,,the ,,collectors' ,,pocket ,,series ,,edited ,,by ,,sir ,,james ,,yoxall1 ,m4,p4 ,,collecting ,,old ,,glass ,,the ,,collectors' ,,pocket ,,series ,,edited ,,by ,,sir ,,james ,,yoxall1 ,m4,p4 ,each ,volume ,illustrated4 ,price #cs #f;d net ,illustration ,,collecting ,,old ,,glass ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,yoxall ,,collecting ,,old ,,miniatures ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,yoxall ,,collecting ,,old ,,lustre ,,ware ,by ,w4 ,bosanko ,,collecting ,,old ,,pewter ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,mass ,,collecting ,,old ,,prints ,by ,e4 ,gray ,,collecting ,,old ,,water-,,colours ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,howes 7,other ,volumes in ,preparation7 ,illustration3 decoration ,,london3 ,,william ,,heinemann1 ,,ltd ,,collecting ,,old ,,glass ,,english ,,and ,,irish ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,yoxall ,author of 8,the ,wander ,years0 8,the ,a ,b ,c about ,collecting0 8,more about ,collecting0 ,the glass of fashion and the mould of form3 ,hamlet1 iii4 #a ,illustration ,,london ,,william ,,heinemann1 ,,ltd ,first published ,january #aiaf ,new ,impression ,march #aibe ,printed in ,great ,britain ,,preface ,i hope the reader may find that this book1 though smaller than others on the same subject1 is more helpful and even more comprehensive than they are2 that it deals with the glass articles which they mention and with others which they omit2 that it simplifies and classifies the study and practice of glass-collecting more than has been done in print heretofore2 and that it can do these things because it is written out of personal knowledge1 gained from much experience1 and not from hearsay or from other books4 ,diffuseness has been avoided1 but this1 ,i hope1 has enabled me to make the book the more lucid1 as well as the more succinct4 ,at any rate1 it affords hints1 general rules1 and warnings more numerous and more practical than any published until now2 ,i have also tried to give to it a quality which reviewers have found present in my other books on ,collecting--that is1 a simplicity and clearness of explanation1 done at the most difficult and necessary points1 and in an interesting way4 ,moreover1 this book has had the great advantage of revision 7before printing7 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,collins1 of #ec the ,lanes1 ,brighton1 a pupil of ,mr4 ,hartshorne's1 and well known to all principal collectors of old glass4 ,most of the illustrations represent typical pieces in my own collection1 but for some of the finest ,i have to thank the kindness of ,mrs4 ,devitt1 of ,herontye1 ,east ,grinstead1 a collector indeed4 ,the illustrations do not represent relative sizes to the same scale4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,yoxall ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,old ,,english ,,glassware #a ,,ii4 ,,seven ,,general ,,guides ,,and ,,tests #ad ,,iii4 ,,blown ,,ware #bf ,,iv4 ,,cut1 ,,moulded1 ,,and ,,engraved ,,ware #bi ,v4 ,,old ,,coloured ,,glass #ce ,,vi4 ,,old ,,drinking ,,glasses #dj ,,vii4 ,,the ,,various ,,types ,,of ,,stem #df ,,viii4 ,,the ,,various ,,shapes ,,of ,,bowl #ef ,,ix4 ,,other ,,stemmed ,,drinking ,,glasses #fj ,x4 ,,jacobite1 ,,williamite1 ,,and ,,hanoverian ,,glasses #ff ,,xi4 ,,tumblers1 ,,tankards1 8,,joeys10 ,,and 8,,boot0 ,,glasses #gc ,,xii4 ,,bottles1 ,,decanters1 ,,and ,,jugs #gf ,,xiii4 ,,bowls1 ,,lifters1 ,,sugar-,,crushers1 ,,spoons1 ,,etc4 #gi ,,xiv4 ,,candlesticks1 ,,lustres1 ,,and ,,lamps #ha ,,xv4 ,,comports1 ,,sweetmeat1 ,,jelly ,,and ,,custard ,,glasses #hd ,,xvi4 ,,salt ,,cellars1 ,,pepper ,,boxes1 ,,sugar ,,basins1 ,,etc4 #hh ,,xvii4 ,,mirrors1 ,,glass ,,pictures1 ,,glass ,,knobs #ij ,,xviii4 ,,old ,,paste1 ,,glass ,,beads1 ,,and ,,taws #ib ,,xix4 ,,general ,,hints ,,and ,,warnings #ie ,,index #ajg ,i4 ,,old ,,english ,,glassware ,the glassware made in ,england and ,ireland during the eighteenth and part of the nineteenth century was the best of the kind ever made4 ,in quality1 tint1 feel1 and ring the plain blown glass was a beautiful product1 and when it was cut or engraved the decoration was done by fine craftsmen and often with excellent taste4 ,old glass has its own peculiar charm2 the dark beauty of the crystal metal1 the variety of form1 the bell-like ring when flipped1 the satiny feeling of the surface1 the sparkle of the cut facets1 and the combination of gracefulness and usefulness attract a collector3 in cabinets it shines1 gleams1 glows1 and sparkles in a reticent1 well-bred way4 ,illustration3 7#a7 ,,moulded2 7#b7 ,,cotton-,,white2 7#c7 ,,cut ,,knopped2 ,,and 7#d7 ,,cut ,,and ,,moulded ,,captain ,,glasses ,then there is attraction in the historical and social traditions which have gathered around the ware2 romance lingers on in the ,jacobite glasses1 the ,williamite glasses1 the ,georgian glasses1 the rummers and groggers engraved and drunk from to celebrate the victories of ,nelson or famous elections2 and humour resides in many of the relics of the punch-bowl and six-bottle days4 ,to honour particular occasions one's fine old glasses may come out of the cabinet and be used at table again2 ,i know a collector of 8captain glasses0 who brings them out for champagne4 ,for decoration or in use old glass has a refined1 artistic1 aristocratic air4 ,,neither ,,too ,,rare ,,nor ,,too ,,plentiful ,the sound of the past seems to throb in the ring of this frail and dainty ware2 at your touch the cry of the bygone seems heard again4 ,because of fragility1 enough of eighteenth-century glass has not lasted on to make it common1 and yet so much of it is still extant that a collector's hunt for it is by no means a hopeless quest4 ,it may still be acquired at reasonable prices from dealers in antiques1 and a hunter for it in odd corners1 who buys in shillings1 not in pounds1 may reasonably hope to pick up many fine specimens for next to nothing even yet4 ,four years ago ,i bought a fine drawn cordial glass for #b;d4 ,within the past three years ,i have myself bought a perfect captain glass for #cs4 #f;d42 within the last year ,i have bought six punch-lifters for #ags4 #f;d4 in all1 uncommon as these bibulous old siphons are4 ,a large ,bristol coloured-glass paper-weight may cost you #c in a dealer's shop1 because three years ago they began to be a 8rage10 but within the past two years ,i have bought a ,bristol glass article1 equally beautiful in colour and glass-flowers1 and much rarer1 for #bs4 ,footless coaching glasses and thistle-shaped fuddling glasses are seldom seen1 even on a dealer's shelves1 but ,i have found one of each1 in odd corners1 for #f;d4 ,,the ,,time ,,to ,,collect ,,is ,,now ,illustration3 ,,waterford ,,glass ,,engraved ,,and ,,cut3 ,,note ,,the ,,fanlike ,,edging ,,and ,,the 8,,star0 ,,cut ,,to ,,edge ,,of ,,base2 ,,also ,,the ,,deep ,,cutting ,,of ,,the ,,floral ,,ornament ,now1 if ever1 is the time to collect old glass rather cheaply1 for already the prices of it are mounting in a remarkable way4 ,thirty years ago old wine glasses engraved with roses1 rosebuds1 and butterflies--rose glasses1 as they are called--could be bought for half-a-crown apiece or less--dozens of them2 this price has multiplied nearly twentyfold4 ,waterford cut-glass grows more and more dear to buy1 from dealers who know it when they possess it--they will soon be selling it as if it were antique silver1 at so much per ounce--but only last year ,i bought in a provincial town a captain glass of this ware for #aes41 though #h was the price asked for one just like it in the ,west ,end4 ,now1 if ever1 is the time for a beginner to take up this line of collecting2 old ,english and ,irish glass will never again be so easy to find at reasonable prices as it is now4 ,,such ,,connoisseurship ,,not ,,difficult ,collecting is a form of education1 but it is not difficult to become a knowledgeable collector of old glass4 ,counterfeits are sent out by the thousand1 forgeries lie in wait1 totally new glassware1 imitative of the old1 is on sale in hundreds of curio dealers' shops1 some of them otherwise honest and respectable2 but only ignorance or carelessness need be taken in4 ,a little study1 a little observation1 a little care1 and the beginner will soon be able to avoid mistakes4 ,connoisseurship in old glass is less difficult than it is in old china1 for example2 porcelain or earthenware collecting is more various1 more detailed1 has reference to longer periods of manufacture1 and involves much more specific knowledge than glass-collecting does4 ,yet ,i have known two or three collectors of porcelain who declined to begin collecting old glass because1 they said1 they would 8never dare0--as if an almost miraculous skill were needed to become a connoisseur in old glass6 ,in point of fact1 this is the easiest hobby to study and know2 glass-collecting requires an eye for the different shades and tints of the metal1 a finger-tip for the feel of it1 an ear for the ring of it1 and not much money as yet1 and practically that is all4 ,there are no trade-marks to puzzle or deceive you2 there is no such distinction1 difficult to understand and master1 as between 8soft0 china and 8hard40 ,at present old glass is easy to know1 and not difficult to find4 ,i propose in this book to give general hints1 8tips10 and instructions applicable to every variety of old glass2 to explain the seven principal tests of genuine age and antique make2 to prepare the beginner to go out collecting glass with the infallible rules and principles for it fixed in his mind4 ,equipped with these1 anyone may examine1 test1 and if satisfactory buy any vessel of glass which he or she may find in any odd corner4 ,i am not writing the book for the rich1 but for people with more taste and cultivation than money1 and though ,i deprecate 8collecting0 for the sake of selling again at a profit1 ,i may well point out that old ,english and ,irish glass1 bought cheaply now1 may become an investment de pre de famille2 the collector may have the joy of finding it1 the continual pleasure of owning it1 and yet know that it will turn out to be 8good business0 for his heirs1 when the sale comes1 at the end4 ,,advantages ,,associated ,,with ,,glass ,the collecting of old glass is not yet systematized2 there are no dealers' catalogues of it or prices current4 ,for the next few years this advantage will continue in connexion with old glass4 ,every dealer knows the high price which square-marked ,worcester china can command2 every second-hand bookseller knows the price current of first editions1 or copies of rare books2 but such is not the case with old glass as yet4 ,systematization has hardly begun2 there has been little research into the history of makes and the names of makers4 ,here is another advantage for a collector3 he may discover things of that kind at present unknown1 and thus attach his name to the history of old glass which will some day be written4 ,a local collector may at no great cost make a donation of his treasures to the local museum4 ,there is no public collection of ,newcastle-made glass at ,newcastle1 for instance1 or of ,sunderland-made glass at ,sunderland1 and no local antiquary has studied the history of the fine glass products made on the ,tyne and the ,wear4 ,nobody knows which kinds of glass were made at ,norwich or ,lynn4 ,a history of ,stourbridge glass-making and glassware has yet to be written4 ,so that research1 that additional delight of collecting1 is more open in connexion with glass than with any other well-known 8line40 ,,collectable ,,glass ,,articles ,illustration3 ,,large ,,mug ,,and ,,coin ,,mug1 ,,imitating ,,old ,,silver ,,shapes ,the number and diversity of old glass articles may be indicated by the following incomplete list3 wine glasses1 beer glasses1 cider glasses1 rummers1 cordial glasses1 liqueur glasses1 tumblers1 firing glasses1 coaching glasses1 fuddling glasses1 beakers1 mugs1 tankards1 champagne glasses1 grog glasses1 ,masonic glasses1 goblets1 ,joey glasses1 8boot0 glasses1 8yards of ale10 toy glasses2 flasks1 decanters1 trays and waiters2 punch or salad bowls1 trifle bowls2 wine bottles1 spirit bottles2 jugs1 punch-lifters1 decanter stands2 jelly glasses1 custard glasses1 flip glasses1 syllabub glasses2 fruit baskets1 centre-pieces1 sweetmeat glasses1 captain glasses1 comports or sweetmeat glass stands1 epergnes1 tazzas2 salt cellars1 sugar castors1 pepper boxes2 caddy sugar bowls2 lamps1 lanterns1 chandeliers1 candlesticks1 nightlight glasses1 taper holders2 finger bowls1 wine coolers2 oil bottles1 vinegar bottles1 mustard bottles2 jars1 pickle jars2 tea trays1 preserve pots2 vases1 covered vases2 rolling-pins1 knife rests1 knife and fork handles1 spoons1 sugar crushers2 butter pots1 celery glasses2 weather glasses1 chemical glasses1 eye baths1 witch-balls1 porringers1 posset vessels1 holy-water vessels2 door-stops1 paper-weights2 mirrors1 knobs1 glass pictures1 bellows-shaped flasks1 lustres1 paste jewels1 beads1 taws1 toy birds1 animals1 tobacco pipes1 bellows on stands1 walking-sticks1 rapiers1 and other elaborate baubles and oddities made for ornament or as tours de force4 ,there seems to have been a ,glass-makers' ,festival held at ,newcastle some hundred years ago1 and it was for exhibition then that most of the freak glass toys and ornaments were made4 ,much old ,english and ,irish glass was contemporaneously sent to the ,american market1 and the following articles were advertised as on sale at ,new ,york in the year #aggc3 8,very ,rich ,cut ,glass ,candlesticks1 ,cut ,glass ,sugar ,boxes and ,cream ,potts1 ,wine1 ,wine-and-,water ,glasses1 and ,beer ,glasses1 with ,cut ,shanks1 ,jelly and ,syllabub ,glasses1 ,glass ,salvers1 also ,cyder ,glasses1 ,orange and ,top ,glasses1 ,glass ,cans1 ,glass ,cream ,buckets and ,crewets1 ,royal ,arch ,mason ,glasses1 ,globe and ,barrel ,lamps1 etc40 ,the 8etc40 would be capacious2 it would include most of the articles mentioned in the paragraph just preceding this1 and such things as crystal globes to be filled with water through which a candle might throw and condense its rays1 for sewing or lace-making purposes1 at night4 ,illustration3 7#a7 ,,bristol2 ,,and 7#b7 ,,nailsea ,,coloured ,,glass ,,witch-,,balls ,a collector ignores window-glass1 unless he can come upon stained glass1 purchasing1 for #e perhaps1 a leaded square or oval of sixteenth-century ,swiss or ,german painted glass1 to hang in one of his windows4 ,a collector ignores plate-glass1 except in the form of mirrors1 perhaps4 ,a collector ignores carboys1 and also ordinary bottles1 but he acquires when he can one of the thick1 stumpy1 almost black glass bottles in which ,georgian people bottled their own claret or port1 imported in the cask4 ,it adds interest to an antique bookcase1 corner cupboard1 or cabinet if the panes1 or some of them1 show the slight curvature characteristic before perfectly flat sheet-glass could be cast2 and there are some old panes in which the oxides have turned to a violet colour--a silversmith's shop nearly opposite the top end of the ,haymarket still displays some--which are of interest to-day4 ,there used to be glass objects which1 ,i suppose1 we shall never come upon now3 the 8mortar0 or nightlight-glass1 of the kind which stood beside the last sleep of ,charles ,i1 and the 8singing-glasses0 which ,pepys heard in #affh1 when he 8had one or two singing-glasses made1 which make an echo to the voice1 the first ,i ever saw2 but so thin1 that the very breath broke one or two of them40 ,these1 and many other beautiful pieces of old glass1 are for ever gone out of reach4 ,but the hunter may come upon pieces which came into existence before ,queen ,anne died3 ,jacobean glass1 of the reign of ,charles ,,ii at latest1 is occasionally found4 ,for a guinea ,i obtained a fine sacramental vessel in purfled and wreathed glass bearing the symbol of the ,trinity 7see next page72 for #es4 a pistol-shaped scent bottle2 and for #abs4 #f;d4 a hand lamp1 all three of ,jacobean date4 ,,the ,,hunt ,,for ,,it ,in fact1 the limits in glass-collecting are not yet fixable2 you never know what quaint or rare thing you may not come upon in old glass4 ,other lines of collecting are already systematized1 and part of the systematization is a limiting of what you may expect to find and a raising of what you may have to pay4 ,with glass there are no such boundaries1 at present2 anything out of the ordinary in shape1 purpose1 or date1 may be acquired1 and should be--the uncommon pieces are the best--though often because a piece is quite unusual1 it will be offered you at a very low price4 ,the smaller dealers know that from half a guinea to a couple of guineas is what they may charge for an old wine glass1 according to the knobs or the spiral in its stem1 but they do not know any fixed price for less common specimens1 and they will sell at a hundred per cent4 profit on the very small charges they themselves have paid4 ,illustration3 ,,communion ,,vessel1 ,,showing ,,purfling ,,on ,,the ,,handle1 ,,and 8,,writhen0 ,,ornament ,,on ,,the ,,bowl 7,,date ,,charles ,,ii7 ,armed with knowledge of the general tests which ,i give in the next chapter1 a collector may enter a dealer's shop near ,bond ,street or a marine stores in the ,old ,kent ,road1 a broker's at ,hackney or a cabinet-maker's warehouse in a country town1 a second-hand furniture shop at ,hammersmith or the ,caledonian market on a ,friday2 he may look into a butler's pantry1 peer into a cupboard in a kitchen corner1 search amidst the dust of a lumber-room1 or reach to the deep interior of a farmhouse dresser or sideboard2 and almost always he will come upon a collectable bit of old glass4 ,he may hope to come upon an old crystal gazing-ball1 used by fashionable fortune-tellers a century ago2 or even one of the old glass eggs which eighteenth-century ladies held in their hands to keep their palms cool for a lover's kiss4 ,,the ,,collector',s ,,range ,illustration3 ,,masonic ,,engraved ,,goblet1 ,,with ,,cut ,,stem2 ,,the ,,grooves ,,of ,,the ,,cutting ,,encroaching ,,on ,,the ,,bowl ,the beginner should recognize from the first that the range of the collector of old glass is not yet defined2 that the practical hints and rules given in this book may be applied to any piece of glass1 and should be1 no matter how unusual its form or inexplicable now its use in its time4 ,during the next few years things which now seem oddities1 because they are so unusual1 may become particularly sought after1 and valued because they are rare4 ,i therefore advise the beginner to be a general and diffusing collector1 leaving no genuine old piece unsnapped-up which comes within his reach and means4 ,at present cut ,waterford glass and spiral-stemmed blown wine glasses are the things most sought after by glass collectors1 but they may not be so a few years hence4 ,i do not mean that they will ever drop in selling value now1 but ,i anticipate that the selling value of other glass articles1 rather neglected now1 may appreciate2 that is why ,i recommend the practice of general and diffusive collecting and a wide range4 ,but if a collector prefers to specialize1 he may set out to collect wine glasses only1 or inscribed glasses only1 or what-not in that way2 he may go in for cut-glass only1 or blown glass only1 or coloured glass only1 or toys and eccentricities only2 he may choose geographically1 collecting ,irish glass only1 or ,english glass only1 or ,bristol glass only1 and so forth4 ,in any case his range will be limited by certain dates2 he will very seldom come upon a piece so old as the reign of ,charles ,,ii1 and he will not care to collect glassware made so late as the year in which ,victoria came to the throne4 ,with ,venice-made glass this book has nothing to do4 ,much old ,dutch-made glass exists in ,england1 but the student of this book will be enabled to detect it1 and not unintentionally to acquire it believing it to be ,english made4 ,bohemian-made glass1 cut and coloured1 is seldom taken up by collectors here4 ,the range in these islands is for ,english and ,irish glass1 for it is the ware most readily collectable1 most likely to increase in value1 and to be most readily sold when a collection comes to be dispersed2 ,i mention this latter consideration because any collector not wealthy must1 in justice to his heirs and dependents1 in this matter 8look to the end40 ,,ii4 ,,seven ,,general ,,guides ,,and ,,tests ,setting forth to collect old glassware1 therefore1 what general guides may the beginner use1 and what reliable tests can he apply8 ,there are seven3 7#a7 the tint of the glass2 7#b7 the sound of the glass2 7#c7 the quality of the glass metal 7or material72 7#d7 the weight2 7#e7 the signs of use and wear2 7#f7 the pontil-mark2 and 7#g7 the workmanship4 ,these seven suffice to equip the beginner4 ,but as he collects and gains experience1 many details and developments of them will come to his knowledge1 which ,i shall refer to in their place4 ,it should be remembered that there are no maker's marks to go by in glass1 as there are in porcelain1 earthenware1 ,sheffield plate1 or pewter2 and no signatures1 as there are in paintings1 drawings1 and etchings4 #a4 ,,the ,,tints ,,of ,,old ,,glass ,old glass is darkly brilliant4 ,it is not whitely crystal as modern glass is2 the eye can only see what it looks for1 ever1 and to uninstructed eyes all glass is merely glass-colour1 but the experienced collector sees that there are many different tints and tinges in the crystal of glass4 ,these tints and tinges are the chief guide1 test1 and principle by which one judges whether a piece of glass is one of the nineteenth century1 eighteenth century1 or seventeenth century1 as the case may be4 ,to judge the tint1 place the piece of glass upon a white tablecloth1 near to a tumbler or decanter known to be modern because of recent purchase from an ordinary vendor of household glass4 ,the eye1 looking for it1 will then notice in the two pieces of glass a striking difference of tint1 if one of them is old1 that is2 the old piece is not only darker than the white of the tablecloth1 but darker than the piece of modern glass4 ,and the darker 7or sootier7 its tint the older the glass1 as a rule4 ,tint or tinge is a constant feature in old glass1 and an obvious feature directly the eye knows what to look for4 ,varieties of dark tint may be detected1 and by these varieties the bit of glass may be dated1 its period determined1 and its age assigned4 ,illustration3 ,,hunting ,,goblet1 ,,dome ,,foot ,if you place near each other1 upon a white damask cloth1 a glass of ,charles ,,ii date1 a ,william and ,mary glass1 a ,george ,,iii glass1 and a ,victorian glass1 you will notice a darkening and then a whitening in tint 7though not a brightening7 as your eye travels from the oldest glass to the most modern4 ,by 8tint0 or 8tinge0 ,i do not mean 8colour10 in the sense of red or green or blue2 ,i will deal with coloured glass later on4 ,by 8tint0 or 8tinge0 ,i mean the shade of leaden1 darkish hue in the metal from which the glass article was blown or moulded4 ,this tint or tinge was inherent in the molten glass1 before shaping and cooling began4 ,the metal or raw material was mixed according to recipe--each glassworks had its own recipe--and one of the materials was lead4 ,the older the ,georgian glass1 the more impure the metal--that is1 the fuller of lead oxides--and therefore the darker2 what are called improvements in glass-mixing have gradually eliminated the oxides1 and therefore the leaden tint or tinge also2 it is astonishing how many different shades and tinges of darkness 7in that sense7 a cabinet of old glass can show4 ,in a few glasses the bowl is pale sapphire or aquamarine colour1 the stem being the tint of plain glass4 ,illustration3 8,,trafalgar0 ,,glass3 ,,rummer ,,on ,,baluster ,,stem ,,and ,,raised ,,foot2 ,,example ,,of ,,elaborate ,,engraving ,the glass collector exercises his sight and applies the test2 it enables him to detect a counterfeit1 though in shape and general appearance it imitates the genuine antique2 it is too whitely crystal1 too tintless to be old4 ,curio-shop windows at ,brighton1 for instance1 are full of frauds in glass1 chiefly cut-glass1 or glass moulded to resemble cut-glass2 but the chalky-white tint betrays and condemns them1 and the instructed collector will not be taken in4 ,also he will recognize genuine ,waterford glass by its own tinge of colour1 and genuine ,cork glass in a similar way2 he will see that old ,dutch-made glass1 when thick1 has a smeary1 milk-and-watery tint1 and when thin has a flashy1 meretricious absence of deep tinting3 he will learn that old ,stourbridge glass was whiter than antique ,bristol or ,newcastle glass1 and sometimes was milky-white2 in course of time and practice he will come to be able to 8date0 and 8place0 a piece of old glass at sight1 as well as instantly to reject a fraud4 ,the tints of ,irish-made glass4 ,glass made at ,waterford1 late in the eighteenth century and early in the nineteenth1 was a fine product1 often exquisitely cut3 it is distinguishable in more than one way1 but has a characteristic tinge which1 once seen1 is unmistakable4 ,i cannot find exact words for it1 it is not a blue nor a green nor a blackish tint1 but is something of all three1 and was due to excessive presence of oxide of lead4 ,nobody has done any research as to ,irish-made glass1 and people suppose that ,cork-made glass resembled the ,waterford glass1 but that is very unlikely1 because each factory mixed according to its own recipe1 and also used a different variety of each of the raw materials common to all glass4 ,in point of fact1 ,cork glass is 8duller0 than ,waterford1 and it has quite a different1 a pale1 almost dun or yellowish1 tinge1 particularly visible in the thicker parts2 a good many lustre-ornaments seem to have been made at ,cork4 ,belfast glass was yellowish1 too1 if we may judge by the tint of ,williamite glasses4 #b4 ,,the ,,sound ,,of ,,old ,,glass ,illustration3 ,,example ,,of ,,fine ,,quality ,,rose ,,glass4 ,,cotton-,,white ,,spiral4 ,,note ,,the ,,rose ,,leaves ,,and ,,stems ,perhaps because more lead was used in the 8metal0 or raw material1 but at any rate for some distinctive reason1 old ,english and ,irish-made glass has a more musical sound than any made abroad4 ,flick or flip with your finger-nail1 or pinch near your ear1 a piece of this old ware1 and a vibrant1 resonant1 and lingering ring is audible4 ,the thinner the part of the glass you flick the more the sound1 of course2 but something of a ring should come from almost any part of the article4 ,another way of producing this characteristic sound is to keep on rubbing a wetted finger around the edge of the bowl of a wine glass or finger bowl1 till rhythmic vibration is set up1 and the sound steals forth4 ,and it is a bell-like1 musical note1 almost the ,f sharp or ,g sharp1 or ,a or ,b of the #dth octave in a pianoforte keyboard3 darkish glass with this resonance is almost sure to be old ,english or ,irish made4 ,much eighteenth-century ,dutch glass is still extant here1 and is often mistaken for ,english2 but it need not be3 thin or thick1 ,dutch glass sends out no lingering resonance1 long1 clear1 musical1 and true4 ,dutch glass tinkles when you flip it1 but the sound is dead a few seconds after being born4 ,the sound test for old ,english or ,irish glass is1 ,does it ring with a musical note that throbs1 sings1 and lingers in a way to delight the ear8 ,the sound of old ,dutch1 ,french1 ,italian1 or ,german glass is cracked1 so to speak1 though the vessel itself is not2 but ,o hark1 ,o hear6 how thin and clear1 ,and thinner1 clearer1 farther going6 are lines which ,tennyson might have written to describe the music of old ,english and ,irish glass2 too much stress cannot be laid upon this test--the lasting note is the criterion4 ,so that now1 with both tint and sound to guide us1 we need not be taken in by modern copies or old ,dutch glass4 #c4 ,,the ,,quality ,,of ,,old ,,glass ,,metal ,illustration3 ,,example ,,of ,,fine ,,quality2 ,,showing ,,the ,,butterfly ,,and ,,the ,,cotton-,,white ,,wreathing ,,around ,,the ,,central ,,tube ,italians and ,frenchmen came to ,england in the sixteenth century to teach the art and mystery of glass-making to our islanders2 yet neither old ,italian nor ,french glass metal has the quality of old ,english and ,irish glass metal4 ,the glassware made here between the reigns of ,queen ,anne and ,queen ,victoria had the best quality of any glass ever made in the world4 ,but what is quality in this connexion8 ,it means material1 but it also means the manipulation of material and the effect produced4 ,the glass made during the reigns of the four ,georges was called 8flint glass0 and 8lead glass0--misnomers1 perhaps1 but ,i need not take up space here in discussing that2 the important point is that the quality of the metal and the skill of the manipulation resulted in thinness1 rigidity1 shapeliness1 a velvety surface1 dark sheen1 brilliancy1 radiancy of facets when cut1 and the vibrant1 musical ring of the eighteenth-century glass4 ,glass made under ,charles ,,ii was not so dark1 and ,victorian glass was whiter2 ,victorian and modern ,english glass is of excellent quality1 but is uniform to almost a painful degree4 ,it lacks character and diversity2 the ,georgian glass was individual and original1 so to speak4 ,there were faults in it--little air-blobs1 or vesicles1 that feel like pimples on the surface1 or show as bubbles within it2 striations1 like lines of fibre1 also2 and deviations from the strict mathematic line or curve1 which were due to hand-work4 ,but if you examine contemporary ,dutch-made1 ,french-made1 or ,italian-made glass1 you notice that the same defects exist1 and more numerously1 while there is a flimsiness1 or a lumpiness1 or a smeary look and harsh feel which are absent from old ,english and ,irish glass4 ,a specked1 pimply surface1 and a dull thickness and clumsy lumpiness or flashy thin lightness1 are found in old ,dutch-made glass2 and this1 taken in conjunction with the absence of true ring1 enables a collector to reject the old ware sent over from ,holland4 ,the quality of the ,english and ,irish glass metal comes out in the surface1 too1 a little2 the fingers feel the surface of an old blown wine glass to be cool1 smooth1 hard1 and yet velvety2 while the surface of ,waterford cut-glass has a silky feel4 #d4 ,,the ,,weight ,,of ,,old ,,glass ,in his privately circulated book on 8,english ,baluster ,stemmed ,glasses of the ,seventeenth and ,eighteenth ,centuries0 ,mr4 ,francis ,buckley aptly says that 8,english-made glasses of the first period were all light in weight and cloudy in appearance4 ,some time between the ,restoration and the end of the seventeenth century1 but when precisely it is difficult to say1 the ,english glass-makers began to try experiments with a view to removing from their glasses this dull and cloudy appearance4 ,their object was to produce a substance like crystal2 and this object they eventually achieved by introducing into their metal a large quantity of lead40 ,this gave the characteristic weight4 ,the old ,dutch glass seems light in weight1 even when it is thick2 old ,english and ,irish glass seems relatively heavy even when it is thin4 ,waterford glass is especially heavy4 ,these differences in weight are probably due to differences in the materials used for mixing the metal2 but whatever the cause1 they aid the collector to know the real from the counterfeit1 and the old ,english from the ,dutch4 ,even the thick1 clumsy glasses made here in the reign of ,william and ,mary seem more weighty than those otherwise exactly similar which were then brought over from ,holland4 #e4 ,,the ,,signs ,,of ,,use ,,and ,,wear ,many fantastic pieces of old glass were made as curiosities or ornaments1 but most old glass was made for use4 ,glass is easily scratched2 as the wine glasses and decanters were set down upon the hard1 polished mahogany of dinner-tables1 after the cloth was drawn1 and were moved1 the feet of the wine glasses and the bases of the decanters become scratched thereby4 ,lustre-ornaments1 glass candlesticks1 or glass vases which stood upon marble or hard wood mantelpieces1 being moved when maidservants were dusting1 became scratched at the base4 ,the collector will therefore carefully examine those parts of a piece of glass which1 if it is old1 may be expected to show the signs of use and wear caused by contact and movement upon hard surfaces2 it is well to do this by the aid of a pocket-lens--which ought to be a glass collector's constant companion4 ,in a genuine old piece the scratches are numerous1 do not all run the same way1 and are dust-coloured1 more or less4 ,most counterfeits show no scratches at all1 but the more elaborate forgeries show artificial scratches2 these usually run all one way1 however1 or seem all to have been made together at the same time1 and sometimes these artificial scratchings appear in parts of the glass which would not be exposed to marking of the kind when in use1 as1 for instance1 inside the bowls4 ,yet it is not wise to condemn and refuse as a fraud a piece of glass which shows the other four or five general evidences of genuineness simply because only slight scratching is evident2 for the glass may have been standing in a cupboard unused for many years1 its nose put out of joint by some change of fashion in table-ware soon after it had been bought1 and have passed into a collector's cabinet before coming into your hands for examination4 ,nor is it safe to suppose that the more the scratches the older the piece2 it may have had more than the common amount of usage4 ,if the glass has a 8folded foot0 or a 8ring-base0 to stand on1 the scratches will be at the very edge of the foot1 or on the ring1 just where it touched the table or mantelpiece1 and there only4 #f4 ,,the ,,pontil-,,mark ,i mention this last because it does not apply to all old glass2 it does not apply to glass that was cast or moulded1 but it applies to all old blown glass1 and is a very important test and guide indeed4 ,the pontil-mark is either a depression in the glass1 shallow1 about the size of the third finger-end1 or a lump about that size1 standing up from the level of the glass around it4 ,the pontil-mark indicates first that the piece of glass was originally blown1 and second that before removing the blow-pipe the workman1 as usual1 attached the blown glass to a pontil4 ,the pontil or punt is an iron rod1 joined to the vessel by a little melted glass while the vessel is still hot4 ,when the time comes for taking away the pontil1 it is done by contact with cold water1 which causes the glass to contract around the pontil-end and the pontil to become detached4 ,glass vessels which were blown1 only1 show the depression or the lump accordingly3 blown-glass vessels which were afterwards 8cut0 show it in part only1 or not at all1 if the glass-cutter removed it3 vessels neither blown nor cut1 but cast in a mould1 do not show it because they never had it4 ,in the eighteenth century and the first quarter of the nineteenth1 glass moulding seldom took place2 so that the presence of the pontil-mark1 whether it be a hollow or a lump1 usually indicates age in the vessel which shows it4 ,illustration3 ,,under-,,side ,,of ,,wine ,,glass ,,foot1 ,,showing ,,the ,,pontil-,,mark ,,and ,,the ,,hemmed ,,or 8,,folded ,,foot0 ,,edge ,in the oldest glass the pontil-hole is flaked with something which rather resembles mica4 ,in the oldest wine glasses the pontil-lump stands out knobbily4 ,in every case there are signs of the local fracture4 ,as a rule1 the older the glass the bigger and rougher the pontil-mark4 #g4 ,,the ,,workmanship ,the sensible1 practical adaptation to purpose and the workmanlike make of ,english and ,irish old glass afford another test2 compared with our native product1 ,french glass of the same period seems meagre1 and ,dutch flimsy or clumsy2 ,italian is fantastic and tawdry4 ,the ,french and the ,italian ware was often gilded1 the ,dutch painted3 these are features seldom seen on ,english and ,irish glass4 ,in place of gilding or other added external decoration the island ware presented a substance neither too thin nor too thick1 bowls perfectly rounded1 stems strong and stout but not bulky1 too tall1 or too short2 feet that hold on to the table well1 and are not warped and uneven4 ,in the freak and toy pieces1 too1 the excellence of the workmanship is obvious4 ,,iii4 ,,blown ,,ware ,the blow-pipe is not so old an implement as the potter's wheel1 but it seems to have been used #ejjj years ago1 in ,egypt4 ,pliny first gave the fanciful account of ,phnician mariners accidentally fusing carbonate of soda with sea-sand2 ,dr4 ,johnson commented on that as follows3 8,who1 when he saw the first sand or ashes by a casual intenseness of heat melted into a metallic form1 rugged with excrescences1 and clouded with impurities1 would have imagined that in this shapeless lump lay concealed so many conveniences of life as would in time constitute a great part of the happiness of the world8 ,yet by some such fortuitous liquefaction was mankind taught to procure a body at once in a high degree solid and transparent2 which might admit the light of the sun and exclude the violence of the wind2 which might extend the view of the philosopher to new ranges of existence1 supply the decays of nature1 and succour old age with subsidiary sight40 ,perhaps the first glassware was cast1 or moulded1 and there is no record of when or where the blow-pipe was first used4 ,ancient glass beads were probably made by moulding3 probably the first glass ever made in ,england 7the windows at ,wearmouth ,church1 in ,a4,d4 #fge7 was cast4 ,not until the sixteenth century1 apparently1 was any blown glass made in ,england1 and none of it remains both extant and intact2 collectors are fortunate who come upon a piece of date so early as the first half of the seventeenth century1 even2 but from the last few years of the seventeenth century to the first few years of the nineteenth century inclusive1 ,english and ,irish blown glass was the best in the world4 ,therefore it is the blown pieces which are the most characteristic1 whether blown only or blown and afterwards engraved or cut4 ,and the blown pieces1 being intended for use1 are the more numerous1 and the more readily collected2 the cut and engraved pieces1 being for ornament1 were more costly1 and therefore fewer--though perhaps they have been more carefully preserved4 ,illustration3 ,,moulded ,,caddy ,,sugar-,,basin1 ,,and ,,jacobean ,,hand-,,lamp ,,with ,,baluster ,,stem4 ,,note ,,the ,,cloudy ,,tinge ,drinking glasses are the most favoured aim of collectors and at present are the old glass objects most frequently offered1 but as glass-collecting becomes more popular other glass objects are brought out of cupboards and places where they have been lying neglected2 and my counsel is that a collector should acquire any piece of old blown-glass ware which he can4 ,,iv4 ,,cut1 ,,moulded1 ,,and ,,engraved ,,ware ,a collector nervous about frauds should take note that counterfeits of old cut-glass are much more numerous than counterfeits of old blown glass2 the latter is forged1 in the shape of wine glasses with spiral stems1 but not at all successfully4 ,in cut-glass there is also the confusion with moulded glass to beware of1 but the finger feels the edges of cut-glass to be slightly rough--rather like woodwork edges not sand-papered off--and the eye can detect a difference between what was cut and what was moulded4 ,in fine old cut-glass the surface feels silky1 and the touch slips upon it where the cutting is shallow2 moulded glass has a wavy1 rounded feel4 ,cut-ware glass seems to be the more popular 8line0 of collecting in glass1 so it is well to consider the kinds of cutting here2 remembering all the while the tests of tint1 etc41 as between the old and the new4 ,,the ,,origin ,,of ,,cut-,,glass ,english-and ,irish-made glass1 being heavier and better quality than any other1 lent itself to cutting especially well2 but probably the chief cause of the development of cut-glass here was the excise duty1 which was levied on the plain manufactured article1 so to speak--the glassware as the blower or moulder turned it out4 ,the excise on that having been paid1 all additional value given to the ware afterwards was non-taxable2 therefore cutting came into vogue1 and the glass cut in these islands became the best in the world4 ,of all cut-glass 8,waterford0 was the most beautiful2 its specific gravity was the greatest1 and deep cutting could take place without the ware being clumsily heavy to begin with4 ,,the 8,,waterford0 ,,style ,,of ,,cutting ,cork1 ,dublin1 and ,belfast cut-glass resembles ,waterford cut-glass in everything but tint and weight1 and perhaps it was the ,celtic strain in the ,irish glass-cutters' blood which gave a more than ,english freedom and fantasy to their art4 ,at any rate1 the style of their cutting may be described as 8curved0 and 8arabesque02 it was also shallow1 generally2 flowing lines and slight hollows1 flattish rounded curves1 and interlacings are evident2 stems and candlesticks are 8whittled0 rather than cut deeply2 rims are often surrounded by little semicircles1 the edge of each semicircle being cut into angles with sharp points2 sometimes these resemble half-open fans4 ,the less the amount of cut ornament1 the earlier the piece1 as a rule4 ,there is ,english style diamond-shaped cutting in ,irish glass1 and some 8hob-nail0 cutting--shaped flat ends standing out as hob-nails do from boot soles3 there is some 8strawberry0 cutting2 but as a rule1 a fluent1 curving1 arabesquing style of cutting1 with parallel horizontal lines1 hollow prisms1 upright fluting1 and parallel vertical lines in panels1 the latter sometimes resembling basket-plaiting1 characterize ,waterford cut-glass4 ,,the 8,,stourbridge0 ,,cutting ,the ,stourbridge glass-cutters1 on the other hand1 rather over-did and abused the deep1 regular1 machine-like repetition of the 8diamond0 and the 8hob-nail0 and the 8pomegranate40 ,sometimes1 however1 the cutting was flat and flowing1 and a festoon-like1 hung-tapestry-like form may be seen4 ,illustration3 7#a ,,and #b7 ,,waterford1 ,,and 7#c7 ,,stourbridge ,,cut-,,glass ,,bowls ,,the 8,,bristol0 ,,cutting ,bristol glass-cutters went in for depth1 but also for fantasy3 a leaflike arrangement may be seen3 the flowing lines in 8,bristol0 cutting are not so fine and curved as they are in ,waterford glass4 8,,newcastle0 ,,cutting ,perhaps the 8thistle0 glasses1 so popular in ,scotland1 were made and cut at ,newcastle1 the nearest glass-making centre3 but 8thistle cutting0 does not mean cut like a thistle2 it means minute diamond-shape cuts upon a vessel conventionally resembling a thistle-head in shape4 ,,the ,,star ,,at ,,the ,,base ,in old cut-glass a star is often found1 cut in the base of the vessel1 under it2 usually the old glass-cutters extended this star to the very edges of the base4 ,in more modern cutting the rays of the star do not extend so far4 ,illustration3 ,,example ,,of 8,,pomegranate0 ,,and 8,,diamond0 ,,cutting3 ,,note ,,the 8,,star0 ,,also1 ,,cut ,,to ,,the ,,edge1 ,,and ,,the ,,scratch ,,across ,,the ,,base ,,caused ,,by ,,wear ,,moulded ,,glass ,about #ahej moulded imitations of cut-glass begun to oust the more expensive originals1 and moulded glass of that date and since then is not worth a collector's attention4 ,but old moulded glass1 with the right tint in it1 is worth acquiring2 in the shape of candlesticks1 for instance4 ,cutting could be done1 and was done1 either upon glassware originally blown1 or upon glass originally moulded--that is1 cast in a mould4 ,sometimes the stem or shank and foot were left untouched while the upper part of the vessel was cut4 ,moulded glass uncut shows no acuteness of edge nor sharpness in the depressions4 ,modern moulded glass is often very elaborate1 however1 and the beginner may readily be deceived4 ,,engraved ,,glass ,some part of the engraving on some glasses was really cutting3 in roses which form part of the decoration of finely engraved glasses1 the finger feels plane after plane of depression1 where the engraver deeply cut away the metal to imitate the petals of the rose4 ,when the engraving goes as deep as this1 or deeper than usual1 the effect is to give a dust colour to the engraved work1 which helps one to be sure that the object before one is not an old plain glass recently 8engraved up0 with a ,jacobite or other design to make it sell for more money4 ,illustration3 ,,under-,,side ,,of ,,basin1 ,,showing ,,the ,,star ,,cut ,,to ,,the ,,edge ,but as a rule engraving is a surface operation1 done with a diamond or on the wheel1 or by sandblast1 or by use of acids4 ,where the engraving is flat1 not cut in1 the original greyish-white effect may long remain2 a collector need not suppose that the engraving is recent because the tint of it is not brownish1 a colour due to years and accumulations of dust4 ,indeed1 the rougher and coarser the recent engraving the more likely dust to settle in it1 as well as upon it1 and to give it a dusty tint4 ,really fine old engraving can remain almost as fresh in appearance and tint as it ever was1 even till to-day4 ,and the natural tint of glass engraving resembles the tint of ground glass4 ,of course1 when the polishing-wheel was applied1 either to parts or to the whole of the engraving1 this greyish-white tint was polished away4 ,the polishing-wheel was also used to remove the pontil-mark 7when it was a lump or knob7 from the feet of wine and other glasses4 ,dutch or ,german engraved old glass shows more smeary in the engraved part than ,english or ,irish glassware does4 ,v4 ,,old ,,coloured ,,glass ,at ,bristol1 ,nailsea1 ,wrockwardine1 and perhaps at ,norwich1 glassware of various colours was made4 ,there are collectors who care for nothing else but coloured glass2 there are collectors who only care for coloured glass paper-weights2 there are collectors who will not buy coloured glass at all4 8,,bristol0 ,bristol coloured glass is the most sought for4 ,there are several varieties4 ,the rarest is the opaque1 whitish glass which rather resembles porcelain or ,battersea enamel in general tint1 and is painted upon as if it were porcelain or enamel3 held to a good light this ware is seen to be rather opalescent1 and might be dubbed opal glass4 ,edkins1 a painter of ,bristol delft1 used delft-like colours and designs on this opal glass2 wreaths of flowers 7the rose and the fuchsia in particular7 and flourishes in the ,louis ,,xv style are characteristic4 ,cups and saucers1 teapots1 tumblers1 bowls and jugs1 cruet vessels1 and candlesticks of this ware exist1 though few2 the last-named imitated ,battersea enamel candlesticks in shape and decoration4 ,a characteristic of this glass is ridges or waves on the surface1 detected by the finger4 ,the earliest examples have domed and folded feet4 ,less rare1 but rare1 are the wine glasses with red and white or blue and white spirals in the stems which were made at ,bristol2 if the white is not cotton-white but greyish1 however1 such a glass is probably old ,dutch4 ,illustration3 ,,bristol ,,coloured ,,glass ,,pepper ,,box1 ,,showing ,,the ,,elaborate ,,flowers1 ,,such ,,as ,,are ,,seen ,,in ,,paper-,,weights ,fine tableware of transparent blue1 blue-green1 red1 and purple was made at ,bristol2 the blue is a peculiar1 unique blue1 imitated but never well reproduced2 where the glass is thick1 it1 held to the light1 shows a ,royal purple1 and where thin it is almost a sea-blue4 ,egg-cups of this ware are handsome4 ,bristol red glass is of a ruby hue1 with not so much vermilion in it as in ,bohemian glass3 there is also 8cherry-red0 glass4 ,bristol blue and red glass was sometimes touched with gilt1 in lettering and lines2 this did not wear well except when embossed4 ,bristol produced the finest glass paper-weights--of a size and shape to fill the palm of one's hand if only the wrist and finger-tips are touching the paper--and at the base of these you see flowers of coloured glass1 bright and various in hue1 and rendered with wonderful skill2 of the same kind of mosaic or tessellated glass is a small pepper pot in my possession1 a very rare example4 ,other ,bristol paper-weights1 larger1 and door-stops1 still larger and heavier1 were tall ovals1 two or three or four times the size of a goose's egg and rather resembling one in shape2 the colour is a verdant or a sage green1 and the inner decoration is flower-petals and leaves1 pearled over as if by dew1 and blown with extraordinary skill4 ,illustration3 ,,bristol ,,coloured ,,paper-,,weights 7#a7 ,,green2 7#b7 ,,coloured ,,spirals ,collectors should beware of forgeries of parti-coloured paper-weights4 ,they may be known by the coarseness of the flowers inside the glass1 the lack of fine workmanship1 and the tawdriness of the colours4 8,,bristol0 ,,and 8,,nailsea0 ,nailsea is a small place near ,bristol1 and nobody can now be sure from which of the two came any particular bauble--coloured glass-flask1 pestle1 bell1 witch-ball1 tobacco pipe1 trumpet1 jug1 rolling-pin1 bellows-shaped article1 walking-stick or rapier1 or the 7excessively rare7 long glass cylinders containing coloured glass counters for games4 ,but it is thought that the ,bristol wares of this kind were brighter in colour than the ,nailsea product1 which1 because less skilful and daring1 perhaps1 was cooler in tint1 less striking in mixture of colours1 and therefore more refined4 ,probably ,bristol produced the glass which is ornamented by alternate broad stripes of red and opal-white4 ,perhaps ,nailsea was responsible for glass of a 8greenery-yallery0 hue containing whitish spots or splashes3 there are many forgeries of jugs and rolling-pins1 in this style1 about4 8,,wrockwardine0 ,at ,wrockwardine1 in ,salop1 the glass works turned out coloured walking-sticks1 ewers1 scent-bottles1 flasks1 twin bottles for oil and vinegar1 and toys2 the characteristic being that the glass is striped1 in white and one or more colours4 8,,sunderland0 ,the ,sunderland glassworks are supposed to have made rolling-pins1 and almost certainly produced the curious polygonal salt cellars 7which some people have thought to be insulators for piano-feet71 that reflect colour and gilding or coloured heads of men or women1 from their bases1 talc keeping the ornament there in place4 ,,miscellanea ,witch-balls seem to have been made at ,bristol1 for ,i own one of the ,bristol red and opal-white2 at ,nailsea 7in inferior1 watery blue72 and at ,wrockwardine 7greenish-blue striped with pale white74 ,these balls1 it is said1 were hung at each door and window1 8to keep the witches out0 7see illustration1 page #h74 ,illustration3 ,,sunderland ,,salt ,,cellars ,glass articles splashed with colour outside1 on the exterior of the article1 exist1 but in great rarity2 the splashed-on colours are glass-oxides1 but look like oil-paint2 the greenish clear glass beneath the splashing resembles the ,nailsea product4 ,,green1 ,,purple1 ,,and ,,yellow ,,wine ,,glasses ,fine wine glasses1 for hock or other white wines1 were made in olive-green1 grass-green1 purple1 and orange2 these are collected by some people for use at table1 by some for the collector's cabinet4 ,the older ones show the characteristics of dimensions and shape which will be described later in this book4 ,,vi4 ,,old ,,drinking ,,glasses ,these are the favourite quarry of the hunter for old glass4 ,i prefer the more uncommon and out-of-the-way pieces myself1 but the old wine glasses1 goblets1 cordial glasses1 rummers1 ale glasses1 cider glasses1 and so forth are so interesting1 often so beautiful1 and sometimes so quaint1 that ,i do not wonder at the eager collecting of them4 ,illustration3 8,,thistle0 ,,glass1 ,,early ,,baluster ,,stem ,seeking as ,i do right through this book to state general rules and tests which the beginner may apply to all glass he comes across1 ,i now mention the general features of old drinking glasses4 ,,the ,,lumpy ,,stem ,in days when men did not rise from the dinner-table quite so easily as they fell under it1 the stem of a drinking glass must be thick1 lest it snap in the convulsive hand1 and was more safely held when it was also lumpy or bulbous--8knopped0 and 8baluster0-like are other terms for it3 the fingers clung to the knobs4 ,,the ,,stout ,,stem ,even when the bulbous or lumpy stem ceased to be the rule1 a thick stem--three or four times the thickness of modern wine-glass stems--was the rule1 for the reason just given4 ,illustration3 ,,egg-,,cup ,,bowl1 ,,knopped ,,stem 7,,cotton-,,white ,,spiral ,,swelling ,,out7 ,illustration3 ,,tall ,,goblet1 ,,air-,,spiral ,,and ,,dome-,,foot ,,the ,,extensive ,,foot ,similarly1 old drinking glasses were always made with very broad 8feet0 or bases2 usually the foot had a larger circumference than the bowl4 ,a semi-drunken hand1 setting the vessel down on the table1 might leave it rocking for two or three seconds1 but the foot was so broad that it could hardly rock over4 ,,the ,,raised ,,foot ,because of the pontil-mark being often a knob1 or protuberance1 the foot of the glass must not wholly rest upon the table1 but touch it near the circumference of the foot only1 lest the knob at the end of the stem should prevent the glass standing level1 or should scratch the mahogany4 ,,the ,,domed ,,foot ,some of the oldest glasses1 in which the pontil-mark is quite a large protuberance1 stand upon feet which1 flat upon the table at and near the edge1 rise domelike in the centre4 ,these dome feet are seldom symmetrical2 made by hand1 the flat part is usually wider on one side of the dome than on the other4 ,illustration3 ,,dome-,,foot ,illustration3 ,,high ,,instep ,,foot 7,,two ,,varieties7 ,,the ,,high ,,instep ,,foot ,as the pontil-mark became smaller and not so rough1 the dome foot gave place to one which is mainly flat at the base but slightly conical1 rising like a low round hillock1 to join the stem3 seen in profile1 these somewhat resemble a leg and a foot with a high instep4 ,no seventeenth-or eighteenth-century stemmed drinking glass except a 8firing0 glass has a foot with an uniformly flat section4 ,,the ,,hemmed ,,or ,,folded ,,foot ,many old wine glasses are chipped at the edge of the foot2 this was due to carelessness in the scullery sometimes1 but often to careless use by convivial guests4 ,therefore glass-makers learned the advantage of folding the edge of the foot under1 like a hem in needlework2 a rounded edge1 less likely to be chipped1 was thus obtained4 ,this 8hem0 is nearly always irregular1 being turned in more at one part of the base than another4 ,as a rule1 the presence of a folded foot indicates that the glass was made before #agfj4 ,,the 8,,norwich0 ,,foot ,nobody knows what kind of glasses were made at ,norwich or ,lynn1 but there is a supposition that horizontal lines1 in the bowl or in the foot1 mean 8,norwich-made03 the foot is slightly terraced1 so to speak4 ,illustration3 8,,norwich0 ,,foot ,,the ,,firing ,,glass ,,foot ,there is1 ,i believe1 in certain ,lodges1 a semi-ritual practice of hammering on the table with the feet of glasses1 rhythmically1 after a toast1 somewhat in the style of applause called 8,kentish fire40 ,this seems never to have been done with wine glasses1 but old cordial or spirit glasses exist in considerable numbers which were expressly made for the purpose1 and furnished with flat feet an eighth of an inch thick or more1 so that they should not crack by concussion2 in these old 8firing-glasses10 too1 the foot is bigger in circumference than the bowl4 ,,general ,,rules ,these considerations apply to stemmed glasses for ale1 beer1 cider1 and cordials also2 and to rummers and grog glasses upon stems that are short but stout4 ,therefore a genuine ,english or ,irish drinking glass of seventeenth-1 eighteenth-1 or early nineteenth-century make has1 in addition to the tint1 ring1 quality1 pontil-mark1 workmanship1 and signs of use1 a stout stem and an extensive1 raised foot4 ,illustration3 ,,masonic ,,firing ,,glass3 ,,note ,,the ,,thick ,,foot ,about #ahcj1 the six-bottle men being all dead1 and even the three-bottle men becoming rare1 the thickness of the stem and the extensiveness of the foot could safely be reduced2 the pontil-mark1 too1 was smaller1 and the foot of a glass could be made with a lower instep1 so to speak4 ,therefore a thin stem and a foot not bigger1 or smaller1 than the top of the bowl1 with no pontil-mark1 or hardly any1 signify that the glass was made during ,victoria's reign or just before it began4 8,,thumb0 ,,glasses 8,thumb0 glasses are those in which the external surface of the bowl is pitted with depressions the size of a finger-end1 so that the shaking hand of the bibulous might be the less likely to let the glass drop4 ,they are usually tall of bowl and short of stem1 but rather big of foot4 ,,the ,,square ,,foot ,old glasses with thick square bases appear to belong to the end of the eighteenth century1 when the 8,empire0 style was influencing manufacture3 often the base is of inferior workmanship to the bowl4 ,,the ,,feet ,,of ,,tumblers ,even the bases of tumblers were made thick1 though they were smaller in circumference than the top of the tumbler4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,various ,,types ,,of ,,stem ,wine glasses and other drinking vessels of glass may best be classified according to the shape or decoration of the stem4 #a4 ,,the ,,baluster ,,stem ,the oldest ,english drinking glasses are those which have lumpy1 knobby1 bulbous stems1 of wavy outlines imitating the stems of ,tudor and ,stuart silver goblets1 and rather resembling the shape of balusters in stair or terrace balustrades1 or the uprights in some old gate-leg tables2 perhaps among the baluster stems we should class those which rather resemble an inverted obelisk1 the broad part just under the bowl and the point within the foot 7see illustration1 page #hd72 this long remained the favourite shape 7and is almost the characteristic shape7 for what are called sweetmeat glasses on stems1 and for comports or glass stands for sweetmeat glasses2 it gives a kind of shoulder to the stem4 ,sometimes the lower part of such a stem as this is square in section4 ,,the ,,collar ,,in ,,the ,,baluster ,,stem ,often the stem does not directly join the bottom of the bowl1 but has a 8neck10 with an outstanding ring of glass or 8collar0 around the neck2 sometimes the collar is double or triple2 the neck and collar were often used later1 in other than baluster stems4 ,sometimes the collar is near the foot2 sometimes there are two collars4 ,around some stems a fillet is found2 these are very rare4 ,illustration3 8,,williamite0 ,,glass3 ,,note ,,the 8,,collar0 ,,on ,,the ,,baluster ,,stem ,,the ,,older ,,balusters ,the stouter and lumpier the older the baluster stem1 as a rule2 after the accession of ,william and ,mary1 the baluster stems grew more and more refined and less heavy as the years went on4 ,but baluster-stem glasses are prized by most collectors according to their bigness and lumpiness of outline2 the older the better1 from this point of view4 ,the massive stems are very handsome2 where they touch the bowl the bowl is very thick1 and because the stem and pontil-mark were big1 the foot is often domed2 so that the curves of the bowl1 the undulations of the stem1 and the domelike or high-instep-like curve of the foot make a matched and pleasant outline for the whole4 ,almost invariably baluster-stem glasses have folded feet4 ,,coins ,,in ,,the ,,baluster ,,stems ,two things may be looked for inside these stems--coins and 8tears40 ,sometimes one of the swelling-out parts of the baluster stem was large enough to enclose a small silver coin2 a coin glass is exceedingly rare and correspondingly valuable1 but the date of the coin does not necessarily indicate the date of the glass4 8,,tears0 ,,in ,,the ,,stem ,illustration3 ,,plain ,,drawn ,,large ,,ale ,,glass1 ,,showing 8,,tear0 ,,in ,,stem ,many baluster stems enclose a separate blob or bubble of glass1 called a 8tear40 ,it has been thought that this was an accidental feature1 due to imperfect mixing of the metal and the presence of air in the molten glass4 ,obviously1 that is an unlikely cause1 and in the ,diary of ,mr4 ,pepys ,i have discovered a passage which seems to show how these 8tears0 in the stem would begin4 ,writing little more than twenty years before #afhi1 ,pepys refers to the 8chymical glasses which break all to dust by breaking off a little end2 which is a great mystery to me40 ,these were called lacrym ,batavic1 or 8,dutch tears10 and were made by letting drops of molten glass fall into water2 hissing1 the glass became tearlike in shape1 a blob with a long slender tail1 and hollow4 ,probably such as these were the 8tears0 which appear as ornaments within the old drinking-glass stems1 distinctly visible and separate from the rest of the glass in the stem1 though of the same tinge and quality of material4 ,the name 8tear0 is to this extent a misnomer1 that nearly always the 8tear0 is bigger at the top than the bottom2 whereas a tear proper swells out more the lower it slips on the cheek4 ,but ,i own a baluster-stem glass in which the lower part of the 8tear0 is the bigger1 and in some such glasses the 8tear0 swells out or in to match the shape of the stem4 ,sometimes three or five or more very small 8tears0 appear in one of the bulbs4 #b4 ,,the ,,drawn-,,out ,,or ,,plain ,,round ,,stem 8,drawn glasses0 were made at twice--the bowl and the stem in one1 the foot added later4 ,to understand better this meaning of the word 8drawn10 imagine a soap-bubble with the extra suds adhering to one part of it1 and suppose that the extra suds could be drawn out to make a stem2 that was the method used in glass4 ,the plain1 round stem resembles a solid cylinder1 but it is part of the bowl1 in fact it is a continuation of the bowl4 ,the end of the cylinder1 around which the foot was welded1 made a pontil-lump1 and therefore the plain stem glass has either a high instep or a dome foot4 ,illustration3 ,,drawn ,,bowl ,,and ,,plain ,,round ,,stem ,the plain round stems were made stout because of insobriety1 though that had begun to lessen when this second type of stem came into vogue4 8,tears0 are often seen in the plain round stems4 #c4 ,,the ,,corrugated ,,round ,,stem ,stems which are ornamented by outside spirals1 or series of small ridges and grooves alternating1 are usually old ,dutch2 but some of them are ,english1 though of inferior quality and ring4 ,the quality is so poor and the make so unsatisfactory that probably they were a 8cheap and nasty0 contemporary imitation and substitute for glasses adorned with the air spiral1 the type which succeed the plain round stem4 ,it is hardly likely that the corrugated stem preceded the air-spiral stem2 or1 if at all1 for more than a few years4 ,with these corrugated stems one expects to find1 almost without exception1 that the bowl of the glass is shaped like an inverted1 incurving1 waisted bell4 ,illustration3 7#a7 ,,corrugated ,,stem ,,and 7#b7 ,,hop ,,and ,,barley ,,glasses1 ,,the ,,latter ,,showing ,,the 8,,silver ,,spiral0 #d4 ,,the ,,air-,,spiral ,,stem ,at any rate1 out of the 8tears0 in the baluster and plain round stems was developed the idea of ornamenting stems by internal spirals or twists1 and whether these should be number four or number three in the chronological order is not very important4 ,by twisting while drawing out the stem from the surplus metal of the bowl 7which contained several small 8tears07 the graceful and beautiful effect of the air spiral inside the stem was produced4 ,sometimes the spiral starts within the bowl2 sometimes it winds round the base of the bowl2 but always the ornamentation becomes a trellis-work or network when it fills up the whole stem2 when it does not fill up the whole stem1 it meanders down it medially1 in one substantial spiral1 like a corkscrew or a rope1 or in two that interlace3 and in the finest examples the finger can feel no ridging of the surface at all1 though a slight ridging is palpable in many glasses4 ,now all this meant splendid workmanship--,english aptitude at handicraft1 the best of its kind in the world4 ,illustration3 ,,drawn ,,bowl ,,and ,,air-,,spiral ,,stem1 ,,beginning ,,below ,,the ,,bowl ,sometimes the spiral is so very brilliant that it seems as if it were made of quicksilver1 and collectors call it 8silver spiral0 or 8brilliant air-twist02 but this is probably an effect of light4 ,in all cases the air spiral is glass colour1 the tint of the rest of the glass2 red1 cotton-white1 and blue spirals belong to the type of stem to be mentioned next4 ,sometimes1 it is true1 a white thread is seen running down the centre of the stem1 within the network of air spirals2 but oftener when this central thread occurs1 it is 8air-colour0 itself4 ,air spirals are often seen in stems of knobby or baluster form2 sometimes air-spiral stems have 8necks40 ,this probably means that long rods of glass containing air spirals were made1 with the baluster shape recurring at regular intervals of suitable length1 so that the rod could be cut up into lengths and each length welded on to the bowl and the foot of a glass4 ,these are the air-spiral glasses most sought after4 ,sometimes the stem of a drawn glass was welded to a foot of which a bulb was the upper part1 this bulb sometimes containing beadlike 8tears10 but these are very rare3 sometimes the upper part of the stem is plain1 and the lower part1 beginning with a knob1 is air spiral1 or vice versa4 ,sometimes old air-spiral glasses with small feet are found2 this was due to a practice of grinding away the edge1 when the feet had become chipped by much use1 and re-polishing the feet of these much-valued glasses2 the folded foot for these glasses was not the rule4 ,tall1 slender-bowled air-spiral glasses for champagne are sometimes found1 in shape resembling the glasses called fltes2 ,i own one of this sort not less than #i inches high4 ,rarer still are spiral-stemmed glasses for ale2 ,i own one #aa inches high 7see illustration1 page #fj74 ,the former ,i gave #gs4 #f;d4 for1 the latter #ajs41 a tithe of their ,west-,end prices4 ,but these are very exceptional glasses4 ,air-spiral stems are found in cordial and spirit glasses1 firing glasses1 and goblets with short stems4 #e4 ,,the ,,cotton-,,white ,,spiral ,,stem ,illustration3 ,,tall ,,champagne ,,glasses3 7#a7 ,,tape ,,cotton-,,white1 ,,and 7#b7 ,,air-,,spiral ,,stems ,during the latter half of the eighteenth century the air-spiral glasses continued to be made1 but the opaque or cotton-white spiral stems came into fashion and general use4 ,these were not 8drawn0 stems2 they could not be1 because the white glass was not inherent in the metal4 ,the stem was made by lining a long cylindrical mould with wirelike 8canes0 of cotton-white and other glass alternately4 ,then melted plain glass was poured into the cylinder4 ,the canes adhered to the warm metal1 and when the whole was reheated1 it could be twisted into spiral designs4 ,then the parti-coloured rod thus made was cut into stem-lengths4 ,by this means a great variety of designs in the spirals could be produced1 and indeed1 the countless differences in ,english-made cotton-white spirals1 hardly any two alike1 are one of the features of a collection4 ,sometimes the design spreads like the air-twist2 sometimes it circles around a central1 wavy tube2 sometimes the cotton-white is tapelike1 in a 8,greek key0 pattern2 sometimes an outer spiral runs around the inner corkscrew2 but always the effect is pleasing1 and rather striking1 though perhaps not quite in the reticent good taste of the air-spiral stems4 ,illustration3 ,,straight-,,sided1 ,,cotton-,,white ,,greek ,,key ,,pattern ,dome feet or folded feet are hardly ever found under cotton-white or other coloured spiral stems2 any example of that should at once be acquired2 but the pontil-mark is always found--if the glass be old4 ,the white in ,english-made glasses is generally a pure1 vivid1 cotton-white2 in ,dutch glasses it is usually a dull greyish hue4 7,this is why ,i use the term 8cotton-white0 as descriptive of these ,english stems47 #f4 ,,coloured ,,spiral ,,stems ,the next step1 to coloured or 8mixed0 spirals1 was obvious1 but not very often taken at ,english glassworks3 most of the red and white spiral stems now seen came from ,holland or ,lige4 ,however1 at ,bristol red and white1 and blue and white1 spiral stems were made2 they are known by the ruby red and the peculiar ,bristol blue4 ,yellow and white1 purple and white1 and green and white spirals are known2 rare indeed is a three-colour spiral4 ,coloured twist stems were only made in ,england about the end of the eighteenth century4 ,an almost constant feature of tri-coloured stems made in ,holland or at ,lige is a wavy central tube of white1 with coloured spirals around it1 swelling or contracting to suit the usually bulbous shape of the stem4 #g4 ,,cut ,,plain-,,glass ,,stems ,these seem to have been in fashion during the period #agge-ahbe4 ,usually the stems are hexagonal1 and the cutting had1 of course1 to be continued1 in a shallow way1 on the lower part of the bowl4 8,thistle0 glasses are those in which the cutting of the stem and bowl to some extent suggests the thistle in shape and appearance4 ,the stems were often knopped--this is a feature of ,waterford glass cut stems--but towards the end of the period mentioned above the stems became cylindrical except for the cutting1 and the cutting did not so much produce facets as long grooves4 ,the dates just given would suggest that the dome foot and the folded foot are not to be looked for under cut stems1 but they are met with1 the dome foot having been kept in use for ornament's sake1 probably4 ,nor is the pontil-mark present1 if the cutter removed it2 except that sometimes he left just the faintest trace of it1 which the finger can detect4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,various ,,shapes ,,of ,,bowl ,stemmed drinking vessels1 whether for wine or ale1 for rum or cordials1 cider or drams1 can be classified according to shape of bowl2 this is important for descriptive purposes1 and to some extent for dating4 ,the following names of shapes do not apply to tumblers1 mugs1 or tankards1 of course4 ,illustration3 7#a7 ,,drawn ,illustration3 7#b7 ,,bell ,there are ten general shapes of bowl3 #a4 ,drawn1 found with the plain round stem and the air-spiral stem4 #b4 ,bell1 found with the baluster stem1 the necked and collared stem1 the air-spiral stem1 the cotton-white spiral stem1 with coin glasses1 and with rose glasses4 #c4 ,waisted bell1 found with the corrugated stem and the plain stem4 #d4 ,straight-sided1 found with each class of stem4 ,illustration3 7#c7 ,,waisted ,,bell ,illustration3 7#d7 ,,straight-,,sided #e4 ,rectangular1 a variety of the straight-sided1 found with the plain round stem and the air-spiral stem4 ,illustration3 7#e7 ,,rectangular ,illustration3 7#f7 ,,egg-,,cup-,,shaped #f4 ,egg-cup-shaped1 or ovoid1 found with the cotton-white spiral stem1 the air-spiral stem1 and the cut stem4 #g4 ,ogee 7named after a term in architecture1 signifying a curve1 somewhat like the letter ,s71 found mostly with the cotton-white spiral stem and the coloured spiral stem4 ,these are believed to be of ,bristol make as a rule1 as many of them have the ,bristol characteristic of perpendicular or spiral flutings in the lower half of the bowl1 produced by pressure 7a kind of moulding74 ,the ogee bowl is also found with the cut stem1 the plain round stem1 and moulded stems4 ,illustration3 7#g7 ,,ogee 7,,two ,,varieties7 ,illustration3 7#h7 ,,lipped ,,ogee ,illustration3 7#i7 ,,double ,,ogee ,illustration3 7#aj7 ,,waisted #h4 ,lipped ogee1 found with the coloured spiral stem1 the cotton-white stem1 and moulded stems mainly4 #i4 ,double ogee1 found with the air-spiral stem1 and the cotton-white stem2 some of the oldest have knops and the folded foot4 #aj4 ,waisted1 found with the air-spiral stem and the mixed spiral stem4 ,,small ,,lump ,,or ,,bead ,,at ,,bottom ,,of ,,bowl ,illustration3 8,,rose0 ,,glass1 ,,bell ,,bowl1 ,,air-,,spiral ,,beginning ,,in ,,the ,,base ,,of ,,the ,,bowl ,in many of the older wine glasses the finger can feel1 inside the bowl1 just above the top of the stem1 a small conical projection1 like that of half a bead4 ,but this is not invariable1 or an essential proof of genuineness4 ,,ix4 ,,other ,,stemmed ,,drinking ,,glasses ,wine glasses do not by any means exhaust the list of collectable glasses on stems2 there are many desirable stemmed glasses once used for ale1 cider1 perry1 or spirits1 to be acquired4 #a4 ,,ale ,,and ,,beer ,,glasses ,illustration3 ,,candlestick ,,between ,,tall ,,beer ,,glasses ,many glasses1 drawn1 bell1 or waisted-bell shape in bowl and baluster1 plain round1 air spiral1 cotton-white spiral1 or cut in stem1 exist1 which appear to have been used for the very strong ale then brewed2 often these are engraved with representations of hops and barley4 ,large vessels1 perhaps used for 8small beer10 exist1 from #i to #af inches tall1 and proportionately capacious3 the biggest of the kind ,i ever saw was engraved with ,jacobite emblems4 ,the smaller examples of this class may have been used daily2 the larger may have been kept for occasional use as loving-cups1 or were never used at all1 perhaps1 being merely tours de force of the glass-maker1 and kept as ornaments to a sideboard4 ,the very large ones are drawn glasses1 with plain round stems1 as a rule2 the nine-or ten-inch tall glasses of this kind are baluster or plain round in stem4 ,i bought one of these 7see page #dh7 for #b #es4 not long ago2 its ,west-,end price now might be #aj1 for it is 8,waterford40 #b4 ,,cider ,,glasses ,no doubt some of the glasses mentioned just above were used at times for strong cider2 perhaps large goblets were used for draught perry or cider at times4 ,but special cider glasses exist1 engraved with representations of apples and apple-tree leaves1 or apple-trees1 and these1 from #f to #g inches tall1 have ogee or rectangular bowls as a rule1 and usually cotton-white spiral stems4 #c4 ,,champagne ,,or ,,mum ,,glasses ,there are two types of old champagne or mum glasses1 each rare3 one type has a wide-lipped bell or double-ogee bowl1 upon a baluster stem1 and much resembles some of the bigger sweetmeat glasses2 the other type is #g to #i inches high1 ogee bowl1 and cotton-white stem4 #d4 ,,rummers ,,and ,,mugs ,there were three shapes of rummers used1 one goblet shape1 one on a tall stem1 and one on a stem which is also a base3 sometimes the base of an old rummer is square4 ,the first of these three shapes has a baluster stem1 the second a plain round1 spiral1 or cut stem4 ,fine mugs1 with handles1 imitating contemporary old silverware1 are found2 the mugs show something of a stem 7see illustration1 page #g74 ,often they are engraved with the initials of their first owner1 and sometimes are dated also4 ,fine double-handled mugs1 like loving-cups1 exist4 ,illustration3 7#a7 ,,joey1 7#b7 ,,thistle ,,fuddling1 7#c7 ,,bristol ,,coaching1 ,,and 7#d7 ,,joey ,,glasses #e4 ,,spirit ,,glasses ,,and ,,cordial ,,glasses ,these are small in bowl and short in stem1 the bowl is often straight-sided1 and the stem is usually drawn1 and often cut4 ,but there are many with drawn bowls and plain stems4 ,a 8thistle0 glass of this kind is specially valued4 ,often the bowl is engraved4 ,cordial glasses may have long stems4 #f4 ,,coaching ,,glasses ,,and ,,fuddling ,,glasses ,these are glasses which have no feet3 they were used at one draught of the liquor in them4 ,i bought a ,bristol opal glass of the kind for #f;d41 but these are excessively rare4 ,almost as rare are the plain glasses1 with cut stems1 used in coaching days4 ,when the stage coach paused at an inn1 a waiter came out with a tray of footless glasses1 each resting on its bowl2 the traveller took one up1 inverted it into the proper position1 held it out to the bottle or decanter in the waiter's hand1 drank1 and set the glass down upon its bowl again4 ,a fuddling glass was a variety of coaching glass used indoors1 for a rapid dram2 a 8thistle0 glass of this kind was favoured in ,scotland4 ,illustration3 7#a7 ,,dram1 7#b7 ,,toastmaster1 7#c7 ,,oakleaf1 ,,and 7#d7 ,,hogarth ,,glasses #g4 ,,toastmaster ,,glasses ,these are less capacious dram glasses than they seem2 the lower part of the bowl was deceptively made very thick1 so that the toastmaster at a banquet need not drink so much as would otherwise have been necessary1 when announcing and sharing in every one of the score or two of the toasts and 8sentiments0 which were honoured at every convivial board4 ,a relic of the 8sentiment0 habit was preserved by ,dickens in the language of ,mr4 ,dick ,swiveller3 8,may the wing of friendship never moult a feather0 was a 8sentiment0 in its day4 #h4 8,,hogarth0 ,,glasses ,certain short1 short-stemmed1 or almost stemless glasses1 with 8,norwich0 feet often1 and with drawn or waisted-bell bowls wide at the mouth1 are known as 8,hogarth0 glasses1 because they were often shown in ,hogarth's pictures of contemporary social life4 #i4 ,,tavern ,,and ,,kitchen ,,glasses ,old glasses are often found which in shape and purpose correspond with those described in this chapter and chapters vi1 vii1 and viii1 but were obviously inferior in finish of make when new4 ,these may be taken to be glasses made cheaply for tavern and kitchen use2 though not so attractive as the better qualities1 they should not be neglected by the collector4 #aj4 ,,yard ,,of ,,ale ,,glasses ,evelyn tells in his diary that in #afhc the health of ,james ,,ii was drunk at ,bromley 8in a flint glass of a yard long40 ,imitations of these are made1 but the real old ones are excessively rare4 ,in shape they rather resemble a coaching-horn1 the mouthpiece being the foot1 or the mouthpiece being replaced by a bulb4 ,they were used at merry-makings1 as proof of bibulous skill in emptying a glass a yard long4 ,there are also half-yard glasses4 #aa4 8,,thimbleful0 ,,glasses ,these have a very small straight-sided or ogee bowl1 upon a plain round1 or spiral stem and big foot4 ,they are very rare4 ,x4 ,,jacobite1 ,,williamite1 ,,and ,,hanoverian ,,glasses ,these are the aristocracy among the wine glasses1 goblets1 and spirit glasses4 ,they are rare1 difficult to find1 and costly to buy1 but not impossible to come upon by lucky hazard4 ,,the ,,rose ,,glasses ,illustration3 ,,jacobite ,,glass ,,showing ,,the ,,stuart ,,rose3 ,,also ,,the 8,,central ,,tube0 ,,in ,,the ,,stem ,the dearest aim of every collector of old wine glasses is to come upon a ,jacobite glass4 ,the more sanguine and less strict kind of collector declares himself the owner of a ,jacobite example if he possesses a glass engraved with a six-petalled heraldic ,stuart rose 7one petal for each ,king or ,queen of ,stuart blood who actually reigned in ,england1 he says71 a large bud 7representing the ,old ,pretender1 he explains71 a smaller bud 7for the ,young ,pretender71 and a bird or 7see illustration1 page #bj7 butterfly 7crossing the narrow seas1 he explains1 to bring the ,stuarts back74 ,illustration3 ,,jacobite ,,glass1 ,,showing ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,young ,,pretender ,illustration3 ,,jacobite ,,glass1 ,,showing ,,the ,,thistle ,a stricter1 less easily satisfied collector points out that those were 8the ordinary rose glasses10 used at all fashionable dinner-tables in the eighteenth century 7see illustration1 page #ei74 ,the reply to that is that the six-petalled rose and one of the buds1 at least1 are heraldic1 not naturally represented2 that the heraldic1 six-petalled white rose was the ,stuart rose2 and that1 at any rate1 the 8ordinary rose glasses0 were sometimes used by ,jacobites1 particularly in general assemblies1 because of their covert meaning1 when it would have been unsafe to use the treasonable ,jacobite glasses proper4 ,a slight addition to the rose glass makes it truly ,jacobite2 thus ,i own a fine goblet which is made ,jacobite by a monk's-hood flower being added--a reference to ,general ,monk4 ,an 8ordinary rose glass0--not so ordinary after all1 and difficult to procure now1 as well as dear to buy--which has a ,stuart emblem engraved under the foot of it is allowed to pass muster by the stricter collector1 but what he aims at or boasts of if he possesses one is a 8,jacobite glass proper40 ,,the 8,,jacobite0 ,now a 8,jacobite glass proper0 is engraved with a portrait of the ,old ,pretender1 or of his son 8,bonnie ,prince ,charlie02 or with the rose1 two buds1 a butterfly or a bird1 and also a ,jacobite motto or emblem1 or both2 or with the cypher of the ,old ,pretender and the words of a loyalist song4 ,upon a firing glass 7the rarest of the ,jacobite variety7 may be seen the touching emblem of a thunder-smitten tree putting forth new branches1 and the motto ,revirescit 7,it becomes green again74 ,upon a wine glass may be seen the word 8,fiat0 with a star 7perhaps standing for fiat lux1 8,let there be light10 or perhaps for 8,let it be done0--the second ,restoration of the ,stuarts74 ,or the motto may be ,redeat 7let him return71 or1 very rare1 ,redi2 or ,radiat 7perhaps a misspelling of ,redeat1 or possibly meant for 8let him shine074 ,if an oak-leaf 7as well as the other features7 appear on the glass1 it was probably used in ,england2 if a thistle1 probably in ,scotland4 ,illustration3 ,,jacobite 8,,firing0 ,,glass1 ,,showing ,,the ,,oakleaf ,,and ,,the ,,word 8,,fiat0 ,there still are a few ,jacobite glasses lying unrecognised no doubt2 two were found in a ,london broker's shop a few years ago1 and bought for #es42 in #aiad a ,bristol schoolmaster learned accidentally that two glasses which had stood on a shelf on a sideboard in the family for forty years were ,fiat glasses1 and a valuer going to a house in ,sussex for other purposes1 discovered a ,prince ,charlie portrait glass 7worth a hundred guineas now7 still passing incognito--there had been 8the pair of it10 but that had been 8smashed to bits10 the servants said4 ,illustration3 ,,jacobite 8,,firing0 ,,glass1 ,,showing ,,the ,,star ,,and ,,the ,,rosebud ,the rarest form of ,jacobite glasses is the short toasting or firing glass1 for strong waters1 of 8,hogarth0 shape4 ,i possess one of these2 it has a 8,norwich0 foot2 the thickness of the base of the bowl1 and the 8tear0 in that and the short bulbous stem1 seem to date it at about #agbe1 so that it will be an 8,old ,pretender0 glass4 ,it is very beautifully engraved with the six-petalled rose1 the two buds1 the word 8,fiat10 the rising star and the 7,boscobel7 oak-leaf4 ,it had been kept in an armoury1 belonging to a collector who did not collect old glass4 ,illustration3 ,,jacobite ,,firing-,,glass3 ,,note ,,the ,,terraced ,,or 8,,norwich0 ,,foot ,,and ,,the 8,,tear0 ,,in ,,the ,,baluster ,,stem3 ,,also ,,the ,,centre ,,of ,,the ,,rose1 ,,bright ,,amidst ,,the ,,ground-,,glass ,,petals ,no wonder people hunt for ,jacobite glasses4 ,they were the romantic1 loyal1 treasonable vessels which were emptied to the toast of 8his ,majesty over the water10 in clandestine and dangerous gatherings of fair women and conspiring men4 ,then the great punch-bowl was filled with water1 to represent the narrow seas1 and the red wine sparkled in the glasses held out above it2 as often at loyal ,georgian assemblies a ,jacobite would be seen to hold his wine glass above a tumbler of water1 if called on to drink to 8the ,king03 ,then all leapt up and joined their hands ,with hearty clasp and greeting1 ,the brimming cups1 outstretched by all1 ,over the wide bowl meeting3 8,a health60 they cried1 8to witching eyes ,of sweetheart1 wife1 or daughter1 ,but never forget the white1 white rose1 ,that blooms for us over the water60 ,flip these old glasses with the finger-nail1 and they ring like a tuning-fork2 draw thumb and finger upwards to the edge of the bowl1 and you hear a clear faint resonance1 sad as the wailings after ,culloden1 when final defeat had come4 ,,the 8,,williamite0 ,i bought two fine1 perfect1 baluster-stemmed ,williamite glasses for a guinea once2 they show ,william of ,orange on horseback1 and are inscribed with 8,the ,glorious ,memory of ,king ,william1 ,no ,surrender1 ,boyne1 #ast4 ,iuly #afij02 and the initials 8,t4,c0 and 8,s4,c02 on some such glasses two of the initials are 8,s4,t40 7see illustration1 page #dg74 ,the glass is a yellowish-white where it is thick1 and if not made at ,belfast1 may have been made in ,cork2 but the engraving would be done in ,ulster4 ,some such glasses are rather recent2 no doubt the making of ,williamite glasses continued longer than the making of ,jacobite glasses did1 because of the continued existence of ,orange ,lodges4 ,some of these glasses are inscribed 8,the ,immortal ,memory0 only1 or 8,to the glorious memory of ,king ,william0 only4 ,williamite firing glasses1 of 8,hogarth0 shape1 are also found4 ,,the 8,,hanoverian0 ,when the ,house of ,hanover came to the throne of the ,united ,kingdom1 loyal drinking glasses were made accordingly4 8,god save ,king ,george0 and 8,liberty0 are the usual inscriptions on them2 sometimes the heraldic white horse of ,hanover was engraved on the bowl1 or the three crosses of the ,union ,jack inside a garter and the rays of the sun4 ,hanoverian glasses are rarer than ,jacobite or ,williamite1 but ,jacobite glasses are the most valued and costly4 ,,xi4 ,,tumblers1 ,,tankards1 8,,joeys10 ,,and 8,,boot0 ,,glasses ,i class these together because they are stemless4 ,pewter and silver tankards were imitated in glass1 and these differ from mugs in being straight-sided and quite stemless2 often they were engraved with initials and dates4 ,old tumblers are not found so numerously as old wine glasses are2 they are usually large1 are often cut1 and are sometimes engraved4 ,some tumblers are barrel-shaped1 like some rummers1 but most tumblers are 8straight-sided0 or 8rectangular40 ,some tumblers are engraved with portraits 7as of ,admiral ,keppel7 or with inscriptions 7as of 8,wellington for ever074 ,i own two which celebrate the 8,independence of ,durham and ,richd4 ,wharton its defender10 probably made at ,sunderland in #ahjb1 to commemorate a ,parliamentary ,election in which the freedom of the citizens of ,durham from rule by the bishop's bailiff was involved4 ,masonic tumblers are rare2 so are ,bristol opal-glass tumblers1 yet ,i own one which cost me #as4 8,joeys0 are dram glasses1 shaped like tumblers1 or like fuddling glasses with no foot or stem 7see illustration1 page #fb74 ,mr4 ,joseph ,hume1 ,m4,p41 had caused fourpenny bits to be coined2 fourpenny bits were accordingly called 8joeys02 even to-day people call for a 8joey0 of brandy4 ,when a tax was put on gin1 less of the liquor could then be sold for fourpence2 so that the glass was made thicker1 and the contents accordingly less4 ,for a similar reason to-day there are in public-houses glasses called 8,lloyd ,georges10 ,i am told4 ,the two 8joeys0 ,i own are of grass-green hue2 one is inscribed with 8#d;d40 ,illustration3 ,,small ,,boot ,,glasses 8,boot0 glasses are small blown vessels in the shape of riding-boots1 probably used for spirits in the parting dram1 otherwise called the stirrup-cup4 ,there seems little foundation for the suggestion that these were emblems of ,lord ,bute1 in the days of ,george ,,iii2 for as ,mr4 ,hartshorne1 the founder of glass-collecting1 discovered1 a jack-boot glass is preserved in the museum of ,lige and another in a ,dutch museum1 and these are older and more elaborate than the ,english 8boot0 glasses4 ,i own two of those which ,mr4 ,hartshorne collected1 and on which he based the 8,bute0 suggestion1 but small 8boot0 glasses are exceedingly rare4 ,a big one1 cut1 and #ab inches high1 was once offered me2 ,i think it came from ,lige4 ,large boot glasses striped with white are seen sometimes2 8boot0 glasses can hardly have been peculiar to ,great ,britain4 ,perhaps they were used by hunting men as an emblem of their sport4 ,,xii4 ,,bottles1 ,,decanters1 ,,and ,,jugs ,,bottles ,the ,trapnell collection contained an early seventeenth-century bottle1 with a seal of a king's head2 another dated ,henry ,galshell1 #agjj2 another inscribed ,t4 ,bellamy1 #aggc4 ,i own one bearing 8,c4 ,yoxall1 #aggh0 in raised letters on a raised lozenge4 ,these are all of dark1 thick glass1 and are short-necked and tun-bellied4 ,a little later1 in #aghf1 for instance1 the shape became like that of a beer bottle to-day1 but larger4 ,the rectangular1 shouldered spirit bottles1 with separately made short necks1 and engraved or gilded1 are usually ,dutch1 and were perhaps enclosed in cases1 something like 8tantalus0 bottles4 ,there are tall1 embossed spirit bottles1 often of coloured glass1 with cut-glass stoppers4 ,there are cut-glass ,english bottles1 decanter-shaped but stopperless1 a cork being used4 ,holster bottles were a kind of flask carried in the saddle holster4 ,bottles for oil and vinegar and spices resembled cruet bottles as a rule4 ,scent bottles1 large1 in plain glass1 are found2 small scent bottles1 cut or coloured1 or mounted with silver or pinchbeck stoppers1 exist in great numbers2 ,i own a ,bristol scent bottle which is cut like a shell cameo1 through two layers of coloured glass1 one pink1 one opal1 down to the basal layer of plain glass2 it cost me #fs4 #f;d4 ,,decanters ,during most of the eighteenth century wine came to table in bottles2 8decanting0 began to be the fashion about #aghj1 perhaps4 ,the decanters of that date have sloping shoulders as a rule2 some in shape resemble a drawn glass with short stem reversed2 a little later decanters became more globular and high-shouldered1 with shorter necks4 ,engraved festoons on a decanter1 as indeed upon a wine glass1 usually indicate the 8,empire0 period by their decoration--the end of the eighteenth century1 if not the beginning of the next4 ,it must be said1 however1 that some 8,jacobite0 decanters exist with long necks and globular bodies2 so difficult is it to find a rule without an exception in old glass4 ,these ,jacobite decanters have pointed stoppers1 too2 whereas oval rounded stoppers seem generally to have been the early form4 ,,jugs ,ale jugs1 wine jugs1 and water jugs in plain1 coloured1 or cut glass are plentiful4 ,the most desirable are ,waterford made1 known by the tint1 the weight1 and the cutting4 ,cork-made jugs1 resembling ,waterford-made in cutting1 but yellowish in tint1 are found4 ,bristol coloured jugs1 ,wrockwardine striped and ,nailsea splashed glass jugs exist2 these1 like many other old plain glass jugs1 are blown and not cut4 ,jugs with very large necks and lips1 either blown or cut1 are fairly early examples4 ,sometimes a plain glass jug will have a raised festoon of plain or coloured glass about its neck4 ,milk and cream jugs in ,bristol blue1 opal1 or ruby glass are well known2 cut milk-jugs exist in fair number4 ,,xiii4 ,,bowls1 ,,lifters1 ,,sugar-,,crushers1 ,,spoons1 ,,etc4 ,large cut-glass bowls1 and plain bowls1 exist1 perhaps too small for punch 7except the ,bristol painted opal-glass ones71 but big enough for fruit or salads4 ,often these stand on feet and stems4 ,finger bowls of plain blown and of cut glass are found4 ,coloured glass bowls1 of ,bristol blue1 green1 violet1 or red1 are desirable acquisitions4 ,the earliest form of finger bowl was not a finger glass so much as a wine cooler or glass rinser2 these have two projecting lips or ears opposite each other1 to support the glass as it lay in the water rinsing or cooling4 ,illustration3 ,,collarless1 ,,cut1 ,,and ,,collared 8,,lifters03 ,,the ,,middle ,,collar ,,represents ,a 8,,fillet0 ,the toddy lifter1 punch lifter1 or grog lifter is an interesting glass article2 ,i own seven1 though examples are quite rare4 ,there are several shapes4 ,when the lower part is a high-shouldered decanter shape it is said to be a punch lifter1 and ,english2 when the lower part is round and shoulderless1 like a club1 it is ,scottish and a toddy lifter4 ,in most cases there is a fillet or collar of glass round the neck1 and these are called ring-necked2 the absence of the ring is rare4 ,the bowl is of the size required for an ordinary glassful1 for the lifters were used to transfer punch1 toddy1 or grog from the punch-bowl to the glass4 ,the earlier way of doing this was by a silver or wooden ladle1 but about the year #ahjj the glass lifter 7which is really a pipette or siphon7 came into use4 ,when the base of the lifter sank into the punch1 the punch rose into the bowl of it by a hole in the bottom of it2 the thumb then closed the hole at the top of the neck1 thus creating a vacuum4 ,then the lifter could be carried over the table to the glass1 and when the thumb was taken away the punch ran down into the glass4 ,glass sugar crushers1 plain1 cut1 or ridged with spirals1 are found1 with a pestle-like end to them4 ,glass spoons are rare4 ,glass knives are found1 but most of them are doubtful4 ,pestles of ,nailsea glass are seen1 perhaps once used by ladies in their still-rooms2 maybe glass mortars to match them may turn up4 ,knife rests for the table are found1 some plain moulded1 some cut1 some even with spirals inside them4 ,,xiv4 ,,candlesticks1 ,,lustres1 ,,and ,,lamps ,lustres and girandoles are often collected2 glass standard lamps seldom1 at present2 glass candlesticks are much hunted for4 #a4 ,,candlesticks ,the most beautiful of glass candlesticks are those made and cut at ,waterford1 which stand about #ab inches high2 #aj is a low price for a pair4 ,bristol cut-glass candlesticks are nearly as fine2 ,bristol opal-glass candlesticks1 plain or painted in the ,battersea enamel style1 are exceedingly rare4 ,candlesticks with air-spiral and cotton-white stems are occasionally met with4 ,ordinary moulded-glass candlesticks1 of the early nineteenth century1 are pretty numerous3 fine moulded candlesticks are of earlier date4 ,illustration3 ,,fine ,,moulded ,,candlesticks2 ,,see ,,also ,,illustration1 ,,page #fj ,glass candlesticks of ,georgian date follow much the same order as the contemporary wine glasses1 in the feet1 pontil-marks1 and stems4 ,the earliest have baluster stems about #i inches high1 and round feet between #f and #g inches in diameter2 the feet are domed or high instep1 and the pontil-mark is a lump4 ,the dome foot occurs with the air-spiral stems1 later1 and even with the cut stems1 later still2 in these last1 as in the moulded and in the cut and engraved examples1 the pontil-mark does not show4 ,fine candlesticks ornamented by purfling were made 7see illustration1 page #fj74 ,glass taper stands are found4 #b4 ,,lustres ,the degenerate form of lustre that was found on every parlour mantelpiece about the year #ahfj is the best-known form1 and many of these coloured glass objects1 belling out at the top and bottom1 with hanging prisms fantastically cut1 are still extant2 but as yet they are little collected4 ,the name 8lustres10 however1 may be used to include the standing girandoles and the hanging chandeliers adorned with festoons of diamond-like cut prisms1 and these are much sought after2 many collectors acquire loose prisms1 long or diamond-shaped1 whenever they can1 and have them re-strung1 to be added to new glass chandeliers4 ,the earliest form of the girandole1 or standing lustre1 had a glass standard and glass arms2 the top of the standard was a candlestick nozzle2 the glass standard and arms and the dependent prisms reflected the candlelight brilliantly4 ,two of these were in use at ,mount ,vernon when ,george ,washington was ,president of the ,united ,states2 in the ,boston ,news ,letter for #agai1 8,fine ,glass ,lamps and ,lanthorns0 were advertised4 ,later1 ,french influence brought in the ormolu and brass standards1 some two feet high with ormolu arms and glass hangers4 ,a complete set of girandoles1 for a mantelpiece or console-stand1 consisted of three1 with ormolu bases 7sometimes representing a human figure71 standards1 and arms2 the central one triply or quintuply a candlestick1 the side ones singly so4 ,in the fine tall lustres made in pairs at ,cork about #ahbj all was glass1 except the metal clips inserted in the nozzles to hold the candles better4 ,until lustres lost their meaning and became mere mantel ornaments the candlestick part of them was a usual feature4 #c4 ,,lamps ,glass standard lamps1 some with round bases1 some with square bases1 the stems cut or balustered1 may be found2 in some cases the standard is short and supports a blown-glass lampshade2 in other cases a blown-glass bulb is part of the tall standard4 ,a rare and interesting form of lamp1 one of the oldest1 has a bulb with an opening in the top1 the edges of the opening rounded off1 and a corrugated stand2 these are small1 and were used for nightlights4 ,i own three1 one of them with a handle1 and a dish beneath it1 evidently used for carrying the light from room to room 7see illustration1 page #bg72 such as these would1 perhaps1 be the old 8mortars10 or night-light holders1 for a cake of wax and a wick4 ,,xv4 ,,comports1 ,,sweetmeat1 ,,jelly ,,and ,,custard ,,glasses ,,comports ,illustration3 ,,comport1 ,,with ,,captain ,,glass ,,and ,,sweetmeat ,,glass2 ,,all ,,three ,,showing ,,the 8,,inverted ,,obelisk0 ,,stem ,a comport is a large glass stand upon which 7as the name signifies7 other things may be carried together4 ,a comport consists of a large or largish glass disc1 flat1 with a rim to it1 upheld upon a thick stem--most often a shouldered stem1 in shape resembling an inverted obelisk1 rising from a domed and folded foot4 ,an old comport is a rare possession2 a modern glass cake-stand1 such as confectioners use1 is a near approach to it in shape4 ,the use of a comport appears to have been to stand on a dining-table1 bearing a number of glasses filled with jelly or sweetmeats4 ,,sweetmeat ,,glasses ,old sweetmeat glasses were used at table much as bon-bon dishes are now1 to pass round at the dessert course2 or to hand to ladies at other than mealtimes1 during a call4 ,sweetmeat glasses proper resemble wine glasses1 but have wide bowls1 thick-lipped1 unsuitable for drinking from3 the shape of the stem resembled that of the stem of the comport4 ,often these glasses were engraved4 ,illustration3 ,,sweetmeat ,,glasses3 7#a7 ,,moulded2 7#b7 ,,engraved 7#c7 ,,waterford ,,cut 8,,captain0 ,,or 8,,master0 ,,glasses ,in the centre of the comport1 surrounded by sweetmeat glasses1 a bigger1 taller 8captain0 or 8master0 glass stood2 its shape resembled that of the smaller glasses1 and it probably held a store from which these could be replenished4 8,captain0 glasses are much sought for2 the most valuable are ,waterford cut1 the ,west-,end price for one being now #h4 ,illustration3 ,,jelly ,,glasses4 ,,note ,,the ,,moulded ,,ornament ,the bowls are usually varieties of the double ogee2 the moulded stem is usually high-shouldered1 inverted obelisk in shape1 but air-spiral and cotton-white spiral stems are found 7see illustration1 page #a74 ,a cut stem is usually knopped1 but may be plain round1 except for the cutting4 ,,jelly ,,glasses ,jelly glasses are small1 low1 moulded or pressed1 almost stemless1 on domed or high instep feet2 sometimes the bowls are plain blown or moulded1 sometimes cut1 sometimes hexagonal4 ,,custard ,,glasses ,the most desirable custard glasses have handles4 ,some of them have square bases4 ,some of them resemble smallish wine glasses with corrugated stems4 ,most of them are decorated by pressed or incised lines4 ,illustration3 7#a7 ,,handled1 ,,and 7#b7 ,,squared-,,based ,,custard ,,glasses ,,xvi4 ,,salt ,,cellars1 ,,pepper ,,boxes1 ,,sugar ,,basins1 ,,etc4 ,the 8,sunderland0 salt cellars have already been mentioned 7see page #ci72 moulded or cut-glass salt cellars are much less rare4 ,the oldest of these seem to be those with oval bowls1 in the ,queen ,anne silver style1 with diamond-shape bases on short stems1 everywhere cut4 ,some salt cellars have turned-over tops1 much broader than the rest of the vessel2 there are ,bristol striped salt cellars of this shape4 ,in some cut salt cellars the lines run horizontally4 ,victorian salt cellars were very heavy and rather plain4 ,pepper boxes of glass are round1 or octagonal1 plain or cut1 with or without a foot2 holes are pierced in the top1 there is a glass stopper at the bottom2 sometimes the base is square and the pierced top is of silver4 ,in some cases the vessel was used for castor-sugar4 ,sugar-basins exist in numbers1 and in plain1 cut1 opal1 and coloured glass1 notably in the ,bristol blue4 ,there are covered sugar basins2 when these are large and cut they are known as sugar bowls4 ,a special type is the caddy sugar-basin 7see page #bg72 this was usually of straight-sided form1 blown1 moulded1 or cut1 or both moulded and cut2 it stood in the central receptacle of a tea-caddy1 within the round hole between the two rectangular boxes which held green tea and black tea respectively4 ,these basins are much more seldom met with than the caddies are4 ,often they are very heavy1 and nearly always they are very ornamental4 ,bristol opal-glass sugar and slop basins are met with2 in this glass complete tea-sets were made1 including tea poys or glass tea-caddies4 ,in the ,willett collection was 8a ,bristol glass teapot and cover1 with flowers in colours40 ,a glass teapot is rarely found4 ,,xvii4 ,,mirrors1 ,,glass ,,pictures1 ,,glass ,,knobs ,mirrors more properly come within the category of furniture1 but they largely consist of glass1 of course1 so that some notice of them is needed here4 ,in #afhh the art of casting large plates of glass began to be carried on in ,france4 ,in #affc the art had been patented in ,england1 but for smaller sizes4 ,one ,french mirror1 now in the ,louvre at ,paris1 was valued at #fjjj in #agia4 ,glass used to be a costly product2 the chief reason why old prints are usually found trimmed of their margins was that glass to frame with them was so dear4 ,old mirrors with bevelled edges have the bevel flattish1 nearly in the plane of the glass2 the bevel follows the shape of the frame1 but is irregular at its inner outlines1 because the grinding of the bevel was done by hand4 ,modern bevels1 done by machinery1 are almost mathematically exact1 and make an acuter angle with the frame than the old bevels do4 ,also the silvering at the back of old mirrors differs from the method of silvering now used2 the difference is much more easy to recognize by the eye than to describe1 but there is a kind of granulation in the older backing4 ,glass pictures are of two kinds2 one in which the painting1 in oil-colours1 was done upon the glass itself1 usually at the back of it2 and another in which the paint was laid on coarsely behind a print which1 rubbed very thin at the back of the paper1 had been affixed to the back of the glass4 ,this second kind is the more numerously met with2 also it is the most counterfeited4 ,age may be known1 however1 by the curving1 bubbly surface of the glass4 ,a third kind1 consisting of a mosaic of bits of glass1 so laid together in cement as to form a picture is rare1 even in modern examples4 ,glass knobs to handsome sideboards were used in the first quarter of the nineteenth century1 and have continually been used in ,yorkshire1 for dressers1 since then2 old glass knobs are usually moulded1 but some are cut1 though the round1 uncut shape was the most convenient for handling4 ,glass door-knobs are found4 ,,xviii4 ,,old ,,paste1 ,,glass ,,beads1 ,,and ,,taws ,,paste ,all artificial 8stones0 used in jewellery are glass--glass variously shaped1 cut1 and coloured--but 8old paste0 is glass not coloured2 though it may be backed with coloured foil1 which shows a tint through the glass4 ,old-paste collecting is1 therefore1 a branch of old-glass collecting1 and cannot be ignored in this book4 ,white paste is usually a substitute for diamonds2 the carefully made and cut old paste or strass 7the ,french name for it1 adopted under ,louis ,v1 when the best paste was made7 came very near the look of diamonds4 ,paste or strass is glass of a very hard1 bright kind1 cut in the way in which diamonds are cut1 and mounted in the metals and styles which usually go with diamond jewellery4 ,behind these brilliant bits of cut-glass1 silver or tinfoil was put1 so that light falling through the glass should be refracted and reflected back1 as it is in natural crystals such as diamonds4 ,time affects the colour of this foil and thus gives a softer beauty to the effect4 ,old paste is more beautiful than new paste for another reason1 too--being old glass it has the tints of old glass so often referred to in this book4 ,some paste seems to have been made at ,bristol1 for 8,bristows0 or 8,bristol diamonds0 some of it is called4 ,the older paste ornaments have the bits of glass set separately1 each setting for each bit separate though touching each other1 and therefore there is much metal shown in the settings2 this applies to the seventeenth-century paste4 ,later1 near the end of the eighteenth century and afterwards1 as now1 the bits of glass were sunk within a continuous grooved or hollow setting1 each bit held in place by a small claw or raised clip of metal soldered on to the general groove4 ,the setting for white paste was usually silver3 coloured pastes were often set in gold1 silver gilt1 pinchbeck1 bronze1 and sometimes in pewter4 ,paste consisting of very small pieces is preferable to the larger varieties4 8,diamond0 paste is oftener found than 8emerald10 8ruby10 or 8sapphire0 paste4 ,a certain form of paste 7not truly paste7 is found in jewellery set with glass cut and silvered at the back1 as if it were a bit of looking-glass4 ,a test for the age of paste is the presence of scratches on its surface1 and of dimness brought about by chemical action of the air4 ,the scratches are oftenest found at the edges and flats of the facets4 ,,glass ,,beads ,,and ,,taws ,glass beads have been made ever since the making of glass was known1 in ,egypt1 ,europe1 and here4 ,the general tests of age given in this book may be applied to them4 ,glass taws or marbles made for boys' games1 or for a game called 8solitaire0 which used to be fashionable--a kind of 8patience0 game with glass taws--used to show the characteristics of air-spiral or cotton-white or coloured spiral stems4 ,,xix4 ,,general ,,hints ,,and ,,warnings ,,inscribed ,,glasses ,a collector should not miss an opportunity of buying an inscribed glass cheaply3 for instance1 a naval rummer1 engraved with a cutlass1 a dove with the olive-branch1 and 8,our brave ,allies0 for #ds4 ,but fine engraved and inscribed modern glasses1 imitating though not reproducing exactly the old ones1 are on sale in curio-shops4 ,,roses1 ,,oak-,,leaves1 ,,birds1 ,,and ,,butterflies ,,on ,,glass ,eventually any glass with roses1 rosebuds1 and a bird or butterfly on it will rank as 8,jacobite02 glasses with oak-leaves will also be thought symbolical of ,boscobel4 ,other such emblems will be discovered1 or are alleged2 for instance1 the aconite or monk's-hood flower1 considered as an aspiration for another ,general ,monk1 who might restore the ,stuart line4 ,,old ,,glasses 8,,engraved ,,up0 ,jacobite1 ,williamite1 and ,hanover or ,trafalgar glasses being in great demand1 ingenious persons take a real old wine glass1 goblet1 or rummer1 that is plain and innocent at the time1 and engrave it with ,jacobite emblems or 8,bonny ,prince ,charlie's0 head1 or ,william of ,orange on horseback1 or 8,trafalgar10 or 8,nile40 ,as a rule the evident newness1 roughness1 and lack of 8wear0 of such added engraving condemn it1 to the eye and to the finger2 but very ingenious persons use chemicals1 or mud1 or attrition1 in order to disguise the whitish-grey tint of newly engraved glass2 if part of the engraving be 8buffed0 up--that is1 polished till it is bright1 transparent1 and not the tint of ground glass 7see centre of rose1 page #gj71 detection becomes more difficult4 ,,the ,,collector',s ,,instinct ,but after a while the 8instinct0 of a collector comes into play to protect him against these and other frauds4 ,he cannot exactly reason out and state why an offered piece is 8wrong10 but he feels that it is not right2 which means that the 8altogether0 of the glass suggests to his subconscious mind something which1 though not expressed1 is a good reason for not buying the glass4 ,but this 8instinct0 only comes after much practice in collecting1 and repeated turning of pages for reference1 in a book such as this2 a collector's books should not be read once and then laid aside2 they should be referred to on every occasion1 even after the 8instinct0 has begun to stir4 ,,likelihood ,,and ,,improbability ,extraordinary chances come to the 8picking-up0 collector1 ,i know1 but he does well to keep in mind the probability or the unlikelihood of his 8find0 being real4 ,it is unlikely that he should more than once happen upon a ,jacobite glass1 for example2 and again1 if he sees a fine 8,trafalgar0 glass exhibited in a small jeweller's shop1 with no other glass at all or any other 8curios10 the probability is that some fraudulent person has planted that false glass there1 in what is a likely place to attract and deceive a collector who 8picks up40 ,,the ,,absolute ,,frauds ,old ,english and ,irish glass has a soft and mellow tone1 both of look and sound2 it has a calm1 respectable1 honest appearance1 as of quality and honesty combined4 ,fitness for its purpose1 good workmanship1 some quaintness perhaps1 but not much fantasy1 are visible in it2 if it is decorated1 the decoration has been done well1 but without lavish artistic imagination4 ,now about the forgeries of it there is something hard and fast1 an appearance too shiny and shining1 and a rigidity of copying4 ,seldom are even two old glasses belonging to a set quite alike1 but the forgeries are exact replicas by the hundred4 ,see one1 you see them all2 but see one real old glass1 you notice differences in it from all others4 ,forged glass1 recently made1 is 8buffed0 or polished on the wheel all over its surface2 old glass was never buffed1 and its polish rather resembles that of old furniture due to 8elbow grease0--the polish comes of long washing1 wiping1 and drying4 ,i have already described the differences of tint4 ,forged glasses are clumsy imitations in this1 for the forgers do not try to give the old dark tints--they use lead that is not so impure as the old lead was1 and therefore produces less visible oxide4 ,the cutting of old glass1 done by hand1 produced and displays irregularities2 so does modern cutting4 ,but the old irregularities were due to a lack of machine-like precision1 and were natural1 accidental irregularities3 the modern irregularities are 7so to speak7 mechanical1 and obviously due to haste and cheapness of production4 ,labour and time were no great matters with the old workmen2 the counterfeit work is obviously done with the minimum of labour and time4 ,modern ,english-made glass has often a good ring when flicked2 foreign-made frauds on the old have not1 or have it seldom4 ,,the 8,,modern ,,antique0 ,much of the glass sold in the smaller curio-shops as 8antique0 was not made to deceive3 it is the offering of it in such places which intends fraud4 ,most ,english-made reproductions of old glass in shape and cutting were not intended by the manufacturer to delude a collector1 but to attract the ordinary buyer for table use or decorative use2 one who is not a collector but 8likes something that looks old-fashioned10 as he says4 ,pawnbrokers' and jewellers' shops are stocked with what is called in the trade 8the modern antique02 other examples of this are the cheap1 hasty1 and obvious copies of miniatures of famous beauties set in new paste frames and sold for a few shillings4 ,in pawnshops and ordinary glass-shop windows a collector sees spiral-stem wine glasses made for modern use and not intended to deceive2 they are a kind of tawdrily ornamental hock glass1 embodying some modern designer's idea of what is beautiful2 they correspond with no antique shape of bowl1 the stems are very thin and fragile1 the feet are as small as or smaller than the rim of the bowl1 and the spirals are parti-coloured and 8tight40 ,no collector need be taken in by such as these--they were not made to take him in1 they are ordinary articles of modern manufacture and daily commerce4 ,so are the white glass bowls1 tazzas1 centre-pieces1 vases1 8specimen glasses10 etc41 elaborately cut1 perhaps engraved also1 and meant for modern tables and mantelpieces4 ,these are copies of the fine old ware simply because the old ware affords good models1 and the information given in chapter ii of this book will enable a collector to recognize the modernity of these honest imitations1 even when they are found 7as they often are7 in a shop supposed to purvey antiques4 ,,out-,,of-,,the-,,way ,,pieces ,i do not say that very unusual and out-of-the-way pieces of old glass should be avoided2 as the collecting of glass increases1 many rare old things will be brought out of cupboards and sold in shops4 ,but ,i do say that1 as a rule1 a collector should feel suspicious of any piece not resembling those which are pictured in books like this1 or those seen in museum collections4 ,thus a tall1 bulky goblet engraved with a portrait of ,william ,pitt or ,wellington1 and inscribed accordingly1 if it is offered for #cjs41 say1 is highly suspicious1 to say the least of it2 and the safer course is to refuse apparent bargains of the kind4 ,,faked ,,jacobite ,,glasses1 ,,etc4 ,this applies even more to the pseudo-,jacobite1 ,williamite1 ,nelson1 and other famous glasses which are offered4 ,they may be old glasses 8engraved up10 in which case the only mode of detection is the quality1 finish and tint of the engraving4 ,they may be ,english-made modern glass1 of the right ring and the old way of manufacture2 in which case the test of tint in the glass itself may be added to the test of the engraving4 ,in either case the engraving may too closely reproduce an original glass2 it is seldom that two old glasses of this type exactly resemble each other in the position of the various emblems1 portraits1 and so on3 for example1 the word ,fiat is hardly ever found in exactly the same place on two real old glasses4 ,if the pseudo-,jacobite or other engraved glass fails to respond to the characteristics of high instep or domed foot1 tint1 ring1 etc41 or any of these1 it should be rejected4 ,,faked ,,spiral ,,glasses ,fraudulent air-spiral or cotton-spiral-stemmed glasses1 not engraved or inscribed1 are the fraud most often offered to a collector3 in addition to the other tests mentioned1 the test of the skill and quality of the spiral itself can be used in this case4 ,the counterfeits show spirals which are meagre1 irregular1 tight1 or the wrong colour2 they do not fill up the stem1 or exactly swell out to fill up the knops2 in the cotton-white there are defects resembling dropped threads in a piece of linen1 or missed stitches in a piece of lace4 ,i possess one excellently twisted air-spiral forgery1 a simple cable1 which might deceive if the plain glass around it forming the rest of the stem were not so thick and so distinct as to suggest that the spiral was made first and the plain glass placed around it afterwards2 the old spirals1 air1 cotton-white or coloured1 were twisted at the time of and in the actual making of the whole stem4 ,modern spiral stems are often writhen or ridged on the surface1 too2 which means that the twisting of the stem has been done with less than the old amount of skill4 ,in short1 the making of spiral stems is a lost art1 not recovered even by the assiduous forgers1 up to the present4 ,if a spiral revolves upwards from right to left--the right to the left of the person looking at it--reject it2 this defect was a feature of the earlier forgeries1 but the proper direction of the upward twist 7from left to right7 is now used in these fakes4 ,the old cut stems are more easily imitated3 with these a test is the absence of all trace of a pontil-mark4 ,in many old cut glasses the finger feels a distinct depression1 usually circular1 which shows where the old pontil-mark was cut away4 ,in some forgeries1 made by moulding1 not by blowing1 the pontil-mark is imitated1 but so grossly that it ought not to deceive4 ,,sham ,,wine ,,coolers ,,and ,,finger ,,bowls ,counterfeit eared wine coolers and beautifully cut counterfeit finger bowls are on the curio market2 the usual tests should detect these4 ,imitation ,bristol blue1 and violet glass is offered1 but it is not the right blue1 which passes from a purple in the thick1 to a sea-blue in the thin1 parts when held to the light2 or not the right violet1 in which the same varying of colour is evident4 ,dozens of fraudulent white and violet finger bowls1 elaborately cut1 are on the market2 but it is the rarest thing to find more than five or six left of any set of old finger bowls4 ,,old ,,dutch ,,glass ,glassware of the seventeenth and eighteenth century made in the ,lowlands1 whether at ,lige or ,amsterdam1 is known over here as 8old ,dutch40 ,collectors will do wisely to study this ware1 whether for the purpose of rejecting or acquiring it4 ,most collectors of ,english and ,irish glass reject it at once2 they rightly say that when thin it is too light-weight1 bubbly1 flashy1 flat and short of ring1 and when thick too smeary of tint and too clumsy to be first class2 and often the engraving is poor and ugly4 ,indeed1 there is something unfinished and unworkmanlike about it1 compared with the craftsmanship put into ,english and ,irish old glass2 just as there is about ,dutch-made furniture of ,william and ,mary and ,queen ,anne date1 compared with ,english-made furniture of the ,chippendale period and style4 ,there is something unsatisfactory in the look1 shape1 and proportions2 it seems to lack completeness and fitness4 ,in the stemmed glasses1 however1 the ,dutch air spirals are excellently done--except where they join the foot of the glass1 sometimes2 and the cotton-white spirals are hardly inferior to the ,english except in the greyness of the colour4 ,for this reason1 and also because the number of collectors of old glass increases1 ,dutch wine glasses on spiral stems go up in price at ,london auctions nowadays1 and a rose glass or other pretty1 well-engraved piece of ,flemish or ,dutch origin may be worth acquiring3 there are collectors here of the ,holland ware already1 and there will be more as ,english and ,irish ware of the kind becomes more difficult to find and expensive to buy4 ,a spirit bottle1 decanter1 goblet1 or other piece of ,dutch glass that is engraved with armorials or dates1 or names or legends1 is not to be disdained1 therefore2 nor is any unusual piece that is quaintly quirked1 fluted1 purfled1 and bossed4 ,,chipped ,,or ,,broken ,,pieces ,it is sometimes worth while cheaply to acquire a chipped or even a broken piece of old glass1 if it is very rare in kind1 form1 or purpose4 ,chipped feet of wine glasses can be ground again1 but it is hardly worth while2 when the foot is almost all gone1 a metal substitute can be made for it1 but that is hardly worth while4 ,i know of a ,jacobite glass with a big piece out of the engraved portion cemented in again2 the price of the glass is #dj all the same2 but as a rule it is not worth while to acquire chipped or broken articles of old glass4 8,,tout ,,passe1 ,,tout ,,casse1 ,,tout ,,lasse0 ,the ,french proverb tells us that everything passes1 everything breaks1 everything wearies1 at last4 ,but the collector knows better than that2 he prevents old works of art and craft from passing altogether2 he keeps them safe from breaking1 and he never wearies of adding to them or studying them2 as ,i hope this book may enable many a collector to do4 ,,index ,,index ,,absolute frauds1 #ig ,air spiral1 #da1 #ej ,air-spiral stems1 #ej1 #ea ,,baluster stems1 #dj1 #df1 #dg ,beads1 #ic ,beer glasses1 #fj ,belfast-made glass1 #ah ,bell bowl1 #ef ,blown ware1 #bf ,bohemian glass1 #ac 8,boot0 glasses1 #gd ,bottles1 #gf ,bowl shapes1 #ef1 #ei ,bowls1 #gi ,bristol cut-glass1 #ca coloured glass1 #ce1 #cf opal glass1 #ce ,butterfly1 engraved1 #bj ,,caddy sugar-basin1 #bg1 #hh ,candlesticks1 #fj1 #ha 8,captain0 glasses1 #he 8,central tube0 stem1 #ec1 #ee1 #ff ,champagne glasses1 #ec1 #fa ,chipped or broken pieces1 #ajc ,cider glasses1 #fa ,coaching glasses1 #fb1 #fc ,coins in stems1 #g1 #dg ,collar in stem1 #df ,collectable articles1 #f ,collector's instinct1 #if range1 #aa ,coloured glass1 #ce spirals1 #ed ,communion vessel1 #aj ,comports1 #hd ,cork-made glass1 #ag ,cotton-white spirals1 #ec ,corrugated stems1 #ej ,custard glasses1 #hg ,cut-glass1 #bi stems1 #ee ,,decanters1 #gg ,defects of quality1 #bj1 #ba 8,diamond0 cutting1 #cj ,dome-foot1 #da1 #db ,double ogee bowl1 #eh ,drawn bowl1 #di1 #ef 8,drawn0 stems1 #di ,drinking glasses1 #dj ,dutch glass1 #ai1 #ba1 #ajb ,,egg-,,cup bowl1 #da1 #eg ,engraved glass1 #cc 8,engraved up10 #ie ,extensive feet1 #da 8,,faked0 glasses1 #ajj ,feel of glass1 #ba ,feet of tumblers1 #de 8,fiat0 glasses1 #fh1 #fi ,firing glasses1 #dd ,firing-glass foot1 #dc ,folded foot1 #dc ,fuddling glasses1 #fb1 #fc ,,general guides and tests1 #ad hints1 #ie warnings1 #ie ,girandoles1 #hb ,glass knobs1 #ia pictures1 #ij ,goblets1 #ab1 #ae1 #da 8,greek key0 spirals1 #ed 8,,hanoverian0 glasses1 #ga ,hemmed foot1 #dc ,high instep foot1 #db 8,hobnail0 cutting1 #cj ,hogarth glasses1 #fd ,hop and barley glasses1 #ej1 #fj ,,irish-,,made glass1 #ag ,,jacobean lamp1 #bg ,jacobite glasses1 #ff1 #fh mottoes1 #fh ,jelly glasses1 #hf 8,joey0 glasses1 #fb1 #gc ,jugs1 #gg ,,kitchen glasses1 #fd ,knife-rests1 #hj ,knives1 #hj ,knopped stems1 #dj ,,lamps1 #bg1 #hc ,likelihood and improbability1 #if ,lipped ogee bowl1 #eh ,lumpy stems1 #dj ,lustres1 #hb 8,,master0 glasses1 #he ,mirrors1 #ij 8,modern antiques10 #ih ,mugs1 #g1 #fb ,mum glasses1 #fa ,,nailsea glass1 #cg ,norwich foot1 #dc ,,oakleaf on glass1 #fc1 #fh ,ogee bowl1 #eh 8,old ,pretender0 glasses1 #fi ,out-of-the-way pieces1 #ii ,,paper-,,weights1 #cg ,paste1 #ib ,pepper boxes1 #hh ,pestles1 #hj ,plain round stems1 #di 8,pomegranate0 cutting1 #ca1 #cb ,pontil-marks1 #bc1 #bd ,punch-lifters1 #gi ,,quality of metal1 #ai ,,rectangular bowl1 #eg ,rose glasses1 #ah1 #ei1 #ff ,rummers1 #af1 #fa ,,salt cellars1 #ci1 #hh ,scratches1 #bb ,shams1 #aja ,signs of use and wear1 #bb 8,silver0 spirals1 #ej1 #ea ,sounds1 #ah ,spirit glasses1 #fb ,spoons1 #hj ,square foot1 #de ,star-cutting1 #cb ,stems1 #df-ee ,stourbridge glass1 #ca ,stout stems1 #da ,straight-sided bowl1 #eg ,stuart emblems1 #ff1 #fg ,styles of cutting1 #cj1 #ca ,sugar-basins1 #bg1 #hh crushers1 #hj ,sunderland glass1 #ch1 #ci ,sweetmeat glasses1 #a1 #he ,,tankards1 #gc ,tavern glasses1 #fd ,taws1 #id 8,tears0 in stems1 #dh 8,thimbleful0 glasses1 #fe ,thistle engraved1 #fg 8,thistle0 glass1 #dj ,thumb glasses1 #de ,tints1 #ad1 #bj ,toastmaster glasses1 #fc ,toddy-lifters1 #gi 8,trafalgar0 glasses1 #af1 #ig ,tumblers1 #gc ,,venice glass1 #ab ,,waisted bowl1 #eh bell bowl1 #eg ,waterford glass1 #c1 #ag1 #ba1 #cj ,weight1 #ba 8,williamite0 glasses1 #ga ,window glass1 #h ,witch-balls1 #h1 #ch ,workmanship1 #be ,wrockwardine glass1 #ch 8,,yard of ale0 glasses1 #fd ,printed in ,great ,britain by ,richard ,clay ,sons1 ,limited1 ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 ,transcriber's notes3 ,in the text version1 italics are represented by underscores1 and bold and black letter text by equals symbols4 ,superscripts are represented by and subscripts by 4 ,missing or incorrect punctuation has been repaired4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been left as printed4 ,the following mistakes have been noted3 p4#ae4 ,tin ,changed to ,tint4 p4#af4 ,the older the ,georgian the glass1 extra the removed