a!n41 ,legat4 #d4 ,! ideas recur frequ5tly 9 ne>ly all ! ,apologi/s4 #cda 7,ju/97 ,dial4 cum ,tryphone #fa1 #fb1 #aje1 #abh2 ,tatian1 ,orat4 #e-g2 ,a!n41 ,legat4 #aj1 #af1 #bd4 #cdb ,cf4 ,ju/91 ,apol4 ,i1 #e1 #ac1 #fa1 #fe1 #fg2 ,dial4 #g1 #bi1 #aaf2 ,tatian1 ,orat4 #ac2 ,a!n41 ,legat4 #aj4 #cdc ,ju/91 ,apol4 ,i1 #e1 #ae1 #ba1 #ef2 ,,ii1 #e-g2 ,tatian1 ,orat4 #g f41 #aa2 ,a!n41 ,legat4 #bd ff4 #cdd ,ju/91 ,apol4 ,i1 #ae ff41 & (t5 9 ! apologetic writ+s4 #cde ,cf4 ,apol4 ,i1 #bc1 #fc2 ,,ii1 #f4 #cdf ,cf4 p4 #bgd4 #cdg ,gal4 ,i1 #aa-ab2 ,eph4 ,,iii1 #c-d4 #cdh ,hi/ory ( ,dogma1 ,i1 #bbb ff4 #cdi ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 ,i1 #bd1 #c-d4 #cej ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 ,i1 #a-c4 #cea ,cf4 ,ptolemaeus1 apud ,epiphan41 ,ha]4 ,,xxxiii1 #c-g1 ,epi/4 ad ,floram1 at ! beg9n+4 #ceb ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 ,i1 #e-h4 ,! ,val5t9ian idea ( ! triple nature ( man is z old z ,plato4 #cec ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 ,i1 #bd1 #b-d4 #ced ,ibid41 ,i1 #b1 #e-f4 #cee ,cf4 ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]4 ,i1 #bc1 #d2 #bd1 #e4 #cef 4 #ceg ,cf4 also ,/rom4 ,,ii1 #ai-bj4 #ceh ,/rom4 ,i1 #e1 #bh1 #c2 cf4 ,i1 #bj1 #ig2 ,,vi1 #g1 #ei4 #cei ,cf4 ,de pr94 ,praef4 #a4 #cfj ,tradition says t ,orig5 he>d ! disc\rses ( ,ammonius ,saccas1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,neoplatonic ,s*ool4 ,porphyr4 apud ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,vi1 #ai1 #f4 #cfa ,de pr94 ,i1 #a2 ,,iii1 #e4 #cfb ,de pr94 ,i1 #a & #b deal ) ,god & ,*ri/ respectively 9 a sy/ematic way2 cf4 also ,,ii1 #e & #f4 ,besides !re are _m passages 9 ,orig5's extant works1 too num]\s = ref]5ce "h1 :i* %[ 8 views4 #cfc ,de pr94 ,,ii1 #f4 #cfd ,de pr94 ,i1 #c2 ,,ii1 #g4 #cfe ,orig5 adopt$ ! popul> belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( angels & demons & made great use ( x 9 expla9+ ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w4 ,! passages 9 8 works are too num]\s to be all nam$ "h2 b ,de pr94 ,i1 #h1 entire is devot$ to ! topic4 #cff ,c4 ,cels4 ,,iv1 #fe2 ,de pr94 ,i1 #e4 #cfg ,de pr94 ,,iii1 #f2 cf4 ,i1 #e1 #c4 #cfh ,clem5t1 ,pa$4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a4 ,/rom4 ,v1 #ad1 #id2 ,,vi1 #af1 #acd f4 ,cf4 ,plato1 ,rep4 ,,iv1 #dcf ,a-#dda ,c2 ,tim4 #db ,a4 #cfi ,de pr94 ,,iii1 #d2 cf4 ,,ii1 #h4 #cgj ,de pr94 ,,iii1 #a2 ,9 ,matt41 s]4 #fi2 9 ,rom4 ,,iv1 #e2 ,,ix1 #c4 #cga ,c4 ,cels4 ,,vii1 #ag2 cf4 ,i1 #ca2 ,exhort4 ad ,m>t4 entire4 #cgb ,c4 ,cel4 ,,iii1 #ei-fb2 ,,vii1 #df4 ,cf4 9 ,joh4 ,i1 #bj-bb2 ,c4 ,cel4 ,,ii1 #ff-fi2 ,,iv1 #ae-ah2 ,,vi1 #fh4 #cgc ,apud ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 ,,vi1 #ai1 #g f4 #cgd ,cf4 pp4 #aai ff4 #cge ,s*ol4 ,v5et4 ad ,il4 ,,xx1 #fg4 #cgf ,de pr94 ,,iv1 #aa;ff4 #cgg ,! ,ess5es seem to h be5 a ,jewi% sect /rongly "u ! influ5ce ( ,orphic & ,py?agorean ideas4 ,nei!r !y nor ! ,!rapeutae influ5c$ ,judaism or ,*ri/ianity to any consid]able ext5t4 #cgh #a ,cor4 ,,vii entire2 ,col4 ,,ii1 #bj-bc2 #a ,tim4 ,,iv1 #a-c4 #cgi ,dida*e #g4 #chj ,cf4 ,clem5t1 ,protrep4 #ab2 ,pa$4 ,i1 #f2 ,/rom4 ,,ii1 #c4 ,al?\gh we _c be q c]ta9 t & 7 te*nical t]ms ( ! ,greek my/]ies1 !y und\bt$ly correspond$ to ideas & practices f\nd 9 bo? ,hell5ic & ori5tal my/ic religions4 ,= a full li/ ( au?orities see ! works ( ,hat*1 ,anri*1 ,wobb]m91 & ,clem5 nam$1 p4 #cfh4 #cha ,cf4 ,celsus' *>ges1 ,orig51 ,c4 ,cel4 #a1 #a1 & ,orig5's reply1 ibid41 #a1 #g4 ,orig5 def5ds an esot]ic ,*ri/ianity by ! examples ( philosophy & ! pagan my/]ies4 #chb ,ju/91 ,apol4 ,i1 #ff4 #chc ,ir541 ,adv4 ,ha]4 ,,iv1 #ca1 #d2 frg4 #cf ,h>vey4 #chd ,ignatius1 ad ,eph4 #bj4 #che ,pl941 ,ep4 ,x1 #if4 #chf ,apol4 #cg4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,bibliography ,,g5]al ,,works ,! relevant articles 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa ed41 are (t5 valuable1 be+ writt5 by speciali/s4 ,( o!r encyclop$ic works ! foll[+ are mo/ useful3 ,ha/+s3 ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 ,i-,,viii1 ,a-,mulla1 #aijh-4 ,w4 ,ros*]3 ,ausfhrli*es ,lexikon d] grie*is*5 und rmis*5 ,my?ologie1 ,a-,tan1 #ahhd-4 ,pauly-,wiss[a3 ,real-,encyclopdie d] classis*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 ,a-,imp]ator1 ,ra-,ryton1 #ahid-4 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio3 ,dictionnaire des antiquits grecques et roma9es1 ,a-,via1 #ahhg-4 ,,greek ,,religion4--,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell3 ,! ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 #e vols41 #ahif-aijg4 ,a compreh5sive /udy ( ! great] div9ities4 ,id43 ,! ,high] ,aspects ( ,greek ,religion1 #aiab4 ,l4 ,campbell3 ,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature1 #ahih4 ,j4 ,adam3 ,! ,religi\s ,tea*]s ( ,greece1 #b ed41 #aiji4 ,an int]e/+ & valuable book = ! p]iod f ,hom] to ,plato4 ,a4 ,fairbanks3 ,a ,h&book ( ,greek ,religion1 #aiaj4 ,an admirable treatm5t ( ! subject 9 mod]ate compass ) excell5t bibliographies4 ,g4 ,f4 ,moore3 ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 ,i1 pp4 #djf-fjb1 on ,greek & ,roman ,religions1 #aiac4 ,! "w ( a ma/] 9 ! entire field4 ,ed4 ,mey]3 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1 ,,ii-,v1 #ahic-aijb4 ,! religion ( ! ,greeks is n[h]e else s well treat$ f ! hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,g4 ,f4 v4 ,s*oemann3 ,grie*is*e ,alt]tm]1 #d ed41 by ,lipsius1 ,,ii1 pp4 #acc-fjg1 #aijb4 ,p4 ,/5gel3 ,die grie*is*5 ,kultusalt]tm]1 #b ed41 #ahih4 ,! be/ treatm5t ( ! religi\s antiquities ( ! ,greeks4 ,o4 ,gruppe3 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie und ,religionsges*i*te1 #b vols41 #ahig1 #aijf4 ,?is is ! mo/ compreh5sive "w deal+ ) ! subject2 its value is some:at impair$ by ! au?or's peculi> views4 ,s4 ,wide3 ,grie*is*e und ,rmis*e ,religion1 9 ,g]cke und ,nord53 ,e9leitung 9 die ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 #b ed41 ,,ii1 pp4 #afi-bga1 #aiab4 ,,my?ology4--,! ,my?ology ( all ,races1 ,i1 ,greek & ,roman1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,fox1 #aiaf4 ,a mod]n pres5tation ( ! my?s connect$ ) ! *ief gods2 ! book is well illu/rat$ & is provid$ ) an ample bibliography4 ,prell]3 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 ,i1 #d ed41 by ,rob]t1 #ahid2 ,,ii1 #c ed41 by ,plew1 #ahgb4 ,,e?ics4--,l4 ,s*midt3 ,die ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 #b vols41 #ahhb4 ,! /&>d treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,j4 ,d5is3 ,hi/oire des ?ories et des ides morales dans l'antiquit1 #b ed41 #b vols41 #ahgi4 ,an hi/orical acc\nt ( ,greek morals to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ( our era4 ,m4 ,wundt3 ,ges*i*te d] grie*is*5 ,e?ik1 #b vols41 #aijh1 #aiaa4 ,?is book cov]s ! p]iods f ,hom] to ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky3 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ,i1 pp4 #afi-cef4 ,! p]iod f ,augu/us to ,neoplatonism1 #ahfi4 ,c4 ,m>?a3 tudes morales sur l'antiquit1 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,w4 ,h4 ,s4 ,jones3 ,greek ,morality 9 ,relation to ,in/itutions1 #aijf4 ,,philosophy4--,ed4 ,zell]3 ,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*53 ,i1 #a & #b1 #e ed41 #ahib2 ,,ii1 #a1 #d ed41 #ahhi2 ,,ii1 #b1 #c ed41 #ahgi2 ,,iii1 #a1 #d ed41 #aiji2 ,,iii1 #b1 #d ed41 #aijc4 ,engli% translations f ! f\r? or ?ird ,g]man editions3 ,pre-,socratic ,philosophy1 #b vols41 #ahha2 ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ools1 #ahhe2 ,plato & ! ,old] ,academy1 #ahhh2 ,ari/otle & ! ,e>ly ,p]ipatetics1 #b vols41 #ahig2 ,! ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics1 #ahib4 ,! be/ hi/ory ( anci5t philosophy1 conta9+ full ref]5ces to ! s\rces4 ,?4 ,gomp]z3 ,grie*is*e ,d5k]1 #c vols41 #b ed41 #aijc-ji4 ,engli% translation3 ,greek ,?9k]s1 #d vols41 #aija-ab4 ,a /imulat+ book1 b less useful ?an ,zell]'s4 ,j4 ,burnet3 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 #b ed41 #aijh2 id43 ,greek ,philosophy1 ,i1 ,?ales to ,plato1 #aiad4 ,a4 ,w4 ,b5n3 ,! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 #b ed41 #aiad4 ,?ree valuable books4 ,m4 ,l\is3 ,doctr9es religieuses des philosophes ,grecs1 #aiji4 ,i ,t4 ,d4 ,seym\r3 ,life 9 ! ,hom]ic ,age1 *aps4 xiv-xvi1 #aijg4 ,gives ! facts ) reg>d to religion 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,j4 ,adam3 ,religi\s ,tea*]s1 pp4 #ba-hc4 ,e4 ,rohde3 ,psy*e ,i#c1 pp4 #a ff41 #aijc4 ,ngelsba*3 ,hom]is*e ,!ologie1 #c ed41 #ahhd4 ,o4 ,gruppe3 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 pp4 #ihg-ajae4 ,campbell3 ,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature1 pp4 #ec-aac4 ,j4 ,gir>d3 ,le s5tim5t religieux en ,grce d',homre ,es*yle1 #c ed41 pp4 #a-acc1 #ahhg4 ,p4 ,waltz3 ,hsiode et son pome moral1 #aijf4 ,! mo/ valuable treatm5t ( ,hesiod's ,works & ,days4 ,ed4 ,mey]3 ,hesiods ,erga und das ,g$i*t von d5 fnf ,m5s*5ges*lect]n1 9 ,g5e?liakon1 #aiaj4 ,o4 ,gruppe3 ,die grie*is*5 ,culte und ,my!n1 ,i1 pp4 #efg-fab1 #ahhg4 ,p4 ,de*>me3 ,la critique des traditions religieuses *ez les ,grecs1 pp4 #a-bf1 #aijd4 ,,ii ,! ,orphic fragm5ts are quot$ f ! edition by ,abel1 #ahhe2 ! tablets f\nd 9 graves f ,diels3 ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]1 #c ed41 ,,ii1 pp4 #afc ff41 #aiab4 ,lobeck3 ,aglaophamus sive de !ologiae my/icae ,graecorum causis1 #ahbi4 ,! classic "w4 ,rohde3 ,psy*e1 ,i#c1 pp4 #bgh ff41 on ! ,my/]ies2 ,,ii#c1 pp4 #a ff41 on ,dionysiac religion & ,orphism4 ,adam3 ,religi\s ,tea*]s1 *ap4 v4 ,campbell3 ,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature1 pp4 #bch-bff4 ,fairbanks3 ,h&book ( ,greek ,religion1 pp4 #abh-acg2 #bcj-bdh4 ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison3 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 #b ed41 *aps1 viii-xii1 #aijh4 ,?is book mu/ be us$ ) caution4 ,b4 ,i4 ,:eel]3 ,dionysus & ,immortality1 #ahii4 ,! ,+]soll ,lecture = #ahih-ii4 ,gir>d3 ,le s5tim5t religieux1 pp4 #aga-big4 ,gruppe3 ,grie*is*e ,culte und ,my!n1 ,i1 pp4 #fab-fge2 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 #ajaf-ajda4 ,e4 ,maass3 ,orpheus4 ,unt]su*ung5 zur grie*is*51 rmis*51 alt*ri/li*5 ,j5seitsdi*tung und ,religion1 #ahie4 ,a4 ,diet]i*3 ,nekyia4 ,beitrge zur ,erklrung d] neu5tdeckt5 ,petrusapokalypse1 #b ed41 #aiac4 ,al?\gh ! two prec$+ books deal prim>ily ) e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 !y conta9 mu* matt] be>+ on e>ly ,orphism & ! ,my/]ies4 ,f>nell3 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 ,,iii1 pp4 #abf-bac2 #cdc-cfg2 ,v1 #he-aha4 ,a4 ,momms53 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n1 pp4 #bjd-bgg2 #dje-dba1 #ahih4 ,p4 ,f\c>t1 ,les my/res d',eleusis1 #aiad4 ,! au?or's hypo!sis ( ! ,egyptian orig9 ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies is unt5able4 ,k4 ,h4 ,e4 ,de ,jong3 ,das antike ,my/]i5wes51 #aiji4 ,a discussion ( ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! sev]al my/]ies4 ,,iii ,! fragm5ts ( ,ar*ilo*us1 ,solon1 ,!ognis1 & ,simonides are quot$ f ,b]gk3 ,poetae ,lyrici ,graeci1 #c ed41 ,,ii & ,,iii2 ^? ( ,aes*ylus & ,sophocles f ,nauck3 ,tragicorum ,graecorum ,fragm5ta1 #b ed41 #ahhi4 ,adam3 ,religi\s ,tea*]s1 pp4 #hc-ahc4 ,campbell3 ,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature1 pp4 #aad-aba2 #afi-ahj2 #aie-bjh2 #bfg-bij4 ,gir>d3 ,le s5tim5t religieux1 pp4 #ace-agj2 #bdg-ddh4 ,de*>me3 ,critique des traditions religieuses1 pp4 #ia-aab4 ,gruppe3 ,grie*is*e ,my?ologie1 pp4 #ajda-ajeh4 ,e4 ,bu*holz3 ,die sittli*5 ,weltans*auung des ,p9d>os und ,aes*ylos1 #ahfi4 ,f4 ,f4 ,c4 ,fis*]3 ,de deo ,aes*yleo1 #aiab4 ,dronke3 ,die religis5 und sittli*5 ,vor/ellung5 des ,aes*ylos und ,sophocles1 ,jahrbb4 fr klass4 ,phil41 ,suppl4 ,,iv1 pp4 #a-aaf4 ,f4 ,lbk]3 ,die sophokleis*e ,!ologie und ,e?ik1 #ahea1 #ahee4 ,,iv ,! fragm5ts ( ! pre-,socratic philosoph]s are quot$ f ,diels3 ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]1 #b vols41 #c ed41 #aiab2 ^? ( ,euripides f ,nauck3 ,tragicorum ,graecorum ,fragm5ta1 #b ed41 #ahhi4 ,adam3 ,religi\s ,tea*]s1 pp4 #ahd-cee4 ,campbell3 ,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature1 pp4 #bia-ccg4 ,zell]3 ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 ,i1 #ae1 pp4 #eba-eeb2 ,i1 #be1 pp4 #fbc-hcg2 #ifh-aafd2 ,engli% translation1 ,pre-,socratic ,philosophy1 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-bjf2 #cba-eaf4 ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ools1 pp4 #ci-bcf4 ,gomp]z3 ,grie*is*e ,d5k]1 ,i#b1 pp4 #abg-acd2 #afh-bjd2 #cca-cif2 ,,ii#b1 pp4 #c-ie2 ,engli% translation1 ,i1 #aee-afd2 #bjh-bed2 #dab-dif2 ,,ii1 pp4 #c-aah4 ,g4 ,grote3 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 *aps4 #fg-fh4 ,burnet3 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 pp4 #adc-aia2 #bbg-cah2 ,greek ,philosophy1 pp4 #eg-ha2 #aje-aib4 ,b5n3 ,greek ,philosoph]s1 pp4 #fe-adc4 ,l\is3 ,doctr9es religieuses1 pp4 #a-ie4 ,de*>me3 ,critique des traditions religieuses1 pp4 #dc-fc2 #aac-adj2 ,euripide et l'esprit de son !tre1 #ahic2 ,engli% translation by ,james ,loeb3 ,euripides & ! ,_s ( 8 ,dramas1 #aijf4 ,a4 ,v]rall3 ,euripides ! ,rationali/1 #ahie4 ,w4 ,ne/le3 ,euripides d] ,di*t] d] grie*is*5 ,aufklrung1 #aijb4 ,v ,adam3 ,religi\s ,tea*]s1 pp4 #cef-dfj4 ,on ,plato by "o ( ! be/ ( rec5t ,engli% ,platoni/s4 ,zell]3 ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 ,,ii1 #ad1 pp4 #chi-ihb2 ,,ii1 #bc1 pp4 #a-hjf2 ,engli% translation1 ,plato & ! ,old] ,academy1 pp4 #a-eeb2 ,ari/otle & ! ,e>ly ,p]ipatetics1 ,i-,,ii1 pp4 #a-cdg4 ,gomp]z3 ,grie*is*e ,d5k]1 ,,ii#b1 pp4 #bjc-ecc2 ,,iii#b1 entire2 ,engli% translation1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bdi-cig1 ,,iii & ,,iv1 entire4 ,burnet3 ,greek ,philosophy3 ,i1 pp4 #bje-cej4 ,b5n3 ,greek ,philosoph]s1 pp4 #add-cbf4 ,e4 ,caird3 ,! ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 ,i1 pp4 #eh-chb2 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-cj4 #aijd4 ,l\is3 ,doctr9es religieuses1 pp4 #ii-afd4 ,de*>me3 ,critique des traditions religieuses1 pp4 #aha-bai2 #bcc-bdb4 ,campbell1 ,religion 9 ,greek ,lit]ature1 pp4 #cdb-cfg4 ,,vi ,! fragm5ts ( ! e>ly ,/oics are quot$ f von ,arnim3 ,/oicorum ,vet]um ,fragm5ta1 ,i-,,iii1 #aijc-je 7,s ,v ,f74 ,b5n3 ,greek ,philosoph]s1 pp4 #cbf-cfd2 #deb-dgc2 #ebc-ehh4 ,caird3 ,!ology 9 ,greek ,philosoph]s3 ,,ii1 pp4 #ca-caf4 ,l\is3 ,doctr9es religieuses1 pp4 #aii-cdc4 ,de*>me3 ,critique des traditions religieuses1 pp4 #bei-eja4 ,zell]3 ,philosophie d] ,grie*53 ,,iii1 #ad1 pp4 ,i-#cgc2 ,,iii1 #bd1 pp4 #hb-bah2 #bed-gce4 ,! ,engli% volume3 ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics1 includes no m ?an its title indicates4 ,e4 ,v4 ,arnold3 ,roman ,/oicism1 #aiaa4 ,a useful book4 ,e4 ,bevan3 ,/oics & ,sceptics1 #aiac4 ,r5an3 ,m>c-,aurle1 #ahhb4 ,e4 ,brhi]3 ,les ides philosophiques et religieuses de ,philo1 #aijh4 ,j4 ,m>t91 ,philon1 #aijh4 ,:ittak]3 ,! ,neo-,platoni/s1 #aija4 ,b4 ,a4 ,g4 ,full]3 ,! ,problem ( ,evil 9 ,plot9us1 #aiab4 ,,vii ,= ! political relations ( ,italy to ,greece & ! ,ea/ ref]5ce %\ld be _h to ! /&>d hi/ories ( ,rome2 ! foll[+ books deal prim>ily ) religion4 ,g4 ,wiss[a3 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]1 #b ed41 #aiab4 ,! ,/&>d book on ! subject2 a compreh5sive "w ( s\nd le>n+4 ,m>qu>dt3 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 ,,iii1 #b ed41 #ahhe4 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]3 ,! ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,age ( ,augu/us1 #aiaa4 ,! be/ book = ! p]iod4 ,id43 ,roman ,ideas ( ,deity 9 ! la/ ,c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 #aiad2 ,! ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic1 #ahii4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t]3 ,! ,religion ( ,numa1 #aijf2 ,! ,religi\s ,life ( ,anci5t ,rome1 *aps1 i-iii1 #aiaa4 ,g4 ,boissi]3 ,la religion roma9e d',augu/e aux ,anton9es1 #f ed41 #aijf4 ,a valuable book writt5 by a ma/]4 ,dill3 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #b ed41 pp4 #bhi-edf1 #aiaa4 ,e4 ,beurli]3 ,le culte imprial1 #ahia4 ,,viii ,dill3 ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 pp4 #edg-fbf4 ,glov]3 ,! ,conflict ( ,religions 9 ! ,e>ly ,empire1 #c ed41 #aiji4 ,b5n3 ,greek ,philosoph]s1 pp4 #dhg-ebb4 ,j4 ,reville3 ,la religion ,rome s\s les ,svres1 #ahhf4 ,f4 ,cumont3 ,textes et monum5ts relatifs aux my/res de ,mi?ra1 #b vols41 #ahid-aijj4 ,! only treatm5t ( any ( ! ori5tal religions :i* takes fully into acc\nt ! monum5tal1 epigraphical1 & lit]>y evid5ce4 ,id43 ,les my/res de ,mi?ra1 #b ed41 #aijb2 ,engli% translation1 #aiaj2 ,les religions ori5tales dans le paganisme roma9e1 #aijg2 ,engli% translation1 #aiaa2 ,a/rology & ,religion among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 #aiab4 ,j4 ,t\ta93 ,les cultes paens dans l'empire roma91 ,,ii1 #a ,les cultes ori5taux1 #aiaa4 ,a valuable treatm5t ( ! ori5tal religions 9 ! ,lat9 prov9ces4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( ^! religions 9 ,brita91 ! ,gauls & ,g]manies1 & 9 ,spa9 has be5 discuss$ by ,c4 ,h4 ,moore 9 ! foll[+ places3 ,h>v>d ,/udies 9 ,classical ,philology1 ,,xi1 pp4 #dg ff42 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philological ,association1 ,,xxxviii1 pp4 #aji ff42 & 9 ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions pres5t$ to ,c4 ,h4 ,toy1 #aiab4 ,g4 ,%[]man3 ,! ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods1 #aija4 ,hepd+3 ,attis1 #aijc4 ,g4 ,lafaye3 ,hi/oire d] culte des div9its d',alex&rie hors de l',egypte1 #ahhd4 ,r4 ,reitz5/e93 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion51 #aiaj4 ,,ix-,x ,_m ( ! p]t95t articles 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible & ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 #aa ed41 & 9 simil> works are writt5 by speciali/s & are valuable4 ,a4 ,h>nack3 ,lehrbu* d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 ,i1 #d ed41 #aiji2 ,engli% translation f ! ?ird ,g]man edition1 ,i & ,,ii1 #aija4 ,! mo/ valuable book on ! subject4 ,f4 ,lo(s3 ,leitfad5 zum ,/udium d] ,dogm5ges*i*te1 #d ed41 ,halle1 #aijf4 ,! op5+ *apt]s cov] ! e>ly p]iod4 ,g4 ,b4 ,/ev5s3 ,! ,!ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #aijc4 ,h4 ,holtzmann3 ,lehrbu* d] neute/am5tli*5 ,!ologie1 #b vols41 #b ed41 #aiaa4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,giffert3 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,apo/olic ,age1 #ahig4 ,j4 ,h4 ,ropes3 ,! ,apo/olic ,age1 #aijf4 ,s4 ,j4 ,case3 ,! ,evolution ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 #aiad4 ,k4 ,lake3 ,! ,e>li] ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 #aiaa2 ,! ,/ew>d%ip ( ,fai?1 #aiae4 ,t4 ,r4 ,glov]3 ,! ,conflict ( ,religions 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 #aiji4 ,j4 ,geffck53 ,zwei grie*is*5 ,apologet51 #aijg4 ,an important comm5t>y to ,ari/ides & ,a!nagoras1 prec$$ by an introduction deal+ ) ! hi/ory & *>act]i/ics ( ! ,greek ,apologi/s1 & foll[$ by a sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! apologetic lit]ature aft] ,a!nagoras to ,augu/9e4 ,a4 ,pue*3 ,les apologi/es grecs du ,,iie sicle de notre re1 #aiab4 ,h4 ,s4 ,mansel3 ,! ,gno/ic ,h]esies1 #ahge4 ,e4 de ,faye3 ,gno/iques et gno/icisme1 #aiac4 ,c4 ,bigg3 ,! ,*ri/ian ,platoni/s ( ,alex&ria1 #ahhf4 ,e4 de ,faye3 ,clm5t d',alex&rie1 #b ed41 #aijf4 ,p4 ,w5dl&3 ,die hell5i/is*-rmis*e ,kultur 9 ihr5 ,beziehung5 zu ,jud5tum und ,*ri/5tum1 #b ed41 #aiab4 ,a book ( prime importance on ! conditions ( ! anci5t _w dur+ ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,e4 ,hat*3 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #h ed41 #aija4 ,g4 ,anri*1 ,das antike ,my/]i5wes5 9 se9em ,e9fluss auf das ,*ri/5tum1 #ahid4 ,g4 ,wobb]m93 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,/udi5 zur ,frage d] ,bee9flussung des ,ur*ri/5tums dur* das antike ,my/]i5wes51 #ahif4 ,c4 ,clem53 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,erklrung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #aiji2 ,engli% translation3 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity & its ,non-,jewi% ,s\rces1 #aiab2 ,d] ,e9fluss d] ,my/]i5religion5 auf das lte/e ,*ri/5tum1 #aiac4 ,c4 ,h4 ,moore3 ,greek & ,roman ,ascetic ,t5d5cies 9 ,h>v>d ,essays on ,classical ,subjects1 pp4 #ig-adj1 #aiab4 ,h4 ,/rei?man3 ,ges*i*te d] frh*ri/li*5 ,askese 9 d] ,umgebung des w]d5d5 ,*ri/5tums1 #aiad4 ,?is book ,i h be5 unable to see4 ,a4 ,deissman3 ,li*t vom ,o/51 #c ed41 #aiji2 ,engli% translation1 ,light f ! ,anci5t ,ea/1 *ap4 iv1 #aiaj4 ,r4 ,reitz5/e93 ,die hell5i/is*5 ,my/]i5religion51 #aiaj4 ,e4 ,maass3 ,orpheus4 ,unt]su*ung5 zur gries*is*51 rmis*51 alt*ri/li*5 ,j5seitsdi*tung und ,religion1 #ahie4 ,a4 ,diet]i*3 ,nekyia1 #b ed41 #aiac4 ,a4 ,h>nack3 ,mission und ,ausbreitung des ,*ri/5tums 9 d5 er/5 drei ,jahrhund]t51 #b vols41 #c ed41 #aiae2 ,engli% translation3 ,! ,expansion ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies1 #b ed41 #b vols41 #aijh4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,specim5 ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,cal5d> ,tak5 f ! ,fa/i ,pra5e/9i1 :i* 7 compos$ betwe5 #d & #aj ,a4,d4 ,! lett]s ( ! fir/ column %[ ! eight days ( ! ,roman nund9ae1 :i* are repeat$ = ! successive nund9al p]iods2 ! second column gives ! numb] ( days be=e ! ,cal5ds1 ,nones1 or ,ides z ! case may be2 9 ! ?ird column ! "* ( ! day is indicat$ by ,c comitialis1 ,f fa/us1 ,n & ,,np nefa/us1 & ! olde/ fe/ivals are giv53 ,,v9 ,v9alia1 ,,rob ,robigalia1 etc42 ! small capitals give ! fe/ivals add$ )9 ! hi/orical p]iod & sundry o!r notices4 ,,april #bc-cj ,a ,,viiii ,,v9 ,f ,,v9i ,,omnis ,,novi ,,libam5tvm ,,iovi ,,consecratvm,,e/ ,,cvm ,,lat9i ,,bello ,,preme ,,r5tvr ,,ab,,rvtilis,,qvia,,mez5tivs,,rex,,etrv ,,sco,,rvm ,,paciscebatvr,,si,,svbsidio ,,v5issit,,omnivm,,annorvm ,,v9i,,frvctvm,,sig,,divo,,avgv/o,,patri ,,ad,,!atrvm ,,m>c,,elli ,,ivlia,,avgv/a,,et,,ti,,avgv/vs,,d$ic>v nt ,b ,,viii ,,cti,,caes>,,togam,,virilem,,svmpsit,,i mp,,caes>e,,vii,,agrippa ,,iii,,cos ,,f]iae,,robigo,,via,,clavdia,,ad,,milli >ivm ,c ,,vii ,,rob ,,np ,v,,ne,,robigo,,frvm9tis,,noceat,,sacrif iciv,m ,,et,,lvdi,,cvrsoribvs,,maioribvs,,m9ori bvsq ,,fivnt,,fe/vs,,e/ ,,pv]orvm ,,llnoniorvm ,,qvia ,,proximvs,,svp]ior ,,m]etricvm ,,e/ ,d ,,vi ,f ,,hvnc,,diem,,divvs,,caes>,,addidit ,e ,v ,c ,f ,,iiii ,,np ,,lvdi ,,florae ,,f]iae,,ex,s,c,,qvod,,eo,,di,e ,,a$icvl,a,,et,,ara ,,ve/ae,,9,,domv,,imp,,caes>is,,avgv,,/i ,,po,,ntif,,ma,x ,,d$icata/,,qvir9io ,,et ,,valgio ,co,s ,,eodem ,,die,,a$is,,florae,,qvae,,rebvs,,flores c5dis ,,praee/ ,,d$icata,,e/,,propt] ,,/]ilitatem,,frvgvm ,g ,,iii ,c ,,lvdi ,h ,,pr ,c ,,lvdi ,,xxx ,,index ,absolute3 9 ,plato1 #aeb1 #afc f41 #aff4 ,academus1 #ade4 ,academy3 ,platonic1 #ade ff42 influ5ce ( lat] ,a4 on ,romans1 #bdd4 ,acropolis1 #aji ff4 ,actium3 ! battle (1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,acts1 ,,xi1 #ai-bf3 #caa4 ,adad1 #bfc4 ,adam1 ,james1 quot$1 #adc4 ,adonis1 #ea1 #bgb4 ,aelian1 ,v4 ,h41 ,,ix1 #ab3 #bdj4 ,aes*ylus1 #gi1 #ha1 #hh1 #ij ff41 #aag1 #acg1 #afd2 on conflict ( duties1 #ig f42 concept ( ,zeus1 #ib ff42 ,fate1 #ic f42 fre$om ( *oice1 #ie ff42 ju/ice z attribute ( ,zeus1 #id2 man's obligations1 #id ff42 nature ( univ]se1 #ia f42 pan!ism1 #ic2 puni%m5t aft] dea?1 #ii4 ,ag41 #afj ff43 #ib f42 ,*oeph41 #cjf ff41 #djj ff43 #ih2 #ajee ff43 #if f42 ,eum41 #bfd ff43 #ii2 ,p]s41 #hbg ff43 #ie2 ,sept41 #eig-fjh3 #ie2 ,suppl41 #ebd f41 #egd3 #ib2 ,frg4 #gj3 #ic4 ,aesculapius1 #bca4 ,aesop1 #bcf4 ,aetius1 ,i1 #bg1 #e3 #aid4 ,ages ( man3 ,hesiod's five1 #cg f4 ,ahriman1 #bgh4 ,ahura ,mazda1 #bgh4 ,al>ic1 #ff4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #aga4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 #afi2 effect ( conque/s1 #ahc1 #ahe f41 #bje f41 #beg f41 #bif f4 ,alex&ria1 #bje ff41 #big2 ,jews at1 #bje f41 #beh1 #bfb4 ,allegorical int]pretation1 #cej f4 ,ammonius ,saccas1 #bjg4 ,anaxagoras1 #aag ff41 #adh1 #aeb1 #aib4 ,anaxim&]1 #dc4 ,anaxim5es1 #dc4 ,&ania3 my/]ies at1 #ga4 ,&ocides3 de ,my/4 #ca3 #gb4 ,antigone1 #ig f41 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,annic]is1 #ade4 ,antio*3 *ur* at1 #caa4 ,antio*us ( ,ascalon1 #bdd4 ,anti/h5es1 #ahd4 ,antony1 #bdf4 ,anubis1 #bfb4 1 #ahi4 ,aphrodite1 #ag1 #acf1 #bca4 ,apollo1 #af f41 #if f41 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bdg4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 #bjf1 #bji4 ,apologi/s3 ! ,greek1 #cbg ff42 attitude t[>d ,greek culture & philosophy1 #cbi ff41 #cce2 on creation1 #ccc2 ,holy ,_s1 #ccc2 ,logos1 #ccb f42 inc>nation1 #ccc2 morality1 #ccd f42 nature ( ,god1 #cca f42 problem ( evil1 #ccc f42 revelation1 #ccc ff42 salvation1 #ccd4 ,see also ,ari/ides1 ,a!nagoras1 ,ju/91 & ,tatian4 ,apuleius1 #cce f42 ,met4 ,x1 #e3 #bfi f42 #ai-cj3 #bgc-f2 #bc3 #bgd2 #be3 #bic f4 ,ar*ilo*us1 #gf1 #gi1 #aba4 ,frgg41 #ef1 #gd1 #c ff43 #gf2 #hh3 #gi4 ,ares1 #ag1 #bcg4 ,ari/ides1 #cbh4 ,ari/obulus1 #beh4 ,ari/ocracies1 #dj4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,frogs1 #ded ff43 #ga4 ,ari/otle1 #gj1 #adf1 #afi ff41 #ahc1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aia1 #bji1 #baj1 #big2 attitude t[>d traditional religion1 #ahj f42 on ! contemplative life1 #agh f42 cosmological & teleological argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 #agd1 #agi2 creative intellig5ce1 #agd2 criticism ( ,plato's ideas1 #afi1 #aga f42 e?ics1 #agg ff42 fir/ & f9al causes1 #agc f42 f\r causes1 #agb f42 ,god1 #agc ff42 ideal /ate1 #ahf2 immortality1 #agg2 influ5ce (1 #agj f42 matt] & ,god1 #agd f42 mono!ism1 #age f42 teleology1 #agc f42 transc5d5ce ( ,god1 #agf1 #agi2 psy*ology1 #agf ff4 ,de anima1 ,,ii1 #a2 ,,iii1 #d1 #e1 #agg2 de caelo1 ,i1 #d1 #bga;a1 #cc3 #agd2 ,e?ica ,nic4 et ,eud43 #agi2 ,met41 ,i1 #c1 #ihc;a1 #bd ff42 #i1 #iij;b ff43 #agb2 ,,vi1 #h3 #agb2 ,,vii1 #f1 #ajde;b1 #ah f43 #age2 #g1 #ajcb;a1 #ac ff43 #agb2 ,,vii1 #d1 #ajdd;a1 #cb ff43 #agb2 ,,xi1 #g3 #agd2 ,,xi1 entire3 #age2 ,,xii1 #aj3 #agb2 ,,xiii1 #c3 #agb2 ,phys41 ,i1 #i1 #aib;a1 #c ff43 #aff2 ,,ii1 #c1 #aid;b1 #af ff43 #agb2 ,,ii1 #g1 #aih;a1 #bb ff43 #agc2 ,,iv1 #b1 #bji;b1 #aa ff43 #aff2 ,,viii1 #f1 #beh;b1 #aj ff43 #agd2 ,pol41 ,,vi1 #h1 #acbb;b1 #ah ff42 ,,vii1 #h1 #acbh;b1 #ab ff42 #acbi;a1 #bg ff42 #accj;a1 #h f42 #acha;b1 #d-f1 #ag f43 #aha2 ,frg41 #de3 #gj4 ,army3 & ori5tal religions1 #bei f4 ,art3 influ5ce ( ,greek on ,roman concepts ( gods1 #bca1 #bcf f4 ,artemis1 #ag1 #ace4 ,arval ,bro!rs1 #bbg4 ,asceticism1 #aeh f41 #bjh1 #bji1 #bab f41 #bad1 #bah1 #cea ff4 ,associations3 religi\s1 #ec f41 #bfh1 #bgf1 #bij f4 1 #bdb4 ,at>gatis1 #bfc4 ,a!na1 #af1 #ea1 #if1 #ajb1 #aaj1 #aaa ff4 ,a!naeus1 ,deip41 ,,xi1 p4 #dif3 #fi2 ,,xiii1 p4 #edg ,a3 #bdj4 ,a!nagoras1 #cbh ff42 ,legat4 #d1 #g3 #cca2 #i3 #ccj2 #aj1 #af1 #bd3 #ccc2 #bd ff43 #ccd4 ,a!ns1 #da1 #dh1 #ec1 #aji ff4 ,atreus3 ! h\se (1 #if f4 ,attalus1 #bfa4 ,atticus1 #bdd4 ,attis1 #ea1 #bgb1 #bhe ff41 #ceg4 ,augu/9e1 ,sa9t1 #bad2 ,civ4 ,dei1 ,,iv1 #bg3 #bdc4 ,augu/us1 #bca1 #bdf ff4 ,aulus ,gellius1 ,n4 ,a4 ,,xv1 #aa1 #a3 #bda4 ,baal3 ( ,damascus1 #bfd2 ( ,doli*e1 #bfd2 ( ,heliopolis1 #bfc4 ,bac*ae1 ( ,euripides1 #adb f4 1 #ea4 ,bac*ylides1 #ad1 #ej-fc3 #hg f4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #aga4 ,baptism1 #cdj1 #cec f4 ,basilides1 #ccf ff4 ,beyr\t1 #bfc4 ,bir?1 ! new1 #cbc4 ,body3 tomb ( s\l1 #ee1 #afj4 ,bro!rhood ( man1 #aig ff41 #bjb4 ,burnet3 on ,plato1 #adg4 ,bus9ess3 k (1 possess$ by ! ,ea/1 #bih4 ,calamis1 #hc4 ,cal5d>s1 ,roman1 #bbc4 ,calli*oros1 #fc4 ,caes>1 ,julius1 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,capitol9e ,triad1 #bbb1 #bbd f41 #bca4 ,c>neades1 #bda4 ,c>m5 contra ,paganos1 #eg ff43 #bhi4 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 #bcj1 #bcg4 ,cate*etical ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria1 #cda f4 ,cato ! ,c5sor1 #bce1 #bda4 ,cato ( ,utica1 #bed4 ,c]es1 #bbe1 #bcj1 #bcc4 ,*alcis1 #db4 ,*>ondas1 #da4 ,*ri/3 9 ,gno/ic sy/ems1 #cci2 ! indwell+1 #cad1 #cag1 #cbb f42 ! light ( m51 #cba f42 ! ,logos1 #cah ff42 9 ,orig51 #cdd2 ! !me ( apo/olic prea*+1 #caa1 #cab f4 ,see also ,jesus & ,messiah4 ,*ri/ianity1 #bif ff41 #cja ff42 & ,paganism1 #aha1 #cbf ff42 ,apologi/s1 #cbg ff42 debt to ,paganism1 #cee f42 dogma z safegu>d ( fai?1 #cbh2 e?ical value1 #ceg f42 fundam5tal ideas ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 #cbd f42 ,gno/ics1 #ccf ff42 modification by philosophy1 #cbf ff42 a my/]y1 #bie1 #cdj2 ,orig51 #cdb2 reason = triumph1 #cef ff42 relation to ,greek philosophy1 #cjb1 #cag f41 #cbd ff41 #cee2 tea*+s ( ,jesus1 #cjb ff42 ( ,johann9e writ+s1 #cah ff42 ( ,paul1 #caa ff42 spread 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 #ceh2 ! ultimate philosophy1 #ceh4 ,*rysippus1 #ahf4 ,cic]o1 #ahg1 #bdd2 de ,f941 ,,iii1 #fd3 #aig4 ,cimon1 #aaj4 ,c9na1 #bdf4 ,claudian1 #bce4 ,clean!s1 ,hymn1 #aic ff4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #ee1 #fi1 #he1 #ic2 ,pa$41 ,i1 #f3 #cec2 ,,iii1 #a1 #a3 #cdf2 ,protrep1 #ab3 #cec2 pp4 #ab1 #ah ,p3#fi2 ,/rom4 ,i1 #e1 #bh1 #c2 ,i1 #bj3 #ig2 ,,ii1 #ai1 #bj3 #cdb2 ,,ii1 #c3 #cec2 ,v1 #ad1 #id3 #cdf2 ,,vi1 #g1 #ei3 #cdb2 ,,vi1 #af1 #acd f43 #cdf4 ,clytemne/ra1 #ih4 ,colonization1 #da ff4 ,colossians3 ,epi/le to1 ,,ii1 #bj-bc3 #ceb2 ,,iii1 #a-c3 #cad4 ,communion1 ,mi?raic1 #bhb f42 ,*ri/ian1 #ced4 ,con/ant9ople3 ! conque/ (1 #agj4 ,contemplative life3 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 #agh f42 ,neoplatoni/s1 #bai2 ,orig51 #cdg4 ,conv5tion1 ! basis ( in/itutions1 #abg4 ,cor9?ians3 #a ,epi/le to1 ,,iii1 #af f42 ,,vi1 #ai3 #cae2 ,,vii3 #ceb2 ,,xii-,,xiv3 #caf2 #b ,epi/le to1 ,,iii1 #ag3 #cae2 ,,iv1 #f-g3 #cad4 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um 7,,cil71 ,,vi1 #dig-ejd3 #bhh2 ,,vi1 #eaj1 #eab3 #bhi2 ,x1 #aeif3 #bhh4 ,cosmopolitanism3 ,/oic1 #aif ff42 ( ,roman ,empire1 #bii4 ,crassus1 #bdf4 ,creon1 #ajd f4 ,critias1 ,frg4 #be #a ,n#b3 #abh4 ,criticism ( gods1 #hj f4 ,critolaus1 #bda4 ,cronos1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,croton1 #ec4 ,cult ( dead1 #bf1 #dd4 ,cultores ,iovis ,heliopolitani ,b]yt5ses1 #bfc4 ,cybele1 #hc4 ,cynics1 #ahd f41 #ahh1 #bjh4 ,dea ,syria1 #bfc4 ,dea?3 life aft]4 ,see ,future ,life4 ,deianeira1 #aje ff4 ,delos1 #bfj1 #bfb4 ,delphi1 #ec1 #aji4 ,demet]1 #ah1 #fb ff41 #bcj4 ,democracy at ,a!ns1 #aab4 ,democritus1 #bda4 ,deo1 #fi4 ,deut]onomy ,,vi1 #e3 #cje4 ,dialogues3 ! ,platonic1 #adf ff4 ,diana1 #bcc1 #bdg4 ,dida*e1 #g3 #cec4 ,dige/ ,i1 #a1 #d4e3 #d2 ,,xvii1 #cb3 #aih4 ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,or4 ,,xii1 #ea3 #bg4 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 #adj4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,,vii1 #adi3 #aid4 ,diog5es ( ,s9ope1 #gb1 #ahd4 ,diog5es ! ,/oic1 #bda4 ,dion1 #ade4 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,,iv1 #fb3 #bba4 ,dionysius ( ,syracuse1 #ade4 ,dionysus1 #ah1 #dg ff41 #adb f41 #bcj1 #bgb1 #bhf1 #ceg4 ,dispat]1 #bca4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge#b #fec3 #ga4 ,docetism1 #cbj1 #cci4 ,draco1 #da4 ,drama3 effect at ,rome1 #bcc f4 ,dualism3 ,gno/ic1 #cch f42 ,mi?raic1 #bgi2 ,orphic1 #ej ff41 #ee f42 ,platonic1 #adh ff41 cf4 #bjh1 #bab1 #baf2 ,py?agorean1 #fb2 ,/oic1 #aia4 1 #fi4 1 #baa4 ,ec/acy1 #bac f41 #bah ff4 ,education1 ,roman1 #bce ff4 1 #adi4 ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 #fb ff41 #aaf4 ,eleus9ion at ,a!ns1 #fe f4 ,eleusis1 #fb ff41 #aaf4 ,emp$ocles1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #eg1 #abb2 ,frg4 #aae3 #eg f4 ,emp]or1 wor%ip (1 #bdg f4 ,ennius1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bch f42 ,sc54 #caf ff43 #bch4 ,envy ( ! gods1 #bd1 #hg1 #id f41 #afd4 ,ephem]is ,ar*41 ,,iii 7#ahhc71 p4 #ha1 #h3 #ga4 ,ephesians3 ,epi/le to1 ,,iii1 #c-d3 #ccf4 ,epictetus1 #ahg1 #bja1 #bjd f41 #bej ff42 ,diss41 ,i1 #a3 #ahi2 ,i1 #c3 #aig2 ,i1 #ad1 #f3 #bjb2 ,i1 #ae1 #a3 #bej2 ,i1 #af3 #bee2 ,i1 #af1 #ae-ba3 #bjj2 ,,ii1 #e1 #ac3 #ahi2 ,,ii1 #h1 #aa3 #bjb2 ,,ii1 #af1 #de-dg3 #bee2 ,,iii1 #aj1 #b3 #bea2 ,,iii1 #aj1 #h3 #bec2 ,,iii1 #ab3 #beb2 ,,iii1 #ac1 #i ff43 #bee2 ,,iv1 #a3 #aif2 ,gnomol4 ,/obaei1 #ca3 #aif4 ,epicurea1 pp4 #ei1 #gb2 ,frg4 #ejf3 #bdi4 ,epicureanism3 at ,rome1 #bch1 #bda ff4 ,epicurus1 #bed4 ,epoptae1 #fg4 ,er ! ,pamphylian1 #afb4 ,eretria1 #db4 ,eteocles1 #ig4 ,e?ics1 #bdb1 #bdi4 ,see ,morality4 ,etruscan influ5ce at ,rome1 #bbb ff4 ,eu*>i/3 an initiation or my/]y1 #cdj1 #ced4 ,euclides1 #ade4 ,euhem]us3 ,sacr$ ,hi/ory1 #bch f4 ,eumolpidae & ,c]yces1 #fg4 ,euripides1 #hb1 #ajg1 #aag1 #acc ff42 on cosmic reason1 #aci ff42 future life1 #ada f41 #afj2 humanity1 #adb2 traditional religion1 #acd ff42 a religi\s poet1 #adc4 ,bac*41 #cie3 #adc2 ,hel41 #ajad ff43 #adb2 ,h]acl41 #eib ff43 #ada f42 ,h4,f41 #acjg ff41 #acda ff43 #acg2 ,hipp41 #dea ff41 #dgc ff41 #acfe ff43 #acf2 #aajb ff43 #ada2 ,i4,a41 #ief f43 #aci2 ,i4,t41 #efi1 #egj ff43 #ach2 ,pho541 #ied ff43 #aci2 ,tro41 #hhd ff43 #aci2 ,frgg41 #aea1 #bee3 #ada2 #bib1 #g3 #ace2 #ejf3 #ada2 #eic3 #adj2 #geg3 #ada2 #gid3 #ach2 #haf3 #ada2 #ida3 #adj2 #idf3 #ach4 ,evil3 orig9 & problem (3 9 ,apologi/s1 #ccc f42 ,gno/ics1 #cch f42 ,hesiod1 #cf ff42 ,hom]1 #ad2 ,orphism1 #eb2 ,plato1 #aeg1 #afe ff42 ,/oicism1 #aid ff4 ,fai?1 #cjh f41 #cac ff41 #cba ff4 ,fate3 9 ,hom]1 ,,ii ff42 ,/oicism1 #aid ff4 ,fire3 9 ,h]aclitus1 #abj f42 ,/oicism1 #aib4 ,fir/ cause3 ,ari/otle's1 #agc f4 ,flora1 #bbe1 #bca4 ,flor5t9us1 #aih4 ,folk-religion 9 ,hom]1 #bf4 ,fons1 #bbe4 ,fre$om ( ! w1 #hh1 #aie ff41 #ccc f41 #cde4 ,furies1 #if4 ,future life1 #bd ff41 #ci1 #df1 #dh1 #ef1 #hh ff41 #ii1 #ajg f41 #ada f41 #bgd1 #bhc ff41 #caf f41 #cci1 #cde f4 ,galatians3 ,epi/le to1 ,i1 #a ff43 #cab f42 ,i1 #aa-ab3 #ccf2 ,i1 #af3 #cad2 ,,ii1 #ae-af1 #bj3 #cad2 ,,iii1 #bc-bf1 #bg3 #cad2 ,,iii1 #bf-bg3 #cae2 ,,iv1 #f3 #cae2 ,,iv1 #ai3 #cad2 ,v1 #bb f43 #cae4 ,gal51 #afi1 #bih4 ,galileo1 #aah4 ,games 9 ! circus1 #bbb4 ,g5ius1 #bbh4 ,getae1 #di4 ,giants1 #hg4 1 #ccf ff41 #cdj1 #cdb4 ,gno/ics1 #cbh1 #ccf ff42 on ,*ri/1 #cci f42 doctr9e ( emanations1 #cch2 dualism1 #cch f42 e?ics1 #cdj2 nature ( god1 #cch2 orig9 ( evil1 #cch2 revelation1 #ccg2 sacram5ts1 #cdj4 ,see also ,basilides & ,val5t9us4 ,god3 imman5ce (1 #aic1 #bjc1 #bji2 k+dom (1 #cja1 #caj2 nature (1 accord+ to ! ,apologi/s1 #ccc f42 ,ari/otle1 #agc ff42 ,gno/ics1 #cch2 ,jesus1 #cjc ff42 ,orig51 #cdc2 ,plato1 #aea ff41 #aeg1 #afc ff42 ,/oics1 #aib ff41 #bjc2 p]sonal concept ( 9 ,plato1 #afc f42 ,/oicism1 #aic f42 transc5d5ce (1 #agf1 #bjh ff41 #bae ff41 #cca f41 #cch1 #cdc1 #cej4 ,gods3 concept ( 9 ,aes*ylus1 #ia ff42 ,ar*ilo*us1 #gf1 #gi f42 ,critias1 #abh2 ,epicureans1 #bda f42 ,euripides1 #acd ff42 ,hesiod1 #bi ff42 ,hom]1 #f ff42 ,p9d>1 #hc ff42 ,protagoras1 #abh2 ,sophocles1 #ajj ff42 ,!ognis1 #gf ff42 ,x5ophanes1 #aah f4 ,good3 ! ,platonic idea (1 & god1 #aea f4 ,goodness1 attribute ( god1 #afd4 ,gorgias1 #abd4 ,gov]nm5t3 ,hom]ic1 #ae1 #dj2 effect ( *anges 91 #dj ff41 #ahc f4 ,grac*i1 #bdf4 ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods1 #bfa1 #bfg1 #bhe ff4 ,greece & ,rome1 #bba ff4 ,greek colonies3 influ5ce on ,rome1 #bbb f4 ,greek language3 k ( 9 ,republican ,rome1 #bcc ff42 univ]sally und]/ood 9 ,roman ,empire1 #bif f4 ,greek religion3 phase treat$1 #d4 ,hades3 ! ,hom]ic1 #ai2 z place ( p5ance1 #ef ff41 #hh f41 #afa f4 ,h>nack1 quot$1 #cba1 #cbi f41 #ccg4 ,hebrews3 ,epi/le to1 #cah1 #cdh4 ,hecateus1 #aba4 ,hell5ization ( ,roman religion1 #bbi ff4 ,hephae/us1 #ag f4 ,h]a1 #ae f41 #acf1 #bcg4 ,h]aclea1 #ec4 ,h]aclitus1 #ic1 #ajg1 #abj ff41 #adh1 #ahc1 #aia f41 #bab1 #cai2 ,frgg41 #a1 #b1 #ad1 #ae1 #bi1 #cj-cb1 #dj-db1 #eg1 #fg1 #ij1 #abh3 #aba4 ,h]cules1 #acg1 #bcj4 ,h]mes1 #ai1 #bcj4 ,h]mias1 #afi1 #aha4 ,h]odotus1 #c1 #di1 #ga1 #abd1 #afd2 ,hi/41 ,,ii1 #ec3 #c4 ,hesiod1 #c1 #bh ff41 #dc1 #hj1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba2 ,!og41 #bbj ff43 #cj2 ,w4 & ,d41 #dg-ajd1 #aji ff43 #cg2 #agd f41 #ahb ff43 #ch2 #bac ff43 #cb2 #bbe ff43 #cc2 #beb ff41 #bef ff43 #ce2 #bfe f43 #cc2 #bgd ff43 #cd2 #cjc ff41 #caa3 #ca2 #ccc f43 #cc2 #ccf ff43 #cf2 #fid3 #hg2 #gji ff43 #cd4 ,hippolytus1 #ace f4 ,hippolytus1 ,philos41 p4 #aae ,m3 #gj4 ,hippocrates1 #bih4 ,holy ,_s1 #cae f41 #cbb1 #ccc1 #cci1 #cde1 #cec ,hom]1 #c ff41 #aai1 #aba1 #bcf4 ,il41 ,i1 #cg ff43 #bb2 ,i1 #fe3 #bc2 ,i1 #beh3 #bj2 ,i1 #eag ff43 #ae2 ,i1 #ebh ff43 #bg2 ,i1 #edd3 #ae2 ,i1 #eib ff43 #af2 ,,ii1 #e ff43 #ai2 ,,ii1 #bjb1 #bgc3 #bj2 ,,ii1 #cga3 #ag2 ,,ii1 #edi3 #af2 ,,iii1 #agi3 #bj2 ,,iii1 #bgf3 #ae2 ,,iv1 #a ff43 #bj2 ,,vi1 #big ff43 #af2 ,,viii1 #bcf ff43 #bb2 ,,ix1 #ecc ff43 #bb2 ,,xiii1 #bif ff41 #cca ff43 #af2 ,,xv1 #ah ff43 #af2 ,,xvii1 #ddf f43 #be2 ,,xviii1 #cfi ff43 #ag2 ,,xviii1 #dag ff41 #dgh ff43 #ah2 ,,xx1 #a ff43 #ae2 ,,xxi1 #ddb ff43 #ah2 ,,xxii1 #cfe f43 #bc2 ,,xxiv1 #ccd ff41 #ebe f43 #be2 ,od4 ,i1 #de3 #ae2 ,,iv1 #aae ff43 #ag2 ,,iv1 #cea ff43 #bb2 ,,iv1 #ejb ff43 #bc2 ,v1 #bh ff43 #ah2 ,,vii1 #ha3 #af2 ,,vii1 #ia ff43 #ag2 ,,xi1 #dhh ff43 #bd2 ,,xiii1 #afb ff43 #ah2 ,,xv1 #aae ff43 #ag4 ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,demet]1 #fb ff41 #dhj f43 #gj4 ,honor3 p]sonal 9 ,hom]1 #ba4 ,horace1 #gf1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdf4 ,horus1 #bgb4 ,h>uspices1 #bbb4 1 #gh ff4 ,see ,insol5ce4 ,iac*os1 #fh f4 ,ic>ia1 #dh4 1 1 #adi1 #baa4 ,ideas3 doctr9e ( 9 ,plato1 #adg ff42 9 ,philo1 #baa2 ,plot9us1 #bae4 ,ignatius1 ad ,eph41 #bj3 #ced4 ,i ,g ,s ,i1 #ajai1 #ajbj3 #bhh4 ,iliad & ,odyssey3 *>act]i/ics (1 #e ff41 #be ff42 conta9 no !ogonies1 #h2 contributions to lat] religi\s ideas1 #bg2 date1 #e2 fre$om 9 treatm5t ( gods1 #af f42 purpose1 #e ff42 religion 91 #f ff42 %[ little reflection1 #h1 #ba4 ,imman5ce ( ,god1 #aic1 #bjc1 #bji1 #baf4 ,immat]iality ( ,plato's ideas1 #aeb4 ,immortality1 #dh1 #ei1 #aeb ff41 #agg1 #bjb1 #bhc f41 #bhf1 #bhi1 #cjf1 #caf f41 #ccd1 #cci4 ,inc>nation1 #cai ff41 #ccc1 #cdd4 ,individualism1 #dc1 #dg1 #aif4 ,initiation3 significance (1 #fj1 #gb2 ,*ri/ian1 #cec f42 ,eleus9ian1 #fe ff42 ,isiac1 #bgc ff42 ,mi?raic1 #bha f4 ,insol5ce1 #cb1 #gh ff41 #hf ff4 ,iphig5ia1 #ih1 #ach4 ,ir5aeus1 adv4 ,ha]4 ,i1 #a-c2 #bd1 #c-d3 #cch2 ,i1 #b1 #e-f1 #e-h2 #bd1 #b-d3 #cci2 ,i1 #bc1 #d2 #bd1 #e3 #cdj2 ,,iv1 #cj1 #c3 #bii2 ,,iv1 #ca1 #d3 #ced2 ,frg4 #cf ,h>vey3 #ced4 ,isis1 #bfb ff41 #cce2 fe/ivals introduc$ at ,rome1 #bgb f42 initiation1 #bgc ff42 mat9s & vesp]s1 #bgc1 #bgf2 modification ( religion by ,ptolemy ,sot]1 #bga f42 my/]ies1 #bga1 #bgc ff42 supreme div9ity1 #bfi f4 ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/1 #ch f41 #ij4 ,janus1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,jesus1 #cja ff42 concept ( own p]son1 #cjg f41 #caj2 ( relation to ,god1 #cjh2 ( passion & dea?1 #cji2 on k+dom ( ,god1 #caj2 & ! ,logos1 #cah ff41 #ccc2 p]son & mission1 #cjc1 #cef f42 r$eem] & savi\r1 #cab ff41 #cba f42 #ceg2 relation ( tea*+s to ,jewi% ideas1 #cji f42 requir$ belief ( 8 foll[]s1 #cjh f42 significance ( p]sonality1 #cjc1 #caj2 tea*+s1 #cjb ff4 ,joca/a1 #ig4 ,john1 #cjb1 #cah ff42 "* ( gospel1 #cah2 on ,*ri/ z ,logos1 #cah ff42 fai?1 #cba f42 ,holy ,_s1 #cbc2 inc>nation1 #cba2 love1 #cbb2 salvation1 #cba f42 union ) ,*ri/1 #cbb f4 ,gospel1 ,i1 #i3 #cba2 ,,iii1 #c1 #f3 #cbc2 ,,iii1 #af-ag3 #cbb2 ,,iii1 #ai-ba3 #cba2 ,,iv1 #g ff43 #cbc2 ,v1 #bd3 #cbc f42 ,v1 #ce3 #cba2 ,,vi1 #ae3 #cjh2 ,,vi1 #cc ff43 #cbc2 ,,viii1 #ab3 #cba2 ,,viii1 #ca ff43 #cbb2 ,,ix1 #e3 #cba2 ,,xii1 #ce f43 #cba2 ,,xiii1 #cd f3 #cbb2 ,,xiv1 #i-aa3 #cbb2 ,,xiv-,,xvi3 #cbc2 ,,xv1 #a ff43 #cbc2 ,,xx1 #ca3 #cbc4 ,epi/les3 #a ,john ,,iii1 #ad3 #cbd2 ,,iv1 #b f43 #cba2 ,,iv1 #h1 #i f41 #af3 #cbb2 ,v1 #bd3 #cbd4 ,judaism1 #cjj f4 ,judeo-,alex&rian philosophy1 #bjf ff4 ,julian1 #ff4 ,juno1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bcg4 ,jupit]1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,ju/ice1 #ai1 #ba1 #cb ff41 #ce1 #gh ff41 #he ff41 #id f41 #ada4 ,ju/91 #cbh ff42 ,apol41 ,i1 #e1 #ac1 #fa1 #fe1 #fg3 #ccc2 ,i1 #e1 #ae ff41 #ba1 #ef3 #ccd2 ,i1 #bc1 #fc3 #cce2 ,i1 #ca-ec1 #ef3 #ccj2 ,i1 #ff3 #ced2 ,,ii1 #f3 #cce2 ,,ii1 #h ff43 #ccj2 ,dial4 c4 ,tryph41 #g1 #bi1 #fa1 #fb1 #aje1 #aaf1 #abh3 #ccc4 ,ju/9ian1 #aah4 ,kabeiroi1 #ga f4 ,keleos1 #fb f4 ,k+dom ( ,god1 #cja1 #cjf4 ,k1 & ,virtue1 #aca f42 relativity (1 #abf f42 reveal$1 #cce ff4 ,kore1 #fb1 #fd1 #fi1 #bcj4 ,laelius1 #ahg1 #bed4 ,laius1 h\se (1 #ig4 ,l>1 #bbh4 ,lat9 lit]ature3 f\nd$ by ,livius ,&ronicus1 #bcc2 influ5c$ by ,greek1 #bcc ff4 ,law1 writt51 #da4 1 #fi4 ,lepidus1 #bdf4 ,lib] ,dionysus1 #bcj4 ,lib]a ,kore1 #bcj4 ,life aft] dea?4 ,see ,future life & ,immortality4 ,livius ,&ronicus1 #bcc1 #bcf4 ,livy1 #bcd2 ,hi/41 ,x1 #ai1 #ag3 #bbh2 ,,xxii1 #aj1 #b ff43 #bbh2 ,,xxii1 #aj1 #i3 #bcc2 ,,xxxix1 #h ff43 #bci2 ,,xl1 #bi3 #bdj4 1 1 #aee4 ,logos3 9 ,apologi/s1 #ccb f42 ,h]aclitus1 #aib1 #cai f42 ,john1 #cah ff42 ,orig51 #cdd f42 ,philo1 #baa f42 & tr9ity1 #cej4 1 #aib4 ,love3 c>d9al pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity1 #cjd ff41 #cbb4 ,lucretius1 #bdb4 ,ludi ,megal5ses1 #bfa4 ,luke3 ,gospel1 #cjb f42 ,,vi1 #bg-cf3 #cjd2 ,,vi1 #ce3 #cje2 ,,ix1 #ah-ba3 #cjh2 ,x1 #bg3 #cje2 ,,xxiv1 #dg3 #cjf4 ,lydus1 de ,m5s41 ,,iv1 #ei3 #bhf4 ,m1 #bfc4 ,mac>ia1 #ada4 ,magic1 lack+ 9 ,hom]1 #bd4 ,magna ,mat]4 ,see ,great ,"m ( ! ,gods4 ,manes1 #bbh4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #gh1 #ahh1 #bjd f42 ,reflections1 ,,ii1 #b3 #bja2 ,,iv1 #da3 #bja2 ,,iv1 #bc3 #bef2 ,,vi1 #dd3 #aii4 ,m>ius1 #bdf4 ,m>s1 #bbf1 #bcc1 #bcg4 ,matt]1 #aff ff41 #agb f41 #bae ff41 #cca1 #ccb1 #cch4 ,mat!w3 ,gospel1 #cjb f42 ,,iv1 #ag3 #cjf2 ,v1 #dc-dh1 #dd-de3 #cjd1 #cje2 ,,xvi1 #ac-bj3 #cjh2 ,,xxii1 #cg3 #cje2 ,,xxvi1 #fc3 #cjh4 ,m>k3 ,gospel1 #cjb f42 ,,viii1 #bg-cj3 #cjh2 ,,xi1 #be2 ,,xii1 #cj3 #cje2 ,,xiv1 #fa3 #cjh4 ,meg>a1 #db1 #ge1 #ade4 ,m5&]1 #bcf4 ,m]cury1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,m]cy1 attribute ( gods1 #ajf4 ,messiah1 #bab1 #cjh1 #caa4 ,messianic hopes1 #cja4 ,metempsy*osis1 #ef ff41 #fa4 ,miletus1 #db1 #dc4 ,m9d1 z =mative pr9ciples1 #abc f4 ,m9]va1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcg4 ,m9oan ,age1 #c4 ,mi?ras1 #bfd1 #bfg1 #bgg ff42 *apels1 #bhj f42 communion1 #bhb f42 de/ruction ( _w1 #bhd2 dualism1 #bgi2 e?ics1 #bhj2 f9al judgm5t1 #bhd2 id5tifi$ ) sun1 #bgi2 initiation1 #bha f42 popul>ity1 #bgg f42 religion1 orig9 & hi/ory1 #bgg f42 resurrection ( body1 #bhd2 rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 #bhc f4 ,momms51 ,!odor1 #bbc4 ,mono!ism1 ,*ri/ian1 #cef4 ,morality1 #bj f41 #ce1 #de1 #fj1 #gb1 #aef ff41 #afi1 #agg1 #ahd f41 #ahh ff41 #bja f41 #bac1 #bai1 #bdi1 #bea ff41 #bfh1 #bgi f41 #bia1 #cje f41 #cad f41 #ccd1 #cdj1 #cde ff4 ,multiplicity & unity1 #abj ff4 ,murd]1 #de4 ,musonius1 #aii4 ,myc5aean ,age1 #c4 ,my/ae1 #fg4 ,my/]ies3 n m5tion$ 9 ,hom]1 #ah2 ,bac*ic at ,rome1 #bci f42 ,eleus9ian1 #fb ff41 #aaf2 ,ori5tal1 #bfh ff41 #bhi f42 influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity1 #cec f4 1 #cec4 1 #fe1 #cec4 ,my/]y religions1 #eb ff41 #fb ff41 #bfh ff4 ,my/icism1 9 lat] ,greek philosophy1 #bad ff4 ,naevius1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,nature1 9 ,/oicism3 #aia1 #aif4 ,neoplatonism1 #bjf ff42 #bad ff4 ,neopy?agoreanism1 #bjf ff4 ,neptunus1 #bcj1 #bcc4 ,ne/le1 quot$1 #acd4 ,new ,te/am5t3 ?ree /ages ( ,*ri/ianity repres5t$ !re91 #cja f4 ,nigidius ,figulus1 #bjf4 1 #abc1 #aeb1 #bae1 #bag1 #bai1 #cci4 ,numa1 #bbg4 ,octavian1 #bdf4 ,odysseus1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1 #ah1 #ba1 #bd1 #bf1 #ajd4 ,odyssey3 translat$ by ,livius ,&ronicus1 #bcc4 ,o$ipus1 #ig1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,old ,te/am5t1 #baf1 #bag1 #beh1 #cjc1 #cea1 #cef f4 ,olympian religion1 #be ff41 #aaj ff4 ,onomacritus1 #ec4 ,ore/es1 #if ff4 ,orgia/ic cults3 n m5tion$ 9 ,hom]1 #ah4 ,ori5tal influ5ce on ,greek ?\ght1 #beg f4 ,ori5tal religions1 #beg ff43 "*1 #bff ff43 *ronology1 #bfe f43 common elem5ts1 #bhi f43 decay1 #bfe1 #ceg2 di/ribution1 #bfj1 #bfd f42 effect on devotees1 #bic f42 morality1 #bfh1 #bia ff42 my/]ies1 #bfh1 #bga2 oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 #cbf2 pan!i/ic t5d5cies1 #bfh ff42 revival at ,rome1 #bff4 ,orig51 #bjg1 #bad1 #cda ff42 on angels1 m51 & demons1 #cde2 ,*ri/1 #cdd2 creation1 #cdc f42 esot]ic & exot]ic ,*ri/ianity1 #cdg f42 ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ian philosophy1 #cdb ff41 #cdh2 on fre$om1 #cdf2 ,holy ,_s1 #cde2 inc>nation1 #cdd1 #cdg2 ,logos1 #cdd f41 #cdg2 nature ( ,god1 #cdc2 psy*ology1 #cdf2 revelation1 #cdc1 #cdd1 #cdg2 salvation1 #cdf f41 #cdh f42 ultimate de/ruction ( wick$ness1 #cdf4 ,c4 ,cels41 ,i1 #a4g3 #ced2 ,i1 #ca3 #cdg2 ,,ii1 #ff4fi3 #cdg2 ,,iii1 #ei-fb1 #cdg2 ,,iv1 #ae4ah3 #cdg2 ,,iv1 #fe3 #cde2 ,,vi1 #fh3 #cdg2 ,,vii1 #ag3 #cdg2 ,exhort4 ad ,m>t41 #cdg2 9 ,ioh41 ,i1 #bj-bb3 #cdg2 9 ,matt41 s]4 #fi3 #cdf2 de ,pr941 praef41 ,i3 #cdc2 ,i1 #a4b3 #cdd2 ,i1 #c4e4h3 #cde2 ,i1 #e1 #c3 #cdf2 ,,ii1 #e4f3 #cdd2 ,,ii1 #g3 #cde2 ,,ii1 #h3 #cdf2 ,,iii1 #a4 #d4 #f3 #cdf2 ,,iii1 #e3 #cdd2 ,,iv1 #aa ff43 #cea2 9 ,rom41 ,,iv1 #e2 ,,ix1 #c3 #cdf4 ,ormuzd1 #bgh1 #bhc4 ,oromasdes1 #bgh4 ,orpheus1 #eb4 ,orpheus ( ,croton1 #ec4 ,orphica3 ,frgg41 #g3 #ed2 #ad3 #ee2 #df3 #ed2 #aae3 #ee2 #aag3 #eg2 #aed3 #ef2 #bbc3 #eg2 ,tab4 ,orph4 #ah3 #eh4 ,orphism1 #eb ff41 #ic1 #aah1 #ade1 #bjh1 #beg1 #cea2 ascetic t5d5cy1 #ei2 contributions to ,greek religi\s ideas1 #ei2 rule ( life1 #ef2 !ogonies1 #ed4 ,osiris1 #ea1 #bfg1 #bga f41 #bhf1 #ceg4 ,paganism3 influ5ce on ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 #cdi ff42 s]vice to ,*ri/ianity1 #cee f4 ,pan1 #hc1 #acj4 ,panaetius1 #ahf f41 #bdc4 ,pana!naic fe/ival1 #aaa4 ,p&ora1 #cf f4 ,pan!ism1 #ac1 #df1 #ed1 #hd f41 #ic1 #aai1 #adj1 #afc f41 #aib ff41 #bfh ff4 ,p>!non1 #aaj f41 #aab4 ,pa?os 9 ,hom]1 #be1 #df4 ,paul1 #afa1 #cjb1 #caa ff41 #cdh1 #cdi2 on ,*ri/'s dea? & resurrection1 #cab f42 dualism1 #caf2 fai?1 #cac ff42 ,holy ,_s1 #cae f42 indwell+ ,*ri/1 #cad2 salvation1 #cab ff4 ,see also ,colossians1 ,cor9?ians1 ,ephesians1 ,galatians1 ,philippians4 ,paulus1 ,julius1 #aih4 ,pausanias1 #hc4 ,pax ,romana1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bii4 ,peloponnesian ,w>1 #abd1 #abg1 #acc4 ,p5ates1 #bbh1 #bcg4 ,p]icles1 #aaj1 #aac ff41 #aag f41 #abd1 #acc f4 ,p]sephone1 #ai1 #fb ff41 #bca1 #bhf4 ,p]sian ,w>s1 #hb1 #hc1 #aji1 #aag4 ,pessimism3 9 ,!ognis1 #gg2 "u ,roman ,empire1 #bjd f4 ,pha$ra1 #ace f4 ,ph>isees1 #cjd f41 #cji4 ,phidias1 #bf1 #aaj1 #aag4 ,philippians3 ,epi/le to1 ,,iii1 #aj f43 #cae4 ,philo ( ,alex&ria1 #bjg1 #baj ff41 #baf1 #beh1 #cbj1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cch1 #cea4 ,de alleg4 leg41 ,,iii1 #bi ff43 #bad2 quis r]4 div4 h]4 #bje f43 #bab2 de somn41 ,i1 #adi3 #bac2 de special4 legib41 ,i1 #cbi3 #baa4 ,philo ( ,l>issa1 #bdd4 ,philoctetes1 #aja4 ,philodemus1 #ic4 ,philolaus1 #ee4 ,philosoph]s1 bani%$ f ,rome1 #bdj f4 ,philosophic s*ools at ,a!ns clos$1 #aah4 ,philosophy3 ,greek1 & ,apologi/s1 #cbh ff42 beg9n+s (1 #dc f42 ,clem5t's attitude t[>d1 #cdb2 enemy ( traditional religion1 #aag ff42 function ( accord+ to ,plato1 #aeh2 influ5ce on ,*ri/ianity1 #cjb1 #cag f41 #cbd ff41 #cee f41 #ceh2 influ5ce at ,rome1 #bci ff42 practical guide ( life1 #ahd ff41 #bja f42 reconciliation ) ,jewi% !ology1 #bjf f41 #beh2 & religion1 #agi ff42 rival ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ceh2 spread to ! ,we/1 #big4 ,see also ,ari/otle1 ,epicureanism1 ,philo1 ,plato1 ,socrates1 ,sophi/s1 ,/oics1 etc4 ,philo/ratus1 #bjf4 1 #cec4 ,p9d>1 #eb1 #ha ff41 #aag1 #acg2 ,i/h41 ,,iii1 #e f43 #he2 ,v1 #ac ff43 #hg2 ,,vi1 #ga3 #hg2 ,nem41 ,,vi1 #a ff43 #hc2 ,,xi1 #ac ff43 #hg2 ,ol41 ,i1 #eb3 #hf2 ,i1 #fd3 #he2 ,,ii1 #fc ff43 #ij2 ,x1 #c3 #he2 ,,xiii1 #hc3 #hd2 ,py?41 ,,ii1 #di ff43 #hd2 ,,iii1 #bi3 #he2 ,,iii1 #gh f43 #hc2 ,,ix1 #dd ff42 ,x1 #di3 #hd2 ,frgg41 #aca3 #hi2 #acg3 #ga2 #adj3 #he2 #adb3 #hd2 #bje3 #he4 ,pisi/ratidae1 #dh4 ,pisi/ratus1 #ec1 #aaj f4 ,plato1 #add ff41 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aii1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #baf1 #bag1 #beg1 #cdf1 #cdi1 #cea2 ascetic t5d5cies1 #aeh2 on creation1 #afg f42 debt to ,orphics & ,py?agoreans1 #aef1 #afj ff42 debt to ,socrates1 #adf ff42 doctr9e ( recollection1 #aec f42 dualism1 #adh2 on f9al fate ( s\l1 #afc2 goodness z attribute ( god1 #afd2 on highe/ good ( man1 #aef2 human reason1 #aeb2 ideas1 #adh ff43 immortality1 #aeb ff42 matt]1 #afe f42 morality1 #aef ff41 #afi2 nature ( god1 #aea f42 & ,orphic dualism1 #aef2 pan!ism1 #afc f42 on problem ( evil1 #afe ff42 psy*ology1 #aee f42 transmigration ( s\ls1 #afa f4 ,alc41 ,,ii1 #adi ,d ff43 #bc2 ,apol41 #cg ,e3 #aje2 ,crat41 #cii f43 #afj2 #chi f43 #aff2 ,eu?41 #ad ,e3 #bc2 ,gorgias1 #dib ,e-#dic ,a3 #afj2 ,laws1 ,,vi1 #gei3 #ahj2 ,x1 #hid ,b ff43 #aec2 ,x entire3 #ahj2 ,,xii1 #iff ,e3 #aec2 ,m5o1 #ha ff43 #aec2 ,pha$o1 #fc ff43 #afj2 #ff ,e ff43 #aei2 #gb ff43 #aec2 #hb f43 #aeh2 #hf ff41 #aje3 #aed2 ,pha$rus1 #bde3 #aec2 #bdf f43 #aee2 #bdh f43 #afc2 ,phil41 #bb ,c3 #aeb2 ,rep41 ,,iv1 #dbg ff43 #aee2 ,,iv1 #dch ,a-#dda ,c3 #cdf2 ,,vi1 #ddj ,e-#dda ,a3 #aee2 ,,vi1 #dhd ff43 #aef2 ,,vi1 #ejd3 #aee2 ,,viii1 #eej3 #aee2 ,,ix1 #ehj f43 #aee2 ,x1 #fac3 #aeg2 ,x1 #fad ff43 #afc2 ,/atesm41 #bgb ff43 #afe1 #afg2 ,!aet41 #agf3 #aeg1 #afe1 #afg2 ,tim41 #bh ,a-#bi ,e1 #cg ,a3 #aeb2 #db ff43 #afe1 #cdf2 #di ,e-#eb ,b3 #aff2 #fi-gb3 #aee f42 #ib ,c3 #aeb4 ,plautus1 #bcd4 ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 ,n4 ,h41 ,,vii1 #aab3 #bda2 ,,xiii1 #hd ff43 #bdj4 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 ,epi/41 ,x1 #if4 ,plot9us1 #bjg1 #bji1 #bae ff42 ,enn41 ,i1 #b3 #bai2 ,,iv entire1 #bae2 ,,iv1 #c1 #g1 #i3 #bag2 ,v entire3 #bae2 ,v1 #a3 #bae1 #bag1 #bah2 ,v1 #i1 #a3 #bai2 ,,vi entire3 #bae2 ,,vi1 #i1 #c3 #bae2 ,,vi1 #i1 #aa3 #bai4 ,plut>*3 philosophy ( religion1 #bgj2 de aud4 poet41 #ba ,f3 #gb2 de ,is4 et ,osir41 #fg3 #bgj2 ,c4 ,m41 #bb3 #bda4 ,pluto1 #fc f41 #bca4 ,politics1 ,roman3 9 relation to religion1 #bcb4 ,polynices1 #ig1 #ajd4 ,pompeii1 #bfb4 ,pompey1 #ahg1 #bdf1 #bfc4 ,pontifex maximus1 #bbi4 ,pontifices1 #bbi4 ,porphyry1 #bjg1 #bji1 #bah1 #bai2 de ab/41 ,i1 #ca3 #bah2 ad ,m>c41 #cb3 #bah2 vita ,plot41 #a ff43 #bah2 #bc3 #bae1 #bbj2 apud ,euseb41 ,h4 ,e41 ,,vi1 #ai1 #f3 #cdc2 ,,vi1 #ai1 #g f43 #cdh4 ,poseidon1 #ah1 #bcj4 ,prie/hoods1 ,roman1 #bbi4 ,proclus1 ad ,plat4 ,tim41 p4 #bic ,c3 #fi4 ,prodicus1 ,frg41 #e3 #abh4 ,prome!us ,b\nd1 #ia ff4 ,prome!us1 my? (1 #cf f4 ,pros]p9a1 #bca4 ,see ,kore4 ,protagoras1 #abd1 #abf f41 #abh1 #aea2 ,frg41 #a3 #abg2 #d3 #abh4 ,provid5ce1 #ac1 #aid f4 ,prud5tius1 ,p]i/eph41 ,x1 #ajaa ff43 #bhi4 3 9 ,plot9us1 #bae4 ,psy*ology3 ,ari/otelian1 #agf ff42 ,gno/ic1 #cci2 ,hom]ic1 #bd2 ,orig5's1 #cdf2 ,orphic1 #ee2 ,platonic1 #aee2 ,/oic1 #aib1 #aie4 ,ptolomaeus1 ,epi/4 ad ,floram1 #cci4 ,ptolemy ,sot]1 #bga f4 ,purification1 #de4 ,puteoli1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,py?agoras1 #fj f41 #bea4 ,py?agorean books at ,rome1 #bdj4 ,py?agoreanism1 #eb1 #fj ff41 #ade1 #bjf1 #bji1 #baf1 #bag1 #beg1 #cea4 ,quir9us1 #bbf4 ,reason1 ! cosmic1 #abc1 #aci ff4 ,relativity ( k1 #abf f4 ,religion1 ,greek3 ( common man1 #aha f42 9 ,a!ns ( fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 #aab ff4 ,religion1 ,roman1 #bbc ff4 ,r5atus1 #bgg1 #bhi4 ,rep5tance1 9 tea*+s ( ,jesus1 #cjf4 ,revelation1 #bji1 #bad1 #bag1 #cjj1 #ccd ff41 #cdi1 #cef f4 ,rhetoric1 ,greek3 spread to ,we/1 #big4 ,rhetoricians1 ,greek3 bani%$ f ,rome1 #bda4 ,roman ,empire3 *>act]i/ics at beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 #bif ff4 ,romans3 ,epi/le to1 ,,vi2 ,,vii1 #d ff43 #cae2 ,,viii1 #aj f43 #cad1 #cae2 ,,viii1 #ae2 ,,xiv1 #ag3 #cae4 ,rome1 & ,greece1 #bba ff42 connection ) ,troy1 #bcc2 political p[] (1 #bei ff4 ,romulus1 #bbg4 ,sacrati1 #bfh1 #bgf4 ,sacrifice3 obligation (1 #ba ff41 #ce f4 ,/4 ,demetra1 #ff4 ,salamis3 battle (1 #aji4 ,salii1 #bbg4 ,salvation1 #dg1 #ee1 #eh1 #fj1 #bab f41 #bgd f41 #cjf f41 #cbd1 #ccd4 ,sanctity3 ideal (1 #bji4 ,samo?race3 my/]ies (1 #ga4 ,saturn1 #bbe1 #bcg4 ,saturn9us1 #bdf4 ,scaevola1 #bdc1 #bde4 ,scepticism1 ( ,sophi/s1 #abf ff4 ,sceptics1 #bdd4 ,s*olia ,v5et4 ad ,il41 ,,xx1 #fg3 #cej4 ,sci5ce3 ,ea/ home (1 #big f4 ,scipio1 #ahg1 #bed4 ,second ,punic ,w>1 #bce1 #bei4 ,secul> games1 #bca4 ,self-consci\sness1 #h1 #ba1 #da ff4 ,s5eca1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bjd1 #bej ff42 de ,b541 ,,iii1 #ah1 #b4 #bj4 #bh3 #aih2 ,epi/41 #aa1 #h-aj2 #be1 #e4 #f3 #bed2 #da1 #b3 #bee2 #da1 #h3 #bed2 #fh1 #b3 #aii2 #ib1 #b f43 #bed2 #ie1 #dg-ej3 #bjj1 #bee2 #ie1 #eb3 #aig2 #aae1 #e3 #bjj1 #bee2 de ,ira1 ,,iii1 #cf1 #a-d3 #bea2 de ,otio1 #d1 #a3 #aii2 de ,vita ,beata1 #ag3 #ahi1 #bec4 ,s]apis1 #bfb1 #bga f4 ,sev5 ,wise ,m51 #dc4 ,%ama%1 #bgh4 ,sibyl3 ,cumaean1 #bba4 ,sibyll9e ,books1 #bba ff41 #bcj ff41 #bfj ff4 ,sicilian exp$ition1 #acc4 ,simonides1 ,frg41 #fa3 #gf4 ,socrates1 #ajd f41 #abi ff41 #add ff41 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #beb4 ,sol invictus1 #bgi4 ,solon1 #da1 #gi1 #ha2 ,frgg41 #d1 #a-af3 #gi2 #ac3 #gi f42 #ac1 #ca f43 #ha4 ,sophi/s1 #abd ff41 #aea1 #ahc1 #bdd4 ,sophocles1 #ha1 #ij f41 #ii ff41 #aag1 #acc ff42 attitude t[>d gods1 #ajj f42 concept ( div9e ord9ances1 #ajc f42 criticism ( gods1 #ajj ff42 & ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 #ajh2 on good & evil1 #ajj2 life aft] dea?1 #ajg ff42 suff]+1 #aje ff4 ,ai41 #abg ff43 #ajb f42 #acdc f43 #ajd2 ,antig41 #dej ff43 #ajd2 #fba ff43 #ajj2 #acdg ff43 #ajb2 ,o4 ,c41 #die ff43 #ajc2 #abfg ff43 #ajf2 #acha f43 #ajj2 ,o4 ,t41 #hfc ff43 #ajc2 ,phil41 #ddf ff43 #aja2 #addj ff43 #ajb2 ,tra*41 #aacf3 #aje2 ,frgg41 #ajc3 #aja2 #bbf3 #ajb1 #ace2 #fjj3 #aje2 #gec3 #ga1 #ajh4 1 #id1 #ajb4 1 #cec4 1 #aff4 ,/obaeus1 ,ecl41 ,i1 #a1 #ab3 #aid2 ,flor41 #dj1 #i3 #aii4 ,/oicorum ,vet]um ,fragm5ta 7,,svf71 ,i1 #age1 #agf1 #ecg2 ,,ii1 #igd ff43 #aid4 ,/oics & ,/oicism1 #ahd ff41 #bjh1 #bji1 #bab1 #bac1 #bda1 #bdc f41 #bde1 #bdi ff41 #bed f41 #cce1 #cej2 allegorical int]pretation ( my?s1 #bjc1 #cej2 ascetic t5d5cy1 #bja2 on bro!rhood ( man1 #aig f41 #bjb2 & ,*ri/ianity1 #aig f42 cosmopolitanism1 #aif ff41 #bed2 eclectic "*1 #ahe ff42 e?ics1 #ahg ff42 on evil1 #aid ff42 failure (1 #bef2 on ,fate1 #aid2 fre$om ( ! w1 #aie f42 1 #aib2 on imman5ce ( god1 #aic1 #bjc2 individualism1 #aif2 mission>y impulse1 #aii2 modifi$ by ,panaetius & ,posidonius1 #ahg ff42 a moral philosophy1 #ahg f41 on ,nature1 #aia2 pan!ism1 #aib f42 on ,provid5ce1 #aid2 psy*ology1 #aib1 #aie2 on wor%ip1 #aii f41 #bee4 ,suetonius1 de ,rhet41 #a3 #bda4 ,sulla1 #bdf1 #bfc4 1 #ced4 ,syncretism1 #bfh ff4 ,t>qu9s1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbi f4 ,tatian1 #cbh2 ,orat41 #e3 #cca2 #e-g3 #ccc2 #g f41 #aa3 #ccd2 #ac3 #ccc2 #bj3 #ccj4 ,taurobolium1 #bhh ff4 ,t]5ce1 #bcd4 ,t]tullian1 ,apol41 #cg3 #ceh2 adv4 ,val5t41 #ag3 #cbc4 ,?ales1 #dc1 #big4 ,!ag5es1 #cej4 ,!bes1 #ej1 #gb4 ,!ophra/us1 #big4 ,!ophilus1 ad ,autol41 #b1 #ae3 #cbc4 ,!ognis1 #ge ff42 #afe f43 #gf2 #afg f43 #gg2 #aga f43 #gf2 #cai ff43 #gh2 #cgc-chj3 #hj2 #chc ff43 #gh2 #dbe-dca3 #gg2 #ehc f43 #gg2 #gca ff43 #ha2 #ajbi ff43 #gh2 #ajge ff43 #gg4 ,!ogony1 ( ,hesiod1 #bh ff4 1 1 9 ,plato1 #afd4 ,!seus1 #aje4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #aga4 ,?ucydides1 #aac ff41 #abd2 ,hi/41 ,,ii1 #dc-dd3 #aac4 1 #aee4 ,?urii1 #abd4 ,tibur1 #bcj4 ,timo?y3 #a ,epi/le to1 ,,iv1 ,i-#c3 #ceb4 ,tiresias1 #aci4 ,titans1 #ea f4 ,transc5d5ce ( god1 #agf1 #bjh ff41 #bae ff41 #cca f41 #cch1 #cdc1 #cej4 ,transmigration ( s\ls1 #afa f4 ,tr9ity1 #cej4 ,triumph1 #bbb4 ,tusculum1 #bcj4 ,typhon1 #bgb4 ,tyrannies1 #da4 ,ulpian1 #aih4 ,union ) god1 #dg ff41 #bac1 #bai f41 #cjj1 #cad1 #cag1 #cbb f41 #ceh4 ,uranus1 #bch4 ,val5t9ian ,i1 #ff4 ,val5t9us1 #ccf ff4 ,v>ro1 #bbe1 #bdc f41 #bde4 ,ve/a1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bcc4 ,virgil1 #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdf2 ,a541 ,,vi3 #bdh4 ,vision ( ,god1 #bac f41 #bai f41 #cdg1 #cdi4 ,volcanus1 #bcc4 ,v[s1 #bbg f4 ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 #beh4 ,wordswor?1 quot$1 #aed4 ,works & ,days1 ( ,hesiod1 #cj ff4 ,x5ophanes1 #aah ff41 #cej2 ,frgg41 #aa1 #ad-af1 #ah1 #bc-bf3 #aai4 ,x5ophon1 apud ,/ob4 ,flor41 #hh1 #ad3 #gf4 ,x]xes1 #id f4 ,zaleucus1 #da4 ,zama1 battle (1 #bba4 ,z5o1 #ahe ff4 ,zeus1 #ad f41 #ai f41 #bf f41 #ed1 #ge ff41 #gi1 #hj1 #hc1 #ib ff41 #aic f41 #bjc1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,zopyrus1 #ec4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,c>at symbol designates a sup]script4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ b o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 unalt]$4