,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,xxi4 ,,april1 #ahge1 ,,to ,,september1 #ahge4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,house1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahge4 ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society1 in the office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,john ,,ross ,,co41 ,,printers1 #bg ,,rose ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,contents4 ,anne of ,cleves1 #djc4 ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 #da1 #afb1 #cjf1 #dea1 #eij1 #gdb4 ,blessed ,nicholas von der ,fle1 #hcf4 ,blumisalpe1 ,legend of the1 #bhe4 ,brother ,philip1 #chd1 #eji4 ,calderon's ,autos ,sacramentales1 #cb1 #bac4 ,cardinalate1 ,the1 #cei1 #dgb4 ,charities1 ,specimen1 #bhi4 8,chiefly ,among ,women10 #cbd4 ,craven's ,the ,veil ,withdrawn1 #ah4 ,cross in the ,desert1 #hac4 ,daniel ,o',connell1 #feb4 ,dr4 ,draper1 #fea4 ,dom ,guranger and ,solesmes1 #bgi4 ,dominique de ,gourges1 #gja4 ,draper's ,conflict between ,religion and ,science1 #agh4 ,early ,annals of ,catholicity in ,new ,jersey1 #efe4 ,education1 ,the ,rights of the ,church over1 #gba4 ,episode1 ,an1 #hje4 ,exposition of the ,church in ,view of ,recent ,difficulties and ,controversies1 and the ,present ,needs of the ,age1 #aag4 ,first ,jubilee1 ,the1 #beh4 ,fle1 ,blessed ,nicholas von der1 #hcf4 ,fragment1 ,a1 #fbh4 ,future of the ,russian ,church1 ,the1 #fa4 ,german ,reichstag1 ,the ,leader of the ,centrum in the1 #aab4 ,gladstone's ,misrepresentations1 #ade4 ,greville and ,saint-,simon1 #bff4 ,guranger and ,solesmes1 #bgi4 ,house of ,joan of ,arc1 ,the1 #fig4 ,ireland in #ahgd1 ,a ,visit to1 #gfe4 ,irish ,tour1 #dig4 ,joan of ,arc1 ,the ,house of1 #fig4 ,jubilee1 ,the ,first1 #beh4 ,kentucky ,mission1 ,origin and ,progress of the1 #hbe4 ,ladder of ,life1 ,the1 #gae4 ,lady ,anne of ,cleves1 #djc4 ,leader of the ,centrum in the ,german ,reichstag1 ,the1 #aab4 ,legend of ,friar's ,rock1 ,the1 #ghj4 ,legend of the ,blumisalpe1 #bhe4 ,legend of the ,rhine1 ,a1 #eda4 ,lourdes1 ,notre ,dame de1 #fhb4 ,lourdes1 ,on the ,way to1 #cfh1 #edi4 ,maria ,immacolata of ,bourbon1 #fgj4 ,modern ,literature of ,russia1 ,the1 #bej4 ,new ,jersey1 ,early ,annals of ,catholicity in1 #efe4 ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 #fhb4 ,odd ,stories--,kurdig1 #aci4 ,o',connell1 ,daniel1 #feb4 ,old ,irish ,tour1 ,an1 #dig4 ,on the ,way to ,lourdes1 #cfh1 #edi4 ,origin and ,progress of the ,kentucky ,mission1 #hbe4 ,persecution in ,switzerland1 ,the1 #egg4 ,philip1 ,brother1 #chd1 #eji4 ,pius ,,ix4 and ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,misrepresentations1 #ade4 ,religion and ,science1 #agh4 ,religion in ,our ,state ,institutions1 #a4 ,rhine1 ,a ,legend of the1 #eda4 ,rights of the ,church over ,education1 ,the1 #gba4 ,roman ,ritual1 ,the1 and its ,chant1 #dae1 #ebg1 #fch4 ,russia1 ,the ,modern ,literature of1 #bej4 ,saint-,simon and ,greville1 #bff4 ,scientific ,goblin1 ,the1 #hdi4 ,space1 #dcc1 #fad1 #gij4 ,specimen ,charities1 #bhi4 ,stray ,leaves from a ,passing ,life1 #fh1 #bjj1 #cda1 #dhf4 ,substantial ,generations1 #ig1 #bcd4 ,switzerland1 ,the ,persecution in1 #egg4 ,tondini's ,russian ,church1 #fa4 ,tragedy of the ,temple1 ,the1 #hd1 #bbc4 ,ultraism1 #ffi4 ,veil ,withdrawn1 ,the1 #ah4 ,visit to ,ireland in #ahgd1 ,a1 #gfe4 8,women1 ,chiefly ,among10 #cbd4 ,,poetry4 ,art and ,science1 #fcg4 ,assumption1 ,the1 #hdh4 ,bath of the ,golden ,robin1 ,the1 #aei4 ,blind ,beggar1 ,the1 #cje4 ,coffin ,flowers1 #ehi4 ,corpus ,christi1 #dej4 ,dunluce ,castle1 #ghi4 ,happy ,islands1 ,the1 #heb4 ,horn ,head1 #dhe4 ,i am the ,door1 #bbb4 ,in ,memoriam1 #hc4 ,in ,memory of ,harriet ,ryan ,albee1 #dad4 ,little ,bird1 ,a1 #efd4 ,march1 #ca4 ,on a ,charge ,made after the ,publication of a ,volume of ,poetry1 #cdj4 ,sonnet1 #gjj4 ,spring1 #if4 ,submission1 #ebf4 ,why ,not8 #edh4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,adhemar de ,belcastel1 #dbh4 ,archbishop1 ,the1 of ,westminster's ,reply to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 #adb4 ,balmes' ,criterion1 #dbh4 ,be not ,hasty in ,judging1 #dbh4 ,biographical ,readings1 #hei4 ,boone's ,manual of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 #egj4 ,brann's ,politico-,historical ,essay1 etc41 #hei4 ,breakfast1 ,lunch1 and ,tea4 #gai4 ,bridgett's ,our ,lady's ,dowry1 #bhh4 ,bulla ,jubili1 #ahge1 #bhh4 ,catholic ,premium-,book ,library1 #gbj4 ,child1 ,the1 #egc4 ,classens' ,life of ,father ,bernard1 #dbi4 ,coffin's ,caleb ,krinkle1 #add4 ,coleridge's ,the ,ministry of ,s4 ,john ,baptist1 #adc4 ,cortes' ,essays1 #dca4 ,craven's ,the ,veil ,withdrawn1 #adc4 ,deharbe's ,a ,full ,catechism of the ,catholic ,religion1 #egf4 ,de ,mille's ,the ,lily and the ,cross1 #adc4 ,donnelly's ,domus ,dei1 #dca4 ,droits de ,dieu1 ,les1 et les ,ides ,modernes1 #hee4 ,dunne's ,our ,public ,schools1 etc41 #dbi4 ,dupanloup's ,the ,child1 #egc4 ,eggleston's ,how to make a ,living1 #dcj4 ,essays on ,catholicism1 ,liberalism1 and ,socialism1 #dca4 ,fessler's ,true and ,false ,infallibility1 #ada1 #dbh4 ,first ,christmas1 ,the1 #hei4 ,full ,catechism of the ,catholic ,religion1 ,a1 #egf4 ,fullerton's ,life of ,father ,henry ,young1 #adc4 ,fullerton's ,seven ,stories1 #bhh4 ,fullerton's ,the ,straw-,cutter's ,daughter1 etc41 #dcj4 ,gahan's ,sermons for ,every ,day in the ,year1 etc41 #egf4 ,gross' ,tract on ,baptism1 #dbh4 ,hedley's 7,bishop7 ,the ,spirit of ,faith1 #egf1 #gaf4 ,herbert's ,wife1 #gai4 ,higginson's ,brief ,biographies1 #dbi4 ,history of ,england1 ,abridged1 #gbj4 ,internal ,mission of the ,holy ,ghost1 ,the1 #dbf4 ,irish ,world1 ,the1 #dba4 ,kostka1 ,s4 ,stanislaus1 ,the ,story of1 #hei4 ,lambing's ,the ,orphan's ,friend1 #dcj4 ,life of ,father ,henry ,young1 #adc4 ,life of ,father ,bernard1 #dbi4 ,life of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 #ega4 ,lingard's ,history of ,england1 ,abridged4 #gbj4 ,mc,quaid's 7,bishop7 ,lecture on the ,school ,question1 etc41 #dbi4 ,madame de ,lavalle's ,bequest1 #gai4 ,manning's 7,archbishop7 ,reply to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 #adb1 #dbh4 ,manning's 7,archbishop7 ,the ,internal ,mission of the ,holy ,ghost1 #dbf4 ,manual of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 #egj4 ,mary1 ,star of the ,sea1 #dbg4 ,memoirs of ,general ,william ,t4 ,sherman1 #hef4 ,ministry of ,s4 ,john ,baptist1 #adc4 ,montagu's 7,lord ,robert7 ,reply to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 #adb4 ,moore's and ,jerdan's ,personal ,reminiscences1 #bhg4 ,newman's ,postscript to a ,letter to the ,duke of ,norfolk1 #bhg4 ,old ,chest1 ,the1 #dcj4 ,o',reilly's ,the ,victims of the ,mamertine1 #egf4 ,orphan's ,friend1 ,the1 #dcj4 ,our ,lady's ,dowry1 #bhh4 ,our ,public ,schools1 etc41 #dbi4 ,ozanam's ,land of the ,cid1 #egf4 ,postscript to a ,letter to the ,duke of ,norfolk1 #bhg4 ,readings from the ,old ,testament1 #bhh4 ,sherman1 ,general ,william ,t41 ,memoirs of1 #hef4 ,shields' ,religion and ,science1 #gaf4 ,spalding's ,young ,catholic's ,sixth ,reader1 #bhf4 ,spirit of ,faith1 ,the1 #egf1 #gaf4 ,stewart's ,biographical ,readings1 #hei4 ,story of a ,convert1 ,the1 #dcj4 ,story of ,s4 ,stanislaus ,kostka1 #hei4 ,straw-,cutter's ,daughter1 etc41 #dcj4 ,syllabus for the ,people1 ,the1 #bhf4 ,thiblin's ,spain and the ,spaniards1 #egd4 ,thompson's ,paparchy and ,nationality1 #dbh4 ,tract for the ,missions1 on ,baptism1 #dbh4 ,true1 ,the1 and the ,false ,infallibility of the ,popes1 #ada1 #dbh4 ,tyler's ,discourse on ,williston1 #egb4 ,ullathorne's 7,bishop7 ,reply to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 #adb4 ,vatican ,decrees1 ,the1 and ,civil ,allegiance1 #dbh4 ,vaughan's 7,bishop7 ,reply to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 #adb4 ,veil ,withdrawn1 ,the1 #adc4 ,vercruysses' ,new ,practical ,meditations1 #gah4 ,veuillot's ,the ,life of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 #ega4 ,victims of the ,mamertine1 ,the1 #egf4 ,wann spricht die ,kirche unfehlbar8 etc41 #gbj4 ,warren's ,physical ,geography1 #gah4 ,wenham's ,readings from the ,old ,testament1 #bhh4 ,wilson's ,poems1 #add4 ,whitcher's ,the ,story of a ,convert1 #dcj4 ,young ,catholic's ,fifth and ,sixth ,readers1 #bhf4 ,young ,ladies' ,illustrated ,reader1 ,the1 #hfj4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxi41 ,no4 #aba4--;,,april1 #ahge4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,religion ,,in ,,our ,,state ,,institutions4 8,no member of this ,state shall be disfranchised or deprived of any of the rights or privileges secured to any citizens thereof1 unless by the law of the land or the judgment of his peers40 8,the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship1 without discrimination or preference1 shall for ever be allowed in this ,state to all mankind40--,constitution of the ,state of ,new ,york1 ,art4 i4 ,sects4 #a and #c4 ,the first article of all the old ,english charters which were embodied in1 and confirmed by1 the ,great ,charter wrung from ,king ,john1 was1 8,first of all1 we wish the church of ,god to be free40 ,in the days when those charters were drawn up there was no dispute as to which was 8the church of ,god40 ,the religious unity of ,christendom had not yet been reformed into a thousand contending sects1 each of which was a claimant to the title of 8the church of ,god40 ,the two sections of our own constitution quoted from above1 which establish in their fullest sense the civil and religious liberty of the individual1 are taken from those grand old charters of ,catholic days4 ,the only thing practically new in them is the substitution1 for the 8church of ,god10 of 8the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship1 without discrimination or preference40 ,the reason for this alteration is plain4 ,civil liberty is impossible without religious liberty4 ,but here the founders of our constitution were confronted with a great difficulty4 ,to follow out the old ,catholic tradition1 and grant freedom to the 8church of ,god10 was impossible4 ,there were so many 8churches of ,god10 antagonistic to one another1 that to pronounce for one was to pronounce against all others1 and so establish a state religion4 ,this they found themselves incompetent to do4 ,accordingly1 leaving the title open1 complete freedom of religious profession and worship was proclaimed as being the only thing commensurate with complete civil liberty and that large1 generous1 yet withal safe freedom of the individual which forms the corner-stone of the republic4 ,this really constitutes what is commonly described as the absolute separation of church and state1 on which we are never weary of congratulating ourselves4 ,it is not that the state ignores the church 7or churches71 but that it recognizes it in the deepest sense1 as a power that has a province of its own1 in the direction of human life and thought1 where the state may not enter--a province embracing all that is covered by the word religion4 ,this is set apart by the state1 voluntarily1 not blindly2 as a sacred1 not as an unknown and unrecognized1 ground1 which it may invade at any moment4 ,it is set apart for ever1 and as long as the ,american ,constitution remains what it is1 will so remain1 sacred and inviolate4 ,men are free to believe and worship1 not only in conscience1 but in person1 as pleases them1 and no state official may ever say to them1 8,worship thus or thus60 ,words would be wasted in dwelling on this point4 ,there is not a member of the state who has not the law1 as it were1 born in his blood4 ,no man ever dreams of interfering with the worship of another4 ,catholic church and ,jewish tabernacle and ,methodist meeting-house nestle together side by side1 and their congregations come and go1 year in year out1 and worship1 each in its own way1 without a breath of hindrance4 ,conversion or perversion1 as it may be called1 on any side is not attempted1 save at any particular member's good-will and pleasure4 ,each may possibly entertain the pious conviction that his neighbor is going directly to perdition1 but he never dreams of disputing that neighbor's right of way thither4 ,and the thought of a state official or an official of any character coming in and directly or indirectly ordering the ,catholics to become ,methodists1 or the ,methodists ,jews1 or the ,jews either1 is something so preposterous that the ,american mind can scarcely entertain it4 ,yet1 strange as it is painful to confess1 just such coercion of conscience is carried on safely1 daily and hourly1 under our very noses1 by ,state or semi-state officials4 ,ladies and gentlemen to whom the ,state has entrusted certain of its wards are in the habit of using the powers bestowed on them to restrain 8the free exercise of religious profession and worship10 and not simply to restrain it1 but to compel numbers of those under their charge to practise a certain form of religious profession and worship which1 were they free agents1 they would never practise1 and against which their conscience must revolt4 ,this coercion is more or less generally practised in the prisons1 hospitals1 reformatories1 asylums1 and such like1 erected by the ,state for such of its members or wards as crime or accident have thrown on its hands4 ,besides those mainly supported by the ,state1 there are many other institutions which volunteer to take some of its work off the hands of the ,state1 and for which due compensation is given4 ,in short1 the majority of our public institutions will come within the scope of our observations4 ,and it may be as well to premise here that our observations are intended chiefly to expose a wrong that we1 as ,catholics1 feel keenly and suffer from2 but the arguments advanced will be of a kind that may serve for any who suffer under a similar grievance1 and who claim for themselves or their co-religionists 8the free exercise of religious profession and worship1 without discrimination or preference40 ,if the violation of this article of the constitution to-day favors one side under our ever-shifting parties and platforms1 it may to-morrow favor the other4 ,what we demand is simply that the constitution be strictly maintained1 and not violated under any cover whatsoever4 ,the inmates of our institutions may be divided into two broad classes1 the criminal and the unfortunate4 ,from the very fact of their being inmates of the institutions both alike suffer certain deprivation of 8the rights and privileges0 secured to them as citizens4 ,in the case of criminals those rights and privileges are forfeited4 ,they are deprived of personal liberty1 because they are a danger instead of a support to the ,state and to the commonwealth4 ,the question that meets us here is1 does the restriction of personal involve also that of religious liberty and worship8 ,happily1 there is no need to argue the matter at any length1 as it has already been pronounced upon by the ,state2 and as regards the religious discipline in prisons1 our objection is as much against a non-application as a misapplication of the law4 8,the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship0 is never debarred any man by the ,state4 ,on the contrary1 it is not only enjoined1 but1 where possible1 provided4 ,even the criminal who has fallen under the supreme sentence of the law1 and whose very life is forfeit to the ,state1 is in all cases allowed the full and free ministry of the pastor of his church1 whatever that church may be4 ,nothing is allowed to interfere with their communion4 ,even the ordinary discipline of the prison is broken into in favor of that power to which1 from the very first1 the ,state set a region apart4 ,and it is only at the last moment of life that the minister1 be he ,catholic1 ,methodist1 or ,jew1 yields to the hangman4 ,is it possible to think that the ,state1 which1 in the exercise of its last and most painful prerogative1 shows itself so wise1 just1 tender even1 and profoundly religious--so true1 above all1 to the letter and the spirit of the constitution--should1 when the question concerns not the taking1 but the guarding1 of the criminal's life1 and1 if possible1 its guidance to a better end1 show itself cruel1 parsimonious1 and a petty proselytizer8 ,does it hold that freedom of religious profession and worship is a privilege to be granted only to that superior grade of criminal whose deeds have fitted him before his time for another world1 and not to the lesser criminal or the unfortunate1 who is condemned to the burden of life1 and who has it still within his power to make that life a good and useful one8 ,such a question is its own answer4 ,and yet the system of religious discipline at present prevailing in many of our prisons1 as in most of our institutions1 would seem to indicate that the ,state exhausts its good-will over murderers1 and leaves all other inmates1 in matters of religion1 to the ministry of men in whom they do not believe and creeds that they reject4 ,a certain form of religious discipline is provided1 which is bound to do duty for all the prisoners1 ,jew and ,gentile1 ,catholic and ,protestant alike4 ,if that is not good enough for them1 they may not even do without it2 for all are bound to attend religious worship1 which1 in the case of ,catholic prisoners at least--for we adhere to our main point--is beyond all doubt the severest coercion of conscience4 ,the worst ,catholic in this world would never willingly take part in the worship of any but his own creed4 ,it is idle to ask whether some worship is not better for him than none at all4 ,the fact remains that he does not believe in any other but his own church1 in the sacredness of any other ministry but his own1 in the efficacy of any means of grace save those that come to him through the church of which he is a member4 ,more than this1 he knows that it is a sin not to approach the sacraments and hear ,mass1 and that1 without frequenting them1 he cannot hope to lead a really good life4 ,the perversion of discipline prevents him either hearing ,mass or frequenting the sacraments1 often even from seeing a priest at all4 ,there is no need to dwell on the fact that of all men in this world1 those who are in prison or in confinement stand most in need of constant spiritual aid and consolation4 ,indeed1 in many cases the term of imprisonment would be the most favorable time to work upon their souls4 ,the efficacy of religion in helping to reform criminals is recognized by the ,state in establishing prison chaplains1 and even making attendance at worship compulsory4 ,but this compulsion is not intended so much as an act of coercion of conscience as an opportunity and means of grace4 ,as seen in the case of murderers1 the ,state is only too happy to grant whatever spiritual aid it can to the criminal1 without restriction of any kind4 ,laying aside1 then1 as granted1 the consideration that spiritual ministry is of a reforming tendency in the case of those who come freely under its influence1 we pass on at once to show where in our own ,state we are lamentably deficient and unjust in failing to supply that ministry4 ,in this ,state there are three ,state prisons3 those of ,sing ,sing1 ,auburn1 and ,clinton4 ,in no one of them is there proper provision for the spiritual needs of ,catholic prisoners4 ,there are also in this ,state seven penitentiaries3 ,blackwell's ,island1 ,new ,york2 ,kings ,county1 ,staten ,island1 ,albany1 ,syracuse1 ,rochester1 and ,buffalo4 ,of these seven1 in three only is ,mass celebrated and the sacraments administered1 viz41 ,blackwell's ,island1 ,kings ,county1 and ,albany4 ,the ,state boasts also of four reformatories3 the ,catholic ,protectory1 ,westchester ,county2 ,house of ,refuge1 ,new ,york2 ,juvenile ,asylum1 ,new ,york2 ,western ,house of ,refuge1 ,rochester4 ,of these1 at the first named only is ,mass celebrated and the sacraments administered4 ,this is a very lamentable state of affairs1 and one that ought to be remedied as speedily as possible4 ,it is being remedied in many places1 for it prevails practically throughout the country4 ,catholics1 unfortunately1 add their quota to the criminal list1 as to every grade and profession in life4 ,but there is no reason why ,catholic criminals alone should be debarred the means which is more likely than the punishment of the law to turn their minds and hearts to good--the sacraments and ministry of their church4 ,but the fault1 probably1 in the particular case of prisons1 consists in the fact that the grievance has not hitherto been fairly set before the authorities in whose hands the remedy lies4 ,the application of the remedy1 indeed1 is chiefly a question of demand1 for it consists in conformity to the constitution4 ,the ,catholic ,union of ,new ,york has been at pains to collect testimony on this subject1 and the testimony is unanimous as to the advisability of allowing ,catholic prisoners free access to priests1 sacraments1 and ,mass4 ,in ,great ,britain1 where there really is a state religion1 ,catholic as well as ,protestant chaplains are appointed to the various prisons and reformatories1 as also to the army and navy4 ,in answer to an inquiry from the ,catholic ,union respecting the system on which ,british reformatories are managed in regard to the religious instruction afforded to their ,catholic inmates1 the following letter was received3 8,,office ,,of ,,inspector ,,of ,,reformatory ,,and ,,industrial ,,schools1 ,,no4 #c ,,delahay ,,street1 ,december #g1 #ahgd4 8,,sir3 ,in reference to your letter of the #bjth ultimo1 ,i beg to forward you a copy of the last report of the ,inspector of ,reformatory and ,industrial ,schools4 8,you will observe that almost all the schools are denominational2 one reformatory 7the ,northeastern7 and one or two industrial schools alone receiving both ,protestant and ,roman ,catholic children4 8,in these cases the children of the latter faith are visited at stated times by a priest of their own religion1 and allowed to attend service on ,sundays in the nearest ,catholic chapel4 8,the ,catholic schools are solely and entirely for ,catholics4 8,i am1 sir1 your faithful servant1 8,,william ,,costeker4 8,,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,o',,callaghan40 ,in the ,british provinces on this continent the same system prevails4 ,equal religious freedom is guaranteed in all reformatories and prisons4 ,in the ,province of ,quebec1 where the ,french population and ,catholic religion predominate1 the system is the same4 ,throughout ,europe it is practically the same4 ,rev4 ,g4 ,c4 ,wines1 ,d4,d41 the accredited representative of our government to the ,international ,penitentiary ,congress at ,london1 in his report to the ,president1 ,february #ab1 #ahgc1 gave most powerful testimony on this point4 ,a few extracts will suffice for our purpose4 ,in ,england 8every convict prison has its staff of ministers of religion4 ,for the most part1 the chaplains are not permitted to have any other occupations than those pertaining to their office1 thus being left free to devote their whole time to the improvement of the prisoners40 ,in ,ireland1 in this respect1 8the regulations and usages of the convict prisons are substantially the same40 ,in ,france1 in the smaller departmental prisons1 8some parish priest acts as chaplain40 ,in the larger1 as well as in all central prisons1 8the chaplain is a regular officer of the establishment1 and wholely devoted to its religious service40 8,liberty of conscience is guaranteed to prisoners of all religions40 ,if the prisoner1 who must declare his faith on entering1 is not a ,catholic1 8he is transferred1 whenever it is possible1 to a prison designed to receive persons of the same religious faith as himself40 ,in ,prussia 8chaplains are provided for all prisons and for all religions4 ,they hold religious service1 give religious lessons1 inspect the prison schools10 etc4 ,in ,saxony 8the religious wants of the prisoners are equally regarded and cared for1 whatever their creed may be40 ,in ,wrtemberg 8in all the prisons there are ,protestant and ,catholic chaplains4 ,for prisoners of the ,jewish faith there is similar provision for religious instruction40 ,in ,baden 8chaplains are provided for all prisons and for all religions40 ,in ,austria1 8in the prisons of all kinds1 chaplains and religious teachers are provided for prisoners of every sect40 ,in ,russia 8in all the large prisons there are chapels and chaplains4 ,prisoners of all the different creeds receive the offices of religion from ministers of their own faith1 even ,jews and ,mussulmans40 ,in the ,netherlands1 8in all the central prisons1 in all the houses of detention1 and in the greater part of the houses of arrest1 the office of chaplain and religious services are confided to one of the parish ministers of each religion1 who is named by the ,minister of ,justice40 ,in ,switzerland 8ministers of the reformed and of the ,catholic religion act as chaplains in the prisons4 ,the rabbi of the nearest locality is invited to visit such co-religionists as are occasionally found in them40 ,is it not sad1 after testimony of this kind1 to come back to our own country1 and1 with the law on the point so plain1 to find the practice so wretchedly deficient8 ,in ,new ,york ,state ,mass is celebrated in three penitentiaries and one reformatory only1 and that solitary reformatory is denominational4 ,it was only last year that a ,mass was celebrated for the first time in a ,boston prison1 and a chaplain appointed to it4 ,in ,auburn prison a priest has only recently been allowed to visit the ,catholic prisoners1 hear confessions1 and preach on ,sunday afternoons4 ,but the prisoners are compelled to attend the ,protestant services also4 ,in the ,state prison at ,dannemora1 ,clinton ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 where a ,catholic chaplain has only of late been appointed1 the prisoners hear ,mass but once a month4 ,in the ,western ,house of ,refuge1 a branch house of an establishment in this city1 to which attention will be called presently1 it was only after a severe conflict#a that in ,december of last year permission was granted 8to ,catholic and all ministers0 of free access to the asylum 8to conduct religious exercises1 etc410 and that ,catholic children be no longer compelled 8to attend what is called #8non-sectarian' services40 ,such testimony might be multiplied all over the country4 ,indeed1 as far as our present knowledge goes1 the ,state of ,minnesota is the only ,state wherein 8liberty of conscience and equal rights in matters of religion to the inmates of ,state institutions0 have been secured1 and they were only secured by an act approved ,march #e1 #ahgd4 ,catholics are content to believe that the main difficulty in the way of affording ,catholic instruction to the ,catholic inmates of such institutions has hitherto rested with themselves4 ,either they have not sufficiently exposed the grievance they were compelled to endure1 or1 more likely1 such exposure was useless1 inasmuch as the paucity of priests prevented any being detailed to the special work of the prisons and public institutions4 ,this1 too1 is probably the difficulty in the army and navy of the ,united ,states1 which boast of two ,catholic chaplains in all1 and those two for the army only4 ,but the growth of our numbers1 resources1 dioceses1 and clergy is rapidly removing any further obstruction on that score2 so that there is no further reason why ,catholic priests should not be allowed to attend to and--always1 of course1 at due times--perform the duties of their office for inmates of institutions who1 by reason of their confinement1 are prevented from the free exercise of their religious profession and worship laid down and guaranteed in the constitution to all mankind for ever4 ,but over and above the strictly criminal class of inmates of our ,state institutions there is another1 a larger and more important class1 to be considered--that already designated as unfortunate4 ,most of its members1 previous to their admission into the institutions provided for their keeping1 have hovered on that extreme confine where poverty and crime touch each other4 ,many of them have just crossed the line into the latter region4 ,inmates of hospitals and insane asylums will come1 without further mention1 within the scope of our general observations4 ,our attention now centres on those inmates of ,state or public institutions who1 for whatever reasons1 in consequence either of having no home or inadequate protection at home1 are thrown absolutely upon the hands of the ,state1 which is compelled in some way or other to act towards them in loco parentis4 ,in the majority of cases there is hope that they may by proper culture and care be converted1 from a threatened danger to the ,state1 to society at large1 and to themselves1 into honest1 creditable1 and worthy citizens4 ,this class1 composed of the youth of both sexes1 instead of diminishing1 seems1 with the spread of population1 to be on the increase4 ,from its ranks the criminal and pauper classes1 which are also on the increase1 are mainly recruited4 ,the criminal1 in the eye of the law1 who has led a good life up to manhood or womanhood1 is the exception4 ,crime1 as representative of a class1 is a growth1 not a sudden aberration4 ,it is1 then1 a serious and solemn duty of the ,state to cut off this criminal growth by converting the class who feed it to good at the outset4 ,at the very lowest estimate it is a duty of self-preservation4 ,this being so1 there is no need to dwell on the plain fact that it is the duty of the ,state to do all that in it lies to lead the lives of those unfortunates out of the wrong path into the right4 ,every means at its disposal ought to be worked to that end4 ,there is still less reason to dwell on the fact1 acknowledged and recognized by the ,state and by all men1 that1 in leading a life away from evil and up to good1 no influence is so powerful as that of religion4 ,the fear of man1 of the power and vengeance of the law1 is undoubtedly of great force2 but it is not all1 nor is it the strongest influence that can be brought to bear on the class indicated1 not yet criminal4 ,at the best it represents to their minds little more than the whip of the slave-driver--something to be feared1 but something also to be hated1 and to be defied and broken where defiance may for the time seem safe4 ,but the moral sense1 the sense of right and wrong1 of good and evil1 which shows law in its true guise as the benignant representative of order rather than the terror of disorder1 is a higher guide1 a truer teacher1 and a more humane and lasting power4 ,this sense can only come with religion2 and so convinced is the ,state of this fact that1 as usual1 it calls in religion to its aid1 and over its penitentiaries and reformatories sets chaplains4 ,it goes further even1 and1 as in prisons1 compels the inmates of such institutions to attend religious services1 practise religious observances1 and listen to religious instruction4 ,there is no ,state reformatory--it is safe to say no reformatory at all--without such religious worship and instruction4 ,this careful provision for the spiritual wants of so extensive and important a class we of course approve to the full4 ,the idea of a reformatory where no religious instruction is given the inmates would be a contradiction4 ,the ,state empowers those into whose hands it entrusts the keeping of its wards to impart religious instruction--in short1 to do everything that may tend to the mental1 moral1 and physical advancement of those under their charge4 ,all that we concede and admire4 ,but the ,state never empowers those who have the control of such institutions to draw up laws or rules for them which should in any way contravene the law of the ,state1 least of all that article of the constitution wherein the free exercise of religious profession and worship1 without discrimination or preference1 is allowed to all mankind in this ,state for ever4 ,but it is just in this most important point that our public institutions signally fail4 ,here is our point3 ,in our public institutions there is1 in the case of ,catholic inmates1 a constant and persistent violation of the constitution of the ,state regarding freedom of religious profession and worship4 ,in those institutions there is a stereotyped system of religious profession and worship1 which all the inmates1 of whatever creed1 are compelled to accept and observe4 ,they have no freedom of choice in the matter4 ,they may not hold any religious intercourse with the pastors of their church1 save1 in impossible instances1 on that stereotyped plan4 ,practically1 they may not hold any such intercourse at all4 ,once they become inmates of these institutions1 the freedom of religious profession and worship that they enjoyed1 or were at liberty to enjoy1 before entering1 is completely cut off1 and a new form of religious profession and practice1 which1 whether they like it or not1 whether they believe it or not1 they are compelled to observe and accept as their religion until they leave the institution1 is substituted4 ,no matter what name may be given this mode of worship and instruction1 whether it be called 8non-sectarian0 or not1 it is a monstrous violation of human conscience1 not to speak of the letter and the spirit of the constitution of this ,state4 ,its proper name would be the 8,church ,established in ,public ,institutions40 ,from the day when a ,catholic child crosses the threshold of such an institution until he leaves it1 in most cases he is not allowed even to see a ,catholic clergyman2 he is certainly not allowed to practise his religion2 he is not allowed to read ,catholic books of instruction2 he is not allowed to hear ,mass or frequent the sacraments4 ,for him his religion is choked up and dammed off utterly1 and his soul left dry and barren4 ,nor does the wrong rest even here2 for all the while he is exposed to non-,catholic influences and to a direct system of anti-,catholic instruction and worship4 ,he is compelled to bow to and believe in the 8,church ,established0 in the institution4 ,there is1 unfortunately1 a superabundance of evidence to prove all1 and more than all1 our assertions4 ,there will be occasion to use it2 but just now we content ourselves with such as is open to any citizen of the ,state1 and as is given in the ,reports of the various institutions4 ,of these we select one--the oldest in the ,state--the ,society for the ,reformation of ,juvenile ,delinquents1 which has this year published its fiftieth ,annual ,report4 ,within these fifty years of its life #ae1gia children1 of ages ranging from five to sixteen1 of both sexes1 of native and foreign parentage1 of every complexion of color and creed1 have passed through its hands4 ,the society has1 on more than one occasion1 come before the public1 more especially within the last two or three years1 in anything but an enviable light4 ,but all considerations of that kind may pass for the present1 our main inquiry being1 ,what kind of religion1 of religious discipline1 instruction1 and worship1 is provided for the hundreds of children who year by year enter this asylum8 ,the 8,circular to ,parents and ,guardians10 signed by the president1 ,mr4 ,edgar ,ketchum1 sets forth the objects of the institution and the manner in which it is conducted4 8,for your information10 says ,mr4 ,ketchum to the parents and guardians1 8the managers deem it proper to state that the institution is not a place of punishment nor a prison1 but a reform school1 where the inmates receive such instruction and training as are best adapted to form and perpetuate a virtuous character40 ,an excellent introduction6 ,nothing could be better calculated to allay any scruples that an anxious parent or guardian might entertain respecting the absolute surrender of a child or ward to the institution1 8to remain during minority1 or until discharged by the managers1 as by due process of law40 ,of course the ,catholic parent or guardian who receives such a circular will have no question as to the 8instruction and training best adapted to form and 7above all7 to perpetuate a virtuous character06 ,the training up of 8a virtuous character0 is1 by all concession1 mainly a purely religious work1 and the ,catholic knows1 believes in1 and recognizes only one true religion--that taught by the ,catholic ,church4 ,whether he is right or wrong in that belief is not the question4 ,it is sufficient to know that the constitution recognizes and respects it4 ,a few lines lower the ,catholic parent or guardian receives still more satisfactory information on this crucial point4 ,after a glowing description of the life of the inmates1 he is informed that they1 8on the ,sabbath1 are furnished with suitable religious and moral instruction40 ,just what is wanted by the child6 8,sabbath10 it is true1 has come to have a ,protestant sound2 but as for 8suitable religious and moral instruction10 there can be no doubt that the only religious instruction suitable for a ,catholic child is that of the ,catholic religion1 and such as would be given him outside in the ,sunday-school by the ,catholic priest or teacher4 ,he is just as much a ,catholic inside that institution as he was outside2 and there is no more right in law or logic to force upon him a system of non-,catholic and anti-,catholic instruction within than without its walls4 ,let us see1 then1 of what this moral and religious instruction consists2 if ,catholic1 all our difficulties are over4 ,turning a few pages1 we come to the 8,report of the ,chaplain40 ,the chaplain6 ,the chaplain1 then1 is the gentleman charged with furnishing 8on the ,sabbath0 the 8suitable religious and moral instruction0 of the ,catholic child4 ,the chaplain is the ,rev4 ,george ,h4 ,smyth1 evidently a clergyman of some denomination4 ,his name is not to be found in the ,catholic directory4 ,he is probably1 then1 not a ,catholic priest4 ,however1 his report may enlighten us4 ,it occupies five and a half pages1 and renders an admirable account of--the ,rev4 ,george ,h4 ,smyth1 who1 to judge of him by his own report1 must be an exceedingly engaging person1 and above all a powerful preacher4 ,no doubt he is4 ,he informs us that the children have shown1 among other good qualities1 8an earnest desire to receive instruction1 both secular and religious40 ,that is cheering news4 ,it is worthy of note1 too1 the distinction made between the secular and religious instruction of the children4 ,that is just the ,catholic ground4 ,children require both kinds of instruction--instruction in their religion1 as well as in reading1 writing1 ciphering1 and so on4 ,the ,catholic parent or guardian congratulates himself1 then1 on the fact that his child or ward will not be deprived of instruction in his religion while an inmate of the institution4 ,all satisfactory so far2 but let us read ,mr4 ,smyth a little more4 8,often have the chaplain's counsel and sympathy been sought by those striving to lead a better life40 ,very natural6 8,and as often have they been cordially tendered40 ,still more natural4 ,then follow some pleasing reminiscences from the boys and girls of the chaplain's good offices4 ,he even vouchsafes1 almost unnecessarily1 to inform us that 8the children have it impressed on them that the object of the preaching they hear is wholly to benefit them40 ,it could not well be otherwise4 ,and ,mr4 ,smyth's preaching evidently does benefit them1 for one of the boys remarked to him1 casually3 8,chaplain1 you remember that sermon you preached0--neither the sermon nor its text1 unfortunately1 is given--8that was the sermon that led me to the ,saviour40 ,happy lad6 ,it is to be regretted that he ever came back4 ,we are farther informed of 8the close attention given by the children to the preaching of the ,gospel ,sabbath after ,sabbath40 8,on one occasion a distinguished military gentleman and statesman--an ambassador from one of the leading courts of ,europe--was present4 ,the sermon was from the text ,cleanse thou me from secret faults40 ,so powerful was ,mr4 ,smyth's sermon on that occasion that the reverend gentleman graciously informs us it so moved the 8distinguished military gentleman and statesman0 from ,europe that at the close he rose1 and1 8taking the chaplain by the hand1 said with great warmth of feeling1 #8,that sermon was so well suited to these children they must be better for it4 ,i saw it made a deep impression upon them2 but ,i rose to thank you for myself--it just suited me4'0 ,and there the story ends1 leaving us in a painful state of conjecture respecting the state of that 8distinguished military gentleman and statesman's0 conscience4 ,these little incidents are thrown off with a nave simplicity almost touching1 and are noticed here as they are given1 as establishing beyond all doubt the clear and marked distinction in nature and grace between the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,smyth and the dreadful characters1 whether ambassadors or youthful pickpockets1 with whom ,mr4 ,smyth is brought in contact4 ,but the main question for the ,catholic parent or guardian is1 ,what religious and moral instruction is my child to receive8 ,for it is clear that ,mr4 ,smyth is not a ,catholic clergyman4 ,it seems that ,mr4 ,smyth being 8the chaplain10 there is no ,catholic chaplain at all1 and no ,catholic instruction at all for ,catholic children4 ,are the ,catholic children compelled1 then1 to attend ,mr4 ,smyth's preaching and ,mr4 ,smyth's worship1 and nothing but ,mr4 ,smyth1 excellent man though he be8 ,mr4 ,ketchum has already1 in the name of the managers1 informed us that the institution is not 8a place of punishment40 ,far be it from us to hint1 however remotely1 that it is a punishment even to be compelled to listen to the preaching of such a man as ,mr4 ,smyth4 ,with the evidence before us1 how could such a thought be entertained for a moment8 ,but at least how is this state of things reconcilable with that solemn article of the constitution already quoted so often8 ,however1 let us first dismiss ,mr4 ,smyth1 after ascertaining1 if possible1 what it is he does teach4 ,here we have it in his own words3 8,the truths preached to these children all the inmates of the institution have been those fundamental truths held in common by all ,christian communions1 and which are adapted to the wants of the human race1 and must ever be the foundation of pure morals and good citizenship4 ,studious care has been taken not to prejudice the minds of the inmates against any particular form of religious belief40 ,here lies the essence of what we have called the 8,church ,established in ,public ,institutions40 ,the favorite term for it is 8non-sectarian0 teaching2 and on the ground that it is 8non-sectarian10 that it favors no particular church or creed1 but is equally available to all1 it has thus far been upheld and maintained in our public institutions4 ,it is well to expose the cant and humbug of this non-sectarianism once for all4 ,in the first place1 no such thing exists4 ,let us adhere to the case in point4 ,mr4 ,smyth1 who is styled 8reverend10 is the chaplain of the society we are examining4 ,what is the meaning of the word chaplain8 ,a clergyman appointed to perform certain clerical duties4 ,mr4 ,smyth is a clergyman of some denomination or other1 we care not what4 ,he is not a self-appointed 8reverend40 ,he must have been brought up in some denomination and educated in some theological school4 ,there is no such thing as a 8reverend0 of no church1 of a non-sectarian church4 ,every clergyman has been educated in some theological school1 or at least according to some special form of doctrine and belief1 and has entered the ministry as a teacher and preacher of that special form of belief and doctrine4 ,if he leaves it1 he leaves it either for infidelity--in which case he renounces his title as a clergyman--or for some other form of doctrine and belief to which he turns1 and of which1 so long as he remains in the ministry1 he is the teacher1 propagator1 and upholder4 ,if he is not this1 he is a humbug4 ,to say that he is or can be non-sectarian--that is1 pledged to preach no particular form of doctrine1 or a form of doctrine equally available for all kinds of believers or non-believers--is to talk the sheerest nonsense4 ,in all cases a clergyman is1 by virtue of his office and profession and belief1 pledged to some form of doctrine and faith1 which unless he teaches1 he is either a coward or a humbug4 ,anything resembling a 8non-sectarian0 clergyman would be exactly like a soldier who bound himself by oath to a certain government1 yet held himself free not to defend that government1 or1 when he saw it attacked1 to be particularly careful not to do anything that might possibly offend or oppose the foe4 ,the world and his own government would stamp such a man as the vilest of beings--a traitor4 ,the union of such diametrically opposite professions is a sheer impossibility4 ,let us test the doctrine ,mr4 ,smyth himself lays down here1 or which the managers of the institution have laid down for him1 and show how sectarianism1 which is the one thing to be avoided1 or1 to use a kinder term1 denominationalism1 must inevitably meet the teacher or preacher at every turn4 8,the truths preached to these children have been those fundamental truths held in common by all ,christian communions40 ,mr4 ,smyth has told us already that 8the chaplain's counsel and sympathy are sought by those striving to lead a better life1 and with good results40 ,there must1 then1 be questioning on the part of the children4 ,indeed1 how could instruction possibly go on without question1 explanation1 objection1 and answer8 ,let us begin1 then1 with the very foundation of his doctrine4 ,the first question that would occur to any one would be1 ,what are 8those fundamental truths held in common by all ,christian communions08 ,mr4 ,smyth does not mention one4 ,where shall we find one8 ,a fundamental truth held in common by all ,christian communions might at least be supposed to be a belief in ,christ4 ,very well4 ,then who is ,christ8 ,where is ,christ8 ,is ,christ ,god or man1 or both8 ,how do we come to know him8 ,is ,christ not ,god1 is he not man8 ,what is his history8 ,where is it found8 ,in the ,bible8 ,what is the ,bible8 ,who wrote the ,bible8 ,why must we accept it as the ,word of ,god8 ,is it the ,word of ,god8 ,why 8all ,christian communions0 are at war right on this 8fundamental truth10 from which they derive their very name of ,christian1 and not a single question can be put or answered without introducing denominationalism of some kind or another1 and so at least prejudicing the minds of the inmates against some particular form of religious belief4 ,take another supposition4 ,surely1 belief in ,god would be 8a fundamental truth held in common by all ,christian communions40 ,here we begin again4 ,who is ,god8 ,what is ,god8 ,where is ,god8 ,is ,god a spirit8 ,is ,god a trinity or a unity8 ,is there only one ,god8 ,do all men believe in and worship the same ,god8 ,all at sea again at the very mention of ,god's name6 ,take the belief in a future4 ,does man end here8 ,does he live again after death8 ,will the future be happy or miserable8 ,is there a hell or a heaven8 ,is there an everlasting life8 ,what is ,mr4 ,smyth's own opinion on such 8fundamental truth08 ,there is not a single 8fundamental truth0 8held in common by all ,christian communions40 ,what is truth itself8 ,what is a fundamental truth8 ,fundamental to what8 ,why1 there is not a single religious subject of any kind whatever that can be mentioned to 8,christian communions0 of a mixed character which will not on the instant create as many contentions as there are members of various ,christian communions present4 ,let ,mr4 ,smyth try it outside1 and see4 ,let him preach on 8fundamental truth0 to any mixed congregation in ,new ,york2 let there be free discussion after1 and what would be the result8 ,it is hard to say4 ,but in all probability the discussion would end by the ,state1 in the persons of its representatives1 stepping in to eject the fundamental truths from the building4 ,one need not go beyond this to show how necessarily sectarian must ,mr4 ,smyth's religious instruction and preaching be4 ,but the very next sentence bristles with direct antagonism to ,catholic teaching3 8,what delinquent children need is not the mere memorizing of ecclesiastical formularies and dogmas1 which they can repeat one moment and commit a theft the next40 ,in plain ,english1 ,catholic children do not need to learn their catechism1 which is the compendium of ,christian doctrine4 ,what is the use of learning it1 asks ,mr4 ,smyth1 when they can 8commit a theft the next moment08 ,he had better go higher1 and ask ,christian members of ,congress how they can address such pious homilies to interesting ,young ,men's ,christian ,associations1 while they know they have been guilty of stealing4 ,he might even ask the ,rev4 ,george ,h4 ,smyth how he could reconcile it with his conscience to take an oath or make a solemn promise on entering the ministry to preach a certain form of doctrine1 and profess to throw that oath and promise to the winds immediately on being offered a salary to teach something quite different on ,randall's ,island4 8,but they do need1 and it is the province of the ,state to teach them that there are1 independent of any and all forms of religious faith1 fundamental principles of eternal right1 truth1 and justice1 which1 as members of the human family and citizens of the commonwealth1 they must learn to live by1 and which are absolutely essential to their peace and prosperity4 ,these principles are inseparable from a sound education1 and must underlie any and every system of religion that is not a sham and a delusion40 ,that sounds very fine1 and it is almost painful to be compelled to spoil its effect4 ,one cannot help wondering in what theological school ,mr4 ,smyth studied4 ,he will insist on his 8fundamental principles10 which1 in the preceding paragraph1 are 8common to all ,christian communions10 but have now become 8independent of any and all forms of religious faith40 ,is there any 8fundamental principle of eternal right1 truth1 and justice0 which1 to 8members of the human family10 is 8independent of any and all forms of religious faith08 ,is there anything breathing of eternity at all that comes not to us in and through 8religious faith08 ,if there be such 8fundamental principles of eternal right1 truth1 and justice10 in ,god's name let us know them2 for they are religion1 and we are ready to throw 8any and all forms of religious faith0 that contradict those eternal principles to the winds4 ,this we know3 that there is not a single 8principle of eternal right1 truth1 and justice0 which1 according to ,mr4 ,smyth1 8it is the province of the ,state to teach delinquent children10 that did not come to the ,state through some form or another of religious faith2 for in the history of this world religion has always preceded and1 in its 8fundamental principles of eternal right1 truth1 and justice10 instructed and informed the state4 ,the ,rev4 ,george ,h4 ,smyth is either an infidel or he does not know of what he is writing4 ,what kind of 8moral and religious instruction0 is likely to be imparted to all children1 and to ,catholic children of all1 by the ,rev4 ,george ,h4 ,smyth1 may be judged from the foregoing4 ,whether or not his teaching can approve itself to a ,catholic conscience may be left to the judgment of all fair-minded men4 ,his report is only quoted further to show how completely subject the consciences of all these children are to him3 8,the regular preaching service each ,sabbath morning in the chapel has been conducted by the chaplain1 one or more of the managers usually being present2 also1 the ,wednesday lecture for the officers4 ,in the supervision of the ,sabbath-schools in the afternoon he has been greatly aided by managers ,ketchum and ,herder1 whose valuable services have been gratefully appreciated by the teachers and improved 7sic7 by the inmates4 8,the course of religious instruction laid down in the by-laws and pursued in the house for fifty years has been closely adhered to40 ,that is to say1 for fifty years not a syllable of ,catholic instruction has been imparted to the ,catholic inmates of the ,house of ,refuge4 ,the number of those ,catholic inmates will presently appear4 ,among the gentlemen to whom the chaplain records his 8obligations0 for their gratuitous services in the way of lectures are found the names of nine ,protestant clergymen and two ,protestant laymen4 ,no mention of a ,catholic4 ,the ,sabbath-school of the ,reformed ,church1 ,harlem1 is thanked for 8a handsome supply0 of the ,illustrated ,christian ,weekly4 ,the librarian reports that one hundred copies of the ,youth's ,companion are supplied weekly1 one hundred copies of the ,american ,messenger1 and one hundred and twenty-five copies of the ,child's ,paper4 ,there is no mention of a ,catholic print of any kind4 ,the chaplain and librarian are under no obligations for copies of the ,young ,catholic1 or the ,new ,york ,tablet1 or the ,catholic ,review1 or any one of our many ,catholic journals4 ,they are all forbidden4 ,yet they are not a whit more 8sectarian0 than the ,christian ,weekly4 ,in addition1 the ,bible ,society is thanked 8for a supply of ,bibles sufficient to give each child a copy on his discharge40 ,we turn now to the report of the principal of schools4 ,it is chiefly an anti-,catholic tirade on the public school question1 but that point may pass for the present4 ,what we are concerned with here is the species of instruction to which the ,catholic children of the institution are subjected4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,hallock1 the principal1 is almost 8unco guid40 ,a single passage will suffice4 8,but underneath all this intellectual awakening there is a grander work to be performed2 there is a moral regeneration that can be achieved4 ,shall we stand upon the environs of this moral degradation among our boys1 and shrink from the duty we owe them1 because they are hardened in sin and apparently given over to evil influences8 ,would ,he who came to save the #8lost' have done this8 8,nothing can supply the place of earnest1 faithful religious teaching drawn from the ,word of ,god4 ,i have the most profound convictions of the inefficacy of all measures of reformation1 except such as are based on the ,gospel and pervaded by its spirit4 ,in vain are all devices1 if the heart and conscience1 beyond all power of external restraints1 are left untouched40 ,it were easy to go on quoting from ,mr4 ,hallock1 but this is more than enough for our purpose4 ,catholics too believe in the efficacy of the ,word of ,god1 but in a different manner1 and to a great extent in a different 8,word0 from that of ,mr4 ,hallock4 ,it is plain that this man is imbued with the spirit of a missionary rather than of a principal of schools1 though how ,catholic sinners would fare at his hands may be judged from the tone of his impassioned harangue4 ,the missionary spirit is an excellent spirit1 and we have no quarrel with ,mr4 ,hallock or with his burning desire to save lost souls2 we only venture to intimate that ,mr4 ,hallock is even less the kind of teacher than ,mr4 ,smyth is the kind of preacher to whom we should entrust the spiritual education of our ,catholic children4 ,by the bye1 this excellent ,mr4 ,hallock's name occurred during the trial of ,justus ,dunn for the killing of ,calvert1 one of the keepers of this very institution1 in #ahgb4 ,one of the witnesses in that eventful trial1 a free laborer in the house1 testified on oath concerning the punishment of a certain boy there3 8,q4 ,what was the boy punished for8 8,a4 ,for not completing his task and not doing it well4 ,he was reported for this to the assistant-superintendent1 ,mr4 ,hallock4 ,he 7,mr4 ,hallock7 carried him down to the office by his collar1 and there punished him for about fifteen minutes with his cane1 so that the blood ran down the boy's back2 then the assistant-superintendent brought him back into the shop to his place1 and there struck him on the side of the head1 telling him that if he did not do his work right1 he would give him more yet4 ,then the boy cried out1 #8,for ,god's sake6 ,i am not able to do it4' ,so he took him by his neck1 and carried him to the office1 where he caned him again4 ,after that he brought the boy back to his place in the shop1 and treated him then as he did on the other occasion4 ,the boy could not speak a word after that4 ,then the assistant carried him down to the office1 and caned him for the third time4 ,after this caning the boy could not come upstairs1 so they took him to the hospital1 where he died in about four days4 ,after his death a correspondent wrote a letter to the ,new ,york ,tribune1 stating the facts1 and asking for an investigation1 which took place4 ,the punishment of ,mr4 ,hallock was his deposition from his office as assistant superintendent1 and installation as teacher of the school4 ,the eye-witnesses of the occurrence were not examined1 but the whole matter was settled in the office of the institution40 ,this en passant4 ,it is pleasing1 after having read it1 to be able to testify to ,mr4 ,hallock's excellent sentiments1 as shown in the extract already given from his report1 which concludes in this touching fashion3 8,we are left to labor in the vineyard amid scenes sometimes discouraging1 severe1 and depressing even4 ,but1 amid all1 the sincere and earnest worker may hear the voice of the ,great ,teacher uttering words of comfort and consolation3 ,inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren1 ye have done it unto me40 ,those words of consolation may be read in more senses than one4 ,in keeping with all this is the report of the president1 ,mr4 ,edgar ,ketchum4 ,he also has the ,catholics in his eye4 ,he is strong on the moral training of the children and 8the mild discipline of the house10 of which the public knows sufficient to warrant our letting ,mr4 ,ketchum's ironical expression pass without comment4 ,he is 8far from discouraging any effort to extend ,christian sympathy and aid to a class who so deeply need them40 ,he believes that 8religion1 in her benign offices1 will here and there be found to touch some chord of the soul1 and make it vibrate for ever with the power of a new life40 ,what religion and what offices8 ,he is of opinion that 8the interests of society and the criminal concur2 and if his crimes have banished him from all that makes life desirable1 they need not carry with them also a sentence of exclusion from whatever a wise ,christian philanthropy can do in his behalf40 ,we quite agree with ,mr4 ,ketchum4 ,christian philanthropy1 as far as it extends in this world1 with the solitary exception of this country1 has1 as already seen1 by unanimous action1 annulled1 if ever it existed1 that 8sentence of exclusion0 which shut off the criminal1 or the one whom ,mr4 ,ketchum designates as 8the victim of society10 from the free profession and practice of his religion1 whether he were ,catholic1 ,protestant1 ,jew1 or ,mahometan4 ,that same 8,christian philanthropy10 as ,mr4 ,ketchum is pleased to call it1 never peddled over by-laws1 or rules1 or regulations1 or 8difficulties0 whose plain purpose was to hinder ,catholic children1 confined as are those in the house of which he is president1 from seeing their priest1 hearing their ,mass1 going to confession1 frequenting the sacraments1 and learning their catechism4 ,the same wise ,christian philanthropy framed that section of the constitution1 binding alike on ,mr4 ,ketchum and his charges1 that was precisely framed to prevent the 8sentence of exclusion0 which ,mr4 ,ketchum so justly and with such eloquence denounces4 ,christian philanthropy can do no work more worthy of itself than allowing these unfortunate children1 foremost and above all things1 the practice of that form of ,christianity which1 were they free agents1 they would undoubtedly follow2 nor could it do anything less worthy of itself than force upon them a system of worship and religious training which their hearts abhor and their consciences reject4 ,it could not devise a more heinous offence against ,god and man1 or a more hateful tyranny1 than that very 8sentence of exclusion0 which1 under the 8mild discipline of the house10 prevails in the society of which ,mr4 ,ketchum is president4 ,there is nothing left now but to turn to the superintendent's report1 in order to ascertain the number of ,catholic children who1 for the last fifty years1 have suffered this 8sentence of exclusion0 from their faith1 its duties1 and its practices4 ,we are only enabled to form a proximate idea of their number1 but sufficiently accurate to serve our purpose4 ,the superintendent's figures are as follows3 ,total number of children committed in fifty years1 #ae1gia ,of these1 #ab1ede were boys and #c1bdf girls4 ,the statistics for the first four decades are more accurate than for the last1 and show the relative percentage of the children of native and foreign parents1 as follows3 #a,,st ,,decade3 ,native1 #dd per cent4 ,foreign1 #ef 0 #b;,d ,,decade3 ,native1 #cd 0 ,foreign1 #fe 0 #c;,d ,,decade3 ,native1 #bb 0 ,foreign1 #gh 0 #d,,th ,,decade3 ,native1 #ad 0 ,foreign1 #hf 0 #e,,th ,,decade3 ,native1 #ac_/ 0 ,foreign1 #hf_/ 0 ,it will be seen from this that the percentage of the entire number is enormously in favor of the children born of foreign parents4 ,this is only natural from a variety of reasons1 chief among which is that the foreign-born population1 including their children in the first degree1 has1 within the last half-century1 been vastly in excess of the native1 in this city particularly4 ,full statistics of the various nationalities of the children are only given for the last year 7#ahgd74 ,of the #fcf new inmates received during the year1 a little more than half the number 7#ccd7 were of ,irish parentage2 #h were ,french2 #c ,italian2 #a ,cuban4 ,all of these may be safely set down as ,catholics4 ,there were #hh of ,german birth1 of whom one-third1 following the relative statistics of their nation1 might be assumed as of the ,catholic faith4 ,the remainder1 whom we are willing to set down in bulk as non-,catholic1 were divided as to nationality as follows3 ,american1 #if ,african1 #ce ,english1 #bf ,jewish1 #c ,scotch1 #f ,bohemian1 #a ,welsh1 #a ,mixed1 #cd ,at all events1 figure as we may1 it may be taken as indisputable that more than one-half the children committed during the past year to the ,house of ,refuge were of ,catholic parents4 ,their average age1 according to the statistics1 was thirteen years and eight months4 ,consequently1 the children were quite of an age to be capable of distinguishing between creed and creed1 and six years beyond the average age set down by the ,catholic ,church as a proper time to begin to frequent the sacraments of ,confession and ,communion1 to prepare for ,confirmation1 and to hear ,mass on all ,sundays and holydays of obligation1 under pain of mortal sin4 ,from the moment of their entering the institution the 8wise ,christian philanthropy0 of which ,mr4 ,edgar ,ketchum is so eloquent an exponent has pronounced against them a dread 8sentence of exclusion0 from all these practices of faith and means of grace1 as well as from instruction of any kind whatever in their religion4 ,and not only has this been the case1 but they have been subjected to the constant instruction of such men as ,mr4 ,smyth and ,mr4 ,hallock4 ,multiply these children throughout the last fifty years1 as far as the relative percentage given will allow us to form an opinion of their creeds1 and the picture that presents itself of these poor little ,catholics is one that rends the heart4 ,in the present article we are only presenting the general features of the case1 basing our argument for the admission of a ,catholic chaplain to this and all similar institutions from which a ,catholic chaplain is excluded1 on the law of the land1 on the letter and spirit of the constitution1 which we ,catholics love1 revere1 and obey4 ,we simply set the case in its barest aspect before our fellow-citizens1 of whatever creed1 and ask for our children what they would claim for their children--the right of instruction in the religion in which they were born2 the right of the free practice and profession of the religion in which they believe2 the right to repel all coercion1 in whatever form1 of conscience1 whether such coercion be called sectarian or non-sectarian4 ,in a word1 we ask now1 as at the beginning1 what we ask for all1 and what ,catholics1 where they have the power1 as already seen1 freely and without compulsion1 or request even1 grant to all--that great privilege and right which the constitution of this ,state guarantees to all mankind3 8the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship1 without discrimination or preference40 ,,the ,,veil ,,withdrawn4 ,,translated1 ,,by ,,permission1 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,mme4 ,,craven1 ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,sister',s ,,story10 8,,fleurange10 ,,etc4 ,,concluded4 ,,xliv4 ,this was the spring of the year #ahei4 ,in spite of the retirement in which we lived and ,lorenzo's assiduous labors1 which deprived him of the leisure to read even a newspaper1 the rumors of a war between ,austria and ,italy had more than once reached us and excited his anxiety--excited him as every ,italian was at that period at the thought of seeing his country delivered from the yoke of the foreigner4 ,on this point public sentiment was unanimous1 and many people in ,france will now comprehend better than they did at that time1 perhaps1 a cry much more sincere than many that were uttered at a later day--the only one that came from every heart3 ,fuori i ,tedeschi4 ,but till the time1 when the realization of this wish became possible1 it was only expressed by those who labored in secret to hasten its realization2 it seemed dormant among others4 ,political life was forbidden or impossible4 ,an aimless1 frivolous life was only embraced with the more ardor1 and this state of things had furnished ,lorenzo with more than one excuse at the time when he snatched at a poor one4 ,i had often heard him express his national and political opinions1 aspirations1 and prejudices1 but these points had never interested me4 ,i loved ,italy as it was4 ,i thought it beautiful1 rich1 and glorious4 ,i did not imagine anything could add to the charm1 past and present1 which nature1 poetry1 religion1 and history had endowed it with4 ,from time to time ,i had also heard a cry which excited my horror1 and conveyed to my mind no other idea than a monstrous national and religious crime3 ,roma capitale6 ,these words alone roused me sufficiently from my indifference to excite my indignation1 and even awakened in me a feeling bordering on repugnance to all that was then called the ,italian resorgimento4 ,stella did not1 in this respect1 agree with me4 ,it was her nature to be roused to enthusiasm by everything that gave proof of energy1 courage1 and devotedness--traits that patriotism1 more or less enlightened1 easily assumes the seductive appearance of1 provided it is sincere4 ,no one could repeat with more expression than she3 8,italia6 ,italia6 ''' ,de'h fossi tu men bella6 ,o almen piu forte60#b ,or the celebrated apostrophe of ,dante3 8,ahi serva ,italia6 di dolore ostello60#c ,never did her talent appear to better advantage than in the recitation of such lines2 her face would light up and her whole attitude change4 ,lorenzo often smilingly said if he wished to represent the poetical personification of ,italy1 he would ask ,stella to become his model4 ,as to what concerned ,rome1 she did not even seem to comprehend my anxiety4 ,if a few madmen already began to utter that ominous cry1 the most eminent ,italians of the time declared that to infringe on the majesty of ,rome1 deprive her of the sovereignty which left her1 in a new sense1 her ancient title of queen of the world--in short1 to menace the ,papacy1 8l'unique grandeur vivante de l',italie10 would be to commit the crime of treason against the world1 and uncrown ,italy herself4 ,alas6 now that the time approached for realizing some of her dreams and the bitter deception of others1 ,stella1 absorbed in her grief1 was indifferent to all that was occurring in her country1 and did not even remark the universal excitement around her6 ,as for me1 who had always taken so little interest in such things1 ,i was more unconcerned than ever1 and scarcely listened to what was said on the subject in ,mme4 de ,kergy's drawing-room4 ,i was far from suspecting ,i was about to be violently roused from my state of indifference4 ,it was ,easter ,sunday4 ,i had been to church with ,lorenzo4 ,we had fulfilled together the sweet1 sacred obligations of the day2 the union of our souls was complete1 and our hearts were at once full of joy and solemnity--that is1 in complete harmony with the great festival4 ,at our return we found breakfast awaiting us4 ,ottavia1 who1 with a single domestic1 had the care of our house1 had adorned the table with flowers1 as well as with a little more silver than usual1 in order to render it somewhat more in accordance with the importance of the day4 ,by means of colored-glass windows and some old paintings suspended on the dark wainscotting1 ,lorenzo had given our little dining-room an aspect at once serious and smiling1 which greatly pleased me1 and ,i still remember the feeling of happiness and joy with which1 on my return from church1 ,i entered the little room1 the open window of which admitted the sun and the odor of the jasmine twined around it4 ,the three conditions of true happiness we did not lack--order1 peace1 and industry--and we were in that cheerful frame of mind which neither wealth1 nor gratified ambition1 nor any earthly prosperity is able to impart4 ,we took seats at the table4 ,lorenzo found before him a pile of letters and newspapers1 but did not attempt to open them4 ,he sat looking at me with admiration and affection4 ,i1 on my part1 said to myself that moral and religious influences had not only a beneficial effect on the soul1 but on the outward appearance4 ,never had ,lorenzo's face worn such an expression2 never had ,i been so struck with the manly beauty of his features4 ,our eyes met4 ,he smiled4 8,ginevra mia60 said he1 8in truth1 you are right4 ,the life we now lead must suit you1 for you grow lovelier every day40 8,our life does not suit you less than it does me1 ,lorenzo10 said ,i4 8,we are both in our element now4 ,god be blessed6 ,his goodness to us has indeed been great60 8,yes10 said he with sudden gravity1 8greater a thousand times than ,i had any right to expect4 ,i am really too happy60 ,this time ,i only laughed at his observation1 and tried to divert his mind from the remembrances awakened4 8,where are your letters from80 ,he tore one open1 and his face brightened4 8,that looks well6 ,nothing could suit me better4 ,here is an ,american who wishes a repetition of my ,sappho1 and gives me another order of importance4 ,and then what8 ,he wishes to purchase the lovely ,vestal he saw in my studio4 ,oh6 as for that1 par exemple1 no6''' ,the ,vestal is mine1 mine alone4 ,no one else shall ever have it4 ,but no matter1 ,ginevra2 if things go on in this way1 ,i shall soon be swimming in money1 and then look out for the diamonds60 ,he knew now1 as well as ,i1 what ,i thought of such things4 ,he laughed1 and then continued to read his letters4 8,this is from ,lando4 ,it is addressed to us both40 ,he glanced over it3 8,their honeymoon at ,paris is still deferred4 ,they cannot leave ,donna ,clelia40 ,after reading for some time in silence1 he said in an animated tone3 8,this letter has been written some time1 and it seems there were rumors of war on all sides at the time1 and poor ,mariuccia1 though scarcely married to her ,german baron1 had to set out for her new home much sooner than she expected40 ,i listened to all this with mingled indifference and distraction1 when ,i suddenly saw ,lorenzo spring from his seat with an exclamation of so much surprise that ,i was eager to know what had caused his sudden excitement4 ,he had just opened a newspaper1 and read the great news of the day3 the ,austrians had declared war against ,italy4 ,the beginning of the campaign was at hand4 ,alas6 my happy ,easter was instantly darkened by a heavy cloud6 ,lorenzo seized his hat1 and immediately went out to obtain further details concerning the affair1 leaving me sad and uneasy4 ,oh6 how far ,i lived from the agitations of great political disturbances6 ,how incapable ,i was of comprehending them6 ,for a year my soul had been filled with emotions as profound as they were sweet4 ,after great sufferings1 joys so great had been accorded me that ,i felt a painful shrinking from the least idea of any change4 ,but though the power of suffering was still alive in my heart1 all anxiety was extinguished4 ,whatever way a dear hand is laid on us1 we never wish to thrust it away4 ,i remained calm1 therefore1 though a painful apprehension had taken possession of my mind2 and when ,lorenzo returned1 two hours later1 ,i was almost prepared for what he had to communicate4 ,yes1 ,i knew it2 he wished to go4 ,every one in the province to which his family belonged was to take part in this war of independence4 ,he could not remain away from his brothers and the other relatives and friends who were to enroll themselves in resisting a foreign rule4 8,it is the critical moment4 ,seconded by ,france1 the issue cannot be doubtful this time4 ,you know ,i have abhorred conspiracies all my life1 and my long journeys have served to keep me away from those who would perhaps have drawn me into them4 ,but now how can you wish me to hesitate8 ,how can you expect me at such a time to remain inactive and tranquil8 ,you would be the first1 ,i am sure1 to be astonished at such a course1 and ,i hope to find you now both courageous and prompt to aid me1 for ,i must start without any delay4 ,you understand1 my poor ,ginevra1 before to-morrow ,i must be on my way40 ,he said all this and much more besides4 ,i neither tried to remonstrate nor reply4 ,i felt he was obeying what he believed to be a call of duty1 and ,i could use no arguments to dissuade him from it4 ,what could ,i do1 then8 ,only aid him1 and bear without shrinking the unexpected blow which had come like a sudden tempest to overthrow the edifice1 but just restored1 of my calm and happy life6 ,the day passed sadly and rapidly away4 ,i was occupied so busily that ,i scarcely had time for reflection4 ,but at last all ,i could do was done1 and ,lorenzo1 who had gone out in the afternoon1 found1 on returning at nightfall1 that everything was ready for his departure1 which was to take place that very night4 ,we sat down side by side on a little bench against the garden-wall4 ,spring-time at ,paris is lovely also1 and everything was in bloom that year on ,easter ,sunday4 ,the air even in ,italy could not have been sweeter nor the sky clearer4 ,he took my hand1 and ,i leaned my head against his shoulder4 ,for some minutes my heart swelled with a thousand emotions ,i was unable to express4 ,i allowed my tears to flow in silence4 ,lorenzo likewise struggled to repress the agitation he did not wish to betray1 as ,i saw by his trembling lips and the paleness of his face4 ,i wiped my eyes and raised my head4 8,lorenzo10 said ,i all at once1 8why not take me with you1 instead of leaving me here80 8,to the war80 said he1 smiling4 8,no1 but to ,italy4 ,you could leave me1 no matter where4 ,on the other side of the ,alps ,i should be near you1 and ''' should you have need of me1 ,i could go to you40 ,he remained thoughtful for a moment1 and then said1 as if speaking to himself3 8,yes1 should ,i be wounded1 and have time to see you again1 it would be a consolation1 it is true40 ,we became silent again1 and ,i awaited his decision with a beating heart4 ,finally he said in a decided tone3 8,no1 ,ginevra1 it cannot be4 ,remain here4 ,it is my wish4 ,you must40 8,why80 asked ,i1 trying to keep back the tears that burst from my eyes at his reply--8why8 ,oh6 tell me why80 8,because10 replied he firmly1 8,i have no idea what will be the result of the war in ,italy4 ,very probably it will cause insurrections everywhere1 perhaps revolutions40 8,o my ,god60 cried ,i with terror ''' 8and you expect me not to feel any horror at this war6 ,even if it had not come to overturn my poor life1 how can ,i help shuddering at the thought of all the misery it is about to produce80 8,what can you expect1 ,ginevra8 ,yes1 it is a serious affair4 ,god alone knows what it will lead to4 ,you see ,mario writes ,sicily is already a-flame4 ,no one can tell what will take place at ,naples4 ,i should not be easy about you anywhere but here4''' ,no1 ,ginevra1 you cannot go4 ,you must remain here4 ,i insist upon it40 ,i knew1 from the tone in which he said this1 it was useless to insist1 and ,i bent my head in silence4 ,he gently continued1 as he pressed my hand in his3 8,the war will be short1 ,i hope1 ,ginevra4 ,if ,i am spared1 ,i will hasten to resume the dear life we have led here4 ,but if1 on the contrary4'''0 ,he stopped a moment1 then1 with a sudden change of manner and an accent ,i shall never forget1 he continued3 8,but why speak to you as ,i should to any other woman8 ,why not trust to the inward strength you possess1 which has as often struck me as your sweetness of disposition8 ,i know now where your strength comes from1 and will speak to you without any circumlocution40 ,i looked at him with surprise at this preamble1 and by the soft evening light ,i saw a ray of heaven in his eyes2 for they beamed with faith and humility as he uttered the following words3 8,why deceive you1 ,ginevra8 ,why not tell you ,i feel this is the last hour we shall ever pass together in this world80 ,i shuddered4 ,he put his arm around my waist1 and drew me towards him4 8,no1 do not tremble6''' ,listen to me4''' ,if ,i feel ,i am to die1 ,i have always thought a life like mine required some other expiation besides repentance4 ,the happiness you have afforded me is not one1 and who knows if its continuation might not become a source of danger to me8 ,whereas to die now would be something2 it would be a sacrifice worthy of being offered ''' and accepted40 ,my head had again fallen on his shoulder1 and my heart beat so rapidly ,i was not able to reply4 8,look upward1 ,ginevra10 said he in a thrilling tone2 8raise your eyes towards the heaven you have taught me to turn to1 to desire1 and hope for4 ,tell me we shall meet there again1 and there find a happiness no longer attended by danger60 ,yes1 at such language ,i felt the inward strength he had spoken of assert itself1 after seeming to fail me1 and this terrible1 painful hour became truly an hour of benediction4 8,lorenzo10 said ,i in a tone which1 in spite of my tears1 was firm1 8yes1 you are right1 a thousand times right4 ,yes1 whatever be your fate and mine1 let us bless ,god6''' ,we are happy without doubt2 but our present life1 whatever its duration1 is only a short prelude to that true life of infinite happiness which awaits us4 ,let ,god do as he pleases with it and with us6 ,whatever be the result1 there is no adieu for us40 ,do ,i mean to say that the sorrow of parting was extinguished8 ,oh6 no1 assuredly not4 ,we tasted its bitterness to the full1 but there is a mysterious savor which is only revealed to the heart that includes all in its sacrifice1 and refuses nothing4 ,this savor was vouchsafed us at that supreme hour1 and we knew and felt it strengthened our souls4 ,,xlv4 ,the two weeks that succeeded this last evening seem1 as ,i look back upon them1 like one long day of expectation4 ,nothing occurred to relieve my constant uneasiness4 ,a few lines from ,lorenzo1 written in haste as he was on the point of starting to join the army1 where the post of aide-de-camp to one of the generals had been reserved for him1 were the last direct news ,i received4 ,from that day ,i had no other information but what ,i gathered from the newspapers1 or what ,mme4 de ,kergy and ,diana obtained from their friends1 who1 though most of them were unfavorable to the war in which ,france was engaged1 felt an ardent interest in all who took part in it4 ,but there were only vague1 confused reports1 which1 far from calming my agitation1 only served to increase it4 ,one evening ,i remained later than usual at church4 ,prostrate before one of the altars1 which was lit up with a great number of tapers1 ,i could not tear myself away1 though night had come and the church was almost deserted4 ,it was one of those dark1 painful hours when the idea of suffering fills us with fear and repugnance1 and rouses every faculty of our nature to resist it2 one of those hours of mortal anguish that no human being could support had there not been a day--a day that will endure as long as the world--when this agony was suffered by ,him who wished us to participate in it in order that he might be for ever near us when we1 in our turn1 should have to endure it for him6''' ,oh6 in that hour ,i felt in how short a time ,i had become attached to the earthly happiness that had been granted me beyond the realization of my utmost wishes4 ,what tender1 ardent sentiments6 ,what sweet1 delightful communings already constituted a treasure in my memory which furnished material for the most fearful sacrifice ,i could be called upon to make6 ,alas6 the human heart1 even that to which ,god has deigned to reveal himself1 still attaches itself strongly to all it is permitted to love on earth6 ,but this divine love condescends to be jealous of our affection1 and it is seldom he spares such hearts the extreme sacrifices which lead them to give themselves to him at last without any reserve6 ,when ,i left the church1 ,i saw a crowd in the street4 ,several houses were illuminated1 and on all sides ,i heard people talking of a great victory1 the news of which had just arrived at ,paris4 ,i returned home agitated and troubled4 ,at what price had this victory been won8 ,who had fallen in the battle8 ,what was ,i to hear8 ,and when would the anguish that now contracted my heart be relieved ''' or justified8 ,mme4 de ,kergy1 who hastened to participate in my anxiety1 was unable to allay it4 ,but our suspense was not of long duration4 ,the hour1 awaited with the fear of an overpowering presentiment1 was soon to arrive6''' ,two days after ,i was sitting in the evening on the little bench in the garden where we held our last conversation1 when ,i received the news for which he had so strangely prepared me4 ,his fatal prevision was realized4 ,he was one of the first victims of the opening attack4 ,his name1 better known than many others1 had been reported at once1 and headed the list of those who fell in the battle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no preparation1 no acceptation of anticipated misfortune1 no effort at submission or courage1 was now able to preserve me from a shock similar to the one ,i have related the effects of at the beginning of this story4 ,as on that occasion1 ,i lost all consciousness1 and ,ottavia carried me senseless to my chamber4 ,as then1 likewise1 ,i was for several days the prey to a burning fever1 which was followed by a weakness and prostration that rendered my thoughts confused and incoherent for some time4 ,and finally1 as when ,i was but fifteen years old1 it was also a strong1 sudden emotion that helped restore my physical strength and the complete use of my senses and reason4 ,the most profound silence reigned in the chamber where ,i lay1 but ,i felt ,i was surrounded by the tenderest care4 ,at length ,i vaguely began to recognize voices around me2 first1 that of ,ottavia1 which made me shed my first tears--tears of emotion1 caused by a return to the days of my childhood4 ,i thought myself there again4 ,i forgot everything that had happened since4 ,but this partial relief restored lucidness to my mind1 and with it a clear consciousness of the misfortune that had befallen me4 ,then ,i uttered a cry--a cry that alarmed my faithful nurse4 ,but ,i had the strength to reassure her at once4 8,let me weep1 ,ottavia10 said ,i in a low tone--8,i know1 ''' ,i recollect4 ,do not be alarmed2 ,i am better1 ,ottavia4 ,god be blessed1 ,i can pray60 ,i said no more1 and closed my eyes4 ,but a little while after ,i reopened them1 and eagerly raised my head4 ,what did ,i hear8 ,mme4 de ,kergy and ,diana were there4 ,i recognized their voices1 and now distinguished their faces4 ,but whose voice was that which had just struck my ear8 ,whose sweet face was that so close to mine8 ,whose hand was that ,i felt the pressure of8 8,o my ,stella60 ,i cried1 8is it a dream1 or are you really here80 ''' ,,xlvi4 ,no1 it was not a dream4 ,it was really ,stella1 who had torn herself from her retreat1 her solitude and her grief1 and hastened to me as soon as she heard of the fresh blow that had befallen me4 ,she had not ceased to interest herself in all that concerned my new life1 and the distant radiance of my happiness had been the only joy of her wounded heart4 ,now this happiness was suddenly destroyed4''' ,i was far away2 ,i was in trouble2 ,i was alone2 the state of affairs1 which became more and more serious1 detained my brother in ,sicily2 but she was free--free1 alas6 from every tie1 from every duty1 and she came to me as fast as the most rapid travelling could bring her4 ,but when she arrived1 ,i was unable to recognize her1 and1 when ,i now embraced her1 she had watched more than a week at my bedside6 ,this was the sweetest consolation--the greatest human assistance heaven could send me1 and it was a benefit to both of us4 ,for each it was beneficial to have the other to think of4 ,my health now began to improve1 and my soul recovered its serenity4 ,i felt a solemn1 profound peace1 which could not be taken from me1 and which continually increased2 but this did not prevent me from feeling and saying with sincerity that everything in this world was at an end for me4 ,yes1 everything was at an end2 but ,i resigned myself to my lot1 and when1 after this new affliction1 ,i found myself before the altar where ,i prayed that evening with so many gloomy forebodings1 ,i fell prostrate1 as1 after some severe combat or long journey1 a child falls exhausted on the threshold of his father's house1 to which he returns never to leave it again6 ,if ,i had then obeyed my natural impulse1 ,i should have sought some place of profound seclusion1 where ,i could live1 absorbed and lost in the thought continually present to my mind since the great day of grace which enabled me to comprehend the words3 ,god loves me6 and to which ,i could henceforth add3 ,and whom alone ,i now love6 ,but it is seldom the case one's natural inclinations can be obeyed1 especially when they incline one to a life of inaction and retirement4 ,there is but little repose on earth1 and the more we love ,god1 the less it is permitted to sigh after it4 ,i was forced to think of others at this time1 and1 above all1 of the dear1 faithful friend who had come so far to console me4 ,it did not require a long time for ,mme4 de ,kergy to discern the heroic greatness of ,stella's character1 and still less for her maternal heart1 that had received so many blows1 to sympathize with the broken heart of ,angiolina's mother4 ,the affection she at once conceived for ,stella was so strong that ,i might have been almost jealous1 had it not exactly realized one of my strongest desires1 and had not ,mme4 de ,kergy been one of those persons whose affection is the emanation of a higher love which is bestowed on all1 without allowing that which is given to the latest comer to diminish in the least the part of the others4 ,she at once perceived the remedy that would be efficacious to her wounded heart1 and what would be a beneficial effort for mine1 and she threw us both1 if ,i may so express myself1 into that ocean of charity where all personal sufferings1 trials1 and considerations are forgotten1 and where peace is restored to the soul by means of the very woes one encounters and succeeds in relieving4 ,no fatigue1 no fear of contagion1 the sight of no misery1 affected ,stella's courage2 no labor wearied her patience1 no application or effort was beyond her ability and perseverance4 ,for souls thus constituted it is a genuine pleasure to exercise their noble faculties and be able to satisfy the thirst for doing good that devours them4 ,her eyes1 therefore1 soon began to brighten1 her face to grow animated1 and from time to time1 like a reflection of the past1 her lips to expand with the charming smile of former days4 ,there is a real enjoyment1 little suspected by those who have not experienced it1 in these long1 fatiguing rounds1 the endless staircases ascended and descended1 in all these duties at once distressing and consoling1 and it can be truly affirmed that there is more certainty of cheerfulness awaiting those who return home from these sad visits than the happiest of those who come from some gay1 brilliant assembly4 ,it is to the former the words of ,s4 ,francis de ,sales may be addressed3 8,consider the sweetest1 liveliest pleasures that ever delighted your heart1 and say if there is one worth the joy you now taste4'''0 ,thus peace and a certain joy returned by degrees1 seconded by the sweetest1 tenderest1 most beneficial sympathy4 ,notwithstanding the solitude in which we lived1 and the mourning ,i never intended to lay aside1 and which ,stella continued to wear1 we spent an hour every evening at ,mme4 de ,kergy's1 leaving when it was time for her usual circle to assemble4 ,this hour was a pleasant one1 and she depended on seeing us1 for she began to cling to our company4 ,diana1 far from being jealous1 declared we added to the happiness of their life2 and one day1 in one of her outbursts of caressing affection1 she exclaimed that the good ,god had restored to her mother the two daughters she had mourned for so long4 ,at these words ,mme4 de ,kergy's eyes filled with tears1 which she hastily wiped away1 and1 far from contradicting her daughter1 she extended her arms and held us both in a solemn1 tender1 maternal embrace6 ,,xlvii4 ,what ,stella felt at that moment ,i cannot say4 ,as for me1 my feelings were rather painful than pleasant4 ,i comprehended only too well the sadness that clouded the dear1 venerable brow of ,gilbert's mother1 and his prolonged absence weighed on my heart like remorse4 ,of course ,i did not consider myself the direct cause4 ,but ,i could not forget that he merely left his country for a few weeks1 and it was only after his sojourn at ,naples he had taken the sudden resolution to make almost the tour of the world--that is1 a journey whose duration was prolonged from weeks into months1 and from months into years4 ,i felt that no joy could spring up on the hearth he had forsaken till the day he should return1 and it seemed to me ,i should not dare till that day arrived enjoy the peace that had been restored to my soul4 ,months passed away1 however1 autumn came for the second time since ,stella's arrival1 and the time fixed for her departure was approaching4 ,i had made up my mind to accompany her1 and pass some time at ,naples with her1 in order to be near my sister2 but various unforeseen events modified her plans as well as mine4 ,i went one day to the ,htel de ,kergy at a different hour from that ,i was in the habit of going4 ,diana and her mother had gone out4 ,i was told they would return in an hour4 ,i decided1 therefore1 to wait1 and1 as the weather was fine1 ,i selected a book from one of the tables of the drawing-room1 and took a seat in the garden4 ,while ,i was looking over the books1 my attention was attracted to several letters that lay on the table awaiting ,mme4 de ,kergy's return1 and1 to my great joy1 ,i recognized ,gilbert's writing on one of them4 ,his long absence had this time been rendered more painful by the infrequency and irregularity of his letters4 ,whole months often elapsed without the arrival of any4 ,i hoped this one had brought his mother the long-wished-for promise of his return1 and cheered by this thought1 ,i opened my book1 which soon absorbed me so completely that ,i forgot my anxiety1 and hope1 and everything else4''' ,the book ,i held in my hand was the ,confessions of ,s4 ,augustine1 and1 opening it at hazard1 the passage on which my eyes fell was this3 8,what ,i know1 not with doubt1 but with certainty2 what ,i know1 ,o my ,god6 is that ,i love thee4 ,thy word penetrated my heart and suddenly caused it to love thee4 ,the heavens and the earth1 and all they contain1 do they not cry without ceasing that all men should love thee8 ,but he on whom it pleaseth thee to have mercy alone can comprehend this language40#d ,o words1 ancient but ever new1 like the beauty itself that inspired them6 ,what a flight my soul took as ,i read them again here in this solitude and silence4 ,though centuries had passed since the day they were written1 how exactly they expressed1 how faithfully they portrayed1 the feelings of my heart6 ,how profound was the conviction ,i felt1 in my turn1 that1 without the mercy and compassion of ,god1 ,i should never have been able to understand their meaning6 ,i was deeply1 deeply plunged in these reflections1 ,i was lost in a world1 not of fancy1 but of reality more delightful than a poet's dreams1 when an unusual noise brought me suddenly to myself4 ,first ,i heard the rattling of a carriage which ,i supposed to be ,mme4 de ,kergy's4 ,but ,i instantly saw two or three servants rush into the court1 as if some unexpected event had occurred4 ,then the old gardener1 at work in the parterre before me1 suddenly threw down his watering-pot and uttered a cry of surprise and joy3 8,o goodness of ,god60 exclaimed he in a trembling voice1 8there is ,monsieur le ,comte60 8,monsieur le ,comte80 cried ,i1 hastily rising4''' ,but ,i had not time to finish my question4 ,it was really he--,gilbert4 ,he was there before me1 on the upper step of the flight that led to the drawing-room4 ,i sprang towards him with a joy ,i did not think of repressing or concealing1 and1 extending both hands1 ,i exclaimed3 8,oh6 ,god be blessed a thousand times4 ,it is you6 ,you have returned6 ,what a joyful surprise for your mother6 ,for ,diana6 ,for me also1 ,i assure you6'''0 ,i know not what else ,i was on the point of adding when1 seeing him stand motionless1 and gaze at me as if incapable of answering a word1 a faint blush rose to my face4 ,was he surprised at such a greeting1 or too much agitated8 ,perchance he was deceived as to its signification4 ,this doubt caused a sudden embarrassment1 and checked the words ,i was about to utter4 ,at length he explained his unexpected arrival4 ,his letter ought to have arrived before4 ,he supposed his mother was notified4''' ,he wished to spare her so sudden a surprise4''' 8,i knew you were at ,paris10 continued he1 in a tone of agitation he could not overcome4 8,yes ''' ,i knew it1 and hoped to see you again4 ,but to find you here ''' to see you the first1 ,o madame6 that was a happiness too great for me to anticipate1 and ,i cannot yet realize it is not1 after all1 a dream4'''0 ,while he was thus speaking1 and gazing intently at me as if ,i were some vision about to vanish from his sight1 my joyful greeting and cordiality were changed into extreme gravity of manner1 and ,i looked away as his eyes wandered from my face to my mourning attire1 and for the first time it occurred to me he found me free1 and perhaps was now thinking of it6 ,free6''' ,oh6 if ,i have succeeded in describing the state of my soul since that moment of divine light which marked the most precious day of my life2 if ,i have clearly expressed the aspect which the past1 the present1 the future1 and all the joys1 all the sufferings1 in short1 every event of my life1 henceforth took in my eyes2 if1 ,i say1 ,i have been able to make myself understood1 those who have read these pages are already aware what the word free now signified to me4 ,free6 ,yes1 as the bird that cleaves the air is free to return to its cage2 as the captive on his way to the shores of his native land is free to return and resume his chains2 so is the soul that has once tasted the blessed reality of ,god's love free also to return to the vain dreams of earthly happiness4 8,i would not accept it60 was the exclamation of a soul#e that had thus been made free1 and it is neither strange nor new4 ,no more than the bird or the captive could it be tempted to return to the past4''' 99 99 99 99 99 ,i did not utter a word1 however1 and the thoughts that came over me like a flood died away in the midst of the joyful excitement that put an end to this moment of silence4 ,mme4 de ,kergy and ,diana1 who had been sent for1 arrived pale and agitated4 ,but when ,i saw ,gilbert in his mother's arms1 ,i felt so happy that ,i entirely forgot what had occurred1 and was not even embarrassed when1 as ,i was on the point of leaving1 ,i heard ,diana say to her brother that her mother had two new daughters now1 and he would find three sisters instead of one in the house4 ,i returned home in great haste4 ,it was the first time for a long while my heart had felt light4 ,i searched for ,stella4 ,she was neither in the house nor garden4 ,i then thought of the studio1 where1 in fact1 ,i found her4 ,everything remained in the same way ,lorenzo had left it1 and ,stella1 who had a natural taste for the arts1 knew enough of sculpture to devote a part of her time to it4 ,she had succeeded in making a bust of ,angiolina which was a good likeness1 and she was at work upon it when ,i entered4 ,she looked at me with an air of surprise1 for she saw something unusual had taken place4 8,gilbert has returned60 ,i exclaimed1 without thinking of preparing her for the news1 the effect of which ,i had not sufficiently foreseen4 ,she turned deadly pale1 and her face assumed an expression ,i had never known it to wear4 ,i was utterly amazed4 ,rising with an abrupt movement1 she said1 in an altered tone3 8,then ,i must go1 ,ginevra60 ,and1 suddenly bursting into tears1 she pressed her lips to the little bust1 the successful production of her labor and grief4 8,o my angel child60 said she1 8forgive me4 ,i know it2 ,i ought to love no one but thee4 ,i have been punished1 cruelly punished4 ,and yet ,i am not sure of myself1 ,ginevra4 ,i do not wish to see him again4 ,i must go40 ,it was the first time in her life ,stella had thus allowed me to read the depths of her heart4 ,it was the first time the violence of any emotion whatever broke down the wall of reserve she knew how to maintain1 and made her rise above her natural repugnance to speak of herself4 ,it was the first time ,i was sure of the wound ,i had so long suspected1 but which ,i had never ventured to probe4 ,god alone knows with what emotion ,i listened to her4 ,what hopes were awakened1 and what prayers rose from my heart during the moment's silence that followed these ardent words4 ,she soon continued1 with renewed agitation3 8,yes1 ,i must start at once4 ,i had no idea he would arrive in this way without giving me time to escape6'''0 ,then she added1 in a hollow tone3 8,listen1 ,ginevra4 ,for once ,i must be frank with you4 ,he loves you1 you well know1 and now there is nothing more to separate you2 now you are free4'''0 ,but she stopped short1 surprised1 ,i think1 at the way in which ,i looked at her4 8,she also6 ,is it possible80 murmured ,i1 replying to my own thoughts4 ,and my eyes1 that had been fixed on her1 involuntarily looked upward at the light that came from the only window in the studio4 ,i soon said in a calm tone3 8,you are mistaken1 ,stella4 ,i am not free1 as you suppose4 ,but let us not speak of myself1 ,i beg4'''0 ,she listened without comprehending me1 and her train of thought1 interrupted for a moment1 resumed its course4 ,i was far from wishing to check a communicativeness her suffering heart had more need of than she was aware4 ,i allowed her1 therefore1 to pour out without hindrance all that burdened her mind4 ,i suffered her to give way to her unreasonable remorse4 ,i did not even contradict her when she repeated that her sweet treasure would not have been ravished from her1 had she been worthy of possessing it1 if no other love had been allowed to enter her heart4 ,i did not oppose this fancy1 which was only one of those perfidies de l'amour1 as such imaginary wrongs have been happily styled1 which1 after the occurrence of misfortune1 often add to one's actual sorrow a burden still heavier and more difficult to bear4 ,on the contrary1 ,i assured her we would start together1 and she herself should fix the day of our departure4 ,i only begged her not to hasten the time1 and1 by leaving ,paris so abruptly1 afflict our excellent friend at the very hour of her joy1 and make ,diana weep at the moment when she was so pleased at the restoration of their happiness4 ,at last ,i induced her to consent that things should remain for the present as they were4 ,she would return to the ,htel de ,kergy1 and ,gilbert's return should in no way change the way of life we had both led for a year4 ,,xlviii4 ,nothing1 in fact1 was changed4 ,our morning rounds1 our occupations in the afternoon1 and our evening reunions1 all continued the same as before4 ,apparently nothing new had occurred except the satisfaction and joy which once more brightened the fireside of our friends1 and things were pleasanter than ever1 even when ,gilbert was present4 ,this time he seemed decided to put an end to his wandering habits1 and settle down with his mother1 never to leave her again4 ,nothing was changed1 therefore4 ,and yet before the end of the year ,i alone remained the same as the day of ,gilbert's arrival1 the day when ,stella was so desirous of going away that she might not meet him again2 the day when 7as ,i must now acknowledge7 he thought if he was deceived by the pleasure ,i manifested at seeing him again1 if my sentiments did not respond to his1 if some new insurmountable barrier had risen in the place of that which death had removed1 then he would once more depart1 he would leave his country again1 he would exile himself from his friends ''' and--who knows8--perhaps die--yes1 really1 die of grief with a broken heart6''' ,it was somewhat in these terms he spoke to me some time after his return1 and ,i looked at him1 as ,i listened1 with a strange sensation of surprise4 ,he was1 however1 the same he once was1 the same ,gilbert whose presence had afforded me so much happiness and been such a source of danger4 ,there was no change in the charm of his expression1 his voice1 his wit1 the elevation of his mind and character1 and yet ''' ,i tried1 but in vain1 to recall the emotions of the past ,i once found so difficult to hide1 so painful to combat1 so impossible to overcome4 ,i could not revive the dreams1 the realization of which was now offered me1 and convince myself it was ,i who had formerly regarded such a destiny as so happy a one and so worthy of envy--,i1 who now found it so far below the satisfied ambition of my heart4 ,ah6 it was a good thing for me to see ,gilbert again2 it was well to look this earthly happiness once more in the face1 in order to estimate the extent the divine arrow had penetrated my soul and opened the only true fountain of happiness and love6 ,it was not necessary to give utterance to all these thoughts4 ,there was something inexpressible in my eyes1 my voice1 my language1 my tranquillity in his presence1 in my friendship itself1 so evident and sincere1 which were more expressive than any words or explanation1 and by degrees produced a conviction no man can resist unless he is--which ,gilbert was not--blind1 presumptuous1 or inflated with pride4 8,amor1 ch' a null' amato amar perdona10#f says our great poet4 ,but he should have added that1 if this law is not obeyed1 love dies1 and he who loves soon grows weary of loving in vain4 ,gilbert was not an exception to this rule4 ,the time came for its accomplishment in his case4 ,the day came when he realized it4 ,it was a slow1 gradual1 insensible process1 but at length ,i saw the budding1 the progress1 the fulfilment of my dearest hopes4 ,the 8sang joyeux0 which once enabled my dear ,stella to endure the trials of her earlier life now diffused new joy and hope in her heart1 brought back to her eyes and lips that brilliancy of color and intensity of expression which always reflected the emotions of her soul1 and made her once more what she was before her great grief6''' 99 99 99 99 99 ,i saw her at last happy--happy to a degree that had never before been shed over her life4 ,i should have left her then1 as ,i intended1 to see ,livia again2 but1 while the changes ,i have just referred to were taking place around me1 the heavy1 unmerciful hand of spoliation had been laid on the loved asylum where my sister hoped to find shelter for life4 ,soldiers' quarters were needed4 ,the monastery was appropriated1 the nuns were expelled4 ,a greater trial than exile was inflicted on their innocent lives--a trial as severe as death1 and1 in fact1 was death to several of their number4 ,they were separated from one another2 the aged were received in pious families2 some were dispersed in various convents of their order still spared in ,italy by the act of suppression2 others1 again1 sought refuge in countries not then affected by the tempest which1 from time to time1 rises against the church and strikes the religious orders as lightning always strikes the highest summits1 without ever succeeding in annihilating one1 but leaving to the persecutors the stigma of crime and the shame of defeat6 ,my sister ,livia was of the number of these holy exiles4 ,a convent of her order1 not far from ,paris1 was assigned her as a refuge1 and it was there ,i had the joy of once more seeing her calm1 angelic face4 ,how much we had to say to each other6 ,how truly united we now were6 ,what a pleasure to again find her attentive ear1 her faithful heart1 and her courageous1 artless soul6 ,but when1 after the long account ,i had to give her1 ,i asked her to tell me1 in her turn1 all she had suffered from the sudden1 violent invasion1 the profanation of a place so dear and sacred to her1 and the necessity of bidding farewell to the cloudless heavens1 the beautiful mountains1 and all the enchanting scenery of the country she loved1 she smiled3 8,what difference does all that make80 said she4 8,only one thing is sad3 that they who have wronged us should have done us this injury4 ,as for us1 the only real privation there is they could not inflict on us2 the only true exile they could not impose4 ,domini est terra et plenitudo ejus6 ,no human power can separate us from him60 99 99 99 99 99 ,and now there remains but little to add4 ,the happiness of this world1 such as it is1 in all its fulness and its insufficiency1 ,gilbert and ,stella possess4 ,diana also1 without being obliged to leave her mother1 has found a husband worthy of her and the dear sanctuary of all that is noble4 ,mario makes frequent journeys to ,france to visit his sisters1 each in her retreat1 and his former asperities seem to grow less and less4 ,lando and ,teresina also come to see me every time they visit ,paris1 and ,i always find in him a sincere and faithful friend2 but it is very difficult to convince him ,i shall never marry again1 and still more so to make him understand how ,i can be happy4 ,happy6''' ,nevertheless ,i am1 and truly so6 ,i am happier than ,i ever imagined ,i could be on earth2 and if life sometimes seems long1 ,i have never found it sad4 ,order1 peace1 activity1 salutary friendship1 a divine hope1 leave nothing to be desired1 and like one#g who1 still young1 likewise arrived through suffering to the clearest light1 ,i said1 in my turn3 ,nothing is wanting1 for 8,i believe1 ,i love1 and ,i wait60 ,yes1 ,i await the plenitude of that happiness1 a single ray of which sufficed to transform my whole life4 ,i bless ,god for having unveiled the profound mystery of my heart1 and enabled me to solve its enigma1 and to understand with the same clearness all the aspirations of the soul which constitute here below the glory and torment of our nature6 ,i render thanks to him for being able to comprehend and believe with assurance that the reason why we are so insatiable for knowledge1 for repose1 for happiness1 for love1 for security1 and for so many other blessings never found on earth to the extent they are longed for1 is because 8we are all created solely for what we cannot here possess60#h ,,march4 ,ready is ,time beneath her brooding wing ,to break with swelling life the brown earth's sheath2 ,and fondly do we watch th' expectant heath ,for bloom and song the days are ripe to bring4 ,our heralds even vaunt the birth of spring1 ,while yet1 alack6 the winter's blatant breath ,defieth trust1 and coldly shadoweth ,with drifts of gray each hope that dares to sing4 ,yet still we know1 as deepest shades foretell ,the coming of the morn1 and lovely sheen ,of living sunshine lies asleep between ,a snow-bound crust and joys that upward well1 ,so1 sure of triumph o'er the yielding shell1 ,are ecstasies of song and matchless green6 ,,calderon',s ,,autos ,,sacramentales4 ,i4 ,i4 ,villemain1 in his ,lectures on the ,literature of the ,middle ,ages1 while speaking of the ,mysteries performed by the ,confrres de la ,passion1 exclaims1 8,it is to be regretted that at that period the ,french language was not more fully developed1 and that there was no man of genius among the ,confrres de la ,passion4 8,the subject was admirable3 imagine a theatre1 which the faith of the people made the supplement of their worship2 conceive religion1 with the sublimity of its dogmas1 put on the stage before convinced spectators1 then a poet of powerful imagination1 able to use freely all these grand things1 not reduced to the necessity of stealing a few tears from us by feigned adventures1 but striking our souls with the authority of an apostle and the impassioned magic of an artist1 addressing what we believe and feel1 and making us shed real tears over subjects which seem not only true1 but divine--certainly nothing would have been greater than this poetry60 ,such a poet and such poetry ,spain possesses in ,calderon and his ,autos ,sacramentales1 which may be regarded as the completion and perfection of the religious drama of the ,middle ,ages4 ,of the modern nations which possess a national popular drama1 ,spain is the only one where1 by the side of the secular stage1 there has grown up and been carefully cultivated a religious drama2 for this1 in ,england1 died with the ,mysteries and ,moralities4 ,the persistence of the religious drama in ,spain is to be explained by the peculiar history of the nation1 especially the struggle of centuries with the ,moors--a continual crusade fought on their own soil1 which inflamed to the highest degree the religious enthusiasm of the people4 ,the ,reformation awoke but a feeble echo in ,spain1 and only served to quicken the masses to greater devotion to doctrines they saw threatened from abroad4 ,the two dogmas of the church which have always been especially dear to the ,spaniards are those of the ,immaculate ,conception and ,transubstantiation4 ,the former1 as more spiritual and impalpable1 remained an article of faith1 deep and fervent1 only represented to the senses by the mystic masterpieces of ,murillo4 ,transubstantiation1 on the other hand1 was embodied in a host of symbols and ceremonies1 and had devoted to it the most gorgeous of all the festivals of the church--that of ,corpus ,christi1 established in #abfc by ,urban ,,iv41 formally promulgated by ,clement ,v4 in #acaa1 and fifty years later amplified and rendered more magnificent by ,john ,,xxiii4 ,this festival was introduced into ,spain during the reign of ,alfonso ,x41 and its celebration there1 as elsewhere1 was accompanied by dramatic representations4 ,in ,barcelona1 even earlier than #acad1 part of the celebration consisted in a procession of giants and ridiculous figures--a feature1 as we shall afterwards see1 always retained4 ,it seems established that from the earliest date dramatic representations of some kind always accompanied the celebration of ,corpus ,christi4 ,these plays1 constituting a distinct and peculiar class1 received a name of their own1 and were at first called autos 7from the ,latin actus1 applied to any particularly solemn act1 as autos-da-fe71 and later more specifically autos sacramentales4 ,we infer from occasional notices that these religious dramas were performed without interruption during the ,x,i,vth and ,x,vth centuries4 ,what their character was during this period we do not know1 as we possess none earlier than the beginning of the ,x,v,ith century4 ,from this last-named date notices of the secular drama begin to multiply1 and we may form some idea of the early autos sacramentales from the productions of ,juan de la ,enzina and ,gil ,vicente4 ,the former wrote a number of religious dialogues or plays1 which he named eclogues1 probably because the majority of the characters were shepherds4 ,one of these eclogues is on the ,nativity1 another on the ,passion and ,death of our ,redeemer4 ,the word auto1 as we have stated1 was applied to any solemn act1 and did not at first refer exclusively to the ,corpus ,christi dramas1 so we find among the works of ,gil ,vicente an auto for ,christmas1 and one on the subject of ,s4 ,martin1 which1 although having nothing to do with the mystery of the ,eucharist1 was performed during the celebration of ,corpus ,christi in #aejd1 in the vestibule of the ,church of ,las ,caldas in ,lisbon4 ,these sacred plays were undoubtedly at first represented only in the churches by the ecclesiastics2 they were not allowed to be performed in villages 7where they could not be supervised by the higher clergy71 or for the sake of money4 ,the abuses in their performance1 or perhaps the large number of spectators1 afterwards led to their representation in the open air4 ,the stage 7as in the beginning of the classical drama7 was a wagon1 on which the scenery was arranged2 when the autos became more elaborate1 three of these wagons or carros were united4 ,we may see what these primitive stages were like in ,don ,quixote 7part ii4 chap4 #aa71 the hero of which encountered upon the highway one of these perambulating theatres3 8,he who guided the mules and served for carter was a frightful demon4 ,the cart was uncovered and opened to the sky1 without awning or wicker sides4 8,the first figure that presented itself to ,don ,quixote's eyes was that of ,death itself with a human visage4 ,close by him sat an angel with painted wings4 ,on one side stood an emperor1 with a crown1 seemingly of gold1 on his head4 8,at ,death's feet sat the god called ,cupid1 not blindfolded1 but with his bow1 quiver1 and arrows4 8,there was also a knight completely armed1 excepting only that he had no morion or casque1 but a hat with a large plume of feathers of divers colors4 8,with these came other persons1 differing both in habits and countenances40 ,to ,don ,quixote's question as to who they were the carter replied3 8,sir1 we are strollers belonging to ,angulo el ,malo's company4 ,this morning1 which is the octave of ,corpus ,christi1 we have been performing1 in a village on the other side of yon hill1 a piece representing the ,cortes or ,parliament of ,death1 and this evening we are to play it again in that village just before us2 which being so near1 to save ourselves the trouble of dressing and undressing1 we come in the clothes we are to act our parts in40 ,the character of the autos changed with the improvements in their representation2 from mere dialogues they developed into short farces1 the object of which was to amuse while instructing4 ,like the secular plays1 they opened with a prologue1 called the loa 7from loar1 to praise71 in which the object of the play was shadowed forth and the indulgence of the spectators demanded4 ,the loa was originally spoken by one person1 and was also called argumento or introito1 and was in the same metre as the auto2 although it consisted sometimes of a few lines in prose1 as in the auto of ,the ,gifts which ,adam sent to ,our ,lady by ,s4 ,lazarus3 8,,loa4--,here is recited an auto which treats of a letter and gifts which our father ,adam sent by ,s4 ,lazarus to the illustrious ,virgin1 ,our ,lady1 supplicating her to consent to the ,passion of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 8,in order that the auto may be easily heard1 the accustomed silence is requested40 ,still later the loa was extended into a short1 independent play1 sometimes with no reference to the auto it preceded1 and frequently by another author4 ,during ,lope de ,vega's reign over the ,spanish stage an entremes or farce was inserted between the loa and auto4 ,these entremeses are gay interludes1 terminating with singing and dancing1 and having no connection with the solemn play which follows1 unless1 as is the case with one of ,lope de ,vega's 7,muestra de los ,carros71 to ridicule the whole manner of celebrating the festival4 ,with the increase in wealth and cultivation the performance of the autos had lost much of its primitive simplicity1 and was attended with lavish magnificence4 ,the proper representation of these truly national works was deemed of such importance that each city had a committee1 or junta del corpus1 consisting of the corregidor and two regidores of the town1 and a secretary4 ,this committee in ,madrid was presided over by a member of the royal council 7,consejo y ,cmera real7 who was successively called the 8commissary1 protector1 and superintendent of the festivals of the ,most ,holy ,sacrament40 ,the president of the junta was armed with extraordinary powers1 frequently exercised against refractory actors4 ,it was his duty to provide everything necessary for the festival3 plays1 actors1 cars1 masked figures for the processions1 decorations for the streets1 etc4 ,as there were at that date no permanent theatrical companies in the cities1 it was necessary to engage actors for the autos early in the year1 in order that there might be no risk of failure1 and to afford the necessary time for rehearsals4 ,the necessary preparations having been made1 and an early ,mass celebrated1 a solemn procession took place1 followed by the representation of the autos in the open air4 ,the best descriptions of the manner of representation are found in the travels of two persons who witnessed the performance of the autos in ,madrid in #afed and #afgi4 ,the second of the two was the ,comtesse d',aulnoy1 whose account of her travels was always a popular book4#i ,the writer was a gossipy ,french lady1 who disseminated through ,europe many groundless scandals about the ,spanish court4 ,here are her own words about the autos3 8,as soon as the ,holy ,sacrament is gone back to the church everybody goes home to eat1 that they may be at the autos1 which are certain kinds of tragedies upon religious subjects1 and are oddly enough contrived and managed2 they are acted either in the court or street of each president of a council1 to whom it is due4 8,the king goes there1 and all the persons of quality receive tickets overnight to go there2 so that we were invited1 and ,i was amazed to see them light up abundance of flambeaux1 whilst the sun beat full upon the comedians' heads1 and melted the wax like butter4 ,they acted the most impertinent piece that ,i ever saw in my days4''' ,these autos last for a month4'''0 ,we shall see why the flippant ,parisian was shocked when we consider the subject-matter of these plays4 ,the whole ceremony is much better described by the earlier traveller1 ,aarseus de ,somerdyck1 a ,dutchman1 who was in ,madrid in #afed4 ,his account is so long and minute that we have been obliged to condense it slightly3 8,the day opened with a procession1 headed by a crowd of musicians and ,biscayans with tambourines and castanets2 then followed many dancers in gay dresses1 who sprang about and danced as gayly as though they were celebrating the carnival4 8,the king attended ,mass at ,santa ,maria1 near the palace1 and after the service came out of the church bearing a candle in his hand4 8,the repository containing the ,host occupied the first place2 then came the grandees and different councils4 8,at the head of the procession were several gigantic figures made of pasteboard1 and moved by persons concealed within4 ,they were of various designs1 and some looked frightful enough2 all represented women1 except the first1 which consisted only of an immense painted head borne by a very short man1 so that the whole looked like a dwarf with a giant's head4 8,there were besides two similar figures representing a ,moorish and an ,ethiopian giant1 and a monster called the tarrasca4 8,this is an enormous serpent1 with a huge belly1 long tail1 short feet1 crooked claws1 threatening eyes1 powerful1 distended jaws1 and entire body covered with scales4 8,those who are concealed within cause it to writhe so that its tail often knocks off the unwary bystanders' hats1 and greatly terrifies the peasants4 8,in the afternoon1 at five o'clock1 the autos were performed4 ,these are religious plays1 between which comic interludes are given to heighten and spice the solemnity of the performance4 8,the theatrical companies1 of which there are two in ,madrid1 close their theatres during this time1 and for a month perform nothing but such religious plays1 which take place in the open air1 on platforms built in the streets4 8,the actors are obliged to play every day before the house of one of the presidents of the various councils4 ,the first representation is before the palace1 where a platform with a canopy is erected for their majesties4 8,at the foot of this canopy is the theatre2 around the stage are little painted houses on wheels1 from which the actors enter1 and whither they retire at the end of every scene4 8,before the performance the dancers and grotesque figures amuse the public4 8,during the representation lights were burned1 although it was day and in the open air1 while generally other plays are performed in the theatres in the daytime without any artificial light40 ,sufficient has now been said in regard to the history and mode of representation of the autos to enable us to understand the essentially popular character of these plays--a fact very necessary to be kept in mind1 and which will explain1 if not palliate1 the many abuses which gradually were introduced1 and which led to their suppression by a royal decree in #agfe4 ,they have1 however1 left traces of their influence in plays still performed on ,corpus ,christi in some parts of ,spain1 and in the sacred plays represented during ,lent in all the large cities4#aj ,,ii4 ,we have seen the primitive condition of the autos when ,lope de ,vega took possession of the stage4 ,he did for the autos what he did for the secular drama3 with his consummate knowledge of the stage and the public1 he took the materials already at hand1 and remodelled them to the shape most likely to interest and win applause4 ,the superior poetic genius of ,calderon found in the autos the field for its noblest exercise1 and it is now admitted that he carried the secular as well as the religious drama to the highest perfection of which it was capable4 ,it is perhaps not generally remembered that ,calderon1 in common with many men of letters of that day1 took ,holy ,orders when he was fifty-one years old 7#afea71 and was appointed chaplain at ,toledo4 ,this1 however1 involved his absence from court1 and twelve years later he was made chaplain of honor to the king2 other ecclesiastical dignities were added1 which he enjoyed until the close of his life1 in #afha4 ,mr4 ,ticknor 7,hist4 of ,span4 ,lit41 ii4 #cea1 note7 says3 8,it seems probable that ,calderon wrote no plays expressly for the public stage after he became a priest in #afea1 confining himself to autos and to comedias for the court1 which last1 however1 were at once transferred to the theatres of the capital40 ,for nearly thirty-seven years he furnished ,madrid1 ,toledo1 ,granada1 and ,seville with autos1 and devoted to them all the energies of his matured mind4 ,solis1 the historian1 in one of his letters says3 8,our friend ,don ,pedro ,calderon is just dead1 and went off1 as they say the swan does1 singing2 for he did all he could1 even when he was in immediate danger1 to finish the second auto for ,corpus ,christi4 8,but1 after all1 he completed only a little more than half of it1 and it has been finished in some way or other by ,don ,melchior de ,leon40 ,calderon evidently based his claim for recognition as a great poet on his autos2 of all his plays he deemed them alone worthy of his revision for publication1 and he would now without doubt be judged by them1 had not the spirit in which and for which they were written passed away1 to a great extent1 with the author4 ,before we examine his autos in detail we must notice some of their most striking peculiarities1 and see in what respect they differ from plays on religious subjects4 ,the intensely religious character of the ,spaniards led1 at an early date1 to their consecrating to religion every form of literature2 and plays based on the lives of the saints1 miracles of the ,blessed ,virgin1 etc41 are very common4 ,almost every prominent doctrine of the church is illustrated in the dramas of ,lope de ,vega and ,calderon4 ,their plays differ not at all in form from those of a purely secular character2 they are all in three acts1 in verse4 ,the autos1 on the other hand1 are restricted to the celebration of one doctrine--that of ,transubstantiation2 consist of but one act 7that one1 however1 nearly equal in length to the three of many secular plays72 and were performed on but one solemn occasion--the festival of ,corpus ,christi4 ,the most striking peculiarity of the autos consists in the introduction of allegorical characters1 which1 however1 were not first brought before the public in autos1 nor was their use restricted to that class of dramatic compositions4 ,the custom of personifying inanimate objects is as old as the imagination of man1 and has been constantly used since the days of ,job and ,david2 and ,cervantes1 in his interesting drama1 ,numancia1 introduces 8a maiden who represents ,spain10 and 8the river ,douro40 ,it is not easy to see how the introduction of allegorical personages could have been avoided4 ,the leading idea in all the autos is the redemption of the human soul by the personal sacrifice of the ,son of ,god--that great gift of himself to us embodied in the doctrine of the ,real ,presence4 ,the plot is the history of the soul from its innocence in ,eden to its temptation and fall1 and subsequent salvation2 the characters are the soul itself1 represented by human nature1 the ,spouse ,christ1 the tempter1 the senses1 the various virtues and vices4 ,these constitute but a small minority of the whole number1 as will be seen by the following list1 which might easily be expanded3 ,god ,almighty as ,father1 ,king1 or ,prince1 ,omnipotence1 ,wisdom1 ,divine ,love1 ,grace1 ,righteousness1 ,mercy2 ,christ as the ,good ,shepherd1 ,crusader1 etc41 the ,bridegroom--i4e41 ,christ1 who woos his bride1 the ,church--the ,virgin1 the ,devil or ,lucifer1 ,shadow as a symbol of guilt1 ,sin1 ,man as ,mankind1 the ,soul1 ,understanding1 ,will1 ,free-will1 ,care1 ,zeal1 ,pride1 ,envy1 ,vanity1 ,thought 7generally1 from its fickleness1 as ,clown71 ,ignorance1 ,foolishness1 ,hope1 ,comfort1 the ,church1 the written and natural ,law1 ,idolatry1 ,judaism or the ,synagogue1 the ,alcoran or ,mahometanism1 ,heresy1 ,apostasy1 ,atheism1 the ,seven ,sacraments1 the ,world1 the four quarters of the globe1 ,nature1 ,light symbol of ,grace1 ,darkness1 ,sleep1 ,dreams1 ,death1 ,time1 the ,seasons and ,days1 the various divisions of the world1 the four elements1 the plants 7especially the wheat and vine1 as furnishing the elements for the ,holy ,eucharist71 the five ,senses1 the ,patriarchs1 ,prophets1 ,apostles and their symbols 7the eagle of ,john1 etc471 and the ,angels and ,archangels4 ,anachronisms are not regarded1 and the prophets and apostles appear side by side on the same stage4 ,although the plot was essentially always the same1 its development and treatment were infinitely varied4 ,the protagonist is ,man1 but under the most diversified forms1 from abstract man to ,psyche or ,eurydice1 representatives of the human soul4 ,the essential idea of man's fall and salvation is entwined with all manner of subjects taken from history1 mythology1 and romance4 ,the first contributed ,the ,conversion of ,constantine1 the second a host of plays like ,the ,divine ,jason1 ,cupid and ,psyche1 ,andromeda and ,perseus1 ,the ,divine ,orpheus1 ,the ,true ,god ,pan1 ,the ,sacred ,parnassus1 ,the ,sorceries of ,sin 7,ulysses and ,circe74 ,romance contributed the fables of ,charlemagne and the ,twelve ,peers1 etc4 ,it is almost needless to say that the most important sources of the autos are the ,scriptures and ,biblical traditions4 ,examples of the former are3 ,the ,brazen ,serpent1 ,the ,first and ,second ,isaac1 ,baltassar's ,feast1 ,the ,vineyard of the ,lord 7,s4 ,matt4 xx4 #a74 ,gedeon's ,fleece1 ,the ,faithful ,shepherd1 ,the ,order of ,melchisedech1 ,ruth's ,gleaning1 etc4 ,an interesting example of the use of tradition is the auto of ,the ,tree of the ,best ,fruit 7,el ,arbol del ,mejor ,fruto71 embodying the legend that the cross on which ,christ died was produced from three seeds of the tree of the forbidden fruit planted on the grave of ,adam4 ,there yet remains a large number of plays which cannot be referred to any of the above-mentioned classes4 ,these are the inventions of the poet's brain1 some of them but a recast of secular plays already popular2#aa others are fresh creations1 and are among the most interesting of the autos4 ,among these are ,the ,great ,theatre of the ,world 7,el ,gran ,teatro del ,mundo1 partly translated by ,dean ,trench71 ,the ,poison and the ,antidote 7,el ,veneno y la ,triaca1 partly translated by ,mr4 ,mac,carthy71 etc4 ,no idea1 however1 can be formed of the autos from a mere statement of their form and subjects2 they must be examined in their entirety1 and the reader must transport himself back to the spirit of the times in which they were written4 ,what this spirit was1 and how the autos are to be regarded1 is admirably expressed by ,schack1 in his ,history of the ,spanish ,drama 7iii4 p4 #bea71 and of which ,mr4 ,mac,carthy has given the following spirited translation3 8,posterity cannot fail to participate in the admiration of the ,x,v,i,ith century for this particular kind of poetry1 when it shall possess sufficient self-denial to transplant itself out of the totally different circle of contemporary ideas into the intuition of the world1 and the mode of representing it1 from which this entire species of drama has sprung4 ,he who can in this way penetrate deeply into the spirit of a past century will see the wonderful creations of ,calderon's autos rise before him1 with sentiments somewhat akin to those of the astronomer1 who turns his far-reaching telescope upon the heavens1 and1 as he scans the mighty spaces1 sees the milky-way separating into suns1 and from the fathomless depths of the universe new worlds of inconceivable splendor rising up4 8,or let me use another illustration3 he may feel like the voyager who1 having traversed the wide waste of waters1 steps upon a new region of the earth1 where he is surrounded by unknown and wonderful forms--a region which speaks to him in the mysterious voices of its forests and its streams1 and where other species of beings1 of a nature different from any he has known1 look out wonderingly at him from their strange eyes4 8,indeed1 like to such a region these poems hem us round4 8,a temple opens before us1 in which1 as in the ,holy ,graal ,temple of ,titurel1 the ,eternal ,word is represented symbolically to the senses4 8,at the entrance the breath as if of the ,spirit of eternity blows upon us1 and a holy auroral splendor1 like the brightness of the ,divinity1 fills the consecrated dome4 8,in the centre1 as the central point of all being and of all history1 stands the cross1 on which the infinite ,spirit has sacrificed himself from his infinite benevolence towards man4 8,at the foot of this sublime symbol stands the poet as hierophant and prophet1 who explains the pictures upon the walls1 and the dumb language of the tendrils1 and the flowers that are twining round the columns1 and the melodious tones which reverberate in music from the vault4 8,he waves his magic wand1 and the halls of the temple extend themselves through the immeasurable2 a perspective of pillars spreads from century to century up to the dark gray era of the past1 where first the fountain of life gushes up1 and where suns and stars1 coming forth from the womb of nothing1 begin their course4 8,and the inspired seer unveils the secrets of creation1 showing to us the breath of ,god moving over the chaos1 as he separates the solid earth from the waters1 points out to the moon and the stars their orbits1 and commands the elements whither they should fly and what they are to seek4 8,we feel ourselves folded in the wings of the ,spirit of the universe1 and we hear the choral jubilation of the new-born suns1 as they solemnly enter on their appointed paths1 proclaiming the glory of the ,eternal4 8,from the dusky night1 which conceals the source of all things1 we see the procession of peoples1 through the ever-renewing and decaying generations of men1 following that star that led the wise men from the east1 and advancing in their pilgrimage towards the place of promise2 but beyond1 irradiated by the splendors of redemption and reconciliation1 lies the future1 with its countless generations of beings yet unborn4 8,and the sacred poet points all round to the illimitable1 beyond the boundaries of time out into eternity1 shows the relation of all things1 created and uncreated1 to the symbol of grace1 and how all nations look up to ,him in worship4 8,the universe in its thousand-fold phenomena1 with the chorus of all its myriad voices1 becomes one sublime psalm to the praise of the ,most ,holy2 heaven and earth lay their gifts at his feet2 the stars1 #8the never-fading flowers of heaven1' and the flowers1 #8the transitory stars of earth1' must pay him tribute2 day and night1 light and darkness1 lie worshipping before him in the dust1 and the mind of man opens before him its most hidden depths1 in order that all its thoughts and feelings may become transfigured in the vision of the ,eternal4 8,this is the spirit that breathes from the autos of ,calderon upon him who can comprehend them in the sense meant by the poet40 ,with this preparation we can now examine in detail one or two of the most characteristic of ,calderon's autos1 selecting from the class of ,scriptural subjects ,baltassar's ,feast1 and from the large class of allegories invented by the poet the ,painter of his own ,dishonor1 which is of especial interest1 as being the counterpart of a secular play4 ,,note4--,those who desire a better acquaintance with ,calderon's ,,autos than they can form from the above very imperfect sketch and analyses will find the following list of authorities of interest3 ,the autos were not collected and published until some time after the poet's death1 in #agag1 six vols4 #dto1 and #agei-fj1 six vols41 also in #dto1 both editions somewhat difficult to find4 ,in #ahfe thirteen were published in ,riradeneyra's collection of ,spanish authors in a work entitled ,autos ,sacramentales desde su origen hasta fines del siglo ,,xvii41 with an historical introduction by the collector1 ,don ,eduardo ,g4 ,pedroso4 ,the autos have never been republished1 in the original1 out of ,spain4 ,the enthusiasm in regard to the ,spanish drama aroused by ,schlegel's ,lectures1 early in this century1 bore fruit in a large number of excellent ,german translations of the most celebrated secular plays4 ,the autos were neglected until #ahbi1 when ,cardinal ,diepenbrock published a translation of ,life is a ,dream 7counterpart of comedy of same name72 this was followed in #ahdf-ec by ,geistliche ,schauspiele1 von ,calderon 7,stuttgart1 two volumes71 containing eleven autos translated by ,j4 von ,eichendorff1 a writer well known in other walks of literature4 ,in this translation the original metre is preserved1 and they are in every way worthy of admiration4 ,in #ahef ,ludwig ,braunfels published two volumes of translations from ,lope de ,vega1 ,iviso de ,molina1 and ,calderon2 the second volume contains the auto of ,baltassar's ,feast4 ,in #ahee ,dr4 ,franz ,lorinser1 an ecclesiastic of ,regensburg1 an enthusiastic admirer of ,spanish literature1 began the translation of all of ,calderon's autos1 and has now translated some sixty-two of the seventy-two into ,german trochaic verse1 without any attempt to preserve the original asonante4 ,this translation is accompanied by valuable notes and explanations1 very necessary for the non-,catholic reader1 as these plays are in many instances crowded with scholastic theology4 ,if the ,germans1 with their genius for translation1 shrank from the labor necessary for the faithful rendering of the autos1 the ,english1 with their more unmanageable language1 may well be excused for suffering these remarkable plays to remain so long unknown4 ,occasional notices and analyses had been given in literary histories and periodicals1 but the first attempt at a metrical translation was by ,dean ,trench in his admirable little work 7reprinted in ,new ,york #ahef7 on ,calderon1 which contains a partial translation of ,the ,great ,theatre of the ,world4 ,it is needless to say it is beautifully done1 and on the whole is the most poetical translation yet made into ,english4 ,the first complete translation of an auto was made by ,mr4 ,d4 ,f4 ,mac,carthy1 published in #ahfa in ,london1 under the title1 ,three ,dramas of ,calderon1 from the ,spanish1 and containing the auto1 ,the ,sorceries of ,sin4 ,the author was favorably known for his previous labors in this field1 which had won him the gratitude of all interested in ,spanish literature4 ,he has since published a volume1 entitled ,mysteries of ,corpus ,christi1 ,dublin and ,london1 #ahfg1 containing complete translations of ,baltassar's ,feast1 ,the ,divine ,philothea1 and several scenes from ,the ,poison and the ,antidote1 in all of which the original metre is strictly preserved4 ,there are few translations in the ,english language where similar difficulties have been so triumphantly overcome4 ,the asonante can never be naturalized in ,english verse1 but ,mr4 ,mac,carthy has done much to reconcile us to it1 and make its introduction in ,spanish translations useful1 if not indispensably necessary4 ,it may be doubted whether in any other way a correct idea of the ,spanish drama can be conveyed to those unacquainted with the ,spanish language4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,salon ,,in ,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,lilies4 ,my first step was to pay a visit to the ,prfecture de ,police4 ,i was received with the utmost courtesy and many half-spoken1 half-intimated expressions of sympathy that were touching and unexpected4 ,all that my sensitive pride most shrank from in my misfortune was ignored with a tact and delicacy that were both soothing and encouraging4 ,i had felt more than once1 when exposing my miserable and extraordinary situation to the police agents at home1 that it required the strongest effort of professional gravity on their part not to burst out laughing in my face4 ,no such struggle was to be seen in the countenances of the ,french police4 ,they listened with interest1 real or feigned1 to my story1 and invited what confidence ,i had to give by the matter-of-fact simplicity with which they set to work to put the few pieces of the puzzle together1 and to endeavor to read some clew in them4 ,i returned to my hotel after this interview more cheered and sanguine than the incident itself reasonably warranted4 ,it was scarcely two years since ,i had been in ,paris1 yet since that first visit ,i found it singularly altered4 ,i could not say exactly how2 but it was not the same4 ,it had struck me when ,i first saw it as the place above all ,i had yet seen for a man to build an earthly paradise to himself2 the air was full of brightness1 redolent of light-hearted pleasure2 the aspect of the city1 the looks of the people1 suggested at every point the ,epicurean motto1 8,eat1 drink1 and be merry2 for to-morrow we die60 ,but it was different now4 ,perhaps the change was in me2 in the world within rather than the world without4 ,the chord that had formerly answered to the touch of the vivacious gayety of the place was broken4 ,i walked through the streets and boulevards now with wide-open1 disenchanted eyes1 critical and unsympathetic4 ,things that had passed unheeded before appeared to me with a new meaning4 ,what struck me as most disagreeable1 and with a sense of complete novelty1 was the widespread popularity which the devil apparently enjoyed amongst the ,parisians4 ,if1 as we may assume1 the popularity of a name implies the popularity of the person or the idea that it represents1 it is difficult to exaggerate the esteem and favor which ,satan commands in the city of bonnets and revolutions4 ,you can scarcely pass through any of the thoroughfares without seeing his name emblazoned on a shop-window1 or his figure carved or bedaubed in some grotesque or hideous guise on a sign-board inviting you to enter and spend your money under his patronage4 ,there are devils dancing and devils grinning1 devils fat and devils lean1 a diable vert and a diable rose1 a bon diable1 a diable quatre--every conceivable shape and color of diable1 in fact1 in the range of the infernal hierarchy4 ,he stands as high in favor with the literary guild as with the shop-keepers2 books and plays are called after him2 his name is a household word in the press2 it gives salt to the editor's joke and point to his epigram4 ,the devil is welcome everywhere1 and everywhere set up as a sign not to be contradicted4 ,angels1 on the other hand1 are at a discount4 ,now and then you chance upon some honorable mention of the ange gardien1 but the rare exception only serves as a contrast which vindicates the overwhelming popularity of the fallen brethren4 ,is this the outcome of the promise1 8,i will give my angels charge over thee08 ,and does ,beelzebub's protection of his ,parisian votaries justify their interpretation of the message8 ,i was revolving some such vague conjectures in my mind as ,i turned listlessly into the ,rue de ,rivoli1 and saw a cab driving in under the porte cochre of my hotel4 ,i quickened my pace1 for ,i fancied ,i recognized a familiar face in the distance4 ,the glass door at the foot of the stairs was still swinging1 as ,i pushed it before me1 and heard a voice calling my name on the first floor4 8,hollo6 here you are1 uncle60 ,i cried1 and1 clearing the intervening stair at three bounds1 ,i seized the admiral by both arms1 as he stood with his hand still on my bell-rope4 8,come in1 my boy4 ,come in10 he said1 and pushed in without turning his head towards me4 8,you have bad news60 ,i said4 ,i read it in his averted face and the subdued gravity of his greeting4 ,he deliberately took off his hat and flung his light travelling surtout on the sofa before he answered me4 ,then he came up and laid his hand on my shoulder4 8,yes1 very bad news1 my poor fellow2 but you will bear up like a man4 ,it doesn't all end here1 you know40 8,my ,god6 ,it is all over1 then6 ,she is dead60 ,i cried4 ,he made a gesture that signified assent1 and pressed me down into a chair4 ,i do not remember what followed4 ,i recollect his standing over me1 and whispering words into my ear that came like the sound of my mother's voice--words that fell like balm upon my burning brain1 and silenced1 as if by some physical force1 other words that were quivering on my tongue4 ,i never knew or cared before whether my uncle believed in anything1 whether he had faith in ,god or in devils2 but as he spoke to me then ,i remember feeling a kind of awe in his presence--awe mingled with surprise and a sense of peace and comfort2 it was as if ,i had drifted unawares into a haven4 ,he never left me for a moment till the hard dumbness was melted1 and ,i let my head drop on his shoulder1 and wept4''' ,he told me that the day ,i left ,dieppe news came of the wreck of a fishing-smack having floated into the harbor of ,st4 ,valry4 ,the police were on the alert1 and went at once to inspect the boat4 ,it had capsized1 and had drifted ashore1 after knocking about on the high seas no one could say how many days2 but it bore the name of a fisherman who had been seen in the neighborhood about ten days before4 ,there was nothing in the boat1 of course1 that could give any indication as to what had become of its owner or how the accident had occurred4 ,about two days later the body of a woman was washed ashore almost on the same spot2 the police1 still on the qui-vive1 went down to see it1 and at once telegraphed for my uncle4 ,the body was lying at the morgue of ,st4 ,valry2 it was already decomposing1 but the work of destruction was not far enough advanced to admit of doubt as to the identity4 ,the long1 dark hair was dripping with the slime of the sea1 and tangled like a piece of sea-weed2 but the admiral's eyes had no sooner glanced at the face than he recognized it4 ,i can write this after an interval of many months1 but even now ,i cannot recall it without feeling1 almost as vividly as at the moment1 the pang that seemed to cleave my very life in two4 ,my uncle had said3 8,it doesn't all end here60 and those words1 ,i believe1 preserved me from suicide4 ,they kept singing1 not in my ears1 but within me1 and seemed to be coming out of all the common sounds that were jarring and dinning outside4 ,the very ticking of the clock seemed to repeat them3 8,it does not all end here40 ,it did1 so far as my happiness went4 ,i was a blighted man for ever4 ,the dark mystery of the flight and the death would never be solved on this side of the grave4 ,the sea had given up its dead1 but the dead could not speak4 ,i was alone henceforth with a secret that no fellow-creature could unriddle for me4 ,i must bear the burden of my broken life1 without any hope of alleviation1 to the end4 ,the name of ,de ,winton was safe now4 ,no blot would come upon it through the follies or sins of her who had beamed like a sweet1 sudden star upon my path1 and then gone out1 leaving me in the lonely darkness4 ,why should ,i chronicle my days any more8 ,they can never be anything to me but a dreary routine of comings and goings1 without joy or hope to brighten them4 ,the sun has gone down4 ,the stone has fallen to the bottom2 the trembling of the circles1 as they quiver upon the surface of the water1 soon passes away1 and then all is still and stagnant again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,so ,clide lapses into silence again1 and for a time we lose sight of him4 ,he is roving about the world1 doing his best to kill pain by excitement1 and soothe memory with hope2 and all this while a new life is getting ready for him1 growing and blossoming1 and patiently waiting for the summer-time1 when the fruit shall be ripe for him to come and gather it4 ,the spot which this new life has chosen for its home is suggestive rather of the past than of the future4 ,a tiny brick cottage1 with a thatched roof overgrown with mosses green and brown1 a quaint remnant of old-fashioned life1 a bit of picturesque long ago forgotten on the skirts of the red-tiled1 gas-lit1 prosperous modern town of ,dullerton4 ,the little brick box1 smothered in its lichens and mosses1 was called ,the ,lilies from a band of those majestic flowers that dwelt on either side of the garden-wicket1 like guardian angels of the place1 looking out in serene beauty on the world without4 ,it was a nine days' wonder to ,dullerton when the ,comte ,raymond de la ,bourbonais and his daughter ,franceline came from over the seas1 and took up their abode at ,the ,lilies with a ,french bonne called ,anglique4 ,there was the usual amount of guessing amongst the gossips as to the why and the wherefore a foreign nobleman should have selected such a place as ,dullerton1 when1 as was affirmed by those who knew all about it1 he had all the world before him to choose from4 ,the only person who could have thrown light upon the mystery was ,sir ,simon ,harness1 the lord of the manor of ,dullerton4 ,but ,sir ,simon was not considerate enough to do so2 he was even so perverse as to set the gossips on an entirely wrong scent for some time2 and it was not until the count and his daughter had become familiar objects to the neighborhood that the reason of their presence there transpired4 ,the ,de la ,bourbonais were an old race of royalists whose archives could have furnished novels for a generation without mixing one line of fiction with volumes of fact4 ,they had fought in every ,crusade1 and won spurs on every battle-field wherever a ,french prince fought2 they had produced heroes and heroines in the centuries when such things were expected from the feudal lords of ,france1 and they had furnished scapegraces without end when these latter became the fashion2 they had quarrelled with their neighbors1 stormed their castles1 and misbehaved themselves generally like other noble families of their time1 dividing their days between war and gallantry so evenly that it was often difficult to say where the one began and where the other ended1 or which led to which4 ,this was in the good old times4 ,then the ,revolution came4 ,the territorial importance of the ,de la ,bourbonais was considerably diminished at this date2 but the prestige of the old name1 with the deeds of prowess that had once made it a power in the camp and a glory at the court1 was as great as ever1 and marked its owners amongst the earliest victims of the ,terror4 ,they gave their full contingent of blue blood to the guillotine1 and what lands remained to them were confiscated to the ,regenerators of ,france4 ,the then head of the house1 the father of the present ,comte ,raymond1 died in ,england under the roof of his friend1 ,sir ,alexander ,harness1 father of ,sir ,simon4 ,the son that was born to him in exile returned to ,france at the ,restoration1 and grew up in solitude in the old castle that had withstood so many storms1 and--thanks partly to its dilapidated condition1 but chiefly to the fidelity and courage of an old dependent--had been rescued from the general plunder1 and left unmolested for the young master who came back to claim it4 ,comte ,raymond lived there in learned isolation1 sharing the ancestral ruin with a population of owls1 who pursued their meditations in one wing while he pondered over philosophical problems in another4 ,it was a dreary abode1 except for the owls2 a desolate wreck of ancient splendor and power4 ,we may poetize over ruins1 and clothe them with what pathos we will1 the beauty of decay is but the beauty of death2 the ivy that flourishes on the grave of a glorious past is but a harvest of death2 it looks beautiful in the weird silver shadows of the moon1 but it shrinks before the blaze of day that lights up the proud castle on the hill1 standing in its strength of battlement and tower and flying buttress1 and smiling a grim1 granite smile upon the gray wreck in the valley down below1 and wondering what poets and night-birds can find in its crumbling arches and gaping windows to haunt them so fanatically4 ,raymond de la ,bourbonais was contented in his weather-beaten old fortress1 and would probably never have dreamed of leaving it or changing the owl-like routine of his life1 if it had not entered into the mind of his grand-aunt1 the only remaining lady of his name1 to marry him4 ,raymond started when the subject was broached1 but1 with the matter-of-fact coolness of a ,frenchman in such things1 he quickly recovered his composure1 and observed blandly to the aged countess3 8,you are right1 my aunt4 ,it had not occurred to me1 ,i confess2 but now that you mention it1 ,i see it would be desirable40 ,and having so far arranged his marriage1 ,raymond1 satisfied with his own consent1 relapsed into his books1 and begged that he might hear no more about it until his grand-aunt had found him a wife4 ,the family of the ,de ,xaintriacs lived near him1 and happened just at this moment to have a daughter to marry2 so the old countess ordered out the lumbering family coach that had taken her great-grandmother to the ftes given for ,marie de ,medicis on her marriage1 and rumbled over the roads to the ,chteau de ,xaintriac4 ,this ancestral hall was about on a par with its neighbor1 ,de la ,bourbonais1 as regarded external preservation1 but the similarity between the two houses ended here4 ,the ,de ,xaintriacs' origin was lost in the pre-historic ages before the ,deluge1 the earliest record of its existence being a curious iron casket preserved in the archives1 in which1 it was said1 the family papers had been rescued from the ,flood by one of ,noe's daughters-in-law1 8herself a demoiselle de ,xaintriac0--so ran the legend4 ,the papers had been destroyed in a fire many centuries before the ,christian era1 but happily the casket had been saved4 ,it was to a daughter of this illustrious house that the ,comtesse de la ,bourbonais offered her grand-nephew in marriage4 ,armengarde de ,xaintriac was twenty-five years of age1 and shadowed forth in character and person the finest characteristics of her mystic genealogy4 ,in addition to the antediluvian casket1 she brought the husband1 who was exactly double her age1 a dower of beauty and sweetness that surpassed even the lofty pride that was her birthright4 ,for four years they were as happy as two sojourners in this valley of tears could well be4 ,then the young wife began to droop1 perishing away slowly before her husband's eyes4 8,take her to the ,nile for a year2 there is just a chance that that may save her10 said the doctors4 ,armengarde did not hear the cruel verdict2 and when ,raymond came back one day after a short absence1 and announced that he had come in unexpectedly to a sum of money1 and proposed their spending the winter in ,egypt1 she clapped her hands1 and made ready for the journey4 ,raymond watched her delight like one transfigured1 while she1 suspecting nothing1 took his happiness as a certain pledge of restored health1 and went singing about the house1 as if the promise were already fulfilled4 ,the whole place revived in a new atmosphere of hope and security2 the low ceilings1 festooned with the cobwebs of a generation1 grew alight with cheerfulness1 and the sunbeams streamed more freely through the dingy panes of the deep windows4 ,it was as if some stray ray from heaven had crept into the old keep1 lighting it up with a brightness not of earth4 ,anglique was to go with them in charge of little ,franceline1 their only child4 ,it was on a mild autumn morning1 early in ,october1 that the travellers set out on their journey toward the ,pyramids4 ,the birds were singing1 though the sun was hiding behind the clouds2 but as ,raymond de la ,bourbonais looked back from the gate to catch a last glimpse of the home that was no longer his1 the clouds suddenly parted1 and the sun burst out in a stream of golden light1 painting the old keep with shadows of pathetic beauty1 and investing it with a charm he had never seen there before4 ,sacrifice1 like passion1 has its hour of rapture1 its crisis of mysterious pain1 when the soul vibrates between agony and ecstasy4 ,a sunbeam lighted upon ,raymond's head1 encircling it like a halo4 8,my ,raymond1 you look like an angel2 see1 there is a glory round your head60 cried ,armengarde4 8,it is because ,i am so happy60 replied her husband1 with a radiant smile4 8,we are going to the land of the sun1 where my pale rose will grow red again40 ,the sacrifice was not quite in vain4 ,she was spared to him four years2 then she died1 and he laid her to rest under the shade of the great ,pyramid1 where they told him that ,abraham and ,sara were sleeping4 ,when ,m4 de la ,bourbonais set foot on his native soil again1 he was a beggar4 ,the money he had received for the castle and the small bit of land belonging to it had just sufficed to keep up the happy delusion with ,armengarde to the last1 and bring him and ,franceline and ,anglique home2 the three landed at ,marseilles with sufficient money to keep them for one month1 using it economically4 ,meantime the count must look for employment1 trusting to ,providence rather than to man4 ,providence did not fail him4 ,help was at hand in the shape of one of those kind dispensations that we call lucky chances1 and which are oftener found in the track of chivalrous souls than misanthropes like to own4 ,about three days after his arrival in the busy mercantile port1 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais was walking along the quay1 indulging in sad reveries with the vacant air and listless gait now habitual to him1 when a hand was laid brusquely on his shoulder4 8,as ,i live1 here is the man10 cried ,sir ,simon ,harness4 8,my dear fellow1 you've turned up in the very nick of time2 but where in heaven's name have you turned up from80 ,the question was soon answered4 ,sir ,simon gave his heartiest sympathy1 and then told his friend the meaning of the joyous exclamation which had greeted him4 8,you remember a villain of the name of ,roy--a notary who played old ,harry with some property in shares and so forth that your father entrusted to him just before he fled to ,england8 ,you must have heard him tell the story many a time1 poor fellow4 ,well1 this worthy1 as big a blackguard as ever cheated the hangman of his fee1 was called up to his reckoning about a month ago1 and1 by way1 ,i suppose1 of putting things straight a bit before he handed in his books1 the rascal put a codicil to his will1 restoring to you what little remained of the money he swindled your poor father out of4 ,it is placed in bank shares--a mere pittance of the original amount2 but it will keep your head above water just for the present1 and meantime we must look about for something for you at headquarters--some stick at the court or a nice little government appointment4 ,the executors have been advertising for you in every direction2 it's the luckiest chance1 my just meeting you in time to give the good news40 ,raymond was thankful for the timely legacy1 but he would not hear of a stir being made to secure him either stick or place4 ,he was too proud to sue at the hands of the regicide's son who now sat on the throne of ,louis ,seize1 nor would he accept an appointment at his court1 supposing it offered unsolicited4 ,the pittance that1 in ,sir ,simon's opinion1 was enough to keep him above water for a time1 would be1 with his simple habits1 enough to float him for the rest of his life4 ,he had1 it is true1 visions of future wealth for ,franceline1 but these were to be realized by the product of his own brain1 not by the pay of a courtly sinecure or government office4 ,finding him inexorable on this point1 ,sir ,simon ceased to urge it4 ,he was confident that a life of poverty and obscurity would soon bring down the rigid royalist's pride2 but meantime where was he to live8 ,raymond had no idea4 ,life in a town was odious to him4 ,he wanted the green fields and quiet of the country for his studies2 but where was he to seek them now8 ,he had no mind to go back to ,lorraine and live like a peasant1 in sight of his old home1 that was now in the hands of strangers4 8,come to ,england10 said ,sir ,simon4 8,you'll stay with me until you grow home-sick and want to leave us4 ,no one will interfere with you2 you can work away at your books1 and be as much of a hermit as you like40 ,raymond accepted the invitation1 but only till he should find some suitable little home for himself in the neighborhood4 ,within a week he found himself installed at ,dullerton ,court with ,franceline and ,anglique4 ,the same rooms that his father had occupied sixty years before1 and which had ever since been called the count's apartments1 were prepared for them4 ,they were very little changed by the wear and tear of the intervening half-century4 ,there were the same costly hangings to the gilt four-post beds1 the same grim1 straight-nosed ,queen ,elizabeth staring down from the tapestry1 out of her stiff ruffles1 on one wall2 the same faded ,david and ,goliath wrestling on the other4 ,raymond could remember how the pictures used to fascinate him when he was a tiny boy1 and how he used to lie awake in his little bed and keep his eyes fixed on them1 and wonder whether the two would ever leave off fighting1 and if the big man would not jump up suddenly and knock down the little man1 who was sticking something into his chest4 ,outside the house the scene was just as unchanged2 the lake was in the same place1 and it seemed as if the swan that was sitting in the middle of it1 with folded sails and one leg tucked under his wing1 was the identical one that the young countess used to feed1 and that ,raymond cried to be let ride on4 ,the deer were glancing through the distant glade1 just as he remembered them as a child1 starting at every sound1 and tossing their antlers in the sunlight2 the gray stone of the grand castellated house may have been a tinge darker for the smoke and fog of the sixty additional years1 but this was not noticeable2 the sunbeams sent dashes of golden light across the flanking towers with their dark ivy draperies1 and into the deep mullioned windows1 where the queer small panes hid themselves1 as if they were ashamed to be seen1 just as in the old days2 the fountain sent up its crystal showers on the broad sweep of the terrace1 and the lime and the acacia trees sheltering the gravel walks that led through grassy openings into the enclosed flower-garden were as dark and as shady as of yore2 the clumps on the mounds swelling here and there through the park had not outgrown the shapes they were in ,raymond's memory2 the lawn was as smooth and green as when he rolled over its mossy turf1 to the utter detriment of fresh-frilled pinafores and white frocks4 ,it was a pleasant resting-place1 a palm-grove in the wilderness1 where the wayfarer might halt peacefully1 and take breath for the rest of the journey4 ,yet ,raymond was determined not to tarry there longer than was absolutely needful4 ,sir ,simon did all that a host could do to make him prolong his stay2 but he was inexorable4 ,he spied out a tiny brick cottage perched on a bit of rising ground just below the park1 half-smothered in moss and lichens4 ,it was beautifully situated as to view2 flowing meadows sloped down before it towards the river2 beyond the river corn-fields stretched out towards the woods1 that rose like dark waves breaking at the foot of the purple hills2 the cottage was called ,the ,lilies1 and contained six rooms1 three above and three below1 including the kitchen4 ,when ,raymond offered himself as a tenant for it1 the baronet burst into a ringing laugh that scared the stately swan out of his dignity1 and sent him scudding over the water like a frightened goose4 ,but ,raymond was not to be laughed out of his purpose2 he should have ,the ,lilies1 or he would go away4 ,he must have it1 too1 like any ordinary tenant1 on the same conditions1 neither better nor worse4 ,the lease was accordingly drawn out in due form1 and ,m4 de la ,bourbonais entered into possession after a very short delay4 ,the room that was intended for a drawing-room was fitted up with the count's books--the few special treasures he had rescued from the fate of all his goods and chattels four years ago--and was called the library4 ,it was not much bigger than a good-sized book-case1 but it would answer all the purposes of a sitting-room for the present2 ,franceline would never be in his way1 and might sit there as much as she liked4 ,the landlord had had a little scheme of his own about the furnishing of the cottage1 and had sent for a ,london tradesman to this effect1 intending to surprise ,raymond by having it all ready for him4 ,but ,raymond was as impracticable here as about the lease4 ,sir ,simon was annoyed4 ,raymond contrived to foil him and have his own way in everything4 ,he seemed to be half his time in the moon2 but when you wanted him to stay there1 he was suddenly wide-awake and as wilful as a mule4 ,there was a substratum of steel somewhere in him1 in spite of his gentleness2 and though it never hurt you1 it repelled you when you came against it every now and then1 and it was provoking4 ,there was altogether something about ,raymond that mystified ,sir ,simon4 ,to see a man as refined and sensitive as he was1 endowed with the hereditary instincts that make affluence a necessity of existence to a gentleman1 settling down into the conditions and abode of the smallest of small farmers1 and doing it as cheerfully as if he were perfectly contented with the prospect1 was something beyond ,sir ,simon's comprehension4 ,to him life without wealth--not for its own sake1 but for what it gives and hinders--was merely a sentence of penal servitude4 ,raymond had always been poor1 he knew2 but poverty in the antique splendor of decayed ancestral halls1 with the necessaries of life provided as by a law of nature1 and in the midst of a loyal and reverent peasantry1 was a very different sort of poverty from what he was now embarking on4 ,he would sometimes fix his eyes on ,raymond when he was busying himself1 with apparently great satisfaction1 on some miserable trifle that ,anglique wanted done in her room or in the kitchen1 and wonder whether it was genuine or feigned1 whether sorrow or philosophy had so deadened him to external conditions as to make him indifferent to the material meanness and miseries of his position4 ,he never heard a word of regret1 or any expression that could be construed into regret1 escape him in their most familiar conversations4 ,once ,raymond1 in speaking of poverty1 had confessed that he had never believed it had any power to make men unhappy--such poverty as his had been--until he felt the touch of its cruel finger on his ,armengarde2 then he realized the fact in its full bitterness4 ,but he had foiled the tormenter by a sublime fraud of love1 and saved his own heart from an anguish that would have been more intolerable than remorse4 ,sir ,simon remembered the expression of ,raymond's face as he said this2 the smile of gentle triumph that it wore1 as if gratitude for the rescue and the sacrifice had alone survived4 ,he concluded that it was so2 that ,raymond had forgiven poverty1 since he had conquered her2 and that now he could take her to live with him like a snake that had lost its sting1 or some bright-spotted wild beast that he had wrestled with and tamed1 and might henceforth sport with in safety4 ,sir ,simon found it hard to reconcile this serene philosophical state of mind with his friend's insurmountable reluctance to accept the least material service1 while1 on the other hand1 he took with avidity any amount of affection and sympathy that was offered to him4 ,it was because he felt that he could repay these in kind2 whereas for the others he must remain an insolvent debtor4 8,bourbonais1 that is sheer nonsense and inconsistency4 ,i wouldn't give a button for your philosophy1 if it can't put you above such weakness4 ,it's absurd2 you ought to struggle against it and overcome it40 ,this was the baronet's pet formula2 he was always ready with this advice to his friends4 ,raymond never contested the wisdom of the proposition1 or ,sir ,simon's right to enunciate it2 but in this particular at least he did not adopt it4 ,the gentry of the neighborhood called in due course at ,the ,lilies1 and ,m4 de la ,bourbonais punctiliously returned the civility1 and here the intercourse ended4 ,he would accept no hospitality that he was not in a position to return4 ,he was on very good terms with his immediate neighbors1 who were none of them formidable people4 ,there was ,mr4 ,langrove1 the vicar of ,dullerton1 and ,father ,henwick1 the ,catholic priest1 and ,miss ,bulpit and ,miss ,merrywig1 two maiden ladies1 who were in their separate ways prominent institutions of the place4 ,these four1 with ,sir ,simon1 were the only persons who could boast of being on visiting terms with the shy1 polite foreigner who bowed to every old apple-woman on the road as if she were a duchess1 and kept the vulgar herd of the town and the fine people of the county as much at a distance as if he were an exiled sovereign who declined to receive the homage of other subjects than his own4 ,franceline had been eight years at ,dullerton1 and was now in her seventeenth year4 ,she was very beautiful1 as she stood leaning on the garden-rail amongst the lilies1 looking like a lily herself1 with one dove perched upon her finger1 while another alighted on her head1 and cooed to it4 ,she was neither a blonde nor a brunette1 as we classify them1 but a type between the two4 ,her complexion was of that peculiar whiteness that we see in fair northern women1 ,scandinavians and ,poles2 as clear as ivory and as colorless1 the bright vermilion of the finely cut1 sensitive mouth alone relieving its pallor4 ,yet her face was deficient neither in warmth nor light2 the large1 almond-shaped eyes1 flashing in shadow1 sometimes black1 sometimes purple gray1 lighted it better than the pinkest roses could have done2 and if the low arch of the dark eyebrows gave a tinge of severity to it1 the impression was removed by two saucy dimples that lurked in either cheek1 and were continually breaking out of their hiding-places1 and brightening the pensive features like a sunbeam4 ,franceline's voice had a note in it that was as bright as her dimples4 ,it rang through the brick cottage like the sound of running water2 and when she laughed1 it was so hearty that you laughed with her from very sympathy4 ,such a creature would have been in her proper sphere in a palace1 treading on pink marble1 and waited on by a retinue of pages4 ,but she was not at all out of place at ,the ,lilies2 perhaps1 next to the palace and pink marble1 she could not have alighted in a more appropriate frame than this mossy flower-bed to which a capricious destiny had transplanted her4 ,she seemed quite as much a fitting part of the place as the tall1 majestic lilies on either side of the garden-gate4 ,but as regarded ,dullerton beyond the garden-gate1 she was as much out of place as a gazelle in a herd of ,alderney cows4 ,dullerton was the very ideal of commonplace1 the embodiment of respectability and dulness--wealthy1 fat-of-the-land dulness2 if a prize had been set up for that native commodity1 ,dullerton would certainly have carried it over every county in ,england4 ,there was no reason why it should have been so dull1 for it possessed quite as many external elements of sociability as other provincial neighborhoods1 and the climate was no foggier than elsewhere2 everybody was conscious of the dulness1 and complained of it to everybody else1 but nobody did anything to mend matters4 ,there was1 nevertheless1 a good deal of intercourse one way or another2 a vast amount of food was interchanged between the big houses1 and the smaller ones periodically called in the neighbors to roll croquet-balls about on the wet grass1 and sip tea under the dripping trees2 for it seemed a law of nature that the weather was wet on this social occasion4 ,but nothing daunted the good-will of the natives2 they dressed themselves in muslins1 pink1 white1 and blue1 and came and played croquet1 and drank tea1 and bored themselves1 and went away declaring they had never been at such a stupid affair in their lives4 ,the gentlemen were always in a feeble minority at these festive gatherings1 and1 instead of multiplying themselves to supplement numbers by zeal1 they had a habit of getting together in a group to discuss the crops and the game-laws1 leaving their wives and daughters to seek refuge in county gossip1 match-making1 or parish affairs1 according to their separate tastes4 ,dullerton was not a scandal-mongering place4 ,its gossip was mostly of an innocent kind2 the iniquities of servants the difficulties of getting a tolerable cook or a housemaid that knew her business1 recipes for economical soups for the poor1 the best place to buy flannels1 etc41 formed the staple subjects of the matrons' conversation4 ,the young ladies dressed themselves bravely in absolute defiance of the rudiments of art and taste2 vied with each other in disguising their heads--some of them very pretty ones--under monstrous chignons and outlandish head-gears2 practised the piano1 rode on horseback1 and wondered who ,mr4 ,charlton would eventually marry2 whether his attentions to ,miss ,x---- meant anything1 or whether he was only playing her off against ,miss ,z----4 ,mr4 ,charlton was the only eligible young man resident within a radius of fifteen miles of ,dullerton1 and was consequently the target for many enterprising bows and arrows4 ,for nine years he had kept mothers and daughters in harassing suspense as to 8what he meant02 and1 instead of reforming as he grew older1 he was more tantalizing than ever now at the mature age of thirty-two4 ,mothers and maidens were still on the qui-vive1 and lived in perpetual hot water as to the real intentions of the owner of ,moorlands and six thousand a year4 ,he had1 besides this primary claim on social consideration1 another that would in itself have made him master of the situation in ,dullerton3 he had a fine voice1 and sang a capital song2 and this advantage ,mr4 ,charlton used somewhat unkindly4 ,he was as capricious with his voice as in his attentions1 and it was a serious preoccupation with the dinner-givers whether he would make the evening go off delightfully by singing one of his songs with that enchanting high ,c1 or leave it to its native dulness by refusing to sing at all4 ,the moods and phases of the tyrannical tenor were1 in fact1 watched as eagerly by the expectant hostess as the antics of the needle on the eve of a picnic4 ,the one house of that side of the county where people did not bore themselves was ,dullerton ,court4 ,they congregated here1 predetermined to enjoy something more than eating and drinking2 and they were never disappointed4 ,there was nothing in the entertainments themselves to explain this fact2 the house was indeed on a grander scale of architecture1 more palatial than any other country mansion in those parts2 but the people who met there1 and chatted and laughed and went away in high satisfaction with themselves and each other1 were the same who congregated in the other houses to yawn and be bored1 and go away grumbling4 ,the secret of the difference lay entirely in the host4 ,sir ,simon ,harness came into the world endowed with a faculty that predestined him to rule over a certain class of men--the dull and dreary class2 people who have no vital heat of their own1 but are for ever trying to warm themselves at other people's fires4 ,he had1 moreover1 the genius of hospitality in all its charms4 ,he welcomed every commonplace acquaintance with a heartiness that put the visitor in instantaneous good-humor with himself and his host and all the world4 ,society was his life2 he could not live without it4 ,he enjoyed his fellow-creatures1 and he delighted in having them about him2 his house was open to his friends at all times and seasons4 ,what else was a house good for8 ,what pleasure could a man take in his house1 unless it was full of friends8 ,unhappily for ,dullerton1 ,sir ,simon was a frequent absentee4 ,some said that he could not stand its dulness for long at a time1 and that this was why he was continually on the road to ,paris and ,vienna and the sunny shores of ,italy and ,spain4 ,but this could not be true2 you had only to witness his mercurial gayety in the midst of his ,dullerton friends1 and hear the ring of his loud1 manly voice when he shook them by the hand and bade them welcome1 to be convinced that he enjoyed them to the full as much as they enjoyed him4 ,it is true that since ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had come to be his neighbor1 the squire was less of a rover than formerly4 ,when he was at home1 he spent a great deal of time at ,the ,lilies--a circumstance which gave ,dullerton a great deal to talk about1 and raised the reserved1 courteous recluse a great many pegs in the estimation of the county4 ,the baronet and his friend had many points of sympathy besides the primary one of old hereditary friendship1 though they were as dissimilar in tastes and character as any two could be4 ,this dissimilarity was1 however1 a part of the mutual attraction4 ,sir ,simon was an inexhaustible talker1 and ,m4 de la ,bourbonais an indefatigable listener2 he had what ,voltaire called a talent for holding his tongue4 ,but this negative condition of a good listener was not his only one2 he possessed in a rare degree all the merits that go to the composition of that delightful personage4 ,most people1 while you are talking to them1 are more occupied in thinking what they will say to you than in attending to what you are saying to them1 and these people are miserable listeners4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais gave his whole mind to what you were saying1 and never thought of his answer until the time came to give it4 ,he not only seemed interested1 he really was interested1 in your discourse2 and he would frequently hear more in it than it was meant to convey1 supplying from his own quick intelligence what was wanting in your crude1 disjointed remarks4 ,there was nothing in a quiet way that ,sir ,simon liked better than an hour's talk with his tenant1 and he always came away from the luxury of having been listened to by a cultivated1 philosophical mind in high good-humor with himself4 ,his vanity1 moreover1 was flattered by the fact beyond the mere personal gratification it afforded him4 ,everybody knew that the ,french emigr was a man of learning1 given to abstruse study of some abstract kind2 the convivial squire must therefore be more learned than he cared to make believe1 since this philosophical student took such pleasure in his society4 ,when his fox-hunting friends would twit him jocosely on this score1 ,sir ,simon would pooh-pooh them with a laugh1 observing in a careless way3 8,one must dip into this sort of thing now and then1 you see1 or else one's brain gets rusty4 ,i don't care much myself about splitting hairs on ,descartes or untwisting the fibres of a ,greek root1 but it amuses ,bourbonais2 you see he has so few to talk to who can listen to this sort of thing40 ,it was true that the conversation did occasionally take such learned turns1 and equally true that ,m4 de la ,bourbonais enjoyed airing his views on the schools and dissecting roots1 and that ,sir ,simon felt elevated in his own opinion when the count caught up some hazardous remark of his on one of the classic authors1 and worked it up into an elaborate defence of the said author2 and when1 on their next meeting1 ,raymond would accost him with 8,mon cher1 ,i didn't quite see at the moment what you meant by pointing that line from ,sophocles at me1 but ,i see now10 ,sir ,simon would purr inwardly like a stroked cat4 ,every now and then1 too1 he would startle the ,grand ,jury by the brilliancy of his classical quotations1 and the way in which he bore down on them with a weight of argument worthy of a ,q4,c4 in high practice2 little they dreamed that the whole case had been sifted the day before by the orator's learned friend1 who had analyzed it1 and put it in shape for the rhetorical purpose of the morrow4 ,the baronet was serenely unconscious of being a plagiarist2 he had got into a way of sucking his friend's brains1 until he honestly thought they were his own4 ,this intellectual piracy is not so rare1 perhaps1 as at first sight you may imagine4 ,it would be a curious revelation if our own minds could be laid bare to us1 and we were enabled to see how far their workings are original and how far imitative4 ,we should1 ,i fancy1 be startled to find how small a proportion the former bears to the latter1 and how much that we consider the spontaneous operation of our minds is1 in reality1 but the reflex of the minds of others1 and the unconscious reproduction of thoughts and ideas that are suggested by things outside of us4 ,franceline's bonne1 as she still called her1 though ,anglique had passed from that single capacity into the complex position of butler1 cook1 housemaid1 lady's maid1 and general factotum at ,the ,lilies1 was as complete a contrast to a name as ever mortal presented4 ,a gaunt1 high-cheek-boned1 grizzly-haired woman1 with a squint and a sharp1 aggressive chin1 every inch of her body protested against the mockery that had labelled her angelic4 ,she had a gruff voice like a man's1 and a trick of tossing her head and falling back in her chair when she answered you that had gained her the nickname of the ,french grenadier amongst the rising generation of ,dullerton4 ,yet the kernel of this rough husk was as tender and mellow as a peach1 and differed from the outer woman as much as the outer woman differed from her name4 ,when the small boys followed her round the market1 laughing at her under her very nose1 and accompanying their vernacular comments with very explicative gestures1 the ,french grenadier had not the heart to stop the performance by sending the actors to the right-about1 as she might have done with one shake of her soldier-like fist2 but if they had dared to look crooked at ,franceline1 or play off the least of their tricks on ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 she would have punched their heads for them1 and sent them off yelling with broken noses without the smallest compunction4 ,anglique had found a husband in her youth1 and when he died she had transferred all her wifely solicitude to her master and his wife and child4 ,she could have given him no greater proof of it than by leaving her native village and following him to his foreign home2 yet she never let him suspect that the sacrifice cost her a pang4 ,she was of a social turn1 and it was no small trial to be shut out from neighborly chat by her ignorance of the language4 ,she took it out1 to be sure1 with the count and ,franceline1 and with the few intimates of ,the ,lilies who spoke ,french2 but1 let her improve these opportunities as she might1 there was still a great gap in her social life4 ,conversation with ladies and gentlemen was one thing1 and a good gossip with a neighbor was another4 ,but ,anglique kept this grief to herself1 and never complained4 ,with ,m4 le ,cur1 as she dubbed ,father ,henwick1 the ,catholic priest of ,dullerton1 she went the length of shaking her head1 and observing that people who were in exile had their purgatory in this world1 and went straight to heaven when they died4 ,father ,henwick had been brought up at ,s4 ,sulpice1 and spoke ,french like a native1 and was as good as a born ,frenchman4 ,she could pour her half-uttered pinings into his ear without fear or scruple2 her dreams of returning dans mon pays at some future day1 when ,m4 le ,comte would have married mademoiselle4 ,she could even confide to this trusty ear her anxieties on the latter head1 her fear that ,m4 le ,comte1 being a philosopher1 would not know how to go about finding a husband for ,franceline4 ,she could indulge freely in motherful praises of ,franceline's perfections1 and tell over and over again the same stories of her nurseling's babyhood and childhood2 how certain traits had frightened her that the petite was going to turn out a very ,jezabel for wickedness1 but how she had lived to find out her mistake4 ,she loved notably to recall one instance of these juvenile indications of character2 when one day1 after bellowing for a whole hour without ceasing1 the child suddenly stopped1 and ,mme4 la ,comtesse called out from her pillows under the palm-tree3 8,at last6 ,thank goodness it's over60 and how ,franceline stamped her small foot1 and sobbed out3 8,no-o-o1 it's not over6 ,i repose myself60 and began again louder than ever4 ,and how another day1 when a powerful ,arab who was leading her mule over the hills suddenly lashed his whip across the shoulders of a little boy fast asleep on the pathway1 waking him up with a howl of pain1 ,franceline clutched her little fist and struck the savage a box on the ear1 screaming at him in ,french3 8,o you wicked6 ,i wish you were a thief1 and ,i'd lock you up6 ,i wish you were a murderer1 and ,i'd cut your head off6 ,i wish you were a candle1 and ,i'd blow you out60 ,father ,henwick would listen to the same stories1 and delight ,anglique by assuring her for the twentieth time that they were certain pledges of future strength and decision in the woman4 ,and when ,anglique would wind up with the usual remark1 8,ah6 our little one is born for something great2 she would make a famous queen1 ,monsieur le ,cur10 he would cordially agree with her1 revolving1 nevertheless1 in his own mind the theory that there are many kinds of greatness1 and many queens who go through life without the coronation ceremony that crowns them with the outward symbols of royalty4 ,miss ,merrywig was another of ,anglique's friends2 but she had not been educated at ,s4 ,sulpice1 and so the intercourse was sustained under difficulties4 ,her ,french was something terrific4 ,she ignored genders1 despised moods and tenses2 and as to such interlopers as adverbs and prepositions1 ,miss ,merrywig treated them with the contempt they deserved4 ,her mode of proceeding was extremely simple3 she took a bundle of infinitives in one hand1 and pronouns and adjectives in another1 and shook them up together1 and they fell into place the best way they could4 ,it was wonderful how1 somehow or other1 they turned into sentences1 and ,anglique1 by dint of good-will1 always guessed what ,miss ,merrywig was driving at4 ,a great bond between them was their love of a bargain4 ,miss ,merrywig delighted in a bargain as only an old maid with an income of two hundred pounds a year can delight in it4 ,she had1 moreover1 a passion for making everybody guess what she paid for things4 ,this harmless peculiarity was apt to be a nuisance to her friends4 ,the first thing she did after investing in a remnant of some sort1 or a second-hand article1 was to carry it the rounds of ,dullerton1 and insist on everybody's guessing how much it cost4 8,make a guess6 ,you know what a good linsey costs1 and you see this is pure wool2 you can see that8 you have only to feel it4 ,just feel it6 ,it's as soft as cashmere4 ,that's what tempted me4 ,i don't want it exactly1 but then ,i mightn't get such a bargain when ,i did want it2 and1 as the young man at ,willis' said--they're so uncommonly civil at ,willis'6--a good article always brings its value2 and there was no denying it was a bargain1 and one never can go wrong in taking a good thing when one gets it cheap2 and they do mix cotton so much with the wool nowadays that one can't be too particular1 as my dear mother used to say1 though in her time it was of course very different4 ,now you've examined it1 what do you think ,i gave for it80 ,there was no getting out of it3 you might try to fight off on the plea that you had no experience in linseys1 that you were no judge--,miss ,merrywig would take no excuse4 8,well1 but give a guess4 ,say something4 ,what would you consider cheap8 ,you know what a stuff all pure wool ought to be worth4 ,just give a guess4 ,remember1 it was a bargain60 ,thus adjured and driven into a corner1 you timidly ventured a sum1 and1 whether you hit it or not1 ,miss ,merrywig was aggrieved4 ,if you fell below the mark1 there was no describing her astonishment and disappointment4 8,fifteen shillings6 ,dear me6 ,why1 that's the price of a common alpaca6 ,fifteen shillings6 ,good gracious6 ,oh8 you can't mean it4 ,do guess again40 ,and when1 to console her1 you guessed double1 and it happened to be right1 she was still inconsolable4 8,so you don't think it was a bargain after all6 ,dear me6 ,well that is a disappointment4 ,all ,i can say is that my dear mother had a linsey that was not one atom softer or stronger than this1 and she paid just double for it--three pounds2 she did indeed2 she told me so herself1 poor soul4 ,i often heard her speak highly of that linsey when ,i was a child1 and ,i quite well remember her saying that it had cost three pounds1 and that it had been well worth the money40 ,you might cry peccavi1 and eat your words1 and declare your conviction that it was the greatest windfall you ever heard of2 nothing would pacify ,miss ,merrywig until she had carried her bargain to some one else1 and had it guessed at a higher figure1 which you were pretty sure to be informed of at the earliest opportunity1 and triumphantly upbraided for your want of appreciation4 ,anglique was a great comfort to ,miss ,merrywig on this head4 ,she loved a bargain dearly1 and was proud of showing that she knew the difference between one that was and one that was not2 accordingly1 she was one of the first to whom ,miss ,merrywig submitted a new purchase4 8,voyons60 the grenadier would say1 and then she would take out her spectacles1 wipe them1 adjust them on her nose1 and then deliberately rub the tissue between her finger and thumb1 look steadily at ,miss ,merrywig1 as if trying to gather a hint before committing herself1 and then give an opinion4 ,she generally premised with the cautious formula3 8,dans mon pays it would be so-and-so4 ,of course ,i can only make a guess in this country2 prices differ40 ,she was not often far astray2 but even when she was1 this preface disarmed ,miss ,merrywig1 and1 when ,anglique hit the mark1 her satisfaction was unbounded4 ,other people might say she had been cheated1 or that she had paid the full value of the thing4 ,there was ,comte de la ,bourbonais' ,french maid1 who said it was the greatest bargain she had ever seen2 and being a ,frenchwoman1 and accustomed to ,french stuffs1 she was more likely to know than people who had never been out of ,england in the whole course of their lives4 ,the other old maid who occupied a prominent position at ,dullerton1 and was on friendly terms with the grenadier1 was ,miss ,bulpit4 ,it would be difficult to meet with a greater contrast between any two people than between ,miss ,bulpit and ,miss ,merrywig4 ,the latter talked in italics1 emphasizing all the small words of her discourse1 so as to throw everything out of joint4 ,miss ,bulpit spoke 8in mournful numbers10 brought out her sentences as slowly as a funeral knell1 and was altogether funereal in her aspect4 ,she was tall and lank1 and wore a black silk wig1 pasted in melancholy braids on either side of her face--a perfect foil to the gay little curls that danced on ,miss ,merrywig's forehead like so many little bells keeping time to her tongue4 ,miss ,bulpit was enthroned on a pedestal of one thousand five hundred pounds a year1 and attended by all the substantial honors that spring from such a foundation4 ,she was fully alive to the advantages of her position1 and had never married from the fear of being sought more for her money than for herself4 ,so1 at least1 rumor has it4 ,mr4 ,tobes1 the ,wesleyan clergyman of the next parish1 whose awakening sermons decoyed the black sheep of the surrounding folds to him1 had tried for the prize for more than seven years1 but in vain4 ,miss ,bulpit smiled with benevolent condescension on his assiduities1 allowed him to meet her at the railway station and to hand her a bouquet occasionally2 but this was the extent of his reward4 ,he persevered1 however2 and1 when ,miss ,bulpit shook her black silk head at him with a melancholy smile and a reproof for wasting on her the precious time that belonged to his flock1 ,mr4 ,tobes would reply that the laborer was worthy of his hire1 and that no man could live without an occasional recompense for his labors4 ,miss ,bulpit was the lowest of the ,low-,church1 so zealous in propagating her own views as to be a severe trial to the vicar1 ,mr4 ,langrove4 ,the vicar was a shy1 scholarly man and a great lover of peace1 but he was often hard pushed to keep the peace with ,miss ,bulpit4 ,she crossed him in every way1 and defied him to his very face2 but it was done so mildly1 with such an unction of zeal and such a sincere desire to correct his errors and make up for his shortcomings1 that it was impossible to treat her like an ordinary antagonist4 ,she had a soup-kitchen and a dispensary in her own house1 where the poor of his parish were fed and healed2 and if ,miss ,bulpit made these material things the medium of dealing with their souls1 and if they chose to be dealt with1 how could ,mr4 ,langrove interfere to prevent it8 ,if she had a call to break the word to others1 why should she not obey it just as he obeyed his8 ,he had his pulpit1 which she did not interfere with--a mercy for which the vicar was not1 perhaps1 sufficiently grateful4 ,miss ,bulpit was limited to no restriction of place or time2 she could preach anywhere and at a moment's notice2 the water was always at high pressure1 and only wanted a touch to set it flowing into any channel2 the cottages1 the wards of the hospital1 the village school1 the roadside1 any place was a rostrum for her4 ,if she met a group of laborers going home with their spades over their shoulders1 ,miss ,bulpit would accost them with a few good words2 and if they took them well1 as their class mostly do from ladies1 she would plunge into the promiscuous depths of that awful leather bag of hers that was ,mr4 ,langrove's horror1 and evolve from a chaos of pill-boxes1 socks1 spectacles1 soap1 black draughts1 buns1 and bobbins1 a packet of tracts1 and1 selecting an appropriate one1 she would proceed to expound it1 and wind up with a few texts out of the little black ,testament that lived by itself in an outside pocket of the black leather bag4 ,this state of things would have been bad enough1 even if ,miss ,bulpit had held sound views2 but what made it infinitely worse was that her orthodoxy was more than doubtful4 ,but there was no way of putting her in her place4 ,she was too rich for that4 ,if she had been a poor woman1 like ,miss ,merrywig1 it would have been easy enough2 but ,miss ,bulpit's fortune had built a bulwark of defence round her1 and against these stout walls the vicar's shafts might be pointed in perfect safety to the enemy4 ,it was a great mercy if they did not recoil on himself4 ,some persons accused him of being ungrateful4 ,how could he quarrel with her for preaching in the school when she had re-roofed it for him1 after he had spent six months in fruitless appeals to the board to do it8 ,how could the authorities of the hospital refuse her the satisfaction of saying a few serious words to the inmates1 when she supplied them with unlimited port-wine and jellies1 and other delicacies which the authorities could not provide8 ,it was very difficult to turn out a benefactor who paid liberally for her privileges1 and had so firm a footing in every charitable institution of the county4 ,the vicar was not on vantage-ground in his struggle to hold his own4 ,miss ,bulpit was a pillar of the state of ,dullerton4 ,there were not a few who whispered that if either must go to the wall1 it had better be the parson than the parishioner4 ,coals were at famine prices2 soup and port-wine are comforting to the soul of man1 and the donor's strictures on ,s4 ,james and exclusive enthusiasm for ,s4 ,paul were things that could be tolerated by those whom they did not concern4 ,franceline had been to see ,miss ,merrywig1 who lived like a lizard in the grass1 with a willow weeping copious tears over her mouldy little cottage4 ,the cheerful old lady always spoke with thankfulness of the quiet and comfort of her home1 and believed that everybody must envy her its picturesque situation1 to say nothing of the delights of being wakened by the larks before daylight1 and kept awake long after midnight by the nightingales4 ,the woods at ,dullerton were alive with nightingales4 ,on emerging from the damp darkness after an hour with ,miss ,merrywig1 ,franceline found that the sun had climbed up to the zenith1 and was pouring down a sultry glow that made the earth smoke again4 ,there was a stile at the end of the wood1 and she sat down to rest herself under the thick shade of a sycamore4 ,the stillness of the noon was on everything4 ,a few lively linnets tried to sing2 but1 the effort being prompted solely by duty1 after a while they gave it up1 and withdrew to the coolest nooks1 and enjoyed their siesta like the lazy ones4 ,nobody stirred1 except the insects that were chirping in the grass1 and some bees that sailed from flower to flower1 buzzing and doing field-labor when everybody else was asleep or idle4 ,to the right the fields were brimful of ripening grain of every shade of gold2 the deep-orange corn was overflowing into the pale amber of the rye1 and the bearded barley was washing the hedge that walled it off from the lemon-colored wheat4 ,to the left the rich grass-lands were dotted with flocks and herds4 ,in the nearest meadow some cattle were herding4 ,it was too hot to eat1 so they stood surveying the fulness of the earth with mild1 bovine gaze4 ,they might have been sphinxes1 they were so still2 not a muscle in their sleek bodies moved1 except that a tail lashed out against the flies now and then4 ,some were in the open field1 holding up their white horns to the sunlight2 others were grouped in twos and threes under a shady tree2 but the noontide hush was on them all4 ,presently a number of horses came trooping leisurely up to the pond near the stile2 the mild-eyed kine moved their slow heads after the procession1 and then1 one by one1 trooped on with it4 ,the noise of the hoofs plashing into the water1 and the loud lapping of the thirsty tongues1 was like a drink to the hot silence4 ,franceline watched them lifting their wet mouths1 all dripping1 from the pool1 and felt as if she had been drinking too4 ,there was a long1 solemn pause1 and then a sound like the blast of an organ rose up from the pond1 swelling and sweeping over the fields2 before it died away a calf in a distant paddock answered it4 ,if any one had told ,franceline1 as she sat on her stile1 thinking sweet1 nothing-at-all thoughts1 under the sycamore tree1 that she was communing with nature1 she would have opened her dark eyes at them1 and laughed4 ,it was true1 nevertheless4 ,she might not know it1 but she drew a great deal of her happiness from the woods and fields1 and the birds and the sunsets4 ,her life had been from its babyhood1 comparatively speaking1 a solitary one1 and the want1 or rather the absence1 of kindred companions had driven her unconsciously into companionship with nature4 ,her father's society was a melancholy one enough for a young girl4 ,raymond's mind was like an olian harp set up in a ruin2 every breath of wind that swept over it drew out sounds of sweet but mournful music4 ,even his cheerfulness--and it was uniform and genuine--had a note of sadness in it1 like a lively air set in a minor key2 there was nothing morbid or harsh in his spirit1 but it was entirely out of tune with youth4 ,he was perfectly resigned to life1 but the spring was broken2 he looked on at ,franceline's young gayety1 as he might do at the flutterings and soarings of her doves1 with infinite admiration1 but without the faintest response within himself4 ,so the child grew up as much alone as a bird might be with creatures of a different nature1 and made herself a little world of her own--not a dream world1 in the sense of ordinary romance2 she had read no novels and knew nothing about the great problem of the human heart1 except what its own promptings may have whispered to her4 ,she made friends with the flowers and the birds and the woods1 and loved them as if they were living companions4 ,she watched their comings and goings1 and found out their secrets1 and got into a way of talking to them and telling them hers4 ,as a child1 the first peep of the snowdrop and the first call of the cuckoo was as exciting an event to her as the arrival of a new toy or a new dress to other little girls4 ,she found ,s4 ,francis of ,assisi's beautiful hymn to his 8brother1 the sun1 and his sisters1 the moon and the stars10 one day in an old book of her father's1 and she learned it by heart1 and would warble it in a duet with the nightingale out of her lattice-window sometimes when ,anglique fancied her fast asleep4 ,as she grew up the mystery of the poem grew clearer to her1 and she repeated it with a deeper sense of sympathy with the brothers and sisters that dwell in the sky1 and the clear1 pure water1 and everywhere in the beautiful creation4 ,i am sorry if this sounds unnatural1 but ,i cannot help it4 ,i am describing ,franceline as ,i knew her4 ,but ,i don't think it will seem unnatural if you notice the effect of surroundings on delicate-fibred children2 how easily they follow the lights we hold out to them1 and how vibratile their little spirits are4 ,there was no absolute want of child society at ,dullerton1 any more than grown-up society2 but ,franceline de la ,bourbonais did not care for it somehow4 ,she felt shy amongst the noisy1 romping children that swarmed in the nurseries of ,dullerton1 and they thought her a queer child1 and did not get on well with her4 ,the only house where she cared at all to go in her juvenile days was the vicarage2 but the attraction was the vicar himself1 rather than his full home1 that was like an aviary of chattering parrots and chirping canaries4 ,now that the parrots were grown up and 8going out10 ,franceline saw very little of them4 ,they were occupied making markers on perforated card-board for all their friends1 or else 8doing up0 their dresses for the next dinner or croquet party2 the staple topic of their conversation after these entertainments was why ,mr4 ,charlton took ,miss ,this down to dinner1 instead of ,miss ,that2 whether it was an accident1 or whether there was anything in it2 and how divinely ,mr4 ,charlton had sung 8,ah1 non giunge40 ,these things were not the least interesting to ,franceline1 who was not 8out10 or ever likely to be4 ,who would take her1 and where could she get dresses to go8 ,she hated perforated card-board work1 and she did not know ,mr4 ,charlton4 ,it was no wonder1 therefore1 she felt out of her element at the vicarage1 like a wild bird strayed into a cackling farmyard1 and that the ,langrove girls thought her dull and cold4 ,it would be a very superficial observer1 nevertheless1 who would accuse ,franceline of either coldness or dulness1 as she sits there on this lovely summer day1 her gypsy hat thrown back1 and showing the small head in its unbroken outline against the sky1 with the red gold hair drifting in wavy braids from the broad1 ivory forehead1 while her dark eyes glance over the landscape with an intense listening expression1 as if some inaudible voices were calling to her4 ,it was very pleasant sitting there in the shade doing nothing1 and there is no saying how long she might have indulged in the delicious far niente1 if a thrush had not wakened suddenly in the foliage over her head1 and reminded her that it was time to be stirring4 ,it was nearly three hours since she had left home1 and ,anglique would be wondering what had become of her4 ,with a fairy suddenness of motion she rose up1 vaulted over the stile with the agility of a young kid1 and plunged into the teeming field4 ,there was a footpath through it in ordinary times1 but it was flooded now1 and she had to wade through the rye1 putting her arms out before her1 as if she were swimming2 for a light breeze had sprung up and was blowing the tawny wave in ripples almost into her face4 ,she shut her eyes for a moment1 and1 opening them1 suddenly fancied she was in the middle of the sea1 the sun lighting up the yellow depths with myriads of scarlet poppies and blue-bells1 that shone like fairy sea-weed through the stems4 ,she had not got quite to the end of the last field when she heard a sound of voices coming down the park toward a small gate that opened into the fields4 ,she hurried on1 thinking it must be ,sir ,simon1 and perhaps her father2 and it was not until he was close by the gate that she discovered her mistake4 ,one of the voices belonged to ,mr4 ,charlton1 the other to a young man whom she had never seen before4 ,franceline knew ,mr4 ,charlton by sight4 ,she had met him once at ,miss ,merrywig's1 who was a particular friend of his--but then everybody was a particular friend of ,miss ,merrywig's--and a few times when she was out walking with ,sir ,simon and her father1 and the young man had stood to shake hands2 but this had not led to anything beyond a bowing acquaintance4 ,that was not ,mr4 ,charlton's fault4 ,there were few things that would have gratified him more than to be able to establish himself as a visitor at ,the ,lilies2 but ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had not given him the smallest sign of encouragement1 so he had to content himself with raising his hat instinctively an inch higher than to any other lady of his acquaintance when he met ,franceline on the road or in the green lanes--he on horseback1 she1 of course1 on foot2 and when the young ,french girl returned his salute by that stately little bend of her head1 he would ride on with a sense of elation1 as if a royal princess had paid him some flattering attention4 ,this was the first time they had met alone on foot4 ,mr4 ,charlton's first impulse was to speak2 but something stronger than first impulse checked him1 and1 before he had made up his mind about it1 he had lost an opportunity4 ,the stranger1 whose presence of mind was disturbed by no scruples or timidity1 stepped quickly forward1 and lifted the latch of the heavy wooden gate1 and swung it back1 lifting his hat quite off1 and remaining uncovered till ,franceline had passed in4 ,it was very vexatious to ,mr4 ,charlton to have missed the chance of the little courtesy1 and to feel that his companion had the largest share in the bow that included them both as she walked rapidly on4 ,franceline's curiosity1 meanwhile1 was excited4 ,who could this strange gentleman be1 who looked so like a ,frenchman1 and bowed like one8 ,if he was a guest of ,mr4 ,charlton's1 she would never know1 most likely2 but if he was staying at the ,court1 she would soon hear all about him4 ,she wondered which way they were going4 ,the gate had clicked1 so they were sure to have gone on4 ,franceline scarcely stopped to consider this1 but1 obeying the impulse of the moment1 turned round and looked4 ,she did so1 and saw the stranger1 with his hand still upon the gate1 looking after her4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,future ,,of ,,the ,,russian ,,church4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,c,,sarius ,,tondini1 ,,barnabite4 ,,concluded4 ,,iv4 ,it is time that our notice of this subject drew towards its close4 ,the return of the ,russian ,church to ,catholic unity is the dearest wish of our heart4 ,a brother in religion 7in which we love each other as perhaps nowhere else in the world1 because we love each other for eternity7 drew us1 during the few months we spent together in ,italy1 to share in his longings and aspirations for the religious future of ,russia1 his native country4 ,before quitting ,italy ,father ,schouvaloff went to ,rome1 and presented himself before the ,pope4 ,the ,holy ,father1 ,pius ,,ix41 engaged him to make a daily offering of his life to ,god to obtain the return of his country to the unity of the ,catholic ,church4 ,father ,schouvaloff joyfully obeyed1 and ,god1 on his part1 accepted the offering4 ,being sent to ,paris towards the end of the year #aheg1 ,father ,schouvaloff died there on the #b;d of ,april1 #ahei4 ,upon his tomb we promised to continue1 in so far as it would be granted to us under religious obedience1 our feeble co-operation in his work2 and our writings are in part the fulfilment of this promise4 ,father ,schouvaloff's confidence in the return of ,russia to ,catholic unity was very great2 we have fully shared in this confidence1 and everything that1 since his death1 has taken place in ,russia1 has but served to augment it4 ,this may appear strange1 but perhaps more than one among our readers will share it with us when we have said in what manner we look forward to this happy event4 ,a return of the ,russians en masse to ,catholic unity we scarcely contemplate4 ,this could not happen except under the hypothesis of political interests which appear to us inadmissible4 ,and even should we1 in this matter1 be mistaken1 and from political interests the ,russian people were to accept union with ,rome1 would a union thus brought about be desirable8 ,unless we mistake1 the words of ,jesus ,christ might be applied to a faith thus created when he said1 ,omnis plantatio quam non plantavit ,pater meus eradicabitur--8,every plant which my ,heavenly ,father hath not planted shall be rooted up0 7,s4 ,matt4 xv4 #ac74 ,was it by promising the ,jewish nation to deliver it from the ,roman yoke that ,jesus ,christ taught his heavenly doctrine8 ,was it by promising independence1 honors1 temporal advantages1 that the apostles persuaded the pagans to believe in the ,crucified8 ,again1 is it by pointing to a perspective of material advantages that any ,catholic priest1 however moderately cognizant of his own duty and the good of souls1 seeks to induce any one to become a ,catholic8 ,if to those who aspire to follow ,jesus ,christ was always held the same language as that which he himself used to them1 there might1 perhaps1 be fewer conversions1 but they would be true conversions1 and each one would lead on others1 as true as themselves4 ,no2 a faith created by political interests would never be a real and solid faith1 and other political interests would cause it to be cast aside as easily as it had been accepted2 it is the tree which the ,father has not planted1 and which will be rooted up4 ,besides1 history proves it4 ,more than once have the ,greeks momentarily reunited themselves to the ,catholic ,church2 their defection has been explained by the fides ,grca1 and that is all4 ,but let us be just2 ,greek faith is pretty much the faith of every nation4 ,if we take into account the circumstances under which these reunions were accomplished1 the motives which led the ,greek bishops1 whether to ,lyons or to ,florence1 and the small care they took to cause that that which had agreed happily with their presence in the council--the discussion of the contested points--should remain always the principal end1 we shall perceive that the duration of the reunion would have been a prodigy4 ,in not effecting this prodigy our ,lord has perhaps willed to hinder men from finding in history a denial given to his words3 ,omnis plantatio quam non plantavit ,pater meus eradicabitur--8,every plant which my ,heavenly ,father hath not planted shall be rooted up40 ,neither have we by any means an unlimited confidence in the action which might be exercised by the emperors of ,russia on the bishops and clergy of their church4 ,while retaining the hope that the czars may understand that it is to their interest to dispossess themselves1 in great part at least1 of the religious power1 and not even despairing of their favoring the reunion of the ,russian bishops with ,rome1 our confidence is not based upon their actions4 ,it is difficult for us to believe that they could be moved by other than political interests2 that which we have said1 therefore1 respecting a return en masse of the ,russian people1 would consequently here again find its application4 ,besides1 if formerly the word of a czar was that of ,russia1 and his will the will also of his subjects1 it is no longer the same in the present day4 ,when ,peter ,i4 accepted the scheme of reunion proposed by the doctors of the ,sorbonne of ,paris1 and consented to have it examined by his bishops 7#agag72 when ,paul ,i4 took into consideration the plan suggested by ,father ,gruber 7#ahjj71 one might truly have said1 ,russia promises fair to become ,catholic4 ,at this present time1 however1 an emperor of ,russia might probably speak and promise for himself alone4 ,we must add that at a period when changes in popular opinion and sympathies are as frequent as they are sudden1 the simple fact that the reunion with ,rome had been promoted and favored by a czar might1 in certain circumstances1 furnish an additional pretext for disavowing it afterwards4 ,but what is it1 then1 which induces us to hope1 which sustains our confidence1 and which emboldens us to manifest it openly1 though we should seem to be following an utopian idea8 ,in the first place1 we have hope in a change which1 grace aiding it1 the events recently accomplished1 and those which are continuing to take place in ,europe1 will work on the minds of men4 ,events have their logic1 and it imposes itself also upon the nations4 ,the alternative indicated above1 and which will force minds to recognize the divinity of the ,catholic ,church1 will become an evident fact1 and ,god will do the rest4 ,we hope because ,alexander ,,ii4 has emancipated the peasantry1 and we may be allowed to see in the emancipation of the peasantry the prelude to the emancipation of the ,russian ,church4 ,we shall return to this point4 ,we hope because the spirit of apostolate1 by faith and charity1 is now more powerful than ever in the ,catholic ,church4 ,as soon as the doors of ,russia shall be open to her1 and she can there freely exercise her action1 her priests1 her missionaries1 her religious orders1 her ,sisters of ,charity1 her ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 will present themselves of their own accord4 ,god will do the rest4 ,again1 we hope because of the 8,associations of ,prayer10 which have already preceded and powerfully prepared the way for the return of ,russia to the ,catholic faith4 ,the favor demanded is a great one1 and therefore we have chosen all that ,christian piety1 the church1 ,god himself1 offers us as having most power to prevail with him4 ,rather than depend alone on disseminating leaflets of prayers1 or engaging pious souls to remember ,russia1 thus giving to these associations a form which1 in one way or another1 might injure their character of universality1 we have endeavored to obtain the celebration of the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,for this intention we have asked for ,masses4#ab ,in the ,holy ,mass it is ,jesus ,christ himself who prays1 and he is always heard4 ,a plenary indulgence1 attached to these ,masses1 invites the faithful to unite their prayers with those of the divine ,intercessor4 ,if the faithful fail1 still ,jesus pleads2 for faith this is enough4 ,lastly1 we hope because eighteen centuries which have passed away since ,jesus ,christ quitted the earth in human form have not been able to diminish in anything the creative power of his words4 ,jesus ,christ promised to faith--and to faith possessed in the measure of a grain of mustard-seed--that it should move mountains 7,s4 ,matt4 xvii4 #ai2 ,s4 ,luke xvii4 #f74 ,thus it was with happiness1 at the last ,general ,congress at ,mechlin1 in #ahfg1 we made a public act of faith in proclaiming our unlimited confidence in prayer1 and1 we added1 8in prayer presented to ,god by ,mary40#ac ,this public act of faith we here repeat4 ,at the same ,congress of ,mechlin we also spoke of our confidence in the special benediction which ,his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix4 had deigned to grant to us1 and which is thus expressed3 ,benedicat te ,deus et dirigat cor et intelligentiam tuam4 ,this confidence has assuredly not diminished since that time4 ,far from this1 if there is one teaching which imposes itself with an irresistible force upon our mind1 it is this3 that in the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 no less than in ,jesus ,christ himself1 is fulfilled the declaration of our divine ,saviour1 8,he that gathereth not with me1 scattereth0 7,s4 ,luke xi4 #bc74 ,and further1 ,jesus ,christ spoke thus to his disciples3 ,when you shall have done all the things that are commanded you1 say3 ,we are unprofitable servants3 we have done that which we ought to do 7,s4 ,luke xvii4 #aj74 ,after this it is not even humility1 but simple ,christian logic1 to attach a high value to the works of the apostolate1 to the benediction of the pope2 lest we should be not only unprofitable servants--which is always the case--but dangerous servants4 ,it is that1 in the first place1 the benediction of the pope1 while it encourages zeal1 requires that we should correct whatever there may be of human or of reprehensible in the manner in which our zeal expresses itself and the means which it employs4 ,the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ cannot and does not bless anything but what is pleasing to ,jesus ,christ and conformable to his will4 ,that which is not conformable to these1 far from participating in this benediction1 dishonors and in some sort vilifies it4 ,the benediction of the pope imposes an obligation4 ,it is1 in the second place1 that the mission of the priest is not to preach according to his own ideas2 to exercise the ministry according to his own ideas2 to aid the church according to his own ideas2 but to preach1 to exercise the ministry1 to aid the church1 after the manner indicated by ,god1 who is the ,master of the church1 who knows her needs better than we do1 and who has no need of us4 ,and who will inform us of his will1 if not his legitimate representatives1 the bishops1 and1 above them1 the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 the pope8 ,all those who1 however slightly1 have studied the mysteries of the human heart1 the relations existing between faith and reason1 and the powerlessness of all human means to produce one single act of faith1 will1 we are certain1 partake in the sentiment which we have just expressed4 ,hence it is that we are happy here to proclaim again our confidence in the benediction of ,pius ,,ix4 ,thus1 therefore1 the logic of events1 the spirit of the apostolate1 the emancipation of the serfs1 the efficaciousness of prayer1 the power of faith1 the benediction of ,pius ,,ix4--these are the things which support our confidence2 these are our motives for hope4 ,are we the plaything of an illusion1 and is our confidence the effect of religious excitement8 ,not in any wise2 for we are now about to indicate where lies the principal obstacle in the way of reunion1 and what is the objection which will have the most effect upon the minds of men4 ,it is in the fear that the popes may overstep the limits of their authority2 that the religious power may absorb that of the state2 and that ,russia would only become ,catholic to the detriment of the national spirit4 ,in fact1 we cannot deny the teaching of history1 which shows us1 almost always and everywhere1 conflicts between the civil and religious power4 ,more than in the conduct of the popes1 the true cause of these will be found1 we believe1 in the fact that ,csarism--that is to say1 the tendency of sovereigns to obtain an empire entire and absolute over their subjects--is to be found in human nature itself4 ,to avoid the possibility of conflicts between ,rome and the various governments1 it would be necessary to change human nature4 ,perhaps it may be allowable to say that1 in the difficulty which stands in the way1 practically to define in an absolute manner the limits of the two powers1 we must recognize a providential disposition which has permitted this in order to open a wider field for the exercise of virtue4 ,that which was said by ,s4 ,augustine1 ,homines sumus1 fragiles1 infirmi1 lutea vasa portantes2 sed si angustiantur vasa carnis1 dilatentur spatia charitatis1 may find here its application1 at least1 if from the supreme representatives of the two powers1 the pope and the sovereign1 we descend to those who exercise these powers in their name in less elevated spheres and in the ordinary details of life4 ,these smaller and subordinate authorities1 charged to represent power1 and carrying into their representation of power their personal character1 their private views1 at times their prejudices and their interests1 may be well compared to those vases of which ,s4 ,augustine speaks--vases of capacity and of varied form1 and which must be made to occupy a certain fixed space4 ,let only charity intervene1 round the angles1 shape the lines1 adapt the prominences to the sinuosities1 determine the length1 shorten where needful1 obtain even the sacrifice of some superfluous ornaments1 these vases will then all find their place2 space is multiplied by miracle2 that which has effected it is the spirit of ,jesus ,christ1 which is charity4 ,this solution of the difficulty by charity is not1 however1 the only one which we propose4 ,without speaking of the concordats which prove that an amicable understanding may be entered into with ,rome1 and also not to mention those great sovereigns of various countries whose history proves that to live in peace with the church is by no means hurtful to the prosperity of the state1 the ,russians will allow us also to reckon in some degree upon the intellectual progress to which1 no less than other nations1 they attach a great value4 ,now1 to advance intellectually is to perceive that which was previously hidden from the mind1 and to discern clearly that which was only half guessed at before4 ,why1 then1 not hope that the ,russians will now see more clearly than in the time when ,peter ,i4 treated them so contemptuously what must be expected or feared from the religious and civil power2 that is to say1 that if conflicts appear inevitable1 the alternative1 for them as well as for other peoples1 is this3 conflicts with ,rome1 or slavery to their sovereigns4 ,let them make their choice4 ,much is said about the providential mission of ,russia in ,asia4 ,why not also in ,europe8 ,of all the nations of ,europe1 the ,russian people is that which more than all others knows by experience what serfdom really is1 under the empire of a sovereign ruling at the same time bodies and souls4 ,their submission has been called 8the heroism of slavery40 8,whoever has seen ,russia10 it has also been said1 8will find himself happy to live anywhere else40 ,well6 at the risk of provoking a smile of incredulity1 we express the hope that there will be found amongst the ,russians sufficient intelligence to comprehend that ,god is offering to them the most sublime mission with which he can honor a nation4 ,a people only now freed from religious slavery1 and consecrating the first exercise of its liberty to hinder other nations from falling into the same slavery1 will be worthy of true admiration1 so much would there be in this conduct of nobleness1 of self-denial1 and of disinterestedness6 ,now1 all this is what ,russia can do4 ,but in order to do it1 she must break with the past2 she must disavow her acts2 she must acknowledge with humility her faults1 which she must hasten to repair4 ,if those who hold in their hands the destinies of ,russia were not czars1 that would offer no difficulty4 ,the czars are not the ,russian people4 ,if they have reparation to make1 they have nothing to disavow4 ,in the situation in which ,russia has been up to the present time the faults of the czars have been personally their own2 no responsibility could rest upon the ,russian people4 ,but ,russia is still governed by the czars4 ,will they be asked to break with their past8 ,will it be expected that they will disavow the acts of their dynasty2 that they will acknowledge their faults2 that they will repair them8 ,it is to require of them a more than heroic virtue4 ,are they capable of it8 ,why not8 ,the czar who at this time governs ,russia has emancipated the ,russian peasants1 he has abolished the servitude of the glebe4 ,he has had to break with his past1 disavow the acts of his ancestors1 acknowledge their faults1 and repair them4 ,he has had to struggle against immense interior difficulties1 against the interests of the lords1 against routine1 against the spirit of domination1 against cupidity4 ,in spite of all this1 ,alexander ,,ii4 is emancipator of the serfs--a title far more glorious than those given by flattery to ,peter ,i4 ,when the servitude of the peasantry was still in existence in ,russia1 lords were not wanting who held to their serfs the following kind of language3 8,how happy you are6 ,you are delivered from all care for your own existence or for that of your families6 ,when you have finished the work which you owe to me1 you can do whatever you think best4 ,you enjoy in peace the fruits of the earth1 the pleasures of the country1 the free air of the fields4 ,i consider you as my children4 ,i take care of you4 ,your interests are mine4 ,your family joys are mine1 and mine also are your pains4 ,how happy you are60 ,in fact1 if we are to believe certain authorities1 nothing was wanting to the happiness of the ,russian peasant1 serf of the glebe2 it was a perpetual idyl4 ,in spite of that1 all ,europe pitied him4 ,and why8 ,because the peasant could not go whither he would1 and because1 if he were not sensible of the privation of this liberty1 it was because he had been rendered incapable of appreciating it4 ,now1 there are peoples who are chained to the glebe1 not by the body1 but by the soul4 ,they have each their lord1 and1 provided that they accomplish the work which their lord imposes upon them1 they are1 for the rest1 free to employ their time as they please4 ,care is taken of them1 of their families1 of their material interests1 and especially they are unceasingly reminded that they are free1 and that their lord has nothing more at heart than their liberty4 ,they are indeed free to do many things2 but one liberty is wanting to them--their body may go whither they desire it1 but their soul is chained to the glebe4 ,study being granted to them1 and the knowledge of that which is passing in the world being no longer refused to them1 they discover on the earth a church which calls herself divine1 and charged to conduct all souls to heaven4 ,they study her2 they are not alarmed at objections2 they know how to make allowance for human weakness in her children1 and even in her ministers4 ,they find in this weakness itself one argument more in favor of the divinity of this church4 ,they admire the courage1 full of gentleness1 of these bishops4 ,it is truth1 it is ,god1 who speaks by her4 ,these souls desire ,god1 and they are therefore drawn towards her1 because they lift themselves up to ,god4 ,at this moment a heavy weight holds them back2 wishing to soar towards heaven1 they find themselves chained to the glebe4 ,yes1 for the souls who desire ,god the false interests of the state are but a glebe--a glebe the laws to which the conscience refuses to submit--a glebe the will of the sovereign1 and a glebe also the traditions of his dynasty4 ,these people1 let others call them free1 and1 on the faith of their lords1 let them also call themselves free2 they are none the less people in serfdom--souls chained to the glebe4 ,what glory for ,alexander ,,ii41 if1 after having delivered bodies from the servitude of the glebe1 he would also deliver souls6 ,what glory1 if1 after having delivered his own subjects from it1 he would labor also to set others free6 ,,stray ,,leaves ,,from ,a ,,passing ,,life4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,mr4 ,,culpepper ,,makes ,a ,,proposal--,a ,,rencounter ,,in ,a ,,churchyard4 ,it was one of those golden ,november mornings that throw a mystic glamour over ,new ,york4 ,a warm haze draped the great city1 softening its deformities1 blending its beauties4 ,in its magic light the very street-cars took on a romantic air1 as they sped along loaded with their living freight4 ,the bales of goods on the sidewalk1 huddled together in careless profusion1 were no longer the danger which they are generally supposed to be by elderly gentlemen who have due regard for life and limb1 but gracious droppings rather from ,pandora's box1 raining down fresh and bright from the hands of the genial goddess4 ,what in the garish sun were vulgar business houses filled with sober goods and peopled with staring and sleek-combed clerks1 assumed under this gorgeous drapery the aspect of mystic temples of commerce1 where silent and solemn-eyed priests stood patiently all the day long to call in the passers-by to worship4 ,the lofty policeman1 looming like a statue at the corner1 was not the ferocious1 peanut-chewing being that he is commonly supposed to be1 but a beneficent guardian of the great temple of peace4 ,the busy crowds of brisk business men that hurried along1 untouched as yet by the toil and the soil of the day1 were fresh-faced and clear-eyed1 chatty and cheerful4 ,thompson stepped out as cheerily as though he were just beginning that strange task1 on which so many ambitious mortals have gone down1 of performing his thousand miles in a thousand hours2 for ,thompson1 happy man6 knew not as yet what was so calmly awaiting him on his desk--that heavy bill that he was bound to meet1 but which1 strange to say1 had quite slipped his memory4 ,and there is ,johnson walking arm-in-arm with ,jones1 ,johnson's face wreathed in sunny smiles the while4 ,johnson's heart is gay and his step light1 and he feels the happy influence of the morning4 ,jones is sadly in want of a confidential clerk1 and his friend is dilating on the treasure that he himself possesses--that very clerk who1 he learns on reaching his office1 absconded last night with a fearful amount of ,johnson's property4 ,nor1 on the other hand1 does that eager-faced youngster1 the shining seams of whose garments tell of more years than his seamless face and brow1 know that at last the gracious answer that he has so longed for awaits his arrival1 and that the bright opening at length lies before him that is to lead him on to fortune1 if not to fame1 more than the five hundred and forty-six rival applicants know that their addresses have been rejected4 ,as yet the day is marked with neither white bean nor black1 and so let us hope1 with this mighty stream pouring on and on and on down the great thoroughfares of the city1 that the white beans may outnumber the black when the day is done1 and that what is lost here may be gained there2 for we are of them1 brethren of theirs1 and joyous hopes of this kind cost little1 while1 at least1 they harden not the heart4 ,and so the whole city1 with its hopes and fears1 its life and its death1 moved out under the ,november haze that morning1 and with it1 as the central figure in the vast panorama1 he whose stray leaves1 it is hoped1 may prove at least of passing interest to the many of whom he is one4 ,my special point of attraction that day was the office of ,the ,packet1 8a monthly journal of polite literature10 to quote the prospectus1 which was supported by 8the ablest pens of both hemispheres10 as the same prospectus modestly admitted4 ,as at this time ,i was a pretty constant contributor to ,the ,packet1 ,i suppose that1 according to the prospectus1 ,i was fully entitled to take my stand among 8the ablest pens of both hemispheres10 whether ,i chose to insist on my literary rank or not4 ,and as ,i contributed occasionally to other journals which were respectively1 according to their several prospectuses1 8the leading weekly10 8the greatest daily10 8the giant monthly10 8the only quarterly10 8the great art journal10 etc41 there could not possibly be any doubt as to my literary position4 ,for all that1 ,i confess ,i was still among the callow brood1 and fear that1 if any person had referred to me in public as 8a literary man10 the literary man would have blushed very violently1 and felt as small as a titmouse4 ,still1 ,i had that delicious feeling of the dawning of hope and the glorious uncertainty of a great ambition that always attend and encourage the first steps of a new career1 whatever be its character4 ,it was natural enough1 then1 that ,i should step out lustily among my fellows1 my head high in air1 and my heart higher still1 drinking in the inspiration of the morning1 piercing the golden mist with the eye of hope1 feeling a young life throbbing eagerly within me1 feeling a mysterious brotherhood with all men1 gliding as through a fairy city in a gilded dream4 ,as ,i had several places to call at1 it was late in the afternoon when ,i arrived at ,the ,packet office to draw my little account4 ,on entering ,i found an unusual commotion2 something had evidently gone very wrong4 ,mr4 ,culpepper1 the experienced editor of the journal of polite literature1 was1 to judge by the tones of his voice1 in a towering rage4 ,i fancied that ,i caught expressions1 too1 which were not exactly in accordance with polite literature4 ,when ,mr4 ,culpepper's temper did happen to fail1 it was an event to be remembered1 particularly as that event took place1 on an average1 some two or three times a week4 ,everything and everybody in the office was in a turmoil2 for ,mr4 ,culpepper's temper had an infectious quality that affected all its immediate surroundings4 ,an experienced eye could tell by the position of the dictionary1 the state of the floor1 the standing of the waste-basket1 the precise turn of the editor's easy-chair1 how the wind blew to ,mr4 ,culpepper4 ,on this mild ,november afternoon it was clear that a terrific gale had sprung up from some unexpected quarter4 ,it had ruffled what was left of ,mr4 ,culpepper's hair1 it blew his cravat awry1 it had disarranged his highly intellectual whiskers1 it spared not even his venerable coat-tails4 ,his private office showed the effects of a raging tornado4 ,pigeon-holes had been ransacked2 drawers had been wrenched open and rifled of their contents2 ,webster and ,worcester lay cheek-by-jowl in the waste-basket2 the easy-chair had a dangerous crick in the back2 ,mr4 ,culpepper himself was plunged ankle-deep in manuscripts that strewed the floor in wild confusion2 while ,mr4 ,culpepper's hands were thrust in his cavernous pockets1 as he stood there on my entrance1 a very monument of editorial despair4 ,mr4 ,culpepper1 like most men1 was preferable when good-tempered4 ,indeed1 though his opinions at times1 particularly on the merits or demerits of my own compositions1 were apt to be more emphatic than polished1 ,mr4 ,culpepper1 when good-tempered1 was by no means an unpleasant companion4 ,in his stormy periods ,i always coasted as clear of him as ,i could2 but it was now too late to sheer off4 ,so1 making the best of a bad bargain1 ,i advanced boldly to meet the enemy1 when to my surprise he greeted me with the exclamation1 8,oh6 you are just the man ,i wanted4 ,can you tell a story--a good1 lively ,christmas story1 with a spice of fun1 a dash of love1 a slice of plum-pudding1 a sprinkling of holly and ivy1 with a bunch of mistletoe thrown in8 ,and1 by the bye1 if you have genius enough1 a good ghost4 ,yes1 a good1 old-fashioned ghost would be capital4 ,they are dying out now1 more's the pity4 ,yes1 ,i must have a ghost and a country churchyard1 with a bowl of punch1 if you want it4 ,there are your materials4 ,now1 ,i want them fixed up into a first-class ,christmas story1 to fill exactly eight pages1 by four o'clock to-morrow afternoon at the latest4 ,must have it to fit this illustration4 ,clepston was to have done it1 but he has failed me at the last hour4 ,just like him--he must go and get married just when ,i want my story4 ,he did it on purpose1 because ,i refused to advance his pay--married out of revenge1 just to spite me4 ,well1 what do you say80 ,i said nothing2 for ,mr4 ,culpepper's rapidity and the novelty of his proposal fairly took my breath away4 ,i had never yet attempted fiction1 but there was a certain raciness in ,mr4 ,culpepper's manner of putting it that urged me to seize my present opportunity4 ,a good ghost-story within just twenty-four hours6 ,a pleasant winter tale that should be read to happy families by happy firesides2 by boys at school1 their hair standing on end with wild excitement1 and their laughter ringing out as only boys' laughter does2 by sweet-faced girls--by everybody1 in fact1 with a vast amount of pleasure and not a twinge of pain4 ,thousands whom ,i should never know would say1 8,what a dear fellow this story-teller is60 8,what a pleasant way he has of putting things60 8,what--0 8,well1 what do you say80 broke in ,mr4 ,culpepper rudely2 and ,i remembered that the story which was to win me such golden opinions from all sorts of people was yet to be written4 8,i hardly know4 ,four o'clock to-morrow afternoon8 ,the time is so very short4 ,could you not extend it80 8,not a moment4 ,printers waiting now4 ,if ,i can't have yours by that time1 ,i must use something else2 and ,i have not a thing to suit4 ,just look here10 he said pointing to the floor1 and glancing ruefully around2 8,i have spent the day wading through all these things1 and there is nothing among the pile4 ,a mass of rubbish1 all of it60 ,my resolution was made2 ,i started up4 8,mr4 ,culpepper1 ,i will try4 ,i will stay up all night2 and if there be a ghost yet unlaid1 a pudding yet unmade1 a piece of holly yet ungathered1 or a bunch of mistletoe that has not yet done duty1 you shall have them all by four o'clock to-morrow afternoon40 8,now1 ,i rely on you1 mind4 ,four o'clock sharp4 ,let it be brisk and frosty1 bright as the holly-berries1 and soothing as a glass of punch6 ,we owe you a little account1 ,i believe4 ,here it is1 and now good-by till to-morrow afternoon40 ,who has not experienced that half-fearful and yet wholly pleasant feeling of setting foot for the first time in a new and strange land8 ,it was with some such feeling that my heart fluttered as ,i left the office of ,the ,packet that afternoon4 ,yet what was ,i to achieve within the next four-and-twenty hours8 ,an eight-page ,christmas story of the approved pattern1 with the conventional sauces and seasonings--nothing more4 ,the thing had been done a thousand times before1 and would be done a thousand times again1 as often as ,christmases came round1 and thought nothing of4 ,why should ,i be so fluttered at the task8 ,was this to be the great beginning at last of my new career8 ,was this trumpery eight-page story to be the true keynote to what was to make music of all the rest of my life8 ,nonsense6 ,i said to myself2 and yet why nonsense8 ,did not all great enterprises spring from small and insignificant beginnings8 ,were not all great men at some time or another babies in arms1 rocked in cradles1 fed on soothing syrups1 and carried about in long clothes8 ,did not a falling apple lead ,newton on to the great discovery of gravitation8 ,was it not a simmering kettle that opened ,watt's eyes to steam1 and introduced the railway and the packet8 ,did not a handful of sand reveal the mines of ,california8 ,must not ,euclid have started with a right reading of axioms as old as the world8 ,who shall fix the starting-point of genius8 ,and why should not my first fictitious ,christmas pudding contain the germ of wonders that were to be8 ,i can feel the astute and experienced reader who has been gracious enough to accompany me thus far already falter at the very outset of the short excursion we purposed taking together4 ,i can feel the pages close over me like a tomb1 while a weary yawn sings my death-dirge4 ,but allow me1 my dear sir1 or my dear madam1 or my much-esteemed young lady1 to stay your hands just one moment1 until ,i explain matters a little1 until ,i introduce myself properly2 and ,i promise to be very candid in all ,i have to say4 ,you see--indeed1 you will have seen already--that the gentleman who has just left ,mr4 ,culpepper's presence was at this period of his life very young indeed1 and proportionately ambitious4 ,these two facts will explain the fluttering of his heart at the cold-blooded proposal of spending an entire night at his writing-desk1 delving his brain for the materials of a silly little story1 while you1 dear sir1 have drawn over your ears1 and over that head that has been rubbed into reverent smoothness by the gentle hand of time1 the sleep-compelling night-cap2 and while you1 dear madam1 while you have--done nothing of the kind4 ,i plead guilty1 then1 at this time1 to the twofold and terrible charge of outrageous youth and still more outrageous ambition4 ,but ,i have long since contrived to overcome the disgrace of excessive youth2 while1 as regards ambition1 what once happened to a literary friend of mine has never happened to me3 that morning ,i have been waiting for so long1 so long1 when ,i was to wake up and find myself famous1 has not yet arrived--looks even as though it never meant to dawn4 ,literature was to me an unknown sea1 upon which ,i had not fairly embarked4 ,i had paddled a little in a little cockleshell of my own in sunny weather around friendly coasts1 but as yet had not ventured to launch out into the great deep4 ,the storm and the darkness and the night1 the glory and the dread of the tempest1 the awful conflicts of the elements1 were as yet unknown to and unbraved by me4 ,indeed1 as ,i promised to be candid1 ,i may as well whisper in your ear that the main efforts of my pen at this precise period of my life were devoted to meeting with a calm front and easy conscience the weekly eye of ,mrs4 ,jinks4 ,mrs4 ,jinks was my boarding-house keeper1 a remarkable woman in her way1 and one for whom ,i entertained an unbounded respect2 but she was scarcely a ,mme4 de ,stal1 unless in looks1 still less a ,mme4 de ,svign4 ,mme4 ,jinks' encouragement to aspiring genius was singularly small when aspiring genius could not pay its weekly board--a contingency that has been known to occur4 ,mrs4 ,jinks never fell into the fatal mistake of tempting the man to eat unless the man was prepared to pay4 ,but even ,mrs4 ,jinks could not crush out all ambition1 so that ,i hugged ,mr4 ,culpepper's proposal1 as ,i went home that evening1 with a fervor and enthusiasm that ,i had never before experienced2 for it seemed to open up to me a new vista of bright and beautiful imaginings4 ,for all that1 ,i could not strike the clew4 ,it seems a very easy thing1 does it not1 to concoct a passable enough ,christmas story out of the ample materials with which ,mr4 ,culpepper had so lavishly supplied me8 ,just try2 sit down and write a good1 short1 brisk ,christmas story1 out of all the time-honored materials1 and judge for yourself what an easy task it is1 ,o sapient critic6 a line from whose practised pen stabs to death a year of hopes1 and projects1 and labor4 ,strange to say1 my immediate project dissolved and faded out of my mind1 as ,i plodded homewards along the great thoroughfare ,i had trodden so serenely in the morning4 ,the little ,christmas story gave place to something new1 something larger1 something vague1 indefinable1 and mighty4 ,a great realm of fiction unfolded itself before me--a realm all my own1 a fairy island in a summer sea1 peopled with ,calibans and dainty ,ariels1 ,mirandas and ,ferdinands1 and a thousand unseen creatures1 waiting only for the wave of my magic wand to be summoned into the beauty of life1 to bring sweet songs down from the clouds of heaven1 and whisperings of spirits far away that the earth had never yet heard4 ,a mist sprang up around me as ,i walked1 and through it peered a thousand eyes1 and from it came and went a thousand shapeless forms1 whose outlines ,i could half discern1 but hold not4 ,i could not bid them stay until ,i grasped them4 ,something was wanting1 a touch only1 a magic word1 but ,i could not find it4 ,a charm was on me1 and more potent than ,i4 ,it was there1 working1 working1 working1 but ,i could not master it4 ,i walked along in a dream4 ,men in throngs passed me by in what seemed a strange and awful silence4 ,if they spoke1 never a word heard ,i4 ,carriages and vehicles of every description ,i felt rolling1 rolling past2 but their wheels were strangely muffled1 for never a sound fell on my ear4 ,the fair1 bright city of the morning was filled now with silent shadows1 moving like ghosts in a troubled dream4 ,lights sprang up out of the mist as ,i passed along1 but they seemed to shine upon me alone4 ,intensely conscious of my own existence1 ,i had only a numb feeling of other life around me4 ,at last ,i found myself at ,mrs4 ,jinks' door4 ,i took a letter from her hand1 and seated at length in my own room1 with familiar objects around me1 the shadows seemed to lift1 and ,i was brought back to the subject of my proposed night's work4 ,still1 ,i could not collect my thoughts sufficiently to bring them to bear1 in a practical way1 on the central idea around which my fiction was to take body and shape4 ,the sudden strain on my imagination had been too severe2 a kind of numbness pervaded my whole being1 and the moments1 every one of which was precious as a grain of gold1 were slipping idly away4 ,the feeling that all the power to achieve what you desire lies there torpid within you1 but too sullen to be either coaxed or bullied into action1 laughing sluggishly at the most violent effort of the will to move it1 is1 perhaps1 one of the most exasperating that a man can experience4 ,it is like one in a nightmare1 who sees impending over him a nameless terror that it only needs a wag of a little tongue to divert1 and yet the little tongue cleaves with such monstrous persistency to the roof of the parched mouth that not all the leverage of ,archimedes himself could move it from its place4 ,that fine power of man's intellect1 that clear perception and keen precision which can search the memory1 and at a glance find the clew that it is seeking2 that can throw out those far-reaching fibres over the garden of knowledge1 gathering in from all sides the necessary stores1 was as far away from me as from a madman's dream4 ,i could fasten upon nothing2 my brain was in disorder1 while the moments were lengthening into hours1 and the hours slipping silently away4 ,in despair ,i tried a cigar--a favorite refuge of mine in difficulties2 and soon light clouds1 pervaded with a subtle aroma1 were added to those thinner clouds of undefined and indefinable images that floated around me1 volatile1 shadowy1 intangible2 mysterious1 nebulous4 ,mr4 ,culpepper's 8materials0 had quite evaporated1 and ,i began to think dreamily of old days1 of anything1 everything1 save what was to the point4 ,i remember how poor old ,wetherhead1 of all people in the world--8,leatherhead0 we used facetiously to style him at college--came up before me1 and ,i laughed over the fun we had with him4 ,what a plodder he was6 ,when preparing for his degree1 he took ferociously to wet towels4 ,he had the firmest faith in wet towels4 ,he had tried them for the matriculation1 and found them 8capital10 he assured us4 8,try a towel1 ,leathers10 we would say to him whenever we saw him in difficulties4 ,poor fellow6 ,he was naturally dull and heavy1 dense and persistent as a clod4 ,it would take digging and hoeing and trenching to plant anything in that too solid brain2 and yet he was the most hopeful fellow alive4 ,he was possessed with the very passion of study1 without a streak of brightness or imagination to soften and loosen the hopeless mass of clay whereof his mind seemed composed2 and so he depended on wet towels to moisten it4 ,he almost wore his head out while preparing for the matriculation examen4 ,but by slow and constant effort he succeeded in forcing a sufficient quantity of knowledge into his pores1 and retaining it there1 to enable him to pass the very best-deserved first class that ever was won4 ,the passage of the ,alps to a ,hannibal or a ,napoleon was a puny feat compared with the passing of an examination by a ,wetherhead4 ,we took him on our shoulders1 and bore him aloft in triumph1 a banner-bearer1 with a towel for banner1 marching at the head of the procession4 8,you may laugh1 but it was the towels pulled me through1 old fellow10 he said to me1 smiling1 his great face expanding with delight4 8,stay there1 and don't go any farther1 ,leathers10 ,i advised1 when he proclaimed his intention of going up for the degrees4 8,nonsense60 said he1 and1 in spite of everybody's warnings1 ,wetherhead 8went in0 for the ,b4,a4 ,it was a sight to see him in the agonies of study2 his eyes almost starting out of his head as the day wore on1 and around that head1 arranged in turban fashion1 an enormous towel reeking with moisture4 8,how many towels to-day1 ,leathers80 8,how's the reservoir1 ,leatherhead80 those impudent youngsters would cry out4 ,as time went on and the examination drew near the whole college became interested in ,wetherhead and his prospects of success4 ,bets were made on him1 and bets were made on his towels4 ,the wit of our class wrote an essay--which1 it was whispered aloud1 had reached the professors' room1 and been read aloud there to their intense amusement--on 8,towels vs4 ,degrees2 or1 ,the probabilities of success1 measured by the quantity of water on the brain40 ,he bore it all good-humoredly1 even the threat to crown him with towels instead of laurel if he passed and went up for his degree4 ,a dark whisper reached me1 away in the country at the time1 that he had failed1 that the failure had touched his brain1 and that he was cut down half-strangled one morning from his own door-key1 to which he had suspended himself by means of a wet towel2 which1 instead of its usual position around his brow1 had fastened itself around his throat4 ,of course that was a malicious libel2 for ,i met the poor fellow soon after1 looking the ghost of himself4 8,how was it1 ,wetherhead80 ,i asked4 8,i don't know1 old fellow10 he responded mournfully4 8,i got through splendidly the first few days2 but after that things began to get muddled and mixed up somehow1 so that ,i could hardly tell one from another4 ,it was all there1 but something had got out of order4 ,i felt that it was all there1 but there was too much to hold together4 ,the fact is1 ,i missed my towel4 ,a towel or two would have set it all right again4 ,the machine had got too hot1 and wanted a little cooling off2 but ,i couldn't march in there1 you know1 with a big towel round my head2 so ,i failed40 ,the clock striking twelve woke me from my dream of school-days4 ,i had just sixteen hours and a half left to complete the story that was not yet begun4 ,whew6 ,i might as well engage to write a history of science within the appointed time4 ,it was useless4 ,my cigar had gone out1 and ,i gave up the idea of writing a story at all4 ,and yet surely it was so easy1 and ,i had promised ,culpepper1 and both he and ,the ,packet and the public were awaiting my decision4 ,and this was to be the end of what ,i had deemed the dawn of my hope and the firstling of my true genius6 8,roger ,herbert1 you are an ass10 spake a voice ,i knew well--a voice that compelled my attention at the most unseasonable hours4 8,excuse me for my plainness of speech1 but you are emphatically an ass4 ,now1 now1 no bluster1 no anger4 ,if you and ,i cannot honestly avow the plain truth to each other1 there is no hope for manhood4 ,mr4 ,culpepper and the public waiting for you6 ,ho6 ho6 ,ha6 ha6 ,it's a capital joke4 ,mr4 ,culpepper is at this moment in the peaceful enjoyment of his first slumbers2 and the public would not even know your name if it were told them4 ,upon my word1 ,roger1 you are even a greater ass than ,i took you to be4 ,well1 well1 we live and learn4 ,for the last half-a-dozen hours or more where have you been8 ,floating in the clouds2 full of the elixir of life2 dreaming great dreams1 your spirit within you fanned with the movement of the divinus afflatus1 eh8 ,is not that it8 ,nonsense1 my dear lad4 ,you have only once again mounted those two-foot stilts1 against which ,i am always warning you1 and which any little mountebank can manage better than you4 ,they may show some skill1 but you only tumble4 ,so come down at once1 my fine fellow1 and tread on terra firma again1 where alone you are safe4 ,you a genius6 ,ho6 ho6 ,ho6 ho6 ho6 ,and all apropos of a ,christmas pudding4 ,the genius of a ,christmas pudding6 ,it is too good4 ,your proper business1 when ,mr4 ,culpepper made his proposal to you this afternoon1 was to tell him honestly that the task he set you was one quite beyond your strength--altogether out of your reach1 in fact4 ,but no2 you must mount your stilts1 and1 once on them1 of course you are a head and shoulders above honest folk4 ,o ,roger1 ,roger6 why not remember your true stature8 ,what is the use of a man of five foot four trying to palm himself off and give himself the airs of one of six foot four8 ,he is only laughed at for his pains1 as ,mr4 ,culpepper will assuredly laugh at you to-morrow4 ,take my advice1 dear boy1 acknowledge your fault1 and then go to bed4 ,you are no genius1 ,roger4 ,in what1 pray1 are you better1 in what are you so good1 as fifty of your acquaintances1 whom ,i could name right off for you1 but who never dream that they are geniuses8 ,the divinus afflatus1 forsooth6 ,for shame1 for shame1 little man6 ,stick to your last1 my friend1 and be thankful even that you have a last whereto to stick4 ,let ,apelles alone1 or let the other little cobblers carp at him1 if they will4 ,the world will think more of his blunders than of all your handicraft put together1 and your little cobbler criticisms into the bargain4 ,and now1 having said my say1 ,i wish you a very good-night1 ,roger1 or good-morning rather40 ,so spake the voice of the ,daimon within me2 a very bitter voice it has often proved to me--as bitter1 but as healthy1 as a tonic4 ,and at its whisper down tumbled all 8the cloud-capt towers and gorgeous palaces0 that my imagination had so swiftly conjured up4 ,it was somewhat humiliating to confess1 but1 after all1 ,roger ,herbert1 ,senior1 as ,i called that inner voice1 was right4 ,i resolved to go to bed4 ,full of that practical purpose1 ,i went to my desk to close it up for the night1 and all dreams of a momentary ambition with it1 when my eyes fell upon a letter bearing the address3 ,,roger ,,herbert1 ,,esq41 ,care of ,mrs4 ,jinks1 ---- ,street1 ,new ,york1 ,united ,states1 ,america4 ,what a quantity of writing for so small an envelope6 ,one needed no curious peep within1 nor scarcely a second glance at the neat-pointed hand1 with the up-and-down strokes of equal thickness1 to guess at the sex of the writer4 ,i remembered now2 it was the letter ,mrs4 ,jinks gave me at the door1 and1 good heavens6 it had been lying there disregarded all these hours1 while ,i was inflated with my absurd and bombastic thoughts4 ,the writing ,i knew well1 for my hand had been the first to guide the writer through the mazes and the mysteries of chirography4 ,one sentence from the letter is sufficient to give here4 8,dear1 dear ,roger3 ,papa is sick--is dying4 ,come home at once40 ,it was signed 8,fairy40 8,home at once60 ,the post-marks said ,london and ,leighstone4 ,london1 it may be necessary to inform the reader1 is the capital of a county called ,middlesex1 in a country called ,england1 while ,leighstone is a small country town some thirty miles out of ,london4 ,from ,leighstone writes 8,fairy0 to 8,dear1 dear ,roger0 some thousand--it seems fifty thousand--odd miles away4 ,the father reported dying is my father2 ,fairy is my sister4 ,it is now nearly two in the morning1 and by four in the afternoon ,mr4 ,culpepper and the printers expect that brisk1 pleasant1 old-fashioned ,christmas story that is to make everybody happy1 and not a hint at pain in it6 ,and ,i have been puzzling my brains these long hours past trying to compose it1 with that silent letter staring me in the face all the time4 ,a pleasant ,christmas story1 a cheery ,christmas story6 ,how bitterly that voice began to laugh within me again6 ,oh6 the folly1 the crime1 of which ,i had been guilty4 ,it was such vain and idle dreams as these that had lured me away from that father's side2 that had brought me almost to forget him2 that1 great ,god6 perhaps had dealt the blow that struck him down4 ,merciful heavens6 what a ,christmas story will it be mine to tell8 ,at four in the afternoon a steamer sailed for ,liverpool1 and ,i was one of the passengers4 ,years have passed since then1 and ,i can write all this calmly enough now2 but only those--and ,god grant that they may be few6--who at a moment's warning1 or at any warning1 have had to cross more than a thousand miles of ocean in the hope of catching a dying parent's last breath1 can tell how the days pall and the sleepless nights drag on2 how the sky expands into a mighty shroud covering one dear object1 of which the sad eyes never lose the sight2 how the winds1 roar they loud or sing they softly1 breathe ever the same low1 monotonous dirge4 ,it was scarcely a year since ,i had parted from my father1 and our parting had not been of the friendliest4 ,he was a magnate in ,leighstone1 as all the ,herberts before him had been since ,leighstone had a history4 ,they were a tradition in the place2 and though to be great there in these days did not mean what it once meant1 and to the world outside signified very little indeed1 yet what is so exacting or punctilious as the etiquette of a petty court1 what so precise and well preserved as its narrow traditions and customs8 ,time did not exist for ,leighstone when a ,herbert was not the foremost man there4 ,the tomb of the ,herberts was the oldest and grandest in the churchyard that held the ashes of whole generations of the ,leighstone folk4 ,there had been ,crusading ,herberts1 and ,bishops ,herbert1 ,catholic and ,protestant1 ,abbots ,herbert1 ,justices ,herbert1 ,herberts that had shared in councils of state1 and ,herberts that had been hanged1 drawn1 and quartered by order of the state4 ,old townsfolk would bring visitors to the churchyard and give in their own way the history of 8that ere ,harbert astretched out atop o' the twomb1 wi' a swoord by his soide1 and gluvs on his hands1 the two on 'em folded one aginst t'other a-prayin' loike1 and a cross on his buzzum1 and a coople o' angels wi' stone wings a-watchin' each side o' 'im4 ,a had fowt in the waars long ago1 that ere ,harbert had1 when gentle-folk used to wear steel coats1 a used1 and iron breeches1 and go ever so fur over the seas to foight4 ,queer toimes them was4 ,whoi1 the ,harberts1 folks did say1 was the oldest fam'ly i' the country4 ,leastwoise1 there was few 'uns older40 ,my father was possessed with the greatness of his ancestry1 and resented the new-fangled notions that professed to see nothing in blood or history4 ,nurtured on tradition of a past that would never reappear1 he speedily retired from a world where he was too eager to see that a ,herbert was no more than a ,jones or a ,smith1 and1 though gifted with powers that1 rightly used1 might have proved1 even in these days1 that there was more in his race than tradition of a faded past1 he preferred withdrawing into that past to reproducing it in a manner accommodated to the new order of things4 ,in all other respects he was a very amiable ,english gentleman1 who1 abjuring politics1 which he held had degenerated into a trade unbecoming a gentleman's following1 divided his time between antiquarian and agricultural pursuits1 for neither of which did ,i exhibit so ardent an admiration as he had hoped4 ,as soon as ,i could read1 and think1 and reason in my own way1 ,i ran counter to my father in many things1 and was pronounced by him to be a radical1 infected with the dangerous doctrines of the day1 which threatened the overthrow of all things good1 and the advent of all things evil4 ,he only read in history the records of a few great families4 ,for me the families were of far less interest than the peoples1 historically at least4 ,the families had already passed or were passing away2 the peoples always remained4 ,to the families ,i attributed most of the evils that had afflicted humanity2 in the peoples ,i found the stuff that from time to time helped to regenerate humanity4 ,i do not say that all this came to me at once2 but this manner of looking at things grew upon me1 and made my father anxious about my future1 though he was too kind to place any great restrictions in the way of my pursuits1 and our disputes would generally end by the injunction3 8,roger1 whatever you do or think1 always remember that you represent a noble race1 and are by your very birth an ,english gentleman1 so long as such a being is permitted to exist40 ,as ,i grew older problems thickened around me1 and ,i often envied the passive resignation with which so spirited a temperament as my father's could find refuge from the exciting questions of the day in the quiet of his books and favorite pursuits4 ,coming home from college or from an occasional excursion into the great world without1 ,leighstone would seem to me a hermitage1 where life was extinct1 and there was room for nothing save meditation4 ,and there ,i meditated much1 and pondered and read1 as ,i then thought1 deeply4 ,the quaint1 old churchyard was my favorite ground for colloquy with myself1 and admirably adapted1 with its generations of silent dead1 was it for the purpose4 ,in that very tomb lay bones1 once clothed with flesh1 through which coursed lustily blood that had filtered down through the ages into my veins4 ,in my thoughts ,i would question that quiet old ,herbert stretched out there on his tomb centuries ago1 and lying so still1 with his calm1 stony face upturned immovably and confidently to heaven4 ,the face was not unlike my father's2 ,leighstone folk said it was still more like mine4 ,that ,herbert was a ,catholic1 and believed earnestly in all that ,i and my father as earnestly disbelieved4 ,was he the worse or the better man for his faith8 ,to what had his faith led him1 and to what had ours led us8 ,what was his faith1 and what was ours8 ,to us he was a superstitious creature1 born in dark ages1 and the victim of a cunning priestcraft1 that1 in the name of heaven1 darkened the minds and hearts of men2 while1 had he dreamed that a degenerate child of his would ever1 even in after-ages1 turn heretic1 as he would say1 the probabilities were that in his great-hearted earnestness1 had it rested solely with him1 he would rather have ended the line in his own person than that such disgrace should ever come upon it4 ,the man who in his day had dared tell him that flesh of his would ever revile the church in which he believed1 and the ,sacrament which he adored1 would likely enough have been piously knocked on the head for his pains4 ,what a puzzle it all was6 ,could a century or two make all this difference in the manner of regarding the truths on which men professed to bind their hopes of an eternal hereafter8 ,one afternoon of one of those real ,english summer days that when they come are so balmy and bright and joyous1 while sauntering through the churchyard1 ,i lighted upon a figure half buried in the long grass1 so deeply intent on deciphering the inscription around the tomb of my ancestor that he did not notice my approach4 ,there he lay1 his hat by his side1 and an open sketch-book near it1 peering into the dim1 old1 half-effaced characters as curiously as ever did alchemist of eld into an old black-letter volume4 ,his years could not be many more than mine4 ,his form would equally attract the admiration of a lady or a prize-fighter4 ,the sign of ruddy health burned on the bronzed cheek4 ,the dress had nothing particular in it to stamp the character of the wearer4 ,the sketch-book and his absorbing interest in the grim old characters around a tomb might denote the enthusiasm of an artist1 or of an antiquarian like my father1 though he looked too full of the robust life of careless youth for the one1 and too evidently in the enjoyment of life as it was for the other4 ,altogether a man that1 encountered thus in a country churchyard on a warm ,july afternoon1 would at once excite the interest and attract the attention of a passer-by4 ,while ,i was mentally noting down1 running up1 and calculating to a nicety the sum of his qualities1 the expression of his face indicated that he was engaged in a hopeless task4 8,i can make all out about the old ,crusader except the date1 and that is an all-important point4 ,the date--the date--the date10 he repeated to himself aloud4 8,i wonder what ,crusade he fought in80 8,perhaps ,i could assist you10 ,i broke in4 8,sir ,roger ,herbert followed the good ,king ,edward to the ,holy ,land1 and for the sake of ,christ's dear rood made many a proud painim to bite the dust4 ,so saith the old chronicle of the ,abbey of ,s4 ,wilfrid which you see still standing--the modernized version of it1 at least--on yonder hill4 ,the present abbot of ,s4 ,wilfrid is the florid gentleman who has just saluted me4 ,that handsome lady beside him is the abbot's wife4 ,the two pretty girls seated opposite are the abbot's daughters4 ,the good and gentle ,abbot ,jones is taking the fair abbess1 ,mrs4 ,jones1 out for her afternoon airing4 ,she is a very amiable lady2 he is a very genial gentleman1 and the author of the pamphlet in reply to ,maitland's ,dark ,ages4 ,mr4 ,jones is very severe on the laziness and general good-for-nothingness of the poor monks40 ,my companion1 who still remained stretched on the grass1 scanned my face curiously and with an amused glance while ,i spoke4 ,he seemed lost in a half-revery1 from which he did not recover until a few moments after ,i had ceased speaking4 ,with sudden recollection1 he said3 8,i beg your pardon1 ,i was thinking of something else4 ,many thanks for your information about this old hero1 whom the new train of ideas1 called up by your mention of the ,abbot ,jones and his family1 drove out of my mind a moment4 ,the ,abbot ,jones60 he laughed4 8,it is very funny4 ,yet why do the two words seem so little in keeping80 8,it is because1 as my father would tell you1 this is the century of the ,joneses4 ,centuries ago ,abbot ,jones would have sounded just as well and as naturally as did ,queen ,joan4 ,but1 in common with many another good thing1 the name has become vulgarized by a vulgar age40 ,my companion glanced at me curiously again1 and seemed more inwardly amused than before1 whether with me or at me1 or both1 it was impossible to judge from his countenance1 though that was open enough4 ,he turned from the abbot to the tomb again4 8,and so this old hero10 said he1 patting affectionately the peaked toe of the figure of ,sir ,roger1 8drew his sword long ago for ,christ's dear rood1 and probably scaled the walls of ,damietta at the head of a lusty band4 ,what a doughty old fellow he must have been6 ,i should have been proud to have shaken hands with him40 8,should you1 indeed8 ,then perhaps you will allow a remote relative of that doughty old fellow to act as his unworthy representative in his absence80 said ,i1 offering my hand4 8,why1 you don't mean to say that you are a descendant of the old knight whose ashes consecrate this spot60 he exclaimed1 rising and grasping me by the hand4 8,sir1 ,i am happy to lay my hand in that of a son of a ,crusader60 8,i fear ,i may not claim so high a character4 ,there are no ,crusaders left4 ,myself1 and ,sir ,roger here1 move in different circles4 ,you forget that a few centuries roll between us40 8,centuries change the fashion of men's garments10 he responded quickly1 8not the fashion of their hearts4 ,truth is truth1 and faith faith1 and honor honor1 now as when this warrior fought for faith1 and truth1 and honor4 ,the crusades end only with the cross and faith in ,christ40 ,so spake with fervent accent and kindling glance the gentleman whom a few moments before ,i had set down as one eminently fitted to attract the admiration alike of lady or prize-fighter4 ,the words struck me as so strange1 spoken in such a place and by such a person1 that ,i was silent a little1 and he also4 ,at length ,i said3 8,you are like my father4 ,you seem to prefer the old to the new40 8,not so2 ,i am particularly grateful that ,i was born in this and in no other century4 ,but ,i object to the enthusiasm that would leave all the dead past to bury its dead4 ,there were certain things1 certain qualities in the centuries gone by1 a larger faith1 a more general fervor1 a loyalty to what was really good and great1 more universal than prevails to-day1 that we might have preserved with benefit to ourselves and to generations to come4 ,but pardon me4 ,you have unfortunately hit upon one of my hobbies1 and ,i could talk for hours on the subject40 8,on the contrary1 ,i ought to feel flattered at finding one interested even in so remote a relative of mine as ,sir ,roger4 ,as ,i look at him this moment the thought comes to me1 could he bend those stiff old knees of his1 hardened by the centuries into triple stone1 rise up and walk through ,leighstone1 live a week among us1 question us1 know our thoughts1 feelings1 aspirations1 religions1 ascertain all that we have profited by the centuries that have rolled over this tomb1 he would1 after one week of it all1 gather his old joints together and go back to his quiet rest until that #8,tuba mirum spargens sonum ,per sepulchra regionum ,coget omnes ante thronum4' 8,i can't help laughing at the conceit4 ,imagine me escorting this stiff and stony old ,sir ,roger through the streets of ,leighstone1 and introducing him to my relations and friends as my grandfather some six centuries removed4 ,but the fancy sounds irreverent to one whom ,i doubt not was as loyal-hearted a gentleman as ever clove a ,turk to the chine4 ,poor old ,sir ,roger6 ,i must prevent ,mattock making such constant use of his elbow4 ,it is getting quite out of repair40 8,who is ,mattock1 may ,i ask80 8,mattock is a character in his way4 ,he is the ,leighstone grave-digger1 and has been as long as ,i can remember4 ,he claims a kind of fellowship with those he buries1 and he has buried a whole generation of ,leighstonites1 till a contagious hump has risen on his back from the number of mounds he has raised4 ,he is a cynic in his way1 and can be as philosophic over a skull as ,hamlet in the play4 ,he has a wonderful respect1 almost a superstitious regard1 for ,sir ,roger4 ,whenever he strips for a burial1 he commends his goods to the care of my ancestor1 accompanied always by the same remark3 #8,i wonder who laid thee i' the airth8 ,a weighty corpse thou1 a warrant4 ,a deep grave thine1 old stone-beard4 ,well1 lend's your elbow1 and here's to ye1 wherever ye may be4' ,mattock takes special care to fortify himself against possible contingencies with a dram4 #8,cold corpses1' he says1 #8is unhealthy4 ,they are apt to lie heavy on the stomick1 if ye doant guard agin 'em2 corpses doos4 ,so doos oysters4 ,a dram afore burial and another dram after keeps off the miasmys4' ,such is ,mattock's opinion1 backed up by an experience of a quarter of a century4 ,you are evidently a stranger in this neighborhood80 8,yes1 ,i was merely passing through4 ,i am enjoying a walking tour1 being a great walker4 ,it is by far the best method of seeing a country4 ,when in the course of my wanderings ,i come across an old tomb such as this1 an old inscription1 or anything at all that was wrought or writ by reverent hands centuries ago1 and has survived through the changes of time1 ,i am amply repaid for a day's march4 ,doubly so in this instance1 since it has been the fortunate means of bringing me in contact with one whose opinions ,i am happy to think run in many things parallel with my own4 ,and now to step out of the past into the very vulgar present1 ,i am staying at the #8,black ,bull4' ,the #8,black ,bull1' ,i am assured1 is famous for his larder1 so that1 if you feel inclined to ripen the acquaintance begun by the grave of your ancestor1 in the interior of the #8,black ,bull1' ,kenneth ,goodal will consider that he has fallen on an exceptionally happy day40 8,kenneth ,goodal80 ,the name struck me as familiar2 but ,i could not recollect at the moment where ,i had heard it before4 ,i repeated it aloud4 8,it sounds quite a romantic name1 does it not8 ,it was my absurd mother who insisted on the ,kenneth1 after a ,scotch uncle of mine4 ,for that matter ,i suppose it was she who also insisted on the ,goodal4 ,at least my father says so4 ,but she is the sweetest of women to have her own way1 ,heaven bless her6 ,of course ,i had no voice in the matter at all1 beyond the generic squeal of babyhood4 ,had ,i been consulted1 ,i should have selected ,jack1 a jolly1 rough-and-ready title4 ,it carries a sort of slap-me-on-the-back sound with it4 ,one is never surprised at a ,jack getting into scrapes or getting out of them4 ,but it would cause very considerable surprise to hear that a ,kenneth had been caught in any wild enterprise4 ,however1 ,kenneth ,i am1 and ,kenneth ,i must remain1 as staid and respectable as a policeman on duty by very force of title40 8,now ,i remember where ,i heard the name4 ,there were traditions at ,dr4 ,porteous'1 at ,kingsclere1 of a ,kenneth ,goodal who had just left before ,i went there4 ,but he can't have been you40 8,no8 ,why not80 8,he was an awful scape-grace1 they told me4 ,he used to play all kinds of tricks on the masters1 though as great a favorite with them as with the boys4 ,he was a great mimic1 and ,dr4 ,porteous1 who is as solemn as an undertaker at a rich man's funeral1 and as pompous as a parish beadle1 surprised ,kenneth ,goodal one day1 surrounded by a delighted crowd1 listening with such rapt attention to a highly wrought discourse1 after the doctor's best manner1 on the history and philosophy of ,resurrection ,pie1 that it required the unmistakable #8ahem6' of the doctor at the close to announce to actor and audience the presence of the original4 ,the doctor in the grand old-school manner congratulated the youthful ,roscius on talents of whose existence he had been hitherto unaware1 and hinted that a repetition of so successful a performance might encourage him to seek a wider field for so promising a pupil4 ,and when the same ,kenneth thrashed the ,kingsclere ,champion for beating one of the youngsters1 bribing the policeman not to interfere until he had finished him1 the doctor1 who was a model of decorum1 had him up before the whole college1 and delivered an address that is not quite forgotten to this day2 acknowledging the credit to the establishment of such a champion in their midst2 a young gentleman who could mimic his superiors until his identity was lost1 and pummel his inferiors until their identity was lost1 was wasting his great natural gifts in so narrow an arena2 and so on--all delivered in the doctor's best ,ciceronian style4 ,it took a deputation of all the masters and all the boys together to beg the delinquent off a rustication or worse4 ,in fact1 the stories of him and his deeds are endless4 ,how odd that you should have the same name60 ,my new acquaintance laughed outright4 8,i fear ,i must lay claim to more than the name2 that historical personage stands before you4 ,i was with ,dr4 ,porteous for a couple of years1 and had no idea that ,i left such fame behind me4 ,the doctor and ,i became the best of friends after my departure4 ,and so you and ,i are1 in a manner1 old school-fellows8 ,how happy ,i am to have fallen across you4 ,but1 come2 the #8,black ,bull' is waiting40 8,by the elbow of mine ancestor1 nay4 ,such dishonor may not come upon the ,herberts4 ,why1 ,sir ,roger here would rise from his tomb at the thought and denounce me in the market-place4 ,you must come with me4 ,dinner is ready by this time4 ,come as you are4 ,my father will like you4 ,he likes any one who is interested in his ancestors4 ,and my sister1 who1 since my mother's death1 is mistress of the house and mistress of us all1 shall answer for herself40 8,so be it10 he said1 and we passed under the yews1 their sad branches flushed in the sun1 out through the gate1 under the old archway with its mouldering statues1 up the pretty straggling road that formed the ,high ,street of ,leighstone1 arm in arm together1 fast friends we each of us felt1 though but acquaintances of an hour4 ,the instinct that out of a multitude selects one1 though you may scarcely know his name1 and tells you that one is your friend1 is as strange as unerring4 ,it was this unconscious necromancy that had woven a mesh of golden threads caught from the summer sunlight around us as we moved along4 ,its influence was upon us1 breathing in the perfumed air4 ,i had never had a real friend of my own age before1 and ,i hailed this one as the discovery of a life-time4 ,we should strike out together1 tread the same path1 be it rough or smooth1 arm in arm until the end come4 ,damon and ,pythias would be nothing to us4 ,the same loves1 the same hates1 the same hopes1 were to guide1 animate1 and sustain us4 ,castles in the air6 ,castles in the air6 ,who has not built them8 ,who among the sons of men in the neighborhood of twenty summers has not chosen one man out of thousands1 leant upon him1 cherished him1 made him his idol1 loved him above all8 ,and so it goes on1 until some day comes a laughing eye peeping from under a bonnet1 and with one dart the bosom friendship is smitten through and through1 and ,damon is ready to sacrifice a hecatomb of his ,pythiases on the altar of the ox-eyed goddess4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,in ,,memoriam4 ,e4 ,t4 ,,obiit ,,annos ,,nata ,,xv4 ,who says she has wither'd1 that little ,white ,rose8 ,she has been but remov'd from the valley of tears ,to a garden afar1 where her loveliness glows ,begemm'd with the grace-dew of virginal years1 ,i knew we should lose her4 ,the dear ,sacred ,heart ,has a nook in earth's desert for flowerets so rare2 ,and keeps them awhile in safe shelter1 apart ,from the wind and the rain1 from the dust and the glare2 ,but all to transplant them when fairest they bloom1 ,when most we shall miss them4 ,and this1 that our love ,may be haunted the more by the fadeless perfume ,they have left us to breathe of the ,eden above4 ,farewell1 happy maiden6 ,our weariest hours ,may gather a share of thy perfect repose4 ,and fragrantly still with the ,lord of the flowers ,thou wilt plead for thy lov'd ones--our little ,saint ,rose4#ad ,,february #bg1 #ahge4ae ,,the ,,tragedy ,,of ,,the ,,temple4 ,history is like a prison-house1 of which ,time is the only jailer who can reveal the secrets4 ,and ,father ,time is slow to speak4 ,sometimes he is strangely dumb concerning events of deep importance1 sometimes idly garrulous about small matters4 ,when now and then he reveals some long-kept secret1 we refuse to believe him2 we cannot credit that such things ever happened on this planet of ours1 so respectable in its civilized humanity1 so tenderly zealous for the welfare and freedom of its remotest members4 ,but this same humanity is a riddle to which our proudest philosophers have not yet found the clew4 ,it moves mountains to deliver an oppressed mouse1 and sits mute and apathetic while a nation of weak brothers is being hunted to death by a nation of strong ones in the midst of its universal brotherhood2 seeing the most sacred principles and highest interests of the world attacked and imperilled1 and the earth shaken with throes and rendings that will bring forth either life or death1 exactly as humanity shall decide1 and yet not moving a finger either way4 ,then1 when the storm is over and it beholds the wreck caused by its own apathy or stupidity1 it fills the world with an 8agony of lamentation10 gnashes its teeth1 and protests that it slept1 and knew not that these things were being done in its name4 ,sometimes the funeral knell of the victims goes on echoing like a distant thunder-tone for a whole generation1 and is scarcely heeded1 until at last some watcher hearkens1 and wakes us up1 and1 lo6 we find that a tragedy has been enacted at our door1 and the victim has been crying out piteously for help while we slumbered4 ,history is full of these slumberings and awakenings4 ,what an awakening for ,france was that when1 after the lapse of two generations1 the jailer struck the broken stones of the ,temple1 and gave them a voice to tell their story1 bidding all the world attend6 ,the account of the imprisonment and death of ,louis ,,xvii4 had hitherto come down to his people stripped of much of its true character1 and clothed with a mistiness that disguised the naked horror of the truth1 and flattered the sensitive vanity of the nation into the belief--or at any rate into the plausible hope--that much had been exaggerated1 and that the historians of those times had used too strong colors in portraying the sufferings of the son of their murdered king4 ,the ,grande ,nation had been always grand2 she had had her hour of delirium1 and run wild in anarchy and chaos while it lasted2 but she had never disowned her essential greatness1 never forfeited her humanity1 the grandeur of her mission as the eldest daughter of the church of ,christ1 and the apostle of civilization among the peoples4 ,the demon in man's shape1 called ,simon the ,cordwainer1 had disgraced his manhood by torturing a feeble1 inoffensive child committed to his mercy1 but he alone was responsible4 ,the governing powers of the time were in total ignorance of his proceedings2 ,france had no share in the blame or the infamy4 ,the sensational legend of the ,temple was bad enough1 but at its worst no one was responsible but ,simon1 a besotted shoemaker4 ,it was even hinted that the ,dauphin had been rescued1 and had not died in the ,tower at all1 and many tender-hearted ,frenchmen clung long and tenaciously to this fiction4 ,but at the appointed time one man1 at the bidding of the great ,secret-,teller1 stood forth and tore away the veil1 and discovered to all the world the things that had been done1 not by ,simon the ,cordwainer1 but by the ,grande ,nation in his person4 ,m4 de ,beauchesne#af was that man1 and nobly1 because faithfully and inexorably1 he fulfilled his mission4 ,it was a fearful message that he had to deliver1 and there is no doubt but that his work--the result of twenty years' persevering research and study--moved the hearts of his countrymen as no book had ever before moved them4 ,it made an end once and for ever of garbled narratives1 and comforting fables1 and bade the guilty nation look upon the deeds she had done1 and atone for them with ,god's help as best she might4 ,in reading the records of those mad times one ceases to wonder at recent events4 ,they give the key to all subsequent crimes and wanderings4 ,a nation that deliberately1 in cold1 premeditated hate and full wakefulness of reason1 decrees by law in open court that ,god does not exist1 and forthwith abolishes him by act of parliament--a nation that does this commits itself to the consequences4 ,france did this in the ,national ,convention of #agic1 and why should she not pay the penalty8 ,of all the victims of that bloody period1 there is none whose story is so touching as that of the little son of ,louis and ,marie ,antoinette4 ,he was born at ,versailles on the #bgth of ,march1 #aghe4 ,all eye-witnesses describe him as a bright and lovely child1 with shining curls of fair hair1 large1 blue eyes1 liquid as a summer sky1 and a countenance of angelic sweetness and rare intelligence--8a thing of joy0 to all who beheld him4 ,crowds waited for hours to catch a glimpse of him disporting himself in his little garden before the palace1 a flower amidst the flower-beds1 prattling with every one1 making the old park ring with his joyous laughter4 ,one day1 when in the midst of his play1 he ran to meet his mother1 and1 flinging himself into a bush for greater haste1 got scratched by the thorns2 the queen chided him for the foolish impetuosity4 8,how then80 replied the child2 8you told me only yesterday that the road to glory was through thorns40 8,yes1 but glory means devotion to duty1 my son10 was ,marie ,antoinette's reply4 8,then10 cried the little man1 throwing his arms1 round her knees1 8,i will make it my glory to be devoted to you1 mamma60 ,he was about four years old when this anecdote was told of him4 ,it is rather characteristic of the child's destiny that two hours after the bereavement which made him ,dauphin of ,france1 and while his parents were breaking their hearts by the still warm body of his elder brother1 a deputation from the ,tiers ,etat came to demand an audience of the king4 ,louis ,,xvi4 was a prey to the first agony of his paternal grief1 and sent to entreat the deputies to spare him1 and return another day4 ,they sent back an imperious answer1 insisting on his appearing4 8,are there no fathers amongst them80 exclaimed the king2 but he came out and received them4 ,the incident was trifling1 yet it held one of those notes of prophetic anticipation which now first began to be heard1 foretelling the approaching storm in which the old ship of ,french royalty was to be wrecked4 ,on the #fth of ,october the palace of ,versailles was stormed by the mob2 the guards were massacred1 the royal family led captives to ,paris amidst the triumphant yells of the sans-culottes4 ,then followed the gilded captivity of the ,tuileries1 which lasted three years2 then came the #ajth of ,august1 when this was exchanged for the more degrading prison of the ,temple2 then the ,conciergerie--then the scaffold4 ,the ,temple was a ,gothic fortress built in #abab by the ,knights of the ,temple4 ,it had been long inhabited by those famous warrior-knights1 and consisted of two distinct towers1 which were so constructed as to resemble one building4 ,the great tower was a massive structure divided into five or six stories1 above a hundred and fifty feet high1 with a pyramidal roof like an extinguisher1 having at each corner a turret with a conical roof like a steeple4 ,this was formerly the keep1 and had been used as treasury and arsenal by the ,templars2 it was accessible only by a single door in one turret1 opening on a narrow stone stair4 ,the other was called the ,little ,tower1 a narrow oblong with turrets at each angle1 and attached1 without any internal communication1 to its big neighbor on the north side4 ,close by1 within the enclosure of the ,temple1 stood an edifice which had in olden times been the dwelling-house of the prior1 and it was here the royal family were incarcerated on their arrival4 ,the place was utterly neglected and dilapidated1 but from its construction and original use it was capable of being made habitable4 ,the king believed that they were to remain here1 and visited the empty1 mouldy rooms next day1 observing to ,clry what changes and repairs were most urgently required4 ,no such luxurious prospect was1 however1 in store for them4 ,they were merely huddled into the ,prior's ,hotel while some preparations were being made for their reception in the tower4 ,these preparations consisted in precautions1 equally formidable and absurd1 against possible rescue or flight4 ,the heavy oak doors1 the thick stone walls1 which had proved safe enough for murderers and rebel warriors1 were not considered secure for the timid king and his wife and children4 ,doors and windows were reinforced with iron bars1 bolts1 and wooden blinds4 ,the corkscrew stair was ,so narrow that only one person could pass it at a time1 yet new iron-plated doors were put up1 and bars thrown across it at intervals1 to prevent escape4 ,the door leading from it into the royal prisoners' apartment was so low that when ,marie ,antoinette was dragged from her children1 after the king's death1 to be taken to the ,conciergerie1 she knocked her head violently against the upper part of it1 exclaiming to some one who hoped she was not hurt1 8,nothing can hurt me now60 ,the ,abb ,edgeworth thus describes the access to the king's rooms3 8,i was led across the court to the door of the tower1 which1 though very narrow and very low1 was so overcharged with iron bolts and bars that it opened with a horrible noise4 ,i was conducted up a winding stair so narrow that two persons would have had great difficulty in getting past each other4 ,at short distances these stairs were cut across by barriers1 at each of which was a sentinel2 these men were all true sans-culottes1 generally drunk1 and their atrocious exclamations1 re-echoed by the vast vaults which covered every story of the tower1 were really terrifying40 ,for still greater security all the adjoining buildings which crowded round the tower were thrown down4 ,this work of destruction was entrusted to ,palloy1 a zealous patriot1 whose energy in helping to pull down the ,bastile pointed him out as a fit instrument for the occasion4 ,these external arrangements fitly symbolized the systematic brutality which was organized from the first by the ,convention1 and relentlessly carried out by its agents on each succeeding victim1 but by no one so ferociously as ,simon the shoemaker4 ,the most appalling riddle which the world has yet set us to solve is the riddle of the ,french ,revolution4 ,the deepest thinkers1 the shrewdest philosophers1 are puzzling over it still1 and will go on puzzling to the crack of doom4 ,there are causes many and terrible which explain the grand fact of the nation's revolt itself2 why1 when once the frenzy broke out1 the people murdered the king1 and butchered all belonging to him1 striving to bring about a new birth1 a different order of things1 by a baptism of blood1 the death and annihilation of the old system--many wise and solemn words have been uttered concerning these things1 many answers which1 if they do not justify the madness of the ,revolution1 help us to pity1 and in a measure excuse1 its actors2 but the enigma which no one has ever yet solved1 or attempted to solve1 is the excess of cruelty practised on the fair-haired child whose sole crime was his misfortune in being the descendant of the kings of ,france4 ,the ,princesse de ,lamballe fell on the #c;d of ,september at the prison of ,la ,force4 ,the ,national ,guards carried the head on a pike through the city1 and then hoisted it under the windows of the king1 and clamored for him to come out and show himself4 ,one young officer1 more humane than his compeers1 rushed forward and prevented it1 and saved ,louis from beholding the dreadful spectacle4 ,the king was deeply grateful for the kind action1 and asked the officer's name4 8,and who was the other who tried to force your majesty out80 enquired ,m4 de ,malesherbes4 8,oh6 ,i did not care to know his name60 replied ,louis gently4 ,that was a night of horrors4 ,the two princesses1 ,mme4 ,royale and ,princess ,elizabeth1 could not sleep2 the drums were beating to arms1 and they sat in silence1 8listening to the sobs of the queen1 which never ceased40 ,but more cruel days were yet in store4 ,before the month was out the ,commune de ,paris issued a decree for the separation of the king from his wife and children4 8,they felt it10 says this curious document1 8their imperious duty to prevent the abuses which might facilitate the evasion of those traitors1 and therefore decree1 #ast1 that ,louis and ,antoinette be separated4 8#b;d4 ,that each shall have a separate dungeon 7cachot74 8#c;d4 ,that the valet de chambre be placed in confinement1 etc41 etc40 ,that same night the king was removed to the second story of the great tower4 ,the room was in a state of utter destitution2 no preparations of the commonest description had been made for receiving him4 ,a straw bed was thrown down on the floor2 ,clry1 his valet1 had not even this1 but sat up all night on a chair4 ,a month later 7,october7 the queen and her children were transferred to the story over that now occupied by ,louis in the great tower4 ,on the #bfth the ,dauphin was torn from his mother under the pretence that he was now too old to be left to the charge of women1 being just seven years and six months4 ,he was therefore lodged with his father1 who found his chief solace in teaching the child his lessons2 these consisted of ,latin1 writing1 arithmetic1 geography1 and history4 ,the separation was for the present mitigated by the consolation of meeting at meal-times1 and being allowed to be together for some hours in the garden every day4 ,they bore all privations and the insults of their jailers with unruffled patience and sweetness4 ,mme4 ,elizabeth and the queen sat up at night to mend their own and the king's clothes1 which the fact of their each having but one suit made it impossible for them to do in the daytime4 ,this comparatively merciful state of things lasted till the first week in ,december1 when a new set of commissaries were appointed and the captives watched day and night with lynx-eyed rigor4 ,on the #aath the prince was taken back to his mother1 the king was summoned to the bar of the ,convention1 and on his return to prison was informed that he was henceforth totally separated from his family4 ,he never saw them again until the eve of his death4 ,the ,duchesse d',angoulme 7,mme4 ,royale7 has described that interview to us with her usual simplicity and pathos3 8,my father1 at the moment of parting with us for ever1 made us promise never to think of avenging his death4 ,he was well satisfied that we should hold sacred his last instructions2 but the extreme youth of my brother made him desirous of producing a still stronger impression upon him4 ,he took him on his knee1 and said to him1 #8,my son1 you have heard what ,i have said1 but1 as an oath is something more sacred than words1 hold up your hand and swear that you will accomplish the last wish of your father4' ,my brother obeyed1 bursting into tears1 and this touching goodness redoubled ours40 ,the next day ,louis had gone to receive the reward promised to the merciful1 to those who return love for hate1 blessings for curses4 ,when the guillotine had done its work1 the shouts of the infuriated city announced to the queen that she was a widow4 ,her agony was inconsolable4 ,in the afternoon of this awful day she asked to see ,clry1 hoping that he might have some message for her from the king1 with whom he had remained till his departure from the ,temple4 ,she guessed right2 the faithful servant had been entrusted with a ring1 which the king desired him to deliver to her with the assurance that he never would have parted with it but with his life4 ,but ,clry was not allowed the mournful privilege of fulfilling his trust in person2 he was kept a month in the ,temple1 and then released4 8,we had now a little more freedom10 continues ,mme4 ,royale4 8,the guards even believed that we were about to be sent out of ,france2 but nothing could calm the agony of the queen4 ,no hope could touch her heart2 life was indifferent to her1 and she did not fear death40 ,her son1 meanwhile1 had nominally become ,king of ,france4 ,the armies of ,la ,vende proclaimed him as ,louis ,,xvii41 under the regency of his uncle1 the ,comte de ,provence4 ,he was ,king of ,france everywhere except in ,france1 where he was the victim of a blind ferocity unexampled in the history of the most wicked periods of the world4 ,the 8freedom0 which the ,duchesse d',angoulme speaks of lasted but a few days2 the royal family were all now in the queen's apartment1 but kept under1 if possible1 more rigid and humiliating supervision than before4 ,their only attendants were a certain ,tison and his wife1 who had hitherto been employed in the most menial household work of the ,temple4 ,they were coarse and ignorant by nature1 and soon the confinement to which they were themselves condemned so soured their temper that they grew cruel and insolent1 and avenged their own privations on their unhappy prisoners4 ,they denounced three of the municipals whom they detected in some signs of respect and sympathy for the queen1 and these men were all guillotined on the strength of the ,tisons' evidence4 ,the woman went mad with remorse when she beheld the mischief her denunciations had done4 ,at first she sank into a black melancholy4 ,marie ,antoinette and the ,princess ,elizabeth attended on her1 and did their utmost to soothe her during the first stage of the malady2 but their gentle charity was like coals of fire on the head of their persecutor4 ,she soon became furious1 and had to be carried away by force to a mad-house4 ,about the #fth of ,may the young prince fell ill4 ,the queen was alarmed1 and asked to see ,m4 ,brunier1 his ordinary physician2 the request was met with a mocking reply1 and no further notice taken of it1 until the child's state became so serious that the prison doctor was ordered by the ,commune to go and see what was amiss with him4 ,the doctor humanely consulted ,m4 ,brunier1 who was well acquainted with the patient's constitution1 and otherwise did all that was in his power to alleviate his condition4 ,this was not much1 but the queen and ,mme4 ,elizabeth1 who for three weeks never left the little sufferer's pillow1 were keenly alive to the kindness of the medical man4 ,this illness made no noise outside the ,temple walls2 but ,mme4 ,royale always declared that her brother had never really recovered from it1 and that it was the first stage of the disease which ultimately destroyed him4 ,the government had hitherto been too busy with more important matters to have leisure to attend to such a trifle as the life or death of 8little ,capet40 ,it was busy watching and striving to control the struggle between the ,jacobins and the ,girondists1 which ended finally in the overthrow of the latter4 ,on the #ith of ,july1 however1 it suddenly directed its notice to the young captive1 and issued a decree ordering him to be immediately separated from ,antoinette1 and confided to a tutor 7instituteur71 who should be chosen by the nation4 ,it was ten o'clock at night when six commissaries1 like so many birds of ill-omen1 entered the ,temple1 and ascended the narrow1 barricaded stairs leading to the queen's rooms4 ,the young prince was lying fast asleep in his little curtainless bed1 with a shawl suspended by tender hands to shade him from the light on the table1 where his mother and aunt sat mending their clothes4 ,the men delivered their message in loud tones2 but the child slept on4 ,it was only when the queen uttered a great cry of despair that he awoke1 and beheld her with clasped hands praying to the commissaries4 ,they turned from her with a savage laugh1 and approached the bed to seize the prince4 ,marie ,antoinette1 quicker than thought1 flew towards it1 and1 clasping him in her arms1 clung despairingly to the bed-post4 ,one of the men was about to use violence in order to seize the boy1 but another stayed his hand1 exclaiming3 8,it does not become us to fight with women2 call up the guard60 ,horror-stricken at the threat1 ,mme4 ,elizabeth cried out3 8,no1 for ,god's sake1 no6 ,we submit1 we cannot resist2 but give us time to breathe4 ,let the child sleep out the night here4 ,he will be delivered to you to-morrow40 ,this prayer was spurned1 and then the queen entreated as a last mercy that her son might remain in the tower1 where she might still see him4 ,a commissary retorted brutally1 tutoyant her1 8,what6 you make such a to-do because1 forsooth1 you are separated from your child1 while our children are sent to the frontiers to have their brains knocked out by the bullets which you bring upon us60 ,the princesses now began to dress the prince2 but never was there such a long toilet in this world4 ,every article was passed from one to another1 put on1 taken off again1 and replaced after being drenched with tears4 ,the commissaries were losing patience4 8,at last10 says ,mme4 ,royale1 the queen1 gathering up all her strength1 placed herself in a chair1 with the child standing before her1 put her hands on his little shoulders1 and1 without a tear or a sigh1 said with a grave and solemn voice1 8,my child1 we are about to part4 ,bear in mind all ,i have said to you of your duties when ,i shall be no longer near to repeat it4 ,never forget ,god1 who thus tries you1 nor your mother1 who loves you4 ,be good1 patient1 kind1 and your father will look down from heaven and bless you40 ,having said this1 she kissed him and handed him to the commissaries4 ,one of them said3 8,come1 ,i hope you have done with your sermonizing2 you have abused our patience finely40 ,another dragged the boy out of the room1 while a third added3 8,don't be uneasy2 the nation will take care of him60 ,then the door closed4 ,take care of him6 ,not even in that hour of supreme anguish1 quickened as her imagination was by past and present experience of the nation's 8care10 could his mother have pictured to herself what sort of guardianship was in preparation for her son4 ,that night which saw him torn from her arms and from beneath the protecting shadow of her immense love1 beheld the little ,king of ,france transferred to the pitiless hands of ,simon and his wife4 ,simon was a thick-set1 black-visaged man of fifty-eight years of age4 ,he worked as a shoemaker next door to ,marat1 whose patronage procured for him the office of 8tutor0 to the son of ,louis ,,xvi4 ,his wife is described as an ill-favored woman of the same age as her husband1 with a temper as sour and irascible as his was vicious and cruel4 ,they got five hundred francs a month for maltreating the 8little ,capet10 whom ,simon never addressed except as 8viper40 8wolf-cub10 8poison-toad10 adding kicks and blows as expletives4 ,for two days and nights the child wept unceasingly1 refusing to eat or sleep1 and crying out continually to be taken back to his mother4 ,he was starved and beaten into sullen silence and a sort of hopeless submission4 ,if he showed terror or surprise at a threat1 it was treated as insolent rebellion1 and he was seized and beaten as if he had attempted a crime4 ,all this first month of ,simon's tutorship the child was so ill as to be under medical treatment4 ,but this was no claim on the tutor's mercy2 if it had been1 he would have been unfitted for his task1 and would not have been chosen for it4 ,he was astonished1 nevertheless1 at the indomitable spirit of his victim1 at the quiet firmness with which he bore his treatment1 and at the perseverance with which he continued to insist on being restored to his mother4 ,how long would it take to break this royal 8wolf-cub08 ,simon began to be perplexed about it4 ,he must have advice from headquarters1 and fuller liberty for the exercise of his own ingenuity4 ,four members of the ,committee of ,sret ,gnrale betook themselves to the ,temple1 and there held a conference with the patriot shoemaker which remains one of the most curious incidents of those wonderful days4 ,amongst the four councillors was ,drouet1 the famous post-master of ,sainte ,mnhould1 and ,chabot1 an apostate monk4 ,one of the others related the secret conference to ,snart1 secretary of the committee1 who thus transcribed it at the time3 8,citizens10 asks ,simon1 8what do you decide as to the treatment of the wolf-cub8 ,he has been brought up to be insolent4 ,i can tame him1 but ,i cannot answer that he will not sink under it 7crever74 ,so much the worse for him2 but1 after all1 what do you mean to do with him8 ,to banish him80 ,answer3 8,no40 8,to kill him80 8,no40 8,to poison him80 8,no40 8,but what1 then80 8,to get rid of him0 7s'en dfaire74 ,from this forth the severity of ,simon knew no bounds but those of his own fiendish powers of invention4 ,he applied his whole energies to the task of 8doing away with0 the poor child4 ,he made him slave like a dog at the most laborious and menial work2 he was shoe-black1 turnspit1 drudge1 and victim at once4 ,not content with thus degrading him1 ,simon insisted that the boy should wear the red cap as an external badge of degradation4 ,the republican symbol was no doubt associated in the child's mind with the bloody riots of the year before2 for the mere sight of it filled him with terror1 and nothing that his jailer could say or do could persuade him to let it be placed on his head4 ,simon1 exasperated by such firmness in one so frail and young1 fell upon him and flogged him unmercifully1 until at last ,mme4 ,simon1 who every now and then showed that the woman was not quite dead within her1 interfered to rescue the boy1 declaring that it made her sick to see him beaten in that way4 ,but she hit upon a mode of punishment which1 though more humane1 proved more crushing to the young captive than either threats or blows4 ,his fair hair1 in which his mother had taken such fond pride1 still fell long and unkempt about his shoulders4 ,mme4 ,simon declared that this was unseemly in the little ,capet1 and that he should be shorn like a son of the people4 ,she forthwith proceeded to cut off the offending curls1 and in a moment1 before he realized what she was about to do1 the shining locks lay strewn at his feet4 ,the effect was terrible2 the child uttered a piteous cry1 and then lapsed into a state of sullen despair4 ,all spirit seemed to have died out of him2 and when ,simon1 perceiving this1 again approached him with the hated cap1 he made no resistance1 gave no sign1 but let it be placed on his little shorn head in silence4 ,the shabby black clothes that he wore by way of mourning for his father were now taken off1 and replaced by a complete ,carmagnole costume2 still ,louis offered no opposition4 ,he was taken out for exercise on the leads every day1 and1 to prevent the queen having the miserable satisfaction of catching a glimpse of him on these occasions1 a wooden partition had been run up2 it was loosely put together1 however1 and ,mme4 ,elizabeth discovered a chink through which it was possible to see the captive as he passed4 ,marie ,antoinette was filled with thankfulness when she heard of this1 and overcoming her reluctance to leave her room1 from which she had never stirred since the king's death1 she now used every subterfuge for remaining on the watch within sight of the chink4 ,at last1 on the #bjth of ,july1 her patience was rewarded4 ,but what a spectacle it was that met her gaze6 ,her beautiful1 fair-haired child1 cropped as if he had just recovered from a fever1 and dressed out in the odious garb of his father's murderers1 driven along by the brutal ,simon1 and addressed in coarse and horrible language4 ,she was near enough to hear it1 to see the look of terror and suffering on the child's face as he passed4 ,yet1 such strength does love impart to a mother in her most trying needs1 the queen was able to see it all and remain mute and still2 she did not cry out1 nor faint1 nor betray by a single movement the horror that made her very heart stand still1 but1 rising slowly from the spot1 returned to her room4 ,the shock had almost paralyzed her1 and she resolved that nothing should ever tempt her to renew it4 ,but the longing of the mother's heart overcame all other feelings4 ,the next day she returned to her watch-point1 and waited for hours until the little feet were heard on the leads again1 accompanied as before by ,simon's heavy tread and rough tones4 ,what ,marie ,antoinette must have suffered during those few days1 when she beheld with her own eyes and heard with her own ears the sort of tutelage to which her innocent child was subjected1 ,god1 and perhaps a mother's heart1 alone can tell4 ,that young soul1 whose purity she had guarded as the very apple of her eye1 was now exposed to the foulest influences2 for prayers and pious teachings he heard nothing but blasphemy and curses2 his faith1 that precious flower which had been planted so reverently and watered with such tender care1 what was to become of it--what had become of it already8 ,none but ,god knew1 and to ,god alone did the mother look for help4 ,he who saved ,daniel in the lions' den and the children in the fiery furnace was powerful to save his own now1 as then2 he would save her child1 for man was powerless to help4 ,one of ,simon's diabolical amusements was to force the prince to use bad language and sing blasphemous songs4 ,blows and threats were unavailing so long as the boy caught any part of the revolting sense of the words2 but at last1 deceived no doubt by the very grossness of the expressions1 and unable to penetrate their meaning1 he took refuge from blows in compliance1 and with his sweet childish treble piped out songs that were never heard beyond the precincts of a tavern or a guard-house4 ,the queen heard this once4 ,angels heard it1 too1 and1 closing their ears to the loathsome sounds1 smiled with angels' pity on the unconscious treason of their little kindred spirit4 ,but this new crisis of misery was not of long duration to ,marie ,antoinette4 ,about three days after her first vision of ,simon and his victim1 the commissaries entered her room in the dead of the night1 and read a decree1 ordering them to convey her to the ,conciergerie4 ,this was the first step of the scaffold4 ,the summons would have been welcome to the widow of ,louis ,,xvi41 if she had not been a mother2 but she was1 and the thought of leaving her son in the hands of men whose aim was not merely to 8slay the body10 but to destroy the soul1 made the prospect of her own deliverance dreadful to contemplate4 ,but ,god was there--,god1 who loved her son better and more availingly than even she loved him4 ,she committed him once more to ,god1 and commended her daughter to the tender and virtuous ,elizabeth1 little dreaming that the same fate which had befallen the brother was soon to be awarded to the gentle1 inoffensive sister4 ,on the same day that the queen was sent to the ,conciergerie1 preparatory to her execution1 a member of the ,convention sent a toy guillotine as a present to 8the little ,capet10 doubtless with the merciful design of acquainting the poor child with his mother's impending fate4 ,a subaltern officer in the ,temple1 however1 had the humanity to intercept the fiendish present1 for the young prince never received it4 ,it was the fashion of the day to teach children to play at beheading sparrows1 which were sold on the boulevards with little guillotines1 by way of teaching them to love the republic and to scorn death4 ,it is rather a curious coincidence that ,chaumette1 the man who sent the satanic toy to the ,dauphin1 was himself decapitated by it a year before the death of the child whom he thought to terrify by his cruel gift4 ,while the mock trial of the queen was going on1 ,simon pursued more diligently than ever his scheme of demoralization4 ,a design which must first have originated in some fiend's brain had occurred to him1 and it was necessary to devise new means for carrying it into execution4 ,he would make this spotless1 idolized child a witness against his mother2 the little hand which hers had guided in forming its first letters1 and taught to lift itself in prayer1 should be made an instrument in the most revolting calumny which the human mind ever conceived4 ,simon began to make the boy drink2 when he attempted to refuse1 the liquor was poured into his mouth by force2 until at last1 stupefied and unconscious of what he was doing1 unable to comprehend the purpose or consequence of the act1 he signed his name to a document in which the most heinous accusations were brought against his august mother4 ,the same deposition was presented to his sister for her signature2 but without the same success4 8,they questioned me about a thousand terrible things of which they accused my mother and my aunt10 says ,mme4 ,royale2 8and1 frightened as ,i was1 ,i could not help exclaiming that they were wicked falsehoods40 ,the examination lasted three hours1 for the deputies hoped that the extreme youth and timidity of the princess would enable them to compel her consent to sign the paper2 but in this they were mistaken4 8,they forgot10 continues ,mme4 ,royale1 8the life that ,i had led for four years past1 and1 above all1 that the example shown me by my parents had given me more energy and strength of mind40 ,the queen's trial lasted two entire days and nights without intermission4 ,not a single accusation1 political or otherwise1 was confirmed by a feather's weight of evidence4 ,but what did that signify8 ,the judges had decreed beforehand that she must die4 ,hbert brought forward the document signed by her son2 she listened in silent scorn1 and disdained to answer4 ,one of the paid assassins on the jury demanded why she did not speak4 ,the queen1 thus adjured1 drew herself up with all the majesty of outraged motherhood1 and1 casting her eyes over the crowded court1 replied3 8,i did not answer2 but ,i appeal to the heart of every mother who hears me40 ,a low murmur ran through the crowd4 ,no mother raised her voice in loyal sympathy with the mother who appealed to them1 but the inarticulate response was too powerful for the jury2 they dropped the subject1 and when the counsel nominally appointed for her defence had done speaking1 the president demanded of the prisoner at the bar whether she had anything to add4 ,there was a moment's hush1 and then the queen spoke3 8,for myself1 nothing2 for your consciences1 much6 ,i was a queen1 and you dethroned me2 ,i was a wife1 and you murdered my husband2 ,i was a mother1 and you have torn my children from me4 ,i have nothing left but my blood--make haste and take it60 ,this last request was granted4 ,the trial ended soon after daybreak on the third day1 and at eleven o'clock the same forenoon she was led to the scaffold4 ,seldom has retribution more marked ever followed a crime1 than that which awaited the perpetrators of this legal murder4 ,within nine months from the death of ,marie ,antoinette every single individual known to have had any share in the deed--judges1 jury1 witnesses1 and prosecutors--all perished on the same guillotine to which they condemned the queen4 ,the captives in the ,temple knew nothing either of the mock trial or the death which followed it4 ,it is difficult to understand the motive of this silence1 especially as concerns ,simon4 ,perhaps it was owing to his wife's influence that the young prince was spared the blow of knowing that he was an orphan4 ,if so1 it was the only act of mercy she was able to obtain for him4 ,the brutalities of the jailer rather increased than diminished after the queen's death4 ,the child was locked up alone in a room almost entirely dark1 and the gloom and solitude reduced him to such a point of despondency and apathy that few hearts1 even amongst the cruel men about him1 could behold the wretched spectacle unmoved4 ,one of the municipals begged ,simon's leave to give the poor child a little artificial canary bird1 which sang a song and fluttered its wings4 ,the toy gave him such intense pleasure that the man good-naturedly followed up the opportunity of ,simon's mild mood to bring a cage full of real canaries1 which he was likewise allowed to give the little ,capet4 ,the birds were tamed to come on his finger and perch on his shoulder1 and had other pretty tricks which amused and delighted the poor little fellow inexpressibly4 ,he was very happy in the society of his feathered friends for some time1 until one unlucky day a new commissary came to inspect his room1 and1 expressing great surprise at 8the son of the tyrant0 being allowed such an aristocratic amusement1 ordered the cage to be instantly removed4 ,simon1 to atone for this passing weakness towards the wolf-cub1 set himself to maltreat him more savagely than ever4 ,the child1 in the midst of the revolting atmosphere which surrounded him1 still cherished the memory of his mother's teaching2 he remembered the prayers she had taught him1 the lessons of love and faith she had planted in his heart4 ,simon had flogged him the first time he saw him go down on his knees to say his prayers1 so the child ever after went to bed and got up without repeating the offence4 ,we may safely believe that he sent up his heart to ,god morning and night1 nevertheless1 though he did not dare kneel while doing so4 ,one night1 a bitter cold night in ,january1 ,simon awoke1 and1 by the light of the moon that stole in through the wooden blind of the window1 beheld the boy kneeling up in his bed1 his hands clasped and his face uplifted in prayer4 ,he doubted at first whether the child was awake or asleep2 but the attitude and all that it suggested threw him into a frenzy of superstitious rage2 he took up a large pitcher of water1 icy cold as it was1 and flung it1 pitcher and all1 at the culprit1 exclaiming as he did so1 8,i'll teach you to get up ,pater-nostering at night like a ,trappist60 ,not satisfied with this1 he seized his own shoe--a heavy wooden shoe with great nails--and fell to beating him with it1 until ,mme ,simon1 terrified by his violence and sickened by the cries of the victim1 rushed at her husband1 and made him desist4 ,louis1 sobbing and shivering1 gathered himself up out of the wet bed1 and sat crouching on the pillow2 but ,simon pulled him down1 and made him lie in the soaking clothes1 perishing and drenched as he was4 ,the shock was so great that he never was the same after this night2 it utterly broke the little spirit that yet remained in him1 and gave a blow to his health which it never recovered4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,spring4 ,the spring-time has come1 ,but with skies dark and gray ,and the wind waileth wildly ,through all the drear day4 ,few glimpses of sunshine1 ,no thought of the flowers1 ,no bird's songs enliven ,these chill1 gloomy hours4 ,the snow lieth coldly ,where lately it fell1 ,the crocus and daisy ,yet sleep in the dell2 ,the frost yet at evening ,falls softly and chill1 ,and scatters his pearls ,over meadow and hill4 ,but ,april1 sweet ,april-- ,her tears bring no gloom-- ,will pour on the zephyr ,a violet perfume2 ,will bid the rill glance ,in the sunlight along1 ,and waken at morning ,the bird's gushing song4 ,i am thinking of one ,who oft sought for the flowers ,in the sunlight and shadow ,of ,april's bright hours4 ,but when winter's bleak winds ,sang a dirge for the year1 ,with pale lips1 yet smiling1 ,she lay on her bier4 ,the flowers then that died ,will awaken again1 ,but her we have loved ,we shall look for in vain2 ,yet1 though we have laid her ,beneath the dark sod1 ,she bloometh this spring ,in the garden of ,god4 ,,substantial ,,generations4 ,i4 ,we have shown that the intrinsic principles of the primitive material substance are the matter and the substantial form2 and we have proved that in the material element the matter is a mere mathematical point--the centre of a virtual sphere--whilst the substantial form which gives existence to such a centre is an act1 or an active principle1 having a spherical character1 and constituting a sphere of power all around that centre1 as shown by its exertions directed all around in accordance with the ,newtonian law4 ,hence the nature of the matter as actuated by its substantial form1 and the nature of the substantial form as terminated to its matter1 are fully determined4 ,it would seem that nothing remains to be investigated about this subject2 for1 when we have reached the first constituent principles of a given essence1 the metaphysical analysis is at an end4 ,one question1 however1 remains to be settled between us and the philosophers of the ,aristotelic school concerning the mutual relation of the matter and the substantial form in a material being4 ,is such a relation variable or invariable8 ,is the matter separable from any given substantial form1 as the ,aristotelic theory assumes1 or are the matter and its form so bound together as to form a unit substantially unchangeable8 ,can substantial forms be supplanted and superseded by other substantial forms1 or do they continue for ever as they were at the instant of their creation8 ,some of our readers may think that what we have said in other preceding articles suffices to settle the question2 for it is obvious that simple material elements are substantially unchangeable4 ,but the peripatetic school looked at things from a different point of view1 and thought that the question was to be solved by the consideration of the potentiality of the first matter with respect to all substantial forms4 ,hence it is under this aspect that their opinion is to be examined1 that a correct judgment may be formed of the merits and deficiencies of a system so long advocated by the most celebrated philosophers4 ,for this reason1 as also because some modern writers have resuscitated this system without taking notice of its defects1 and without making such corrections as were required to make it agree with the positive sciences1 we think it necessary to examine the notions on which the whole ,aristotelic theory is established1 and the reasonings by which it is supported1 and to point out the inaccuracies by which some of those reasonings are spoiled1 as well as the limits within which the conclusions of the school can be maintained4 ,materia prima4--,the notion of 8first matter10 which plays the principal part in the theory of substantial generations1 has been the source of many disputes among philosophers4 ,some1 as ,suarez1 think that the materia prima is metaphysically constituted of act and potency2 others consider the materia prima as a real potency only2 whilst others consider it as a mere potency of being1 and therefore as a non-entity4 ,the word 8matter0 can1 in fact1 be used in three different senses4 ,first1 it is used for material substance1 either compound or simple2 as when steel is said to be the matter of a sword1 or when the primitive elements are said to be the matter of a body4 ,when taken in this sense1 the word 8matter0 means a physical being1 substantially perfect1 and capable of accidental modifications4 ,secondly1 the word 8matter0 is used for the potential term lying under the substantial form by which it is actuated4 ,in this sense the matter is a metaphysical reality which1 by completing its substantial form1 concurs with it to the constitution of the physical being--that is1 of the substance4 ,it is usually called materia formata1 or 8formed matter40 ,thirdly1 the word 8matter0 is used also for the potential term of substance conceived as deprived of its substantial form4 ,in this sense the matter is a mere potency of being1 and therefore a being of reason2 for it cannot thus exist in the real order3 and it is then called materia informis1 or 8unformed matter40 ,it is1 however1 to be remarked that the phrase materia informis has been used by the fathers of the church to designate the matter as it came out of the hands of the ,creator before order1 beauty1 and harmony were introduced into the material world4 ,such a matter was not absolutely without form1 as is evident4 ,of the three opinions above mentioned about the nature of materia prima1 the one maintained by ,suarez is1 in the present state of physical science1 the most satisfactory1 though it can scarcely be said to agree with the ,aristotelic theory1 as commonly understood4 ,indeed1 if such a first matter is metaphysically constituted of act and potency1 as he maintains1 such a matter is nothing less than a primitive substance1 as he also maintains2 and we may be allowed to add1 on the strength of the proofs given in our preceding articles1 that such a first matter corresponds to our primitive unextended elements1 which1 though unknown to ,suarez1 are in fact the first physical matter of which all natural substances are composed4 ,but1 if the first matter involves a metaphysical act and is a substance1 such a matter cannot be the subject of substantial generation2 for what is already in act is not potential to the first act1 and what has already a first being is not potential to the first being4 ,hence we may conclude that the first matter of ,suarez excludes the theory of rigorously substantial generations1 and leads to the conclusion that the generated substances are not new with respect to their substance1 but only with regard to their compound essence1 and that the forms by which they are constituted are indeed essential to them1 but not strictly substantial1 as we intend hereafter to explain4 ,the second interpretation of the words materia prima is that given by ,s4 ,thomas1 when he considers the first matter as 8matter without form10 and as a mere potency of being4 8,the matter10 he says1 8exists sometimes under one form1 and at other times under another2 but it can never exist isolated--that is1 by itself--because1 as it does not involve in its ratio any form1 it cannot be in act 7for the form is the only source of actuality71 but can merely be in potency4 ,and therefore1 nothing which is in act can be called first matter40#ag ,from these words it is evident that ,s4 ,thomas considers the first matter as matter without form2 for1 had it a form1 it would be in act1 and would cease to be called 8first0 matter4 ,in another place he says3 8,since the matter is a pure potency1 it is one1 not through any one form actuating it1 but by the exclusion of all forms40#ah ,and again3 8,the accidental form supervenes to a subject already pre-existent in act2 the substantial form1 on the contrary1 does not supervene to a subject already pre-existent in act1 but to something which is merely in potency to exist1 viz41 to the first matter40#ai ,and again3 8,the true nature of matter is to have no form whatever in act1 but to be in potency with regard to any of them40#bj ,and again3 8,the first matter is a pure potency1 just as ,god is a pure act40#ba ,from these passages1 and from many others that might be found in ,s4 ,thomas' works1 it is manifest that the holy doctor1 in his metaphysical speculations1 considers the first matter as matter without a form4 ,in this he faithfully follows ,aristotle's doctrine4 ,for the ,greek philosopher explicitly teaches that 8as the metal is to the statue1 or the wood to the bedstead1 or any other unformed material to the thing which can be formed with it1 so is the matter to the substance and to the being02#bb that is1 as the metal has not yet the form of a statue1 so the first matter still lacks the substantial form1 and consequently is a pure potency of being4 ,nevertheless1 the ,angelic ,doctor does not always abide by this old and genuine notion of the first matter4 ,when treating of generation and corruption1 or engaged in other physical questions1 he freely assumes that the first matter is something actually lying under a substantial form1 and therefore that it is a real potency in the order of nature1 and not a mere result of intellectual abstraction4 ,thus he concedes that 8the first matter exists in all bodies10#bc that 8the first matter must have been created by ,god under a substantial form10#bd and that 8the first matter remains in act1 after it has lost a certain form1 owing to the fact that it is actuated by another form40#be ,in these passages and in many others the first matter is evidently considered as matter under a form4 ,it is difficult to reconcile with one another these two notions1 matter without a form1 and matter under a form2 for they seem quite contradictory4 ,the only manner of attempting such a conciliation would be to assume that when the first matter is said to be without a form1 the preposition 8without0 is intended to express a mental abstraction1 not a real exclusion1 of the substantial form4 ,thus the phrase 8without a form0 would mean 8without taking the form into account10 although such a form is really in the matter4 ,this interpretation of the phrase might be justified by those passages of the holy doctor in which the first matter1 inasmuch as first1 is presented as a result of intellectual abstraction4 ,here is one of such passages3 8,first matter10 says he1 8is commonly called something1 within the genus of substance which is conceived as a potency abstracted from all forms and from all privations1 but susceptible both of forms and of privations40#bf ,it is evident that1 by this kind of abstraction1 the matter which is actually under a form would be conceived as being without a form4 ,as1 however1 the conception would not correspond to the reality1 the first matter1 thus conceived1 would have nothing common with the real matter which exists in nature4 ,for1 since the whole reality of matter depends on its actuation by a form1 to conceive the matter without any form is to take away from it the only source of its reality1 and to leave nothing but a non-entity connoting the privation of its form4 ,hence such a materia prima would entirely belong to the order of conceptual beings1 not to the order of realities2 and therefore the matter which exists in nature would not be 8first matter40 ,it is superfluous to remark that if the first matter does not exist1 as first1 in the real order1 all the reasonings of the peripatetic school about the offices performed by the first matter in the substantial generation are at an end4 ,the confusion of actuated with actuable matter was quite unavoidable in the ,aristotelic theory of substantial generations4 ,this theory assumes that not only the primitive elements of matter1 but also every compound material substance1 has a special substantial form giving the first being 7simpliciter esse1 or primum esse7 to its matter4 ,hence1 in the substantial generation1 as understood by ,aristotle1 the matter must pass from one first being to another first being4 ,now1 the authors who adopted such a theory well saw that the matter which had to acquire a first being1 was to be considered as having no being at all2 else it would not acquire its first being4 ,on the other hand1 the matter which passed from one first being to another was to be considered as having a first being2 or else it would not exchange it for another4 ,hence the first matter1 as ready to acquire a first being1 was called a pure potency--that is1 a potency of being2 whilst1 as ready to exchange its first being for another1 it was called a real potency--that is1 an actual reality4 ,that a pure potency can be a real potency1 or an actual reality1 is an assumption which the peripatetic school never succeeded in proving1 though it is the very foundation of the theory of strictly substantial generations as by them advocated4 ,before we proceed further we have to mention ,s4 ,augustine's notion of unformed matter1 as one which contains a great deal more of truth than is commonly believed by the peripatetic writers4 ,this great doctor admits that unformed matter was created1 and existed for a time in its informity4 8,the earth10 says he1 8was nothing but unformed matter2 for it was invisible and uncompounded1 ''' and out of this invisible and uncompounded matter1 out of this informity1 out of this almost mere nothingness1 thou wast to make1 ,o ,god6 all the things which this changeable world contains40#bg ,some will ask3 ,how could such a great man admit the existence of matter without a form8 ,did he not know that a potency without an act cannot exist8 ,or is it to be suspected that what he calls unformed matter was not altogether destitute of a form1 but only of such a form as would make it visible as in the compound bodies8 ,s4 ,thomas believes that ,s4 ,augustine really excluded all forms from his unformed matter1 and remarks that such an unformed matter could not possibly exist in such a state2 for1 if it existed1 it was in act as a result of creation4 ,for the term of creation is a being in act2 and the act is a form4#bh ,thus it is evident that to admit the existence of the matter without any form at all is a very gross blunder4 ,but1 for this very reason that the blunder is so great1 we cannot believe that ,s4 ,augustine made himself guilty of it4 ,we rather believe that he merely excluded from his unformed matter a visible shape1 and what was afterward called 8the form of corporeity0 by which compound substances are constituted in their species and distinguished from one another4 ,let us hear him4 8,there was a time10 says he1 8when ,i used to call unformed1 not that which ,i thought to be altogether destitute of a form1 but that which ,i imagined to be ill-formed1 and to have such an odd and ugly form as would be shocking to see4 ,but what ,i thus imagined was unformed1 not absolutely1 but only in comparison with other things endowed with better forms2 whilst reason and truth demanded that ,i should discard entirely all thought of any remaining form1 if ,i wished to conceive matter as truly unformed4 ,but this ,i could not do2 for it was easier to surmise that a thing altogether deprived of form had no existence1 than to admit anything intermediate between a formed being and nothing1 which would be neither a formed being nor nothing1 but an unformed being and almost a mere nothing4 ,at last ,i dropped from my mind all those images of formed bodies1 which my imagination was used to multiply and vary at random1 and began to consider the bodies themselves1 and their mutability on account of which such bodies cease to be what they were1 and begin to be what they were not4 ,and ,i began to conjecture that their passage from one form to another was made through something unformed1 not through absolute nothing4 ,but this ,i desired to know1 not to surmise4 ,now1 were ,i to say all that thou1 ,o ,god6 hadst taught me about this subject1 who among my readers would strive to grasp my thought8 ,but ,i shall not cease to praise thee in my heart for those very things which ,i cannot expound4 ,for the mutability of changeable things is susceptible of all the forms by which such things can be changed4 ,but what is such a mutability8 ,is it a soul8 ,is it a body8 ,is it the feature of a soul or of a body8 ,were it allowable1 ,i would call it a nothing-something1 and a being non-being4 ,and yet it was already in some manner before it received these visible and compounded forms40#bi ,the more we examine this passage1 the stronger becomes our conviction that the word 8form0 was used here by ,s4 ,augustine1 not for the substantial form of ,aristotle1 but for shape or geometric form1 and that 8unformed matter0 stands here for shapeless matter4 ,for1 when he says that 8reason and truth demand that all thought of any remaining forms should be discarded10 of what remaining forms does he speak8 ,of those 8odd and ugly forms0 which he says would be shocking to see4 ,but it is evident that no substantial form can be odd and ugly or shocking to see4 ,moreover1 ,s4 ,augustine conceives his 8unformed matter10 by dropping from his mind 8all those images of formed bodies0 by which his imagination had been previously haunted4 ,now1 it is obvious that substantial forms are not an object of the imagination1 nor can they be styled 8images0 of formed bodies4 ,lastly1 the holy doctor explicitly says that the matter of the bodies 8was already in some manner before it could receive these visible and compounded forms10 which shows that the forms which he excluded from the primitive matter are 8the visible and compounded forms0 of bodies--that is1 such forms as result from material composition4 ,and this is confirmed by those other words of the holy doctor1 8,the earth was nothing but unformed matter2 for it was invisible and uncompounded0--that is1 the informity of the earth consisted in the absence of material composition1 and1 therefore1 of visible shape1 not in the absence of primitive substantial forms4 ,it would be interesting to know why ,s4 ,augustine believed that his readers would not bear with him 7quis legentium capere durabit87 if he were to say all that ,god had taught him about shapeless matter4 ,had ,god taught him the existence of simple and unextended elements8 ,was his shapeless matter that simple point1 that invisible and uncompounded potency1 on account of which all elements are liable to geometrical arrangement and to physical composition8 ,the holy doctor does not tell us2 but certainly1 if there ever was shapeless matter1 it could have no extension1 for extension entails shape4 ,it would1 therefore1 seem that ,s4 ,augustine's shapeless matter could not but consist of simple and unextended elements2 and if so1 he had good reason to expect that his readers would scorn a notion so contrary to the popular bias2 as we see that even in our own time1 and in the teeth of scientific and philosophical evidence1 the same notion cannot take hold of the popular mind4 ,if the unformed matter of ,s4 ,augustine is matter without shape and without extension1 we can easily understand why he calls it pene nullam rem1 viz41 scarcely more than nothing4#cj ,indeed1 the potential term of a primitive element1 a simple point in space1 is scarcely more than nothing2 for it has no bulk1 and were it not for the act which gives it existence1 it would be nothing at all1 as it has nothing in itself and in its potential nature which deserves the name of 8being02 but it borrows all its being from the substantial act1 as we shall explain later on4 ,it is1 therefore1 plain that the matter of a simple element1 and of all simple elements1 is hardly more than nothing1 and that it might almost be described as a nothing-something1 and a being non-being1 as ,s4 ,augustine observes4 ,but when the primitive matter began to cluster into bodies having bulk and composition1 then this same matter acquired a visible form under definite dimensions1 and thus one mass of matter became distinguishable from another1 and by the arrangement of such distinct material things the order and beauty of the world were produced4 ,thus ,s4 ,augustine did not admit the existence of matter deprived of a substantial form1 but only the existence of matter without shape1 and therefore without extension4 ,and for this reason we have said that his doctrine contains more truth than is commonly believed by the peripatetic writers4 ,his uncompounded matter can mean nothing else than simple elements2 and since the components are the material cause of the compound1 and must be presupposed to it1 the simple elements of which all bodies consist are undoubtedly those material beings which ,god must have created before anything having shape and material composition could make its appearance in the world4 ,hence ,s4 ,augustine's view of creation is1 in this respect1 perfectly consistent with sound philosophy no less than with revelation4 ,his shapeless matter must be ranked1 we think1 with the first matter of ,suarez above mentioned1 under the name of primitive material substance4 ,as to the first matter of ,s4 ,thomas and of the other followers of ,aristotle1 it is difficult to say what it is2 for we have seen that it has been understood in two different manners4 ,if we adopt its most received definition1 we must call it 8a pure potency0 and 8a first potency40 ,according to this definition1 the first matter is a non-entity1 as we have already remarked1 and has no part in the constitution of substance1 any more than a corpse in the constitution of man2 for1 as the body of man is not a living corpse1 so the matter in material substance is not a pure potency in act1 both expressions implying a like contradiction4 ,hence the first matter1 according to this definition1 is not a metaphysical being1 but a mere being of reason--that is1 a conception of nothingness as resulting from the suppression of the formal principle of being4 ,from our notion of simple elements we can form a very clear image of this being of reason4 ,in a primitive element the matter borrows all its reality from the substantial form of which it is the intrinsic term--that is1 from a virtual sphericity of which it is the centre4 ,to change such a centre into a pure potency of being1 we have merely to suppress the virtual sphericity2 for1 by so doing1 what was a real centre of power becomes an imaginary centre1 a term deprived of its reality1 a mere nothing2 which however1 from the nature of the process by which it is reached1 is still conceived as the vestige of the real centre of power1 and1 so to say1 the shadow of the real matter which disappears4 ,thus the materia prima1 as a pure potency1 is nothing else than an imaginary point in space1 or the potency of a real centre of power4 ,this clear and definite conception of the first matter is calculated to shed some additional light on many questions connected with the peripatetic philosophy1 and1 above all1 on the very definition of matter4 ,the old metaphysicians1 when defining the first matter to be 8a pure potency10 had no notion of the existence of simple elements1 and knew very little about the law of material actions2 and for this reason they could say nothing about the special character of such a pure potency4 ,for the same reason they were unable also to point out the special nature of the first act of matter2 they simply recognized that the conspiration of such a potency with such an act ought to give rise to a 8movable being40 ,but potency and act are to be found not only in material1 but also in spiritual1 substances2 and as these substances are of a quite different nature1 it is evident that their respective potencies and their respective acts must be of a quite different nature4 ,now1 the special character of the potency of material substance consists in its being a local term1 whilst the special character of the potency of spiritual substance consists in its being an intellectual term4 ,and therefore1 to distinguish the former from the latter1 we should say that the matter is 8a potential term in space0 and the first matter 8a potency of being in space40 ,the additional words 8in space0 point out the characteristic attribute of the material potency as distinguished from all other potencies4 ,moreover1 our conception of materia prima as an imaginary point in space may help us to realize more completely the distinction which must be made between the non-entity of the first matter and absolute nothingness4 ,absolute nothingness is a mere negation of being1 or a negative non-entity2 whereas the non-entity of the first matter is formally constituted by a privation1 and must be styled a privative non-entity4 ,for1 as the matter and its substantial form are the constituents of one and the same primitive essence1 we cannot think of the matter without reference to the form1 nor of the form without reference to the matter4 ,and therefore1 when1 in order to conceive the first matter1 we suppress mentally the substantial form1 we deprive the matter of what it essentially requires for its existence2 and it is in consequence of such a process that we reduce the matter to a non-entity4 ,now1 to exclude from the matter the form which is due to it is to constitute the matter under a privation4 ,therefore the resulting non-entity of the first matter is a privative non-entity4 ,indeed1 privation is defined as 8the absence of something due to a subject10 and we can scarcely say that a non-entity is a subject4 ,but this definition applies to real privations only1 which require a real subject lacking something due to it2 as when a man has lost an eye or a foot4 ,but in our case1 as we are concerned with a pure potency of being1 which has no reality at all1 our subject can be nothing else than a non-entity4 ,this is the subject which demands the form of which it is bereaved1 as it cannot even be conceived without reference to it4 ,the very name of matter1 which it retains1 points out a form as its transcendental correlative2 while the epithet 8first0 points out the fact that this matter is yet destitute of that being which it should have in order to deserve the name of real matter4 ,but1 much as this notion of the first matter agrees with that of 8pure potency0 and of 8first potency10 the followers of the peripatetic system will say that their first matter is something quite different1 as is evident from their theory of substantial generations1 which would have no meaning1 if the first matter were not a reality4 ,let us1 then1 waive for the present the notion of 8pure potency10 and turn our attention to that of 8real potency10 that we may see what kind of reality the first matter must be1 when the 8first matter0 is identified with the matter actually existing under a substantial form4 ,the matter actuated by a form is a real potency1 and nothing more4 ,it is only by stretching the word 8being0 beyond its legitimate meaning that this real potency is sometimes called a real being4 ,in fact1 the potential term of the real being is real1 not on account of any real entity involved in its own nature1 but merely on account of the real act by which it is actuated4 ,how anything can be real without possessing an entity of its own our reader may easily understand by recollecting what we have often remarked about the centre of a sphere1 whose reality is entirely due to the spherical form1 or by reflecting that negations and privations are similarly called real1 not because of any entity involved in them1 but simply because they are appurtenances of real beings4 ,we have seen that ,s4 ,augustine would fain have called the primitive matter a nothing-something and a being non-being1 if such phrases had been allowable4 ,his thought was deep1 but he could not find words to express it thoroughly4 ,our 8real potency0 is that 8nothing-something0 which was in the mind of the holy doctor4 ,s4 ,thomas gives us a clew to the explanation of such a 8nothing-something0 by remarking that to be and to have being are not precisely the same thing4 ,to be is the attribute of a complete act1 whilst to have being is the attribute of a potency actuated by its act4 ,that is said to be which contains in itself the formal reason of its being2 whilst that is said to have being which does not contain in itself the formal reason of its being1 but receives its being from without1 and puts it on as a borrowed garment4 ,of course1 ,god alone can be said to be in the fullest meaning of the term1 as he alone contains in himself the adequate reason of his being2 yet all created essence can be said to be1 inasmuch as it contains in itself the formal reason of its being--that is1 an act giving existence to a potency2 whereas the potency itself can be said merely to have being1 because being is not included in the nature of potency1 but must come to it from a distinct source4 ,and therefore1 as a thing colored has color1 but is not color1 and as a body animated has life1 but is not life1 so the matter actuated by its form has being1 but is not a being4 ,some philosophers1 who failed to take notice of this distinction1 maintained that the matter which exists under a substantial form is an incomplete being1 and an incomplete substance4 ,the expression is not correct4 ,for1 if the matter which lies under the substantial form were an incomplete being1 it would be the office of the form to complete it4 ,now1 the substantial form can have no such office2 for the form always inchoates what the matter completes4 ,it is always the term that completes the act1 whilst the act actuates the term by giving it the first being4 ,hence the matter which lies under its substantial form is not an incomplete entity4 ,nor is it an entity destined to complete the form2 for1 if the term which completes a form were a being1 such a term would be a real subject1 and thus the form terminated to it would not be strictly substantial1 as it would not give it the first being4 ,moreover1 the matter and the substantial form constitute one primitive essence1 in which it is impossible to admit a multiplicity of entitative constituents2 and therefore1 since the substantial form1 which is a formal source of being1 is evidently an entitative constituent1 it follows that the matter lying under it has no entity of its own1 but is merely clothed with the entity of its form4 ,but1 true though it is that the matter lying under a substantial form has no entity of its own1 it is1 however1 a real term1 as we have already intimated2 hence it may be called a reality4 ,and since reality and entity are commonly used as synonymous1 we may admit that the formed matter is an entity1 adjectively1 not substantively1 just as we admit that ivory is a sphere when it lies under a spherical form4 ,nevertheless the ivory1 to speak more properly1 should be said to have sphericity rather than to be a sphere2 for1 though it is the subject of sphericity1 it is not spherical of its own nature4 ,in the same manner1 a body vivified by a soul is called living2 but1 properly speaking1 it should be styled having life1 because life is not a property of the body as such1 but it springs from the presence of the soul in the body4 ,the like is to be said of the being of the matter as actuated by the substantial form4 ,it is from the form alone that such a matter has its first being2 and therefore such a matter has only a borrowed being1 and is a real potency1 not a real entity4 ,such is1 we believe1 the true interpretation of ,s4 ,augustine's phrase3 8nothing-something0 and 8being non-being0--,nihil aliquid1 et est non est4 ,nor is it strange that the matter should be a reality without being an entity1 properly so called2 for the like happens with all the real terms of contingent things4 ,thus the real term of a line 7the point7 is no linear entity1 though it certainly belongs to the line1 and is something real in the line2 the real term of time 7the present instant1 or the now7 is no temporal entity1 as it has no extension1 though it certainly belongs to time1 and is something real in time2 the real term of a body 7the simple element7 is no bodily entity1 as it has no bulk1 though it certainly belongs to the body1 and is something real in it2 the real term of a circle 7the centre7 is no circular entity1 though it certainly belongs to the circle1 and is something real in it4 ,and in like manner the real term of a primitive contingent substance 7its potency7 is no substantial entity1 though it evidently belongs to the contingent substance1 and is something real in it4 ,in ,god alone1 whose being excludes contingency1 the substantial term 7the ,word7 stands forth as a true entity--a most perfect and infinite entity--for1 as the term of the divine generation is not educed out of nothing1 it is absolutely free from all potentiality1 and is in eternal possession of infinite actuality4 ,hence it is that ,god alone1 as we have above remarked1 can be said to be in the fullest meaning of the term4 ,as the best authors agree that the matter which is under a substantial form is no being1 but only 8a real potency10 we will dispense with further considerations on this special point4 ,what we have said suffices to give our readers an idea of the materia prima of the ancients1 and of the different manners in which it has been understood4 ,substantial form4--,coming now to the notion of the substantial form the first thing which deserves special notice is the fact that the phrase 8substantial form0 can be interpreted in two manners1 owing to the double meaning attached to the epithet 8substantial40 ,all the forms which supervene to a specific nature already constituted have been called 8accidental10 and all the forms which enter into the constitution of a specific nature have been called 8substantial40 ,but as the accident can be contrasted with the essence no less than with the substance of a thing1 so the substantial form can be defined either as that which gives the first being to a certain essence1 or as that which gives the first being to a substance as such4 ,the schoolmen1 in fact1 left us two definitions of their substantial forms1 of which the first is3 8,the substantial form is that which gives the first being to the matter02 the second is3 8,the substantial form is that which gives the first being to a thing40 ,the first definition belongs to the form strictly substantial1 for the result of the first actuation of matter is a primitive substance2 whereas the second has a much wider range1 because all things which involve material composition1 in their specific nature1 receive the first specific being by a form which needs not give the first existence to their material components1 and which1 therefore1 is not strictly a substantial form4 ,thus a molecule of oxygen1 because it contains a definite number of primitive elements1 cannot be formally constituted in its specific nature1 except by a specific composition2 and such a composition is an essential1 though not a truly substantial1 form of the compound1 as we shall more fully explain in another article4 ,the strictly substantial form contains in itself the whole reason of the being of the substance2 for the matter which completes it does not contribute to the constitution of the substance1 except as a mere term--that is1 by simply receiving existence1 and therefore without adding any new entity to the entity of the form4 ,whence it follows that the form itself contains the whole reason of the resulting essence4 8,although the essence of a being10 says ,s4 ,thomas1 8is neither the form alone nor the matter alone1 yet the form alone is1 in its own manner1 the cause of such an essence40#ca ,it cannot1 however1 be inferred from this that the strictly substantial form is a physical being4 ,physical beings have a complete essence and an existence of their own2 which is not the case with any material form4 8,even the forms themselves10 according to ,s4 ,thomas1 8have no being2 it is only the compounds 7of matter and form7 that have being through them40#cb ,and again3 8,the substantial form itself has no complete essence2 for in the definition of the substantial form it is necessary to include that of which it is the form40#cc ,it is plain that a being which has no complete essence and no possibility of a separate existence cannot be styled a physical being1 but only a metaphysical constituent of the physical being4 ,the schoolmen teach that the substantial forms of bodies are educed out of the potency of matter4 ,this proposition is true4 ,for the so-called 8substantial0 forms of bodies are not strictly substantial1 but only essential or natural forms1 as they give the first existence1 not to the matter of which the bodies are composed1 but only to the bodies themselves4 ,now1 all bodies are material compounds of a certain species1 and therefore involve distinct material terms bound together by a specific form of composition1 without which such a specific compound can have no existence4 ,the specific form of composition is therefore the essential form of a body of a given species2 and such is the form that gives the first being to the body4 ,to say that such a form is educed out of the potency of matter is to state an obvious truth1 as it is known that the composition of bodies is brought about by the mutual action of the elements of which the bodies are constituted1 which action proceeds from the active potency1 and actuates the passive potency of the matter of the body1 as we shall explain more fully in the sequel4 ,but the old natural philosophers1 who had no notion of primitive unextended elements1 when affirming the eduction of substantial forms out of the potency of matter1 took for granted that such forms were strictly substantial1 and gave the first being not only to the body1 but also to the matter itself of which the body was composed4 ,in this they were mistaken2 but the mistake was excusable1 as chemistry had not yet shown the law of definite proportions in the combination of different bodies1 nor had the spectroscope revealed the fact that the primitive molecules of all bodies are composed of free elementary substances vibrating around a common centre1 and remaining substantially identical amid all the changes produced by natural causes in the material world4 ,nevertheless1 had they not been biassed by the ,ipse dixit1 the peripatetics would have found that1 though accidental forms1 and many essential forms too1 are educed out of the potency of matter1 yet the strictly substantial forms cannot be so educed4 ,the matter may be conceived either as formed or as unformed4 ,if it is formed1 it is already in possession of its substantial form and of its first being1 which it never loses1 as we shall prove hereafter4 ,therefore such a matter is not in potency with regard to its first being2 and thus no strictly substantial form can be educed from the potency of the formed matter4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the matter is yet unformed1 it is plain that such a matter cannot be acted on by natural agents2 for it has no existence in the order of things1 and therefore it cannot be the subject of natural actions4 ,how1 then1 can it receive the first being8 ,owing to the impossibility of explaining how the unformed matter could be actuated by natural agents1 those who admitted the eduction of substantial forms out of the potency of matter were constrained to assume that the first matter had some reality of its own1 and consisted intrinsically1 as ,suarez teaches1 of act and potency4 ,but1 though it is true that the matter must have some reality in order to receive from natural agents a new form1 it is evident that such a new form cannot be strictly substantial2 for it cannot give the first being to a matter already endowed with being4 ,hence no strictly substantial form can be naturally educed out of the potency of matter4 ,if1 then1 a truly substantial form could in any sense be educed out of the potency of matter1 such an eduction should be made1 not by natural causes1 but by ,god himself in the act of creation2 for no agent1 except ,god1 can bring matter into existence4 ,but we think that even in this case it would be incorrect to say that the substantial form is educed out of the potency of matter4 ,for1 although the unformed matter1 and the nothingness out of which things are educed by creation1 admit of no real difference1 yet the unformed matter1 as a privative non-entity1 involves a formality of reason1 which absolute nothingness does not involve2 and hence to substitute the unformed matter for absolute nothingness as the extrinsic term of creation1 is to present the fact of creation under a false formality4 ,god creates a substance1 not by educing its form out of a privative non-entity--that is1 out of an abstraction--but by educing the substance itself out of nothingness4 ,and for this reason it would be quite incorrect to call creation an eduction of a substantial form out of the potency of matter4 ,there is yet another reason why creation should not be so explained4 ,for the philosophers who admit the eduction of substantial forms out of the potency of matter1 assume1 either explicitly or implicitly1 that such a potency is real1 though they often call it 8a pure potency10 as we have stated4 ,their matter is therefore a real subject of substantial generations4 ,now1 it is obvious that creation neither presupposes nor admits a previous real subject4 ,hence1 to say that creation is the eduction of a substantial form out of the potency of matter1 would be to employ a very mischievous phrase1 with nothing to justify it1 even if no other objection could be raised against its use4 ,we conclude that strictly substantial forms are never educed out of the potency of matter1 but are simply educed out of nothing in creation4 ,as1 however1 every such form gives being to its matter1 without which it cannot exist1 we commonly say that the whole substance1 and not its form as such1 is educed out of nothing4 ,s4 ,thomas says3 8,the term of creation is a being in act2 and its act is its form0#cd--the form1 evidently1 which gives the first being to the matter1 and which is therefore truly and properly substantial4 ,hence1 before the position of this act1 nothing exists in nature which can be styled 8matter10 whilst at the position of this act1 and by virtue of it1 the material substance itself is instantly brought into existence4 ,accordingly1 the position of an act which formally gives existence to its term is the very eduction of the substance out of nothing2 and the strictly substantial form is educed out of nothing in the very creation of the substance1 whereas the matter1 at the mere position of such a form1 and through it immediately1 acquires its first existence4 ,the matter1 as the reader may recollect1 is to its form what the centre of a sphere is to the spherical form4 ,hence1 as the centre acquires its being by the mere position of a spherical form1 so the matter acquires its being by the mere position of the substantial form1 without the concurrence of any other causality4 ,this last conclusion may give rise to an objection1 which we cannot leave without an answer4 ,the objection is the following3 ,if the matter receives its first being through the substantial form alone1 it follows that ,god did not create the matter1 but only the form itself4 ,we answer that when we speak of the creation of matter1 the word 8matter0 means 8material substance40 ,for the term of creation1 as we have just remarked with ,s4 ,thomas1 is the being in act--that is1 the complete being1 as it physically exists in the order of nature4 ,now1 such a being is the substance itself4 ,on the other hand1 to create the being in act is to produce the act which is the formal reason of the being2 and since the position of the act entails the existence of a potential term1 it is evident that ,god1 by producing the act1 causes the existence of the potential term4 ,but as this term is not a 8real being10 but only a 8real potency10 and as its reality is merely 8borrowed0 from the substantial form1 it has nothing in itself which requires making1 and therefore it cannot be the term of a special creation4 ,the old philosophers1 who admitted the separability of the matter from its substantial form1 and who were for this reason obliged to grant to such a matter an imperfect being1 were wont to say that the matter was con-created with the form1 and thus they seem to have conceived the creation of a primitive material substance as including two partial creations4 ,but1 as a primitive being includes but one act1 it cannot be the term of two actions2 for two actions imply two acts4 ,on the other hand1 the matter which is under the substantial act has no entity of its own1 as we have shown to be the true and common doctrine1 and therefore has no need of a special effection1 but only of a formal actuation4 ,hence the creation of a primitive material substance does not consist of two partial creations4 ,we may1 however1 adopt the term 8con-created0 to express the fact that the position of the act entails the reality of the potential term1 just as the position of sphericity entails the existence of a centre4 ,the preceding remarks have been made with the object of preparing the solution of a difficulty concerning the creation of matter4 ,for matter is potential1 whilst ,god is a pure act without potency2 but a pure act without potency cannot produce anything potential1 since it does not contain in itself any potentiality nor anything equivalent to it4 ,therefore the origin of matter cannot be accounted for by creation4 ,the answer to this difficulty is as follows3 ,we grant that the matter1 as distinguished from the form which gives it the first being1 and therefore as a potential term of the primitive substance1 cannot be created1 for it is no being at all1 but only a potency of being2 and yet it does not follow that the material substance itself cannot be created4 ,of course ,god does not contain in himself1 either formally or eminently1 the potentiality of his own creatures1 but he eminently contains in himself and can produce out of himself an endless multitude of acts giving existence to as many potential terms4 ,and thus ,god1 by producing any such act1 causes the existence of its correspondent potency1 which is not efficiently made1 but only formally actuated1 as has been just explained4 ,creation is an action1 and action is the production of an act2 hence 8the term of creation is a being in act1 and this act is the form10 as ,st4 ,thomas teaches2 the matter1 on the contrary1 or the potency of the created being1 is a term coming out of nothingness by formal actuation1 and consequently having no being of its own1 but owing whatever existence it has to the act or form of which it is the term2 so that1 if ,god ceased to conserve such an act1 the term would instantly vanish altogether without need of a special annihilation4 ,nothingness is the source of all potentiality and imperfection1 as ,god is the source of all actuality and perfection4 ,hence even the spiritual creatures1 in which there is no matter1 are essentially potential1 inasmuch as they1 too1 have come out of nothing4 ,this suffices to show that ,god1 though containing in himself no formal and no virtual potentiality1 can create a substance essentially constituted of act and potency4 ,for we have seen that1 to create such a substance1 ,god needs only to produce an act ad extra1 and that such an act contains in itself the formal reason of its proportionate potency2 because 8although the essence of a being is neither the form alone nor the matter alone1 yet the form alone is in its own manner 7that is1 by formal principiation7 the cause of such an essence40 ,and let this suffice respecting the general notions of first matter and substantial form4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,leader ,,of ,,the ,,centrum ,,in ,,the ,,german ,,reichstag4 ,the ,catholics of ,germany have suffered a great loss in the death of ,herman von ,mallinkrodt1 deputy to the ,reichstag4 ,germany now realizes what he was1 and it is indeed a pleasure for us to honor in this periodical the memory of this extraordinary man by giving a short sketch of his life4 ,herman von ,mallinkrodt was born in ,minden 7,westphalia71 on the #eth of ,february1 #ahba4 ,his father1 who was of noble birth and a ,prussian officer of state1 was a ,protestant2 his mother1 ne ,von ,hartman1 of ,paderborn1 was an excellent ,catholic4 ,all the children of this marriage were baptized ,catholics--which is very seldom the case in mixed marriages--and were filled with the true ,catholic spirit4 ,like ,herman1 so also did his brother and sister1 who were older than he1 distinguish themselves by their decidedly ,catholic qualities4 ,george1 who had become the possessor of the old convent of ,boeddekken1 founded in the year #hcg by ,s4 ,meinulph1 cherished a special devotion towards this the first saint of ,paderborn1 and rebuilt the chapel1 destroyed in the beginning of this century by the ,prussian government4 ,this chapel is greatly esteemed as a perfect specimen of ,gothic architecture1 and is now held in high honor1 as being the final resting-place of ,herman von ,mallinkrodt4 ,his sister1 ,pauline1 the foundress and mother-general of the sisterhood of 8,christian ,love10 has become celebrated by the success she has achieved in the education of girls4 7,the principal teacher of ,pauline was the noble convert and celebrated poetess1 ,louisa ,aloysia ,hensel1 in whose verses1 according to the criticism of the ,protestant historian ,barthel1 more tender and ,christian sentiments are expressed than are to be found in any ,german production of modern times47 ,these excellent ,sisters were also expelled1 as being dangerous to the state1 and sought as well as found a new field of usefulness in ,america1 the land of freedom4 ,the true ,catholic discipline of these three children they owe to the careful training of their mother and the pure ,catholic atmosphere of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 to which city their father was sent as vice-president of the government4 ,herman followed the profession of his father1 and studied jurisprudence4 ,the interest felt by the young jurist in whatever concerned the church is seen in the following incident1 which had an important influence on his whole life3 ,when the time had arrived for him to pass his state examination1 he retired to the quiet of ,boeddekken4 ,from different themes he selected the one treating on the judicial relations between church and state4 ,not being satisfied with the view taken by certain authors1 he endeavored to arrive at a knowledge of the matter by personal investigation1 and after fourteen months of close application he succeeded in establishing a system which proved itself on all sides tenable and in harmony with the writings of the old canonists of the church4 ,the person to whose judgment the production was submitted declared that the treatise1 although excellent1 was too strongly in favor of the church1 but that the author had permission to publish it1 which1 however1 was not done4 ,herman1 nevertheless1 as he afterwards told one of his friends1 had never to retract one of the principles he then maintained2 he had only to let them develop themselves more fully4 ,as he in his youth did not rest until he had become perfect master of any theme he had to discuss1 so also did he never in afterlife ascend the tribune1 upon which he won imperishable honors1 until he had digested the whole matter in his mind4 ,we make no mention of the positions which ,mallinkrodt occupied as the servant of the state4 ,it is well known that his strong ,catholic sentiments were for the ,prussian government an insurmountable objection to his being elevated to a post corresponding with his eminent ability1 until he1 as counsellor of the government at ,merseburg1 left the ungrateful service of the state4 ,it was1 however1 his good fortune to apply the talents which ,almighty ,god had given him in so full a measure1 to his parliamentary duties for eighteen years1 from #aheb to #ahgd1 the short interruption from #ahfd to #ahfh excepted4 ,in his life his friends recognized his merits1 and in his death even his enemies confessed that a great man had passed away4 ,this prominent leader ,almighty ,god has taken from us in a sudden and unexpected manner4 ,the last ,prussian ,diet1 at whose session he was more conspicuous than ever before1 had adjourned1 and in paying his farewell visits before his return to his home in ,nord-,borchen1 where he possessed a family mansion1 he contracted a cold1 which finally developed itself into an inflammation of the lungs and of the membrane covering the thorax4 ,on the fifth day of his sickness the man who1 by his indefatigable public labors and the grief he felt for the afflictions undergone by the church1 had worn out his life1 passed to his eternal reward1 on the #bfth of ,may1 in the #ec;d year of his age4 ,he had married ,thecla1 ne ,von ,bernhard1 a step-sister of his first wife1 several months before his death1 and she was present when he died4 ,placing one hand in hers1 he embraced with the other the cross1 which in life he had always venerated and chosen as his standard4 ,no pen can describe the heartfelt anguish which the ,catholic people of ,germany felt at their loss4 ,at the funeral services in ,berlin the distinguished members of all parties were present4 ,the government alone failed to acknowledge the merit of one who had so long been an eminent leader in the ,reichstag4 ,paderborn1 to which city the body was conveyed1 has never witnessed such a grand funeral procession as that of ,von ,mallinkrodt4 ,from thence to ,boeddekken1 a distance of nine miles1 one congregation after the other formed the honorary escort1 not counting the crowd of mourners who had gathered together at ,boeddekken1 where the deceased was to be buried in the chapel of ,s4 ,meinulph4 ,a large number of members of the ,centrum party1 nearly all the nobility of ,westphalia1 were here assembled1 and many cities of ,germany sent deputies1 who deposited laurel wreaths upon the coffin4 ,it was an imposing sight when his ,excellency ,dr4 ,windthorst approached the open grave to strew1 as the last service of love1 some blessed earth upon the remains of his dear friend1 the tears streaming meanwhile from his eyes4 ,during the funeral services the bells of the ,cathedral of ,mnster tolled solemnly for two hours1 summoning ,catholics from the different districts to attend the ,high ,mass of ,requiem for the beloved dead2 so that the words of the ,holy ,scriptures applied to the hero of the ,machabees can be truly applied also to ,von ,mallinkrodt3 8,and all the people ''' bewailed him with great lamentation0 7#a ,machabees ix4 #bj74 ,it is a remarkable fact that even his opponents1 who during his lifetime attacked him with all manner of weapons1 could not but bestow the most unqualified praises upon him in death4 ,it would seem that the eloquence of ,von ,mallinkrodt during his latter years had been all in vain2 for although every seat was filled as soon as he ascended the tribune to speak1 and he was listened to with profound attention1 yet he exercised no influence upon the votes1 for the reason that they had previously been determined upon4 ,no one was found who could reply to his forcible arguments1 for they were unanswerable4 ,not only his graceful oratory1 but the very appearance of a man so true to his convictions1 had its effect even upon his opponents4 ,it will not be out of place for us to give a few of the tributes paid to his memory by those who differed from him in politics4 ,even in ,berlin1 where titles are so plentiful1 the general sentiment was one of sorrow4 8,with respectful sympathy10 writes the ,spener ,gazette1 8we have to announce the unexpected death of a man distinguished not only for talent1 but for integrity--,herman von ,mallinkrodt1 deputy to the ,reichstag4 ,he was sincerely convinced of the justice of the cause he espoused4 ,greater praise we cannot bestow upon a friend1 nor can we refrain from acknowledging that our late adversary always acted from principle40 8,von ,mallinkrodt10 says the correspondent of the ,berlin ,progress1 8stood in the first rank when there was question regarding the policy of the government against the church2 no other orator1 not only of his own party1 but even of the opposition1 could compare with him in logical reasoning or in rhetorical skill4 ,his speeches give evident proof of the rare combination of truth and ability to be found in this great man40 ,the fault-finding ,elberfelder ,gazette testifies as follows to the eloquence of our deputy3 8,who that has listened to even one of ,von ,mallinkrodt's speeches can ever forget the fascinating eloquence or the picturesque appearance of the orator--reminding one of the ,duke of ,alba1 by the perfect dignity of his manner and the classic form of his discourse80 ,the ,magdeburg correspondent almost goes further when he says3 8,he served his party with such disinterestedness1 and was so indifferent to his own advancement1 that it would be well if all political parties could show many such characters--men who live exclusively for one idea1 and sacrifice every temporal advantage to this idea4 ,the ,reichstag will find it difficult to fill the vacuum caused by the death of ,von ,mallinkrodt4 ,in this all parties agree2 and members who combated the principles of the deceased with the greatest earnestness1 nevertheless confess that in energy and vigor of expression he was seldom equalled and never excelled by any one40 8,in regard to his exterior appearance10 the ,magdeburg ,gazette says3 8,von ,mallinkrodt1 with his erect person1 beautifully-formed head1 stern features1 and flashing eyes1 was a fine specimen of a man who knew how to control his temper1 and not give way to an outburst of passion at an important moment4 ,he was a leader who1 in the severest combat1 could impart courage and confidence to his followers1 and he stood as firm as a rock when any attempt was made to crush him4''' ,he will not be soon forgotten by those with whom he has had intellectual contests4 ,of ,von ,mallinkrodt1 who stands alone among men1 it can be truly said3 #8,he was a great man4'0 ,the reader will pardon us for selecting from among the many tributes of respect paid to the memory of ,von ,mallinkrodt one taken from the democratic ,frankfort ,gazette1 edited by ,jews1 which journal at other times keeps its columns open to the most outrageous attacks upon the ,catholic ,church4 ,it says with great truth3 8,the single idea of the church entirely filled the mind of this extraordinary and wonderful man2 and firmly as he upheld the system of ,mhler-,krtzig1 as steadfastly did he oppose the policy of ,falk4 ,in this opposition he grew stronger from session to session1 the governing principle of his life developed itself more and more fully1 and he became bolder in his attack upon the ministers and their parliamentary friends4 ,talent and character were united in him2 a true son of the church1 he was at the same time a true son of mother earth1 and his healthy organization had its effect upon his disposition4 ,the last session of the ,reichstag saw him at the height of his usefulness2 his last grand speech1 in reference to the laws against the bishops1 was1 as his friends and opponents acknowledge1 the most important parliamentary achievement since the beginning of the conflict4''' ,in him the ,reichstag loses not only one of its shining lights1 but also a character of iron mould1 such as is seldom found preserved in all its strength in the present unsettled state of public affairs4 ,we cannot join in the requiem which the priests will sing around his catafalque1 but his honest opponents will venerate his memory1 for he was1 what can be said of but few in our degenerate times--a true man40 ,with these noble qualities ,von ,mallinkrodt possessed the greatest modesty2 he was accessible to every one1 cheerful and familiar in the happy circle of his friends1 respectful to his political opponents1 just and reasonable to ,protestants1 and devoted to his spiritual mother1 the ,catholic ,church4 ,like ,o',connell1 during his parliamentary labors he had constant recourse to prayer4 8,pray for me60 were his farewell words to his sister when he went to ,berlin to enter the arena of politics4 ,when he had concluded the above-mentioned last and grand speech in the ,reichstag1 in regard to the laws against the bishops1 with the words1 ,per crucem ad lucem1 which he himself translated1 8through the cross to joy10 and when he descended the tribune1 he went directly to the seat of ,rev4 ,father ,miller1 of ,berlin1 counsellor of the bishop1 stretched out his hand to him1 and said1 8,you have prayed well60 ,it is said of him that before any important debate in the chambers he went in the morning to ,holy ,communion4 ,the people of ,nord-,borchen tell one another with emotion how1 without ever having been noticed by him1 they have observed their good ,von ,mallinkrodt pass hours in prayer in the lonely chapel near ,borchen4 ,what pious aspirations he made in that secluded spot ,god alone knows4 ,he was always very fond of reciting the ,rosary1 which devotion displayed itself particularly upon his death-bed4 ,he asked the ,sister who nursed him to recite the beads with him1 as his weakness prevented him from praying aloud4 ,when his wife approached his couch of pain1 after greeting her affectionately1 he told her to look for his rosary and crucifix1 which she would find lying beside him on the right4 ,the following day1 when his sister1 the ,superioress ,pauline1 had arrived in ,berlin1 after a friendly salutation1 he said to her3 8,it is indeed good that you are here2 say with me another decade of the ,rosary40 ,it is related of ,o',connell that in a decisive moment he would always retire to a corner in the ,house of ,parliament1 in order to say the ,rosary2 it was also the habit of ,von ,mallinkrodt4 ,the same living faith which animated him in life gave him also consolation in death4 8,think of ,s4 ,elizabeth10 said he to his wife1 ,thecla2 8she also became a widow when young40 ,when his wife1 the day previous to his death1 spoke to him of the love and grief of his five children1 tears filled his eyes2 but he wiped them quietly away without uttering a word1 and looked up to heaven4 ,he explained to the ,sister who attended him why during his whole illness he had never felt any solicitude concerning his temporal or family affairs2 for1 said he1 8,i have confidence in ,god40 ,another remarkable feature of his last sickness1 which testifies to the peaceful state of mind of this ,christian warrior1 who fought the cause1 but not the individual1 was the fact that he evinced real satisfaction that his personal relations toward his political opponents had become no worse1 but even more friendly4 ,it was this sentiment which1 when the fever had reached its height1 caused him to exclaim3 8,i was willing to live in peace with every one2 but justice must prevail6 ,should ,christians not speak more like ,christians when among ,christians80 ,as ,von ,mallinkrodt lived by faith1 so also did he die1 embracing the sign of redemption2 and thus he passed away per crucem ad lucem--through the cross to joy4 ,,an ,,exposition ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,view ,,of ,,recent ,,difficulties ,,and ,,controversies ,,and ,,the ,,present ,,needs ,,of ,,the ,,age4#ce 8,these are not the times to sit with folded arms1 while all the enemies of ,god are occupied in overthrowing every thing worthy of respect40--,,pius ,,ix41 ,jan4 #ac1 #ahgc4 8,yes1 this change1 this triumph1 will come4 ,i know not whether it will come during my life1 during the life of this poor ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ2 but that it must come1 ,i know4 ,the resurrection will take place and we shall see the end of all impiety40--,,pius ,,ix41 ,anniversary of the ,roman ,plbiscite1 #ahgb4 ,i4 ,,the ,,question ,,stated4 ,the ,catholic ,church throughout the world1 beginning at ,rome1 is in a suffering state4 ,there is scarcely a spot on the earth where she is not assailed by injustice1 oppression1 or violent persecution4 ,like her divine ,author in his ,passion1 every member has its own trial of pain to endure4 ,all the gates of hell have been opened1 and every species of attack1 as by general conspiracy1 has been let loose at once upon the church4 ,countries in which ,catholics outnumber all other ,christians put together1 as ,france1 ,austria1 ,italy1 ,spain1 ,bavaria1 ,baden1 ,south ,america1 ,brazil1 and1 until recently1 ,belgium1 are for the most part controlled and governed by hostile minorities1 and in some instances the minority is very small4 ,her adversaries1 with the finger of derision1 point out these facts and proclaim them to the world4 ,look1 they say1 at ,poland1 ,ireland1 ,portugal1 ,spain1 ,bavaria1 ,austria1 ,italy1 ,france1 and what do you see8 ,countries subjugated1 or enervated1 or agitated by the internal throes of revolution4 ,everywhere among ,catholic nations weakness only and incapacity are to be discerned4 ,this is the result of the priestly domination and hierarchical influence of ,rome6 ,heresy and schism1 false philosophy1 false science1 and false art1 cunning diplomacy1 infidelity1 and atheism1 one and all boldly raise up their heads and attack the church in the face2 while secret societies of world-wide organization are stealthily engaged in undermining her strength with the people4 ,even the ,sick man--the ,turk--who lives at the beck of the so-called ,christian nations1 impudently kicks the church of ,christ1 knowing full well there is no longer in ,europe any power which will openly raise a voice in her defence4 ,how many souls1 on account of this dreadful war waged against the church1 are now suffering in secret a bitter agony6 ,how many are hesitating1 knowing not what to do1 and looking for guidance6 ,how many are wavering between hope and fear6 ,alas6 too many have already lost the faith4 ,culpable is the silence and base the fear which would restrain one's voice at a period when ,god1 the church1 and religion are everywhere either openly denied1 boldly attacked1 or fiercely persecuted4 ,in such trying times as these silence or fear is betrayal4 ,the hand of ,god is certainly in these events1 and it is no less certain that the light of divine faith ought to discern it4 ,through these clouds which now obscure the church the light of divine hope ought to pierce1 enabling us to perceive a better and a brighter future2 for this is what is in store for the church and the world4 ,that love which embraces at once the greatest glory of ,god and the highest happiness of man should outweigh all fear of misinterpretations1 and urge one to make ,god's hand clear to those who are willing to see1 and point out to them the way to that happier and fairer future4 ,what1 then1 has brought about this most deplorable state of things8 ,how can we account for this apparent lack of faith and strength on the part of ,catholics8 ,can it be true1 as their enemies assert1 that ,catholicity1 wherever it has full sway1 deteriorates society8 ,or is it contrary to the spirit of ,christianity that ,christians should strive with all their might to overcome evil in this world8 ,perhaps the ,catholic ,church has grown old1 as others imagine1 and has accomplished her task1 and is no longer competent to unite together the conflicting interests of modern society1 and direct it towards its true destination8 ,these questions are most serious ones4 ,their answers must be fraught with most weighty lessons4 ,only a meagre outline of the course of argument can be here given in so vast a field of investigation4 ,,ii4 ,,remote ,,cause ,,of ,,present ,,difficulties4 ,one of the chief features of the history of the church for these last three centuries has been its conflict with the religious revolution of the ,x,v,ith century1 properly called ,protestantism4 ,the nature of ,protestantism may be defined as the exaggerated development of personal independence1 directed to the negation of the divine authority of the church1 and chiefly aiming at its overthrow in the person of its supreme representative1 the ,pope4 ,it is a fixed law1 founded in the very nature of the church1 that every serious and persistent denial of a divinely-revealed truth necessitates its vigorous defence1 calls out its greater development1 and ends1 finally1 in its dogmatic definition4 ,the history of the church is replete with instances of this fact4 ,one must suffice4 ,when ,arius denied the divinity of ,christ1 which was always held as a divinely-revealed truth1 at once the doctors of the church and the faithful were aroused in its defence4 ,a general council was called at ,nice1 and there this truth was defined and fixed for ever as a dogma of the ,catholic faith4 ,the law has always been1 from the first ,council at ,jerusalem to that of the ,vatican1 that the negation of a revealed truth calls out its fuller development and its explicit dogmatic definition4 ,the ,council of ,trent refuted and condemned the errors of ,protestantism at the time of their birth1 and defined the truths against which they were directed2 but1 for wise and sufficient reasons1 abstained from touching the objective point of attack1 which was1 necessarily1 the divine authority of the church4 ,for there was no standing-ground whatever for a protest against the church1 except in its denial4 ,it would have been the height of absurdity to admit an authority1 and that divine1 and at the same time to refuse to obey its decisions4 ,it was as well known then as to-day that the keystone of the whole structure of the church was its head4 ,to overthrow the ,papacy was to conquer the church4 ,the supreme power of the church for a long period of years was the centre around which the battle raged between the adversaries and the champions of the faith4 ,the denial of the ,papal authority in the church necessarily occasioned its fuller development4 ,for as long as this hostile movement was aggressive in its assaults1 so long was the church constrained to strengthen her defence1 and make a stricter and more detailed application of her authority in every sphere of her action1 in her hierarchy1 in her general discipline1 and in the personal acts of her children4 ,every new denial was met with a new defence and a fresh application4 ,the danger was on the side of revolt1 the safety was on that of submission4 ,the poison was an exaggerated spiritual independence1 the antidote was increased obedience to a divine external authority4 ,the chief occupation of the church for the last three centuries was the maintenance of that authority conferred by ,christ on ,s4 ,peter and his successors1 in opposition to the efforts of ,protestantism for its overthrow2 and the contest was terminated for ever in the dogmatic definition of ,papal ,infallibility1 by the church assembled in council in the ,vatican4 ,luther declared the pope ,antichrist4 ,the ,catholic ,church affirmed the pope to be the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,luther stigmatized the ,see of ,rome as the seat of error4 ,the council of the church defined the ,see of ,rome1 the chair of ,s4 ,peter1 to be the infallible interpreter of divinely-revealed truth4 ,this definition closed the controversy4 ,in this pressing necessity of defending the papal authority of the church1 the society of ,s4 ,ignatius was born4 ,it was no longer the refutation of the errors of the ,waldenses and the ,albigenses that was required1 nor were the dangers to be combated such as arise from a wealthy and luxurious society4 ,the former had been met and overcome by the ,dominicans2 the latter by the children of ,s4 ,francis4 ,but new and strange errors arose1 and alarming threats from an entirely different quarter were heard4 ,fearful blows were aimed and struck against the keystone of the divine constitution of the church1 and millions of her children were in open revolt4 ,in this great crisis1 as in previous ones1 ,providence supplied new men and new weapons to meet the new perils4 ,s4 ,ignatius1 filled with faith and animated with heroic zeal1 came to the rescue1 and formed an army of men devoted to the service of the church1 and specially suited to encounter its peculiar dangers4 ,the ,papacy was their point of attack2 the members of his society must be the champions of the pope1 his body-guard4 ,the papal authority was denied2 the children of ,s4 ,ignatius must make a special vow of obedience to the ,holy ,father4 ,the prevailing sin of the time was disobedience2 the members of his company must aim at becoming the perfect models of the virtue of obedience1 men whose will should never conflict with the authority of the church1 perinde cadaver4 ,the distinguishing traits of a perfect ,jesuit formed the antithesis of a thorough ,protestant4 ,the society founded by ,s4 ,ignatius undertook a heavy and an heroic task1 one in its nature most unpopular1 and requiring above all on the part of its members an entire abnegation of that which men hold dearest--their own will4 ,it is no wonder that their army of martyrs is so numerous and their list of saints so long4 ,inasmuch as the way of destroying a vice is to enforce the practice of its opposite virtue1 and as the confessional and spiritual direction are appropriate channels for applying the authority of the church to the conscience and personal actions of the faithful1 the members of this society insisted upon the frequency of the one and the necessity of the other4 ,in a short period of time the ,jesuits were considered the most skilful and were the most-sought-after confessors and spiritual directors in the church4 ,they were mainly instrumental--by the science of their theologians1 the logic of their controversialists1 the eloquence of their preachers1 the excellence of their spiritual writers1 and1 above all1 by the influence of their personal example--in saving millions from following in the great revolt against the church1 in regaining millions who had gone astray1 and in putting a stop to the numerical increase of ,protestantism1 almost within the generation in which it was born4 ,to their labors and influence it is chiefly owing that the distinguishing mark of a sincere ,catholic for the last three centuries has been a special devotion to the ,holy ,see and a filial obedience to the voice of the pope1 the common father of the faithful4 ,the logical outcome of the existence of the society founded by ,s4 ,ignatius of ,loyola was the dogmatic definition of ,papal ,infallibility2 for this was the final word of victory of divine truth over the specific error which the ,jesuits were specially called to combat4 ,,iii4 ,,proximate ,,cause4 ,the church1 while resisting ,protestantism1 had to give her principal attention and apply her main strength to those points which were attacked4 ,like a wise strategist1 she drew off her forces from the places which were secure1 and directed them to those posts where danger threatened4 ,as she was most of all engaged in the defence of her external authority and organization1 the faithful1 in view of this defence1 as well as in regard to the dangers of the period1 were specially guided to the practice of the virtue of obedience4 ,is it a matter of surprise that the character of the virtues developed was more passive than active8 ,the weight of authority was placed on the side of restraining rather than of developing personal independent action4 ,the exaggeration of personal authority on the part of ,protestants brought about in the church its greater restraint1 in order that her divine authority might have its legitimate exercise and exert its salutary influence4 ,the errors and evils of the times sprang from an unbridled personal independence1 which could be only counteracted by habits of increased personal dependence4 ,contraria contrariis curantur4 ,the defence of the church and the salvation of the soul were ordinarily secured at the expense1 necessarily1 of those virtues which properly go to make up the strength of ,christian manhood4 ,the gain was the maintenance and victory of divine truth and the salvation of the soul4 ,the loss was a certain falling off in energy1 resulting in decreased action in the natural order4 ,the former was a permanent and inestimable gain4 ,the latter was a temporary1 and not irreparable1 loss4 ,there was no room for a choice4 ,the faithful were placed in a position in which it became their unqualified duty to put into practice the precept of our ,lord when he said3 ,it is better for thee to enter into life maimed or lame1 than1 having two hands or two feet1 to be cast into everlasting fire4#cf ,in the principles above briefly stated may in a great measure be found the explanation why fifty millions of ,protestants have had generally a controlling influence1 for a long period1 over two hundred millions of ,catholics1 in directing the movements and destinies of nations4 ,to the same source may be attributed the fact that ,catholic nations1 when the need was felt of a man of great personal energy at the head of their affairs1 seldom hesitated to choose for prime minister an indifferent ,catholic1 or a ,protestant1 or even an infidel4 ,these principles explain also why ,austria1 ,france1 ,bavaria1 ,spain1 ,italy1 and other ,catholic countries have yielded to a handful of active and determined radicals1 infidels1 ,jews1 or atheists1 and have been compelled to violate or annul their concordats with the ,holy ,see1 and to change their political institutions in a direction hostile to the interests of the ,catholic religion4 ,finally1 herein lies the secret why ,catholics are at this moment almost everywhere oppressed and persecuted by very inferior numbers4 ,in the natural order the feebler are always made to serve the stronger4 ,evident weakness on one side1 in spite of superiority of numbers1 provokes on the other1 where there is consciousness of power1 subjugation and oppression4 ,,iv4 ,,is ,,there ,a ,,way ,,out8 ,is divine grace given only at the cost of natural strength8 ,is a true ,christian life possible only through the sacrifice of a successful natural career8 ,are things to remain as they are at present8 ,the general history of the ,catholic religion in the past condemns these suppositions as the grossest errors and falsest calumnies4 ,behold the small numbers of the faithful and their final triumph over the great colossal ,roman ,empire6 ,look at the subjugation of the countless and victorious hordes of the ,northern barbarians6 ,witness1 again1 the prowess of the knights of the church1 who were her champions in repulsing the threatening ,mussulman2 every one of whom1 by the rule of their order1 were bound not to flinch before two ,turks6 ,call to mind the great discoveries made in all branches of science1 and the eminence in art1 displayed by the children of the church1 and which underlie--if there were only honesty enough to acknowledge it--most of our modern progress and civilization6 ,long before ,protestantism was dreamed of ,catholic states in ,italy had reached a degree of wealth1 power1 and glory which no ,protestant nation--it is the confession of one of their own historians--has since attained4 ,there is1 then1 no reason in the nature of things why the existing condition of ,catholics throughout the world should remain as it is4 ,the blood that courses through our veins1 the graces given in our baptism1 the light of our faith1 the divine life-giving ,bread we receive1 are all the same gifts and privileges which we have in common with our great ancestors4 ,we are the children of the same mighty mother1 ever fruitful of heroes and great men4 ,the present state of things is neither fatal nor final1 but only one of the many episodes in the grand history of the church of ,god4 ,v4 ,,which ,,is ,,the ,,way ,,out8 ,no better evidence is needed of the truth of the statements just made than the fact that all ,catholics throughout the world are ill at ease with things as they are4 ,the world at large is agitated1 as it never has been before1 with problems which enter into the essence of religion or are closely connected therewith4 ,many serious minds are occupied with the question of the renewal of religion and the regeneration of society4 ,the aspects in which questions of this nature are viewed are as various as the remedies proposed are numerous4 ,here are a few of the more important ones4 ,one class of men would begin by laboring for the reconciliation of all ,christian denominations1 and would endeavor to establish unity in ,christendom as the way to universal restoration4 ,another class starts with the idea that the remedy would be found in giving a more thorough and religious education to youth in schools1 colleges1 and universities4 ,some would renew the church by translating her liturgies into the vulgar tongues1 by reducing the number of her forms of devotion1 and by giving to her worship greater simplicity4 ,others1 again1 propose to alter the constitution of the church by the practice of universal elections in the hierarchy1 by giving the lay element a larger share in the direction of ecclesiastical matters1 and by establishing national churches4 ,there are those who hope for a better state of things by placing ,henry ,v4 on the throne of ,france1 and ,don ,carlos on that of ,spain4 ,others1 contrariwise1 having lost all confidence in princes1 look forward with great expectations to a baptized democracy1 a holy ,roman democracy1 just as formerly there was a ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,not a few are occupied with the idea of reconciling capital with labor1 of changing the tenure of property1 and abolishing standing armies4 ,others propose a restoration of international law1 a congress of nations1 and a renewed and more strict observance of the ,decalogue4 ,according to another school1 theological motives have lost their hold on the people1 the task of directing society has devolved upon science1 and its apostolate has begun4 ,there are those1 moreover1 who hold that society can only be cured by an immense catastrophe1 and one hardly knows what great cataclysm is to happen and save the human race4 ,finally1 we are told that the reign of ,antichrist has begun1 that signs of it are everywhere1 and that we are on the eve of the end of the world4 ,these are only a few of the projects1 plans1 and remedies which are discussed1 and which more or less occupy and agitate the public mind4 ,how much truth or error1 how much good or bad1 each or all of these theories contain1 would require a lifetime to find out4 ,the remedy for our evils must be got at1 to be practical1 in another way4 ,if a new life be imparted to the root of a tree1 its effects will soon be seen in all its branches1 twigs1 and leaves4 ,is it not possible to get at the root of all our evils1 and with a radical remedy renew at once the whole face of things8 ,universal evils are not cured by specifics4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,way ,,out4 ,all things are to be viewed and valued as they bear on the destiny of man4 ,religion is the solution of the problem of man's destiny4 ,religion1 therefore1 lies at the root of everything which concerns man's true interest4 ,religion means ,christianity1 to all men1 or to nearly all1 who hold to any religion among ,european nations4 ,christianity1 intelligibly understood1 signifies the church1 the ,catholic ,church4 ,the church is ,god acting through a visible organization directly on men1 and1 through men1 on society4 ,the church is the sum of all problems1 and the most potent fact in the whole wide universe4 ,it is therefore illogical to look elsewhere for the radical remedy of all our evils4 ,it is equally unworthy of a ,catholic to look elsewhere for the renewal of religion4 ,the meditation of these great truths is the source from which the inspiration must come1 if society is to be regenerated and the human race directed to its true destination4 ,he who looks to any other quarter for a radical and adequate remedy and for true guidance is doomed to failure and disappointment4 ,,vii4 ,,mission ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,spirit4 ,it cannot be too deeply and firmly impressed on the mind that the church is actuated by the instinct of the ,holy ,spirit2 and to discern clearly its action1 and to co-operate with it effectually1 is the highest employment of our faculties1 and at the same time the primary source of the greatest good to society4 ,did we clearly see and understand the divine action of the ,holy ,spirit in the successive steps of the history of the church1 we would fully comprehend the law of all true progress4 ,if in this later period more stress was laid on the necessity of obedience to the external authority of the church than in former days1 it was1 as has been shown1 owing to the peculiar dangers to which the faithful were exposed4 ,it would be an inexcusable mistake to suppose for a moment that the holy church1 at any period of her existence1 was ignorant or forgetful of the mission and office of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the ,holy ,spirit established the church1 and can he forget his own mission8 ,it is true that he has to guide and govern through men1 but he is the ,sovereign of men1 and especially of those whom he has chosen as his immediate instruments4 ,the essential and universal principle which saves and sanctifies souls is the ,holy ,spirit4 ,he it was who called1 inspired1 and sanctified the patriarchs1 the prophets and saints of the old dispensation4 ,the same divine ,spirit inspired and sanctified the apostles1 the martyrs1 and the saints of the new dispensation4 ,the actual and habitual guidance of the soul by the ,holy ,spirit is the essential principle of all divine life4 8,i have taught the prophets from the beginning1 and even till now ,i cease not to speak to all40#cg ,christ's mission was to give the ,holy ,spirit more abundantly4 ,no one who reads the ,holy ,scriptures can fail to be struck with the repeated injunctions to turn our eyes inward1 to walk in the divine presence1 to see and taste and listen to ,god in the soul4 ,these exhortations run all through the inspired books1 beginning with that of ,genesis1 and ending with the ,revelations of ,s4 ,john4 8,i am the ,almighty ,god1 walk before me1 and be perfect10#ch was the lesson which ,god gave to the patriarch ,abraham4 8,be still and see that ,i am ,god40#ci 8,o taste1 and see that the ,lord is sweet2 blessed is the man that hopeth in him40#dj ,god is the guide1 the light of the living1 and our strength4 8,god's kingdom is within you10 said the divine ,master4 8,know you not that you are the temple of ,god1 and that the ,spirit of ,god dwelleth in you80#da 8,for it is ,god who worketh in you both to will and to accomplish1 according to his will40#db ,the object of divine revelation was to make known and to establish within the souls of men1 and through them upon the earth1 the kingdom of ,god4 ,in accordance with the ,sacred ,scriptures1 the ,catholic ,church teaches that the ,holy ,spirit is infused1 with all his gifts1 into our souls by the sacrament of baptism1 and that1 without his actual prompting or inspiration and aid1 no thought or act1 or even wish1 tending directly towards our true destiny1 is possible4 ,the whole aim of the science of ,christian perfection is to instruct men how to remove the hindrances in the way of the action of the ,holy ,spirit1 and how to cultivate those virtues which are most favorable to his solicitations and inspirations4 ,thus the sum of spiritual life consists in observing and fortifying the ways and movements of the ,spirit of ,god in our soul1 employing for this purpose all the exercises of prayer1 spiritual reading1 sacraments1 the practice of virtues1 and good works4 ,that divine action which is the immediate and principal cause of the salvation and perfection of the soul claims by right its direct and main attention4 ,from this source within the soul there will gradually come to birth the consciousness of the indwelling presence of the ,holy ,spirit1 out of which will spring a force surpassing all human strength1 a courage higher than all human heroism1 a sense of dignity excelling all human greatness4 ,the light the age requires for its renewal can come only from the same source4 ,the renewal of the age depends on the renewal of religion4 ,the renewal of religion depends upon a greater effusion of the creative and renewing power of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the greater effusion of the ,holy ,spirit depends on the giving of increased attention to his movements and inspirations in the soul4 ,the radical and adequate remedy for all the evils of our age1 and the source of all true progress1 consist in increased attention and fidelity to the action of the ,holy ,spirit in the soul4 8,thou shalt send forth thy ,spirit1 and they shall be created3 and thou shalt renew the face of the earth40#dc ,,viii4 ,,the ,,men ,,the ,,age ,,demands4 ,this truth will be better seen by looking at the matter a little more in detail4 ,the age1 we are told1 calls for men worthy of that name4 ,who are those worthy to be called men8 ,men1 assuredly1 whose intelligences and wills are divinely illuminated and fortified4 ,this is precisely what is produced by the gifts of the ,holy ,spirit2 they enlarge all the faculties of the soul at once4 ,the age is superficial2 it needs the gift of wisdom1 which enables the soul to contemplate truth in its ultimate causes4 ,the age is materialistic2 it needs the gift of intelligence1 by the light of which the intellect penetrates into the essence of things4 ,the age is captivated by a false and one-sided science2 it needs the gift of science1 by the light of which is seen each order of truth in its true relations to other orders and in a divine unity4 ,the age is in disorder1 and is ignorant of the way to true progress2 it needs the gift of counsel1 which teaches how to choose the proper means to attain an object4 ,the age is impious2 it needs the gift of piety1 which leads the soul to look up to ,god as the ,heavenly ,father1 and to adore him with feelings of filial affection and love4 ,the age is sensual and effeminate2 it needs the gift of force1 which imparts to the will the strength to endure the greatest burdens and to prosecute the greatest enterprises with ease and heroism4 ,the age has lost and almost forgotten ,god2 it needs the gift of fear1 to bring the soul again to ,god1 and make it feel conscious of its great responsibility and of its destiny4 ,men endowed with these gifts are the men for whom--if it but knew it--the age calls3 men whose minds are enlightened and whose wills are strengthened by an increased action of the ,holy ,spirit2 men whose souls are actuated by the gifts of the ,holy ,spirit2 men whose countenances are lit up with a heavenly joy1 who breathe an air of inward peace1 and act with a holy liberty and an unaccountable energy4 ,one such soul does more to advance the kingdom of ,god than tens of thousands without such gifts4 ,these are the men and this is the way--if the age could only be made to see and believe it--to universal restoration1 universal reconciliation1 and universal progress4 ,,ix4 ,,the ,,church ,,has ,,entered ,,on ,,this ,,way4 ,the men the age and its needs demand depend on a greater infusion of the ,holy ,spirit in the souls of the faithful2 and the church has been already prepared for this event4 ,can one suppose for a moment that so long1 so severe1 a contest1 as that of the three centuries just passed1 which1 moreover1 has cost so dearly1 has not been fraught with the greatest utility to the church8 ,does ,god ever allow his church to suffer loss in the struggle to accomplish her divine mission8 ,it is true that the powerful and persistent assaults of the errors of the ,x,v,ith century against the church forced her1 so to speak1 out of the usual orbit of her movement2 but having completed her defence from all danger on that side1 she is returning to her normal course with increased agencies--thanks to that contest--and is entering upon a new and fresh phase of life1 and upon a more vigorous action in every sphere of her existence4 ,the chiefest of these agencies1 and the highest in importance1 was that of the definition concerning the nature of papal authority4 ,for the definition of the ,vatican ,council1 having rendered the supreme authority of the church1 which is the unerring interpreter and criterion of divinely-revealed truth1 more explicit and complete1 has prepared the way for the faithful to follow1 with greater safety and liberty1 the inspirations of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the dogmatic papal definition of the ,vatican ,council is1 therefore1 the axis on which turn the new course of the church1 the renewal of religion1 and the entire restoration of society4 ,o blessed fruit6 purchased at the price of so hard a struggle1 but which has gained for the faithful an increased divine illumination and force1 and thereby the renewal of the whole face of the world4 ,it is easy to perceive how great a blunder the so-called 8,old ,catholics0 committed in opposing the conciliar definition4 ,they professed a desire to see a more perfect reign of the ,holy ,spirit in the church1 and by their opposition rejected1 so far as in them lay1 the very means of bringing it about6 ,this by the way3 let us continue our course1 and follow the divine action in the church1 which is the initiator and fountain-source of the restoration of all things4 ,what is the meaning of these many pilgrimages to holy places1 to the shrines of great saints1 the multiplication of ,novenas and new associations of prayer8 ,are they not evidence of increased action of the ,holy ,spirit on the faithful8 ,why1 moreover1 these cruel persecutions1 vexatious fines1 and numerous imprisonments of the bishops1 clergy1 and laity of the church8 ,what is the secret of this stripping the church of her temporal possessions and authority8 ,these things have taken place by the divine permission4 ,have not all these inflictions increased greatly devotion to prayer1 cemented more closely the unity of the faithful1 and turned the attention of all members of the church1 from the highest to the lowest1 to look for aid from whence it alone can come--from ,god8 ,these trials and sufferings of the faithful are the first steps towards a better state of things4 ,they detach from earthly things and purify the human side of the church4 ,from them will proceed light and strength and victory4 ,per crucem ad lucem4 8,if the ,lord wishes that other persecutions should be sown1 the church feels no alarm2 on the contrary1 persecutions purify her and confer upon her a fresh force and a new beauty4 ,there are1 in truth1 in the church certain things which need purification1 and for this purpose those persecutions answer best which are launched against her by great politicians40 ,such is the language of ,pius ,,ix4#dd ,these are only some of the movements1 which are public4 ,but how many souls in secret suffer sorely in seeing the church in such tribulations1 and pray for her deliverance with a fervor almost amounting to agony6 ,are not all these but so many preparatory steps to a ,pentecostal effusion of the ,holy ,spirit on the church--an effusion1 if not equal in intensity to that of apostolic days1 at least greater than it in universality8 8,if at no epoch of the evangelical ages the reign of ,satan was so generally welcome as in this our day1 the action of the ,holy ,spirit will have to clothe itself with the characteristics of an exceptional extension and force4 ,the axioms of geometry do not appear to us more rigorously exact than this proposition4 ,a certain indefinable presentiment of this necessity of a new effusion of the ,holy ,spirit for the actual world exists1 and of this presentiment the importance ought not to be exaggerated2 but yet it would seem rash to make it of no account40#de ,is not this the meaning of the presentiment of ,pius ,,ix41 when he said3 8,since we have nothing1 or next to nothing1 to expect from men1 let us place our confidence more and more in ,god1 whose heart is preparing1 as it seems to me1 to accomplish1 in the moment chosen by himself1 a great prodigy1 which will fill the whole earth with astonishment08#df ,was not the same presentiment before the mind of ,de ,maistre when he penned the following lines3 8,we are on the eve of the greatest of religious epochs2 ''' it appears to me that every true philosopher must choose between these two hypotheses3 either that a new religion is about to be formed1 or that ,christianity will be renewed in some extraordinary manner08#dg ,x4 ,,twofold ,,action ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,spirit4 ,before further investigation of this new phase of the church1 it would perhaps be well to set aside a doubt which might arise in the minds of some1 namely1 whether there is not danger in turning the attention of the faithful in a greater degree in the direction contemplated8 ,the enlargement of the field of action for the soul1 without a true knowledge of the end and scope of the external authority of the church1 would only open the door to delusions1 errors1 and heresies of every description1 and would be in effect merely another form of ,protestantism4 ,on the other hand1 the exclusive view of the external authority of the church1 without a proper understanding of the nature and work of the ,holy ,spirit in the soul1 would render the practice of religion formal1 obedience servile1 and the church sterile4 ,the action of the ,holy ,spirit embodied visibly in the authority of the church1 and the action of the ,holy ,spirit dwelling invisibly in the soul1 form one inseparable synthesis2 and he who has not a clear conception of this twofold action of the ,holy ,spirit is in danger of running into one or the other1 and sometimes into both1 of these extremes1 either of which is destructive of the end of the church4 ,the ,holy ,spirit1 in the external authority of the church1 acts as the infallible interpreter and criterion of divine revelation4 ,the ,holy ,spirit in the soul acts as the divine ,life-,giver and ,sanctifier4 ,it is of the highest importance that these two distinct offices of the ,holy ,spirit should not be confounded4 ,the supposition that there can be any opposition or contradiction between the action of the ,holy ,spirit in the supreme decisions of the authority of the church1 and the inspirations of the ,holy ,spirit in the soul1 can never enter the mind of an enlightened and sincere ,christian4 ,the same ,spirit which through the authority of the church teaches divine truth1 is the same ,spirit which prompts the soul to receive the divine truths which he teaches4 ,the measure of our love for the ,holy ,spirit is the measure of our obedience to the authority of the church2 and the measure of our obedience to the authority of the church is the measure of our love for the ,holy ,spirit4 ,hence the sentence of ,s4 ,augustine3 8,quantum quisque amat ecclesiam ,dei1 tantum habet ,spiritum ,sanctum40 ,there is one ,spirit1 which acts in two different offices concurring to the same end--the regeneration and sanctification of the soul4 ,in case of obscurity or doubt concerning what is the divinely-revealed truth1 or whether what prompts the soul is or is not an inspiration of the ,holy ,spirit1 recourse must be had to the divine teacher or criterion1 the authority of the church4 ,for it must be borne in mind that to the church1 as represented in the first instance by ,s4 ,peter1 and subsequently by his successors1 was made the promise of her divine ,founder that 8the gates of hell should never prevail against her40#dh ,no such promise was ever made by ,christ to each individual believer4 8,the church of the living ,god is the pillar and ground of truth40#di ,the test1 therefore1 of a truly enlightened and sincere ,christian1 will be1 in case of uncertainty1 the promptitude of his obedience to the voice of the church4 ,from the above plain truths the following practical rule of conduct may be drawn3 ,the ,holy ,spirit is the immediate guide of the soul in the way of salvation and sanctification2 and the criterion or test that the soul is guided by the ,holy ,spirit is its ready obedience to the authority of the church4 ,this rule removes all danger whatever1 and with it the soul can walk1 run1 or fly1 if it chooses1 in the greatest safety and with perfect liberty1 in the ways of sanctity4 ,,xi4 ,,new ,,phase ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,there are signs which indicate that the members of the church have not only entered upon a deeper and more spiritual life1 but that from the same source has arisen a new phase of their intellectual activity4 ,the notes of the divine institution of the church--and the credibility of divine revelation--with her constitution and organization1 having been in the main completed on the external side1 the notes which now require special attention and study are those respecting her divine character1 which lie on the internal side4 ,the mind of the church has been turned in this direction for some time past4 ,one has but to read the several ,encyclical letters of the present reigning ,supreme ,pontiff1 and the decrees of the ,vatican ,council1 to be fully convinced of this fact4 ,no pontiff has so strenuously upheld the value and rights of human reason as ,pius ,,ix42 and no council has treated so fully of the relations of the natural with the supernatural as that of the ,vatican4 ,it must be remembered the work of both is not yet concluded4 ,great mission that1 to fix for ever those truths so long held in dispute1 and to open the door to the fuller knowledge of other and still greater verities6 ,it is the divine action of the ,holy ,spirit in and through the church which gives her external organization the reason for its existence4 ,and it is the fuller explanation of the divine side of the church and its relations with her human side1 giving always to the former its due accentuation1 that will contribute to the increase of the interior life of the faithful1 and aid powerfully to remove the blindness of those--whose number is much larger than is commonly supposed--who only see the church on her human side4 ,as an indication of these studies1 the following mere suggestions1 concerning the relations of the internal with the external side of the church1 are here given4 ,the practical aim of all true religion is to bring each individual soul under the immediate guidance of the divine ,spirit4 ,the divine ,spirit communicates himself to the soul by means of the sacraments of the church4 ,the divine ,spirit acts as the interpreter and criterion of revealed truth by the authority of the church4 ,the divine ,spirit acts as the principle of regeneration and sanctification in each ,christian soul4 ,the same ,spirit clothes with suitable ceremonies and words the truths of religion and the interior life of the soul in the liturgy and devotions of the church4 ,the divine ,spirit acts as the safeguard of the life of the soul and of the household of ,god in the discipline of the church4 ,the divine ,spirit established the church as the practical and perfect means of bringing all souls under his own immediate guidance and into complete union with ,god4 ,this is the realization of the aim of all true religion4 ,thus all religions1 viewed in the aspect of a divine life1 find their common centre in the ,catholic ,church4 ,the greater part of the intellectual errors of the age arise from a lack of knowledge of the essential relations of the light of faith with the light of reason2 of the connection between the mysteries and truths of divine revelation and those discovered and attainable by human reason2 of the action of divine grace and the action of the human will4 ,the early ,greek and ,latin fathers of the church largely cultivated this field4 ,the scholastics greatly increased the riches received from their predecessors4 ,and had not the attention of the church been turned aside from its course by the errors of the ,x,v,ith century1 the demonstration of ,christianity on its intrinsic side would ere this have received its finishing strokes4 ,the time has come to take up this work1 continue it where it was interrupted1 and bring it to completion4 ,thanks to the ,encyclicals of ,pius ,,ix4 and the decisions of the ,vatican ,council1 this task will not now be so difficult4 ,many1 if not most1 of the distinguished apologists of ,christianity1 theologians1 philosophers1 and preachers1 either by their writings or eloquence1 have already entered upon this path4 ,the recently-published volumes1 and those issuing day by day from the press1 in exposition1 or defence1 or apology of ,christianity1 are engaged in this work4 ,this explanation of the internal life and constitution of the church1 and of the intelligible side of the mysteries of faith and the intrinsic reasons for the truths of divine revelation1 giving to them their due emphasis1 combined with the external notes of credibility1 would complete the demonstration of ,christianity4 ,such an exposition of ,christianity1 the union of the internal with the external notes of credibility1 is calculated to produce a more enlightened and intense conviction of its divine truth in the faithful1 to stimulate them to a more energetic personal action2 and1 what is more1 it would open the door to many straying1 but not altogether lost1 children1 for their return to the fold of the church4 ,the increased action of the ,holy ,spirit1 with a more vigorous co-operation on the part of the faithful1 which is in process of realization1 will elevate the human personality to an intensity of force and grandeur productive of a new era to the church and to society--an era difficult for the imagination to grasp1 and still more difficult to describe in words1 unless we have recourse to the prophetic language of the inspired ,scriptures4 ,is not such a demonstration of ,christianity and its results anticipated in the following words8 8,we are about to see10 said ,schlegel1 8a new exposition of ,christianity1 which will reunite all ,christians1 and even bring back the infidels themselves40 8,this reunion between science and faith10 says the ,protestant historian ,ranke1 8will be more important in its spiritual results than was the discovery of a new hemisphere three hundred years ago1 or even than that of the true system of the world1 or than any other discovery of any kind whatever40 ,,xii4 ,,mission ,,of ,,races4 ,pursuing our study of the action of the ,holy ,spirit1 we shall perceive that a deeper and more explicit exposition of the divine side of the church1 in view of the characteristic gifts of different races1 is the way or means of realizing the hopes above expressed4 ,god is the author of the differing races of men4 ,he1 for his own good reasons1 has stamped upon them their characteristics1 and appointed them from the beginning their places which they are to fill in his church4 ,in a matter where there are so many tender susceptibilities1 it is highly important not to overrate the peculiar gifts of any race1 nor1 on the other hand1 to underrate them or exaggerate their vices or defects4 ,besides1 the different races in modern ,europe have been brought so closely together1 and have been mingled to such an extent1 that their differences can only be detected in certain broad and leading features4 ,it would be also a grave mistake1 in speaking of the providential mission of the races1 to suppose that they imposed their characteristics on religion1 ,christianity1 or the church2 whereas1 on the contrary1 it is their ,author who has employed in the church their several gifts for the expression and development of those truths for which he specially created them4 ,the church is ,god acting through the different races of men for their highest development1 together with their present and future greatest happiness and his own greatest glory4 8,god directs the nations upon the earth40#ej ,every leading race of men1 or great nation1 fills a large space in the general history of the world4 ,it is an observation of ,s4 ,augustine that ,god gave the empire of the world to the ,romans as a reward for their civic virtues4 ,but it is a matter of surprise how large and important a part divine ,providence has appointed special races to take in the history of religion4 ,it is here sufficient merely to mention the ,israelites4 ,one cannot help being struck with the mission of the ,latin and ,celtic races during the greater period of the history of ,christianity4 ,what brought them together in the first instance was the transference of the chair of ,s4 ,peter1 the centre of the church1 to ,rome1 the centre of the ,latin race4 ,rome1 then1 was the embodied expression of a perfectly-organized1 world-wide power4 ,rome was the political1 and1 by its great roads1 the geographical1 centre of the world4 ,what greatly contributed to the predominance of the ,latin race1 and subsequently of the ,celts in union with the ,latins1 was the abandonment of the church by the ,greeks by schism1 and the loss of the larger portion of the ,saxons by the errors and revolt of the ,x,v,ith century4 ,the faithful1 in consequence1 were almost exclusively composed of ,latin-,celts4 ,the absence of the ,greeks and of so large a portion of the ,saxons1 whose tendencies and prejudices in many points are similar1 left a freer course and an easier task to the church1 through her ordinary channels of action1 as well as through her extraordinary ones--the ,councils1 namely1 of ,trent and the ,vatican--to complete her authority and external constitution4 ,for the ,latin-,celtic races are characterized by hierarchical1 traditional1 and emotional tendencies4 ,these were the human elements which furnished the church with the means of developing and completing her supreme authority1 her divine and ecclesiastical traditions1 her discipline1 her devotions1 and1 in general1 her sthetics4 ,,xiii4 ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,causes ,,of ,,protestantism4 ,it was precisely the importance given to the external constitution and to the accessories of the church which excited the antipathies of the ,saxons1 which culminated in the so-called ,reformation4 ,for the ,saxon races and the mixed ,saxons1 the ,english and their descendants1 predominate in the rational element1 in an energetic individuality1 and in great practical activity in the material order4 ,one of the chief defects of the ,saxon mind lay in not fully understanding the constitution of the church1 or sufficiently appreciating the essential necessity of her external organization4 ,hence their misinterpretation of the providential action of the ,latin-,celts1 and their charges against the church of formalism1 superstition1 and popery4 ,they wrongfully identified the excesses of those races with the church of ,god4 ,they failed to take into sufficient consideration the great and constant efforts the church had made1 in her national and general councils1 to correct the abuses and extirpate the vices which formed the staple of their complaints4 ,conscious1 also1 of a certain feeling of repression of their natural instincts1 while this work of the ,latin-,celts was being perfected1 they at the same time felt a great aversion to the increase of externals in outward worship1 and to the minute regulations in discipline1 as well as to the growth of papal authority and the outward grandeur of the papal court4 ,the ,saxon leaders in heresy of the ,x,v,ith century1 as well as those of our own day1 cunningly taking advantage of those antipathies1 united with selfish political considerations1 succeeded in making a large number believe that the question in controversy was not what it really was--a question1 namely1 between ,christianity and infidelity--but a question between ,romanism and ,germanism6 ,it is easy to foresee the result of such a false issue2 for it is impossible1 humanly speaking1 that a religion can maintain itself among a people when once they are led to believe it wrongs their natural instincts1 is hostile to their national development1 or is unsympathetic with their genius4 ,with misunderstandings1 weaknesses1 and jealousies on both sides1 these1 with various other causes1 led thousands and millions of ,saxons and ,anglo-,saxons to resistance1 hatred1 and1 finally1 open revolt against the authority of the church4 ,,xiv4 ,,present ,,saxon ,,persecutions4 ,the same causes which mainly produced the religious rebellion of the ,x,v,ith century are still at work among the ,saxons1 and are the exciting motives of their present persecutions against the church4 ,looking through the distorted medium of their ,saxon prejudices1 grown stronger with time1 and freshly stimulated by the recent definition of ,papal ,infallibility1 they have worked themselves into the belief--seeing the church only on the outside1 as they do--that she is purely a human institution1 grown slowly1 by the controlling action of the ,latin-,celtic instincts1 through centuries1 to her present formidable proportions4 ,the doctrines1 the sacraments1 the devotions1 the worship of the ,catholic ,church1 are1 for the most part1 from their stand-point1 corruptions of ,christianity1 having their source in the characteristics of the ,latin-,celtic races4 ,the papal authority1 to their sight1 is nothing else than the concentration of the sacerdotal tendencies of these races1 carried to their culminating point by the recent ,vatican definition1 which was due1 in the main1 to the efforts and the influence exerted by the ,jesuits4 ,this despotic ecclesiastical authority1 which commands a superstitious reverence and servile submission to all its decrees1 teaches doctrines inimical to the autonomy of the ,german ,empire1 and has fourteen millions or more of its subjects under its sway1 ready at any moment to obey1 at all hazards1 its decisions4 ,what is to hinder this ultramontane power from issuing a decree1 in a critical moment1 which will disturb the peace and involve1 perhaps1 the overthrow of that empire1 the fruit of so great sacrifices1 and the realization of the ardent aspirations of the ,germanic races8 ,is it not a dictate of self-preservation and political prudence to remove so dangerous an element1 and that at all costs1 from the state8 ,is it not a duty to free so many millions of our ,german brethren from this superstitious yoke and slavish subjection8 ,has not divine ,providence bestowed the empire of ,europe upon the ,saxons1 and placed us ,prussians at its head1 in order to accomplish1 with all the means at our disposal1 this great work8 ,is not this a duty which we owe to ourselves1 to our brother ,germans1 and1 above all1 to ,god8 ,this supreme effort is our divine mission6 ,this picture of the ,catholic ,church1 as it appears to a large class of non-,catholic ,german minds1 is not overdrawn4 ,it admits of higher coloring1 and it would still be true and even more exact4 ,this is the monster which the too excited imagination and the deeply-rooted prejudice of the ,saxon mind have created1 and called1 by way of contempt1 the 8,latin10 the 8,romish10 the 8,popish0 ,church4 ,it is against this monster that they direct their persistent attacks1 their cruel persecutions1 animated with the fixed purpose of accomplishing its entire overthrow4 ,is this a thing to be marvelled at1 when ,catholics themselves abhor and detest this caricature of the ,catholic ,church--for it is nothing else--more than these men do1 or possibly can do8 ,the attitude of the ,german ,empire1 and of the ,british ,empire also1 until the ,emancipation ,act1 vis--vis to the ,catholic ,church as they conceive her to be1 may1 stripped of all accidental matter1 be stated thus3 ,either adapt ,latin ,christianity1 the ,romish ,church1 to the ,germanic type of character and to the exigencies of the empire1 or we will employ all the forces and all the means at our disposal to stamp out ,catholicity within our dominions1 and to exterminate its existence1 as far as our authority and influence extend6 ,,xv4 ,,return ,,of ,,the ,,saxon ,,races ,,to ,,the ,,church4 ,the ,german mind1 when once it is bent upon a course1 is not easily turned aside1 and the present out-look for the church in ,germany is not1 humanly speaking1 a pleasant one to contemplate4 ,it is an old and common saying that 8,truth is mighty1 and will prevail40 ,but why8 8,truth is mighty0 because it is calculated to convince the mind1 captivate the soul1 and solicit its uttermost devotion and action4 8,truth will prevail10 provided it is so presented to the mind as to be seen really as it is4 ,it is only when the truth is unknown or disfigured that the sincere repel it4 ,the return1 therefore1 of the ,saxon races to the church1 is to be hoped for1 not by trimming divine truth1 nor by altering the constitution of the church1 nor by what are called concessions4 ,their return is to be hoped for1 by so presenting the divine truth to their minds that they can see that it is divine truth4 ,this will open their way to the church in harmony with their genuine instincts1 and in her bosom they will find the realization of that career which their true aspirations point out for them4 ,for the ,holy ,spirit1 of which the church is the organ and expression1 places every soul1 and therefore all nations and races1 in the immediate and perfect relation with their supreme end1 ,god1 in whom they obtain their highest development1 happiness1 and glory1 both in this life and in the life to come4 ,the church1 as has been shown1 has already entered on this path of presenting more intimately and clearly her inward and divine side to the world2 for her deepest and most active thinkers are actually engaged1 more or less consciously1 in this providential work4 ,in showing more fully the relations of the internal with the external side of the church1 keeping in view the internal as the end and aim of all1 the mystic tendencies of the ,german mind will truly appreciate the interior life of the church1 and find in it their highest satisfaction4 ,by penetrating more deeply into the intelligible side of the mysteries of faith and the intrinsic reasons for revealed truth and the existence of the church1 the strong rational tendencies of the ,saxon mind will seize hold of1 and be led to apprehend1 the intrinsic reasons for ,christianity4 ,the church will present herself to their minds as the practical means of establishing the complete reign of the ,holy ,spirit in the soul1 and1 consequently1 of bringing the kingdom of heaven upon earth4 ,this is the ideal conception of ,christianity1 entertained by all sincere believers in ,christ among non-,catholics in ,europe and the ,united ,states4 ,this exposition1 and an increased action of the ,holy ,spirit in the church co-operating therewith1 would complete their conviction of the divine character of the church and of the divinity of ,christianity4 ,all this may seem highly speculative and of no practical bearing4 ,but it has precisely such a bearing1 if one considers1 in connection with it1 what is now going on throughout the ,prussian kingdom and other parts of ,germany1 including ,switzerland4 ,what is it which we see in all these regions8 ,a simultaneous and persistent determination to destroy1 by every species of persecution1 the ,catholic ,church4 ,now1 the general law of persecution is the conversion of the persecutors4 ,through the cross ,christ began the redemption of the world2 through the cross the redemption of the world is to be continued and completed4 ,it was mainly by the shedding of the blood of the martyrs that the ,roman ,empire was gained to the faith4 ,their conquerors were won by the toil1 heroic labors and sufferings of saintly missionaries4 ,the same law holds good in regard to modern persecutors4 ,the question is not how shall the ,german ,empire be overthrown1 or of waiting in anticipation of its destruction1 or how shall the church withstand its alarming persecutions8 ,the great question is how shall the blindness be removed from the eyes of the persecutors of the church1 and how can they be led to see her divine beauty1 holiness1 and truth1 which at present are hidden from their sight8 ,the practical question is how shall the church gain over the great ,german empire to the cause of ,christ8 ,o blessed persecutions6 if1 in addition to the divine virtues1 which they will bring forth to light by the sufferings of the faithful1 they serve also to lead the champions of the faith to seek for and employ such proofs and arguments as the ,saxon mind cannot withstand1 producing conviction in their intelligence1 and striking home the truth to their hearts2 and in this way1 instead of incurring defeat1 they will pluck out of the threatening jaws of this raging ,german wolf the sweet fruit of victory4 ,this view is eminently practical1 when you consider that the same law which applies to the persecutors of the church applies equally to the leading or governing races4 ,this is true from the beginning of the church4 ,the great apostles ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul did not stop in ,jerusalem1 but turned their eyes and steps towards all-conquering1 all-powerful ,rome4 ,their faith and their heroism1 sealed with their martyrdom1 after a long and bloody contest1 obtained the victory4 ,the imperial ,roman eagles became proud to carry aloft the victorious cross of ,christ6 ,the ,goths1 the ,huns1 and ,vandals came2 the contest was repeated1 the victory too2 and they were subdued to the sweet yoke of ,christ1 and incorporated in the bosom of his church4 ,is this rise of the ,germanic ,empire1 in our day1 to be considered only as a passing occurrence1 and are we to suppose that things will soon again take their former course8 ,or is it to be thought of as a real change in the direction of the world's affairs1 under the lead of the dominant ,saxon races8 ,if the history of the human race from its cradle can be taken as a rule1 the course of empire is ever northward4 ,be that as it may1 the ,saxons have actually in their hands1 and are resolutely determined to keep1 the ruling power in ,europe1 if not in the world4 ,and the church is a divine queen1 and her aim has always been to win to her bosom the imperial races4 ,she has never failed to do it1 too6 ,think you these people are for the most part actuated by mere malice1 and are persecuting the church with knowledge of what they are doing8 ,the question is not of their prominent leaders and the actual apostates4 ,there may be future prodigal sons even amongst these4 ,does not the church suffer from their hands in a great measure what her divine ,founder suffered when he was nailed to the cross1 and cried1 8,father1 forgive them1 they know not what they do08 ,the persecutors in the present generation are not to be judged as those who were born in the church1 and who1 knowing her divine character1 by an unaccountable defection1 turned their backs upon her4 ,will their stumbling prove a fatal fall to all their descendants8 ,god forbid6 ,their loss for a time has proved a gain to the church1 and their return will bring riches to both1 and through them to the whole world2 8for ,god is able to ingraft them again40#ea ,the ,catholic ,church unveils to the penetrating intelligence of the ,saxon races her divine internal life and beauty2 to their energetic individuality she proposes its elevation to a divine manhood2 and to their great practical activity she opens the door to its employment in spreading the divine faith over the whole world6 ,that which will hasten greatly the return of the ,saxons to the church is the progressive action of the controlling and dissolving elements of ,protestantism towards the entire negation of all religion4 ,for the errors contained in every heresy1 which time never fails to produce1 involve its certain extinction4 ,many born in those errors1 clearly foreseeing these results1 have already returned to the fold of the church4 ,this movement will be accelerated by the more rapid dissolution of ,protestantism1 consequent on its being placed recently under similar hostile legislation in ,switzerland and ,germany with the ,catholic ,church4 8,the blows struck at the ,church of ,rome10 such is the acknowledgment of one of its own organs1 8tell with redoubled force against the evangelical church40 ,with an intelligent positive movement on the part of the church1 and by the actual progressive negative one operating in ,protestantism1 that painful wound inflicted in the ,x,v,ith century on ,christianity will be soon1 let us hope1 closed up and healed1 never again to be reopened4 ,,xvi4 ,,mixed ,,saxons ,,returning4 ,christ blamed the ,jews1 who were skilful in detecting the signs of change in the weather1 for their want of skill in discerning the signs of the times4 ,there are evidences1 and where we should first expect to meet them--namely1 among the mixed ,saxon races1 the people of ,england and the ,united ,states--of this return to the true church4 ,the mixture of the ,anglo-,saxons with the blood of the ,celts in former days caused them to retain1 at the time of the so-called ,reformation1 more of the doctrines1 worship1 and organization of the ,catholic ,church than did the thorough ,saxons of ,germany4 ,it is for the same reason that among them are manifested the first unmistakable symptoms of their entrance once more into the bosom of the church4 ,at different epochs movements in this direction have taken place1 but never so serious and general as at the present time4 ,the character and the number of the converts from ,anglicanism to the ,catholic ,church gave1 in the beginning1 a great alarm to the ,english nation4 ,but now it has become reconciled to the movement1 which continues and takes its course among the more intelligent and influential classes1 and that notwithstanding the spasmodic cry of alarm of ,lord ,john ,russell and the more spiteful attack of the ,right ,hon4 ,william ,e4 ,gladstone1 ,m4,p41 late prime minister4 ,it is clear to those who have eyes to see such things that ,god is bestowing special graces upon the ,english people in our day1 and that the hope is not without solid foundation which looks forward to the time when ,england shall again take rank among the ,catholic nations4 ,the evidences of a movement towards the ,catholic ,church are still clearer and more general in the ,united ,states4 ,there is less prejudice and hostility against the church in the ,united ,states than in ,england1 and hence her progress is much greater4 ,the ,catholics1 in the beginning of this century1 stood as one to every two hundred of the whole population of the ,american ,republic4 ,the ratio of ,catholics now is one to six or seven of the inhabitants4 ,the ,catholics will outnumber1 before the close of this century1 all other believers in ,christianity put together in the republic4 ,this is no fanciful statement1 but one based on a careful study of statistics1 and the estimate is moderate4 ,even should emigration from ,catholic countries to the ,united ,states cease altogether--which it will not--or even should it greatly diminish1 the supposed loss or diminution1 in this source of augmentation1 will be fully compensated by the relative increase of births among the ,catholics1 as compared with that among other portions of the population4 ,the spirit1 the tendencies1 and the form of political government inherited by the people of the ,united ,states are strongly and distinctively ,saxon2 yet there are no more patriotic or better citizens in the republic than the ,roman ,catholics1 and no more intelligent1 practical1 and devoted ,catholics in the church than the seven millions of ,catholics in this same young and vigorous republic4 ,the ,catholic faith is the only persistently progressive religious element1 compared with the increase of population1 in the ,united ,states4 ,a striking proof that the ,catholic ,church flourishes wherever there is honest freedom and wherever human nature has its full share of liberty6 ,give the ,catholic ,church equal rights and fair play1 and she will again win ,europe1 and with ,europe the world4 ,now1 who will venture to assert that these two mixed ,saxon nations1 of ,england and the ,united ,states1 are not1 in the order of divine ,providence1 the appointed leaders of the great movement of the return of all the ,saxons to the ,holy ,catholic ,church8 ,the sun1 in his early dawn1 first touches the brightest mountain-tops1 and1 advancing in his course1 floods the deepest valleys with his glorious light2 and so the ,sun of divine grace has begun to enlighten the minds in the highest stations in life in ,england1 in the ,united ,states1 and in ,germany2 and what human power will impede the extension of its holy light to the souls of the whole population of these countries8 ,,xvii4 ,,transition ,,of ,,the ,,latin-,,celts ,strange action of divine ,providence in ruling the nations of this earth6 ,while the ,saxons are about to pass from a natural to a supernatural career1 the ,latin-,celts are impatient for1 and have already entered upon1 a natural one4 ,what does this mean8 ,are these races to change their relative positions before the face of the world8 ,the present movement of transition began on the part of the ,latin-,celtic nations in the last century among the ,french people1 who of all these nations stand geographically the nearest1 and whose blood is most mingled with that of the ,saxons4 ,that transition began in violence1 because it was provoked to a premature birth by the circumstance that the control exercised by the church as the natural moderator of the ,christian republic of ,europe was set aside by ,protestantism1 particularly so in ,france1 in consequence of a diluted dose of the same ,protestantism under the name of ,gallicanism4 ,exempt from this salutary control1 kings and the aristocracy oppressed the people at their own will and pleasure2 and the people1 in turn1 wildly rose up in their might1 and cut off1 at their own will and pleasure1 the heads of the kings and aristocrats4 ,louis ,,xiv41 in his pride1 said1 8,l',etat c'est moi60 ,the people replied1 in their passion1 8,l',etat c'est nous60 ,under the guidance of the church the transformation from feudalism to all that is included under the title of modern citizenship was effected with order1 peace1 and benefit to all classes concerned4 ,apart from this aid1 society pendulates from despotism to anarchy1 and from anarchy to despotism4 ,the ,french people at the present moment are groping about1 and earnestly seeking after the true path of progress1 which they lost some time back by their departure from the ,christian order of society4 ,the true movement of ,christian progress was turned aside into destructive channels1 and this movement1 becoming revolutionary1 has passed in our day to the ,italian and ,spanish nations4 ,looking at things in their broad features1 ,christianity is at this moment exposed to the danger1 on the one hand1 of being exterminated by the persecutions of the ,saxon races1 and1 on the other1 of being denied by the apostasy of the ,latin-,celts4 ,this is the great tribulation of the present hour of the church4 ,she feels the painful struggle4 ,the destructive work of crushing out ,christianity by means of these hostile tendencies has already begun4 ,if1 as some imagine1 the ,christian faith be only possible at the sacrifice of human nature1 and if a natural career be only possible at the sacrifice of the ,christian faith1 it requires no prophetic eye to foresee the sad results to the ,christian religion at no distant future4 ,but it is not so4 ,the principles already laid down and proclaimed to the world by the church answer satisfactorily these difficulties4 ,what the age demands1 what society is seeking for1 rightly interpreted1 is the knowledge of these principles and their practical application to its present needs4 ,for ,god is no less the author of nature than of grace1 of reason than of faith1 of this earth than of heaven4 ,the ,word by which all things were made that were made1 and the ,word which was made flesh1 is one and the same ,word4 ,the light which enlighteneth every man that cometh into this world1 and the light of ,christian faith1 are1 although differing in degree1 the same light4 8,there is therefore nothing so foolish or so absurd10 to use the words of ,pius ,,ix4 on the same subject1 8as to suppose there can be any opposition between them40#eb ,their connection is intimate1 their relation is primary2 they are1 in essence1 one4 ,for what else did ,christ become man than to establish the kingdom of ,god on earth1 as the way to the kingdom of ,god in heaven8 ,it cannot be too often repeated to the men of this generation1 so many of whom are trying to banish and forget ,god1 that ,god1 and ,god alone1 is the ,creator and ,renewer of the world4 ,the same ,god who made all things1 and who became man1 and began the work of regeneration1 is the same who really acts in the church now upon men and society1 and who has pledged his word to continue to do so until the end of the world4 ,to be guided by ,god's church is to be guided by ,god4 ,it is in vain to look elsewhere4 8,society10 as the present pontiff has observed1 8has been enclosed in a labyrinth1 out of which it will never issue save by the hand of ,god40#ec ,the hand of ,god is the church4 ,it is this hand he is extending1 in a more distinctive and attractive form1 to this present generation4 ,blessed generation1 if it can only be led to see this outstretched hand1 and to follow the path of all true progress1 which it so clearly points out6 ,,xviii4 ,,perspective ,,of ,,the ,,future4 ,during the last three centuries1 from the nature of the work the church had to do1 the weight of her influence had to be mainly exerted on the side of restraining human activity4 ,her present and future influence1 due to the completion of her external organization1 will be exerted on the side of soliciting increased action4 ,the first was necessarily repressive and unpopular2 the second will be1 on the contrary1 expansive and popular4 ,the one excited antagonism2 the other will attract sympathy and cheerful co-operation4 ,the former restraint was exercised1 not against human activity1 but against the exaggeration of that activity4 ,the future will be the solicitation of the same activity towards its elevation and divine expansion1 enhancing its fruitfulness and glory4 ,these different races of ,europe and the ,united ,states1 constituting the body of the most civilized nations of the world1 united in an intelligent appreciation of the divine character of the church1 with their varied capacities and the great agencies at their disposal1 would be the providential means of rapidly spreading the light of faith over the whole world1 and of constituting a more ,christian state of society4 ,in this way would be reached a more perfect realization of the prediction of the prophets1 of the promises and prayers of ,christ1 and of the true aspiration of all noble souls4 ,this is what the age is calling for1 if rightly understood1 in its countless theories and projects of reform4 ,,odd ,,stories4 ,,ix4 ,,kurdig4 ,the sun was setting in the vale of ,kashmir4 ,under the blessing of its rays the admiring fakir would again have said that here undoubtedly was the place of the earthly paradise where mankind was born in the morning of the world4 ,something of the same thought may have stirred the mind of a dwarfed and hump-backed man with bow-legs1 who1 from carrying on his shoulders a heavy barrel up the steep and crooked path of a hillside1 stopped to rest while he looked mournfully at the sun4 ,herds of goats that strayed near him1 and flocks of sheep that grazed below1 might have provoked their deformed neighbor to envy their shapely and well-clad beauty and peaceful movements4 ,could he have found it in his heart to curse the sun which had seemed to view with such complacency his hard toils amid the burden and heat of the day1 the compassionate splendor of its last look upon field1 river1 and mountain would still have touched his soul4 ,as it was1 he saw that earth and heaven were beautiful1 and that he was not4 ,whether he uttered it or not1 his keen1 sad eyes and thoughtful face were a lament that his hard lot had made him the one ugly feature in that gentle scene4 ,no1 not the only one2 he shared his singularity with the little green snake that now crawled near his feet4 ,yet even this reptile1 he thought1 could boast its sinuous beauty1 its harmony with the order of things2 for it was a perfect snake1 and he--well1 he was scarce a man4 ,soon1 however1 better thoughts took possession of his mind1 and1 when he shouldered his barrel to climb the hill1 he thought that one of those beautiful peris1 whose mission it is to console earth's sorrowing children ere yet their wings are admitted to heaven1 thus murmured in his ear1 with a speech that was like melody3 8,o ,kurdig1 child of toil6 thy lot is indeed hard1 but thou bearest it not for thyself alone1 and thy master and rewarder hath set thee thy task2 and for this thou shalt have the unseen for thy friends1 love for thy thought1 and heaven for thy solace40 ,as he ascended the hill it seemed to him that his load grew lighter1 as if by help of invisible hands4 ,he looked for a moment on the snake which hissed at him1 and though but an hour ago1 moved by a feud as old as man1 he would have ground it in hate beneath his foot1 he now let it pass4 ,the crooked man ascended the hill1 while the crooked serpent passed downward2 and it was as if one understood the other4 ,at length the dwarf ,kurdig reached the yard of the palace1 which stood on a shady portion of the eminence1 but1 as he laid down his burden with a smile and a good word before his employer1 suddenly he felt the sharp cut of a whip across the shoulders4 ,he writhed and smarted1 feeling as if the old serpent had stung him4 ,kurdig was one of those hewers of wood and drawers of water whose daily being in the wonderful vale of ,kashmir seemed but a harsh contrast of fallen man with the paradise that once was his home4 ,when he did not carry barrels of wine1 or fruit-loads1 or other burdens to the top of the hill1 he assisted his poor sister and her child in the task of making shawls for one of a number of large shawl-dealers who gave employment to the people of the valley4 ,with them the dearest days of his life were spent4 ,at odd times he taught the little girl the names of flowers1 the virtues of herbs1 and even how to read and write--no small accomplishments among peasant folk1 and only gained by the dwarf himself because his mind was as patient and as shrewd as his body was misshapen4 ,his great desire for all useful knowledge found exercise in all the common stores of mother-wit and rustic science which the unlettered people around preserved as their inheritance4 ,how to build houses1 to make chairs1 ovens1 hats2 how to catch fish and conduct spring-waters2 how to apply herbs for cure and healing2 how to make oils and crude wine--these things he knew as none other of all the peasantry about could pretend to know4 ,he had seen1 too1 and had sometimes followed in the hunt1 the beasts of the forest2 nor was he1 as we have seen1 afraid of reptiles4 ,he could row and swim1 and while others danced he could sing and play4 ,this variety of accomplishments slowly acquired for the dwarf an influence which1 though little acknowledged1 was widespread4 ,in all the work and play of the rude folk around him he was the almost innocent and unregarded master-spirit4 ,the improvement of their houses owed something to his hand1 and their feasts were in good part planned by him2 for1 while he acted as their servant1 he was in truth their master4 ,to cure the common fevers1 aches1 hurts1 he had well-tried simples1 and his searches and experiments had added something new to the herbal remedies of his fathers4 ,all his talents as doctor1 musician1 mechanic1 and story-teller his neighbors did not fail to make use of1 while the dwarf still kept in the background1 and his ugliness1 whenever accident had made him at all prominent1 was laughed at as much as ever4 ,even the poor creatures his knowledge had cured1 and his good-nature had not tasked to pay him1 uttered a careless laugh when they praised their physician1 as if they said3 8,well1 who would have thought the ugly little crook-back was so cunning80 ,yet there was one who never joined in the general smile which accompanied the announcement of the name of ,kurdig4 ,this was his sister's child4 ,never without pain could she hear his name jestingly mentioned2 always with reverence1 and sometimes with tears1 she spoke of him4 ,the wan1 slender child had grown almost from its feeble infancy by the side of the dwarf4 ,when able to leave her mother's sole care1 he had taught the child her first games and songs1 and step by step had instructed her in all the rude home-lessons prevalent among the country people--how to knit1 to weave1 to read and to write1 according to the necessities of her place and condition4 ,the wonder was that from a pale and sickly infant the child grew as by a charm1 under the eye of the dwarf1 into a blooming girl1 whose quiet and simple demeanor detracted nothing from her peculiar loveliness1 and made her habits of industry the more admirable4 ,there was1 then1 one being in the world whom the dwarf undoubtedly loved1 and by whom he was loved in return4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,true ,,and ,,the ,,false ,,infallibility ,,of ,,the ,,popes1 ,,etc4 ,by the late ,bishop ,fessler4 ,translated by ,father ,st4 ,john1 of the ,edgbaston ,oratory4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,dr4 ,fessler was ,bishop of ,st4 ,polten in ,austria1 and the ,secretary-,general of the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,he wrote this pamphlet as a reply to the apostate ,dr4 ,schulte4 ,it was carefully examined and approved at ,rome1 and the author received a complimentary letter from the ,pope for the good service he had rendered to the cause of truth4 ,the true infallibility which the author vindicates is that infallibility of the ,pope in defining dogmas of ,catholic faith and condemning heresies1 which was defined as a ,catholic dogma by the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,the false infallibility which he impugns is the travesty of the true doctrine1 falsely imputed by ,schulte and others to the ,catholic ,church as her authoritative teaching expressed in the definition of the ,vatican ,council4 ,this doctrine of infallibility falsely imputed represents the ,pope as claiming inspiration1 power to create new dogmas1 infallibility as a private doctor1 as a judge of particular cases1 and as a ruler4 ,such an infallibility was not defined by the ,council of the ,vatican1 has never been asserted by the popes1 is not maintained by any school of theologians1 and is1 moreover1 partly in direct contradiction to the ,catholic doctrine1 partly manifestly false1 and as for the rest without any solid or probable foundation4 ,this false infallibility must1 however1 be carefully distinguished from the theological doctrine which extends the infallibility of the church and of the ,pope as to its objective scope and limit2 beyond the sphere of pure dogma1 or the ,catholic faith1 strictly and properly so-called2 over the entire realm of matters virtually1 mediately1 or indirectly contained in1 related to1 or connected with the body of doctrine which is formally revealed1 and is either categorically proposed or capable of being proposed by the church as of divine and ,catholic faith4 ,bishop ,fessler confines himself to that which has been defined in express terms by the council1 and must be held as an article of faith by every ,catholic1 under pain of incurring anathema as a heretic4 ,this definition respects directly the ,pope1 speaking as ,pope1 as being the subject1 of whom the same infallibility is predicated which is predicated of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the object of infallibility is obliquely defined1 and only so far as necessary to the precise definition of the subject1 which is the ,pope speaking ex cathedr4 ,as to the object1 or extension of infallibility1 no specific definition has been made4 ,the definition is generic only4 ,that is1 it gives in general terms those matters which are in the genus of faith and morals1 as the object of infallible teaching4 ,the truths formally revealed are the basis of all doctrine in any way respecting faith and morals which is theological2 and they control all doctrine which is philosophical1 concerning our relations to ,god and creatures1 at least negatively4 ,therefore1 taken in its most restricted sense1 infallibility in faith and morals must denote infallibility in teaching and defining these formally-revealed truths4 ,so much1 then1 respecting the object1 is necessarily de fide1 and is held as such by every theologian and every instructed ,catholic4 ,as to the further extension of infallibility1 or the specific definition of all the matters included in the term 8de fide et moribus10 the fathers of the council postponed their decisions to a later day1 and probably will consider them when the council is re-assembled4 ,in the meantime1 we have to be guided by the teaching of the best theologians whose doctrine is consonant to the practice of the ,holy ,see4 ,we may refer the curious reader to ,father ,knox's little work1 ,when does the ,church ,speak ,infallibly8 as the safest source of information concerning this important point4 ,as a matter of fact1 the popes do teach with authority many truths which are not articles of faith1 and condemn many opinions which are not heresies4 ,moreover1 they command the faithful to assent to their teaching1 and frequently punish those who refuse to do so4 ,it is much more logical1 and much more consonant to sound theological principles1 to believe that they are infallible in respect to every matter in which they justly command our absolute and irrevocable assent1 than to believe that we are bound to render this obedience to a fallible authority4 ,but of the obligation in conscience to submit to all the doctrinal decisions of the ,holy ,see there is no question4 ,and this obligation is very distinctly and emphatically declared by ,pius ,,ix41 with the concurrence of the universal episcopate1 in the closing monition of the ,first ,decree of the ,council of the ,vatican4 8,since it is not enough to avoid heretical pravity1 unless those errors also are diligently shunned which more or less approach it1 we admonish all of the duty of observing also those constitutions and decrees in which perverse opinions of this sort1 not here expressly enumerated1 are proscribed and prohibited by this ,holy ,see40 ,,the ,,archbishop ,,of ,,westminster',s ,,reply ,,to ,,mr4 ,,gladstone4 ,,bishop ,,ullathorne ,,on ,,the ,,same ,,subject4 ,,bishop ,,vaughan ,,on ,,the ,,same4 ,,lord ,,robert ,,montagu ,,on ,,the ,,same1 ,,etc4--,all published by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,new ,york3 #ahge4 ,the ,archbishop of ,westminster has the intellectual and moral as well as the ecclesiastical primacy in the ,catholic ,church of ,england1 and in this controversy he leads the band of noble champions of the faith which ,mr4 ,gladstone's audacious war-cry has evoked4 ,the illustrious successor of ,s4 ,anselm and ,s4 ,thomas ,becket has a remarkably clear insight into the fundamental principles of theology and canon law1 an unswerving logical consistency in deducing their connections and consequences1 a loyal integrity in his faith and devotion toward ,christ and his ,vicar1 a lucidity of style and language1 an untiring activity1 dauntless courage1 tactical skill1 and abundance of resources in his polemics1 which combine to make him a champion and leader of the first class in ecclesiastical warfare--a very ,duguesclin of controversy4 ,in the present pamphlet he has defined the issues with more precision1 and brought the main force of ,catholic principles more directly and powerfully into collision with his adversary's opposite centre1 than any other of the remarkably able antagonists of ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,we refer our readers to the pamphlet itself for a knowledge of its line of argument4 ,we will merely call attention to a few particular points in it which are noteworthy4 ,in the first place1 we desire to note the exposition of one very important truth frequently misapprehended and misstated4 ,this is1 namely1 that the doctrine of ,papal ,infallibility was not1 before the ,council of the ,vatican1 a mere opinion of theologians1 but the certain doctrine of the church1 proximate to faith1 and only questioned since the ,council of ,constance by a small number1 whose opinion was never a probable doctrine1 but only a tolerated error4 ,the archbishop1 moreover1 shows briefly but clearly how this error1 whose intrinsic mischief was practically nullified in pious ,gallicans by their obedience to the ,holy ,see1 and the overpowering weight which the concurrence of the great body of the bishops with the ,pope always gave to his dogmatic decrees1 was threatening to become extremely active and dangerous if longer tolerated2 and that the definition of the ,council of the ,vatican was therefore not only opportune and prudent1 but necessary4 ,he shows1 moreover1 that the violent and aggressive party which stirred up the conflict now raging was the party of faithless men who wore the mask of ,catholic profession1 with their political and anti-,catholic accomplices1 whose unsuccessful ruse de guerre1 at the time of the council1 was only the preliminary manuvre of a systematic war on the church4 ,the unchanged position of ,catholics since the council1 in respect to civil allegiance2 the essential similarity of that position1 doctrinally1 with that of all persons who maintain the supremacy of conscience and divine law2 its greater practical security for stability of government and political order over any other position2 the firm basis for temporal sovereignty and independence which ,catholic doctrine gives to the state2 and the great variation of practical relations between church and state from their condition at a former period which altered circumstances have caused1 are clearly and ably developed4 ,we are pleased to observe the positions laid down in our own editorial article on 8,religion and ,state in our ,republic0 sustained and confirmed by the archbishop's high authority4 ,americans must be especially gratified at the warm eulogium upon ,lord ,baltimore and the primitive constitution of the ,maryland colony4 ,among the numerous other replies to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 besides those already noticed in this magazine1 the pamphlets of ,bishop ,vaughan1 ,bishop ,ullathorne1 and ,lord ,robert ,montagu are especially remarkable and worthy of perusal4 ,each of them has its own peculiar line of argument and individual excellence1 and they supplement each other4 ,the want of sympathy with ,mr4 ,gladstone generally manifested in ,england and ,america1 and the respectful interest shown in the exposition of ,catholic principles by his antagonists1 are specially worthy of remark4 ,we are under great obligations to ,mr4 ,gladstone for the fine opportunity he has afforded us of gaining such a hearing1 and he has thus indirectly and unintentionally done the cause of ,catholic truth a very great service1 which some of our opponents candidly1 though with considerable chagrin1 have acknowledged4 ,,the ,,ministry ,,of ,s4 ,,john ,,baptist4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,coleridge1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,father ,coleridge has devoted himself to very extensive and critical studies1 with the intention of publishing a new life of ,christ4 ,this volume is the first instalment4 ,it is learned and critical without being dry or abstruse4 ,it can be relied on1 therefore1 for scholarly accuracy1 and at the same time enjoyed for its literary beauties4 ,the author has a felicity of diction and a talent for historical narration1 which1 combined with his solid learning1 make him singularly competent for the important and delightful task he has undertaken and so successfully commenced4 ,,life ,,of ,,father ,,henry ,,young4 ,by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this remarkable and somewhat eccentric priest lived and died in ,dublin1 though he exercised his apostolic ministry also in many other parts of ,ireland4 ,he was undoubtedly a saint1 and in some respects strikingly like the venerable ,cur of ,ars4 ,the author has written his life in her usual charming style1 and it is not only edifying1 but extremely curious and entertaining4 ,,the ,,lily ,,and ,,the ,,cross4 ,a ,tale of ,acadia4 ,by ,prof4 ,james ,de ,mille4 ,boston and ,new ,york3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahge4 ,here we have a kind of quasi-,catholic tale1 written by a ,protestant4 ,as a story it has a good deal of stirring incident and dramatic power1 mingled with a fine spice of humor4 ,the writer shows no unkind or unfair disposition toward ,catholics or their religion1 and the priest in the story1 as a man1 is a noble and heroic character4 ,his ,catholicity1 however1 is too weak even for the most extreme left of liberal ,catholics4 ,,the ,,veil ,,withdrawn 7,le ,mot de ,l',enigme74 ,translated1 by permission1 from the ,french of ,mme4 ,craven1 author of ,a ,sister's ,story1 ,fleurange1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,in its didactic aspects we consider ,the ,veil ,withdrawn superior to its immediate predecessor1 ,fleurange1 inasmuch as its moral purpose is more decided and apparent2 and we believe ,mme4 ,craven has been very opportune in the choice of the principal lesson which her book inculcates1 as well as felicitous in the manner in which it is conveyed4 ,there is perhaps no peril to which a frank1 confiding young matron is more exposed at the present day than that constituted by the circumstances which formed the temptation of the heroine of this novel1 and which she so heroically overcame4 ,and herein we trust the non-,catholic reader will not fail to observe the safeguard which ,catholic principles and the confessional throw around the innocent--warning them of the threatened danger1 without detracting from the ingenuousness and simplicity which constitute a chief charm of the sex4 ,we purposely avoid being more specific in our allusion to the plot of this story1 lest we diminish the pleasure of those who have delayed its perusal until now4 ,,caleb ,,krinkle4 ,by ,charles ,carleton ,coffin 78,carlton074 ,boston and ,new ,york3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahge4 ,this 8,story of ,american ,life10 which would have been more aptly called a 8,story of ,yankee ,life10 is really capital4 ,linda ,fair1 ,dan ,dishaway1 and old ,peter are excellently-drawn characters1 and the others are good in their way4 ,the description of the blacksmith and his daughter is like a paraphrase of ,longfellow's exquisite little poem4 ,the author makes use both of pathos and humor1 and although there are rather too many disasters and narrow escapes1 yet1 on the whole1 the story is simple1 natural1 and life-like1 its moral tone is elevated1 and it is well worth reading4 ,,poems4 ,by ,william ,wilson4 ,edited by ,benson ,j4 ,lossing1 ,poughkeepsie3 ,archibald ,wilson4 #ahge4 ,he is a bold publisher who sends forth a poetical venture in these prosaic days1 backed though it be by a partial subscription list and the favorable reception of a first edition4 ,we are reminded in looking over this volume1 as we have often been before in examining those of the tuneful brethren1 how much the world is indebted to the church1 consciously or otherwise1 for its most refined enjoyments4 ,if 8an undevout astronomer is mad10 how can a poet's instincts be otherwise than ,catholic8 ,were it not for ,catholic themes1 he would lack his highest inspiration1 as well as appropriate imagery to illustrate his thoughts withal4 ,even that doughty old iconoclast1 ,john ,bunyan--every inch a poet1 though his lines were not measured--found no relief for his pilgrim-hero till he had looked upon that symbol of symbols--the cross4 ,the author of the present collection made no permanent profession of literature1 and rarely wrote except when the impulse was too strong to be resisted4 ,his impromptu lines were always his best1 the ,scottish dialect1 in which many of them are written1 adding not a little to their racy flavor4 ,his verse is characterized by sweetness1 beauty1 and strength1 and he is particularly happy when descanting upon the joys of home1 of love and friendship1 and the charms of outward nature4 ,we are not aware that the author ever made a study of the claims of the church1 and some passages in his poems give evidence of much of the traditional prejudice against her2 but we are confident1 from other indications1 that his head was too logical and his heart too large to be shut up within the narrow limits of ,presbyterian or other sectarian tenets4 ,the final stanza of 8,the ,close0--the last he ever wrote--is touching and suggestive3 8,and his pale hand signing ,man's redemption sign1 ,cried1 with forehead shining1 #8,father1 ,i am ,thine6' ,and so to rest he quietly hath passed1 ,and sleeps in ,christ1 the comforter1 at last40 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxi41 ,no4 #abb4--,,may1 #ahge4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,pius ,,ix4 ,,and ,,mr4 ,,gladstone',s ,,misrepresentations4 ,the recent conduct of the ,right ,honorable ,william ,ewart ,gladstone has filled his former friends and admirers with anger and sorrow1 and the nobler among his enemies with astonishment and pity4 ,he has done much to convert the defeat of the liberal party in ,great ,britain1 which might have been but temporary1 into absolute rout and lasting confusion2 for its return to power is impossible as long as the alienation of the ,irish ,catholic members of ,parliament continues4 ,the more generous of ,mr4 ,gladstone's political foes cannot but deplore that the once mighty opponent1 whom they succeeded in driving from office1 has1 by his own behavior1 fallen into something very like contempt4 ,his strictures on the ,vatican decrees and the ,speeches of ,pius ,,ix4 possess little merit in a literary point of view1 being written in the bad style common to ,exeter ,hall controversialists1 and being full of inaccuracies1 misrepresentations1 and oversights4 ,they have accordingly received from the leading critical journals in ,great ,britain either open censure or that faint praise which is equally damning4 ,the ,pall ,mall ,gazette observes that1 if ,mr4 ,gladstone goes on writing in a similar strain1 no one will heed what he writes4 ,the wild assault made by him upon ,catholics is not only perceived by others to be causeless and gratuitous1 but is freely confessed by himself to be uncalled for and unwarranted4 ,speaking of the questions1 whether the ,pope claimed temporal jurisdiction or deposing power1 or whether the church still teaches the doctrine of persecution1 he says in his ,expostulation 7page #bf73 8,now1 to no one of these questions could the answer really be of the smallest immediate moment to this powerful and solidly-compacted kingdom40 ,again1 in the ,quarterly ,review article 7page #cjj71 he asserts that the 8burning0 question of the deposing power1 8with reference to the possibilities of life and action1 remains the shadow of a shade60 ,why1 then1 does ,mr4 ,gladstone apply the torch to quicken the flame of the burning controversy1 which he affirms to be beyond the range of practical politics8 ,why does he summon the 8shadow of a shade0 to trouble1 terrify1 or distress his fellow-countrymen8 ,has he forgotten the history of his country1 which teaches him that these very questions were among those which brought innocent men to the block1 and caused multitudes to suffer the tortures of the rack and the pains of ignominious death8 ,we read in ,hallam 7,constitutional ,hist4 of ,england7 that one of the earliest novelties of legislation introduced by ,henry ,,viii4 was the act of ,parliament of #aecd1 by which 8it was made high treason to deny that ecclesiastical supremacy of the crown which1 till about two years before1 no one had ever ventured to assert4 ,bishop ,fisher1 almost the only inflexibly honest churchman of that age1 was beheaded for this denial40 ,sir ,thomas ,more met the same fate4 ,burleigh1 in a state paper in which he apologizes for the illegal employment of torture in ,elizabeth's reign1 includes among the questions 8asked during their torture0 of those 8put to the rack10 the question1 8,what was their own opinion as to the pope's right to deprive the queen of her crown80 ,in those days1 then1 the mere opinions of ,catholics concerning papal supremacy were torturing and beheading questions--questions of the rack1 the block1 and the stake4 ,now they are 8burning0 questions1 in a metaphorical sense1 and lead to wordy strife1 polemical bitterness1 and to widening the breach between two sections of ,queen ,victoria's subjects1 which all wise men during late years have deplored and striven to lessen1 but which ,mr4 ,gladstone deliberately sets himself to widen4 ,into the causes which have provoked ,mr4 ,gladstone to attack ,catholics and the ,pope it is not necessary to enter4 ,corrupt or impure motives are not imputed to him4 ,nor is it here intended to discuss the theological part of the subject1 which has already been exhaustively dealt with by ,dr4 ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,archbishop ,manning1 ,bishops ,ullathorne1 ,vaughan1 and ,clifford1 ,monsignor ,capel1 and others4 ,the aim of the present writer is to point out the inaccuracies of ,mr4 ,gladstone in his ,expostulation and his ,quarterly ,review article on the ,speeches of ,pius ,,ix41 to exhibit his general untrustworthiness in his references and quotations1 and to bring forward the real instead of the travestied sentiments of the ,pope4 ,now1 to honest and fair examination of documents which concern their faith ,catholics have no objection4 ,on the contrary1 they desire sincerely that ,protestants should read1 mark1 learn1 and inwardly digest them4 ,nothing but good to the ,catholic ,church can result from impartial study of such documents as the ,vatican decrees1 the ,encyclical and ,syllabus of ,pius ,,ix41 to which1 in his ,expostulation1 ,mr4 ,gladstone made such extensive reference4 ,catholics give him a cordial assent when he says3 8,it is impossible for persons accepting those decrees justly to complain when such documents are subjected in good faith to a strict examination as respects their compatibility with civil right and the obedience of subjects40 ,but ,catholics and all upright ,protestants must join in condemning as unjust and unfair that bad habit common to controversialists of a certain class1 who aim at temporary victory for themselves and their party1 careless of the interests of eternal verity4 ,there are partisan writers who cite portions of a document1 in the belief that the mass of readers will have no knowledge of the entire1 and who take extracts hap-hazard from secondary sources1 without troubling themselves to search the authentic or original documents4 ,wilful inaccuracy and purposed misquotations are not1 as has already been stated1 to be imputed to ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,but it often occurs that carelessness and prejudice lead distinguished writers into errors similar to those produced by malice1 and equally or more detrimental4 ,it so happens that ,mr4 ,gladstone1 in describing and quoting the ,vatican decrees1 the words of ,pius ,,ix41 the ,syllabus and ,encyclical1 has published statements so incorrect and so misleading as to subject the author1 were he less eminent for honor and scrupulous veracity1 to the charge either of criminal ignorance or of wilful intention to mislead4 ,for example1 he cites1 at pages #cb-cd of his ,expostulation1 the form of the present ,vatican decrees as proof of the wonderful 8change now consummated in the constitution of the ,latin ,church0 and of 8the present degradation of its episcopal order40 ,he says the present ,vatican decrees1 being promulgated in a strain different from that adopted by the ,council of ,trent1 are scarcely worthy to be termed 8the decrees of the ,council of the ,vatican40 ,the ,trent canons were1 he says1 real canons of a real council1 beginning thus3 8,hc ,sacrosancta10 etc41 8,synodus10 etc41 8docet0 or 8statuit0 or 8decernit10 and the like2 and its canons1 8as published in ,rome1 are ,canones et ,decreta ,sacrosancti cumenici ,concilii ,tridentini1 and so forth4 ,but what we have now to do with is the ,constitutio ,dogmatica ,prima de ,ecclesi ,christi edita in ,sessione tertia of the ,vatican ,council4 ,it is not a constitution made by the council1 but one promulgated in the council4 ,and who is it that legislates and decrees8 ,it is ,pius ,episcopus1 servus servorum ,dei2 and the seductive plural of his docemus et declaramus is simply the dignified and ceremonious #8we' of royal declarations4 ,the document is dated #8,pontificatus nostri ,anno ,,xxv41' and the humble share of the assembled episcopate in the transaction is represented by sacro approbante concilio40 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 stating that the ,trent canons are published as ,canones et ,decreta ,sac4 cum4 ,concilii ,tridentini1 and particularizing in a foot-note the place of publication as 8,rom3 in ,collegio urbano de ,propaganda ,fide1 #ahcc10 leads his readers wrongfully to infer that there exists no similar publication of the ,vatican decrees4 ,however1 the very first complete edition of the ,vatican decrees1 printed especially for distribution to the fathers of the council1 bears this title3 ,acta et ,decreta ,sacrosancti cumenici ,concilii ,vaticani in ,quatuor ,prioribus ,sessionibus--,rom ex ,typographia ,vaticana1 #ahgb4 ,what ,mr4 ,gladstone appears to have quoted are the small tracts1 containing portions of the decrees1 for general use1 one of which is entitled ,dogmatic ,constitution concerning the ,catholic ,faith1 ,published in the ,third ,session1 while another is entitled ,the ,first ,dogmatic ,constitution of the ,church of ,christ1 ,published in the ,fourth ,session4 ,mr4 ,gladstone has not scrupled to take one of these tracts as his text-book1 misstating its very title2 for he quotes it as 8edita in sessione tertia0 instead of 8quarta10 and deriving from it1 instead of from the authentic ,acta et ,decreta1 his materials for charging the decrees with a change of form 8amounting to revolution40 ,had the ,acta in their complete version been before him1 he could not truthfully have said 8the humble share of the assembled episcopate in the transaction is represented by sacro approbante concilio02 for he would have found it distinctly stated1 and apparently as reason for their confirmation by the ,pope1 that the decrees and canons contained in the constitution were read before1 and approved by1 all the fathers of the council1 with two exceptions--8,decreta et ,canones qui in constitutione modo lecta continentur1 placuerunt patribus omnibus1 duobus exceptis1 ,nosque1 sacro approbante concilio1 illa et illos1 ut lecta sunt1 definimus et apostolica auctoritate confirmamus40 ,why does ,mr4 ,gladstone call attention to the date as being 8,pontificatus nostri ,anno ,,xxv408 ,is it in order to show that the ,vatican despises the other mode of computation1 or is it to exhibit his own minute accuracy in quoting8 ,in either case ,mr4 ,gladstone was wrong1 for the date in the ,constitutio ,dogmatica before him was as follows3 8,datum ,rom1 etc41 ,anno ,incarnationis ,dominic #ahgj1 die #ah ,julii4 ,pontificatus ,nostri1 ,anno ,,xxv40 ,and why should ,mr4 ,gladstone describe as 8seductive0 the plural of the ,pope's 8docemus et declaramus10 and assert that plural form to be 8simply the dignified and ceremonious #8,we' of royal declarations08 ,did he mean to impute to the use of the plural number a corrupt intention to make people believe that the #8we' included the bishops as well as the ,pope8 ,did he mean also to impute to the use of the plural an arrogant affectation of royal dignity8 ,if such were the purpose of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 it can only be said that such rhetorical artifices are unworthy of him and are not warranted by truth4 ,the #8we' is simply the habitual form of episcopal utterances1 employed even by ,protestant prelates in their official acts4 ,it is evident1 moreover1 that the use of the plural docemus or declaramus1 and the employment of the formula sacro approbante concilio1 denounced by ,mr4 ,gladstone as innovations1 have ancient precedents in their favor4 ,the ,acta ,synodalia of the ,eleventh ,general and ,third ,lateran ,council1 held under ,pope ,alexander ,,iii4 in #aagi1 are thus worded3 8,nos ''' de concilio fratrum nostrorum et sacri approbatione concilii ''' decrevimus0 or 8statuimus40 ,the same form1 with trifling variation1 was employed in #abbe by ,innocent ,,iii4 in another ,general ,council1 the ,fourth ,lateran4 ,mr4 ,gladstone thinks 8the very gist of the evil we are dealing with consists in following 7and enforcing7 precedents of the age of ,innocent ,,iii410 so that it may be useless to cite the ,general ,council of ,lyons in #abde1 under ,innocent ,,iv41 with its decrees published in the obnoxious strain1 8,innocentius ,episcopus1 servus servorum ,dei1 etc41 sacro prsente concilio ad rei memoriam sempiternam40 ,the language of another ,general ,council at ,lyons1 in #abgd1 under ,gregory ,x41 8,nos ''' sacro approbante concilio1 damnamus10 etc41 and the language of the ,council of ,vienne1 in #acaa1 under ,clement ,v41 8,nos sacro approbante concilio ''' damnamus et reprobamus10 come perhaps too near the age of ,innocent ,,iii4 to have weight with ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,but he cannot object on this score to the ,fifth ,lateran ,council1 begun in #aeab under ,julius ,,ii41 and finished in #aeag under ,leo ,x4 ,in this ,general ,council1 the next before that of ,trent1 ,pope ,leo was present in person1 and by him1 just as by ,pius ,,ix41 in the ,vatican ,council1 all the definitions and decrees were made in the strain which ,mr4 ,gladstone calls innovating and revolutionary1 namely1 in the style1 8,leo ,episcopus servus servorum ,dei ad perpetuam rei memoriam1 sacro approbante concilio40 ,leo ,x4 uniformly employed the plural statuimus et ordinamus in every session of that council4 ,pius ,,ix4 followed the example of ,leo ,x41 and obeyed precedents set him by popes who presided in person--not by legates1 as at ,trent--at ,general ,councils held in the years #aagi1 #abbe1 #abdd1 #abgd1 #acaa1 and #aeag4 ,accordingly1 8the change of form in the present1 as compared with other conciliatory 7sic7 decrees10 turns out on examination to be no revolution1 but1 on the contrary1 appears to have in its favor precedents the earliest of which has seven centuries of antiquity4 ,and yet to this alleged change of form1 and to this alone1 ,mr4 ,gladstone appealed in evidence of 8the amount of the wonderful change now consummated in the constitution of the ,latin ,church0 and of 8the present degradation of its episcopal order06 ,the ,encyclical and ,syllabus of #ahfd have been treated by ,mr4 ,gladstone in the same loose1 careless1 and unfair way as he treated the ,vatican decrees4 ,he promised1 at page #ae of his ,expostulation1 to 8state1 in the fewest possible words and with references1 a few propositions1 all the holders of which have been condemned the italics are ,mr4 ,gladstone's by the ,see of ,rome during my own generation1 and especially within the last twelve or fifteen years4 ,and in order10 so proceeds ,mr4 ,gladstone1 8that ,i may do nothing towards importing passion into what is matter of pure argument1 ,i will avoid citing any of the fearfully energetic epithets in which the condemnations are sometimes clothed40 ,the references here given by ,mr4 ,gladstone are to the ,encyclical letter of ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 in #ahca--;a date1 it may be noticed1 rather more ancient than 8the last twelve or fifteen years0--and to the following documents1 which at page #af of his pamphlet are thus detailed3 ,the ,encyclical 8of ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 in #ahfd02 8,encyclical of ,pius ,,ix41 ,december #h1 #ahfd02 8,syllabus of ,march #ah1 #ahfa02 and the 8,syllabus of ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 ,march #h1 #ahfa40 ,here are apparently five documents deliberately referred to1 the first an ,encyclical of ,gregory ,,xvi42 the second an ,encyclical of ,pius ,,ix41 in #ahfd2 the third another ,encyclical of ,pius ,,ix41 dated ,december #h1 #ahfd2 the fourth a ,syllabus of ,march #ahth1 #ahfa2 and the fifth another ,syllabus of the #hth of ,march1 #ahfa4 ,yet these apparently five documents1 to which reference is made by ,mr4 ,gladstone with so much seeming particularity and exactitude of dates1 are in reality two documents only1 and have but one date--namely1 the #hth of ,december1 #ahfd--on which day the ,encyclical1 with the ,syllabus attached1 was published by ,pius ,,ix4 ,at page #fg of his pamphlet ,mr4 ,gladstone 8cites his originals10 and curiously enough1 by a printer's error1 assigns the ,encyclical of ,gregory ,,xvi4 to ,gregory ,,xiv4 ,but he cites from two sources only--namely1 the ,encyclical and ,syllabus of #ahfd4 ,that ,encyclical contains a quotation from an ,encyclical of ,gregory ,,xvi41 which and the ,syllabus are positively the only documents actually cited4 ,by a series of blunders1 all of which cannot be charged to the printer--and in a work which has arrived at the 8sixteenth thousand0 edition printers' errors are hardly allowable--the two documents1 with their one date1 have been made to do duty for five documents1 ascribed gravely to as many different dates6 ,moreover1 ,mr4 ,gladstone's assertion that he will state 8a few propositions1 all the holders of which have been condemned by the ,holy ,see10 is inaccurate1 as far as his extracts from the ,encyclical and the ,syllabus--the only documents to which he appeals--are concerned2 for in them no 8holders0 of any propositions are condemned1 nor is there a single anathema directed against any individual4 ,the errors only are censured4 ,mr4 ,gladstone cannot illustrate any one of his eighteen propositions by a single epithet which could with truth be called 8fearfully energetic40 ,as a matter of fact1 there are no epithets at all attached to any condemnations in the eighty propositions of the ,syllabus4 ,when1 therefore1 ,mr4 ,gladstone professes1 in order to do nothing 8towards importing passion10 that he will 8avoid citing any of the fearfully energetic epithets in which the condemnations are sometimes clothed10 he plays a rhetorical trick upon his readers4 ,in truth1 had he quoted the entire of the ,encyclical and ,syllabus1 he would not have been able to make his hypocritical insinuation that he might have culled1 if he wished1 more damaging extracts4 ,catholics have to lament1 not that he quoted too much1 but that he quoted too little2 not that he quoted with severe rigor1 but that he quoted with absolute unfaithfulness4 ,it is justice1 not mercy1 which ,catholics demand from him1 and which they ask all the more imperatively because he has himself laid down the axiom3 8,exactness in stating truth according to the measure of our intelligence is an indispensable condition of justice and of a title to be heard40 ,it was urged by some persons that ,mr4 ,gladstone gave sufficient opportunities for correcting the effect of his inaccuracies by publishing in an appendix the ,latin of the propositions he professed to quote4 ,but so glaring is the contrast between the 8propositions0 in ,english and the same in ,latin that a writer in the ,civilt ,cattolica exclaims in amazement3 8,has he ,mr4 ,gladstone misunderstood the ,latin of the quoted texts8 ,has he through thoughtlessness travestied the sense8 ,or has his good faith fallen a victim to the disloyalty of some cunning ,old ,catholics who furnished him with these propositions80 ,mr4 ,gladstone has asserted that ,pius ,,ix4 has condemned 8those who maintain the liberty of the press10 8or the liberty of conscience and of worship10 8or the liberty of speech40 ,on referring to the ,latin original of these the first three of his eighteen propositions1 it is found that ,pius ,,ix4 has given no occasion for such a monstrous assertion4 ,the ,pope has merely condemned that species of liberty which every man not a socialist or communist must from his heart believe worthy of censure4 ,gregory ,,xvi4 called this vicious sort of liberty by the name of delirium1 and ,pius ,,ix41 in his ,encyclical1 terms it the 8liberty of perdition40 ,it is a liberty 8especially pernicious 7maxime exitialem7 to the ,catholic ,church and the salvation of souls10 and the claim to it is based on the error 8that liberty of conscience and of worship is the proper right of every man2 that it ought to be proclaimed and asserted by law in every well-constituted society2 and that citizens have an inherent right to liberty of every kind1 not to be restrained by any authority1 ecclesiastical or civil1 so that they may be able1 openly and publicly1 to manifest and declare their opinions1 of whatever kind1 by speech1 by the press1 or by any other means40 ,such is the sort of liberty which the ,encyclical condemns1 which is not the general liberty of the press1 or of conscience and worship1 as ,mr4 ,gladstone would have it1 but that sort of liberty which might be better termed licentiousness--a liberty1 that is1 which knows no bridle or restraint1 whether human or divine1 and which refuses to be kept in check by any authority1 ecclesiastical or civil--8omnimodam libertatem null vel ecclesiastic1 vel civili auctoritate coarctandam40 ,the ,expostulation has been widely circulated among the learned1 and also in a sixpenny edition among the masses4 ,it is evident that thousands of persons accustomed to entertain a high opinion of the veracity of great men in ,mr4 ,gladstone's position will take his statements upon trust1 and never dream of testing1 even had they the requisite acquaintance with a dead language1 the accuracy of his translations and quotations4 ,to abuse the confidence of this section of the public is a sin severely to be reprobated4 ,the ,speeches of ,pius ,,ix4--which1 it would appear1 were not read by ,mr4 ,gladstone until after he wrote the ,expostulation--have been by him criticised in the ,quarterly ,review unmercifully and unfairly4 ,he did not take into consideration the circumstance that these speeches are not elaborate orations1 but are merely the unprepared1 unstudied utterances of a pontiff so aged as to be termed by the reviewer himself a 8nonagenarian10 borne down with unparalleled afflictions1 weighted with innumerable cares1 and oppressed with frequent and at times serious illnesses4 ,the speeches themselves were not reported verbatim or in extenso4 ,no professional shorthand writer attended when they were delivered1 and they were not spoken with a view to their publication4 ,but every word which comes from the lips of ,pius ,,ix4 is precious to ,catholics2 and as some of these speeches were taken down by various hands and appeared in various periodicals1 it was thought proper to allow a collection of them to be formed and published by an ecclesiastic1 ,don ,pasquale de ,franciscis1 who himself took notes of the greater number of these ,discourses4 ,this gentleman is described by ,mr4 ,gladstone as 8an accomplished professor of flunkyism in things spiritual10 and one of the 8sycophants0 about the ,pope who administer to ,his ,holiness 8an adulation1 not only excessive in its degree1 but of a kind which to an unbiassed mind may seem to border on profanity40 ,mr4 ,gladstone is fond of insinuating that his own mind is 8unbiassed0 or 8dispassionate10 and that he would by no means 8import passion0 into a controversy where calm reasoning alone is admissible4 ,but1 in point of fact1 as the ,pall ,mall ,gazette has pointed out1 he shows himself the bigoted controversialist instead of the grave statesman4 ,forgetting the genius of the ,italian people1 and the difference between the warm and impulsive natives of the ,south and the phlegmatic ,anglo-,saxons2 forgetting1 also1 the literary toadyism of ,english writers not many years ago1 and the apparently profane adulation paid to ,british sovereigns1 he attacks ,don ,pasquale for calling the book of the ,pope's speeches 8divine10 and accuses him of downright blasphemy4 ,dr4 ,newman1 in one of his ,lectures on the ,present ,position of ,catholics in ,england1 has given an humorous account of the way in which foreigners might be induced to believe the laws and constitution of ,england to be profane and blasphemous4 ,this he did by culling out a series of sentences from ,blackstone and others1 such as 8the king can do no wrong10 8the king never dies10 he is 8the vicar of ,god on earth40 ,thus impeccability1 immortality1 and omnipotence may be claimed for the ,british monarch6 ,moreover1 the subjects of ,james ,i4 called him 8the breath of their nostrils02 he himself1 according to ,lord ,clarendon1 on one occasion called himself 8a god02 ,lord ,bacon called him 8some sort of little god02 ,alexander ,pope and ,addison termed ,queen ,anne 8a goddess10 the words of the latter writer being3 8,thee1 goddess1 thee ,britannia's isle adores40 ,what ,dr4 ,newman did in good-humored irony ,mr4 ,gladstone does in sober and bitter earnest4 ,he picks out epithets here and there1 tacking on the expressions of one page to those of another1 and then flings the collected epithets before his reader as proof of ,don ,pasquale's profanity4 ,the temperament of ,italians in the present day may or may not furnish a valid defence1 in respect to good taste1 for ,don ,pasquale4 ,but it is certain that the phrases used by the latter1 when taken in their context and interpreted as any one familiar with ,italian ideas would interpret them1 afford slight basis for the odious charge of profanity--a charge which ,mr4 ,gladstone urges not only by the means already pointed out1 but by other means still more reprehensible1 namely1 by fastening on ,don ,pasquale expressions which he did not employ4 ,thus1 at page #bgd of the ,review1 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 in reference to the 8sufferings pretended to be inflicted by the ,italian kingdom upon the so-called prisoner of the ,vatican10 adds1 8,let us see how1 and with what daring misuse of ,holy ,scripture1 they are illustrated in the authorized volume before us4 #8,he and his august consort1' says ,don ,pasquale1 speaking of the ,comte and ,comtesse de ,chambord1 #8were profoundly moved at such great afflictions which the ,lamb of the ,vatican has to endure4'0 ,it seems1 in the first place1 rather strained to term the application of the word 8lamb0 to ,pius ,,ix41 or any other person1 a 8daring misuse of ,holy ,scripture40 ,many a man1 when expressing pious hope under disaster1 exclaims1 8,the ,lord tempers the wind to the shorn lamb10 using or misusing1 as the case may be1 not the language of ,holy ,scripture1 but the words of the author of ,tristram ,shandy1 to whose works1 we believe1 the epithet 8holy0 is not commonly applied4 ,if ,pius ,,ix4 had been termed 8the lamb of ,god10 then indeed ,holy ,scripture might have been used or misused2 but the single word 8lamb10 even in the phrase 8lamb of the ,vatican10 is no more an allusion1 profane or otherwise1 to the ,gospels than it is to the ,rev4 ,laurence ,sterne4 ,in the second place1 the expression1 be it proper or improper1 was not used by ,don ,pasquale4 ,turning to volume ii4 of the ,discorsi1 page #ede1 as ,mr4 ,gladstone directs us1 we find the words were not employed by ,don ,pasquale1 but by the writer of an article in the ,unit ,cattolica6 ,pages #ede and #edf1 the pages cited1 contain a notice of the presentation to the ,comte and ,comtesse de ,chambord of the first volume of the ,discorsi2 for the article is dated in #ahgb1 and the second volume was not printed until #ahgc4 ,so that it appears the naughty word was not only not used by ,don ,pasquale1 but did not in reality form part of the 8authorized volume10 being merely found in a newspaper extract inserted in an appendix4 ,in this same newspaper extract the ,comtesse de ,chambord is said to have called the first volume of the ,discorsi 8a continuation of the ,gospels and the ,acts of the ,apostles40 ,this statement rests on the authority of the writer in the ,unit ,cattolica1 but is brought up in judgment not only against ,don ,pasquale1 but against the ,pope himself1 who is held by ,mr4 ,gladstone to be responsible for everything stated either by ,don ,pasquale in his preface or by any other persons in the appendices to the ,discorsi6 ,concerning the ,pope1 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 at page #bii of the ,review1 thus writes3 8,whether advisedly or not1 the ,pontiff does not1 except once 7vol4 i4 #bjd71 apply the term infallible to himself1 but is in other places content with alleging his superiority1 as has been shown above1 to an inspired prophet1 and with commending those who come to hear his words as words proceeding from ,jesus ,christ 7i4 #cce740 ,at page #bfh of the ,review it is also said that ,don ,pasquale1 in his preface1 p4 #ag1 calls the voice of ,pius ,,ix4 8the voice of ,god10 and that the ,pope is 8nature that protests0 and 8,god that condemns40 ,if1 however1 in order to test the worth of these assertions of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 we turn to the passages he has cited1 it will be discovered that ,pius ,,ix4 did not even once apply the term infallible to himself2 for he1 in the passage cited1 applied it not to himself individually1 but to the infallible judgment 7giudizio infallibile7 in principles of revelation1 as contrasted with the authoritative right of popes in general4 ,nor did ,pius ,,ix4 assert any 8superiority to an inspired prophet0 by saying 7,review1 p4 #bgf1 ,discorsi1 vol4 i4 #cff73 8,i have the right to speak even more than ,nathan the prophet to ,david the king40 ,the right to speak upon a certain occasion does not surely contain of necessity an allegation of superiority nor imply a claim to inspiration6 ,nor did ,pius ,,ix4 commend 8those who came to hear his words as words proceeding from ,jesus ,christ02 for he merely said1 in reply to a deputation3 8,i answer with the church2 and the church herself supplies to me the words in the ,gospel for this morning4 ,you are here1 and have put forth your sentiments2 but you desire also to hear the word of ,jesus ,christ as it issues from the mouth of his ,vicar40 ,that is to say3 ,you shall have for answer 8the word of ,jesus ,christ0--meaning this day's ,gospel--spoken by1 or as it issues from1 or which proceeds 7che esce7 out of1 the mouth of his ,vicar4 ,the words1 8,he is nature that protests1 he is ,god that condemns10 are evidently metaphorical expressions of the editor1 harmless enough2 for1 as ,pius ,,ix4 cannot be both ,god and nature literally1 the metaphorical application is apparent to the meanest comprehension4 ,it is true that ,don ,pasquale1 in his preface1 page #af1 ascribes to ,pius ,,ix4 this language3 8,this voice which now sounds before you is the voice of ,him whom ,i represent on earth0 7la ,,voce di colui che in terra ,io rappresento72 but1 turning to ,don ,pasquale's reference 7vol4 i4 p4 #bii7 to verify the quotation1 it is found that the editor made a serious mistake1 by which the entire character of the passage was altered4 ,the ,pope had just contrasted himself 7the vox clamantis de ,vaticano7 with ,john the ,baptist 7the vox clamantis in deserto74 8,yes10 he adds1 8,i may also call myself the ,voice2 for1 although unworthy1 ,i am yet the ,vicar of ,christ1 and this voice which now sounds before you is the voice of him who in earth represents him0 7 la voce di colui1 che in terra lo rappresenta74 ,don ,pasquale imprudently put the word 8voce0 in capital letters1 changed 8lo0 into 8,io10 and 8rappresenta0 into 8rappresento40 ,the ,pope simply said that his voice1 as it cried from the ,vatican1 was the voice of the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,and in the belief of all ,catholics so it is4 ,the charge of 8truculence0 is brought against the ,pope by ,mr4 ,gladstone4 8,it is time to turn10 he says 7,review1 p4 #bgg71 8with whatever reluctance1 to the truculent and wrathful aspect which unhappily prevails over every other in these ,discourses40 ,the first proof of this 8truculence0 is1 it seems1 the fact that the 8cadres1 or at least the skeletons and relics of the old papal government over the ,roman states1 are elaborately and carefully maintained40 ,one would suppose that these cadres were maintained with the bloodthirsty intention of making war on ,victor ,emanuel4 ,but ,mr4 ,gladstone does not say so2 nay1 he insinuates in a foot-note that their maintenance is for a purpose far from truculent4 8,we have seen it stated from a good quarter10 so ,mr4 ,gladstone writes1 8that no less than three thousand persons1 formerly in the papal employment1 now receive some pension or pittance from the ,vatican4 ,doubtless they are expected to be forthcoming on all occasions of great deputations1 as they may be wanted1 like the supers and dummies at the theatres40 ,it appears from the ,discorsi that the ,pope received in audience deputations from the persons formerly in the papal employment on twenty-one occasions1 between ,september1 #ahgj1 and ,september1 #ahgc4 ,on fourteen of these occasions the impiegati were received on days when no other deputations attended4 ,on the other occasions1 although other deputations were received on the same days1 the ex-employees were never mixed up with other deputations1 but were always placed in separate rooms for audience4 ,mr4 ,gladstone has not the least ground for insinuating that these unfortunate persons1 who refused to take the oath of allegiance to ,victor ,emanuel1 and thereby forfeited employment and pay1 were ever called upon like supers or dummies to make a show at great deputations4 ,if these ex-employees receive pay from the ,pope1 it surely is no proof of papal 8truculence40 ,but 8none of these10 so asserts ,mr4 ,gladstone 7,review1 p4 #bgh71 8appear at the ,vatican as friends1 co-religionists1 as receivers of the ,pontiff's alms1 or in any character which could be of doubtful interpretation4 ,they appear as being actually and at the moment his subjects and his military and civil servants respectively1 although only in disponibilit1 or1 so to speak1 on furlough2 they are headed by the proper leading functionaries1 and the ,pope receives them as persons come for the purpose of doing homage to their sovereign40 ,the references given for this somewhat confused statement are pages #hh and #cfe of volume i41 where the ,pope very naturally speaks of 8the fidelity shown by them to their sovereign10 and of their 8faith1 constancy1 and attachment to religion1 to ,god1 and to the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 their sovereign40 ,it was in consequence of the introduction by ,victor ,emanuel1 into the several government departments in ,rome1 of an oath of allegiance to the head of the state--an oath not demanded previously under the ,papal rule--that these impiegati resigned their situations1 their consciences not permitting them to take the oath4 ,it was no wonder1 then1 that ,pius ,,ix4 should notice their fidelity to himself4 ,but he makes no assertion whatever to the effect that these civil and military servants are merely on furlough or in disponibilit4 ,that they do appear as pensioners on the bounty of ,pius ,,ix4 may be proved1 in spite of ,mr4 ,gladstone's denial1 by reference to the ,discorsi1 at pages #ch1 #ej1 #ii1 #ahb1 #bce1 #cjh1 #dfj1 and #dgb of volume i4 and pages #be1 #ch1 and #abb of volume ii4 ,it cannot be expected that we should quote all these passages at length1 but we will quote a few of them4 ,the ex-civil servants1 on #acth ,july1 #ahgb1 approached ,his ,holiness to express 8their sincere devotion and gratitude for what he had done for their sustentation and comfort under most distressing circumstances40 ,the police officials1 seven days afterwards1 were introduced by ,mgr4 ,randi2 and one of them1 the ,marquis ,pio ,capranica1 read an address1 in which the persons whom ,mr4 ,gladstone calls 8the scum of the earth0 7,review1 p4 #bgh7 thank the ,pope for extending to them and their 8families his fatherly munificence40 ,on the #bgth of ,december1 #ahga1 the ex-military officials1 through ,gen4 ,kanzler1 laid at the foot of the ,pope their protestations of unalterable fidelity1 their prayers for the prolongation of his life1 and their gratitude for his generosity in alleviating the distress and misery of many families of his former soldiers4 ,but perhaps the 8truculence0 of ,pius ,,ix4 may be discovered1 if not in his compassion and generosity to his ex-servants1 at least in his admonitions to them to furbish up their arms and keep their powder dry4 ,mr4 ,gladstone asserts 7,review1 p4 #big7 that 8blood and iron0 are 8in contemplation at the ,vatican40 8,no careful reader of this authoritative book 7the ,speeches7 can doubt that these are the means by which the great ,christian pastor contemplates and asks--ay1 asks as one who should think himself entitled to command--the re-establishment of his power in ,rome40 ,now1 the ,pope can ask or command this 8blood and iron0 assistance from none so well as from his ex-soldiers1 and from the civil and military officials still loyal to their chief4 ,it happens1 however1 that no 8careful reader0 of the ,pope's speeches to his former soldiers or servants can discover a trace of this 8truculent0 purpose of ,his ,holiness4 ,he rarely mentions a weapon2 but when he does1 it is to remind his audience 7as at p4 #aig1 vol4 i47 that 8we must not combat with material weapons1 but spiritually--that is to say1 with united prayers40 ,he reminds some young soldiers 7vol4 i4 p4 #fi7 that 8prayer is the terrible weapon for use specially in the actual grievous condition of affairs1 by which weapon alone can the complete triumph of the church and religion be obtained40 ,when he would place before some of his faithful civil servants the example of the 8,hebrews when rebuilding ,jerusalem1 who held in one hand the working tools and in the other the sword to combat the enemy10 he warns them to imitation by means of 8prayer on the one side1 and constancy on the other0 7vol4 i4 p4 #dge74 ,prayer is the burden of his advice on all these occasions4 8,sursum corda6 ,lift up the thought and the heart to ,god1 from whom only we can expect comfort1 help1 counsel1 or protection now and always0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #be74 8,they have imagined10 says the ,pontiff to the ,marquis ,pio ,capranica and other ex-functionaries of the ,police ,department 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cf71 8that we wish to cause an armed reaction6 ,to think this is folly1 and to assert it is calumny4 ,i have made known to all persons that the reaction which ,i desire is this3 namely1 to have people who can protect youth1 and provide for the good education of the young in the principles of faith1 morality1 honesty1 and respect towards the church and her ministers4 ,this is the reaction which now and always ,i will say is our desire4 ,as for the rest1 ,god will do that which he wills4 ,great reactions are not in my hands1 but in ,his upon whom all depends40 ,there is one passage cited by ,mr4 ,gladstone to show that the ,pope would 8take the initiative10 if he could1 and lead his troops to battle4 ,it occurs in a speech addressed to ,gen4 ,kanzler and the officers of the late pontifical army1 and may be found in vol4 ii4 pages #ada and #adb4 ,the ,pope says at the beginning of his speech1 8,you are come1 soldiers of honor1 attached to this ,holy ,see and constant in the exercise of your duties1 to present yourselves before me2 but you come without arms1 proving thereby how sad are the present times4 ,oh6 would ,i also could obey that voice of ,god which many ages ago said to a people1 ,transform your ploughs and plough-shares and your instruments of husbandry into spears and swords and implements of war2 for the enemies are advancing1 and there is need of many weapons and of many armed men4 ,would that ,god would to-day repeat those same inspirations even unto us4 ,but ,god is silent1 and ,i1 his ,vicar1 cannot do aught in distinction from him1 and cannot do aught save keep silence40 ,the foregoing paragraph has undoubtedly a warlike sound1 and is of course quoted by ,mr4 ,gladstone2 but it is immediately followed by another passage which takes from it all its force1 and which is not quoted by ,mr4 ,gladstone3 8,and ,i will particularly add that ,i could never desire to authorize an augmentation of arms1 because1 as ,vicar of the ,god of ,peace1 who came on earth to bring peace to us1 ,i am bound to sustain all the rights of peace1 which is the fairest gift which ,god can give to this earth40 ,mr4 ,gladstone notices 8the ,pope's wealth of vituperative power10 and refers to various passages for illustrations4 ,a string of references looks convincing1 but it has been already shown how little reliance can be placed on ,mr4 ,gladstone in this respect4 ,he who takes the pains to verify these references will find ,pius ,,ix4 has indeed used hard language1 not only towards the ,italian government or ,victor ,emanuel1 but towards insidious proselytizers and bad and immoral teachers1 spectacles1 and publications4 ,but is ,mr4 ,gladstone an unprejudiced judge of the propriety of the pontifical expressions8 ,the late ,british premier thinks favorably of ,victor ,emanuel1 and imagines ,rome to be much improved by the entrance of the ,italians4 ,he thinks the ,pope 8knows nothing except at second-hand1 nothing except as he is prompted by the blindest partisans40 ,but ,mr4 ,gladstone himself is the infallible authority4 ,he has sought and produced1 of course from impartial sources1 statistics to show that crime has greatly diminished since the termination of the papal rgime4 ,the ,gladstonian statistics1 of course1 refute the statements of the ,pope1 and also1 as it happens1 those of the law officers of the crown in ,italy1 one of whom1 ,ghiglieri1 when lately opening the legal year with an elaborate speech1 enlarged on the increasing prevalence of crime in the ,roman province since #ahgj--that is1 since ,rome became the capital4 ,every visitor at ,rome since that date knows that 8flower-girls0 and other girls have only since #ahgj been permitted to infest the ,corso and theatres1 and that ,rome1 though not yet as bad as ,paris or ,london in respect to ostensible immorality1 is rapidly advancing to equality in vice with rival capitals4 ,but ,mr4 ,gladstone is not averse to vice in certain quarters4 ,he calls the blind ,duke of ,sirmoneta 8able1 venerable1 and highly cultivated10 and contrasts him 7with perfect accuracy1 but rather scandalously7 with the other members of the ,roman aristocracy1 who1 according to ,edmond ,about1 have not even vice to recommend them4 ,the ,carnival of #ahge in ,rome is itself an illustration of the progress of vice and of crime in what ,mr4 ,gladstone calls the 8orderly and national ,italian kingdom40 ,there is but space left to us to notice the deposing power1 8the most familiar to ,englishmen0 of all the 8burning questions40 ,and the best way to notice this question is to set before our readers the ipsissima verba of ,pius ,,ix4 on the subject 7as far as a translation can pretend to supply them7 from the famous speech to the ,academia di ,religione ,cattolica on ,july #bj1 #ahga4 ,the ,pope said3 8,but amid the variety of themes presented to you1 one seems to me at present of great importance1 and this is to repel the attacks by which they try to falsify the idea of the ,pontifical ,infallibility4 ,among other errors1 that one is more than all others malicious which would attribute to it the right to depose sovereigns and release nations from the bond of fidelity4 ,this right1 without doubt1 was sometimes in extreme circumstances exercised by pontiffs2 but it has nothing to do with the ,pontifical ,infallibility4 ,nor is its source the infallibility1 but the pontifical authority4 ,the exercise1 moreover1 of this right1 in those ages of faith which respected in the pope that which he is--namely1 the ,supreme ,judge of ,christianity--and recognized the advantages of his tribunal in the great contests of peoples and sovereigns1 freely was extended 7aided1 also1 as a duty1 by the public right and by the common consent of the nations7 to the gravest interests of states and of their rulers4 ,but the present conditions are entirely different from those1 and only malice can confound things so diverse--as1 for instance1 the infallible judgment concerning the principles of revelation--with the right which the popes exercised in virtue of their authority when the common good demanded it4 ,as for the rest1 they know it better than we1 and every one can perceive the reason why they raise at present a confusion of ideas so absurd and bring upon the field hypotheses to which no one gives heed4 ,they beg1 that is1 every pretext1 even the most frivolous and the furthest from truth1 provided it be suited to give us annoyance and to excite princes against the church4 ,some persons wished that ,i should explain and make more clear the conciliar definition4 ,this ,i will not do4 ,it is clear in itself1 and has no need of further comments and explanations4 ,its true sense presents itself easily and obviously to whoever reads the decree with a dispassionate mind40 ,doubtless the deposing power is one of the 8rusty tools0 which ,rome1 according to ,mr4 ,gladstone1 has 8refurbished and paraded anew40 ,but what man with a dispassionate mind can read the authentic version of the words put by ,mr4 ,gladstone incorrectly before the public without coming to the conclusion that the 8refurbishing and parading anew0 of the deposing power is altogether a creation of ,mr4 ,gladstone's 8brain-power10 and that ,pius ,,ix41 so far from showing a disposition to employ again 8the rusty tool10 actually manifests an intention to undervalue it and lay it aside8 ,some persons would 8refurbish0 up the deposing power by connecting it with infallibility1 and the ,pope denounces their attempt as absurd and malicious4 ,the abstract right of pontiffs to depose princes and release subjects from allegiance is referred by ,pius ,,ix4 not to the infallibility which would give it new lustre1 but to the pontifical authority1 which in olden time was strong and powerful1 but which at present is scarcely recognized by the kingdoms of the world4 ,the exercise of this right is delicately touched upon1 in such a way as to suggest not the least disposition to resume the right by putting it in practice4 ,it was indeed 8sometimes1 in extreme circumstances0--talvolta in supreme circostanze--exercised by popes in those times when the pontiff was acknowledged 8the ,supreme ,judge of ,christianity10 and when the ,holy ,see1 by the common consent of nations1 was the tribunal to which appeal was made in the great contests of sovereigns and nations4 ,then indeed this right was extended to 8the gravest interests of nations and of rulers02 but now all is different--8aflatto diverse40 ,so far from 8parading anew0 the abstract right1 and 8furbishing0 it up for present use1 the ,holy ,father indignantly repudiates the malicious allegation by declaring that the right itself was but seldom exercised in ancient times1 and then only under special conditions such as are not likely to be found in modern days4 8,hypotheses0 may of course be imagined by those who wish 8to give annoyance and excite princes against the church40 ,but these 8hypotheses10 as the ,pope remarks1 are not serious4 ,no one pays heed or attention to them4 ,they are 8ipotesi1 alle quali niuno pensa40 ,the limits of the obedience of subjects to sovereigns are clearly set forth by ,pius ,,ix4 in his address to an ,austrian deputation on the #ahth of ,june1 #ahga4 8,submission and respect to authority are the principal duties of truly good subjects4 ,but at the same time ,i must remind you10 says the ,pope1 8that your obedience and fidelity have a limit to be observed4 ,be faithful to the sovereign whom ,god has given to you1 and obey the laws which govern you2 but when necessity calls1 let your obedience and fidelity not advance beyond1 but be arrested at1 the steps of the altar40 ,you have 8duties to the laws as subjects1 and to your consciences as ,christians40 8,unite these duties well1 and let your supreme rule be the holy law of ,god and his church40 ,the state of mind of that man who can find nothing in the ,speeches of ,pius ,,ix4 save matter for ridicule1 sarcasm1 and invective is not to be envied4 ,it reminds one of the phrase employed in the consistorial 8processus0 for the appointment of a bishop to a diocese in which heretics usurped the churches and impeded the profession and practice of true religion3 ,illius status potius est deplorandus quam recensendus--,it is a condition which is rather to be deplored than described4 ,,the ,,bath ,,of ,,the ,,golden ,,robin4 ,the sun beams over ,laurelside ,to ,ana-lo-mink water1 ,and nature smiles in rural pride ,at all the gifts he brought her4 ,the merry greenwood branches hold ,more cheer than castle's rafter1 ,the gurgling river ne'er is old ,with sly and mellow laughter4 ,how welcome is the soothing sound ,of mingling water speeding ,o'er pebbly bed with laugh and bound1 ,through wooded banks receding6 ,ah6 pleasant 'tis to close one's eyes1 ,and let the murmurous measure ,with liquid tones of gay surprise ,fill up the fancy's pleasure4 ,but ere my hooded eyes could wake ,sweet fancy's happy scheming1 ,came ,robin ,oriole to break ,my sleepless1 dulcet dreaming4 ,for ,rob outshines the glowing day1 ,and in the sun's dominions ,seems like a ball of fire at play ,on elfin sable pinions4 ,he glints the orchard's dropping dew1 ,illumes the maple's mazes1 ,dispels the pine-shade passing through1 ,and in the sunshine blazes6 ,and sweeping to a mossy bank1 ,the wings the flame deliver ,where fern-encloister'd pebbles flank ,an eddy from the river4 ,here1 by the stream-indented path1 ,as master ,rob did spy it1 ,thought he1 ,what chance for ,sunday bath6 ,so tempting1 cool1 and quiet4 ,he quaintly eyed the little pool1 ,and hopt so self-confiding1 ,and peek'd around1 like boy from school1 ,to see none near were hiding4 ,then1 list'ning1 seem'd to mark the tone ,made by the eddies' patter2 ,but bravely sprang upon a stone1 ,and plunged with splash and spatter4 ,the bath came only to his knees1 ,but1 ducking as he flutters1 ,against his throat the water sprees1 ,and round his body sputters4 ,it leapt in bubbles1 as his crest ,and wings were merrily toiling2 ,you'd think his ruffled1 fiery breast ,had set the water boiling4 ,he stopt short in his merry ways ,as coy as any lady1 ,and1 flutt'ring1 sent a diamond haze ,around his bath so shady4 ,then popt out on the olive moss ,so softly deep and luscious2 ,then skimm'd the blue-eyed flow'rs across1 ,and perch'd within the bushes4 ,he perk'd his head like dandy prig1 ,now feeling fine and fresher2 ,and took the air upon a twig1 ,that scarcely felt his pressure4 ,full suddenly he scann'd his shank1 ,as though he had not reckon'd ,one dip enough1 flew to the bank1 ,and gayly took a second6 ,oh6 how the jolly fellow dashed ,the little waves asunder6 ,dove in his head and breast1 and splashed ,his pinion-feathers under4 ,then standing up1 as though to rest1 ,he looked around discreetly2 ,again with zest the pool caress'd1 ,and made his bath completely4 ,out hopt he where the sun-fed breeze ,came streamward warmly tender-- ,a brilliant prince of ,atomies ,amid this mountain splendor4 ,oh1 balmy is the mountain air ,of ,may with sunlight in it6 ,and blest is he from town-wrought care ,who can in greenwood win it4 ,but sun on ,robin's radiant coat1 ,all drench'd1 he fear'd might spoil it1 ,so to an alder grove did float ,to make his feathery toilet4 ,he pick'd his wings and smoothed his neck1 ,arranged his vest's carnation1 ,and flew out without stain or speck ,to dazzle all creation6 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,a ,,salon ,,in ,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc ,,chapter ,,iv4 8,here you are1 you naughty little maiden1 gadding about the country when ,i want you to be at home to talk to me60 exclaimed ,sir ,simon1 as ,franceline burst into the cottage full of her little adventure4 8,where have you been all this time80 8,only to see ,miss ,merrywig1 and then ,i came home by the fields40 8,and was any poor mortal lucky enough to meet you coming through the rye80 inquired ,sir ,simon facetiously4 ,franceline didn't see the point a bit2 but she blushed as if she did1 and ,sir ,simon was not the man to let her off4 8,oh6 so that's it1 is it8 ,come1 now1 and tell me all about it10 he said1 drawing her to a low seat beside his arm-chair1 the only one in the establishment1 and which his host always insisted on his taking4 8,you must let me into the secret2 it's very shabby of you to have got one without consulting me4 ,who is he1 and where did you meet him80 8,one is ,mr4 ,charlton10 replied ,franceline navely2 8but ,i don't know who the other is4 ,i never saw him before4 ,tell me who he is1 monsieur80 8,tell you6 ,well1 upon my word1 you are a pretty flirt6 ,you don't even know his name6 ,a very nice young lady60 8,is he a ,frenchman1 monsieur8 ,i think he must be from the way he bowed4 ,is he a friend of yours8 ,nobody else knows ,frenchmen here but you4 ,do tell me who he is40 8,he's not a ,frenchman10 said ,sir ,simon1 8and he'll never forgive you for mistaking him for one1 ,i can tell you4 ,if you were a man1 he would run you through the body for it just as soon as he'd look at you60 8,mon ,dieu60 cried ,franceline1 opening her eyes wide with wonder1 8then ,i don't care to know any more about him4 ,i hope ,i shall never see him again40 8,yes1 but you shall1 though1 and ,i'll take care to tell him10 declared ,sir ,simon4 8,what is it8 ,what is it80 called out ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 looking up from a letter that he was writing against time to catch the post4 8,what are you both quarrelling about again80 8,petit pre1 monsieur is so unkind and so disagreeable60 8,and ,mlle4 ,franceline is so cruel and so inquisitive60 8,he won't tell me who that strange gentleman is1 petit pre4 ,canst thou tell me80 8,oh6 ho6 ,i thought we didn't care to know60 laughed ,sir ,simon with a mischievous look4 8,tell me1 petit pre60 said ,franceline1 ignoring her tormentor's taunt2 and going up to her father1 she laid her head coaxingly against his4 ,he looked at her for a moment with a strange expression1 and then said1 half speaking to himself1 while he stroked her hair1 8,what can it matter to thee8 ,what is one strange face more or less to thee or me80 ,then turning to ,sir ,simon1 who was enjoying the sight of the young girl's innocent curiosity1 and perhaps revolving possible eventualities in his buoyant mind1 the count said1 8,who is it1 ,harness80 8,how do ,i know80 retorted his friend4 8,a strange gentleman that bows like a ,frenchman is not a very lucid indication40 8,i met him coming out of your gate1 walking with ,mr4 ,charlton10 explained ,franceline4 8,he's taller than ,mr4 ,charlton--as tall as you1 monsieur--and he wore a moustache like a ,frenchman4 ,i never saw any one like him in ,england40 ,franceline's recollections of ,france were mostly rather dim1 but1 like the memories of childhood1 those that survived were very vivid4 8,if he must be a ,frenchman1 ,i can make nothing out of it10 said ,sir ,simon4 8,voyons1 ,harness10 laughed the count1 8don't be too unmerciful6 ,curiosity in a woman once led to terrible consequences40 8,well1 ,i'll tell you who he is ,in fact1 ,i came here to-day on purpose to tell you1 and to ask when ,i could bring him to see you4 ,he's the nephew of my old school-chum1 ,de ,winton1 a very nice fellow1 but not the least like a ,frenchman1 whatever his bow and his moustache may say to the contrary40 8,do you mean ,clide ,de ,winton1 the poor young fellow who '''80 8,precisely10 replied ,sir ,simon2 8he's been a rover on the face of the earth for the last eight or nine years4 ,this is the first time ,i've seen him since ,i said good-by to him on the steamer at ,marseilles1 and met you on my way back4 ,he's been all over the world since then1 ,i believe4 ,you'll find he has plenty to say for himself1 and his ,french is number one40 8,and the admiral--is he with him80 inquired ,raymond4 8,i'm expecting him down to-morrow4 ,how long is it since you saw him80 8,h6''' let us not count the years1 mon cher6 ,we were all young then40 8,we're all young now10 protested the hearty baronet4 8,men of our time of life never grow old2 it's only these young ones that can afford that sort of thing10 nodding toward ,franceline1 who1 since she found her ,frenchman was no ,frenchman1 appeared to have lost all interest in him1 and was busily tidying her father's table4 8,as to the admiral1 he's younger than ever he was4 ,by the way1 ,i don't intend to let him cut me out with a certain young lady2 so let me see no flirtation in that quarter4 ,i'll not stand it4 ,do you hear me1 ,miss ,franceline80 8,yes10 was the laconic rejoinder1 and she went on fixing some loose papers in a letter-press4 99 99 99 99 99 8,yes1 ,monsieur le ,comte is at home2 but1 as monsieur knows1 he never likes to be disturbed at this hour10 replied ,anglique1 who was knitting the family stockings in the wee summer-house at the end of the garden4 8,oh6 ,i'll answer for it he won't mind being disturbed this time10 said ,sir ,simon4 8,tell him it's his old friend1 the admiral1 who wants to see him40 ,before ,anglique had got her needles under way and risen1 a cry of jubilant welcome sounded from the closed shutters of the little room where the count was hard at work in the dark4 8,mon cher ,de ,vinton6 how it rejoices me to embrace you40 ,and the ,frenchman was in his friend's arms in a minute4 8,my good ,anglique1 this is one of our eldest friends6 ,where is mademoiselle8 ,fetch her on the instant6 ,mon cher ,de ,vinton40 ,the four gentlemen--for ,clide was there--went laughing and shaking hands into the house1 and groped their way as best they could into ,raymond's study4 ,he had the sensible foreign habit of keeping the shutters closed to exclude the heat1 and the admiral nearly fell over a stool in scrambling for a chair4 8,my dear ,bourbonais1 we're none of us bats1 and darkness isn't a help to the flow of soul10 said ,sir ,simon2 8so1 by your leave1 ,i'll throw a little light on the subject40 ,and he pushed back the shutter4 ,before their eyes had recovered the blinding shock of the light coming suddenly on the darkness1 a light foot was pattering down the stairs1 and ,franceline glided into the room4 ,the effect was very much as if a lily had sprouted up from the carpet4 ,an involuntary 8,god bless my soul60 broke from the admiral1 and ,clide started to his feet4 8,my daughter1 messieurs10 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 with a sudden touch of the courtier in his manner1 as he took her by the hand1 and presented her to them both4 ,franceline bowed to the young man1 and held out her hand to the elder one4 ,the admiral1 with an unwonted impulse of gallantry1 raised it to his lips1 and then held it in both his own1 looking steadily into her face with an open stare of fatherly admiration4 ,he had seen many lovely women in his day1 and1 if report spoke true1 the brave sailor had been a very fair judge of the charms of the gentler sex2 but he had never seen anything the least like this4 ,perhaps it was the unexpected contrast of the picture with the frame that took him so much by surprise and heightened the effect2 but1 whatever it was1 he was completely taken aback1 and stood looking at it speechless and bewildered4 8,do you mean to tell me that this wild rose belongs to him80 he said at last1 addressing himself to ,sir ,simon1 and with an aggressive nod at ,raymond1 as if he suspected him of having pilfered the article in question1 and were prepared to do battle for the rightful owner4 8,he says so10 averred the baronet cautiously4 8,he may say what he likes10 declared the admiral1 8my belief is that he purloined it out of some fairy's garden40 8,and my belief is that you purloined that60 snubbed ,sir ,simon4 8,you never had as much poetry in you as would inspire a fly2 had he1 ,clide80 ,raymond rubbed his spectacles1 and put them on again--his usual way of disposing of an awkward situation1 and which just now helped to conceal the twinkle of innocent paternal vanity that was dancing in his gray eyes4 8,no1 you usedn't to be much of a poet when ,i knew you1 ,de ,vinton10 he said4 8,no more he is now10 asserted the baronet4 8,what do you say1 ,clide80 8,the most prosaic of us may become poets under a certain pressure of inspiration10 replied the young man1 with an imperceptible movement of his head in the direction of ,franceline1 who blushed under the speech just enough to justify the admiral's wild-rose simile4 ,she drew her hand laughingly away from his1 and then1 when everybody had found a seat1 she pushed her favorite low stool close to her father's chair1 and sat down by his knee4 ,the friends had a great deal to say to each other1 although the presence of ,clide and ,sir ,simon prevented their touching on certain episodes of the past that were brought vividly to ,raymond's mind by the presence of one whom he had not seen since they had taken place4 ,this kept all painful subjects in the background2 and in spite of a wistful look in ,raymond's eyes1 as if the sailor's weather-beaten face were calling up the ghost of by-gone days--joys that had lived their span and died1 and sorrow that was not dead1 but sleeping--he kept up the flow of conversation with great animation4 ,meanwhile1 the two young people were pushed rather outside the circle4 ,clide1 instead of entering on a tte--tte1 as it was clearly his right and his duty to do1 kept holding on by the fringe of his uncle's talk1 feigning to be deeply interested in it1 while all the time he was thinking of something else1 longing to go and sit by ,franceline1 and talk to her4 ,it was not shyness that kept him back4 ,that infirmity of early youth had left him1 with other outward signs of boyhood4 ,the features had lost their boyish expression1 and matured into that of the man of the world1 who had seen life and observed things by the road with shrewd eyes and a mind that had learned to think4 ,clide had ripened prematurely within the last eight years1 as men do who are put to school to a great sorrow4 ,he and his monitress had not parted company1 but they had grown used to each other4 ,sometimes he reproached himself for this with a certain bitterness4 ,it seemed like treason to have forgotten2 to have put his grief aside1 railed it off1 as it were1 from his life1 like a grave to be visited at stated times1 and kept trimmed with flowers that were no longer watered with tears4 ,he accused himself of being too weak to hold his sorrow1 of having let it go from want of strength to keep it4 ,enduring grief1 like enduring love1 must have a strong1 rich soil to feed upon4 ,the thing we mourn1 like the thing we love1 may contain in itself all good and beauty and endless claims upon our constancy2 but we may fail in power to answer them4 ,the demand may be too great for the scanty measure of our supply4 ,it is harder to be faithful in sorrow than in love4 ,clide had realized this1 and he could never think of it without a pang4 ,yet he was not to blame4 ,what he had loved and mourned was only a mirage1 a will-o'-the-wisp the ideal creation of his own trusting heart and generous imagination4 ,he was angry with himself because the thunderbolt that had fallen in his ,garden of ,eden1 and burnt up the leaves of his tree of life1 had not torn it up by the roots and killed it4 ,our lives have deeper roots than we know4 ,even when they are torn quite up we sometimes plant them again1 and they grow afresh1 striking their fibres deeper than before1 and bringing forth richer fruit4 ,but we refuse to believe this until we have tasted of the fruit4 ,clide sat apparently listening to the cheery1 affectionate talk of his uncle and ,raymond2 but he was all the while listening to his own thoughts4 ,what was there in the sight of this ivory-browed1 mystic-looking maiden to call up so vividly another face so utterly different from it8 ,why did he hear the sea booming its dirge like a reproach to him from that lonely grave at ,st4 ,valery1 as if he were wronging or wounding the dead by resting his eyes on ,franceline8 ,yet1 in spite of the reproach1 he could not keep them averted4 ,her father sometimes called her ,clair de lune4 ,it was not an inappropriate name2 there was something of the cold1 pure light of the moon in her transparent pallor1 and in the shadows of her eyes under the long1 black lashes that lent them such a soft fascination4 ,clide thought so1 as he watched her2 cold as the face might be1 it was stirring his pulse and making his heart beat as he never thought to feel them stir and beat again4 8,are ces messieurs going to stay for supper80 said ,anglique1 putting her nut-brown face in at the door4 8,because1 if they are1 ,i must know in time to get ready40 8,why1 ,anglique1 ,i never knew you want more than five minutes to prepare the best omelette souffle ,i ever get anywhere out of the ,palais ,royal60 said ,sir ,simon4 8,ah6 monsieur mocks me10 said ,anglique1 who was so elated by this public recognition of her omelet talent that1 if ,sir ,simon was not embraced by the nut-brown face on the spot1 it was one of those hair-breadth escapes that our lives are full of1 and we never give thanks for because we never know of them4 8,persuade ,de ,vinton and our young friend here to stop and test it1 then60 exclaimed ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 holding out both hands to the admiral in his genial1 impulsive way4 8,the garden is our salle--manger in this hot weather1 so there is plenty of room40 ,there was something irresistible in the simplicity and cordiality of the offer1 and the admiral was about to say he would be delighted1 when ,sir ,simon put in his veto3 8,no1 no1 not this evening4 ,you must come and dine with us1 ,bourbonais2 ,i want you up at the house this evening4 ,but the invitation will keep4 ,we'll not let ,anglique off her omelette souffle2 we'll come and attack it to-morrow1 if these rovers don't bolt1 as they threaten to do40 ,and so the conference was broken up1 and ,raymond accompanied his guests to the garden-gate1 promising to follow them in half an hour4 ,it was a rare event for ,m4 de la ,bourbonais to dine at ,dullerton ,court2 he disliked accepting its grand-seignior hospitality1 and whenever he consented it was understood there should be nobody to meet him4 8,i have grown as unsocial as a bear from long habit1 mon cher10 he would be sure to say every time ,sir ,simon bore down on him with an invitation4 8,i shall turn into a mollusk by-and-by4 ,how completely we are the creatures of habit60 ,to which ,sir ,simon would invariably reply with his ,johnsonian maxim3 8,you should struggle against that sort of thing1 ,bourbonais1 and overcome it02 and ,raymond would smile1 and agree with him4 ,he was too gentle and too thoroughbred to taunt his friend with not following it himself1 which he might have done with bitter truth4 ,sir ,simon was the slave of habits and of weaknesses that it was far more necessary to struggle against than ,raymond's harmless little foibles4 ,there are some men who spend one-half of their lives in cheating others1 and the other half in trying to cheat themselves4 ,sir ,simon ,harness was one of these4 ,cheating is perhaps a hard word to apply to his efforts to keep up a delusion which had grown so entirely his master that he could scarcely see where the substance ended and where the shadow began4 ,yet his whole life at present was a cheat4 ,he had the reputation of being the largest land-owner and the wealthiest man in that end of the county1 and he was1 in reality1 one of the poorest4 ,the grand aim of his existence was to live up to this false appearance1 and prevent the truth from coming out4 ,it would be a difficult and useless undertaking to examine how far he was originally to blame for the state of active falsehood into which he and his circumstances had fallen4 ,there is no doubt that his father was to blame in the first instance4 ,he had been a very splendid old gentleman1 ,sir ,alexander ,harness1 and had lived splendidly and died heavily in debt1 leaving the estate considerably mortgaged4 ,he had not been more than twenty years dead at the time ,i speak of1 so that his son1 in coming into possession1 found himself saddled with the paternal debts1 and with the confirmed extravagant habits of a lifetime4 ,this made the sacrifices which the payment of those debts necessitated seem a matter of simple impossibility to him4 ,the only thing to be done was to let the ,court for a term of years1 send away the troops of misnamed servants that encumbered the place1 sell off the stud1 and betake himself to the ,continent and economize4 ,thus he would have paid off his encumbrances1 and come back independent and easy in his mind4 ,but1 unluckily1 strong measures of this sort did not lie at all in ,sir ,simon's way4 ,he talked about going abroad1 and had some indefinite notion of 8pulling in40 ,he did run off to ,paris and other continental places very frequently2 but as he travelled with a courier and a valet1 and with all the expenses inseparable from those adjuncts1 the excursions did not contribute much towards the desired result4 ,things went on at the ,court in the old way2 the same staff of servants was kept up2 the same number of parasites who1 under pretence of payment for some small debt1 had lived in the ,court for years1 until they came to consider they had a vested life-interest in the property1 were allowed to hang on4 ,the new master of ,dullerton was loath to do such a shabby thing as to turn them out2 and they were sure to die off after a while4 ,then there was the stud1 which ,sir ,alexander had been so proud of4 ,it had been a terrible expense to set it up1 but1 being up1 it was a pity to let it down2 when things were going1 they had a way of keeping themselves going4 ,there had always been open house at the ,court from time immemorial4 ,in the shooting season people had come down1 as a matter of course1 and enjoyed the jovial hospitalities of the old squire ever since ,dullerton had belonged to him4 ,while his son was there he could not possibly break through these old habits2 they were as sacred as the family traditions4 ,by-and-by1 when he saw his way to shutting up the place and going abroad1 it might be managed4 ,meanwhile1 the old debts were accumulating1 and new ones were growing1 and ,sir ,simon was beginning less than ever to see his way to setting things right4 ,if that tough old ,lady ,rebecca ,harness1 his step-mother1 would but take herself to a better world1 and leave him that fifty thousand pounds that reverted to him at her demise1 it would be a great mercy4 ,but ,lady ,rebecca evidently was in no hurry to try whether there was any pleasanter place than this best of all possible worlds1 and1 in spite of her seventy years1 was as hale as a woman of forty4 ,this was a trying state of things to the light-tempered1 open-handed baronet2 but the greatest trial to him was the fear in which he lived of being found out4 ,he was at heart an upright man1 and it was his pride that men looked up to him as one whose character and principles were1 like ,csar's wife1 above suspicion4 ,he had lived up to this reputation so far2 but he was conscious of a growing fear that with the increase of difficulties there was stealing on him a lessening of the fine moral sense that had hitherto supported him under many temptations4 ,his embarrassments were creating a sort of mental fog around him2 he was beginning to wonder whether his theories about honesty were quite where they used to be1 and whether he was not getting on the other side of the border-line between conscience and expediency4 ,outside it was still all fair2 he was the most popular man in the county1 a capital landlord--in fact1 everybody's friend but his own4 ,the only person1 except the family lawyer1 who was allowed to look at the other side of the picture1 was ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 ,sir ,simon was too sympathetic himself not to feel the need of sympathy4 ,he must occasionally complain of his hard fate to some one1 so he complained to ,raymond4 ,but ,raymond1 while he gave him his sincerest sympathy1 was very far from realizing the extent of the troubles that called it forth4 ,the baronet bemoaned himself in a vague manner1 denouncing people and things in a general sweep every now and then2 but between times he was as gay and contented as a man could be1 and ,raymond knew far too little of the ways of the world and of human nature to reconcile these conflicting evidences1 and deduce from them the facts they represented4 ,he could not apprehend the anomaly of a sane man1 and a man of honor1 behaving like a lunatic and a swindler2 spending treble his income in vanity and superfluity1 and for no better purpose than an empty bubble of popularity and vexation of spirit4 ,of late1 however1 he had once or twice gained a glimpse into the mystery1 and it had given him a sharp pang1 which ,sir ,simon no sooner perceived than he hastened to dispel by treating his lamentations as mere irritability of temper1 assuring ,raymond they meant nothing4 ,but there was still an uneasy feeling in the latter's mind4 ,it was chiefly painful to him for ,sir ,simon's sake1 but it made him a little uncomfortable on his own account4 ,with ,raymond's punctilious notions of integrity1 the man who connived at wrong-doing1 or in the remotest way participated in it1 was only a degree less culpable than the actual wrong-doer2 and if ,sir ,simon had come to the point of being hard up for a fifty-pound note to meet a pressing bill1 it was very unprincipled of him to be giving dinners with ,johannisberg and ,tokay at twenty shillings a bottle1 and very wrong of his friends to aid and abet him in such extravagance4 ,one day ,sir ,simon came in with a clouded brow to unburden himself about a fellow who had the insolence to write for the seventh time1 demanding the payment of his 8little bill10 and1 after a vehement tirade1 wound up by asking ,raymond to go back and dine with him4 8,we'll have up a bottle of your favorite ,chteau ,margaux1 and drink confusion to the duns and the speedy extermination of the race10 said the baronet4 8,come and cheer a fellow up1 old boy2 nothing clears away the blue devils like discussing one's worries over a good glass of claret40 ,raymond fought off1 first on the old plea that he hated going out1 etc42 but1 finding this would not do1 he confessed the truth4 ,he hinted delicately that he did not feel justified in allowing his friend to go to any expense on his account4 ,the innocence and infantine simplicity of this avowal sent ,sir ,simon into such a hearty fit of laughter that ,raymond felt rather ashamed of himself1 and began to apologize profusely for being so stupid and having misunderstood1 etc41 and declared he would go and drink the bottle of ,chteau ,margaux all to himself4 ,but after this ,sir ,simon was more reticent about his embarrassments2 and as things went on at the ,court in the old1 smooth1 magnificent way1 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais began to think it was all right1 and that his friend's want of money must have been a mere temporary inconvenience4 ,in fact1 he began to doubt this evening whether it was not all a dream of his that ,sir ,simon had ever talked of being 8hard up40 ,when he entered the noble dining-room and looked around him1 it was difficult to believe otherwise4 ,massive silver and costly crystal sparkled and flashed under a shower of light from the antique branching chandelier2 wax-lights clustered on the walls amidst solemn ,rembrandt heads1 and fascinating ,reynoldses1 and wild ,salvator ,rosas1 and tender ,claudes1 and sunny ,canalettos4 ,it was not in nature that the owner of all this wealth and splendor should know what it was to be in want of money4 ,sir ,simon1 moreover1 was in his element2 and it would have puzzled a spectator more versed than ,raymond in the complex mechanism of the human heart to believe that the brilliant host who was doing the honors of his house so delightfully had a canker gnawing at his vitals4 ,he rattled away with the buoyant spirits of five-and-twenty2 he was brimful of anecdote1 and bright with repartee4 ,he drew every one else out4 ,this was what made him so irresistibly charming in society2 it was not only that he shone himself1 but he had a knack of making other people shine4 ,he made the admiral tell stories of his seafaring life1 he drew out ,clide about ,afghanistan1 and spirited ,m4 de la ,bourbonais into a quarrel with him about the dates of the ,pyramids2 never flagging for a moment1 never prosing1 but vaulting lightly from one subject to another1 and all the while leaving his guests under the impression that they were entertaining him rather than he them1 and that he was admiring them a vast deal more than he admired himself4 ,a most delightful host ,sir ,simon was4 8,nothing cheers a man up like the sight of an old friend6 ,eh1 ,de ,winton80 he exclaimed1 falling back in his chair1 with a thumb thrust into each waistcoat pocket1 and his feet stretched out to their full length under the mahogany1 the picture of luxury1 hospitality1 and content4 8,much you know about it60 grunted the admiral1 filling his glass--8a man that never wanted to be cheered up in his life60 ,sir ,simon threw back his head and laughed4 ,it was wine to him to be rated such a good fellow by his old college chum4 ,they kept it up till eleven o'clock1 puffing their cigars on the terrace1 where the soft summer moon was shining beautifully on the fawns playing under the silver spray of the fountain4 8,i'll walk home with you1 ,raymond10 said ,sir ,simon when the chime of the stable-clock reminded the count that it was time for him to go4 ,it was about ten minutes' walk to ,the ,lilies through the park2 but as the night was so lovely1 the baronet proposed they should take the longer way by the road1 and see the river by moonlight4 ,they walked on for a while without speaking4 ,raymond was enjoying the beauty of the scene1 the gold of the fields and the green of the meadows1 all shining alike in silver1 the identity of the trees and flowers merged in uniform radiancy2 he fancied his companion was admiring it too1 until the latter broke the spell by an unexpected exclamation3 8,what an infernal bore money is1 my dear fellow6 ,i mean the want of it40 8,mon ,dieu60 was the count's astonished comment4 ,and as ,sir ,simon said nothing more1 he looked up at him uneasily3 8,i thought things had come all right again1 mon cher80 8,they never were right2 that's the deuce of it4 ,if ,i'd found them right1 ,i wouldn't have been such an ass as to put them wrong4 ,a man needn't be a saint or a philosopher to keep within an income of ten thousand pounds a year2 the difficulty is to live up to the name of it when you haven't got more than the fifth in reality4 ,a man's life isn't worth a year's purchase with the worry these rascally fellows give one--a set of low scoundrels that would suck your vitals with all the pleasure in life1 just because you happen to be a gentleman4 ,here's that architect fellow that ran up those stables last year1 blustering and blowing about his miserable twelve hundred pounds as if it was the price of a cathedral6 ,i told the fellow he'd have to wait for his money1 and of course he was all readiness and civility1 anything to secure the job2 and it's no sooner done than he's down on me with a hue-and-cry4 ,he must have his money1 forsooth1 or else he'll be driven to the painful necessity of applying through his man of business4 ,a fellow of his kind threatening me with his man of business6 ,the impertinence of his having a man of business at all6 ,but ,i dare say it's a piece of braggadocio2 he thinks he'll frighten the money out of me by giving himself airs and talking big4 ,i'll see the scoundrel further6 ,there's no standing the impudence of that class nowadays4 ,something must be done to check it4 ,it's a disgrace to the country to see the way they're taking the upper hand and riding rough-shod over us4 ,and mark my words if the country doesn't live to regret it6 ,we landed proprietors are the bulwark of the state2 and if they let us be sent to the wall1 they had better look to their own moorings4 ,mark my words1 ,bourbonais60 ,bourbonais was marking his words1 but he was too bewildered to make any sense out of them4 8,i agree with you1 mon cher1 the lower orders are becoming the upper ones in many ways2 but what does that prove80 8,prove6 ,it proves there's something rotten in the state of ,denmark60 retorted ,sir ,simon4 8,but how does that affect the case in question8 ,i mean what has it to do with this architect's bill80 8,it has this to do with it3 that if this fellow's father had attempted the same impertinence with my father1 he'd have been sent to the right-about2 whereas he may insult me1 not only with impunity1 but with effect6 ,that's what it has to do with it4 ,public opinion has changed sides since my father lived like a gentleman1 and snapped his fingers at these parasites that live by sucking our blood40 ,raymond knew that when ,sir ,simon got on the subject of the 8lower0 orders and their iniquities1 there was nothing for it but to give him his head1 and wait patiently till he pulled up of his own accord4 ,when at last the baronet drew breath1 and was willing to listen1 he brought him back to the point1 and asked what he meant to do about the twelve-hundred-pound bill4 ,did he see his way to paying it8 ,sir ,simon did not4 ,it was a curious fact that he never saw his way to paying a bill until he had contracted it1 and until his vision had been sharpened by some disagreeable process like the present1 which forced him to face the alternative of paying or doing worse4 ,these new stables had been a necessary expense1 it is true1 and he was very forcible in reiterating the fact to ,raymond2 but the latter had a provoking way of reverting to first principles1 as he called it1 and1 after hearing his friend's logical demonstration as to the absolute necessity which had compelled him to build--the valuable horses that were being damaged by the damp of the old stables2 the impossibility of keeping up a hunting stud without proper accommodations for horses and men2 the economy that the outlay was sure to be in the long run1 the saving of doctor's bills1 etc42 the 8vet40 was never out of the house while the horses were lodged in the old stables--,m4 de la ,bourbonais said3 8,but1 mon cher1 why need you keep a hunting stud1 why keep horses at all1 if you can't afford it80 ,this was a question that never crossed ,sir ,simon's mind1 or1 if it did1 it was dismissed with such a peremptory snub that it never presented itself again4 ,it was peculiarly irritating to have it thrust on him now1 at a moment when he wanted some soothing advice to cheer him up4 ,the idea1 put into words and spoken aloud by another1 was1 however1 not as easily ignored as when it passed silently through his own mind2 it must be answered1 if only by shutting the door in its face4 8,my dear ,raymond10 said the baronet in his affectionate1 patronizing way1 8you don't quite understand the matter2 you look at it too much from a ,frenchman's point of view4 ,you don't make allowance for the different conditions of society in this country4 ,there are certain things1 you see1 that a man must do in ,england2 society exacts it of him4 ,a gentleman must live like a gentleman1 or else he can't hold his own4 ,it isn't a matter of choice40 8,it seems to me it is1 though10 returned ,raymond4 8,he may choose between his duty to his conscience and his duty to society40 8,you can't separate them1 my dear fellow2 it's not to be done in this country4 ,but that's shifting the question too wide of the mark10 observed ,sir ,simon1 who began to feel it was being driven rather too close4 8,the thing is1 how am ,i to raise the wind to quiet this architect8 ,it is too late to discuss the wisdom of building the stables2 they are built1 and they must be paid for40 8,sell those two hunters that you paid five hundred pounds apiece for2 that will go a long way towards it10 suggested the count4 ,the proposition was self-evident1 but that did not make it the more palatable to ,sir ,simon4 ,he muttered something about not seeing his way to a purchaser just then4 ,raymond1 however1 pressed the matter warmly1 and urged him to set about finding one without delay4 ,he brought forward a variety of arguments to back up this advice1 and to prove to his friend that not only common sense and justice demanded that he should follow it1 but that1 from a selfish point of view1 it was the best thing he could do4 8,trust me10 he cried1 8the peace of mind it will bring you will largely compensate for the sacrifice40 ,sacrifice6 ,it sounded like a mockery on ,raymond de la ,bourbonais' lips to apply the word to the sale of a couple of animals for the payment of a foolish debt2 but ,raymond1 whatever ,sir ,simon might say to the contrary1 made large allowance for their relative positions1 and was very far from any thought of irony when he called it a sacrifice4 8,you're right2 you're always right1 ,raymond10 said the baronet1 leaning his arm heavily on the count's shoulder1 and imperceptibly guiding him closer to the river1 that was flowing on like a message of peace in the solemn1 star-lit silence4 8,i'd be a happier man if ,i could take life as you do1 if ,i were more like you40 8,and had to black your own boots80 ,raymond laughed gently4 8,i shouldn't mind a rap blacking my boots1 if nobody saw me40 8,ah6 that's just it6 ,but when people are reduced to black their own boots1 they're sure to be seen4 ,the thing is to do it1 and not care who sees us40 8,that's the rub10 said ,sir ,simon2 and then they walked on without speaking for a while1 listening to a nightingale that woke up in a willow-tree and broke the silence with a short1 bright cadence1 ending in a trill that made the very shadows vibrate on the water4 ,there is a strange unworldliness in moonlight4 ,the cold stars1 tingling silently in the deep blue peace so far above us1 have a voice that rebukes the strife of our petty passions more forcibly than the wisest sermon4 ,the cares and anxieties of our lives pale into the flimsy shadows that they are1 when we look at them in the glory of illuminated midnight heavens4 ,what sheer folly it all was1 this terror of what the world would say of him if he sold his hunters6 ,sir ,simon felt he could laugh at the world's surprise1 ay1 or at its contempt1 if it had met him there and then by the river's side1 while the stars were shining down upon him4 8,simon10 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 stopping as they came within a few steps of ,the ,lilies1 8,i am going to ask you for a proof of friendship40 ,he scarcely ever called the baronet by his name1 and ,sir ,simon felt that1 whatever the proof in question was1 it was stirring ,raymond's heart very deeply to ask it4 8,i thought we had got beyond asking each other anything of that sort2 if ,i wanted a service from you1 ,i should simply tell you so10 replied the baronet4 8,you are right4 ,that is just what ,i feel about it4 ,well1 what ,i want to say is this3 ,i have a hundred pounds laid by4 ,i don't want it at present2 there is no knowing when ,i may want it1 so ,i will draw it to-morrow and take it to you40 ,raymond made his little announcement very simply1 but there was a tremor in his voice4 ,sir ,simon hardly knew what to say4 ,it was impossible to accept1 and impossible to refuse4 8,it's rather a good joke1 my offering to lend you money60 said ,raymond1 laughing and walking on as if he noticed nothing4 8,but you know the story of the lion and the mouse40 8,raymond1 you're a richer man than ,i am10 said ,sir ,simon2 8a far happier one10 he added in his own mind4 8,then you'll take the hundred pounds80 8,yes2 that is to say1 no4 ,i can't say positively at this moment2 we'll talk it over to-morrow4 ,you'll come up early1 and we'll talk it over4 ,you see1 ,i may not want it after all4 ,if ,i get the full value of ,nero and ,rosebud1 ,i shouldn't want it40 8,but you may not find a purchaser at once1 and a hundred pounds would keep this man quiet till you do10 suggested ,raymond4 8,my dear old boy60 said the baronet1 grasping his hand--they were at the gate now--8,i ought to be ashamed to own it2 but the fact is1 ,roxham--you know ,lord ,roxham in the next county8--offered me a thousand pounds for ,rosebud only two days ago4 ,i'll write to him to-morrow and accept it4 ,i dare say he'd be glad to take the two40 8,oh6 how you unload my heart6 ,good-night1 mon cher ami4 ,a demain60 said ,raymond4 ,on his way home ,sir ,simon looked stern realities in the face1 and came to the determination that a change must be made2 that it was not possible to get on as he was1 keeping up a huge establishment1 and entertaining like a man of ten thousand a year1 and getting deeper and deeper into debt every day4 ,raymond was right4 ,common sense and justice were the best advisers1 and it was better to obey their counsels voluntarily while there was yet time than wait till it was too late1 and he was driven to extremities4 ,this architect's bill was a mere drop in the ocean2 but it is a drop that every now and then makes the flood run over1 and compels us to do something to stem the torrent4 ,as ,sir ,simon turned it all in his mind in the presence of the stars1 he felt very brave about the necessary measures of reform4 ,after all1 what did it signify what the world said of him8 ,would the world that criticised him1 perhaps voted him a fool for selling his hunters1 help him when the day of reckoning came8 ,what was it all but emptiness and vanity of vanities8 ,he realized this truth1 as he sauntered home through the park1 and stood looking down over the landscape sleeping under the deep blue dome4 ,where might he and his amusements and perplexities be to-morrow--that dim to-morrow1 that lies so near to each of us1 poor shadows that we are1 our life a speck between two eternities8 ,sir ,simon let himself in by a door on the terrace1 and then1 instead of going straight to his room1 went into the library1 and wrote a short note to ,lord ,roxham4 ,it was safer to do it now than wait till morning4 ,the morning was a dangerous time with ,sir ,simon for resolves like the present4 ,it was ever to him a mystery of hope1 the awakening of the world1 the setting right and cheering up of all things by the natural law of resurrection4 ,the admiral and ,clide had planned to leave next day2 but the weather was so glorious and the host was so genial that it required no great pressing to make them alter their plans and consent to remain a few days longer4 8,you know we are due at ,bourbonais' this evening10 said ,sir ,simon4 8,the old lady will never forgive me if ,i disappoint her of cooking that omelet for you40 ,so it was agreed that they would sup at ,the ,lilies1 and ,m4 de la ,bourbonais was requested to convey the message to ,anglique when1 according to appointment1 he came up early to the ,court4 ,he had no opportunity of talking it over with ,sir ,simon2 the admiral and ,clide were there1 and other visitors dropped in and engaged his attention4 ,the baronet1 however1 contrived to set him quite at rest2 the grasp of his hand1 and the smile with which he greeted his friend1 said plainer than words3 8,cheer up1 we're all right again60 ,he was in high spirits1 welcoming everybody1 and looking as cheerful as if he did not know what a dun meant4 ,he fully intended to whisper to ,raymond that he had written about the horses to ,lord ,roxham2 but he was not able to do it1 owing to their being so surrounded4 8,do you ride much1 ,monsieur le ,comte80 said ,clide1 coming to sit by ,raymond1 who1 he observed1 stood rather aloof from the people who were chatting together on common topics4 8,no10 said ,raymond2 8,i prefer walking1 which is fortunate1 as ,i don't possess a horse40 8,if you cared for it1 that wouldn't be an impediment1 ,i fancy0 said the young man4 8,sir ,simon would be only too grateful to you for exercising one of his4 ,he has a capital stud4 ,i've been looking at it this morning4 ,he's a first-rate judge of horse-flesh40 8,that is the basis of an ,englishman's education1 is it not80 said the count playfully4 8,which accounts1 perhaps1 for the defects of the superstructure10 replied ,clide1 laughing4 8,it is rather a hard hit at us1 ,monsieur le ,comte2 but ,i'm afraid we deserve it4 ,you have a good deal to put up with from us one way or another1 ,i dare say1 to say nothing of our climate40 8,that is a subject that ,i never venture to touch on10 said ,raymond1 with affected solemnity4 8,i found out long ago that his climate was a very sore point with an ,englishman1 and that he takes any disrespect to it as a personal offence40 8,a part of our general conceit10 observed ,clide good-humoredly4 8,i've been so long out of it that ,i almost forget its vices1 and only remember its virtues40 8,what are they80 inquired ,raymond4 8,well1 ,i count it a virtue in a wet day to hold out the hope to you of seeing it clear up at any moment2 whereas1 in countries that are blessed with a good climate1 once the day sets in wet1 you know your doom2 there's nothing to hope for till to-morrow40 8,there is something in that1 ,i grant you10 replied ,raymond thoughtfully2 8but the argument works both ways4 ,if the day sets in fine here1 you never know what it may do before an hour4 ,in fact1 it proves1 what ,i have long ago made up my mind to1 that there is no climate in ,england--only weather4 ,just now it is redeeming itself2 ,i never saw a lovelier day in ,france4 ,shall we come out of doors and enjoy it80 ,they stepped out on to the terrace1 and turned from the flowery parterre1 with its fountain flashing in the sunlight1 into a shady avenue of lime-trees4 ,clide felt very little interest in ,raymond's private opinion of the climate4 ,he wanted to make him talk of himself1 as a preliminary to talk of his daughter2 and1 as usual when we want to lead up to a subject1 he could hit on nothing but the most irrelevant commonplaces4 ,chance finally came to his rescue in the shape of a stunted palm-tree that was obtruding its parched leaves through the broken window of a neglected orangery4 ,sir ,simon had had a hobby about growing oranges at the ,court1 and had given it up1 like so many other hobbies1 after a while1 and the orangery1 that had cost so much money for a time1 was standing forlorn and half-empty near the flower-garden1 a trophy of its owner's fickle purpose and extravagance4 8,poor little abortion60 exclaimed the count1 pointing to the starved palm-tree1 8it did not take kindly to its exile40 8,exile is a barren soil to most of us10 said ,clide4 8,we generally prove a failure in it40 8,i suppose because we are a failure when we come to it10 replied ,raymond4 8,we seldom try exile until life has failed to us at home40 ,he looked up with a quick smile as he said this1 and ,clide answered him with a glance of intelligent and respectful sympathy4 ,as the two men looked into each other's face1 it was as if some intangible barrier were melting away1 and confidence were suddenly being established in its place4 ,clide had never pronounced his wife's name since the day he had let his head drop on the admiral's breast1 and abandoned himself to the passion of his boyish grief4 ,it was as if the recollection of his marriage and its miserable ending had died and been buried with ,isabel4 ,the admiral had often wondered how one so young could be so self-contained1 wrapping himself in such an impenetrable reserve4 ,the old sailor was not given to speculating on mental phenomena as a rule2 but he had given this particular one many a five minutes' cogitation1 and the conclusion he arrived at was that either ,clide had taken the matter less to heart than he imagined1 and so felt no need of the solace of talking over his loss1 or that the sense of humiliation which attached to the memory of ,isabel was so painful to him1 as a man and a ,de ,winton1 that he was unwilling to recur to it4 ,there may have been something of this latter feeling mixed up with the other impalpable causes that kept him mute2 but to-day1 as he paced up and down under the fragrant shade of the lime-trees with ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 a sudden desire sprang up in him to speak of the past1 and evoke the sympathy of this man1 who had suffered1 perhaps1 more deeply than himself4 ,they were silent for a few minutes1 but a subtle1 magnetic sympathy was at work between them4 8,i too have had my little glimpse of paradise1 only to be turned out1 like so many others1 to finish my pilgrimage alone10 said ,raymond abruptly4 8,no1 not alone10 retorted ,clide2 8you have a daughter1 who must be a great delight to you40 8,ah6 you are right4 ,i was ungrateful to say alone2 but you can understand that that other solitude can never be filled up4 ,that is to say10 he added1 looking up with a brightening expression in his keen eyes1 that sparkled under projecting brows1 made more prominent by bushy black eyebrows1 8not at my age2 at yours it is different4 ,when sorrow comes to a man at the close of his half-century1 it is too late to plant again2 he cannot begin life anew4 ,there is no future for him but courage and resignation4 ,but at your age everything is a beginning4 ,while we are young1 no matter how dark the sky is1 the future looks bright2 to-morrow is always full of hope and glad surprises when we are young40 8,i don't feel as if ,i were young10 said ,clide2 8it seems to me as if ,i had outlived my youth4 ,you know there are experiences that do the work of years quite as well as time2 that make us old prematurely80 8,i know it1 ,i can believe it10 replied ,raymond2 8but nevertheless the spring of youth remains4 ,it only wants the help of time to heal its wounds and restore its power of working and enjoying40 ,the young man shook his head incredulously4 8,you don't believe it yet2 but you will find it out by-and-by10 insisted ,raymond2 8that is1 if you wish it and strive for it4 ,we are most of us asleep until sorrow wakes us up and stings us into activity2 then we begin to live really1 and to work40 8,then ,i'm afraid ,i have been awakened to no purpose10 remarked ,clide rather bitterly4 8,i certainly have not begun to work40 8,perhaps unawares you have all this time been preparing yourself for work--for some appointed task that you would never have been fitted for without the experiences of the last years40 8,well1 perhaps you are right10 assented his companion4 ,they walked on through the flower-beds for a few moments without speaking4 ,then ,raymond broke the silence3 8,why should you go away again1 wandering about the ,continent1 and indulging in morbid memories1 when you have such a noble mission before you at home6 ,youth1 intelligence1 and a splendid patrimony--what a field of usefulness lies before you6 ,is it permitted to leave any field untilled when the laborers are so few80 ,the same thought had occurred to ,clide during the last twenty-four hours with a persistency that he was not very earnest in repelling4 8,indulging in morbid memories60 ,that was what his step-mother was now constantly reproaching him with4 ,he resented it from her2 but ,raymond did not excite his resentment4 ,it was too much as if a father were expostulating with his son4 ,the paternal tone of the remonstrance called1 moreover1 for fuller confidence on his part1 and1 yielding to the fascination of the sympathy that was drawing him on and on1 he resolved there and then to give it4 ,he told ,m4 de la ,bourbonais the history of his life from the beginning3 his loveless childhood1 his boyhood1 starved of all spiritual food1 his youth's wild passion1 the loneliness of his later years1 and his present dissatisfied longings4 ,he laid bare all that inner life he had never unfolded to any human being before4 ,it was a touching and desolate picture enough1 and one that called out ,raymond's tenderest interest and compassion4 ,he listened to the story with that breathless1 undivided attention that made ,sir ,simon so delight in him as a listener2 answering by an inarticulate exclamation now and then1 interrupting here and there to put in a question that showed how closely he was following every turn in the narrative1 and how fully and completely he understood and entered into every phase of feeling the speaker described4 ,when ,clide had finished1 he seemed to understand himself better than he had ever done before4 ,every question of the listener seemed to throw a new and stronger light on what he was telling him2 it was like a key opening unexpected mysteries in the past and in his own mind1 showing him how from the very starting his whole theory of life had been a mistake4 ,life was now for the first time put under the laws of truth1 and through that transparent medium every act and circumstance showed altogether differently2 hidden meanings came out of what had hitherto been mere blots1 what he had called accidents and mischances2 every detail had a form and color of its own1 and fitted into the whole like the broken pieces of a puzzle4 ,he had been learning and training all the time while he fancied he was only suffering2 he had unawares been drinking in that moral strength that is only to be gained in wrestling with sorrow4 ,the revelation was startling2 but ,clide frankly acknowledged it1 and in so doing felt that he was tacitly committing himself to the new line of conduct which must logically follow on this admission1 if it was worth anything4 ,there must be an end of sentimental regrets and morbid despondings4 ,he must1 as ,raymond said1 begin to practise the lesson he had paid so dear to learn2 he must begin to live and to work2 he must1 by faithfulness and courage in the future1 atone for the folly and selfishness of the past4 ,it may appear strange1 perhaps incredible1 that a mere passing contact with a stranger should have so suddenly revealed all this to ,clide1 stirred him so deeply1 and impelled him to a definite resolution that was to change the whole current of his life4 ,but which of us cannot trace to some apparently chance meeting1 some word heedlessly uttered1 and perhaps not intended for us1 a momentous epoch in our lives8 ,we can never tell who may be the bearer of the burning message to us1 nor in what unknown tongue it may be spoken4 ,all that matters to us is that we hearken to it1 and follow where the messenger beckons4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had no idea that he was performing this office to ,clide2 nor did anything that he actually said justify the young man in looking upon him in the light of a herald or an interpreter4 ,it was something rather in the man himself that did it2 a voice that spoke unconsciously in his voice4 ,there is a power in truth and simplicity more potent than any eloquence2 and truth and simplicity radiated from ,raymond like an atmosphere4 ,his presence had a light in it that impressed you insensibly with the right view of things1 and dissipated worldliness and selfishness and morbid delusions as the sun clears away the mists4 ,perhaps along with this immediate influence there was another one which acted unawares on ,clide1 adding to the pressure of ,raymond's pleading the softer incentive of an ideal yet possible reward4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,draper',s ,,conflict ,,between ,,religion ,,and ,,science4#ed ,the author of this volume became known to the public of ,new ,york a little over twenty years ago through a hand-book of chemistry1 written at a time when that science was emerging into its present maturity4 ,almost simultaneously appeared from his pen a treatise on ,human ,physiology1 when it likewise was running a swift race to its splendid proportions of to-day1 impelled by the labors of ,claude ,bernard1 ,beaumont1 and ,bichat4 ,those works were received at the time with much favor by ,american teachers of both named sciences as being clear and succinct compilations of the labors of ,european investigators1 while containing some original observations of undoubted scientific merit4 ,thus1 the perception of the influence of endosmosis and exosmosis on the functions of respiration and circulation1 and the reference of pitch1 quality1 and intensity of sound to different portions of the anatomical structure of the ear1 constitute a valid claim1 on ,draper's part1 as a contributor to modern physiology4 ,as a chemist1 though painstaking and observant1 he failed to keep pace with ,european researches1 and so his book has been superseded in our schools and colleges by later and more thorough productions4 ,indeed1 it may be said that his work on physiology likewise is rapidly becoming obsolete1 its popularity having ceded place to the excellent treatises of ,dalton and ,austin ,flint1 ,jr4 ,had he in time recognized his exclusive fitness for experimental chemistry and physiology1 his name might rank to-day with those of ,liebig and ,lehmann2 but some disturbing idiosyncrasy or malevolent influence inspired him with the belief that he was destined for higher pursuits1 and he burned to emulate ,gibbon and ,buckle4 ,on the heels of the late civil war1 accordingly1 appeared from his ambitious pen a book with the pretentious title of ,history of the ,american ,civil ,war1 in which he strove to prove that the agencies which precipitated that sad quarrel dated back a thousand years2 that thermal bands having separated the ,north from the ,south1 the two sections could not agree2 that the conflict is not yet over1 and will be ended only when both sides recognize the ,east as the home of science1 and make their salam to the rising sun4 ,we speak not in jest2 the book1 we believe1 is still extant1 and may be consulted by the curious in such matters4 ,though the ,history of the ,american ,civil ,war did not meet with flattering success1 the new apostle of ,islamism was not discouraged4 ,no more trustworthy as a historian than ,macaulay1 he lacked the verve and eloquence of that brilliant essayist1 and his bantling fell into an early decline4 ,but there still was ,buckle1 in another department of intellectual activity1 whom it might be vouchsafed him to outsoar2 and so1 ,ddalus-like1 having readjusted his wings by means of a fresh supply of wax1 he took a swoop into the ,intellectual ,development of ,europe with precisely the results which befell his classical prototype4 ,here indeed was a wide field for the display of that peculiar philosophy of his which anathematizes the ,pentateuch and the pope1 and apotheosizes the locomotive and the loom4 ,accordingly1 we find the ,development to be a bitter attack on the church and all ecclesiastical institutions1 with alternate rhapsodical praises of material progress and scientific discoveries4 ,in the view taken by ,dr4 ,draper the ,papacy defeated the kindly intents of the mild-mannered ,mahomet2 but with the death of ,pio ,nono or some immediate successor the pleasant doctrines of ,averros and ,buddha will reassert themselves1 and we shall all finally be absorbed in the great mundane soul4 ,as we have said1 in alluding to the ,history of the ,american ,civil ,war1 these are not mere idle words2 they carry their black and white attestation in every page of the work referred to4 ,but we must hasten to the volume under review4 ,it is entitled ,history of the ,conflict between ,religion and ,science4 ,the title of the book is indeed the fittest key to its purpose4 ,it predicates this conflict on the first page2 it assumes it from the start1 and1 instead of proving its existence1 interprets statements and misstatements by the light of that assumption4 ,of this the reader is made painfully aware from the very outset1 and his sense of logic and fair play is constantly shocked by the distortion of very many historical facts and the truthful presentment of a few in support of what is a plain and palpable assumption4 ,the book is therefore a farrago of falsehoods1 with an occasional ray of truth1 all held together by the slender thread of a spurious philosophy4 ,in the preface the author promises to be impartial1 and scarcely has he proceeded eight short pages in his little volume before a cynical and sneering spirit betrays him into errors which a ,catholic ,sunday-school child would blush to commit4 ,on page #h he says3 8,immaculate ,conceptions and celestial descents were so currently received in those days that whoever had greatly distinguished himself in the affairs of men was thought to be of supernatural lineage40 ,and a little further on3 8,the ,egyptian disciples of ,plato would have looked with anger on those who rejected the legend that ,perictione1 the mother of that great philosopher1 a pure virgin1 had suffered an immaculate conception40 ,this is but a forestalment of the wrath held in store by our author for the dogma proclaimed in #ahed1 a derisive comparison of it with the gross myths of the superstitious ,greeks4 ,and yet how conspicuous does not the allusion render his ignorance of the ,catholic doctrine6 ,for evidently the reference to a pure virgin subjected to an immaculate conception through the agency of a ,god reveals ,draper's belief that the ,catholic dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception consists in the conception of ,christ in the womb of the ,virgin ,mary without human intervention4 ,surely some malign agent had warped his judgment when he assumed to expound ,catholic doctrine2 had 8,made the eye blind1 and closed the passages ,through which the ear converses with the heart40 ,but this is not the only point concerning which we would refer persons curious about ,catholic doctrines to ,dr4 ,draper1 and those who would like to become acquainted with ,catholic tenets never promulgated by any council from ,nice to the ,vatican4 ,on two occasions1 speaking of ,papal ,infallibility1 he distinctly avers that it is the same as omniscience6 ,on page #ceb he says3 8,notwithstanding his infallibility1 which implies omniscience1 ,his ,holiness did not foresee the issue of the ,franco-,prussian war40 ,and again on page #cfa3 8,he cannot claim infallibility in religious affairs1 and decline it in scientific4 ,infallibility embraces all things4 ,if it holds good for theology1 it necessarily holds good for science40 ,here is ,catholic doctrine la ,draper6 ,presumptuous reader1 be not deluded by the belief that the ,vatican ,council expressly confines infallibility to purely doctrinal matters2 it could not have done so6 ,does not ,dr4 ,draper as explicitly affirm that the dogma of infallibility implies omniscience8 ,his individual experience no doubt had much to do with his extension of the term2 for1 knowing himself to be a good chemist and physiologist1 he doubted not that by the same title he was a sound philosopher and a keen-eyed observer of events4 ,if it holds good in chemistry and physiology1 it necessarily holds good in philosophy and history4 ,it is a renewal of the old belief of the ,stoics1 as expounded by ,horace1 who says that the wise man is a capital shoemaker and barber1 alone handsome and a king4 ,but these are blemishes which assume even the appearance of bright spots shining out by contrast with the deeper darkness which they stud4 ,the radical error of the book is twofold4 ,it first confounds with the ,catholic ,church a great number of singular subjects to which that universal predicate cannot be applied1 loosely and vaguely referring to this incongruous chimera a great number of acts which cannot be imputed to the church at all in any proper sense4 ,it next makes the mistake of applying the standard of estimation which is justly applicable only to the present time to epochs long past and in many respects diverse from it4 ,for instance1 the personal acts of prelates are referred to the church considered as an infallible tribunal4 ,only an ignoramus in theology needs to be informed that the infallible church is the body of the episcopate teaching or defining in union with the head1 or the head of the episcopate teaching and defining1 as the principal organ of the body1 that which is explicitly or implicitly contained in the revealed deposit of faith4 ,administration of affairs1 decisions of particular cases1 private opinions and personal acts1 even official acts which are not within the category above stated1 do not pertain to the sphere of infallibility2 therefore when ,dr4 ,draper charges against the church acts which are worthy of censure1 or which are by him so represented1 and we detect in the case the absence of some one condition requisite to involve the church in the sense stated1 we retort that he either knows not what he says or is guilty of wilful misrepresentation4 ,yet his book is an unbroken tissue of such charges4 ,and not only are those charges improperly alleged1 but they are for the most part substantially false4 ,at a time1 for instance1 when the placid influence of ,christianity had not supplanted in men's hearts the fierce passions which ages of paganism had nurtured there1 a band of infuriated monks murdered and tore to pieces the celebrated ,hypatia1 in resentment of some real or fancied affront offered to ,s4 ,cyril ,the crime was indeed unpardonable1 and perhaps ,s4 ,cyril was remiss in its punishment2 but we might as well lay to the charge of the ,new ,york ,academy of ,medicine the revolting deeds perpetrated by individual members of the medical profession1 as hold the church accountable for this crime4 ,both organizations have repeatedly expressed their abhorrence of what morality condemns1 and it is only fair that the one as well as the other be judged by its authoritative teachings and practices4 ,yet ,dr4 ,draper draws from his quiver on this occasion the sharpest of arrows to bury in the bosom of that church which could stain her escutcheon by this wanton attack on philosophy4 8,hypatia and ,cyril6 ,philosophy and bigotry6 ,they cannot exist together40 ,do not the melodramatic surroundings with which ,draper's graphic pen invests the murder of this woman readily suggest an episode in the history of a certain knight of rueful mien when he charged a flock of sheep1 believing that he saw before him 8the wealthy inhabitants of ,mancha crowned with golden ears of corn2 the ancient offspring of the ,goths cased in iron2 those who wanton in the lazy current of ,pisverga1 those who feed their numerous flocks in the ample plains where the ,guadiana pursues its wandering course--in a word1 half a world in arms08 ,he charges1 and behold seven innocent sheep fall victims to his prowess4 ,flushed with this victory1 and covetous of fresh laurels1 our author whets his blade for another thrust at that most odious of doctrines--,papal ,infallibility4 ,the management of the attack will serve as a specimen of ,dr4 ,draper's mode of critical warfare2 it will show how neatly he puts forward assertion for proof1 and in what a spirit of calm and dignified philosophy he concludes the case against the church4 ,a compatriot of his1 who had changed the homely name of ,morgan for the more resonant one of ,pelagius1 feeling that the confines of the little isle which gave him birth were too narrow for a soul swelling with polemics1 hied to ,rome1 where his theological fervor was speedily cooled by ,pope ,innocent ,i4 ,pelagius denied the ,catholic doctrine of grace1 asserting the sufficiency of nature to work out salvation4 ,s4 ,augustine pointed out the errors of ,pelagius and of his associate1 ,celestius1 which were accordingly condemned by ,pope ,innocent4 ,if we accept ,dr4 ,draper as an authority in ecclesiastical history1 a much-vexed question connected with this very intricate affair is readily solved1 and we are taught to understand how indiscreet were the fathers of the ,vatican ,council in decreeing the infallibility of the pope4 ,he says3 8,it happened that at this moment ,innocent died1 and his successor1 ,zosimus1 annulled his judgment and declared the opinions of ,pelagius to be orthodox4 ,these contradictory decisions are still often referred to by the opponents of ,papal ,infallibility40 ,now1 so far from this being the case1 ,zosimus1 after a considerable time of charitable waiting1 to give ,celestius an opportunity of reconsidering his errors and being reconciled to the church1 formally repeated the condemnation pronounced by his predecessor1 and effectually stamped out ,pelagianism as a formidable heresy4 ,but since our weight and calibre are so much less than ,dr4 ,draper's as not to allow our assertion to pass for proof1 we will dwell a moment on the historical details of the controversy4 ,before the death of ,innocent1 ,celestius had entered a protest against his accuser1 ,paulinus1 on the ground of misrepresentation1 but did not follow up his protest by personally appearing at ,rome4 ,the succession of the kind-hearted ,zosimus and the absence of ,paulinus appeared to him a favorable opportunity for doing this1 and he accordingly wrote to ,zosimus for permission to present himself4 ,though the pope was engrossed at the time by the weighty cares of the universal church1 his heart yearned to bring back the repentant ,celestius to the fold of ,christ1 and he accorded to him a most patient hearing4 ,only a fragment of ,celestius' confession remains1 but we have the testimony of three unsuspected witnesses1 because determined anti-,pelagians1 concerning the part taken in the matter by the pope4 ,s4 ,augustine says3 8,the merciful pontiff1 seeing at first ,celestius carried away by the heat of passion and presumption1 hoped to win him over by kindness1 and forbore to fasten more firmly the bands placed on him by ,innocent4 ,he allowed him two months for deliberation40 ,elsewhere ,s4 ,augustine says 7,epist4 ,paulin41 const4 #fic1 ,labb1 t4 #b7 that ,celestius replied to the interrogatories of the pope in these terms3 8,i condemn in accordance with the sentence of your predecessor1 ,innocent of blessed memory40 ,marius ,mercator1 who lived at the time of these occurrences1 says that ,celestius made the fairest promises and returned the most satisfactory answers1 so that the pope was greatly prepossessed in his favor 7,labb1 t4 #b1 coll4 #aeab74 ,zosimus at length saw through the devices of the wily ,celestius1 who1 like all dangerous heretics1 desired to maintain his errors while retaining communion with the church1 and1 in a letter written to the bishops of ,africa1 formally reiterated against ,pelagius and his adherents the condemnation of the ,african ,council4 ,only fragments of the letter remain1 but we know that thereafter some of the most violent ,pelagians submitted to the ,holy ,see4 ,with what imposing dignity ,dr4 ,draper waves aside these facts1 and coolly asserts that ,zosimus annulled the judgment of his predecessor1 and declared the opinions of ,pelagius to be orthodox6 ,but this is only a sample of similar flagrant misstatements in which the book abounds4 ,for even immediately after1 referring to ,tertullian's eloquent statement of the principles of ,christianity1 he says that it is marked by a complete absence of the doctrines of original sin1 total depravity1 predestination1 grace1 and atonement1 and that therefore these doctrines had not been broached up to this time4 ,certainly not all of them1 for the church does not teach the doctrine of total depravity2 but the statement1 being of the nature of a negative proof1 possesses no value1 and only shows on how slender a peg our author is ready to hang a damaging assertion against the church4 ,having thus triumphantly demonstrated that ,tertullian is not the author of the doctrine of the fall of man1 he recklessly lays it at the door of the illustrious ,bishop of ,hippo4 ,he says3 8,it is to ,s4 ,augustine1 a ,carthaginian1 that we are indebted for the precision of our views on these important points40 ,we wonder did ,dr4 ,draper ever read these words of ,s4 ,paul to the ,romans3 8,wherefore as by one man sin entered into this world and by sin death3 and so death passed upon all men1 in whom all have sinned0 7,epist4 ,rom4 v4 #ab74 ,yet ,s4 ,paul lived before ,tertullian or ,s4 ,augustine4 ,draper next sententiously adds3 8,the doctrine declared to be orthodox by ecclesiastical authority is overthrown by the unquestionable discoveries of modern science4 ,long before a human being had appeared upon the earth1 millions of individuals--nay1 more1 thousands of species1 and even genera--had died2 those which remain with us are an insignificant fraction of the vast hosts that have passed away40 ,admirably reasoned6 ,a million or more megatheria and megalosauri floundered for a while in the marshes of an infant world1 and died2 therefore ,adam was not the first man to die1 for through him death did not enter into the world4 ,had ,s4 ,paul anticipated the honor of a dissection at the hands of so eminent a wielder of the scalpel1 he no doubt would have stated in his ,epistle that when he spoke of death entering into the world through the sin of one man1 he meant1 not death to frogs and snakes1 or bats and mice1 but death to human beings alone4 ,he would thus have helped ,dr4 ,draper to the avoidance of one exegetical error at least4 ,another assertion of illimitable reaches rapidly follows3 8,astronomy1 geology1 geography1 anthropology1 chronology1 and indeed all the various departments of human knowledge1 were made to conform to the ,book of ,genesis02 that is to say1 ecclesiastical authority prohibits us from seeking elsewhere than in the pages of ,holy ,writ such knowledge as is contained in ,gray's ,anatomy or ,draper's ,chemistry and ,physiology4 ,where are your pices justificatives for this monstrous assertion1 ,dr4 ,draper8 ,did not the church1 in the heyday of her temporal power1 warn ,galileo not to invoke the authority of the ,scriptures in support of his doctrine for the reason that they were not intended to serve as a guide in purely scientific matters8 ,and here indeed is the true key to the conflict between that philosopher and the church4 ,has not the same sentiment1 moreover1 been explicitly affirmed by every commentator from ,s4 ,augustine himself down to ,maldonatus and ,cornelius ,lapide1 when considering chapter x4 verse #ac of the ,book of ,josue8 ,not a single document1 extant or lost1 can be referred to as justifying ,draper's extraordinary assertion that the ,book of ,genesis1 8in a philosophical point of view1 became the grand authority of patristic science40 ,of course it is readily perceived that the term patristic science1 as used by ,dr4 ,draper1 is not the science commonly known as patrology1 but natural science1 as understood and taught by the fathers4 ,chief among those whose officious intermeddling in scientific matters excites the spleen of ,dr4 ,draper is1 as before stated1 ,s4 ,augustine1 ,bishop of ,hippo4 8,no one10 he says1 8did more than this father to bring science and religion into antagonism2 it was mainly he who diverted the ,bible from its true office1 a guide to purity of life1 and placed it in the perilous position of being the arbiter of human knowledge1 an audacious tyranny over the mind of man40 ,the rash dogmatism of these words scarcely consists with the spirit ,draper arrogates to himself--the spirit of calm impartiality4 ,so far from having striven to make ,scripture the arbiter of science1 ,s4 ,augustine studied to bring both into harmony1 and1 with this end in view1 put the most liberal interpretation on those passages of ,holy ,writ which might conflict with1 as yet1 unmade scientific discoveries4 ,for this reason he hints at the possibility of the work of creation extending over indefinite periods of time1 as may1 he says1 be maintained consistently with the meaning of the ,syro-,chaldaic word which stands indifferently for day and indefinite duration4 ,the saint's chief anxiety is to uphold the integrity of the ,book of ,genesis against the numerous attacks of pagan philosophers and paganizing ,christians4 ,the necessity of doing this was paramount at the time1 for the ,jews and their doctrines were exceedingly obnoxious to ,christian and ,gentile2 and since the church recognized the divine inspiration of the ,hebrew ,scriptures1 the task of vindicating their genuineness devolved on her theologians4 ,but ,dr4 ,draper overlooks this essential fact1 and places ,s4 ,augustine in the totally false light of wantonly belittling science by making it square with the letter of the ,bible4 ,but it is not as a censor alone of ,s4 ,augustine's opinions that ,dr4 ,draper means to figure2 he follows him into the domain of dogmatic theology1 and1 having there erected a tribunal1 cites him to its bar4 ,he quotes at length the ,african bishop's views on the fundamental dogmas of the ,trinity and creation1 having modestly substituted ,dr4 ,pusey's translation for his own4 ,the saint expresses his awe and reverence in face of the wondrous power and incomprehensible works of the ,creator1 and ,dr4 ,draper calls him rhetorical and rhapsodical4 ,no wonder4 ,the mind becomes subdued to the shape in which it works2 and since the vigorous years of ,dr4 ,draper's life were spent in the laboratory1 investigating secondary causes and the properties of matter1 it is not to be supposed that he can enter at once into close sympathy with souls which have fed on spiritual truths4 8,what's ,hecuba to him1 or he to ,hecuba80 ,but the crowding errors of the book warn us to hasten forward4 ,having consigned ,s4 ,augustine to never-ending oblivion1 our untiring athlete of the pen eloquently sketches step by step the progressive paganization of ,christianity4 ,the first thing to be done1 he says1 was to restore the worship of ,isis by substituting for that numen the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,this substitution was accomplished by the ,council of ,ephesus1 which declared ,mary to be the ,mother of ,god1 and condemned the contradicting proposition of ,nestorius4 ,is it proper to treat this niaiserie with irony or indignation8 ,we will do neither1 but will respectfully refer ,dr4 ,draper either to ,rohrbacher's ,history of the ,church1 or ,orsini's ,devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 to convince him of the priority of this devotion to the times of ,s4 ,cyril and ,nestorius4 ,the matter is too elementary and well known to justify us in occupying more space with its consideration4 ,therefore1 passing over frivolous charges of this sort1 let us seize the underlying facts in this alleged paganization of ,christianity4 ,the church does not teach the doctrine of complete spiritual blindness1 and is willing to admit on the part of pagans the knowledge of many religious truths in the natural order4 ,prominent among these is a belief in the existence of ,god1 the immortality of the soul1 and a system of rewards and punishments in the future life4 ,the propositions of ,de ,lamennais1 refusing to pure reason the power of establishing these truths1 were formally condemned by ,gregory ,,xvi4 ,in addition1 it is part of theological teaching that certain portions of the primitive revelation made to the patriarchs flowed down through succeeding generations1 corrupted1 it is true1 and sadly disfigured1 yet substantially identical1 and tinged the various systems of belief in vogue among the nations of the earth4 ,it is almost unnecessary to point out the numberless analogies which exist between the ,hebrew doctrines and the myths of ,grecian and ,roman polytheism4 ,the unity of ,god was universally symbolized by the admission of a supreme being1 to whom the other deities were subject4 ,the fall of man1 a flooded earth and a rescued ark find their fitting counterparts in the traditions of most races4 ,here1 then1 we find one source of possible agreement between ,christianity and the pagan system without resorting to ,dr4 ,draper's ingenious process of gradual paganization4 ,if1 before the ,christian revelation1 human reason could have partially lifted the veil which hides another life1 and if a defiled current of tradition could have borne on its bosom fragments of a primitive revelation1 surely it is not necessary to suppose a compromise between ,christianity and paganism by virtue of which the former finds itself in accord on certain points with the latter4 ,but a still stronger reason for the alleged resemblances and analogies between the two systems may be found in the common nature of those who accepted them4 ,there is no sentiment in the human heart more potent than veneration1 especially as its objects ascend in the scale of greatness4 ,man's first impulse is to bow the head before the grandeur of nature's mighty spectacles1 before the rushing cataract and the sweeping storm1 and to adore the ,being whose voice is heard in the tempest1 who dwells in a canopy of clouds and rides on the wings of the wind4 ,filled with this sentiment1 he builds temples1 he offers sacrifices1 eucharistic and propitiatory1 he consecrates his faculties to the service of his ,god1 and applauds those of his fellows who1 yielding to a still higher reverential influence1 devote themselves in a special manner to the promotion of the divine glory and honor4 ,for this reason not only the ,vestal ,virgins themselves deemed celibacy an honorable privilege which drew them nearer to the ,deity1 and gloried in its faithful practice1 if history is at all truthful2 but their self-sacrifice invested them with a special halo in the eyes of the multitude4 ,had ,dr4 ,draper shared the ennobling sentiments of these pagan women1 he would never have uttered the base slander on humanity--which puts his own manhood to the blush1 and brands the warm-blooded days of his single life--that 8public celibacy is private wickedness40 ,animated by the same sentiment of rendering all things subject to the ,divinity1 men consecrated to him the fruits of the earth1 and invoked his blessing on the seedling buried in the soil4 ,familiar objects became typical of divine attributes1 as water of the purity of ,diana1 and salt of the incorruptibility of ,saturn2 hence the sprinkling of the aqua lustralis among the ,romans on all solemn occasions1 and the use of salt in their sacrifices4 ,even the scattering of a little dust on the forehead was to them expressive of the calm and tranquillity of death succeeding to the storms and passions of life4 ,no doubt1 had ,dr4 ,draper recalled those lines of ,virgil3 8,hi motus animorum atque hc certamina tanta ,pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescunt10 he would1 in accordance with his peculiar logic1 have perceived in the ceremonies of ,ash-,wednesday another instance of a return to paganism4 ,without entering at greater length into those spontaneous expressions of reverence towards the ,deity which abound in every religious system1 and which well up from the human heart as a necessary confession of its dependence on a higher cause1 we will hasten to the conclusion1 implied in them1 that there is an identity of external worship in all religions which1 so far1 proclaims an identity of origin4 ,what1 therefore1 ,dr4 ,draper pronounces to be a paganization of ,christianity is nothing more than acceptance by it of those features of older creeds which are founded on truth1 and spring from the constitution of human nature4 ,what though the ,romans did pay homage to ,lares and ,penates1 to river gods and tutelary deities2 should that fact stigmatize as idolatrous or heathenish the reverence exhibited by ,christians towards the ,blessed ,virgin and the saints8 ,does not the fact rather indicate1 by its very universality1 that it is part of the divine economy1 and that such worship best represents the wants of the human heart8 ,assuredly1 this is not intended as a vindication of pagan practices1 but aimed to show that1 in the struggles of the human heart to satisfy its cravings1 an undeserting instinct guides it along a path which1 however tortuous and winding1 leads in the end to truth4 ,draper's charge of paganization in all respects resembles ,voltaire's assertion that ,christianity is a counterfeit of ,buddhism4 ,that noted infidel contended that celibacy1 monasticism1 mendicity1 voluntary poverty1 humility1 and mortification of the senses1 were so many features of ,buddhism unblushingly borrowed by the ,christian ,church4 ,but1 like the other misstatements of ,voltaire1 made through pure love of mischief1 this one has been refuted time and again4 ,it has been shown that the ethics of ,buddha flow from the dogma that ignorance1 passion1 and desire are the root of all evil1 and1 this principle granted1 nothing could be more natural than the moral system thence resulting4 ,in the ,christian code1 on the contrary1 purity1 voluntary poverty1 and mortification of the senses are practised for their own sake2 not for the purpose of enlightenment or the extirpation of ignorance1 but that our natures may thereby become purified4 ,no matter1 therefore1 how strong and striking analogies may be1 the difference in principle destroys the theories of ,voltaire and ,draper2 for similar consequences often proceed from widely differing premises4 ,we see this fact impressively exhibited in the practice of auricular confession as it exists among the followers of ,gautama4 ,according to them1 the evil tendencies of the human heart are manifold and varied1 and1 to be successfully combated1 must be divided into classes4 ,thus the sin of sensuality admits of a division into excess at table and concupiscence of the flesh1 the latter being in turn subdivided into lust of the eye and lust of the body1 evil thoughts1 evil practices1 etc4 ,we have here in reality a true system of casuistry4 ,faults should be confessed with sorrow and an accompanying determination not to repeat them2 nay1 even wrongs must be repaired as far as possible1 and stolen property be restored4 ,such are the views which have been firmly held by the disciples of ,buddha from time immemorial4 ,thus we find confession and its concomitant practices established among the ,buddhists on grounds of pure reason2 and surely the fact is no argument against the same practice in the ,christian ,church1 nor does the existence of the practice among ,christians necessarily denote a ,buddhic origin4 ,the explanation is still the same that practices and beliefs founded on the wants of human nature are universal1 circumscribed neither by church nor creed4 ,we believe1 therefore1 that ,dr4 ,draper's philosophy of gradual paganization is not tenable2 and if we strip it of a certain veneer of elegant verbiage1 we shall find a rather dull load of unsupported assertion beneath3 8,desinit in piscem mulier formosa superne40 ,the whole account of this pretended paganization breathes a spirit of bitterness and malignity that makes one perforce smile at the title-page of the book1 on which is inscribed the name of that sweet daughter of philosophy1 ,science4 ,the reader is constantly startled by volleys of assertions1 contemptuous1 blasphemous1 ironical1 and derisive4 ,indeed1 it may be said that hatred of ,catholic doctrine and usages is the attendant demon of ,dr4 ,draper's life1 the wraith that haunts him day and night4 ,he says that it was for the gratification of the ,empress ,helena the ,saviour's cross was discovered2 that when the people embraced the knees of ,s4 ,cyril after the ,blessed ,virgin was declared ,mother of ,god1 it was the old instinct peeping out--their ancestors would have done the same for ,diana2 that the festival of the ,purification was invented to remove the uneasiness of heathen converts on account of the loss of their ,lupercalia1 or feasts of ,pan2 that quantities of dust were brought from the ,holy ,land1 and sold at enormous prices as antidotes against devils1 etc41 ad nauseam4 ,through all this rodomontade we perceive not a single attempt at proof1 only an unbroken tissue of unsupported assertion4 ,it is said2 it is openly stated2 there is a belief that--these are ,draper's usual formularies whenever an obscure but impure and blasphemous tradition is related by him4 ,when1 however1 he surpasses himself in obscenity1 he drops even this thin disguise of reasoning1 and boldly asserts4 ,but with matter of this sort we will not stain our pages4 ,indeed1 these vile and obscure traditions seem to have a special charm for our author4 ,worse1 however1 than this packing of silly and stupid fables into his book is the implied understanding that the church is answerable for them all4 ,she it is who falsifies decretals1 invents miracles1 discovers fraudulent relics1 beholds apparitions1 sanctions the trial by fire1 massacres a whole cityful1 and perpetrates every crime in the calendar4 ,surely1 she were a very monster of iniquity1 the real scarlet lady1 the beast with seven heads1 were the half true of her which ,dr4 ,draper lays at her door4 ,there is in it1 however1 the manifest intent and outline of a crusade against the church and the institutions she fosters2 the shadowing forth of a purpose to array against her1 what is more formidable than ,star ,chamber or ,inquisition--the feelings of unreflecting millions who are allured by the glamour of manner to the utter disregard of matter4 ,but it must be remembered that ,exeter ,hall fanaticism has never found a genial home on this side of the ,atlantic1 and we are not afraid that the stupid conglomeration of silly charges brought against the church by ,dr4 ,draper1 more akin to fatuous drivel than to the dignified and scholarly arraignment of a philosopher1 will do more than provoke a pitying smile4 ,his feeble blows fall on adamantine sides which have oft resisted shafts aimed with deadlier intent than these3 8,telumque imbelle sine ictu ,conjecit40 ,but there is another explanation of the successive accumulation of doctrines and practices in the church which will perhaps come more within the reach of ,dr4 ,draper's appreciation1 as it throws light on the history of science itself1 and underlies the growth of every system of philosophy4 ,we speak of the doctrine of development4 ,draper unfolded1 even pathetically1 the impressive picture of science springing from very humble beginnings1 and growing dauntlessly1 despite bigotry and persecutions1 into that colossal structure of to-day which1 according to him1 shelters the highest hopes and aspirations of men1 and assures to them a glorious future of absorption into the universal spirit--viz41 annihilation4 8,ab exiguis profecta initiis1 eo creverit ut jam magnitudine laboret sua40 ,this gradual development he proclaims to be the natural expansion and growth of science1 on which theory he predicts for it an unending career of glory--8crescit occulto velut arbor vo40 ,but he is indignant that the church did not spring into existence1 like ,minerva from the brain of ,jupiter1 armed cap-a-pie1 in the full bloom of her maturity and charms4 ,because she did not do so1 every advance on her part was retrogressive1 and her growth was the addition of 8a horse's neck to a human head40 ,she borrowed1 compromised1 and substituted2 so that1 if we believe ,dr4 ,draper1 no olla podrida could be composed of more heterogeneous elements than the ,christian ,church4 ,she placed under contribution not only paganism1 but ,mahometanism1 and filched a few thoughts from ,buddha1 ,lao-,tse1 and ,confucius4 ,the least courtesy we might expect from ,dr4 ,draper is that we may be allowed to attempt to prove that ,christianity1 like every system entrusted to the custody of men1 is necessarily affected on its secular side by that wardship1 and so far is subject to the same conditions4 ,but no2 he condemns in advance1 and so fastens the gyves of his condemnation on the church as apparently not to leave even a loop-hole of escape1 or a possible rational explanation of the successive events of her history4 ,but enough of this4 ,even to the most ordinary mind the thin veil of philosophy in which ,dr4 ,draper wraps his balderdash of paganization is sufficiently easy of penetration4 ,and what does he offer to the ,christian who would range himself under the new banner8 ,in what attractive forms does ,draper present his science to win the sympathies and sentiments of men1 and make them forego the hopes of eternal happiness whispered on the cross8 ,here is one3 ,ex uno disce omnes4 ,when ,newton succeeded in proving that the influence of the earth's attraction extended as far as the moon1 and caused her to revolve in her orbit around the earth1 he was so overcome by the flooding of truth upon his mind that he was compelled to call in the assistance of another to complete the proof4 ,a pretty picture1 no doubt1 and a fit canonization of science4 ,but let us contrast it with a ,xavier expiring on the arid plains of an eastern isle1 far away from the last comforting words and soothing touch of a friend1 yet happy beyond expression in the firmness of his faith1 while clasping in his dying hands the crucifix1 which to him had been no stumbling-block1 but the incitement to labor through ten years of incomparable suffering among a degraded race4 ,or place it beside a ,vincent de ,paul1 who from dawn to darkness traversed the slums of ,paris1 picking up waifs1 the jetsam and flotsam of society1 washing them1 feeding them1 dressing their sores1 and nursing them more tenderly than a mother4 ,or contrast its flimsy sentimentality with the motives which sped missionaries across unknown oceans1 over the ,andes1 the ,himalayas1 and the ,rocky ,mountains1 and into the ice-bound wildernesses of ,canada1 to subdue the savage ,iroquois by the mildness of the ,gospel2 to found a new golden age on the plains of ,paraguay2 to preach the evangel of peace and purity through the wide limits of the ,flowery ,kingdom2 and to seal with their blood the ceaseless toil of their lives4 8,qu regio in terris nostri non plena laboris8 ,qu caret ora cruore nostro80 ,dr4 ,draper1 evidently1 has not read the ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire in vain4 ,not only does the same anti-,christian spirit breathe through his pages1 but he has seized the stilted style of ,gibbon1 deemed philosophical1 which is never at home but when soaring amid the clouds4 ,there is a pomp and parade of philosophy1 an assumption of dignified tranquillity1 a tone of mock impartiality1 which vividly recall the defective qualities of ,gibbon's work4 ,but in studying these features of style1 which necessitate a deal of dogmatism1 ,draper has allowed himself to be betrayed into numberless errors in philosophy4 ,perhaps an illustration or two will help to give point to our remarks4 ,on page #bdc he writes3 8,if there be a multiplicity of worlds in infinite space1 there is also a succession of worlds in infinite time4 ,as one after another cloud replaces cloud in the skies1 so this starry system1 the universe1 is the successor of countless others that have preceded it1 the predecessor of countless others that will follow4 ,there is an unceasing metamorphosis1 a sequence of events1 without beginning or end40 ,is not this 8,a pithless branch beneath a fungous rind08 ,is ,dr4 ,draper aware that ,gassendi1 ,newton1 ,descartes1 and ,leibnitz devoted the highest efforts of their noble intellects to the consideration of time and space1 and would long have hesitated before thus flippantly affixing the epithet 8infinite0 to either8 ,what is space apart from the contained bodies8 ,if it contains nothing1 or rather if there is nothing in space1 space itself is nothing2 it merely represents to us the possibility of extended bodies4 ,and if it is nothing1 how can it be infinite8 ,the application of the word infinite to time is still more inappropriate4 ,there can be no such thing as infinite time4 ,let us take ,dr4 ,draper's own successive periods1 though embracing millions of years1 and we contend that there must be some beginning to them4 ,for if there is no beginning to them1 they are already infinite in number--that is1 they are already a number without beginning or end4 ,but this cannot be4 ,for we can consider either the past series of periods capable of augmentation by periods to come2 and what then becomes of ,draper's infinity8 ,for surely that is not infinite which is susceptible of increase4 ,or we can consider the past series minus one or two of its periods--a supposition equally fatal to the notion of infinity4 ,time1 then1 is of a purely finite character1 and is nothing else than the successive changes which finite beings undergo4 ,more nonsensical still is the notion of 8a sequence of events without beginning or end40 ,we must discriminate here between an actual series and a potential series of events1 which ,dr4 ,draper forgets to do2 for on the distinction a great deal depends4 ,an actual series can never be infinite1 for we can take it at any given stage of its progress1 whether at the present moment or in the past1 and consider it increased by one2 but any number susceptible of increase can be represented by figures1 since it is finite1 that is1 determinate4 ,it cannot be said that it extends into the past without beginning1 for the dilemma always recurs that it is either finite or infinite2 if finite1 it must be represented by figures1 and that destroys the idea of a non-beginning2 and if it is infinite1 it cannot be increased1 which is absurd4 ,and if we ask for a cause for any one event in the reputed unending series1 we are referred to the event immediately preceding1 which in turn has for its cause another prior event4 ,if1 however1 we inquire for the cause of the whole series1 we are told that there is none such2 there is naught but an eternal succession of events4 ,is not this1 as some author says1 as if we were to ask what upholds the last link in a chain suspended from an unknown height1 and should receive the answer that the link next to the last supports it1 and the third supports the two beneath1 and so on1 each higher link supports a weightier burden8 ,if then we should ask1 ,what is it that supports the whole8 we are told that it supports itself4 ,therefore a finite weight cannot support itself in opposition to the laws of gravitation2 much less can another finite weight twice as heavy as the first1 and less and less can it do so as the weight increases2 but when the weight becomes infinite1 nothing is required to uphold it4 ,the reasoning is entirely analogous to ,draper's1 who speaks of cloud replacing cloud in the skies without beginning1 without end4 8,quos ,deus vult perdere prius dementat40 ,bacon has well said that the exclusive consideration of secondary causes leads to the exclusion of ,god from the economy of the universe1 while a deeper insight reveals of necessity a ,first ,cause on which all others depend4 ,this is exactly the trouble with ,dr4 ,draper4 ,he will not lift his purblind gaze from the mere phenomena of nature to their cause1 but is satisfied to revolve for ever in the vicious circle of countless effects without a cause4 ,if we are to judge by the additional glow which pervades what he has written concerning the nebular hypothesis1 he unquestionably considers that theory a conclusive proof of the non-interference of the ,deity in the affairs of the universe4 ,now1 we have no particular fault to find with the nebular hypothesis4 ,it is only an explanation of a change which matter has undergone4 ,it does not affect the question of creation whether matter was first in a state of incandescent gas1 or sprang at the bidding of the eternal fiat into its manifold conditions of to-day4 ,indeed1 we will grant that there is a plausibility in the theory which to many minds renders it fascinating2 but that does not make matter eternal and self-conserving4 ,it is entirely consistent with the dogma of creation that ,god first made matter devoid of harmonious forms and relations1 and that these slowly developed in accordance with the laws he appointed4 ,there is nothing inconsistent in supposing that our terrestrial planet is a fragment struck off from the central mass1 and that1 after having undergone numerous changes1 it at last settled down into a fit abode for man4 ,the church never expressed herself pro or con2 for no matter how individual writers may have felt and written1 no matter how much they may have sought to place this or that physical theory in antagonism with revealed truth1 the church never took action1 for the reason that the question lies beyond the sphere of her infallible judgment until it touches upon the revealed doctrine4 ,it is ,dr4 ,draper1 therefore1 who strenuously seeks to draw inferences from modern physical theories1 so as to put them in conflict1 not only with revelation1 but with the truths of natural theology4 ,after having given an outline of the nebular hypothesis1 he says3 8,if such be the cosmogony of the solar system1 such the genesis of the planetary worlds1 we are constrained to extend our view of the dominion of law1 and to recognize its agency in the creation as well as in the conservation of the innumerable orbs that throng the universe40 ,now1 what he means by extending our views of the dominion of law is to make it paramount and supreme4 ,but what is this law8 ,if its agency is to be recognized in the creation of the innumerable orbs that throng the universe1 it certainly must have existed prior to that event1 else ,dr4 ,draper uses the word creation in a sense entirely novel4 ,now1 supposing1 as we are fairly bound to do1 that ,dr4 ,draper attaches to the term creation its ordinary signification1 we will have the curious spectacle of law creating that of which it is but the expression4 ,we cannot perceive what other meaning we are to extract from the saying that we must recognize the agency of law in the creation of the universe4 ,law is1 therefore1 the creator of the universe2 that is to say1 8,the general expression of the conditions under which certain assemblages of phenomena occur0 7,carpenter's definition of law7 ushered into existence the cause of those phenomena4 ,can anything more absurd be conceived8 ,but apart from the notion of law being at the bottom of creation1 how can ,dr4 ,draper1 consistently with his ideas of 8infinite space10 8infinite time10 8sequence of events without beginning or end10 admit such a thing as creation at all8 ,creation is the transition of a portion of the eternal possibles in the divine mind from a state of possibility into one of physical existence1 at the bidding of ,god's infinite power4 ,supposing1 then1 that it is in this sense ,dr4 ,draper uses the word creation1 he must of necessity discard the doctrine of the eternity of matter1 and his nug canor concerning 8the immutability of law10 8law that dominates overall10 8unending succession of events10 become the frothings of a distempered mind4 ,but when a person writes in accordance with no fixed principles1 only as the intellectual caprice of the moment dictates1 he necessarily falls into glaring and fatal inconsistencies4 ,for not many pages after this implied admission of creation1 even though it be the inane creation by law1 he says3 8,these considerations incline us to view favorably the idea of transmutations of one form into another rather than that of sudden creations4 ,creation implies an abrupt appearance1 transformation a gradual change40 ,he thus again rejects the doctrine of creation in almost the same breath in which he spoke of it as brought about by the agency of law4 ,the question here occurs1 ,are the notions of creation and law antipodal8 ,can they not coexist8 ,for our own part1 we see nothing inconsistent in the supposition that ,god created the universe1 under stable laws for its guidance and conservation4 ,the very simplicity of the compatible existence of the two puzzles us to know what objection to it the ingenuity of ,dr4 ,draper has discovered4 ,for it must be understood that his stated incompatibility is a wearisome assumption throughout--wearisome1 for the mind1 ever on the alert to find a reason for the statement1 withdraws from the hopeless task tired and disgusted4 ,for instance1 at the close of his remarks concerning the nebular theory he says3 8,but again it may be asked1 #8,is there not something profoundly impious in this8 ,are we not excluding ,almighty ,god from the world he has made8'0 ,the words are sneeringly written4 ,they are supposed to contain their own reply1 and the writer passes on to something else4 ,he does not attempt to prove that the nebular hypothesis is at variance with creation1 except with such a view of the act as he himself entertains4 ,and this brings us to the consideration of his views concerning this sublime dogma4 ,draper evidently supposes that creation took place by fits and starts1 as figures pop out in a puppet-show4 ,hence he is constantly contrasting the grandeur of a slow development1 an ever-progressing evolution1 with the unphilosophical idea of sudden and abrupt creations4 ,though we fail to perceive anything derogatory to the infinite wisdom of the ,creator in supposing that he launched worlds into existence perfect and complete1 the idea of creation in the ,christian sense does not necessarily imply this4 ,we hold that the iron logic of facts forces us to the admission of creation in general1 in opposition to the senseless doctrine of unbeginning and unending series and sequences2 and while we do not pretend to determine the manner in which ,god proceeded with his work1 we likewise hold that the gradual appearance of planet after planet of the innumerable orbs that stud the firmament1 of genus after genus1 and species after species1 can be far more philosophically referred to the positive act of an infinite power than to the vague operation of law4 ,draper1 therefore1 shivers a lance against a windmill when he sets up his doctrine of evolution against a purely imaginary creation4 ,while he thus arraigns the doctrine of creation as shortsighted and unphilosophical1 it is amusing to contemplate the substitute therefor which his system offers4 ,on page #aib he says3 8,abrupt1 arbitrary1 disconnected creative acts may serve to illustrate the divine power2 but that continuous1 unbroken chain of organisms which extends from palozoic formations to the formations of recent times--a chain in which each link hangs on a preceding and sustains a succeeding one--demonstrates to us not only that the production of animated beings is governed by law1 but that it is by law that it has undergone no change4 ,in its operation through myriads of ages there has been no variation1 no suspension40 ,we have already proved that whatever is finite or contingent in the actual order must necessarily have had a beginning--a fact which ,draper himself seems to admit when he speaks of the creative agency of law2 and the question arises what it is which ,dr4 ,draper substitutes for the creative act4 ,creation by law is an absurdity1 since law is but the expression of the regularity of phenomena1 once the fact of the universe has been granted4 ,unbeginning and unending series are not only an absurdity1 but a palpable evasion of the difficulty4 ,we have1 therefore1 according to ,dr4 ,draper1 a tremendous effect without a cause4 ,when we view the many-sided spectacle of nature1 the star-bespangled empyrean1 the endless forms of life which the microscope reveals1 the harmony and order of the universe1 we naturally inquire1 ,whence sprang this mighty panorama8 ,what all-potent ,being gave it existence8 ,draper's answer is1 ,it had no beginning1 it will have no end--i4e41 it began nowhere1 it will end nowhere4 ,there it is1 and be satisfied4 ,the ,christian replies that it is the work of an eternal1 necessary1 and all-perfect ,being1 who contains within himself the reason of his own existence1 and whose word is sufficient to usher into being countless other worlds of far vaster magnitude than any that now exist4 ,throughout the whole book are scattered references to this supremacy of law over creation1 and the inference is constantly deduced that every curse which has befallen humanity1 every retarding influence placed in the way of human progress1 has proceeded from the doctrine of creation4 ,creation alone can give color to the doctrine of miracles1 and creation renders impossible the safe prediction of astronomical events4 ,for these reasons ,draper condemns it1 not only as an intellectual monstrosity1 but as morally bad4 ,while we admit that the possibility of miracles does depend on the admission of an intelligent ,cause of all things1 it by no means follows that the same admission invalidates the safe prediction of an eclipse or a comet4 ,draper's words touching the matter are such a curiosity in their way that we cannot forbear quoting them4 ,on page #bbi he says3 8,astronomical predictions of all kinds depend upon the admission of this fact3 that there never has been and never will be any intervention in the operation of natural laws4 ,the scientific philosopher affirms that the condition of the world at any given moment is the direct result of its condition in the preceding moment1 and the direct cause of its condition in the subsequent moment4 ,law and chance are only different names for mechanical necessity40 ,parodying the words of ,mme4 ,roland1 we might exclaim1 ,o ,philosophy6 what follies are committed in thy name4 ,just think of it1 reader1 because ,god is supposed to superintend1 by virtue of his infinite intelligence1 the processes of universal nature1 with the power to derogate from the laws he himself appointed1 he must be so capricious that constancy1 harmony1 and regularity are strangers to him4 ,supposing we take for granted the possibility of miracles1 it does not ensue that ,god is about to disturb the regularity of the universe at the bidding of him who asks4 ,the circumstances attending the performance of a miracle are so obvious that there can be no room for doubting the constancy of law operation4 ,thus the promotion of an evidently good purpose1 which is the prime intent of a miracle1 precludes the caprice which alone could render unsafe the prediction of a physical occurrence4 ,as well might we question the probable course a man of well-known probity and discretion will pursue under specified circumstances1 with this difference3 that as ,god is infinitely wise1 in proportion is the probability great that he will not depart from his usual course1 except for most extraordinary reasons4 ,and if the safety of a prediction depending on such circumstances is not as great as that which depends on mechanical necessity1 we must base our scepticism on very shadowy grounds4 ,father ,secchi can compute the next solar eclipse as well as ,dr4 ,diaper2 and if he should add1 as he undoubtedly would1 ,d4 ,v41 nobody will therefore be inclined to question the accuracy of his calculations or doubt the certainty of the occurrence4 ,in preference1 however1 to the admission of a free agency in the affairs of the universe1 he subscribes to the stoicism of ,grecian philosophy1 which subjects all things to a stern1 unbending necessity1 and makes men act by the impulse and determination of their nature4 8,this system offered a support in their hour of trial1 not only to many illustrious ,greeks1 but also to some of the great philosophers1 statesmen1 generals1 and emperors of ,rome--a system which excluded chance from everything1 and asserted the direction of all events by irresistible necessity to the promotion of perfect good2 a system of earnestness1 sternness1 austerity1 virtue--a protest in favor of the common sense of mankind4 ,and perhaps we shall not dissent from the remark of ,montesquieu1 who affirms that the destruction of the ,stoics was a great calamity to the human race2 for they alone made great citizens1 great men40 ,men can therefore be great in ,draper's sense when they can no longer be virtuous2 they can acquire fame and win the gratitude of posterity when they can no longer merit2 in a word1 mechanical necessity2 the same inexorable fatality which impels the river-waters to seek the sea1 which turns the magnet to the north1 and makes the planets run their destined courses1 presides over the conduct of men1 and elevates1 ennobles their actions4 ,free-will is chance2 ,providence an impertinent and debasing interference2 and virtue the firmness1 born of necessity1 which made ,cato end his days by his own hand4 ,such is ,draper's substitute in the moral order for the teachings of ,christianity--a system inevitably tending to build a ,paphian temple on the site of every ,christian church1 and to revive the infamies which the pen of ,juvenal so scathingly satirized1 and for which ,s4 ,paul rebuked the ,romans in terms of frightful severity and reprobation4 ,for what consideration can restrain human passions1 if men deem their actions to be a necessary growth or expansion of their nature1 if the good and bad in human deeds are as the tempest that wrecks1 or the gentle dews that fructify and animate the vegetable world8 ,his whole book is a cumbersome and disjointed argument in favor of necessity1 as opposed to free agency2 of law1 as opposed to ,providence4 ,the manner of his refuting the existence of divine ,providence is so far novel and original that we are tempted to reproduce it for those of our readers who prefer not to lose time by perusing the work in full4 ,on page #bdc he says3 8,were we set in the midst of the great nebula of ,orion1 how transcendently magnificent the scene6 ,the vast transformation1 the condensations of a fiery mist into worlds1 might seem worthy of the immediate presence1 the supervision1 of ,god2 here1 at our distant station1 where millions of miles are inappreciable to our eyes1 and suns seem no bigger than motes in the air1 that nebula is more insignificant than the faintest cloud4 ,galileo1 in his description of the constellation of ,orion1 did not think it worth while so much as to mention it4 ,the most rigorous theologian of those days would have seen nothing to blame in imputing its origin to secondary causes2 nothing irreligious in failing to invoke the arbitrary interference of ,god in its metamorphoses4 ,if such be the conclusion to which we come respecting it1 what would be the conclusion to which an ,intelligence seated in it would come respecting us8 ,it occupies an extent of space millions of miles greater than that of our solar system2 we are invisible from it1 and therefore absolutely insignificant4 ,would such an ,intelligence think it necessary to require for our origin and maintenance the immediate intervention of ,god80 ,that is to say1 we are too insignificant for ,god's notice1 because larger worlds roll through space millions of miles from us1 and ,god would have enough to do1 if at all disposed to interfere1 in looking after them1 without occupying his important time with terra and her ,liliputian denizens4 ,it is evident from this passage that ,draper's mind can never rise to a grand conception4 ,it would not do to tell him that the ,intelligence which superintends and controls the universe 8reaches from end to end powerfully1 and disposes all things mildly02 that his infinite ken 8numbers the hair of our heads10 notes the sparrow's fall1 and sweeps over the immensity of space with its thronging orbs1 by one and the same act of a supreme mind4 ,the furthest is as the nearest1 the smallest as the greatest1 with ,him who holds the universe in the hollow of his hand1 and whose omnipotent will could create and conserve myriad constellations greater than ,orion4 ,in the passage just quoted ,dr4 ,draper commits the additional blunder of confounding creation in general with a special view conveniently entertained by himself4 ,his objection to creation1 as before remarked1 proceeds on the notion that creation is necessarily adverse to slow and continuous development1 such as the facts of nature point out as having been the course through which the world has reached its present maturity4 ,he does not seem able to understand that1 creation having taken place1 the whole set of physical phenomena which underlie recent physical theories may have come to pass1 as he maintains2 only we must assign a beginning4 ,his whole disagreement with the doctrine of creation is founded on this principle of a non-beginning1 though he vainly strives to make it appear that he objects to it as interfering with regular1 progressive development4 ,on page #bci he says3 8,shall we1 then1 conclude that the solar and the starry systems have been called into existence by ,god1 and that he has then imposed upon them by his arbitrary will laws under the control of which it was his pleasure that their movements should be made8 8,or are there reasons for believing that these several systems came into existence1 not by such an arbitrary fiat1 but through the operation of law80 ,the shallowness of this philosophy the simplest can sound4 ,as well might we speak of a nation or state springing into existence through the operation of those laws which are subsequently enacted for its guidance4 ,prayer and the possibility of miracles are equally assailed by ,draper's doctrine of necessary law4 ,his argument against the former is very closely akin to ,j4 ,j4 ,rousseau's objection to prayer4 8,why should we10 says the pious author of ,emile1 8presume to hope that ,god will change the order of the universe at our request8 ,does he not know better what is suited to our wants than our short-sighted reason can perceive1 to say nothing of the blasphemy which sets up our judgment in opposition to the divine decrees80 ,the opposition of ,draper and ,tyndall to prayer proceeds exactly on the same notion--the absurdity1 namely1 of supposing that our petitions can ever have the effect of changing the fixed and unalterable scheme of the universe4 ,tyndall went so far as to propose a prayer-gauge by separating the inmates of a hospital into praying and non-praying ones1 and seeing what proportion of the two classes would recover more rapidly4 ,those three distinguished philosophers evidently never understood the nature and conditions of prayer1 else they would not hold such language4 ,god changes nothing at our instance1 but counts our prayer in as a part of the very plan on which the universe was projected4 ,in the divine mind every determination of our will is perceived from eternity1 as indeed are all the events of creation4 ,but we admit a distinction of logical priority of some over others4 ,thus ,god's knowledge of our determination to act is logically subsequent to the determination itself1 since the latter is the object of the divine knowledge1 and must have a logical precedence over it4 ,prayer1 then1 is compatible with the regularity of the universe and infinite wisdom1 because ,god1 having perceived our prayer and observed the conditions accompanying it1 determined in eternity to grant or to withhold it1 and regulated the universe in accordance with such determination4 ,our prayers have been granted or withheld in the long past as regards us1 but not in the past as regards ,god1 in whom there is no change nor shadow of a change4 ,it is evident from this how absurd is ,tyndall's notion of testing the efficacy of prayer in the manner he proposed1 and how unjust is ,draper's constant arrow-shooting at shrine-cures and petitions for health addressed to ,god and to his saints4 ,nor does the granting of a prayer necessarily imply a departure from the natural course of events4 ,the foreseen goodness and piety of a man can have determined ,god to allow the natural order and sequence of events to proceed in such a manner as to develop conformably to his petition4 ,in this there is no disturbance of the natural order1 since the expression means nothing else than the regularity with which phenomena occur in their usual way--a fact entirely consistent with the theory of prayer4 ,it is true1 however1 that the history of the church exhibits many well-authenticated examples of prayers being granted under circumstances which implied the performance of a miracle or a suspension of the effects of law4 ,to this ,draper opposes three arguments3 first1 the inherent impossibility of miracles2 secondly1 the capricious disturbance of the universe which would ensue2 and1 thirdly1 the impossibility of discerning between miracles and juggling tricks or the marvellous achievements of science4 ,to the first argument we would return an argumentum ad hominem4 ,while ,dr4 ,draper sneeringly repudiates a miracle which implies a derogation from physical law1 he unwittingly admits a miracle tenfold more astounding4 ,the argument was directed against ,voltaire long years ago1 and has been repeatedly employed since4 ,suppose1 then1 that a whole cityful of people should testify to the resurrection of a dead man from the grave2 would we be justified in rejecting the testimony on the sole ground of the physical impossibility of the occurrence8 ,we would thereby suppose that a whole population1 divided into the high and low born1 the ignorant and the educated1 the good and the bad1 with interests1 passions1 hopes1 prejudices1 and aspirations as wide apart as the poles1 should secretly conspire to impose on the rest of the world1 and this so successfully that not even one would reveal the gigantic deception4 ,history abounds in instances of the sort1 in recitals of sudden cures witnessed by thousands1 of conflagrations suddenly checked1 of plagues disappearing in a moment2 and if we are pleased to refuse the testimony because of the physical impossibility1 we are reduced to the necessity of admitting1 not a miracle1 but a monstrosity in the moral order4 ,it is true that ,dr4 ,draper quietly ignores this feature of the case1 and is satisfied with the objection to the possibility of miracles on physical grounds1 without taking the pains to inquire whether circumstances can be conceived in which this physical possibility may be set aside4 ,complacently resting his argument here1 the 8impartial0 doctor1 whose lofty mind ranges in the pure ether of immaculate truth1 accuses the church of filling the air with sprites whose duty it is to perform miracles every moment4 ,recklessly and breathlessly he repeats and multiplies the old1 time-worn1 oft-refuted1 and ridiculous stories which stain the pages of long-forgotten ,protestant controversialists1 and which well-informed men of to-day not in communion with the church would blush to repeat1 as likely to stamp their intelligence with vulgarity and credulity4 ,not so with ,dr4 ,draper2 for not only does he rehash what for years we have been hearing from ,pecksniffs and ,chadbands usque ad nauseam1 but he introduces his stale stories in the most incongruous manner4 ,shrine-cures1 as he calls them1 he finds to have gone hand in hand with the absence of carpeted floors1 and relic-worship with smoky chimneys1 poor raiment1 and unwholesome food4 ,no doubt his far-seeing mind has been able to discover a necessary relation between those things which the ordinary judgment would pronounce most incongruous and dissonant4 ,draper not only refuses to recognize the long and laborious efforts of the church to ameliorate the condition of the masses1 to lift them from the misery and insanitary surroundings into which they had sunk during the night of ,roman decadence1 and in which the internecine feuds of the robber barons and princes1 of feudal masters and vassals1 had left them1 but he impudently charges the church with being the author of their wrongs and wretchedness4 ,it is true the same charge has been made before by vindictive and passionate writers1 and it receives no additional weight at the hands of ,dr4 ,draper by being left1 like ,mahomet's coffin1 without prop or support4 ,since ,maitland's work first disabused ,englishmen of the opinions they had formed concerning medival priest-craft and church tyranny1 no writer has had the hardihood to revive the exploded slanders of ,stillingfleet and ,fletcher1 till this latest anti-papist felt that he had received a mission to do so4 ,draper's belief that the admitted possibility of miracles would tend to disturb the regular succession of natural phenomena is simply puerile2 for miracles occur only under such circumstances as all men understand to preclude caprice and irregularity4 ,thus the daily-recurring mystery of transubstantiation still takes place upon our altars1 and1 so far as that tremendous fact is concerned1 we might all cling to the idea of necessary1 immutable law2 for no order is disturbed1 no planet fails to perform its accustomed revolution4 ,as for its being impossible for ,catholics to distinguish between real miracles and juggleries1 it is very evident that1 in keeping with his general opinion of believers in miracles1 he must rate their standard of intelligence at an exceedingly low figure4 ,a miracle supposes a derogation of the laws of the physical world1 and is never accepted till its character in this sense has been thoroughly proved4 ,a ,protestant writer of high intelligence1 who not long since was present in ,rome at an investigation into the evidence adduced to prove the genuineness of certain miracles attributed to a servant of ,god1 in whose behalf the title of venerable was demanded1 remarked that1 had the same searching scrutiny been employed in every legal case which had fallen under his observation1 he would not hesitate to place implicit confidence in the rigid impartiality of the judge1 the logical nature of the evidence1 and the unimpeachable veracity of the witnesses4 ,dr4 ,draper1 therefore1 supposes1 on the part of those whom he claims to be incapable or unwilling to discriminate between miracles1 in the sense defined1 and mere feats of legerdemain1 an unparalleled stupidity or contemptible roguery4 ,since1 however1 he constitutes himself supreme judge in the case1 we will place in juxtaposition with this judgment another1 which will readily show to what extent his discriminating sense may be trusted4 ,on page #bih he says3 8,the ,virgin ,mary1 we are assured by the evangelists1 had accepted the duties of married life1 and borne to her husband several children40 ,as this is a serious accusation1 and the doctor1 in presenting it1 desires to maintain his high reputation as an erudite hermeneutist and strict logician by adducing irrefragable proofs in its support1 he triumphantly refers to ,s4 ,matt4 i4 #be4 8,and he knew her not till she brought forth her first-born40 ,we are reluctant to mention1 when it is question of the accuracy of so learned a man as ,dr4 ,draper1 that among the ,hebrews the word until denotes only what has occurred1 without regard to the future2 as when ,god says3 8,i am till you grow old40 ,if ,draper's exegesis is correct concerning ,s4 ,matt4 i4 #be1 then we must infer that ,god as surely implies1 in the words quoted1 that he will cease to exist at a specified time1 as he explicitly states he will exist till that time4 ,but1 not satisfied with this display of ,scriptural erudition1 he refers1 in support of the same statement1 to ,s4 ,matt4 xiii4 #ee1 #ef2 and1 because mention is there made of ,jesus' brethren and sisters1 the latest foe to ,mary's virginity concludes that these were brothers and sisters by consanguinity4 ,what a large number of brothers and sisters our preachers of every ,sunday must have1 who address by these endearing terms their numerous congregations6 ,if1 however1 ,dr4 ,draper desires to ascertain who these brethren and sisters were1 he will find that they were cousins to our divine ,saviour2 it being a favored custom among the ,jews thus to style near relatives4 ,s4 ,matt1 xxvii4 #ef and ,s4 ,john xix4 #be will define the exact relation the persons in question bore to the ,saviour4 ,such are the penetration1 profundity1 and erudition of the man who brands as imbeciles1 dupes1 and rogues the major part of ,christendom6 ,but perhaps it may be said that hermeneutics are not ,draper's forte1 owing to his supreme contempt of the ,new and ,old ,testaments1 and that he has won his laurels in the field of philosophy4 ,we have already hinted that his perspicuity in philosophical discussions is in advance of his subtlety1 for the reason that he keeps well on the surface1 and exhibits a commendable anxiety not to venture beyond his depth4 ,at times1 however1 an intrepidity1 born of ignorance1 overcomes his native timidity1 and1 with amazing confidence1 he plays the oft-assumed rle of the bull in a china-shop4 ,mixing himself up with the ,arian dispute concerning the ,blessed ,trinity1 he inclines to the anti-,trinitarian view1 because a son cannot be coeval with his father6 ,the carnal-minded ,arius thus reasoned1 and it is no wonder ,dr4 ,draper agrees with him4 ,had ,dr4 ,draper taken down from his library shelf the ,summa of ,s4 ,thomas1 the great extinguisher of ,draper's philosophical beacon1 ,averros1 he would have received such enlightenment as would have made him blush to concur in a proposition so utterly unphilosophical4 ,the ,father1 as principle of the ,son's existence1 is co-existent with him as ,god1 and logically only prior to him as father1 just as a circle is the source whence the equality of the radii springs2 though1 given a circle1 the equality of the radii co-exists1 and1 if an eternally existing circle be conceived1 an eternal equality of radii ensues4 ,the priority is therefore one of reason1 viz41 the priority of a cause to a co-existing effect4 ,but we have said satis superque concerning ,draper and his book4 ,we deplore1 not so much the publication of the volume1 as the unhealthy condition of the public mind which can hail its appearance with welcome4 ,as an appetite for unnatural food argues a diseased state of the bodily system1 so we infer that men's minds are sadly diseased when they take pleasure in what is so hollow1 false1 and shallow as ,dr4 ,draper's latest addition to anti-,catholic literature4 ,we have been obliged to suppress a considerable portion of the criticisms we had prepared on particular portions of this rambling production1 in order not to take up too much space4 ,we consider it not to be worth the space we have actually given to its refutation4 ,and yet1 of such a book1 one of our principal daily papers has been so unadvised or thoughtless as to say that it ought to be made a text-book4 ,to this proposition we answer by the favorite exclamation of the wife of ,sir ,thomas ,more3 8,,tilley-,,valley60 ,,stray ,,leaves ,,from ,a ,,passing ,,life4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,a ,,dinner ,,at ,,the ,,grange--,a ,,pair ,,of ,,owls4 ,as we passed up the gravel walk of the ,grange a face was trying its prettiest to look scoldingly out of the window1 but could not succeed4 ,when the eyes lighted upon my companion1 face and eyes together disappeared4 ,it was a face that ,i had seen grow under my eyes1 but it had never occurred to me hitherto that it had grown so beautiful4 ,could that tall young lady1 who did the duties of mistress of the ,grange so demurely1 be the little fairy whom only yesterday ,i used to toss upon my shoulder and carry out into the barnyard to see the fowls1 one hand twined around my neck1 and the other waving her magic wand with the action of a little queen--the same magic wand that ,i had spent a whole hour and a half--a boy's long hour and a half--in peeling and notching with my broken penknife1 engraving thereon the cabalistic characters 8,f4 ,n410 which1 as all the world was supposed to know1 signified 8,fairy ,nell08 ,and that was 8,fairy0 who had just disappeared from the honeysuckles4 ,faith6 a far more dangerous fairy than when ,i was her war-horse and she my imperious queen4 ,i introduced my companion as an old school-fellow of mine to my father and sister4 ,so fine-looking a young man could not fail to impress my father favorably1 who1 notwithstanding his seclusion1 had a keen eye for persons and appearances4 ,how so fine-looking a young man impressed my sister ,i cannot say1 for it is not given to me to read ladies' hearts4 ,the dinner was passing pleasantly enough1 when one of those odd revulsions of feeling that come to one at times in the most inopportune situations came over me4 ,i am peculiarly subject to fits of this nature1 and only time and years have enabled me to overcome them to any extent4 ,by the grave of a friend who was dear to me1 and in presence of his weeping relatives1 some odd recollection has risen up as it were out of the freshly-dug grave1 and grinned at me over the corpse's head1 till ,i hardly knew whether the tears in my eyes were brought there by laughter or by grief4 ,just on the attainment of some success1 for which ,i had striven for months or years1 may be1 and to which ,i had devoted every energy that was in me1 while the flush of it was fresh on my cheek and in my heart1 and the congratulations of friends pouring in on me1 has come a drear feeling like a winter wind across my summer garden to blast the roses and wither the dew-laden buds just opening to the light4 ,why this is so ,i cannot explain2 that it is so ,i know4 ,it is a mockery of human nature1 and falls on the harmony of the soul like that terrible 8ha6 ha60 of the fiend who stands by all the while when poor ,faust and innocent ,marguerite are opening their hearts to each other4 8,and so1 ,mr4 ,goodal1 you are an old friend of ,roger's8 ,he has told me about most of his friends4 ,it is strange he never mentioned your name before40 8,it is strange10 ,i broke in hurriedly4 8,kenneth is the oldest of all1 too4 ,i found him first in the thirteenth century4 ,he bears his years well1 does he not1 ,fairy80 ,my father and ,nellie both looked perplexed4 ,kenneth laughed4 8,what in the world are you talking about1 ,roger80 asked my father in amazement4 8,where do you think ,i found him8 ,burrowing at the tomb of the ,herberts1 as though he were anxious to get inside and pass an evening with them40 8,and judging the past by the present1 a very agreeable evening ,i should have spent10 said ,kenneth gayly4 8,well1 sir1 ,i will not deny that you would have found excellent company10 responded my father1 pleased at the compliment4 8,the ,herberts4 440 he began4 8,for heaven's sake1 sir1 let them rest in their grave4 ,i have already surfeited ,mr4 ,goodal with the history of the ,herberts40 ,kenneth was about to interpose1 but ,i went on3 8,a strangely-mixed assembly the ,herberts would make in the other world2 granting that there is another world1 and that the members of our family condescend to know each other there40 8,roger60 said ,nellie in a warning tone1 while my father reddened and shifted uneasily in his chair4 8,if there be another world and the ,herberts are there1 it is impossible that they can live together en famille4 ,it can scarcely be even a bowing acquaintance10 ,i added1 feeling all the while that ,i was as rude and undutiful as though ,i had risen from my chair and dealt my father a blow in the face4 ,he remembered1 as ,i did not1 what was due to our guest1 and said coldly3 8,roger1 don't you think that you might advantageously change the subject8 ,mr4 ,goodal1 ,i am very far behind the age1 and not equal to what ,i suppose is the prevailing tone among clever young gentlemen of the present day4 ,i am very old fogy1 very conservative4 ,try that sherry40 ,the quiet severity of his tone cut me to the quick4 ,the spirit of mischief must have been very near my elbow at that moment4 ,instead of taking my lesson in good part1 ,i felt like a whipped school-boy1 and1 regardless of poor ,nellie's pale face and ,kenneth's silence1 went on resolutely3 8,well1 sir1 my ancestors are to me a most interesting topic of conversation1 and ,i take it that a ,herbert only shows a proper regard for his own flesh and blood if he inquire after their eternal no less than their temporal welfare4 ,what has become of all the ,herberts1 ,i should dearly like to know80 8,i know1 sir1 what will become of one of them1 if he continues his silly and unmannerly cynicism10 said my father1 now fairly aroused4 ,he was very easily aroused1 and ,i wonder that he restrained himself so long4 8,i cannot imagine1 ,mr4 ,goodal1 what possesses the young men of the present day1 or what they are coming to4 ,irreverence for the dead1 irreverence for the living1 irreverence for all that is worthy of reverence1 seems to stamp their character4 ,i trust1 sir1 indeed ,i believe1 that you have better feelings than to think that life and death1 here and hereafter1 are fit subjects for a boy's sneer4 ,i am sure that you have that respect for church and state and--and things established that is becoming a gentleman4 ,i can only regret that my son is resolved on going as fast as he can to--to--0 ,he glanced at ,nellie1 and remained silent4 8,i know where you would say1 sir2 and in the event of my happy arrival there1 ,i shall beyond doubt meet a large section of the ,herberts who have gone before me--that is1 if church and things established are to be believed4 ,when one comes to think of it1 what an appalling number of ,herberts must have gone to the devil60 8,nellie1 my girl1 you had better retire1 since your brother forgets how to conduct himself in the presence of ladies and gentlemen40 ,but ,nellie sat still with scared face1 and1 though by this time my heart ached1 ,i could not help continuing3 8,but1 father1 what are we to believe1 or do we believe anything8 ,up to a certain period the ,herberts were what their present head--whom heaven long preserve6--would call rank ,papists4 ,old ,sir ,roger1 whose epitaph ,i found ,mr4 ,goodal endeavoring to decipher this afternoon1 was a ,crusader1 a soldier of the cross which1 in our enlightenment and hatred of idolatry1 we have torn down from the altar where he worshipped1 and overturned that altar itself4 ,was it for love of church and things established1 as we understand them1 that he sailed away to the ,holy ,land1 and in his pious zeal knocked the life out of many an innocent painim8 ,was good ,abbot ,herbert1 whose monumental brass in the chancel of ,s4 ,wilfrid's presents him kneeling and adoring before the chalice that he verily believed to hold the blood of ,christ1 a worshipper of the same ,god and a holder of the same faith as my uncle1 ,archdeacon ,herbert1 who denies and abhors the doctrine of ,transubstantiation1 although his two daughters1 who are of the highest ,high-,church ,anglicans1 devoutly believe in something approaching it1 and1 to prove their faith1 have enrolled themselves both in the ,confraternity of the ,cope1 whose recent discovery has set ,parliament and all the bench of bishops abuzz8 ,is it all a humbug all the way down1 or were the stout1 ,crusading1 ,catholic ,herberts real and right1 while we are wrong and a religious sham8 ,does the ,reformation mark us off into white sheep and black sheep1 consigning them to hell and us to heaven8 ,if not1 why were they not ,protestants1 and why are we not ,catholics1 or why are we all not unbelievers8 ,can the same heaven hold all alike--those who adored and adore the ,sacrament as ,god1 and those who pronounce adoration of the ,sacrament idolatry and an abomination80 ,my father's only reply to this lengthy and irresistible burst of eloquent reasoning was to ask ,nellie1 who had sat stone-still1 and whose eyes were distended in mingled horror and wonder1 for a cup of coffee4 ,my long harangue seemed to have a soothing effect upon my nerves4 ,i looked at ,goodal1 who was looking at his spoon4 ,i felt so sorry that ,i could have wished all my words unsaid4 8,my dear father1 and my dear ,kenneth1 and you too1 ,nellie1 pardon me4 ,i have been unmannerly1 grossly so4 ,i brought you here1 ,kenneth1 to spend a pleasant evening1 and help us to spend one1 and some evil genius--a daimon that ,i carry about with me1 and cannot always whip into good behavior--has had possession of me for the last half-hour4 ,it was he that spoke in me1 and not my father's son1 who1 were he true to the lessons and example of his parent1 would as soon think of committing suicide as a breach of hospitality or good manners4 ,now1 as you are antiquarians1 ,i leave you a little to compare notes1 while ,i take ,fairy out to trip upon the green1 and console her for my passing heresy with orthodoxy and ,tupper1 who1 ,i need not assure you1 is her favorite poet1 as he is of all true ,english country damsels4 ,there is the moon beginning to rise2 and there is a certain melting1 a certain watery1 quality about ,tupper admirably adapted to moonlight40 ,the rest of the evening passed more pleasantly4 ,after a little we all went out on the lawn1 and sat there together4 ,the moonlight nights of the ,english summer are very lovely4 ,that night was as a thousand such1 yet it seemed to me that ,i had never felt the solemn beauty of nature so deeply or so sensibly before4 ,s4 ,wilfrid's shone out high and gray and solemn in the moon4 ,through the yew-trees of the priory down below gleamed the white tombstones of the churchyard4 ,a streak of silver quivering through the land marked the wandering course of the ,leigh4 ,and high up among the beeches and the elms sat we1 the odors of the afternoon still lingering on the air1 the melody of a nightingale near by wooing the heart of the night with its mystic notes1 and the moonlight shimmering on drowsy trees and slumbering foliage that not a breath in all the wide air stirred4 8,there is a soft quiet in our ,english nights1 a kind of home feeling about them1 that makes them very lovable1 and that ,i have experienced nowhere else10 said ,kenneth4 8,oh6 ,i am so glad to hear you say that1 ,mr4 ,goodal40 8,may ,i ask why1 ,miss ,herbert80 8,well1 ,i hardly know4 ,because1 ,i suppose1 ,i am so very ,english40 8,so is ,tupper1 and ,fairy swears by ,tupper4 ,at least she would1 if she swore at all10 remarked her brother1 whose hair was pulled for his pains4 8,were you ever abroad1 ,miss ,herbert80 8,never2 papa wished to take me often1 but ,i refused1 because ,i suppose again ,i am so very ,english40 8,too ,english to face sea-sickness10 said her brother4 8,i believe the fault is mine1 ,mr4 ,goodal10 said her father4 8,you see the gout never leaves me for long together4 ,i am liable at any time to an attack2 and gout is a bad companion on foreign travel4 ,it is bad enough at home1 as ,nellie finds1 who insists on being my only nurse2 and ,i am so selfish that ,i have not the heart to let her go1 and ,i believe she has hardly the heart to leave me40 8,oh6 ,i don't wish to go4 ,cousin ,edith goes every year1 and we have such battles when she comes back4 ,she cannot endure this climate1 she cannot endure the people1 she cannot endure the fashions1 the language is too harsh and grating for her ear1 the cooking is barbarous--every thing is bad4 ,now1 ,i would rather stay at home and be happy in my ignorance than learn such lessons as that10 said honest ,nellie4 8,you would never learn such lessons40 8,don't you think so8 ,but tell us now1 ,mr4 ,goodal1 do not you1 who have seen so much1 find ,england very dull80 8,excessively4 ,that is one of its chief beauties4 ,dulness is one of our national privileges2 and ,roger here will tell you we pride ourselves on it40 8,kenneth would say that dulness is only another word for what you would call our beautiful home-life10 said the gentleman appealed to4 8,dulness indeed6 ,i don't find it dull10 broke in ,nellie1 bridling up4 8,no1 the dairy and the kitchen2 the dinner and tea2 the ,priory on a ,sunday2 the shopping excursions into ,leighstone1 where there is nothing to buy2 the garden and the vinery2 the visits to ,mrs4 ,jones and ,mrs4 ,knowles2 to ,widow ,wickham1 who is blind2 to ,mrs4 ,staynes1 who is deaf1 and whose husband ran away from her because1 as he said1 he feared that he would rupture a blood-vessel in trying to talk to her2 the parish school and the charity hospital1 make the life of a well-behaved young ,english lady quite a round of excitement4 ,there are such things1 too1 as riding to hounds1 and a ball once in a while1 and croquet parties1 and picnics1 and the ,eleusinian mysteries of the tea-table4 ,who shall say that1 with all these opportunities for wild dissipation1 ,english country life is dull80 8,roger wearies of ,leighstone1 you perceive10 said my father4 8,well1 ,i was restless once myself2 but the gout laid hold of me early in life1 and it has kept its hold40 8,now1 ,mr4 ,goodal1 in all your wanderings1 tell me where you have seen anything so delightful as this8 ,have you seen a ruin more venerable than ,s4 ,wilfrid's1 nodding to sleep like a gray old monk on the top of the hill there8 ,every stone of it has a history2 some of them gay1 many of them grave4 ,look at the ,priory nestling down below--history again4 ,see how gently the ,leigh wanders away through the country4 ,every cottage and farm on its banks ,i know1 and those in them4 ,could you find a sweeter perfume in all the world than steals up from my own garden here1 where all the flowers are mine1 and ,i sometimes think half know me8 ,all around is beauty and peace1 and has been so ever since ,i was a child4 ,why1 then1 should ,i wish to wander80 ,something more liquid even than their light glistened in ,fairy's eyes1 as she turned them on ,kenneth at the close4 ,he seemed startled at her sudden outburst1 and1 after a moment1 said almost gravely3 8,you are right1 ,miss ,herbert4 ,the beauty that we do not know we may admire1 but hardly love4 ,it is like a painting that we glance at1 and pass on to see something else4 ,there is no sense of ownership about it4 ,i have wandered1 with a crippled friend by my side1 through art galleries where all that was beautiful in nature and art was drawn up in a way to fascinate the eye and delight the senses4 ,yet my crippled friend never suffered by contrast2 never felt his deformity there4 ,knowledge1 association1 friendship1 love--these are the great beautifiers4 ,the little that we can really call our own is dearer to us than all the world--is our world1 in fact4 ,an ,italian sunset steals and enwraps the senses into1 as it were1 a third heaven4 ,a ,london fog is one of the most hideous things in this world2 yet a genuine ,londoner finds something in his native fog dear to him as the sunset to the ,italian1 and ,i confess to the barbarism myself4 ,on our arrival the other day we were greeted by a yellow1 dense1 smoke-colored fog1 such as ,london alone can produce4 ,it was more than a year since ,i had seen one1 and ,i enjoyed it4 ,i breathed freely again1 for ,i was at home4 ,you will understand1 then1 how ,i appreciate your enthusiasm about ,leighstone2 and if ,leighstone had many like ,miss ,herbert1 ,i can well understand why its people should be content to stay at home40 ,nellie laughed4 8,i am afraid1 ,mr4 ,goodal1 that you have brought back something more than your taste for fogs and your homely ,saxon from ,italy40 8,yes1 a more rooted love for my own land1 a truer appreciation of my countrymen1 and more ardent admiration of my fair countrywomen40 8,ah6 now you are talking ,italian4 ,but1 honestly1 which country do you find the most interesting of all you have seen80 8,my own1 ,miss ,herbert40 8,the nation of shop-keepers60 ejaculated ,i4 8,of ,magna ,charta10 interposed my father1 who1 ready enough to condemn his age and his country himself1 was ,englishman enough to allow no other person to do so with impunity4 8,of hearth and home1 of cheerful firesides and family circles10 added ,nellie4 8,of work-houses and treadmills10 ,i growled4 8,of law and order1 of civil and religious liberty10 corrected my father4 8,which are of very recent introduction and very insecure tenure10 added ,i4 8,they formed the corner-stone of the great charter on which our ,english state is built--a charter that has become our glory and the world's envy40 8,to be broken into and rifled within a century2 to be set under the foot of a ,henry ,,viii4 and pinned to the petticoat of an ,elizabeth2 to be mocked at in the death of a ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 and a ,charles2 to be thrown out of window by a ,cromwell4 ,our charters and our liberties6 ,oh6 we are a thrifty race4 ,we can pocket them all when it suits our convenience1 and flaunt them to the world on exhibition-days4 ,our charter did not save young ,raymond ,herbert his neck for sticking to his faith during the ,reformation1 though ,i believe that same charter provided above all things that the church of ,god should be free2 and a ,chief-,justice ,herbert sat on the bench and pronounced sentence on the boy1 not daring to wag a finger in defence of his own flesh and blood4 ,of course the ,catholic ,church was not the church of ,god1 for so the queen's majesty decreed2 and to ,chief-,justice ,herbert we owe these lands1 such of them as were saved4 ,great heaven6 we talk of nobility--,english nobility2 the proudest race under the sun4 ,the proudest race under the sun1 who would scorn to kiss the ,pope's slipper1 grovelled in the earth1 one and all of them1 under the heel of an ,elizabeth1 and the other day trembled at the frown of a ,george the ,fourth60 ,i need not dwell on the fact that in those days ,i had a particular fondness for the sound of my own voice4 ,i gloried in what seemed to me startling paradoxes1 and flashes of wisdom that loosened bolts and rivets of prejudice1 shattered massive edifices of falsehood1 undermined in a twinkling social and moral weaknesses1 which1 of course1 had waited in snug security all these long years for my coming to expose them to the scorn of a wondering world4 ,what a hero ,i was1 what a trenchant manner ,i had of putting things1 what a keen intellect lay concealed under that calm exterior1 and what a deep debt the world would have owed me had it only listened in time to my ,cassandra warnings1 it will be quite unnecessary for me to point out4 8,i suppose ,i ought to be very much ashamed of myself10 said ,kenneth good-humoredly2 8but ,i still confess that ,i find my own country the most interesting of any that ,i have seen4 ,it may be that the very variety1 the strange contradictions in our national life and character1 noticed by our radical here1 are in themselves no small cause for that interest4 ,if we have had a ,henry ,,viii41 we have had an ,alfred and an ,edward2 if we have had an ,elizabeth1 we have also had a ,maud2 if our nobles cowered before a woman1 they faced a man at ,runnymede1 and at their head were ,english churchmen1 albeit not ,english churchmen of the stamp of to-day4 ,if we broke through our charter1 let us at least take the merit of having restored something of it1 although it is somewhat mortifying to find that centuries of wandering and of history and discovery only land us at our old starting-point40 8,i give in4 ,bah6 we are spoiling the night with history1 while all nature is smiling at us in her beautiful calm40 8,ah6 you have driven away the nightingale2 it sings no more10 said ,fairy4 8,surely some one can console us for its absence10 said ,kenneth1 glancing at ,nellie4 8,i do not understand ,italian10 she laughed back4 8,your denial is a confession of guilt4 ,i heard ,roger call you ,fairy4 ,there be good fairies and bad4 ,you would not be placed among the bad80 8,why not80 8,because all the bad fairies are old40 8,and ride on broomsticks10 added ,i4 ,unlike her brother1 who had not a note of music in him1 ,fairy had a beautiful voice1 which had had the additional advantage of a very careful cultivation4 ,she sang us a simple old ballad that touched our hearts2 and when that was done1 we insisted on another4 ,then the very trees seemed to listen1 the flowers to open as to a new sunlight1 and shed their sweetness in sympathy1 as she sang one of those ballads of sighs and tears1 hope and despair and sorrowful lamentation1 caught from the heart of a nation whose feelings have been stirred to the depths to give forth all that was in them in the beautiful music that their poet has wedded to words4 ,the ballad was 8,the ,last ,rose of ,summer10 and as the notes died away the foliage seemed to move and murmur with applause1 while after a pause the nightingale trilled out again its wonderful song in rivalry4 ,there was silence for a short time1 which was broken by ,kenneth saying3 8,i must break up ,fairy-land1 and go back to the ,black ,bull40 ,but of this we would not hear4 ,it was agreed that ,kenneth should take up his quarters with us4 ,the conversation outlasted our usual hours at ,leighstone4 ,kenneth sustained the burden2 and with a wonderful grace and charm he did so4 ,he had read as well as travelled1 and more deeply and extensively than is common with men of his years2 for his conversation was full of that easy and delightful illustration that only a student whose sharp angles have been worn off by contact with the world outside his study can command and gracefully use1 leaving the gem of knowledge that a man possesses1 be it small or great1 perfect in its setting4 ,much of what he related was relieved by some shrewd and happy remark of his own that showed him a close observer1 while a genial good-nature and tendency to take the best possible view of things diffused itself through all4 ,it was late when my father said3 8,mr4 ,goodal1 you have tempted me into inviting an attack of my old enemy by sitting here so long4 ,there is no necessity for your going to-morrow1 is there1 since you are simply on a walking tour8 ,roger is a great rambler1 and there are many pretty spots about ,leighstone1 many an old ruin that will repay a visit4 ,indeed1 ruins are the most interesting objects of these days4 ,my walking days1 ,i fear1 are over4 ,a visitor is a ,godsend to us down here1 and1 though you ramblers soon tire of one spot1 there is more in ,leighstone than can be well seen in a day40 ,thus pressed1 he consented1 and our little party broke up4 8,are you an owl60 ,i asked ,kenneth1 as my father and sister retired4 8,somewhat10 he replied1 smiling4 8,then come to my room1 and you shall give your to-whoo to my to-whit4 ,i was born an owl1 having been introduced into this world1 ,i am informed1 in the small hours2 and the habits of the species cling to me4 ,take that easy-chair and try this cigar4 ,these slippers will ease your feet4 ,though not a drinking man1 properly so called1 ,i confess to a liking for the juice of the grape4 ,the fondness for it is still strong in the sluggish blood of the ,norse1 and ,i cannot help my blood4 ,therefore1 at an hour like this1 a night-cap will not hurt us4 ,of what color shall it be8 ,of the deep claret tint of ,bordeaux1 the dark-red hue of ,burgundy1 or the golden amber of the generous ,spaniard8 ,though1 as ,i tell you1 not a drinking man1 ,i think a good cigar and a little wine vastly improves the moonlight1 provided the quantity be not such as to obscure the vision of eye or brain4 ,that is not exactly a theory of my own4 ,it was constantly and deeply impressed upon me by a very reverend friend of mine1 with whom ,i read for a year4 ,indeed ,i fear his faith in port was deeper than his faith in the ,pentateuch4 ,the drunkard is to me the lowest of animals1 ever has been1 and ever will be4 ,were the world ruled--as it is scarcely likely to be just yet--by my suggestions1 the fate of the ,duke of ,clarence should be the doom of every drunkard1 with only this difference2 that each one be drowned in his own favorite liquor1 soaked there till he dissolved1 and the contents ladled out and poured down the throat of whoever1 by any accident1 mistook the gutter for his bed4 ,you will pardon my air2 in my own room ,i am supreme lord and master4 ,kenneth1 my boy1 ,i like you4 ,i feel as though ,i had known you all my life4 ,that must have been the reason for my unruly1 ungracious1 and unmannerly explosion down-stairs at dinner4 ,i have an uncontrollable habit of breaking out in that style sometimes1 and the effect on my father1 whom ,i need not tell you ,i love and revere above all men living1 is what you see40 ,he smoked in silence a few seconds1 and then1 turning on me1 suddenly asked3 8,where did you learn your theology80 ,the question was the last in the world that would have presented itself to me1 and was a little startling1 but put in too earnest a manner for a sneer1 and too kindly to give offence4 ,i answered blandly that ,i was guiltless of laying claim to any special theology4 8,well1 your opinions1 then--the faith1 the reasons1 on which you ground your life and views of life4 ,your conversation at times drifts into a certain tone that makes me ask4 ,where or what have you studied80 8,nowhere2 nothing2 everywhere2 everything2 everybody2 ,i read whatever ,i come across4 ,and as for theology--for my theology1 such as it is--,i suppose ,i am chiefly indebted to that remarkably clever organ of opinion known as the ,journal of the ,age40 ,a few whiffs in silence1 and then he said3 8,i thought so40 8,what did you think80 8,that you were a reader of the ,journal of the ,age4 ,most youngsters who read anything above a sporting journal or a sensational novel are4 ,i have been a student of it myself--a very close student4 ,i knew the editor well4 ,we were at one time bosom friends4 ,he took me in training1 and ,i recognized the symptoms in you at once40 8,how so80 8,the ,journal of the ,age--and it has numerous admirers and imitators--is1 in these days1 the ablest organ of a great and almost universal worship of an awful trinity that has existed since man was first created2 and the name of that awful trinity is--the devil1 the world1 and the flesh40 ,i stared at him in silent astonishment4 ,all the gayety of his manner1 all its softness1 had gone1 and he seemed in deadly earnest1 as he went on3 8,this worship is not paraded in its grossest form4 ,not at all4 ,it is graced by all that wit can give and undisciplined intellect devise4 ,it has a brilliant sneer for ,faith1 a scornful smile for ,hope1 and a chill politeness for ,charity4 ,i revelled in it for a time4 ,heaven forgive me6 ,i was happy enough to escape40 8,with what result80 8,briefly with this3 with the conviction that man did not make this world2 that he did not make himself1 or send himself into it2 that consequently he was not and could never be absolutely his own master2 that he was sent in and called out by ,another1 by a ,greater than he1 by a ,creator1 by a ,god4 ,i became and am a ,catholic1 to find that what for a time ,i had blindly worshipped were the three enemies against whom ,i was warned to fight all the days of my life40 8,and the ,journal of the ,age80 8,the editor cut me as soon as he found ,i believed in ,god in preference to himself4 ,he is the fiercest opponent of ,papal ,infallibility with whom ,i ever had the honor of acquaintance40 8,i cannot say that your words and the manner in which you speak them do not impress me4 ,still1 it never occurred to me that so insignificant a being as ,roger ,herbert was worthy the combined attack of the three formidable adversaries you have named4 ,what have the devil1 the world1 and the flesh to do with me80 8,yes1 there is the difficulty1 not only with ,roger ,herbert1 but with everybody else4 ,it does seem strange that influences so powerful and mysterious should be for ever ranged against such wretched little beings as we are1 whom a toothache tortures and a fever kills4 ,yet surely man's life on earth is not all fever and its prevention1 toothache and its cure1 or a course of eating1 doctoring1 and tailoring4 ,if we believe at all in a life that can never end1 in a soul1 surely that is something worth thought and care4 ,an eternal life that must range itself on one side or the other seems worthy of a struggle between the powers of good and evil1 if good and evil there be4 ,nay1 man is bound of his own right1 of his own free will1 of his very existence1 to choose between one and the other1 to be good or be bad1 and not stumble on listlessly as a thing of chance1 tossed at will from one to the other4 ,we do not sufficiently realize the greatest of our obligations4 ,we should feel disgraced if we did not pay our tailor or our wine-merchant2 but such a thought never presents itself to us when the question concerns ,god or the devil1 or that part of us that does not wear clothes and does not drink wine40 ,he had risen while he was speaking1 and spoke with an energy and earnestness ,i had never yet witnessed in any man4 ,whether right or wrong1 his view of things towered so high above my own blurred and crooked vision that ,i felt myself crouch and grow small before him4 ,the watch-tower of his faith planted him high up among the stars of heaven1 while ,i groped and struggled far away down in the darkness4 ,oh6 if ,i could only climb up there and stand with him1 and see the world and all things in it from that divine and serene height1 instead of impiously endeavoring to build up my own and others' little ,babel that was to reach the skies and enable us to behold ,god4 ,but conversions are not wrought by a few sentences nor by the mere emotions of the heart2 not by ,truth itself1 which is for ever speaking1 for ever standing before and confronting us1 its mark upon its forehead1 yet we pass it blindly by2 for has it not been said that 8having eyes they see not1 and having ears they hear not08 8,kenneth10 ,i said1 stretching out my hand1 which he clasped in both of his1 8the subject which has been called up ,i feel to be far too solemn to be dismissed with the sneer and scoff that have grown into my nature4 ,indeed1 ,i always so regarded it secretly2 but perhaps the foolish manner in which ,i have hitherto treated it was owing somewhat to the foolish people with whom ,i have had to deal from my boyhood4 ,they give their reasons about this1 that1 and the other as parrots repeat their lesson1 with interjectory shrieks and occasional ruffling of the poll1 all after the same pattern4 ,you seem to me to be in earnest2 but1 if you please1 we will say no more about it--at least now40 8,as you please10 he replied4 8,here ,i am at the end of my cigar4 ,so good-night1 my dear boy4 ,well1 you have had my to-whit to your to-whoo40 ,and so a strange day ended4 ,i sat thinking some time over our conversation4 ,kenneth's observations opened quite a new train of thought4 ,it had never occurred to me before that life was a great battle-field1 and that all men were1 as it were1 ranged under two standards1 under the folds of which they were compelled to fight4 ,everything had come to me in its place4 ,a man might have his private opinions on men and things1 as he collects a private museum for his own amusement2 but in the main one lived and died1 acted and thought1 passed through and out of life1 in much the same manner as his neighbor1 not inquiring and not being inquired into too closely4 ,life was made for us1 and we lived it much in the same way as we learned our alphabet1 we never knew well how1 or took our medicine1 in the regulation doses4 ,sometimes we were a little rebellious1 and suffered accordingly2 that was all4 ,excess on any side was a bore to everybody else4 ,it was very easy1 and on the whole not unpleasant4 ,we nursed our special crotchets1 we read our newspapers1 we watched our children at their gambols1 we chatted carelessly away out on the bosom of the broad stream along which we were being borne so surely and swiftly into the universal goal4 ,why should we scan the sky and search beneath the silent waters1 trembling at storms to come and treacherous whirlpools1 hidden sand-banks1 and cruel rocks on which many a brave bark had gone down8 ,chart and compass were for others2 a pleasant sail only for us4 ,there was a ,captain up aloft somewhere2 it was his duty and not ours to see that all was right and taut--ours to glide along in slumbrous ease1 between eternal banks of regions unexplored2 to feast our eyes on fair scenes1 and lap our senses in musical repose4 ,that was the true life4 ,sunken rocks1 passing storms1 mutinies among the crew1 bursting of engines--what were such things to us8 ,had we not paid our fares and made our provision for the voyage1 and was not the ,captain bound to land us safely at our journey's end1 if he valued his position and reputation8 ,the devil1 the world1 and the flesh6 ,what nightmare summoned these up1 and set them glaring horribly into the eyes of a peaceful ,british subject8 ,what had the devil to do with me or ,i with the devil8 ,what were the world and the flesh8 ,take my father1 now2 what had they to do with him8 ,or ,fairy8 ,why1 her life was as pure as that sky that smiled down upon her with all its starry eyes4 ,let me see2 there were others1 however1 who afforded better subjects for investigation4 ,whenever you want to find out anything disagreeable1 call on your friends and neighbors4 ,there was the ,abbot ,jones1 now2 let us weigh him in the triple scale4 ,how fared the devil1 the world1 and the flesh with the ,abbot ,jones8 ,he was1 as ,i said to ,kenneth1 a very genial man2 he had lived a good life1 married into an excellent family1 paid his bills1 had a choice library1 a good table1 was an excellent judge of cattle1 and a preacher whom everybody praised4 ,abbot ,jones was faultless6 ,there was not a flaw to be found in him from the tip of his highly-polished toe to the top of his highly-polished head4 ,he had a goodly income1 but he used it cautiously2 for ,clara and ,alice were now grown up1 and were scarcely girls to waste their lives in a nunnery1 like my cousins1 the daughters of ,archdeacon ,herbert1 who adored all that was sweetly mortifying and secluded1 yet1 by one of those odd contradictions in female and human nature generally1 never missed a fashion or a ball4 ,yes1 ,abbot ,jones was a good and exemplary man4 ,to be sure1 he did not walk barefoot or sandal-shod1 not alone among the highways1 where men could see and admire1 but into the byways of life1 down among the alleys of the poor1 where clustered disease1 drunkenness1 despair1 death2 where life is but one long sorrow4 ,but then for what purpose did he pay a curate1 unless to do just this kind of dirty1 apostolic work1 while the abbot devoted himself to the cares of his family1 the publication of an occasional pamphlet1 and that pleasant drawing-room religion that finds its perfection in good dinners1 sage maxims1 and cautious deportment8 ,if the curate neglected his duty1 that was clearly the curate's fault1 and not the abbot's4 ,if the abbot were clothed1 not exactly in purple1 but in the very best of broadcloth1 and fasted only by the doctor's orders1 prayed not too severely1 fared sumptuously every day of his life1 he paid for every inch of cloth1 every ounce of meat1 every drop of that port for which his table was famous2 for he still clung to the clerical taste for a wine that at one time assumed a semi-ecclesiastical character1 and certain crumbs from his table went now and then to a stray ,lazarus4 ,yes1 he was a faultless man1 as the world went4 ,he did not profess to be consumed with the zeal for souls4 ,his life did not aim at being an apostolic one4 ,he had simply adopted a profitable and not unpleasant profession4 ,if a ,s4 ,paul had come1 straggling1 footsore1 and weary1 into ,leighstone1 and begun preaching to the people and attacking shepherds who guarded not their fold1 but quietly napped and sipped their port1 while the wolves of irreligion1 of vice and misery in every form1 entered in and rent the flock from corner to corner1 the abbot would very probably have had ,s4 ,paul arrested for a seditious vagrant and a disturber of the public peace4 ,take my uncle1 the archdeacon2 what thought he of the world1 the flesh1 and the devil8 ,as for the last-named enemy of the human race1 he did not believe in him4 ,a personal devil was to him simply a bogy wherewith to frighten children4 ,it was the outgrowth of medival superstition1 a ,christianized version of a pagan fable4 ,the devil was a gay subject with ,archdeacon ,herbert1 who was the wittiest and courtliest of churchmen4 ,his mission was up among the gods of this world2 his confessional ladies' boudoirs1 his penance an epigram1 his absolution the acceptance of an invitation to dinner4 ,he breathed in a perfumed atmosphere2 his educated ear loved the rustle of silks2 he saw no heaven to equal a coach-and-four in ,rotten ,row during the season4 ,it was in every way fitting that such a man should sooner or later be a bishop of the ,church ,established4 ,he was an ornament to his class--a man who could represent it in society as well as in the pulpit1 whose presence distilled dignity and perfume1 and whose views were what are called large and liberal--that is to say1 no 8views0 at all4 ,what the three enemies had to do with my uncle ,i could not see4 ,i could only see that he would scarcely have been chosen as one of ,the ,twelve2 but then who would be chosen as one of ,the ,twelve in these days8 ,i went to the window and looked out4 ,the moon was going down behind ,s4 ,wilfrid's1 and ,leighstone was buried in gloomy shadow4 ,down there below me in the darkness throbbed thousands of hearts resting a little in peaceful slumber till the morning came to wake them again to the toil and the struggle1 the pleasure and the pain1 the good and the evil1 of another day4 ,the good and the evil4 ,was there no good and evil waiting down there by the bedside of every one1 to face them in the morning1 and not leave them until they returned to that bedside at night8 ,was there a great angel somewhere up above in that solemn1 silent1 ever-watchful heaven1 with an open scroll1 writing down in awful letters the good and the bad1 the white and the black1 in the life of each one of us8 ,were we worth this care1 weak little mortals1 human machines1 that we were8 ,what should our good or our evil count against the great ,spirit1 whom we are told lives up above there in the passionless calm of a fixed eternity8 ,did we shake our puny fists for ever in the face of that broad1 bent heaven that wrapped us in and overwhelmed us in its folds1 what effect would it have8 ,if we held them up in prayer1 what profited it8 ,who of men could storm heaven or search hell8 ,and yet1 as ,kenneth said1 a life that could not end was an awful thing4 ,that the existence we feel within us is never to cease2 that the power of discriminating between good and evil1 define them1 laugh at them or quibble about them as we may1 can never die out of us2 that we are irresistibly impelled to one or the other2 that they are always knocking at the door of our hearts1 for we feel them there2 that they cannot be blind influences1 knowing not when to come or when to go1 but the voices of keen intelligences acting over the great universe1 wherever man lives and moves and has his being2 that they are not creations of our own1 for they are independent of us2 we may call evil good and good wicked1 but in the end the good will show itself1 and the evil throw off its disguise in spite of us--what does all this say but that there is an eternal conflict going on1 and that1 will he or will he not1 every man born into the world must take a share in it8 ,that being so1 search thine own heart1 friend4 ,leave thy uncle1 leave thy neighbor1 and come back to thyself4 ,let them answer for their share2 answer thou for thine4 ,which is thy standard8 ,it cannot be both4 ,what part hast thou borne in the conflict8 ,what giants killed8 ,what foes overcome8 ,hast thou slain that doughty giant within thee--thine own self8 ,is there no evil in thee to be cast out8 ,no stain upon the scutcheon of thy pure soul8 ,no vanity1 no pride1 no love of self above all and before all1 no worship of the world1 no bowing to ,mammon or other strange gods1 not to mention graver blots than all of these8 ,let thy neighbor pass till all the dross is purged out of thee4 ,there is not a libertine in all the world but would wish all the world better1 provided he had not to become better with it4 ,thy good wishes for others are shared by all men alike1 by the worst as by the best4 ,begin at home1 friend1 and root out and build up there4 ,trim thy own garden1 cast out the weeds1 water and tend it well4 ,the very sight of it is heaven to the weary wayfarer who1 having wandered far away from his own garden1 sinks down at thy side1 begrimed with the dust of the road and the smoke of sin4 ,you may tear him to pieces1 you may lacerate his soul1 you may cast him1 bound hand and foot1 into the outer darkness1 yet never touch his heart4 ,but he will stand afar off and admire when he sees thy garden blowing fair1 and all the winds of heaven at play there1 all the dews of heaven glistening there1 all the sunshine of heaven beaming there2 then will he come and creep close up to thee1 desiring to take off the shoes from his feet1 soiled with his many wanderings in foul places4 ,then for the first time he feels that he has wandered from the way1 will see the stains upon him1 and with trembling fingers hasten to cast them off1 and1 standing barefoot and humble before ,him who made thee pure1 falter out at length1 8,lord1 it is good for us to be here40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,calderon',s ,,autos ,,sacramentales4 ,,concluded4 ,,ii4 ,i4 ,,baltassar',s ,,feast4#ee ,of all ,calderon's autos1 this is the one which has been the most generally admired1 both on account of its intense dramatic power and popular character4 ,it has been translated several times into ,german 7see note at end of previous article on the autos71 and into ,english by ,mr4 ,mac,carthy4 ,the latter says in his preface3 8,this auto must be classed with those whose action relates directly to the ,blessed ,sacrament1 because it puts before us1 in the profanation of the vases of the ,temple by ,baltassar1 a type of the desecration of the ,holy ,sacrament1 and symbolizes to us1 in the punishment that follows this sacrilege1 the magnitude and sublimity of the ,eucharistic ,mystery4 ,although this immediate relation between the action of the auto and the sacrament becomes only manifestly clear in the last scene1 nevertheless all the preceding part1 which is only preparing us for the final catastrophe1 stands in immediate connection with it1 and1 through it1 with the action of the auto4 ,the wonderful simplicity of this relation1 and the lively dramatic treatment of the subject1 allow us to place this auto1 justly1 in the same category with those that1 comparatively speaking1 are easy to be understood1 and which1 like ,the ,great ,theatre of the ,world1 have especial claims upon popularity1 even if many of its details contain very deep allusions1 the meaning of which1 at first sight1 is not very intelligible40 ,the auto opens in the garden of ,baltassar's palace with a scene between ,daniel and ,thought1 who1 dressed in a coat of many colors1 represents the ,fool4 ,after a long description of his abstract self he states that he has this day been assigned to ,king ,baltassar's mind1 and ironically remarks that he1 ,thought1 is not the only fool1 and apologizes for his rudeness in not listening to ,daniel3 8,it were difficult to try ,to keep up a conversation1 ,we being in our separate station1 ,wisdom thou1 and ,folly ,i40 ,daniel answers that there is no reason why they should not converse1 for the sweetest harmony is that which proceeds from two different chords4 ,thought hesitates no longer1 and informs ,daniel that he is thinking of the wedding which ,babylon celebrates this day with great rejoicings4 ,the groom is ,king ,baltassar1 son and heir of ,nabuchodonosor2 the happy bride the fair ,empress of the ,east1 ,idolatry herself4 ,that the king is already wedded to ,vanity is no hindrance1 as his law allows him a thousand wives4 ,daniel breaks forth in lamentations for ,god's people and the unhappy kingdom2 while clownish ,thought asks if ,daniel himself is interested in the ladies1 since he makes such an outcry over the news1 and insinuates that envy and his captivity are the causes of his grief4 ,with a flourish of trumpets enter ,baltassar and ,vanity at one side1 and ,idolatry1 fantastically dressed1 at the other1 with attendants1 followers1 etc4 ,the king courteously welcomes his new wife1 who replies that it is right that she should come to his kingdom1 since here first after the ,flood idolatry arose4 ,the king declares that his own idea1 his sole ambition1 has been to unite ,idolatry and ,vanity1 and then suddenly becomes absorbed in thought while fondly regarding his wives2 to their questions as to the cause of his suspense he answers that1 fired by their beauty1 he wishes to relate the wondrous story of his conquests4 ,wonderful indeed is the story which follows1 extending1 in the original1 through three hundred and fifty uninterrupted lines4 ,in the introduction the king relates the strange fate of his father1 ,nabuchodonosor1 whose worthy successor he declares himself to be1 and describes his vaulting ambition1 which will not be satisfied until he is the sole ruler over all the region of ,senaar1 which beheld the building of the ,tower of ,babel2 this leads to an account of the ,deluge1 so poetical and characteristic that we give its finest portion here3#ef 8,first began a dew as soft ,as those tears the golden sunrise ,kisseth from ,aurora's lids2 ,then a gentle rain1 as dulcet ,as those showers the green earth drinks ,in the early days of summer2 ,from the clouds then water-lances1 ,darting at the mountains1 struck them2 ,in the clouds their sharp points shimmer'd1 ,on the mountains rang their but-ends2 ,then the rivulets were loosened1 ,roused to madness1 ran their currents1 ,rose to rushing rivers1 then ,swelled to seas of seas4 ,o ,summit ,of all wisdom6 thou alone ,knowest how thy hand can punish6 ''' ,then a mighty sea-storm rushed ,through the rents and rocky ruptures1 ,by whose mouths the great earth yawns1 ,when its breath resounds and rumbles ,from internal caves4 ,the air ''' ,roared confined1 the palpitation ,of its fierce internal pulses ,making the great hills to shake1 ,and the mighty rocks to tremble4 ,the strong bridle of the sand1 ,which the furious onset curbeth ,of the white horse of the sea ,with its foam-face silver fronted1 ,loosened every curbing rein1 ,so that the great steed1 exulting1 ,rushed upon the prostrate shore1 ,with loud neighing to o'errun it40 ,the ark alone is saved1 and ,nimrod resolves to anticipate a second ,deluge1 and erect a more ambitious refuge4 ,the building of the ,tower of ,babel and the ,confusion of ,tongues then follow1 and the king closes his long monologue with the determination to rebuild ,nimrod's tower1 urged to the task by the opportune conjunction of ,idolatry and ,vanity4 ,these express their gratification at this lofty scheme1 and offer to perpetuate the fame of his great deeds4 ,the king1 exulting1 exclaims3 8,who shall break this bond80 ,daniel1 advancing1 8,the hand of ,god60 and returns the same answer to the king's angry question1 8,what can save thee from my power or defend thee80 ,baltassar is profoundly moved1 but spares ,daniel because ,vanity loathes the captive and ,idolatry disdains his religion4 ,in the fourth scene the prophet addresses the ,most ,high1 and cries3 8,who can endure these offences1 these pretences of ,vanity and displays of ,idolatry8 ,who will end so great an evil80 8,i will10 answers ,death1 who enters1 wearing a sword and dagger1 and dressed symbolically in a cloak covered with figures of skeletons4 ,,daniel4 8,awful shape1 to whom ,i bow ,through the shadowy glooms that screen thee1 ,never until now ,i've seen thee3 ,fearful phantom1 who art thou80 ,death's answer in the following monologue is most impressive and beautiful4 ,our space1 unfortunately1 will let us quote but a part3 8,daniel1 thou ,prophet of the ,god of ,truth1 ,i am the end of all who life begin1 ,the drop of venom in the serpent's tooth1 ,the cruel child of envy and of sin4 ,abel first showed the world's dark door uncouth1 ,but ,cain threw wide the door1 and let me in2 ,since then ,i've darkened o'er life's checker'd path1 ,the dread avenger of ,jehovah's wrath4 ''' ,the proudest palace that supremely stands1 ',gainst which the wildest winds in vain may beat2 ,the strongest wall1 that like a rock withstands ,the shock of shells1 the furious fire-ball's heat-- ,all are but easy triumphs of my hands1 ,all are but humble spoils beneath my feet2 ,if against me no palace-wall is proof1 ,ah6 what can save the lowly cottage-roof8 ,beauty1 nor power1 nor genius1 can survive1 ,naught can resist my voice when ,i sweep by2 ,for whatsoever has been let to live1 ,it is my destined duty to see die4 ,with all the stern commands that thou mayst give1 ,i am1 ,god's ,judgment1 ready to comply2 ,yea1 and so quickly shall my service run ,that ere the word is said the deed is done60 ,death then recounts some of his past achievements to prove his readiness to inflict punishment on the king4 ,daniel1 however1 expressly forbids him to kill ,baltassar1 and gives him leave only to awaken him to a sense of coming woe and the fact that he is mortal4 ,this ,death does by appearing to the king and showing him a small book lost by him some time before 7i4e41 the remembrance of his mortality1 which he had forgotten71 in which is written his debt to ,death4 ,he leaves the terror-stricken monarch with an admonition to remember his obligation4 ,thought1 hovering between ,vanity and ,idolatry1 soon1 however1 effaces the impression left by the terrible visitor4 ,the king and ,thought1 lulled by their combined flatteries1 fall asleep1 while ,death enters and delivers the following monologue1 which1 as ,mr4 ,mac,carthy truly says1 8belongs unquestionably to the deepest and most beautiful poetry that has ever flown from the pen of ,calderon03 ,,death4 8,man the rest of slumber tries1 ,never the reflection making ,that1 ,o ,god6 asleep and waking1 ,every day he lives and dies2 ,that a living corse he lies1 ,after each day's daily strife1 ,stricken by an unseen knife1 ,in brief lapse of life1 not breath1 ,a repose which is not death2 ,but what is death teaches life3 ,sugared poison 'tis1 which sinks ,on the heart1 which it o'ercometh1 ,which it hindereth and benumbeth4 ,and can a man1 then1 live who poison drinks8 ',tis forgetting1 when the links ,that gave life by mutual fretting ,to the ,senses1 snap1 or letting ,the imprisoned ,five go free1 ,they can hear not1 touch1 or see2 ,and can a man forget this strange forgetting8 ,it is frenzy1 that which moves ,heart and eyes to taste and see ,joys and shapes that ne'er can be3 ,and can a man be found who frenzy loves8 ',tis a lethargy that proves ,my best friend2 in trust for me1 ,death's dull1 drowsy weight bears he1 ,and1 by failing limb and eye1 ,teaches man the way to die3 ,and can a man1 then1 seek this lethargy8 ',tis a shadow1 which is made ,without light's contrasted aid1 ,moving in a spectral way1 ,sad1 phantasmal foe of day3 ,and can a man seek rest beneath such shade8 ,finally1 'tis well portrayed ,as ,death's ,image3 o'er and o'er ,men have knelt its shrine before1 ,men have bowed the suppliant knee1 ,all illusion though it be3 ,and can a man this ,image1 then1 adore8 ,since ,baltassar here doth sleep1 ,since he hath the poison drank1 ,since he treads oblivion's blank1 ,since no more his pulses leap1 ,since the lethargy is deep1 ,since1 in horror and confusion1 ,to all other sights' exclusion1 ,he has seen the ,image--seen ,what this shade1 this poison1 mean1 ,what this frenzy1 this illusion3 ,since ,baltassar sleepeth so1 ,let him sleep1 and never waken3 ,be his body and soul o'ertaken ,by the eternal slumber40 7,he draws his sword1 and is about to kill him47 ,daniel rushes in and saves the sleeper1 who is dreaming a mysterious vision1 which is visibly represented to the spectators4 ,the king on awakening is captivated1 as usual1 by ,idolatry1 who proposes to him a magnificent feast1 in which shall be used the sacred vessels carried away from ,jerusalem4 ,the feast is prepared2 the table is brought in1 on which are displayed the sacred vessels2 the attendants begin serving the banquet1 while ,thought plays the court-fool4 ,in the midst of the revelry ,death enters1 disguised as one of the servants1 and1 when the king calls for wine1 presents him with one of the golden goblets from the table1 with a mysterious aside referring to the ,lord's ,supper1 where the cup contains both death and life1 as it is drunk worthily or unworthily4 ,the king rises and gives the toast3 8,for ever1 ,moloch1 god of the ,assyrians1 live60 ,a great clap of thunder is heard1 darkness settles on the feast1 and a fiery hand writes upon the wall the fatal 8,,mane1 ,,thecel1 ,,phares40 ,idolatry1 ,vanity1 and ,thought in turn fail to interpret the mysterious words1 and the first named suggests that ,daniel should be summoned4#eg ,the prophet comes and explains the hidden meaning of the words1 declaring that ,god's wrath has been aroused by the misuse of the sacred vessels1 which1 until the law of grace reigns on earth1 foreshow the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,baltassar and his wives tremble at the solemn words4 ,thought1 an expression of the reproaches of his master's conscience1 turns against the king1 who laments the desertion of his friends in the hour of need4 ,death1 during this scene1 has been approaching nearer and nearer1 and now draws his sword and stabs the unhappy monarch1 who cries3 8,this is death1 then6 ,was the venom not sufficient ,that ,i drank of80 ,,death4 8,no2 that venom ,was the death of the soul2 the body's ,this swift death-stroke representeth40 ,the king1 struggling with ,death1 is forced to confess3 8,he who dares profane ,god's cup1 ,him he striketh down forever2 ,he who sinfully receives ,desecrates ,god's holiest vessel60 ,these are his last words4 ,idolatry awakens from her dream1 and longs to see the light of the law of grace now while the written law reigns4 ,death declares that it is foreshadowed in ,gedeon's fleece1 in the manna1 in the honey-comb1 in the lion's mouth1 and in the shew-bread4 ,,daniel4 8,if these emblems ,show it not1 then be it shown ,in the full foreshadowing presence ,of the feast here now transformed ,into ,bread and ,wine--stupendous ,miracle of ,god2 his greatest ,sacrament in type presented40 ,the scene opens to the sound of solemn music2 a table is seen arranged as an altar1 with a monstrance and chalice in the middle1 and two wax candles on each side4 ,the auto closes with ,idolatry's declaration that she is transformed into ,latria1 and the usual personal address to the audience4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,painter ,,of ,,his ,,own ,,dishonor4 ,we have already remarked that the auto ,el ,pintor de su ,deshonra is a replica of a secular play bearing the same title4 ,it will not be out of place to give a short analysis of the latter1 premising that it is one of the greatest of ,calderon's tragedies4 ,in the first act the ,governor of ,gaeta welcomes to his residence his friend ,don ,juan ,roca1 whose young wife1 ,seraphine1 soon becomes intimate with the governor's daughter1 ,portia1 to whom she reveals the secret that she has been ardently loved by ,portia's brother1 ,don ,alvaro1 whose love she has as ardently returned4 ,news1 however1 was received of his shipwreck and death1 and she finally yielded to her father's urgent requests1 and gave her hand to ,don ,juan4 ,the unhappy lady faints while reciting her griefs1 and ,portia hastens for aid4 ,at this moment a stranger enters1 perceives the unconscious lady1 and bends over her with an expression of the warmest interest4 ,seraphine opens her eyes1 and with the cry 8,alvaro60 faints again4 ,her old lover1 saved from the waves1 has returned to find her another's wife4 ,from this moment begins a struggle between love and duty1 depicted with all the tenderness and power of which the poet was capable4 ,seraphine attempts with all her strength to master her love for ,alvaro1 and tells him1 with forced coolness1 how much she is attached to her husband by duty and inclination4 ,during this interview a cannon is heard--the signal announcing the approaching departure of ,don ,juan's ship4 ,seraphine withdraws to follow him to their home in ,spain1 and leaves ,alvaro in a state of utter hopelessness4 ,the second act reveals to us ,don ,juan 7an enthusiastic lover of art7 in his home in ,barcelona1 painting his wife's portrait4 ,the remembrance of the past seems banished from ,seraphine's heart1 and everything indicates a state of peace and happiness4 ,don ,juan withdraws a moment1 when a sailor enters the room4 ,it is ,don ,alvaro1 who1 unable to forget his love1 has followed ,seraphine to ,barcelona4 ,he overwhelms her with his affection2 but she shows him so firmly and eloquently that his pleading is in vain that he in turn resolves to conquer his passion and leave her for ever4 ,he still lingers near1 but makes no attempt to approach her again4 ,one day1 during the ,carnival1 ,don ,juan's villa takes fire4 ,seraphine is borne insensible from the house by her husband1 who confides her to ,don ,alvaro1 whom he does not1 of course1 recognize1 and returns to help the others who are in danger4 ,don ,alvaro1 meanwhile1 is left with ,seraphine in his arms4 ,his love revives stronger than ever in the terrible temptation1 and he bears the still insensible ,seraphine to his ship1 and makes sail with the greatest haste4 ,don ,juan does not return until the ship is under way1 discovers too late that he has been deceived1 and throws himself into the sea in order to overtake the fugitives4 ,in the last act we find ,don ,juan at ,gaeta1 disguised as an artist1 in order to obtain more easily access into private houses1 and discover who has stolen his wife4 ,he is introduced to ,prince ,urbino1 who commissions him to paint the portrait of a beautiful woman whom he has seen at a neighboring forester's house1 which he visits in order to meet ,portia secretly4 ,the same place has been chosen by ,don ,alvaro to conceal ,seraphine1 who is the beautiful lady who has attracted the prince's attention4 ,don ,juan repairs to the appointed spot1 and erects his easel near a window1 through the blinds of which he can see1 unnoticed1 the fair one4 ,the artist discovers1 with feelings which can be imagined1 his wife asleep in the garden4 ,she murmurs words which prove her innocence4 ,but this cannot save her2 she must be sacrificed to remove the stain on her husband's honor4 ,don ,juan expresses his feelings in a most powerful soliloquy1 when ,alvaro enters and embraces the sleeping ,seraphine4 ,at that instant two shots are heard1 and the innocent and guilty fall bleeding to the ground4 ,the auto founded on the above play is1 in the opinion of no less a critic than ,wilhelm ,val ,schmidt1 the first of its class1 and withal much less technical than is usual with these plays4 ,the dramatis person include the ,artist1 the ,world1 ,love1 ,lucifer1 ,sin1 ,grace1 ,knowledge1 ,nature 7i4e41 human nature at first in a state of innocence71 ,innocence1 and the ,will 7i4e41 free-will74 ,the first car represents a dragon1 which opens and discloses ,lucifer1 whose first speech proves the trite remark about the devil quoting ,scripture2 for he immediately proceeds to cite ,jeremias and ,david1 who alluded to him as the dragon4 ,he then summons ,sin1 and repeats to her his partly-known history1 which contains some singular ideas4 ,he was the favorite of the ,father in his former home1 where he saw1 before the original existed1 the portrait of so rare a beauty that1 inflamed with love1 and to prevent the ,prince from marrying her1 he rebelled1 and1 placing himself at the head of the other discontented spirits1 was defeated and doomed to perpetual exile and darkness4 ,so far ,sin is acquainted with the story2 but from this point all is new to her4 ,the greatest of ,lucifer's sufferings arises from his envy of the ,prince1 who is all that is wise and lovely3 a learned theologian1 legislator1 philosopher1 physician1 logician1 astrologist1 mathematician1 architect--8witness the palace of the world0--geometrician1 rhetorician1 musician1 and poet4 ,but none of these qualities so enrages and astonishes ,lucifer as the ,prince's talent for painting4 ,he has already been engaged six days on a landscape4 ,at the beginning the ground of the canvas was so bare and rough that he only drew on it the outline in shadowy figures4 ,the first day he gave it light2 the second day he introduced heaven and earth1 dividing the waters and the firmament2 the third day1 seeing the earth so arid and bare1 he painted flowers in it and fruits1 and the fourth day the sun and moon4 ,he filled1 the fifth day1 the air and waters with birds and fishes2 and this sixth day he has covered the landscape with various animals4 ,nothing of all this astonishes ,lucifer so much as the ,prince's intention to embody in a palpable form the ideal which was the cause of ,lucifer's fall4 ,the divine ,artist has himself chosen the colors and selected clay and occult minerals1 which ,lucifer fears a breath may animate3 8,since if a breath can dissipate dust1 ,i suspect1 ,i lament1 ,i fear1 that dust may live by the inspiration of a breath40 ,animated by this fear1 ,lucifer has summoned ,sin to aid him in destroying this image1 so that the ,prince may be ,the ,painter of his own ,dishonor4 ,a palace appears1 and near the entrance the painting on an easel4 ,lucifer and ,sin retire2 for the ,artist1 accompanied by the ,virtues1 comes to put a careful hand to his work4 ,sin knows not where to conceal herself4 ,lucifer bids her hide in a cave in the bank of a stream4 ,sin answers that she is afraid of the water1 because she foresees that it is to be 7in the water of baptism7 the antidote to sin4 ,the flowers1 grain1 and vine all terrify her1 before which1 as symbols of some unknown sacrament1 she reverently bows4 ,she at last conceals herself in a tree1 which ,lucifer calls from that moment the tree of death4 ,the ,artist enters1 ,innocence bearing the palette1 ,knowledge the mall-stick1 and ,grace the brushes4 ,he declares his intention to show his power in the portrait his love wishes to paint1 and asks the attendant ,virtues to add their gifts to ,human ,nature4 ,he proceeds to work1 while the ,virtues call upon the sun1 moon1 etc41 to praise the ,lord4 ,the ,artist finishes his work by breathing the breath of life into it4 ,the picture falls1 and in its place appears ,human ,nature1 who expresses most vividly her wonder at her creation1 and joins in the general anthem1 8,bless the ,lord40 ,lucifer confesses that he and ,sin are de trop1 and they depart to seek some disguise in which to return and carry out their undertaking4 ,while the chorus repeats the praises of the ,lord1 ,human ,nature navely asks1 8,how can ,i bless him1 if ,i do not know him8 ,who will tell me who ,he is or who ,i am80 ,the ,artist advances and answers her question4 ,nature demands who he is4 8,i am who am1 and have been1 and am to be2 and since thou hast been created for ,love's spouse1 let thy love be grateful40 8,what command dost thou lay on me1 my ,love8 ,i will never break it40 8,all that thou seest here is thine2 that tree alone is mine40 ,nature asks who can ever divert her love1 and is answered1 8,thy ,free-will40 8,what new spirit and force was created in my new being by that word1 which told me that there was something in me besides myself8 ,voice1 tell me1 who is ,free-will40 ,free-will appears as a rustic1 and answers1 8,i40 ,nature then proceeds to name the various objects about her1 accompanying each name with some appropriate remark1 and is led quite naturally to indulge in some boasting at her dominion over such a beautiful and varied kingdom4 ,this is the moment ,lucifer and ,sin select to appear in the disguise of rustics4 ,the latter remains concealed in the tree2 the former introduces himself to ,human ,nature as a gardener1 and says very gallantly that he lost his last place on her account4 ,nature hastens to turn a conversation becoming somewhat personal by asking what he is cultivating4 8,that beautiful tree40 8,it is extremely lovely40 8,there is something more singular about it than being merely lovely40 8,what80 8,earth1 who brought it forth1 can tell thee40 8,i am earth1 since ,i was formed of earth2 so ,i will tell the ,earth to keep me no longer in suspense40 8,then speak to her1 and thou shalt see40 8,mother ,earth1 what is this hidden mystery80 ,,sin4 8,eat1 and thou shalt be as ,god40 ,then follow the ,fall and a powerful scene depicting ,nature's confusion and grief1 as she is dragged off by ,satan as his slave1 while ,sin claims ,free-will as her prey4 ,the ,artist enters and finds ,knowledge1 ,innocence1 and ,grace in tears2 the latter informs him of the ,fall4 ,he thus reproaches his creation for her ingratitude3 8,what more could ,i do for thee1 my best design1 than form thee with my own hands8 ,i gave thee my image1 a soul that cost thee nothing1 and yet thou desertest me for my greatest enemy40 ,he then pronounces the curse upon ,mankind and the ,serpent1 and declares he will blot out the world1 the scene of their sin4 ,the clouds break and the sea bursts its limits2 the ,earth trembles and struggles with the waves1 and in agony calls on the ,lord for mercy4 ,in the midst of this confusion of the elements ,human ,nature is heard crying for help4 ,,lucifer4 8,why callest thou for aid1 if ,i1 the only one whom it behooves to give it1 delight in seeing thee annihilated80 ,sin also makes the same declaration4 ,the ,world alone attempts to save its queen4 ,at last the ,artist casts her a plank1 saying1 8,mortal1 again see whom thou hast deserted1 and for whom2 since he whom thou hast offended saves thee1 and he whom thou lovest abandons thee6 ,one day thou wilt know of what this plank1 fragment of a miraculous ark1 is symbol40 ,the ,world1 ,nature1 and ,free-will are saved2 the latter enters1 bound with ,sin1 who declares that ,sin and ,human ,nature are so nearly the same that one cannot go anywhere without the other4 ,we have said anachronisms are frequent2 the poet here even makes his characters jest about it4 ,,human ,,nature4 8,since here there are no real persons1 and ,allegory can traverse centuries in hours1 it seems to me that the salute the angels are singing to this celestial aurora declares in resounding words'''0 ,,music4 8,in heaven and on earth peace to man and glory to ,god40 ,,free-,,will4 8,the story has made a fine jump from the ,creation to the ,flood1 and ,i think there is going to be another1 if ,i understand that song aright--from the ,deluge to the ,nativity60 ,the chant continues1 to the infinite discomfort of ,lucifer and ,sin1 who at last determine in their rage to disfigure ,human ,nature so that her ,creator himself could not recognize her4 ,lucifer holds her hands1 while ,sin brands upon her brow the sign of slavery4 ,lucifer then commands the ,world to remain on guard1 and let no one enter without careful scrutiny1 for fear lest the ,artist may attempt to avenge the wrong done him4 ,the ,artist enters1 accompanied by ,divine ,love4 ,they are soon discovered by the ,world1 who exclaims3 8,who goes there80 8,friends40 8,your name80 8,a ,man40 8,and the ,world1 the faithful sentinel of ,sin1 does not know how thou hast entered here80 8,i did not come that ,sin should know me40 8,i do not know thee40 8,so ,john will say40 8,by what door didst thou enter80 8,by that of ,divine ,love1 who accompanies me40 8,what is thy office80 8,i was once an ,artist in a certain allegory1 and must still be the same40 8,artist80 8,yes1 since ,i came to retouch a figure of mine which an error has blotted40 8,since thou art a painter thou canst do me a favor4'''0 8,what is it80 ,the ,world then informs him that there is a certain ,spouse who has been carried away from her husband1 and is now in the power of a ,tyrant1 who is endeavoring to force her to accompany him to another world1 the seat of his rule4 ,the ,artist weeps1 because he remembers his own ,spouse1 whose fate is similar to that of this one4 ,the world begs the ,artist to make a portrait of this fair disconsolate one1 that he 7the ,world7 may wear it on his breast4 ,the ,artist consents1 and conceals himself in order to work unobserved4 ,the ,world goes in search of ,human ,nature1 while the ,artist looks about for some hiding-place4 ,love points to a cross near by1 and says that as the first offence was committed in a tree1 this one will witness his vengeance4 ,the ,artist calls for his colors1 and ,love presents him with a box1 in opening which his hands are stained a bloody red4 8,take this60 8,it is all carmine40 8,i have no other color40 8,do not let it afflict thee1 ,love1 that blood must retouch what ,sin has blotted4 ,the brushes60 ,love hands him three nails--8,here they are60 8,how sharp and cruel6 ,what can be the canvas for such brushes60 ,love gives him a canvas in the shape of a heart--8a heart40 8,of bronze80 8,yes40 8,how ,i grieve to see it so hardened1 when ,i intended to form in it a second figure6 ,give me the mall-stick40 ,love presents him with a small lance4 8,here it is40 8,the point is steel6 ,less cruel instruments ,innocence1 ,grace1 and ,knowledge once gave me60 8,be not astonished if these are more cruel than those2 for then thou didst paint as ,god1 and now as ,man60 ,while the ,artist is working ,nature1 ,free-will1 and ,sin enter1 and later ,lucifer1 who1 wearied of ,nature's continual lamentation1 comes to drag her to his realm4 ,,artist4 8,why should ,i delay my vengeance1 seeing them together8 ,give me1 ,love1 the weapons which ,i brought for this occasion60 8,thy voice is the lightning1 this weapon only its symbol2 but ,i deliver it to thee with sorrow60 8,when my offended honor is so deeply concerned80 8,i am ,love1 and she is weeping2 but ,i will direct my gaze to thy wrongs1 and without fail shall hit the mark40 8,my hand cannot err1 traitrous adulterers1 who conspired against me2 the honor of an insulted man obliges me to this6 ,i am the ,painter of his own ,dishonor2 die both at one stroke60 7,fires4 ,lucifer and ,sin both fall47 ,,love4 8,thou hast hit ,sin1 and not ,human ,nature60 ,the ,artist answers that it cannot be said that his shot has failed1 since by this tree ,nature lives1 and ,lucifer and ,sin are killed4 ,the ,artist points to a fountain of seven streams1 and the ,virtues1 and invites ,human ,nature to bathe in the blood from his side1 and be restored to her original condition4 ,the auto closes with an expression of gratitude from ,nature1 and the usual allusion to the ,sacrament in whose honor the present festival is celebrated4 ,i ,,am ,,the ,,door4 8,to him that knocketh it shall be opened40 ,truly1 ,i see ,thou art6--with nails hinged fast3 ,yet faster barred and locked with bolts of love4 ,i1 treasure seeking1 through ,thee would go past4 ,than lock or hinges must ,i stronger prove8 8,a knock will do't40 ,a knock6 ,where durst ,i1 ,lord8 8,knock at my heart2 there all my wealth is stored40 ,,the ,,tragedy ,,of ,,the ,,temple4 ,,concluded4 ,while the so-called ,king of ,france was thus subjected to the fierce and brutal caprice of one man1 there were thousands of loyal hearts beating in pity for him1 and longing to liberate and crown him1 even at the price of their blood4 ,the faithful army of ,la ,vende was fighting for him1 and with a courage and determination that caused some anxiety among the good patriots as to the possible issue of the campaign4 ,the movement was held up to ridicule2 the young prince was mockingly styled ,king of ,la ,vende4 ,nevertheless1 the republicans were alarmed1 and the hopes of the royalists were reviving4 ,the ,simons were discussing these matters one evening over the newspaper1 when ,simon1 looking at the forlorn1 broken-spirited little monarch1 whose cause was thus creating strife and bloodshed far beyond his dungeon's walls1 exclaimed sneeringly3 8,i say1 little wolf-cub1 they talk of setting up the throne again1 and putting thee in thy father's place2 what wouldst thou do to me if they made thee king80 ,the boy raised his dim blue eyes from the ground1 where they were now habitually fixed1 and replied3 8,i would forgive thee60 ,mme4 ,simon1 in relating this incident long after1 said that even her husband seemed for a moment awed by the sublime simplicity of the answer4 ,they were both of them sick and tired of their office by this time2 she of the cruel work it involved1 he of the close confinement to which it condemned them4 ,he tried to get released from his post1 and after some fruitless efforts succeeded4 ,on the #aith of ,january1 #agid1 they left the ,temple4 ,the patriot shoemaker died six months afterwards on the guillotine4 ,he had no successor1 properly speaking1 in the ,tower2 in history he has neither successor nor predecessor2 he stands alone1 unrivalled and unapproachable1 as a type of the tiger-man1 a creature devoid of one humane1 redeeming characteristic4 ,other men whose names have become bywords of cruelty or ferocious wickedness have at least had the excuse of some all-absorbing passion which1 stifling reason and every better instinct of their nature1 carried them on as by some overmastering impulse2 but ,simon could not plead even this guilty excuse4 ,his was no mad delirium of passion1 but a cold-blooded1 deadly1 undying1 unrelenting cruelty in the execution of a murder that he had no motive in pursuing except as a means of adding a few coins more to his salary4 ,he entered on his task of lingering assassination with deliberate barbarity2 he was not stimulated by the sense of personal wrong1 by a thirst for revenge1 by any motive that could furnish the faintest thread of extenuation4 ,he rose every morning and went to his victim as other men rise and go to their studies or their work4 ,he devoted all his energies1 all his instincts1 to coolly inflicting torture on a beautiful1 engaging1 and innocent little child4 ,no1 happily for the world1 he has no prototype in its history2 nor1 for the honor of humanity1 has he ever found an apologist4 ,he is perhaps the only monster of ancient or modern times who has never found a sceptic or a casuist to lift a voice in his behalf4 ,nero and ,trajan1 ,queen ,elizabeth and ,louis ,,xi41 have had their apologists2 nay1 even ,judas has found amongst the fatalists of some ,german school an infatuated fellow-mortal to attempt a defence of the indefensible2 but no man has yet been known to utter a word of excuse for the brutal jailer of ,louis ,,xvii4 ,and yet his departure1 though it rid the helpless captive of an active1 ever-present barbarity1 can hardly be said1 except negatively1 to have bettered his position4 ,the ,convention decreed that it was essential to the nation's life and prosperity that the little ,capet should be securely guarded2 and as if the insane precautions hitherto used were not sufficient to secure a feeble1 attenuated child1 he was removed to a stronger and more completely isolated dungeon1 where henceforth his waning life might die out quicker and more unheard of4 ,there was only one window to the room1 and this was darkened by a thick wooden blind1 reinforced by iron bars outside4 ,the door was removed1 and replaced by a half-door with iron bars above2 these bars1 when unlocked1 opened like a trap1 and through this food was passed to the prisoner4 ,the only light at night was from a lamp fastened to the wall opposite the iron grating4 ,mme4 ,royale thus describes the state of her brother in this new abode1 to which he was transferred--whether by accident or design we know not--on the anniversary of his father's death1 ,january #ba3 8,a sickly child of eight years1 he was locked and bolted in a great room1 with no other resource than a broken bell1 which he never rang1 so greatly did he dread the people whom its sound would have brought to him2 he preferred wanting any and every thing to calling for his persecutors4 ,his bed had not been stirred for six months1 and he had not strength to make it himself2 it was alive with bugs and vermin still more disgusting4 ,his linen and his person were covered with them4 ,for more than a year he had no change of shirt or stockings2 every kind of filth was allowed to accumulate about him and in his room2 and during all that period nothing had been removed4 ,his window1 which was locked as well as grated1 was never opened1 and the infectious smell of this horrid room was so dreadful that no one could bear it for a moment4 ,he might indeed have washed himself--for he had a pitcher of water--and have kept himself somewhat more clean than he did2 but overwhelmed by the ill-treatment he had received1 he had not resolution to do so1 and his illness began to deprive him of even the necessary strength4 ,he never asked for anything1 so great was his dread of ,simon and his other keepers4 ,he passed his days without any kind of occupation4 ,they did not even allow him light in the evening4 ,this situation affected his mind as well as his body1 and it is not surprising that he should have fallen into a frightful atrophy4 ,the length of time which he resisted this treatment proves how good his constitution must have originally been40 ,while the boy-king was slowly telling away his remnant of miserable life in the dark solitude of the ,tower1 thousands were being daily immolated on the public places1 where the guillotine1 insatiable and indefatigable1 despatched its cartloads of victims4 ,on the #ajth of ,may ,mme4 ,elizabeth1 the most revered and saintly of all the long roll of martyrs inscribed on that bloody page1 was sacrificed with many other noble and interesting women1 amongst them the venerable sister of ,m4 de ,malesherbes1 the courageous advocate of the king4 ,she was seventy-six years of age4 ,by a refinement of barbarity the municipals who conducted the 8batch0 obliged ,mme4 ,elizabeth to wait to see her twenty-five companions executed before laying her own head on the block4 ,each of them1 as they left the tumbrel1 asked leave to embrace her2 she kissed them with a smiling face1 and said a few words of encouragement to each4 8,her strength did not fail her to the last10 says ,mme4 ,royale1 8and she died with all the resignation of the purest piety40 ,mme4 ,royale was henceforth left in perfect solitude like her brother4 ,she thus describes her own and the ,dauphin's life after the departure of her beloved aunt1 of whose death she was happily kept in ignorance for a long time3 8,the guards were often drunk2 but they generally left my brother and me quiet in our respective apartments until the #ith ,thermidor4 ,my brother still pined in solitude and filth4 ,his keepers never went near him but to give him his meals2 they had no compassion on this unhappy child4 ,there was one of the guards whose gentle manners encouraged me to recommend my brother to his attention2 this man ventured to complain of the severity with which the boy was treated1 but he was dismissed next day4 ,i1 at least1 could keep myself clean4 ,i had soap and water1 and carefully swept out my room every day4 ,i had no light4''' ,they would not give me any more books1 but ,i had some religious works and some travels1 which ,i read over and over40 ,the fall of ,robespierre1 which rescued so many doomed heads from the guillotine1 and opened the doors of their prison1 had no such beneficent effect on the fate of the two royal children4 ,it gave rise1 however1 to some alleviation of their sufferings4 ,immediately on the death of his cowardly and 8incorruptible0 colleague1 ,barras visited the ,tower1 and dismissed the whole set of commissaries of the ,commune1 who were forthwith despatched to have their heads cut off next day1 while a single guardian was appointed in their place4 ,laurent was the man's name4 ,he had good manners1 some education1 and1 better than all1 a human heart4 ,the lynxes of the ,temple eyed him askance2 he was not of their kin1 this creole with the heart of a man1 and they mistrusted him4 ,it was not until two o'clock in the morning that they conducted him to the presence of his charge4 ,he tells us that when he entered the ante-room of the dungeon he recoiled before the horrible stench that came from the inner room through the grated door-way4 ,good heavens6 was this the outcome of the reign of brotherhood which talked so mightily of universal love and liberty8 ,it was in truth the most forcible illustration of the gospel of ,sans-culottism that the world had yet beheld4 8,capet6 ,capet60 cried the municipals in a loud voice4 ,but no answer came4 ,more calling1 with threats and oaths1 at last brought out a feeble1 wailing sound like the cry of some dying animal4 ,but nothing more could threats1 or even an attempt at coaxing1 elicit4 ,capet would not move2 would not come forth and show himself to the new tutor4 ,laurent took a candle1 and held it inside the bars of the noxious cage2 he beheld1 crouching on a bed in the furthest corner of the dungeon1 the body which was confided to his guardianship4 ,sickened with the sight1 he turned away4 ,there was no appliance at hand for forcing open the door or the grating4 ,laurent at once sent in an account of what he had seen1 and demanded that this remnant of child-life1 that he was appointed to watch over1 should be examined by proper authority4 ,the next day1 ,july #cj1 some members of the ,sret ,gnrale came to the ,tower4 ,m4 de ,beauchesne tells us what they saw3 8,they called to him through the grating2 no answer4 ,they then ordered the door to be opened4 ,it seems there were no means of doing it4 ,a workman was called1 who forced away the bars of the trap so as to get in his head1 and1 having thus got sight of the child1 asked him why he did not answer4 ,still no reply4 ,in a few minutes the whole door was broken down1 and the visitors entered4 ,then appeared a spectacle more horrible than can be conceived--a spectacle which never again can be seen in the annals of a nation calling itself civilized1 and which even the murderers of ,louis ,,xvi4 could not witness without mingled pity and fright4 ,in a dark room1 exhaling a smell of death and corruption1 on a crazy1 dirty bed1 a child of nine years old was lying prostrate1 motionless1 and bent up1 his face livid and furrowed by want and suffering1 and his limbs half covered with a filthy cloth and trowsers in rags4 ,his features1 once so delicate1 and his countenance1 once so lively1 denoted now the gloomiest apathy--almost insensibility2 and his blue eyes1 looking larger from the meagreness of the rest of his face1 had lost all spirit1 and taken1 in their dull immovability1 a tinge of gray and green4 ,his head and neck were eaten up 7rongs7 with purulent sores2 his legs1 arms1 and neck1 thin and angular1 were unnaturally lengthened at the expense of his chest and body4 ,his hands and feet were not human4 ,a thick paste of dirt stuck like pitch over his temples1 and his once beautiful curls were full of vermin1 which also covered his whole body1 and which1 as well as bugs1 swarmed in every fold of the rotten bedding1 over which black spiders were running4''' ,at the noise of forcing the door the child gave a nervous shudder1 but barely moved1 not noticing the strangers4 ,a hundred questions were addressed him2 he answered none of them4 ,he cast a vague1 wandering1 unmeaning look at his visitors1 and at this moment one would have taken him for an idiot4 ,the food they had given him was still untouched2 one of the commissioners asked him why he had not eaten it4 ,still no answer4 ,at last the oldest of the visitors1 whose gray hairs and paternal tone seemed to make an impression on him1 repeated the question1 and he answered in a calm but resolute tone3 #8,because ,i want to die6' ,these were the only words which this cruel and memorable inquisition extracted from him40 ,barras1 the stuttering1 pleasure-loving noble of ,provence1 8a terror to all phantasms1 being himself of the genus ,reality0--,barras1 who had stood1 like a bewildered1 shipwrecked man while the storm-wind was whirling blood-waves round about him1 now enters and beholds the royal victim whom it has taken nearly eighteen months of ,simon the ,cordwainer's treatment 8to get rid of0--perishing1 but still alive in his den of squalor1 darkness1 and fright4 ,his knees were so swollen that his ragged trowsers had become painfully tight4 ,barras ordered them to be cut open1 and found the joints 8prodigiously swollen and livid40 ,one of the municipals1 who had formerly been a surgeon1 was permitted to dress the sores on the head and neck2 after much hesitation a woman was employed to wash and comb the child1 and at ,laurent's earnest remonstrance a little air and light were admitted into the damp room2 the vermin were expelled as far as could be1 an iron bed and clean bedding replaced the former horrors in which the boy had lain so many months1 and the grated door was done away with4 ,these were small mercies1 after all1 and to which the vilest criminal had a right4 ,all the other rigors of his prison were maintained4 ,he was still left to partial darkness and complete solitude4 ,laurent1 after a while1 wearied the municipals into giving him leave to take him occasionally for an airing on the leads4 ,the indulgence was perhaps welcome1 but the child showed no signs of pleasure in it2 he never spoke or took the smallest notice of anything he saw4 ,once only1 when on his way to the leads1 he passed by the wicket which conducted to the rooms that his mother had occupied2 he recognized the spot at once1 gazed wistfully at the door1 and1 clinging to ,laurent's arm1 made a sign for them to go that way4 ,the municipal who was on guard at the moment saw what the poor little fellow meant1 and told him he had mistaken the door2 it was1 he said1 at the other side4 ,but the child had guessed aright4 ,the kind-hearted ,laurent began soon to feel his own confinement1 almost as solitary as the prince's1 more than he could bear4 ,he petitioned to have some one to assist him in his duties1 and1 owing to some secret influence of the royalists1 a man named ,gomin1 who was at heart devoted to their cause1 was appointed4 ,the only benefit which the young prisoner derived from the change of his jailers was that civility and cleanliness had replaced insolence and dirt4 ,for the rest1 he was still locked up alone1 never seeing any one except at meal times1 when the two guardians and a municipal were present1 the former being often powerless to control the insulting remarks and gratuitous cruelty of the latter4 ,so the wretched days dragged on1 silent1 monotonous1 miserable4 ,meanwhile1 ,paris was breathing freely after the long night of ,terror4 ,the ,fraternity of the ,guillotine was well-nigh over1 and the ,jeunesse dore had flung away the red caps and the ,carmagnole1 and was disporting itself with a light heart in gaudy attire of the antique cut4 ,fair citoyennes discarded the unbecoming and therefore1 even to the most patriotic among them1 odious costume of the republic1 and decked themselves out in flowing ,greek draperies1 binding their hair with gold and silver fillets like ,clytemnestra and ,antigone1 and replacing the sabots of the people with picturesque sandals1 clothing their naked feet only in ribbons1 despite the biting cold of this memorable winter4 ,the death-beacons one by one had been quenched1 not by nimble hands1 like the lights of the ballroom or the gay flame of the street1 but in blood dashed freely over their lurid glare4 ,terrified men were emerging from their holes and hiding-places2 nobles were returning from exile2 there was a sudden flaming up of merriment1 an effervescence of luxury1 an intoxicating thirst for pleasure1 a hunger to eat of the good things of life1 of which the reign of sans-culottism had starved them4 ,there were gay gatherings in all ranks2 in the highest the bals des victimes1 where the guests wore a badge of crape on their arm1 as a sign that they had lost a near relative on the guillotine--none others being admitted4 ,so1 while the waltzers spun round to the clang of brass music and in the blaze of wax-lights1 and all the world was embracing and exchanging congratulations1 like men escaped from impending death1 the tragedy in the ,tower drew to its end unheard and unheeded4 ,the ,king of ,la ,vende ate his dinner of 8bouilli and dry vegetables1 generally beans02 the same at eight o'clock for supper1 when he was locked up for the night1 and left unmolested till nine next morning4 ,one day there came a rough1 blustering man to the prison1 who flung open the doors with much noise1 and talked like thunder4 ,his name was ,delboy4 ,he chanced to arrive at the dinner-time4 8,why this wretched food80 cried the noisy visitor4 8,if they were still at the ,tuileries1 ,i would help to starve them out2 but here they are our prisoners1 and it is unworthy of the nation to starve them4 ,why these blinds8 ,under the reign of equality the sun should shine for all4 ,why is he separated from his sister8 ,under the reign of fraternity why should they not see each other80 ,then addressing the child in a gentler tone1 he said1 8,should you not like1 my boy1 to play with your sister8 ,if you forget your origin1 ,i don't see why the nation should remember it40 ,he reminded the guardians that it was not the little ,capet's fault that he was his father's son--it was his misfortune2 he was now only 8an unfortunate child10 and the 8nation should be his mother40 ,the only advantage the unfortunate child derived from this strange visit was that the lamp of his dungeon was lighted henceforth at dark4 ,gomin asked this favor on the spot1 and it was granted4 ,the commissioners were continually changed--a circumstance which proved a frequent cause of suffering and annoyance to the captive1 who was the victim of their respective tempers1 often fierce and cruel as those of his jailers of the earlier days4 ,these accumulated miseries were finally wearing out his little remnant of strength4 ,the malady which for some time past gave serious alarm to his two kind-hearted friends1 ,laurent and ,gomin1 increased with sudden rapidity1 and in the month of ,february1 #agie1 assumed a threatening character4 ,he could hardly move from extreme weakness1 and had lost all desire to do so4 ,when he went for his airing1 ,laurent or ,gomin had to carry him in their arms4 ,he let them do so reluctantly2 but he was now too apathetic to resist anything4 ,the surgeon of the prison was called in1 and certified that 8the little ,capet had tumors on all his joints1 especially his knees2 that it was impossible to extract a word from him2 that he never would rise from his chair or his bed1 and refused to take any kind of exercise40 ,this report brought a deputation of members of the ,sret ,gnrale1 who were so horrified at the state of things they found that they drew up the following appeal to their colleagues3 8,for the honor of the nation1 who knew nothing of these horrors2 for that of the ,convention1 which was1 in truth1 also ignorant of them2 and even for that of the guilty municipality of ,paris itself1 who knew all and was the cause of all these cruelties1 we should make no public report1 but only state the result in a secret meeting of the committee40 ,this confession is revolting enough2 but it might find some shadow of excuse1 if1 after hiding the cruelties for the sake of shielding the wretches who had sanctioned them1 these deputies had taken steps to repair the wrong-doing1 and to alleviate the position of the victim2 but1 as far as the evidence goes1 nothing of the sort was done4 ,the tomb-like solitude to which the young prince had so long been subjected1 added to the chronic terror in which he had lived from the time of his coming under ,simon's tutelage1 had induced him to maintain an obstinate1 unbroken silence4 ,he could not be persuaded to answer a question1 to utter a word4 ,yet it was evident enough that this did not proceed from stupidity or insensibility1 but that his faculties still retained much of their native vivacity and sensitiveness4 ,gomin was so timid by nature that1 in spite of his affection for his little charge1 he seldom ventured on any outward expression of sympathy1 afraid he should be detected and made1 like so many others1 to pay the penalty of it4 ,one day1 however1 that he chanced to be left quite alone with him1 he felt safe to let his heart speak1 and showed great tenderness to the child2 the boy fixed a long1 wistful look on his face1 and then rose and advanced timidly to the door1 his eyes still fastened on ,gomin with an expression of entreaty too significant to be misunderstood4 8,no1 no10 said ,gomin1 shaking his head reluctantly2 8you know that cannot be40 8,oh6 ,i must see her10 cried the poor child4 8,oh6 pray1 pray let me see her just once before ,i die60 ,gomin made no answer but by his look of pity and regret1 and1 going up to the child1 led him gently from the door4 ,the young prince threw himself on the bed with a gesture of despair1 and remained there1 senseless and motionless1 so long that his guardian at one moment1 as he confessed afterwards1 feared he was dead4 ,poor child6 ,the longing to see his mother had of late taken the shape of a hope1 and he had been busy in his mind as to how it could possibly be realized2 this had been an opportunity1 he thought1 and the disappointment overwhelmed him4 ,gomin said that1 for his part1 the sight of the boy's grief nearly broke his heart4 ,the incident1 he believed1 hastened the crisis1 that was now steadily advancing4 ,a few days after this occurrence a new commissary came to inspect the prisoner1 and1 after eyeing him curiously1 as if he had been a strange variety of animal1 he said out loud to ,laurent and ,gomin1 who were standing by1 8,that child has not six weeks to live60 ,fearing the shock these words might cause the subject of them1 the guardians ventured to say something to modify their meaning2 the commissary turned on them1 and with a savage oath repeated1 8,i tell you1 citizens1 in six weeks he will be an idiot1 if he is not dead60 ,when he left the room1 the young prince gazed after him with a mournful smile4 ,the sentence1 brutally delivered as it was1 had no fears for him2 presently a few teardrops stole down his cheeks1 and he murmured1 as if speaking to himself1 8,and yet ,i never did any harm to anybody40 ,a new affliction now awaited him4 ,the kind and faithful ,laurent left him4 ,his post in the ,tower1 repulsive from the first1 had become utterly insupportable to him of late1 and on the death of his mother he applied to be liberated from it4 ,when he came to bid farewell to the unhappy child1 whose lot he had endeavored to soften as far as his power admitted1 the prince squeezed his hand affectionately1 looked his regret at him1 but uttered no word4 ,laurent was replaced by a man named ,lasne1 formerly a soldier in the old ,gardes ,franaises1 now a house-painter4 ,for the first few weeks after his arrival the young prince was mute to him1 as he had been to his predecessor1 until the latter's persevering kindness had disarmed timidity and mistrust4 ,a trifle at last broke the ice4 ,lasne was in the habit of talking to his little charge1 making kindly remarks1 or telling stories that he thought might amuse him1 never waiting for any sign of response4 ,one day he happened to tell him of something that occurred when he1 ,lasne1 had been in the old guard1 and1 being on guard at the ,tuileries1 had seen the ,dauphin reviewing a regiment of children which had been formed for his amusement1 and of which he was colonel4 ,the boy's countenance beamed with a sudden ray of surprise and pleasure1 and he exclaimed in a whisper1 as if afraid of being overheard1 8,and didst thou see me with my sword80 ,lasne answered that he had1 and from this forth they were fast friends4 ,bolder1 though scarcely more sympathizing1 than either ,laurent or ,gomin1 ,lasne determined to apply at headquarters for some decisive change in the prince's treatment4 ,he induced his colleague to join him in signing a report to the effect that 8the little ,capet was indisposed40 ,this was inscribed on the ,temple register2 but no notice was taken1 and in a few days they both again protested in stronger terms3 8,the little ,capet is seriously indisposed40 ,no notice being taken of this1 the brave men wrote a third time3 8,the life of little ,capet is in danger60 ,this finally brought a response4 ,m4 ,desault1 one of the first physicians in ,paris1 was sent to visit the young prince4 ,he had come too late1 however2 the malady which had carried off the elder ,dauphin had taken too deep a hold on the child's life to be now arrested or overcome4 ,nothing could induce the prince to answer a question or speak a word to the doctor or in his presence2 and it was only after great difficulty1 and at the earnest entreaties of his two guardians1 that he consented to swallow the medicines prescribed4 ,by degrees1 however1 as it always happened1 the persistent kindness and sympathizing looks and words of ,m4 ,desault conquered his suspicions or timidity2 and though he never plucked up courage to speak to him1 the municipals being always present1 he would take hold of the doctor's coat1 and thus express a desire for him to prolong his visit4 ,this lasted three weeks4 ,among the commissaries there was a ,m4 ,bellenger1 an artist1 who was deeply touched by the pitiable condition of the child1 and one day1 thinking to give him a moment's diversion1 he brought a portfolio of drawings1 and showed them to him while waiting in his room for ,m4 ,desault to come4 ,the novel amusement seemed to interest him very little4 ,he looked on listlessly1 as ,m4 ,bellenger turned over the sketches for his inspection2 then1 as the doctor did not appear1 the artist said1 8,sir1 there is another sketch that ,i should have much pleasure in carrying away with me1 if it were not disagreeable to you40 ,the deferential manner1 coupled with the title 8monsieur10 so long a foreign sound to the captive's ear1 startled and moved him4 8,what sketch80 he said1 for the first time breaking silence4 8,your features1 if it were not disagreeable to you1 it would give me great pleasure40 8,would it80 said the child and he smilingly acquiesced4 ,m4 ,bellenger completed his sketch1 and still no doctor appeared2 he took leave of the prince1 saying he would come at the same hour the following day4 ,he did so2 but ,m4 ,desault was again unpunctual4 ,the time for his visit elapsed1 and he neither came nor sent a message4 ,the commissary suggested that some one should be despatched to inquire the reason of his absence2 but even so simple a step as this ,lasne and ,gomin dared not venture on without direct orders4 ,they were discussing what had best be done1 when a new commissary arrived and satisfied all inquiries3 8,there is no need to send after ,m4 ,desault2 he died yesterday40 ,this sudden death was the signal for the wildest conjectures4 ,it was rumored that the physician had been bribed to poison the prince1 and then in remorse had poisoned himself4 ,in times like those such a report was eagerly accepted1 fed as it was by the mystery which surrounded the inmate of the ,tower1 and the vague stories afloat concerning the character of the ill-omened dungeon and the people who now ruled there4 ,but there was no foundation for the story in actual facts4 ,m4 ,desault was a man of unimpeachable integrity1 whose entire life gave the lie to so odious a suspicion4 8,the only poison which shortened my brother's life10 says ,mme4 ,royale1 8was filth1 made more fatal by cruelty40 ,the death of the kind and clever physician1 from whatever cause it arose1 was a serious loss to the forsaken sufferer in the ,temple4 ,he remained for several days without medical care of any sort1 until1 on the #eth of ,june1 ,m4 ,pelletan1 surgeon of one of the large hospitals1 was named to attend him4 ,it would seem as if the race of tigers was dying out1 except in the ranks of the patriot municipals2 for all who by accident approached the poor child in these last days were filled at once with melting pity1 and found courage to give utterance to this feeling aloud4 ,m4 ,pelletan remonstrated with the utmost indignation on the darkness and closeness of the room where his patient was lodged1 and on the amount of bolting and barring that went on every time the door was opened or shut1 the violent crash being injuriously agitating to the child4 ,the guardians were willing enough to do away with the whole thing1 but the municipals observed that there was no authority for removing the bars or otherwise altering the arrangements complained of4 8,if you can't open the window and remove these irons1 you cannot at least object to remove him to another room10 said the doctor1 speaking in a loud and vehement tone1 as he surveyed the horrible precincts4 ,the prince started1 and1 beckoning to this bold1 unknown friend1 forgot his self-imposed dumbness1 and whispered1 drawing ,m4 ,pelletan down to him3 8,hush6 ,if you speak so loud1 they will hear you2 and ,i don't want them to know ,i am so ill2 they would be frightened40 ,he was alluding to the queen and ,mme4 ,elizabeth1 whom he believed still living in the story above4 ,every one present was moved by the tender thoughtfulness the words betrayed1 and the commissary1 carried away by sympathy for the unconscious little orphan1 exclaimed3 8,i take it upon myself to authorize the removal1 in compliance with ,citizen ,pelletan's instruction40 ,gomin1 nothing loath1 immediately lifted the patient in his arms1 and carried him off to a bright room in the little tower1 which had been formerly the drawing-room of the keeper of the archives1 and was now hurriedly prepared for the accommodation of this new inmate4 ,his eyes had been so long accustomed to the gloom that they were painfully dazzled by the sudden change into the full sunshine4 ,he hid his face on ,gomin's shoulder for a while1 but by degrees he became able to bear the light1 and drew long breaths1 opening out his little hands as if to embrace the blessed sunshine1 and then turned a look of ineffable happiness and thanks on ,gomin1 who still held him in his arms at the open window4 ,when eight o'clock came1 he was once more locked up alone4 ,next day ,m4 ,pelletan came early to see him2 he found him lying on his bed1 and basking placidly in the sunny freshness of the ,june air that was streaming in upon him4 8,do you like your new room80 inquired the doctor4 ,the child drew a long breath4 8,oh6 yes10 he said1 with a smile that went to every heart4 ,but even at this happy crisis the sting of the old serpent woke up1 as if to remind the victim that it was not dead4 ,at dinner-time a new commissary1 a brute of the name of ,hbert1 and full worthy of that abominable name1 burst into the room1 and began to talk in the coarse1 boisterous tones once so familiar to the captive4 8,how now6 ,who gave permission for this8 ,since when have carabins governed the republic8 ,this must be altered6 ,you must have the orders of the ,commune for moving the wolf-cub40 ,the child dropped a cherry that he was putting to his lips1 fell back on his pillow1 and neither spoke nor moved till evening1 when he was locked up for the night1 and left to brood alone over the terrible prospect which ,hbert's threats had conjured up4 ,m4 ,pelletan found him so much worse next day that he wrote to the ,sret ,gnrale for another medical opinion2 and ,m4 ,dumangier was ordered to attend4 ,before they arrived the prince had a fainting fit1 which lasted so long that it terrified his guardians4 ,he had1 however1 quite recovered from it when the physicians came4 ,they held a consultation2 but it was a mere form4 ,death was written on every lineament of the wasted body4 ,all that science could do was to alleviate the last days of the fast-flitting life4 ,the two medical men expressed surprise and anger at the solitude to which the dying child was still subjected at night1 and insisted on a nurse being immediately provided4 ,it was not worth the 8nation's0 while to refuse anything now4 ,the order for procuring the nurse was at once given2 but that night the old rule prevailed1 and the patient was again locked up alone4 ,he felt it acutely2 the merciful change that had been effected in so many ways had revived his hopes--the one hope to which his young heart had been clinging in silence1 fondly and perseveringly4 ,when ,gomin said good-night to him1 he murmured1 while the big tears ran down his face1 8,still alone1 and my mother in the other tower60 ,he was not to be kept apart from her much longer4 ,when ,lasne came next morning1 he thought him rather better4 ,the doctors1 however1 were of a different opinion2 they found him sinking rapidly1 and despatched a bulletin to the ,commune to this effect4 ,at #aa in the forenoon ,gomin came to relieve ,lasne by the bedside of the captive4 ,they remained a long time silent2 there was something solemn in the stillness which ,gomin did not like to break1 and the child never was the first to speak4 ,at last ,gomin1 bending tenderly towards him1 expressed his sorrow at seeing him so weak and exhausted4 8,oh6 be comforted10 replied the prince in a whisper2 8,i shall not suffer long now40 ,gomin could not control his emotion1 but dropt on his knees by the bedside1 and wept silently2 the child took his hand and pressed it to his lips1 while ,gomin prayed4 ,this was the only ministry the son of ,s4 ,louis was to have on his deathbed--the tears of a turnkey1 the prayers of a poor1 ignorant son of toil2 but angels were there to supplement the unconsecrated priesthood of charity1 weeping in gentle pity for the sufferings that were soon to cease4 ,bright spirits were hovering round the prisoner's couch1 tuning their harps for his ears alone4 ,gomin raising his head from its bowed attitude1 beheld the prince so still and motionless that he was alarmed lest another fainting fit had come on4 8,are you in pain80 he asked timidly4 8,oh6 yes1 still in pain1 but less2 the music is so beautiful60 ,gomin thought he must be dreaming4 ,there was no music anywhere2 not a sound was audible in the room4 8,where do you hear the music80 he asked4 8,up there10 with a glance at the ceiling4 8,since when80 8,since you went on your knees4 ,don't you hear it8 ,listen60 ,and he lifted his hand1 and his large eyes opened wide1 as if he were in an ecstasy4 ,gomin remained silent1 in a kind of awe4 ,suddenly the child started up with a convulsive cry of joy1 and exclaimed1 8,i hear my mother's voice amongst them60 ,he was looking towards the window1 his lips parted1 his whole face alight with a wild joy and curiosity4 ,gomin called to him1 twice1 three times1 asking him to say what he saw4 ,he did not hear him2 he made no answer1 but fell back slowly on his pillow1 and remained motionless4 ,he did not speak again until ,lasne came to relieve ,gomin4 ,then1 after a long interval of silence1 he made a sign as if he wanted something4 ,lasne asked him what it was4 8,do you think my sister could hear the music80 he said4 8,how she would like it60 ,he turned his head with a start towards the window again1 his eyes opening with the same expression of joyous surprise1 and uttered a half-inarticulate exclamation2 then looking at ,lasne1 he whispered3 8,listen6 ,i have something to tell you60 ,lasne took his hand1 and bent down to hear4 ,but no words came--would never more come from the child's still parted lips4 ,he was dead4 ,so ended the tragedy of the ,temple4 ,there is nothing more to tell4 ,why should we follow the ghastly story of the stolen heart1 deposited in the 8vase with seventeen stars10 then surreptitiously abstracted by the physician's pupil1 until all faith in the authenticity of the alleged relic evaporates8 ,neither is it profitable to discuss the controversy which arose over the resting-place of the martyred child2 for even in his grave he was pursued by malignant disputations4 ,enough for us to hear and to believe that the son of the kings of ,france was accompanied to the grave by a few humane municipals and by his faithful friend ,lasne2 and that his dust still reposes in an obscure spot of the ,cemetery of ,s4 ,margaret1 in the ,faubourg ,st4 ,antoine1 undisturbed and undistinguished under its grassy mound beneath the shadow of the church close by4 ,,substantial ,,generations4 ,,ii4 ,it is customary with most of the peripatetic writers to assume that the ,aristotelic hypothesis of substantial generations1 as understood by ,s4 ,thomas and by his school1 cannot be rejected without upsetting the whole scholastic philosophy4 ,nothing is more false4 ,suarez1 than whom no modern writer has labored more successfully in defending and developing the scholastic philosophy1 rejects the fundamental principle of the ,aristotelic theory1 and maintains that no generation of new compound substances is possible1 unless the matter which is destined to receive a new form possess an entity of its own1 and be intrinsically constituted of act and potency1 contrary to the universal opinion of the peripatetic school4 8,the first matter10 says he1 8has of itself1 and not through its form1 its actual entity of essence1 though it has it not without an intrinsic leaning towards the form40#eh ,and again3 8,the first matter has also of itself and by itself its actual entity of existence distinct from the existence of the form1 though it has it not independently of the form40#ei ,that these two propositions clash with the ,aristotelic and ,thomistic doctrine we need not prove1 as we have already shown that neither ,s4 ,thomas nor ,aristotle admitted in their first matter anything but the mere potency of being2 and although ,aristotle sometimes calls the first matter 8a substance0 and 8a subject10 he expressly warns us that such a substance is in potency1 and such a subject is destitute of all intrinsic act4#fj ,hence it is plain that the first matter of ,suarez is not the first matter of the peripatetics2 whence it follows that the form which is received in such a matter is not a strictly substantial form1 since it cannot give the first being to a matter having a first initial being of its own4 ,hence the ,suarezian theory1 though full of peripatetic spirit1 and formulated in the common language of the peripatetic school1 is radically opposed to the rigid peripatetic doctrine1 and destroys its foundation4 8,if the first matter10 says ,s4 ,thomas1 8had any form of its own1 it would be something in act2 and consequently such a matter would not1 at the supervening of any other form1 acquire its first being1 but it would only become such or such a being2 and thus there would be no true substantial generation1 but mere alteration4 ,hence all those who assumed that the first subject of generation is some kind of body1 as air or water1 taught that generation is nothing but alteration40#fa ,this remark of the holy doctor may be well applied to the ,suarezian theory2 for in such a theory the first matter is 8something in act0 and has 8a form of its own40 ,and1 therefore1 whoever adopts the ,suarezian theory must give up all idea of truly substantial generations4 ,yet no one who has a grain of judgment will pretend that ,suarez1 by framing his new theory1 upset the scholastic philosophy4 ,the truth is that1 as there are two definitions of the substantial form 7qu dat primum esse materi3 qu dat primum esse rei71 so also there are two manners of understanding the so-called 8substantial0 generation2 and1 whilst ,aristotle and his followers assumed without any good proof#fb that the specific form of a generated compound gives the first being to the matter of the compound1 and is1 therefore1 a strictly substantial form1 the modern school demonstrates from the principles of the scholastic philosophy1 no less than from positive science1 that the specific form of a physical compound does not give the first being to the matter of the compound1 but only to the compound nature itself2 and1 therefore1 is to be called an essential rather than a truly and strictly substantial form4#fc ,the primitive material substance1 which is constituted of matter and substantial form1 cannot but be physically simple--that is1 free from all composition of parts--though it is metaphysically compounded1 or 7as we would prefer to say7 constituted of act and potency4 ,this being the case1 it evidently follows that all substance physically compounded must involve in its essential constitution something else besides the matter and the substantial form2 for it must contain in itself both that which gives the first being to the physical components1 and that which gives the first being to the resulting physical compound4 ,hence in all substance which is physically compounded of material parts there are always two kinds of formal constituents4 ,the first kind belongs to the components1 the second to the compound4 ,the first consists of the substantial forms by which the components are constituted in their substantial being2 which forms must actually remain in the compound2 for the substantial being of the components is the material cause of the physical compound1 and is the sole reason why the physical compound receives the name of substance4 ,the second is the principle by which the first components1 or elements1 are formed into a compound specific nature4 ,in other terms1 the specific compound is 8a substance10 because it is made up of substances1 or primitive elements1 constituted of matter and substantial form2 whilst the same specific compound is 8a compound0 and is 8of such a specific nature10 owing to the composition1 and to such a composition1 of the primitive elements4 ,this composition is the essential form of the material compound4 ,we may here remark that the substantial forms of the component elements1 taken together1 constitute what may be called the remote formal principle of the compound essence 7principium formale quod1 seu remotum71 whilst the specific composition constitutes the proximate formal principle of the same compound essence 7principium formale quo1 seu proximum74 ,for1 as each primitive element is immediately constituted by its substantial form1 so is the physically compound essence immediately constituted by its specific composition4 ,it is hardly necessary to add that the matter which is the subject of the specific composition is not the first matter of ,aristotle1 but a number of primitive substances1 and that these substances are endowed with real activity no less than with real passivity1 and therefore contain in themselves such powers as are calculated to bind together the parts of the compound system1 in this or in that manner1 according to the geometric disposition and the respective distances of the same4 ,for1 as the power of matter is limited to local action1 it is the local disposition and co-ordination of the primitive elements that determines the mode of exertion of the elementary powers1 inasmuch as it determines the special conditions under which the ,newtonian law has to be carried into execution4 ,on such a determination the specific composition and the specific properties of the compound nature proximately depend4 ,the composition of matter with matter is confessedly an accidental entity1 and arises from accidental action4 ,it would1 however1 be a manifest error to pretend that such a composition is an accidental form of the compound nature4 ,for nothing is accidental to a subject but what supervenes to it2 whereas the composition does not supervene to the compound1 but enters into its very constitution4 ,on the other hand1 the composition does not deserve the name of substantial form in the strict sense of the word1 since it does not give the first being to the matter it compounds4 ,we might1 indeed1 call it a substantial form in a wider sense2 for in the same manner as a compound of many substances is called 8a substance10 so can the form of the substantial compound be called 8substantial40 ,but to avoid the danger of equivocation1 we shall not use this epithet2 and we prefer to say that the specific composition is the natural or the essential form of the material compound1 so far at least as there is question of compounds purely material4 ,this essential or natural form may be properly defined as the act by which a number of physical parts or terms are formed into one compound essence1 or1 more concisely1 the act which gives the first being to the specific compound2 which latter definition is admitted by the schoolmen1 though1 as interpreted by them1 it leads to no satisfactory results1 as we shall see presently4 ,the first physical compound which possesses a permanent specific constitution is called 8a molecule40 ,those physicists who assume matter to be intrinsically extended and continuous1 by the name of molecule understand a little mass filling the space occupied by its volume1 hard1 indivisible1 and unchangeable1 to which they also give the name of 8atom40 ,but this opinion1 which is a relic of the ancient physical theories1 is fast losing ground among the men of science1 owing to the fact that molecules are subject to internal movements1 and therefore composed of discrete parts4 ,such discrete parts must be simple and unextended elements1 as we have demonstrated4 ,hence a molecule is nothing but a number of simple elements 7some attractive and some repulsive7 permanently connected by mutual action in one dynamical system4 ,we say permanently connected2 because no system of elements which lacks stability can constitute permanent substances1 such as we meet everywhere in nature4 ,yet the stability of the molecular system is not an absolute1 but only a relative1 unchangeableness2 for1 although the bond which unites the parts of the molecular system must 7at least in the case of primitive molecules7 remain always the same in kind1 it can 7even in the case of primitive molecules7 become different in degree within the limits of its own kind4 ,and thus any molecule can be altered by heat1 by cold1 by pressure1 etc41 without its specific constitution being impaired4 ,a molecule of hydrogen is specifically the same at two different temperatures1 because the change of temperature merely modifies the bond of the constituent elements1 without destroying it or making it specifically different2 and the same is true of all other natural substances4 ,the material constituent of a molecular system is1 as we have said1 a number of primitive elements4 ,these elements may be more or less numerous1 and possess greater or less power1 either attractive or repulsive2 on condition1 however1 that attraction shall prevail in the system2 for without the prevalence of attraction no permanent composition is possible4 ,the formal constituent of a molecular system1 or that which causes the said primitive elements to be a molecule1 is the determination by which the elements are bound with one another in a definite manner1 and subjected to a definite law of motion with respect to one another4 ,such a determination is in each of the component elements the resultant of the actions of all the others4 ,the matter of the molecular system is disposed to receive such a determination1 or natural form1 by the relative disposition of the elements involved in the system4 ,such a disposition is local2 for the resultant of the actions by which the elements are bound with one another depends on their relative distances as a condition4 ,the efficient cause of the molecular system are the elements themselves2 for it is by the exertion of their respective powers that they unite in one permanent system when placed under suitable mechanical conditions4 ,the original conditions under which the molecules of the primitive compound substances were formed must be traced to the sole will of the ,creator1 who from the beginning disposed all things in accordance with the ends to be obtained through them in the course of all centuries4 ,molecules may differ from one another1 both as to their matter and as to their form4 ,they differ in matter when they consist of a different number of primitive elements1 or of elements possessing different degrees of active power or of a different proportion of attractive and repulsive elements4 ,they differ as to their form1 when their constitution subjects them to different mechanical laws2 for as the law of movement and of mutual action which prevails within a molecule is a formal result of its molecular constitution1 we can always ascertain the difference of the constitution by the difference of the law4 ,it is well known that the law according to which a system of material points acts and moves can be expressed or represented by a certain number of mathematical formulas4 ,the equations by which the mutual dynamical relations of the elements in a molecular system should be represented are of three classes4 ,some should represent the mutual actions to which such elements are subjected at any given moment of time2 and these equations would contain differentials of the second order4 ,other equations should represent the velocities with which such elements move at any instant of time2 and these equations would contain differentials of the first order4 ,other equations1 in fine1 should determine the place occupied by each of such elements at any given moment1 and consequently the figure of the molecular system2 and these last equations would be free from differential terms4 ,the equations exhibiting the mutual actions must be obtained from the consideration of positive data1 like all other equations expressing the conditions of a given problem4 ,the equations exhibiting the velocities of the vibrating elements can be obtained by the integration of the preceding ones4 ,the equations determining the relative position of the elements at any moment of time will arise from the integration of those which express the velocities of the vibrating points4 ,had we sufficient data concerning the internal actions of a molecule1 and sufficient mathematical skill to carry out all the operations required1 we would be able to determine with mathematical accuracy the whole constitution of such a molecule1 and all the properties flowing from such a constitution4 ,this1 unfortunately1 we cannot do as yet with regard to the molecule of any natural substance in particular2 and1 therefore1 we must content ourselves with the general principle that those molecular systems are of the same kind whose constitution can be exhibited by mathematical formulas of the same form1 and those molecules are of a different kind whose constitution is represented by mathematical formulas of a different form4 ,this principle is self-evident2 for the formulas by which the mechanical relations of the elements are determined cannot be of the same form1 unless the conditions which they express are of the same nature2 whereas it is no less evident that two molecular systems cannot be of the same kind when their mechanical constitution implies conditions of a different nature4 ,two molecules of the same kind may differ accidentally--that is1 as to their mode of being--without any essential change in their specific constitution4 ,thus1 two molecules of hydrogen may be under different pressure1 or at a different temperature1 without any specific change4 ,in this case1 the mechanical relations between the elements of the molecule undergo an accidental change1 and the equations by which such relations are expressed are also accidentally modified1 inasmuch as some of the quantities involved in them acquire a different value2 but the form of the equations1 which is the exponent of the specific nature of the substance1 remains unchanged4 ,from these remarks four conclusions can be drawn4 ,the first is that molecules consisting of a different number of constituent elements always differ in kind4 ,for it is impossible for such molecules to be represented by equations of the same form4 ,the second is that a molecule is one owing to the oneness of the common tie between its constituent elements1 and to their common and stable dependence on one mechanical law4 ,hence a molecule is not one substance1 but one compound nature involving a number of substances conspiring to form a permanent principle of actions and passions of a certain kind4 ,in other terms1 a molecule is not unum substantiale1 but unum essentiale or unum naturale4 ,the third is that the specific form of a molecule admits of different degrees within the limits of its species4 ,this conclusion was quite unknown to the followers of ,aristotle2 and ,s4 ,thomas reprehends ,averros for having said that the forms of the elements 7fire1 water1 air1 and earth7 could pass through different degrees of perfection1 whilst ,aristotle teaches that they are in indivisibili1 and that every change in the form changes the specific essence4#fd ,yet it is evident that as there can be circles1 ellipses1 and other curves having a different degree of curvature1 while preserving the same specific form1 so also can molecules admit of a different degree of closeness in their constitution without trespassing on the limits of their species4 ,so long as the changes made in a molecule do not interfere with the conditions on which the form of its equations depends1 so long the specific constitution of the molecule remains unimpaired4 ,mathematical formulas are only artificial abridgments of metaphysical expressions2 and their accidental changes express but the accidental changes of the thing which they represent4 ,on the other hand1 it is well known that the equations by which the specific constitution of a compound system is determined can preserve the same form1 while some of the quantities they contain receive an increase or a decrease connected with a change of merely accidental conditions4 ,the fourth conclusion is that a number of primitive molecules of different kinds may combine together in such a manner as to impair more or less their own individuality by fixing themselves in a new molecular system of greater complexity4 ,likewise1 a molecular system of greater complexity is susceptible of resolution into less complex systems4 ,these combinations and resolutions are the proper object of chemistry1 which is the science of the laws1 principles1 and conditions of the specific changes of natural substances1 and to which metaphysicians must humbly refer when treating of substantial generation1 if they wish to reason on the solid ground of facts4 ,we have thus briefly stated what we hold to be the true scientific and philosophic view of the constitution of natural substances2 and as we have carefully avoided all gratuitous assumptions1 we feel confident that our readers need no further arguments to be convinced of its value as compared with the hypothetical views of the old physicists4 ,as1 however1 the conclusions of the peripatetic school concerning the constitution and generation of natural substances have still some ardent supporters1 who think that the strictly substantial generations and corruptions are demonstrated by unanswerable arguments1 we have yet to show that such pretended arguments consist of mere assumption and equivocation4 ,the first argument in favor of the old theory may be presented under the following form3 8,every natural substance is unum per se--that is1 substantially one4 ,therefore no natural substance implies more than one substantial form40 ,the antecedent is assumed as evident1 and the consequent is proved by the principle that 8from two beings in act it is impossible to obtain a being substantially one40 ,hence it is concluded that all natural substances1 as water1 flesh1 iron1 etc41 have a substantial form which gives to the first matter the being of water1 of flesh1 of iron1 etc4 ,this argument1 instead of proving the truth of the theory1 proves its weakness2 for it consists of a petitio principii4 ,what right has the peripatetic school to assume that every natural substance is unum per se substantially8 ,a substance physically simple is1 of course1 unum per se substantially2 but water1 flesh1 iron1 and the other natural substances are not physically simple1 since they imply quantity of mass and quantity of volume1 which presuppose a number of material terms actually distinct1 and therefore possessing their distinct substantial forms4 ,no compound substance can be unum per se as a substance2 it can be unum per se only as a compound essence2 and for this reason every natural substance contains as many substantial forms as it contains primitive elements1 whereas it has only one essential form1 which gives the first being to its compound nature4 ,this one essential form is1 as we have explained1 the specific composition of its constituent elements4 ,the principle 8,from two beings in act it is impossible to obtain a being substantially one0 is perfectly true2 but it will be false if1 instead of 8substantially10 we put 8essentially02 for all essences physically compounded result from the union of a certain number of actual beings1 and yet every compound essence is unum per se essentially1 though not substantially4 ,for1 as unum per accidens is that which has something superadded to its essential principles1 so unum per se is that which includes nothing in itself but its essential principles2 and consequently every essence1 as such1 is unum per se1 whether it be physically simple or not--that is1 whether it be one substance or a number of substances conspiring into a specific compound4 ,hence flesh1 water1 iron1 and every other natural substance may be1 and are1 unum per se1 notwithstanding the fact that they consist of a number of primitive elements and contain as many substantial forms as components4 ,it is therefore manifest that this first argument has no strength4 ,no ancient or modern philosopher has ever proved that any natural substance is substantially one4 ,to prove such an assertion it would be necessary to show that the physical compound is physically simple2 which1 we trust1 no one will attempt to show4 ,even ,liberatore1 whose efforts to revive among us the peripatetic theory have been so remarkable1 seems to have felt the utter impossibility of substantiating such an arbitrary supposition by anything like a proof1 as he lays it down without even pretending to investigate its value4 8,true bodies10 says he--8that is1 bodies which are substances1 and not mere aggregates of substances--are essentially constituted of matter and substantial form40#fe ,indeed1 if a body is not an aggregate of substances1 it must be evident to every one that the essence of that body is exclusively constituted of matter and substantial form4 ,but where is a body to be found which is not an aggregate of substances--that is1 of primitive elements8 ,the learned author omits to examine this essential point1 clearly because there are neither facts in science nor arguments in philosophy by which it can be settled favorably to the peripatetic view4 ,thus the whole theory of substantial generations1 understood in the peripatetic sense1 rests on a mere assumption contradicted1 as we know1 by natural science no less than by metaphysical reasoning4 ,the second argument of the peripatetic school is as follows3 ,when the matter has its first being1 all form supervening to it is accidental2 for the matter which has its first being cannot receive but a being secundum quid--that is1 a mode of being which is an accident4 ,but the natural substance cannot be constituted by an accidental form4 ,therefore the form of the natural substance does not supervene to any matter having its first being1 but itself gives the first being to its matter1 and therefore is a strictly substantial form4 ,our answer is very plain4 ,we admit that1 when the matter has its first being1 all supervening form is accidental to it2 and we admit1 also1 that the composition of matter with matter is an accidental entity1 and gives to the matter an accidental mode of being4 ,this1 however1 does not mean that the specific composition is an accidental form of the compound nature4 ,composition1 as compared with substance1 is an accident2 but1 as compared with the essence of the compound1 is an essential constituent1 as we have already remarked2 for it is of the essence of all physical compounds to have a number of substances as their matter1 and a specific composition as their form4 ,in other terms1 the essence of a physical compound involves substance and accident alike2 but what is an accident of the component substances is not an accident of the compound essence4 ,hence the proposition1 8,the natural substance cannot be constituted by an accidental form10 must be distinguished4 ,if 8natural substance0 stands for the primitive substances that constitute the matter of the compound nature1 the proposition is true2 for all such substances have their strictly substantial forms1 as is obvious4 ,if 8natural substance0 stands for the compound nature itself1 inasmuch as it is a compound of a certain species1 then the proposition must be subdistinguished4 ,for1 if by 8accidental form0 we understand an accident of the component substances1 the proposition will be false2 for1 evidently1 the compound nature is constituted by composition1 and composition is an accident of the components4 ,whilst1 if the words 8accidental form0 are meant to express an accident of the compound nature1 then the proposition is true again2 for the composition is not an accidental1 but an essential1 constituent of the compound1 as every one must concede4 ,yet 8essential0 is not to be confounded with 8substantial02 and therefore1 though all natural substances must have their essential form1 it does not follow that such a form gives the first being to the matter1 but only that it gives the first being to the specific compound inasmuch as it is such a compound4 ,had the peripatetics kept in view1 when treating of natural substances1 the necessary distinction between the essential and the strictly substantial forms1 they would possibly have concluded1 with the learned ,card4 ,tolomei1 that their theory was 8a groundless assumption10 and their arguments a 8begging the question40 ,but1 unfortunately1 ,aristotle's authority1 before the discoveries of modern science1 had such a weight with our forefathers that they scarcely dared to question what they believed to be the cardinal point of his philosophy4 ,but let us go on4 ,a third argument in favor of the old theory is drawn from the constitution of man4 ,in man the soul is a substantial form1 the root of all his properties1 and the constituent of the human substance4 ,hence all other natural substances1 it is argued1 must have in a similar manner some substantial principle containing the formal reason of their constitution1 of their natural properties1 and of their operations4 8,the fact that man is composed of matter and of substantial form shows10 says ,suarez1 8that in natural things there is a substantial subject naturally susceptible of being informed by a substantial act4 ,such a subject 7the matter7 is therefore an imperfect and incomplete substance1 and requires to be constantly under some substantial act40#ff ,whence it follows that all natural substance consists of matter actuated by a substantial form4 ,this argument1 according to ,scotus and his celebrated school1 is based on a false assumption4 ,man is not one substance1 but one nature resulting from the union of two distinct substances1 the spiritual and the material2 and to speak of a human substance as one is nothing less than to beg the whole question4 ,every one must admit that the human soul is the natural form of the animated body1 and that1 inasmuch as it is a substance and not an accident1 the same soul may be called a 8substantial0 form2 but1 according to the ,scotistic school1 to which we cannot but adhere on this point1 it is impossible to admit the ,thomistic notion that the soul gives the first being to the matter of the body1 so as to constitute one substance with it2 and accordingly it is impossible to admit that the soul is a strictly 8substantial0 form in the rigid peripatetic sense of the word2 and thus the above argument1 which is based entirely on the unity of human substance1 comes to naught4 ,this is not the place to develop the reasons adduced by the ,scotists and by others against the ,thomistic school1 or to refute the arguments by which the latter have supported their opinion4 ,we will merely remark that1 according to a principle universally received1 by the ,thomists no less than by their opponents 7,actus est qui distinguit71 there can be no distinct substantial terms without distinct substantial acts2 and consequently our body cannot have distinct substantial parts1 unless it has as many distinct substantial acts4 ,and as there is no doubt that there are in our body a great number of distinct substantial parts 7as many1 in fact1 as there are primitive elements of matter71 there is no doubt that there are also a great number of distinct substantial acts4 ,it is not true1 therefore1 that the human body 7or any other body7 is constituted by one 8substantial0 form4 ,the soul is not defined as the first act of matter1 but it is defined as the first act of a physical organic body2 which means that the body must possess its own physical being and its bodily and organic form before it can be informed by a soul4 ,and surely such a body needs not receive from the soul what it already possesses as a condition of its information2 it must therefore receive that alone in regard to which it is still potential2 and this is1 not the first act of being1 but the first act of life4 ,but if the soul were a strictly 8substantial0 form according to the ,thomistic opinion1 it should be the first act of matter as such1 and it would have no need of a previously-formed physical organic body2 for the position of such a form would1 of itself1 entail the existence of its substantial term4 ,we must therefore conclude that the human soul is called a 8substantial0 form1 simply because it is a substance and not an accident1#fg and because1 in the language of the schools1 all the 8essential0 forms have been called 8substantial10 as we have noticed at the beginning of this article4 ,we believe that it is owing to this double meaning of the epithet 8substantial0 that both ,s4 ,thomas and his followers were led to confound the natural and essential with the strictly substantial forms4 ,they reasoned thus3 8,what is not accidental must be substantial02 and they did not reflect that 8what is not accidental may be essential10 without being substantial in the meaning attached by them to the term4 ,but since we cannot here discuss the question concerning the human soul as its importance deserves1 let us admit1 for the sake of the argument1 that the human soul gives the first being to its body1 and is thus a strictly substantial form in the sense intended by our opponents4 ,it still strikes us that no logical mind can from such a particular premise draw such a general conclusion as is drawn in the objected argument4 ,is it lawful to apply to inanimate bodies in the conclusion what in the premises is asserted only of animated beings8 ,or is there any parity between the form of the human nature and that of a piece of chalk8 ,the above-mentioned ,card4 ,tolomei well remarks that 8such a pretended parity is full of disparities1 and that from the human soul1 rational1 spiritual1 subsistent1 and immortal1 we cannot infer the nature of those incomplete1 corruptible1 and corporeal entities which enter into the constitution of purely material things40#fh ,that 8all natural substances must have some substantial principle0 we fully admit4 ,for we have shown that in every natural compound there are just as many substantial forms as there are primitive elements in it1 and therefore there is no doubt that each point of matter receives its first being through a strictly substantial form4 ,but these substantial forms are the forms of the components2 they are not the specific form of the compound4 ,nor do we deny that the properties of the compound must be ultimately traced to some substantial principle2 for we admit the common axiom that 8the first principle of the being is the first principle of its operations02 and thus we attribute the activity of the compound nature to the substantial forms of its components4 ,but we maintain that the same components may constitute different specific compounds having different properties and different operations1 according as they are disposed in different manners and subjected to a different composition4 ,this being evident1 we must be allowed to conclude that the proximate and specific constituent form of a compound inanimate nature is nothing else than its specific composition4 ,our opponents cannot evade this conclusion1 which annihilates the whole peripatetic theory1 unless they show either that there may be a compound without composition1 or that in natural things there is no material composition of substantial parts4 ,the first they cannot prove1 as a compound without composition is a mere contradiction4 ,nor can they prove the second2 for they admit that natural substances are extended1 and it is evident that there can be no material extension without parts outside of parts1 and therefore without material composition4 ,as to the passage of ,suarez objected in the argument1 two simple remarks will suffice4 ,the first is that 8the fact that man is composed of matter and substantial form does not show that in other natural things there is a substantial subject naturally susceptible of being informed by a substantial act02 unless1 indeed1 the epithet 8substantial0 be taken in the sense of 8essential10 as we have above explained4 ,but1 even in this case1 there will always be an immense difference between such essential forms1 because the form of a human body must be a substance1 whilst the form of the purely material compounds can be nothing else than composition4 ,the second remark is that1 as the first matter1 according to ,suarez1 has its own entity of essence and its own entity of existence1 8the substantial subject naturally susceptible of being informed0 has neither need nor capability of receiving its first being2 whence it follows that such a substantial subject is never susceptible of being informed by a truly and strictly substantial form4 ,we know that ,suarez rejects this inference on the ground that the entity of matter1 according to him1 is incomplete1 and requires to be perfected by a substantial form4 ,but the truth is that no strictly substantial form can be conceived to inform a matter which has already an actual entity of its own2 for the substantial form is not simply that which perfects the matter 7for every form perfects the matter71 but it is that which gives to it the first being1 as all philosophers agree4 ,on the other hand1 it might be proved that the matter which is a subject of natural generations is not an incomplete substantial entity1 and that the intrinsic act by which it is constituted1 is not1 as ,suarez pretends1 an act secundum quid1 but an act simpliciter2 it being evident that nothing can be in act secundum quid unless it be already in act simpliciter2 whence it is manifest that the first act of matter cannot be an act secundum quid4 ,it would take too long to discuss here the whole ,suarezian theory4 ,its fundamental points are two3 ,the first1 that the matter which is the subject of natural generations 8has an entity of its own02 the second1 that 8such an entity is substantially incomplete40 ,the first of these two points he establishes against the peripatetics with very good reasons1 drawn from the nature of generation2 but the second he does not succeed in demonstrating1 as he does not1 and cannot1 demonstrate that an act secundum quia precedes the act simpliciter4 ,for this reason we ventured to say in our previous article that the first matter of ,suarez corresponds to our primitive elements1 which1 though unknown to him1 are1 in fact1 the first physical matter of which the natural substances are composed4 ,what we mean is that1 though ,suarez intended to prove something else1 he has only succeeded in proving that the matter of which natural substances are composed is as true and as complete a substance as any primitive substance can be4 ,and we even entertain some suspicion that this great writer would have held a language much more conformable to our modern views1 had he not been afraid of striking too heavy a blow at the peripatetic school1 then so formidable and respected4 ,for why should he call 8substantial0 the forms of compound bodies1 when he knew that the matter of those bodies had already an actual entity of its own8 ,he certainly saw that such forms were by no means the substantial forms of ,s4 ,thomas and of ,aristotle2 but was it prudent to state the fact openly1 and to draw from it such other conclusions as would have proved exceedingly distasteful to the greatest number of his contemporaries8 ,however this may be1 it cannot be denied that the ,suarezian theory1 granting to the matter of the bodies an entity of its own1 leads to the rejection of the truly substantial generations1 and to the final adoption of the doctrine which we are maintaining in accordance with the received principles of modern natural science4 ,but let us proceed4 ,the fourth argument in favor of the old theory is the following3 ,if the components remain actually in the compound1 and do not lose their substantial forms by the accession of a new substantial form1 it follows that no new substance is ever generated2 and thus what we call 8new substances0 will be only 8new accidental aggregates of substances10 and there will be no substantial difference between them4 ,but this cannot be admitted2 for who will admit that bread and flesh are substantially identical8 ,and yet who can deny that from bread flesh can be generated8 ,we concede most explicitly that no new 8substance0 is1 or can be1 ever generated by natural processes4 ,god alone can produce a substance1 and he produces it by creation4 ,to say that natural causes can destroy the substantial forms by which the matter is actuated1 and produce new substantial forms giving a new first being to the matter1 is to endow the natural causes with a power infinitely superior to their nature4 ,the action of a natural cause is the production of an accidental act2 and so long as 8accidental0 does not mean 8substantial10 we contend that no substantial form can originate from any natural agent or concurrence of natural agents4 ,it is therefore evident for us that no 8substance0 can ever arise by natural generation4 ,but1 though this is true1 it is evident also that from pre-existing substances 8a new compound nature0 can be generated by the action of natural causes4 ,these new compound natures are1 indeed1 called 8new substances10 but they are the old substances under a new specific composition2 that is1 they are not new as substances1 though they form a new specific compound4 ,to say that such a compound is 8a merely accidental aggregate of substances0 is no objection4 ,were we to maintain that one single substance is an accidental aggregate of substances1 the objection would be very natural2 but to say1 as we do1 that one compound essence is an aggregate of substances united by accidental actions1 is to say what is evidently true and unobjectionable4 ,yet we must add that the composition of such substances1 accidental though it be to them individually1 is essential to the compound nature2 for this compound nature is a special essence1 endowed with special properties dependent proximately on the special composition1 and only remotely on the substantial forms of the component substances4 ,that there may be 8no substantial difference0 between two natural compounds is quite admissible2 but it does not follow from the argument4 ,it is admissible2 because a different specific composition suffices to cause a different specific compound2 as is the case with gum-arabic and cane-sugar1 which consist of a different combination of the same components4 ,yet it does not follow from the argument2 because the specific composition of different compounds may require1 and usually does require1 a different set of components--that is1 of substances2 which shows that there is also a substantial difference between natural compounds1 although their essential form be not the substantial form of the peripatetics4 ,lastly1 we willingly concede that bread and flesh are not substantially identical2 but we must deny that their substantial difference arises from their having a different substantial form4 ,bread and flesh are different specific compounds2 they differ essentially and substantially1 or formally and materially1 because they involve different substances under a different specific composition4 ,to say that bread and flesh are the same matter under two different substantial forms would be to give the lie to scientific evidence4 ,this we cannot do1 however much we may admire the great men who1 from want of positive knowledge1 thought it the safest course to accept from ,aristotle what seemed to them a sufficient explanation of things4 ,on the other hand1 is it not strange that our opponents1 who admit of no other substantial form in man1 except the soul1 should now mention a substantial form of flesh8 ,to be consistent1 they should equally admit a substantial form of blood1 a substantial form of bone1 etc4 ,perhaps this would help them to understand that the epithet 8substantial10 when applied to characterize the forms of material compounds1 has been a source of innumerable equivocations1 and that the schoolmen would have saved themselves much trouble1 and avoided inextricable difficulties1 if they had made the necessary distinction between substantial and essential forms4 ,the arguments to which we have replied are the main support of the peripatetic doctrine2 we1 at least1 have not succeeded in finding any other argument on the subject which calls for a special refutation4 ,we beg1 therefore1 to conclude that the theory of strictly substantial generations1 as well as that of the constitution of bodies1 as held by the peripatetic school1 rest on no better ground than 8assumption10 or petitio principii1 as ,card4 ,tolomei reluctantly avows4 ,there would yet remain1 as he observes1 the argument from authority2 but when it is known that the great men whose authority is appealed to were absolutely ignorant of the most important facts and laws of molecular science1 and when it is proved that such facts and laws exclude the very possibility of the old theory1#fi we are free to dismiss the argument4 8,were ,s4 ,thomas to come back on earth10 says ,father ,tongiorgi1 8he would be a peripatetic no more40 ,no doubt of it4 ,s4 ,thomas would teach his friends a lesson1 by letting them know that his true followers are not those who shut their eyes to the evidence of facts1 that they may not be disturbed in their peripateticism1 but those who imitate him by endeavoring to utilize1 in the interest of sound philosophy1 the positive knowledge of their own time1 as he did the scanty positive knowledge of his4 ,but we have yet an important point to notice4 ,the ancient theory is wholly grounded on the possibility of the eduction of new substantial forms out of the potency of matter2 hence1 if no truly substantial form can be so educed1 the theory falls to the ground4 ,we have already shown that true substantial forms giving the first being to the matter cannot naturally be educed out of the potency of matter4#gj ,this would suffice to justify us in rejecting the peripatetic theory4 ,but to satisfy our peripatetic friends that we did not come too hastily to such a conclusion1 and to give them an opportunity of examining their own philosophical conscience1 we beg leave to submit to their appreciation the following additional reasons4 ,first1 all philosophers agree that the matter cannot be actuated by a new form1 unless it be actually disposed to receive it4 ,but actual disposition is itself an accidental form2 and all matter that has an accidental form has also a fortiori a substantial form4 ,therefore no matter is actually disposed to receive a new form1 but that which has actually a substantial form4 ,but the matter which has actually a substantial form is not susceptible of a new substantial form2 for the matter which has its first being is not potential with regard to it1 but only with regard to some mode of being4 ,therefore no new form truly and strictly substantial can be bestowed upon existing matter4 ,secondly1 if existing matter is to receive a new substantial form1 its old substantial form must give way and disappear1 as our opponents themselves teach1 by natural corruption4 ,but the form which gives the first being to the matter is not corruptible4 ,therefore no truly substantial form can give way to a new substantial form4 ,the minor of this syllogism is easily proved4 ,for all natural substances consist of simple elements1 of which every one has its first being by a form altogether simple and incorruptible4 ,moreover1 the substantial form of primitive elements is a product of creation1 not of generation2 the term of divine1 not of natural1 action2 it cannot1 therefore1 perish1 except by annihilation4 ,the only form which is liable to corruption is that which links together the elements of the specific compound2 but this is a natural and essential1 not a strictly substantial1 form4 ,thirdly1 the form which gives the first being to the matter is altogether incorruptible1 if the same is not subject to alteration2 for alteration is the way to corruption4 ,but no form giving the first being to the matter is subject to alteration4 ,for1 according to the universal doctrine1 it is the matter1 not the form1 that is in potency to receive the action of natural agents4 ,the form is an active1 not a passive1 principle2 and therefore it is ready to act1 not to be acted on2 which proves that substantial forms are inalterable and incorruptible4 ,we are at a loss to understand how it has been possible for so many illustrious philosophers of the ,aristotelic school not to see the open contradiction between the corruption of strictly substantial forms and their own fundamental axiom3 8,every being acts inasmuch as it is in act1 and suffers inasmuch as it is in potency40 ,if the substantial form is subject to corruption1 surely the substance suffers not only inasmuch as it is in potency1 but also1 and even more1 inasmuch as it is in act4 ,we say 8even more10 because the substance would1 inasmuch as it is in act1 suffer the destruction of its very essence2 whereas1 as it is in potency1 it would not suffer more than an accidental change4 ,it is therefore manifest that the corruption of substantial forms cannot be admitted without denying one of the most certain and universal principles of metaphysics4 ,fourthly1 if the natural agents concerned in the generation of a new being cannot produce anything but accidental determinations1 nor destroy anything but other accidental determinations1 then1 evidently1 the form which is destroyed in the generation of a new thing is an accidental entity1 as also the new form introduced4 ,but the efficient causes of natural generations cannot produce anything but accidental determinations1 and cannot destroy anything but other accidental determinations4 ,therefore in the generation of a new being both the form which is destroyed and the form which replaces it are accidental entities4 ,in this syllogism the major is evident2 and the minor is certain1 both physically and metaphysically4 ,for it is well known that the natural agents concerned in the generation of a new substance have no other power than that of producing local motion2 also1 that the matter acted on has no other passive potency than that of receiving local motion4 ,hence no action of matter upon matter can be admitted but that which tends to give an accidental determination to local movement2 and if any cause be known to exert actions not tending to impart local movement1 we must immediately conclude that such a cause is not a material substance4 ,on the other hand1 all act produced belongs to an order of reality infinitely inferior to that of its efficient principle2 so that1 as ,god cannot efficiently produce another ,god1 so also a contingent substance cannot efficiently produce another contingent substance2 and a substantial form cannot efficiently produce another substantial form2 but as all that ,god efficiently produces is infinitely inferior to him in the order of reality1 so all act produced by a created substance is infinitely inferior to the act which is the principle of its production4#ga ,it is therefore impossible to admit that the act produced1 and the act which is the principle of its production1 belong to the same order of reality2 in other terms1 they cannot be both 8substantial02 but while the act by which the agent acts is substantial1 the act produced is always accidental4 ,and thus it is plain that no natural agent or combination of natural agents can ever produce a truly substantial form4 ,a great deal more might be said on this subject2 but we think that our philosophical readers need no further reasonings of ours to be fully convinced of the inadmissibility of the ,aristotelic hypothesis concerning the constitution and the generation of natural substances4 ,would that the great men who adopted it in past ages had had a knowledge of the workings of nature as extensive as we now possess2 their love of truth would have prompted them to frame a philosophical theory as superior to that of the ,greek philosopher as fact is to assumption4 ,as it is1 we must strive to do within the compass of our means what they would have done much better1 and would do if they were among the living1 with their gigantic powers4 ,we cannot hold in metaphysics what we have to reject in physics4 ,to say that what is true in physics may be false in metaphysics is no less an absurdity than ,luther's proposition1 that 8something may be true in philosophy which is false in theology40 ,,the ,,modern ,,literature ,,of ,,russia4#gb ,the history of ,russia1 during the course of the last twenty years1 has entered upon a new era4 ,it also has had its #aith of ,february1#gc its day of emancipation2 and from the hour when it was permitted to treat of the times anterior to the reign of the ,emperor ,nicholas1 although still maintaining a certain reserve1 it has lost no time in profiting by the benefit of which advantage has been eagerly taken4 ,a multitude of writings1 more or less important1 which have since then been published1 prove that1 in order to become fruitful1 it only needed to be freed from the ligatures of the ancient censure2 and it is wonderful to note the large number of publications with which the history of the last century finds itself enriched in so short a space of time1 besides the documents of every description that were never previously allowed to see the light of day1 but from which the interdict has been removed that for so long had condemned them to the dust and oblivion of locked-up archives4 ,nor has this been all4 ,the riches of this new mine were sufficiently plentiful to supply matter for entire collections4 ,societies were formed for the purpose of arranging and publishing them without delay1 in order to satisfy the legitimate desire of so many to know the past of their country1 not only from official digests1 but from the original sources of information4 ,it will suffice to name the principal collections created under the inspiration of this idea1 such as the ,russian ,archives1 and also the ,x,v,i,i,ith and ,x,i,xth ,centuries1 of ,m4 ,bartenev1 guardian of the ,library of ,tcherkov2 the ,old ,russian ,times 7,russkaa ,starina71 of ,m4 ,semevski2 the ,historical ,society of the ,annalist ,nestor1 formed at ,kiev1 under the presidency of ,m4 ,antonovitch2 the ,collection of the ,historical ,society of ,st4 ,petersburg1 under the exalted patronage of the czarovitch2 without enumerating the periodical publications issued by societies which were already existing1 as at ,moscow and elsewhere4 ,to arrange in some degree of order the rapid notice which is all we must permit ourselves1 and laying aside for the present any consideration of periodical literature1 we will mention1 in the first place1 the works upon ,russian history in general1 ecclesiastical and secular2 then the various memoirs and biographies2 concluding with bibliography1 or the history of literature4 ,i4 ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,russia4--,amongst the works which treat of this subject1 that of ,m4 ,soloviev indisputably occupies the first place4 ,his ,history of ,russia from the ,earliest ,times 7,istoria ,rossiis drevneichikh vremen7 advances with slow but steady pace1 and has at this time reached its twenty-third volume1 embracing the second septennate of the ,empress ,elizabeth1 which concludes with the year #agee--;a year memorable in the annals of ,russian literature1 as witnessing the establishment of the first ,russian university1 namely1 that of ,moscow4 ,it is not surprising that this subject has inspired the author1 who is a professor of the same university1 to write pages full of interest4 ,with regard to what he relates respecting the exceedingly low level of civilization to which the ,russian clergy had at that time sunk1 other authors have made it the subject of special treatises1 and with an amplitude of development which could not have found place in a general history4 ,m4 ,soloviev's method is well known--i4e41 to turn to the advantage of science the original documents1 for the most part inedited1 and frequently difficult of access to the generality of writers4 ,but does he always make an impartial use of them8 ,this is a question4 ,the manner in which he has recounted the law-suit of the ,patriarch ,nicon--to cite this only as an example--does not speak altogether favorably for the historian2 besides1 his history is too voluminous to be accessible to the generality of readers2 and when it will be finished1 who can divine8 ,for this reason a complete history1 in accordance with recent discoveries1 and reduced to two or three volumes1 would meet with a warm welcome4 ,that of ,oustrialov is already out of date2 the little abridgment of ,m4 ,soloviev is too short2 and the work of ,m4 ,bestoujev-,rumine remains at its first volume1 the two which are to follow1 and which have been long promised1 not having yet appeared4 ,m4 ,kostomarov1 who has just celebrated the #beth year of his literary career1 is also publishing a ,history of ,russia1 ,considered in the ,lives of its ,principal ,representatives1#gd of which the interest increases as the period of which it treats approaches our own4 ,two sections have already appeared4 ,the first1 which is devoted to the history of the house of ,s4 ,vladimir1 embraces four centuries2 the second1 as considerable as its predecessor in amount of matter1 comprises no more than the interval of about a century--that is to say1 the reigns of ,ivan the ,terrible1 his father1 and his grandfather 7#adfb-aehc74 ,faithful to the plan he has adopted1 the author relates the life and deeds of the most remarkable men1 whether in the political or social order3 thus1 in the second section1 after the historical figures of ,ivan ,,iii41 ,basil1 and ,ivan ,,iv41 we have the ,archbishop ,gennadius1 the monk ,nilus ,sorski1 whom the ,russian ,church reckons among her saints3 the ,prince ,patrikeev1 the celebrated ,maximus1 a monk of ,mt4 ,athos1 and1 lastly1 the heretic ,bachkine with his sectaries4 ,the first volume will be terminated by the third section1 which will conclude the history of the house of ,vladimir4 ,this history meets with a violent opponent and an implacable judge in the person of ,m4 ,pogodine1 the veteran of ,russian historians4 ,the antagonism of these two writers1 ,m4 ,pogodine and ,m4 ,kostomarov1 is of long standing4 ,but never have polemics taken a more aggressive tone than on the present occasion2 and the aggression is on the part of ,m4 ,pogodine1 who accuses his adversary of nothing more nor less than mystifying the public and corrupting the rising generation2 of having arbitrarily omitted the origin and commencement of the nation2 of throwing1 by preference1 into strong relief all the dark pages of the history2 and1 lastly1 declares him to be guilty of venality4 ,to these charges ,m4 ,kostomarov replies that his censor is playing the part of a policeman rather than of a critic2 that his arguments1 like his anger1 inspire him with pity2 and that the most elementary rules of propriety forbid him to imitate his language4 ,coming to historical facts1 he explains the reasons for his silence on the pagan period of ,russian history2 for treating the call of ,rurik as a fable1 together with a multitude of other stories of the ancient chronicles2 for seeing in the ,varangian#ge princes nothing but barbarians1 and the pagans of this period the same4 ,he also brings proofs to show that ,vladimir ,monomachus was really the first to seek allies among the tribes of the ,polovtsis2 that ,vassilko caused the whole population of ,minsk to be exterminated2 and that ,andrew ,bogolubski was not by any means beloved by the people1 as had been stated by ,m4 ,pogodine--these three subjects being among the principal points of dispute4 ,but we have no desire to pursue any further details which cannot in themselves have any interest for the public1 although1 taken in connection with the histories of the antagonistic authors1 they may be suggestive4 ,for instance1 it is not easy to forget what the ardent professor of ,moscow relates of himself with reference to certain of his fellow-countrywomen who had embraced the ,catholic faith4 ,being at ,rome1 he tells us 7and his words depict in a lively manner the character of his zeal7 that he felt himself strongly tempted to seize by the hair two ,russian ladies#gf whom he saw crossing the ,piazza di ,spagna to enter a ,catholic church4 ,he is said to be at this time preparing a ,campaign against ,adverse ,powers1 in which he combats 8historic heresies40 ,but the services rendered by ,m4 ,pogodine to the national history are undoubtedly great4 ,we may notice a new one in his ,ancient ,history of ,russia before the ,mongolian ,yoke1#gg in which1 after grouping the ,russian principalities around that of ,kiev as their political centre anterior to the invasion of the ,mongols1 he also gives the separate history of each4 ,in the second volume the church1 literature1 the state1 manners1 and customs1 are treated upon in turn1 and form a series of pictures traced by a skilful hand1 closing with a terribly-vivid description of the ,tartar invasion4 ,,ii4 ,,particular ,,or ,,individual ,,history4--,it is about two years since historical science in ,russia sustained a loss in the death of ,m4 ,pkarski1 who had scarcely reached his forty-fifth year4 ,this laborious and learned writer1 who1 in so short a space of time1 produced an unusual number of important works1#gh died after having just completed his ,history of the ,academy of ,sciences4 ,this work contains about eighteen hundred pages4 ,after a solid introduction there follow the biographies of the first fifty members of the ,academy1 all of whom were foreigners1 to which succeed those of ,trediakovski and ,lomonosov4 ,in glancing over these biographies one is struck with the preponderance of the ,german element1 the ,academy1 at its commencement1 being almost exclusively composed of learned men of that nation4 ,with the reign of ,elizabeth the ,russian party began to take the lead1 and it was ,lomonosov1 the son of a fisherman of ,archangelsk1 who was the life and soul of it1 as a learned man1 an historian1 and a poet4 ,pkarski mentions some curious details respecting the correspondence between ,peter ,i4 and the ,sorbonne1 touching the reunion of the ,russian ,church with ,rome4 ,it is to be wished that the documents treating of this matter1 and which are preserved in the archives of the academy1 might be published4 ,,iii4 ,,ecclesiastical ,,history4--,after the ,history of the ,russian ,church1 by ,mgr4 ,macarius1 the present ,metropolitan of ,lithuania1 which has just reached its seventh volume1 the first place is due to that by ,m4 ,znamenski1 entitled ,the ,parochial ,clergy in ,russia1 subsequent to the ,reform of ,peter ,i4#gi ,in presence of the ,protestant reforms which are in course of introduction into the official church by the ,russian government1 ,m4 ,znamenski's book offers an eminently practical interest1 and it is greatly to be wished that those in power would profit by its serious teaching4 ,the author advances nothing without producing his proofs1 drawn from official documents1 which he has taken great pains to search for and consult wherever they were to be found4 ,his work is divided into five chapters1 the first of which treats of the 8,nomination of the ,parochial ,clergy40 ,down to the middle of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century its members were chosen on the elective system2 it is the ancient mode of nomination1 which existed also in the ,catholic ,church4 ,but from the middle of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century this gave place1 in ,russia1 to the hereditary system1 which has become one of the distinctive features of the ,russian communion1#hj and in which may be found the cause of the separation and the spirit of caste which from that time began to isolate the clergy from the rest of society1 and made them in all respects a body apart4 ,this spirit of caste still subsists1 though not in so perceptible a degree as formerly4 ,one inevitable consequence of this ,levitism was the difficulty of quitting the caste when once a person belonged to it1 as the author develops in his second chapter 7pp4 #agf-ced74 ,in the third1 he treats of the 8,civil ,rights of the ,clergy10 and there depicts the revolting abuses in which the secular authorities allowed themselves with regard to the unfortunate clergy4 ,the arbitrary injustice to which they were subjected during the whole of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century1 and of which the still vivid traces remained in the time of the ,emperor ,alexander ,i41 appears almost incredible4 ,for instance1 a poor parochial incumbent1 having had the misfortune to pass before the house of the principal proprietor of the place without having taken off his hat to that personage1 who was on the balcony with company1 was immediately seized1 thrust into a barrel1 and thus rolled from the top of the hill on which the seignorial dwelling was situated1 into the river which flowed at its base4 ,his death was almost instantaneous4 ,justice1 as represented in that quarter1 being informed of this new species of murder1 found itself unequal to touch the little potentate1 and hushed up the affair4 ,similar horrors were by no means rare in the ,x,v,i,i,ith century4 ,in the fourth chapter 7pp4 #ejg-fag7 the author speaks of the 8,relations of the ,clergy with the ,ecclesiastical ,authorities02 and although the picture he draws is somewhat less sombre than the preceding1 still it is melancholy enough4 ,venality the most systematic1 and rigor that can hardly be said to fall short of cruelty1 were1 for more than half a century1 the most prominent features of the ecclesiastical government4 ,no post1 however small or humble1 could be obtained without the imposition of a purely arbitrary tax2 and these taxes formed in the end a very considerable amount4 ,as for the spirit of the government1 its fundamental maxim was to hold down the lower clergy in humility 7smireni7--a formula which was imprinted on the very bodies of the unfortunate victims4 ,the slightest fault or error on their part was punished by corporal chastisements so severe that the sufferer sometimes expired under the blows4 ,priests were treated by their chief pastors as beings on a level with the meanest of slaves4 ,one of these vladykas 7which is the name by which the ,russian bishops are designated7 condemned his subordinates to dig fish-ponds on his estate1 which ponds were to be so shaped as to form on a gigantic scale the initials 7,e4 ,b47 of his lordship's name4#ha ,the failure of resources1 so materially diminished by the cupidity of their superiors1 forced the parochial clergy to contrive for themselves an income by means more or less lawful4 ,besides the legal charges1 they invented various small taxes on their own behalf2 or1 when all else failed1 they begged their bread from their own parishioners1 who were apt to be more liberal of reproaches than of alms4 ,the well-being of the secular clergy being one of the questions under consideration by the present government1 the author has devoted to it much of his last chapter4 ,such is the general plan of this book1 which must be read through to give an idea of the humiliating degradation to which the hapless clergy were for more than a century condemned1 thanks to the anomaly of institutions still more than to the abuses practised by individuals4 ,when the source is corrupt1 can the stream be pure8 ,but all this relates to the 8,orthodox0 of the empire4 ,that which is more directly interesting to the ,catholic reader will be found in works respecting the ,ruthenian#hb ,church1 which is at this time attracting the attention of the ,west4 ,the ,history of the ,reunion of the ,ancient ,uniates of the ,west1#hc by ,m4 ,koalovitch1 ,professor of the ,ecclesiastical 7,orthodox7 ,academy of the capital1 repeats the faults of all the numerous writings1 whether books1 pamphlets1 or articles1 which have issued from his pen in the course of the last ten years1 and which are painfully remarkable for their spirit of partiality1 their preconceived ideas1 their self-contradictions1 and their hatred of the ,catholic faith4 ,an organ of the press of ,st4 ,petersburg has expressed a desire that the documents upon which this author professedly rests three-fourths of his last book1 while purposely neglecting all extraneous sources whatever1 whether political or diplomatic1 should be given to the public1 which would then be enabled to judge for itself how far the statements based upon them are to be trusted4 ,nor can any obstacle exist in the way of such publication1 as was shown by the work of ,moroehkine on the reunion of the ,uniates in #ahci1 equally compiled from official documents of unquestionable importance1 which were then edited for the first time4 ,it is impossible not to be struck with the strange coincidence of so many publications upon union with the painful events which are taking place at the present time in the ,diocese of ,khelm1 and which had evidently been preparing long beforehand4 ,books have their raison d'tre--a reason for their appearance at particular periods4 ,it is said1 even1 that ,m4 ,koalovitch is at the head of a school of opinion1 and that his disciples can be pointed out without difficulty4 ,thus1 ,rustchinski is the author of a study on the ,religious ,condition of the ,russian ,people according to ,foreign ,authors of the ,x,v,ith and ,x,v,i,ith ,centuries2 ,nicolaevski has written on ,preaching in the ,x,v,ith ,century2 ,demaanovitch1 on ,the ,jesuits in ,western ,russia1 from #aefi to #aggb1 at which latter year the thread of their history is taken up and continued by ,moroehkine2 ,kratchkovski1 on the ,interior ,state of the ,uniate ,church 7#ahgb72 and ,stcherbinski has given the history of the ,order of ,s4 ,basil4 ,but we must not prolong the catalogue1 which1 however1 is by no means complete4 ,never has so much literary activity been known in the 8,orthodox0 communion as now1 if1 perhaps1 we except the first times of the union4 ,but before passing on to another head we must not fail to mention1 as one of the principal representatives of the literary movement of the ,x,v,ith century1 the celebrated namesake and predecessor of the present ,metropolitan of ,mesopotamia1 i4e41 ,archbishop ,macarius1 to whom we are indebted for the monumental work known as the ,great ,menology1 and which is a species of religious encyclopdia1 containing1 besides the lives of the saints for every day in the year1 the entire works of the early fathers1 as well as ascetic1 canonical1 and literary treatises4 ,the ,archographic ,commission of ,st4 ,petersburg has undertaken the republication1 in its integrity1 of this colossal work1 of which only three quarto volumes in double columns have at present appeared4 ,,iv4 ,,biographies4--,as we have already remarked1 it is interesting to observe the eagerness with which the ,russian people welcome everything that tends to throw light upon their past4 ,for instance1 what is usually drier than a catalogue8 ,and yet the one compiled by ,m4 ,mjov has already reached four thousand copies4 ,it is true that his ,systematic ,catalogue 7of original documents7 combines various qualities that are somewhat rare in publications of this description4 ,it is not1 however1 desirable that a taste for the mere reproduction of inedited manuscripts should be carried too far2 the interests of science demanding rather that they should be made use of in the production of works aspiring to greater completeness1 and suited to meet the requirements of modern criticism4 ,a certain number of works have already been written in accordance with this idea4 ,that of ,m4 ,tchistovitch1 entitled ,theophanes ,procopovitch and his ,times1 may be given as a model1 as may also the excellent study of ,m4 ,ikonnikov on ,count ,nicholas ,mordinhov1 one of the remarkable men who flourished in the reign of the ,emperor ,alexander ,i4 and ,nicholas4 ,various memoirs of this personage had previously appeared in different collections1 but no one before the young professor of ,kiev had taken the trouble to study the original sources upon which alone an authentic life could be written1 to reduce them to system1 and give them a living form4 ,it is not only the opinions and theories of the count which are given1 but those also of contemporary society and the persons by whom he was surrounded1 those of the latter being occasionally too lengthily developed4 ,m4 ,ikonnikov was also1 some years ago1 the author of an interesting work1 entitled ,the ,influence of ,byzantine ,civilization on ,russian ,history 7,kiev3 #ahgj74 ,and this leads us to mention a book recently published by ,m4 ,philimonov1 vice-director of the ,museum of ,arms1 on ,simon ,ouchakov and the ,iconography of his ,time4 ,the name of this artist has scarcely been heard in the ,west4 ,born in #afbf1 he early evinced a talent for painting1 and at the age of twenty-two was admitted into the number of iconographists appointed by the czar2 his specialty consisting in making designs1 more particularly for the gold-work appropriated to religious uses4 ,of his paintings1 the earliest bears the date of #afeg4 ,m4 ,philimonov passes in review all his later productions1 accompanying each with a short but careful notice1 and dwelling chiefly upon the two which he considers the masterpieces of ,russian iconography at that period1 namely1 the painting of the ,annunciation and that of ,our ,lady of ,vladimir4 ,besides these two principal paintings1 ,ouchakov left a quantity of others1 most of which bear his name1 with the date of their completion1 although these indications are not needed1 his pictures being easily recognizable4 ,he may1 in fact1 be considered as at the head of a new school of painting1 taking the middle line between the conventional ,muscovite iconography and the paintings of the ,west2 between the inanimate and rigid formalism of the one and the living variety of the other2 and thus inaugurating the new era in religious art which manifested itself in ,russia with the opening of the ,x,v,i,ith century1 and permitting the introduction of a realism which the ancient iconographers were wholly ignorant of1 and would have considered it detrimental to ,oriental orthodoxy to countenance4 ,ouchakov was ennobled1 in honor of his talents1 and died in #afef1 at the age of sixty1 in the full enjoyment of public esteem4 ,in connection with the subject of art1 we may add that ,m4 ,philimonov has just issued an elegant edition of the ,guide to ,russian ,iconography1 which teaches the correct manner in which to represent the saints4 ,the text of this work1 which is for the first time published in ,russian1 has been furnished by three of the most ancient manuscripts known to exist1 one of which formerly belonged to the ,church of ,s4 ,sophia of ,novogorod4 ,fully to comprehend the text1 however1 it is necessary to have together with it1 for constant reference1 some pictorial guide1 as1 for instance1 the one published by ,m4 ,boutovski4 ,the two works explain and complete each other1 as both alike refer to about the same period2 but1 also1 both should be consulted in subordinate reference to the ,greek ,guide1 if the reader is to be enabled to separate the ,byzantine element from that which is specially characteristic of ,russian iconography4 ,in connection with general literature mention must be made of the fabulist1 ,khemnitzer1 whose complete works and correspondence have been edited by ,grote1 together with a biography1 composed from previously-unpublished sources4 ,after the vast labor of editing the works of ,derjavine1 those of ,khemnitzer would be in comparison a mere amusement to the learned and indefatigable academician4 ,v4 ,,journals ,,and ,,memoirs4--,the ,journal of ,khrapovski 7#aghb-agic71 published by ,m4 ,barsoukov1 who has enriched it with a biographical notice and explanatory notes1 appears for the first time in its integrity1 and accompanied by a catalogue raisonn of all the personages who find themselves mentioned in the text4 ,this journal derives its special interest and value from the position of the author1 who for ten years was attached to the personal service of the ,empress ,catherine ,,ii4 7,charg des ,affaires ,personnelles71 and who1 being thus admitted into the interior and home-life of the court1 noted down day by day1 and sometimes hour by hour1 all that he there saw or heard4 ,this is certainly not history2 but an intelligent historian will sometimes find there1 in a sentence spoken apparently at random1 the germ of great political events which were accomplished later4 ,the ,journal of ,lady ,rondeau1 wife of the ,english resident-minister at the court of the ,empress ,anne1 is the first volume of foreign writers on the ,russia of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century1 edited with notes by ,m4 ,choubinski4 ,the idea of publishing the accounts of foreigners on the ,russian ,empire merits encouragement1 and1 if well carried out1 will shed new light on numberless points which an indigenous author would leave unnoticed1 but which have a real interest in the eyes of a stranger4 ,if it should be objected that foreigners judge superficially and partially1 it is none the less true that the worth of their impressions arises precisely from the diversity of country and point of view4 ,besides1 all strangers could not1 without injustice1 be alike charged with lightness and inexactitude4 ,the memoirs of ,masson on the court of ,catherine ,,ii4 and of ,paul ,i4 are quoted by the ,russians themselves as a striking proof to the contrary2 no single fact which he mentions having been disproved by history4 ,the merit of ,lady ,rondeau's book is increased by the notice1 in form of an appendix1 which is added by her husband1 on the character of each of the principal personages of the court4 ,we conclude this rapid and imperfect summary by mentioning the ,catalogue of the ,section of ,russica1 or writings upon ,russia in foreign languages--a work of which the initiation is due to the administrators of the ,public ,library of ,st4 ,petersburg1 and forming two enormous volumes4 ,to give some idea of the riches accumulated in the section of ,russica1 perhaps unique in the world1 and of which the formation commenced in #ahdi1 it will suffice to say that the number of works enumerated in the catalogue reaches the figures #bh1def1 without reckoning those composed in ,lithuanian1 ,esthonian1 ,servian1 ,bulgarian1 ,greek1 and other ,oriental languages1 which will together form a supplementary volume4 ,besides original works1 the catalogue indicates all the translations of ,russian books1 and enumerates all the periodicals which have appeared in ,russia in foreign languages4 ,the works are arranged in alphabetical order2 but at the end of the second volume we find an analytical table1 commencing with history1 the historical portion being the most considerable one in the section of ,russica4 ,thus the literary treasures possessed by the principal library of the empire are henceforward made known with regard to each branch of the sciences in relation to ,russia4 ,if to this we add the ,systematic ,catalogue of ,m4 ,mjov1 mentioned above1 we possess the historic literature of ,russia in its completeness4 ,,the ,,first ,,jubilee4 ,almighty ,god1 who has 8ordered all things in measure and number and weight0 7,wisd4 xi4 #ba71 and who teaches us1 under the guidance of his church1 to observe sacred times and seasons1 has brought around again the ,holy ,year of ,jubilee1 during which an extraordinary indulgence is granted by the ,pope1 that sinners being led to repentance1 and the just increased in grace1 each one can hear it said to himself3 8,in an acceptable time ,i have heard thee0 7,is4 xlix4 #h74 ,we will not touch here upon the nature or doctrine of indulgences1 more than to give a definition of our ,jubilee1 viz41 a solemn plenary remission of such temporal punishment as may still be due to divine justice after the guilt of sin has been forgiven1 which the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 in the fulness of apostolic power1 makes at a stated period to all the faithful1 on condition of performing certain specified pious works2 empowering confessors to absolve for the nonce in reserved cases and from censures not specially excepted1 and to commute all vows not likewise excepted into other salutary matter4 ,our ,holy ,father1 ,pius ,,ix41 by an ,encyclical ,letter dated from ,s4 ,peter's on the vigil of last ,christmas1 has announced that1 the year #ahge completing the cycle of time determined by his predecessors for the recurrence of the ,jubilee1 he declares it the ,holy ,year1 and sets forth the conditions of the same1 with other circumstances of ecclesiastical discipline usual on so rare an occasion of grace4 ,the origin of the word jubilee itself is uncertain4 ,it is a ,hebrew term that first occurs in the twenty-fifth chapter of ,leviticus3 8,and thou shalt sanctify the fiftieth year1 ''' for it is the year of ,jubilee40 ,josephus 7,antiquit41 iii4 #aa7 says that it means liberty1 by which his annotators understand that discharge among the ,jews from debts and bondage1 and restitution to every man of his former property1 as commanded by the law4 ,the more common opinion derives it from jobel1 a ram's horn1 because the ,jubilee year was ushered in by the blasts of the sacred trumpets1 made of the horns of the ram4 ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 is erroneously supposed by many to have instituted the ,christian ,jubilee2 for he only restored what had already existed1 and reduced it substantially to its present form2 inasmuch as there had been from an early period a custom among ,christians of visiting ,rome at the turn of every succeeding century1 in the hope of obtaining great spiritual favors at the tomb of ,s4 ,peter1 and perhaps also with the idea of atoning in some measure for the superstitious secular games which during the reign of ,augustus the ,quindecimviri 7a college of priests7 announced as having been given once in every century in memory of the foundation of the ,eternal ,city1 and which1 after consulting the ,sibylline books in their care1 they prevailed upon the emperor to celebrate again4 ,mgr4 ,pompeo ,sarnelli1 ,bishop of ,bisceglie in #afib1 treats of the secular year of the heathen ,romans and the ,jubilee of their ,christian descendants together1 as though one were in some respect a purified outgrowth of the other4 ,he says3 8,but the ,christians1 to change profane into sacred things1 were accustomed to go every hundredth year to visit the ,vatican basilica1 and celebrate the memory of ,christ1 who was born for the redemption of the world2 so that the ,holy ,year was the sanctification of the profane centenary in the lapse of time2 but in its spiritual benefits it perfected the effects of the ,jubilee kept by the ,jews every fiftieth year for temporal advantages0 7,lettere ,ecclesiast41 x4 #ej74 ,macri also1 in his ,hiero-lexicon 7#agfh71 says3 8,we believe that the popes who have always endeavored 7when the nature of the thing permitted7 to alter the vain observances of the ,gentiles into sacred ceremonies for the worship of ,god1 in order to eradicate the superstitious secular year of the ,romans1 established our ,holy ,year of ,jubilee1 and enriched it with indulgences40 ,of the connection between our ,jubilee and that of the ,jews ,devoti 7,inst4 ,can41 ii4 p4 #bej1 note7 remarks that their fiftieth year 8aliquo modo imago fuit ,jubili1 quem postea ,romani ,pontifices instituerunt--0 was in some wise a figure of that ,jubilee which1 at a later period1 the ,roman pontiffs instituted4 ,benedetto ,gaetani of ,anagni 7,boniface ,,viii47 had been elected pope at ,naples on ,dec4 #bd1 #abid1 and was residing in ,rome at the close of the century1 when he heard towards ,christmas that many pilgrims were approaching the city1 who came1 they said1 to gain the indulgence which an ancient tradition taught could be obtained there every hundredth year1 at the beginning of a new century4 ,although search was made in the pontifical archives for some record of a concession of special indulgence at such a period1 none was found2 but witnesses of established veracity assured the pope that they had heard of this indulgence1 and that it was connected with a visit to the tomb of ,s4 ,peter4 ,brocchi in his ,storia del ,giubbileo1 page #f1 mentions among the venerable persons examined before the pope and cardinals one man #ajg years old1 and another--a noble ,savoyard--over #ajj years old1 who both made deposition that as children they had been brought to ,rome by their parents1 who had often reminded them not to omit the pilgrimage of the next century1 if they should live so long4 ,two very aged ,frenchmen from the ,diocese of ,beauvais also deposed to having come to ,rome on the strength of a like centennial tradition of which they had heard their fathers speak4 ,the chronicler ,william ,ventura of ,asti 7born in #abej7 writes that at the beginning of the year #acjj an immense crowd of pilgrims1 coming to ,rome from the ,east and from the ,west1 used to throng about the pope and cry out3 8,give us thy blessing before we die2 for we have learnt from our elders that all ,christians who shall visit on the hundredth year the basilica where rest the bones of the apostles ,peter and ,paul can obtain absolution of their sins and the remission of any penance that might still be due for them0 7apud ,muratori1 ,rer4 ,ital4 ,script41 xi4 #bf74 ,boniface ,,viii4 then called a consistory1 and on the advice of the cardinals determined to issue a bull confirming the grant of indulgence1 did such really exist2 and in any case offering a plenary indulgence to all who1 contrite1 should confess their sins and visit at least once a day for thirty days--not necessarily consecutive1 if ,romans2 if strangers1 only for fifteen days in the same manner--the two basilicas of the holy apostles ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul during the course of the year #acjj4 ,this interesting bull1 which is usually cited by its opening words1 ,antiquorum habet fida relatio1 and may be seen in any collection of canon law among the ,extravagantes ,communes 7lib4 v4 ,de ,pn4 et ,rem41 c4 #a71 is short and elegantly condensed--for which reason1 perhaps1 an old glossarist calls it 8epistola satis gross composite0--and1 although written before the revival of ,latin letters1 compares favorably with the verbose composition of later documents4 ,it was probably drawn up by ,sylvester1 the papal secretary1 who is named as writer of the circular-letter sent in the pope's name to all bishops and ,christian princes to acquaint them with the measure taken1 and invite them to exhort the faithful of their dioceses and their loyal subjects to go on the pilgrimage ,romeward4 ,the pope published his bull himself on the #bb;d of ,february1 #acjj1 being the feast of ,s4 ,peter at ,antioch1 by reading it aloud from a richly-draped ambon erected for the occasion before the high altar in ,s4 ,peter's1 which had a very different appearance from the domed and cross-shaped structure that we now admire1 as lovers of architectural elegance2 for as antiquarians we must regret the venerable building which was a basilica in form as well as in name4 ,when ,boniface had finished1 he descended1 and went up in person to the altar to deposit upon it the bull of indulgence in homage to the ,prince of the ,apostles1 whose successor he was1 and not unworthily maintained himself to be4 ,then returning to his former place1 while the cardinals stood with bended head around it and beneath him1 he gave his solemn blessing to an immense number of pilgrims1 who1 filling the church and overflowing into the square in front1 reverentially knelt to receive it4 ,truly1 the hearts of the people were with that man1 although the hands of princes were against him4 ,a most interesting memorial of this very scene has been preserved to us through sack and fire for nearly six hundred years in the shape of a painting by the celebrated ,giotto--a portrait1 too1 and not a fancy sketch--which is the only portion saved of the beautiful frescos with which he ornamented the loggia built by ,boniface at ,s4 ,john ,lateran4 ,it represents the pope in the act of giving his benediction to the people between two cardinals 7or1 as some critics think1 two prelates71 one of whom holds a document in his hand--evidently meant for the bull of ,jubilee by an artist's license1 to specify more distinctly the circumstance2 for it was then actually on the altar--while the other looks down upon the crowd over the hanging cloth on which the ,gaetani arms are emblazoned4 ,this specimen of higher art of the ,x,i,vth century was for a long time preserved in the cloister of ,s4 ,john1 until a representative of the ,gaetani 7now ducal7 family had it carefully set up against one of the pilasters of the church1 and protected with a glass covering1 in #aghf1 where it may still be seen1 although it is not often noticed according to its merits4 ,our chief authorities for the details of this ,jubilee are the pope's nephew1 ,james ,cardinal ,stefaneschi2 the ,chronicler of ,asti 7generally quoted as ,chronicon ,astense72 and the ,florentine merchant and ,guelph historian1 ,john ,villani1 who died of the plague in #acdh4 ,all were eye-witnesses4 ,the cardinal wrote on the ,jubilee in prose and verse4 ,his work1 ,de centesimo1 seu ,jubilo anno ,liber1 is published in the ,biblioth4 ,max4 ,patrum1 tom4 xxv4 ,he is the earliest writer to use the word jubilee1 which is not found in the pope's bull1 but must have been common at the period1 for others use it4 ,a sententious specimen of the cardinal deacon's prose style may be interesting2 it contains a good sentiment1 and is not bad ,latin1 although the ,german ,gregorovius1 in his ,history of ,rome in the ,middle ,ages1 speaks of 8die barbarische ,schrift des ,jacob ,stefaneschi0--8that barbarous opuscule of ,james ,stefaneschi03 8,beatus populus qui scit ,jubilationem2 infelices vero qui torpore1 vel temeritate1 dum alterius sibi forsan vum ,jubili spondent1 neglexerint0 7cap4 xv47--8,blessed is the people that profiteth by this season of remission2 but unhappy are the slothful and presumptuous ones who1 promising themselves another ,jubilee1 neglect it40 ,his hexameters1 however1 are undoubtedly execrable2 for instance3 8,discite1 centeno detergi crimina ,phbo1 767 ,discite1 si latebras scabrosi criminis ora ,depromunt1 contrita sinu1 dum circulus anni ,gyrat1 perque dies quindenos exter1 et ,urbis ,incola tricenos delubra patentia ,patrum therei ,petri1 ,pauli quoque gentibus almi ,doctoris subeant1 ubi congerit urna sepultos40 ,cardinal ,james of the ,title of ,s4 ,george in ,velabro was one of the most distinguished men of ,rome2 8famous10 as ,tiraboschi says 7,letterat4 ,ital41 v4 #eag71 8not less for his birth than for his learning40 ,his mother was an ,orsini4 ,he died in #acdc4 ,as soon as the grant of this great indulgence was noised abroad an extraordinarily large number of pilgrims set out from all parts of ,italy1 from ,provence and ,france1 from ,spain1 ,germany1 ,hungary1 and even from ,england1 although not very many from that country1 which was then at war4 ,they came of every age1 sex1 and condition3 children led by the hand or carried in the arms1 the infirm borne in litters1 the knightly and those of more means on horseback1 while not a few old people were seen1 ,anchises-like1 supported on the shoulders of their sons4 ,the ,chronicle of ,parma 7quoted by ,gregorovius1 ,geschichte der ,stadt ,rom im ,mittelalter1 v4 p4 #edi7 says that 8every day and at all hours there was a sight as of a general army marching in and out by the ,claudian ,way10 which brought the pilgrims into the city after joining the ,flaminian ,way at the gate now represented by the ,porta del ,popolo2 and the ,chronicler of ,asti has to use the words of the ,apocalypse to describe the throngs that gathered about the roaring gates4 8,i went out one day10 he says1 and 8,i saw a great crowd which no man could number40 ,the whole influx of pilgrims1 including men and women1 during the year1 was computed by the ,romans at over two millions2 while ,villani1 who was a careful observer1 writes that about thirty thousand people used to enter and leave the city every day1 there being at no time less than two hundred thousand within the walls over and above the fixed population4 ,but the pilgrimage was especially one of the poor to the tomb of the ,fisherman2 and all writers on it have remarked1 in noticing the fervent enthusiasm of the common people1 the cold reserve and absence of their royal masters4 ,only the ,frenchman ,charles ,martel1 titular ,king of ,hungary1 came2 it is presumable more to obtain the pope's good-will in the dispute about the succession to the throne than from piety4 ,the nearest approach to royalty after him was ,charles of ,valois1 who came accompanied by his family and a courtly retinue of five hundred knights1 and doubtless hoped to receive the crown of ,sicily from ,boniface1 if he could expel the usurping ,aragonese4 ,so many thousands of pilgrims1 citizens and strangers1 went day and night to ,s4 ,peter's that not a few were maimed1 and some even trampled to death1 in the struggling crowd of goers and comers that met at the crossing of the ,tiber over the old lian bridge leading to the ,leonine city4 ,to obviate such disasters in future1 the wide bridge was divided lengthwise by a strong wooden railing1 thus forming two passages1 of which the advancing and returning pilgrims took respectively the one on their right4 ,the poet ,dante1 who is strongly supposed to have been in ,rome for the ,jubilee1 although there is no proof either in the ,divine ,comedy or the ,vita ,nuova that he was1 may have written as an eye-witness when he describes this very scene of the passing but not mingling streams of human beings in the well-known lines3 8,come i ,roman1 per l'esercito molto1 ,l'anno del giubbileo1 su per lo ponte ,hanno a passar la gente modo tolto2 ,che dall' un lato tutti hanno la fronte ,verso'l castello1 e vanno a ,santo ,pietro-- ,dall' altra sponda vanno verso'l monte40#hd --,inferno1 xviii4 ,the castle here mentioned is1 of course1 ,sant' ,angelo2 and the hill is probably ,monte ,giordano1 in the heart of the city1 which1 although1 from the grading of the surrounding streets1 is now only a gentle rise graced by the ,gabrielli palace1 was a high and strongly-fortified position in the ,x,i,vth century4 ,among all the relics seen by the pilgrims in ,rome1 the ,holy ,face of our ,lord1 or ,cloth of ,veronica1 which is preserved with so much veneration in ,s4 ,peter's1 seems to have attracted the most attention4 ,by order of the pope it was solemnly shown to the people on every ,friday and on all the principal feasts throughout the year of ,jubilee4 ,the great ,tuscan has also sung of this1 which he possibly saw himself3 8,quale colui che forse di ,croazia ,viene a veder la ,veronica nostra1 ,che per l'antica fama non si sazia1 ,ma dice nel pensier1 fin che si mostra2 ,signor mio ,ges ,cristo1 ,dio verace1 ,or fu s fatta la sembianza vostra80#he --,paradiso1 xxxi4 ,a modern economist might wonder how a famine was to be averted1 with such a sudden and numerous addition to the population of the city4 ,the foresight of the energetic pope1 whose family also was influential in the very garden of the ,campagna1 among those hardy laborers of whom ,virgil sung1 8,quos dives ,anagnia pascit10 had early in the year caused an immense supply of grain1 oats1 meat1 fish1 wine1 and other sorts of provision for man and beast to be collected from every quarter and brought into the city1 where it was stored and guarded against the coming of the pilgrims4 ,the provisions were abundant and cheap4 ,the ,chronicler of ,asti1 it is true1 complains of the dearness of the hay or fodder for his horse2 but as he thought tornesium unum grossum 7equal to six cents of our money7 too high for his own daily lodging and his horse's stabling1 without bait1 we must think either that the means of living in ,italy in those days were incredibly low1 or that ,ventura was very parsimonious4 ,it is the testimony of all the writers on this ,jubilee that1 except an inundation of the ,tiber1 which threatened for a few days to cut off the train of supplies for the city1 everything was propitious to the comfort and piety of the faithful4 ,the roads through ,italy leading to ,rome were safe1 at least to the pilgrims1 to whom a general safe-conduct was given by the various little republics and principalities of the ,peninsula2 and if the ,romans did grow rich off of the strangers1 there was good-humor on both sides1 and not the slightest collision4 ,indeed1 the ,romans 7who perhaps gained the ,jubilee before the great body of the pilgrims had arrived2 at least we know that those out of the northern parts of ,europe timed their departure from home so as to avoid the sweltering southern heat7 seem to have shown some indifference to the spiritual favors offered2 as ,gregorovius--who1 however1 is anti-papal--with a quiet sarcasm says3 8,they left the pilgrims to pray at the altars1 while they marched with flaunting banners against the neighboring city of ,toscanella02 and ,galletti1 in his ,roman ,medival ,inscriptions 7tom4 ii4 p4 #d71 has published a curious old one on this martial event1 the original of which is now encased in one of the inside walls of the ,palazzo dei ,conservatori 7this name may have been changed by the present usurpers7 on the ,capitoline hill1 where it was set up under ,clement ,x4 in #afgc4 ,as it is most interesting for its synchronism with the first ,jubilee1 and the insight it gives us into the mixed sort of fines imposed by the descendants of the conquerors of the world upon a subjugated people in the middle ages--bags of wheat1 a bell1 the city gates1 eight lusty fellows to dance while their masters piped1 and a gentle hint that there was no salt sown--we think it might well appear 7doubtless for the first time7 in an ,american periodical4 ,the original being in the abbreviated style of the ,x,i,vth century1 we have modernized it to make it more intelligible to the reader3 8,mille trecentenis ,domini currentibus annis ,papa ,bonifacius octavus in orbe vigebat ,tunc ,aniballensis ,riccardus de ,coliseo ,nec non ,gentilis ,ursina prole creatus ,ambo senatores ,romam cum pace regebant ,per quos jam pridem tu ,tuscanella fuisti ,ob dirum damnata nefas1 tibi dempta potestas ,sumendi regimen est1 at data juribus ,urbis ,frumenti rubla bis millia ferre coegit ,annua te ,roma vel libras solvere mille ,cum ,deus attulerit ,romanis fertilitatem ,campanam populi1 portas deducere ,romam ,octo ludentes ,romanis mittere ludis-- ,majori pna populi pietate remissa4 ,sunt quoque communis servata palatia ,rom ,dummodo certe ruant turresque palatia muri ,si rursus furere tentent fortassis in ,urbem ,vel jam prolata nolint decreta tenere ,in de reponatur sacra pro tempore guerr ,tempore vel caro servanda pecunia prorsus40 ,the meaning of the tenth1 eleventh1 and twelfth lines is that1 since the ,romans have land enough to give them their daily bread1 but do not object to any amount of quattrim 7coin71 if the vanquished should prefer1 they may pay once for all a thousand pounds in money1 instead of the annual tribute of two thousand sacks of grain--with freight charges to destination2 and the last lines signify that a sum is laid up in the chapel to be used to carry on another war if the ,tuscanellans should again machinate against the ,city--as ,rome was proudly called--or refuse to fulfil the stipulations4 ,the pilgrims of the ,jubilee generally made a small offering at the altars of the two basilicas1 although no alms were required as a condition of gaining the indulgence2 and it is particularly from a nave passage of one of them in his valuable chronicle that ,protestants and ,voltaireans have taken occasion to deride the ,jubilees as mere money-making affairs2 and even the ,catholic ,muratori 7,antichit ,italiane1 tom4 iii4 part ii4 p4 #aef7 carps at the inimitable description of so ,romanesque a scene as that of two chatting clerics raking in the oblations of the forestieri2 but ,cenni1 the annotator of this great work of the ,modenese historian in the ,roman edition of #agee1 which we use1 aptly remarks here that if writers will look only at the bad side of the many and almost innumerable events that have occurred in this low world of ours1 and illogically conclude from a particular to the universal1 they will discover that art of putting things whereby what has generally been considered good and laudable will appear thereafter worthy only of censure4 ,the ,chronicler of ,asti1 certainly with no great thought of what people would think five hundred years after he was mouldering in his grave1 simply writes of the pilgrims' donations3 8,papa innumerabilem pecuniam ab eisdem recepit1 quia die ac nocte duo clerici stabant ad altare sancti ,petri1 tenentes in eorum manibus rastellos rastellantes pecuniam infinitam40 ,although we believe that the honest ,chronicler of ,asti deserves credit for taking notes at the ,jubilee1 yet this very passage1 read in connection with the other one about the dearness of his living1 shows us that he was one of those pious but penurious souls who1 if he had lived in our day1 and a gentleman called on him for a subscription1 would beg to be permitted to wait until the list got down very low4 ,the ,protestant ,gregorovius has shown that these exaggerated offerings 8were for the most part only small coin1 the gift of common pilgrims02 while the ,catholic ,von ,reumont 7,geschichte der ,stadt ,rom1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fej7 has calculated that this 8infinite amount of money0 was only after all equal to about two hundred and forty thousand ,prussian thalers1 which would make no more than one hundred and seventy-five thousand1 two hundred dollars4 ,when the pope knew how generous were the offerings of the faithful1 he ordered the entire sum to be expended on the two basilicas1 in buying property to support the chapter of the one and the monastery attached to the other1 and in those thousand and more other expenses which only those who have lived in ,rome can understand to be necessary to support the majesty of divine worship within such edifices4 ,surely1 it was better1 in any case1 that the money of the pilgrims should go for the glory of the saints and the embellishment of ,god's temples than be exacted at home by cruel barons and ruthless princes to carry on their petty wars or strengthen their castles4 ,mr4 ,hemans 7no friend to our ,rome71 in his ,medival ,christianity and ,sacred ,art 7vol4 i4 p4 #dgd71 says1 after mentioning these 8heaps of coins03 8,if much of this went into the papal treasury1 it is manifest that the expenditure from that source for the charities exercised throughout this holy season must also have been great40 ,this is a lame statement2 because1 although on the one hand the large subventions of the pope to the poor pilgrims are certain1 on the other there is no proof whatever that any alms they gave went into his 8treasury40 ,the pope1 indeed1 having at heart the comfort of the strangers and the beauty of the city1 put up many new buildings and made other improvements1 such as the beautiful ,gothic loggia of ,s4 ,john of ,lateran1 which the greatest painter of the age was commissioned to decorate with frescos 7,papencordt1 ,rom im ,mittelalter1 p4 #ccf74 ,it is perhaps from a traditionary knowledge of these architectural propensities of the pope during the ,jubilee year1 and of his endowments to the basilicas1 that so many people have quite erroneously believed the sombre but picturesque old farm-buildings of ,castel ,giubileo1 which crown the green and lonely hill where more than two thousand years ago the ,arx of ,fiden stood a rival to the ,capitol of ,rome1 to be a memorial of1 and to get its designation from1 this ,jubilee of ,a4,d4 #acjj4 ,even ,sir ,wm4 ,gell 7,top4 of ,rome1 p4 #eeb7 repeats the old story4 ,but the more careful ,nibby 7,dintorni di ,roma1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eh7 has demonstrated1 with the aid of a document in the archives of the ,vatican basilica1 that the name of this place between the ,via ,salaria and the ,tiber1 five miles from ,rome1 is derived from that of a ,roman family which acquired the site 7previously called ,monte ,sant' ,angelo7 and built the castle in the ,x,i,vth century2 and that it did not come into the possession of the chapter of ,s4 ,peter until the #afth of ,december1 #adeh1 when it was bought for the sum of three thousand golden ducats4 ,so much for an instance of jumping at conclusions from a mere similarity of name1 put together with something else1 which is so common a fault of antiquaries4 ,,greville ,,and ,,saint-,,simon4 ,mr4 ,charles ,greville was not a ,la ,bruyre1#hf but1 as he appears in his ,memoirs1 he might have sat very well for that portrait of ,arrias which the inimitable imitator of ,theophrastus has drawn in his chapter on society and conversation3 8,arrias has read everything1 has seen everything2 at least he would have it thought so4 ',tis a man of universal knowledge1 and he gives himself out as such2 he would sooner lie than be silent or appear ignorant of anything4''' ,if he tells a story1 it is less to inform those who listen than to have the merit of telling it4 ,it becomes a romance in his hands2 he makes people think after his own manner2 he puts his own habits of speaking in their mouths2 and1 in fine1 makes them all as talkative as himself4 ,what would become of him and of them1 if happily some one did not come in to break up the circle and contradict the whole story80 ,this exact picture of the late clerk of ,h4,b4,m4 ,privy ,council might have been written the morning after his ,memoirs appeared in the ,london bookstores1 instead of nearly two hundred years ago4 ,it is at once a proof of the penetrating genius of ,la ,bruyre1 and a photograph every one will recognize of the author of the journal which has lately made so much noise in society4 ,this clever ,newmarket jockey--rebus ,newmarketianis versatus1 as he says of himself--to whom every point of the betting book is familiar1 carelessly refreshes his jaded intellect with the ,life of ,mackintosh1 as he rides down in his carriage to the races4 ,with affable profusion he scatters broadcast to the mob of readers scraps of ,horace and ,ovid1 mingled with the latest odds on the ,derby4 ,he has seen everything from ,s4 ,giles's to ,s4 ,peter's1 and1 with the blas air of a man at once of genius and fashion1 proclaims 8there is nothing in it40 ,he knows everything1 from the most questionable scandal of the green-room to the best plan of forming a cabinet2 such second-rate men as ,melbourne1 ,palmerston1 and ,stanley he sniffs at with easy disdain2 and if at times he gently bemoans a few personal deficiencies1 it is with a complacent conviction that it needed only a little early training to have made him a ,peel1 a ,burke1 or a ,chatham6 ,that he would 8sooner lie than be silent10 one needs only remember his infamous stories about ,mrs4 ,charles ,kean and ,lady ,burghersh2 his calumnies against ,george ,,iv4 and ,william ,,iv4--the masters whose gracious kindness he repaid by bribing their valets for evidence against them--his unfounded attacks upon ,peel1 ,stanley1 ,o',connell1 and ,lyndhurst2 his slanders even against obscure men1 like ,wakley and others4 ,as to his habit of 8making people think after his own manner10 and putting 8his own mode of speaking in their mouths10 the profanity and vulgarity which disfigure his pages are the best evidence4 ,that this is a true estimate of the merits of ,the ,greville ,memoirs is now generally admitted4 ,the most respectable critical exponents of ,english opinion have united in condemning the bad taste and breach of trust which made either their composition or publication possible4 ,it needs no refinement of reasoning to prove that the expressions everywhere so freely quoted from this journal are such as could not honorably be uttered by any gentleman holding the office ,mr4 ,greville did4 ,readers will easily be found for them1 either from a love of sensation or because of the illustration they offer of the character of the persons described or the writer2 but nothing can condone their real offensiveness4 ,such1 however1 was far from being the first opinion of the press4 ,the leading ,english journal1 in two lengthy reviews such as rarely appear in its columns1 handled ,mr4 ,greville's work with a delicacy1 an admiration1 a regretful and half-tender daintiness of touch for the author1 that promised everything to the reader4 ,this criticism was followed by a general outburst of applause on the part of the press1 which soon began to waver1 however1 when it was found that the best section of ,english society regarded the book with disapproval4 ,so conscious1 indeed1 were the ,american publishers of its intrinsic lack of interest or literary merit that one firm has presented it to the public with nearly all the political portions left out and the private gossip retained4 8,it is said10 says the ,saturday ,review not long ago1 8that an ,american compiler has published a pleasant duodecimo volume containing only those passages which may be supposed to gratify a morbid taste40 ,the ,london critic intended1 no doubt1 to be pungent and satirical2 but how innocuously does such satire fall upon the head of the average 8compiler06 ,if ,mr4 ,greville has not made good his claim to stand among the masters of his craft1 least of all is he to be named in the same day with the prince of memoir-writers--,saint-,simon2 unless1 indeed1 it be to point the moral that more is needed for excellency in such an art than an inquisitive mind and a biting pen4 ,yet ,mr4 ,greville's opportunity was great--greater1 probably1 than will happen to any other memoir-writer for some generations to come4 ,like ,saint-,simon1 he began active life in an age of great events and great men4 ,whatever may be said of the pettiness of the regency1 of its profligacy and mock brilliancy1 no one can forget that those were days of great perils2 of vast struggles1 military and civil2 of giants' wars1 and of a race of combatants not unworthy to take part in them4 ,nor were the twenty years succeeding--which make up1 as we may roughly say1 that portion of his journal now printed--wanting in great interests and momentous events4 ,the age which gave birth to ,catholic ,emancipation and the ,reform ,bill1 while it still numbered among its chiefs the veterans of the great ,continental war1 could not fail to offer subjects for treatment that would be read eagerly by all succeeding times4 ,if ,saint-,simon witnessed the culmination of the glories of the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 and saw ,de ,luxembourg and ,catinat1 the last survivors of that line of victorious marshals beginning with the great ,cond and ,turenne1 who had carried the lilies of ,france over ,europe1 not less was it ,greville's fortune to converse familiarly with the great duke who1 repeating the triumphs of ,marlborough1 had beaten down the arms of the empire in a later age4 ,and if ,saint-,simon lived also to see the disasters1 the weakness1 the desolation1 and bankruptcy of his country which succeeded the long splendor of his youth1 ,greville too looked on as a spectator1 almost1 one might say1 as a registrar1 at the hardly less terrible civil struggles and social depression which threatened to rend the kingdom asunder4 ,both were of noble families1 although the ,duc de ,saint-,simon was the head of his house1 and ,mr4 ,greville only a cadet of his4 ,both were courtiers2 and although ,saint-,simon's position as a peer of ,france lifted him far above ,greville's in his day1 who was rather a paid servant of the crown than strictly a courtier1 yet the very office of the latter gave him advantages which the elder memoir-writer did not always possess4 ,here1 however1 all parallel ceases4 ,the radical incapacity of ,mr4 ,greville's mind to lift him above the common race of diarists prevents all further comparison4 ,he had neither the genius of assimilation nor description to make the portraits of men and manners live1 like ,saint-,simon's1 in the gallery of history4 ,his informants are valets1 his satire mere backbiting1 his reflections trivial1 his descriptions a confused mass of petty details4 ,it is not proposed here to weary the reader with long quotations from a work which so many already have read or skimmed over4 ,nor do we intend1 on the other hand1 to follow the fashion of some critics1 and carefully gather up all the points which might be woven into an indictment against ,mr4 ,greville's honor or candor or wit4 ,such a task would be endless2 it would take in almost every other page of his volumes4 ,but that it may be seen that the unfavorable opinion which1 after a careful examination1 we have been led--much to our disappointment--to entertain of his work is not misplaced1 we shall proceed to give some passages that sustain1 in our judgment1 the correctness of the view we have taken4 ,charles ,c4 ,f4 ,greville was1 as his editor1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,reeve1 informs us1 the eldest son of ,mr4 ,charles ,greville1 grandson of the ,earl of ,warwick1 and ,lady ,charlotte ,bentinck1 daughter of the ,duke of ,portland4 ,he was born in #agid4 ,at the age of nineteen he was appointed private secretary by ,earl ,bathurst1 and almost at the same time family influence procured for him a clerkship in the ,board of ,trade4 ,both offices had comfortable salaries attached to them2 neither of them any duties4 ,thus at the outset of his career1 fortunate in his family influence and his friends1 ,mr4 ,greville was started1 fairly equipped1 on the road of life4 ,unencumbered by any responsibility1 nor weighed down by that sharp and bitter load of poverty that men of humbler birth have commonly to carry on their galled shoulders1 while they strive to gain an insecure foothold on the slippery road to fame or fortune1 he had every incentive and every advantage to secure success4 ,a subject for thanksgiving1 shall we say1 to this accomplished sinecurist8 ,by no means6 ,years afterwards he bemoans the fact that he had nothing to do1 no spur to honorable ambition4 ,he forgot that at the same or an earlier age ,saint-,simon1 whom he appears to have read only to copy his sometimes coarse language1 was handling a pike as a volunteer in the service of his king1 and carrying sacks of grain on his shoulders to the starving troops in the trenches at ,namur1 disdaining those little offices into which ,greville insinuated himself as soon as he left college4 ,or if it be said--what no man could then 7#ahab7 predict--that the war was nearly over1 and there was little prospect of another1 what was there to prevent him from seeking a place in ,parliament--not hard to gain with his family influence--and there carving out for himself a place like that of ,burke1 to whom he sometimes lifts his eyes8 ,the truth is1 to use a vulgar phrase1 ,mr4 ,greville had 8other fish to fry40 ,he knew well he had other easier and more profitable game to follow4 ,he was scarcely of age when the influence of his uncle1 the ,duke of ,portland1 obtained for him the sinecure office of ,secretary of ,jamaica1 a deputy being allowed to reside in the island2 better still1 the same influential relative secured him the reversion of the clerkship of the ,council6 ,henceforward not the camp nor parliamentary struggles occupied ,mr4 ,greville's mind2 the glorious task of 8waiting for a dead man's shoes10 varied by the congenial study of the stables1 occupied that powerful intellect which1 in these ,memoirs1 looks down with contempt on all the names most distinguished in ,european statesmanship during the first half of this century4 ,the office fell to him in #ahba1 and he continued to hold it for nearly forty years4 ,the net income of the two offices1 we are elsewhere informed1 amounted to about four thousand pounds2 and as he died worth thirty thousand pounds1 the charitable supposition of the ,quarterly ,review is that 8probably he was a gainer on the turf40 ,he died in #ahfe4 ,the bent of ,mr4 ,greville's genius was early shown4 8,sunt quos curriculo pulverem ,olympicum ,collegisse juvat40 ,the clerk of the ,council was one of them4 ,the blue ribbon of the turf1 not parliamentary honors or the long vigil of laborious nights--except over the card-table--was the centre around which his ambition and aspirations circled4 ,early smitten by the betting fever1 he became as nearly a professional turfman as the security of his office would permit2 and there is something ludicrous in those expressions of regret1 which have drawn such tender sympathy from his critics1 that he gave himself up to the passion instead of becoming the scholar or statesman he is always hinting he might have been4 ,mr4 ,greville1 in fact1 makes the blunder of supposing that the craving for fame is equivalent to the faculty for winning it4 ,not the turf1 but original defect of capacity1 hindered him from being more than he was--a clerk with a taste for gambling1 held in check by a shrewd eye for the odds4 ,his contemporary1 the late ,lord ,derby1 whom he seldom lets pass without a sneer in these ,memoirs1 was an example showing that1 had true genius existed1 a taste for the turf without participation in gambling1 need not have prevented him from becoming both an accomplished scholar and a brilliant statesman4 ,an early entry in ,mr4 ,greville's journal gives the measure of the man4 ,under date of ,february #bc1 #ahba1 he says3 8,yesterday the ,duke of ,york proposed to me to take the management of his horses1 which ,i accepted4 ,nothing could be more kind than the manner in which he proposed it40 8,march #e4--;,i have experienced a great proof of the vanity of human wishes4 ,in the course of three weeks ,i have attained the three things ,i have most desired in the world for years past1 and upon the whole ,i do not feel that my happiness is increased40 ,this is a good example1 but far from the best of its kind1 of that vein of apparently philosophical reflection running here and there through his journal1 with which ,mr4 ,greville deliberately intended1 we believe1 to hoodwink the critics1 and in which anticipation he has been wonderfully successful4 ,coolly examined1 it resolves itself as nearly as possible into a burlesque4 ,his reflections1 as ,la ,bruyre says elsewhere of a like genius1 8are generally about two inches deep1 and then you come to the mud and gravel40 ,what were the three highest objects of human ambition in the mind of this ardent young man of twenty-seven1 with the world before him to choose from8 #ast4 ,a berth in the civil service to creep into for the rest of his life4 #b;d4 ,the place of head jockey and trainer in the prince's stables4 #c;d4 ,unknown4 ,alas6 poor ,greville1 that the bubble of life should have burst so soon1 leaving thee flat on thy back in a barren world1 after having thus airily mounted to such imperial heights6 ,had either ,juvenal or ,johnson known thy towering ambition and thy fall1 he would have placed thee side by side with dire ,hannibal or the venturous ,swede 8to point a moral or adorn a tale06 ,it is wonderful1 however1 how easily the diarist lays aside his philosophic tone to take up the more congenial rle of a spy upon the kings whose names are so ostentatiously displayed on his title-page1 and from whose service alone he derived all the consideration he had4 ,on ,january #ab1 #ahbi1 ,lord ,mount ,charles comes to him for some information4 ,thereupon1 under the guise of friendship and confidence1 he avows with a curious shamelessness that he proceeded to interrogate his visitor about ,george ,,iv4's private life and habits4 ,when he has got all he wants out of the unsuspecting ,mount ,charles1 he sets it down in his journal and winds up with this reflection1 everywhere quoted3 8,a more contemptible1 cowardly1 selfish1 unfeeling dog does not exist than this king40 ,these were strong words to apply to a sovereign whose bread he was eating1 and who had always personally treated him with marked confidence and kindness4 ,perhaps those who read ,mr4 ,greville's journal with attention1 and note the slow portrait he therein unconsciously draws of himself1 will be better able to judge where the terms more aptly apply4 ,as a work of art1 indeed1 the journalist's picture of himself is far superior to anything else in his book4 ,touch by touch he elaborates his own character4 ,it is not a flattering one2 it was never revealed to the artist4 ,how pitiably does this coarse generalization of ,greville's compare with the fine but vigorous and indelible strokes of ,saint-,simon's pencil in his portrait of ,louis ,,xiv46 ,it is not a character1 but a gross and clumsy invective4 ,but ,mr4 ,greville had already plumbed a lower depth of baseness in his prurient eagerness for details4 ,august #bi1 #ahbh4--8;,i met ,bachelor1 the poor ,duke of ,york's old servant1 and now the king's valet de chambre1 and he told me some curious things about the interior of the palace4 ,but he is coming to call on me1 and ,i will write down what he tells me then40 ,on the #afth of ,september he sent for ,bachelor1 and had a long conversation with him1 drawing out all he could from the valet about his master's habits4 ,may #ac1 #ahbi4--8;,bachelor called again1 telling me all sorts of details concerning ,windsor and ,st4 ,james40 ,what a picture for the author of ,gil ,blas6 ,it reminds one of some of those ,spanish interiors the novelist has so deftly painted1 where valet and adventurer put their heads together1 scheming how best to open some rich don's purse-strings1 or ensnare his confidence before beginning some villanous game at his expense4 ,if these be the springs of history1 ,clio defend us against her modern sister6 ,what makes all this prying the more indefensible is that ,mr4 ,greville was without need of it even for the composition of these ,memoirs4 ,elsewhere he boasts of the 8great men0 he has known4 ,and it is true that he knew them2 and had his ability equalled his opportunity1 enough sources of information were honorably open to him to have made his journal valuable and interesting4 ,but the truth is1 ,mr4 ,greville loved to dabble in dirty waters1 as he has elsewhere plainly shown in his book4 ,a large part of these volumes--the major part of them1 indeed--is taken up with political gossip4 ,it would not be correct to give it any higher title4 ,its weight as a contribution to history1 to use ,la ,bruyre's illustration1 would be about two ounces4 ,it consists chiefly of what he gathered at the council-table4 ,but disloyal as this tampering with his oath may have been1 his singular inaptitude to gather what was really important hardly offers even the poor excuse of interesting his readers in its results4 ,the consideration of the eccentricities and sarcasms of his bte noir1 the chancellor 7,lord ,brougham71 during a large portion of the time covered by this journal1 generally puts to flight in ,mr4 ,greville's mind all other topics4 ,the rest of his political reminiscences are made up of conversations with the actors in the parliamentary scenes here presented2 but even these lose the greater part of their value from his inveterate habit of confounding his own opinions and language with those of the person he happens to be 8interviewing40 ,this confusion in ,mr4 ,greville's mind between what he thought and said and what others thought and said has been fully exposed by the numerous letters which have been drawn forth in ,england from the survivors of the persons named in his ,memoirs or from their friends4 ,mr4 ,greville adds very little to our knowledge of the events of the period he treats of4 ,nearly everything of importance in his journal has been anticipated4 ,the correspondence of ,william ,,iv4 and ,lord ,grey1 the life and despatches of ,wellington1 and the lives of ,denman1 ,palmerston1 and others1 have left little to be supplied of this era of ,english history4 ,one of the most curious features--we might almost say the distinguishing feature--in a work full of curious traits of levity1 conceit1 and immature judgment1 is the universal tone of depreciation in which the author speaks of the men of his acquaintance4 ,this is not confined to ordinary personages who lived and died obscure1 but embraces1 as we have heretofore said1 a large number of the names most illustrious in statesmanship and diplomacy in his times4 ,lord ,althorpe1 ,melbourne1 the late ,earl ,derby1 ,graham1 ,palmerston1 ,o',connell1 ,guizot1 ,thiers--one scarcely picks out a single name of eminence that he has not attempted to belittle4 ,his opinions and prophecies have been in every instance flatly contradicted by events4 ,of ,palmerston especially--of his stupidity1 his ignorance1 his lightness1 his general want of capacity1 and the certainty that he would never rise to be anybody--he is never done speaking slightingly4 ,it is true that the late ,english premier passed through many years of obscurity in office1 making1 perhaps1 some sort of excuse for ,mr4 ,greville's blindness2 but this example is not an isolated one4 ,the late ,lord ,derby comes in for an almost equal share of it1 although he is allowed the possession of some brains--a claim denied to his after-rival4 ,mr4 ,greville is equally impartial in discoursing about crowned heads and plain republicans4 ,his neat and finely-pointed satire stigmatized the king whose paid servant he was as a 8blackguard10 a 8dog10 and a 8buffoon02 and he held his nose1 as in the case of ,washington ,irving1 did any 8vulgar0 ,american democrat come 8between the wind and his nobility40 ,those of ,mr4 ,greville's subjects who have virtues are imbeciles2 those who have talent are adventurers or knaves4 ,he appears to have centred all the admiration of which he was capable upon ,lord de ,ros1 a young nobleman absolutely unknown outside a small ,english circle4 ,mr4 ,greville seems1 in fact1 to have been one of those men who seek1 and sometimes gain1 a certain reputation for sagacity by depreciating everybody around them4 ,of the late ,lord ,derby he says3 8,he 7,stanley7 must be content with a subordinate part1 and act with whom he may1 he will never inspire real confidence or conciliate real esteem40 ,in another place1 in summing up a conversation with ,peel1 he accuses him 7,stanley71 by direct implication1 of being 8a liar and a coward10 although he puts these ugly words in another's mouth4 ,how far these predictions and this estimate were just history has already decided4 ,high and low all dance to the same music in ,mr4 ,greville's journal4 ,on ,september #aj1 #ahcc1 speaking of a speech of ,william ,,iv4--not very wise1 perhaps1 but natural enough under the circumstances--he says3 8,if he 7,william ,,iv47 was not such an ass that nobody does anything but laugh at what he says1 this would be important4 ,such as it is1 it is nothing40 ,the circumstances that influenced his pique are sometimes of the most trivial character4 ,under date ,september #c1 #ahcc1 he notes that the king complained that no one was present to administer the oath to a new member of the ,privy ,council whom ,brougham had introduced4 8,and what is unpleasant10 he says1 8the king desires a clerk of the council to be present when anything is going on40 ,inde ir4 ,a few days afterwards1 in a notice of the prorogation of ,parliament1 he thus revenges himself for the king's implied censure3 8,he 7,william ,,iv47 was coolly received2 for there is no doubt there never was a king less respected4 ,george ,,iv41 with all his occasional popularity1 could always revive the external appearance of loyalty when he gave himself the trouble40 ,thus one master1 who was a 8dog10 is made to do duty on occasion against an other who was an 8ass40 ,but this is not all he has to say of the same monarch4 ,at page #ebj1 vol4 ii41 summing up his character after his death1 he says3 8,after his 7,william ,,iv4's7 accession he always continued to be something of a blackguard and something more of a buffoon4 ,it is but fair to his memory at the same time to say that he was a good-natured1 kind-hearted1 and well-meaning man1 and that he always acted an honorable and straightforward1 if not always a sound and discreet1 part40 ,that this statement1 that 8never was there a king less respected10 was false1 it needs hardly the popular verdict about ,william ,,iv4 to prove4 ,mr4 ,greville contradicts himself on page #bea of the same volume1 where he notes the 8strong expressions of personal regard and esteem0 entertained for the king by such competent witnesses as two of his ministers1 ,wellington and ,lord ,grey4 ,even their testimony is not needed4 ,whatever may have been ,william ,,iv4's private weakness and foibles1 the regret felt for him was general1 and the esteem for his character as a popular sovereign publicly expressed4 ,in any case1 the indecency in ,mr4 ,greville's mouth of the expressions he makes use of is too plain to need argument4 ,speaking1 in one place1 of ,lord ,brougham and referring to the chancellor's habit of sarcasm1 he says3 8,he reminds me of the man in ,jonathan ,wild who couldn't keep his hand out of his neighbor's pocket1 although there was nothing in it1 nor refrain from cheating at cards1 although there were no stakes on the table40 ,this description is true enough1 in another sense1 of ,mr4 ,greville himself4 ,a ,sir ,fretful ,plagiary1 he could see no man succeed without carping at him1 nor resist criticising another's performance for the sole reason that he had no hand in it4 ,noting the appearance of a political letter by ,lord ,redesdale1 he says3 8,there is very little in it40 ,this single phrase gives the key to his character and the tone of his journal4 ,at page #fi1 vol4 ii41 he sums up the whole subject of ,irish national education in the profoundly-disgusted remark that there is nothing more in it than 8whether the brats at school shall read the whole ,bible or only parts of it40 ,page #aje1 vol4 ii43 8,o',connell is supposed to be horribly afraid of the cholera40 8,he dodges between ,london and ,dublin0 to avoid it1 8shuns the ,house of ,commons10 and neglects his duties4 ,on pages #dad-ae3 8,he 7,o',connell7 is an object of execration to all those who cherish the principles and feelings of honor0--a high-toned remark1 coming from a man of such delicate honor that1 according to his own confession1 he had no scruple in greasing the palm of a king's valet for the secrets of his master's bed-chamber2 who avows without a blush that he deliberately led ,lord ,mount ,charles1 and ,lord ,adolphus ,fitzclarence into confidences he there and then meant to betray2 who in these ,memoirs is continually invading the privacy of homes in which he was a guest2 and who1 finally1 takes advantage of his official position under oath to disclose the conversations of the ,privy ,council6 ,surely1 no juster piece of self-satire was ever written6 8',tis a man of universal knowledge10 says ,la ,bruyre4 ,his familiarity with constitutional law would lead him to unseat the bench4 ,judges ,park and ,aldersen1 famous lawyers1 known to all the courts1 are 8nonsensical0 in a decision they come to about the sheriff's lists4 ,mr4 ,justice ,park is 8peevish and foolish40 ,his loose way of damaging private character is not less remarkable4 ,to give a single instance3 he gives a bon mot about a certain ,mr4 ,wakley1 a parliamentary candidate of the day1 who was forced to bring an action against an insurance company1 which resisted the claim on the ground that the plaintiff was concerned in the fire4 ,no further information is given--the verdict of the jury or the judgment4 ,but ,mr4 ,greville thus coolly concludes3 8,i forget what was the result of the trial2 but that of the evidence was a conviction of his instrumentality40 ,a 8conviction0 by whom8 ,by ,mr4 ,greville--who 8forgets the result of the trial06 ,there is nothing to show that the friends or family of this ,mr4 ,wakley are not still living to suffer from this unsupported libel4 8,jesters10 says a ,french humorist1 8are wretched creatures2 that has been said before4 ,but those who injure the reputation or the fortunes of others rather than lose a bon mot1 merit an infamous punishment2 this has not been said1 and ,i dare say it40 ,his 8blackguards0 are not all seated on a throne4 ,his hatred of the 8mob0 was greater1 if possible1 than his envy of his superiors4 8,odi profanum vulgus et arceo0 is the head-line of all his pages4 ,look at this entry1 where the whole character of the man breaks forth irresistibly3 8,newmarket1 ,october #a1 #ahca4--;,came here last night1 to my great joy1 to get holidays1 and leave reform and politics and cholera for racing and its amusements4 ,just before ,i came away ,i met ,lord ,wharncliffe1 and asked him about his interview with radical ,jones4 ,this blackguard considers himself a sort of chief of a faction1 and one of the heads of the sans-culottins of the present day40 ,from radical ,jones to ,washington ,irving is but a step for ,mr4 ,greville's nimble pen4 ,the one is--what he says2 the other1 essentially 8vulgar40 ,the same 8vulgarity0 offends his delicate taste in ,thiers1 ,macaulay1 and a score of others 8the latchet of whose shoes he was unworthy to loose40 ,is it to be wondered at that the venerable pontiff ,pius ,,viii4 7page #cbe1 vol4 i47 fails to satisfy this fastidious critic8 ,the pope1 however1 escapes tolerably well4 ,as a matter of course1 8there is nothing in him02 but the distinguished urbanity and refined wit of the condescending ,mr4 ,greville is satisfied to pronounce him a good-natured 8twaddle40 ,these large airs of superior wisdom and refinement1 this tone of pitying kindness1 which ,mr4 ,greville adopts towards the most illustrious men in ,europe of his day1 remind us of nothing so much as the majestic demeanor of the burgo1 or great lord of ,lilliput1 who harangued ,capt4 ,gulliver the morning after his arrival in that island4 8,he seemed to me10 says ,capt4 ,gulliver1 8to be somewhat longer than my middle finger4 ,he acted every part of an orator1 and ,i could observe many periods of threatening1 and others of promises1 pity1 and kindness40 ,the distinguished author of these ,memoirs was not always1 however1 as we have seen1 in the same amiable mood that the burgo afterwards manifested4 ,after lashing each one of the persons he has known1 separately and in turn1 in the words which we have quoted1 in another passage his acquaintances are all collected in a group and dashed off with graphic effect4 ,october #ab1 #ahcb4--;,immediately after an entry giving a conversation with the accomplished ,lady ,cowper1 he says3 8,my journal is getting intolerably stupid and entirely barren of events4 ,i would take to miscellaneous and private matters1 if any fell in my way4 ,but what can ,i make out of such animals as ,i herd with and such occupations as ,i am engaged in80 ,a week after1 at ,easton1 besides ,lady ,cowper1 he names some other 8animals03 8,the ,duke of ,rutland1 the ,walewskis1 ,lord ,burghersh and ,hope--the usual party10 he exclaims with a sigh4 ,sad fate6 ,the adventurous ,capt4 ,gulliver elsewhere1 in a letter to his cousin ,sympson1 says3 8,pray bring to your mind how often ,i desired you to consider1 when you insisted on the motive of ,public ,good1 that the ,yahoos were a species of animals utterly incapable of amendment by precept or example40 ,such appear to have been the melancholy reflections forced upon the mind of ,mr4 ,houyhnhnm ,greville by the ,yahoos he tells us he was compelled to 8herd with06 ,ever and anon he turns a regretful eye to the nobler race he was suited to1 and lets us into the secret of the company and occupations that relieved him from the desolating ennui of uncongenial society4 8,june #aa1 #ahcc4--;,at a place called ,buckhurst all last week for the ,ascot races4 ,a party at ,lentifield's2 racing all the morning2 then eating1 drinking1 and play at night4 ,i may say with more truth than anybody1 ,video meliora proboque1 deteriora sequor40 8,not at all10 it might have been answered4 8,a jockey and gamester ab ovo usque ad mala4 ,fortune has now placed thee in the rank kind nature fitted thee to adorn1 had not a too avid uncle snatched thee therefrom1 and dry mountains of crackling parchment and red tape crushed thy yearning ardor for the loose boxes and the paddock60 8,march #bg4--;,jockeys1 trainers1 and blacklegs are my companions1 and it is like dram-drinking3 having once entered upon it1 ,i cannot leave it1 although ,i am disgusted with the occupation all the time40 ,truly a long and fond 8disgust10 since it lasted from his eighteenth year until his death6 8,while the fever it excites is raging and the odds are varying1 ,i can neither read nor write nor occupy myself with anything40 ,let us not be unjust to ,mr4 ,greville4 ,kings1 pontiffs1 statesmen1 and authors may have been 8blackguards0 or 8vulgar buffoons10 the most refined society of both sexes in ,england a 8herd0 of ,yahoos2 but that he was not insensible to real merit1 that he had a true appreciation of the good and the beautiful when he found it1 one single example1 shining out in these many pages of depreciation1 proves beyond peradventure4 ,in the flood of universal cynicism that pours over them1 one man there is at least who lifts his head above the waters--one other gentle ,houyhnhnm1 fit companion for ,mr4 ,greville1 possessing all that wisdom and discretion denied to the rest of the world1 and1 more wonderful still1 that elegant taste the fastidious critic finds nowhere else4 ,this phenomenon is ,mr4 ,john ,gully1 prize-fighter retired6 8,strong sense10 8discretion10 8reserve and good taste0--these are the encomiums heaped upon him2 to crown all1 8remarkably dignified and graceful in his manners and actions40 ,ah6 poor ,macaulay1 or thou1 gentle ,diedrich ,knickerbocker1 where wanders now thy ghost1 condemned for thy 8vulgarity0 to pace the borders of the sluggish ,styx1 while the 8champion heavy-weight0 is ferried over to immortality by this new ,charon of gentility8 ,we decline to soil our pages with any of ,mr4 ,greville's impure stories4 ,those who have seized on the book for the purpose of reading them must have been sadly disappointed if they hoped to find in them a doubtful amusement4 ,not a scintilla of wit relieves their baseness4 ,their vileness is equalled only by their dulness4 ,they are simply falsehoods from beginning to end4 ,where ,mr4 ,greville1 with a singular depravity1 does not himself admit them to be false while wilfully publishing them1 they have been elsewhere fully and indignantly disproved4 ,in a single word1 as ,mrs4 ,charles ,kean aptly says in her letter published in the ,times1 8the grossness was in ,mr4 ,greville's mind10 not in the conduct of those he slanders4 ,if it be said that our criticism upon these volumes and their author has been too unsparing2 that the old saying1 ,de mortuis nil nisi bonum1 should have inspired a smoother tone1 the answer is given by ,mr4 ,greville himself4 8,memoirs of this kind10 he said in a conversation held some time before his death with his editor1 ,mr4 ,reeve1 8ought not to be locked up till they had lost their principal interest by the death of all those who had taken any part in the events they describe40 ,in other words1 the diseased vanity and cynicism which made him rail at everybody while he lived made him unwilling to lose the pleasure by anticipation of wounding everybody after his death4 ,the shallow eagerness to have himself talked about after he was gone made him insensible to those ideas which seem to have animated ,saint-,simon1 who was content to look forward to an indefinite time for the publication of his ,memoirs1 desiring them rather to be a truthful and interesting contribution to history than a hasty means of venting his passing spleen4 ,mr4 ,greville has indeed been talked about sufficiently2 but that the conversation would be pleasing to him1 could he hear it1 is more doubtful4 ,one thing at least is to be commended in ,mr4 ,greville--his style4 ,this1 for certain uses1 is admirable4 ,it is easy and plain4 ,he is a master of that part of the art of writing which ,horace describes in the #ajth ,satire3 8,interdum urbani1 parcentis viribus atque ,extenuantis eas consulto40 ,his is 8the language of the well-bred man10 the pure ,english of the society in which he lived4 ,we do not take account here of his occasional coarseness1 and even oaths--these were of the character of the man1 not of his style4 ,the latter1 for purposes of correspondence1 or even a short diary1 might generally be taken for a model4 ,any single page will be read with pleasure4 ,but as1 on the other hand1 he neglects the other side of the ,venusian's advice1 seldom rising to 8support the part of the poet or rhetorician10 these closely-printed volumes eventually become tiresome to the reader4 ,even good ,english will grow monotonous if it has nothing else to sustain it4 ,little room is left to speak of the greatest of ,french memoir-writers1 or perhaps of any literature--,saint-,simon4 ,a few remarks may be jotted down1 having reference chiefly to the points of contrast suggested by the ,greville ,memoirs4 ,of the substance and texture of ,saint-,simon's great and voluminous work1 as it unrolls itself slowly before us--the opening splendor1 the daring1 the eccentricities1 the wit1 and the vices of the courts under which he lived2 the prodigies of baseness and monuments of heroic virtue that rear themselves opposed in that marvellous age2 the long line of portraits1 dark1 lurid1 threatening1 radiant1 gentle1 so full of surprises to the student of history as ordinarily written2 the turning of the fate of campaigns by the caprice of an angry woman2 the crippling of fleets by the jealousy of a minister2 the desolation of whole provinces by the corruption of intendants2 the closing scenes of profligacy and bankruptcy under the regency--many pages would be required to give even an outline4 ,the analysis of his genius and character would make a distinct essay4 ,sainte-,beuve and other masters of criticism have labored in the field2 yet the soil is so rich that humbler students will still find enough to repay them4 ,we indicate the landmarks of the country1 without entering on it4 ,nor would we be supposed to endorse or give our sanction to many of the opinions and sentiments ,saint-,simon so freely gives utterance to4 ,his ,gallicanism1 which he shared with the court2 his sympathy with the ,jansenist leaders1 if not with their heresy2 his violent hatred of the ,jesuits--these are blots on his work that cover many pages4 ,the ,duc de ,saint-,simon was born in #afge4 ,during the lifetime of his father he bore the name of the ,vidame de ,chartres1 and in a subsequent passage of his ,memoirs1 relating to the birth of his own eldest son1 he gives a highly characteristic account of the title4 ,at his first appearance at court the king was already privately married to ,mme4 de ,maintenon1 the widow ,scarron1 whose character and astonishing fortunes are nowhere more vividly described than in the pages of ,saint-,simon4 ,louis ,,xiv4 was at the summit of his glory4 ,henceforward1 though none could then foresee it1 the course was all down-hill4 ,saint-,simon in his first campaigns accompanied the king into ,flanders4 ,some discontent about promotion1 to which he believed himself entitled1 caused him to retire from the service4 ,henceforward he continued to live chiefly at court1 having already begun the composition of his ,memoirs4 ,on the death of his father1 the confidential adviser of ,louis ,,xiii41 even under the ministry of the famous ,cardinal ,richelieu1 he succeeded to the title and the government of ,blaye4 ,at this early age he was accustomed secretly to visit the monastery of ,la ,trappe for meditation and retreat4 ,his gravity and seriousness of mind are everywhere felt through his ,memoirs1 although these qualities do not lessen the pungency of his style1 nor blunt the bon mots of the court1 or his graphic description of the surprising adventures of the men of his day4 ,he married ,mlle4 de ,durfort1 the daughter of ,marshal de ,durfort4 ,this union was one of singular happiness1 interrupted only by her death4 ,the death of the ,dauphin1 the pupil of ,fnelon1 destroyed the hopes that were opening up before ,saint-,simon of becoming the chief minister of the next reign4 ,under the regency he continued to be the intimate and sometimes confidential adviser of the ,duke of ,orleans1 although supplanted in state affairs by ,cardinal ,dubois4 ,his embassy to ,madrid to negotiate the marriage of the young king1 ,louis ,,xv41 with the ,infanta of ,spain1 is well known4 ,after the death of the regent he retired to his chteau of ,la ,fert-,vidame1 where chiefly he continued henceforward to live in retirement1 composing his immortal ,memoirs4 ,he died in ,paris in #agee4 ,having known the subtle sway of a ,maintenon1 he lived to see the audacious empire of the ,pompadour2 and having served in his first campaigns under ,luxembourg1 he witnessed before his death the ,great ,frederick launch his thunderbolts of war1 and the rise of ,prussia among the great powers of ,europe4 ,to attempt1 in these few concluding remarks1 to give any criticism of ,saint-,simon's great work would be a hopeless task4 ,its character is so many-sided1 even contradictory1 that any single judgment about it would be deceptive4 ,we were impelled to connect the author's name with that of the later memoir-writer by the contrasts which irresistibly suggested themselves4 ,stated broadly1 the main distinction between ,saint-,simon and such writers as ,greville and his kind is this3 that ,saint-,simon presents a connected narrative1 flowing on largely1 fully1 evenly1 abundantly1 like a majestic river sweeping slowly past many varieties of scenery2 while ,greville gives nothing more than a hodge-podge diary1 with no connection except the illusory one of dates1 a jumble of short stories1 petty details1 and ill-natured remarks1 bubbling like a noisy brook over stones and shingle1 often half lost in the mud and sand1 and not unlikely to end in a common sewer4 ,it follows that1 while it is difficult to remember particular events or conversations in ,greville's journal1 many scenes from ,saint-,simon remain for ever fixed in the memory4 ,take1 for instance1 one--not the most striking--that of the death of ,monseigneur4 ,who can forget the picture of the old king1 in tears1 only half-dressed1 hastening to the bedside of his son2 the sudden terror of the prince's household2 the flight of ,la ,choin1 hastily gathering up her jewelry2 the row of officers on their knees in the long avenue1 crying out to the king to save them from dying of hunger2 the well-managed eyes of the courtiers at ,marly6 ,greville is cynical or satirical by dint of the child's art of using hard words4 ,saint-,simon seldom1 comparatively speaking1 puts on the garb of a cynic2 but his narrative1 with scarcely any obtrusion of the writer1 often becomes a satire as terrible as that of some passages of ,tacitus1 or1 in another vein1 of ,juvenal4 ,many of the historical characters introduced into these works are no favorites of ours2 but our purpose in this article has been1 not to discuss them1 but rather the capacity and good taste1 or otherwise1 of their critics4 ,sainte-,beuve1 in one of his felicitous periods1 expresses the wish that every age might have a ,saint-,simon to chronicle it4 ,as a paraphrase of this remark1 it might be said that it is to be wished no other age may have a ,greville to slander it4 ,,dom ,,gu,,ranger ,,and ,,solesmes4#hg ,i4 ,the church in ,france has just sustained a severe loss in the death of ,dom ,guranger1 the illustrious ,abbot of ,solesmes1 who1 on the #cjth of ,january last1 rendered up his soul to ,god in the noble abbey which he had restored at the same time that he brought back the ,benedictine ,order to ,france2 and where1 during the last forty years of his life1 he had lived in the practice of every monastic virtue1 and in the pursuit of literary labors which have rendered him one of the oracles of ecclesiastical learning4 ,we are not about to enter into details of the religious life of the venerable abbot4 ,it belongs rather to those who have been its daily witnesses to trace its history2 but we feel that it may be of interest to touch upon certain features of the character and public works of this humble and patient religious1 this vigorous athlete1 the loss of whom is so keenly felt by the ,holy ,father1 whose friend and counsellor he was1 and by the church1 of which he was the honor and the unwearied defender4 ,dom ,guranger1 in mental temperament1 belonged to that valiant generation of ,catholics who1 after #ahcj1 energetically undertook the cause of religion in their unhappy country1 more than ever exposed to the attacks of the ,revolution4 ,the university had become a source of antichristian teaching2 the press everywhere overflowed with evil and daring scandals of every kind were rife4 ,a new generation of ,jacobins had sprung from the old stock1 and were eager to invade everything noble1 venerable1 and sacred2 legal tyranny threatened to do away with well-nigh all liberty of conscience1 while the government1 either not daring or not desiring to sever itself from the ambitious conspirators to whom it owed its being1 allowed free course to the outrages and persecutions against the church4 ,it was the most critical and ominous period of the century1 and ,french society was rapidly sinking into an abyss4 ,one man1 who had foreseen all this evil1 and whose genius would have probably sufficed victoriously to combat it1 had he only possessed the virtue of humility1 was ,m4 de ,lamennais4 ,happily1 the pleiades of chosen minds whom he had gathered around him did not lose courage after the melancholy defection of their brilliant master4 ,the three most illustrious of these shared among them the defence of the faith against the floods of unbelief that threatened to overwhelm the country4 ,montalembert remained to defend the church in the public assemblies2 ,lacordaire adopted as his own the words of ,s4 ,paul to his disciple1 ,prdica verbum1 insta opportune1 importune1#hh and succeeded so effectually that he brought back the robe of ,s4 ,dominic into the pulpit of ,notre ,dame1 amid the applause of the conquered multitude2 ,guranger felt that prayer and sound learning were the two great wants of society4 ,the number of priests was insufficient for the labors of the sacred ministry4 ,the needs of the time had indeed called forth some few weighty as well as brilliant apologists2 but deep and solid learning as yet remained buried in the past1 and the patient study so necessary for the polemics of the present and the future threatened indefinitely to languish4 ,it was to this point1 therefore1 that the ,abb ,guranger directed his especial attention1 and he it was who was chosen of ,god to rekindle the expiring1 if not extinguished1 flame4 ,he was led to this sooner than he himself had perhaps anticipated1 and by a circumstance which rather appeared likely to have disturbed his projects4 ,solesmes1 which1 up to the ,revolution1 had been a priory dependent on ,s4 ,vincent de ,mans1 had just been sold to one of those 8infernal bands0 who in the course of a few years destroyed the greatest glories of ,france4 ,everything was to be pulled down3 the cloister of eight centuries and the church1 renowned for the admirable sculptures now doomed to fall beneath the 8axe and hammer02 the authorities of the time doing nothing to check the devastation effected by the bandits who were rifling their country after having assassinated her4 ,the ,abb ,guranger could not endure to witness the annihilation of so much that was sacred and venerable2 besides1 the ruins of ,solesmes were especially dear to him1 and had been the favorite haunt of his early childhood and youth1 so much so that from this and other characteristic circumstances he was at that period known among his school comrades at ,le ,sabl as ,the ,monk4 ,in concert with ,dom ,fontaine and other ecclesiastics of the neighborhood he rescued the abbey from the hands of its intending destroyers4 ,it had already suffered considerably from the ,revolution1 but remained intact in all essential particulars4 ,he spent the winter of #ahcc at ,paris1 going about the city in his monk's habit--which at that time had become a novelty--and knocking at every door1 without troubling himself about the religious opinions or belief of those to whom he addressed himself4 ,the sceptical citizens of the time amused themselves not a little at his expense2 but the learned world received with distinction the energetic young priest who was so bent upon giving back the ,benedictine ,order to ,france4 ,he never once allowed any obstacles to hinder or discourage him in the prosecution of his undertaking4 ,in #ahcf he repaired to ,rome1 there to make his novitiate2 and1 after a year passed in the ,benedictine ,abbey of ,san ,paolo ,fuora ,muri1 he pronounced his solemn vows1 and occupied himself in preparing the constitutions of ,solesmes4 ,these1 on the #ast of ,september1 #ahcg1 were approved by ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi41 who at the same time raised the ,priory of ,solesmes into an abbey1 and authoritatively nominated ,dom ,guranger to be its first abbot4 ,solesmes and the grand ,order of ,s4 ,benedict were thus restored to ,france4 ,the new abbot was soon surrounded by men nearly all of whom have taken a distinguished rank in learning and science1 and during forty years the austere discipline and deep and extensive studies of the sons of ,s4 ,benedict flourished under his able rule4 ,dom ,guranger1 moreover1 restored ,ligug1 the oldest monastery in ,france1 built in #cfj by ,s4 ,martin of ,tours4 ,he also founded the ,priory of ,s4 ,madeleine at ,marseilles1 and at ,solesmes the ,abbey of ,benedictine ,nuns of ,s4 ,cecilia4 ,the attention he bestowed upon these important foundations did not hinder this indefatigable religious from amassing the treasures of erudition which he dispensed with so much ability in defence of the truth and of sound doctrine4 ,to the end of his life his pen was active either in writing the numerous works which have rendered his name so well known1 or in correcting the errors of polemics and answering his adversaries when the interests of religion required it2 habitually going straight to the point in his replies1 fearlessly attacking whatever was false or mistaken1 and never allowing any approach to a compromise with error4 ,the defence of the church was his constant and engrossing thought1 and no important controversy arose but he was sure to appear with the accuracy of his learning and the always serious but unsparing process of a logic supported by a thorough acquaintance with doctrine and facts4 ,the ,abbot of ,solesmes was endowed with a large amount of prudence and good sense4 ,when his former companions of ,la ,chesnaie undertook to popularize 8liberal ,catholicism10 the precise creed of which has never yet been ascertained1 and the unfailing results of which have been scandal and division1 he undertook to bring back the church in ,france to unity of prayer by writing his book entitled ,institutions ,liturgiques1 which1 exhibiting in all their beauty the forgotten rites and symbols1 succeeded in securing for them the appreciation they merit2 so that from that time the liturgy in ,france began to disengage itself from the multiplicity of particular observances4 ,in this matter ,dom ,guranger had engaged in no trifling combat1 his opponents being many and powerful2 but he energetically defended his ground1 and did not die until he had seen his undertaking crowned with full success by the restoration of the ,roman liturgy in ,france4 ,besides these liturgical labors1 which chiefly occupied him1 and his ,letters to the ,archbishops of ,rheims and ,toulouse1 as likewise to ,mgr4 ,fayet1 ,bishop of ,orleans1 in defence of the ,institutions1 he undertook the ,liturgical ,year1 which1 unfortunately1 was left unfinished at his death4 ,his ,mmoire upon the ,immaculate ,conception was included among those memorials sent to the bishops by the ,sovereign ,pontiff on the promulgation of the dogma4 ,his ,sainte ,ccile1 remarkable for its historical accuracy1 as well as for its excellence as a literary composition1 is a finished picture of ,christian manners during the earliest centuries4 ,when the ,vatican ,council was sitting1 ,dom ,guranger appeared for the last time in the breach4 ,confined a prisoner by sickness1 but intrepid as those old captains who insist on being borne into the midst of the fight1 he wished to take part in the great debate which was being carried on in the church4 ,he fought valiantly1 and answered the adversaries of tradition by his work on ,the ,pontifical ,monarchy1 defending ,pope ,honorius against the attacks of an ill-informed academician4 ,we are unable to give a complete list of the writings of ,dom ,guranger1 numerous articles having been published by him in the ,univers--notably those on ,maria d',agreda and the reply to an exaggerated idea of ,m4 d',haussonville on the attitude of the church under the persecution of the ,first ,bonaparte4 ,we will only name1 in concluding this part of the subject1 his ,essais sur le ,naturalisme1 which dealt a heavy blow to free-thinking2 his ,rponses upon the liturgical law to ,m4 l',abb ,david1 now ,bishop of ,st4 ,brieuc2 and a ,dfense des ,jesuites4 ,should it be asked how the ,abbot of ,solesmes could find the time for so many considerable works1 the answer is given in the ,imitation3 ,cella continuata dulcescit4 ,he had made retreat a willing necessity for himself1 and1 being in the habit of doing everything in its proper time1 he had time for everything without need of haste4 ,from the day that he became ,abbot of ,solesmes he was scarcely ever seen in the world1 never absenting himself without absolute necessity or from obedience4 ,of middle height1 decided manner1 with a quick eye and serious smile1 ,dom ,guranger attracted those who came to him by the simplicity and kindness of his reception1 and those who sought his advice by the discerning wisdom of his counsels4 ,high ecclesiastical dignities might have been his had he not preferred to remain in the seclusion of his beloved abbey4 ,he leaves behind him something far better than even his books1 in bequeathing to the church and to society a family of monks strongly imbued with his spirit1 and destined to perpetuate the holy traditions which he was the first to revive in his native land4 ,the imposing ceremonies of the funeral of ,dom ,guranger1 which took place on the #dth of ,february at the ,abbey of ,solesmes1 were conducted by the ,bishops of ,mans1 ,nantes1 and ,quimper2 there were also present the ,abbots of ,ligug1 ,la ,trappe de ,mortagne1 ,aiguebelle1 and ,pierre-qui-,vire1 besides more than two hundred priests of ,la ,sarthe4 ,the remains of the reverend father1 clothed in pontifical vestments1 with the mitre and crozier1 were exposed in the church from the evening of the #cjth 7,saturday7 for the visits of the faithful1 crowds of whom came from all the country round1 in spite of the exceeding inclemency of the weather1 to pay their last respects and to be present at the funeral of the illustrious man1 who1 during his forty years' residence among them1 had made himself so greatly beloved4 ,just before the close of the ceremony1 when the ,bishop of ,mans invited those present to look for the last time upon the holy and beautiful countenance of the departed abbot1 who had been a father to many outside as well as within the cloister walls1 a general and irrepressible burst of sobs and tears arose from the multitude which thronged the church4 ,among those present were many noble and learned friends of the deceased1 besides the mayor and municipal council of ,solesmes1 and also of ,sabl 7,dom ,guranger's native place71 a deputation of the marble-workers of the district1 and people of every class4 ,,ii4 8,la voyez vous croitre1 ,la tour du vieux cloitre80 ,before concluding our notice we must devote a page or two to the 8,old ,cloister ,tower10 which is discernible from a considerable distance1 with its four or five stories and its heraldic crown rising above the walls of the ancient borough of ,solesmes4 ,the abbey itself next appears in sight1 majestically seated on the slope of a wide valley1 through which flows the ,sarthe1 on a level with its grassy borders4 ,the locality1 which is pleasing rather than picturesque1 is fertile1 animated1 and cheerful4 ,besides several chteaux of recent construction1 which face the abbey from the opposite side of the river1 may be seen1 at some distance off1 the splendid convent of ,benedictine ,nuns1 built some years ago by a lady of ,marseilles1 and on the horizon appears the ,chteau of ,sabl1 with its vast terraces and 7according to the country-people7 its three hundred and sixty-five windows4 ,the ,abbey of ,solesmes1 founded about the year #ajbe1 has preserved1 in spite of several reconstructions1 the architectural arrangement1 so suitable for community life1 copied by its first monks from the ,roman houses of the order4 ,the enclosure consists of a quadrangle1 with an almost interminable cloister1 out of which are entrances into the church1 the chapter-house1 the refectory1 the guest-chamber1 and all the places of daily assembly4 ,there silence and recollection reign supreme4 ,excepting only during the times of recreation1 no sound is to be heard save the twittering of birds1 the sound of the ,angelus or some other occasional bell1 or the subdued voice of a monk who1 with some visitor1 is standing before a sculptured saint1 or examining the fragments of some ancient tomb4 ,it is chiefly the abbey church which attracts the curiosity and interest of artists and antiquaries4 ,there is not an archologist who has not heard of the 8,saints of ,solesmes10 as the groups of statues and symbolic sculptures are called which fill the chapels of the transept from roof to pavement4 ,these wonderful works1 executed for the most part under the direction of the priors of ,solesmes1 form one of the finest monuments of medival sculpture to be found in ,france4 ,they are mystic and somewhat mannered in style1 but of bold conception1 vigorously expressed4 ,a multitude of personages1 sacred1 historical1 or allegorical1 intermingle with coats-of-arms1 heraldic devices1 bandrols1 and all the details of an ornamentation of which the skilfully-studied arrangement corrects the redundance1 which would otherwise be confused4 ,this1 however1 is but the purely decorative portion2 the principal works being enshrined in deep niches or recesses1 in which may be seen groups of seven or eight figures1 the size of life1 and wonderfully effective in attitude and action4 ,in a low-vaulted crypt resting on pillars1 to the right1 is represented the ,entombment4 ,this group1 which is the earliest in date1 having been executed in #adif under the direction of ,michel ,colomb1 8habitant de ,tours et tailleur d'ymaiges du roy10 is the most considerable1 and perhaps also the most striking4 ,all the figures1 ten in number1 have impressed on their countenances and movements the feeling of the dolorous function in which they are engaged4 ,most of them are represented in the costume1 and probably with the features1 of persons of the time4 ,joseph of ,arimathea in particular has the look and bearing of the lord of the place1 or1 it may be1 of the prior of the monastery4 ,but nothing attracts the attention more than a little statue with features so refined that it might have descended from the canvas of ,carlo ,dolci4 ,it is the ,magdalen1 seated in the dust2 the elbows supported on the knees1 the hands joined1 the eyes closed4 ,all her life seems concentrated in her soul2 and that is absorbed in penitence and prayer1 grief1 love1 and resignation--she is as if still shedding her sanctified odors at the ,saviour's feet4 ,the left transept is devoted to the honor of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,she has fallen asleep in the ,lord1 surrounded by the apostles4 ,then follow her burial1 her ,assumption1 and finally her glorification4 ,she tramples under foot the dragon1 who1 with bristling horns and claws1 vainly endeavors to reach her4 ,he is bound for a thousand years4 ,this subject1 rarely attempted1 is here powerfully treated2 all these heads1 with horrible grimaces1 appear to be howling and blaspheming in impotent fury--,et iratus est draco in mulierem#hi--;but the ,woman is raised on high1 and with her virginal foot tramples on the enemy of mankind4 ,facing this subject are the patriarchs and prophets1 in niches royally decorated4 ,this work was executed in #aeej by ,floris d',anvers1 after the plan given by ,jean ,bouglet1 ,doctor of the ,sorbonne1 and ,prior of ,solesmes4 ,but time would fail us to describe all these remarkable sculptures1 which so narrowly escaped destruction or desecration at the hands of the revolutionists4 ,the ,first ,napoleon had the idea of transporting them to some museum as curiosities of art4 ,it would have been a sacrilege1 and one which1 alas6 has been too often perpetrated in other countries besides ,france4 ,but what ,catholic that visits the garden even1 to say nothing of the museum1 of the ancient monastery of ,cluny 7now ,muse de ,cluny1 at ,paris71 is not pained at seeing saints and virgins1 angels and apostles1 more or less shattered and dismembered1 torn from their places in the sanctuary1 and figuring as statues on the lawn1 or mere groups of sculpture picturesquely placed to assist the effect of the gardener's arrangement of the shrubs and flower-beds8 ,bonaparte1 however 7after testing with gimlet and saw the hardness of the stone71 found himself obliged to leave the 8,saints of ,solesmes0 where they were1 as1 unless the whole were to be ruined1 the entire transept would have had to be transported all in one piece1 every part of this immense sculptured fresco being connected and1 as it were1 enwound with the other portions1 and each detail having only its particular excellence in the completeness of the rest4 ,it is amid the ceremonies of ,solesmes that those who enter into the spirit of ,christian art can penetrate more deeply into the meaning of the vast poem carved upon the walls of the church4 ,during the simple recital of the psalms1 as in the most solemn and magnificent ceremonies1 there is a striking harmony between the decoration and the action1 the one being a commentary on the other4 ,the monks1 motionless in their carven stalls1 or disposed on the steps of the altar1 seem to make one with the ,jerusalem in stone1 while the saints in their niches may almost be imagined to sing with the psalmody and meditate during the solemn rites at which they are present4 ,at the most solemn moment of the ,mass1 when clouds of incense are filling the holy place1 the mystic dove descends1 bearing between her silver wings the ,bread of ,heaven1 and1 when it is deposited in the pyx1 mounts again into her aerial shrine1 which is suspended from a lofty cross4 ,this custom of elevating the tabernacle between heaven and earth was not the only one in which the venerable abbot exactly copied the ancient rites4 ,the ceremonies of ,solesmes are full of the spirit of the church's liturgy1 and the community formed by his teaching and example will not fail to perpetuate the pious and venerable observances which he was the first to restore in ,france4 ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,blumisalpe4 ,there was a time when around this mountain1 now covered with perpetual snow1 swarms of bees produced aromatic honey2 fine cows1 pasturing the entire year in the green fields1 filled the dairy-women's pails with rich milk2 and the farmer by trifling labor obtained abundant harvests4 ,but the inhabitants of this fertile country1 blinded by the splendor of their fortune1 became proud and haughty4 ,they were intoxicated with the charms of wealth2 they forgot that there are duties attached to the possession of wealth--the duties of hospitality and of charity4 ,instead of using their treasures judiciously1 they employed them solely in ministering to a more luxurious idleness1 and in a continual succession of festivities4 ,they closed their ears to the supplications of the unfortunate1 and sent the poor from their doors2 and ,god punished them4 ,one of these proud1 rich men built on the verdant slopes of the ,blumisalpe a superb chteau1 intending to reside there1 surrounded by his unworthy associates4 ,every morning their baths were filled with the purest milk4 ,the terraced steps of the gardens were made1 according to the legend1 of finely-cut blocks of excellent cheese4 ,this ,sardanapalus of the mountains had inherited all his father's vast domains1 and1 whilst he revelled in this manner in his rich possessions1 his old mother was living in want in the seclusion of the valley4 ,one day the poor old woman1 suffering from cold and hunger1 supplicated his compassion4 ,she told him that she was living alone in her cabin1 unable to work2 indigent1 without assistance2 infirm1 without support4 ,she begged him to grant her the fragments of his feast1 a refuge in his stables2 but1 deaf to her entreaties1 he ordered her to leave4 ,she showed him her cheeks1 wrinkled by grief more than by age2 her emaciated arms1 that had carried him in his infancy2 he threatened to command his attendants to drive her away4 ,the poor woman returned to her cabin1 overwhelmed with grief by this cruel outrage4 ,she tottered through his beautiful grounds with bowed head1 and sighs that she could not restrain burst from her oppressed heart1 and bitter tears streamed from her eyes4 ,god counted the mother's tears4 ,she had scarcely arrived at her hut when the avenging storm came4 ,the chteau of the ignominious son was struck by lightning1 his treasures were consumed by the flames1 from which he himself did not escape1 and his companions perished with him4 ,those fields1 that once yielded so abundantly1 are now covered with a mass of snow that never melts4 ,on the spot where his mother vainly implored his compassion1 the rent earth has opened a frightful abyss2 and where her tears then flowed now1 drop by drop1 fall the tears of the eternal glaciers4 ,,new ,,publications ,,the ,,young ,,catholic',s ,,illustrated ,,fifth ,,reader4 ,pp4 #dcj1 #abmo4 ,,the ,,young ,,catholic',s ,,illustrated ,,sixth ,,reader ,,and ,,speaker4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,spalding1 ,s4,t4,l4 ,pp4 #dgg1 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahge4 ,these books have been prepared with great care and rare tact4 ,we have examined1 from time to time1 the various ,readers which are used in this country1 and the ,young ,catholic's ,series is certainly the best which we have seen4 ,but the ,fifth and ,sixth ,readers of this series are especially good1 and we are confident that they are destined to become the standard ,readers of the ,catholic schools of the ,united ,states4 ,they are indeed more than reading-books3 they are collections of choice specimens of ,english literature1 in prose and poetry1 so arranged as to present every variety of style1 that opportunity may be given to the pupil to cultivate all the different forms of vocal expression4 ,in the ,fifth ,reader the attention of the young ,catholic is called to the history of the church in the ,united ,states by the attractive biographical notices of some of the most distinguished bishops and archbishops of this country2 and1 as an introduction to the ,sixth1 we have a brief but exhaustive treatise on elocution4 ,we have not the space to enter into a minute criticism of these books2 but we have expressed our honest conviction of their excellence1 and we are quite sure that their own merits will open for them a way into ,catholic schools throughout the land4 ,,pax4 ,,the ,,syllabus ,,for ,,the ,,people3 ,a ,review of the ,propositions condemned by ,his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 with ,text of the ,condemned ,list4 ,by a ,monk of ,s4 ,augustine's1 ,ramsgate1 author of ,the ,vatican ,decrees and ,catholic ,allegiance4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,this is an almost necessary complement to the publications forming the ,gladstone controversy1 the original being so frequently referred to by ,mr4 ,gladstone and his reviewers4 ,we cannot do better than quote the editor's preface1 by way of comment3 8,the ,syllabus of ,pius ,,ix4 has been the subject of so many misconceptions that a plain and simple setting forth of its meaning cannot be useless4 ,this is what ,i have tried to do in the following pages4 ,a vindication or defence of the ,syllabus was1 of course1 out of the question in so small a compass2 but ,i think that more than half the work of defence is done by a simple explanation4 ,during the ten years just completed since its promulgation1 much has occurred to show the wisdom that dictated it4 ,the translation ,i have given is the one authorized by ,his ,eminence the ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,dublin40 ,,postscript ,,to ,a ,,letter ,,addressed ,,to ,,his ,,grace ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,norfolk1 ,,on ,,occasion ,,of ,,mr4 ,,gladstone',s ,,recent ,,expostulation1 ,,and ,,in ,,answer ,,to ,,his 8,,vaticanism40 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4 ,d41 of the ,oratory4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,in this ,postscript ,dr4 ,newman pulverizes the different statements of ,mr4 ,gladstone's rejoinder1 one by one4 ,the blunders of the ex-,premier are not surprising1 seeing that he attempts to write about matters in which he is not well informed1 but they are certainly very gross4 ,dr4 ,newman has taken him by the hand with a very gentle smile on his countenance1 but he has broken his bones as in a vise4 ,,personal ,,reminiscences4 ,by ,moore and ,jerdan4 ,edited by ,richard ,henry ,stoddard4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,company4 #ahge4 ,this small and dainty-looking little volume is one of the 8,bric-a-,brac0 ,series4 ,its two hundred and eighty-eight pages profess to give us the 8personal reminiscences0 of ,moore and ,jerdan4 ,they give nothing more than such extracts from the original as have taken the fancy of the editor4 ,whether that fancy has always been wise in its choice is fairly open to question4 ,there is much of ,moore's reminiscences omitted that might have been very profitably inserted1 at least in exchange for many things which have found their way into the volume4 ,it is ,moore 8bottled off10 so to say1 and given out in small doses4 ,the experiment is not very satisfactory4 ,moore suffered irretrievably in his biographer1 ,lord ,john ,russell1 of whose 8eight solid volumes10 as ,mr4 ,stoddard says1 8the essence is here presented to the reader40 ,lord ,russell will be credited with many blunders in after time1 and very grave ones some of them2 but never did he make a more exasperating mistake than in undertaking the editing of ,moore's ,memoirs1 ,journal1 and ,correspondence1 in rivalry of ,moore's own admirable biography of ,byron4 ,readers of ,personal ,reminiscences must be prepared to meet with a vast quantity of nonsense and trash4 ,but much of this constitutes the chief value of such works4 ,in the jottings down of daily journals no one expects to meet with profound reflections and labored thoughts4 ,they are rather1 in the hands of such men as ,moore1 8the abstract and brief chronicle of the time0 in which they are made4 ,moore's witty and graceful pen was just adapted to such work as this4 ,whoever or whatever was considered worth seeing in the world in which he lived and moved as one of its chief ornaments1 he saw1 and set down in his private journal4 ,bits of this ,mr4 ,stoddard gives us in the present volume2 but those who care for this kind of literature at all will prefer the whole to such parts as have pleased the editor2 and the whole does possess an intrinsic value to which the present volume does not pretend4 ,mr4 ,stoddard's preface is not encouraging4 ,he seems to write under protest that his valuable time should be consumed in this kind of work4 8,i cannot put myself in the place of a man who keeps a journal in which he is the principal figure1 and in which his whereabouts1 and actions1 and thoughts1 and feelings are detailed year after year10 says ,mr4 ,stoddard2 and the obvious comment is3 8,very probably2 but no one has asked ,mr4 ,stoddard to do anything so foolish40 ,persons who keep 8journals10 however1 are not in the habit of keeping them for other people4 8,i cannot put myself in the place of ,moore10 insists ,mr4 ,stoddard1 with unnecessary pertinacity1 8who seems to have never lost interest in himself40 ,the comment again is very obvious3 ,mr4 ,stoddard is a very different man from ,mr4 ,moore4 ,the truth is1 ,mr4 ,stoddard does not like either ,moore or his poetry4 8,the reputation which had once been his had waned40 8,a new and greater race of poets than the one to which he belonged had risen40 8,lalla ,rookh was still read1 perhaps1 but not with the same pleasure as ,the ,princess or ,the ,blot on the ,scutcheon4 ,moore had #8ceased to charm4'0 ,such statements as these ,mr4 ,stoddard would seem to consider self evident facts of which no proof is needed4 ,and he would be astonished were some one to ask him to point out the 8new and greater race of poets0 which has arisen since ,moore's death4 ,still more would he be astonished if asked to point out1 not 8a race of poets10 but a single member of the race whose writings are more read1 whose name and fame are better known1 who is 8greater10 than ,moore4 ,he would be thunderstruck were he informed that for a hundred who had read ,lalla ,rookh not twenty had read ,the ,princess1 knew its author or of its existence1 and not ten knew even of the name of the other poem mentioned4 ,altogether1 though ,mr4 ,stoddard's preface is short1 it is certainly not sweet1 and both himself and the reader are to be congratulated at his not having extended it4 ,,our ,,lady',s ,,dowry2 or1 ,how ,england ,gained and ,lost that ,title4 ,a compilation by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,e4 ,bridgett1 of the ,congregation of the ,most ,holy ,redeemer4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this book is among the most delightful and the most valuable which it has been our good-fortune to meet with4 ,it establishes not only the fact of ,england having been called 8throughout ,europe ,our ,lady's ,dowry10 but her right to the glorious title4 ,those who imagine what is known to-day as ,catholic devotion to ,our ,lady a thing of comparatively modern growth1 or1 again1 that it can only bloom luxuriantly in the sunny climes of ,spain and ,italy1 will find both illusions dispelled in these pages4 ,the old ,anglo-,saxon love of ,mary was as warm and tender as any of which human hearts are capable4 ,and instead of finding our ,english ancestors behind us in this devotion1 we must rather own ourselves behind them4 ,we would gladly give our readers an analysis of ,father ,bridgett's 8compilation10 but this cannot be done except in an elaborate review4 ,suffice it to say that never was a 8compilation0 7as the author modestly calls it7 less like what is ordinarily understood by the term--we mean in point of interest and style4 ,we subjoin a passage from ,chapter ,v4 on 8,beads and ,bells0 7p4 #bja74 ,we think the information it contains will be new to almost all3 8,the word #8bead' has undergone in ,english a curious transformation of meaning4 ,it is the past participle of the ,saxon verb biddan1 to bid1 to invite1 to pray4 ,thus in early ,english it is often used simply for prayers1 without any reference whatever to their nature or the mode of reciting them4 ,to #8bid the beads' is merely to say one's prayers4 #8,bidding the beads' also meant a formal enumeration of the objects of prayer or persons to be prayed for4 ,beadsmen or beads-women are not necessarily persons who say the ,rosary1 but simply those who pray for others1 especially for their benefactors4 8,but as a custom was introduced in very early times of counting prayers said1 by the use of little grains or pebbles strung together1 the name of prayer got attached to the instrument used for saying prayers2 and in this sense the word beads is commonly used by ,catholics at the present day4 8,lastly1 the idea of prayer was dropped out altogether in ,protestant times1 and the name of #8beads' was left attached to any little perforated balls which could be strung together merely for personal adornment1 without any reference to devotion40 ,,bulla ,,jubil,i #ahge2 seu1 ,sanctissimi ,domini nostri ,pii ,divina ,providentia ,pap ,,ix4 ,epistola ,encyclica3 ,gravibus ,ecclesi1 cum ,notis1 ,practicis ad usum ,cleri ,americani4 ,curante ,a4 ,konings1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 ,neo-,eboraci3 ,typus ,societatis pro ,libris ,catholicis ,evulgandis4 ,,mdccclxxv4 ,the reverend clergy will be grateful to ,father ,konings for this convenient and beautiful edition of the text of the bull announcing the present ,jubilee1 and for the accompanying notes4 ,,seven ,,stories4 ,by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,company4 #ahge4 ,this is a handsome reprint of a work the ,english edition of which was noticed1 on its first appearance1 in these pages4 ,,readings ,,from ,,the ,,old ,,testament4 ,arranged with ,chronological ,tables1 ,explanatory ,notes1 and ,maps4 ,for the ,use of ,students4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,wenham1 ,canon of ,southwark4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,the title of the work is almost a sufficient description of its contents4 ,the primary object of the book is to give a consecutive history of the events related in the ,old ,testament1 in the words of ,holy ,scripture4 ,it includes a history of the patriarchs from the beginning to the birth of ,moses2 of the ,israelites from the birth of ,moses to the end of the ,judges2 of the ,kings from the establishment of the kingdom to its end2 and of the ,prophets from ,b4,c4 #fjf to the birth of ,christ1 embracing an account of the prophetic writings4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxi41 ,no4 #abc4--;,,june1 #ahge4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington ,d4 ,c4 ,,specimen ,,charities4 ,charity is generally acknowledged to be1 particularly by those who do not practise it1 the greatest of the virtues4 ,judged by this standard1 everything connected with it ought to command a special interest4 ,among ourselves the most practical form of it is exhibited in the institutions provided for the care of that large section of society that may be classed as the unfortunate4 ,it is only natural to suppose1 then1 that the reports of these institutions would be caught up and studied with avidity by the public1 who in some shape or form pay for and support them4 ,nothing1 however1 is further from the truth4 ,it is safe to say that not one man out of every hundred ever sees a report of any single institution1 or ever dreams even of the existence of such a thing4 ,this indifference to how our money goes is one of the chief causes of the gross peculations and frauds that startle and shock the public mind from time to time4 ,where scrutiny is not close and constant1 the conduct of those who have reason to expect scrutiny is apt to be proportionately loose and careless4 ,there is no intention in saying this to arraign the managers of public institutions with loose and careless conduct in the discharge of their duties and the dispensing of the large sums of money confided to their care4 ,all that we would say is that the public is too inert in the matter4 ,a sharp lookout on officials of any kind never does harm to any one4 ,it will be courted by honest men1 while it hangs like the sword of ,damocles over the heads of the dishonest4 ,at all events1 it is the safest voucher for activity1 zeal1 and honesty on all sides4 ,the reports of several of the institutions best known to the public in this city have been examined1 and the result of the investigation will be set forth in this article4 ,it may be said here that perhaps a chief reason for the general apathy of the public regarding these reports is due to the reports themselves4 ,as a rule1 they seem to be drawn up with the express purpose of giving the least possible information in the most roundabout fashion4 ,the very sight of them warns an inquirer off4 ,while he is solely intent on finding out what such and such an institution does for its inmates1 what it has done1 what it purposes doing1 how it is conducted1 what it costs1 what it produces1 what success it can point to in plain black and white1 and not in general terms1 he is almost invariably treated to homilies on charity2 to dissertations on the growing number of the poor and the awfulness of crime2 to tirades on the public-school question2 to highly-colored opinions on the duty of enforcing education2 to extracts from letters that1 for all he can determine1 date from nowhere and are signed by no one4 ,such is a fair description of the average 8report0 of any given charity or public institution1 as any conscientious reader who is anxious for a sleepless night and morning headache may convince himself by glancing at the first half-dozen that come in his way4 ,this is much to be regretted4 ,little more than a year ago public inquiry was stimulated by the public press to examine into the record of the institutions that for years and years have been absorbing vast sums of money1 with no very apparent result4 ,grave charges were then made and substantiated by very ugly figures1 showing that the cost of the majority of institutions was enormously in excess of the good effected4 ,it was charged that the statistics were not clear1 that the managers shirked inquiry1 that the salaries were enormously disproportionate to the work done--in a word1 that the least benefit accrued to those for whom the institutions were founded1 erected1 and kept a-going4 ,suspicion speedily took possession of the public mind that what went by the name of public charity was nothing more nor less than a system of organized plunder4 ,that opinion is neither endorsed nor gainsaid here4 ,the result of such investigations as have been made of reports drawn up for the past year have been simply set forth1 so that every reader may judge for himself as to the benefits accruing to the public from the institutions in their midst which every year absorb an aggregate of several millions of public and private funds4 ,the institutions whose reports have been examined are for children of both sexes and of all creeds4 ,some of them are more1 some less1 directly under ,state control4 ,all1 at least1 are under ,state patronage4 ,their aim and purport is to relieve the ,state of a stupendous task--the care and future provision for children who1 without such care and provision1 would in all probability go astray1 and become1 if not a danger1 at least a burden1 to the ,state4 ,on this ground the ,state or city1 or both together1 make or makes to each one certain apportionments and awards of the public moneys4 ,those apportionments and awards are not in all cases equal either in amount or in average4 ,it is not claimed here that they are necessarily bound to be equal either in amount or in average4 ,the gift is practically a free gift on the part of the ,state1 although between itself and the institutions the award made partakes of the nature of a contract4 ,so much is allowed for the care of ,state wards4 ,what may be fairly claimed1 however1 is that the awards of the ,state should be regulated by justice and impartiality4 ,most money ought to be given where it is clear that most good is effected by it4 ,this system of award does not prevail4 ,again1 as these institutions undertake the entire control of their inmates1 and to a great extent their disposal after leaving1 they are charged with the mental1 moral1 and physical training of those inmates4 ,a vast number of the children are in all cases of the ,catholic faith4 ,as the general question of religion in our public institutions was dealt with at length in the ,april number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 there is no need of returning to it here further than to remind our readers that the moral training of ,catholic children in public institutions is utterly unprovided for4 ,our main questions now are3 ,what do our public institutions do for the public8 ,what do they do for the inmates8 ,how much does it cost them to do it8 ,whence does the money that sustains them come1 and whither does it go8 ,it is far easier to put these questions than to obtain a satisfactory answer to them4 ,of the fitness of putting them and the importance of answering them fully and fairly no man can doubt4 ,they are equally important to the public at large1 to the ,state1 and to the institutions themselves4 ,it is fitting and right that we know which institutions do the best work in the best way2 which merit the support of the public and of the ,state2 which1 if any1 are concerned chiefly about the welfare of their inmates2 which1 if any1 are concerned chiefly about the welfare of their officers and directors4 ,let us see how far the ,fiftieth ,annual ,report of the ,managers of the ,society for the ,reformation of ,juvenile ,delinquents may enlighten us on these interesting points4 ,in this institution there were received during the year 7#ahgd7 seven hundred and twenty-four children1 of whom six hundred and thirty-six were new inmates4 ,the total number in the institution for the year was one thousand three hundred and eighty-seven4 ,the average figure taken on which to calculate the year's expenditure is seven hundred and forty4 ,whence the children come may be inferred from the words of the superintendent's report 7page #ch73 8,by its charter the ,house of ,refuge is authorized to receive boys under commitment by a magistrate from the first three judicial districts1 and girls from all parts of the ,state4 ,the age of subjects who may be committed is limited to sixteen years4#ij ,state ,prison ,inspectors have power to transfer young prisoners from ,sing ,sing prison1 under seventeen years of age1 to this institution1 if in their judgment they are proper subjects for its discipline4''' ,prior to #ahdg this was the only place1 except the prisons1 in the ,state1 authorized to receive juvenile delinquents4 ,at that time the ,western ,house of ,refuge was organized at ,rochester1 and boys from the fourth1 fifth1 sixth1 seventh1 and eighth judicial districts were directed1 by the act under which that institution was organized1 to be sent there4 ,the ,state ,prison ,inspectors may transfer young prisoners from the ,state prisons of ,auburn and ,dannemora to the ,western ,house1 the same as from ,sing ,sing here4 ,the ,united ,states courts1 sitting within the ,state1 may commit youthful offenders under sixteen years of age to either institution4 ,the expense for the support of these is paid by the ,united ,states government4 ,girls from all parts of the ,state are sent to this house1 there being no female department at the ,western ,house40 ,the expenses for support of the 7average7 seven hundred and forty children for #ahgd amounted to #ajc1ebd #bc1 according to the superintendent's report4 ,to defray this1 there was contributed in all #gd1ifh #fa of public moneys1 in the following allotments3 ,by ,annual ,appropriation1 #dj1jjj #jj ,by ,balance ,special ,appropriation1 #aj1ejj #jj ,on account ,special ,appropriation1 #ahgd1 #aj1jjj #jj ,by ,board of ,education1 #g1dfh #fa ,by ,theatre ,licenses1 #g1jjj #jj ----------- #gd1ifh #fa ,there is one remark to be made on these figures1 which have been copied item by item from the report4 ,they do not tally with the report of the ,state ,treasurer4 ,in his report the award to the society is set down as #ff1ejj4 ,there is evidently a mistake somewhere4 ,a small item of #f1jjj is missing from the report of the society4 ,where can it have gone8 ,the president himself1 ,mr4 ,edgar ,ketchum1 endorses the figures of the superintendent and treasurer4 ,he tells us 7page #ad7 that the receipts for #ahgd1 8from the ,state ,comptroller1 annual and special appropriations10 are #fj1ejj2 but there is that page #cd of the annual report of the ,state ,treasurer1 which sets it down plumply at #ff1ejj4 ,there will doubtless be forthcoming an excellent explanation of this singular discrepancy between the reports4 ,the ,state ,treasurer may have made the mistake2 but1 if not1 one is permitted to ask1 is this the kind of arithmetic taught in the ,society for the ,reformation of ,juvenile ,delinquents8 ,the remaining deficit is covered by 8labor of the inmates0--which is rated at #da1eid #dh--sale of waste articles1 etc4 ,there is no mention whatever made of private donations4 ,with an exception that will be noted1 there is not a hint at such a thing throughout the sixty-eight pages of the report4 ,if private donations were received at this institution during the year1 the donors will search the fiftieth annual report in vain for any account of them4 ,attention is called to this point1 because in every other report examined the private donations have been ample1 duly acknowledged1 and accounted for2 but the managers of the ,society for the ,reformation of ,juvenile ,delinquents observe silence on this subject4 ,looking to see how the money went1 we find the largest item of the expenses set down as #dd1eba #fb1 for 8food and provisions40 ,the next largest item is #cd1hhj #eb1 for salaries--as nearly as possible one-third of the whole expense4 ,this is a very important item4 ,one-third of the entire expenses1 and considerably over half the net cost for the support of the institution during the year1 was consumed in salaries4 ,into the various other items it is not necessary to go1 as in these two by far the largest portion of the expenses is accounted for4 ,the sum of the remainder for 8clothing10 8fuel and light10 8bedding and furniture10 8books and stationery for the schools and chapel10 8ordinary repairs10 and 8hospital10 amounts only to #bg1eee #hd1 or over #g1jjj less than the salaries2 while 8all other expenses not included0 in what has already been mentioned amount only to #bc1cci #bc4 ,as this is the fiftieth annual report1 the managers of the institution have thought it a fitting time to publish a review of the work done during the last half-century and of the cost of its doing4 ,the 8financial statement for fifty years0 informs us that 8the cost for real estate and buildings for the use of the institution1 including repairs and improvements10 was #gde1gdj #ca4 ,this amount was paid 8in part by private subscriptions and donations0--the solitary mention to be found of anything of the kind throughout the report--and the remainder 8by money received for insurance for loss by fires1 money received from sale of property in ,twenty-third ,street1 ,new ,york1 and by ,state appropriations40 ,the amount of private subscriptions and donations was #ch1gjb #jd2 thus leaving #gjg1jch #bg1 by far the greater portion of which1 it is to be presumed1 was paid by ,state appropriations4 ,so far for the real estate and buildings for fifty years4 ,let us now look at the cost of support for the same period4 ,including every item of expense1 except for the grounds and buildings1 the sum total is #b1ajf1jji #af4 ,of this #gfg1ahi #ca was paid from labor of the inmates and sale of articles2 the remaining #a1cch1hai #he was paid 8from moneys received from appropriations made by the ,state and by the city of ,new ,york1 from the licenses of theatres1 from the excise and marine funds40 ,in short1 with the exception of the #ch1gjb #jd already mentioned as coming from private subscriptions and donations1 of the money received from sale of property in ,twenty-third ,street1 ,new ,york1 and the amount earned by the inmates1 the ,state has covered the entire expenses of the ,society for the ,reformation of ,juvenile ,delinquents since its founding1 fifty years ago4 ,those expenses1 according to their own showing1 were #b1jde1hfh #ab4 ,thus it is within the truth to say that this society has received #b1jjj1jjj from the ,state within the last fifty years1 one-third of which amount1 if the figures for last year be a fair gauge1 was consumed in salaries4 ,such has been the cost--a weighty one4 ,what is the result8 ,what has been achieved by this immense outlay8--for immense it is4 ,we are informed 7p4 #ci7 that 8when a child is dismissed from the house1 an entry is made under the history1 giving the name1 residence1 and occupation of the person into whose care the boy or girl is given4 ,pains are taken1 by correspondence and otherwise1 to keep informed of their subsequent career as far as possible1 and such information when received1 whether favorable or unfavorable1 is noted under the history40 ,the result may be given briefly3 ,fifteen thousand seven hundred and ninety-one children have passed through the institution in fifty years4 ,of these thirty-eight per cent4 have been heard from 8favorably10 fourteen per cent4 8unfavorably10 while forty-eight per cent4 are classified as 8unknown40 ,thus it is seen that not nearly one-half have turned out well2 a very considerable number have turned out badly2 and of a larger number than either--of almost half1 in fact--nothing is known4 ,and it has taken about three millions of dollars 7a far higher figure if the private donations1 of which no account is given1 ranked for anything7 to achieve this magnificent result6 ,we have only one comment to offer4 ,if1 with the practically unlimited means at their disposal1 the managers of the society can do nothing better for and with the children than they have done after fifty years of trial1 the experiment is1 to say the least1 a costly failure4 ,indeed1 it is not at all extravagant to assert that1 taking into consideration the migratory habits of our people and the ups and downs of life1 these children1 if allowed to run their own course1 would1 were it possible to follow up their histories1 probably show as high a percentage of 8favorable0 as this society has been able to show4 ,in the proud words of the superintendent's report1 8,the results of half a century of labor in the cause of ,god and humanity are now before us60#ia ,an institution similar to the one just examined is the ,new ,york ,juvenile ,asylum1 whose ,twenty-second ,annual ,report is published4 ,unlike its predecessor1 it acknowledges 8the readiness with which the necessary funds1 beyond those received from the public treasury1 are supplemented by private beneficence40 ,it has a ,western agency1 whose business it is to 8procure suitable homes for children placed under indenture1 and conduct the responsible work of perpetuated guardianship1 which forms the distinguishing feature of our chartered obligations0 7,report1 p4 #ab74 ,we are informed that 8an analysis of the treasurer's report confirms the uniform experience of the board1 that the appropriations from the city treasury of #aaj1 and from the ,board of ,education of about #ac #ej1 per annum1 for each child1 are inadequate to the support of the institution on its present required scale of superior excellence40 ,the treasurer's report is a study4 ,the expenses for the year 7#ahgd7 were #ie1igf #hc4 ,of this sum #fg1deb #je is set down plumply as for 8salaries1 wages1 supplies1 etc41 for ,asylum40 ,how much of it was devoted to 8salaries10 how much to 8wages10 how much to 8supplies10 and how much to 8etc410 whatever that financial mystery may mean1 is left to conjecture4 ,a similar entry for the ,house 7connected with the asylum7 amounts to #af1hge #ei2 and a third1 for the ,western agency1 to #e1cjc #ah4 ,by this happy arrangement there only remain some two thousand odd dollars to be accounted for1 and the balance-sheet pleasantly closes1 leaving the reader as wise as ever on the important query1 ,who gets the lion's share of the money1 the children or the managers8 ,to cover the expenses of the year1 the corporation gave #fh1hii #dj2 the ,board of ,education1 #h1hcc #bc4 ,thus public moneys covered the great bulk of the annual expense4 ,the carefully-confused figures of the treasurer make it impossible to say whether or not a judicious paring of the 8salaries1 wages1 etc410 might not have enabled the same moneys to cover it all and still leave a balance in the bank4 ,as it is hopeless to investigate how the money went1 item by item1 let us turn to the children for whose benefit it was given4 ,the whole number in the ,asylum and ,house of ,reception at the beginning of the year was #fag2 received during the year1 #eha2 discharged1 #ehe2 average for the year1 #fag4 ,of the discharged1 #i were indentured1 #ajc sent to the ,western agency1 #dff discharged to parents and friends4 ,the managers are very strongly in favor of placing the children in 8,western homes10 and doubtless most persons interested in the question of caring for these children would agree with them1 could satisfactory evidence only be given of the actual advantages of the plan4 ,but such evidence is not furnished by any of the reports we have examined4 ,this asylum1 for instance1 has been sending children ,west year after year1 and yet the superintendent informs us1 as a piece of special news1 that 8in the early part of ,november last the superintendent went to ,illinois1 for the purpose of becoming better acquainted with the practical workings of the agency1 and visiting the children sent ,west in their new homes40 ,this is given as an event in the workings of the institution4 ,in other words1 the children sent out were left absolutely to the ,western agent1 who may have been a very worthy and conscientious person1 or who may have been nothing of the kind4 ,the amount expended on the ,western agency would not seem to indicate any very extensive or arduous labors4 ,the result of the superintendent's trip was a visitation of twenty-five children1 and1 on the strength of that very limited number of visits and the representations of the agent1 he states that 8it was evident that great care was taken and good judgment exercised in providing children with the best of homes and looking after their general welfare40 ,the ,western agent himself reports3 8,for sixteen years the ,asylum has been sending to ,illinois1 and placing in families as apprentices1 those who have become permanently its wards1 and during that time two thousand three hundred and ninety-nine have been thus cared for4 ,their employers have been required to make a legal contract in writing1 binding themselves to provide suitably for their physical comfort during their minority1 instruct them in a specified trade1 allow them to attend school four months in each year1 give them moral and religious training1 and make a stipulated payment of clothing and money at the expiration of their apprenticeship4''' ,the ,asylum is required by its charter to see that the terms of every contract are faithfully performed throughout the entire period of the apprenticeship40 ,of course these conditions are very favorable to the children1 provided only that they are carried out4 ,that they are always carried out is doubtful1 and the number of complaints made by both children and employers1 mentioned incidentally1 tend to strengthen this doubt4 ,then as regards the 8moral and religious training03 ,what in the case of ,catholic children such training is likely to be may be inferred from the fact that the ,catholic religion is proscribed in the ,asylum and ,house1 as also from the fact mentioned by the agent himself 7p4 #db7 that among the employers 8prejudiced against indentures10 8occasionally one objects to them on the ground of conscientious scruples20 8but10 he adds1 8it rarely occurs that they cannot be prevailed upon to comply with our regulations in this particular40 ,what the ,western 8,home0 is may be judged from the following pregnant sentence of the agent's report3 8,i am not instructed by the committee1 nor would it be well to make it an attractive rendezvous1 and the children are neither drawn to it by factitious allurements nor encouraged to make a protracted stay40 ,the unsolicited testimony on this point may be taken as unimpeachable4 ,he admits that 8instances of wrongs frequently come to our knowledge1 and doubtless many others exist of which we have not been made aware40 ,accordingly1 8to prevent such abuses10 8an additional agent has recently been engaged1 who will be employed exclusively as a visitor40 ,this additional agent commenced service 8about five weeks0 from the date of the ,western agent's report2 but 8unprecedentedly stormy weather and difficult travelling have rendered it impossible for him to enter upon his special work40 ,and such is all the practical information furnished us concerning the ,western branch of this institution1 notwithstanding that 8every employer and every apprentice is written to at least once annually40 ,the report of the agent tells us really little or nothing4 ,indeed1 its tone is not at all sanguine4 ,his 8time has been too fully occupied to accomplish much in the way of gathering statistics of what is1 in my belief1 a demonstrable fact3 that1 with as few exceptions as occur among other children1 asylum wards become reputable and prosperous citizens40 ,no doubt2 proof will be given afterwards that this belief is well founded1 but not as regards the institution in question4 ,in its case1 unfortunately1 the demonstration is the one thing wanting4 ,the total number of children admitted to the institution from #ahec to #ahgc is #ag1jce1 of whom #ab1ige were of native1 #c1hbj of foreign birth4 ,ireland contributed #b1jjf2 ,france1 #ga2 ,spain1 #f2 ,italy1 #ge2 ,south ,america1 #e2 ,austria1 #e2 all of whom may be safely classed as ,catholics4 ,of the native-born ,new ,york alone contributed eleven thousand five hundred and seventy-one1 all the other ,states together adding only one thousand three hundred and ninety-six4 ,the number of native-born children of ,irish parents in the ,state of ,new ,york within the last twenty years may be left to easy conjecture4 ,one thing is certain3 that the faith of all the ,catholic children admitted to this institution was1 while they remained in it1 and as long as they remained under its supervision1 proscribed1 while they were compelled to conform to the ,church ,established in ,public ,institutions4 ,there is no financial statement for the twenty years4 ,the ,children's ,aid ,society has also published its ,twenty-second ,annual ,report4 ,this is one of the most extensive organizations in the city1 and has quite a net-work of homes1 lodging-houses1 and industrial schools connected with it1 as well as a ,western agency similar in its office to that already noticed4 ,although not1 in the accepted sense1 a 8public institution10 it depends in a great measure on ,state aid for its support4 ,it professes to be superior in its mode of work to any public institution4 ,that point is too extensive to enter upon here4 ,we merely pursue our plan of searching its own record to see what it has done4 ,one of its chief aims may be gathered from the following statement of the report 7page #d73 8,the plan which this society has followed out so persistently during twenty-two years1 of saving the vagrant and neglected children of the city1 by placing them in carefully-selected homes in the ,west and in the rural districts1 is now universally admitted to be successful4 ,it has not cost one-tenth part of the expense which a plan demanding support in public institutions would have done1 and has been attended by wonderfully encouraging moral and material results40 ,as it is impossible within present limits to examine every detail of this extensive report1 which fills #if pages1 we pass at once to the treasurer's figures4 ,the expenses for the past year amount to #bbe1gdg #ib4 ,to cover this the city and county of ,new ,york contributed #ic1ccc #cd2 the ,board of ,education1 #cb1hic #ie2 being a total of #abf1bbg #bi contributed from the public moneys4 ,the rest is made up by private donations1 legacies etc4 ,as an illustration of the difficulties to be met with in trying to extract the gist of the various reports1 the following sentence from the one in hand may serve4 ,in describing 8the year's work0 the superintendent says 7p4 #h73 8,the labors of charity of this society have become so extended and multifarious that it is exceedingly difficult to give any satisfactory picture of them40 ,if this is his opinion1 what is ours likely to be8 ,however1 we will make such use of the limited means at our disposal as may tend to give some idea of the workings of this society4 ,the 8industrial schools0 constitute a prominent feature of it4 ,there are twenty-one of them and thirteen night schools4 ,they give occupation to eighty-six salaried teachers and a superintendent1 and to a volunteer corps of seventy ladies in addition4 ,the volunteers1 we are informed1 8produce results of which they have no adequate idea themselves40 ,the industries taught in these 8industrial schools0 are not brought out very prominently4 ,the army of teachers1 regulars and volunteers together1 have acted upon 8an average number0 of #c1eef1 and an aggregate number of #aj1bhh4 ,dropping the volunteers1 that gives each of the eighty-six 8salaried teachers0 just #da and the #cj_/hfth part of a child to devote his or her sole attention to during the year4 ,it is for these schools that the ,board of ,education awarded the #cb1hic #ie already mentioned4 ,the schools alone consume of the whole expenses of the society for the year #gj1eji #hh1 which is divided in the following pleasing manner3 ,rent of school-rooms1 #aa1dee #be ,salaries of superintendent and #hf teachers1 #ci1bjb #cc ,food1 clothing1 fuel1 etc41 #ai1heb #cj ,that is to say1 the salaries of the school superintendent and #hf teachers for #c1eef children cost considerably more than rent1 food1 clothing1 fuel1 children1 and everything else put together4 ,this is worse even than the ,society for the ,reformation of ,juvenile ,delinquents1 whose officers were modestly contented with a good third of the whole amount of money spent on the institution4 ,but here at the present ratio more than one-half is absorbed in salaries4 ,the public seems to labor under an idea that the institutions which they so cheerfully support are intended chiefly for the benefit of poor children4 ,it is to be hoped that their eyes may at last be opened to their fatal mistake4 ,at all events1 in the present instance it is clear that the schools are less intended to instruct the children than to support the teachers4 ,the very liberal allowance granted to these schools by the ,board of ,education falls miserably below the teachers' salaries4 ,the cheerfulness with which these figures are contemplated by the officers of the society is positively exhilarating4 ,we are informed 7p4 #de7 that 8the annual expense of twenty-one day and thirteen evening schools1 with salaries of superintendent and eighty-six teachers1 would be an intolerable burden to the society1 did not the city pay semi-annually a certain sum for each pupil1 as allowed by law40 ,the number of pupils paid for by the city is1 of course1 #aj1bhh--8;a gain over last year of #gjd40 ,here is a sample of how the list is made up3 ,no4 on ,average ,rolls4 ,attend'ce4 ,fifty-third ,street ,school1 #a1bab #bfj ,fifty-second ,street ,school1 #efa #aii ,park ,school1 #hjg #cja ,phelps ,school1 #dag #hj ,girls' ,industrial ,school1 #bih #ia ,fourteenth ,ward ,school1 #fej #bai ,water ,street ,school1 #aja #ca ,and so they go on4 ,comment is unnecessary4 ,it is to be taken for granted that the average attendance here given by the society is not likely to be below the mark4 ,taking it then as correct1 it may be left to honest men to judge whether half the number of teachers would not be amply sufficient4 ,as to the question of salaries1 it is needless to remark further upon that4 ,who can resist the piteous appeal of the treasurer after closing the account of the 8thirty-four0 schools8 8,surely1 then10 he says1 8this branch of the society's work may claim the merit of economy when considered in detail1 although the aggregate cost is large40 ,mention of salaries occurs twice after4 ,five 8executive officers0 are paid #h1idd #ad2 five 8visitors10 #c1idd #jf4 ,the total 8current expenses0 are set down at #agd1hba #ch4 ,thus1 as seen1 salaries already absorb more than a quarter of the current expenses1 and the chief salaried officers of the institution1 as well as another small army of inferior officials1 remain to be portioned off4 ,no mention is made of them in the treasurer's figures4 ,nor will it do to average the salaries of the superintendent and eighty-six teachers of the schools1 setting them down at the modest allowance of #dej a head1 granting1 as seems incredible1 considering the number of pupils1 that the number of teachers is accurately given4 ,the point is plain to all men3 ,there is no need for such a number of teachers4 ,some of them1 it is to be presumed1 are only employed in the night-schools2 consequently their salaries would be considerably diminished4 ,the salaries are not all equal1 and1 even were they all equal1 the amount of work done would be too costly at the price4 ,to say that twenty-one schools and eighty-seven teachers1 with a contingent of seventy volunteers1 are needed for #c1ddf children is simple nonsense4 ,judging by what we have seen1 if one-fourth the moneys spent on the ,children's ,aid ,society is devoted exclusively to the children1 both children and public are to be congratulated on the self-denial of the management4 ,it is for those who support the society to consider how long this state of things is to continue4 ,among other benevolent works undertaken by the society is an ,italian school1 for the special benefit of the poor little ,italian children decoyed from their homes to labor and beg for padroni and such like in this city and elsewhere throughout the country4 ,there can be no doubt about the religion of these children4 ,the report informs us that this school is under the care of the 8,italian ,school ,young ,men's ,association40 ,their 8collection of books has been enlarged by the contributions of friends1 and the reading-room will soon contain a large assortment of ,italian books forwarded by the ,italian government1 who1 with provident care1 watches over our work and furthers the benevolent purposes of the ,children's ,aid ,society40 ,the object of organizing such a school is evident4 ,there is no incentive so effective with the large majority of ,protestant hearts1 nothing so well calculated to draw contributions from their pockets1 as the hope to 8convert to ,christianity0 ,papist children4 ,this school is intended for just such a purpose1 and the society would be the last in the world to deny it4 8,the increase of newly-arrived children attests the popularity of the school4 ,the benevolence of our patrons continues to make itself unceasingly felt in various ways1 more especially at the ,christmas festival1 when the congregation of the ,first ,presbyterian ,church--,dr4 ,paxton's--come almost in a body to gladden our children with useful and substantial gifts1 and an outpouring of unmistakable ,christian sympathy0 7page #cb74 ,the ,western agency of this society is on a par with that already examined4 ,the number of miles travelled by the agents is given1 as also the number of children placed out4 ,the very names of the agents bristle with activity4 ,they are3 ,messrs4 ,trott1 ,skinner1 ,fry1 ,brace1 and ,gourley4 ,the warm temperament of ,mr4 ,fry1 8the resident ,western agent10 may be judged from the opening of his report4 ,he writes from ,st4 ,paul1 ,minnesota1 under date ,october #ah1 #ahgd1 to tell us3 8,i am up among the saints1 and ought to feel encouraged2 but it seems such a hopeless task to convey to others the happiness and contentment ,i witness in my rounds of visitation that ,i always commence my annual report with a degree of hesitation40 ,there are many passages of equal beauty with this1 but unfortunately ,mr4 ,fry's pious enthusiasm is not exactly what is called for4 ,what we want to know is what has actually been done with the #a1hhj boys and the #a1eeh girls whom we are informed by the report 8have been provided with homes and employment0 during the year4 ,men and women to the number of #bdb and #cje respectively were sent out also during the year4 ,of the entire #c1ihe1 #feg were ,irish1 #bh ,french1 #ac ,italian1 #h ,poles1 #aj ,austrians--all of whom may be set down as ,catholics4 ,the 8,american born0 were #a1hff1 the ,german1 #hgi4 ,of these also a fair percentage were probably ,catholic4 ,what has become of them and of all8 ,what has become of the #cf1cfc who have been sent out in the same manner by the same society since #ahec8 ,how many prospered8 ,how many failed8 ,how many died8 ,how many turned out well8 ,how many ill8 ,what was done for the ,catholic portion of the emigrants8 ,it is absurd to put such questions to ,mr4 ,fry1 who is 8up among the saints10 8wrapped in the third heaven0 of ,s4 ,paul4 ,a man in such an exalted state of terrestrial beatitude cannot be expected to descend to such sublunary matters as those presented4 ,consequently1 ,mr4 ,fry contents himself with vague generalities and a few specimen letters of the kind characterized at the beginning of this article4 ,however1 8,mr4 ,macy and his clerks in the office have kept up1 as usual1 a vast correspondence with the thousands of children sent out by us4 ,we unfortunately can have room but for a few of the numerous encouraging letters that have been received40 ,we may be permitted to give one1 which will explain itself and also what is in store for the ,catholic children cared for by this society4 ,needless to say1 it does not find a place in the report which we have been examining4 ,it is1 however1 an authentic copy1 as ,mr4 ,macy himself will testify1 if necessary4 ,mr4 ,macy's letter1 or the letter signed by him1 needs a little explanation1 most of which will be supplied by the letter from the 8,american ,female ,guardian ,society10 which is also given4 ,the story in brief concerns two ,catholic children1 a boy and girl1 whose mother was dead and whose father was called away to the late war4 ,they fell into the hands of the ,female ,guardian ,society1 who handed them over to the ,children's ,aid ,society to be 8provided with homes in the ,west0 or elsewhere4 ,the boy was sent to a ,protestant in ,dubuque1 ,iowa1 the girl to a ,methodist family in the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,after returning from the war and coming out of hospital the father was anxious to learn something of his children4 ,his efforts were futile until1 as said in the letters1 he interested the ,society of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul in the matter4 ,after such trouble as may be imagined the society succeeded in gaining possession of the children4 ,they had both become1 or rather been made1 ,protestants1 and hated the very mention of their religion4 ,the following letters are exact copies of the originals3 ,,american ,,female ,,guardian ,,society1 #bi ,e4 #bith ,street1 and ,,home ,,for ,,the ,,friendless #cj ,e4 #cjth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,may #adth1 #ahgd4 ,mr4 ,wilson3 ,,dear ,,sir3 ,very unexpectedly to us1 a few days since the father of ,edward ,nugent1 came to the ,home1 to inquire about his children1 we had not seen him for six years1 and as he had not even written during that time1 we supposed he was dead2 he has been in the ,hospital it appears most of the time1 is lame1 having been injured in the feet during the war1 he is not able to take care of his children1 yet still claims he has a right to know where they are1 though we do not feel after all these years he has any claim at all1 but we learned something of importance yesterday1 which explains why he wants to know the children's whereabouts1 it seems he is a ,catholic1 and has been to the priests with his story about us whom they call heretics1 and the priests have influenced him to demand the children1 so we felt it our duty to let you know how the matter stands1 for they are very persistent1 and may send some one in that part of the country to ask the neighbours around there1 if such a boy is in that neighbourhood1 and if they can get him1 no other way they will steal him1 so if you have become attached to the child1 and would desire to save his soul from the power of the destroyer of souls1 we would say to you it would be better for you to send the boy away for a year from you1 that you could say truthfully you do not know where he is2 when fourteen he can choose his own guardian1 then if he chooses you1 no power can take him from you4 ,had he been fully committed to us they would have no right to interfere1 but as he was not1 they will do all in their power to get him from you1 we would feel very sorry to have them find him1 as we dread ,catholic influence more than the bite of the rattle-snake1 for that only destroys the body while the other destroys the immortal soul1 too precious to be lost2 if you have become attached to that dear boy1 save him from the power of the fell-destroyer1 and the conscious approving smile of your ,heavenly ,father will be your reward4 ,i cannot say what course they will pursue1 but if you wish the child1 you must be very guarded how you act1 and must not confide in anyone1 not even your own brother what your plans are1 act cautiously1 but decidedly4 ,please write immediately on receipt of this1 and let us know what your course will be1 as we feel the deepest interest in the matter4 ,yours truly1 7,signed7 ,,mrs4 ,c4 ,,spaulding1 ,for 8,home ,managers40 ,please send ,mr4 ,wilson's first name4 ,verbatim copy1 even to italics and punctuation4 ,,letter ,,no4 ,,ii4 ,,children',s ,,aid ,,society1 ,no4 #ai ,east ,fourth ,st41 ,,new ,,york1 ,may #aith1 #ahgd4 ,writing to ,mr4 ,williams1 who had charge of the boy ,edward ,nugent1 in relation to the father of the boy4 8,he has recently called at the ,home for the ,friendless for information in relation to ,eddie and has interested the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul to hunt up and return ,eddie4 ,they have begun to look into the matter and ,i presume that you will hear from them one of these days4 ,we wrote to you some time ago that you had better have ,eddie bound to you by the authorities and hope that you did so4 ,i feel that ,eddie has a good home and do not care to have him disturbed4 ,it would be cruel to him and wrong by you and so ,i trust you will do what you can to prevent it4 ,please let me hear from him and you40 ,yours truly1 7,signed7 ,j4 ,,macy1 ,asst4 ,sec'y4 ,to comment on the letter of the 8,female ,guardians0 or the easy conscience of the 8,children's ,aid ,society0 would be 8to gild refined gold02 certainly1 in the case of ,mrs4 ,c4 ,spaulding1 8to paint the lily40 ,honest-minded men of any creed may now understand why it is that ,catholics who have any faith in their religion at all1 who believe it in their conscience to be the only true religion1 demand in the name of justice that associations and institutions of this character be thrown open to the ministers of their religion1 or that the ,state1 to prevent all that is shameful and horrible in proselytism1 imitate all civilized states1 and adopt the denominational system of charities1 which1 as will be shown in the case of ,catholics at least1 will not only not cost it a penny more1 but considerably less1 and with results astounding in their contrast4 ,we have now examined three of our principal institutions with a view to their cost and results4 ,with the exception of the two letters quoted1 no information has been used which is not presented in public reports4 ,it is seen that the ,society for ,juvenile ,delinquents expends one-third of its resources in salaries2 the ,children's ,aid ,society1 as far as it is possible to base an opinion on its loose and incomplete figures1 perhaps three-fourths2 while the figures of the ,juvenile ,asylum are too confused to allow of any judgment in the matter at all4 ,the results as affecting the children1 in the first instance1 are avowedly far from satisfactory2 in the second and third instances no attempt is made to give such results1 though the inferences to be drawn from such evidence as is given are far from hopeful4 ,and so1 unless a radical change is effected in the training and management of the institutions1 matters are likely to continue4 ,the excuse of inexperience in the management cannot hold here with half a century at the back of one and over twenty years at the back of the other two4 ,the moral training of the children is in all instances distinctly and avowedly ,protestant4 ,as shown sufficiently in a previous article1 there is no such thing possible as a religious education which is 8non-sectarian40 ,consequently1 ,catholic children1 who form a large contingent of the inmates of these institutions1 are subjected to a course of instruction and moral training which is a gross and persistent violation of the rights of conscience and of the constitution of the ,state1 and to this training have they been subjected ever since the institutions were first founded4 ,the only means of adjusting this grave difficulty1 of righting this great wrong1 is to follow out the plan which prevails in every civilized country with the exception of our own1 of either adopting the denominational system1 or at least of allowing free access to the clergymen of the religious denomination professed by the children4 ,the means of adjusting the salaries so as to bear a more rational proportion to the work done is for the public to consider4 ,the effects of the denominational system are exemplified in the ,new ,york ,catholic ,protectory1 which has just presented its ,twelfth ,annual ,report4 ,an examination of its working cannot fail to be instructive1 inasmuch as it was founded expressly to meet the difficulty noticed above concerning the ,catholic inmates of public institutions4 ,from the beginning it has been looked on rather as an enemy than a friend by those who work the engine of the ,state4 ,at the very least it was regarded as a suspicious intruder into ground already occupied4 ,it was ,catholic1 therefore sectarian2 therefore not a ,state institution1 and consequently not to be supported by the ,state4 ,state funds could not go to teach ,catholic doctrine4 ,but we need not repeat the arguments against it4 ,they are too well known1 and are met once for all by the provision in the constitution allowing liberty of conscience and freedom of worship to all members of the ,state4 ,if moral and religious training be provided for children in all our public institutions1 it is against all conscience1 law1 right1 and the spirit of the ,american people at large to convert that moral and religious training into a system of proselytizing1 no matter to what creed4 ,in the case of ,catholic children such a system1 as known and shown1 has prevailed from the beginning2 and the first step in the reformation of a ,catholic child has been to seek by every means possible to make it a renegade from its faith4 ,at the opening of the year there were in the ,protectory #a1hdb children2 during the year #b1hgg2 average 7entitled to per capita contributions71 #a1hga4 ,to their support all that was contributed of public moneys was the per capita allowance for each child1 which is common to all the children of the institutions examined4 ,nothing was allowed by the ,board of ,education1 although the children are educated2 nothing by 8special appropriations02 nothing from 8theatre licenses02 nothing from 8excise funds0--nothing in a word1 from any source at all1 save the bare per capita allowance4 ,this is not an exceptional instance1 but the normal relation between the ,catholic ,protectory and the ,state4 ,within the twelve years of its existence the whole amount of ,state aid received by it1 through share of charity fund1 special grants1 or from whatever source1 has amounted to #ic1ejb #jh--that is to say1 at not #h1jjj per annum--while its entire grant for building purposes was #ajj1jjj4 ,the current expenses for the past year were #baa1cdi #hg4 ,this includes all outlays1 except for the construction of buildings or other permanent improvements4 ,the per capita allowance1 received from the comptroller covered #aib1cci #bb of this amount4 ,it is to be borne in mind that this allowance would have been paid for the children in any case1 whatever institution they had entered4 ,consequently1 it is no favor at all to the ,protectory4 ,the remaining #ai1jaj #fe had to be met by the charity of private individuals or not met at all4 ,of course the labor of the inmates and the produce of the farm covered a considerable sum2 but the age of the children admitted to the ,protectory is limited to fourteen years1 and the vast majority of them are considerably under fourteen1 and consequently cannot contribute by their labor so efficiently as the inmates of the ,society for ,juvenile ,delinquents1 whose average age runs so much higher4 ,but the expenses by no means ended here4 ,the ,protectory is still really in course of erection4 ,the aggregate expenditures during the past year for buildings and permanent improvements1 8all of which were indispensable for the carrying out of the mandate of the ,state in the shelter and protection of its wards10 were #ajg1dia #fe4 ,to this heavy sum ,state and city contributed nothing at all4 ,the bare per capita allowance was the only public money received to aid in the sheltering1 educating1 clothing1 and feeding of these wards of the ,state2 while to all other public institutions1 even to institutions not strictly public1 liberal special grants or appropriations from special funds were made4 ,the ,catholic ,protectory alone was left to meet a bill of #abf1ejb #cj as best it might4 ,in its struggle for existence the ,protectory has had little in the shape of aid for which to thank the ,state4 ,there was great fear even within the present year that the per capita allowance would also be withdrawn1 avowedly because the ,protectory was a ,catholic institution1 and consequently without the range of assistance from public funds4 ,this is highly conscientious1 no doubt4 ,but the report of the ,state ,treasurer for the past year shows grant after grant to seminaries and 8sectarian0 7to use the orthodox word7 institutions of every kind1 with the sole exception of those professing the ,catholic faith4 ,a glance at the whole work done by the ,protectory and the aid afforded it by the ,state shows the following3 ,it has been twelve years in existence4 ,within that period it has 8sheltered1 clothed1 afforded elementary education1 and given instruction in useful trades0 to #h1gga children4 ,this work cost in the aggregate for current1 expenses #a1beg1ahi #da4 ,to this sum the ,state contributed through the comptroller out of the city taxes #a1jeg1egh #ff4 ,this was merely the per capita allowance still4 ,there remained1 consequently1 for current expenses #aii1faj #ge to be paid by whatever means possible4 ,but the ,protectory had to be built4 ,land had to be purchased1 buildings to be erected1 and so on4 ,in a word1 the ,protectory1 like all other institutions1 had to grow1 while there was a ravenous demand1 as there continues to be1 for admission within its walls4 ,in these twelve years the outlays for land1 buildings1 and other permanent improvements amounted to #hjf1baa #gd4 ,the amount of contracts now being carried to completion on the girls' building1 new gas-house1 etc41 is over #ajj1jjj4 ,to help to meet this necessary sum of #ijf1baa #gd the ,state made a munificent grant for building purposes of #ajj1jjj2 while all its other grants1 of whatever kind1 amounted to just #ic1ejb #bh4 ,this left another little bill for the ,protectory to meet of #iab1cbj #ba by the best means it could4 ,is it to be wondered at that there rests on the institution a floating debt of some #bjj1jjj1 which seriously threatens its existence8 ,our wonder is1 with the encouragement which it has received from the ,state and city1 that it continues to exist at all4 ,private charity has been its mainstay thus far2 but private charity has always an abundance of pressing demands on it1 and may at any time give out1 for the very best of reasons1 in a case where there is really no great call for private charity at all4 ,the children thus cared for1 for whom these vast sums have been paid1 would have had in any case to be supported by the ,state1 and would have proved a costlier burden than in their present hands4 ,all we urge is that the ,state be just2 that it assist this institution in the same manner in which it assists other institutions1 by grants from the same funds1 by appropriations from the same sources1 without cavil about religion or no religion4 ,the crime of instructing these children in their own religion is evidenced in the results achieved4 ,of the #h1gga who have passed through the ,protectory since its opening1 exactly two have turned out badly4 ,so much for ,catholic education and mental and moral training4 ,we have reserved for the last an examination of the salaries4 ,the entire amount expended on salaries for the officers and employs of every branch of the institution is #bj1gcf #ea2 that is1 between one-tenth and one-eleventh of the sum total of the current expenses of the year4 ,this is the year's pay of all officials and employs of an institution which cared for and sheltered within its walls for that period #b1hgg children4 ,contrast this with the #cd1hhj #eb paid the officials and employs of the ,society for ,juvenile ,delinquents for the care during the same period of #a1chg children1 and the #ci1bjb #cc paid by the ,children's ,aid ,society for the teachers of #c1eef children4 ,contrast the result of the labors of each society4 ,then contrast the sums lavished by city and ,state from special appropriations and funds on societies whose chief claim for such special grants consists in their devoting so large a portion of their means to salaries1 with their persistent deafness to the urgent appeals of a society which has only good to show everywhere and an army of workers such as the ,brothers and ,sisters1 whose salary is embraced in their food and dress4 ,let us look at these things1 and blush at our pretensions to justice and liberality4 ,why1 it is not even honesty4 ,we are too conscientious to grant a penny out of the educational fund to ,catholic children educated by ,catholics1 while we give thousands freely for the stowing away of ,catholic children in asylums that pervert them and can give no account of their stewardship4 ,it is time to drop 8conscience10 that counterfeit so recently and so admirably described by ,dr4 ,newman1 and fall back on common-sense4 ,of the institutions here examined the ,catholic ,protectory combines beyond comparison the greatest economy with the most extraordinarily successful results as affecting the wards of the ,state4 ,such an institution has a solemn and the truest claim on the heartiest co-operation and favor of the ,state4 ,,the ,,blind ,,beggar4 ,i cannot pass those sightless eyes1 ,or1 if ,i pass them1 ,i return1 ,led by resistless sympathies ,above their rayless orbs to yearn1 ,and place within the outstretched palms ,the patiently-awaited alms4 ,then1 as my footsteps homeward speed4 ,i dare with moving lips to pray ,that ,god1 who knows my inmost need1 ,may guide me on my darkened way1 ,and place within my outstretched palms ,the patiently-awaited alms4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,anglique was having a field day of it1 and there was nothing she liked better4 ,it was an event when ,sir ,simon dropped in at ,the ,lilies toward supper-time1 and announced his intention of staying to take pot-luck2 but this evening's entertainment was a very different affair from these friendly droppings-in1 and ,anglique was proportionately flurried4 ,like most people who have a strong will and a good temper1 she was easy to live with2 her temper was indeed usually so well controlled that few suspected her of having one4 ,but on occasions like the present they were apt to find out their mistake2 it was not safe to come in her way when she had more than one extra dish on hand4 ,franceline knew this2 and after such interference in the way of whipping the eggs and dusting the glass and china as ,anglique would tolerate1 she took herself off to the woods for the remainder of the afternoon4 ,there was a cleared space where the timber had been cut down in spring1 and here she settled herself on the stem of a felled tree1 and opened her book4 ,it can hardly have been a very interesting one2 for1 after turning over a few pages1 she began to look about her1 and to listen to the contralto recitative of a wood-pigeon with as much attention as if that familiar dilettante performance had been some striking novelty4 ,it was not long1 however1 before sounds of a very different sort broke on her ear4 ,some one was crying passionately1 filling the wood with shrieks and sobs4 ,franceline started to her feet and listened2 she could distinguish the shrill treble of a child's voice1 and1 hurrying on in the direction from whence it proceeded1 she soon came upon a little girl1 the daughter of a poor woman of the neighborhood1 called ,widow ,bing4 ,the child was lying in a heap on the ground1 her basketful of school-books and lunch spilt on the grass beside her1 while her little body and soul seemed literally torn to pieces by sobs4 8,why1 ,bessy1 what's the matter80 cried ,franceline4 8,have you hurt yourself80 8,no-o-o-o60 gasped ,bessy1 without lifting her head4 8,have you broken something80 8,no-o-o-o60 8,has anything happened to mammy80 8,no-o-o1 but something's a-goin to40 ,and the child raised her head for a louder scream1 and let it drop again with a thud on the ground4 8,what's going to happen to her8 ,tell me1 there's a good child10 coaxed ,franceline1 crouching down beside the little1 prostrate figure1 and trying to make it look up4 8,if it hasn't happened1 perhaps it will never happen4 ,i might prevent it1 or somebody else might40 ,a dim ray of consolation apparently dawned out of this hypothesis on ,bessy's mind2 she lifted her head1 and1 after suppressing her sobs1 exclaimed3 8,mammy's a-goin' to be damned1 she is60 8,good gracious1 child1 what a dreadful thing for you to say60 exclaimed ,franceline1 too much shocked by the announcement to catch the comical side of it at once4 8,who put such a naughty thing into your head80 8,it's ,farmer ,griggs as said it4 ,he says as how he knows mammy's a-goin' to be damned60 ,and the sound of her own words was so dreadful that it sent ,bessy into a fresh paroxysm1 and she shrieked louder than before4 8,he's a wicked man1 and you mustn't mind him10 said ,franceline2 8he knows nothing about it60 8,ye-e-es he does60 insisted ,bessy4 8,he-e-s not wicked2 ''' he prea-a-a-ches every ,sunday at the cha-a-a-pel1 he does40 8,then he preaches very wicked sermons1 ,i'm sure10 said ,franceline1 who saw an argument on the wrong side for ,farmer ,griggs' sanctity in this evidence4 8,you must leave off crying and not mind him40 ,but ,bessy was not to be comforted by this negative suggestion4 ,she went on crying passionately1 until ,franceline1 finding that neither scolding nor coaxing had the desired effect1 threatened to tell ,miss ,bulpit1 and have her left out from the next tea and cake feast2 whereupon ,bessy brightened up with extraordinary alacrity1 gathered up her books and her dry bread and apple1 and proceeded to trot along by the side of ,franceline1 who soothed her still further by the promise of a piece of bread and jam from ,anglique1 if she gave up crying altogether and told her all about mammy and ,farmer ,griggs4 ,an occasional sob showed every now and then that the waters had not quite subsided2 but ,bessy did her best1 and before they reached ,the ,lilies she had given in somewhat disjointed sentences the following history of the prophecy and what led to it4 ,the widow ,bing--who1 for motives independent of all theological views1 had recently joined the ,methodist ,connection1 of which ,farmer ,griggs was a burning and shining light--had been laid up for the last month with the rheumatism1 and consequently unable to attend the meeting2 but last ,sunday1 being a good deal better1 though still unequal to toiling up-hill to the chapel1 which was nearly half an hour's walk from her cottage1 she had compromised matters by going to church1 which was within ten minutes' walk of her4 ,this scandal spread quickly through the ,connection1 and was not long coming to ,farmer ,griggs' ears1 who straightway declared that the widow ,bing had thrown in her lot with the transgressors1 and was henceforth a castaway whose name should be blotted out4 ,this fearful doom impending over her mother had just been made known to ,bessy by ,farmer ,griggs' boy1 who met her tripping along with her basket on her arm1 and singing to herself as she went4 ,the sight of the child's gayety under such appalling circumstances was not a thing to be tolerated2 so he conveyed to ,bessy in very comprehensible vernacular the soothing intelligence that her mother was 8a bad 'un as was gone over to the parson1 as means the devil1 and how as folk as was too lazy to come to chapel 'ud find it 'arder a-goin' down to the bottomless pit1 where there was devils and snakes and all manner o' dreadful things a-blazin' and a-burnin' like anythink60 ,all this ,franceline contrived to elicit from ,bessy by the time they reached ,the ,lilies1 where they found ,miss ,merrywig sitting outside the kitchen-window in high confabulation with ,anglique1 busy inside at her work4 ,the day was intensely hot1 and the sun was still high enough to make shade a necessity of existence for everybody except cats and bees2 but there sat ,miss ,merrywig under the scorching glare1 with a large chinchilla muff in her lap4 8,a muff60 cried ,franceline1 standing aghast before the old lady4 8,dear ,miss ,merrywig1 you don't mean to say you want it on such a day as this6 ,why1 it suffocates one to look at it40 8,yes1 my dear1 just so4 ,as you say1 it suffocates one to look at it10 assented ,miss ,merrywig1 8and ,i assure you ,i didn't find it at all comfortable carrying it to-day2 but ,i only bought it yesterday1 and ,i wanted to let ,anglique see it and hear her opinion on it1 you see4 ,i went in to ,newford yesterday1 and they were selling off at ,whilton's1 the furrier's1 and this muff struck me as such a bargain that ,i thought ,i could not do better than take it4 ,now1 what do you think ,i gave for it8 ,don't you say anything1 ,anglique2 ,i want to hear what mademoiselle will say herself4 ,now1 just look well at it4 ,remember how hot the weather is2 as you say1 the sight of fur suffocates one1 and that makes such a difference4 ,my dear mother used to say--and she was a judge of fur1 you know2 she made a voyage to ,sweden with my father in poor dear old ,sir ,hans ,neville's yacht1 and that gave her such a knowledge of furs--you know ,sweden is a great place for all sorts of furs--well1 she used to say1 #8,if you want the value of your money in fur1 buy it in the summer4' ,i only just mention that to show you4 ,but you can see for yourself whether ,i got the full value in this one4 ,you see it is lined with satin--and such splendid satin6 ,as thick as a board1 and so glossy6 ,and it's silk all through4 ,i just ripped a bit here at the edge to see if it was a cotton back2 but it's all pure silk4 ,the young man of the shop was so extremely polite1 and so anxious ,i should understand that it was a bargain1 he called my attention to the quality of the satin--which was really very kind of him2 for of course that didn't matter to him4 ,but they are wonderfully civil at ,whilton's4 ,i remember buying some swan's-down to trim a dress when ,i was a girl and ,i was bridesmaid to ,lady ,arabella ,wywillyn--they lived at the ,grange then--and it was1 ,i must say1 a most excellent piece of swan's-down1 and cleaned like new4 ,i asked the young man if he remembered it--,i meant1 of course1 the marriage4 ,dear me1 what a sensation it did make6 ,but he did not1 which was of course natural1 as it was long before he was born2 but ,i thought he might have heard the old people of the place speak of it4 ,well1 now that you've examined it1 tell me1 what do you think ,i gave for it80 ,franceline was hovering on the brink of a guess1 when ,anglique1 who had returned to her saucepans1 suddenly reappeared at the window1 and1 spying ,bessy's red face staring with all its eyes at the chinchilla muff--which looked uncommonly like a live thing that might bite if the fancy took it1 and was best considered from a respectful distance--called out3 8,what's that child doing there80 ,franceline1 thankful for the timely rescue1 began to pour out volubly in ,french the story of ,farmer ,griggs and the widow ,bing4 8,it's a shame these sort of people should be allowed to terrify the poor people10 said ,miss ,merrywig when she had taken it all in4 8,i wonder the vicar does not do something4 ,he ought to take steps to stop it2 there's no saying what may be the end of it4 ,but dear ,mr4 ,langrove is so kind and so very much afraid of annoying anybody60 ,while ,miss ,merrywig was delivering this opinion ,anglique was making good the bread-and-jam promise for ,bessy1 who stood watching the operation with distended eyes through the open window1 and saw with satisfaction that the grenadier was laying on the jam very thick4 8,now1 you're not going to cry any more1 and you're going to be a good girl80 said ,franceline before she let ,bessy seize the tempting slice that ,anglique held out to her4 ,bessy promised unhesitatingly4 8,stop a minute10 said ,franceline1 as the child stretched up on tiptoe to clutch the prize4 8,you must not repeat to poor1 sick mammy what that naughty boy said to you4 ,do you promise80 ,but the proximity of bread and jam was not potent enough to hurry ,bessy into committing herself to this rash promise4 ,what between the sudden vision of 8devils and snakes a-blazin' and a-burnin'0 which the demand conjured up again1 and what between the dread of seeing the bread and jam snatched away by the grenadier1 who stood there1 brown and terrible1 waiting a signal from ,franceline1 her feelings were too much for her2 there was a preparatory sigh and a sob1 and down streamed the tears again4 8,i'd better go home with her1 and tell the poor woman myself10 said ,franceline1 appealing to ,miss ,merrywig4 8,yes1 you come 'ome and tell mammy60 sobbed the child1 who seemed to have some vague belief in ,franceline's power to avert the threatened doom4 8,i dare say that will be the safest way1 and ,i'm sure it's the kindest10 said ,miss ,merrywig2 8but it will be a dreadfully hot walk for you on the road1 my dear1 with no shelter but your sunshade4 ,i had better go with you4 ,i don't mind the heat2 you see ,i'm used to it40 ,franceline could not exactly see how this fact of ,miss ,merrywig's company would lessen the heat to her2 but it was meant in kindness1 so she assented4 ,the meadowlands went flowering down to the river1 richly planted with fine old trees1 and only separated from the garden and its adjoining fields by an invisible iron rail1 so that the little cottage looked as if it were in the centre of a great private park4 ,a short cut through the fields took you out on the road in a few minutes1 and the trio had not gone far when they saw ,mr4 ,langrove walking at a brisk pace on before them1 his umbrella tilted to one side to screen him from the sun1 that was striking him obliquely on the right ear4 ,franceline clapped her hands and called out1 and they soon came up to him4 8,what are you doing down here1 may ,i ask8 ,having your face burned1 eh80 said the vicar familiarly4 ,franceline burst out with her story at once4 ,the vicar made a short1 impatient gesture1 and they all walked on together1 ,bessy holding fast by ,franceline's gown with one hand1 while the other was doing duty with the bread and jam4 8,really1 my dear ,mr4 ,langrove10 broke in ,miss ,merrywig1 8you ought to take steps2 excuse me for saying so1 but you really ought4 ,it's quite dreadful to think of the man's frightening the poor people in this way4 ,you really should put a stop to it40 8,my good lady10 replied the vicar1 8if you can tell me how it's to be done1 there's nothing will give me greater pleasure40 8,well1 of course you know best2 but it seems to me something ought to be done4 ,the poor people are all falling into dissent as fast as they can2 it's quite melancholy to think of it--it really is4 ,you'll excuse me for saying so--for it must be very painful to your feelings1 and ,i never do interfere with what doesn't concern me2 though of course what concerns you1 as our pastor1 and the ,church of ,england1 does concern us1 all of us--but ,i really think you are too forbearing4 ,you ought to enforce your authority a little more strictly40 8,authority60 echoed the vicar with a mild1 ironical laugh4 8,what authority have ,i to enforce8 ,show me that first60 8,dear me6 ,but an ordained minister of the church1 the church of the realm--surely1 that gives you authority80 8,just as much as you and other members of the church choose to accredit me with1 and no more10 said ,mr4 ,langrove1 with as much bitterness in the emphasis as he was capable of4 8,if ,griggs thinks fit to set himself up as a preacher1 and every man1 woman1 and child in my parish choose to desert me and go over to him1 ,i can no more prevent them than ,i can prevent their buying their sugar at market instead of getting it from the grocers40 8,and who is ,monsieur ,greegs80 inquired ,franceline1 who was backward in gossip1 and knew few of the local notabilities except by sight4 8,monsieur ,griggs is a very respectable farmer1 a shrewd judge of cattle1 who knows a great deal about the relative merits of short-horns and the ,devonshire breed1 and all about pigs and poultry10 said the vicar with mild sarcasm4 8,and he is a minister too60 8,after a fashion4 ,he elected himself to the office1 and it would seem he has plenty of followers4 ,he started services on week-days when he found that ,i had commenced having them on ,fridays1 and drew away the very portion of the congregation they were specially intended for2 and he preaches on ,sundays4 ,you have a sample of his style here10 nodding at ,bessy1 who was licking her fingers with great gusto1 having finished her last mouthful4 8,is it not dreadful60 exclaimed ,miss ,merrywig4 8,and the people are so infatuated2 they actually tell me that they understand this man better than their clergymen1 that he speaks plainer to them1 and understands better what they want1 and that sort of thing4 ,they don't care about doctrine1 you see1 or controversy2 they like to be talked to in a kind of conversational way by one of their own class who speaks bad grammar like themselves4 ,they tell you to your face that they don't understand the clergyman--,i assure you they do2 that his sermons are too learned1 and only fit for gentle folk4 ,you see they are so ignorant1 the poor people6 ,it's very melancholy to think of40 8,they like better to be told they'll go to hell and be damned1 if they go to their own church2 they ought not to be allowed to go to hear such things4 ,i'll speak to widow ,bing1 and make her promise me she'll never go there again10 said ,franceline peremptorily4 8,no1 no1 my dear child2 you mustn't do anything of the kind10 said the vicar quickly4 8,no one has a right to meddle with the people in these things2 if she likes to go to the dissenters1 no one can prevent her40 8,but if she was fond of going into the gin-shop and getting tipsy1 you'd have a right to meddle and to prevent her1 would you not80 inquired ,franceline4 8,that's a different thing10 said the vicar1 who in his own mind thought the parallel was not so very wide of the mark4 8,i can't see it10 protested ,franceline with an expressive shrug4 8,if you have a right to prevent their bodies from getting tipsy1 and killing themselves or somebody else perhaps1 why not their souls80 ,the vicar laughed a complacent little laugh at this cogent reasoning of his young friend4 8,unfortunately10 he said1 8we have no authority for interfering with people in the management of their souls in this country4 ,such a proceeding would be quite unconstitutional2 the state only legislates for the salvation of their bodies40 8,dear me1 just so60 ejaculated ,miss ,merrywig4 8,i remember my dear mother telling me that a very clever man--,i'm not sure if he wasn't a member of ,parliament1 but anyhow he made speeches in public--and he said--,i really think it was an electioneering speech just at the time the ,catholic ,emancipation bill was being passed--that in this free country every man had a right to go to the devil his own way4 ,how exceedingly shocking6 ,to think of people's going to the devil at all6 ,but that's just it4 ,they prefer to go their own way1 and1 as you say1 the law can't prevent them4 ,it's entirely a question of personal influence1 you see40 8,then perhaps ,sir ,simon could do something10 suggested ,franceline2 8he's master here1 and he makes everybody do what he likes4 ,why don't you speak to him1 monsieur80 8,he might do something1 perhaps1 if anybody could2 but1 unfortunately1 he does not see it10 observed the vicar4 8,i'll speak to him4 ,i'll make him see it10 said ,franceline1 who flew with a woman's natural instinct to arbitrary legislation as the readiest mode of redressing wrongs1 and had1 moreover1 a strong faith in her own power of making ,sir ,simon 8see it40 8,but is this not rather--of course you know best1 only it does strike me that it is a case for the bishop's interference rather than the squire's10 said ,miss ,merrywig4 ,she was a remnant of the old times when a bishop could hold his own2 that was before ritualism came into vogue4 8,yes10 cried ,franceline1 with sudden exultation1 8of course it's the bishop who must do it4 ,you ought to write to him1 monsieur60 ,mr4 ,langrove smiled4 8,the bishop has no more power to interfere with the proceedings of my parishioners than you have40 8,then what has he power to do8 ,what are bishops good for80 demanded the obtuse young ,papist4 ,but ,mr4 ,langrove1 being a loyal 8churchman10 was not going to enter on such slippery1 debatable ground as this4 ,he was happily saved from the disagreeable process of beating about the bush for an answer by the fact of their being close by widow ,bing's door1 from which there issued distinctly a twofold sound as of somebody crying and somebody else exhorting4 ,bessy no sooner caught it than she swelled the chorus of lamentation by breaking forth into a loud cry4 ,if there was any weeping to be done1 ,bessy was not the one to be behindhand4 ,and now she was resolved to do her very best2 for perhaps the prophecy was already coming true1 and mammy was beginning to be a prey to the snakes and devils4 8,stay here and keep that child quiet10 said the vicar hastily4 8,i hear ,miss ,bulpit's voice4 ,i had better go in alone40 8,he is greatly to be pitied1 poor ,mr4 ,langrove6 ,i think10 said ,franceline1 as she turned back with ,miss ,merrywig4 8,i think you all ought to write to the bishop for him40 8,oh6 that would be a scandal6 ,besides1 you heard him say the bishop could not help him10 said the old lady4 8,what a blessed thing it is to be a ,catholic60 exclaimed ,franceline1 laughing4 8,we have no farmers' boys or anybody else meddling with our priests2 but then we have the ,pope1 who settles everything1 and everybody submits4 ,you ought to invite the ,pope to come over and deliver you from all your troubles60 99 99 99 99 99 ,the table was spread on the grass-plot in front of the cottage4 ,franceline had made it pretty with ferns and flowers1 and then sat down under the porch1 in her white muslin dress and pink sash1 to converse with her doves while waiting for ,sir ,simon and his two friends4 ,her doves were great company to her2 she had been so used to talking to them ever since she was a child1 complaining to them of her small griefs and telling them of her little joys1 that she came to fancy they understood her1 and took their plaintive coo or their little crystal laughter as an intelligible and sympathetic response4 ,one of the soft-breasted1 opal-winged little messengers is upon her finger now1 clutching the soft white perch sharply enough with its coral claws1 and answering her caresses with that low1 inarticulate sighing that sounds like the yearning of an imprisoned spirit4 ,franceline took some seed out of a box on the window-sill beside her1 and began to feed it out of her hand1 watching the little1 pearly head bobbing on her palm with a smile of tenderest approval4 ,at the sound of footsteps crunching the gravel at the back of the cottage she rose1 still feeding her dove1 to go and meet the gentlemen4 ,but there was only one4 8,i fear ,i am before my time10 said ,mr4 de ,winton1 8but ,i expected to find the others here before me40 7,o ,clide1 ,clide6 what prevarication is this87 8,they went out about half an hour ago1 and told me to meet them in the ,beech walk1 where we were to come on together4 ,have ,i come too soon80 8,oh6 not at all10 said the young girl graciously2 8my father will come out in a moment1 and ,i am not very busy1 as you see60 8,you are fond of animals1 ,i perceive40 8,animals6 ,oh6 don't call my sweet little doves animals10 retorted ,franceline indignantly4 8,that's worse than papa4 ,when they coo too much and disturb him1 and ,i take their part1 he always says3 #8,oh6 ,i'm fond of the birds1 but they are noisy little things'6 ,the idea of speaking of them as #8the birds'6 ,it hurts my feelings very much40 8,then pray instruct me1 so that ,i may not have the misfortune to do so too60 entreated ,clide4 8,tell me by what name ,i must call them40 8,oh6 you may laugh4 ,i am used to being laughed at about my doves2 ,i don't mind it10 said ,franceline with a pretty toss of her small1 haughty head4 8,i am not laughing at you2 ,i should be very sorry to call anything you loved by a name that hurt you10 protested the young man with a warmth that made ,franceline look up from her dove at him2 the fervor of the glance that met her did not cause her to avert her eyes1 and brought no glow over her face4 ,three of the doves came flying down from the medlar-tree1 scattering the starry-white blossoms in their flight4 ,after making a few circles in the air1 one perched on ,franceline's shoulder1 and two alighted on her head4 ,clide thought it was the prettiest picture he had ever seen2 and as he watched the soft little creatures nestling into the copper-colored hair1 he wondered if this choice of a nest did not betray a little cunning1 mingled with their native simplicity4 ,but ,franceline could not see the performance from this picturesque point of view4 ,the two on her head were fighting1 each trying to push the other off4 ,she put up her hand to chase them away1 but the claws of one got entangled in her hair1 and the more it struggled1 the more difficult it became to escape4 ,clide could not but come to her assistance2 he disengaged the tenacious rose-leaves very deftly from the glossy meshes1 and set the prisoner free4 8,naughty little bird60 said ,franceline1 shaking back her flushed face1 and smoothing the slightly-dishevelled braids2 and then1 without a word of thanks to her deliverer1 or otherwise alluding to the misconduct of her pets1 she walked on towards the summer-house1 and broke out into observations about the beauties of the neighborhood1 asking her companion what he had seen and how he liked the country round ,dullerton4 ,she spoke ,english as fluently as a native1 with only a slight foreign accentuation of the vowels that was too piquant to be a blemish2 but every now and then a literal translation reminded you unmistakably that the speaker was a foreigner4 ,clide thought the accent and the ,gallicisms quite charming2 he was1 however1 a little startled when the young lady1 in pointing out the various places of the surrounding parts1 and telling him who owned them1 informed him very gravely that the pretty ,mrs4 ,lawrence1 who lived in that ,elizabethan house with a clock-tower rising behind the wood1 was thirty years younger than her rich husband1 and had married him for his 8propriety10 as she was very poor and had none of her own4 ,franceline noticed the undisguised astonishment caused by this announcement1 and1 blushing up with a little vexation1 exclaimed3 8,i mean for his property6 ,you know in ,french proprit means property40 ,but after this she insisted on talking ,french4 ,clide protested he liked ,english much better1 and vowed that she spoke it in perfection2 but it was no use4 8,english is too serious for conversation1 and too stiff10 said ,franceline1 revenging herself for her blunder on the innocent medium of it1 as we are all apt to do4 8,it is only fit for sermons and speeches4 ,in ,french you can talk for an hour without saying anything1 and it doesn't matter4 ,french is like a light1 airy little carriage that only wants a touch to send it spinning along1 and1 once going1 it will go on for ever2 but ,english is a stagecoach1 stately and top-heavy1 and won't go without passengers to steady it and horses to draw it4 ,foolish thoughts always sound so much more foolish in ,english than in ,french4 ,people who are not serious and wise should always talk ,french40 8,ah6 merci1 now ,i see why you insist on my talking it10 said ,clide1 laughing4 8,it would have been a rash judgment2 ,i could not tell whether you were wise or not40 8,i dare say you are right1 though it never occurred to me before10 he remarked deprecatingly4 8,our robust ,anglo-,saxon is rather a clumsy vehicle for conversation compared with yours40 8,i did not call it clumsy2 ,i said stately10 corrected ,franceline4 ,clide began to fear he was making himself disagreeable2 that she was taking a dislike to him4 ,happily1 before he committed himself further1 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais came out and joined them4 ,he was soon followed by ,sir ,simon and the admiral1 and the little party sat down to ,anglique's chefs-d'uvre under the shade of the medlar-tree1 with the doves sounding their bugle in the adjoining copse4 ,the sun was setting1 and sent a stream of orange and rose colored light into the garden and over the group at the table2 a breeze came up from the river1 fluttering the strawberry leaves and ,franceline's hair1 and blowing the heavy scent of new-mown hay into her face4 ,it happened--of course by chance1 unless that far-sighted old ,anglique had a hand in it--that ,clide was seated next to her2 and as the leg of the long table made a space between her and ,sir ,simon1 it was natural that the two young people should be thrown on their own resources for conversation1 while their elders at the other end talked incessantly of old times and people that neither ,clide nor ,franceline cared about4 ,it was the first time in her life that she found herself the object of direct homage and attention from a young yet mature man1 and the experience was decidedly pleasant4 ,clide was determined to efface the bad impression that he imagined he had made1 and to win ,franceline's good graces or die in the effort4 ,it was not a very difficult task1 and the zest with which he set about it proved that it was not a disagreeable one4 ,he bent all the energies of his mind to the sole end of interesting and entertaining her1 and soon the undisguised pleasure that shone in the listener's face showed that he was succeeding4 ,with that instinct which quickens the perception of young gentlemen in ,clide de ,winton's present state of mind1 he was not long in hitting upon the subjects that most excited her curiosity4 ,she had never been beyond the woods of ,dullerton since she was of an age to observe things1 and it was like a flight in a balloon over all these far-off countries to be carried there in imagination by the vivid descriptions of one who had seen them all4 ,clide began to wonder at himself as he went on2 he had never suspected himself of such brilliant conversational powers as he was now displaying4 ,he was surprised to see how much the dreamy1 dark eyes had read about the various countries he spoke of1 and what an enlightened interest she took in the natural history of each4 ,she wanted to know a great deal about the splendid tropical birds that have no voices1 and about the albatross and other marvellous inhabitants of the skies in far-away lands2 and ,clide lent himself with the utmost condescension to her catechising4 ,but when he came to talking of ,rome and the ,catacombs1 the eyes kindled with a different sort of interest4 8,and you saw the very spot where ,s4 ,cecilia was buried1 and ,s4 ,agatha1 and ,s4 ,agnes1 who was only thirteen when she was martyred8 ,oh6 how ,i envy you4 ,i would walk all the way barefooted from this to see those sacred places4 ,and the ,colosseum1 where the wild beasts tore the martyrs to pieces60 ,she clasped her hands and looked at him with the look of awe and wonder that we might bestow on some one who had seen a vision4 8,and the tombs of the apostles1 and the prison where ,s4 ,peter was when the angel came and set him free80 8,yes1 ,i saw them all2 it was a great privilege10 said ,clide1 conscious of realizing for the first time how great4 8,indeed it was60 murmured ,franceline1 as if speaking to herself2 then suddenly looking up at him1 8,did it not make you long to be a martyr80 ,clide hesitated4 ,the temptation to answer 8yes0 was very strong4 ,the dark1 appealing eyes were fixed on him with an expression that it was dreadful to disappoint2 but he was too honest and too proud to steal her approval under false colors4 8,no1 ,i am afraid ,i did not4 ,i saw it all too much from the historical point of view4 ,the triumphs of the ,christian heroes were mixed up in my memory with too many classical associations2 and even if it had not been so1 ,i confess that the phase of martyrdom recalled by the ,colosseum and the ,catacombs is not the one to stir my slow heroic pulses4 ,there is too much of the ghastly physical strife on the one hand1 and of wanton cruelty on the other2 the contemplation rather shocks and harrows than stimulates me4 ,i did once feel something like what you describe1 but it was not in ,rome40 8,where was it80 inquired ,franceline eagerly4 8,it was in ,africa1 amongst a tribe of savages4 ,i remember feeling it would be a grand use of a man's life to devote it to rescuing them from their deplorable state of mental darkness and physical degradation2 and that if one died in the struggle1 like ,francis ,xavier1 an outcast on the sea-shore1 forsaken by every visible helpmate1 it would be as noble a death as a man could wish to die40 8,i wonder you did not follow the impulse10 said ,franceline4 8,you might have converted thousands of those poor savages1 and been a second ,s4 ,francis ,xavier4 ,it must have been a great struggle not to try it40 ,clide did not laugh1 but went on gravely dipping his strawberries into sugar for a moment1 and then said3 8,no1 ,i can't pretend even to the negative glory of a struggle4 ,i am ashamed to say the desire was a mere transient caprice4 ,i got the length of spending ten days learning the language1 and by that time the dirt and stupidity and cruelty of the neophytes had done for my apostolic vocation2 the debased condition of the poor creatures was brought home to me so fearfully that ,i gave it up in disgust4 ,i dare say it was very cowardly1 very selfish2 but1 looking back on it1 ,i can't help feeling that the savages had no great loss4 ,it takes more than an impulse of emotional pity to make a hero of the ,francis ,xavier type2 one can't be an apostle by mere willing and wishing40 8,yes1 but one can10 denied ,franceline2 8that is just the one kind of hero that it only wants will to be4 ,one cannot be a warrior or a poet1 or that kind of thing1 because that requires genius2 but one may be a martyr or an apostle simply by willing4 ,love is the only genius that one wants2 it was love that turned the twelve fishermen into apostles and heroes1 you know40 8,just so2 but ,i didn't love the savages40 8,perhaps you would if you had tried40 8,do you think it is possible to love any one by trying80 8,well1 ,i don't know2 if they were very unhappy and wanted my love very much1 ,i think ,i might40 ,clide stole a quick glance at her2 but ,franceline was peeling a pear1 and evidently an undue portion of her thoughts were concentrated on that operation and a care not to let the juice run on her fingers4 8,then you think it was very wicked of me not to have loved those savages80 he began again4 8,i don't say it was wicked4 ,if they were so very dirty and cruel1 it must have been hard enough2 but you might have found another tribe that would have been more lovable1 and that wanted quite as much to be civilized and converted--nice1 simple savages1 like wild flowers or dumb animals1 that would have been docile and grateful1 perhaps revengeful too2 but then when they were ,christians they would have conquered that--0 ,clide laughed outright4 8,i don't think your vocation for converting the savages is so very much superior to mine10 he said2 8it certainly would not have lived through my three days' novitiate40 ,franceline looked at him1 and laughed too--that clear1 ringing laugh of hers1 that was so contagious2 they both felt very young together4 8,and what was your next vocation80 she asked1 perfectly unconscious of any indiscretion4 8,what are you going to do now80 8,this morning my mind was made up to go abroad again in a few days1 and recommence my old life of busy idleness2 but your father has upset all my plans40 8,my father60 8,yes4 ,it ought not to surprise you much2 it is not likely to be the first time that ,m4 de la ,bourbonais has proved the good genius of another4 ,he was kind enough to let me talk to him of myself1 and to give my folly the benefit of his wisdom2 he made me feel that ,i was leading a very selfish1 good-for-nothing sort of life1 and showed me how wrong it was2 in fact1 he did for me what ,i wanted to do for the savages4 ,he taught me what my duty was1 and ,i promised him ,i would try to do it40 8,ah6 then perhaps you are going to be a hero after all10 said ,franceline1 a gleam of enthusiasm sparkling in her face again4 8,i fear not2 at least1 it will be a very prosaic1 humdrum sort of heroism4 ,i am going to stay at home1 and try to be useful to a few people in a quiet way on my own property40 8,oh6 ,i am so glad4 ,then we shall see you again4 ,you'll be sure to come and see ,sir ,simon sometimes1 will you not80 8,yes1 ,i will come in any case to see ,m4 de la ,bourbonais10 said ,clide4 8,his advice will be invaluable to me2 and he was so kind as to promise that he would always be glad to give it to me40 ,the sweet dimples broke out with a blush of pleasure and pride in ,franceline's face2 it was a delight to her to hear any one speak so of her father1 and ,clide had seen so many wise and clever people in his travels that his admiration and respect implied a great deal4 ,if the young man had been a ,talleyrand bent on attaining some diplomatic end1 he could not have displayed greater cunning and tact4 8,it's a great come down from the grand ,african scheme1 you see10 he observed1 laughing2 8but under such good guidance there is no saying what ,i may not achieve4 ,i may turn out a hero in the end40 8,if you do your duty perfectly1 of course you will10 replied ,franceline confidently4 8,papa says the real heroes are those that do their duty best and get no praise for it40 8,oh6 but ,i should like a little praise2 you would not grudge me a little now and then if ,i deserved it80 ,and the look that accompanied the question would have most fully explained the praise he coveted1 if ,franceline had not been as unlearned in that species of language as one of her doves4 8,bless me6 how beautiful that child is60 said the admiral in a sotto voce4 8,just look at her color2 did you ever see anything to come up to it8 ,it reminds me of that tinted ,hebe that we went to see together in ,florence2 you remember1 ,harness80 ,the excitement of talking had brought an exquisite pink glow into ,franceline's cheeks1 and made her eyes sparkle with unwonted brilliancy4 ,her father listened to the flattering outburst of the old sailor with a bright smile of satisfaction1 not venturing to look at ,franceline1 lest he should betray his acquiescence too palpably4 8,and she's the very picture of health too60 remarked the admiral4 ,at this ,raymond turned and looked at her4 8,how like her mother she is60 said ,sir ,simon1 appealing to him2 but he had no sooner uttered the words than he wished himself silent4 ,the smile died immediately out of ,m4 de la ,bourbonais' face1 and a sharp spasm of pain passed over it like a shadow4 ,sir ,simon guessed at once what caused it3 the bright and delicate color1 that the admiral had aptly compared to the transparency of tinted marble1 reminded him of ,armengarde when death had cast its terrible beauty over her4 8,like her in beauty and in many other things10 resumed the baronet in a careless1 abstracted tone4 8,but1 happily1 ,franceline does not know what delicacy means2 she has never known a day's illness in her life1 ,i believe40 ,but this reassuring remark did not bring back the smile into the father's face2 he fixed his eyes on ,franceline with an uneasy glance1 as if looking for something that he dreaded to see there4 8,she must find this place dull1 pretty little pet10 observed the admiral1 who saw nothing to check his admiring comments4 8,it never occurred to me before1 but ,i dare say she does10 assented the baronet2 8and she's old enough now to want a little amusement4 ,we ought to have thought of that already1 ,raymond2 but we're a selfish lot1 the best of us4 ,we forget that we were young ourselves once upon a time4 ,i'll tell you what it is1 ,de ,winton1 we'll carry the child off one of these days to ,london1 and show her the sights and take her to the opera4 ,you'd like that1 ,franceline1 would you not80 ,and shifting his chair to the other side of the table1 he set himself down by her side in an affectionate attitude4 ,the project was discussed with great animation1 ,franceline being evidently delighted with it4 8,my step-mother was to be in town next week10 said ,clide1 8and ,i'm sure she would be very happy to give her services as chaperon1 if you have not any more privileged person in view40 8,that's not a bad idea4 ,i had not thought of that4 ,i'm glad you mentioned it4 ,i'll write to her this very night10 said ,sir ,simon4 8,meantime1 it strikes me that it would be a very good thing if you learned to ride1 ,miss ,franceline2 it's a disgrace to us all to think of your having entered your eighteenth year without being taught this accomplishment4 ,we must set about repairing your neglected education at once4 ,how about a pony1 ,clide8 ,which of the nags would suit best1 do you think80 8,i should say ,rosebud would be about the nicest you could find for a lady2 she's as gentle as a lamb1 and as smooth-footed as a cat40 8,rosebud60 echoed ,m4 de ,la ,bourbonais4 8,mon cher'''0 8,yes1 ,i think you're right10 said ,sir ,simon1 completely ignoring the interruption4 8,rosebud is a gem of a lady's horse4 ,we'll have a few private lessons in the park first1 and let her canter over the turf before we show off in public40 8,mon cher ,simon10 broke in ,raymond again1 8it cannot be thought of4 ,franceline would not like it2 she does not care1 ,i assure you4'''0 8,o petit papa60 cried ,franceline with a little1 entreating gesture4 8,ah6 is it so indeed8 ,but1 my child1 consider'''0 8,consider1 ,monsieur le ,philosophe1 that you don't understand the matter at all2 you just leave it to us to settle1 and attend to what ,de ,winton is saying to you40 ,this last was a difficult injunction1 inasmuch as the admiral was saying nothing4 8,come along with me out of the reach of busybodies1 ,franceline10 he continued1 and1 drawing her arm within his own1 they walked off to the summer-house1 where ,clide1 without being invited1 followed them4 ,there was a long and most interesting conference1 which terminated in ,franceline's standing on tiptoe to be kissed by her old friend1 and declaring that it was very naughty of him to spoil her so4 99 99 99 99 99 8,show him in10 said the vicar1 laying down his pen1 and a stout1 rosy-cheeked1 fair-haired young man in corduroys and top-boots was ushered into the study4 8,well ,griggs1 ,i'm glad to see you4 ,sit down10 said ,mr4 ,langrove in the bland1 familiar tone of kindness that put simple folk at ease with him directly4 8,you've come to consult me on a matter of importance1 eh80 8,of importance10 echoed the farmer1 twirling his round hat between his knees and contemplating his boots--8of great importance1 sir40 8,well1 let me hear what it is4 ,if ,i can help you in any way1 you may count upon me10 replied the vicar encouragingly1 drawing his chair a little nearer4 8,thank you1 ,i don't want help10 he said with a significant emphasis4 8,i know where to look for it when ,i do10 turning up his eyes sanctimoniously to heaven4 8,certainly1 that help is ever at hand for us4 ,but what is your business with me80 8,you'll not take it amiss if ,i speak frankly1 sir4 ,we can none of us do more than bear testimony to the truth1 according to our lights10 explained the farmer2 and1 ,mr4 ,langrove having by a grave nod acceded to this proposition1 he resumed3 8,you contradicted yourself in the pulpit last ,sunday4 ,it's been repeated to me that you found fault with my teaching concerning faith and works2 and so1 for sake of them as look to me for guidance1 ,i came up to hear what views you held on that head1 as the gospel of the day said3 #8,and every man shall be judged according to his works4' ,now1 sir1 it appears to me the end of the sermon was a flat contradiction of the beginning40 8,can you name the contradictory passages80 demanded the vicar1 after an imperceptible start4 8,well1 ,i can't say as ,i can10 admitted the farmer2 8but ,i'd know them if ,i heard them40 ,mr4 ,langrove rose1 and took down a large manuscript volume from a shelf directly over his head4 ,opening it at random1 his eye fell upon the text3 8,learn of me1 for ,i am meek and humble of heart40 ,he lingered on it for a second1 then turned over the leaves1 and1 having found the place he wanted1 he read aloud the first and last few pages of the preceding ,sunday's sermon4 8,where do you see the contradiction80 he inquired1 looking up and laying his hand on the page4 8,well1 as you read it now1 ,i can't say it sounds much amiss10 replied ,mr4 ,griggs1 lifting his feet and bringing them down again with a dubious thud4 8,i expect the fault was in the way of saying it4 ,you don't speak plain enough2 if you spoke plainer1 folks would most likely understand you better4 ,many as have joined the ,connection say as it was that as drove them to us4 ,they couldn't understand you2 they often came away puzzled40 ,a transient flush rose and died out in the vicar's face1 and his lips trembled a little4 ,but ,farmer ,griggs did not notice this2 he was looking at his boots1 and pondering on the wisdom of his own words4 ,mr4 ,langrove had been pretty well trained to forbearance of late years1 and1 though he was too humble-minded and too honest to pretend to be indifferent to the humiliating interference he had to suffer1 he was surprised to find how keenly he smarted under the present one1 and mortified to feel how alive the old man was in him1 in spite of the many blows he had dealt him4 ,he never1 since he was a school-boy1 was conscious of such a strong desire to kick a fellow-creature2 and this rising movement was no sooner strangled by an imperious effort of self-control than it rose up instantaneously in the milder form of an impulse to open the door and show his visitor out4 ,before this second rebellion of the old man was put down1 ,farmer ,griggs1 mistaking the vicar's momentary silence for a tacit acknowledgment of his shortcomings1 observed3 8,it's a solemn thing to break the word2 and the plainer and simpler one speaks the better it is for those that hear it1 though it mayn't be such a credit for them that speak it4 ,there's them that say you think more about making a fine sermon than doing good to souls--which is no better than spiritual pride4 ,you can't shut folks' mouths1 no more than you can stop the river from running2 they will say what they think40 8,yes1 and that is why we are commanded to think no evil10 rejoined the vicar4 8,we are too ready to judge of other people's motives1 when in all conscience we are hard set enough to judge our own4 ,if we go to church to pick holes in the sermon1 as you say1 we had better stay away4 ,the preacher may be a very poor one1 but1 trust me1 while he does his best1 those who listen in the right spirit will learn no harm from him2 those who have not that spirit would do well to ask for it1 and meantime to study the chapter of ,s4 ,james on the use of the tongue40 ,the vicar rose1 as if to intimate that the audience was at an end4 8,well1 there may be something in that10 remarked the farmer1 rising slowly2 8but1 for my own part1 ,i never had much opinion of ,james4 ,paul is the man2 if it hadn't been for ,paul1 it's my belief the whole concern would have been a failure4#ib ,good-morning1 sir40 ,and without waiting to see the effect of this startling announcement of his private views1 ,farmer ,griggs bowed himself out4 8,and these are the men who take the word out of our mouths6 ,did he come of his own accord1 or was he set on to it by ,miss ,bulpit80 was the vicar's reflection1 as he stood watching the farmer's retreating figure from the window4 8,it is more than ,i can bear2 some steps must be taken4 ,it's high time for ,harness to interfere2 it's too bad of him if he refuses40 ,mr4 ,langrove took up his hat1 and went straight to the ,court4 8,depend upon it10 said ,sir ,simon when the clergymen had related the recent interview--8depend upon it1 ,griggs is too shy a chap to have done it on his own hook2 take my word for it1 there is a woman at the bottom of it40 8,that is just what makes it so serious4 ,griggs is a poor1 ignorant1 conceited fellow that one can't feel very angry with2 one is more inclined to laugh at him and pity him4 ,but it is altogether unpardonable in such a person as ,miss ,bulpit2 it's her being at the bottom of it that makes the case hard on me40 ,sir ,simon agreed that it was4 8,then what do you advise me to do8 ,what steps are you prepared to take80 asked ,mr4 ,langrove4 8,my advice is that we leave her alone10 replied ,sir ,simon4 8,we're none of us a match for womankind4 ,she circumvented me about that bit of ground for the ,methodist chapel4 ,she's too many guns for both of us together1 ,langrove2 if you get into a quarrel with the old lady1 she'll raise the parish against you with port wine and flannel shirts1 and you'll go to the wall4 ,after all1 why need you worry about it6 ,let her have her say4 ,they love to hear themselves talk1 women do2 you can't change them1 and you wouldn't if you could4 ,come1 now1 ,langrove1 you know you wouldn't4 ,halloo6 here's something to look at60 ,and he started from his semi-recumbent attitude in the luxurious arm-chair1 and went to the open window4 ,it was a charming sight that met them4 ,two riders1 a lady and a gentleman1 were cantering over the sward on two magnificent horses1 a bay and a black4 8,is that ,franceline80 exclaimed ,mr4 ,langrove1 forgetting1 in his surprise and admiration1 the annoyance of having his grievance pooh-poohed so unconcernedly4 8,yes4 ,how capitally the little thing holds herself6 ,she only had three lessons1 and she sits in her saddle as if it were a chair4 ,let's come out and have a look at them60 ,they stepped on the terrace4 ,but ,clide and ,franceline were lost to view for a few minutes in the avenue2 presently they emerged from the trees and came cantering up the lawn1 ,franceline's laugh sounding as merry as a hunting-horn through the park4 8,bravo6 ,capital6 ,we'll make a first-rate horse-woman of her by-and-by4 ,she'll cut out every girl in the county one of these days4 ,and pray who gave you leave to assume the duties of riding-master without consulting me1 sir80 ,this was to ,clide1 who had sprung off his horse to set something right in his pupil's saddle and adjust the folds of her habit1 which had nothing amiss that any one else could see4 8,they told me you were engaged1 so ,i did not like to disturb you10 he explained4 8,i should very much like to know who told you so10 said ,sir ,simon1 with offensive incredulity4 8,my respected uncle is the offender1 if offence there be2 but now that you are disengaged1 perhaps you would like to take a canter with us4 ,i'll go round and order your horse80 8,no1 you sha'n't4 ,i don't choose to be taken up second-hand in that fashion2 you'll be good enough to walk off to ,the ,lilies1 and tell the count ,i have something very particular to say to him1 and ,i'll take it as a favor if he'll come up at once40 ,clide turned his horse's head in the direction indicated4 8,no1 no2 you'll get down and walk there10 said ,sir ,simon4 8,if he sees you on horseback1 he may suspect something1 and that would spoil the fun40 ,the young man alighted1 and gave his bridle to be held4 8,i don't see why ,i shouldn't hold it in the saddle10 said the baronet after a moment2 8and we will take a turn while we're waiting40 ,he vaulted into ,clide's vacant seat with the agility of a younger man4 8,well1 a pleasant ride to you both60 said ,mr4 ,langrove1 moving away4 8,you do your master credit1 ,franceline1 whoever he is2 and the exercise has given you a fine color too10 he added1 nodding kindly to her4 8,oh6 it's enchanting60 cried the young ,amazon passionately4 8,i feel as if ,i had wings2 and ,rosebud is so gentle60 8,look here1 ,langrove10 called out ,sir ,simon1 backing his powerful black horse1 and stooping towards the vicar1 8don't you go worrying yourself about this business2 it's not worth it4 ,they are a parcel of humbugs1 the whole lot of them4 ,i know ,griggs well--a hot-headed1 canting lout that would be much better occupied attending to his pigs4 ,it would never do for a man like you to come into collision with him4 ,let those that like his fire and brimstone go and take it2 you've a good riddance of them4 ,and as to the old lady1 keep never minding4 ,you'll do no good by crossing her2 she's a harmless old party as long as you let her have her own way1 but if you rouse her there will be the devil to pay40 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had been kept out of the secret of the riding lessons4 ,he had heard nothing more of the scheme since that evening at supper1 and1 with ,anglique in the plot1 it required no great diplomacy to manage the trying on of the riding habit1 that had been made by the first lady's dressmaker in ,london1 brought down for the purpose2 so that the intended surprise was as complete as ,sir ,simon and his accomplices could have wished4 8,comment donc60#ic he exclaimed1 breaking out into ,french1 as usual when he was excited4 8,what is this8 ,what do ,i see8 ,my ,clair de lune#id turned into an ,amazon60 ,and he stood at the end of the lawn and beheld ,franceline careering on her beautiful1 thoroughbred pony4 8,ah6 ,simon1 ,simon1 this is too bad4 ,this is terrible60 he protested1 as the baronet rode up2 but the smile of inexpressible pleasure that shone in his face took all the reproach out of the words4 8,look at her60 cried ,sir ,simon triumphantly2 8did you ever see any one take to it so quickly8 ,just see how she sits in her saddle4 ,stand out of the way a bit1 till we have another gallop4 ,now1 ,franceline1 who'll be back first80 ,and away they flew1 ,sir ,simon reining in his more powerful steed1 so as to let ,rosebud come in a neck ahead of him4 8,simon1 ,simon1 you are incorrigible6 ,i don't know what to say to you10 said ,raymond1 settling and unsettling the spectacles under his bushy eyebrows4 8,compliment me2 that's all you need say for the present10 said ,sir ,simon4 8,see what a color ,i've brought into her cheeks60 8,o petit pre6 it is so delightful10 exclaimed ,franceline1 caressing the hand her father had laid on ,rosebud's neck4 8,i never enjoyed anything so much4 ,and ,i'm not the least fatigued2 you know you were afraid it would fatigue me8 ,and is not ,rosebud a beauty8 ,and look at my whip40 ,and she turned the elegant gold-headed handle for his inspection4 8,mounted in gold1 and with your cipher in turquoise6 ,ah6 you are nicely spoiled6 ,simon1 ,simon60 ,what more could he say at such a moment8 ,it would have been odious to show anything but gratitude and pleasure1 even if he felt it4 ,this1 then1 was the end of the earnest midnight conference1 and the distinct promise that ,rosebud and ,nero should be sold6 ,the animal that would have paid half a lawful and urgent debt was to be kept for ,franceline1 and he must sanction the folly2 to say nothing of the rigging out of that young lady in a complete riding suit of the most expensive fashion4 ,well1 well1 it was no use protesting now1 and it was impossible to deny that the exquisitely-fitting habit and the dark beaver hat set off her figure and hair in singular perfection4 ,the bright1 healthy glow of her cheeks1 too pleaded irresistibly in extenuation of ,sir ,simon's extravagance4 8,shall we ride down to ,the ,lilies8 ,i should like ,anglique to see me4 ,she would be so pleased10 said ,franceline1 appealing to ,sir ,simon4 8,you think she would8 ,silly old woman6 very likely2 but ,i want to have a talk with your father1 so ,clide must go and take care of you40 ,and the baronet slipped off his horse1 which ,mr4 de ,winton1 with exemplary docility1 at once mounted4 ,the two young people set off at a canter1 ,franceline turning round to kiss her hand to her father1 as they plunged into the trees and were lost to sight4 ,it would be useless to attempt to describe the effect of the apparition on ,anglique3 how she threw up her hands1 and then flattened them between her knees1 calling all the saints in ,paradise to witness if any one had ever seen the like2 and how nothing would satisfy her but that they should gallop up and down the field in front for her edification2 and the astonishment of a flock of sheep which the performance sent scampering and bleating in wild dismay backwards and forwards along with them2 and how1 when ,franceline's hair came undone in the galloping1 and fell in a golden shower down her back1 the old woman declared it was the very image of ,s4 ,michael on horseback1 whom she had seen trampling down the dragon in an ,assyrian church4 ,when it was all over1 and ,franceline had gone upstairs to change her dress1 ,clide tied the horses to a tree1 and completed his conquest of the old lady by asking her to show him that wonderful casket he had heard so much about4 ,she produced it from its hiding-place in ,m4 de la ,bourbonais' room1 and1 reverently unwrapping it1 proceeded to tell the story of how the papers had been rescued1 and how they had been burned1 watching her listener's face with keen eyes all the while1 to see if any shadow of scepticism was to be detected in it2 but ,clide was all attention and faith4 8,there are people who think it clever to laugh at the family for believing in such a story10 she observed2 8but1 as ,i say1 when a thing has come down from father to son for nigh four thousand years1 it's hard not to believe in it2 and to my mind it's easier to believe it than to think anybody could have had the wit to invent it40 ,and ,clide having agreed that no mere human imagination could ever indeed have reached so lofty a flight1 ,anglique called his attention to the ornamentation of the casket4 8,monsieur can see how unlike anything in our times it is10 pointing to the antediluvian vipers crawling and writhing in the rusty iron2 8and all that is typical--the snakes and the birds and the crooked signs--everything is typical1 as ,monsieur le ,comte will tell you40 8,and what is it supposed to typify80 asked ,clide1 anxious to seem interested4 8,ah6 ,i know nothing about that1 monsieur60 replied ,anglique with a shrug2 and lest other questions of an equally indiscreet and unreasonable nature should follow1 she covered up the casket and carried it off4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 8,,chiefly ,,among ,,women40 ,,by ,,an ,,american ,,woman4 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 in his ,political ,expostulation1 makes use of the following expression in regard to the growth of the ,catholic ,church in ,england3 8,the conquests have been chiefly1 as might have been expected1 among women40 ,that the ex-premier intended this as a statement of fact rather than a sneer is very probable2 for he evidently endeavors to employ the language of good manners in his controversies1 unlike his predecessors in polemics during the ,x,v,i,ith and ,x,v,i,i,ith centuries4 ,the debate between him and his distinguished antagonists in the ,english hierarchy bears1 happily1 little resemblance to that between ,john ,milton and ,salmasius concerning the royal rights of ,charles ,i4 ,but that1 nevertheless1 there is a sneer in the quoted expression is scarcely to be denied2 and that this sneer had a lodgment in ,mr4 ,gladstone's mind1 and escaped thence by a sort of mental wink1 if not by his will1 is beyond doubt4 ,the pamphlet bears all the internal as well as external marks of haste2 it is only a piece of clever 8journalism0--written for a day1 overturned in a day4 8,mr4 ,gladstone lighted a fire on ,saturday night which was put out on ,monday morning10 said the ,london ,tablet4 ,but the sneer1 whether wilful or not1 stands1 and cannot be erased or ignored2 and it is worth more than a passing consideration4 ,it is an indirect and ungraceful way of saying that the ,catholic ,church brings conviction more readily to weaker than to stronger intellects2 and that because the 8conquests0 are 8chiefly among women10 the progress of the church among the people is not substantial1 general1 or permanent4 ,we presume that this is a reasonable construction of the expression4 ,whether the first of these propositions be true or not is not pertinent to the practical question contained in the second4 ,we will only remark1 in passing it over1 that there stands against its verity a formidable list of giant male intellects for which ,protestantism and infidelity have failed to furnish a corresponding offset4 ,students of science and literature and lovers of art will not need to be reminded of the names4 ,that ,catholic doctrine is intellectual in the purest and best sense there are the records of nineteen centuries of civilization and letters to offer in evidence4 ,but what ,mr4 ,gladstone invites us to discuss is the power of women in propagating religion4 ,in arriving at a correct estimate we must review1 with what minuteness the limits of an article will permit1 the part that women have had in the establishment of religion1 the intensity1 the earnestness1 the zeal1 the persistence--for these enter largely into the idea of propagation--with which women have accepted and followed the teaching of the church1 and the ability they have exhibited and the success they have achieved in the impression of their convictions upon others4 ,we must take into account the relative natural zealousness of the sexes2 for zeal1 next to grace1 has most to do with the making of 8conquests40 ,we must remember the almost invincible weapon which nature has placed in the hands of the weaker sex for approaching and controlling men2 the beautiful weapon--affection--which mother1 wife1 sister1 daughter1 wield1 and for which very few men know of any foil1 or against which they would raise one if they did4 ,if we admit1 to conciliate ,mr4 ,gladstone1 that religion is an affair of the heart as well as of the head1 he will be gracious enough in return1 we apprehend1 to concede that women must be potential agents in its propagation4 ,surely1 it is only thoughtlessness which enables well-read men to assign to women an insignificant place in the establishment of religion1 or their reading must have been too much on their own side of the line4 ,even the pagans were wiser4 ,they recognized the potency of women with an intelligence born of nothing less correct than instinct4 ,their mythological ,titans were equally divided as to sex4 ,a woman was their model of the austerest of virtues--perpetual celibacy4 ,a woman was their goddess of wisdom1 and1 as opposed to man1 the patroness of just and humane warfare4 ,a woman presided over their grain and harvests4 ,every ,grecian city maintained sacred fire on an altar dedicated to ,vesta1 the protectress of the dearest form of human happiness--the domestic4 ,it was from ,hebe the gods accepted their nectar4 ,the nine tutelary deities of the sthetic--the ,muses--were women4 ,so were the ,fates--who held the distaff1 and spun the thread of life1 and cut the thread-- 8,clotho and ,lachesis1 whose boundless sway1 ,with ,atropos1 both men and gods obey40 ,splendor1 ,joy1 and ,pleasure were the ,graces4 ,it was a woman who first set the example of parental devotion--,rhea concealing from their would-be destroyers the birth of ,jupiter1 ,neptune1 and ,pluto4 ,it was a woman who first set the example of conjugal fidelity--,alcestis offering to die for ,admetus4 ,it was from a woman's name1 ,alcyone1 we have our 8halcyon days0--,alcyone1 who1 overcome by grief for her husband1 lost at sea1 threw herself into the waves1 and the gods1 to reward their mutual love1 transformed them into kingfishers2 and when they built their nests1 the sea is said to have been peaceful in order not to disturb their joys4 ,it was a woman who dared to defy a king in order to perform funeral rites over the remains of her brother4 ,it was a woman1 ,ariadne1 who1 to save her lover1 ,theseus1 furnished him the clew out of the ,cretan labyrinth1 although she abolished thereby the tribute her father was wont to extort from the ,athenians4 ,in all that was good1 beautiful1 and tender1 the pagans held women pre-eminent2 and whether we agree with the earliest ,greeks1 who believed their mythology fact2 or with the philosophers of the time of ,euripides1 who identified the legends with physical nature2 or prefer to accept the still later theory that the deities and heroes were originally human1 and the marvellous myths terrestrial occurrences idealized1 the eminence of the position accorded to women is equally significant4 ,woman was supremely influential1 especially in all that related to the heart4 ,she had her place beside the priest4 ,she was the most trusted oracle4 ,she watched the altar-fires4 ,she was worshipped in the temples1 and homage was paid to her divinity in martial triumphs and the public games4 ,whatever was tender and beneficent in the mythical dispensation was associated with her sex4 ,she was the goddess of every kind of love4 ,excess1 luxury1 brute-power1 were typified by men alone4 ,the pagans knew that love was the most potent influence to which man was subject2 and love with them was but another name for woman4 8,it is in the heart10 says ,lamartine1 8that ,god has placed the genius of women1 because the works of this genius are all works of love40 ,plautus1 the pagan satirist1 offered his weight in gold for a man who could reason against woman's influence4 ,emerson1 a very good pagan in his way1 appreciates the subtlety1 the directness1 and the impervious character of such an influence in the making of conquests4 8,we say love is blind10 he writes1 8and the figure of ,cupid is drawn with a bandage around his eyes--blind1 because he does not see what he does not like2 but the sharpest-sighted hunter in the universe is ,love1 for finding what he seeks1 and only that40 ,woman holds a very prominent place in the religious history of the ,jews4 ,two books of the ,old ,testament were written in her exaltation--the ,book of ,ruth and the ,book of ,esther--while in the others she is found constantly at the side of man1 exercising in religious affairs a recognized power4 ,patriarchs acknowledge her influence2 she is addressed by the prophets4 ,it was ,anna who departed not from the ,temple1 but served ,god with fastings and prayers night and day4 ,it was to a mother's prayers that ,samuel was granted4 ,sarah is honored by mention in the ,new ,testament as a model spouse1 and the church has enshrined her name and her virtues in the universal marriage service4 ,miriam directed the triumphant processions and inspired the hosannas of the women of ,israel1 and was their instructress and guide4 ,as it was then1 as now1 the custom of the ,israelites to separate the men from the women in public worship1 ,miriam was looked up to as the appointed prophetess of her time4 ,micah1 the prophet1 speaking in the name of ,god1 says to the ,jews3 8,i brought thee up out of the land of ,egypt1 and ,i sent before thee ,moses and ,aaron and ,miriam40 ,that she had been appointed by the ,lord1 conjointly with her brothers1 to rescue her people from servitude1 appears from her own words in ,numbers3 8,hath the ,lord indeed spoken only by ,moses8 ,hath he not spoken also by us80 ,it is needless to allude to the esteem in which ,naomi and ,ruth were held4 ,the widow of ,sarepta fed the prophet ,elijah when she had reason to believe that in so doing she would expose her son and herself to death by famine4 ,the ,second ,epistle of ,s4 ,john was written to a woman4 ,the reverence and affection with which the writers in the ,new ,testament speak of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary are too familiar for more than allusion4 ,the women who followed ,our ,lord were singularly heroic1 and the influence which they exerted upon their associates and upon all who came in contact with them must have been correspondingly strong4 ,woman never insulted1 denied1 or betrayed ,christ3 8,not she with trait'rous kiss her ,saviour stung1 ,not she denied him with unholy tongue2 ,she1 while apostles shrank1 could danger brave-- ,last at his cross1 and earliest at his grave40 ,s4 ,paul himself commends the women who labored with him in spreading the ,gospel4 ,it was ,lois and ,eunice who taught the ,scriptures to ,timothy4 ,it was in response to the appeals of women that many of the greatest miracles were wrought2 ,elijah and ,elisha both raised the dead to life at the request of women2 and ,lazarus was restored by ,our ,lord in pity for his sisters4 ,it was to a woman our ,lord spoke the blessed words1 8,thy sins be forgiven thee2 go in peace40 ,it was a woman whose faith led her to touch the hem of his garment1 confident that thereby she would be made whole4 ,it was a woman whom he singled out as the object of his divine love on the ,sabbath day1 in spite of the malicious remonstrances of the ,jews4 ,almost his last words on the cross had a woman for their subject4 ,it was women who followed him with most unflagging devotion2 and it was women whom he first greeted after his resurrection4 ,we come now to women in the church militant4 ,the question is no longer1 ,what have women been in religion8 but1 ,what have they done8 ,does the record which they have made for themselves in the propagation of ,christianity justify the sneer of the ex-premier8 ,the implication in ,mr4 ,gladstone's quoted sentence is that1 because the church in ,england has found her conquests thus far 8chiefly among women10 the ,catholic faith is not making such progress in that country as should create apprehension4 ,he thus raises the issue of woman's potentiality in religion4 ,we venture to suggest that there is no department of human endeavor in which she is so powerful4 ,woman's power in the present and the future1 as a working disciple of ,our ,lord1 is reasonably deducible from her past4 ,we may not argue that to-morrow she shall be able to bring others to the knowledge and service of ,god1 if1 throughout the long yesterday of the church1 she was indifferent or imbecile4 ,she has little promise if she has not already shown large fulfilment4 ,we may not look to her zeal at the domestic hearth and in cultivated society for fruits worthy an apostle1 if1 in the crimson ages of ,christianity1 her sex made no sacrifices1 achieved no glory4 ,we may doubt the strength of her intellect1 as applied to the science of religion1 if the past furnishes no testimony thereof2 and we may accept1 with some indulgence towards its author1 the ex-premier's sneer upon her efficiency in the active toil of the church1 if1 in the past1 she has not been alert and successful in its various forms of organized intelligence1 humanity1 and benevolence4 ,what1 then1 are the facts8 ,did women1 in the early days1 submit to torture and death1 side by side with men1 rather than deny their faith in ,christ8 ,was their faith1 too1 sealed with their blood8 ,did women share the labor and the danger of teaching the truths of religion8 ,did they1 when such study was extremely difficult1 and required more intellect because it enjoyed fewer aids than now1 devote themselves to the investigation and elaboration of sacred subjects8 ,have they contributed anything to the learning and literature of the church8 ,have they gone into uncivilized countries as missionaries8 ,have they furnished conspicuous examples of fidelity to ,god under circumstances seductive or appalling8 ,have they founded schools1 established and maintained houses for the sick1 the poor1 the aged1 the orphan1 the stranger8 ,have they crossed the thresholds of their homes1 never to re-enter1 but to follow whithersoever the ,lord beckoned8 ,has their zeal led them into the smoke and rush of battle1 into the dens of pestilence1 into squalor and the haunts of crime8 ,have they proved by evidence which will not be disputed that1 to win others to their faith1 they have given up everything--they can give up everything--that their faith is dearer to them than all else on earth8 ,then1 surely1 a faith which has made its progress even 8chiefly among women0 has made a progress as solid as if it were chiefly among men1 for no greater things can man do than these4 ,it is neither possible nor desirable1 in an article of narrow limits1 to enumerate the women who have taken even a prominent part in the establishment of ,christianity through the various agencies which the church has employed4 ,the notice of each class must be brief1 and we shall not formally group them2 the testimony will be valid enough1 even in a cursory presentation4 ,what have women done to prove their ability to propagate the faith8 ,beginning in the days of the apostles1 we find the blood of women flowing as freely as that of men in vindication of the ,christian creed4 ,if men joyfully hastened to the amphitheatre1 so did they4 ,if men meekly accepted torture and ignominy1 so did they4 ,if men defied the ingenuity of cruelty and smiled in their agony1 so did they4 ,if men resigned human ambition1 surrendered possessions1 and abandoned luxury1 so did they4 ,the annals of the martyrs show1 with what degree of accuracy it is difficult now to determine1 that if either sex is entitled to higher distinction for the abandonment of everything that human nature holds dear1 in order to follow ,christ even to ignominious death1 the pre-eminence is in favor of the weaker sex4 ,it is impossible to read a chapter of martyrology from the inauguration of persecution until its close without finding therein the names of noble and gentle women illuminated by their own blood4 ,contemporaneous with ,s4 ,paul is ,thecla1 who was held in so great veneration in the early ages of ,christianity 8that it was considered the greatest praise that could be given to a woman to compare her with ,s4 ,thecla40 ,she was skilled in profane and sacred science and philosophy1 and excelled in the various branches of polite literature4 ,she is declared one of the brightest ornaments of the apostolic age2 and one of the fathers 8commends her eloquence and the ease1 strength1 sweetness1 and modesty of her discourse40 ,she was distinguished for 8the vehemence of her love for ,christ10 which she displayed on many occasions with the courage of a martyr and 8with a strength of body equal to the vigor of her mind40 ,she was converted by ,s4 ,paul about the year #de4 ,resolving to dedicate her virginity and life to ,god1 she broke an engagement of marriage1 and1 in despite of the remonstrances of her parents and the entreaties of her betrothed1 who was a pagan nobleman1 devoted herself to the work of the ,gospel4 ,at length authority placed its cruel hand upon her4 ,she was exposed naked in the amphitheatre2 but her fortitude survived the shock undaunted4 ,the lions forgot their ferocity and licked her feet2 and ,s4 ,ambrose1 ,s4 ,chrysostom1 ,s4 ,methodius1 ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 and other fathers confirm the truth of the statement that she emerged from the arena without harm4 ,she was exposed to many similar dangers1 but triumphantly survived them4 ,she accompanied ,s4 ,paul in many of his journeys1 and died in retirement at ,isaura4 ,the great cathedral of ,milan was built in her honor4 ,visitors to ,rome are taken to the ,church of ,s4 ,prisca1 built on the original site of her house--the house in which ,s4 ,peter lodged4 ,prisca was a noble ,roman lady who1 on account of her profession of ,christianity1 was exposed in the amphitheatre at the age of thirteen4 ,the lions refusing to devour her1 she was beheaded in prison4 ,in the ,i,i,id century we behold ,s4 ,agatha displaying a fortitude before her judge which has never been surpassed by man1 and suffering without resistance torture of exquisite cruelty--the tearing open of her bosom by iron shears4 ,in the same century ,apollonia1 daughter of a magistrate in ,alexandria1 was baptized by a disciple of ,s4 ,anthony1 and there appeared an angel1 who threw over her a garment of dazzling white1 saying1 8,go now to ,alexandria and preach the faith of ,christ40 ,many were converted by her eloquence2 for her refusal to worship the gods she was bound to a column1 and her beautiful teeth were pulled out one by one by a pair of pincers1 as an appropriate atonement for her crime4 ,then a fire was kindled1 and she was flung into it4 ,apollonia preaching to the people of ,alexandria forms the subject of a famous picture by a favorite pupil of ,michael ,angelo--,granacci--in the ,munich gallery4 ,in the beginning of the ,i,vth century a ,roman maiden1 whose name is popularly known as ,agnes1 gave up her life for her faith4 8,her tender sex10 says a ,protestant writer1 8her almost childish years1 her beauty1 innocence1 and heroic defence of her chastity1 the high antiquity of the veneration paid to her1 have all combined to invest the person and character of ,s4 ,agnes with a charm1 an interest1 a reality1 to which the most sceptical are not wholly insensible40 ,the son of the ,prefect of ,rome became enamored of her comeliness1 and asked her parents to give her to him as his wife4 ,agnes repelled his advances and declined his gifts4 ,then the prefect ordered her to enter the service of ,vesta1 and she refused the command with disdain4 ,chains and threats failed to intimidate her2 resort was had to a form of torture so atrocious that her woman's heart1 but for a miracle of grace1 must have quailed in the pangs of anticipation4 ,she was exposed nude in a place of infamy1 and her head fell 8in meek shame0 upon her bosom4 ,she prayed1 and 8immediately her hair1 which was already long and abundant1 became like a veil1 covering her whole person from head to foot2 and those who looked upon her were seized with awe and fear as of something sacred1 and dared not lift their eyes40 ,when fire refused to consume her body1 the executioner mounted the obstinate fagots1 and ended her torments by the sword4 ,she is the favorite saint of the ,roman women2 two churches in the ,eternal ,city bear her name2 there is no saint whose effigy is older than hers2 and ,domenichino1 ,titian1 ,paul ,veronese1 and ,tintoretto have perpetuated her glory4 ,in the previous year1 at ,syracuse1 ,lucia1 a noble damsel1 refused a pagan husband of high lineage and great riches1 preferring to consecrate herself to a divine ,spouse4 ,her discarded suitor betrayed her to the persecutors1 from whose hands she escaped by dying in prison of her wounds4 ,euphemia1 who is venerated in the ,east by the surname of ,great1 and to whom four churches are erected in ,constantinople1 died a frightful death in ,chalcedon1 four years after ,lucia had perished in ,syracuse4 ,so general was the homage paid her heroism that ,leo the ,isaurian ordered that her churches be profaned and her relics be cast into the sea4 ,devotion found means for evading the mandate1 and the sacred remains were preserved4 ,in the same year ,catherine1 a niece of ,constantine the ,great1 was martyred at ,alexandria4 ,from her childhood it was manifest that she had been rightly named--from 1 pure1 undefiled4 ,her graces of mind and person were the wonder and admiration of the people4 ,her father was ,king of ,egypt1 and she his heir4 ,when she ascended the throne1 she devoted herself to the study of philosophy4 ,plato was her favorite author4 ,it is declared that her scholarship was so profound1 so varied1 and so exact that she confounded a company of the ablest heathen philosophers4 ,the ,emperor ,maximin1 failing to induce her to apostatize1 had constructed four wheels1 armed with blades1 and revolving in opposite directions4 ,between these she was bound2 but ,god miraculously preserved her4 ,then she was driven from ,alexandria1 scourged1 and beheaded4 ,st4 ,catherine has been honored for many centuries as the patroness of learning and eloquence4 ,in art ,s4 ,jerome's name and hers are frequently associated together1 as the two patrons of scholastic theology4 ,she carries a book in her hands1 like ,s4 ,thomas ,aquinas and ,s4 ,bonaventure1 to symbolize her learning1 and her statue is to be found in the old universities and schools4 ,she was especially honored in the ,university of ,padua1 the ,alma ,mater of ,christopher ,columbus4 ,in ,england alone there were upwards of fifty churches dedicated in her name4 ,the painters have loved to treat her as the ,christian ,urania1 the goddess of science and philosophy4 ,she afforded delightful opportunities of genius to ,raphael1 ,guido1 ,titian1 ,correggio1 ,albert ,drer4 ,in the same century and about the same year ,barbara1 the daughter of a nobleman in ,heliopolis1 was decapitated by her enraged father on discovering her profession of the ,christian faith2 ,margaret1 who refused to become the wife of a pagan governor1 was beheaded at ,antioch2 ,dorothea was slain in ,cappadocia4 ,sometimes the women of these early days walked to martyrdom with father1 husband1 brother1 or friend2 as ,domnina and ,theonilla2 ,lucia with ,gemmianus1 under ,diocletian2 ,daria with ,chrysanthus1 ,cecilia with ,valerian1 ,tiburtius1 and ,maximus2 ,flora and ,mary in ,cordova2 ,dorothea and her troop of followers2 ,theodora with ,didymus2 ,victoria and ,fortunatus2 ,bibiana1 a young ,roman lady1 with her father1 mother1 and sister1 whom she inspired and sustained4 ,shall we prolong the calendar to show that woman's courage did not expire with the fervor of apostolic times8 ,there were ,thrasilla and ,emiliana1 aunts of ,gregory the ,great4 ,there was the ,english abbess1 ,ebba1 who1 with her entire household1 perished in the flames of their convent2 the noble ,helen of ,sweden1 who was murdered by her relatives in the ,x,ith century4 ,did women seek the solitude of the wilderness and the perils of the forest to serve ,god as hermits and solitaries8 ,they began the practice of the ascetic life in the apostolic days2 they had formed communities as early as the ,i,id century2 many lived in couples1 as the anchorets ,marava and ,cyra in the first century2 some imitated the example of ,mary of ,egypt1 who spent twenty-seven years in isolation4 ,there were the ,irish hermit1 ,maxentia in ,france2 and ,modneva1 in the ,i,xth century1 also ,irish1 who dwelt for seven years alone in the ,island of ,trent4 ,s4 ,bridget of ,ireland had her first cell in the trunk of an oak-tree4 ,when we undertake to answer what sacrifices women have made for religion1 it is difficult to frame an adequate reply with sufficient brevity4 ,from the day that ,s4 ,catherine gave up the throne of ,egypt until this hour1 women have been sacrificing for the ,catholic faith--everything4 ,if the objects of their attachment are fewer than those of men1 their domestic love is of more exquisite sensibility1 and its rupture is in many cases1 not the result of an instant's strong resolve1 but the slow martyrdom of a lifetime4 ,nearly all the early heroines of ,christianity were women of high social position1 of rich and luxurious homes1 and many were noted for their beauty1 their culture1 or their address4 ,some were on the eve of happy betrothals2 yet ,eucratis spurns a lover1 and ,rufina and ,secunda depart from apostate husbands4 ,it was to the courage and self-sacrifice of their respective wives that the martyrs ,hadrian and ,valerian are indebted for their palms4 ,in the ,i,vth century we see the ,empress ,helen1 mother of ,constantine the ,great1 when fourscore years of age1 proceeding from ,constantinople to ,palestine for the purpose of adorning churches and worshipping our ,lord in the regions consecrated by his presence4 ,it was she who discovered the true cross of ,christ4 ,in the ,v,i,ith century ,queen ,cuthburge of ,england resigned royal pleasures1 founded a convent1 and lived and died in it4 ,in the ,v,i,ith century ,hereswith1 ,queen of the ,east-,angles1 withdrew from royalty1 and became an inmate of the convent in ,chelles1 ,france4 ,queen ,bathilde1 of ,france1 followed her thither as soon as her son1 ,clotaire ,,iii41 had reached his majority1 8and obeyed her superior as if she were the last ,sister in the house40 ,the abbess herself1 who was also of an illustrious family1 was 8the most humble and most fervent10 and 8showed by her conduct that no one commands well or with safety who has not first learned and is not always ready to obey well40 ,radegunde1 another queen of ,france1 also passed from a court to a cloister4 ,in the ,i,xth century ,alice1 ,empress of ,germany1 presented1 in two regencies1 the extraordinary power of religion in producing a wise and efficient administration of political affairs4 ,she was virtually a recluse living and acting in the splendor of a throne4 ,is it necessary to more than allude to ,s4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary1 or to her niece1 ,queen ,elizabeth of ,portugal1 who1 after a glorious career1 to which we shall allude in another connection1 joined the ,order of ,poor ,clares8 ,in the ,east1 ,pulcheria1 the empress1 granddaughter of ,theodosius the ,great1 withdrew from a rgime in which she was the controlling spirit1 and did not return from her austerities until urgently requested to do so by ,pope ,s4 ,leo4 ,at her death she bequeathed all her goods and private estates to the poor4 ,queen ,maud of ,england walked daily to church barefoot1 wearing a garment of sackcloth1 and washed and kissed the feet of the poor4 ,it was a queen1 ,jane of ,france1 who became the foundress of the ,nuns of the ,annunciation4 ,when we consider the part that woman has had in the formation of the various religious orders1 the temerity of the ex-premier in belittling her influence assumes still greater proportions4 ,the undeniable fact that ,protestantism has never been able permanently to maintain a single community of women1 either for contemplation or benevolence1 proves that the ,catholic ,church alone is the sphere in which woman's religious zeal finds its fullest and most complete expression2 that it is the ,catholic faith alone which thoroughly arouses and solidly supports the enthusiasm of her nature1 and embodies her ardor into a useful and enduring form4 ,the achievements of women in the religious orders demonstrate that it is impossible to exaggerate this enthusiasm or to overestimate the subtle influence which she exerts in society1 ,catholic and non-,catholic4 ,human nature1 in whatever creed1 bows in involuntary homage to the woman who has left her home1 and father and mother1 brother1 sister1 and friends1 to follow ,jesus ,christ and him crucified4 ,this instinct is as old as man4 ,the pagan ,greek1 the brutal ,roman1 punished with almost incredible severity offences against their oracles and vestals4 ,history furnishes no instance of a nation possessing a religion however ridiculous1 a worship however coarse and senseless1 which did not award exceptional deference to the virgins consecrated to the service of its gods4 ,christianity1 which emancipated woman from the domestic slavery in which usage had placed and law confirmed her2 which made her man's peer by its indissoluble marriage tie2 and which compelled courts and judges to modify barbarous statutes affecting her civil rights as well as her conjugal relations1 has been rewarded by eighteen hundred years of unflagging zeal and unshrinking heroism4 ,if woman had done nothing in the household for the church2 if she had been indifferent as a wife and incompetent as a mother2 if in the world the sex were merely frivolous1 pretty things1 such as ,diderot would describe with 8the pen dipped in the humid colors of the rainbow1 and the paper dried with the dust gathered from the wings of a butterfly02 if they had never done anything for religion except what they have done out of the world--in the shade1 as it were--,christianity would still have been the gainer1 civilization would owe them a vast balance1 and the sneer of the ex-premier would be found to describe only his own bitterness4 ,there has been no salic law in the ,catholic ,church4 ,her crowns cover women's heads as well as men's2 women themselves have vindicated their right to spiritual royalty4 ,the activity of women for the spread of the ,gospel began1 as we have seen1 in the days of the apostles1 when the preaching of ,thecla1 the exhortations of many women converts1 and the courageous utterances of those being led to martyrdom1 won multitudes to ,christ4 ,the monastic life of woman is as old as that of man4 ,indeed1 our word nun1 derived from the ,greek 1 passed into the latter language from the ,egyptian1 in which it was synonymous with fair1 beautiful4 ,as rapidly as ,christianity moved over the world women joyfully accepted its precepts and hastened to its propagation4 ,lamartine says that 8nature has given women two painful but heavenly gifts1 which distinguish them1 and often raise them above human nature--compassion and enthusiasm4 ,by compassion they devote themselves2 by enthusiasm they exalt themselves40 ,these two gifts find their freest exercise in conventual life1 whether strictly contemplative1 as the monastic life in the ,east was in the beginning1 or contemplative and benevolent1 as it became in the ,west4 ,it was1 therefore1 only natural that women of all degrees should listen to the voice of ,god summoning them to this state4 ,it was not natural1 however1 to sever the domestic ties which nature herself had made and religion had blessed4 ,it was no easier in the days of ,ebba and ,bega than in those of ,angela ,merici1 or ,s4 ,teresa1 or ,catherine ,mc,auley1 for the daughter to bid a final farewell to her home and its endearments for an existence of self-immolation1 of prayer1 of obedience1 of humility1 and often of hunger and cold1 sickness1 danger1 and want4 ,that women in large numbers have nevertheless chosen this which the world calls the worse life and the apostle the better1 from the time of the apostles to the present day1 shows that it is in religion they reach the zenith of their capabilities2 for they have made no such sacrifices1 they have achieved no such successes1 in art1 in science1 nor in literature4 ,they have entered the service of the church through the convent gate1 in despite of difficulties which would often have debarred men even from the entertainment of the design4 ,their toil in the convents has been wholly in the service of mankind4 ,the history of the conventual life of women is not divisible from that of civilization1 and in rapidly sketching it we shall discover chapters on the progress of religion1 the organization of benevolence1 the preservation of learning1 and the spread of education4 ,the assistance which women have rendered to the last two has not been properly appreciated4 ,the catalogue of eminent foundresses is too long to be considered in detail4 ,every country1 every century1 has its list of noble virgins1 of wealthy widows1 or of mothers whose maternal duty was done1 building houses for established orders1 or1 under the authority of the church1 founding additional communities1 always with a specific design2 for the church takes no step without an intelligent purpose4 ,among these women have been many who were remarkable in more qualities than piety1 in other conditions than social distinction2 and it is a fact which will scarcely bear debate that it has been inside the convents1 or1 if outside1 under the direction and inspiration of religion1 that the mind of woman has enjoyed freest scope and produced palpable and permanent results4 ,it is true that there have been great women in profane history1 ancient and modern--a ,cleopatra and ,semiramis1 a ,catherine in ,russia1 an ,elizabeth in ,england2 in literature a ,de ,stal1 a 8,george ,sand10 and a 8,george ,eliot02 in histrionic art1 in poetry1 and in court circles1 many women have equalled and outshone men2 and in science they have significantly contributed to medicine and mathematics4 ,but the annals of women in religion reveal the heroic characteristics of the sex developed far beyond the limit reached in the world4 ,we have just mentioned ,s4 ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,portugal4 ,what woman has surpassed her in perseverance--that most difficult of feminine virtues8 ,what man has surpassed the utterness of her love for ,god--that sublimest of virtues in either sex8 ,at eight years of age she began to fast on appointed days2 she undertook1 of her own accord1 to practise great mortifications2 she would sing no songs but hymns and psalms2 8and from her childhood she said every day the whole office of the ,breviary1 in which no priest could be more exact40 ,her time was regularly divided1 after her marriage to the ,king of ,portugal1 between her domestic duties and works of piety4 ,she visited and nursed the sick1 and dressed their most loathsome sores4 8,she founded10 says ,butler1 8in different parts of the kingdom1 many pious establishments1 particularly an hospital near her own palace at ,combra1 a house for penitent women who had been seduced into evil courses10 thus anticipating the future ,sisters of the ,good ,shepherd4 ,she built an 8hospital for foundlings1 or those children who1 for want of due provision1 are exposed to the danger of perishing in poverty or of the neglect or cruelty of unnatural parents40 ,she won her ruffianly husband1 by patience and sweetness1 to a ,christian life1 and induced him to found1 with royal munificence1 the ,university of ,combra4 ,she averted wars1 and reconciled her husband and son when their armies were marching against each other4 ,she made peace between ,ferdinand ,,iv4 and the claimant of his crown1 and between ,james ,,ii4 of ,aragon and ,frederick ,,iv4 of ,castile4 ,what woman of profane history furnishes so illustrious and so substantial a record as this8 ,religion alone supplied its motive and maintained its progress4 ,the foundress of the ,poor ,clares1 ,s4 ,clare of ,assisium1 was the daughter of a knight1 and had to suffer contumely and opprobrium for entering the religious state instead of accepting proffered marriage4 ,her sister and mother were led by her virtues to follow her example1 and they founded houses of the ,poor ,clares in all the principal cities of ,italy and ,germany4 ,they wore no covering on their feet1 slept on the ground1 practised perpetual abstinence1 and never spoke except when compelled by necessity or charity4 ,s4 ,clare's great fortune she gave to the poor1 without reserving a farthing for herself4 ,what but religion could suggest1 sustain1 and crown so martyr-like a life as this8 ,the ,little ,sisters of the ,poor are now nearest the model which ,s4 ,clare became2 and the ,little ,sister of the ,poor is greater in the sight of ,almighty ,god and in the honest reverence of the human heart than a ,de ,stal or a 8,sand06 ,we merely allude to ,s4 ,jane ,frances de ,chantal1 the foundress of the ,order of the ,visitation1 whom our ,american widow1 ,mother ,seton1 foundress of our ,sisters of ,charity1 so strangely resembled in certain properties of character and circumstances of life4 ,the conspicuous virtue of these two women was the same--humility4 ,space forbids more than allusion to other noted foundresses--,angela ,merici1 mother of the ,ursulines2 ,catherine ,mc,auley1 of the ,sisters of ,mercy2 ,mme4 ,barat1 foundress of the ,order of the ,sacred ,heart1 whose beatification is in progress2 ,nano ,nagle1 of the ,sisters of the ,presentation2 and those holy1 brave1 and zealous women who are to-day leading their respective communities in every part of the world1 whom to name1 even in illustration of an argument1 would be to offend4 ,they are exercising within convent walls the sacrifices which made martyrs4 ,they are sending pioneers of religion to the frontiers of civilization2 equipping hospitals1 asylums1 and schools wherever and whenever called2 carrying out faithfully on our continent the example set them by the foundresses of ,american charitable institutions2 for our first hospital in ,new ,france was managed by three nuns from ,dieppe1 the youngest but twenty-two years of age2 and in #afci a widow of ,alenson and a nun from ,dieppe1 with two ,sisters from ,tours1 established an ,ursuline ,academy for girls at ,quebec4 ,bancroft says3 8,as the youthful heroines stepped on the shore at ,quebec they stooped to kiss the earth1 which they adopted as their mother1 and were ready1 in case of need1 to tinge with their blood4 ,the governor1 with the little garrison1 received them at the water's edge2 ,hurons and ,algonquins1 joining in the shouts1 filled the air with yells of joy2 and the motley group escorted the new-comers to the church1 where1 amidst a general thanksgiving1 the ,te ,deum was chanted4 ,is it wonderful that the natives were touched by a benevolence which their poverty and squalid misery could not appall8 ,their education was also attempted2 and the venerable ash-tree still lives beneath which ,mary of the ,incarnation1 so famed for chastened piety1 genius1 and good judgment1 toiled1 though in vain1 for the culture of ,huron children40 ,could anything but religion enable delicately-reared women to turn a last look upon the sunny slopes of ,france1 where remained everything that their hearts cherished1 and set out in #afci1 in a slow ship1 over an almost unknown ocean1 with certain expectation never to return1 and equally certain that in the new land they would encounter an almost perpetual winter and incur all the perils of the instincts of savages8 ,what stately woman's figure rises in profane history to the height of ,mary of the ,incarnation8 ,the part that woman has had in the building up and the spread of education has not1 so far as we are aware1 been adequately written4 ,perhaps it never will be2 for the materials of at least fifteen centuries are1 for the most part1 carefully buried in convent archives1 and their modest keepers shun publicity4 ,the lack of popular knowledge in this portion of the history of education has induced the erroneous supposition that woman has done little or nothing for the intelligence of the race2 that1 until recently1 the sex received slight instruction and possessed only superficial and effeminate acquirements2 and that the free facilities which women are reaching after indicate an entirely new1 an unwritten1 chapter in the culture of the sex4 ,each of these suppositions is unwarranted by facts4 ,women have shared in the establishment of educational institutions from the earliest period of which we have authentic record4 ,their resources have founded schools1 their talents have conducted them4 ,whenever1 from the days of ,s4 ,catherine to those of ,nano ,nagle1 special efforts have been made to teach the people1 women have furnished their full share of energy and brains4 ,the opportunities which1 even in periods of exceptional darkness or disturbance1 were afforded for the higher education of women1 were far in advance of the standard which prejudice or ignorance has associated with women in the past2 and the increasing demand which we have on every side for a more substantial and scholarly training for the sex does not look forward to that which they have never had1 but backward to what they have lost or abandoned4 ,again we find ,mr4 ,gladstone's sneer answered2 for religion--the ,catholic religion--has been the sole inspiration of the part that woman has had in popular education4 ,the magnitude of that part we will only outline2 but enough will be shown of woman as a foundress1 a teacher1 and a scholar to indicate the rank to which she is entitled as an educator1 and the motive which enabled her to attain it4 ,there were very few convents for women which were not also schools and academies for their sex4 ,many ,christian women1 even in the days of the ,fathers1 were not only skilled in sacred science1 but in profane literature1 and these1 naturally and inevitably1 taught the younger members of their own households1 and1 when they entered the service of the church1 became teachers of the children of the people4 ,in the ,i,vth century ,hypatia1 invited by the magistrates of ,alexandria to teach philosophy1 led many of her pupils to ,christianity1 although she herself did not have the grace to embrace it2 but her learning induced many women to profound and elegant study4 ,we have spoken of ,s4 ,catherine1 who confuted the pagan philosophers of that city of schools1 and whose condition was the delight of her contemporaries4 ,the mothers and sisters in those early days were not only willing but able to teach the science of ,christianity and letters4 ,s4 ,paul himself alludes to the instruction he received from his mother1 ,lois1 and his grandmother1 ,eunice4 ,it was ,s4 ,macrina who taught ,s4 ,basil and ,s4 ,gregory of ,nyssa4 ,it was ,theodora who instructed ,cosmas and ,damian4 8,even as early as the ,i,id century10 says a distinguished scholar1 8the zeal of religious women for letters excited the bile and provoked the satire of the enemies of ,christianity40 ,s4 ,fulgentius was educated by his mother4 ,so solicitous was she about the purity of his ,greek accent 8that she made him learn by heart the poems of ,homer and ,menander before he studied his ,latin rudiments40 ,it was ,s4 ,paula who moved ,s4 ,jerome to some of his greatest literary labors2 and the latter assures us that the gentle ,s4 ,eustochium wrote and spoke ,hebrew without ,latin adulteration4 ,s4 ,chrysostom dedicated seventeen letters to ,s4 ,olympias2 and ,s4 ,marcella1 on account of her rare acquirements1 was known as 8the glory of the ,roman ladies40 ,s4 ,melania and ,s4 ,csaria were noted for their accomplishments4 ,montalembert declares that literary pursuits were cultivated in the ,v,i,ith and ,v,i,i,ith centuries in the convents in ,england1 8with no less care and perseverance0 than in the monasteries1 8and perhaps with still greater enthusiasm40 ,the nuns were accustomed 8to study holy books1 the fathers of the church1 and even classical works40 ,s4 ,gertrude translated the ,scriptures into ,greek4 ,it was a woman who introduced the study of ,greek into the famous monastery of ,s4 ,gall4 ,the erudite author of ,christian ,schools and ,scholars says that 8the ,anglo-,saxon nuns very early vied with the monks in their application to letters40 ,there is preserved a treatise on virginity by ,adhelm1 in the ,v,i,ith century1 which contains an illumination representing him as teaching a group of nuns4 ,s4 ,boniface directed the studies of many convents of women4 ,hildelitha1 the first ,english religieuse1 had received her education at the convent of ,chelles1 in ,france1 8and brought into the cloisters of ,barking all the learning of that famous school40 ,this institution1 about five leagues from ,paris1 was founded by ,s4 ,clotilda1 and one of its abbesses in the ,i,xth century was ,gisella1 a pupil of ,alcuin and sister of ,charlemagne4 ,it was in a convent school1 that of ,roncerai1 near ,angers1 that ,heloise received her education in classics and philosophy2 and ,hallam1 who finds little to remark concerning convent schools--because1 we presume1 their archives were not sought by him--says that the 8epistles of ,abelard and ,eloisa1 especially those of the latter1 are1 as far as ,i know1 the first book that gives any pleasure in reading for six hundred years1 since the ,consolation of ,boethius40 ,the learning of ,s4 ,hilda was so highly esteemed that 8more than once the holy abbess assisted at the deliberation of the bishops assembled in council or in synod1 who wished to take the advice of her whom they considered so especially enlightened by the ,holy ,spirit40 ,queen ,editha1 wife of ,edward the ,confessor1 taught grammar and logic4 ,the scholarly women of the time were not all in ,england4 ,richtrude1 daughter of ,charlemagne1 had a ,greek professor4 ,the historian from whom we have already quoted says1 in ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 that the examples of learning in the cloisters of nuns were not 8confined to those communities which had caught their tone from the little knot of literary women educated by ,s4 ,boniface4 8,it was the natural and universal development of the religious life40 ,guizot ranks 8among the gems of literature0 the account of the death of ,s4 ,csaria1 written by one of her sisters4 ,radegunde1 queen of ,clothaire ,i41 read the ,greek and ,latin fathers familiarly4 ,s4 ,adelaide1 ,abbess of ,geldern1 in the ,xth century1 had received a learned education1 and imparted her attainments to the young of her sex4 ,hrotsvitha1 a nun of ,gandersheim1 in the ,xth century1 wrote ,latin poems and stanzas1 which prove1 says ,spalding1 8that in the institutions of learning at that day classical literature was extensively and successfully cultivated by women as well as by men40 ,in the ,x,i,ith century the ,abbess ,hervada wrote an encyclopedia1 8containing10 remarks ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 8all the science known in her day40 ,nor were women content to study and teach in their native countries4 ,when ,s4 ,boniface needed teachers in ,germany to complete the conversion and civilization of the country1 he endeavored to enlist the enthusiasm of the ,english women of learning and piety2 and ,chunehilt and her daughter ,berathgilt were the first to listen to his appeal4 ,they are called by the historian valde erudit in liberali scientia4 ,the ,abbess ,lioba1 distinguished for her scholarship and her executive ability1 also accepted the invitation of ,boniface1 and thirty nuns1 of whom she was the head1 reached ,antwerp after a stormy passage1 and were received at ,mentz by the archbishop1 who conducted them to the convent at ,bischofsheim1 which he had erected for ,lioba4 ,s4 ,boniface declared that he loved ,lioba on account of her solid learning--eruditionis sapientia4 ,walburga1 a subordinate of ,lioba1 went into ,thuringia1 and became abbess of the ,convent of ,heidesheim1 where she and her nuns cultivated letters as diligently as in their ,english home4 ,the church herself watched over these efforts of women to elevate their sex2 for the ,council of ,cloveshoe1 held in #gdg1 exhorts abbesses diligently to provide for the education of those under their charge4 ,in so great admiration and affection did ,s4 ,boniface hold ,lioba that he requested that her remains might be buried in ,fulda1 so that they might together await the resurrection4 ,lioba survived the saint twenty-four years1 during which she erected many convents and received signal assistance from ,charlemagne4 ,the convent schools maintained by these disciples of ,s4 ,boniface were not the only ones in which women obtained more culture than is accorded to them in our own boastful time4 ,at ,gandersheim the course of study included ,latin and ,greek1 the philosophy of ,aristotle1 and the liberal arts4 ,one of the abbesses of this convent was the author of a treatise on logic 8much esteemed among the learned of her own time40 ,it would be easy enough to continue this record2 to carry on the chain of woman's assistance--always under the guidance of religion--in the educational development of ,europe4 ,it is not easy to avoid dwelling on the aid she rendered in the foundation of colleges2 of the standing which she attained in the universities1 where1 both as student and professor1 she won with renown and wore with modesty the highest degrees and honors4 ,the catalogue of that metropolis of learning1 the ,university of ,bologna1 a papal institution1 contains the names of many women who appeared to enviable advantage in its departments of canon law1 medicine1 mathematics1 art1 and literature4 ,the period which produced ,vittoria ,colonna1 who received1 her education in a convent1 discovers ,properzia de' ,rossi teaching sculpture in ,bologna2 the painter ,sister ,plautilla1 a ,dominican2 ,marietta ,tintoretto1 daughter of the 8,thunder of ,art10 herself a celebrated portrait-painter1 whose work possessed many of the best qualities of her father's2 ,elizabeth ,sirani1 who painted and taught in ,bologna2 and ,elena ,cornaro admitted as a doctor at ,milan4 ,we find a woman architect1 ,plautilla ,brizio1 working in ,rome in the ,x,v,i,ith century1 building a palace and the ,chapel of ,s4 ,benedict4 ,in the papal universities1 as late as the ,x,v,i,i,ith century1 women took degrees in jurisprudence and philosophy2 among them1 ,victoria ,delfini1 ,christina ,roccati1 and ,laura ,bassi1 in the ,university of ,bologna1 and ,maria ,amoretti in that of ,pavia4 ,in #ageh ,anna ,mazzolina was professor of anatomy in ,bologna1 and ,maria ,agnesi was appointed by the pope professor of mathematics in the ,university of ,bologna4 ,novella d',andrea taught canon law in ,bologna for ten years4 ,a woman was the successor of ,cardinal ,mezzofanti as professor of ,greek4 ,statues are erected to the memory of two women who taught botany in the universities of ,bologna and ,genoa4 ,it is well to mention these facts as a sufficient reply to the flippant charge1 too frequently made1 that the ,catholic ,church is 8opposed0 to the higher education of women4 ,the relation of women in religion to the education and refinement of the present day can be lightly passed over4 ,in the convent schools in every part of the world young women receive the best education now available for their sex4 ,the demands of society have affected the curriculum4 ,it is not as abstract or classical or thorough as in the time of ,lioba and ,hrotsvitha1 but it is the best2 and it will return to the classical standard as quickly as women themselves make the demand4 ,in a word1 the orders of teaching women in the ,catholic ,church are1 we repeat1 a sufficient answer to ,mr4 ,gladstone's sneer at the status of women in religion4 ,it was out of these that arose ,catherine of ,sienna--orator1 scholar1 diplomate1 saint4 ,of these was ,s4 ,teresa1 whom ,mgr4 ,dupanloup characterizes as one of the greatest1 if not the greatest1 prose writers in the ,spanish literature4 ,of these have been hundreds1 thousands1 of women1 who1 moved by the ,spirit of ,god to his service1 have found within convent-walls opportunities for culture which society denies1 and who1 in the carrying out of his divine will1 have made more sacrifices1 attained higher degrees of perfection1 and lived lives of sweeter perfume and nobler usefulness1 than the mind of ,mr4 ,gladstone appears to be able to conceive4 ,a religion which makes conquests enough among women1 since it can inspire1 control1 and direct them thus1 is the religion which must conquer the world4 ,finally1 ,mr4 ,gladstone forgot the subtle power of mother and wife1 and the marriage laws of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the mother's influence for good or evil1 but especially for good1 to which she most inclines1 is second to none that moves the heart of man4 ,whether it be ,cornelia1 pointing to the ,gracchi as her jewels2 or ,monica1 pursuing and persuading ,s4 ,augustine2 ,felicitas1 exhorting her seven sons to martyrdom2 or the mothers of ,s4 ,chrysostom1 ,s4 ,basil1 and ,s4 ,anselm1 converting their children to firmness in holiness2 or whether it be the untutored mother of the savage1 or the unfortunate head of a household setting an unwomanly example1 the mother's voice1 issuing from the quivering lips or coming back silently from the tomb1 is heard when all other sounds of menace1 of appeal1 of reproach1 or of tenderness fail to reach the ear4 ,every mother makes her sex venerable to her son4 ,the mother's love is above all logic2 it destroys syllogisms1 refutes all argument4 ,it cannot be reasoned against2 and when the salvation of the child is the motive1 there is no power given to man to withstand its seduction4 8,it shrinks not where man cowers1 and grows stronger where man faints1 and over the wastes of worldly fortune sends the radiance of its quenchless fidelity40 ,christ himself upon the cross was not unmindful of his mother2 yet he was ,god6 ,says the greater ,napoleon1 8,the destiny of the child is always the work of the mother40 ,to the end of time she will be1 as she has ever been1 8,the holiest thing alive40 ,the faith of the mothers1 if they believe in it1 must become the faith of the sons and the daughters4 ,that the ,catholic mother believes1 even ,mr4 ,gladstone will hesitate to deny4 ,in no faith but the ,catholic have mothers accompanied their sons to martyrdom4 ,in no faith but the ,catholic is the mother taught to believe1 while still a child at her mother's breast1 that she will be held responsible for the eternal welfare of her children2 that they must be saved with her1 or she must perish with them4 ,for this salvation she will toil and pray and weep2 for this she will spend days of weariness and nights without sleep2 for this religion will keep her heart brave1 and her lips eloquent1 and her hand gentle and strong4 ,for this she will work as neither man nor woman works for aught else2 and for this she will lay down her life1 but not until the sublime purpose is accomplished6 ,that done1 she is ready to die4 ,for 8,hath she not then1 for pains and fears1 ,the day of woe1 the watchful night1 ,for all her sorrow1 all her tears1 ,an over-payment of delight80 ,if the mothers of ,england become ,catholic1 ,england becomes ,catholic4 ,the law is of nature4 ,love must win1 if talent partly fails2 for even in heaven the seraphim1 which signifies love1 is nearer ,god than the cherubim1 which signifies knowledge4 ,,on ,a ,,charge ,,made ,,after ,,the ,,publication ,,of ,a ,,volume ,,of ,,poetry 7,,written ,,near ,,windermere47 ,beautiful ,land6 ,they said1 8,he loves thee not60 ,but in a church-yard 'mid thy meadows lie ,the bones of no disloyal ancestry4 ,to whom in me disloyal were the thought ,which wronged thee4 ,for my youth thy ,shakspeare wrought2 ,for me thy minsters raised their towers on high2 ,thou gav'st me friends whose memory cannot die3-- ,i love thee1 and for that cause left unsought ,thy praise4 ,thy ruined cloisters1 forests green1 ,thy moors where still the branching wild deer roves1 ,dear haunts of mine by sun and moon have been ,from ,cumbrian peaks to ,devon's laughing coves4 ,they love thee less1 be sure1 who ne'er had heart ,to take1 for truth's sake1 'gainst thyself thy part4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,stray ,,leaves ,,from ,a ,,passing ,,life4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,au ,,revoir4--,,the ,,pilgrim',s ,,progress4 ,we showed ,kenneth such wonders as ,leighstone possessed1 and his visit was to us at least a very pleasant one4 ,my father was duly informed of his harboring a ,papist in his house1 and1 though a little stiff and stately and a little more reserved in his conversation for a day or two1 he could not be other than himself--a hospitable and genial gentleman4 ,and then ,kenneth was so frank and manly1 so amiable and winning1 that ,i believe1 had he solemnly assured us he was a cannibal1 and avowed his voracious appetite for human flesh1 not a soul would have felt disturbed in the company of so good-looking and well-bred a monster4 ,perhaps1 after all1 had we questioned our hearts1 the capital sin of ,papistry lay in its clothes4 ,papistry was to my father1 and more or less to all of us1 the ,religion of ,rags4 ,leighstone had no ,catholic church1 and its ,catholic population was restricted to a body of poor ,irish laborers and their families1 who were most of them the poorest of the poor1 and tramped afoot of a ,sunday to a wretched little barn of a church eight miles away1 which was served by a priest of a large town in the neighborhood4 ,however much of the devil there might be among them1 there was certainly little of what is generally understood by the world and the flesh4 ,yes1 theirs was a ,religion of ,rags1 and it was at once odd and sad to see how rags did congregate around the ,catholic church--an excellent church indeed for them and their wearers1 but not exactly the place to drive to heaven in in a coach-and-four4 ,it was a positive shock to my father to find so fine a young man as ,kenneth ,goodal a firm believer in the ,religion of ,rags4 ,of course he knew all about the ,founder of ,christianity being born in a stable1 and so on2 but that was a great and impressive lesson1 not intended exactly to be imitated by every one4 ,princes in disguise may play any pranks they please4 ,once the beggar's cloak is thrown off1 everything is forgiven4 ,we quite forget that hideous hump of ,master ,walter in the play when1 just before the curtain drops1 he announces himself as 8now the ,earl of ,rochdale40 ,indeed1 it was a kind of social offence to see a young man of breeding1 blood1 and bearing1 such as ,kenneth ,goodal1 take his place among the rank and file1 the army of tatterdemalions1 that made up the modern ,church of ,rome1 as it showed itself to the eyes of ,english respectability4 ,irish reapers1 men and maid-servants1 cooks1 beggars1 the halt1 the lame1 and the blind--these made up the army of modern ,crusaders4 ,s4 ,lawrence himself was very well1 but ,s4 ,lawrence's treasures were very ill4 ,the descendants of ,godfrey de ,bouillon1 the mail-clad knights of the ,lion-,hearted ,richard1 my ancestor ,sir ,roger1 all made a very respectable body-guard for a faith and a church2 but the followers of ,peter the ,hermit1 the lower layer of society1 the lazzaroni--these were certainly uninviting1 and gave the religion to which they belonged something of the aspect of a moral leperhood1 to be separated from the multitude1 and not even sniffed afar off4 ,yet here was a handsome young gallant like ,kenneth ,goodal plunging deep into it1 with eye of pride and steadfast heart1 and a strange faith that it was the right thing to do4 ,it was positively perplexing1 and before ,kenneth left us my father had another attack of gout4 ,kenneth had the skill and good taste never to obtrude unpleasant discussions4 ,the only thing about him was a certain tone in his conversation that made you feel1 as decidedly as though you saw it written in his open face1 that he sailed under very pronounced colors4 ,it was no pirate1 no decoy flag hung out to lure stray craft into danger1 and give place at the last moment to the death's head and cross-bones4 ,it was the same in all weather and in all seas4 8,the ,crusades only ended with the cross10 he had said to me in our first conversation together2 and it seemed that ,i saw the cross painted on his bosom1 and borne about with him wherever he went--a very ,knight-,hospitaller in the ,x,i,xth century4 ,in our long rambles together he and ,i had many a hard tussle4 ,i was the only one with whom he conversed on religious subjects at all1 and when he went away he left the leaven working4 ,the good seed had been sown1 whether on stony ground1 or among thorns1 or on the good soil1 ,god alone could tell4 ,we missed him greatly when he went4 ,he was so thorough an antiquarian and such a capital chess-player that my father was irritated at his absence1 and had a second attack of the gout4 ,nellie was looking forward and already making preparations for the visit we had promised to pay his mother at ,christmas2 and as for me1 ,i had lost my alter ego1 and spent more time than ever in the churchyard4 ,even ,mattock noticed the frequency of my visits2 for he said to me one morning1 as ,i watched him digging a fresh grave3 8,ye're a-comin' here too often1 ,master ,roger4 ,graveyards and graves and what's in 'em is loike enough company for me1 but not for sich as ye4 ,it an't whoalsome1 it an't4 ,corpses grows on a man1 they doos1 and weighs him down in spoite of himself4 ,i doant know what ,i should a-done these twenty-foive year1 only for the drams ,i takes4 ,i couldn't a-kep up1 ,i couldn't4 ,there's somethin' about churchyeards and graves1 a kind o' airthiness loike1 that creeps into a man's veins1 as the years come on him1 that at times ,i doant seem to know exactly which is the livin' and which is the dead4 ,we're all airth1 ,payrson ,knowles says1 and ,payrson ,knowles is a knowledgable man2 but he doant come here too often4 ,i know we're all airth2 for an't ,i seen it8 ,an't ,i seen the body of as putty a young gal as was ever kissed under the mistletoe stretched out and laid in her grave afore the ,new ,year dawned1 and turned her out a year or so after1 a handful o' bones ye might take in a shovel and putt in a basket1 and a doag wouldn't look at em8 ,ay1 many a sich6 ,i've seen 'em set in rows in the pews within thear1 and seen 'em go a-flirtin' and a-smirkin' out through yon gate2 and when the cholera cum1 ,i've laid 'em row by row i' the airth here4 ,i've got used to it1 bless ye1 and could a'most tell their bones4 ,i knows 'em all1 and doant mind it a bit2 and ,i shall feel kind a-comfortable when my son1 whom ,i've brought up to the bizness and eddicated a-purpose for it1 lays me by the side on 'em1 yonder in that corner where the sun shines of an evenin'4 ,but sich thoughts an't for you1 ,master ,roger4 ,git ye out into the sun1 lad1 and play while ye may4 ,there's no sort o' use in forestallin' yer time4 ,ye an't brought up to be a grave-digger1 and ye've no sort a-business here4 ,its onlooky1 ,i tell ye1 its onlooky4 ,graves is my business1 not yourn4 ,so git ye gone1 ,master ,roger40 ,one effect came from my cogitations with myself and my conversations with ,roger3 ,i no longer went to church4 ,indeed1 ,i had not been too regular an attendant at the ,priory for some time past4 ,still1 when1 as not unfrequently happened1 my father was laid up with the gout1 ,i escorted ,nellie to church as in the old days1 and thus sufficiently sustained the ,herbert reputation for that steady devotion to public duties that was looked for from the leading family in the place2 and though ,mr4 ,knowles1 who was a frequent visitor at our house1 grew a little chilly in his reception of me when we met--,i used to be a great favorite of his--he had never undertaken to mention my delinquency to me4 ,there was a certain warmth in his agreement with my father1 when that good gentleman broke out on his favorite subject of the young men of the day1 that was very different from the old1 deprecatory manner in which ,mr4 ,knowles would refer to the hot blood of youth1 and the danger of keeping it too much in restraint4 ,i came to the resolution that ,i would go to no church any more until ,i went to some church once for all2 until ,i was satisfied that ,i believed firmly and truly in the worship at which ,i assisted4 ,anything else seemed to me now a sham that ,i could no more endure than if ,i set up a ,chinese image in my own chamber1 and burned incense before it4 ,this was all very well for one ,sunday or two4 ,but my father's attack was at this time unusually prolonged2 and when1 ,sunday after ,sunday1 ,i conducted ,nellie to the church-door1 and there left her1 to meet and escort her home when service was over1 my strange conduct1 unknown to myself1 began to be remarked in ,leighstone1 and assumed the awful aspect in a small place of studied bad example4 ,poor ,nellie did not know what to make of me2 far less ,mr4 ,knowles4 ,it seemed that some silly young men of the town1 taking their cue from me1 thought it the fashionable thing to conduct their relatives to the church-door1 leave them there1 and often spend the interval in somewhat boisterous behavior outside that on more than one occasion disturbed the services2 so that at length ,mr4 ,knowles was compelled to mention the matter in general terms from the pulpit1 and came out with quite a stirring sermon on the influence of bad example on the young by those who1 if respect for ,god and ,god's house had no weight with them1 might at least pay some regard to what their position in society1 not to say in their own circle1 required4 ,poor ,nellie came home in tears that day1 and ,i joked with her on the unusual eloquence of ,mr4 ,knowles4 ,the final upshot of it all was a visit on the part of that reverend gentleman to my father1 who was just recovering from his attack2 and as ill-luck would have it1 ,i walked into the room just at the moment when my poor father1 between the twinges of conscience and the twinges of a relapse resulting from ,mr4 ,knowles' eloquent and elaborate monologue on my depravity1 had reached that point of indignation that only needs the slightest additional pressure to produce an immediate explosion4 8,what is this ,i hear1 sir80 he asked me immediately in a tone that sent all the ,herbert blood tingling through every vein in my body1 the more so that ,i observed the look of righteous indignation planted on the jolly visage of ,mr4 ,knowles4 8,what is this ,i hear8 ,that you refuse to go to church any more1 and that1 as a natural consequence1 the whole parish is following your example80 8,the whole parish60 ,i ejaculated in amazement4 8,yes1 sir2 and what else should they do when the heads of the parish neglect their duty as ,christians and as ,english gentlemen80 8,do their duty1 ,i suppose2 go or stay1 as it pleases them10 ,i responded sullenly4 ,mr4 ,knowles rose up to depart with the air of one who was about to shake the dust off his feet against me2 but my father detained him4 8,mr4 ,knowles1 will you oblige me by remaining8 ,i have put up with this boy's insolence too long4 ,it must end somewhere4 ,it shall end here40 ,he was white and trembling with rage2 but his tone lowered and his voice grew steady as he went on4 ,i was alarmed for his sake4 8,look here1 sir4 ,there is no more argument in a matter of this kind between you and your father4 ,there is no argument in a question of plain and positive duty4 ,your family has been and still is looked up to in this town2 and rightly so1 ,mr4 ,knowles will permit me to add40 ,mr4 ,knowles bowed a gracious but solemn assent4 8,i have attended that church since ,i was a child1 as my father did before me1 and as the ,herberts have done for generations1 as befitted loyal and right-minded gentlemen4 ,you have done the same until recently4 ,what has come over you of late ,i don't know1 and1 indeed1 ,i don't care4 ,what ,i do care about is that ,i have a position to sustain in this town1 and a public duty to perform4 ,the ,herberts are now1 as they have ever been1 known to all as a staunch1 loyal1 church-going1 ,god-fearing race4 ,as the head of the family ,i insist1 and will insist while ,i live1 that that character be maintained4 ,when ,i am gone1 you may do as you please4 ,but until that event occurs you will take your old place by the side of your father and sister1 or find yourself another residence4 ,mr4 ,knowles1 oblige me by staying to dinner40 ,i was not present at dinner that day4 ,i saw that expostulation was useless1 and accordingly held my tongue4 ,i knew of old that there was a certain pass where reasoning of any kind was lost on my father1 and a resolution taken at such a moment was irrevocably fixed4 ,like father1 like son4 ,even while he was addressing me ,i had quietly resolved at all hazards to disobey his order4 ,so much for all my fine cogitations regarding the rules of right and wrong4 ,their first outcome was a deliberate resolve at any hazard to disobey a loving and good parent1 backed up by all the spiritual power of the church and things established1 as represented in the person of ,mr4 ,knowles4 ,what my precise duty under the circumstances was ,i am not prepared to say1 although ,i know very well that the opinion of that highly respectable authority known as common-sense would decide the question against me4 ,i was not yet quite of age4 ,if ,i belonged to any religion at all1 ,i belonged to that in which ,i had been brought up4 ,for a young gentleman who professed to be so anxious to do what was right1 the duty of obedience to his father in a matter where of all things that father was surely entitled to obedience1 and where the effort to obey cost so little1 where the result as regarded others could not but be satisfactory1 not to say exemplary1 looked remarkably like an opportunity of regulating one's conduct by the best of rules at once4 ,in fact1 everything1 according to common-sense1 voted dead against me4 ,on the other hand there lay a great doubt--a doubt sharpened and strengthened in the present instance by the very natural resentment of a young gentleman who1 perhaps unconsciously1 had come to regard many of his father's opinions with something very like contempt1 being lectured publicly--the public being restricted to ,mr4 ,knowles--by that father1 as though1 instead of having just emerged from his teens1 he were still a schoolboy4 ,rebellion begins with the incipient moustache4 ,those scrubby little blotches of growing hair on the upper lip of youth mean much more than youth's laughing friends can see in them4 ,their roots are the roots of manhood4 ,as the line grows and strengthens and defines itself1 each new hair marks a mighty step forward into the great arena to which all boyhood looks with eagerness4 ,it is the open charter to rights that were not dreamed of before4 ,and if the artist's skill can advance its growth by the use of delicate pigments1 why1 so much the better4 ,i was a man1 and it was a man's duty to assert himself1 to do what was becoming in a man1 whatever the consequence might be4 ,all which meant that ,i was determined to rebel4 ,consequently1 ,i declined to meet the ,reverend ,mr4 ,knowles at dinner4 ,i strolled out1 with doubtless a more independent stride than usual1 to study the situation in all its bearings1 and resolve upon my future course of conduct2 for in two days it would be ,sunday1 and the crisis would have arrived4 ,the argument1 interesting as it was to myself at the time1 would scarcely prove equally so to the reader1 who will thank me for sparing him the details4 ,doubtless many a one can look back into his own life and find a similar instance of resolute disobedience1 which1 it is to be hoped1 he has as bitterly repented as ,i did this4 ,happy is he if he can recall only one such instance2 thrice happy if he is innocent of any6 ,i was moral coward enough to forestall my sentence by flight4 ,i was young1 strong1 and active1 though hitherto ,i had had no very definite object whereon to exercise my activity4 ,the world was all before me2 and the world1 as we all know1 wears a very fascinating face to the youth of twenty who has never yet looked behind the mask and seen all the ugly things that practical philosophers assure us are to be found there4 ,to him it is a face wondrous fair2 and heaven be thanked for the deception1 if deception it be1 say ,i4 ,the eyes beam with gentleness and love4 ,not a wrinkle marks the smooth visage2 not a frown disturbs it4 ,on the broad1 open brow is written honesty2 on the rosy lips are alluring smiles2 in the tones of the soft1 low voice there is magical music4 ,what if some see on that same brow the mark of ,cain2 on the lips1 cruelty2 in the eyes1 death2 on all the face a calculating coldness8 ,such are those who have failed1 who have missed life's meaning and cast away their chances--youthful philosophers who have been crossed in love1 or voluptuaries of threescore and ten4 ,but to high-hearted youth the world holds up a magic mirror1 wherein he sees a fairy landscape full of harmony1 and peace1 and beauty1 and love1 all grouped around a central figure surpassing all1 beautifying all--himself and his destiny6 ,yes1 ,i would go out into the world1 like the prince in the fairy-tales--he is always a prince--to seek my fortune4 ,up to the present ,i had done absolutely nothing for myself4 ,everything had run in a monotonous groove mapped out according to the conventional rule1 as regularly as a railway1 and without even the pleasing excitement of an accident4 ,why not begin now8 ,why not carve out my own destiny--carve is an excellent term--in my own way8 8,the world was mine oyster1 which with my sword ,i'd open40 ,what though the oyster was rather large1 who said he was going to swallow it8 ,it was the pearl within ,i sought2 perish the esculent6 ,who knows what discoveries ,i may not make1 what impenetrable forests pierce1 what lonely princesses deliver from their charmed sleep1 what giant monsters slay on the way1 bringing back the spoils some day to my father--some day6 say in six months or so--and1 laying them at his feet1 cry out in triumph1 8,father1 behold the prodigal returned1 not like him of old1 who had squandered his inheritance and fed on the husks of swine1 but as a mighty conqueror1 the admired of fair women and the envy of brave men6 ,father1 this mighty potentate is ,i1 ,roger1 your son1 who would not bow the knee to ,knowles60 ,it was a pleasing picture1 and took my fancy amazingly4 ,had any young friend of mine come to consult me at that moment on a similar project in his own case1 ,i believe my counsel to him would have been of the sagest4 ,i would have told him to go home and sleep over the matter2 to be a good boy and not anger a loving parent4 ,i would have advised him that there is nothing like doing the duty that lies plain before us2 that there was a world of wisdom and of truth in that sage maxim of ,s4 ,augustine1 ,age quod agis--,do what you do2 that his schemes were visionary1 his plans those of a schoolboy1 who clearly enough knew nothing whatever of the world 7whose depths1 of course1 ,i had sounded71 who might have read books enough1 but had not the slightest experience of that which is never to be found in books--real life2 that1 in pursuit of a passing fancy1 he was neglecting the real business of life1 and embarking on a voyage to ,nowhere in the good ship ,nothing1 and so on4 ,that is the advice ,i should have delivered to any of my young friends who were idiots enough to think that they could venture to set out on such a visionary road alone and without map or chart to guide them4 ,that is how we should all have advised our friends4 ,but with ourselves--with ourselves--ah6 the case is different4 ,we can always do what it would be the most presumptuous folly in others to attempt4 ,we can safely thrust our hand into the fire1 up to the elbow even1 where another dare not trust the tip of a little finger4 ,we can touch pitch1 and never show a soil4 ,we can go down into hell1 and come back laughing at the devil1 who dare not touch us4 ,what would be moral death to another is a mere tonic to us4 ,and yet1 and yet1 ,he who taught us to pray gave us as a petition3 8,father1 ''' lead us not into temptation1 but deliver us from evil40 ,my mind was made up2 and let me add that the fear of putting my father to the trying test of acting upon his resolution in my regard had no small share in shaping my resolve4 ,i did not see him that night1 and on the next day he was confined to his room by an attack that necessitated calling in the doctor1 and kept ,nellie1 whom ,i did not wish to see1 by his side most of the day4 ,i felt that ,i could not meet her eye without divulging all4 ,i had never done anything that would cause more than a passing care to those who loved me1 and ,i now moved about the house as though ,i were about to commit or had already committed a great crime4 ,not accustomed to deception1 it seemed to me that any passing stranger--let alone ,fairy ,nell1 who knew me through and through1 and had counted every hair of that incipient moustache already hinted at as it came1 from whom ,i had never kept a secret1 not even the pigments laid apart for the cultivation of that same moustache--would have read in my guilty face1 as plainly as though it were written down on parchment1 8,roger ,herbert1 you are going to run away from home--not a pleasant excursion1 my fine fellow1 but a genuine bolt60 ,i packed up a few necessaries1 and collected such stray cash of my own as ,i could lay hands on4 ,the sum seemed a small fortune for a man resolved on entering on such a resolute life of hard labor of some kind or another as ,i had marked out for myself4 ,long before that was exhausted ,i should of course be in a position to provide for myself4 ,how that self-support was to come about ,i had not yet exactly decided on2 but that was to be an after-consideration4 ,while ,i was waiting for the night to come down and shield my guilty purpose1 ,nellie stole in from my father's room to tell me he was sleeping1 and that ,dr4 ,fenwick said a good night's rest would relieve him from all danger1 and in two or three days he would be himself again4 ,this comforted me and enabled me to be better on my guard against the witcheries of ,fairy1 who came and sat down near me2 for she had heard or guessed at the dispute that had arisen1 and1 like an angel of a woman1 now that she had tended my father1 came to administer a little crumb of comfort to me before going to bed4 ,what an effort it cost me to appear drowsy and to yawn6 ,i thought every yawn would have strangled me2 but ,i was resolved to be on my guard4 8,how dreadfully sleepy you are to-night1 ,roger60 said the ,fairy at last4 8,am ,i80 asked the ,ogre1 with a tremendous yawn4 8,why1 you've done nothing but gape ever since ,i came in4 ,i believe you are getting quite lazy and good-for-nothing40 8,i believe so too40 8,well1 why don't you do something80 8,i think ,i will40 ,another yawn4 8,i'll go to bed4 ,ten o'clock1 by ,jove6 ,what a shocking hour for well-behaved young ladies to be up6 ,come1 ,fairy1 ,i will do something some day4 ,is father better80 8,yes1 he is sleeping quite soundly40 ,shaking her head and speaking in a solemn little whisper3 8,o you naughty boy60 ,clear eyes1 clear heart1 clear conscience6 ,how your mild innocence pierces through and through us1 rebuking the secret that we think so safely hidden in the far-away depths of our souls6 ,that gentle little reproof of my sister smote me to the heart4 8,why1 ,roger1 what is the matter with you80 8,it's a fly2 a--something in my eye--nothing4 ,let go my hands1 ,nell40 8,look me in the face1 sir4 ,you are crying1 ,roger4 ,you have been pretending4 ,you were not sleepy a bit4 ,dear1 dear6 ,don't go on like that2 you make me cry too40 8,nellie1 my own darling--,fairy--there1 let me blow the candle out4 ,i was always a coward by candle-light4 ,there1 now ,i can talk4 ,nellie10 ,i went on1 clutching her close1 her face wet with my tears as well as her own1 and white as marble in the moonlight--8,nellie1 ,i have been an awfully wicked fellow1 haven't ,i80 8,n-no0--sob1 sob4 8,yes1 ,i have2 and father is very angry with me1 isn't he80 8,n-no40 8,do you think that if ,i were to do something very bad you could forgive me1 ,nellie80 8,you c-couldn't do--anything b-bad--at all40 8,well1 now listen4 ,i haven't done much harm1 ,i believe1 so far2 neither have ,i done much good4 ,and now ,i make you a solemn promise that from this night out ,i will honestly try all ,i can1 not only to do no harm1 but to do good--something for others as well as myself4 ,is that a fair promise1 ,nell80 8,dear1 darling old ,roger60 she murmured1 kissing me4 8,i knew he was good all the time4 ,i know--you needn't say any more4 ,you are coming to church with me to-morrow4 ,how pleased papa will be1 and how pleased ,i am6 ,here1 you shall have my own book to keep as a token of the promise4 ,i'll run and fetch it at once40 ,she tripped up-stairs and came back breathless1 putting the book in my hand4 8,there1 ,roger2 that seals our promise4 ,i've just written inside1 #8,roger's promise to ,nellie1' and the date to remind you4 ,that's all4 ,and now papa will be well again4 ,o ,roger60--she came and kissed me again1 as ,i turned my back to the window--8you have made me so happy4 ,good-night40 ,i could not trust myself to speak again and undeceive her4 ,i kissed her and did not look at her any more4 ,i heard her room-door close1 and1 after standing a long time where she left me1 ,i followed her up-stairs4 ,i stole to my father's door and listened4 ,i could hear his regular breathing2 he was sound asleep4 ,i do not know how long ,i listened1 but at length ,i crept away to my own room4 ,my resolution was terribly shaken by ,nellie's innocent confidence in me4 ,it is so much easier to endure harshness or suspicion from persons to whom you know you are about to give pain4 ,why didn't she scold me1 or turn up her pretty nose at me1 or stick a pin in me1 or do something dreadful to me--anything rather than believe me the best fellow in the world8 ,but1 after all1 could ,i not return when ,i pleased8 ,i had often been away before for a month or more on a visit to some friends--for months together at college4 ,why should ,i hesitate to go now8 ,poor ,nellie's book was placed in the very bottom of my bag1 and then ,i sat down and wrote the following letter3 8,,nellie3 ,i am going away for a little while--for a month or more1 probably4 ,you must not expect to hear anything of me within that time4 ,if you do hear of me1 it will probably be through ,kenneth ,goodal4 ,indeed1 ,i leave ,england on ,monday1 and my return will depend altogether upon circumstances4 ,nobody knows of my going or of my destination--not even ,kenneth2 so that it will be useless to make any inquiries4 ,give my love to my dear father1 and tell him that1 wherever ,i may be1 the thought of him will always accompany me and prevent me from doing anything unworthy his son and your loving brother1 ,,roger4 8,p4,s4--,i will keep my promise40 ,this note1 sealed and addressed to ,nellie1 ,i left upon my table4 ,i waited until not a sound was to be heard through all the house1 and again left my room to listen at my father's door4 ,i listened at ,nellie's also4 ,nothing could be heard in either4 ,they were sound asleep--dreaming1 perhaps1 of me4 ,my window overlooked the garden1 and a soft grass-plot beneath received myself and my bag noiselessly1 as ,i made the drop ,i had so often done in play1 to the mingled alarm and admiration of ,fairy4 ,after a walk of about five minutes ,i lit a cigar1 and felt somewhat more companionable than before4 ,the moon had gone down long since1 and a faint flush in the east low down on the horizon betokened the dawn4 ,there was a keenness in the air and a freshness all around that quickened the blood and inspirited the faint heart4 ,the sense of freedom awoke in me with every stride that carried me away from my father's house out into the world1 whose largeness ,i was beginning to feel for the first time4 ,there was something about the whole enterprise of novelty and boldness and change that grew on me every mile of the way4 ,i thought less and less of the consternation and grief ,i might occasion to those ,i left behind me1 and whose existence was bound up in mine4 ,and striding along in this frame of mind1 ,i reached ,gnaresbridge1 where ,i was not known4 ,my walk of eight miles had given me a tremendous appetite4 ,i entered the railway hotel1 and1 by way of beginning at once my life of privation and economy1 ordered a right royal breakfast1 the best the railway hotel could offer4 ,i then took a first-class ticket for ,london1 engaged a room for one night at the ,charing ,cross ,hotel1 and1 finding my own company not of the liveliest1 strolled out into the streets4 ,the ,london streets are beyond measure dull on a ,sunday4 ,there is a constrained air of good-behavior and drilled respectability about the crowds going to and coming from church at the stated hours that strikes one with a chill after the bustle and noise of the other six days of the week4 ,religion looks so oppressively dull and hopelessly solemn4 ,the citizens seem to run up the shutters in front of their own persons as well as of their goods2 to bolt and bar and case themselves in a wooden stolidity of dull propriety that is mistaken for religion4 ,i do not say that it is not well done2 ,i only say that to me1 at least1 on this occasion it was disagreeable4 ,the light spirits ,i had picked up on the road dwindled down immediately at sight of the solemn city1 with its solemn crowds4 ,the sombre gray of my surroundings seemed to settle on my mind and heart like ashes from which every spark had gone out4 ,i fell a-musing1 and involuntarily followed one of the streams of people that were moving along slowly to some place of worship4 ,i felt sick at heart1 and wished for the morrow to come that was to bear me away somewhere out of this tame and conventional life1 where religion as well as business followed a fixed routine4 ,before ,i knew or had time to think how ,i had got there1 ,i found myself in a ,catholic church4 ,i knew it to be a ,catholic church by the altar1 and the crucifixes1 and the ,stations of the ,cross around the walls1 and the general appearance of the congregation4 ,there is something about a ,catholic congregation that distinguishes it at once from all others4 ,heaven seems a happier place somehow from a ,catholic point of view4 ,i had visited ,catholic churches before1 but was never present at the ,mass1 and was about to retire as soon as ,i discovered my whereabouts1 when curiosity1 mingled with the conviction that ,i might be as comfortably miserable there as outside1 detained me1 and ,i remained4 ,somebody directed me to a seat close to the altar1 where ,i could see everything perfectly4 ,the service was varied and full of dignified movements1 but ,i could not understand its meaning4 ,the singing was good1 it seemed to my poor ear2 but ,i could not say the same for the sermon4 ,a quiet1 pious-looking gentleman preached from the altar a long and1 to me1 tedious discourse4 ,he seemed in earnest1 however1 and now and then his pale1 worn face would light up--once or twice especially when he spoke of the 8,mother of ,god40 ,indeed1 ,i found myself just becoming interested when the sermon concluded4 ,there was something far more impressive to me than the priest's discourse1 than the solemn music1 than the gleaming lights1 than the slow and reverent movements at the altar1 in the congregation itself4 ,the people preached a silent but most telling sermon4 ,i looked furtively around1 and watched them4 ,whether they were mistaken or not1 whether they were idolaters or not1 there was certainly no sham about them2 after all1 there was something thorough about this ,religion of ,rags4 ,beyond doubt they prayed in real1 downright earnest4 ,one man differed from another2 one woman from her sister2 this one was in rags1 that in silks2 this man might be a lord1 and his neighbor a beggar2 but there was something common to them all4 ,they seemed1 as they knelt there1 possessed of one heart and one soul4 ,they appeared even one body4 ,their prayer seemed universal and to pass from one to another out and up to ,god4 ,all seemed to feel an ,invisible ,presence1 which1 from association1 doubtless1 ,i could have persuaded myself that ,i also felt4 ,a bell tinkles1 once1 twice1 thrice2 once1 twice1 thrice again4 ,there is an instantaneous hush2 the low breathing of the organ has ceased2 and every head and heart is bowed down in silent and awful adoration4 ,involuntarily ,i also knelt and bowed4 ,deeply impressed1 ,i left the church at the conclusion of the service1 and seemed to be walking in a dream1 when a light touch on my shoulder startled and recalled me to my senses1 while a voice whispered in my ear3 8,heretic1 heretic6 what dost thou here80 ,it was ,kenneth ,goodal who stood smiling before me4 ,the tears sprang to my eyes1 but he was too much himself to notice them4 ,he drew my arm in his1 and led me to a carriage that was waiting near the door of the church4 ,within the carriage sat a beautiful lady1 whose likeness to ,kenneth was too apparent not to recognize her at once as his mother4 8,i have brought you a treasure10 said ,kenneth1 addressing her2 8this is the very ,roger ,herbert of whom ,i have spoken to you so much4 ,who would have dreamed of catching my heretic at ,mass80 ,we were rolling along through the dull streets by this time1 but it was wonderful to think how their dulness had suddenly departed4 8,yes1 actually at ,mass4 ,and ,i verily believe he blessed himself and said his prayers like a true ,christian4 ,and where of all places should they plant you but right in front of me80 ,kenneth's mother was a sweet lady--just the kind of woman1 indeed1 ,i should have expected ,kenneth's mother to be4 ,to great intelligence and that keen power of observation so noticeable in her son were added the charms of a face and person that defied time1 while the veil of true ,christian womanhood fell over1 softened1 and chastened all4 ,she was a fervent ,catholic1 who went about doing good4 ,kenneth laughingly told me that her conversion had cost him a great deal more trouble and difficulty than his own2 but hers once attained1 his father's followed almost as a matter of course4 ,mrs4 ,goodal had always been so pure and blameless in her own life that her very excellence constituted a most difficult but intangible barrier to her son's theological batteries4 ,even if she became a ,catholic1 what could she be other than she was8 she had asked him once4 ,of what crimes was she guilty1 that she should change her religion at the whim of a youthful enthusiast8 ,did she not pray to ,god every day of her life8 ,did she not give alms1 visit the sick1 comfort the sorrowful1 clothe the naked8 ,what did the ,catholic ladies do that she did not8 ,she was not1 and did not mean to become1 a ,sister of ,charity1 devoting herself absolutely to prayer and good works4 ,her place was in the world4 ,god had placed her there1 and there she would remain1 doing her duty to the best of her ability as a ,christian wife and mother4 ,it was certainly a hard case1 and she was greatly strengthened in her position by her grand ally1 ,lady ,carpton4 ,both these excellent women grieved sorely over ,kenneth's defection2 for ,kenneth was an especial favorite of ,lady ,carpton's1 and had been smiled upon by her fair daughter1 ,maud4 ,the two ladies had taken it into their heads that ,kenneth and ,maud were admirably matched1 and their marriage had long ago been fixed upon by the respective mammas1 who never kept a secret from each other since they had been bosom friends together at school4 ,the announcement of ,kenneth's joining the ,religion of ,rags fell like a bombshell into the camp of the allies1 scattering confusion and dealing destruction on all sides4 ,lady ,carpton washed her hands of him1 and came to the immediate conclusion that 8the boy's mental obliquity was inexplicable4 ,the rash and ridiculous step he had taken was fatal to all his prospects in this life1 not to speak of those in the next4 ,he had inexcusably abandoned the social position for which his connections and his rational gifts had eminently fitted him4 ,she had been deceived1 fatally deceived1 in him4 ,he had destroyed his own future1 disgraced his family1 and consigned himself henceforward to a life of uselessness and oblivion40 ,lady ,carpton1 when fairly roused1 had an eloquence as well as a temper of her own4 ,majestically washing her hands of ,kenneth1 she immediately encouraged the attentions of ,lord ,cheshunt to her daughter4 ,from jackets upwards ,lord ,cheshunt had worshipped the very ground upon which ,maud trod1 as far as it was given to the soul of ,lord ,cheshunt to worship anything or anybody at all4 ,maud resembled her mother4 ,great as her liking--it was never more--for ,kenneth had been1 her virtuous indignation was greater4 ,with some sighs1 doubtless1 perhaps with some tears1 she renounced for ever ,kenneth the renegade1 and took in his stead1 as a dutiful daughter should do1 her share in the lands1 appurtenances1 rent-roll1 and all other belongings of ,lord ,cheshunt1 with his lordship into the bargain4 ,it was on her return from the bridal trip that her mamma1 with tears of vexation in her eyes1 informed her of the cruel blow that the friend of her girlhood had dealt her--out of small personal spite1 she was certain4 ,the friend of her girlhood was ,mrs4 ,goodal1 who had actually followed that scapegrace son of hers to ,rome--had positively become a ,catholic6 ,and as though to confirm the wretched saying that misfortunes never come alone1 between them they had dragged into their fatal web that dear1 good-natured1 unsuspecting ,mr4 ,goodal1 just at the moment when he was about to be returned in ,high ,church interest for his native borough of ,royston4 ,thus 8the cause0 had lost another vote1 at a time1 too1 when 8the cause0 sadly needed recruiting in the parliamentary ranks4 8,my dear10 she said impressively to ,maud1 8you have had a very fortunate escape4 ,who knows what might have become of you8 ,lord ,cheshunt may not possess that young man's intellect0--and ,maud was already obliged to confess that superabundance of intellect was scarcely ,lord ,cheshunt's besetting weakness--8but you see to what mental depravity the fatal gift of intellect may conduct a self-willed young man4 ,poor dear ,lord ,byron is just such another instance4 ,mark my word for it1 ,kenneth ,goodal will become a ,jesuit yet60--a fatality that to ,lady ,carpton's imagination presented little short of the satanic4 ,i spent a very pleasant day and evening with the ,goodals--so pleasant that it was not until ,i found myself saying 8good-night0 to ,kenneth in the street that the occurrences of the last few days flashed upon me4 8,you will not forget your promise of coming to-morrow10 he said1 as he was shaking hands4 8,to-morrow6 ,did ,i promise to spend to-morrow with you80 ,i asked4 8,so ,mrs4 ,goodal will assure you on your arrival40 8,good heavens6 did ,i make so foolish a promise8 ,i cannot have thought of what ,i was saying10 ,i muttered1 half to myself4 8,well1 ,i will call for you in the morning4 ,by the bye1 where are you staying80 asked ,kenneth4 8,no1 no4 ,the fact is1 ,i purposed leaving town again immediately4 ,my visit was merely a flying one4 ,you must make my excuses to your mother1 ,kenneth40 8,she will never hear of them4 ,traitor6 thou hast promised1 and thy promise is sacred40 8,it was really a mistake4 ,well1 if ,i decide on remaining in town over to-morrow1 ,i will come4 ,if--if ,i should not come1 tell your mother how charmed ,i was with her1 and with your father also4 ,kenneth1 ,i should be so glad if she would pay ,nellie a visit--my sister1 you know4 ,indeed1 ,i am very anxious that she should see ,nellie as soon as possible40 8,but you forget again that you owe us a visit4 ,why not come at once8 ,you had better stay and send for your father and sister40 8,well1 ,i will sleep on the matter4 ,good-night1 old fellow4 ,in the meanwhile do not forget my request40 ,again my resolution was terribly shaken4 ,i went over the entire story1 and weighed all the pros and cons of the question1 as ,i walked back to my hotel4 ,i had not yet even determined where to go1 still less what to do4 ,on arriving at the hotel ,i went to the smoking-room1 feeling no inclination for slumber4 ,it had only a single occupant--a naval officer1 to judge by his costume4 ,he reached me a light1 and made some conventional remark on the weather1 or some such subject4 ,he was a jovial-looking1 red-faced man of about forty or forty-five1 with a merry eye and a pleasant voice1 and a laugh that had in it something of the depth and the strength and the healthy flavor of the sea4 ,my cigar soon coming to an end1 he offered me one of his own with the remark3 8,i like a pipe myself1 with good strong ,cavendish steeped in rum4 ,the rum gives it a wholesome flavor4 ,but ashore ,i always smoke cigars4 ,you want a stiffish bit o' sea-breeze up1 and then you can enjoy the true flavor of a pipe of ,cavendish4 ,all your ,havanas in the world aren't half as sweet4 ,but ashore here1 why1 ,lord1 ,lord6 a pipe o' ,cavendish would smell from one end o' the city to t'other1 and all ,london would turn up its nose4 ,so ,i'm obliged to put up with ,havanas10 said the captain 7,i was sure he was a captain7 ruefully4 8,what is a mortification to you would be a pleasure to many10 ,i remarked sagely4 8,ever been to sea80 he asked abruptly4 8,never10 ,i responded laconically4 ,he looked at me with a kind of pity in his glance4 8,what6 never been outside o' this cranky little island1 where men have hardly got room to blow their noses80 he asked in amazement4 8,never10 ,i responded again4 8,and what's more1 up to the day before yesterday ,i never wished to go40 ,my seafaring friend sighed and smoked in silence4 ,the silence grew solemn1 and ,i thought he would not condescend to address me again4 ,at length1 however1 he said3 8,you're a ,londoner1 ,i guess40 ,i guessed negatively2 but not at all abashed at his mistake1 he went on3 8,well1 it's all the same4 ,all ,londoners an't born in ,london1 any more than all ,englishmen are born in ,england4 ,but they're all the same4 ,a ,londoner never cares to study any geography beyond his sixpenny map o' ,london4 ,the ,marble ,arch and ,temple ,bar1 ,hyde ,park and ,london ,bridge1 are his points o' the compass4 ,guild ,hall and the ,houses o' ,parliament mean more to him than the ,east or ,west ,indies1 the ,himalaya ,mountains1 ,north or ,south ,america1 or the ,pyramids4 ,the ,strand is bigger than the equator1 and the ,national ,gallery a finer building than ,s4 ,peter's4 ,your thorough1 home-bred ,englishman is about the most vigorously ignorant man ,i've ever sailed across2 and ,i'm an ,englishman myself who say it4 ,i do believe it's their very ignorance that has made them masters of the best part of the world1 and the worst masters the world has ever seen4 ,they never see or know or believe anything outside of ,london1 and the consequence is1 they're always making mighty blunders4 ,there1 there's a yarn1 and a yarn always makes me thirsty4 ,what will you drink80 ,i found my new companion a shrewd and observant man under a somewhat rough coating4 ,he was captain of a steamer belonging to one of the great lines that ply between ,england and the ,united ,states1 and his vessel sailed for ,new ,york the next day4 ,here was an opportunity of ending at once all my doubts and hesitations4 ,but on broaching the subject to the captain ,i found him grow at once cautious1 not to say suspicious4 ,that fatal admission about my never having been to sea at all told terribly against me4 ,then he wanted to know if ,i had a companion of any kind with me1 which ,i took to be sailor's ,english for asking if it were a runaway match4 ,satisfied on this point1 he grew more suspicious still4 ,running away with a young lass he could understand1 and perhaps be brought to pardon2 but if it was not that1 then what earthly object could ,i have in going to ,new ,york all alone8 8,the fact is1 youngster10 he blurted out at length1 8you see it an't all fair and above-board with you4 ,youngsters like you don't make up their minds in half an hour to go to ,new ,york2 and if they do1 they've no business to4 ,if you was a little younger1 ,i should call in a policeman1 and tell him you had run away from home4 ,i don't want to help youngsters--nor anybody else1 for that matter--to run into scrapes4 ,there will be some one crying for you1 you know1 and that an't pleasant now4 ,now1 then1 out with it1 and let's have the whole story4 ,there's something wrong1 and a clean breast1 like a good sea-sickness1 will relieve you4 ,it's a little unpleasant at first1 but you'll feel all the better for it afterwards4 ,trust an old sailor's word for that40 ,i do not attempt to give the pleasant nautical terms with which my excellent friend1 the captain1 garnished his discourse4 ,however1 ,i told him my story1 sufficiently at least to diminish1 if not quite to allay1 the worthy man's scruples about my projected trip1 which1 of course1 was only to last until the storm at home blew over4 ,finally1 at a very early hour in the morning it was resolved that ,i should make my first voyage with the captain1 and that same day ,i penned1 and in the afternoon despatched1 the following note to ,kenneth3 8,,my ,,dear ,,kenneth3 ,by the time you receive this ,i shall be on my way to the ,united ,states4 ,i said nothing to you of my plans last night1 because1 had ,i done so1 ,i fear they might not have been put in execution without some unnecessary pain and difficulties4 ,my chief reason for leaving ,england is the great doubt and perplexity that have fallen upon me4 ,any hope of clearing up such doubt in ,leighstone would be absurd4 ,there all persons and all things run in established grooves1 and are more or less under the influence of traditions1 many of which have for me utterly lost all force and meaning4 ,a little rubbing with the world1 a little hard work1 of which ,i know nothing1 the sweetness as well as the anxiety of genuine struggle in places and among persons where ,i shall be simply another fellow-struggler1 can do no great harm1 even if it does no great good4 ,at all events1 it will be a change2 and a change of some kind ,i had long contemplated4 ,a little difficulty with my father about not attending church as usual scarcely hastened my resolution to leave ,leighstone4 ,i should feel very grateful to you if you could assure him of this1 as ,i took the liberty on leaving of telling my sister that they would next hear of me in all probability through you4 ,my father's kind heart and love for me may lead him to lay too great stress upon what in reality nowise affected my conduct and feelings towards him4 ,time is up1 ,i find1 and ,i can only add that wherever ,i may go ,i shall carry with me1 warm in my heart1 the friendship so strangely begun between us4 8,r4 ,,herbert40 ,i do not purpose giving here the history of my first struggles with the world1 as they contain nothing particularly exciting or romantic4 ,the circumstances that led to my connection with ,mrs4 ,jinks and ,mr4 ,culpepper are easily explained4 ,my small fortune disappeared with astonishing rapidity1 and1 unless ,i did something to replenish my dwindling purse very speedily1 there was nothing left save to beg or starve4 ,i would neither write home nor to ,kenneth1 being vain enough to believe that the smallest scrap of paper with my address on it would be the signal for the emigration by next steamer of half ,leighstone1 with no other purpose than to see me1 its lost hero4 ,poverty led me to ,mr4 ,culpepper among others1 and the same stern guardian introduced me to ,mrs4 ,jinks4 ,i must confess--and the confession may be a warning to young gentlemen inclined at all to grow weary of a snug home--that any particular romance attached to my venture very soon faded out of sight4 ,the world was not quite so pleasant a friend as ,i had expected4 ,the practical philosophers were right after all4 ,dear1 dear6 how the wrinkles began to multiply in his face1 and what suspicious glances shot out of those eyes1 that grew colder and colder as my boots began to run down at heel1 and my elbows gave indications of a violent struggle for air4 ,it required a vast amount of resolution to keep me from volunteering to work my passage back to ,england4 ,i was often lonely1 often weary1 often sad1 often hungry even4 ,but lonely1 weary1 sad1 and hungry as ,i might be1 ,i soon contrived to become acquainted with others who were many times more sad1 lonely1 and weary than ,i--poor wretches to whom my position at its worst seemed that of a prince4 ,the most wretched man in all this world is yet to be found4 ,of that truth ,i became more deeply convinced every day4 ,it was a fact held up constantly before my eyes1 and ,i believe that it did me good4 ,it was an excellent antidote to anything in the shape of pride4 ,pride6 ,great heavens6 what wretched little1 creeping1 struggling mortals most of us were2 crawling on from day to day1 inch by inch1 little by little1 now over a little mound that seemed so high1 and took such infinite labor to reach2 now down in a little hollow that seemed the very depths1 and yet was only a few inches lower than yesterday's elevation4 ,there we were1 gasping and struggling for light and food and air day after day4 ,poverty reads terrible lessons4 ,it levels us all4 ,some it softens1 while others it hardens2 some it sanctifies1 multitudes it leads to crime4 ,not that a gleam of sunshine never came to us4 ,some stray ray will penetrate the darkest alley and crookedest winding1 and warm and gladden and give at least a moment's life and hope and cheerfulness to something1 provided only a pinhole be left open to the heaven that is smiling above us all the while4 ,i began to make acquaintances1 pleasant enough some of them1 others not so pleasant4 ,there was much food for meditation and mental colloquy in the daily life ,i was living1 but ,i had no time for such indulgence4 ,i was compelled to work very hard2 for this was certainly not a vineyard where the laborers were few2 and the harvest1 when gathered in1 was but a sorry crop at the best4 ,is not the history of the human race the record of one long and unsuccessful expedition after the ,golden ,fleece8 ,such stray remnants of it as fell into my hand went for the most part1 for a long time at least1 into the treasury of ,mrs4 ,jinks1 who1 like a female ,atreus1 served up my own children1 the children of my brain1 or their equivalents1 to me at table4 ,horrid provender6 ,one week it was an art criticism--dressed up with wonderful condiments and melted down into mysterious soup1 whose depths ,i shuddered to penetrate--that sustained the life in me4 ,another time it was a fugitive poem that took the form of roast beef and potatoes4 ,a cruel critique on some poor girl's novel would give me ill dreams as pork-chops4 ,a light1 brisk1 airy social essay would solidify into mutton4 ,and so it went on1 week in week out1 the round of the table4 ,an inspiriting life truly1 where your epigrams mean cutlets1 and all the brilliant fancies of your imagination go for honest bread and butter4 ,i believe that ,mrs4 ,jinks secretly entertained the profoundest contempt for me and my calling1 mingled with a touch of pity for a young1 strong fellow who had missed his vocation1 and who1 instead of moping and groping over ink-pots and scraps of paper1 might be earning an honest living like the butcher's young man over the way--an intimate acquaintance and close personal friend of mine who 8kept company0 with ,mrs4 ,jinks' ,jane4 ,i ventured once to ask ,mrs4 ,jinks whether she did not consider literary labor an honest mode of earning a living2 but ,i was not encouraged to ask a similar question a second time4 8,she'd knowed littery gents afore now2 knowed 'em to her cost1 she had4 ,they was for ever a-grumblin' at their board1 and nothing was good enough for them1 though they ate more than any two of her boarders put together1 and always went away owin' her three months1 besides a-borrerin' no end o' money and things40 ,such was ,mrs4 ,jinks' experienced opinion of 8littery gents40 ,she was gracious enough to add3 8,you know ,i don't say this of you1 ,mr4 ,herbert4 ,you don't seem to eat as well as most on 'em4 ,you don't grumble at whatever you git4 ,you don't borrer1 and you never fetches friends home with you at half-past three in the mornin'1 as doesn't know which is their heads and which is their heels1 and a-tryin' to open the street-door with their watchkeys2 tellin' ,mr4 ,jinks1 who is a temperance man1 the next mornin'1 that you'd been to a temperance meetin' the night afore1 and took too much water4 ,no1 ,mr4 ,herbert1 ,i wouldn't believe you capable of such goins-on4 ,but that's because you an't a reg'lar littery gent2 you're only what they calls an amatoor40 ,mrs4 ,jinks was right2 ,i was only an amateur1 though ,i had a faint ambition some day of being regularly enrolled in 8the profession40 ,i flattered myself that ,i was advancing1 however slowly1 to that end4 ,more than a year had now flown by since ,i had left home4 ,i came to be more and more absorbed in my work1 and the days and months glided silently past me without my noticing them4 ,this close and intense absorption succeeded in shutting out to a great extent the thoughts of home4 ,indeed1 ,i would not allow my mind to rest on that subject2 for when ,i did1 ,i was quite unmanned4 ,it was not until ,i had made sufficient trial of the sweet bitterness or bitter sweetness1 as may be1 of what was a hard and often seemed a hopeless struggle1 that ,i wrote to ,kenneth under the strictest pledge of secrecy1 giving him a true and unvarnished account of my life since we parted1 and transmitting at the same time certain evidences of what ,i was pleased to accept as the dawn of success in the shape of sundry articles in ,the ,packet and other journals4 ,he was enjoined merely to inform them at home that ,i was in the enjoyment of good health and reaping a steady income of1 at an average1 ten dollars a week1 which ,i hoped soon to be able to increase2 and by a continuance of steady work and the strictest economy ,i had every hope1 if ,i lived to the age of ,methusaleh1 of being in a position to retire on a moderate competency1 and end my patriarchal days in serene retirement and contemplation under the shade of my own fig-tree4 ,i described ,mrs4 ,jinks and her household arrangements at considerable length1 and did that estimable lady infinite credit1 while ,i drew a companion picture of ,mr4 ,culpepper that would have done honor to the journal of which he was the distinguished chief4 ,but put not your trust in bosom friends6 ,mine utterly disregarded my binding pledge1 and the only answer ,i received to my letter was in ,nellie's well-known handwriting on the occasion and in the manner already described4 99 99 99 99 99 ,that was a stormy passage back to ,england4 ,we were detained both by stress of weather and an accident that occurred when only a few days out4 ,it was the morning of ,christmas eve when at length we landed at ,liverpool4 ,the delay had exasperated me almost into a fever4 ,i despatched a telegram to ,nellie announcing my arrival1 and that ,i should be in ,leighstone that evening4 ,the train was crowded with holiday folk3 happy children going home for the ,christmas holidays2 stout farmers1 red and hearty1 hurrying back from the ,christmas market2 bright-eyed women loaded with ,christmas baskets and barricaded by parcels of every description4 ,the crisp1 cold air seemed redolent of ,christmas pudding and good cheer4 ,the guard wished us a merry ,christmas as he examined our tickets4 ,the stations flashed a merry ,christmas on us out of their gay festoons of holly and ivy with bright-red berries and an ermine fringe of snow1 as we flew along1 though it seemed to me that we were crawling4 ,just as we entered ,london the snow began to fall1 and ,i was grateful for it4 ,i was weary of the clear1 cold1 pitiless sky under which we had passed4 ,london was in an uproar1 as it always is on a ,christmas eve2 but the uproar rather soothed me than otherwise4 ,what ,i dreaded was quiet1 when my own thoughts and fears would compel me to listen to their remorse and foreboding4 ,i saw lights flashing4 ,i heard voices calling through the fog and the snow4 ,songs were sung1 and men and women talked in a confused and meaningless jargon together4 ,i heard the sounds and moved among the multitude1 but with a far-off sense as in a dream4 ,how ,i found my way about at all is a mystery to me1 unless it were with that secret instinct that guides the sleep-walker4 ,i saw nothing but the white snow falling1 falling1 white and silent and deadly cold1 covering the earth like a shroud4 ,i remember thinking of ,charles ,i41 and how on the day of his death all ,england was draped in a snow-shroud4 ,that incident always impressed me when a boy as so sad and significant4 ,and here was my ,christmas greeting after more than a year's absence3 the sad snow falling thicker and thicker as ,i neared home1 steadily1 solemnly1 silently down1 with never a break or quaver in it1 mystic1 wonderful1 impalpable as a sheeted ghost2 and more than a month ago my sister called me away from another world to tell me that my father was dying4 8,great ,god6 great ,god60 ,i moaned1 8in whom ,i believe1 against whom ,i have sinned1 to whom alone ,i can pray1 spare him till ,i come40 8,leighstone6 ,leighstone60 rang out the voice of the guard4 ,i staggered from the railway carriage1 stumbled1 and fell4 ,i had tasted nothing the whole day4 ,the guard picked me up roughly--the very guard who used to be such a great friend of mine in the old days--a year seemed already old days4 ,he did not recognize me now4 ,i suppose he thought me drunk1 for ,i heard him say1 8,that chap's beginning his ,christmas holidays pretty early10 and a loud laugh greeted the sally4 ,i contrived to make my way outside the little station4 ,not a soul recognized me1 and ,i was afraid to ask any one for information1 dreading the answer that ,i could not have borne4 ,outside the station my strength gave out4 ,my head grew dizzy2 ,i staggered blindly towards some carriages drawn up in front of me1 and fell fainting at the feet of one of the horses4 ,my eyes opened on faces that ,i did not recognize4 ,some one was holding up my head1 and there were strange men around me4 8,thank ,god6 he recovers10 said a voice ,i knew well1 and all came back on me in a flash4 8,kenneth60 ,i cried1 8,kenneth6 ,is he dead80 8,hush1 old boy4 ,take it easy4 ,rest awhile40 ,his silence was sufficient4 8,my ,god6 ,i am punished60 ,i gasped out1 and fainted again4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,the ,,cardinalate4 ,i4 ,the ,senate and ,sovereign ,council of the ,pope in the government and administration of the affairs of the church in ,rome and throughout the world is composed of a number of very distinguished ecclesiastics who are called ,cardinals4 ,the office and dignity of a member of this body is termed the ,cardinalate4 ,there is some dispute among the learned about the precise origin and meaning of the word cardinal as applied to such a person2 but the commoner opinion derives it from the ,latin cardo1 the hinge of a door1 which is probably correct2 but the reason assigned for the appellation--because the ,cardinals are1 in a figurative sense1 the pivots around which revolve the portals of ,christian ,rome--is more descriptive than accurate4 ,at a comparatively early age the parish priests of the churches1 and later the canons of the cathedrals of ,milan1 ,ravenna1 ,naples1 and other cities of ,italy1 also in parts of ,france1 ,spain1 and other countries1 were called cardinals2 and ,muratori suggests that the name was taken in imitation1 and perhaps in emulation1 of the chief clergymen of the church in ,rome4 ,he thinks that they were so called at ,rome and elsewhere because put in possession of1 or immovably attached--incardinati--to certain churches1 which was expressed in low ,latin by the verb cardinare or incardinare1 formed1 indeed1 from cardo as above1 and the application of which in this sense receives an illustration from ,vitruvius1 who writes1 in his treatise on architecture1 of tignum cardinatum--one beam fitted into another4 ,our oldest authority for the institution of the cardinalate is found in a few words of unquestionable authenticity in the ,liber ,pontificalis1 or ,lives of the ,popes1 extracted and compiled from very ancient documents by ,anastasius the ,librarian in the ,i,xth century4 ,it is there written of ,s4 ,cletus1 who lived in the year #ha1 was an immediate disciple of the ,prince of the ,apostles1 and his successor only once removed3 8,hic ex prcepto beati ,petri ,,xxv#ie presbyteros ordinavit in urbe ,roma1 mense decembri40 ,these priests1 ordained by direction of blessed ,peter1 formed a select body of councillors to assist the pope in the management of ecclesiastical affairs1 and are the predecessors of those who were afterwards called cardinals of the ,holy ,roman ,church4 ,hence ,eugene ,,iv4 said in his constitution ,non ,mediocri 7,,xix ,bull4 ,mainardi7 that the office of cardinal was evidently instituted by ,s4 ,peter and his near successors4 ,again1 in the ,life of ,evaristus1 who became pope in the year #ajj1 we read3 8,hic titulos in urbe ,roma divisit presbyteris40 ,to this day the old churches of the city1 at the head of which stand the cardinal-priests1 are called titles1 and all writers agree that the designation was given under this pontificate4 ,there is hardly less difference of opinion about the original meaning of this word than there is about that of cardinal4 ,some have imagined that the fiscal mark put on objects belonging to1 or that had devolved upon1 the sovereign in civil administration being called titulus in ,latin1 the same word was applied by ,christians to those edifices which were consecrated to the service of ,god2 the ceremonies1 such as the sprinkling of holy water and the unction of oil used in the act of setting them apart for divine worship1 marking them as belonging henceforth to the ,ruler of heaven and earth4 ,others think that as a special mention was made in the ordination of a priest of the particular church in which he was to serve1 it was called his title1 as though it gave him a new name with his new character2 and this may be the reason of a custom1 once universal1 of calling a cardinal by the name of his church instead of by his family name4#if ,father ,marchi1 in his work on the ,early ,christian ,monuments of ,rome1 has given several mortuary inscriptions which have been discovered of these ancient ,roman priests and dignitaries1 and from which we take these two3 8,locus ,presbyteri ,basili ,tituli ,sabin10 and 8,loc4 ,adeodati ,presb4 ,tit4 ,prisc40 ,after locus in the first and its abbreviation in the second inscription1 the word depositionis--8of being laid to rest0--must be understood4 ,let us here remark with the erudite ,cenni that these titled priests were not such as were afterwards called parish priests or rectors of churches1 with whom they were never confounded1 and over whom1 as intermediaries between them and the pope1 they had authority4 ,these titulars were a select body of men not higher in point of order1 but otherwise distinct from and superior to those priests who had parochial duties to perform within certain limits4 ,whether we believe that cardinal meant originally one who was chief in a certain church1 just as was said 7,du ,cange's ,glossarium7 ,cardinalis ,missa1 ,altare ,cardinale1 and as we say in ,english1 cardinal virtues1 cardinal points2 or whether we accept it as one who was appointed to a particular church1 it is not true that the ,roman cardinals were so called either because they were the chief priests--parochi--of certain churches1 or because they were attached--incardinati--to a title4 ,the great ,modenese author on ,italian antiquities has been deceived by similarity of name into stating that the origin and office of the cardinals of ,rome did not differ from that of those of other churches 7,devoti1 ,inst4 ,can41 vol4 i4 p4 #ahh1 note #d74 ,observe that the ordination performed by ,cletus was done by direction of blessed ,peter2 that it was that of a special corps of priests2 that it was not successive1 but at one time1 and that in the month of ,december1 the same which an unbroken local tradition teaches is the proper season#ig for the creation of cardinals1 out of respect for the first example4 ,now1 the pope surely needed no special injunction to continue the succession of the sacred ministry2 we may consequently believe that the ordination made by him with such particular circumstances was an extraordinary proceeding1 distinct from1 although immediately followed by1 the administration of the sacrament of ,orders4 ,therefore if after the ,evaristan distribution of titles the successors of these ,cletan priests came to be called cardinals1 it was not so much 7accepting the origin of the name given above7 because they were attached to particular churches as because they were attached in solidum to the ,roman ,church1 the mother and mistress of all churches1 or1 better still1 as more conformable to the words of many popes and saints1 because they were attached to 7some good authors say incorporated with7 the ,roman pontiff4 ,and it is in this figurative but very suggestive sense that ,leo ,,iv4 writes of one of his cardinals whom he calls 8,anastasius presbyter cardinis nostri1 quem nos in titulo ,b4 ,marcelli ,mart4 atque pontif4 ordinavimus0 7,labbe1 ,conc41 tom4 ix4 col4 #aace74 ,in the same sense ,s4 ,bernard1 addressing ,eugene ,,iii41 calls the cardinals his coadjutors and collaterals1 and says 7,ep4 #bcg7 that their business is to assist him in the government of the whole church1 and 7,ep4 #aej7 that in spiritual matters they are judges of the world4 ,not otherwise did ,pope ,john ,,viii41 in the year #hgb1 write that as he filled in the new law the office of ,moses in the old1 so his cardinals represented the seventy elders chosen to assist him4 ,for this reason cardinals alone are ever chosen legates a latere--i4 e41 ,summi ,pontificis4 ,the cardinals of ,rome1 therefore1 were not cardinals because they had titles1 but just the contrary4 ,we have been a little prolix on a point that might seem minute1 because there was once a determined effort made in some parts of ,france and ,italy1 especially during the last century1 to try to prove that the cardinals of the ,roman ,church were no more originally than any other priests having cure of souls in the first instance1 except that by a fortunate accident they ministered in the capital of the then known world4 ,this was an attempt to depress the dignity of the cardinalate1 or at least1 by implication1 to give undue importance to the status of a parish priest1 as though he and a cardinal were once on the same footing4 ,the like insidious argument would be prepared to show1 on occasion1 that the pope himself was in the beginning no more than any other bishop4 ,the same name was often used in the early church of two persons1 but of each in a different sense2 and thus the mere fact of there having been cardinals in other churches than that at ,rome no more diminishes the superior authority and higher dignity of the ,roman cardinalate than the name of pope1 once common to all bishops1 lessens the supremacy of the ,roman pontificate4 ,in ecclesiastical antiquities a common name often covers very different offices4 ,in general1 however1 the instinct of ,catholics will always be able to make the proper distinction1 no matter how things are called2 and the words of ,alvaro ,pelagio1 who wrote his lachrymose treatise ,de ,planctu ,ecclesi about the year #accj1 show how different was the popular opinion of the provincial and of the urban cardinals3 8,sunt et in ,ecclesia ,compostellana cardinales presbyteri mitrati1 et in ,ecclesia ,ravennate4 ,tales cardinales sunt derisui potius quam honori40 ,the name of cardinal was certainly in use at the beginning of the ,i,vth century2 for the seven cardinal-deacons of the ,roman ,church are mentioned in a council held under ,pope ,sylvester in #cbd2 and a document of the pontificate of ,damasus in #cfg1 registering a donation to the church of ,arezzo by the senator ,zenobius1 is subscribed in these words3 8,i1 ,john1 of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 a cardinal-deacon1 on the part of ,damasus1 praise this act and confirm it40 ,among the archives1 also1 of ,s4 ,mary in ,trastevere1 there is mention of ,paulinus1 a cardinal-priest in #dib4 ,the name of cardinal was restricted by a just and peremptory decree of ,s4 ,pius ,v4 in #aefg exclusively to the cardinals of pontifical creation1 and it was only then that the haughty canons of ,ravenna dropped this high-sounding appellation4 ,the idea figuratively connected with the cardinalship in the edifice of the ,holy ,roman ,church is briefly exposed by ,pope ,leo ,,ix41 a ,german1 in a letter to the ,emperor of ,constantinople4 8,as the gate itself10 he says1 8doth rest upon its post1 thus upon ,peter and his successors dependeth the government of the whole church4 ,wherefore his clerics are called cardinals1 because they are most closely adhering to that about which revolveth all the rest0 7,labbe1 tom4 ii4 ,epist4 i4 cap4 #bb47 ,the author of an old poem on the ,roman court 7,carmen de ,curia ,romana7 gives in a few lines the principal points of a cardinal's pre-eminence3 8,dic age quid faciunt quibus est a cardine nomen ,post ,papam1 quibus est immediatus honor8 ,expediunt causas1 magnique negotia mundi1 ,extinguunt lites1 fdera rupta ligant4 ,isti participes onerum1 ,papque laborum1 ,sustentant humeris grandia facta suis40 ,more completely1 however1 than anywhere else are the rights1 prerogatives1 and dignity of the cardinalate set forth in the #gfth ,constitution of ,sixtus ,v41 beginning ,postquam ille verus1 of ,may #ac1 #aehe4 ,a fact recorded by ,john the ,deacon in the life of ,s4 ,gregory ,i4 shows us how high was the office and rank of a cardinal1 and that to be appointed to a bishopric was considered a descent from a higher position4 ,he says that this great pope was always careful to obtain the consent of a cardinal before appointing him to govern a diocese1 lest he should seem1 by removing him from the person of ,christ's ,vicar1 to give him a lower place3 8,ne sub hujusmodi occasione quemquam eliminando deponere videretur40 ,that bishops undoubtedly considered the cardinalate1 in the light of influence on the affairs of the whole church and the prospect of becoming pope1 as superior to the episcopate1 appears at an early period1 from a canon which it was necessary to make in order to repress their ambition in this direction4 ,in a council held at ,rome in the year #gfi this canon was passed3 8,si quis ex episcopis ''' contra canonum et sanctorum ,patrum statuta prorumpens in gradum ,majorum#ih sanct ,roman ,ecclesi1 id est presbyterorum cardinalium et diaconorum1 ire prsumpserit1 ''' et hanc apostolicam sedem invadere ''' tentaverit1 et ad summum pontificalem honorem ascendere voluerit1 ''' fiat perpetuum anathema40 ,there was at one period not a little divergence of opinion about the precedence of cardinals over bishops2 but the matter has long ago been irrevocably settled4 ,a cardinal1 indeed1 cannot1 unless invested with the episcopal character1 perform any act that depends for its validity upon such a character1 nor can he lawfully invade the jurisdiction of a bishop2 but apart from this his rank in the church is always1 everywhere1 and under all circumstances superior to that of any bishop1 archbishop1 metropolitan1 primate1 or patriarch4 ,nor can it be said that this is an anomaly1 unless we are also prepared to condemn other decisions of the church2 for the precedence of cardinals over bishops has a certain parity with that of the archdeacons in old times over priests1 which very example is brought forward by ,eugene ,,iv4 in #adca to convince ,henry1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 who had a falling out with ,cardinal ,john of ,santa ,balbina3 8,quoniam in hujusmodi prlationibus officium ac dignitas1 sive jurisdictio1 prponderat ordini1 quemadmodum jure cautum est ut archidiaconus1 non presbyter su jurisdictionis obtentu1 archipresbytero prferatur0 7,bullarium ,romanum1 tom4 iii47 ,but we could bring a more cogent example from the modern discipline of the church4 ,a vicar-general1 although only tonsured1 outranks 7within the diocese7 all others1 because1 as canonists say1 unam personam cum episcopo gerit2 with as much justice1 therefore1 a cardinal1 who is a member of the pope1 whose diocese is the world1 precedes all others 7we speak of ecclesiastical rank7 within mundane limits4 ,there is one example1 particularly1 in ecclesiastical history that shows us how important was the influence of the ,roman cardinals in the whole church1 and how great was the deference paid to them by bishops4 ,after the death of ,s4 ,fabian1 in the year #bej1 the priests and deacons--cardinals--of ,rome governed the church for a year during the vacancy of the see1 and meanwhile wrote to ,s4 ,cyprian1 bishop1 and to the clergy of ,carthage1 in a manner that could only become a superior authority1 as to how those should be treated who1 having lapsed from the faith during the persecution1 now sought to be reconciled4 ,the holy bishop answered respectfully in an epistle 7xxth edition1 ,lipsi1 #ahch71 in which he gave them an account of his gests and government of the diocese4 ,pope ,cornelius testifies that the letters of the cardinals were sent to all parts to be communicated to the bishops and churches 7,coustant1 ,ep4 ,,rr4 ,,pp4 x4 #e74 ,it is also very noteworthy that in the ,general ,council of ,ephesus1 in #dca1 of ,pope ,celestine's three legates1 the cardinal-priest preceded the two others1 although bishops1 and before them signed the acts4 ,those who say the ,breviary according to the ,roman calendar are familiar with the fact that at an indefinitely early age the cardinals were created 7just as now7 before the bishops of various dioceses were named1 hence those familiar words3 8,mense decembri creavit presbyteros 7tot71 diaconos 7tot71 episcopos per diversa loca 7tot740 ,the importance of a cardinal a thousand years ago can be imagined from the fact recorded by ,muratori 7,annali d',italia1 tom4 v4 part4 i4 pag4 #ee71 that when ,anastasius had absented himself from his title for five years without leave1 and was residing in ,lombardy1 three bishops went from ,rome to invite him back1 and the emperors ,louis and ,lothaire also interposed their good offices4 ,although all cardinals are equal among themselves in the principal things1 yet in many points of costume1 privilege1 local office1 and rank there are distinctions and differences established by law or custom1 the most important of which follow from the division of the cardinals into three grades1 namely1 of bishops1 priests1 and deacons4 ,although the whole number of suburbicarian sees1 of titles1 and deaconries amounts to seventy-two 7six for the first1 fifty for the second1 and sixteen for the third class71 the membership of the ,sacred ,college is limited since ,sixtus ,v4 to the maximum of seventy4 ,there can be no doubt that the episcopal sees lying nearest to1 and1 so to speak1 at1 the very gates of ,rome1 have enjoyed from the remotest antiquity some special pre-eminence2 but it is not easy to determine at what epoch their incumbents began to form a part of the body of cardinals4 ,it is certain only that they belonged to it in the year #gfi4 ,these suburban sees all received the faith from ,s4 ,peter himself2 and the tradition of ,albano is that ,s4 ,clement1 who was afterwards pope1 had been consecrated by the apostle and sent there as his coadjutor and auxiliary4 ,the number of these sees was formerly seven1 but for a long time has been only six4 ,the ,bishop of ,ostia and ,velletri is the first of this order and ,dean of the ,sacred ,college4 ,he has the privilege of consecrating the pope1 should he be only in priest's orders when elected1 and of wearing the pallium on the occasion4 ,the titles of the cardinal-priests are fifty1 some being held by persons who have been consecrated bishops but have no diocese1 or by jurisdictional bishops--i4e41 those who are at the head of dioceses and archdioceses4 ,the most illustrious1 though not the oldest1 of these is ,s4 ,lawrence in ,lucina1 which is called the first title1 and gives its cardinal precedence--other things being equal--in his class4 ,in the life of ,s4 ,fabian1 who reigned in the year #bch1 we read that he gave the districts of ,rome in charge to the deacons3 8,hic regiones divisit diaconibus02 and these are supposed to have been the first cardinal-deacons1 or regionary cardinals1 as they were long called4 ,this order is third in rank1 but second in point of time when it was admitted into the ,sacred ,college4 ,the number of cardinal-deacons became fourteen 7one for each of the civil divisions of the city7 towards the end of the ,v,ith century1 under the pontificate of ,s4 ,gregory the ,great4 ,in the year #gce ,pope ,gregory ,,iii4 added four and raised the number to eighteen1 which was reduced under ,honorius ,,ii41 in the beginning of the ,x,i,ith century1 to sixteen4 ,after various other mutations of number it was fixed as at present4 ,until the pontificate of ,urban ,,ii4 in #ajhh these cardinals were denominated by the name of their district or region1 except those added by ,gregory ,,iii41 who were called palatines4 ,after the ,x,ith century they were called from the name of their deaconries4 ,s4 ,mary in ,via ,lata is the first deaconry4 ,the cardinal-deacons are often in priests' orders2 but in this case they cannot celebrate ,mass in public without a dispensation from the ,pope1 but they can say it in their private chapel in presence of their chaplain4 ,in early times cardinal-deacons held a position of very singular importance1 and the pope was frequently chosen from their restricted class4 ,even now some of the highest positions at ,rome are occupied by them4 ,although a cardinal is created either a cardinal-priest or a cardinal-deacon1 there is a mode of advancement even to the chief suburbicarian see4 ,this is called1 in the language of the ,curia1 option1 or the expressing a wish to pass from one order to a higher1 or from one deaconry1 title1 or see to another4 ,the custom is comparatively recent1 and was looked upon at first with considerable disfavor4 ,it owes its origin to the schism which ,alexander ,v4 attempted to heal in #adji by forming one body of his own 7the legitimate7 and of the pseudo-cardinals of the anti-pope ,benedict ,,xiii4 ,as there were two claimants to the several deaconries1 titles1 and sees1 he proposed to settle the dispute by permitting one of them in succession to optate to the first vacant place in his order4 ,what was meant as a temporary measure became an established custom under ,sixtus ,,iv4 7#adga-adhd74 ,if a cardinal-bishop be too infirm to perform episcopal duties in the see which he already fills1 ,urban ,,viii4 decreed that he cannot pass to another one4 ,if a cardinal-deacon obtain by option a title before he has been ten years in his own order1 he must take the lowest place among the priests2 but if after that period1 he takes precedence of all who have been created in either of the two orders since his elevation4 ,the favor of option is asked of the pope in the consistory held next after a vacancy has occurred1 by the cardinal proposing such a change4 ,the prefect of pontifical ceremonies having previously assured himself that no cardinal outranking the postulant contemplates the same1 the cardinal-priest1 to give an example from this order1 rises and says3 8,beatissime ,pater1 si sanctitati vestr placuerit dimisso titulo ,n4 transitu ex ordine presbyterali ad episcopalem1 opto ecclesiam ,n410 naming his title and the suburbicarian see that he seeks to occupy4 ,these three orders of cardinals certainly had a corporate character at an early period1 and formed what the ancients called a college with its officers and by-laws2 but ,arnulf1 ,bishop of ,lisieux in the ,xth century1 was the first to call them collectively ,collegium ,sanctorum2 hence in all languages it is now called the ,sacred ,college4 ,a proof that the cardinals acted together in a public capacity1 and of their exalted dignity1 is that they are termed ,proceres clericorum by ,anastasius in the ,life of ,s4 ,leo ,,iii4 ,in olden times cardinals were strictly obliged to reside near the pope2 and a ,roman council1 composed of sixty-seven bishops1 held in #hec under ,s4 ,leo ,,iv41 called in judgment and deposed the cardinal-priest of ,s4 ,marcellus for having contumaciously absented himself during a long time from his title4 ,this obligation of residence in the house or palace annexed to the title or the deaconry was somewhat relaxed in the ,x,i,ith century1 when bishops of actual jurisdiction began to be created cardinals4 ,the first example of a bishop governing a diocese who was made a cardinal is that of ,conrad von ,wittelsbach1 of the since royal house of ,bavaria1 ,archbishop of ,mentz1 who was raised to this dignity by ,alexander ,,iii4 in #aafc4 ,innocent ,,iii41 however1 refused a petition of the good people of ,ravenna to let them have a certain cardinal for their archbishop1 saying that he was more useful to ,rome and to the church at large where he was than he could possibly be in any other position4 ,at this period1 and until a considerable time after1 it was very rare that a bishop was made a cardinal without having to resign his diocese and reside in curia4 ,leo ,x4 was so strict in his ideas of the duty of cardinals to live near him that he issued a bull renewing the obligation in very strong terms2 and in #aech it was proposed to ,paul ,,iii4 to draw up a plan of reform making it incompatible to govern a diocese and be at the same time a cardinal1 except in the case of the ,fathers of the ,first ,order1 who1 from the nearness of their sees to ,rome1 could perform their service to the pope as his councillors and assistants1 and not neglect the faithful over whom they were placed 7,natalis ,alexander1 ,hist4 ,eccl41 tom4 xvii4 art4 #af74 ,no such stringent rule was adopted1 and a cardinal might be this and govern a diocese1 if he made it his place of habitual residence1 according to the decree of the ,council of ,trent 7,session xxiii41 on ,ref41 ch4 #a74 ,of the virtue1 learning1 and other qualities required in a cardinal of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 ,,ss4 ,peter ,damian and ,bernard have written eloquently1 and ,honorius ,,iv41 of the great family of ,savelli1 once so powerful in ,rome1 was inexorable against unworthy subjects1 saying that 8he never would raise to the ,roman purple any save good and wise men40 ,different popes have made excellent laws on these matters and others connected with the cardinalate2 but in some cases they have been disregarded1 especially those about age and about there not being two near relatives in the ,sacred ,college at the same time4 ,the practice of the last hundred years has been above cavil1 and the abuses of other ages have been exaggerated1 partly through malice1 and partly from not knowing the secret reasons that popes may have had for creating1 for instance1 mere youths--royal youths--cardinals1 or conferring the high dignity upon members of their own family1 or upon men who had nothing to recommend them but the importunate demands of their sovereigns4 ,the hat bestowed upon ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo was productive of more good than all the rest of 8nepotism0 was able to effect of evil4 ,the creation of cardinals is an exclusive privilege of the popes2 but they have sometimes granted the prayers of the ,sacred ,college or of sovereign princes asking to have the dignity conferred upon certain subjects4 ,for a long time1 especially during the ,x,v,ith century1 the governments of ,france1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,poland1 and the republic of ,venice were favored by being permitted to name once in each pontificate a candidate for the cardinalate4 ,this was called a crown nomination4 ,clement ,v4 is said 7,cancellieri1 ,mercato1 p4 #aje1 note #c7 to have been the first to grant to princes the right of petitioning for a hat2 and the sultan ,bajazet ,,ii4 wrote on #bhth ,september1 #adid1 to ,alexander ,,vi41 begging him to make a perfect cardinal of ,nicholas ,cibo1 ,archbishop of ,aries1 and cousin of ,pope ,innocent ,,viii4 ,clement ,,xii4 in #agcb tendered to ,james ,,iii4 7the 8,elder ,pretender07 the nomination of some subject to the cardinalate1 and he1 like a true ,stuart1 neglecting his countrymen and those who had suffered in his cause1 proposed ,mgr4 ,rivera1 whom he had taken a liking to for little courtesies shown at ,urbino4 ,it has long been a custom for the pope to promote to this dignity a member of the family or one of that religious order to which his predecessor belonged1 from whom he himself received it4 ,the ,italians call this a restitution of the hat--,restituzione di capello4 ,the number of cardinals has greatly varied at different times4 ,it was generally smaller before than ever since the ,x,v,ith century4 ,the cardinals could1 of course1 well be all ,romans1 as they were in the beginning2 but with a change of circumstances the pontiffs have recognized the propriety of ,s4 ,bernard's suggestive query to ,eugene ,,iii43 8,annon eligendi de toto orbe1 orbem judicaturi80 7,de ,consid41 iv4 #d74 ,in #acca ,john ,,xxii4 7himself a ,frenchman71 being asked by the king to create a couple of ,french cardinals1 replied that two were too many1 and he would make but one1 because there were only twenty cardinals in all1 and seventeen of them were ,frenchmen4 ,in #aceb1 after the death of ,clement ,,vi41 the cardinals attempted to restrict the ,sacred ,college to twenty members1 on the principle that a dignity profusely conferred is despised--communia vilescunt2 but ,urban ,,vi4 found himself constrained1 by the course of events at the schism1 to create a large number of cardinals1 in order to oppose them to the pseudo-cardinals of ,clement ,,vii41 and at one creation he made twenty-nine1 all except three being his own countrymen1 ,neapolitans2 so that the ,french of another generation were richly paid back for their former preponderance4 ,from this time the membership of the ,sacred ,college gradually increased up to the middle of the ,x,v,ith century4 ,it is much to the credit of ,pius ,,ii4 that when the ,sacred ,college in #adeh remonstrated with him on the number of cardinals1 saying that the cardinalate was going down1 and begged him not to increase its membership to any considerable extent1 he told the fathers that as head of the church he could not refuse the reasonable requests of kings and governments in such a matter1 but that1 apart from this1 his honor forbade him to neglect the subjects of other countries than ,italy in the distribution of the highest favors in his gift 7,comment4 ,pii ,,ii41 lib4 ii4 pp4 #abi1 #acj74 ,leo ,x41 believing himself disliked by many cardinals1 added thirty-one to their number at a single creation on ,july #a1 #aeag1 the like of which the court has never seen before or after2 but it had the desired effect4 ,the ,council of ,trent ordained 7,sess4 #bd1 ,de ,ref41 c4 i47 concerning the subjects of the cardinalate that 8the ,most ,holy ,roman ,pontiff shall1 as far as it can be conveniently done1 select 7them7 out of all the nations of ,christendom1 as he shall find persons suitable40 ,this is not to be understood1 however worded1 as more than a recommendation to the pope4 ,paul ,,iv4 7,caraffa1 #aeee-ei71 a great reformer1 after consulting the ,sacred ,college and long discussions1 issued a bull called the ,compact--,compactum--in which he decreed that the cardinals should not be more than forty2 but his immediate successor1 ,pius ,,iv4 7,medici71 acting on the principle that one pope cannot bind another in disciplinary matters1 created forty-six4 ,sixtus ,v4 in #aehe fixed the number at seventy in imitation of the seventy elders chosen to assist ,moses2 and since then all the popes have respected this precedent4 ,during the long reign of ,pius ,,vii41 although1 on account of the times1 unable to hold a consistory for many years1 he created in all ninety-eight cardinals1 and when he died left ten in petto4 ,although1 on the one hand1 an excessive number of cardinals would lessen the importance and lower the dignity of the office1 yet a very small number has occasioned long and disedifying conclaves1 whereby for months1 and even years1 the ,holy ,see has been vacant1 to the great detriment of the church4 ,this was the case four times during the ,x,i,i,ith century1 and by a coincidence1 each time it was after a pope who was the fourth of his name1 viz41 ,celestine 7#abda71 ,alexander 7#abfa71 ,clement 7#abfh71 and ,nicholas 7#abib74 ,the subject of this article has grown so much under our hands that we are reluctantly compelled to defer a description of the ceremonies attendant on the election of cardinals1 etc41 till the ,july number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,on ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,lourdes4 8,quacumque ingredimur1 in aliquam historiam vestigium ponimus40--,cicero4 ,the most direct route from ,paris to ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes crosses the ,bordeaux and ,toulouse ,railway at ,agen1 where the pilgrim leaves the more frequented thoroughfares for an obscurer route1 though one by no means devoid of interest1 especially to the ,catholic of ,english origin2 for the country we are now entering was once tributary to ,england1 and at every step we come1 not only upon the traces it has left behind1 but across some unknown saint of bygone times1 like a fossil of some rare flower with lines of beauty and grace that ages have not been able to efface4 ,approaching ,agen1 we imagined ourselves coming to some large city1 so imposing are the environs4 ,the broad ,garonne is flowing oceanward1 its shores bordered by poplars1 and overlooked by hills whose sunny slopes are covered with vineyards and plum-trees4 ,boats from ,provence and ,languedoc are gliding along the canal1 whose massive bridge1 with its gigantic arches1 harmonizes with the landscape1 and reminds one of the ,roman ,campagna4 ,the plain is vast1 fertile1 and smiling2 the heavens glowing and without a cloud4 ,every hill1 like ,bacchus1 has its flowing locks wreathed with vines of wonderful luxuriance1 and is garlanded with clusters of grapes1 under which it reels with joyous intoxication4 ,everywhere are white houses1 fair villas1 pleasant gardens1 and all the indications of a prosperous country4 ,the town does not correspond with its surroundings4 ,it is damp and said to be unhealthy4 ,the streets are narrow and winding1 the houses without expression4 ,the population is mostly made up of merchants1 mechanics1 and gens de robe4 ,here and there we find a noble mansion1 a few great families1 and a time-honored name2 but the true lords of the place are the public functionaries1 worthy and grave1 and clad in solemn black1 quite in contrast with the joyous character of the people4 ,the local peculiarities of the latter may be studied to advantage in an irregular square bordered with low arcades--the centre of traffic for all the villages eight or ten leagues around4 ,famous fairs are held here three or four times a year1 one for the sale of prunes--and the ,agen prunes are famous--but the most important one is the lively1 bustling fair of the ,gravier1 which brings together all the blooming grisettes of the region1 who1 in festive mood and holiday attire1 gather around the tempting booths4 ,the ,gravier was formerly a magnificent promenade of fine old elms1 which ,jasmin loved to frequent1 and where he found inspiration for many of his charming poems in the ,gascon language--one of the ,romance tongues2 for the so-called patois of this part of the country is by no means a corruption of the ,french1 but a genuine language1 flexible1 poetic1 and wonderfully expressive of every sweet and tender emotion4 ,some of ,jasmin's poems have been translated by our own poet ,longfellow with much of the graceful simplicity of the original4 ,most of the fine elms of the ,gravier have been cut down within a few years1 to the great regret of the people4 ,one of the most striking features of the landscape in approaching ,agen is a mount at the north with a picturesque church and spire4 ,this is the church of the ,spanish ,carmelites1 who1 driven some years ago from their native country1 came to take refuge among the caves of the early martyrs beside the remains of an old ,roman castrum called ,pompeiacum4 ,here is the cavern1 hewn centuries ago out of the solid rock1 where ,s4 ,caprais1 the bishop1 concealed himself in the time of the ,emperor ,diocletian to escape from his persecutors4 ,and here is the miraculous fountain that sprang up to quench his thirst2 sung by the celebrated ,hildebert in the ,x,ith century 8,rupem percussit1 quam fontem fundere jussit2 ,qui fons mox uber fit1 dulcis1 fitque saluber1 ,quo qui potatur1 mox convalet et recreatur40 ,that is to say3 8,caprais smote the rock1 and forth gushed a fount of living water1 sweet and salutary to those who come to drink thereof10 as the pilgrim experiences to this day4 ,from the top of this mount ,s4 ,caprais1 looking down on the city1 saw with prophetic eye ,s4 ,foi on the martyr's pile1 and a mysterious dove descending from heaven1 bearing a crown resplendent with a thousand hues and adorned with precious stones that gleamed like stars in the firmament1 which he placed on the virgin's head1 clothing her at the same time with a garment whiter than snow and shining like the sun4 ,then1 shaking his dewy wings1 he extinguished the devouring flames1 and bore the triumphant martyr to heaven4 ,after the martyrdom of ,s4 ,caprais1 the cave he had sanctified was inhabited by ,s4 ,vincent the ,deacon1 who1 in his turn1 plucked the blood-red flower of martyrdom1 and went with unsullied stole to join his master in the white-robed army above4 ,or1 as recorded by ,drepanius ,florus1 the celebrated deacon of ,lyons1 in the ,i,xth century3 8,aginno1 loco ,pompeiano1 passio sancti ,vincentii1 martyris1 qui levitic stol candore micans1 pro amore ,christi martyrium adeptus1 magnis spissime virtutibus fulget40 ,his body was buried before ,s4 ,caprais' cave1 and1 several centuries after1 a church was built over it1 which became a centre of popular devotion to the whole country around1 who came here to recall the holy legends of the past and learn anew the lesson of faith and self-sacrifice4 ,some say it was built by ,charlemagne when he came here1 according to ,turpin1 to besiege ,king ,aygoland1 who1 with his army1 had taken refuge in ,agen4 ,this venerable sanctuary was pillaged and then destroyed by the ,huguenots in #aefa1 and for half a century it lay in ruins4 ,the place1 however1 was purified anew by religious rites in #afjj2 the traditions were carefully preserved2 and every year the processions of ,rogation week came to chant the holy litanies among the thorns that had grown up in the broken arches4 ,finally1 in #afab1 the city authorities induced a hermit1 named ,eymeric ,rouidilh1 from ,notre ,dame de ,roquefort1 to establish himself here4 ,he was a good1 upright man1 as charitable as he was devout1 mocked at by the wicked1 but converting them by the very ascendency of his holy life4 ,he brought once more to light the tomb of ,s4 ,vincent and ,s4 ,caprais' chair1 and set to work to build a chapel out of the remains of the ancient church4 ,the dignitaries of the town came to aid him with their own hands1 the princes of ,france brought their offerings1 and ,anne of ,austria came with her court to listen to the teachings of the holy hermit4 ,among other benefactors of the ,hermitage were the ,duc d',epernon1 ,governor of ,guienne1 and ,marshal de ,schomberg1 the first patron of the great ,bossuet4 ,eymeric's reputation for sanctity became so great that he drew around him several other hermits1 who hollowed cells out of the rock1 and endeavored to rival their master in the practice of rigorous mortification4 ,they rose in the night to chant the divine ,office1 and divided the day between labor and prayer1 only coming together for a half-hour's fraternal intercourse after dinner and the evening collation4 ,eymeric himself1 at night1 sang the rveill in the streets of ,agen1 awakening the echoes of the night with a hoarse1 lamentable voice3 8,prgats pous praubs trpassats trpassados que ,diou lous perdounn60--,pray for the poor departed1 that ,god may pardon them all6 ,eymeric was so scrupulous about using the water of ,s4 ,caprais' fountain for profane purposes that1 discovering some plants that gave indications of a source1 he labored for six months in excavating the rock1 till at length he came so suddenly upon a spring that he was deluged with its waters4 ,during the plague of #afbh1 and at other times of public distress1 his heroic charity was so fully manifest that he was regarded as a public benefactor2 and when he died1 the most distinguished people in the vicinity came to testify their veneration and regret4 ,the cells of the ,hermitage continued1 however1 to be peopled till the great revolution1 when the place was once more profaned4 ,but in #ahdf a band of ,spanish ,carmelites came to establish themselves on the mount sanctified by the early martyrs4 ,martyrs1 too1 of the soul are they2 for there is no martyrdom more severe than the inward crucifixion of those who1 in the cloister1 offer themselves an unbloody sacrifice to ,god for the sins of the world4 ,some1 who have not tried it1 think the monastic life to be one of ease and self-indulgence4 ,but let them seriously reflect on the 8years of solitary weariness1 of hardship and mortification1 of wakeful scholarship1 of perpetual prayer1 unvisited by a softness or a joy beyond what a bird1 or a tree1 or an unusually blue sky may bring10 with no consolations except those that spring from unfaltering trust in ,christ and utter abandonment to his sweet yoke1 and they will see that1 humanly speaking1 such a life is by no means one of perfect ease4 ,on this new ,carmel lived for a time ,pre ,hermann1 the distinguished musician1 who was so miraculously converted by the divine manifestation in the ,holy ,eucharist1 and it was here he gave expression to the ardor of his ,oriental nature in some of his glowing ,cantiques to ,jsus-,hostie1 worthy to be sung by seraphim3 8,pain ,vivant6 ,pain de la ,patrie6 ,du dsir et d'amour mon me est consume ,ne tardez plus6 ,jsus1 mon ,bien-,aim1 ,venez1 source de vie1 ,ne tardez plus6 ,jsus1 mon ,bien-,aim60 ,agen is mentioned on every page of the religious history of southern ,france4 ,in the ,i,i,id century we find the confessors of the faith already mentioned4 ,sixty years later ,s4 ,phoebadus1 a monk of ,lerins who became ,bishop of ,agen1 defended the integrity of the ,catholic faith against the ,arians in an able treatise4 ,he was a friend of ,s4 ,hilary of ,poitiers and ,s4 ,ambrose of ,milan4 ,st4 ,jerome speaks of him as still living in the year #cib3 8,vivit usque hodie decrepit senectute40 ,in the time of the ,visigoths ,,ss4 ,maurin and ,vincent de ,liaroles upheld and strengthened the faith in ,novempopulania4 ,in feudal times the bishops of ,agen were high and puissant lords who had the royal prerogative of coining money by virtue of a privilege conferred on them by the ,dukes of ,aquitaine4 ,the money they issued was called ,moneta ,arnaldina1 or ,arnaudenses1 from ,arnaud de ,boville1 a member of the ducal family1 who was the first to enjoy the right4 ,it was a bishop of ,agen1 of the illustrious family ,della ,rovere that gave two popes--,sixtus ,,iv4 and ,julius ,,ii4--to the church1 who induced ,julius ,csar ,scaliger to accompany him when he took possession of his see4 ,scaliger's romantic passion for a young girl of the place led him to settle here for life4 ,not far from ,agen may still be seen the ,chteau of ,verona1 which he built on his wife's land1 and named in honor of his ancestors of ,verona--the ,della ,scalas1 whose fine tombs are among the most interesting objects in that city4 ,this chteau is in a charming valley4 ,it remained unaltered till about forty years ago2 but it is now modernized1 and therefore spoiled4 ,the oaks he planted are cut down1 the rustic fountain he christened ,thocrne is gone4 ,only two seats1 hewn out of calcareous rock1 remain in the grounds1 where he once gathered around him ,george ,buchanan1 ,muret1 ,thevius1 and other distinguished men of the day4 ,these seats are still known as the ,fauteuils de ,scaliger4 ,the elder ,scaliger was buried in the church of the ,augustinian ,friars1 which being destroyed in #agib1 his remains were removed by friendly hands for preservation4 ,they have recently been placed at the disposition of the city authorities1 who will probably erect some testimonial to one who has given additional celebrity to the place4 ,the last descendant of the ,scaligers--,mlle4 ,victoire de ,lescale--died at ,agen1 ,january #be1 #ahec1 at the age of seventy-six years4 ,agen figures also in the religious troubles of the ,x,v,ith century1 as it was part of the appanage of ,margaret of ,valois2 but it generally remained true to its early traditions4 ,nrac1 the seat of the ,huguenot court at one time1 was too near not to exert its influence4 ,then came ,calvin himself1 when he leaped from his window and fled from ,paris4 ,theodore ,beza too resided there for a time4 ,they were protected by ,margaret of ,navarre1 who gathered around her men jealous of the influence of the clergy and desirous themselves of ruling over the minds of others4 ,they boldly ridiculed the religious orders1 and censured the morals of the priesthood1 though so many prelates of the time were distinguished for their holiness and ability4 ,nrac has lost all taste for religious controversy in these material days4 ,it has turned miller1 and is only noted for its past aberrations and the present superiority of its flour4 ,on the other side of the ,garonne1 towards the plain of ,layrac1 we come to the old ,chteau of ,estillac1 associated with the memory of ,blaise de ,monluc1 the terrible avenger of ,huguenot atrocities in this section of ,france4 ,he was an off-shoot of the noble family of ,montesquiou1 and served under ,bayard1 ,lautrec1 and ,francis ,i4--a small1 thin1 bilious-looking man1 with an eye as cold and hard as steel1 and a face horribly disfigured in battle1 before whom all parties quailed1 ,catholic as well as ,protestant4 ,he had the zeal of a ,spaniard and the bravado of a true ,gascon2 was sober in his habits1 uncompromising in his nature1 and1 living in his saddle1 with rapier in hand1 he was always ready for any emergency1 to strike any blow2 faithful to his motto3 8,deo duce1 ferro comite40 ,we are far from justifying the relentless rigor of ,monluc2 but one cannot travel through this country1 where at every step is some trace of the fury with which the ,huguenots destroyed or desecrated everything ,catholics regard as holy1 without finding much to extenuate his course4 ,we must not forget that the butchery which filled the trenches of the ,chteau de ,penne was preceded by the sack of ,lauzerte1 where1 according to ,protestant records1 ,duras slaughtered five hundred and sixty-seven ,catholics1 of whom one hundred and ninety-four were priests2 and that the frightful massacre of ,terraube was provoked by the treachery of ,bremond1 commander of the ,huguenots at the siege of ,lectoure4 ,among the other remarkable men upon whose traces we here come is ,sulpicius ,severus1 a native of ,agen4 ,his friend1 ,s4 ,paulinus of ,nola1 tells us he had a brilliant position in the world1 and was universally applauded for his eloquence2 but converted in the very flower of his life1 he severed all human ties and retired into solitude4 ,he is said to have founded the first monastery in ,aquitaine1 supposed to be that of ,s4 ,sever-,rustan1 where he gave himself up to literary labors that have perpetuated his name4 ,the ,huguenots burned down this interesting monument of the past in #aegc1 and massacred all the monks4 ,it was from the cloister of ,primulacium1 as it was then called1 that successively issued his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 which won for him the title of the ,christian ,sallust2 the ,life of ,s4 ,martin of ,tours1 written from personal recollections2 and three interesting ,dialogues on the ,monastic ,life1 all of which were submitted to the indulgent criticism of ,s4 ,paulinus before they were given to the public4 ,the intimacy of these two great men probably began when ,s4 ,paulinus lived in his villa ,hebromagus1 on the banks of the ,base1 and it was by no means broken off by their separation4 ,the latter made every effort to induce his friend to join him at ,nola2 but we have no reason to complain he did not succeed1 for this led to a delightful correspondence we should be sorry to have lost4 ,we give one specimen of it1 in which modesty is at swords' points with friendship4 ,sulpicius had built a church at ,primulacium1 and called upon his poet-friend to supply him with inscriptions for the walls4 ,the baptistery contained the portrait of ,s4 ,martin1 and1 wishing to add that of ,paulinus1 he ventured to ask him for it4 ,paulinus' humility is alarmed1 and he flatly refuses2 but he soon learns his likeness has been painted from memory1 and is hanging next that of the holy ,bishop of ,tours4 ,he loudly protests1 but that is all he can do1 except avenge his outraged humility by sending the following inscription to be graven beneath the two portraits3 8,you1 whose bodies and souls are purified in this salutary bath1 cast your eyes on the two models set before you4 ,sinners1 behold ,paulinus2 ye just1 look at ,martin4 ,martin is the model of saints2 ,paulinus only that of the guilty60 ,sometimes there is a dash of pleasantry in their correspondence1 as when ,paulinus sends for some good ,gascon qualified to be a cook in his laura4 ,sulpicius despatches ,brother ,victor with a letter of recommendation which perhaps brought a smile to his friend's face3 8,i have just learned that every cook has taken flight from your kitchen4 ,i send you a young man trained in our school1 sufficiently accomplished to serve up the humbler vegetables with sauce and vinegar1 and concoct a modest stew that may tempt the palates of hungry cenobites2 but ,i must confess he is entirely ignorant of the use of spices and all luxurious condiments1 and it is only right ,i should warn you of one great fault3 he is the mortal enemy of a garden4 ,if you be not careful1 he will make a frightful havoc among all the vegetables he can lay his hands on4 ,he may seldom call on you for wood1 but he will burn whatever comes within his reach4 ,he will even lay hold of your rafters1 and tear the old joists from your chimneys40 ,among other ,agen literary celebrities is the poet ,antoine de ,la ,pujade1 who was secretary of finances to ,queen ,margaret of ,navarre--not the accomplished1 fascinating sister of ,francis ,i41 but the wife of the ,vert-,galant1 8,du tige des ,valois belle et royale fleur10 who encouraged and applauded the poet1 and even addressed him flattering verses4 ,his tender1 caressing lines on the death of his little son of four years of age are well known3 8,petite me mignonnelette1 ,petite mignonne melette1 ,htesse d'un si petit corps6 ,petit mignon1 mon petit ,pierre1 ,tu laisses ton corps la terre1 ,et ton me s'en va dehors40 ,la ,pujade consecrated his pen to the ,blessed ,virgin in the ,mariade1 a poem of twelve cantos in praise of the trs sainte et trs sacre ,vierge ,marie4 ,another rhymer of ,agen1 and a courtier also1 is ,guillaume du ,sable1 a ,huguenot1 who in his verses held up his wife1 his daughter1 and his son-in-law as utterly given up to avarice4 ,as for himself1 he was always ready to spend6 ,yes1 and as ready to beg4 ,that he was by no means grasping1 that his palms never itched1 is shown by his poems1 which are full of petitions to the king for horses1 clothes1 and appointments4 ,like so many of his co-religionists1 he did not disdain the spoils of the enemy1 as is apparent from this modest request to ,henry ,,iv43 8,mais voulez-vous gurir1 ,sire1 ma pauvret8 ,donnez-moi1 s'il vous plait1 la petite abbaye1 ,ou quelque prieur le reste de ma vie1 ,puisque je l'ai voue votre majest40 ,he wrote against priests and monks1 but stuck to the royal party1 condemning all who revolted under pretext of religion4 ,perhaps the most supportable of his works is that against the ,spanish ,inquisition--a subject that never needs any sauce piquante4 ,his ,tragique ,elgie du jour de ,saint ,barthlemy affords an additional proof in favor of the approximate number of one thousand victims at the deplorable massacre of ,august #bd1 #aegb4 ,as a proof of the tenacity with which the ,agenais have clung to past religious traditions and customs1 we will cite the popular saying that arose from the unusual dispensations granted during ,lent by ,mgr4 ,hbert1 the bishop of the diocese1 in a time of great distress after an unproductive year3 8,en milo sept centz nau ,l'abesque d',agen debengut ,higounau0--,in #agji the ,bishop of ,agen turned ,huguenot6 ,leaving ,agen by the railway to ,tarbes1 we came in ten minutes to ,notre ,dame de ,bon ,encontre--a spot to which all the sorrows and fears and hopes of the whole region around are brought4 ,this chapel is especially frequented during the month of ,may1 when one parish after another comes here to invoke the protection of ,mary4 ,a continual incense of prayer seems to rise on the sacred air from this sweet woodland spire4 ,a few houses cluster around the pretty church1 which is surmounted by a colossal statue of the ,virgin overlooking the whole valley and flooding it with peace1 love1 and boundless mercy4 ,the image of her who is so interwoven with the great mysteries of the redemption can never be looked upon with indifference or without profit4 ,the soul that finds ,mary in the tangled grove of this sad world enters upon a 8moonlit way of sweet security40 ,we next pass ,astaffort1 a little village perched on a hill overlooking the river ,gers1 justifying its ancient device3 ,sta fortiter4#ii ,it played an important part in the civil wars of the country4 ,the ,prince de ,cond occupied the place with four hundred men1 and1 attacked by the royalists1 they were all slain but the prince and his valet1 who made their escape4 ,a cross marks the burial-place of the dead behind the church of ,astaffort1 still known as the field of the ,huguenots4 ,lectoure1 like an eagle's nest built on a cliff1 is the next station1 and merits a short tarry2 for1 though fallen from its ancient grandeur1 it is a town full of historic interest1 and contains many relics of the past4 ,it is a place mentioned by ,csar and ,pliny1 and yet so small that we wonder what it has been doing in the meantime4 ,it was one of the nine cities of ,novempopulania1 and in the ,i,xth century still boasted the ,roman franchise1 and was the centre of light and legislation to the country around1 on which it imposed its customs and laws4 ,it governed itself1 lived its own individual life1 unaffected by the changes of surrounding provinces1 and proudly styled itself in its public documents 8the ,republic of ,lectoure40 ,in the ,x,i,ith century it was the stronghold of the ,vicomtes de ,lomagne2 and when ,richard ,cur de ,lion wished to bring ,vivian ,,ii4 of that house to terms1 he laid siege to ,lectoure1 which1 though stoutly defended for a time1 was finally obliged to yield4 ,in #acje it belonged to the family of ,bertrand de ,got 7,pope ,clement ,v471 which accounts for a bull of his being dated at ,lectoure4 ,count ,john of ,armagnac married ,reine de ,got1 the pope's niece1 in #acaa1 and thus the city fell into the hands of the haughty ,armagnacs1 who made it their capital4 ,at this time they were the mightiest lords of the ,south of ,france1 and seemed to have inherited the ancient glory of the ,counts of ,toulouse4 ,for a time they held the destiny of ,france itself in their hands4 ,for one hundred and fifty years they took a prominent part in all the ,french wars4 ,their banner1 with its lion rampant1 floated on every battle-field4 ,their war-cry--,armagnac6--resounded in the ears of the ,derbys and ,talbots4 ,it was an ,armagnac that sustained the courage of ,france after the surrender of ,king ,john at ,poitiers2 an ,armagnac that united all the ,south against the ,english in the ,etats-,gnraux de ,niort2 and an ,armagnac--,count ,bernard ,,vi4--who maintained the equilibrium of ,france when ,jean-sans-,peur of ,burgundy aimed at supremacy1 and fell a victim to ,burgundian vengeance at ,paris4 ,lectoure gives proofs of its antiquity and the changes it has passed through in the remains of its triple wall2 its fountain of ,diana2 the bronzes1 statuettes1 jewels1 and old ,roman votive altars1 that are now and then brought to light2 its medival castle1 and the interesting old church built by the ,english during their occupancy1 with its massive square tower1 whence we look off over the valley of the ,gers1 with its orchards and vineyards and verdant meadows shut in by wooded hills1 and see stretching away to the south the majestic outline of the ,pyrenees4 ,at the west of ,lectoure is the forest of ,ramier1 in the midst of which once stood the ,cistercian abbey of ,bouillas--,bernardus valles--founded in #aabe1 but now entirely destroyed4 8,never was spot more sadly meet ,for lonely prayer and hermit feet40 ,there is a popular legend connected with these woods1 the truth of which ,i do not vouch for--,i tell the tale as 'twas told to me3 ,a poor charcoal-burner1 who lived in this forest close by the stream of ,rieutort1 had always been strictly devout to ,god and the blessed saints1 but1 on his deathbed1 in a moment of despair at leaving his three motherless children without a groat to bless themselves with1 invoked in their behalf the foul spirit usually supposed to hold dominion over the bowels of the earth1 with its countless mines of silver and gold4 ,he died1 and his three sons buried him beside their mother in the graveyard of ,pauillac2 but the wooden cross they set up to mark the spot obstinately refused to remain in the ground4 ,terrified at this ominous circumstance1 the poor children fled to their desolate cabin4 ,the night was dark and cold1 and wolves were howling in the forest4 8,brothers10 said the oldest1 8we shall die of hunger and cold4 ,there is not a crumb of bread in the house1 and the doctor carried off all our blankets yesterday for his services4 ,the ,abbey of ,bouillas is only half a league off4 ,i am sure the good monks will not refuse alms to my brother ,juan4 ,and little ,pierrto shall watch the house while ,i go to the ,castle of ,goas40 ,both brothers set off1 leaving ,pierrto alone in the cabin4 ,he trembled with fear and the cold1 and at length the latter so far prevailed that he ventured to the door to see if he could not catch a glimpse of his brothers on their way home4 ,it was now 8the hour when spirits have power40 ,not a hundred steps off he saw a group of men dressed in rich attire1 silently--8all silent and all damned0--warming themselves around a good fire4 ,the shivering child took courage1 and1 drawing near the band1 begged for some coals to light his fire4 ,they assented1 and ,pierrto hurriedly gathered up a few and went away4 ,but no sooner had he re-entered the cabin than they instantly went out4 ,he went the second time1 and again they were extinguished4 ,the third time the leader of the band frowned1 but gave him a large brand1 and threateningly told him not to come again4 ,the brand went out like the coals2 and the men and fire disappeared as suddenly4 ,pierrto remained half dead with fright4 ,an hour after ,juan returned from the ,convent of ,bouillas with bread enough to last a week1 and ,simoun soon arrived from the castle with three warm blankets4 ,when daylight appeared1 ,pierrto went to the fire-place to look at his coals1 and found they had all turned to gold4 ,the two oldest now had the means of making their way in the world4 ,one became a brave soldier1 and the other a prosperous merchant2 but ,pierro became a brother in the ,abbey of ,bouillas4 ,night after night1 as he paced the dark cloisters praying for his father's soul1 he heard a strange rushing as of fierce wind through the arches1 and a wailing sound as sad as the ,miserere4 ,pierro shuddered and thought of the cross that refused to darken his father's grave2 but he only prayed the longer and the more earnestly4 ,years passed away4 ,simoun and ,juan1 who had never married1 weary of honors and gain1 came to join their brother in his holy retreat4 ,their wealth1 that had so mysterious an origin1 was given to ,god in the person of the poor4 ,then only did the troubled soul of their father find rest1 and the holy cross consent to throw its shadow across his humble grave4 ,lectoure is surrounded by ramparts2 but the most remarkable of its ancient defences is the old castle of the ,counts of ,armagnac1 converted into a hospital by the ,bishop of ,lectoure in the ,x,v,i,i,ith century4 ,this castle witnessed the shameless crimes of ,count ,john ,,iv4 and their fearful retribution at the taking of ,lectoure under ,louis ,,xi4 ,the tragical history of this great lord affords a new proof of the salutary authority exercised by the church over brutal power and unrestrained passion during the ,middle ,ages4 ,there is no more striking example of the degradation of an illustrious race than that of ,john ,v41 the last ,count of ,armagnac1 who shocked the whole ,christian world by an unheard-of scandal4 ,having solicited in vain a dispensation to marry his sister ,isabella1 who was famous for her beauty1 he made use of a pretended license1 fraudulently drawn up in the very shadow of the papal court1 as some say1 to allay ,isabella's scruples1 and celebrated this monstrous union with the greatest pomp4 ,he forgot1 in the intoxication of power and the delirium of passion1 there could be any restraint on his wishes1 that there was a higher tribunal which watched vigilantly over the infractions of the unchangeable laws of morality and religion4 ,the pope fulminated a terrible excommunication against them4 ,king ,charles ,,vii41 hoping to wipe out so fearful a stain by the sacred influences of family affection1 sent the most influential members of the count's family to exert their authority2 but in vain4 ,the king soon turned against him1 because he favored the revolt of the ,dauphin1 and sent an army to invade his territory4 ,count ,john's only fear was of losing ,isabella2 and rather than separate from her to fight for the defence of his domains1 he fled with her to the valley of ,aure1 while the royal army ravaged his lands4 ,condemned to perpetual banishment1 deprived of his dominions1 his power gone1 under the ban of the church1 his eyes were opened to the extent of his degradation1 his soul was filled with remorse4 ,he took the pilgrim's staff and set out for ,rome1 begging his bread by the way1 to seek absolution for himself and his sister4 ,isabella retired from the world to do penance for her sins in the ,monastery of ,mount ,sion at ,barcelona4 ,the church1 which never spurns the repentant sinner1 however stained with crime1 granted him absolution on very severe conditions4 ,the learned neas ,sylvius 7,pius ,,ii47 occupied the chair of ,s4 ,peter at that time4 ,his great heart was touched by the heroic penance of so great a lord4 ,he received him kindly1 dwelt on the enormity of the scandal he had given to the world1 and reminded him that ,pope ,zachary had condemned a man1 guilty of an offence of the same nature1 to go on a round of pilgrimages for fourteen years1 the first seven of which he was ordered to wear an iron chain attached to his neck or wrist1 fast three times a week1 and only drink wine on ,sundays2 but the last seven he was only required to fast on ,fridays2 after which he was admitted to ,communion4 ,more merciful1 ,pius ,,ii4 enjoined on ,count ,john never to hold any communication with ,isabella by word1 letter1 or message2 to distribute three thousand gold crowns for the reparation of churches and monasteries2 and to fast every ,friday on bread and water till he could take up arms against the ,turks2 all of which the count solemnly promised to do4 ,nor do we read he ever violated his word4 ,affected by such an example of penitence1 the pope addressed ,charles ,,vii4 a touching brief to induce him to pardon the count4 ,when ,louis ,,xi4 came to the throne1 remembering the services he had received from ,count ,john1 he restored him to his rank4 ,the count now married a daughter of the house of ,foix4 ,everything seemed repaired4 ,but divine justice is not satisfied4 ,louis ,,xi41 determined to destroy the almost sovereign power of the great vassals1 took advantage of ,count ,john's offences against his government1 and resolved on his destruction4 ,he sent an army to besiege him at ,lectoure4 ,at this siege ,isabella's son made his first essay at arms1 and displayed the valor of his race but the young hero finally perished in a rash sortie1 and the count soon after capitulated4 ,the royal forces1 taking possession of the place1 basely violated the terms of surrender4 ,the city was sacked and nearly all the inhabitants massacred4 ,among the victims was ,count ,john himself1 who died invoking the ,virgin4 ,the walls of the city were partly demolished1 and fire set to the four quarters4 ,the dead were left unburied1 and for two months the wolves that preyed thereon were the only occupants of the place4 ,never was there a more fearful retribution4 ,it took the city nearly a century to recover in a measure from this horrible calamity4 ,lectoure was in the hands of the ,huguenots when ,monluc laid siege to it in #aefb4 ,bremond1 the commander1 offered to capitulate1 and1 proposing an exchange of hostages1 he asked for ,verduzan1 ,la ,chapelie1 and a third4 ,monluc consented1 and as they approached the gates of the city they were fired upon by thirty or forty arquebusiers1 but without effect4 ,monluc cried out that was not the fidelity of an honest man1 but of a ,huguenot4 ,bremond protested his innocence of the deed1 and1 pretending to seize one of the guilty men1 he hung an innocent ,catholic on the walls in sight of ,monluc4 ,unaware of the fraud1 the hostages again approached1 and again they were fired upon4 ,a gentleman from ,agen was killed and others wounded4 ,indignant at such treachery1 and supposing his own life particularly aimed at1 ,monluc exclaimed that1 since they held their promises so lightly1 he would do the same with his1 and he immediately sent ,verduzan with a company of soldiers to ,terraube to despatch the prisoners whose lives he had spared4 ,this order was executed with as much exactness as barbarity1 and the implacable ,monluc declared he had made 8a fine end of some very bad fellows40 ,bremond1 urged by the inhabitants1 again renewed negotiations1 and finally surrendered the city on condition of being allowed to withdraw with his troops to ,bearn1 flags flying and drums beating1 and the ,protestants left in the place permitted the free exercise of their religion--terms that were faithfully kept by ,monluc4 ,it was probably the sympathy of ,lectoure with the ,huguenot party that led ,charles ,,ix4 to deprive it of many of its ancient rights and privileges1 which hastened its decline4 ,it put on a semblance of its former grandeur1 however1 when it received ,henry ,,iv4 within its walls1 and ,anne of ,austria with ,cardinal ,richelieu4 ,it was in the old historic castle that ,richelieu imprisoned the unfortunate ,duc de ,montmorency4 ,the people favored his escape1 and sent him a silk ladder in a pt2 but his kindness of heart led to his destruction4 ,desirous of saving a servant to whom he was attached1 he took him with him in his attempt to escape4 ,the servant fell from the ladder1 and was wounded4 ,his cry aroused the guard4 ,montmorency was taken and soon after beheaded at ,toulouse4 ,the soldiers present at his execution drank some of his blood1 that1 infused into their veins1 it might impart something of the valor of so brave a man4 ,he was so beloved by the common people that the peasantry of ,castelnaudry1 where he was taken prisoner1 are familiar with his history1 and speak of him with admiration and affection to this day4 ,his wife1 an ,italian princess1 became a ,visitandine nun after his execution4 ,one cannot visit the old castle of ,lectoure1 with its thousand memories1 without emotion4 ,it is now a hospital4 ,charity has taken the place of brutality and lawless passion4 ,looking off from the walls over the pleasant valley below1 watered by streams and divided by long lines of trees1 we hear the song of the peaceful laborer instead of the battle-cry of the olden time1 and the lowing of the fawn-colored ,gascon cattle instead of the neighing of war-horses4 ,before the castle opens a street that goes straight through the town1 at the further end of which is the parish church of ,s4 ,gervais1 a fine1 spacious edifice of the ,saxo-,gothic style1 built by the ,english during their rule4 ,the immense square tower was once a fortress1 called the tower of ,s4 ,thomas1 from which the sentinel signalled the approach of the enemy4 ,it was formerly surmounted by the highest steeple in ,france1 but1 repeatedly struck by lightning1 it was taken down some years ago by order of the bishop4 ,the ,carmelite nuns at ,lectoure have had from time immemorial a cross of marvellous efficacy1 especially in cases of fever4 ,it is of a style not often met with in ,france1 though common in ,spain1 where it is held in great veneration from its miraculous prototype--the ,santa ,cruz de ,caravaca4 ,this cross is made of copper1 and has two cross-beams1 like a patriarchal cross1 with figures in relief on each side1 which are connected with an interesting history4 ,on the top of one side of the cross is the monogram of ,christ1 with a crosslet above and the three nails of the ,passion below4 ,the upper cross-beam has a chalice on the left arm1 and on the right the lance that pierced the ,sacred ,heart1 crossed by a reed with a sponge at the end4 ,in the middle is an open space for relics4 ,on the left arm of the lower cross-beam is the scourge and the lantern that lit the soldiers to the ,garden of ,olives2 on the right is a ladder2 and in the centre the cock crowing on a pillar that extends up from the foot of the cross1 at which is a death's head4 ,these are the usual emblems of the ,passion1 familiar to all2 but the other side is more mysterious4 ,on the upper part is a patriarchal cross supported by two angels1 one on each arm of the upper cross-beam4 ,lower down1 in the centre of the lower cross-beam1 is a priest in sacerdotal vestments1 ready to offer the ,holy ,sacrifice1 standing in an attitude of astonishment and admiration1 looking up at the cross borne by the two angels4 ,on his breast is the monogram of ,christ1 and beneath that of the ,virgin4 ,on each side are lilies in full bloom1 and above his head1 in the centre of the upper cross-beam1 stands a chalice1 as on an altar1 covered with the sacred linen veil4 ,it is evident the artist intended to represent all the objects necessary to celebrate the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,there are two lighted candles at the side of the priest1 and at the end of the right arm of the lower cross-beam are two kings filled with evident amazement1 one of whom is gazing at the angelic apparition4 ,at the left extremity is a queen and an attendant4 ,the ,cross of ,caravaca is associated with a chivalric legend of southern ,spain4 ,we give it as related by ,juan de ,robles1 a priest of ,caravaca1 whose account was published at ,madrid in #afae4 ,about the year of our ,lord #abbg there reigned at ,valencia a ,moorish prince1 known in the ancient ,spanish chronicles by the ,arabic name of ,zeyt ,abuzeyt1 who embraced ,christianity4 ,according to ,zurita1 he became ,king of ,murcia and ,valencia in #abbd1 and was at first a violent persecutor of his ,christian subjects4 ,in #abbe he made peace with ,iago1 ,king of ,aragon1 promising him one-fifth of the revenues of his two capitals1 which enraged his people and caused him the loss of ,murcia4 ,the ,moors1 discovering he held secret intercourse with the ,king of ,aragon and the pope1 drove him from ,valencia in #abbi4 ,he died about #abdh1 before ,king ,iago took possession of that city4 ,zeyt ,abuzeyt's conversion to ,christianity took place in consequence of a miracle that occurred in his presence at ,caravaca1 a town in his kingdom where he happened to be4 ,at that time the ,spanish victories over the ,moors announced the speedy expulsion of the latter from the ,peninsula1 and frequent conversions took place among them4 ,a ,christian priest ventured among the ,moors of the kingdom of ,murcia to preach the ,gospel4 ,he was seized and brought before ,zeyt ,abuzeyt1 who asked him many questions concerning the ,christian religion1 and1 in particular1 about the ,sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,the explanations of the priest interested him so much that he requested him to celebrate the ,holy ,mysteries in his presence4 ,the priest1 not having the necessary articles1 sent for them to the town of ,concha1 which was in the hands of the ,christians2 but it happened that the cross1 which should always be on the altar during the celebration of ,mass1 had been forgotten4 ,the priest1 not remarking the deficiency1 began the ,holy ,sacrifice1 but1 soon observing the cross was wanting1 did not know what to do4 ,the king1 who was present with his family and the court1 seeing the priest suddenly turn pale1 asked what had happened4 8,there is no cross on the altar10 replied the priest4 8,but is not that one80 replied the king1 who at that moment saw two angels placing a cross on the altar4 ,the good priest joyfully gave thanks to ,god and continued the sacred rites4 ,so marvellous an occurrence triumphed over the infidelity of ,zeyt ,abuzeyt1 and he at once professed his faith in ,christ4 ,popular tradition says he was baptized by the name of ,ferdinand1 in honor of the holy king1 ,ferdinand ,,iii41 who stood as sponsor4 ,pope ,urban ,,iv4 addressed him a brief of felicitation on account of his baptism4 ,zeyt ,abuzeyt had one son1 who received the name of ,vincent when baptized1 and subsequently married a ,christian maiden4 ,at the death of his father he took the title of the ,king of ,valencia1 which he held till the ,king of ,aragon took possession of the city4 ,he then contented himself with the lands and revenues assigned him by the conqueror4 ,this account explains the figures on the ,cross of ,caravaca4 ,we see the astonished priest and the cross borne by the angels4 ,the two kings1 who are gazing at the cross1 are of course ,king ,zeyt ,abuzeyt and ,s4 ,ferdinand1 his god-father4 ,the queen opposite is doubtless ,dominica ,lopez1 whom1 according to tradition1 he married after his baptism2 and beside her is her daughter1 called ,aldea ,fernandez in honor of ,king ,ferdinand4 ,this cross1 to which a great number of miracles are attributed1 is preserved with great care in the church at ,caravaca1 in the ancient kingdom of ,murcia4 ,it is believed to be made of the sacred wood of the true cross4 ,a great number of similar crosses have since been made1 and there is hardly a family in ,spain which has not a ,cross of ,caravaca4 ,many people wear one4 ,s4 ,teresa had great devotion to this cross1 and her cross of ,caravaca fell into the possession of the ,carmelites of ,brussels1 who gave it to the monastery of ,s4 ,denis during the time of ,mme4 ,louise of ,france2 but this precious relic has since been restored to the convent at ,brussels4 ,on an eminence in sight of ,lectoure is one of the sanctuaries of mysterious origin dear to popular piety1 so numerous in this country4 ,it is ,notre ,dame d',esclaux4 ,its modest tower looks down on a secluded valley which delights the eye with its freshness and fertility1 its fine trees1 and the sparkling streams here and there among the verdure4 ,beyond are fertile heights in the direction of ,nrac4 ,the origin of this church is somewhat obscure4 ,old traditions tell of oxen kneeling in a thicket in the meadow belonging to the lord of ,s4 ,mzard4 ,the shepherds1 attracted by the circumstance1 found a statue of ,our ,lady buried in the ground4 ,there are many instances of similar discoveries in this region4 ,the animals that witnessed the ,nativity have always had a certain sacredness in the eyes of the people1 and they have part in many an ancient legend1 like that in which they are made to kneel at the midnight hour at ,christmas4 ,the lord of the manor built a chapel for the wondrous image1 and a fountain soon after sprang up1 which to this day is celebrated for its miraculous virtues4 ,the most ancient document concerning this chapel bears the date of ,april #bc1 #afbf1 stating it had been destroyed by the ,huguenots during the religious wars1 and owed its restoration to the piety of the noble family who1 according to tradition1 first founded it4 ,the concourse of pilgrims has not ceased for three centuries4 ,whole parishes come here in procession in perpetual remembrance of some great benefit4 ,the parish of ,pergain has not failed to make its annual pilgrimage for two hundred years in fulfilment of a vow made to avert the divine wrath after a fearful hail-storm that had ravaged its lands4 ,only a few of the wonders wrought in this sanctuary have been recorded4 ,we find a striking one1 however1 in the beginning of last century4 ,a little boy of seven years of age1 who had never walked in his life and had no use whatever of his feet1 was taken by his pious parents to ,notre ,dame d',esclaux1 where ,mass was said for his benefit4 ,at the moment of the ,elevation the little cripple rose without assistance1 and went up to the railing of the chancel1 and afterwards walked home to ,la ,romieu1 a distance of about six miles4 ,he always celebrated the anniversary of his miraculous cure with pious gratitude1 and his descendants have continued to do the same to this day4 ,the details of this wonderful occurrence have been furnished by ,m4 ,lavardens1 the present head of the family1 one of the most respectable in the region4 ,a path leads the devout pilgrim up the sad way of the cross to the summit of the hill1 where stands a large crucifix1 in which is enshrined a relic of the true cross4 ,we loved to see these heights consecrated to religion with the sign of the ,passion--emblem of the triumph of moral liberty4 8,o faithful ,cross6 ,o noblest tree6 ,in all our woods there's none like thee4 ,no earthly groves1 no shady bowers1 ,produce such leaves1 such fruit1 such flowers2 ,sweet are the nails1 and sweet the wood1 ,that bear a weight so sweet and good40 ,fifteen minutes' walk to the south of ,lectoure brings you to the ,chapel of ,s4 ,geny1 on the banks of the ,gers4 ,behind it rises the mount on whose summit this saint of the early times was wont to pray4 ,here he was when thirty soldiers1 sent by the ,roman governor in pursuit of him1 appeared on the other side of the ,gers4 ,s4 ,geny lifted up his clean hands and pure heart to heaven4 ,the hill trembled beneath his knees4 ,the river rose so high that for two days the amazed soldiers were unable to cross1 and then it was to throw themselves at the saint's feet and acknowledge the power of the true ,god4 ,they received baptism1 and were soon after martyred in a place long known as the 8,blood of the ,innocents40 ,a new band being sent against ,s4 ,geny1 he again ascends the mount1 but this time to pray his soul may be received among those whose robes have just been washed white in the blood of the ,lamb4 ,and while he was praying with eyes uplifted the heavens opened1 he saw the newly-crowned martyrs1 encircled with rejoicing angels1 chanting3 ,let those who have overcome the adversary and kept their garments undefiled have their names written in the ,lamb's book of life6 ,at this sight the saint's knees bend1 his ravished soul breaks loose from its bonds and takes flight for heaven4 ,this was on the #c;d of ,may4 ,his body remained on the top of the mount1 giving out an odor of mysterious sweetness1 till the ,bishop of ,lectoure brought it down to the foot of the hill1 and buried it in the little church ,s4 ,geny had erected over his mother's tomb4 ,not long after two persons1 overtaken by darkness1 sought refuge in this oratory1 and found it filled with a great light and embalmed with lilies and roses--beautiful emblems of the supernatural love and purity that had distinguished the saint4 ,not far from ,lectoure was once another 8devout chapel10 one of the most noted in the country around--,notre ,dame de ,protection1 in the village of ,tudet1 a place of pilgrimage as far back as the ,x,i,ith century4 ,the ,madonna has a miraculous origin1 like so many others in this 8,land of ,mary40 ,according to the old legend1 it was discovered by shepherds in a fountain at which an ox had refused to drink4 ,the statue was set up beside the spring1 and became a special object of devotion to the neighborhood and a source of many supernatural favors4 ,vivian ,,ii41 ,vicomte de ,lomagne1 in gratitude for personal benefits received1 built a chapel for the reception of the statue in #aagh1 but1 as it proved too small for the numerous votaries1 ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 a few years after1 erected a large church adjoining ,vivian's chapel1 with a hospice1 served by monks1 for the accommodation of pilgrims4 ,all over the neighboring hills rose little cells inhabited by hermits drawn to this favored spot from the remotest parts of southern ,france4 ,not only the common people1 but the nobles and renowned warriors of the ,middle ,ages1 and even the kings of ,france1 came here to implore the protection of the ,virgin4 ,every year1 at spring-time1 came the inhabitants of ,lectoure1 ,fleurance1 and all the neighboring parishes1 often fourteen or fifteen at a time1 accompanied by priests in their robes and magistrates in red official garments1 chanting hymns in honor of ,mary4 ,countless miracles were wrought at her altar4 ,the walls were covered with crutches and ex votos4 ,one of the fathers of ,tudet writes thus at the close of last century3 8,here ,mary may be said to manifest her power and goodness in a special manner4 ,how many times has she not caused the paralytic to walk1 cured the epileptic1 given sight to the blind1 hearing to the deaf1 and speech to the dumb6 ,how often has she not healed the sick at the very gates of death1 snatched people from destruction at the very moment of danger1 and put an end to hail-storms1 tempests1 and the plague60 ,nothing enrages the impious so much as the evidences of a piety that is a constant reproach to their lives2 and the ,revolution of #agic swept away1 not only the ancient chapel of the ,viscounts of ,lomagne1 but the church of ,henry ,,ii41 the hospice1 and the hermits' cells1 leaving only a few broken arches where now and then a solitary pilgrim went to pray4 ,the miraculous statue1 however1 was rescued from profanation1 and for a long time buried in the ground4 ,it is still honored in the village church of ,gaudonville1 but it is only a mutilated trunk1 its head and most of the limbs being gone4 ,so many holy recollections1 however1 are associated with it1 that people still gather around it to pray1 especially in harvest-time1 to be spared the ravages of hail1 often so destructive in this region4 ,some of the old hymns in the expressive ,gascon tongue1 as sung at ,notre ,dame de ,protection1 are still extant1 and nothing is more pathetic than to see a group of hard-working peasants around the altar of the chapel of ,gaudonville singing3 8,jsus1 bous aouets tribaillat ,prents noste tribail en grat60#ajj or3 8,jsus6 bous ets lou boun ,pastou1 ,bost'oilhe qu'ey lou pcadou ,gouardats-lou deu loup infernau1 ,et de touto sorto de mau60#aja ,among other prayers they chant is a rhymed litany of twenty-seven saints of different trades1 and twenty-one shepherd saints1 with an appropriate invocation to each1 not exactly poetical1 but1 sung by the uncultivated voices of poor laborers in that rustic chapel in a measured mournful cadence1 there is something akin to poesy--something higher--which awakens profound and salutary thoughts4 ,it is in this way they invoke ,s4 ,spiridion1 the reaper2 ,s4 ,auber1 the laborer in the vineyard2 ,s4 ,isidore1 the gardener3 8,sent ,isidore1 qui ets estats ,coum nous au tribail occupat10 etc4--,s4 ,isidore1 who wast like us in labor occupied1 etc4--a touching appeal for sympathy to that unseen world of saints of every tribe and tongue and degree1 which excludes not the highest1 and admits the lowest4 ,the ,church of ,notre ,dame de ,tudet is about to be rebuilt4 ,the corner-stone was laid a short time since on the feast of ,our ,lady of ,protection1 under the patronage of the pious descendants of the ancient ,viscounts of ,lomagne1 true to the traditions of their race4 ,the entire population of fourteen neighboring villages assembled to witness the solemn ceremony and pray in a spot so venerated by their ancestors4 ,the mutilated statue of ,gaudonville is to be restored1 and brought back in triumph to the place where it was once so honored4 ,thus all through ,france there is a singular revival of devotion to the venerable sanctuaries of the ,middle ,ages4 ,everywhere they are being repaired or rebuilt--a significant fact of good augury for the church4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,brother ,,philip4#ajb ,the century in which we live has distinguished itself by a terrible propaganda of evil1 error and corruption taking every variety of form to insinuate themselves into society2 yet this same century is also marked by great and generous efforts in the cause of truth and goodness1 and in these ,france has proved herself true to her ancient vocation4 ,from a peculiar vivacity of energy 7if we may be allowed the expression7 in the national character1 whether for good or for evil1 the land that has produced some of the most hardened atheists1 the worst and wildest communists1 and the most frivolous votaries of pleasure1 continues to produce the most numerous and devoted missionaries1 the readiest martyrs1 and saints whose long lives of hidden toil for ,god and his church are a noble pendant to her martyrs' deaths4 ,one of these lives of unobtrusive toil is now before us--that of ,brother ,philip1 who during thirty-five years was ,superior-,general of the ,frres des ,ecoles ,chrtiennes1 or ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools4 ,before tracing it1 even in the imperfect manner which is all for which we have space1 it will be well to give a brief sketch of the institute of which he was for so long the honored head4 ,jean ,baptiste de la ,salle1 the son of noble parents1 was born at ,rheims in the year #afea4 ,entering ,holy ,orders early in life1 he greatly distinguished himself in the priesthood1 not only as a scholar and theologian1 but also as an orator1 so eloquent and persuasive that he might have aspired to the highest dignities in the church had he not chosen to limit his ambition to the lowly work of popular education4 ,this education was not then in existence4 ,not that there was an utter absence of schools1 but these were all unconnected with each other1 and were besides greatly wanting in any good and efficient method of teaching4 ,the ,abb de la ,salle invented the simultaneous method1 namely1 that which consists in giving lessons to a whole class at a time1 instead of to each child separately4 ,the subjects of instruction were reading1 writing1 ,french grammar1 arithmetic1 and geometry1 with ,christian teaching as the basis and invariable accompaniment of all the rest4 ,he founded an association of religious who were not to enter the priesthood1 of which1 however1 they were to become the most efficient allies in the education of the young according to the mind of the church1 this intention being their distinguishing characteristic4 ,resolving to live in community with them1 he resigned his canonry at ,rheims1 and sold his rich patrimony1 distributing the money among the poor4 ,he gave the brethren their rule1 and also the habit which they wear4 ,thus a new religious family1 not ecclesiastical1 appeared in ,france1 the members of which were only to be brothers1 united by the vows of poverty1 chastity1 and obedience4 ,the ,abb de la ,salle also established a school for training teachers1 which was the first normal school ever founded in ,france2 he also originated ,sunday-schools for the young apprentices of different trades1 and pensionnats1 or boarding-schools1 the first of which was opened at ,paris1 for the ,irish youths protected by ,james ,,ii4 of ,england1 and fugitives like himself4 ,the chief house of the order was ,st4 ,yon 7formerly ,hauteville71 an ancient manor just outside the gates of ,rouen1 surrounded by an extensive enclosure1 and affording a peaceful solitude where ,m4 de la ,salle enjoyed his few brief intervals of repose in this world4 ,he had been invited to settle there by ,mgr4 ,colbert1 ,archbishop of ,rouen1 and ,m4 de ,pontcarr1 ,first ,president of the ,parliament of ,normandy1 and1 after the death of ,louis ,,xiv41 made it more and more the centre of his work4 ,it was at ,st4 ,yon that he resigned the post of superior-general in #agaf1 and there he died on ,good ,friday1 the #gth of ,april1 #agai1 aged sixty-eight years4 ,the house was soon afterwards enlarged and a church built1 to which in #agcd the ,brothers transferred the remains of their holy founder1 which had until then rested in the ,church of ,s4 ,sever4 ,the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools were called the ,brothers of ,st4 ,yon1 and sometimes les ,frres ,yontains1 whence originated the title of ,frres ,ignorantins1 which has1 however1 been lived down by the institute1 the excellence of the instruction afforded by the ,christian ,schools not permitting the perpetuation of the derisive epithet4 ,the new order supplied a want too generally felt not to extend itself rapidly1 and at the time of the ,abb de la ,salle's death it numbered twenty-seven houses1 two-hundred and seventy-four ,brothers1 and nine thousand eight hundred and eighty-five pupils4 ,in #agbd ,louis ,,xv4 granted it letters-patent expressive of his approval1 and it was in the same year that ,pope ,benedict ,,xiii4 accorded canonical institution to the congregation1 thus realizing the earnest desire of the venerable founder1 that his institute should be recognized by the ,sovereign ,pontiff as a religious order1 with a distinctive character and special constitutions4 ,brother ,timothy was at that time superior-general4 ,he governed the institute with energy and wisdom for thirty-one years1 during which time no less than seventy additional houses of the order were established in various of the principal towns of ,france1 everywhere meeting with encouragement and protection from the bishops and the ,christian nobility1 so that every inauguration of a school was made an occasion of rejoicing4 ,the successor of ,brother ,timothy was ,brother ,claude1 who was superior-general from #agea to #agfg1 when1 having attained the age of seventy-seven1 he resigned his office1 continuing to live eight years longer in the house of ,st4 ,yon1 where he died4 ,it was at this period that the atheism of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century was making its worst ravages4 ,a band of writers1 under the leadership of ,voltaire1 laid siege1 as it were1 to ,christianity1 by a regular plan of attack1 and1 employing as their weapons a false and superficial philosophy1 distorted history1 raillery1 ridicule1 corruption1 and lies1 they conspired against the truth1 while licentiousness of mind and manners infected society and literature alike4 ,at the very time when the followers of the faith were devoting themselves with renewed energy to the instruction of the ignorant and the succor of the needy1 philosophy1 so-called1 by the pen of ,voltaire1 wrote as follows3 8,the people are only fit to be directed1 not instructed2 they are not worth the trouble40#ajc 8,it appears to me absolutely essential that there should be ignorant beggars4 ,it is the towns-people 7bourgeoisie7 only1 not the working-classes1 who ought to be taught40#ajd 8,the common people are like oxen3 the goad1 the yoke1 and fodder are enough for them40#aje ,thus contemptuously were the people regarded by anti-,christian philosophy1 which1 while it paid court to any form of earthly power1 perpetuated1 and even outdid1 the traditions of pagan antiquity in its hardness and disdain towards the lower orders4 ,on the retirement of ,brother ,claude1 ,brother ,florentius accepted1 in #aggg1 the direction of the house at ,avignon1 where the storm of ,revolution burst upon him4 ,after undergoing imprisonment and every kind of insulting and cruel treatment he died a holy death1 in #ahjj1 when order was beginning to be restored to ,france4 ,brother ,agathon1 who next ruled the congregation1 was a man of high culture in special lines of study1 of wise discernment regarding the interests and requirements of the religious life1 and of rare capacity as an administrator4 ,the circular-addresses he issued from time to time have never lost their authority with the ,brothers1 and furnish a supplement as well as a commentary to the rule of their institute4 ,he did much to increase the extent and efficiency of the latter1 but was interrupted in the midst of his work by the political disturbances that were agitating his country4 ,the decree of the #acth of ,february1 #agij1 by which 8all orders and congregations1 whether of men or women10 were suppressed1 did not immediately overthrow the institute2 but1 although it suffered the provisional existence of such associations as were charged with public instruction or attendance on the sick1 the respite was to be of short duration4 ,the ,brothers1 however1 notwithstanding the anxiety into which they were thrown by the decree of the ,constitutional ,assembly1 ventured to hope that their society would be spared on account of its known devotedness to the interests of the people4 ,brother ,agathon1 moreover1 was not a man who would silently submit to unjust measures1 and several petitions were addressed by him to the ,assembly1 in which he fearlessly pleaded the cause of his institute1 on the ground of its acknowledged utility among the very classes whose benefit the ,assembly professed to have so greatly at heart4 ,the simple and conclusive reasoning of these petitions must have gained their cause with reason and justice2 but reason and justice were alike dethroned in ,france4 ,one member alone of the ,assembly did himself honor by representing the excellence of their teaching and the reality of their patriotism1 but he spoke in vain2 and on the universal refusal of the ,brothers to take the oath imposed by the civil constitution on the members of any religious society1 as well as on those of the priesthood1 the houses to which they belonged were summarily suppressed4 ,they were abused for not sending their pupils to attend the religious ceremonies presided over by schismatic ministers2 they were accused of storing arms in their houses to be used against the country2 they were charged with monopolizing and concealing victuals2 but after a visit of inspection at ,melun the municipal officers were compelled to bear testimony to the disinterested probity of these pious teachers1 and similar perquisitions invariably resulted in the confusion of their calumniators4 ,but the ,revolution continued its course4 ,a decree passed on the #ahth of ,august1 #agib1 suppressed all 8secular ecclesiastical corporations0 and lay associations1 8such as that of the ,christian ,schools10 it being alleged that 8a state truly free ought not to suffer the existence in its bosom of any corporation whatsoever1 not even those which1 being devoted to public instruction1 have deserved well of the country40 ,the ,reign of ,terror had begun2 the dungeons were filling1 and the prison was but the threshold to the scaffold4 ,the children of the venerable ,de la ,salle were not spared4 ,brother ,solomon1 secretary to the superior-general1 was martyred on the #b;d of ,september for refusing to take the schismatic oath4 ,brother ,abraham was on the very point of being guillotined when he was rescued by one of the ,national ,guard4 ,the ,brothers of the house in the ,rue de ,notre ,dame des ,champs continued to keep the schools of ,s4 ,sulpice until the massacre of the ,carmelite monks4 ,several of the ,brothers were put to death4 ,the courageous words of ,brother ,martin before the revolutionary tribunal at ,avignon have been preserved4 8,i am a teacher devoted to the education of the children of the poor10 he said to his judges2 8and if your protestations of attachment to the people are sincere2 if your principles of fraternity are anything better than mere forms of speech1 my functions not only justify me1 but claim your thanks40 ,language like this ensured sentence of death4 ,besides1 at that time they condemned2 they did not judge4 ,after eighteen months of imprisonment ,brother ,agathon was restored to liberty1 and died in #agig1 at ,tours1 leaving his institute dispersed2 but consoled by the last sacraments1 which he received in secret4 ,among the scattered members of a congregation too ,christian not to be persecuted in those days we do not find one who did not remain faithful4 ,many of them1 in the name and dress of civilians1 continued to occupy themselves in teaching1 and filled the post of schoolmasters at ,noyon1 ,chartres1 ,laon1 ,fontainebleau1 etc4 ,from the municipal authorities of ,laon they received a public testimonial of esteem2 and in #agig1 being imprisoned on the denunciation of a schismatic priest1 the ,brothers were set at liberty by a grateful and avenging ebullition on the part of the mothers of families4 ,their exit from prison was a triumph1 the population crowding to meet them and throwing flowers in their way until they reached the school-house1 in the court of which a banquet had been prepared1 at which masters and scholars found themselves happily reunited4 ,in spite of the decree which had smitten their institute1 the ,brothers were still sought after as teachers in purely civil conditions4 ,nothing had replaced the orders and establishments which had been destroyed2 no instruction was provided for the young2 and as the churches were still closed and the pulpits silent1 a night of ignorance was beginning to spread itself over the rising generation4 ,on the #beth of ,august1 #agib1 a boy demanded of the ,national ,assembly1 for himself and his comrades1 that they should be 8instructed in the principles of equality and the rights of man1 instead of being preached to in the name of a so-called ,god40 ,such men as ,daunou1 ,desmolires1 and ,chaptal were deploring the state of public instruction in ,france1 which during ten years had been a mere mixture of absurdities and frivolities1 when ,portalis dared to declare openly that 8religion must be made the basis of education40 ,this was in #ahjb1 about the time that the relations of ,france with the ,sovereign ,pontiff were renewed by the ,concordat1 and the three consuls had gone together in state to the metropolitan church of ,notre ,dame4 ,by the consular law of the #ast of ,may1 #ahjb1 on public instruction1 the ,brothers were authorized to resume their functions4 ,the institute no longer possessed any houses in ,france1 but a few remained to it in ,italy1 and over these ,pope ,pius ,,vi4 had appointed1 as vicar-general1 ,brother ,frumentius1 director of the house of ,san ,salvatore at ,rome4 ,lyons was the first city in ,france where the members of the scattered congregation began to reassemble2 ,paris was the next2 then ,st4 ,germain en ,laye1 ,toulouse1 ,valence1 ,soissons1 and ,rheims4 ,the ,brothers at ,lyons--namely1 ,brother ,frumentius and three companions--received1 in #ahje1 a memorable visit4 ,pope ,pius ,,vii41 in quitting ,france1 after having crowned at ,notre ,dame the emperor by whom1 three years later1 he himself was to be discrowned1 repaired1 accompanied by three cardinals1 to the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools4 ,he blessed the restored chapel and the reviving institute1 his fatherly words of encouragement being a pledge and promise of its beneficent prosperity4 ,as it was of importance that the dispersed members should be made aware of the reorganization of their society1 an earnest and affectionate circular-letter was addressed to them by ,cardinal ,fesch1 archbishop of ,lyons1 inviting them to repair to ,brother ,frumentius to be employed according to the rule of their congregation1 towards which he at the same time assured them of the emperor's good-will4 ,the decree for the organization of the ,university1 issued on the #agth of ,march1 #ahjh1 restored to the institute a legal existence1 together with all the civil rights attached to establishments of public utility4 ,in these statutes it is stated that the ,brothers form a society for gratuitously affording to children a ,christian education2 that this society is ruled by a superior-general1 aided by a certain number of assistants2 that the superior is elected for life by the ,general ,chapter or by a special commission2 and that the superior nominates the directors1 and also the visitors1 whose duty it is to watch over the regularity of the masters and the efficient management of the schools4 ,the ,brothers had a powerful friend in ,m4 ,emery1 the ,superior of ,s4 ,sulpice1 a man of high character and sound judgment1 and who was held in great esteem by the emperor1 as well as by every one with whom he had anything to do4 ,napoleon1 particularly1 appreciating the excellent organization of the society1 recommended 8the ,brothers of ,de la ,salle in preference to any other teachers40 ,we now come to the special subject of our memoir4 ,among the dispersed members of the institute who first responded to the invitation of ,cardinal ,fesch were two brothers of the name of ,galet1 whose memory is especially connected with ,brother ,philip4 ,on the suppression of the house at ,marseilles they sought shelter from the violence of the ,revolution in the retired hamlet of ,chteaurange 7,haute ,loire71 where they kept a school4 ,on receiving the cardinal's circular the elder brother announced to the pupils that he had been a ,brother of the ,christian ,schools1 until compelled to return to secular life by the suppression of his institute2 but learning that this was re-established1 he was about to depart at once to ,lyons1 there to resume his place in it1 adding that1 if any of them should desire to enter there1 he would do all in his power to obtain their admission and to help them to become accustomed to the change of life4 ,amongst those who availed themselves of this invitation1 and who1 three years later 7in #ahaa71 presented himself to be received into the novitiate1 was ,mathieu ,bransiet1 born on the #ast of ,november1 #agib1 at the hamlet of ,gachat1 in the ,commune of ,apinac 7,loire74 ,pierre ,bransiet1 his father1 was a mason2 the house in which he lived1 with a portion of land around it1 which he cultivated1 constituting all his worldly possessions4 ,like his wife 7whose maiden name was ,marie-,anne ,varagnat71 he was a faithful ,christian1 and during the revolutionary persecution habitually afforded refuge to the proscribed priests4 ,it was the custom of the little family to assemble at a very early hour of the morning in a corner of the barn1 where1 on a poor table behind a wall or barricade of hay and straw1 the ,holy ,sacrifice was offered up1 as in the past ages of paganism1 and as under ,protestant rule1 whether in the ,british ,isles not so many generations ago1 or in ,switzerland at the very time at which we write2 some trusty person meanwhile keeping watch without1 in readiness to give timely warning in case of need4 ,nor did ,pierre ,bransiet confine himself to the exercise of this perilous but blessed hospitality2 many a time did he accompany the priests by night in their visits to the sick and dying1 and bearing with them the sacred ,viaticum after the hidden manner of the proscribed4 ,amid scenes and impressions such as these the young ,bransiet passed his childhood1 learning the mysteries of the faith from an 8abolished0 catechism2 kneeling before the crucifix1 which was hated and trampled under foot in those godless days2 and worshipping when those who prayed must hide themselves to pray4 ,thus a deeply serious tone became1 as it were1 the keynote of his soul1 which harmonized with all that was earnest and austere4 ,even as an old man he never spoke without deep feeling of his early years1 when he only knew religion as a poor exile and outcast on the earth4 ,the simple and hardy habits of his cottage-home1 his own early training in labor1 self-denial1 and respectful obedience1 the ,christian teaching of his mother and elder sister 7now a religious at ,puy71 all helped to form his character and mould his future life4 ,he was the most diligent of the young scholars of ,chteaurange1 which is half a league distant from ,gachat1 and made his first communion in the church of ,apinac1 when the ,church of ,france had issued from her catacombs1 and the ,catholic worship was again allowed4 ,as a child ,mathieu was remarkable for his never-failing kindness and affectionateness towards his brothers and sisters1 for the tenderness of his conscience1 and for his jealousy for the honor of ,god1 which would cause him to burst into tears if he saw any one do what he knew would offend him4 ,mathieu was seventeen years of age when1 with the full consent of his parents1 he entered the novitiate at ,lyons4 ,he had six brothers1 one of whom followed his example1 and is at the present time worthily fulfilling the office of visitor to the ,christian ,schools of ,clermont-,ferrand4 ,boniface was the name by which the young novice was at first called2 but as this was soon afterwards exchanged for that of ,philip1 we shall always so designate him4 ,his exemplary assiduity and piety1 as well as his rare qualifications as a teacher1 quickly drew attention to him1 and on account of his skill in mathematics he was appointed professor in a school of coast navigation at ,auray in the ,morbihan1 where he was very successful4 ,while here he wrote a treatise on the subject of his instructions1 which was his first attempt in the special kind of writing in which he afterwards so greatly excelled4 ,m4 ,deshayes1 the cur of ,auray1 and a man of great discernment1 was so much struck by his practical wisdom and good sense that he said to the ,brother director1 8,see if ,brother ,boniface is not one day the superior of your congregation60 ,it was at ,auray1 in #ahab1 that he made his first vows1 and there he remained until #ahaf4 ,of the boys who during this time were under his care1 no less than forty afterwards entered the sacerdotal or the monastic life4 ,from ,auray he was sent to ,rethel as director1 and from thence1 in #ahah1 to fill the same office at ,rheims1 the nursery of his order1 and afterwards at ,metz4 ,in #ahbc the superior-general1 ,brother ,william of ,jesus--who was seventy-five years old1 and had been in the congregation from the time he was fifteen--appointed him to the responsible post of director of ,s4 ,nicolas des ,champs at ,paris1 as well as visitor of several other houses in the provinces and in the capital4 ,in #ahbf he published a book entitled ,practical ,geometry applied to ,linear ,design1#ajf which is regarded by competent judges as the best work of the kind in ,france4 ,he continued director at ,paris during the eight remaining years of ,brother ,william's life1 which ended a little before the ,revolution of ,july1 #ahcj4 ,on the succession of ,brother ,anaclete as superior-general ,brother ,philip was elected one of the four assistants of the ,general ,chapter1 and thus found himself associated with the general government of the congregation2 but the higher he was raised in the responsible offices of his order1 the more apparent became his good sense and sound understanding--qualifications of especial value amid the troubles of that stormy time4 ,the opening of evening classes for working-men is due to ,brother ,philip1 who first commenced them in ,paris1 at ,s4 ,nicolas des ,champs1 and at ,gros ,caillou1 extending them1 with marked encouragement from the ,minister of ,public ,instruction1 ,m4 ,guizot1 to other quarters of the city4 ,the law of #ahcc1 by establishing normal schools for primary instruction1 furnished a test as well as a rivalry to the schools of the ,brothers2 but the latter showed themselves equal to the emergency1 supplementing their course of instruction by additional subjects1 and taking all necessary measures for carrying on their work in the most efficient manner4 ,their novitiates were the models of the normal primary schools2 but in comparing the vast difference of expense between the one and the other it is easy to perceive on which side self-denial and prudent administration are to be found4 ,a normal school like the one at ,versailles costs more than #fj1jjj francs1 or #ab1jjj dollars1 yearly2 and that of ,paris more than #ajj1jjj francs1 or #bj1jjj dollars2 while the ,brothers1 for the training of their masters1 receive nothing from the state2 and these young masters1 formed with the aid of small resources1 become none the less admirable teachers1 having moreover in their favor the double grace of devotedness and a special vocation4 ,under the name of ,louis ,constantin1 ,brother ,anaclete began the publication of works of instruction which was afterwards so efficiently continued by ,brother ,philip4 ,the latter gave particular attention to the formation of a preparatory novitiate called le petit noviciat1 which is not a novitiate1 properly so called1 but a preliminary trial of vocations1 similar to that of the ,petit ,sminaire4 ,should the young members persevere1 their education prepares them for teaching2 and if their vocation is found to be elsewhere1 this time of study will1 all the same1 be of great advantage to them1 whatever may be their future4 ,the little novices were particular favorites of ,brother ,philip1 who took delight not only in instructing them himself in both sacred and secular knowledge1 but watched over them with a sort of maternal affection1 and was often seen carrying into their cells warm socks or any other article of apparel of which he had discovered the need4 ,on the death of ,brother ,anaclete1 in #ahch1 ,brother ,philip was unanimously elected superior by the ,general ,chapter1 on the #bast of ,november4 ,after the election the chapter1 contrary to its wont1 abstained from passing any decree1 8leaving to the enlightened zeal of the much-honored superior the care of maintaining in the ,brothers the spirit of fervor40 ,the ,abb de la ,salle had recommended the practice of mortification1 silence1 recollection1 contempt for earthly things and for the praise of man1 humility1 and prayer2 and the venerable founder has continued to speak in the persons of the successive superiors of his institute4 ,we have not space here to give quotations from the circulars issued by ,brother ,philip during the thirty-five years of his government1 but they must be read before a just appreciation can be had of all that a 8,christian ,brother0 is required to be1 and also of the heart and mind of the writer1 who never spoke of himself1 but whose daily life and example were his best eloquence4 ,he always presided over the annual retreats1 commencing by that of the community in ,paris4 ,one of the ,brothers1 in speaking of these1 said3 8,in listening to him ,i always felt that we had a saint for our father40 ,a rule had been made by the chapter of #aghg that the ,brother assistants should cause the portrait of the superior-general to be taken with the year of his election4 ,it was with the greatest reluctance1 and only from a spirit of obedience1 as well as on account of the insistence of the ,brother assistants1 that ,brother ,philip suffered this rule to be observed in his case4 ,horace ,vernet had the highest esteem for the superior-general1 and told the ,brothers who went to request him to take the portrait that he would willingly give them the benefit of his art in return for the benefit of their prayers4 ,brother ,philip sat to him for an hour1 and the painting so much admired in the ,exhibition of #ahde was the result4 ,later on the visits of ,brother ,philip were a much-valued source of help and consolation to the great painter during his last illness4 ,our sketch would be incomplete were we to leave unnoticed the daily life of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools1 which exhibits their profession put into practice4 ,the ,brothers rise at half-past four2 read the ,imitation until a quarter to five1 followed by prayer and meditation until ,mass1 at six1 after which they attend to official work until breakfast1 at a quarter-past seven2 at half-past seven the rosary is said1 and the classes commence at eight2 catechism at eleven1 examination at half-past2 at a quarter to twelve dinner1 after which is a short recreation4 ,at one o'clock prayers and rosary2 classes recommence at half-past one4 ,official work at five2 at half-past five preparation of the catechism2 spiritual reading at six2 at half-past six meditation2 at seven supper and recreation2 at half-past eight evening prayers2 at nine the ,brothers retire to bed2 and at a quarter-past nine the lights are extinguished1 and there is perfect silence4 ,after having been for twenty-five years established in the ,rue du ,faubourg ,st4 ,martin the ,brothers had to make way for the building of the ,station of the ,eastern ,railway 7,gare de l',est71 and after long search found a suitable house in the ,rue ,plumet1 now ,rue ,oudinot1 which they purchased1 and of which they took possession1 as the mother-house of the institute1 in the early part of #ahdg4 ,on entering this house it is at once evident that rule and order preside there4 ,all the employments1 even to the post of concirge1 or door-keeper1 are carried on by the ,brothers1 each one of whom is engaged in his appointed duty4 ,the first court1 called the ,procure1 presents a certain amount of movement and activity from its relations with the world outside4 ,the second court1 which is the place for recreations1 and which leads into the interior1 is much more spacious and planted with trees4 ,it was in these alleys that ,brother ,philip was accustomed to walk during his few moments of repose1 conversing with one of the ,brothers or readily listening to any of the youngest little novices who might address him4 ,the ,salle du ,rgime1 or ,chamber of ,government1 is a marvel in the perfection of its arrangements4 ,the superior-general is there at his post1 the assistants also2 the place of each occupying but a small space and on the same line4 ,each has his straw-seated chair1 his bureau1 and papers2 the chair of the superior differing in no way from the rest4 ,on each bureau is a small case1 marked with its ticket1 indicating the countries placed under the particular direction of the ,brother assistant to whom it belongs4 ,there are to be found all the countries to which the schools of the institute have been extended1 from the cities of ,france and of ,europe to the most distant regions of the habitable globe4 ,little cards in little drawers represent the immensity of the work4 ,everything is ruled1 marked1 classified1 in such a manner as to take up the smallest amount of space possible2 as if in all things these servants of ,god endeavored to occupy no more room in this world than was absolutely necessary4 8,we have seen10 writes ,m4 ,poujoulat1 8in the ,salle du ,rgime1 the place which had been occupied by ,brother ,philip2 his straw-seated chair and simple bureau1 upon which stood a small image of the ,blessed ,virgin1 for which he had a particular affection1 and one of ,s4 ,peter1 given to him at ,rome4 ,from this unpretending throne he governed all the houses of his order in ,france1 ,belgium1 ,italy1 ,asia1 and the ,new ,world1 and hither letters daily reached him from all countries4 ,he wrote much2 and his letters had the brevity and precision of one accustomed to command4 ,the secretariate occupies ten ,brothers1 and1 notwithstanding its variety and extent1 nothing is complicated or irregular in this well-ordered administration4 8,we visited1 as we should visit a sanctuary1 the cell of ,brother ,philip1 and there saw his hard bed and deal bedstead1 over which hung his crucifix4''' ,a few small prints on the walls were the only luxury he allowed himself4''' ,some class-books ranged on shelves1 a chair1 a bureau1 and a cupboard 7the latter still containing the few articles of apparel which he had worn71 ''' compose the whole of the furniture4 ,how often the hours which he so needed 7physically7 to have passed in sleep had ,brother ,philip spent at this desk or kneeling before his crucifix1 laying his cares and responsibilities before ,god1 to whom1 in this same little chamber1 when the long day's toil was ended1 he offered up his soul60 ,in another room1 that of the venerable ,brother ,calixtus1 may be seen the documents relating to the beatification of the ,abb de la ,salle1 bearing a seal impressed with the device of the congregation--,signum ,fidei4 ,besides thirty-five autograph letters of the founder and the form of profession of the members1 there are here the bulls of approbation accorded by ,pope ,benedict ,,xiii4 in #agbe1 and the letters-patent granted the previous year by ,louis ,,xv4 ,in a room called the ,chamber of ,relics are preserved various sacred vestments and other objects which had belonged to the venerable ,de la ,salle4 ,the chapel is at present a temporary construction4 ,the mother-house comprises the two novitiates and a normal school appropriated solely to the perfecting of the younger masters4 ,it is from the little novices that the ,brothers select the children of the choir4 ,to see these twenty-five or thirty little fellows on great festivals1 in alb and red cassock1 swinging censers or scattering flowers before the ,blessed ,sacrament1 amid the rich harmonies of the organ and the church's sacred chant1 was ,brother ,philip's especial delight2 he seemed to see in them1 as it were1 a little battalion of angels offering their innocent homage to the hidden ,god4 ,if order forms one part of the permanent spirit of the institute1 so also does the practice of poverty2 but it is holy poverty1 tranquil and cheerful4 ,self-denial is the foundation of all that is seen there1 but so also are propriety and suitability4 ,the life of the ,brothers is austere1 but by no means gloomy2 on the contrary1 one of their prevailing characteristics is a cheerful equanimity1 which seems never to forsake them4 ,nothing useless is permitted in any of the houses4 8,we must not10 wrote ,brother ,agathon in #aghg1 8allow anything which may habitually or without good reason turn aside the ,brothers from the exercises of the community or trouble their tranquillity2 such things1 for instance1 as fancy dogs1 birds1 the culture of flowers1 shrubs1 or curious plants40 ,and these regulations have been faithfully observed4 ,this the mother-house1 in the ,rue ,oudinot1 is the centre of government to the numerous establishments of the institute spread over the earth2 it is1 in fact1 their little capital1 from whence the superior-general and his assistants1 like the monarch and parliament of a constitutional kingdom1 exercise a wise and beneficent dominion4 ,the ,revolution of ,february1 #ahdh1 notwithstanding the general disorganization of which it was the cause1 did not prejudicially affect the work of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools4 ,the moderate spirit of a large majority of the constituency was in their favor1 and the triumph of what was styled the 8right of association0 was of benefit to the religious orders4 ,and1 besides this1 men high in office acknowledged the small consideration given to the religious element in the primary instruction organized by the law to have occasioned the moral devastation of which they had been the sorrowful witnesses4 ,this state of opinion1 by producing an increased respect for the ,brothers and appreciation of their work1 was very favorable to the institute of ,de la ,salle4 ,in #ahdi the superior-general was requested to take part in an extra-parliamentary commission on the subject of public instruction and liberty of teaching4 ,his extensive and practical knowledge made a great impression on his fellow-commissioners4 ,naturally modest and retiring1 he was never one of the most forward to speak1 but the most listened to of any2 his observations being so conclusive and to the point as invariably to decide the ultimate resolution of a question2 and answers which others were painfully seeking he found at once in the store-house of his long experience4 ,that portion of the law of ,march #ae1 #ahej1 relating to primary instruction1 bears the impress of these discussions4 ,the epoch of the ,second ,empire was a time of difficulty for the ,brothers4 ,the new government1 which had begun by wishing to decorate ,brother ,philip--who was always rebellious against seductions of this nature--raised against his institute the question of scholar remuneration1 alleging that it owed its success merely to its rule of teaching gratuitously1 to the prejudice of the schools of the state1 and requiring the municipality of every place where the ,brothers were established to insist on their adoption of the remunerative system4 ,these difficulties1 which had begun under the ministry of ,m4 ,fortoul1 became more serious under that of ,m4 ,rouland4 ,now1 it was one of the fundamental rules of the institute that the ,brothers should receive no remuneration whatever in return for their instructions4 ,brother ,philip1 therefore1 in the name of the statutes of his order1 resolutely resisted their infringement4 ,to punish him for so doing the annual sum of eight thousand four hundred francs1 which had been granted to the institute under the ministry of ,m4 ,guizot for the general expenses of administration1 was suppressed1 many of the houses were closed1 and forty more threatened with the same fate4 ,at last1 after an anxious struggle of seven years' duration1 it was decided by the ,general ,chapter1 assembled in #ahfa1 that1 to avoid worse evils and save the institute from destruction1 a partial concession should be made4 ,payments were allowed where the government insisted1 but it was expressly stipulated that these payments would be the property of the municipal council1 the ,brothers themselves having nothing whatever to do with them4 ,this concession1 which had only been forced from him by a hard necessity1 was a great vexation to ,brother ,philip1 who1 however1 consoled himself with the thought that this moral oppression would only be of temporary duration4 ,nor was he mistaken4 ,for twenty years past not only has the gratuitous system not been attacked1 but the very men who opposed it in the case of the ,brothers have themselves insisted on its general adoption1 in their endeavors to force upon the whole of ,france a primary instruction without religion4 ,the ministry of ,m4 ,rouland1 being particularly jealous of ,brother ,philip as head of a religious congregation1 had other trials in store for him1 taking out of his hands the right of appointing masters1 in order that it might1 through the prefects1 place lay teachers of its own selection in places where the people themselves had requested that their children should be taught by the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools4 ,the measures taken to attain this end were1 however1 only partially successful4 ,in #ahfb a curious complaint was made against those who had for so long been called ,ignorantins1 accusing them of teaching too many things and overstepping the limits allowed by ,article #bc of the law of #ahej4ajg ,when at ,dijon1 in #ahfb1 ,brother ,pol-de-,lon made his request to be instituted as director of the pensionnat1 the administration refused to grant it1 on the ground that the title of 8elementary school0 taken by the said pensionnat was in manifest contradiction to the advanced instruction given there1 and which included algebra1 geometry1 trigonometry1 ,french literature1 cosmography1 physics1 chemistry1 mechanics1 ,english1 and ,german4 ,the ,brothers1 thus accused of distributing too much learning1 replied that1 if the law of #ahej did not mention these subjects of instruction1 neither did it prohibit them2 they consented1 however1 to withdraw a portion from this programme4 ,the president of the provincial council1 ,m4 ,leffemberg1 was merciful1 and allowed some of the additions1 among which were ,english and ,german1 to remain4 ,subsequent arrangements have been made1 by which a regular course of secondary or higher instruction has been organized by the ,brothers4 ,this is admirably carried on in their immense establishment at ,passy 7amongst other places71 and its normal school is at ,cluny2 and no one now disputes with the institute the honor of having been the originator of the special course of secondary instruction which has been found to answer so remarkably in ,france4 ,one of the most serious anxieties of ,brother ,philip under the ,second ,empire arose in #ahff on the subject of dispensation from military service4 ,since their reorganization the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools had been exempted from serving in the army1 on account of their being already engaged in another form of service for the public benefit1 and on condition of their binding themselves for a period of not less than ten years to the public instruction4 ,a circular of ,m4 ,duruy1 by changing the terms of the law1 deprived the ,brothers of their exemption1 whilst in that very same month of ,february ,m4 le ,marchal ,randon1 in addressing general instructions to the marshals of military divisions in the provinces1 gave distinct orders that the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools should not be required to serve1 on account of the occupation in which they were already engaged2 thus1 in two contradictory circulars on the same question1 the interpretation of the ,minister of ,public ,instruction was unfavorable to the education of the people2 the contrary being the case with that of the ,minister of ,war4 ,we have not space to give the particulars of the long struggle that was carried on upon this question1 and in which ,cardinals ,matthieu and ,bonnechose energetically took part with the ,brothers2 the ,archbishop of ,rennes and the ,bishop of ,ajaccio also petitioning the senate on their behalf4 ,but in vain4 ,to the great anguish of ,brother ,philip1 the senate voted according to the good pleasure of ,m4 ,duruy4 ,the superior-general left no means untried to avert the threatened conscription of the young ,brothers2 he petitioned1 he wrote1 he pleaded1 with an energy and perseverance that nothing could daunt1 until the law1 passed on the #ast of ,february1 #ahfh1 relieved him from this pressing anxiety4 ,he had unconsciously won for himself so high an opinion in the country that his authority fought1 as it were1 for his widespread family4 ,ever since the ,revolution of #ahdh a great clamor has been raised in ,france about the moral elevation of the laboring classes2 but while the innovators who believe only in themselves have been talking1 the ,christian ,brothers have been working4 ,we have already mentioned the classes for adults established by the predecessor of ,brother ,philip4 ,these1 and especially the evening classes1 were made by the latter the objects of his especial attention4 ,he arranged that linear drawing should in these occupy a considerable place2 thus there is scarcely a place of any importance in ,france in which courses of lessons in drawing do not form a part of the popular instruction1 and1 with the exception of a few large towns which already possessed a school of design1 nearly all the working population of the country has1 up to the present time1 gained its knowledge of the art in the classes directed by the ,brothers4 ,proof of this fact is yearly afforded in the 8,exhibition of the ,fine ,arts applied to ,practical ,industries10 which1 since #ahfj1 has been annually opened at ,paris1 and in which the productions of their schools are remarkable among the rest for their excellence1 as well as their number4 ,the gold medal as well as the high praise awarded them by the jury of the ,international ,exhibition in #ahfg testified to the thoroughness of the manner in which the pupils of the ,christian ,brothers are taught4 ,one of the gods worshipped by the ,x,i,xth century is 8utility10 and to such an extent by some of its votaries that one of them1 some years ago1 proposed to the ,pacha of ,egypt to demolish the pyramids1 on the ground that they were 8useless40 ,this reproach cannot certainly be applied to the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools4 ,all their arrangements1 their instructions1 their daily life1 have the stamp of utility1 and that of the highest social order4 ,although our space does not permit us to speak of the works of the ,brothers in detail1 their variety answering1 as it does1 to all the needs of the people1 yet a few words must be given to that of ,s4 ,nicolas1 for the education of young boys of the working-classes4 ,towards the close of the ,restoration1 in #ahbg1 ,m4 de ,bervanger1 a priest1 collected seven poor orphan children1 whom he placed under the care of an honest workman in the ,rue des ,anglaises 7,faubourg ,st4 ,marceau71 who employed them in his workshop1 his wife assisting him in taking charge of them4 ,this was the commencement of the work of ,s4 ,nicolas4 ,in a few months the little lodging was too small for its increasing number of inmates1 and1 assistance having been sent1 a house was taken in the ,rue de ,vaugirard1 where the boys were taught various trades and manufactures1 but still under a certain amount of difficulty1 a sum of seven or eight thousand francs being pressingly required4 ,it was at this time that ,m4 de ,bervanger became acquainted with ,count ,victor de ,noailles1 who at once supplied the sum1 and from that time took a great and increasing interest in the establishment1 of which he afterwards became the head4 ,on the breaking out of the revolution of #ahcj he saved it by establishing himself there under the title of director2 ,m4 de ,bervanger1 for the sake of prudence1 having only that of almoner4 ,the two friends1 being together at ,rome in the winter of #ahcd-e1 were warmly encouraged in their undertaking by ,pope ,benedict ,,xiii41 who desired ,count ,victor to remain at its head4 ,soon afterwards a purchase of the house was effected1 and in this house of ,s4 ,nicolas the count died in the following year4 ,from that time ,m4 de ,bervanger took the sole direction1 and the work prospered in spite of every opposition4 ,to meet its increased requirements he bought the ,chteau of ,issy1 and ,mgr4 ,affre1 ,archbishop of ,paris1 announced himself the protector of what he declared to be 8the most excellent work in his diocese40 ,the republic of #ahdh was rather profitable to it than otherwise4 ,former pupils of the house1 enrolled in the ,garde ,mobile1 did their duty so bravely in quelling the terrible insurrection of ,june that to fifteen of their number the ,cross of ,honor was awarded1 proving that in those days of violence the gamin de ,paris1 the foundation or material of the work of ,s4 ,nicolas1 could be a hero4 ,this work1 owing to the unbounded energy and devotion of its reverend director1 had immensely increased in efficiency and extent4 ,more than eleven hundred children were here receiving the elementary instruction1 religious and professional1 of which no other model existed4 ,but although his courage never failed1 his strength declined1 and1 to save the work1 he gave it up1 in #aheh1 into the hands of the ,archbishop of ,paris1 ,cardinal ,morlot4 ,a document exists which proves it to have been necessary to resist the will of the holy priest1 in order that1 after having given up the value of about a million and a half of francs1 without asking either board or lodging1 he should not be left utterly without resources4 ,the archbishop1 after treating with the members of the council of administration and obtaining the consent of ,brother ,philip1 who threw himself heartily into the work1 placed ,s4 ,nicolas in the hands of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools1 who for the last fifteen years have admirably fulfilled this additional responsibility then confided to them4 ,at the time of their installation the ,brothers appointed to ,s4 ,nicolas were seventy in number2 they have now increased to a hundred and thirty1 for the direction of the three houses1 one of which is at ,paris1 another at ,issy1 and the third at ,igny4 ,the house in the ,rue ,vaugirard alone contains about a thousand boys1 who are there taught various trades2 there are carpenters1 cabinet-makers1 carvers1 opticians1 watchmakers1 designers of patterns for different manufactures1 etc41 etc4 ,at the end of their apprenticeship these lads can earn six1 seven1 or even eight francs a day4 ,the most skilful enter the schools of ,arts et ,mtiers--arts and trades--the most brilliant efforts being rewarded by the rank of civil engineer4 ,the large and fertile garden of ,issy is a school of horticulture1 and at ,igny the boys are taught field-labor and farming1 as well as gardening2 the fruits and vegetables of ,igny forming a valuable resource for the house in the ,rue ,vaugirard1 at ,paris4 ,the ,sisters of the ,christian ,schools have charge of the laundry and needle-work of the three establishments4 ,once every month two members of the council inspect these schools to the minutest details--the classes1 the workshops1 the gardens1 the house arrangements1 the neatness of the books1 etc4--and interrogate the children4 ,instrumental as well as vocal music is taught at ,s4 ,nicolas as a professional art4 ,a few years ago might be seen on the road from ,issy to ,paris two battalions of youths who passed each other on the way1 the one that of the 8little ones10 clad in blouses of black woollen2 the other the pupils and apprentices of the ,rue ,vaugirard1 in dark gray1 each with its band of music4 ,the passers-by called them 8the regiments of ,s4 ,nicolas40 ,in the ,french expedition into ,china the band of the flag-ship was chiefly composed of former pupils of these establishments1 who1 faithful to their old traditions1 had with them the banner of their patron saint1 which was duly displayed on grand occasions1 to the great satisfaction of the admiral commanding the expedition4 ,the idea of the celebrated ,dr4 ,branchet1 of placing blind and also deaf and dumb children in the primary schools of the ,brothers1 has been attended with the happiest results4 ,these children enter at the same age as those who can speak and see1 and1 like them1 remain until they have made their first ,communion1 and leave just at the period when they can be received into special institutions1 where they are kept for eight years longer4 ,the rapid improvement in these poor children1 who are under the care of the ,brothers1 and of the ,sisters of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul and of ,s4 ,marie1 is truly wonderful4 ,mistrust1 timidity1 and reserve speedily give place to cheerfulness1 confidence1 and affection2 the habitual contact with children who can see and hear being a great assistance to the development of their intelligence and capabilities4 ,in #ahda the ,minister of the ,interior1 acting by desire of the local authorities1 requested that the ,brothers should be sent to certain of the great central prisons of ,france4 ,the first essay was made at ,nmes1 where three ,brothers were placed over that portion of the prison appropriated to the younger offenders1 in whom so great a change for the better soon became apparent that a general desire arose that all the prisoners1 twelve hundred in number1 should be put under their charge4 ,brother ,philip1 after taking the matter into careful consideration1 gave his consent1 to the great joy of the prefect of ,nmes2 and in the same year1 #ahda1 the rough keepers were replaced by a detachment of thirty-seven ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools4 ,in the course of two months the new organization had effected a complete change in the prison1 not only as regarded the docility and general improvement of the prisoners1 but their health also1 from the alterations made by the new managers in the sanitary arrangements of the building4 ,brother ,facile1 a man of great intelligence1 firmness1 and good sense1 was the director of the ,brothers1 who had various trials to undergo in the exercise of their present functions4 ,in spite of various difficulties1 most of which were occasioned by the conduct of lay officials1 the ,brothers remained at ,nmes until #ahdh1 when the revolution cut short their work1 not only there1 but also at ,fontevrault 7where they had the charge of fourteen hundred prisoners71 at ,aniane1 and at ,mlun4 ,the institute of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools1 being of ,french origin1 naturally developed itself first in ,france4 ,at the beginning of #ahgd it numbered nine hundred and forty-five establishments in that country1 more than eight thousand ,brothers1 and above three hundred and twelve thousand pupils4 ,from the commencement of the congregation it has had a house at ,rome2 and at ,turin their schools are attended by more than three thousand five hundred children4 ,they easily took root in ,catholic ,belgium1 where their pupils are above fifteen thousand in number4 ,they are in ,england1 ,austria1 ,prussia1 and ,switzerland4 ,passing out of ,europe1 we find them honored and encouraged in the little republic of ,ecuador1 where they were first planted in #ahfc1 under ,brother ,albanus1 a man of great prudence as well as of activity and zeal4 ,two years later four ,brothers embarked for ,cochin-,china1 the ,admiral of ,la ,grandire having requested ,brother ,philip to send them to teach the children of the new ,french colony4 ,their first house there was at ,sagon1 to which others were added in different parts of the country1 as more ,brothers arrived4 ,they have establishments in ,madagascar1 the ,seychelles1 the ,east ,indies1 and the ,isle of ,mauritius1 and have been in the ,ile de la ,runion ever since #ahaf4 ,they are at ,tunis1 where they teach the children in ,italian 7that language being the one most usually spoken there72 and in ,algiers1 where for years the bishop1 ,mgr4 ,dupuch1 had been begging that they might be sent4 ,brother ,philip was both ready and willing1 but the delays and difficulties raised by the ,french ,minister of ,war1 would not allow him to accede to the request until #aheb1 after the death of ,m4 ,dupuch1 who had begun the negotiation ten years before4 ,when1 in #ahgj1 contrary to the entreaties of the bishop1 ,mgr4 de ,lavigerie1 and the protest of the inhabitants of the place1 the ,brothers were forced out of their schools--their only offence being that they were ,christian--they opened free schools1 independent of any government arrangement1 and had them filled at once by three thousand of their former pupils2 the same thing being done at other towns with the same result4 ,a change for the better took place in the ideas of the home government in #ahga1 and at the present time1 thanks to the rule of ,marshal ,mac,mahon1 the ,christian ,schools of ,algiers have been restored to their rights4 ,in concert with the ,lazarists the ,brothers opened schools at ,smyrna in #ahda1 and soon afterwards at ,constantinople1 with the authorization of the government4 ,they are settled also at ,alexandria under the protection of the bishop1 and under that of the vicar-apostolic at ,cairo1 where they have received marked proofs of interest from the ,viceroy of ,egypt4 ,but it is not of the children of the ,old ,world only that the ,brothers have so largely taken possession2 the spirit of ,christianity is a spirit of conquest1 and the missionary1 the ,sister of ,charity1 and the ,christian ,brother are of the conquering race4 ,the infant foundations of the latter have a particular interest in the vast ,american continent1 where either all is comparatively of yesterday1 or else the vast solitudes of ages still await the footstep of civilization1 or even of man4 ,religious orders prosper in this land2 and the children of ,la ,salle first settled in ,canada in #ahcg1 at the earnest invitation of ,m4 ,quiblier1 ,superior of the ,seminary of ,s4 ,sulpice at ,montreal1 and of ,mgr4 ,lartique1 the bishop of that city4 ,four ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools were sent by the packet-boat ,louis ,philippe1 which sailed on the #ajth of ,october in that year1 reaching ,new ,york on the #acth of ,november4 ,the curs of ,s4 ,sulpice at ,paris were the earliest supporters of the venerable ,de la ,salle2 and it is interesting to notice1 at a distance of two centuries and on the other side of the ,atlantic1 the sons of the same house faithful to the same traditions4 ,the work spread rapidly in ,montreal1 where in a short time twenty-five ,brothers were occupied in teaching eighteen hundred children4 ,four of their pupils of this city1 who had become postulants1 took the habit on ,all ,saints' ,day1 #ahdj4 ,the same year brought them a visit from the ,governor-,general of ,canada1 ,lord ,sydenham1 who1 after entering with interest into the details of their work1 gave them the greatest encouragement4 ,in the course of the following year they held their classes in presence of the bishops of ,montreal1 ,quebec1 ,kingston1 and ,boston1 numerously accompanied by their clergy1 and received the congratulations and benediction of the prelates4 ,they opened a school at ,quebec in #ahdc1 and later1 on the invitation of the ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 ,brother ,aidant went to found one also in that city4 ,it was he who was authorized by ,brother ,philip1 in #ahdg1 to go to ,paris in order to give an account of the work which had been carried on in ,america during the previous ten years1 and who returned thither1 accompanied by five more ,brothers4 ,when1 in #ahdh1 the members of the institute were withdrawn from the central prisons of ,france1 their superior felt that the energetic ,brother ,facile would be an invaluable superintendent of the ,christian ,schools in the ,new ,world4 ,brother ,aidant had done great things during the eleven years that he had occupied the post of director and visitor of the province of ,canada and of the ,united ,states4 ,five principal houses1 employing fifty ,brothers1 had been established there--namely1 those of ,montreal1 ,quebec1 ,three ,rivers1 ,baltimore1 and ,new ,york2 but the work received a new and extensive development during the twelve years of the directorship of ,brother ,facile1 who1 when summoned to ,france by ,brother ,philip in #ahfa1 left behind him #gh schools1 #bd1ecb pupils1 #cfh ,brothers1 and #gd novices2 and this wonderful increase has subsequently continued4 ,in #ahfc ,brother ,philip considered it advisable to divide ,north ,america into two provinces1 namely1 those of ,canada and the ,united ,states2 ,brother ,ambrose1 director of the schools of ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri1 being named visitor of the province of the ,united ,states1 in residence at ,new ,york2 and ,brother ,liguori1 of ,moulins1 in residence at ,montreal1 visitor of the province of ,canada4 ,the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools in ,america are recruited not only from ,france1 but from all the nationalities of the country4 ,among them are ,franco-,canadians1 ,anglo-,americans1 ,irish1 ,belgians1 and ,germans4 ,the visit of ,lord ,young1 the ,governor-,general of ,canada1 in #ahfi1 to their principal school in ,montreal1 was a sort of official recognition of their teaching on the part of ,great ,britain4 ,he praised their work as being the 8type and model of a good education40 ,amongst those who were presented to him1 the governor-general saw with particular interest ,brother ,adelbertus1 the only surviving one of the four who were sent to ,canada in #ahcg4 ,they now have schools in all the six provinces of ,canada1 and since #ahfi have been established also at ,charlottetown1 the capital of ,prince ,edward's ,island4 ,a ,protestant writer who visited their schools at ,halifax1 in giving an account of what he had seen1 stated that he was greatly struck by 8the perfect discipline of the pupils1 their silence1 their prompt obedience and great assiduity1 their neatness1 and the good expression of their countenances1 whether ,catholic or ,protestant40 ,he did not take offence at the short prayer said at the striking of every hour4 8,each child10 he observes1 8can repeat to himself the prayer learnt at his mother's knee40 ,but what most of all excited his wonder were the difficult exercises in geometry1 trigonometry1 land-surveying1 algebra 7and other sciences1 of which he gives a list71 which he saw accomplished by the class of advanced pupils under the direction of ,brother ,christian4 ,according to his account1 the so-called ,ignorantins are almost alarmingly scientific4 ,when we bear in mind that ,canada1 although its present population does not amount to four millions1 is one-third larger than ,france1 and that its natural resources are equivalent to those of ,france and ,germany combined1 we can understand the importance of its future when once those resources shall be made available2 and also we perceive the wisdom of the ,christian ,brothers in doing their utmost to prepare the way for this result to be attained by a well and religiously instructed generation4 ,but to return to ,europe4 ,the work of the ,christian ,schools began in ,ireland1 in #ahjb1 when ,mr4 ,edmund ,rice1 of ,waterford1 founded one in his native town1 with great success4 ,another was established in #ahjg1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,o',brien1 at ,carrick-on-,suir1 and a third at ,dungarvan2 but it was not until #ahbb that the ,irish ,brothers adopted the rule of the venerable ,de la ,salle4 ,the institute in ,ireland is the same in spirit as it is the same in rule1 with some slight modifications2 but it does not depend upon the ,french institute1 although connected with it in friendly and fraternal relations1 its separate existence being especially adapted to the wants of the people of ,ireland4 ,in tracing some of the widespread ramifications of his work we seem to have lost sight of the toiling ,brother to whom so much of its success was due4 ,the fact of having the responsibility of so extensive an administration did not prevent his personally working at the classes like any other ,brother of the institute4 ,he possessed in a remarkable degree the gift of imparting knowledge1 whether in things human or divine4 ,from the time of his entrance into the institute his manner of teaching the catechism had been remarked2 and it was always with the liveliest enjoyment that he fulfilled this important portion of his duties4 ,nothing of all this teaching has been written down2 but there remains a book written by ,brother ,philip1 of which the title is ,explanations in a catechetical form of the ,epistles and ,gospels for all the ,sundays and principal festivals of the year1 in which the varied depths of religious thought of the pious writer are presented with a precision and yet readiness of expression in themselves constituting a simple and earnest eloquence4 ,this book is considered a model1 both with regard to the substance and the art of teaching2 the writer does not fit the truth to his words1 but his words to the truth4 ,thus far we have sketched the origin and progress of the institute of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools in times of comparative peace1 with brief exceptions2 in the second and concluding part of our notice the members of this institute will appear under a new aspect--on the battle-fields where these men of prayer and peace showed themselves to be1 in that which constitutes true heroism1 the bravest of the brave4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,the ,,lady ,,anne ,,of ,,cleves4 ,anne of ,cleves1 the fourth queen and third wife of ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england1 is one of the least known personages in history4 ,fortunately for herself1 she never gained the sad celebrity of his victims1 ,catherine of ,aragon1 ,anne ,boleyn1 and ,catherine ,howard4 ,as virtuous and sedate as the former1 she was less high-spirited and dangerously fearless4 ,at the same time1 her gentleness was much the same as that of her only royal predecessor1 and1 like her1 she won the respect and love of the people4 ,if she submitted somewhat too passively to the sentence of divorce1 or rather of nullification of her marriage1 as pronounced by ,cranmer1 it must be remembered that1 unlike ,catherine of ,aragon1 she had reason to dread the consequences of opposition to the king's despotic will4 ,her husband's brutal treatment of her during the short time they lived together1 his coarse expressions of disrespect and loathing1 his utter want of consideration towards her as a princess1 and lack of gentlemanlike behavior towards her as a woman and a stranger in his realm1 were enough to dispose her to consent to any conditions which left her alive and safe1 even had she not had before her eyes the sad experience of several judicial murders committed just before and after her ill-omened wedding4 ,among the strange circumstances of her--in a sense--obscure life is this3 that1 having been brought up a ,lutheran1 and proposed as a wife to ,henry ,,viii4 as a means of conciliating the league of powerful ,protestant princes in ,germany1 she died a ,catholic in her adopted country4 ,her sister1 ,sibylla1 had married ,john ,frederick1 the ,elector of ,saxony1 who uniformly befriended ,luther4 ,whether ,anne's convictions were very strong or not it is not easy to say2 a terror of her future husband was enough to explain her making no demur at being married according to the ,catholic form1 which was done with great pomp and solemnity2 but she did her best while queen to save ,dr4 ,barnes1 the ,reformer1 probably on account of her sympathy with his opinions4 ,in this she was unsuccessful2 indeed1 she never had any influence with the king4 ,this is perhaps the only decided evidence of her being attached to the doctrines in which she had been educated1 and probably the religious impressions she received in ,england were all in favor of ,catholicity4 ,at this time neither court nor people had changed in doctrine1 though there was a real ,protestant party1 quite distinct from the king's time-serving prelates and obsequious courtiers4 ,still1 ,henry was unswervingly attached to the forms of the church of his fathers1 and in many points to its doctrines1 and1 indeed1 would have been by no means flattered by becoming the head of a 8church0 without outward symbolism and stately ceremony1 such as the hidden body of ,puritans already desired4 ,the portrait of ,anne of ,cleves--i4e41 of her disposition and character--is very winning4 ,her mother1 who1 says ,nicolas ,wotton1 was a 8very wise lady1 and one that very straightly looketh to her children10 had evidently brought her up1 as most ,flemish and ,german girls1 in a womanly1 modest1 and useful fashion4 ,she is described as 8of very lowly and gentle conditions1 by which she hath so much won her mother's favor that she is very loath to suffer her to depart from her4 ,she occupieth her time much with her needle4 ,she can read and write her own1 but ,french1 or ,latin1 or other language she knoweth not2 nor yet can sing or play on any instrument1 for they take it here in ,germany for a rebuke and an occasion of lightness that great ladies should be learned or have any knowledge of musick40 ,it is not surprising that they should have had such a prejudice at that time1 considering how polite learning was fast becoming the all-atoning compensation for the lowest morals and most shameless intrigues in the courts of ,italy1 of ,france1 and of ,england4 ,later on the ,english annalist ,holinshed1 who wrote of her after her death1 praised her as 8a lady of right commendable regard1 courteous1 gentle1 a good housekeeper1 and very bountiful to her servants40 ,of her kind heart her will is a striking instance2 for her heart seems more set on her 8alms-children0 than on any other of her pensioners and legatees4 ,herbert1 the author of a short sketch of her life1 gives his opinion as follows3 8,the truth is that ,anne was a fine1 tall1 shapely ,german girl1 with a good1 grave1 somewhat heavy1 gentle1 placid face02 but he goes on to add up her deficiencies in beauty1 style1 and accomplishments1 and calls her 8provincial0 as compared with the 8refined1 volatile beauties of the ,french and ,english or the stately donnas of the ,spanish courts40 ,that she was not beautiful1 and that ,henry was purposely deceived as to her personal charms by the short-sighted ,cromwell1 is undeniable4 ,henry1 who had so unfeelingly discarded his once beautiful and sprightly and his still loving1 stately1 and queenly wife1 ,catherine of ,aragon1 as soon as his wandering fancy had fixed upon a younger beauty1 could not be expected to feel less than a sheer disappointment at the sight of ,anne of ,cleves4 ,so fastidious was he that he had actually asked ,francis ,i4 of ,france to send him twenty or thirty of the most beautiful women in ,france1 that he might pick and choose among them2 and when the hapless ambassador1 ,marillac1 had respectfully proposed that he should send some one to the court to choose for him1 he had abruptly exclaimed with an oath3 8,how can ,i depend upon any one but myself80 ,cromwell1 to whose political schemes the alliance of the ,schmalkalden ,league 7as the coalition of ,german ,lutheran princes was called7 was necessary1 duped the king by causing ,holbein to paint a flattering miniature of ,anne4 ,this was enclosed in a box of ivory delicately carved in the likeness of a white rose1 which1 when the lid was unscrewed1 showed the miniature at the bottom4 ,her contemporaries vary so greatly in their reports of her appearance that an exact description of an original pencil-sketch 7unfinished7 among the ,holbein heads in the royal collection at ,windsor may be of some value4 ,miss ,strickland1 in her ,lives of the ,queens of ,england1 gives it thus3 8,there is a moral and intellectual beauty in the expression of the face1 though the nose and mouth are large and somewhat coarse in their formation4 ,her forehead is lofty1 expansive1 and serene1 indicative of candor and talent4 ,the eyes are large1 dark1 and reflective4 ,they are thickly fringed1 both on the upper and lower lids1 with long1 black lashes4 ,her hair1 which is also black1 is parted and plainly folded on either side the face in bands1 extending below the ears--a style that seems peculiarly suitable to the calm and dignified composure of her countenance40 ,what must have been most to her disadvantage was not the brown complexion of which ,southampton1 the lord-admiral1 so dexterously spoke when the king asked him in anger1 8,how like you this woman--do you think her so fair80 nor her heavy features1 but the marks of the small-pox1 with which she was plentifully pitted4 ,this1 in itself1 may have materially contributed to the clumsiness of her features4 ,her 8progress0 from her native city of ,dsseldorf to the shores of ,england lasted two months1 partly from stress of weather1 which detained her nearly three weeks at ,calais1 partly from the state of the roads and the necessary pageantry which her own countrymen and her future subjects tendered to her on her way4 ,antwerp distinguished itself1 as usual1 by a lavish display of bravery4 ,the ,english merchants of that town came out four miles to meet her1 to the number of fifty1 dressed in velvet coats and chains of gold2 while at her entrance into the town1 at daylight1 she was honorably received with twice fourscore torches4 ,again1 we find that she arrived at ,calais between seven and eight o'clock in the morning1 and that in mid-,december4 ,as she is said to have travelled generally at about the rate of twenty ,english miles a day1 and each of these places1 at which she arrived so early1 was made the scene of rejoicing and feasting for her and her train1 it is evident that much of her journey must have been performed in the chilly hours before the dawn of a winter's day4 ,in the train sent to welcome ,anne of ,cleves were kinsmen of five out of ,henry's six queens4 ,the time was whiled away in the then ,english city of ,calais in the usual festivities1 and she was taken to see the king's ships ,lyon and ,sweepstakes1 which were decked in her honor with a hundred banners of silk and gold1 and furnished with 8two master-gunners1 mariners1 thirty-one trumpets1 and a double-drum that was never seen in ,england before2 and so her grace entered into ,calais1 at whose entering there were one hundred and fifty rounds of ordnance let out of the said ships1 which made such a smoke that not one of her train could see the other40#ajh ,from ,dover1 after a quick and prosperous passage of the proverbially churlish ,channel1 she went to ,canterbury and thence to ,rochester1 where1 on ,new ,year's eve1 #aedj1 the king1 impelled by a boyish curiosity ill-suited to his years and antecedents1 told ,cromwell that he intended to visit the queen privately and suddenly4 ,so he and eight of his attendant gentlemen dressed themselves alike in coats of 8marble color0 7probably some kind of gray71 and presented themselves in her apartments4 ,he was taken aback at her appearance1 and for once 8was marvellously astonished and abashed40 ,it was the first time he had had a queen proposed to him whom he had not seen beforehand1 and he felt that1 at least in the eyes of the people1 he had gone too far to be able to draw back now4 ,he1 who had never been taught self-restraint in anything1 was not the man to exercise forbearance towards his luckless bride2 yet1 for the first and almost the only time1 it was noticed that he absolutely showed her some scant civility4 ,either she knew him from his portraits or the evident prominence of one of her visitors indicated to her who was her future husband2 for she sank on her knees at his approach1 probably reading his surprise by her own instincts1 and wishing to propitiate him with the meekness and deep humility of her behavior4 ,still1 it was not ,catherine of ,aragon's dignified humility and ,christian majesty of demeanor1 as she had pleaded for herself as a stranger no less than as a loving and faithful wife4 ,the chronicler ,hall says that the king 8welcomed ,anne with gracious words1 and gently took her up and kissed her0--which is likely enough2 yet we cannot rely on ,hall's authority as a grave historian1 in after-times1 as we always find him a gossiping and complacent relater of court pageantries1 and a blind admirer of the king's every word and look4 ,no doubt he was wise in his generation--for what else could contemporary historians do to save their heads8--and after three hundred and fifty years we are glad to have his gorgeous ,chronicles to dip into4 ,strype1 ,lord ,herbert of ,cherbury1 ,burnet1 ,lingard1 and others agree that immediately after the king left ,anne 7with whom he had supped7 he angrily called his lords together1 and reproached them with having deceived him by false reports of her beauty2 and1 further1 that he sent her the ,new ,year's gift1 which he had intended to present to her in person1 by his master of the horse1 ,sir ,anthony ,browne1 with a cold1 formal message1 excusing himself to those about him by saying that 8she was not handsome enough to be entitled to such an honor0 as his personal offering4 ,the ,french ambassador1 ,marillac1 preserved the record of many little details in his sprightly but gossiping correspondence with his superiors during the years #aeci-dj4 ,these diplomatic gossipings seem to have been much the fashion2 for the ,venetian envoys also indulge in them4 ,courts and cabinets were more intimately connected then than the bourgeois improvements of the later domestic life in royal circles make it possible for them to be now4 ,but if the ,french ambassador could be minute in his descriptions1 he was not so good an adept at the mysteries of ,english spelling4 ,he invariably spells ,greenwich ,greenwigs1 and ,westminster ,valsemaistre4 ,after ,henry's discourteous reception of his bride he returned to his palace at the former place1 and there met the cunning contriver of the match1 ,cromwell1 whom he upbraided coarsely for having yoked him with a 8great ,flanders mare40 ,the minister tried to shift the blame on ,southampton1 who had conducted the princess to ,england2 but the latter bluntly replied that 8his commission was only to bring her to ,england2 and ''' as she was generally reputed for a beauty1 he had only repeated the opinion of others1 ''' and especially as he supposed she would be his queen40 ,dealing with ,henry ,,viii4 involved a dangerous game1 as no one knew for two days together to whom to look as the 8rising sun40 ,the mild1 gentle woman who was never to have any influence1 and yet was to win all hearts save that of the brutal king1 was perhaps an object of chivalrous pity to the lord high admiral1 who thus prudently entrenched himself within the safe limits of his 8commission40 ,at length1 after repeated1 peevish outbursts of despotic ill-temper and such expressions as this3 8,is there1 then1 no remedy but that ,i must needs put my neck into the yoke80 the king gave orders for his marriage preparations4 ,it is curious to think of the now dense and unsavory city accumulations that cover the 8fair plain0 at the foot of ,shooter's ,hill1 on which were pitched the tent of cloth of gold and the gay pavilions where the slighted bride was publicly met and saluted by her future husband4 ,to do him justice1 he behaved with proper outward respect towards her4 ,from ,greenwich to ,blackheath 8the furze and bushes0 were cut down and a clear road made1 lined with the companies of merchants1 ,english1 ,spanish1 ,flemish1 and ,italian1 in coats of embroidered velvet1 while 8gentlemen pensioners0 and knights and aldermen wore massive chains of gold4 ,the princess and her retinue1 consisting both of her ,english escort and her native attendants1 met the king at some distance from the tent1 and patiently listened to a long ,latin oration delivered by the king's almoner1 and answered on her behalf by another solemn string of classical platitudes by her brother's learned secretary1 of neither of which speeches she understood one word4 ,anne wore a rich but somewhat tasteless dress1 cut short and round1 without any train1 which rather shocked the fastidious eyes of the ,french ambassador and the ,english courtiers4 ,the king1 for his fourth bridal1 wore a dress which1 though rich1 must have been unbecoming to one of his size and complexion4 ,the chronicler ,hall describes it as a sort of frock of purple velvet1 8so heavily embroidered with flat gold of damask and lace that little of the ground appeared4 ,chains and guards of gold hung round his neck and across his shoulders4 ,the sleeves and breast were cut and lined with cloth of gold1 and clasped with great buttons of diamonds1 rubies1 and orient pearls1 ''' his sword and girdle adorned with emeralds1 ''' but his bonnet so rich of jewels that few men could value them2 ''' besides all this1 he wore a collar of such balas1 rubies1 and pearls that few men ever saw the like40 ,he was on horseback1 but his 8horse of state0 was led behind him by a rein of gold1 and wore trappings of crimson velvet and satin embroidered with gold4 ,a multitude of gorgeously-dressed pages followed1 each mounted on coursers with trappings to match4 ,the princess was no less loaded with jewels1 and her horse wore trappings which1 together with the 8goldsmith's work0 of the dress of her running footmen1 was embroidered with the black lion of the shield of ,hainaut4 ,the king advanced and embraced her1 and1 to all outward appearance1 did princely homage to her--all through an interpreter1 however2 and with more descriptions of wonderful clothes and ornaments1 the old chronicler moves the whole pageant forward through the park to ,greenwich palace4 ,at one stage of the procession the princess seems to have exchanged her horse for a chariot of curious1 antique fashion4 ,a prominent place was assigned among her retinue to her three ,flemish washerwomen1 or1 in the language of that day1 her launderers4 ,then followed the great water-pageant on the ,thames1 where each city guild rivalled its fellows in display1 every barge rowing up and down1 proudly showing its streamers1 pensiles1 and targets1 some painted with the king's arms1 some with her grace's1 and some with those of their own 8craft or mystery40 ,then there was a barge1 made like a ship1 called the bachelor's bark1 decked with the same streaming banners1 besides a 8foyst10 or gun1 8that shot great pieces of artillery40 ,the barges also bore companies of singers and players1 some concealed1 some elevated on decorated platforms4 ,this was the fifth time that they had been decked for a bridal1 if we count ,catherine of ,aragon's first wedding-day1 when the ,prince ,arthur1 who might have rivalled his legendary namesake1 received the acclamations of a loyal people4 ,the loyalty must have got sadly rusty by this time1 however1 as the unwieldy1 bloated king rode past in his ghastly finery1 escorting another perspective victim to a palace which only good-luck prevented from becoming her prison4 ,again ,henry gave ,cromwell ominous hints of his distaste to ,anne of ,cleves1 as on the evening of this holiday he asked his opinion of her beauty4 ,cromwell answered that she had a queenly manner2 and for ,henry1 whose two beheaded favorites1 ,anne ,boleyn and ,catherine ,howard1 chiefly offended him by their indiscreet and familiar behavior1 this ought to have been a source of satisfaction2 yet even on that last day of his liberty he called his council together1 and despotically ordered them to see if he could not1 by any quibble1 get rid of his bargain with the despised princess4 ,doubtless the indignity would have seemed rather a boon to the royal ,griselda2 but1 such as it was1 it was not granted4 ,things had gone too far4 ,the ,schmalkalden ,league might resent the insult2 the ,english people1 with their rough love of 8fair play10 might even rise in insurrection4 ,tudorism had scarcely yet advanced to absolute ,mahometanism1 and the council decided that the marriage must take place4 ,henry sullenly acquiesced1 but ,cromwell's fate was sealed4 8,i am not well handled10 exclaimed the king more than once1 and alleged that his bride had been betrothed to the ,prince of ,lorraine in her childhood1 though ,anne1 when required1 solemnly denied that at present she was bound by any pre-contract4 ,this she was forced to do in public before the whole council4 ,when the marriage was fixed for the feast of the ,epiphany1 #aedj1 ,henry1 ignoring the right of her own countrymen1 ,overstein and ,hostoden1 to give her away1 associated one of his subjects1 ,lord ,essex1 in the office which by every right1 of custom as well as feeling1 belonged only to the representatives of her family4 ,the bridal robes were a repetition of the gorgeous apparel already described2 but the round dress of the bride seems ungainly4 ,she wore her long1 luxuriant yellow hair flowing down her shoulders1 says ,hall2 but1 as in her portrait her eyes and hair are dark1 ,miss ,strickland suggests that these 8golden locks0 were false4 ,the contrast must have been unfavorable4 ,on her coronal 8were set sprigs of rosemary1 an herb of grace1 which was used by maidens1 both at weddings and funerals1 for souvenance10 say some ,,mss4 of that day4 ,the marriage was performed at ,greenwich by ,cranmer1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 according to the rites of the ,catholic ,church4 ,there was a solemn ,mass1 at the ,offertory of which the king and queen went up to the altar and offered tapers4 ,then1 returning to the gallery1 they took wine and spices 7i4e41 comfits and preserves71 and at nine in the morning 7the marriage had been at eight o'clock7 dined together4 ,there was something terribly incongruous in the schismatic king1 excommunicated for adultery1 and the passive ,lutheran princess1 being joined together in matrimony by an archbishop whose complaisant character and loose morals made many1 even of that day1 consider him a false shepherd4 ,and add to this that ,queen ,anne died a ,catholic1 and had as her chaplain and confessor a ,spaniard1 whom it is permissible to identify with the same ,tomeo who was once in the service of the holy ,queen ,catherine of ,aragon4 ,the wedding-ring which ,henry gave to his third and last lawful wife#aji had this motto engraved on it3 8,god send me weel to kepe10 in ,old-,english letters4 ,in the evening of the wedding-day the royal pair attended ,vespers in state and then supped together4 ,these meals must have been characterized by the same barbarous etiquette as those on the occasion of ,anne ,boleyn's coronation1 during which we are told3 8,and under the table went two gentlewomen and sat at the queen's feet during the dinner40 ,their office was to hold the queen's handkerchief1 gloves1 etc4 ,sometimes there were as many as four of these attendants4 ,the queen publicly washed her hands in a silver basin full of scented water1 and the basin and ewer were both held by the great dignitaries of the realm4 ,two countesses stood one on each side1 8holding a fine cloth before the queen's face whenever she listed to spit or do otherwise at her pleasure0--a most extraordinary office1 but probably so old as to be still in form indispensable in that land of precedents and of tenacity concerning all old customs4 ,anne's short days with her ungallant husband were a sad trial to her2 she never gained his affections nor acquired influence with him4 ,she was too true to feign a love she did not feel or to use adulation to conquer power4 ,henry complained to ,cromwell that she 8waxed wilful and stubborn with him02 and her partial biographer1 ,miss ,strickland1 says of her3 8,anne was no adept in the art of flattery1 and1 though really of #8meek and gentle conditions1' she did not humiliate herself meanly to the man from whom she had received so many unprovoked marks of contempt40 ,the king1 whether from ironical or politic motives1 still called her 8sweetheart0 and 8darling0 before the ladies of her bed-chamber1 but was already meditating a divorce4 ,their last public appearance together was at the jousts at ,durham ,house1 where a company of knights in white velvet took part in a tournament and a feast of good cheer which the king and queen honored with their presence4 ,this was on the first of ,may1 after they had been married but four months4 ,the queen1 whose conduct was so irreproachable that her direst enemy could find no link in this 8armor of proof10 occupied her time in embroidery and needlework with her maids of honor1 as the meek but dignified ,catherine of ,aragon had done1 both in the days of her power and in those of her distress4 ,saving the beauty which had once been his first wife's portion1 and the majesty of character which never left her to her dying day1 his third consort must have reminded him of the pure1 domestic tie which had been his in his youth1 of the blameless1 gentle1 yet stately courtesies in which his court had rejoiced under the sway of a royal mistress4 ,but the unhappy ,catherine had loved him1 while the more passive ,anne simply endured him4 ,even this was a surprise and a vexation to him1 as appeared a few weeks later1 when1 on hearing that she gladly assented to the divorce1 he wondered that she was so ready to part with him4 ,when her ladies ventured to ask her if she had told 8mother ,lowe10 her confidential nurse and countrywoman1 how the king neglected her1 she answered truthfully1 8,nay1 ,i have not2 but ,i receive quite as much of his majesty's attention as ,i wish40 ,henry meanwhile encouraged her ,english ladies to mimic and ridicule her in her dress1 her foreign accent1 her want of learning4 ,he openly said that he had never given his inward consent to the marriage2 that he feared he had wronged the ,prince of ,lorraine1 to whom he persisted in considering her as 8precontracted02 and further had the assurance to prate of his conscientious scruples as to marriage with a ,lutheran6#aaj ,but the plotter whose schemes her marriage had served was doomed to fall before her4 ,cromwell was arrested a few days before she was dismissed from the court on the pretext of her health requiring change of air4 ,she was banished to ,richmond2 he was confined in the ,tower4 ,the facile ,cranmer for the third time 8dissolved0 a marriage he had made1 and1 obeying ,henry's changeful whims1 pronounced both parties free to marry again4 ,but the liberty so formally granted was by no means to be literally understood as regarded the queen4 8,the particulars of this transaction 7the divorce710 says ,miss ,strickland1 8show in a striking manner the artfulness and injustice of the king and the slavishness of his ministers and subjects40 ,a so-called convocation reviewed the case and pronounced the divorce1 on the grounds already mentioned1 dictated by the king1 and the ,house of ,lords cringingly passed the necessary bill4 ,the very same ,southampton who had escorted ,anne of ,cleves to ,england bore the message to her depriving her of her royal state4 ,she swooned at first1 thinking that the deputation had come to pronounce sentence of death upon her4 ,as soon as she understood that her life was safe she showed an alacrity in stripping herself of her dangerous honors1 which of itself was perhaps more dangerous4 ,however1 the king was too busy with his new toy-victim1 the wretched ,catherine ,howard1 to take notice of these symptoms of ,anne's joy at her safety4 ,the terms were simply honorable imprisonment4 ,she was not to leave the realm1 and1 in reality1 was kept as a hostage for the good behavior of her relatives abroad1 who might otherwise have been tempted to resent her wrongs4 ,here begins the uniqueness of her lot4 ,she was adopted as the king's 8sister10 was to resign the title of queen1 but to have precedence at court over every other lady1 save the king's future 8wife0 and his two daughters1 and to be amply provided for out of the royal treasury4 ,with ,mary and ,elizabeth she was on the most friendly terms1 and at the beginning of her marriage endeavored1 by every means in her power1 to bring the neglected ,mary into notice4 ,from ,anne's expressions in her letters to her brother it appears that any hostile demonstration on his part to revenge her would have brought evil on her4 ,she says3 8,only ,i require this of you3 that ye so conduct yourself as for your untowardness in this matter ,i fare not the worse1 whereunto ,i trust you will have regard40 ,she humbly returned her wedding-ring to her dictatorial husband1 and wrote a letter of submission in ,german1 which the councillors sent to him in translation4 ,a handsome maintenance was allotted her1 and she evidently took kindly to her new position1 even cheerfully acquiescing in the command to receive no letters or messages from her kindred4 ,thus the leave to 8marry again0 was in her case evidently only a matter of form4 ,the king had the boldness to allude to her 8caprice0 as a woman1 which might make her break these promises1 and the meanness to order that measures should be taken to prevent the possibility of her breaking them4 ,these are his words--a monument of despicable tyranny3 8,and concerning these letters to her brother1 how well soever she speaketh now1 with promises1 to abandon the condition caprice of a woman1 ''' we think good1 nevertheless1 rather by good means to prevent that she should not play the woman than to depend upon her promise2 nor1 after she have felt at our hand all gratuity and kindness1 ''' to leave her at liberty1 to gather more stubbornness than were expedient1 ''' she should not play the woman i4e41 change her mind if she would4''' ,unless these letters be obtained1 all shall i4e41 will remain uncertain upon a woman's promise--that she will be no woman--the accomplishment whereof1 on her behalf1 is as difficult in the refraining of a woman's will1 upon occasion1 as in changing her womanish nature1 which is impossible40#aaa ,marillac1 the ambassador1 says on this occasion that 8the queen takes it all in good part40 ,but the people had evidently grown to love her1 and1 as far as they dared1 murmured at the indignity put upon her2 for he adds3 8,this is cause of great regret to the people1 whose love she had gained1 and who esteemed her as one of the most sweet1 gracious1 and humane queens they have had2 and they greatly desired her to continue with them as their queen40 ,no doubt the people had a greater sense of dignity than their king1 and wished the sovereign lady of so great a realm to be of royal race and breeding4 ,it was not for them to be subjects of a subject1 while foreign kingdoms1 and even small principalities1 had queens-consort of royal degree4 ,they had had sad experience1 too1 of the desolating rivalries produced among the great lords by these intermarriages with subjects1 and therefore welcomed the gentle foreigner1 so quick to learn ,english speech and ,english ways1 but whose kindred was little likely to embarrass them4 ,anne always signed herself 8,daughter of ,cleves0 after her dismissal from court1 and her gayety seems to have revived as soon as she found her life safe4 ,scarcely a month after the divorce was pronounced ,henry visited her at ,richmond1 and she entertained him so pleasantly1 says ,marillac1 that he stayed and supped with her 8right merrily1 and demeaned himself with such singular graciousness that some ''' fancied he was going to take her for his queen again40 ,if his hostess had thought so1 doubtless she would have abated her pleasant humor and appeared less ready to welcome him4 ,as it was1 she put on every day a rich new dress1 8each more wonderful than the last10 fared sumptuously1 held her little court like a noble ,english lady of that day1 dispensing alms and bounties1 and passing her time1 as ,marillac says1 8in sports and recreations40 ,her real self bloomed again in this atmosphere of safety and unrestricted mental freedom2 for such this 8honorable imprisonment0 as a hostage certainly was when compared with the teasing1 daily companionship with the treacherous king4 ,a feint was made a little later to give her a choice as to whether she would live in ,england or abroad2 but as the jointure was tied up in ,english lands and their revenue alone1 and to the possessor of these residence in ,england was attached as a sine qua non condition1 the liberty of choice was practically null4 ,anne's court at ,richmond and her life of gentle charities and innocent merry-makings were suddenly startled1 after sixteen months' peace1 by the news of the trial and execution of her unhappy successor1 ,catherine ,howard4 ,immediately her partisan maids of honor1 and indeed all her household1 who were devoted to her1 began to speculate as to the chances of ,providence interfering to reinstate their mistress in her rights4 ,every one but herself wished for this restoration4 ,one of her ladies was actually committed to prison for having said1 8,is ,god working his own work to make the ,lady ,anne of ,cleves queen again80 adding that it was impossible that so sweet a queen as ,lady ,anne could be utterly put down4 ,but1 fortunately for the queen's peace of mind1 there was no such possibility1 even though her brother's ambassadors rather inconsiderately urged her restoration to her rightful position4 ,the ,privy-,purse expenses of her step-daughter1 the ,princess ,mary1 mentions a visit made by her to ,anne in the year #aedc and her largesses to the latter's servants2 also a present of ,spanish silk sent by ,anne to ,mary4 ,their intercourse seems to have been pleasant and familiar2 they were nearly of the same age and had many domestic tastes in common4 ,the contact between them may have been in part the means of ,anne's becoming a ,catholic1 though there is but little to show at what precise time this took place4 ,so ,english had the queen grown that when ,henry died1 in #aedg1 she did not care to go to her own country1 but willingly cast in her lot with her adopted land4 ,wise in her widowhood1 as she had been virtuous in her married life--no less during the seven years of her separation than the six months of her reign--she did not marry again nor in any way mix in political matters4 ,posterity has unjustly set her down as an ugly1 ill-conditioned1 unlearned woman1 a person without taste and discernment1 at best a mere puppet of ,henry's4 ,but we venture to see her otherwise2 though she may not have been learned like ,mary ,tudor or ,jane ,grey1 she was yet sufficiently instructed in all womanly arts1 and quickly learned ,english1 adapting herself1 with rare prudence and discretion1 to the ways of life and even the gorgeous sports of her adopted land2 a trustworthy friend to the king's daughters1 especially the spurned and ill-fated ,mary2 a benevolent and self-denying woman1 a good mistress1 a pleasant hostess1 an admirable manager of her tenants1 estates1 and household1 deft with her fingers1 skilful at her needle1 gentle towards all1 and1 though not handsome1 yet so winning that her ladies--though it was the worst policy--had no other title for her than their 8sweet queen10 their 8dear lady10 their 8sweet mistress40 ,she outlived her stepson1 ,edward ,,vi41 and assisted publicly at ,mary's coronation1 sitting in the same chariot as ,elizabeth4 8,but10 says ,miss ,strickland1 8her happiness appears to have been in the retirement of domestic life40 ,further on the same biographer adds that it has been surmised1 from certain items in her list of expenses1 that she sometimes made private experiments in cooking4 8,she spent her time at the head of her little court1 which was a happy household within itself1 and we may presume well governed2 for we hear neither of plots1 nor quarrels1 tale-bearings nor mischievous intrigues1 as rife in her home-circle4 ,she was tenderly beloved by her domestics1 and well attended by them in her last sickness40 ,she survived her husband ten years1 and died calmly and happily at the age of forty-one4 ,in her will she left almost all the money and jewels which she had at her disposal to those who had served her and to poor pensioners1 besides scrupulously ordering every debt to be paid4 ,she left marriage-portions for her maids of honor1 and ended by beseeching her executors to 8pray for us and to see our body buried1 ''' that we may have the suffrages of holy church according to the ,catholic faith1 wherein we end our life in this transitory world40 ,accordingly1 ,queen ,mary had her buried in ,westminster ,abbey with great pomp1 and the procession was graced with a hundred of her servants bearing torches1 many knights and gentlemen with eight banners of arms 7her own7 and four banners of 8white taffeta wrought with gold10 then the twelve bedesmen of ,westminster in new black gowns1 bearing twelve burning torches and four white branches1 her ladies on horseback and in black gowns1 and eight heralds1 with white banners of arms1 riding near the hearse4 ,at the abbey-door the abbot and other ,catholic dignitaries in mitres and copes received the corpse with the usual solemn ceremonies1 and1 bringing her into the church1 8tarried dirge1 and all the night with lights burning40 ,this stands for the ,vespers in the ,office for the departed4 8,the next day10 says the chronicler ,stow1 8requiem was sung1 and my lord of ,westminster 7the abbot7 preached as goodly a sermon as ever was made1 and the ,bishop of ,london sang ,mass in his mitre1 ''' and all the gentlemen and ladies offered alms at ,mass4''' ,then all her head officers brake their staves1 and all her ushers brake their rods and cast them into her tomb1 ''' and thus they went in order to a great dinner given by my lord of ,winchester to all the mourners40 ,there was more rest and peace in this funeral pageant than there had been in the ill-omened wedding ceremony of which she had been the object seventeen years before4 ,her tomb is near the high altar ,westminster ,abbey1 at the feet of ,king ,sebert1 the original ,saxon founder1 before the restoration of the abbey by ,edward the ,confessor4 ,it is a plain-looking slab1 like a bench1 placed against the wall1 and on parts of the unfinished structure the curious inquirer can trace her initials1 ,a4 and ,c41 interwoven2 but1 such as it is1 it is more of a memorial than fell to the lot of any of ,henry's queens1 not one of whom1 says ,stow1 8had a monument1 except ,anne of ,cleves1 and hers was but half a one40 ,the horror felt on the ,continent for the excesses and cruelty of the ,bluebeard of ,england was such that it was long believed that ,anne had either died by unfair means or had escaped from her 8cruel imprisonment40 ,an impostor1 therefore1 for a time was enabled to take her place at one of the ,german courts--that of ,coburg1 where she was treated with royal consideration--but the fraud was afterwards discovered4 ,this is mentioned in ,shobert's ,history of the ,house of ,saxony4 ,upon the whole1 ,anne of ,cleves may be considered as the most fortunate among the many women whose lives were connected with that of ,king ,henry ,,viii4 ,,in ,,memory ,,of ,,harriet ,,ryan ,,albee4 ,like as remembered music long asleep ,within the heavy1 o'erencumbered brain1 ,when touched by some remote1 unheeded strain1 ,returns as turning tides from ocean creep ,along the sandy flats1 and fill again ,all the least wrinkles and each minute bowl ,which in their ebbing had imprinted been1 ,and soon with mightier longing overroll ,their wonted1 moon-drawn ways1 and throb and swell ',gainst the bared bosom of the happy earth2 ,so comes her spirit in the empty well ,of my dead heart1 and overflows its dearth ,with her all-perfect presence and the spell ,of love as strong1 as sweet1 as at its birth4 ,,the ,,roman ,,ritual ,,and ,,its ,,chant ,,compared ,,with ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,modern ,,music4#aab ,,introduction4 ,,on ,,the ,,divine ,,idea4 ,the ,divine ,idea1 the ,exemplar or ,pattern1 in conformity with which the intellect and free will of man1 and whatever is their combined work1 finds its perfection4 ,all persons are familiar with the expression 8beau ideal10 and in judging of matters of taste nothing is more common than to appeal to the standard of an 8ideal02 as1 for instance1 the statue of the 8,apollo ,belvedere0 would be1 and is commonly said to realize1 the 8ideal0 of the human form4 ,of course the ideal thus appealed to1 as existing generally in the minds of persons of education1 is nothing in itself absolutely certain or determinate4 ,but1 as far as it goes1 it is a natural indication that the standard and measure of all perfection is an 8ideal40 ,for we see that an ideal which is generally recognized and acknowledged by persons of taste and refinement does1 in point of fact1 come to be a standard1 the authority of which is accepted to a great extent by others4 ,what is1 then1 in a measure true of an 8ideal0 subsisting in the mind of persons of education1 as a standard of perfection1 must be infinitely true of the idea of creation subsisting in the mind of ,god from all eternity4 ,but as this leads to a speculative portion of ,christian philosophy which can scarcely be deemed popular1 and might perhaps give rise in some minds to the feeling 8parturiunt montes10 if they found that an abstruse foundation had been formally laid only for the superstructure of a discussion upon plain chant1 the few remarks that have seemed necessary to explain and justify the ground on which the ensuing essay proceeds have been collected together1 and are here given in the form of an introduction1 for the sake of burdening the discussion as little as possible with reasoning that does not properly belong to it4 ,all creation1 according to ,catholic theology1 is the work of the ever-blessed ,trinity4 ,for only inasmuch as the ,godhead subsisting in a ,trinity of persons is for itself a perfect and undivided whole 7 7 can ,god bring into being a creation external to himself1 without becoming himself the world which he creates4 ,to ,god the ,father theologians assign the eternal idea1 or the conception from all eternity of the idea or form of creation2 ,to ,god the ,son1 the realization of the idea of the ,father1 or the act of bringing created things into being out of nothing1 in conformity with the idea of the ,father2 ,to ,god the ,holy ,ghost1 the bringing creation to its perfection through the period of its development or growth4 ,s4 ,basil speaks to this effect in the following passage3 8,in the creation ,i regard the ,father as the first cause of created being1 the ,son as the creating cause1 and the ,holy ,ghost as the perfecting cause4 ,so that spirits1 through the will of the ,father1 are called into actual being through the operation of the ,son1 and are brought to perfection by the presence of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,let no one1 however1 think either that ,i assume the existence of three original substances or that ,i call the operation of the ,son imperfect4 ,for there is but one first principle 771 which creates through the ,son and brings to perfection through the ,holy ,ghost0 7,de ,spiritu ,sancto1 c4 #af74 ,the work1 then1 of ,god the ,father was the eternal idea of all creation2 in the language of ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 -- 7idea7 1 7,orat4 xxxviii4 n4 #i72 and this thought or idea was a work brought into reality by the ,word1 and brought to perfection by the ,spirit4 ,the eternal idea of creation is thus explained by ,s4 ,thomas1 ,summa1 p4 i4 qust4 xv4 art4 #a 7,utrum ide sint73 8,i answer that it is necessary to suppose ideas in the mind of ,god4 ,idea is a ,greek word1 and answers to the ,latin forma1 form4 ,whence by the term ideas we understand the forms of things that exist external 7prter7 to the things themselves4 ,the form of a thing existing external to it may serve two purposes3 #a4 ,that it should be the exemplar 7ideal7 of that of which it is said to be the form1 or that it should be1 as it were1 the principle of knowledge itself1 according to which the forms of things that may be known are said to exist in the understanding4 ,and in either point of view it is necessary to suppose ideas1 as will be at once manifest4 ,in all things that are not generated by chance1 it is necessary that the production of some form should be the result of the act of generation4 ,for an agent would not act with reference to a particular form1 except so far as he was already in possession of the likeness of the form in question4 ,in some agents the form of the thing to be produced already pre-exists in a natural manner 7secundum esse naturale71 as in those things which act by natural laws2 but in others the form pre-exists in the intellect 7secundum esse intelligibile74 ,thus the likeness or form of a house already exists in the mind of the builder1 and this may be called the idea of a house2 for the architect intends to make the house resemble the form which he has conceived in his mind4 ,as1 then1 the world is not made by chance1 it follows that there must exist a form 7idea7 in the mind of ,god1 after the likeness of which the world was made40 ,quite similar to these words of ,s4 ,thomas are the statements of ,s4 ,augustine1 ,dionysius1 and other fathers1 who had to deal on the one hand with the philosophy of ,plato1 which taught that ,god created the world out of eternal matter1 and according to an exemplar or ideal existing externally to himself 7 72 and on the other with the ,gnostic ,pantheism1 which taught that the divine idea after which the world was created was identical with ,god1 and creation consequently no more than an extension or manifestation of the ,godhead4 ,similar also is the following passage of the ,abate ,rosmini3 8#8,fide intelligimus aptata esse secula verbo ,dei1 ut ex invisibilibus visibilia fierent' 7,heb4 xi4 #c74 ,what ever are these invisible things from which the things that are visible have been drawn8 ,they are the conceptions of the ,almighty1 which subsisted in his mind before the creation of the universe2 they are the decrees which he has framed from all eternity1 but which remained invisible to all creatures1 because these latter were not yet formed and the former not yet carried into execution4 ,these decrees and conceptions are the design of the wise ,architect1 according to which the building has to be formed4 ,but this design was never at any time drawn out on any external material1 on paper or stone1 but existed only in his own mind0 7,rosmini1 ,della ,divina ,providenza1 ed4 ,milano1 #ahdf1 p4 #eg74 ,creation proceeds from the thought and will of ,god jointly exercised1 and is something external to ,god1 which he has brought into being out of absolute nothing1 to quote ,professor ,staudenmaier3 8,the world is ,god's idea of the world brought into being1 and the perfection of the original world consisted in the fact that it absolutely corresponded to the divine idea0 7,die ,lehre von der ,idee1 p4 #iad74 8,et vidit ,deus quod esset bonum0 7,gen4 i4 #aj74 ,the creation which we see1 and of which we are ourselves immediately a part1 bears the appearance of being an organized system1 far outreaching the powers of our intelligence2 and we conclude intuitively that not only as an organized whole it answers to the idea of ,god1 which contemplated system1 order1 harmony1 and subordination of parts1 but1 further1 that every several part1 as it came forth from the hand of the ,creator1 was found good4 ,in creation there are two principal parts1 the material world and the world of spirits4 ,matter1 from the first instant of creation1 being without free will or mind1 necessarily obeys the laws of its ,creator1 and at once absolutely answers to the divine idea4 ,but spirits were created in the image of ,god1 and were endowed with the likeness of his power of thought and will1 and with a personality resulting from the possession of these gifts4 ,to them1 therefore1 there is a moral trial or probation to be passed through before they finally correspond to the idea of their ,creator4 ,it is indeed true that from the instant of their creation they realize the divine idea1 in so far as that idea contemplates them1 about to enter upon probation2 but their passing through this trial or probation to the attainment of their perfection is also contemplated1 and of this perfection the divine idea is the exemplar or form4 ,spirits1 then1 formed in the image of ,god1 and endowed with created being1 intellect1 and will1 in the present system of creation1 pass through probation2 and their probation consists in learning to possess these gifts in subordination to their ,creator1 who is absolute being1 intellect1 and will2 and this trial is necessary to the perfection of their nature and to their passing into the possession of their permanent place 77 in the great order and harmony of the universe4 ,there is not1 and cannot be1 in the mind of ,god1 any idea of evil4 ,evil has its sole origin in the rebellion of the created spirit when it refuses to possess and use its power of thought and will in subordination to the law and majesty of its ,creator4 ,and hence1 although the rebel spirit answered equally with others at the first moment of its creation to the divine idea1 yet1 inasmuch as in its subsequent career it has placed itself against its ,creator1 it has ceased to answer to the divine idea2 it has become a contradiction to it1 and henceforward its existence is evil4 ,the case as regards the human creation does not differ at all in principle4 ,man is also a spirit1 though his spirit be united to a body1 and he is possessed of the same trinity of gifts--being1 thought1 and will--although from the circumstance of his coming into the world in the form of an infant1 with his intellect and will in a state of germ1 appointed to acquire their natural maturity only in process of time1 his probation would seem to require a longer period than that of the angels1 and to be subject to the fluctuation of rebellions1 succeeded by repentances1 and vice vers--all which hardly seems probable in their case4 ,still man1 like the angels1 passes through his probation2 and when he has passed through it1 he is found either realizing the idea of his ,creator1 and happy1 or fallen from it1 and henceforward in contradiction with it1 for an eternity of misery4 ,the idea of the ,creator is to man1 as well as to the angels1 the exemplar1 or pattern1 of his perfection4 ,analogous to the first creation of the world is the second great work of ,god--the redemption or new creation4 ,its decree is from ,god the ,father2 the carrying into effect the ,father's decree is the work of ,god the ,eternal ,son2 and the conducting it to perfection during the period of its growth and probation is the work of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,nor is this work of redemption based upon any fundamental change in the eternal idea of ,god1 after which man was created4 ,the eternal idea of ,god is incapable of change1 and the work of grace or redemption is the restoration to a state of grace of the whole race1 which1 in the person of ,adam1 fell into a condition of helpless although not total contradiction with the divine idea2 and in his restored state of redemption the power has been again given to him of issuing out of his probation through the aid and guidance of the ,holy ,ghost1 conformable to the unchanged1 eternal idea of the ,father4 ,to prevent misconception1 it may be further remarked1 in the words of ,professor ,staudenmaier1 8,the second creation 7or scheme of redemption7 builds itself1 on the one side1 on all that is indestructible in the divine idea of man1 as intelligence and freedom1 and at the same time labors to restore again that which was really lost by the original transgression1 viz41 the supernatural principle and the justice and holiness of life which stands in connection with it4 ,hence under the scheme of redemption man comes to the perfection of his nature1 in the manner in which that perfection was contemplated in the divine idea 7in der ,idee gesetz war71 viz41 as the union of grace and free will 7in der ,einheit von ,freiheit und ,gnade740 7,die ,lehre von der ,idee1 p4 #ibc74 ,the divine idea1 then1 is the exemplar or pattern of perfection 7 1 forma seu exemplar1 das ,musterbild7 which1 under the scheme of redemption1 man is called to realize4 ,and his term of probation1 under the guidance and influence of ,god the ,holy ,ghost1 is so constituted as to be the trial of both his intellect and will1 which in man1 as in ,god1 are mutually co-operating and co-ordinate springs of action4 ,but though in man intellect and will must ever move hand in hand and in mutual concert to determine his actions1 yet it is possible for him to go astray through the special fault of one or the other1 and to be found at the end of his probation not to be what he might and ought to have been1 as well through some special error of the understanding as through some vicious act of the will4 ,hence1 after that the sacrifice had been paid which purchased man's restoration to a state of grace1 ,god the ,father1 in the ,son and through the ,eternal ,spirit1 went on to provide the aid that was found absolutely necessary to protect the erring intellect and the infirm will1 in order that men might be preserved in the state of grace1 be guided in it onward to their perfection1 and be furnished with the medicinal means of restoration in case they might fall from it4 ,to this end the great society of the ,catholic ,church was instituted by ,god the ,son1 and the command given to the ,apostolic ,college to go forth to collect and organize it out of all the nations of the earth3 8,as the ,father hath sent me1 so send ,i you02 while the work of ,god the ,holy ,ghost is the invisible imparting of spiritual gifts to the baptized members of this society1 according to the needs of their rank1 position1 ministry1 and functions2 and the whole work is directed to the end that man may issue out of his probation fulfilling and realizing the divine idea4 ,now1 as ,god recognizes1 in the probation of man1 the trial of both intellect and will1 and wills that not without the free exercise of these he should attain the perfection of his nature1 our first parents1 in the state of innocence1 would1 from their then enjoying a communication with heaven1 possess1 perhaps1 partly through intuition1 partly from revelation1 a knowledge of the divine ,exemplar1 into conformity with which they were called to bring themselves4 ,but when man fell and lost the illumination of sanctifying grace1 then the perception of the divine ideal would be obscured and would cease to exist1 except in the way of the few mercifully-surviving glimpses of their higher destination1 which the history of our fallen race seems to indicate were never wholly lost4 ,it must be obvious1 then1 that a clear and practical view of the divine ,exemplar1 which we are required to resemble1 is as much the natural guide of the intellect in its probation as the view of the moral attributes of ,god is that which wins the heart and leads captive the will4 ,it was1 among other reasons1 in order to place this ,exemplar before us1 that the ,eternal ,son became man1 and thus laid before the intellect of man1 in his own most sacred humanity1 the incarnate ,exemplar of that which humanity was to aim at becoming during the course and at the issue of its probation4 ,and if a doubt could for a moment cross the mind as to the question1 ,what is the likeness or ideal that a ,christian1 as far as the power is given to him1 should seek to aim at bringing himself to resemble8 it is answered by the fact of the ,incarnation of the ,son of ,god4 ,he is the incarnate ,exemplar1 or ,pattern1 for our study4 ,his sacred humanity absolutely answers to the idea of ,god the ,father2 and they who1 through the aid of ,god the ,holy ,ghost1 succeed in acquiring a resemblance to this incarnate ,pattern1 will be found at the issue of their probation so far to realize the end for which they were created4 ,the sacred humanity of the ,eternal ,son being now no longer visible in the same manner as in the days when he taught with his apostles in ,juda1 the church which he has founded has come to supply his place1 and1 by her varied means of instruction1 to bring the knowledge of this divine ,exemplar home to the minds of all4 ,in the words of an author quoted by ,professor ,mhler1 the church is a continuation of ,christ 7ein fortgesetzer ,christus74 ,and thus with the question of ,christian song4 ,the intellect must at once feel that it needs a guide1 and cannot be safely entrusted to itself4 ,nor can this guide be any other than the divine idea4 ,and here1 of course1 it would be a manifest impiety for a human mind to attempt to construct1 priori1 an idea of music1 and then to call its own work the divine idea2 for the whole value of the inquiry that is to follow is built on the truth that the main features and the subsequently-detailed constituent parts of the divine idea1 as they have been laid down1 are what they claim to be2 and so far as these are capable of being disputed1 the comparison will of course fail of its effect4 ,professor ,staudenmaier justly observes1 in treating of the creation1 8,both ideas1 the divine and the human1 stand in this relation to each other3 that ,god realizes his own eternal idea of the world in the act of creation1 while man has to acquire his idea of the world from reasoning and an experimental examination of the world as it exists after creation4 ,as the idea1 then1 to ,god is the first1 and the world last1 so1 on the contrary1 to man the world is first and the idea last1 as that1 namely1 which he has had to gain for himself1 as the result of a scientific examination of the divine work0 7,die ,christliche ,dogmatik1 vol4 iii4 part #a1 p4 #db47 ,but if it be possible for the human mind to obtain a view of the divine idea of the creation from the study of the world as it exists1 it must be also possible1 in an analogous manner1 to gain a view of the divine idea of ,christian music from the history of the church and the legislation of councils1 from the doctrine of the apostles and fathers of the church1 and1 lastly1 from the reason of the thing4 ,the contrary supposition would involve the inadmissible alternative that our divine ,redeemer1 who had done so much to furnish our understanding with its needed measure of guidance in the fact of his ,incarnation and his living example1 has left us without any principle at all to serve as our guide in the choice and employment of sacred music4 ,this cannot be4 ,the divine ,teacher of mankind cannot1 for his mercy's sake1 have left us to ourselves in so important a matter1 that so much concerns the adoration he has himself taught us to pay to his ,father and the ,holy ,spirit4 ,it must be possible1 from his own sacred words1 from those of his inspired apostles1 from the doctrine of the fathers1 from the history and legislation of the church1 as well as from our own ,christian reason and instinct1 as has been humbly and imperfectly attempted in the ensuing inquiry1 to gather a view of the divine idea sufficiently clear and intelligible1 sufficiently trustworthy and decisive1 to serve as a guide for the understandings of those who feel the deep and dear interest of the question and their own liability to fatal error1 with all its destructive consequences4 ,and if the means of acquiring such a view be open1 it need not be said how great a duty there is to search for it2 and in whatever proportion there be ground for believing that it has been1 even though imperfectly1 attained1 it becomes so far a duty--an element in our probation1 as well as a sacred and meritorious work1 by every tender1 considerate1 legitimate1 and untiring endeavor1 to seek to bring ,catholic ,church music into conformity with it4 ,i4 ,,general ,,statement ,,of ,,the ,,basis ,,of ,,the ,,comparison4 ,it would be surely a superfluous labor at the outset of an inquiry which it is desirable should be as short and condensed as possible to prove1 in a learned manner1 the great practical importance of the question1 ,what1 under our present circumstances1 is the wisest1 the best1 and the most effectual use of music in the ,catholic ,church8 ,the cumenical and provincial councils that have made ritual chant the subject of their legislation2 the authors1 such as ,cardinal ,bona and ,abbot ,gerbertus1 subsequent to the ,council of ,trent1 not to speak of those who lived before it1 who spent their lives in the study of all that ,christian antiquity has thought and written upon it2 the line of illustrious ,roman pontiffs who made it their study1 with a view to the true direction of its use in the church1 need but to be recalled to mind to place in its true light the exceedingly practical importance of any controversy which affects its efficiency or mode of employment in the ,catholic ,church4#aac ,moreover1 if there were no such evidence of the importance of the question at issue to be found in the history of the past1 still the mere obvious fact that vocal music enters so naturally into all the feelings of humanity1 and domesticates itself so easily in every people1 would be sufficient to explain its importance4 ,people in any society are so insensibly moulded by all that surrounds them1 are so much the creatures of the system in which they move1 and grow up so naturally in conformity with it1 that in such a society as the ,catholic ,church1 organized by a divine wisdom1 with a view to the training and instruction of its members1 it is simply impossible that an agency such as music1 possessed of such power for good or evil1 could ever be regarded with indifference1 or that there should be no definite views with regard to it1 and its employment be abandoned to the indiscretion and caprice of individuals4 ,a question of individual taste1 then1 the present inquiry cannot for an instant be considered4 ,indeed1 from the moment it were thus regarded it would have lost its whole value4 ,persons are no doubt to be found who would take a long journey and pay a large sum to hear ,beethoven's music for the ,ordinary of the ,mass sung among the performances of a music-meeting1 who1 as far as music was concerned1 and setting aside the miracle1 would hardly care to go across the street to hear ,s4 ,gregory sing ,mass with his school of cantors1 were they all to rise from the dead4 ,so that if music in the ,catholic ,church could for a moment be considered as belonging of right to the dominion of individual taste1 further controversy1 it is plain1 would be so far quite out of the question4 ,the tastes of individuals1 if not only devoid of rule1 still do not go by any rule sufficiently clear to be made the subject of a formal controversy4 ,but in the ,catholic ,church the question is not1 and cannot be1 one of individual taste4 ,when the divine ,redeemer called his church to the work of training every nation and people under heaven1 and gave to it the gift of sacred song1 to be used as a powerful auxiliary agency in their work1 we are bound to conceive that there existed in his divine mind a clear and definite intention1 both relatively to the end it was intended to accomplish in the midst of ,christian society1 and to its application to this end as time should advance4 ,sacred song has certainly a mission to accomplish upon earth1 as well as the proper manner of its application to its proposed end2 and both alike have been1 in common with the whole work of creation1 from the beginning contemplated and intended by ,almighty ,god4 ,now1 the end intended by ,almighty ,god1 in his work of redemption in this world1 as say theologians1 is primarily the manifestation of his own glory2 and1 secondarily1 the re-establishment of order and virtue1 piety and sanctity1 in human society1 with a view to the life to come1 or1 in other words1 with a view to the true and eternal1 as distinguished from the false and fleeting1 happiness of his creatures4 ,from whence it would seem to result that the true character of the ecclesiastical song and its true application will be that in which it tends1 in its own proper degree1 to become an auxiliary in the accomplishment of this great end4 ,nor is it a second or a third rate efficaciousness that should be deemed sufficient4 ,for if ,almighty ,god1 as many theologians seem with so much justice to say1 not from any external necessity1 but from his own perfections1 in virtue of which he is a law to himself1 freely chooses only those means that are most efficacious to the end he proposes1 so1 in like manner1 the ,catholic ,church1 filled as she is with the outpouring of the divine ,spirit1 and called to the imitation of the divine perfections1 cannot but in like manner feel constrained to choose that alone for her music which tends1 with the best and most certain efficacy1 to the attainment of the end which ,god has designed in the gift4 ,the foregoing remarks have1 ,i hope1 now laid the foundation on which the proposed inquiry may be conducted4 ,and ,i think ,i may be allowed to say in the outset that an inquiry which has for its object to ascertain what that may be in music and in the manner of its use which answers best to the idea existing in the mind of ,god1 unless it very much belie its pretensions and profession1 may justly claim respect2 and that the whole investigation is thus at once raised beyond the horizon of anything like human partisanship1 as well as the sphere of those little irritabilities with which discussions upon music may so easily be disfigured4 ,and without at all presuming that the views here advocated ought necessarily to be adopted1 the inquiry is still not a valueless service rendered to religion1 if it succeed no further than in impressing upon the minds of those into whose way it may fall the fundamental idea upon which it is built1 viz41 that the mission of sacred song in the ,catholic ,church is to realize1 not the ideas of men1 which may and do differ in each individual1 but the idea of the merciful and good ,god1 who gave it for his own purposes of mercy and benevolence4 ,and since the idea1 as it subsists in the mind of ,god1 relative to the use of song in the ,catholic ,church1 is made the sole keystone of the whole inquiry1 as well to guard an avenue against possible misconceptions as also the more clearly to lay the basis of the discussion1 it will be necessary to state1 at a somewhat greater length1 what the divine idea of sacred song1 in its first broad outline1 may be taken to be4 ,sacred song1 it has been said1 is to be regarded as the musical associate and auxiliary of the work of ,christian instruction and sanctification in the church4 ,it cannot be anything or everything that is luscious or pleasing in music2 moreover1 it is an idea that goes beyond the notion of mere tune or melody1 or even of the richest combination of sound that art ever produced4 ,sacred song1 in the divine idea1 must be more than mere music4 ,for though it be true that tunes and other works of art in music are so far things by themselves as to be capable of being written in notation1 and thus preserved1 still it seems impossible that mere tunes and mere music should answer to the divine idea of sacred song4 ,when music has ceased to be mere sound2 when it has been taken up by the feelings and living intelligence of the human heart and mind2 when these have wedded it to themselves1 have created in it a dwelling-place and a home1 and out of it have formed for themselves a second language and range of expression2 when the charm of melody has become the organ of a living soul and an energetic intelligence1 then there results the birth of an element of the utmost power for good or evil in the heart of human society2 and it is in this power1 ,christianized and reduced to subservience to the church1 that there may be seen the first outline of the divine idea of sacred song4 ,this principle is thus stated by ,mgr4 ,parisis1 ,bishop of ,langres3 8,to preserve the true character of the ecclesiastical chant it is necessary to recall to mind the following essential maxim3 #8,music for words1 and not words for music4' ,this is not the principle of worldly music1 in which the words are often nothing but the unperceived and insignificant auxiliary of the sound4 8,in religion this cannot be1 because articulate language is the essential basis of all outward worship1 especially public worship4 ,this is a certain truth of both reason and tradition4 ,it is a truth of reason2 for language1 that marvellous faculty which the ,creator has given to man alone1 is exclusively capable of finding an adequate expression for a worship of spirit and truth4 ,it is also a truth of tradition2 for the ,catholic divine ,offices have always been composed of words either drawn from the ,sacred ,scriptures or consecrated by tradition and chosen by the church4 ,it is superfluous to press the demonstration of a principle that has never even been contested by any sect of separatists and does not admit of serious doubt0 7,pastoral ,instruction on the ,song of the ,church1 part ii47 ,the three great social convulsions of ,france have given a remarkable proof of the above-mentioned power of song4 ,each called into being1 and was furthered in its rise and progress1 by a song1 ,la ,marseillaise1 ,la ,parisienne1 and that whose well-known burden runs thus3 8,c'est le plus beau sort1 le plus digne d'envie ,que de mourir pour la patrie40 ,separate the words of these songs from their melodies1 and the result would probably be the insignificance of both4 ,but unite them1 see them pass into the mouths and hearts of convulsed multitudes1 observe men1 under the delirium of their influence1 march up to the cannon's mouth and plunge themselves headlong into eternity1 and we have an instance of what is meant by saying that music1 united to intelligence1 is an agent of nearly unlimited power for good or evil in human society4 ,this1 then1 is the sense in which sacred song is to be viewed as contemplated in the divine idea1 viz41 as the union of music with thought1 feeling1 and intelligence2 in the words of the apostle 7#a ,cor471 ,i will sing with the spirit1 and ,i will sing with the understanding also--not1 of course1 as taking the understanding out of its natural medium1 language1 but as clothing this its natural expression with a superadded charm1 and a charm too1 as will be afterwards seen1 which has the gift of absorbing and1 to a certain extent1 of reproducing the idea annexed to it4 ,the church music which the divine idea contemplates is that vocal song which ,christian truth1 in all its varied range1 has appropriated1 has taken from the sphere of music and wedded to herself1 with the view of using the song thus associated to herself as the instrument by which she may pass into the mouths of men1 and in this way find a home in their hearts4 ,analytically1 then1 in the sacred song contemplated by the divine idea1 two separate elements are to be acknowledged--song and truth--but practically only one2 for in practice they are indissolubly linked together1 and constitute one moral whole1 as body and soul together make up but one living being1 to which1 even more than to the sacred architecture of a church1 the beautiful sentiment of the ,ritual may be applied3 8,o sorte nupta prospera1 ,dotata ,patris gloria1 ,respersa sponsi gratia1 ,regina formosissima1 ,christo jugata principi40 ,de ,ded4 ,eccl4 ,turning now1 with this view of sacred song1 to inquire what the ,catholic ,church possesses1 after #ahjj years of labor with the people of every variety of race and climate1 in realization of the idea above stated1 her various rituals1 now for the most part withdrawn to make way for the beautiful ,ritual of the ,roman ,church1 present themselves to view4 ,these rituals and their chant#aad have1 we may be sure1 at least in their day1 been in the church the fulfilment1 imperfect indeed and inadequate1 as all that man does in this world necessarily is1 yet still the fulfilment of the divine idea with respect to song4 ,more cannot be necessary in support of this statement than the fact of the innumerable churches that have overspread ,christendom1 and the innumerable companies of saintly men whose lives were spent in the choirs of these churches--not1 of course1 to the exclusion of other duties and spheres of labor1 yet mainly spent in the choral celebration of the offices of the ,ritual and in all that accessory labor of musical study and tuition which the organization of a choir and the becoming celebration of the divine ,office imply4 ,the divine idea1 in accordance with which sacred song has a fixed and determinate end to realize in the church1 is the only way to account for this vast phenomenon in the history of ,christendom4 ,nothing but an idea in the mind of ,god that sacred song is the living adjunct of the living truth1 which the ,catholic ,church was sent to teach1 could have had the power to call into being1 not alone the rituals themselves and their song1 but the innumerable choirs of ,christendom which have been gathered together and governed by a more than human wisdom of organization for the purpose of their celebration4 ,bearing in mind1 then1 that sacred song is the combination of music with the words of inspired truth1 ,i propose1 in the ensuing inquiry1 to draw a detailed comparison between the ,roman liturgy and its traditional chant1 on the one hand1 and the works of the modern art of music1 which constitute the corps de musique1 if ,i may use the expression now in use1 adapted as they are to parts of the liturgy1 and in their own way contributing to supply the want that is felt for sacred music2 and this with the view to ascertain1 as far as may be1 from the result of the comparison1 in which of the two the divine idea and intention is best answered and fulfilled4 ,the human mind will not1 and indeed ought not to1 submit to any mere human idea1 but ought willingly to accept the idea of ,god2 and hence nothing but the divine idea1 and this alone1 is or can be the key to the present inquiry4 ,,ii ,,the ,,comparison ,,carried ,,into ,,its ,,details4 ,it has been already laid down that sacred song is the union of music to the words of inspired truth1 with the view of its thus becoming an auxiliary in the work of ,christian instruction and sanctification4 ,before passing on to the approaching details let us stop for a moment fairly to consider the result of this principle as it affects the comparison generally4 ,here1 on the one hand1 we have the ,canto ,fermo1 with its vast variety of music1 embracing an equally varied range in the stores of divine revelation1 inasmuch as it is the counterpart in song of the entire ,ritual2 on the other hand we have the works of modern music1 of which ,i am speaking1 embracing scarcely more than a fraction of the ,ritual4 ,with a vast numerical rather than a real variety in point of the one constitutive element of sacred song--viz41 music--they are poverty itself as regards the other--viz41 inspired truth--the ,kyrie1 ,gloria1 ,credo1 ,sanctus1 and ,agnus ,dei1 from the ,ordinary of the ,mass1 and a small number of hymns1 antiphons1 and scattered verses from the ,holy ,scriptures1 in the form of motets1 being literally the sum-total of their possession in this element4 ,and now to carry the comparison into its details4 ,the divine idea of sacred song could not have been known to us without a revelation1 the very gift itself being1 from its nature1 the companion of a revelation4 ,we are not1 therefore1 as has been remarked in the introduction1 thrown upon our own natural powers of speculation either for our general knowledge of the divine idea itself or for gaining an insight into its constituent details2 indeed1 without revelation this would have been altogether beyond our natural capacities4 ,but since ,god became man and founded his own society1 the ,catholic ,church1 and both taught himself and placed inspired teachers in it to succeed him1 the ideas of ,god as to questions that concern the welfare of his church have1 through the ,incarnation of the ,son1 been brought to the level of our capacities1 and are to be found in the ,scripture and in ,christian theology1 and are there to be sought for as occasion may require4 ,thus examined1 then1 by the light of the ,christian revelation1 the divine idea of sacred song will1 without urging that these are co-extensive with it1 admit of being resolved into the ensuing points2 the truth of which will be proved separately1 as they come forward successively in the course of the comparison4 ,they are as follows3 ,i4 ,authority3 #a1 ecclesiastical2 #b1 moral4 ,,ii4 ,claim to the completeness and order of a system4 ,,iii4 ,moral fitness3 #a1 as a sacrificial song2 #b1 as a song for the offices of the church4 ,,iv4 ,fitness for passing among the people as a congregational song4 ,v4 ,moral influence in the formation of character4 ,,vi4 ,the medium or vehicle for divine truth passing among the people4 ,,vii4 ,medicinal virtue4 ,,viii4 ,capacities for durable popularity4 ,,ix4 ,security against abuse4 ,x4 ,catholicity1 or companionship of the ,catholic doctrines over the globe4 ,upon these1 then1 the comparison may be now conducted4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,internal ,,mission ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,ghost4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,those who have read the most eminent prelate's ,temporal ,mission of the ,holy ,ghost will know what a spiritual and intellectual feast is before them in the present work1 8which traces10 says the author1 in his dedicatory preface to the ,oblates of ,s4 ,charles1 8at least the outline of the same subject40 8,the former book10 he explains1 8was on the special office of the ,holy ,ghost in the one visible church1 which is the organ of his divine voice4 ,the present volume deals with the universal office of the ,holy ,ghost in the souls of men4 ,the former or special office dates from the ,incarnation and the day of ,pentecost2 the latter or universal office dates from the ,creation1 and at this hour still pervades by its operations the whole race of mankind4 ,it is true to say with ,s4 ,irenus1 #8,ubi ,ecclesia1 ibi ,spiritus--,where the church is1 there is the ,spirit'2 but it would not be true to say1 ,where the church is not1 neither is the ,spirit there4 ,the operations of the ,holy ,ghost have always pervaded the whole race of men from the beginning1 and they are now in full activity even among those who are without the church2 for ,god #8will have all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth4'0 8,i have1 therefore10 he continues1 8in this present volume1 spoken of the universal office of which every living man has shared and does share at this hour2 and ,i have tried to draw the outline of our individual sanctification40 ,and then1 after expressing a hope that the ,oblate ,fathers may be 8stirred up to edit in one volume0 certain great treatises1 patristic and scholastic1 on the ,holy ,ghost and his gifts1 as 8a precious store for students and for preachers0--a wish in which we most heartily concur--he goes on to say3 8,my belief is that these topics have a special fitness in the ,x,i,xth century4 ,they are the direct antidote both of the heretical spirit which is abroad and of the unspiritual and worldly mind of so many ,christians4 ,the presence of the ,holy ,ghost in the church is the source of its infallibility2 the presence of the ,holy ,ghost in the soul is the source of its sanctification4 ,these two operations of the same ,spirit are in perfect harmony4 ,the test of the spiritual man is his conformity to the mind of the church4 ,sentire cum ,ecclesia1 in dogma1 discipline1 traditions1 devotions1 customs1 opinions1 sympathies1 is the countersign that the work in our hearts is not from the diabolical spirit nor from the human1 but from the divine40 ,and again3 8,it would seem to me that the development of error has constrained the church in these times to treat especially of the third and last clause of the ,apostles' ,creed3 #8,i believe in the ,holy ,ghost1 the ,holy ,catholic ,church1 the ,communion of ,saints4' ,the definitions of the ,immaculate ,conception of the ,mother of ,god1 of the ,infallibility of the ,vicar of ,christ1 bring out into distinct relief the twofold office of the ,holy ,ghost1 of which one part is his perpetual assistance in the church2 the other1 his sanctification of the soul1 of which the ,immaculate ,conception is the first-fruits and the perfect examplar4 8,the living consciousness which the ,catholic ,church has that it is the dwelling place of the ,spirit of ,truth and the organ of his voice seems to be still growing more and more vividly upon its pastors and people as the nations are falling away40 ,the work consists of seventeen chapters4 ,the first two are headed respectively 8,grace the ,work of a ,person10 and 8,salvation by ,grace40 ,then follow three on the virtues of faith1 hope1 and charity4 ,the sixth treats of 8,the ,glory of ,sons40 ,from the seventh to the fourteenth we have the 8,seven ,gifts of the ,holy ,ghost40 ,the fifteenth is on 8,the ,fruits of the ,spirit02 the sixteenth on 8,the ,beatitudes40 ,the last chapter deals with 8,devotion to the ,holy ,ghost40 ,we must refrain from making citations from these chapters2 for if we once began1 we should find it very difficult to stop4 ,but we would draw special attention to the ninth chapter1 on the 8,gift of ,piety10 and again to the seventeenth1 on 8,devotion to the ,holy ,ghost40 ,this devotion is one we have very much at heart2 for none1 we are persuaded1 can so help us to realize the presence of ,god with and in us1 and also the intimacy and tenderness of his love4 ,we believe1 with the ,ven4 ,grignon de ,montfort1 that devotion to the ,holy ,ghost is to have a special growth1 in union with devotion to his spouse1 ,our ,lady1 in these last times of the church4 ,we commend1 then1 this beautiful book to our readers as one of the most valuable and at the same time delightful it can ever be their lot to study4 ,the happy language and luminous style of the author make his works intelligible to the ordinary mind beyond those of most theological writers4 ,we trust that every encouragement will be given to the circulation of this work in ,america4 ,we have but to add that this is the only authorized ,american edition of the work1 having been printed from duplicate sets of the stereotype plates of the ,london publishers4 ,,mary1 ,,star ,,of ,,the ,,sea2 or1 ,a ,garland of ,living ,flowers ,culled from the ,divine ,scriptures and ,woven to the ,honor of the ,holy ,mother of ,god4 ,a ,story of ,catholic ,devotion4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,it is scarcely necessary to say aught in praise of so old and well-established a favorite as this1 further than to mention that the above is identical with the new and handsome ,london edition containing the corrections and additions of the author4 ,the original edition1 published in #ahdg1 has been some time out of print1 and the ,english market was supplied from this country until the ,american plates were consumed in the ,boston fire4 ,this is not like the common run of stories2 the story is only a slender thread1 on which the garland of flowers culled by the pious and gifted author in honor of the ,most ,holy ,virgin ,mary is strung4 ,the style is subdued1 poetic1 and devout1 and there is just enough of dramatic personality and incident to relieve the mind and interest the imagination1 while the reader follows the current of thought and reflection and pious sentiment which chiefly demands his attention4 ,we are now authorized to state that this work1 which has heretofore appeared anonymously1 was written by ,edward ,healy ,thompson1 ,a4,m41 so favorably known by the ,library of ,religious ,biography1 embracing ,lives of ,,ss4 ,aloysius and ,stanislaus ,kostka1 ,anna ,maria ,taigi1 etc41 published under his editorial and authorial supervision4 ,this work is admirably adapted1 both in matter and mechanical execution1 for premium purposes at the coming examinations4 ,,adhemar ,,de ,,belcastel2 or1 ,be ,not ,hasty in ,judging4 ,translated from the ,french by ,p4 ,s41 ,graduate of ,s4 ,joseph's1 ,emmettsburg4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,here is another book fit for a prize for those who win examination honors1 for which the youthful recipients will doubtless be duly grateful4 ,it is brought out in the usual tasteful style of the ,society's publications4 ,a ,,tract ,,for ,,the ,,missions1 ,,on ,,baptism ,,as ,a ,,sacrament ,,in ,,the ,,catholic ,,church4 ,by ,rev4 ,m4 ,s4 ,gross4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,the author's design in this publication is to 8treat1 first1 of the valid manner of baptizing and the effect of baptism1 as a sacrament of the ,catholic ,church2 and1 secondly1 of the necessity of baptism for all persons1 infants as well as adults40 ,,the ,,vatican ,,decrees ,,and ,,civil ,,allegiance4 ,,the ,,true ,,and ,,false ,,infallibility4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society has collected into two volumes the most prominent pamphlets written in answer to ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,expostulation and ,vaticanism1 and of those having a bearing on the controversy4 ,the first-named of these volumes embraces ,cardinal ,manning's ,the ,vatican ,decrees in their ,bearing on ,civil ,allegiance2 ,dr4 ,newman's ,a ,letter ,addressed to the ,duke of ,norfolk1 and the ,postscript to the same2 together with the ,decrees and ,canons of the ,vatican ,council4 ,the second includes ,the ,true and ,false ,infallibility of ,bishop ,fessler2 ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,expostulation ,unravelled1 by ,bishop ,ullathorne2 ,submission to a ,divine ,teacher1 by ,bishop ,vaughan2 ,the ,syllabus for the ,people3 a review of the propositions condemned by his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix41 with text of the condemned list1 by a monk of ,s4 ,augustine's1 ,ramsgate4 ,the works composing these volumes have already been separately noticed in our pages4 ,the present editions are printed on superior paper and are very convenient in form for preservation and reference4 ,,paparchy ,,and ,,nationality4 ,by ,dr4 ,joseph ,p4 ,thompson4 ,pamphlet4 ,reprinted from the ,british ,quarterly ,review4 ,it is a very repulsive spectacle to behold when an ,american citizen prostrates himself before a perfidious1 unscrupulous brutal tyrant like ,bismarck4 ,for a descendant and representative of the ,puritans it is an utter denial and abandonment of his own cause and the historical position of his own sect4 ,the noble attitude and language of some of the distinguished ,protestants of ,prussia ought to put to shame this recreant ,american4 ,,criterion2 or1 ,how to ,detect ,error and ,arrive at ,truth4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,balmes4 ,translated by a ,catholic ,priest4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahge4 ,we wish our reverend friend had told us his name1 that we might know whom to thank for this excellent translation of a work written by one who is high in rank among the modern glories of the priesthood in ,catholic ,spain and ,europe4 ,balmes had his mind saturated with ,s4 ,thomas1 and he possessed an admirable gift for rendering the doctrine of the ,angelical ,philosopher of ,aquin intelligible and attractive to ordinary readers4 ,the ,criterion is an eminently intellectual and at the same time a most practical treatise4 ,the study and practice of its maxims and instructions are fitted to make one wise both in the affairs of this life and those connected more immediately with the perfection and salvation of the soul4 ,we beg of the translator to give us some more choice reading of the same quality4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,father ,,bernard4 ,by ,canon ,claessens1 of the ,cathedral of ,malines4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,the many persons who remember the celebrated ,father ,bernard1 ,provincial of the ,redemptorists in the ,united ,states1 and director of a great many of the missions given by his subjects from the year #ahea1 will be pleased to read this biography4 ,father ,bernard was a man of remarkable gifts and very thorough1 solid learning1 but still more eminent for apostolic zeal and personal sanctity4 ,the late ,archbishop ,hughes had a very great veneration for him1 and said of him1 in his terse1 emphatic style1 which had more weight as he very seldom employed it in the praise of men3 8,father ,bernard is a man of ,god40 ,besides the labors of a long life1 he devoted a large fortune which he inherited to the service of religion4 ,he was more celebrated in the ,low ,countries1 as a preacher in the ,french and ,flemish languages1 than in the ,united ,states and ,ireland1 where he was obliged to make use of ,german and ,english4 ,the biography is very interesting1 and gives a full account of the earlier and later periods of ,father ,bernard's life and his holy death1 which occurred at ,wittem1 ,september #b1 #ahfe1 at the age of #eh4 ,the history of his administration of the province of the ,united ,states is meagre1 although this was the most distinguished and useful portion of his public career4 ,the appendix contains an amusing letter describing the voyage of ,father ,bernard and a band of ,redemptorists from ,liverpool to ,new ,york4 ,father ,hecker and ,father ,walworth came back on this occasion2 and immediately afterwards1 during the ,lent of #ahea1 the mission of ,s4 ,joseph's1 ,new ,york1 was given1 which is famous and remembered even now4 ,father ,bernard's ,american friends will be specially interested in the history of the closing scenes of his life4 ,his death was like that of the saints2 and we may say without exaggeration that he was in every way one of the worthiest of the sons of his great father1 ,s4 ,alphonsus1 who have adorned the annals of the ,congregation he founded4 ,the portrait at the head of the volume1 though not admirable as a work of art1 is strikingly faithful to the original4 ,,brief ,,biographies4 ,english ,statesmen4 ,prepared by ,thomas ,wentworth ,higginson4 ,new ,york3 ,putnams4 #ahge4 ,we all know the charm of ,col4 ,higginson's style1 and are familiar with his many spirited sketches of scenes and men4 ,of course we expect a treat when we open a book which bears his name1 and the readers of the very choice1 elegant little volume before us will not be disappointed4 ,gladstone1 ,disraeli1 ,bright1 the ,duke of ,argyll1 ,lord ,cairns1 and a number of other prominent ,english statesmen1 are drawn to the life1 and numbers of sparkling anecdotes1 bits of eloquent speech1 and witticisms are interspersed4 ,it is a very readable book and extremely lively and piquant4 ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,school ,,education ,,and ,,school ,,systems4 ,delivered before the ,catholic ,central ,association of ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 by ,rt4 ,rev4 ,b4 ,j4 ,mc,quaid1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,rochester4 ,cleveland3 ,catholic ,universe office4 #ahge4 ,,our ,,public ,,schools2 ,,are ,,they ,,free ,,for ,,all1 ,,or ,,are ,,they ,,not8 ,a lecture delivered by ,hon4 ,edmund ,f4 ,dunne1 ,chief-,justice of ,arizona1 in the ,hall of ,representatives1 ,tucson1 ,arizona4 ,san ,francisco3 ,cosmopolitan ,printing ,co4 #ahge4 ,the ,catholic ,association of ,cleveland1 we have heard1 is an energetic body1 and exercised an active influence in securing the passage of the bill lately passed by the ,ohio ,legislature securing the rights of ,catholics to the free exercise of religion in prisons and ,state institutions4 ,the ,bishop of ,rochester and his immediate neighbor1 the ,bishop of ,buffalo1 are among the most efficient of our prelates in promoting ,catholic education2 and the pamphlet of the first-mentioned prelate1 the title of which is given at the head of this notice1 is a new proof of his zeal and ability in this important controversy4 ,the lecture of ,chief ,justice ,dunne is a well-reasoned document1 written in a plain1 direct1 and popular style--that of a lawyer who both understands his subject and the way of presenting it to an audience which will make them understand it4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,living4 ,suggestions upon the ,art of ,making1 ,saving1 and ,using ,money4 ,by ,george ,carey ,eggleston4 ,new ,york3 ,putnams4 #ahge4 ,this very small and neat book contains a great many practical and sensible suggestions4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,a ,,convert4 ,by ,b4 ,w4 ,whitcher1 ,a4,m4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahge4 ,those who have read the ,widow ,bedott ,papers have not forgotten that humorous and extremely satirical production4 ,the authorship of this clever jeu d'esprit was in common between ,mr4 ,whitcher and his former wife1 a lady who died many years ago4 ,something of the piquant flavor of that early work is to be found in ,the ,story of a ,convert4 ,it is1 however1 in the main1 serious1 argumentative1 and remarkably plain and straightforward4 ,mr4 ,whitcher was an ,episcopalian minister4 ,he became a ,catholic from reading1 conviction1 and the grace of ,god1 which1 unlike many others1 he obeyed at a great sacrifice4 ,he has1 since that time1 lived a laborious1 self-denying1 humble life as a ,catholic layman2 and his arguments have therefore the weight of his good example to increase their force4 ,the fidelity to conscience of such men is a severe reproach to the dilettanti and amateur theologians who dabble for amusement in pseudo-,catholicism1 and are ready to sacrifice their consciences and to mislead others to their eternal perdition for the sake of worldly advantages4 ,this little book is one well worthy of circulation1 and likely to do a great deal of good4 ,we notice that the author mentions the name of ,mc,vickar among the converts from the ,general ,theological ,seminary4 ,we have never heard of any convert of that name who was ever a student at this seminary1 and we think ,mr4 ,whitcher's memory must have deceived him in this instance4 ,we trust that this excellent little book will find an extensive sale and the honesty of the author at least a few imitators4 ,,the ,,orphan',s ,,friend1 ,,etc4 ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,lambing1 late ,chaplain to ,s4 ,paul's ,orphan ,asylum1 ,pittsburg4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahge4 ,this series of plain1 simple instructions in religion and morals is intended1 by a kind friend of the orphans1 to be a guide to them when they are sent forth into the world4 ,the poor orphans certainly need all the friends and all the sympathy and help they can get1 and it was a good thought in the pious author to prepare this excellent little book4 ,,the ,,old ,,chest2 or1 ,the ,journal of a ,family of the ,french ,people from the ,merovingian ,times to ,our own ,days4 ,translated from the ,french by ,anna ,t4 ,sadlier4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahge4 ,,the ,,straw-,,cutter',s ,,daughter1 and ,,the ,,portrait ,,in ,,my ,,uncle',s ,,dining-,,room4 ,two ,stories4 ,edited by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,same publishers4 ,the first of these pretty little volumes is quite unique in its idea4 ,a picture is given of ,french life and manners at the different epochs of history1 by a series of supposed narratives preserved and handed down from father to son in an old chest1 which was bequeathed by the last of the family to a friend1 who published its contents4 ,it is not so good in execution as in conception2 for1 indeed1 it would require the hand of a master to carry out such an idea successfully4 ,nevertheless it is quite interesting and instructive reading4 ,the two stories of the second volume are romantic1 tragic1 vividly told1 and quite original in conception4 ,,essays ,,on ,,catholicism1 ,,liberalism1 ,,and ,,socialism1 considered in their fundamental principles4 ,by ,j4 ,d4 ,cortes1 ,marquis of ,valdegamas4 ,translated from the ,spanish by ,rev4 ,w4 ,mc,donald1 ,a4,b41 ,s4,th4,l41 ,rector of the ,irish ,college1 ,salamanca4 ,dublin3 ,w4 ,b4 ,kelly4 #ahgd4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,we do not ordinarily feel called upon to speak of new editions1 but in the present instance the book under notice is also a new translation of a valuable work4 ,these ,essays were translated by an accomplished lady in this country several years since2 but as the work was not issued by a ,catholic house1 it may have escaped the attention of many of our readers who would be glad to make its acquaintance4 ,we perceive that the original work was submitted to the approval of one of the ,benedictine theologians at ,solesmes1 and that ,canon ,torre ,velez has1 in an appreciative introduction1 discussed the plan and analysis of the work1 so that the reader is pretty well certified of the value and correctness of the opinions advanced4 ,the title of the first chapter1 8,how a great question of theology is always involved in every great political question10 shows what a direct bearing the work has on topics of permanent interest4 ,we have a special reason for wishing that this and similar works may be widely known1 in the fact that ,spain--intellectually1 more1 perhaps1 than physically--is so much a terra incognita to the rest of the world4 ,,domus ,,dei3 ,a ,collection of ,religious and ,memorial ,poems4 ,by ,eleanor ,c4 ,donnelly4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham ,son4 #ahge4 ,this volume is published 8for the benefit of the ,church of ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo10 in course of erection at ,philadelphia4 ,the authoress is already before the public4 ,among the 8religious0 poems is one entitled 8,bernadette at the ,grotto of ,lourdes40 ,they are all pleasant reading4 ,the 8memorial0 poems1 again1 will be considered by many the choicest part of the book4 ,we wish the volume an extensive patronage4 ,,the ,,irish ,,world4 ,it is not customary nor ordinarily proper for a magazine to engage in controversies which are waged among newspapers4 ,nevertheless1 the one in which the ,irish ,world is engaging itself with a considerable number of our ,catholic newspapers is of such unusual importance and violence that we trust we may be permitted to make a few remarks upon it4 ,disunion1 division of sentiment founded on differences of nationality and race1 extreme partisan contests on any pretext whatever1 and violent hostilities1 among those who profess the ,catholic religion1 especially just at this time and in this country1 are to be deprecated as more injurious to the cause of the faith and church of ,god than any amount of opposition from professed enemies of the ,catholic religion4 ,these can only be avoided by adopting and following out pure and perfect ,catholic principles ,in all things whatsoever1 and making the ,catholic rule of submission to lawful authority1 and conformity to the ,catholic tradition1 the ,catholic spirit1 and the common-sense which pervades the whole body of sound1 loyal1 hearty ,catholics everywhere1 without any exception or reservation1 the standard of judgment and the law of action4 ,it is necessary to be first a ,catholic and afterwards ,french1 ,german1 ,american1 ,english1 or ,irish1 as the case may be2 to be first of all sure that we understand and receive the teaching and the spirit of the ,catholic ,church1 in theology1 philosophy1 morals1 politics1 and that we make her rights and interests1 her advancement and glory1 the spiritual and eternal good of the whole human race1 the triumph of ,jesus ,christ1 and the glory of ,god1 paramount to everything4 ,secondary interests1 and ideas1 opinions1 projects1 which spring merely from private conviction or characterize nationalities1 schools1 parties1 associations of human origin1 should always be subordinate and be kept under the control of the higher principles of ,catholic unity1 charity1 and enlightened regard for the rights of all men4 ,this is the only true liberality4 ,liberalism1 as it is called1 which is nothing else than the detestable1 anti-,christian ,revolution1 destroys all this by subverting the principle of order1 which alone secures harmony1 a just equality1 and the rights of all4 ,what is called ,catholic liberalism1 and has been denounced by ,pius ,,ix4 as more dangerous and mischievous among ,catholics than any open heresy could be1 is a system of independence of ,catholic authority1 and of separation from the ,catholic common doctrine and sentiment1 of disrespect1 disloyalty1 irreverence1 disobedience1 and opposition to the hierarchy and the ,holy ,see1 in those things which are not categorically defined as articles of faith1 yet1 nevertheless1 are doctrinally or practically determined by authority4 ,we have not been in much danger in this country from any clique of ecclesiastical and theological liberals4 ,but the line adopted by the ,irish ,world shows an imminent danger from another quarter4 ,the editor professes submission to the authority of the ,catholic ,church in respect to the faith1 and those precepts of religion and morals which are essential4 ,we give him credit for sincerity and honesty and for good intentions4 ,these are not1 however1 sufficient guarantees against principles and opinions which are erroneous1 logically incompatible with doctrines of faith1 tending to subvert faith in the minds of his readers1 and producing an irreverent and disloyal spirit contrary to the true ,christian and ,catholic submission and respect to the prelates and the priesthood which is commanded by the law of ,god4 ,if the respected gentleman who edits the ,irish ,world desires to employ his talents and zeal to a really noble and useful purpose1 with success and honor1 for the spiritual and temporal welfare of men of his own race and religion1 we recommend to him1 in a friendly spirit1 to modify some of his ideas in a more ,catholic sense1 and to take counsel from those who understand thoroughly the doctrine and spirit of the ,catholic ,church4 ,much greater men than any of us--,jansenius1 ,de ,lamennais1 ,dllinger1 and a host of others--began by professing to be ,catholics in faith4 ,but they preferred their own private notions in respect to certain reforms in doctrine1 discipline or morals1 and politics1 which they considered to be necessary and important1 to the judgment of their spiritual rulers and the common ,catholic sense4 ,their end was in heresy or apostasy1 and they misled to their ruin those who followed them4 ,we trust we shall be spared the misfortune of seeing a falling away from the faith of any part of the ,catholic race of ,ireland1 either at home or in other countries4 ,they are in no danger of perversion to ,protestantism1 nor are they at present assailable by open and avowed enemies of religion4 ,it is by hidden poison only that they can be gradually infected and destroyed4 ,this poison must disguise itself in some way as ,liberal ,catholicism4 ,this is precisely the lurking poison which the unerring ,catholic instinct has detected in the specious1 pseudo-,christian1 pseudo-,scriptural1 pseudo-,catholic1 and pseudo-,irish communism into which the conductors of the ,irish ,world have been unwittingly betrayed4 ,a journal so extensively circulated must necessarily1 unless purged from this foreign and noxious element1 do a great deal of harm4 ,if the good sense1 honesty1 and ,catholic faith of its editors are strong enough to free them from the specious illusions of ,liberalism1 the ,irish ,world is in a condition to exert a very great and extensive influence for good1 and we shall heartily wish it success4 ,we approve of the free and generous activity of laymen in associations and through the press4 ,nevertheless1 the great liberty enjoyed by them is liable to misdirection1 and it is very necessary to guard against disorders which may spring from its abuse4 99 99 99 99 99 8,sacerdos0 is requested to send his address to the editor of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 who will be happy to answer his note in a private letter4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,from ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,sons3 ,the ,maintenance of ,health4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,fothergill1 ,m4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 #cfb4 ,protection and ,free ,trade4 ,by ,isaac ,butts1 #abmo1 pp4 #aij4 ,religion as affected by ,modern ,materialism4 #ahmo1 pp4 #fh4 ,from ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co43 ,meditations of the ,sisters of ,mercy1 before the ,renewal of ,vows4 ,by the late ,rt4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,grant1 ,bishop of ,southwark 7,reprinted from an unpublished edition of #ahfc47 #ahmo1 pp4 #aaf4 ,from ,r4 ,,washbourne1 ,london3 ,rome and ,her ,captors4 ,letters collected by ,count ,henry ,d',ideville4 #ahge4 #abmo1 pp4 #bcf4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,the ,month of ,s4 ,joseph2 or1 ,exercises for each day of the month of ,march4 ,by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,m4 de ,langalerie1 ,bishop of ,belley4 #ahge4 ,from ,,burns ,,oates1 ,london3 ,jesus ,christ1 the ,model of the ,priest4 ,from the ,italian1 by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,mgr4 ,patterson4 #bdmo1 pp4 #ajc4 ,from ,,mcglashan ,,gill1 ,dublin3 ,the ,history of the ,great ,irish ,famine of #ahdg4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,o',rourke4 #abmo1 pp4 xxiv41 #eei4 ,from ,,lee ,,shepard1 ,boston3 ,the ,island of ,fire4 ,by ,rev4 ,p4 ,c4 ,headley4 #abmo1 pp4 #cci4 ,from ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,spirit of ,faith2 or1 ,what must ,i do to ,believe8 ,five ,lectures1 delivered at ,s4 ,peter's1 ,cardiff1 by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishop ,hedley4 ,o4,s4,b4 #abmo1 pp4 #ajd4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxi41 ,no4 #abd4--;,,july1 #ahge4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge4 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,space4 ,i4 ,mathematicians admit three kinds of continuous quantities1 viz41 the quantity of space measured by local movement1 the quantity of time employed in the movement1 and the quantity of change in the intensity of the movement4 ,thus all continuity1 according to them1 depends on movement2 so that1 if there were no continuous movement1 nothing could be conceived as continuous4 ,the ancient philosophers generally admitted1 and many still admit1 a fourth kind of continuous quantity1 viz41 the quantity of matter2 but it is now fully demonstrated that bodies of matter are not1 and cannot be1 materially continuous1 even in their primitive molecules1 and that therefore the quantity of matter is not continuous1 but consists of a discrete number of primitive material units4 ,hence1 matter is not divisible in infinitum1 and gives no occasion to infinitesimal quantities1 except inasmuch as the volumes1 or quantities of space1 occupied 7not filled7 by matter are conceived to keep within infinitesimal dimensions4 ,we may1 therefore1 be satisfied that space1 time1 and movement alone are continuous and infinitely divisible1 and that the continuity of space and time1 as viewed by the mathematicians1 is essentially connected with the continuity of movement4 ,but space measured by movement is a relative space1 and time--that is1 the duration of movement--is a relative duration2 and since everything relative presupposes something absolute which is the source of its relativity1 we are naturally brought to inquire what is absolute space and absolute duration2 for1 without the knowledge of the absolute1 the relative can be only imperfectly understood4 ,men of course daily speak of time and of space1 and understand what they say1 and are understood by others2 but this does not show that they know the intimate nature1 or can give the essential definition1 of either time or space4 ,s4 ,augustine asks3 8,what is time80 and he answers3 8,when no one asks me1 ,i know what it is2 but when you ask me1 ,i know not40 ,the same is true of space4 ,we know what it is2 but it would be hard to give its true definition4 ,as1 however1 a true notion of space and time and movement cannot but be of great service in the elucidation of some important questions of philosophy1 we will venture to investigate the subject1 in the hope that by so doing we may contribute in some manner to the development of philosophical knowledge concerning the nature of those mysterious realities which form the conditions of the existence and vicissitudes of the material world4 ,opinions of ,philosophers about ,space4--,space is usually defined 8a capacity of bodies10 and is styled 8full0 when a body actually occupies that capacity1 8void10 or 8empty10 when no body is actually present in it4 ,again1 a space which is determined by the presence of a body1 and limited by its limits1 is called 8real10 whilst the space which is conceived to extend beyond the limits of all existing bodies is called 8imaginary40 ,whether this definition and division of space is as correct as it is common1 we shall examine hereafter4 ,meanwhile1 we must notice that there is a great disagreement among philosophers in regard to the reality and the essence of space4 ,some hold1 with ,descartes and with ,leibnitz1 that space is nothing else than the extension of bodies4 ,others hold that space is something real1 and really distinct from the bodies by which it is occupied4 ,some1 as ,clarke1 said that space is nothing but ,god's immensity1 and considered the parts of space as parts of divine immensity4 ,fnelon taught that space is virtually contained in ,god's immensity1 and that immensity is nothing but unlimited extension--which last proposition is much criticised by ,balmes#aae on the ground that extension cannot be conceived without parts1 whereas no parts can be conceived in ,god's immensity4 ,lessius1 in his much-esteemed work on ,god's perfections1 after having shown 7contrary to the opinion of some of his contemporaries7 that ,god by his immensity exists not only within but also without the world1 puts to himself the following objection3 8,some will say1 ,how can ,god be in those spaces outside the skies1 since no spaces are to be found there which are not fictitious and imaginary80 ,to which he answers thus3 8,we deny that there are not outside of the whole world any true intervals or spaces4 ,if air or light were diffused throughout immensity outside of the existing world1 there would certainly be true spaces everywhere2 and in the same manner1 if there is a ,spirit filling everything outside of this world1 there will be true and real spaces1 not corporeal but spiritual1 which1 however1 will not be really distinct from one another1 because a ,spirit does not extend through space by a distribution of parts1 but fills it1 so to say1 by its totalities4''' ,hence1 when we say that ,god is outside of the existing world1 and filling infinite spaces1 or that ,god exists in imaginary spaces1 we do not mean that ,god exists in a fictitious and chimerical thing1 nor do we mean that he exists in a space really distinct from his own being2 but we mean that he exists in the space which his immensity formally extends1 and to which an infinite created space may correspond4''' ,we may therefore distinguish space into created1 uncreated1 and imaginary4 ,created space embraces the whole corporeal extension of the material world4 ,uncreated space is nothing less than divine immensity itself1 which is the primitive1 intrinsic1 and fundamental space1 on the existence of which all other spaces depend1 and which by reason of its extension is equivalent to all possible corporeal spaces1 and eminently contains them all4 ,imaginary space is that which our imagination suggests to us as a substitute for ,god's immensity1 which we are unable to conceive in any other wise4 ,for1 just as we cannot conceive ,god's eternity without imagining infinite time1 so neither can we conceive ,god's immensity without imagining infinite space40#aaf ,boscovich1 in his ,theory of ,natural ,philosophy1 defines space as 8an infinite possibility of ubications10 but he does not say anything in regard to the manner of accounting for such a possibility4 ,others1 as ,charleton1 were of opinion that real space is constituted by the real ubication of material things1 and imaginary space by the actual negation of real ubications4 ,among the modern authors1 ,balmes1 with whom a number of other philosophers agree on this subject1 gives us his theory of space in the following propositions3 8#ast4 ,space is nothing but the extension of bodies themselves4 8#b;d4 ,space and extension are identical notions4 8#c;d4 ,the parts which we conceive in space are particular extensions1 considered as existing under their own limits4 8#dth4 ,the notion of infinite space is the notion of extension in all its generality--that is1 as conceived by the abstraction of all limits4 8#eth4 ,indefinite space is a figment of our imagination1 which strives to follow the intellectual process of generalization by destroying all limits4 8#fth4 ,where no body exists1 there is no space4 8#gth4 ,distance is the interposition of a body1 and nothing more4 8#hth4 ,if the body interposed vanishes1 all distance vanishes1 and contiguity1 or absolute contact1 will be the result4 8#ith4 ,if there were two bodies only1 they would not be distant2 at least1 we could not intellectually conceive them as distant4 8#ajth4 ,a vacuum1 whether of a large or of a small extent1 whether accumulated or scattered1 is an absolute impossibility40#aag ,these assertions form the substance of ,balmes' theory of space4 ,but he wisely adds3 8,the apparent absurdity of some of these conclusions1 and of others which ,i shall mention hereafter1 leads me to believe either that the principle on which my reasonings rest is not altogether free from error1 or that there is some latent blunder in the process of the deduction40#aah ,lastly1 to omit other suppositions which do not much differ from the ones we have mentioned1 ,kant and his followers are of opinion that space is nothing but a subjective form of our mind1 and an intuition a priori4 ,hence1 according to them1 no real and objective space can be admitted4 ,amid this variety and discord of opinions1 we can hardly hope to ascertain the truth1 and satisfy ourselves of its reality1 unless we settle a few preliminary questions4 ,it is necessary for us to know1 first1 whether any vacuum is or is not to be admitted in nature2 then1 we must know whether such a vacuum is or is not an objective reality4 ,for1 if it can be established that vacuum is mere nothingness1 the consequence will be that all real space is necessarily and essentially filled with matter1 as ,balmes and others teach2 if1 on the contrary1 it can be established that vacuum exists in nature1 and has an objective reality1 then it will follow that the reality of space does not arise from the presence of bodies1 and cannot be confounded with their extension4 ,in this case1 ,balmes' theory will fall to the ground1 and we shall have to borrow from ,lessius and ,fnelon1 if not the whole solution of the question1 at least the main conceptions on which it rests4 ,existence of ,void ,space4--,the first thing we must ascertain is the existence or non-existence of vacuum in nature4 ,is there any space in the world not occupied by matter8 ,our answer must be affirmative1 for many reasons4 ,first1 because without vacuum local movement would be impossible4 ,in fact1 since matter does not compenetrate matter1 no movement can take place in a space full of matter unless the matter which lies on the way gives room to the advancing body4 ,but such a matter cannot give room without moving2 and it cannot move unless some other portion of matter near it vacates its place to make room for it4 ,this other portion of matter1 however1 cannot make room without moving2 and it cannot move unless another portion of matter makes room for it2 and so on without end1 or at least till we reach the outward limits of the material world4 ,hence1 if there is no vacuum1 a body cannot begin to move before it has shaken the whole material world throughout and compelled it to make room for its movement4 ,now1 to make the movement of a body dependent on such a condition is absurd2 for the condition can never be fulfilled4 ,in fact1 whilst the movement of the body cannot begin before room is made for it1 no room is made for it before the movement has begun2 for it is by moving that the body would compel the neighboring matter to give way4 ,the condition is therefore contradictory1 and can never be fulfilled1 and therefore1 if there is no vacuum1 no local movement is possible4 ,secondly1 it has been proved in one of our articles on matter#aai that there is no such thing in the world as material continuity1 and that therefore all natural bodies ultimately consist of simple and unextended elements4 ,it is therefore necessary to admit that bodies owe their extension to the intervals of space intercepted between their primitive elements1 and therefore there is a vacuum between all the material elements4 ,this reason is very plain and cannot be questioned1 as the impossibility of continuous matter has been established by such evident arguments as defy cavil4 ,thirdly1 bodies are compressible1 and1 when compressed1 occupy less space--that is1 their matter or mass is reduced to a less volume4 ,now1 such a reduction in the volume of a body does not arise from material compenetration4 ,it must therefore depend on a diminution of the distances1 or void intervals1 between the neighboring particles of matter4 ,fourthly1 it is well known that equal masses can exist under unequal volumes1 and vice versa--that is1 equal quantities of matter may occupy unequal spaces1 and unequal quantities of matter may occupy equal spaces4 ,this shows that one and the same space can be more or less occupied1 according as the density of the body is greater or less4 ,but the same space cannot be more or less occupied if there is no vacuum4 ,for1 if there is no vacuum1 the space is entirely occupied by the matter1 and does not admit of different degrees of occupation4 ,it is therefore evident that without vacuum it is impossible to account for the specific weights and unequal densities of bodies4 ,against this1 some may object that what we call 8vacuum0 may be full of imponderable matter1 say1 of ether1 the presence of which cannot indeed be detected by the balance1 but is well proved by the phenomena of heat1 electricity1 etc4 ,to which we answer1 that the presence of ether between the molecules of bodies does not exclude vacuum2 for ether itself is subject to condensation and rarefaction1 as is manifest by its undulatory movements2 and no condensation or rarefaction is possible without vacuum1 as we have already explained4 ,another objection against our conclusion may be the following3 ,simple elements1 if they be attractive1 can penetrate through one another1 as we infer from the ,newtonian law of action4 ,hence1 the possibility of movement does not depend on the existence of vacuum4 ,we answer1 that the objection destroys itself2 for whoever admits simple and unextended elements1 must admit the existence of vacuum1 it being evident that no space can be filled by unextended matter4 ,we may add1 that natural bodies and their molecules do not exclusively consist of attractive elements1 but contain a great number of repulsive elements1 to which they owe their impenetrability4 ,the ancients made against the existence of a vacuum another objection1 drawn from the presumed necessity of a true material contact for the communication of movement4 ,vacuum1 they said1 is contra bonum natur--that is1 incompatible with the requirements of natural order1 for it prevents the interaction of bodies4 ,this objection need hardly be answered1 as it has long since been disposed of by the discovery of universal gravitation and of other physical truths4 ,as we have proved in another place that 8distance is an essential condition of the action of matter upon matter10#abj we shall say nothing more on this point4 ,objective ,reality of ,vacuum4--,the second thing we must ascertain is whether space void of matter be a mere nothing1 or an objective reality4 ,though ,balmes and most modern philosophers hold that vacuum is mere nothingness1 we think with other writers that the contrary can be rigorously demonstrated4 ,here are our reasons4 ,first1 nothingness is not a region of movement4 ,but vacuum is a region of movement4 ,therefore1 vacuum is not mere nothingness4 ,the minor of this syllogism is manifest from what we have just said about the impossibility of movement without vacuum1 and the major can be easily proved4 ,for1 the interval of space which is measured by movement may be greater or less1 whilst it would be absurd to talk of a greater or a less nothing2 which shows that vacuum cannot be identified with nothingness4 ,again1 void space can be really occupied1 whilst it would be absurd to say that nothingness is really occupied1 for occupation implies the presence of that which occupies in that which is occupied2 hence1 the occupation of nothingness would be the presence of a thing to nothing4 ,but presence to nothing is no presence at all1 just as relation to nothing is no relation4 ,and therefore1 the occupation of void space1 if vacuum were a mere nothing1 would be an evident contradiction4 ,moreover1 nothingness has no real attributes1 whereas real attributes are predicated of void space4 ,we find no difficulty in conceiving void space as infinite1 immovable1 and virtually extended in all directions2 whilst the conception of an extended nothing and of an infinite nothing is an utter impossibility4 ,whence we conclude that space void of matter is not a mere nothing4 ,secondly1 a mere nothing cannot be the foundation of a real relation3 space void of matter is the foundation of a real relation2 therefore1 space void of matter is not a mere nothing4 ,in this syllogism the major is quite certain2 for all real relation has a real foundation1 from which the correlated terms receive their relativity4 ,now1 all real foundation is something real4 ,on the other hand1 nothingness is nothing real4 ,therefore1 a mere nothing cannot be the foundation of a real relation4 ,the minor proposition is no less certain1 because space founds the relation of distance between any two material points1 which relation is certainly real4 ,in fact1 that on account of which a distant term is related to another distant term1 is the possibility of movement from the one to the other--that is1 the possibility of a series of successive ubications between the two terms1 without which no distance is conceivable4 ,but the possibility of successive ubications is nothing else than the successive occupability of space1 or space as occupable4 ,and therefore1 occupable space1 or space void of matter1 is the foundation of a real relation1 and accordingly is an objective reality4 ,thirdly1 if vacuum were mere nothingness1 no real extension could be conceived as possible4 ,for1 since all bodies are ultimately composed of elements destitute of extension1 as has been demonstrated at length in our articles on matter1 and since the primitive elements cannot touch one another mathematically without compenetration1 the extension of bodies cannot be accounted for except by the existence of void intervals of space between neighboring elements4 ,but1 if vacuum is a mere nothing1 all void intervals of space are nothing1 and nothing remains between the neighboring elements2 and if nothing remains between them1 all the elements must be in mathematical contact1 and therefore unite in a single indivisible point1 as even ,balmes concedes4 ,whence it is evident that the existence of real extension implies the objective reality of vacuum4 ,we conclude1 therefore1 that space void of matter is not a mere nothing1 but an objective reality4 ,against this proposition some objections are made by the upholders of a different doctrine4 ,in the first place1 distance1 they say1 is a mere negation of contact2 and since a mere negation is nothing1 there is no need of assuming that vacuum is a reality4 ,we answer1 that1 if distance were a mere negation of contact1 there would be no different distances2 for the negation of contact does not admit of degrees1 and cannot be greater or less4 ,distances may be1 and are1 greater or less4 ,therefore1 distance is not a mere negation of contact4 ,the negation of contact shows that the terms of the relation are distinct in space2 for distinction in space is the negation of a common ubication4 ,but the distinction of the terms1 though a necessary condition for the existence of the relation1 does not constitute it4 ,hence1 the relation of distance presupposes1 indeed1 the distinction of the terms and the negation of contact1 but formally it results from a positive foundation by which the terms are linked together in this or that determinate manner4 ,if the interval between two material points were nothing1 a greater interval would be a greater nothing1 and a less interval a less nothing4 ,we presume that no philosopher can safely admit a doctrine which leads to such a conclusion4 ,a second objection is as follows3 ,it is possible to have distance without any vacuum between the distant terms4 ,for1 if the whole space between those terms were full of matter1 their distance would be all the more real1 without implying the reality of vacuum4 ,we answer1 first1 that1 to fill space1 continuous matter would be needed2 and1 as continuous matter has no existence in nature1 no space can be filled with matter so as to exclude real vacuum4 ,we answer1 secondly1 that1 were it possible to admit continuous matter1 filling the whole interval of space between two distant terms1 the reality of that interval would still remain independent of the matter by which it is assumed to be filled2 for matter is not space2 and1 on the other hand1 if all the matter which is supposed to fill the interval be removed1 the distance between the terms will not vanish2 which shows that the filling of space1 even if it were not an impossible task1 would not in the least contribute to the constitution of real distances4 ,hence1 space1 even if it were assumed to be full of matter1 would not found the relation of distance by its fulness1 but only by its being terminated to distinct terms1 so as to leave room between them for a certain extension of local movement4 ,a third objection may be the following3 ,true though it is that real attributes are predicated of void space1 it does not follow that void space is an objective reality4 ,for1 when we say that space1 as such1 is infinite1 immovable1 etc41 we must bear in mind that we speak of a potential nature1 and that those predicates are only potential4 ,again1 though we must admit that void space can be measured by movement1 we know that such a mensuration is not made by terms of space1 but by terms of matter4 ,lastly1 although space is the capacity of receiving bodies1 it does not follow that there is in space any receptive reality2 for its capacity is sufficiently accounted for by admitting that space becomes real by its very occupation4#aba ,to the first point of this objection we answer1 that space may1 perhaps1 be called a 8potential nature0 in this sense1 that it is susceptible of new extrinsic denominations2 but if by 8potential nature0 the objector means to express a potency of being1 and to convey the idea that such a nature is not real1 then it is absolutely wrong to say that void space is a potential nature4 ,space is not in a state of possibility1 and never has been1 as we shall presently show4 ,hence the predicates1 infinite1 immovable1 etc41 by which the nature of space is explained1 express the actual attributes of an actual reality4 ,the author from whom we have transcribed this objection says that such predicates of space are real1 not objectively1 but only subjectively4 ,he means1 if we understand him aright1 that the reality of such predicates must be traced to the bodies which occupy space1 not to space itself1 and that1 though we conceive those predicates to be real owing to the real bodies we see in space1 yet they are not real in space itself4 ,as for us1 we cannot understand how 8to be infinite1 to be immovable1 to be occupable1 etc410 can be the property of any body which occupies space1 or be the property of space1 by reason of its occupation and not by reason of its own intrinsic nature4 ,space must be really occupable before it is really occupied2 and nothing is really occupable which is not real1 as we have already established4 ,whence we conclude that this part of the objection1 as confounding the possibility of occupation with the possibility of being1 has no weight4 ,to the second point we answer1 that the thing mensurable should not be confounded with that by which it can be measured4 ,whatever may be the nature of the measure to be employed in measuring1 no mensuration is possible unless the mensurable is really mensurable4 ,hence1 no matter by what measure space is to be measured1 it is always necessary to concede that1 if it is really measured1 it is something real4 ,the assertion that space is measured 8by terms of matter0 can scarcely have a meaning4 ,terms1 in fact1 measure nothing1 but are merely the beginning and the end of the thing measured4 ,space is measured by continuous movement1 not by terms of matter2 but before it is thus measured1 it is mensurable2 and its mensurability sufficiently shows its objective reality4#abb ,to the third point of the objection we reply1 that space is not a subject destined to receive bodies2 and therefore it is not to be called 8a capacity of receiving bodies40 ,hence1 we admit that space has no 8receptive0 reality4 ,but there are realities which are not receptive1 because they are not intrinsically potential2 and such is the reality of space1 as we shall hereafter explain4 ,with regard to the assertion that 8space becomes real by its very occupation10 we observe that1 if space void of matter is nothing1 as the objection assumes1 it is utterly impossible that it become a reality by the presence of bodies in it4 ,the presence of a body in space is a real relation of the body to the space occupied2 and such a relation presupposes two real terms--that is1 a real body and a real space4 ,if space1 as such1 is nothing1 bodies were created in nothing1 and occupy nothing4 ,their volumes will be nothings of different sizes1 their dimensions nothings of different lengths1 and their movements the measurement of nothing4 ,it is manifest that real occupation presupposes real occupability1 and real mensuration real mensurability2 and1 since mensurability implies quantity 7virtual quantity1 at least71 to say that occupable and mensurable space is nothing1 is to pretend that nothingness implies quantity--a thing which we1 at least1 cannot understand4 ,moreover1 to consider void space as a potency of being1 destined to become a reality through the presence of bodies1 is no less a blunder than to admit that the absolute is nothing until it becomes relative1 or to admit the relative without the absolute4 ,in fact1 the space occupied by a body is a relative space1 as its determination depends on the relative dimensions of the body4 ,on the other hand1 the relative dimensions of the body are themselves dependent on space1 for without space there are no dimensions2 and the space on which such relative dimensions depend must be a reality in itself1 independently of the same dimensions1 it being evident that the dimensions of the body cannot bestow reality upon that which is the source of their own reality4 ,to say the contrary is to destroy the principle of causality1 by making the absolute reality of the cause dependent on the reality of its effects4 ,the assertion that 8the absolute is nothing until it becomes relative10 leads straight to ,pantheism4 ,if you say that absolute space is nothing until it is occupied by bodies1 and thus actuated and exhibited under determinate figures1 the ,pantheist will say1 with as much reason1 that the absolute being is nothing until it is evolved in nature1 and thus actuated and manifested under different aspects4 ,if you say that absolute space1 as such1 is but an imaginary conception1 he will draw the inference that absolute being1 as such1 is similarly a mere figment of our brains4 ,if you say that the only reality of space arises from its figuration and occupation1 he will claim the right of concluding1 in like manner1 that the only reality of the absolute arises from its evolution and manifestation4 ,we might dilate a great deal more on this parallel2 for everything that the deniers of the reality of void space can say in support of their view can be turned to account by the deniers of a personal ,god1 and be made to serve the cause of ,german ,pantheism--the manner of reasoning of the latter being exactly similar to that of the former4 ,this is a point of great importance1 and to which philosophers would do well to pay a greater attention than was done in other times1 if they admit1 in the case of space1 that 8the absolute is nothing until it becomes relative10 they will have no right to complain of the ,pantheistic applications of their own theory4 ,vacuum unmade4--,the third thing we have to ascertain is1 whether void space1 absolutely considered as to its reality1 be created or uncreated4 ,this point can be easily settled4 ,those who say that vacuum has no objective reality have1 of course1 no alternative4 ,for them1 vacuum must be uncreated4 ,but they are probably not prepared to hear that we too1 who defend the reality of void space1 do not differ from them in the solution of this question4 ,to prove that space void of matter is not created1 the following plain reasons may be adduced4 ,first1 space void of matter is neither a material nor a spiritual creature4 ,it is no material creature2 for it excludes matter4 ,it is no spiritual creature2 for1 whether there be spiritual creatures or not1 it is necessary to admit occupable space4 ,secondly1 no created thing is immovable1 unchangeable1 and unlimited4 ,absolute space is evidently immovable1 unchangeable1 and unlimited4 ,therefore1 absolute space is not a product of creation4 ,thirdly1 space considered absolutely as it is in itself1 exhibits an infinite and inexhaustible possibility of real ubications4 ,but such a possibility is to be found nowhere but in ,god alone1 in whom all possible things have their formal possibility4 ,and therefore1 the reality of absolute space is all in ,god alone2 and accordingly1 such a reality not only is not1 but could never be1 created4 ,fourthly1 whatever is necessary1 is uncreated and eternal4 ,space considered absolutely as it is in itself is something necessary4 ,therefore1 absolute space is uncreated and eternal4 ,the major of this syllogism is evident2 the minor is thus proved3 ,space absolutely considered is nothing else than the formal possibility of real ubications2 but the possibility of things contingent is necessary1 uncreated1 and eternal2 for all contingent things are possible before any free act of the creator1 since their intrinsic possibility does not depend on ,god's volition1 as ,descartes imagined1 but only on his essence as distinctly and comprehensively understood by the divine intellect4 ,our next proposition will afford a fifth proof of this conclusion4 ,meanwhile1 we beg of our reader not to forget the restriction by which we have limited our present question4 ,we have spoken of space absolutely considered as it is in itself--that is1 of absolute space4 ,our conclusion1 if applied to relative space1 would not be entirely true2 for relative space implies the existence of at least two contingent terms1 and therefore involves something created4 ,we make this remark because men are apt to confound relative with absolute space1 owing to the sensible representations which always accompany our intellectual operations1 and also because we think that the philosophical difficulties encountered by many writers in their investigation of the nature of space originated in the latent and unconscious assumption that their imagination of relative space was an intellectual concept of absolute space4 ,it is thus that they were led to consider all space void of matter as imaginary and chimerical4 ,quiddity of ,absolute ,space4--,it now remains for us to ascertain the true nature of absolute space1 and to point out its essential definition4 ,our task will not be difficult after the preceding conclusions4 ,if absolute space is an uncreated1 infinite1 eternal1 and unchangeable reality1 it must be implied in some of the attributes of ,godhead4 ,now1 the divine attribute in which the reason of all possible ubications is contained1 is immensity4 ,hence1 absolute space is implied in ,god's immensity1 and we shall see that it is nothing else than the virtuality or the extrinsic terminability of immensity itself4 ,before we prove this proposition1 we must define the terms virtuality and terminability4 8,virtuality0 comes from virtus as formality from forma4 ,things that are actual owe their being to their form2 hence1 whatever expresses some actual degree of entity is styled 8a formality40 ,thus1 personality1 animality1 rationality1 etc41 are formalities exhibiting the actual being of man under different aspects4 ,things1 on the contrary1 that have no formal existence1 but which may be made to exist1 owe the possibility of their existence to the power 7virtus7 of the efficient cause of which they can be the effect1 or to the nature of the sufficient reason from which they may formally result4 ,in both cases1 the things in question are said to exist virtually1 inasmuch as they are virtually contained in their efficient cause or in their sufficient reason4 ,hence1 every efficient cause or sufficient reason1 as compared with the effects which it can produce or with the results of which it may be the foundation1 is said to have 8virtuality02 for1 the virtuality of all producible effects1 as of all resultable relations1 is to be found nowhere but in their efficient cause and in their formal reason4 ,thus all active power has a virtuality extending to all the acts of which it may be the causality1 and all formal reason has a virtuality extending to all the results of which it may be the foundation4 ,god's omnipotence1 for instance1 virtually contains in itself the reality of all possible creatures1 and therefore possesses an infinite virtuality4 ,in a similar manner1 ,god's immensity has an infinite virtuality1 as it virtually contains all possible ubications1 and is the reason of their formal resultability4 ,omnipotence has an infinite virtuality as an efficient principle2 immensity has an infinite virtuality as a formal source only4 ,these remarks about virtuality go far to explain the word 8terminability40 ,whenever an efficient cause produces an effect1 its action is terminated to an actuable term2 hence1 so long as the effect is not produced1 the power of the efficient cause is merely terminable4 ,in the same manner1 whenever a formal reason gives rise to an actual result1 and whenever a formal principle gives being to a potential term1 there is a formal termination2 and therefore1 so long as the result1 or the actual being1 has no existence1 its formal reason is merely terminable4 ,hence1 terminability has the same range as virtuality2 for nothing that is virtually contained in an efficient or in a formal principle can pass from the virtual to the actual state except by the termination of an efficient or a formal act to a potential term4 ,we have said that absolute space is nothing else than the virtuality1 or extrinsic terminability1 of ,god's immensity4 ,the first proof of this conclusion is as follows4 ,absolute space is the possibility of all real ubications4 ,but such a possibility is nothing else than the infinite virtuality of ,god's immensity4 ,hence our conclusion4 ,the major of our syllogism is obviously true1 and is admitted by all1 either in the same or in equivalent terms4 ,the minor needs but little explanation2 for we have already seen that absolute space is an uncreated reality1 and therefore is something connected with some divine attribute2 but the only attribute in which the possibility of all real ubications is contained1 is ,god's immensity4 ,hence1 the possibility of real ubications is evidently nothing else than the extrinsic terminability of divine immensity4 ,in other terms1 ,god's immensity1 like other divine attributes1 is not only an immanent perfection of the divine nature1 by which ,god has his infinite ubication in himself1 but also the source and the eminent reason of all possible ubications1 because it contains them all virtually in its boundless expanse4 ,hence1 the infinite virtuality of ,god's immensity is one and the same thing with the possibility of infinite ubications4 ,and1 therefore1 absolute space is nothing but the virtuality of divine immensity4 ,let the reader take notice that divine immensity is1 with regard to absolute space1 the remote principle1 or1 as the ,schoolmen would say1 the principium quod1 whilst the virtuality or extrinsic terminability of divine immensity is the proximate principle1 or the principium quo4 ,hence1 it would not be altogether correct to say that absolute space is nothing but ,god's immensity2 for1 as we call 8space0 that in which contingent beings can be ubicated1 it is evident that the formal notion of space essentially involves the connotation of something exterior to ,god2 and such a connotation is not included in divine immensity as such1 but only inasmuch as it virtually pre-contains all possible ubications4 ,and for this reason the infinite virtuality of ,god's immensity constitutes the formal ratio of absolute space4 ,it is in this sense that we should understand ,lessius when he says3 8,the immensity of the divine substance is to itself and to the world a sufficient space3 it is an expanse capable of all producible nature1 whether corporeal or spiritual4 ,for1 as the divine essence is the first essence1 the origin of all essences and of all conceivable beings1 so is the divine immensity the first and self-supporting expanse or space1 the origin of all expanse1 and the space of all spaces1 the place of all places1 and the primordial seat and basis of all place and space40#abc ,the second proof of our conclusion may be the following4 ,let us imagine that all created things be annihilated4 ,in such a case1 there will remain nothing in space1 and there will be an end of all contingent occupation1 presence1 or ubication4 ,yet1 since ,god will remain in his immensity1 there will remain that infinite reality which contains in its expanse the possibility of infinite contingent ubications2 for there will remain ,god's immensity with all its extrinsic terminability4 ,in fact1 ,god would not cease to be in those places where the creatures were located2 the only change would be this1 that those places1 by the annihilation of creatures1 would lose the contingent denominations which they borrowed from the actual presence of creatures in them1 and thus all those ubications would cease to be formal1 and would become virtual4 ,it is plain1 therefore1 that the reality of void space must be accounted for by the fact that1 after the annihilation of all creatures1 there remains ,god's immensity1 whose infinite virtuality is equivalent to infinite virtual ubications4 ,hence1 space void of matter1 but filled with ,god's substance1 can be nothing else than the infinite virtuality of divine immensity4 ,a third proof of our conclusion1 and a very plain one1 can be drawn from ,god's creative power4 ,wherever ,god is1 he can create a material point2 and wherever a material point can be placed1 there is space2 for space is the region where material things can be ubicated4 ,now1 ,god is everywhere by his immensity2 and therefore1 everywhere there is the possibility of ubicating a material point--that is1 absolute space has the same range as ,god's immensity4 ,on the other hand1 there is no doubt that a material point1 by being ubicated in absolute space1 is constituted in ,god's presence1 and is thus related to ,god's immensity2 and this relation implies the extrinsic termination of ,god's immensity4 ,therefore1 the ubication of a material point in space is the extrinsic termination of divine immensity2 whence it follows that the possibility of ubications is nothing but the extrinsic terminability of the same immensity4 ,the fourth proof of our conclusion consists in showing that none of the other known opinions about space can be admitted4 ,first1 as to the subjective form imagined by ,kant1 we cannot believe that it has any philosophical claim to adoption1 as it evidently defies common sense1 and is supported by no reasons4 8,kant10 says ,balmes1 8seems to have overlooked all distinction between the imagination of space and the notion of space2 and much as he labored in analyzing the subject1 he did not succeed in framing a theory worthy of the name4 ,while he considers space as a receptacle of natural phenomena1 he at the same time despoils it of its objectivity1 and says that space is nothing but a merely subjective condition1 ''' an imaginary capacity in which we can scatter and arrange the phenomena40#abd 8,to say that space is a thing merely subjective10 continues ,balmes1 8is either not to solve the problems of the outward world1 or to deny them1 inasmuch as their reality is thereby denied4 ,what have we gained in philosophy by affirming that space is a merely subjective condition8 ,did we not know1 even before this ,german philosopher uttered a word1 that we had the perception of exterior phenomena8 ,does not consciousness itself bear witness to the existence of such a perception8 ,it was not this1 therefore1 that we wished to know1 but this only3 whether such a perception be a sufficient ground for affirming the existence of the outward world1 and what are the relations by which our perception is connected with the same outward world4 ,this is the whole question4 ,he who answers that in our perception there is nothing but a merely subjective condition1 ,alexander-like1 cuts the knot1 and denies1 instead of explaining1 the possibility of experimental knowledge40#abe ,as to ,descartes' and ,leibnitz' opinion1 which makes the reality of space dependent on material occupation1 we need only observe that such an opinion1 even as modified by ,balmes1 leads to numerous absurdities1 presupposes the material continuity of bodies1 which we have shown to be intrinsically repugnant1#abf and assumes1 by an evident petitio principii1 that space void of matter is nothing4 ,the same opinion is beset by another very great difficulty1 inasmuch as it assumes that the reality of space lies in something relative1 whilst it recognizes nothing absolute which may be pointed out as the foundation of the relativity4 ,this difficulty will never be answered4 ,in all kind and degree of reality1 before anything relative can be conceived1 something absolute is to be found from which the relative borrows its relativity4 ,on the other hand1 it is obvious that real space1 as understood by ,descartes1 and by ,balmes too1 is something purely relative2 for 8space10 says ,balmes1 8is nothing but the extension of bodies themselves02 to which ,descartes adds1 that such a space 8constitutes the essence of bodies40 ,but the extension of bodies is evidently relative1 since it arises from the relations intervening between the material terms of bodies4 ,the three dimensions of bodies--length1 breadth1 and depth--are nothing but distances1 and distances are relations in space4 ,hence1 no dimension is conceivable but through relations in space2 and therefore1 before we can have real dimensions in bodies1 we must have1 as their foundation1 real space independent of bodies4 ,finally1 since the opinion of which we are speaking affirms that relative space is a reality1 while it denies that space without bodies is real1 the same opinion lays down the foundation of real and of ideal ,pantheism1 as we have already remarked4 ,this suffices to show that such an opinion must be absolutely rejected4 ,nothing therefore remains but to accept the doctrine of those who account for the reality of absolute space either by divine immensity or by the possibility of real ubications4 ,but these authors1 as a little reflection will show1 though employing a different phraseology1 teach substantially the same thing2 for it would be absurd to imagine the possibility of infinite real ubications as extraneous to ,god1 in whom alone all things have their possibility4 ,we must1 therefore1 conclude that space1 considered absolutely as to its quiddity1 may be defined to be the infinite virtuality1 or extrinsic terminability1 of divine immensity4 ,a ,corollary4--,absolute space is infinite1 eternal1 immovable1 immutable1 indivisible1 and formally simple1 though virtually extended without limits--that is1 equivalent to infinite length1 breadth1 and depth4 ,solution of ,objections4--,it may be objected that absolute space1 being only a virtuality1 can have no formal existence4 ,in fact1 the virtuality of divine immensity is the mere possibility of real ubications2 and possibilities have no formal existence4 ,hence1 to affirm that absolute space has formal being in the order of realities1 is to give body to a shadow4 ,it would be more reasonable to say that space is contained in divine immensity just as the velocity which a body may acquire is contained in the power of an agent2 and that1 as the power of the agent is no velocity1 so the virtuality of immensity is no space4 ,this objection may be answered thus3 ,granted that the virtuality of divine immensity is the mere possibility of real ubications1 it does not follow that absolute space has only a virtual existence1 but1 on the contrary1 that1 as the virtuality of divine immensity is altogether actual1 so also is absolute space4 ,the reason alleged1 that 8possibilities have no formal existence10 is sophistic4 ,a term which is only possible1 say1 another world1 has of course no formal existence2 but its possibility--that is1 the extrinsic terminability of ,god's omnipotence--is evidently as actual as omnipotence itself4 ,and in the same manner1 an ubication which is only possible has no formal existence2 but its possibility--that is1 the extrinsic terminability of ,god's immensity--is evidently as actual as immensity itself4 ,if absolute space were conceived as an array of actual ubications1 we would readily concede that to give it a reality not grounded on actual ubications would be to give a body to a shadow2 but1 since absolute space must be conceived as the mere possibility of actual ubications1 it is manifest that we need nothing but the actual terminability of ,god's immensity to be justified in admitting the actual existence of absolute space4 ,would it be 8more reasonable0 to say1 as the objection infers1 that space is contained in divine immensity just as velocity is contained in the power of the agent8 ,certainly not1 because what is contained in divine immensity is the virtuality of contingent ubications1 not the virtuality of absolute space4 ,there is no virtuality of absolute space2 for there is no virtuality of possibility of ubications2 as the virtuality of a possibility would be nothing else than the possibility of a possibility--that is1 a chimera4 ,hence1 the words of the objection should be altered as follows3 8,contingent ubications are contained in divine immensity just as velocity is contained in the power of an agent2 for1 as the power of the agent is no actual velocity1 so the virtuality of immensity is no actual contingent ubication40 ,and we may go further in the comparison by adding1 that1 as the formal possibility of actual velocity lies wholly in the power of the agent1 so the possibility of actual ubications--that is1 absolute space--lies in the virtuality of divine immensity4 ,thus the objection is solved4 ,it will not be superfluous1 however1 to point out the false assumption which underlies it1 viz41 the notion that the extrinsic terminability of divine immensity has only a virtual1 not a formal1 reality4 ,this assumption is false4 ,the terminability is the formality under which ,god's immensity presents itself to our thought1 when it is regarded as the source of some extrinsic relation1 ut habens ordinem ad extra4 ,such a formality is not a mere concept of our reason2 for ,god's immensity is not only conceptually1 but also really1 terminable ad extra2 whence it follows that such a terminability is an objective reality in the divine substance4 ,terminability1 of course1 implies virtuality2 but this does not mean that such a terminability has only a virtual reality2 for the virtuality it implies is the virtuality of the extrinsic terms which it connotes1 and not the virtuality of its own being4 ,were we to admit that the extrinsic terminability of ,god's immensity is only a virtual entity1 we would be compelled to say also that omnipotence itself is only a virtual entity2 for omnipotence is the extrinsic terminability of ,god's act4 ,but it is manifest that omnipotence is in ,god formally1 not virtually4 ,in like manner1 then1 immensity is in ,god not only as an actual attribute1 but also as an attribute having an actual terminability ad extra1 which shows that its terminability is not a virtual1 but a formal1 reality4 ,a second objection may be made4 ,would it not be better to define space as the virtuality of all ubications1 rather than the virtuality of ,god's immensity8 ,for when we think of space1 we conceive it as something immediately connected with the ubication of creatures1 without need of rising to the consideration of ,god's immensity4 ,we answer that absolute space may indeed be styled 8the virtuality of all ubications20 for all possible ubications are in fact virtually contained in it4 ,but such a phrase does not express the quiddity of absolute space2 for it does not tell us what reality is that in which all ubications are virtually contained4 ,on the contrary1 when we say that absolute space is 8the virtuality of divine immensity10 we point out the very quiddity of space2 for we point out its constituent formality which connects divine immensity with all possible ubications4 ,true it is that we are wont to think of space as connected with contingent ubications2 for it is from such ubications that our knowledge of place and of space arises4 ,but this space thus immediately connected with existing creatures is relative space1 and its representation mostly depends on our imaginative faculty4 ,hence1 this manner of representing space cannot be alleged as a proof that absolute space can be intellectually conceived without referring to divine immensity4 ,a third objection may be the following4 ,whatever has existence is either a substance or an accident4 ,but absolute space is neither a substance nor an accident4 ,therefore1 absolute space has no existence1 and is nothing4 ,the major of this argument is well known1 and the minor is proved thus3 ,absolute space does not exist in any subject1 of which it might be predicated2 hence1 absolute space is not an accident4 ,nor is it a substance2 for then it would be the substance of ,god himself--an inference too preposterous to be admitted4 ,this objection will soon disappear by observing that1 although everything existing may be reduced either to the category of substance or to some of the categories of accident1 nevertheless1 it is not true that every existing reality is formally a substance or an accident4 ,there are a great many realities which cannot be styled 8substances10 though they are not accidents4 ,thus1 rationality1 activity1 substantiality1 existence1 and all the essential attributes and constituents of things1 are not substances1 and yet they are not accidents2 for they either enter into the constitution1 or flow from the essence1 of substance1 and are identified with it1 though not formally nor adequately4 ,applying this distinction to our subject1 we say that absolute space cannot be styled simply 8,god's substance10 notwithstanding the fact that the virtuality of divine immensity identifies itself with immensity1 and immensity with the divine substance4 ,the reason of this is1 that one thing is not said simply to be another1 unless they be the same not only as to their reality1 but also as to their conceptual notion4 ,hence1 we do not say that the possibility of creatures is 8,god's substance10 though such a possibility is in ,god alone2 and in the same manner1 we cannot say that the possibility of ubication is 8,god's substance10 though such a possibility has the reason of its being in ,god alone4 ,for the same reason1 we cannot say simply that ,god's eternity is his omnipotence1 nor that his intellect is his immensity1 nor that ,god understands by his will or by his goodness1 though these attributes identify themselves really with the divine substance and with one another1 as is shown in natural theology4 ,it is plain1 therefore1 that absolute space is not precisely 8,god's substance02 and yet it is not an accident2 for it is the virtuality or extrinsic terminability of divine immensity itself4 ,a fourth objection arises from the opinion of those who consider ,god's immensity as the foundation of absolute space1 but in such a manner as to imply the existence of a real distinction between the two4 ,immensity1 they say1 has no formal extension1 as it has no parts outside of parts2 whereas1 absolute space is formally extended1 and has parts outside of parts2 for when a body occupies one part of space1 it does not occupy any other--which shows that the parts of space are really distinct from one another2 and therefore absolute space1 though it has the reason of its being in ,god's immensity1 is something really distinct from ,god's immensity4 ,to this we answer1 that it is impossible to admit a real distinction between absolute space and divine immensity4 ,when divine immensity is said to be the foundation1 or the reason of being1 of absolute space1 the phrase must not be taken to mean that absolute space is anything made1 or extrinsic to ,god's immensity2 its meaning is that ,god's immensity contains in itself virtually1 as we have explained1 all possible ubications of exterior things1 just as ,god's omnipotence contains in itself virtually all possible creatures4 ,and as we cannot affirm without error that there is a real distinction between divine omnipotence and the possibility of creatures which it contains1 so we cannot affirm without error that there is a real distinction between divine immensity and the possibility of ubications which it contains4 ,that immensity has no parts outside of parts we fully admit1 though we maintain at the same time that ,god is everywhere formally by his immensity4 ,but we deny that absolute space has parts outside of parts2 for it is impossible to have parts where there are no distinct entities4 ,absolute space is one simple virtuality containing in itself the reason of distinct ubications1 but not made up of them2 just as the divine essence contains in itself the reason of all producible essences1 but is not made up of them4 ,as to the formal extension of immensity1 ,lessius seems to admit it when he says that 8,god exists in the space which his immensity formally extends40 ,fnelon also holds that 8immensity is infinite extension02 whilst ,balmes does not admit that extension can be conceived where there are no parts4 ,the question1 so far as we can judge1 is one of words4 ,that ,god is everywhere formally is a plain truth2 on the other hand1 to say that he is formally extended1 taking 8extension0 in the ordinary signification1 would be to imply parts and composition2 which cannot be in ,god4 ,it seems to us that the right manner of expressing the infinite range of ,god's immensity would be this3 8,god through his immensity is formally everywhere1 though by a virtual1 not a formal1 extension40 ,in the same manner1 space is formally everywhere1 though it is only virtually1 not formally1 extended4 ,and very likely this1 and nothing more1 is what ,lessius meant when saying that immensity 8formally extends0 space4 ,this phrase may1 in fact1 be understood in two ways2 first1 as meaning that immensity causes space to be formally extended--which is wrong2 secondly1 as meaning that immensity is the formal1 not the efficient1 reason of the extension of space4 ,this second meaning1 which is philosophically correct1 does not imply the formal extension of space1 as is evident1 unless by 8formal extension0 we understand the 8formal reason of its extending02 in which case the word 8extension0 would be taken in an unusual sense4 ,lastly1 when it is objected that 8bodies occupying one part of space do not occupy another10 and that therefore 8space is composed of distinct parts10 a confusion is made of absolute space1 as such1 and space extrinsically terminated1 or occupied by matter1 and receiving from such a termination an extrinsic denomination4 ,distinct bodies give distinct names to the places occupied by them2 but absolute space is not intrinsically affected by the presence of bodies1 as we shall see in our next article2 and1 therefore1 the distinct denominations of different places refer to the distinct ubications of matter1 not to distinct parts of absolute space4 ,as we cannot say that the sun and the planets are parts of divine omnipotence1 so we cannot say that their places are parts of divine immensity or of its terminability2 for as the sun and the planets are only extrinsic terms of omnipotence1 so are their places only extrinsic terms of immensity4 ,such places1 therefore1 may be distinct from one another1 but their possibility 7that is1 absolute space7 is one1 and has no parts4 ,but this subject will receive a greater development in our next article1 in which we intend to investigate the nature of relative space4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,corpus ,,christi4 ,not lilies here1 their vesture is too pale1 ,nor will they crush to fragrance 'neath the tread ,where every step must rapturous thought exhale ,of the triumphant ,king whose thorn-crowned head ,dripped crimson life-drops but a while ago4 ,not lilies here1 to-day the roses know ,it is ,love's feast1 and sacred banquet-hall ,and holy table should be decked and strewn ,with ,love's bright flowers1 the perfumed gifts of ,june4 ,oh6 that our hearts might lie beneath his feet ,even as the drifting petals1 pure and sweet6 ,joy1 drooping soul6 ,his peace is over all4 ,gethsemane is past1 ,golgotha's darkness fled3 ,to-day the guests are bidden1 the heavenly banquet spread4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,debut4 ,the three days had expanded to ten when ,admiral de ,winton opened the breakfast-room door on ,monday morning1 and1 standing on the threshold1 said in his most emphatic manner3 8,harness1 ,i'm going up by the #c4bj this afternoon4 ,now1 not a word1 or ,i'll bolt this minute4 ''' ,i can bear a good deal1 but there is a limit to everything4 ,you've wheedled me and bullied me into neglecting my business for a whole week1 in spite of myself2 and ,i'm off to-day by the #c4bj40 8,well1 depart in peace whatever you do10 said ,sir ,simon1 8and ,i suppose you had better have some breakfast before you start8 ,it's struck nine already1 but you will have time to swallow a cup of tea between this and then40 8,the fact is it serves me right10 continued the admiral1 advancing to his accustomed seat at the table2 8hard-worked drudges of my kind ought never to trust themselves in the clutches of idle swells like you--they never know when they'll get out of them4 ,here's a letter from the ,admiralty1 blowing me up for not sending in that report ,i was to have drawn up on the ,russian fleet2 and quite right1 too--only it's you who ought to get the blowing up1 not me40 8,but1 uncle1 ,i thought you had settled to remain till ,thursday10 said ,clide2 8you said you would yesterday40 8,one often says a thing yesterday that one has to unsay to-day10 retorted the admiral1 clearing for action by sweeping his letters to one side2 8,i'm going by the #c4bj4 ,i tell you ,i am1 ,harness60 8,well1 ,i've not said anything to the contrary1 have ,i80 8,but you needn't be trying to circumvent me1 to make me late for the train1 or that sort of thing4 ,i'm up to your dodges now4 ,ryder will be on the look-out2 he's packing up already40 8,i must say its rather shabby behavior to ,lady ,anwyll10 observed the baronet2 8the dinner and dance on ,wednesday are entirely for you and ,clide40 8,clide must go and make the best of it for me2 an old fellow like me is no great loss at a dinner1 and ,i don't suppose she counted much on me for the dance4 ,how much longer do you intend to stay here1 eh80 ,this was to his nephew4 8,what's that to you80 said ,sir ,simon1 interrupting ,clide1 who was about to answer2 8you'd like him to do as you are doing--set the county astir to entertain him1 and then decamp before anything comes off40 ,but the admiral was not to be moved from his determination by any sense of ill-behavior to the county4 ,he started by the #c4bj4 ,sir ,simon and ,clide went to see him off1 and called at ,the ,lilies on their way back4 8,it's perfectly useless1 he never would consent to it2 and in any case it's too late now10 ,sir ,simon remarked1 with his hand on the wicket2 8it's for ,wednesday1 and this is ,monday4 ,we should have thought of it sooner40 8,well1 you'll speak to him anyhow2 it may serve for next time10 urged ,clide in a low voice2 8it's cruel to see her cooped up in this way40 ,it was as ,sir ,simon guessed4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais would not hear of ,franceline's going to ,lady ,anwyll's4 ,why should he8 ,he did not know ,lady ,anwyll1 and he was not likely to accept an invitation that had clearly been sent at somebody else's request1 at the eleventh hour4 ,but quite apart from this he would never have allowed his daughter to go4 ,he never went out himself1 and his paternal ,french instinct repelled as a monstrous inconvenance the idea of letting her go without him--above all1 for a first appearance4 8,but1 happily1 ,franceline does not care about those things10 he said2 8she has never been to a party1 as you know4 ,she is happier without amusements of the sort2 her doves are all the amusement she wants40 8,hem6''' ,i'm not so sure of that1 ,bourbonais10 said ,sir ,simon2 8we take for granted young people don't care for things because we have ceased to care for them2 we forget that we were young once upon a time ourselves4 ,why should ,franceline not enjoy what other young girls enjoy80 8,she is not like other young girls10 replied her father1 in a tone of gentle sadness4 8,unfortunately for other girls and for mankind in general10 assented ,sir ,simon4 ,raymond smiled4 8,i meant that their circumstances are not alike4 ,you know they are not1 mon cher40 8,you make mountains out of mole-hills1 ,bourbonais10 said the baronet2 8however1 ,i give in about this hop of ,lady ,anwyll's4 ,it wouldn't quite do to bring ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais out in that fashion2 she must be presented differently2 those youngsters don't consider these important points40 ,and he nodded at ,clide1 who had sat listening with none the less interest because he was silent4 8,but something must be done about it2 the child can't be thrown any longer on her doves for society2 she must have a little amusement2 it will tell on her health if she has not40 ,it was not without intention that he pointed this arrow at ,raymond's shield4 ,sir ,simon knew where his vulnerable spot lay1 and that it was possible to make him do almost anything by suggesting that it might affect his child's health4 ,he had1 so far1 no grounds for alarm1 or even anxiety about it2 but the memory of her mother1 to whom she bore in many ways so strong a resemblance1 hung over him like the shadow of an unseen dread4 ,it was this that conquered him in the riding scheme1 reducing him into acquiescence with what he felt was not frankly justifiable4 ,sir ,simon had indeed assured him that ,lord ,roxham had declined to take ,rosebud2 but he did not explain the circumstances4 ,clide had taken a fancy to the spirited bay mare1 and on the very morning after the letter was despatched he announced his intention of riding her while he remained2 whereupon the baronet1 more keenly alive to the courtesies of a host than the obligations of a debtor1 instead of telling him how matters stood1 wrote a second letter on receipt of ,lord ,roxham's accepting the offer1 to say he could not let him have the horse for a week or so1 and as ,lord ,roxham wanted her immediately as a present for his intended bride1 he could not wait1 and thus #a1jjj slipped out of ,sir ,simon's hands4 ,mr4 ,simpson1 his incomparable man of business1 had1 however1 stopped the gap by some other means1 and the rascally architect was quieted for the present4 ,raymond observed that ,lord ,roxham was not the only person in ,england who was open to the offer of a mare like ,rosebud1 though it might be difficult to meet with any one willing to give such an exorbitant price for her2 one does not light on a wealthy1 infatuated bridegroom every day4 8,yes1 that's just it10 replied ,sir ,simon1 grasping at any excuse for procrastination1 8one must bide one's time2 it's a mistake selling for the sake of selling2 if you only have patience you're sure to find your man by-and-by40 ,and ,raymond1 feeling that he had done all that he was called upon to do in the case1 recurred to it no more1 and was satisfied to let ,franceline use the horse4 ,there was no doubt the exercise was beneficial to her4 ,anglique said her appetite had nearly doubled1 and the child slept like a dormouse since she had taken the riding2 and as to the enjoyment it afforded her1 there could be no mistake about that4 ,sir ,simon had promised to think over what next should be done to amuse his young favorite1 and he was as good as his word4 ,he gave the matter1 in ministerial parlance1 his most anxious consideration1 and the result was that he made up his mind to give a ball at the ,court1 where ,franceline should make her dbut with the clat that became her real station and the hereditary friendship of the two families4 ,he owed this to ,raymond4 ,it was only fitting that ,franceline should come out under his roof1 and be presented by him as the daughter of his oldest and most valued friend4 ,he was almost as fond of the child1 too1 as if she were his own2 and besides1 it was becoming desirable at this moment that her position in society should be properly defined4 ,he came down to breakfast big with this mighty resolution1 and communicated it to ,clide1 who at once entered into the plan with great gusto1 and had many valuable hints to give in the way of decorations2 he had seen eastern pageants1 and ,italian and ,spanish festas1 and every description of barbaric gala in his travels1 and his ideas were checked by none of the chains that are apt to hamper the flights of fancy in similar cases4 ,sir ,simon had never hinted in his presence at such a thing as pecuniary embarrassments1 and there was nothing in the style and expenditure at the ,court to suggest their existence there4 ,sir ,simon winced a little as ,clide unwittingly brought his practical deception home to him by speaking as if money were as plentiful as blackberries with the owner of ,dullerton2 but he was determined to keep strictly within the bounds of reason1 and not to be beguiled into the least unnecessary extravagance4 8,bourbonais would not like it1 you see2 and we must consider him first in the matter4 ,it will be better on the whole to make it simply a sort of family thing1 just a mustering of the natives to introduce ,franceline4 ,it would be in bad taste to make a ,lord ,mayor's day of it1 as if she were an heiress1 and so on4 ,we'll just throw all the rooms open1 and make it as jolly as we can in a quiet way4 ,i'll invite everybody--the more the merrier40 ,so they spent a pleasant hour or so talking it all over2 who were to be asked to fill their houses1 and what men were to be had down from ,london as a reserve corps for the dancing4 ,they had got the length of fixing the date of the ball1 when ,sir ,simon remembered that there was the highly important question of ,franceline's dress to be considered4 8,i must manage to get her up to ,london1 and have her properly rigged out by some milliner there4 ,i dare say your stepmother would put us up to that part of the business1 eh80 ,and ,clide committed his stepmother to this effect in a most reckless way4 ,it had already been mooted with ,raymond by ,sir ,simon that ,franceline should go to ,london for a few days to see the sights1 and he could fall back on this now for the present purpose4 ,he was surprised to find that ,raymond consented to the proposal1 not merely without reluctance1 but almost with alacrity4 8,if you really think the change will do her good1 ,i shall be only too grateful to you for taking her10 he said2 8but does it strike you she wants it80 ,sir ,simon felt a slight shock of compunction at this direct question1 and at the glance of timid inquiry that accompanied it4 ,he had never intended to distress or alarm his friend2 he only made the remarks about ,franceline's health as a means of compassing his own ends towards amusing and pleasing her4 8,not a bit of it60 he answered contemptuously2 8what could have put such a notion into my head8 ,when ,i say a little change of one sort or another will do her good1 ,i only judge from what ,i hear all the mothers say2 when their daughters are come to ,franceline's age they're constantly wanting change1 and if they are too long without it they begin to droop1 and to look pale1 and so forth1 and the doctor orders them off somewhere4 ,i don't imagine ,franceline is an exception to the general rule2 and as prevention is better than cure1 it's as well to give her the change before she feels the want of it4 ,it's a good plan always to take time by the forelock2 you see yourself that the riding has done her good40 8,yes1 mon cher1 yes10 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 tilting his spectacles1 8it certainly has strengthened her4 ,she has lost that pain in her side she used to suffer from1 though ,i never knew it--,i only heard of it when it was gone4 ,anglique should not have concealed it from me10 he added1 a little nervously1 and with another of those inquiring looks at ,sir ,simon4 8,pooh1 pooh1 nonsense6 ,what would she have worried you about it for8 ,all young people have pains in their sides10 returned the baronet oracularly4 8,she's not done growing yet4 ,well1 then1 it's settled that ,i carry her off on ,monday4 ,we will start early1 so as to be there to receive ,mrs4 de ,winton1 who arrives at ,grosvenor ,square by the late afternoon train40 8,but there is one thing you must promise me10 said ,raymond1 going up to him and laying a hand impressively on his arm2 8you will go to no unnecessary expense4 ,you must give me your word for that40 8,there you are1 as usual1 harping on the old string10 laughed the baronet1 with a touch of impatience4 8,what expense do you expect me to go to8 ,the house is there1 and the servants are there and whether ,i'm there or not the expenses go on4 ,you don't suppose ,franceline will add very heavily to them1 or ,mrs4 de ,winton either80 8,but you talked about taking her to the operas1 and so on1 and ,i am sure she would not care for amusements of that sort2 they would be too exciting for her4 ,the change of scene and the sights of the city will be quite enough40 8,make your mind easy about all that4 ,mrs4 de ,winton will take care the child doesn't overdo herself4 ,she's a very sensible woman1 and not at all fond of excitement40 ,as the baronet pronounced ,mrs4 de ,winton's name1 it occurred to him for the first time to wonder if it suggested nothing to ,raymond1 and whether ,clide's assiduity at ,the ,lilies1 and prolonged stay at ,dullerton after his announcement that he was only to remain three days1 awoke no suspicion in his mind4 ,the thing would have been impossible in the case of any other father2 but ,raymond was so absorbed in his studies1 in hunting out and analyzing the ,causes of the ,revolution1 the proposed title of the work that was to be ,franceline's dot1 and so altogether unlearned in the common machinery of life1 that he was capable of seeing the house on fire1 and not suspecting it concerned him until it singed his pen4 ,he knew that ,clide's meeting with him had been a turning-point in the young man's life2 that it was ,raymond's advice and influence that determined him to return to ,glanworth1 and enter on his duties there with a vigorous desire to fulfil them at the sacrifice of his own plans and inclinations4 ,he was already acting the part of mentor to ,clide1 who carried him his agent's letters to read1 and consulted him about the various philanthropic schemes he had in his head for the improvement of the people on his estate--notably the repression of drunkenness1 which ,raymond impressed on him must be the keystone of all possible improvement among the humbler classes in ,england4 ,was it possible that this demeanor and the son-like tone of respect which ,clide had adopted toward him suggested no ulterior motive on ,clide's part1 or awoke no parental fear or suspicion in ,raymond8 ,sir ,simon was turning this problem up and down in his mind1 and debating how far it might be advisable to sound his friend1 when ,raymond said abruptly3 8,mr4 de ,winton is not going with you1 of course80 8,no2 he is to run down to his own place while we are away4 ,i expect him back when we return40 ,their eyes met4 ,sir ,simon smiled a quizzical1 complaisant smile1 but it died out quickly when he saw the alarmed expression in ,raymond's face4 8,the idea never struck me before10 he exclaimed4 8,how should it8 ,there was nothing to suggest it2 the disparity is too great40 8,how so8 ,they are pretty well matched in age--eighteen and eight-and-twenty--and as to ,clide's family1 he cannot certainly count quarterings with the ,de ,xaintriacs1 or perhaps even the ,bourbonais2 but the ,de ,wintons are'''0 8,enfantillage1#abg enfantillage60 broke in ,raymond with a gesture of wild impatience2 8as if it signified in a foreigner living in exile whether his family be illustrious or not1 when it is decayed and without the smallest actual weight or position6 ,the disparity ,i allude to is in fortune4 ,with such a barrier between my daughter and ,mr4 de ,winton1 how could any arrangement have entered into my imagination80 8,and you have actually lived all these years in ,england without getting to understand ,englishmen and their ideas better than that60 said ,sir ,simon4 8,as if it mattered that0--snapping his fingers--8about any difference in fortune6 ,why half the wealthiest men ,i know have married girls without a penny4 ,i did it myself10 added the baronet1 with a change from gay to grave in his tone2 8my wife had no fortune of her own1 and if she had1 ,i wouldn't have taken a penny with her4 ,no man of spirit1 who has a fortune large enough to support his wife properly1 likes to take money with her4 ,clide de ,winton has #ae1jjj a year1 and no end of money accumulating in the funds2 he hasn't spent two years' income these last eight years1 ,i'll lay a wager2 it would be a crying shame if he were to marry a wife with money2 but he's not the man to do it40 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had risen1 and was walking up and down with his hands behind his back and his chin on his breast1 his usual attitude when he was thinking hard4 ,it was the first time that the idea of ,franceline's marriage had come home to him in any practical form--indeed1 in any form but that of a remote and shadowy abstraction that he might or might not be some day called upon to discuss4 ,he had not discussed his own marriage1 and there was no precedent in his mind for discussing hers4 ,as far as his perceptions carried him1 those things were entirely arranged by outsiders2 when everything was made ready in the business department1 the parties concerned were brought together1 and the wedding took place4 ,but what business was there to arrange in ,franceline's case8 ,if ,mr4 de ,winton had been a high-born young gentleman without a penny to bless himself with1 there would have been some sense in his being proposed as a candidate for ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais2 but it was against all law and precedent that a millionnaire should dream of marrying a girl without a dot4 8,this is very foolish0 he said1 taking another turn up the long room--they were in the library--8if it occurred to you before1 you should have told me40 8,told you what8 ,that ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais was a deuced pretty girl1 and ,mr4 de ,winton a remarkably good-looking young man1 neither blind nor devoid of understanding4 ,i should think you might have found that out for yourself40 8,it is not a thing to joke about1 ,simon4 ,i cannot understand your joking about it40 ,and ,raymond halted before ,sir ,simon1 who was lounging back in his chair1 his coat thrown back1 and his thumbs stuck into his waistcoat1 while he surveyed his friend's anxious face with a look of comical satisfaction4 8,has ,mr4 de ,winton spoken to you on the subject80 8,no40 8,have you said anything to him about it80 8,not ,i60 8,and yet you speak as if you had something to go upon40 8,and so ,i have4 ,i have my eyes and my intelligence4 ,i have been making use of both during the last ten days40 8,then am ,i expected to speak to him80 8,you are expected to do nothing of the sort10 said the baronet1 starting from his listless attitude1 and speaking in a determined manner2 8it does not concern you at this stage of affairs4 ,if you interfere you may just put your foot in it4 ,leave the young people to manage their own affairs2 they understand it better than we do40 8,not concern me60 echoed ,raymond1 protruding his eyebrows an inch beyond his nose2 8and if this idea1 that seems so clear to you1 should seem clear to others1 and nothing comes of it1 how then8 ,my child is compromised1 and ,i am not to interfere1 and it does not concern me80 8,you talk like an infant1 ,bourbonais60 said ,sir ,simon1 changing his bantering tone to one of resentment4 8,am ,i likely to encourage ,de ,winton if ,i did not know him2 if ,i were not certain that he is incapable of behaving otherwise than as a gentleman60 8,but you confess that he has not said anything to you2 suppose he should never have thought of it at all80 8,suppose that he's a blind idiot6 ,is it likely that a young fellow like ,clide should be thrown into daily society with a girl like ,franceline and not fall in love with her8 ,tell me that60 ,but that was precisely what ,raymond could not see4 ,his mental vision was not given to roaming beyond the narrow horizon of his own experience3 this furnished him with no precedent for the case in point--a young man falling in love and choosing a wife without being told to do so by his family4 8,if it were suggested to him10 he replied1 dubiously1 8no doubt he might2 but no one has put it into his head2 even you have not given him a hint to that effect40 ,sir ,simon threw back his head and roared4 8,really1 ,bourbonais1 you're too bad6 ',pon my honor you are4 ,to imagine that a man of eight-and-twenty waits for a hint to fall in love when he has the temptation and the opportunity6 ,but you know no more about it than the man in the moon4 ,you live in the clouds40 8,i have lived in them perhaps too long10 replied ,raymond1 humbly and with a pang of self-reproach4 8,i should have been more watchful where my child was concerned2 but ,i fancied that her poverty1 which hitherto has cut her off from the enjoyments of her age1 precluded all possibility of marriage--at least until the fruit of my toil should have given her a right to think of it4 ,it seems ,i was mistaken40 8,and are you sorry for it80 ,raymond walked to the window1 and looked out for a moment before he answered4 8,admitting that the immense disparity in fortune were not an insuperable barrier1 there is another that nothing would overcome in ,franceline's eyes--he is not a ,catholic40 8,yes1 he is4 ,at least he ought to be2 his mother was a ,catholic1 and he was brought up one4 8,strange that he should not have mentioned that to me60 said ,raymond1 musing2 8but then how is it that we did not see him in church last ,sunday80 8,hem6''' ,i'm not quite sure that he went2 it was my fault4 ,i kept them both up till the small hours of the morning talking over business1 and so on10 said ,sir ,simon1 throwing the mantle of friendship over ,clide's delinquency4 8,you know it does not do to draw the rein too tight with a young fellow4 ,he's been so much abroad1 and unhappy1 and that sort of thing1 you see2 but a wife would bring him all right again1 and keep him up to the collar40 8,franceline would attach paramount importance to that1 ,harness10 said the father1 with a certain accent of humility2 he did not dare insist on it in his own name4 8,of course she would1 dear little puss1 and quite right2 but she won't be too hard on him for all that40 ,it required all ,sir ,simon's powers of persuasion to make ,raymond promise that he would leave things alone1 and not speak either to ,clide or ,franceline on the subject of this conversation4 ,he gave the promise1 however1 feeling in some intangible way that the possibility of ,franceline's marriage under such unprecedented1 such unnatural circumstances1 in fact1 was a phenomenon too far beyond his ken for him to meddle with in safety4 ,it was decided that she should go to ,london on the day appointed1 as if nothing had transpired between the friends since the proposed visit had been agreed to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ball anywhere at ,dullerton was always a momentous occasion1 stirring the stagnant waters with pleasurable agitation2 but a ball at the ,court was an event of such magnitude that it set the neighborhood in movement like a powerful electric shock4 ,it was1 compared to ordinary entertainments of the kind1 what a ,royal coronation is to a ,lord ,mayor's show4 ,wonderful reports were afloat as to the magnificence of the preparations that were going on4 ,nobody had been allowed to see them2 but conjecture was busy1 and enough transpired to excite expectation to the highest pitch4 ,it was known that men had been brought down from ,london with vans full of all sorts of appliances for transforming the solemn ,gothic mansion into a fairy palace4 ,how the transformation was to be effected no one had the vaguest idea1 and this made expectation all the more thrilling4 ,it was indeed but too true that ,sir ,simon had abandoned his first wise intention of making it no more than a gay mustering of the clans4 ,fate so ordained that just at this time he got news of the rapidly declining health of his interesting relative1 ,lady ,rebecca ,harness4 8,she cannot possibly hold out over the autumn2 her physician allowed as much to transpire to a professional friend of mine1 so we must be prepared for the worst10 wrote ,mr4 ,simpson2 8it is certainly providential that the #ej1jjj and the reversion of her ladyship's jointure should fall in at this moment40 ,and ,sir ,simon felt that he could not better express his grateful sense of the providential coincidence1 and at the same time cheer himself up under the impending bereavement1 than by giving for once full play to the oriental element of hospitality and magnificence1 so long pent up in him by a sordid bondage to economy4 8,clide1 that idea of yours about turning the ,medusa gallery into a moonlight walk1 with palms and ferns1 and so on1 was really too good to be lost4 ,i think we must have the ,covent ,garden people down to do it4 ,and then the ,diana gallery would make a capital pendant in the ,chinese style4 ,it's really a pity to do the thing by halves2 ,i owe it to ,bourbonais to do it handsomely on an occasion like this2 and1 hang it6 a couple of hundreds more or less won't break a man1 eh80 ,and ,clide being decidedly of opinion that it would not1 the ,covent ,garden people were had down1 and preparations went on in right royal style4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais had been informed that a dance was in view for the purpose of introducing ,franceline1 and accepted the intelligence as a part of the mysterious web that was being woven round him by unseen hands4 ,perhaps he vaguely connected the event with something like a soire de contrat1 or a forerunner of it1 and this would account for his passive acquiescence1 and the tender1 preoccupied air that marked his manner during the foregoing week4 ,sir ,simon1 like a wily diplomatist as he was1 managed to keep ,clide from going to ,the ,lilies for nearly the entire week1 by throwing the whole burden of overseer on him1 filling his hands so full of commissions for ,london1 and shifting the responsibility of everything so completely on his shoulders that he had scarcely time to eat or sleep1 being either on the railroad or in a state of workmanlike dshabill that made it impossible for him to show himself beyond the precincts of the scene of action until dinner-hour1 when ,sir ,simon was always abnormally disinclined for a walk1 and insisted on being read to or otherwise entertained by his young friend till bed-time4 ,franceline1 meanwhile1 had her own preoccupations4 ,not about her dress--that had been settled to her utmost satisfaction1 being aided by the combined action of ,mrs4 de ,winton and that lady's ,french milliner4 ,but there was another important matter weighing heavily upon her mind4 ,it was just three days before the great day4 ,mr4 de ,winton had rushed down with the ,edinburgh ,review for ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 apologizing profusely to ,franceline1 who was sitting in the summer-house1 for presenting himself in such a state of undress1 and saying something to the effect that it was the servants' dinner-hour1 and they were so much engaged1 etc4 ,but he could not keep the count waiting for the book1 which ought to have been sent several days ago4 ,no1 he would not disturb the count at that hour1 if ,mlle4 ,franceline would be kind enough to take the book and explain about the delay4 ,franceline promised to do so2 which was rash1 considering that she did not understand a word about it1 or that there was any delay whatever4 8,oh6 ,i may as well profit by the opportunity to ask if you are engaged for the first waltz on ,thursday80 said ,mr4 de ,winton1 turning back after he had gone a few steps1 as if struck by a happy thought4 ,no1 ,franceline was not engaged4 8,then may ,i claim the privilege of the first-comer1 and ask you for it80 8,yes1 thank you4 ,i shall be very happy40 ,and she began immediately to be very miserable1 remembering that she did not know how to waltz1 never having had a dancing lesson in her life4 ,she shut up her book1 and set out toward the vicarage4 ,she never felt quite at home with the ,langrove girls2 but they were the essence of good nature1 and perhaps they could help her out of this difficulty4 ,she was ashamed to say at once what had brought her1 and went on listening to them chattering about their dresses1 which were being manufactured out of every shade of tarlatan in the rainbow4 ,suddenly ,godiva exclaimed3 8,i wonder if you'll have any partners1 ,franceline8 ,do you think you will8 ,you know you don't know anybody8 ,you've never even spoken to ,mr4 ,charlton40 ,and ,franceline1 crushed under a sense of this and another inferiority1 blushed1 and said 8,no40 8,perhaps ,mr4 de ,winton will ask you8 ,oh1 ,i should think he's sure to4 ,hasn't he asked you already80 ,and ,franceline1 painfully conscious of ten eyes staring at her1 blushed deep crimson this time1 and answered 8,yes02 and then1 suddenly recollecting that she had something important to do1 she said good-by and hurried away4 ,she had not closed the gate behind her when the five ,misses ,langrove who were 8out0 had rushed up to the nursery and informed the five who were not 8out0 that ,franceline de la ,bourbonais was engaged to that handsome1 rich young ,mr4 de ,winton1 who had #fj1jjj a year and the grandest place in ,wales4 ,only fancy6 8,how stupid ,i was to get red like that1 instead of telling the truth and asking ,isabella to teach me how to do it60 was ,franceline's vexed exclamation to herself1 as she entered the garden1 and1 swinging her sunshade1 looked up at her doves perched on a branch just behind the chimney that was curling its blue rings up against the deeper purple of the copper-beech4 8,what is my child meditating on so solemnly80 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 meeting her at the door2 and taking her face between his hands1 he looked into the dark1 deep eyes that had never had a secret from him4 ,had they now8 ,he had watched her walking up the garden1 and noticed that fold in the smooth1 white brow2 he was always watching her of late1 though ,franceline did not perceive it4 8,i am worried1 petit pre4 ,i wish ,i were not going to this ball60 ,and she leaned her cheek against his with a sigh4 ,raymond started as if he had been stabbed4 8,my child6 my cherished one6 what is it8 ,what has happened80 8,o petit pre6 it's nothing10 she cried eagerly1 smitten with remorse by his look of anguish4 8,it's not worth being unhappy about2 only ,i never thought of it before1 and now ,i'm afraid it can't be helped4 ,they will ask me to dance1 and ,i don't know how40 8,mon ,dieu6 it is true4 ,we should have thought of that4 ,it was very heedless of us all4 ,but there must be a master here who could give thee some lessons1 my child4 ,we will speak to ,miss ,merrywig4 ,stay1 where's my hat8 ,there is no time to be lost40 ,but ,franceline checked him4 8,petit pre1 ,i should be ashamed to get a master now2 every one would know about it and laugh at me2 all the young girls would make such fun of me40 8,what dances dost thou want to dance80 inquired her father1 knitting his brows1 as if searching some forgotten clew in the background of memory2 8,i dare say ,i could recall the minuet de la cour a little1 if that would help thee40 8,i never hear them speak of it4 ,i don't think they dance that now2 only quadrilles and waltzes10 said ,franceline4 8,ah6 quadrilles were after my day2 but the valse trois temps ,i knew once upon a time4 ,come and let us see if ,i cannot remember it40 ,they went into the dining-room1 pushed the table and chairs into a corner1 and ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 fixing his spectacles as a preliminary step1 put himself into position2 his right foot a little in advance1 his eye-brows very much protruded1 and his head bent forward2 he made the first steps with hesitation1 then more boldly1 assisting his memory by humming the tune of an old waltz4 ,anglique1 who was spinning in the room overhead1 came down to see what the table and chairs were making all this clatter about1 and burst in on a singular spectacle3 her master pirouetting to the tune of un1 deux1 trois6 round the eight-feet square apartment1 while ,franceline1 squeezed against the wall1 held up her skirt so as to afford a full view of her shabby little boots1 and tried to execute the same evolutions in a space of one foot square4 8,papa is teaching me to waltz10 explained the pupil1 not looking up1 but keeping her eyes stuck on the professor's feet lest she should miss the thread of their discourse4 8,well1 to be sure6 ,to think of ,monsieur le ,comte's remembering his steps at this time of day6 ,what a wonderful memory monsieur has60 was ,anglique's admiring comment4 8,now1 then1 shall we try it together80 said ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 and placing his arm round ,franceline1 the two glided round the room1 the professor whistling his accompaniment with as much emphasis as possible1 while the pupil counted one1 two1 three1 and ,anglique kept time by clapping her hands4 8,oh1 petit pre1 ,i shall do it beautifully60 cried ,franceline1 suspending the performance to give him an energetic kiss that nearly sent his spectacles flying across the room4 8,now if you only could teach me the quadrille60 ,but this recent substitute for the art of dancing was beyond the scope of ,raymond's abilities2 quadrilles1 as he said1 had come into fashion long after his time4 ,it was a grand thing1 however1 to have accomplished so much1 and ,franceline felt a sense of triumphant security in her newly-acquired possession that cleared away all her tremors4 ,she spent the rest of the afternoon practising the valse trois temps1 so as to be quite perfect in it4 ,sir ,simon found her thus profitably employed when he came down just before his dinner with a newspaper4 8,what were we all thinking about not to have remembered that80 was his horrified exclamation4 8,why1 of course you must know the quadrille2 you will have to open the ball1 child4 ,you must come up this evening to the ,court1 and we'll have a private little dancing lesson1 all of us1 and put you through the figures40 ,and so they did2 and the result was so successful that1 when the great day came1 ,franceline felt quite sure of being able to behave like everybody else4 ,her dress came down with ,mrs4 de ,winton on the eve of the ball1 and she was1 in accordance with that lady's desire1 to dress at the ,court under her supervision4 ,it was a new era in ,franceline's life1 finding herself arrayed in a fairy robe of snow-white tulle1 with wild roses creeping up one side of it1 and a cluster of wild roses in her hair4 ,anglique stood by1 surveying the process of transformation with arms a-kimbo1 too much impressed by the splendors of the whole thing to vindicate her rights as bonne1 and quite satisfied to see her natural functions usurped by nimble ,croft1 ,mrs4 de ,winton's maid4 ,but when that experienced person whipped up the gossamer garment and shook it like an apple-tree1 and tossed it with a sweep over ,franceline's head1 it fairly took away her breath1 for the pink petals stuck on in spite of the shock1 and the soft flounces foamed all round just in the right place1 rippling down from the neck and shoulders1 and flowing out behind like a sea-wave4 ,then ,croft crowned it all by planting the pink cluster in the hair just as if it grew there4 ,mrs4 de ,winton came in at this crisis1 however1 and suggested that they would be more becoming a little more to the front4 8,well1 ma'am1 if you'll take the responsibility10 demurred the abigail with pinched lips1 and stepping aside as if to get clear of all participation in the rash act herself1 8in course you can2 but my maxiom always was and is1 as modesty is the most becoming ornament of youth2 if you put them roses forwarder1 anybody'll see as how it was meant to be a set-off to the complexion--as you might say1 putting a garding rose alongside of a wild one1 to see which was the best pink40 8,oh6 indeed1 it's very nicely done2 it could not possibly be better10 said ,franceline earnestly4 ,she was rather in awe of the fine lady's maid1 and looked up appealingly to ,mrs4 de ,winton not to gainsay her2 but that serene lady paid no more heed to the abigail's protest than she might have done to the snarling of her pet pug4 ,with deft and daring fingers she plucked out the flowers1 pushed the rich1 bright coils to one side so as to make room for them1 and then planted them according to her fancy4 ,if the change were done with a view to the effect foretold by ,mrs4 ,croft1 there was no denying it to be a complete success4 ,anglique1 by way of doing something1 took up a candle and held it at arm's length over ,franceline's head1 making short chuckling noises to herself which the initiated knew to be expressive of the deepest satisfaction4 8,now1 my dear1 ,i think you will do10 said ,mrs4 de ,winton1 looking up and down the young girl with a smile of placid assent1 while she washed her long1 tapering hands with the old ,lady-,macbeth movement2 8let us go down40 ,sir ,simon and the ,admiral and ,m4 de la ,bourbonais were assembled in the blue drawing-room1 where the guests were to be received1 when the two ladies entered4 ,mrs4 de ,winton1 in the mellow splendor of purple velvet1 old point1 and diamonds1 looked like the protecting divinity of the cloud-clad nymph tripping shyly after her4 ,an involuntary murmur of admiration burst from the ,admiral and ,sir ,simon1 while ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 all smiles and joy1 came forward to embrace ,franceline4 8,o my dear child6'''0 8,count1 take care of her roses60 cried ,mrs4 de ,winton1 ruffled into motherly alarm as she saw ,franceline1 utterly oblivious of her headgear1 nestling into her father's neck4 ,raymond started1 and looked with deep concern to see if he had done any mischief4 ,happily not4 8,come here and let me look at you60 said ,sir ,simon1 holding her at arm's length out before him4 8,they've not made quite a fright of you1 ,i see--eh1 admiral80 8,dear ,sir ,simon1 it's all a great deal too pretty4 ,it's like being in a story-book1 my lovely dress and everything80 said ,franceline1 standing on tip-toe to be kissed4 ,mr4 de ,winton came in at this juncture4 8,i say1 ,clide1 it's rather hard on us to have to stand by and not follow suit10 grumbled the admiral4 ,franceline crimsoned up2 the bare suggestion of such a possibility as the words implied made her heart leap up with a wild throb4 ,she did not mean to look at ,clide1 but somehow1 involuntarily1 as if moved by some mesmeric force1 their eyes met4 ,it was only for a moment1 but that rapid1 mutual glance sent the life-current coursing through her young veins with strange thrills of joy4 ,clide had turned quickly to point out something in the decorations to his uncle1 and ,franceline slipped her arm into her father's1 and began to admire the beauty of the long vista of parlors leading on to the ball-room1 where the orchestra was already inviting them to the dance with abrupt flashes of music1 one instrument answering another in sudden preludes1 or chords of sweetness 8long drawn out40 8,you have not seen the galleries yet10 said ,sir ,simon2 8come and look at them before the crowd arrives40 ,they followed him into the ,medusa gallery1 and the transition from the brilliant glare of wax-lights to the subdued twilight of the blue dome1 where mimic stars were twinkling round a silver crescent1 was so solemn and unexpected that ,raymond and ,franceline stood on the threshold with a kind of awe1 as if they had come upon sacred precincts4 ,tall ferns and palms nodded gently in the blue moonlight1 swayed by some invisible agent4 ,the change from this to the gaudy brilliancy of the ,diana gallery was in its way as striking2 myriads of ,chinese lanterns were swinging from the ceiling2 some peeped through flowers and plants1 and some were held by ,chinese mandarins with pig-tails and embroidered bed-gowns4 8,are they real ,chinamen80 enquired ,franceline in a whisper1 as she passed close by one of them and met his eyes fixed on her with the appreciating glance of an outer barbarian4 8,real6 ,to be sure they are4 ,i imported a small cargo of them from ,hong ,kong1 pig-tails and all1 for the occasion10 replied ,sir ,simon4 ,but a twinkle in his eye1 and a broad grin on the face of the genuine ,john ,chinaman1 belied this audacious assertion4 ,franceline laughed merrily4 8,how clever of you to have invented it1 and how exactly like real ,chinamen they are60 she cried1 intending to be complimentary to all parties2 which the mandarin under consideration acknowledged by a slow bend of his skull-capped head and a movement of the left hand towards the tip of his nose1 supposed to represent a native salutation4 8,bestow your commendation where it is due10 said ,sir ,simon2 8it's all that young gentleman's doing10 pointing with a jerk of his head towards ,clide1 who had sauntered in after them4 8,but here comes somebody2 we must be under arms to receive them40 ,the baying of the bloodhounds chained in the outer court announced the arrival of a carriage2 they reached the reception-room in time to hear it wheeling up the terrace4 ,and now the master of ,dullerton ,court was in his element4 ,the tide of guests poured in quickly1 and were greeted with that royal courtesy that was his especial attribute4 ,no matter what the worries and cares of life might be elsewhere1 they vanished as if by enchantment in the sunshine of ,sir ,simon's hospitality4 ,he forgot nobody2 the absent ones had their tribute of regret1 and he remembered the precise cause of the absence3 the daughter who had an inopportune toothache1 the son forced to remain in town on business1 and the father pinned to his bed by the gout2 ,sir ,simon was so sorry for each individual absentee that while he was expressing it you would have imagined this feeling must have damped his joy for the evening2 but the cloud passed off when he shook hands with the next arrival1 and he was radiantly happy in spite of sympathetic gout and toothache4 ,mrs4 de ,winton seconded her host well in doing the honors4 ,if she was a trifle stiff1 it was such a graceful1 well-bred stiffness that you could not quarrel with it1 and she neglected no one4 8,there are ,mr4 ,langrove and the girls60 exclaimed ,franceline1 in high excitement1 as if that inevitable spectacle were an extraordinary surprise4 8,oh6 how gorgeous you are1 ,franceline10 was ,godiva's awe-stricken sotto voce1 as if she feared that loud speech might blow away the bubble4 8,and what a delicious fan6 ,do let me look at it60 panted ,arabella in the same subdued tone4 8,oh6 but look at her shoes10 cried ,georgiana1 clasping her hands and looking down1 amazed1 at the white satin toe1 with its dainty pink rosette1 that protruded from under the skirt4 8,i'm so glad you like it all10 said ,franceline1 delighted at the nave and good-natured expressions of admiration4 ,they were all as artless as birds1 the ,langrove girls1 and had not a grain of envy in their composition4 8,oh6 there's ,mr4 ,charlton10 whispered ,matilda1 nudging ,alice to look as the observed-of-all-observers in ,dullerton appeared in the doorway4 ,the room was now full to overflowing1 and the crowd1 swayed by one of those spontaneous movements that govern crowds1 suddenly poured out of the blue drawing-room into the adjoining ones1 leaving the former comparatively empty4 ,franceline was following the stream when ,sir ,simon called out to her3 8,don't run away2 come here to me4 ,i want to introduce you to my friend ,lady ,anwyll4 ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais--,i was going to say1 my daughter1 but unfortunately she is only the daughter of my oldest friend and second self1 the ,comte de la ,bourbonais2 you have met him1 ,i believe80 ,lady ,anwyll had had that distinction1 and was charmed now to make his daughter's acquaintance4 ,she had none of her own to dispose of1 which the wily ,sir ,simon perhaps remembered when he singled her out for this introduction4 8,you'll see that she has a few partners4 ,i dare say they won't be very reluctant to do their duty with a little pressing40 8,it's the only duty young men seem equal to nowadays10 said the plump old lady1 nodding in the direction of a group of the degenerate race2 and she drew ,franceline's hand through her arm1 and bore her off like a conquest4 8,who's that girl8 ,she's awfully pretty6 ,what color are her eyes--black1 blue1 or brown8 ,i've not seen such a pair of eyes this season1 by ,jove60 drawled a blas young gentleman from the metropolis4 8,you're a luckier man than your betters if you have ever seen a pair like them10 retorted ,mr4 ,charlton1 superciliously2 8that's the belle of the evening1 ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais40 8,you'll be a good fellow1 and introduce me--eh1 ,charlton80 said his friend4 ,but ,mr4 ,charlton turned on his heel without committing himself further than by a dubious 8,i'll see about it40 ,his position as native gave him the whip-hand over all interlopers1 and he meant to let them know it4 ,and now the orchestra has burst out in full storm1 and engaged couples are hunting for each other amidst the vortex of tarlatan and dress-coats4 ,clide has found his partner and led her to the top of the room1 where ,sir ,simon and ,lady ,anwyll are waiting for their vis--vis4 ,a little lower down1 ,miss ,merrywig is standing up with ,mr4 ,charlton4 8,how very absurd of him1 my dear10 the old lady is protesting to ,arabella ,langrove1 who made their dos--dos2 8but he will have me dance the first quadrille with him4 ,was there ever anything so absurd60 ,arabella was too polite to contradict her2 and ,mr4 ,charlton bent down to assure ,miss ,merrywig there was no one in the room he could have half as much pleasure in opening the evening's campaign with2 a speech which was overheard by several neighboring young ladies1 who commented on it in their own way1 while ,franceline1 who beheld with surprise the ill-assorted couple stand up together1 thought it showed very nice feeling on the part of ,mr4 ,charlton to have selected the dear old lady for such a compliment1 and that she looked very pretty in her lavender watered silk and full blonde cap with streamers flying4 ,but it was quite clear that ,miss ,bulpit thought differently4 ,that estimable and zealous ,christian had with much difficulty been persuaded by ,sir ,simon to condescend so far to sanction the vanities of the unconverted as to be present at the ball1 and she had discarded her funereal trappings of black bombazine for the mitigated woe of black satin2 but the cockade of limp black feathers that sprouted from some hidden recess where her back hair was supposed to be protested sorrowfully against the glossy levity of her dress1 and bobbed with a penitential expression that was really affecting4 ,mr4 ,sparks was hawking her about like a raven in a carnival4 ,he entered into her feelings2 it was chiefly the desire to support her by his countenance and sympathy that had brought him to this scene of ungodly dissipation4 ,franceline was terribly nervous in the first figure1 and ,clide felt it incumbent on him to give her his utmost help in the way of prompting beforehand1 and commendation when the feat was over4 ,they got on swimmingly until the third figure1 when she became hopelessly entangled in the ladies'-chain1 giving her hand to ,lady ,anwyll instead of ,sir ,simon1 and then rushing back to ,clide1 while ,sir ,simon rushed after her and made everything inextricable4 8,really1 governor1 you're too bad60 protested ,mr4 de ,winton2 8why don't you mind what you're about8 ,you're putting my partner out disgracefully60 ,sir ,simon bore the broadside with heroic magnanimity1 apologized to everybody all round1 except ,clide1 who ought to have called him to order in time1 and not let him go bungling on1 confusing everybody4 ,by the time he had done scolding and they had all got into position again1 the figure was over4 ,the rest of the quadrille was got through without any mishaps to speak of1 and when ,clide carried his partner off for a promenade in the moonlit gallery1 assuring her that she had done it all beautifully1 ,franceline felt that the praise1 for being a trifle strained1 was none the less due4 ,other couples followed them in amongst the ferns and palms1 and ,franceline was soon besieged by entreating candidates for the next dances4 ,mr4 ,charlton came up with the graceful self-possession that belongs to six thousand pounds a year and a decidedly handsome and rather effeminate face1 and requested the favor of a quadrille4 ,it was promised1 and he stood by her side and in that earnest tone that was acknowledged to be so captivating by all the young ladies of ,dullerton asked ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais if this was her first ball4 8,ah6 ,i thought so4 ,one can always tell by the freshness with which people enjoy it4 ,for my own part1 ,i confess ,i envy every one their first experience of this kind2 it so soon wears off--the pleasure1 ,i mean--and one feels the insipidity of it4 ,perhaps you already anticipate that80 ,there was a depth of expression in her face that suggested this remark4 ,mr4 ,charlton considered himself a reader of character--a physiognomist1 in fact4 8,oh6 no10 exclaimed ,franceline1 with artless vehemence2 8,i don't think ,i should ever get tired of it2 it's far more enjoyable than ,i imagined60 8,ah1 indeed6 ,well1 just so2 it's as people feel2 for my part ,i think it's a mistake--,i mean getting blas of things20 and he ran a turquoise and diamond finger through his curly straw-colored hair4 8,i hate people who are blas10 was the unconventional rejoinder2 8they are always so tiresome and woe-begone4 ,papa always says he feels under a personal obligation to people for being happy2 they do him good--like dear little ,miss ,merrywig1 for instance4 ,i'm sure she's not blas of anything2 how she did enjoy herself in the quadrille6 ,and it was so pretty to see her dancing her demure little old-fashioned steps40 8,she's a very old friend of yours1 is she not1 ,charlton80 said ,clide4 8,oh6 yes2 since before ,i was born4 ,she's a dear old girl1 if she would only not bother one to guess what she gave for her buttons10 replied ,mr4 ,charlton4 8,but just see here6 ,is our ,christian friend trying to deal with ,roxham80 ,miss ,bulpit was coming across the conservatory out of the ,diana gallery1 leaning on ,lord ,roxham1 with whom she was conversing in an earnest manner4 8,oh6 here you are1 ,roxham4 ,i've been hunting for you this quarter of an hour10 called out ,sir ,simon1 appearing from behind a mandarin who was holding a tray full of tea-cups to the company4 8,franceline1 my friend ,lord ,roxham has threatened to shoot me if ,i don't get him a dance from you2 so in self-defence ,i had to make over my right to the first waltz4 ,i couldn't do more1 or less4 ,what do you say1 ,miss ,bulpit80 ,miss ,bulpit considered ,sir ,simon was behaving very handsomely4 8,it's easy to be generous at other people's expense10 observed ,mr4 de ,winton1 tightening his grasp on the light arm that was obediently slipping from him2 8it so happens that ,mlle4 de le ,bourbonais has promised the first waltz to me40 8,i'm sorry to disappoint you1 my dear fellow1 but you might have had a little thought for other people's rights4 ,you won't deny that ,i deserve an early favor80 said the baronet1 with playful peremptoriness4 8,dear ,sir ,simon1 ,i never thought of your asking me10 said ,franceline penitently4 8,oh6 that's it10 said the baronet1 shaking his head2 8that's sure to be the way of it2 we poor old fogies get shoved out of the way by the youngsters4 ,well1 you see ,i'm letting you off easier than you deserve4 ,roxham1 we'll change partners1 if ,miss ,bulpit does not object to taking an old man instead of a young one40 ,franceline was again going to draw her arm away1 but again the tightening grasp prevented her4 ,she looked up at ,clide2 but he was looking away from her1 his mouth set in a rigid expression1 and an angry fold divided the straight brows that lay like bars across his forehead4 8,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais promised me this dance10 he said1 coldly1 to ,lord ,roxham4 8,but ,i overrule the promise2 she had no business to give it without consulting me1 naughty1 unfeeling little person6 ,come1 ,de ,winton1 make way for my deputy60 ,and with a nod and a laugh that were clearly not to be trifled with1 he beckoned ,clide to follow him4 ,franceline looked up with the beseeching glance of a frightened fawn as ,clide released her arm1 and with a low bow walked away4 ,she was ready to cry2 but there was nothing for it but to accept ,lord ,roxham's proffered arm1 and go into the ball-room where in a moment she was caught up and was whirling mechanically along with the waltzers4 ,she was too preoccupied to be nervous about the performance that she had looked forward to with so much trepidation1 and so she acquitted herself admirably4 ,her partner stopped after the first round to let her take breath4 8,yes1 thank you1 ,i am a little giddy2 ,i am not accustomed to dancing40 ,so they stood under the colonnade4 ,lord ,roxham would have been a pleasant partner if ,franceline had been in a mood to enjoy his lively talk on all sorts of subjects4 ,he saw there were likely to be breakers ahead between ,clide and some one about this dance2 but he had had nothing to say to that4 ,he felt rather aggrieved than otherwise1 being forced1 as it were1 on a girl against her will1 or at any rate without her being consulted4 ,and it was hard on ,de ,winton1 whether he particularly held to his pretty partner or not4 ,what the dickens did ,harness mean by meddling in it at all8 ,he was not given to putting spokes in other people's wheels4 ,lord ,roxham was very intelligent1 but though furnished with an average share of masculine conceit1 it never occurred to him to think that the falling through of his marriage lately1 and the fact of his being the eldest son of a peer with a fine estate--a good deal encumbered1 but what of that8--might afford any clue to ,sir ,simon's odd behavior4 8,no1 ,i did not mean in the political issue of the contest2 ladies are not expected to take much interest in that part of the business10 he was saying to his partner2 8but they are apt to get up very warm partisanship for the candidates1 irrespective of politics40 8,who are the candidates80 inquired ,franceline4 ,lord ,roxham laughed4 8,poor wretches6 ,they are to be pitied4 ,sir ,ponsonby ,anwyll on the ,conservative side and ,mr4 ,charlton for the ,liberals40 8,mr4 ,charlton6 ,he is then clever8 ,can he make speeches80 ,lord ,roxham laughed again1 and hesitated a little before he replied3 8,it's rather a case1 ,i fancy1 of the man who could not say whether he could play the fiddle1 because he had never tried4 ,we none of us know what we can do till we try4 ,charlton does not strike you as having the making of an orator in him1 ,i see40 8,oh6 ,i don't know4 ,i spoke to him to-night for the first time2 he did not give me the idea of a person who could make speeches and laws2 one must be very clever to get into ,parliament1 must he not80 8,if elections were conducted on the competitive examination system1 one might assume that2 but ,i'm afraid we successful candidates can hardly take our success as the test of merit10 said her companion4 8,i see you have rather a high standard about electioneering40 ,franceline had no standard at all1 and was full of curiosity to hear about the mysteries of canvassing and constituents1 and the poll1 from some one who had gone through the various stages of the battle1 from being pelted with rotten eggs on the hustings to the solemn taking possession of a legislator's seat in the ,imperial ,parliament4 ,a legislator must be a kind of hero4 ,she was glad to have met one4 ,lord ,roxham1 who liked to hear himself talk1 proceeded to enlighten her to the best of his ability2 he had no end of droll electioneering stories to tell1 and scandalous tales of corruption through the medium of gin-shops1 etc42 he opened her eyes in horror by his account of the rotten-borough system1 and the rottenness of the law-making machine in general1 touching the heroes of the ,liberal party with a light dash of satire and caricature that brought the dimples out in full force in ,franceline's cheeks1 and made her laugh merrily2 in short1 he was so lively and entertaining that she was quite sorry when he held out his arm for them to start off again in the dance4 ,as they stepped from under the colonnade1 she saw ,clide leaning against a pillar at the other side1 with his eyes fixed on her4 8,oh6 stop1 please10 pleaded ,franceline1 after one turn over the spacious floor1 and they rested for a moment2 just as they did so1 a couple flew past--,mr4 de ,winton and a very beautiful girl1 as tall as ,franceline1 but in no other way resembling her2 her hair was black as ebony1 with black eyes and a clear olive complexion4 8,who is that lady80 8,lady ,emily ,fitznorman1 a cousin of mine40 8,how beautiful she is6 ,i never saw any one so handsome60 8,did you not80 with an incredulous smile1 then looking quickly away4 8,she is a very striking person2 she is the belle of our county4 ,you look warm2 shall we take a turn in the galleries80 ,franceline assented4 ,passing through the conservatory1 they came upon two persons seated in a recess1 partly screened by a large fan-leaved plant4 ,it was ,clide and ,lady ,emily2 she was talking with great animation1 gesticulating with her fan1 while he sat in an attitude of deep attention1 his elbows resting on his knees1 and his head bent forward4 ,franceline felt a sudden shock at her left side1 as if her heart had stopped1 while a spasm of pain shot through her1 making every fibre tingle4 ,what was this olive-skinned beauty saying to ,clide that he was listening to with such rapt attention8 ,he did not even look up1 though he must have seen who was passing4 ,poor ,franceline6 what tremor is this that shakes her from head to foot1 convulsing her whole being with one fierce throb of angry emotion6 ,poor human heart6 the demon of jealousy had but to blow one breath upon it1 and she whose life had hitherto been a sort of inverse metempsychosis of a lily and a dove1 was transformed into a woman fired with passionate vindictiveness1 longing to snatch at another human heart and crush it4 ,but the woman's pride1 that woke up with the pain1 came instinctively to her assistance4 ,she began talking rapidly to ,lord ,roxham1 sinking her voice to the sotto voce of confidence and intimacy1 so that he had to lower his head slightly to catch what she was saying2 thus they swept by the two in the recess1 without glancing towards them4 ,clide meantime had seen it all4 ,he had been straining every nerve to catch what ,franceline was saying1 and was voting his friend ,roxham a confounded puppy1 whose conceited head he would have much pleasure in punching on the first opportunity4 ,he could not punch ,sir ,simon's1 though he deserved it more than ,roxham4 8,may ,i ask you for an explanation of your behavior to me just now1 ,sir ,simon80 he had said to his host as soon as ,miss ,bulpit had set him free2 8what did you mean by interfering with me in that manner80 8,did ,i interfere with you80 was the supercilious retort1 with a bland smile4 8,i'm very sorry to hear it2 but ,i think ,i had a right to the second dance from a young lady whom ,i consider my adopted daughter40 8,if it had been for yourself ,i should have yielded without a word2 but it was for ,roxham you shoved me aside40 8,well1 suppose ,i choose to elect a deputy to do my duty8 ,i had a right to choose ,roxham40 8,i fancied ,i might have had a prior claim40 8,indeed6 ,then you should have told me so4 ,how was ,i to know it8--,well1 vicar1 ,i see your young ladies are in great request2 how does ,miss ,godiva happen to be in your company80 8,what can he be driving at80 muttered ,clide1 as his host turned away to get a partner for ,godiva ,langrove2 8has he been fooling me all this time--is he playing me off against ,roxham8 ,and is she--0 ,he walked into the ballroom1 and there saw1 as we know1 ,lord ,roxham and ,franceline very happy in each other's society4 ,he went straight to ,lady ,emily ,fitznorman1 and asked her for the waltz that was going on4 ,she was fiance to a friend of his1 he knew2 so he was safe so far1 and she had plenty to say for herself1 and he must talk to some one4 ,he was not a man to show the white feather1 whatever he might feel4 ,he kept steadily aloof from ,franceline after this1 and ,lord ,roxham1 taking for granted that he had been mistaken in his first impressions1 secured her for three more dances1 which was all he dared do in the face of ,dullerton4 ,franceline was grateful to him4 ,she felt suddenly forsaken in the midst of the gay crowd1 as if some protecting presence had been withdrawn4 ,her father was playing piquet in some distant region where there were card-tables4 ,but even if he had been within reach1 there was something stirring in her newly-awakened consciousness that would have prevented her seeking him4 ,clide should not see that he had grieved her4 ,she could enjoy herself and be merry without him1 and she would let him see it6 8,has the honor of taking you in to supper been already secured1 mademoiselle80 said ,mr4 ,charlton1 making sure at this early stage that it had not1 and coming up to claim it with the air of elaborate grace that springs from the habit of easy conquest4 8,yes1 it has10 replied ,lord ,roxham1 quickly taking the answer out of ,franceline's mouth4 8,i was before you in the field1 ,charlton1 ,i am happy to say40 8,how could you tell such a story80 whispered ,franceline1 with an attempt to look shocked when ,mr4 ,charlton had gone away4 8,i told you everything was considered fair in electioneering10 replied the member of ,parliament4 8,then electioneering must be very bad for everybody who has to do with it1 if it teaches them to tell stories and call it fair40 ,but she promised1 nevertheless1 to act as accomplice in this particular case of badness1 and to let him take her in to supper4 ,he came to claim his privilege in due time1 and they went in together4 ,but the tables were already so crowded that they could not find two contiguous seats4 ,some one beckoned to ,lord ,roxham that there was a vacant chair higher up1 on a line with where they stood4 ,he elbowed his way through the crowd1 and seized the chair1 and placed ,franceline in it4 ,she was sitting down before she noticed that her next neighbor was ,clide de ,winton4 ,he was busily attending to the wants of ,lady ,emily1 but turned round quickly on feeling the chair taken1 and moved his own an inch or so to make more space4 ,at the same moment he looked up to see who ,franceline's attendant was4 8,can't you find a seat1 ,roxham8 ,i'll make way for you presently4 ,we have nearly done40 ,there was not a trace of vexation in his manner1 or in his face4 8,no hurry6 ,i can bear up for ten minutes more10 replied his friend1 good-humoredly2 8but help me to attend to ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais4 ,what will you begin with80 bending over her chair4 ,franceline did not care4 ,anything that was at hand4 8,then let me recommend some of this jelly2 it is pronounced excellent by my partner10 said ,clide1 politely1 and scanning the well-garnished table to see what else he could suggest4 8,thank you4 ,i will take some of these chocolate bonbons40 8,nothing more substantial80 8,bonbons are always nourishment enough for me4 ,i think ,i could live on them without anything stronger2 ,i have quite a passion for them--my ,french nature coming out1 you see40 ,she spoke very gayly4 ,he helped her without looking at her4 ,she made a feint of nibbling the pralines1 but she could not swallow2 her heart was beating so hard and loud she fancied ,clide must hear it4 8,roxham1 suppose you made yourself useful and get a glass of champagne for these ladies10 said ,clide4 8,waylay that fellow with the bottle there40 ,lord ,roxham charged valiantly through the crowd1 snatched the bottle from the astonished flunky1 and bore it away in triumph over the heads of the multitude4 8,well done6 ,that's what ,i call a brilliant manuvre10 said ,clide1 laughing4 8,no1 you must help them yourself2 you deserve that reward after such a feat of arms1 and ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais1 who has a great admiration for heroes1 will drink to your health ,i daresay40 8,i've been trying to excite her admiration by the recital of my heroic exploits at the last elections2 but ,i'm afraid ,i rather scandalized her instead10 said the young man1 as he poured the sparkling wine into her glass4 8,served you right10 said ,lady ,emily1 with cousinly impertinence2 8when people fish for compliments they generally catch more snakes than eels40 8,roxham1 will you reach me those sandwiches80 cried a gentleman struggling with a lady on his arm beyond arm's length of the table4 ,lord ,roxham immediately went to his assistance1 and some one else instantly pressed into his place behind ,franceline4 8,we had better go now1 if you have quite finished10 said ,clide to ,lady ,emily4 ,franceline made a movement to rise1 but sat down again2 ,clide's chair was on her dress4 8,oh6 ,i beg your pardon4 ,have ,i done any mischief80 he exclaimed1 starting up and lifting his chair2 the foot had caught in the tulle and made a slight rent4 8,oh6 ,i am so sorry4 ,i beg your pardon a thousand times60 he said with great warmth and looking deeply distressed4 8,it's of no consequence2 it will never be noticed10 she answered1 gently4 8,i am so sorry60 ,clide repeated4 ,their eyes met at last2 he was disarmed in an instant4 8,will you dance with me now80 he said almost in a whisper4 8,yes40 ,they were soon in the ball-room again4 8,why did you turn me off in that way8 ,was it that you preferred dancing with ,roxham80 8,o ,clide60 ,the words escaped her like the cry of a wounded bird1 and1 with as little sanction of her free will1 the tears rose4 ,he made no answer--no audible one at least2 but there is a language in a look sometimes that is more eloquent than speech4 ,franceline and ,clide dwelt for a moment in that silent glance1 and felt that it was drawing their hearts together as flame draws flame4 ,she never knew how long the dance lasted2 she only knew that she was being borne along1 treading on air1 it seemed to her1 and encompassed by sweet sounds of music as in a dream4 ,but the dream was over1 and she was being steadied on her feet by the strong protecting arm1 and ,clide was looking down upon her from his six feet of height1 the frown that had made the dark bars over his eyes look so formidable a little while ago quite vanished4 8,is ,sir ,simon angry with us80 she asked1 looking up into his face4 8,not he6 ,why should he be angry with us8 ,and if he were1 what does it matter80 he added1 in a voice of low-toned tenderness2 8what does anything matter so long as we are not angry with each other80 ,he drew her hand within his arm1 and they walked on in silence4 ,franceline's heart was too full for words4 ,was it not part of her happiness that this new-found joy should be overshadowed by a vague and nameless fear8 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,cardinalate4 ,,second ,,and ,,concluding ,,paper4 ,the manner of creating ,cardinals has differed in different ages4 ,moroni#abh 7,dizionario1 ix4 p4 #cjj1 et seq47 gives a description of the ancient1 the medival1 and the modern ceremonies used on the occasion4 ,in the earliest period of which there are details we know that the pope created the cardinals on the ember-days of ,advent in the churches of the ,station4 ,there were three stages in the proceeding3 the first on ,wednesday at ,s4 ,mary ,major's1 the second in the ,twelve ,apostles'1 and the third in ,s4 ,peter's4 ,the subjects of the cardinalate were called out in the first two churches by a lector after the pope had read the ,introit and ,collect of the solemn ,mass2 but in the last one1 the pope himself declared such an one to be elected cardinal-priest1 or deacon1 by a formula the beginning and essential words of which were3 8,auxiliante ,domino ,deo et ,salvatore ,nostro ,jesu ,christo1 eligimus in ordinem diaconi ,sergium 7for instance7 subdiaconum40 ,the cardinal-elect then received from the pope 8inter missarum solemnia10 the necessary ,order of the diaconate or priesthood4 ,in those days there was a much stricter connection required between the 7sacred7 character of a subject and his order in the cardinalate than there now is1 when a bishop often belongs to the presbyterial and a priest to the diaconal order4 ,in the ,middle ,ages1 cardinals were no longer created during ,mass or in church in presence of the people2 but at the pope's residence of the ,lateran1 before the ,sacred ,college4 ,the season was still the same and the custom of creating them only on a fast-day of ,december lasted for over six hundred years4 ,in the medival creations three consistories were held in the ,apostolic ,palace1 of which two were secret and one was public4 ,in the first consistory the pope deputed two cardinals to go around to the house of every sick or legitimately-absent cardinal and get his opinion on these points3 ,ought there to be a creation8 ,and if so1 of how many8 ,on the return of the deputies the pope asked the cardinals present the same questions4 ,all voted thereon2 and after the votes had been counted1 if the pope saw fit he pronounced that he followed the advice of those who were in favor--8,nos sequimur consilium dicentium1 quod fiant40 ,then the cardinals voted on the number to be created1 and after the counting of the votes1 the pope said that he followed the advice of those who proposed that six 7for instance7 should be created--8,nos sequimur consilium dicentium1 quod fiant sex40 ,after a recommendation to reflect maturely1 and deliberate upon the persons proper to be elected1 the consistory broke up4 ,on the ,friday following it assembled again1 and when two cardinals1 sent out for the purpose as on the first day1 had returned with the names of those suggested by the absent ones1 the pope commanded an empty chair to be brought--8,portetur nuda cathedra40 ,then the cardinals all stood up behind the two rows of benches that ran down the great aula consistorialis1 and the senior advanced and1 sitting down beside the pope1 was made acquainted in a low voice with the names of those whom the pope wished to create1 and was asked his opinion4 8,quid tibi videtur80 ,as soon as the cardinal had answered1 the next one went up1 and so on until all had been heard4 ,the pope then announced the result of this auricular consultation and declared such and such persons created cardinals of the ,holy ,roman ,church4 ,the next day a public consistory was held in which they were solemnly published2 after which the elect were introduced and heard an allocution addressed to them by the pope on the duties and dignity of their office1 and received from his hands the large hat1 with the designation of their churches4 ,all the cardinals dined that day with the pope1 and in the afternoon the new ones went in grand cavalcade to take possession of their ,titles or ,deaconries1 as the case might be4 ,in more recent times1 that is1 about #afdf1 when ,lunadoro wrote his celebrated account of the ,roman court1#abi the manner of creating was almost as at present1 except that the now unheard-of ,cardinal ,nephew 7who was called in ,italian--vae1 vae6--,il cardinale ,padrone7 had a large share in the ceremonies1 as he doubtless had a decided influence in the nominations1 and that the red beretta1 or cap1 was placed on the head of the elect by the pope himself1 with the words ,esto cardinalis1 and the sign of the cross4 ,according to the modern ceremonial1 the pope summons a consistory1 and1 after delivering an appropriate address1 asks the cardinals their opinion with the customary 7but1 since the ,x,vth century1 rather perfunctory7 formula1 8,what think ye80 ,then they rise1 take off their caps1 and bow assent2 whereupon the pope proceeds to create the new cardinals in the words3 8,by the authority of ,almighty ,god1 of the blessed apostles ,peter and ,paul1 and of our own1 etc40 ,on account of the present ,piedmontese occupation of ,rome1 the subsequent ceremonial has to be dispensed with in the case of those cardinals who may be there at the time of their elevation to the dignity4 ,those who are absent receive the lesser insignia of their rank from two papal messengers2 one of whom is a layman and member of the ,noble ,guard1 carrying the zucchetto1 or skull-cap1 the other an ecclesiastic of some minor prelatic rank in the pope's household1 bringing the beretta4 ,if the head of the state be a ,catholic1 he is permitted to place the cap 7brought by the ablegate7 upon the new cardinal1 the function taking place in the royal chapel2 but in other countries a bishop or archbishop is appointed by the pope for the purpose4 ,at one period1 particularly during the ,x,v,ith century1 many serious scandals were occasioned by the practice of betting on or against the advancement of certain individuals to the cardinalate1 and some who had staked heavily were convicted of resorting to infamous calumnies to hinder the nomination of those against whom they had betted4 ,things finally became so outrageous that ,gregory ,,xiv41 in #aeia1 issued a bull in which excommunication1 already declared1 was pronounced against any one who should presume to wager on the promotion of cardinals 7,bul4 #d1 ,gregory ,,xiv4 cogit nos74 ,the expression applied to a cardinal of being or having been reserved in petto1 means to be created but 7for reasons known only to the pope7 not published or promulgated as such4 ,it is not certainly known when this practice began1 and the subject has been so often confounded with that of secret creation that it is difficult to assign a precise date4 ,the secret creation was simply the creation of a cardinal without the usual ceremonial4 ,it originated with ,martin ,v4 7,colonna71 probably urged thereto by the jealousies and dangers that still lingered after the great schism of the ,west was happily ended4 ,the other cardinals were consulted1 and notice was given to the honored individual1 who was not1 however1 allowed to assume the distinctive ornaments or the station of his rank4 ,in the in petto appointments1 only the pope and perhaps his ,uditore1 or some extremely confidential person bound to secrecy1 know the names of those reserved4 ,it is related of a certain prelate1 ,vannozzi1 who was much esteemed by ,gregory ,,xiv4 for his varied learning and long services1 that having been commissioned one day to take note of the names of a few cardinals to be created in the next consistory1 he had the satisfaction to be ordered to write his own name in the list4 ,although bound to secrecy1 he was weak enough to give in to the importunate solicitations of the ,cardinal ,nephew and show him the paper1 which coming to the pope's ears1 he called the prelate and made him erase his name--and that was the end of ,vannozzi4 ,a cardinal created1 but reserved in petto1 if he be subsequently published1 takes precedence of all others 7in his order7 created subsequently1 notwithstanding the reservation4 ,if the pope wish to create and reserve in this manner1 after publishing the names of the cardinals created in the ordinary way1 he uses the formula3 8,alios autem duos 7for example7 in pectore reservamus arbitrio nostro quandocumque declarandos40 ,it is believed that ,paul ,,iii4 7,farnese1 #aecd-di7 was the first to reserve in petto2 and we think that he may have done so to reward attachment to faith and discipline in that heretical age without seeming to do so too openly1 to avoid its having an interested look4 ,the celebrated ,jesuit 7himself a cardinal7 and historian of the ,council of ,trent1 ,sforza ,pallavicini1 gives a curious reason--that certainly shows how great was the idea entertained in his day1 the middle of the ,x,v,i,ith century1 of the ,roman cardinalate--why the expression creation of a cardinal is officially used2 and says 7vol4 #a4 p4 xiii47 that it is meant to intimate by the word that the excellence of the dignity is so exalted that all degrees of inferior rank are as though they were not2 so that when the pope makes a man a cardinal1 it is as if in the sphere of honors he called him out of non-existence into being4 ,in the first consistory held1 in which the newly-created cardinals appear1 the pope performs on them the ceremony of ,sealing the ,lips 7more literally of ,closing the ,mouth74 ,it is done in the following formula3 8,claudimus vobis os1 ut neque in consistoriis neque in congregationibus aliisque functionibus cardinalitiis sententiam vestram dicere valeatis40 ,at the end of the consistory1 when the junior cardinal-deacon rings a little bell1 the pope unseals their lips by saying 7in ,latin73 8,we open your mouths1 that in consistories1 congregations1 and other ecclesiastical functions1 ye may be able to speak your opinion4 ,in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost1 ,amen02 making over them meanwhile three times the sign of the cross4 ,this custom must be pretty old1 for it is mentioned in the ,x,i,i,ith century by ,cardinal 7,stefaneschi7 ,gaetani1 nephew of ,pope ,boniface ,,viii41 as already in existence4 ,it has been conjectured that the intention of such a ceremony was to pass the newly-created cardinals through a kind of novitiate before receiving what is called1 in canon law1 the active and passive voice1 i4e41 the right of electing and of being elected to the pontificate2 but it may also have been intended to impress upon them the necessity of prudence and modesty of speech in such august assemblies4 ,the ,college of ,cardinals is the seed and germ of the papacy1 and the greatest act that one of its members can perform is to take part in a papal election4 ,this is done in a convention called the ,conclave1 which is subject to many regulations1 as becomes so important an occasion4 ,the present order of this assembly dates from the pontificate of ,gregory ,,xv41 in #afba4 ,when ,rome was not occupied by some sacrilegious invader1 it took place in the ,quirinal ,palace by secret voting1 the votes being opened and counted in a chapel called1 from the circumstance1 ,capella ,scrutinii4 ,when the election was complete1 the senior cardinal-deacon1 whose office corresponds to that of the ancient archdeacons of the ,roman ,church1 announced it to the people4 ,originally1 however1 the cardinals were not the only electors of the pope1 but any foreign bishop in communion with the ,holy ,see1 who happened to be present during a vacancy1 was permitted to take part in the election4 ,thus1 when ,cornelius was exalted to the ,chair of ,peter1 in #bed1 sixteen such bishops1 of whom two were from ,africa1 concurred in the act4 ,the rest also of the ,roman clergy had some voice in the election1 but it was greatly weakened by ,pope ,stephen ,,iii4 alias ,,iv41 in a council held at the ,lateran in the year #gfi1 who made it obligatory to elect a member of the ,sacred ,college4 ,alexander ,,iii41 by the advice and with the approval of the eleventh ,general ,council 7third of ,lateran71 in #aagi1 considering the difficulties arising out of a great number of electors 7no less than thirty-three schisms having already been occasioned thereby71 solemnly decreed that in future the cardinals alone should have the right to choose1 confirm1 and enthrone the pope1 and that two-thirds of the votes cast would be necessary for a canonical election4 ,lucius ,,iii41 his successor in #aaha1 was the first pope elected in this manner by the exclusive action of the ,sacred ,college4 ,this wise provision was confirmed for the edification of the faithful1 and to show that the bishops dispersed throughout the church did not claim any share in the election of its head1 by the general councils of ,lyons 7,i,id7 in #abgd1 and ,vienne in #acaa4 ,but once since have any others had an active voice in the matter1 which was at ,constance1 when the twenty-three cardinals1 to put an end to the schism1 opened the conclave for this time only to thirty prelates1 six from each of the five great nations represented there4 ,this resulted in the election of ,martin ,v4 7,colonna7 on ,november #aa1 #adag4 ,since the year #acgh no one not a cardinal has been elected pope2 but before that time a good many1 despite the decree of ,stephen ,,iii4 7or ,,iv471 were elected without being cardinals2 six in the ,x,ith1 two in the ,x,i,ith1 three in the ,x,i,i,ith1 and three in the ,x,i,vth century4 ,of these were ,s4 ,celestine ,v4 and1 before him1 ,blessed ,gregory ,x4 ,a curious circumstance attended the election of the latter1 in which the cardinals were treated as jurymen who are locked up until they agree upon a verdict4 ,after the death of ,clement ,,iv41 in #abfh1 the ,holy ,see was vacant longer than ever before1 viz41 two years nine months and two days1 on account of the dissensions of the eighteen cardinals who composed the ,sacred ,college4 ,the conclave was held at ,viterbo2 but1 although ,king ,philip ,,iii4 of ,france and ,charles ,i4 of ,sicily went there to hasten the election1 and ,s4 ,bonaventure1 general of the ,franciscans1 induced the towns-people to keep the fathers close prisoners in the episcopal palace1 nothing availed1 until the happy thought struck ,raniero ,gatti1 captain of the city1 to take off the roof1 so that the rain would pour in on wet1 and the sunshine on hot days4#acj ,this had the desired effect1 and after ,s4 ,philip ,beniti1 general of the ,servites1 had refused the offer of election1 the cardinals promptly agreed upon ,theobald ,visconti1 archdeacon of ,liege1 and apostolic legate in ,syria4 ,it was on this occasion that an episcopal quasi-poet improvised the leonine verses3 8,papatus munus tulit ,archidiaconus unus1 ,quem ,patrem ,patrum fecit discordia ,fratrum40 ,about this time it became customary for the cardinals to act as 8protectors0 of nations1 religious orders1 universities1 and other great institutions1 which were liable to be brought into relations with the ,holy ,see more frequently then than at present2 but ,urban ,,vi41 in #acgh1 without absolutely prohibiting this species of patrocination1 forbade cardinals to accept gifts or any kind of remuneration from those whose interests they guarded4 ,martin ,v4 in #adbd1 ,alexander ,,vi4 in #adib1 and ,leo ,x4 in #aeag1 issued various decrees to moderate or entirely abolish such an use of their influence by the cardinals for private parties1 because it might easily1 under certain circumstances1 stand in the way of that impartial counsel to the pope and equity of action to which they were bound before all things4 ,yet it shows the immense importance of the cardinalate in the ,x,i,vth and ,x,vth centuries1 that powerful sovereigns gave to individuals in the ,sacred ,college the high-sounding title of protectors of their kingdoms4 ,at the present day1 cardinals are allowed to assume1 gratuitously1 a care of the interests of religious orders1 academies1 colleges1 confraternities1 and other institutions1 mostly in ,rome1 which may choose to pay them the compliment of putting themselves under their patronage4 ,in the ,i,xth century1 ,s4 ,leo ,,iv4 made a rule that the cardinals should come to the apostolic palace twice a week for consistory1 and ,john ,,viii41 towards the end of the same century1 furthermore ordered them to meet together twice a month to treat of various affairs appertaining to their office4 ,we find here the beginning of those later celebrated assemblies called ,roman ,congregations1 which are permanent commissions to examine1 judge1 and expedite the affairs of the church throughout the world4 ,each cardinal is made a member of four or more of these congregations1 and a cardinal is generally at the head--with the name of prefect--of each of those the presidency of which the pope has not reserved to himself4 ,it is always from among the cardinals that the highest officials of the ,church in ,rome and of the ,sacred ,college are chosen4 ,the former are the palatine cardinals1 so called because they are lodged in some one of the pontifical palaces and enjoy the fullest share of the sovereign's confidence and favor4 ,they are at present four in number1 viz41 the pro-datary1 secretary of briefs1 of memorials1 of state4 ,next come the cardinal vicar1 grand penitentiary1 chamberlain1 vice-chancellor1 librarian4 ,the cardinal-archpriests are at the head of the three great patriarchal basilicas of ,s4 ,john of ,lateran1 ,s4 ,mary ,major1 and ,s4 ,peter4 ,the officials of the ,sacred ,college number five1 who are all1 except one1 ex-officio2 these are3 the dean1 who is always ,bishop of ,ostia and ,velletri1 is head of the ,sacred ,college1 and represents it on certain occasions of state1 as when he receives the first visit of princes and ambassadors1 and expresses to the ,holy ,father any sentiments that he and his colleagues may wish to announce in a body4 ,the sub-dean supplies his place when absent1 or incapacitated from whatever cause4 ,the ,first ,priest and ,first ,deacon1 who were anciently called the ,priors of their order1 have precedence1 other things being equal1 over those of the same class1 besides certain rights and privileges of particular importance during a vacancy of the ,see4 ,the chamberlain is appointed annually in the first consistory held after ,christmas4 ,his office is not so venerable or so significant as the others are in times of extraordinary occurrences2 but in days of peace it is of the highest practical importance4 ,it was instituted under ,leo ,x41 but received its present development under ,paul ,,iii41 in #aedf4 ,each cardinal habitually residing in ,rome must serve in his turn1 beginning with the dean and ending with the junior deacon4 ,from this arrangement it may be imagined that few cardinals live long enough in the dignity to have to assume more than once the rather onerous duties of the office4 ,the pope gives the chamberlain possession in the same consistory at which he has been named1 by handing him a violet silk purse fringed with gold and containing certain consistorial papers and the little balls used by the cardinals to vote with in the committees in which they treat of their corporate affairs4 ,the principal duties of the chamberlain are of a two-fold character3 as chancellor1 to sign and register all cardinalitial acts1 and as treasurer1 to administer any property that may be held in common by the cardinals4 ,he is assisted in his office by a very high prelate1 who is secretary of the ,sacred ,college and consistory4 ,the archives are in a chamber of the ,vatican palace assigned for the purpose by ,urban ,,viii41 in #afbe4 ,the chamberlain is also charged to sing the ,mass at the solemn requiem of a cardinal dying during his tenure of office1 and on ,november #e for all deceased cardinals4 ,but if he be of the order of deacons1 even if he have received the priesthood1 he must invite a cardinal of the higher order to officiate4 ,this anniversary was established by ,leo ,x4 in #aeag4 ,on account of the great antiquity of the cardinalate1 there are many things of minor importance connected with it that are buried in the obscurity of ages4 ,such are appellations of honor and distinctions in dress2 but all writers agree that after the ,i,xth century there was a remarkable increase in what we might call the accessories of this great office4 ,passing over a decree which ,tamagna 7who yet is an authority on cardinalitial matters7 ascribes to the ,emperor ,constantine1 in which the cardinals of the ,holy ,roman ,church were put on the same footing before the state with senators and consuls1 and received other marks of imperial favor1 it is certain that during the ,middle ,ages they were frequently called senators1 were styled individually ,dominus1 and addressed as ,venerande ,pater1 as we learn from a memorandum drawn up by a ,roman canonist in #abbg4 ,in the accounts of the ,sacred ,college from the beginning of the ,x,i,vth century up to the year #acgh1 the cardinals are called ,reverendi ,patres et ,domini4 ,but from this period they assumed the superlative1 and up to the whole of the ,x,vth century were styled ,reverendissimi4#aca ,urban ,,viii41 on the #ajth of ,june1 #afcj1 gave them the title of eminence1 which was not1 however1 unknown to the early ,middle ,ages1 when it was given to certain great officers of the ,byzantine ,empire in ,italy4 ,urban's immediate successor1 ,innocent ,x41 forbade cardinals to use any other designation than that of cardinal1 or title than that of eminence1 or to put any crown1 coronet1 or crest above their arms1 which were to be overarched by the hat alone4 ,when ,cardinal de' ,medici read the decree1 with what was then in such a personage considered exemplary submission1 he requested his friends and the members of his household never to call him highness any more1 and immediately had the grand-ducal crown removed from wherever it was blazoned4 ,in course of time1 however1 cardinals of imperial or royal lineage were allowed to assume a style expressive of their birth2 thus the last of the ,stuarts1 the ,cardinal ,duke of ,york1 etc41 was always called ,royal ,highness at ,rome4 ,the pope writes to a cardinal-bishop as 8,our venerable brother10 but to a cardinal-priest or deacon as 8,our beloved son02 and a cardinal writing to the pope who has raised him to the purple should add at the end of his letter1 after all the other formulas of respectful conclusion1 the words1 et creatura4 ,although the cardinals hold a rank so exalted1 they are in many ways made to remember their complete dependence in ecclesiastical matters upon the sovereign pontiff4 ,there is a peculiar act of homage due by them to the pope1 which is called ,obedience1 and consists in going up publicly one by one in stately procession1 with cappa magna of royal ermine1 and outspread trailing scarlet robe1 to kiss the ring after making a profound inclination to the pontiff sitting on his throne4 ,this is surely the grandest sight of the ,sistine ,chapel1 and we have often thought in seeing it what a good reminder it was to those most eminent spiritual princes that1 how great soever they might be1 they were after all but the rays of a greater luminary without which they would have no existence4 ,the obedience is done at ,mass and ,vespers2 but never twice on the same day1 nor in services for the dead4 ,the color of a cardinal's dress is red1 unless he belong to a religious order1 in which case he retains that of his habit1 but uses the same form of dress as the others4 ,in #abde1 ,innocent ,,iv4 conferred upon the cardinals at the first ,council of ,lyons the famous distinction of the red hat1 which is so peculiarly the ornament of their rank that1 in common parlance1 to 8receive the hat0 is the same as to be raised to the cardinalate4 ,the special significance of the hat is1 that it is placed by the hands of the pope himself upon the dome of thought and seat of that intellect by which the cardinal will give learned and loyal counsel in the government of the church2 and its color signifies that the wearer is prepared to lose the last drop of his blood rather than betray his trust4 ,our readers will be reminded here of that angry vaunt of ,henry ,,viii4 about ,fisher1 ,bishop of ,rochester1 who was lying in prison because he would not acknowledge the royal supremacy in matters of religion4 ,when news came to ,england that ,paul ,,iii4 had raised him to the purple1 the king exclaimed1 8,the pope may send him the hat1 but ,i will take care that he have no head to wear it on02 in fact1 the bishop was shortly afterwards beheaded4 ,this hat is now one of ceremony only1 and serves but twice3 once1 when the cardinal receives it in consistory1 and next when it rests upon the catafalque at his obsequies4 ,it is then suspended from the ceiling of the chapel or aisle of the church in which he may be buried4 ,the form is round1 with a low crown and wide1 stiff rim1 from the inside of which hang fifteen tassels attached in a triangle from one to five4 ,at the ceremony of giving the hat the pope says1 in ,latin3 8,receive for the glory of ,almighty ,god and the adornment of the ,holy ,apostolic ,see1 this red hat1 the sign of the unequalled dignity of the cardinalate1 by which is declared that even to death1 by the shedding of thy blood1 thou shouldst show thyself intrepid for the exaltation of the blessed faith1 for the peace and tranquillity of the ,christian people1 for the increase and prosperity of the ,holy ,roman ,church4 ,in the name of the ,father 2 and of the ,son 2 and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,amen40 ,paul ,,ii41 in #adfd1 added other red ornaments1 and among them the red beretta or cap to be worn on ordinary occasions2 but cardinals belonging to religious orders continued to use the hood of their habit or a cap of the same color1 until ,gregory ,,xiv4 made them wear the red4 ,this point of costume is illustrated by an anecdote which we have heard from an eye-witness2 it also shows that one should not be sure of promotion--until it comes4 ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 was a great admirer of a certain abbot in ,rome1 whose habit was white1 and rumor ran that he would certainly be made a cardinal4 ,some time before the next consistory1 the pope1 with a considerable retinue--it was thought significantly--went to visit the monastery1 the father of which was this learned monk1 and there refreshments were served in the suite of apartments called1 in large ,roman convents1 the cardinal's rooms1 because reserved for the use of that dignitary1 should one be created belonging to the order4 ,when the trays of delicious pyramidal ice-creams were brought in1 the pope deliberately took the white one presented to him on bended knee by a chamberlain and handed it to the ,lord ,abbot sitting beside and a little behind him1 then took a red one for himself4 ,no one1 of course1 began until ,gregory had tasted first1 and while all eyes were on him he took the top off his own ice-cream1 turned and put it on his neighbor's1 saying with a smile as he looked around him1 8,how well1 gentlemen1 the red caps the white60 ,alas6 the poor abbot2 he understood it as doubtless was meant he should1 but he was foolish enough to act upon it1 and procure his scarlet outfit4 ,this came to the ears of the pope1 who was so displeased that he scratched him off the list1 nor could any friends ever get him reinstated2 and it was only when ,cardinal ,doria said that he was positively wasting away with the disappointment and mortification1 that the pope consented to make him an archbishop in partibus4 ,in the greater chapels1 in the grand procession on ,corpus ,christi1 and on other occasions the cardinal-bishops wear copes fastened by a pectoral jewel called ,formale1 which is of gold ornamented with three pine cones of mother-of-pearl1 the priests 7even though they may have the episcopal character7 wear chasubles1 and the deacons dalmatics1 but all use white damask mitres with red fringes at the extremity of the bands4 ,in their ,titles and ,deaconries1 also elsewhere1 when they officiate1 the cardinals have the use of pontificals4 ,the custom of wearing mitres is said to have begun for cardinals of the two lower orders only in the ,x,ith century4 ,one of the distinctive ornaments of a cardinal is the gold ring set with a sapphire1 and engraved on the metal surface of the inside with the arms of the pope who has created him4 ,it is put on his finger by the ,sovereign ,pontiff with these words1 some of which are omitted in the case of deacons3 8,for the honor of ,almighty ,god1 of the holy apostles ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul1 and of the blessed ,n4 ,n4 7naming the ,title7 we commit unto thee the church of ---- 7naming it71 with its clergy1 people1 and succursal chapels40 ,the actual value of this ring is only twenty-five dollars1 but for many centuries the newly-created cardinal has been expected to give a large sum of money for some pious purpose1 which was different under different popes1 but was perpetually allotted by ,gregory ,,xv41 in #afbb1 to the ,sacred ,congregation for the ,propagation of the ,faith4 ,students of the ,propaganda will remember the elegant tablet and commemorative inscription originally set up in the college church1 but now encased in the wall near the library4 ,for a long time the sum was larger than at present and was paid in gold1 but in consideration of the general distress in the early part of this century ,pius ,,vii4 reduced it to six hundred scudi of silver1 equal to about seven hundred and fifty dollars of our paper money4 ,the last cardinal who gave the full amount before the reduction was ,della ,somaglia1 in #agie4 ,the ,roman ceremonial shows the singular importance of the cardinalate1 by the disposition ordered to be made of its members even after death4 ,it is prescribed that when life has departed a veil be thrown over the face1 and the body1 dressed in chasuble if bishop or priest1 otherwise in dalmatic1 shall lie in state4 ,the hat used in his creation must be deposited at his feet1 and after his funeral be suspended over his tomb4 ,his body must be laid in a cypress-wood coffin in presence of a notary and his official family1 a member of which--the major-domo--lays at his feet a little case containing a scroll of parchment on which has been written a brief account of the more important events of his life4 ,then the first coffin is enclosed in another of lead1 and the two together in a third one of some kind of precious wood1 each coffin having been sealed with the seals of the dead cardinal and the living notary4 ,the body thus secured is borne by night with funeral pomp of carriages and torches and long array of chanting friars to the church of requiem1 where it remains until the day appointed for the ,mass1 at which the cardinals and pope are present1 and the latter gives the final absolution4 ,when carriages first came into use in ,italy1 which was about the year #aejj1 they were considered effeminate and a species of refined luxury1 so much so that ,pius ,,iv41 at a consistory held on ,november #bg1 #aefd1 in a grave discourse exhorted the cardinals not to use a means of conveyance fit only for women1 but to continue to come to the palace in the virile manner that had been so long the custom--that is1 on horseback2 and reminded them that when the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 returned into ,spain from his visit to ,italy1 he had said that no sight pleased him there so much as the magnificent cavalcade of the cardinals on their way to the chapels and consistories4 ,after this they always rode or were carried in litters or sedan-chairs1 until the beginning of the ,x,v,i,ith century1 when it became impossible any longer to hinder them from using the new and more convenient style which had become general for all people of means4 ,urban ,,viii41 in #afbe1 by ordering cardinals to put scarlet head-gear on their horses1 seemed to sanction the change2 but it appears to have been abused1 by some at least1 in a manner described by ,innocent ,x4 7#afgf71 in a pathetic address1 as ill becoming those who had renounced the pomps and vanities of the world4 ,we may get an idea of the ostentation1 when we know that but a few years previously ,maurice of ,savoy 7who afterwards by permission renounced the cardinalate for reasons of state7 used to go to the ,vatican with a following of two hundred splendid equipages and a numerous escort of horsemen in brilliant uniforms4 ,the modern custom 7which has been interrupted by the ,italian usurpers7 is certainly very modest4 ,the cardinals proceed to the minor functions with a single carriage and two on gala days1 but princes by birth have three4 ,each carriage is red1 finished with gilt ornaments1 and drawn by a pair of superb black horses from a particular breed of the ,campagna4 ,the scarlet umbrella carried by one of the somnolent footmen behind is seldom taken out of its cover1 being merely a reminiscence of the old fashion when their eminences rode1 and it might be of service against the rain or the sun4 ,cardinals belonging to a religious order of monks or friars who wear beards retain them after their exaltation2 but others must be clean shaven4 ,there have been considerable changes in this matter1 and cardinals wore no beards in the ,x,vth century4 ,in fact1 the long1 silky1 and well-cultivated beard of ,bessarion 7a ,greek7 lost him the election to the papacy after the death of ,nicholas ,v41 in #adee4 ,it was also the occasion of his death with chagrin at an atrocious insult offered him by ,louis ,,xi4 of ,france2 for being on an embassy to compose the differences between that monarch and the ,duke of ,burgundy1 he wrote to the latter stating the object of his mission before having made his visit to the former1 which so enraged that punctilious king that when the legate came the first thing he did was to pull his magnificent beard and say3 8,barbara graeca genus retinent quod habere solebant40 ,under the pontificate of ,julius ,,ii41 who gave the example1 cardinals wore long beards2 but in the next century only mustaches and la barbetta 7the 8goatee07--varied among the more rigid by just a little bit beneath the under lip1 and called a mouche by the ,french--were retained until1 in the year #agjj1 ,clement ,,xi4 introduced the perfectly beardless face1 which now shows itself under the beretta 7,cancellieri1 ,possessi de' ,papi1 page #cbg74 ,not to mention ,s4 ,lawrence1 who is generally reckoned an archdeacon 7i4e41 cardinal first deacon7 of the ,roman ,church1 or ,s4 ,jerome1 in vindication of whose cardinalate ,ciacconius wrote a special treatise 7,rome1 #aeha71 the ,sacred ,college counts among its members fifteen saints either canonized or beatified4 ,the first is ,s4 ,peter ,damian1 in #ajeh1 and the last ,blessed ,pietro-,maria ,tommasi1 in #agab4 ,the cardinals have the privilege of a ,proprium for these in the ,office4 ,there are besides nine others popularly venerated as ,blessed1 but without warrant from the ,holy ,see that we are aware of4 ,the noblest families of ,europe1 imperial1 royal1 and of lower rank1 have been represented in the ,sacred ,college1 those of ,italy1 of course1 preponderating3 and no other one1 we believe1 has had so many cardinals as that of ,orsini1 which claims over forty-two1 beginning with ,orsino1 cardinal-priest ,a4,d4 #ejj4 ,yet merit has never been refused a place among its members because it made no 8boast of heraldry0 or other pretension to social superiority4 ,where so many have been distinguished in a very high degree1 it is difficult to select half a dozen names from as many different nations that have been represented in the ,sacred ,college1 and that stand out above all the rest in their several countries4 ,among the ,germans1 ,nicholas de ,cusa1 in #addh1 is superior to all others for his intrepid defence of the ,holy ,see and his immense learning1 especially in mathematics4 ,he discovered the annual revolution of the earth around the sun before ,copernicus or ,galileo were born4 ,among the ,spaniards1 ,ximenes1 in #aejg1 is easily chief1 as a minister of state and encourager of education4 ,in ,england1 ,wolsey1 created by ,leo ,x41 in #aeae1 although ,panvinius 7,epitome1 p4 #cgg7 insolently calls him 8the scum and scandal of the human race10 is the greatest figure1 and needs no praise4 ,in ,scotland1 ,beaton is first as state minister and patron of learning4 ,he was put to death in hatred of the faith which could not be subverted while he lived4 ,among the ,italians1 ,bellarmine may be placed first2 certainly no other cardinal has filled so often and so long the minds of the adversaries of the faith4 ,clement ,,viii41 in #aeii1 when he created him1 said that there was no one his equal for learning in all the church4 ,in ,france1 ,richelieu1 the greatest prime minister that ever lived1 and the savior of the government and the church by effectually putting down the rebellious ,huguenots4 ,everything that is good and very little comparatively that is bad has been represented in the ,sacred ,college2 but lest we should be thought to flatter we will give a few examples that show how no body of men is entirely above reproach4 ,moroni has a special article on pseudo-cardinals and another on cardinals who have been degraded from their high and sacred office4 ,we say nothing of the former1 or we would be led into an interminable article on the ambition1 intrigue1 and schisms that have disgraced individuals and injured the church4 ,boniface ,,viii4 was obliged to degrade and excommunicate the two turbulent ,colonnas1 uncle and nephew2 but doing penance under his successor1 they were restored4 ,julius ,,ii4 and ,leo ,x4 had difficulties with some of their cardinals1 and one of them1 ,alfonso ,petrucci1 for conspiring against the sovereign1 was decapitated in ,castle ,sant' ,angelo on ,july #f1 #aeag4 ,odet de ,coligni1 who had been made a cardinal very young at the earnest request of ,francis ,i41 afterwards embraced ,calvinism1 and1 as usual with apostates1 embraced something else besides4 ,although he had thrown off his cassock1 yet when ,pius ,,iv4 pronounced him degraded and excommunicated1 he resumed it1 out of contempt1 long enough to get married in his red robes4 ,cardinals ,charles ,caraffa#acb and ,nicholas ,coscia#acc in ,italy2 de ,rohan#acd of the ,diamond ,necklace affair1 and de ,lomnie de ,brienne#ace in ,france1 if1 on the one hand1 they have not been what we would expect from those so highly honored1 on the other1 they give us proofs of the impartial justice of the popes1 and that no one in their eyes is above the law4 ,among the curiosities of the cardinalate is that of ,ferdinand ,taverna1 ,bishop of ,lodi1 who was raised to the purple in #afjd1 and died of joy4 ,this reminds us that ,cancellieri1 with his usual singularity of research1 has a passage in his work on the ,enthronement of the ,popes1 about 8persons who have gone mad or died of grief because they were not made cardinals10 and tells of one in particular who hoped to make his way by his reputation for learning1 and had a little red hat hung up above his desk to keep himself perpetually in mind of the prize he was ambitiously seeking--and1 of course1 never found4 ,poor human nature6 ,the importance of the telegraph as a means of avoiding inconvenient nominations is shown by a good many cases of men elevated to the cardinalate when they were already dead4 ,three occurred in the ,x,i,vth century2 but as late as #aggj ,paul de ,carvalho1 brother of the infamous ,pombal1 was published 7having been reserved in petto7 on ,january #bj1 three days after he had expired4 ,the ,orsini are noted for their longevity1 and it has shown itself in the cardinals as well as in others of the family4 ,giacinto ,bob ,orsini was made a cardinal at twenty by ,honorius ,,ii41 and after living through sixty-five years of his dignity and eleven pontificates1 was himself elected pope 7being only a deacon7 at the age of eighty-five1 and reigned for nearly seven years as ,celestine ,,iii4 7#aaia-aaih74 ,another one1 ,pietro ,orsini1 after having three times refused the honor1 was at length induced to accept it1 wore the purple for fifty-four years and finally became ,benedict ,,xiii4 7#agbd-agcj74 ,gregory ,,xi41 who brought back the ,see from ,avignon1 was made a cardinal by his uncle at seventeen2 ,paul ,,ii4 by his1 at twenty-one2 ,pius ,,iii4 by his1 at twenty2 and ,leo ,x4 by his1 at fourteen--but not allowed to wear his robes until three years later4 ,the last example1 we believe1 of a very young cardinal is that of a ,spanish ,bourbon1 ,don ,luis1 created at twenty-three by ,pius ,,vii41 in #ahaj2 he was permitted afterwards to renounce it4 ,although exceptions may occasionally be made in future1 a mature age has for many pontificates come to be considered absolutely necessary before being raised to the dignity4 ,artaud de ,montor has an anecdote in his ,life of ,pius ,,viii41 about the inexorable ,leo ,,xii4 in connection with the young ,abb ,duc de ,rohan-,chabot1 a ,montmorency1 and as such1 one would think1 quite the equal of an ,orsini1 ,colonna1 or the son of any other great ,italian family4 ,whenever ,leo was pressed on the subject1 and he was urged by many and very influential persons1 to confer the dignity upon the princely1 learned1 and virtuous priest1 he had a new ,latin verse ready in praise of him1 but always ending with his inevitable youth1 as this one for example3 ,sunt mores1 doctrina1 genus--sed deficit tas 7,artaud1 i4 p4 #bje74 ,he was thirty-seven at the time4 ,we conclude with a few words the bibliography of the cardinalate4 ,not to mention the almost innumerable separate lives of cardinals which have been published in all countries1 particularly ,italy1 the greatest work or series of works connected with the subject is undoubtedly that of the ,spanish ,dominican1 ,chacon1 who wrote a ,history of the ,popes and ,cardinals up to ,clement ,,viii4 ,his work was corrected and continued by the ,italian ,jesuit1 ,oldoini1 up to ,clement ,,ix4 inclusive1 all with beautiful portraits and arms4 ,at the request of ,benedict ,,xiv41 a learned prelate named ,guarnacci continued this work to the pontificate of ,clement ,,xii4 inclusive4 ,it was sumptuously brought out in #agea4 ,there is a continuation of this1 containing the whole of ,benedict ,,xiv4's pontificate1 and later matter from ,,mss4 left by ,guarnacci and from other sources1 that appeared in #aghg1 and is actually 7if our memory does not deceive us7 rarer at ,rome than the other parts of the work1 although published so much later4 ,we have understood that there are still some precious ,,ms4 collections on the same subject in the possession of the noble ,del ,cinque family1 which are probably waiting for a ,mcenas to accept the dedication before being published4 ,these are the full titles of the works referred to3 ,alphonsi ,ciacconii1 ,vit et res gest ,pontificum romanorum1 et ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,cardinalium ab initio nascentis ,ecclesi1 usque ad ,clementem ,,ix41 ab ,augustino ,oldoino recognit4 ,rom3 #afgg 7#c;d ed41 #d vols4 fol47 ,mario ,guarnacci1 ,vit et res gest ,pontificum romanorum1 et ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,cardinalium a ,clemente ,,ix4 usque ad ,clementem ,,xii4 ,rom3 #agea 7#b vols4 fol47 ,vit et res gest summorum ,pontificum et ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,cardinalium ad ,ciacconii exemplum continuat1 quibus accedit appendix1 qu vitas ,cardinalium perfecit1 a ,guarnaccio non absolutas4 ,auctoribus ,equite ,joh4 ,paulo de ,cinque1 et ,advocato ,raphaele ,fabrinio4 ,rom3 #aghg4 ,the best work in ,italian is ,lorenzo ,cardella's ,memorie storiche de' ,cardinali della ,s4 ,romana ,chiesa1 in comminciando da quelli di ,s4 ,gelasio ,i41 sino ai creati da ,benedetto ,,xiv4 ,roma3 #agib4 ,a recent and probably very excellent work in ,french is ,etienne ,fisquet's ,histoire gnrale des ,papes et des ,cardinaux4 ,chez ,etienne ,repos1 #gj rue ,bonaparte1 ,paris 7#e vols4 #hvo74 ,the principal work on the cardinalate in general is by ,plati3 ,de ,cardinalis dignitate et officio1 of which a sixth edition was published at ,rome in #ahcf2 and an exquisite monograph1 small in size 7one little volume7 but full of research1 is ,cardinal ,nicholas ,antonelli's ,de ,titulis quos ,s4 ,evaristus ,romanis ,presbyteris distribuit1 dissertatio4 ,published at ,rome in #agbe2 rather rare4 ,the ,calcografia ,camerale1 near the ,fountain of ,trevi at ,rome1 used to have for sale at a reasonable price the engraved portraits of all the cardinals from the pontificate of ,paul ,v4 7#afje-ba7 to that of ,pius ,,ix42 but being an establishment belonging to the papal government1 the present occupiers of the city in their zeal for the fine arts may have turned it upside down4 ,a collection of portraits in oil colors of all the ,british ,cardinals was begun at the ,english ,college in ,rome in #ahfd4 ,,horn ,,head4 7,,county ,,of ,,donegal47 ,sister of ,earth1 her sister eldest-born1 ,huge world of waters1 how unlike are ye6 ,thy thoughts are not as her thoughts3 unto thee ,her pastoral fancies are as things to scorn3 ,thy heart is still with that old hoary morn ,when on the formless deep1 the procreant sea1 ,god moved alone3 of that ,infinity1 ,thy portion then1 thou art not wholly shorn4 ,scant love hast thou for dells where every leaf ,boasts its own life1 and every brook its song2 ,thy massive floods down stream from reef to reef ,with one wide pressure2 thy worn cliffs along ,the one insatiate ,hunger moans and raves1 ,hollowing its sunless crypts and sanguine caves4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,stray ,,leaves ,,from ,a ,,passing ,,life4 ,,concluded4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,we ,,all ,,meet ,,to ,,part4 ,a second time ,i recovered4 ,i was still in the same place1 and the same hand was supporting me4 ,some brandy was forced down my throat1 and it revived me4 8,now listen10 he said4 8,i have good news for you4 ,why1 the man is going off again6 ,here1 ,roger1 take another nip4 ,so4 ,now you are much nearer being a dead man than your father1 only you will not let me tell you quietly4 ,hush1 now6 ,not a word1 or ,i am dumb4 ,you lie still and listen1 and let me talk4 ,everything is well here4 ,that is about as much information as you can bear at present4 ,there is nothing the matter with anybody1 except with yourself4 ,miss ,herbert1 in consequence of a lucky little telegram received this afternoon commissioned me to await your arrival here1 and tell you just that much4 ,everything else was to be explained at the ,grange1 where your father and some friends are waiting to receive with open arms the returned prodigal4 ,this much ,i may add3 ,your father has been ill1 very ill4 ,but he has recovered4 ,now1 another nip and ,i think we may be moving4 ,that was ,sir ,roger at whose feet you fell outside4 ,the noble old veteran never moved a foot1 or your brains might have been dashed out4 ,he is a truer friend than ,i1 ,roger1 for he knew you at once1 pricked up his ears1 bent down his head towards you1 and gave a low whinny that told me the whole story in a second4 ,i'll be bound you have had nothing to eat all day4 ,that is bad4 ,why1 you are the sick man after all4 ,do you feel equal to moving now8 ,well1 come3 easy--in--hold this skin up to your chin--so6 ,and now we are off4 ,mr4 ,roger ,herbert1 ,i wish you a very merry ,christmas60 ,i sat silent with that delicious sense of relief after a great danger averted while the shadow of that danger has not quite passed away4 ,kenneth did all the talking4 ,the snowfall had ceased and the moon was up4 ,how well ,i remembered every house we passed1 as the cheery lights flashed out of the windows1 and the sounds of merry voices1 whose owners ,i could almost name1 broke on my ear4 ,leighstone seemed fairy-land1 which ,i had reached after long wanderings through stony deserts and over barren seas4 ,there is the old ,priory1 rising dark and solemn out of the white snow1 with the white gravestones standing mute at the head of white graves all around it4 ,the moonlight falls full on the family tomb4 ,i shuddered as ,i looked upon it1 not yet quite assured that it is not open for another occupant4 ,i can see the frozen figure of ,sir ,roger stiff and stark with his winter grave-clothes upon him as we roll by the ,priory gates4 ,and there1 at last1 are the gleaming windows of the ,grange1 and the faint feeling again steals over my heart4 ,the heavy snowfall deadens the sound of the wheels1 and we are within the house before our arrival is known4 ,miss ,herbert is called out quietly by a servant1 a stranger to me4 ,dear hearts6 ,what these women are6 ,she does not cry out1 she does not speak a word2 watching and suffering had made her so wise4 ,she clings to me1 and weeps silently on my breast a long while1 smothering even the sobs that threaten to break her heart4 ,when at last we look around for ,kenneth he is nowhere to be seen1 but there is a strange hush over all the house1 and the voices that ,i heard on my entrance are silent4 8,papa is alone in the study--waiting10 whispered ,nellie4 8,i received your telegram4 ,o ,roger6 that little scrap of paper was like a message from heaven4 ,he is growing anxious1 but expects you4 ,hush6 follow me40 ,she stole along on tiptoe1 and ,i after her4 ,the door of the study was ajar4 ,she opened it softly1 and1 standing in the shadow1 ,i peeped in4 ,he was seated in an easy-chair and had dozed off4 ,his face wore that gentle1 languid air of one who has been very ill and is slowly recovering2 of one who has looked death in the face and to whom life is still new and uncertain4 ,ten years seemed to have been added to his life4 ,whether owing to his illness or to some other cause1 ,i could not tell1 but it seemed to me that a certain look of firmness and resolve1 that was at times too prominent1 had quite disappeared4 ,instead of his own brown locks he wore a wig4 ,he had suffered very much4 ,the door creaked as ,nellie entered1 disturbing but not awakening him4 ,he sighed1 his lips moved1 and ,i thought he muttered my name4 8,papa60 said ,nellie1 touching his arm lightly4 ,how matronly the ,fairy looked6 8,papa60 8,ah6 ,yes1 my dear4 ,is that you1 my child8 ,is--is nobody with you80 ,what a wistful look in the eyes at that last question6 8,do you feel any better1 papa8 ,it is time to take your medicine40 ,how slow the demure minx is about it4 8,is it8 ,i don't think ,i will take any now4 ,i want nothing just now1 my darling40 8,what--no medicine6 ,nothing at all1 papa80 8,nothing at all4 ,is not that train arrived yet80 he asked1 looking around anxiously at the clock4 8,i--,i think so1 papa4 ,and it brought such a lot of visitors40 8,any--any--for us1 ,nellie80 ,he coughed1 and his voice trembled into a feeble old treble as he asked this question4 8,only one1 papa4 ,may he come in80 ,he knew all in an instant4 ,he rose and tottered towards the door1 where he would have fallen had ,i not caught him in my arms4 ,only one word escaped him4 8,roger60 ,after some time ,kenneth stole in1 and seeing how matters stood insisted on bearing me off to dinner4 ,he took me into the parlor1 which was blazing with lights and decorated with holly and red berries in good old ,christmas fashion4 ,the first object to meet my eyes was a great 8,welcome ,home0 which flashed in letters of fragrant blossoms cunningly woven in strange device about my portrait4 ,mrs4 ,goodal came forward and kissed me while the tears fell from her eyes4 8,you don't deserve it1 you wicked boy1 but ,i can't help it10 she said4 ,mr4 ,goodal had seized both my hands in his4 ,a beautiful girl stood a little apart watching all with wondering eyes1 and in them too there were tears1 such is the force of example with women4 ,i had never seen her before1 but ,i needed no ghost to tell me that she was ,kenneth's sister4 8,this is ,elfie1 ,roger10 said ,fairy4 8,she wants to welcome you too4 ,elfie is my sister4 ,i stole her4 ,oh6 a sister is so much nicer than a great rough brother who runs away60 8,and this10 said ,mrs4 ,goodal1 leading forward a tall1 spare gentleman1 with that closely shaven face and quiet lip and eye that1 with or without the conventional garb1 stamp the ,catholic priest all the world over--8this is our dear friend and father1 the friend and father of all of us1 ,father ,fenton40 ,there was a general pause at this introduction4 ,i suppose that my countenance must have shown some perplexity1 for a general laugh followed the pause4 ,mrs4 ,goodal came to the rescue4 8,you expected to meet ,mr4 ,knowles1 ,i suppose1 sir1 or the ,abbot ,jones4 ,kenneth has told me about the ,abbot ,jones4 ,but you must know that the present ,archdeacon ,knowles is far too high and mighty a dignitary for ,leighstone1 and the abbot is laid up with the gout4 ,your father has not been to the ,priory for a very long time--for so long a time that he thinks he would no longer be known there4 ,the ,herbert pew is very vacant2 and ,nellie has had no one to take her4 ,still mystified8 ,you see what comes of silly boys running away from home and never writing4 ,they miss all the news40 ,she led me to the other end of the parlor1 and ,i stood before a lofty ivory crucifix4 ,the light of tapers flashed upon the thin pale face2 blood gleamed from the nailed hands and feet1 from the pierced side1 from the bowed and thorn-crowned head4 ,it was the figure of 8the ,man of ,sorrows10 and the artist had thrown into the silent agony of the face an expression of infinite pity4 ,my own heart bowed in silence4 8,we are all ,papists1 ,roger4 ,what are you80 whispered ,mrs4 ,goodal at my elbow4 8,nothing10 ,i murmured4 8,nothing40 8,nothing yet10 she whispered again4 8,but do you think that we have all been praying to ,him all this time for nothing80 8,and my father80 8,the most inveterate ,papist of us all60 ,there was a tone of triumph in her voice that was almost amusing4 8,how did it all come about80 8,she did it10 broke in ,kenneth1 pointing to his mother4 8,did ,i not tell you that she was the sweetest woman to have her own way8 ,if ,i were a heretic1 ,i would sooner face the ,grand ,inquisitor himself than this most amiable of women4 ,set a thief to catch a thief1 ,roger4 ,but come2 heretics don't abstain as do wicked creatures like these ladies4 ,i forget1 they do1 though2 and my heretic1 fair ladies1 has had nothing to eat all day2 so ,i insist upon not another word until the fatted calf is disposed of by our returned prodigal40 ,that was a merry ,christmas eve4 ,we all nestled together1 and bit by bit the whole story came out4 ,on the receipt of my first letter1 after a fruitless inquiry for me1 ,kenneth and his mother posted down to ,leighstone4 ,their arrival was most opportune2 for my father1 on hearing of my departure1 suffered a relapse that laid him quite prostrate4 ,poor ,nellie was in despair1 brave heart though she was4 ,by unremitting care he was partially restored1 and then followed the long dreary months and the weary waiting1 day after day1 for some scrap of news from me4 ,in such cases1 the worst is generally dreaded save when the worst actually takes place1 and my father drooped gradually4 ,he was prevailed upon to pay a visit to the ,goodals1 and there it was that his heart1 pierced with affliction1 and bowed down with sorrow1 opened to the holier and higher consolation that religion only affords4 ,father ,fenton1 who was invalided from a severe course of missionary labors1 was staying with them1 and the intercourse thus begun developed into what we have seen4 ,on his return to ,leighstone1 the silent house opened up the bitter poignancy of his grief4 ,every familiar object on which his eye rested only served to remind him of one who had passed away2 whom he accused himself of having driven away by an order that he could only now regard with abhorrence4 ,a cold1 something slight1 seized him1 and soon appeared alarming symptoms4 ,in view of the recent changes1 ,nellie knew not to whom of our relatives to apply in this emergency1 and could only write to ,mrs4 ,goodal1 who flew to her assistance4 ,the arrival of my letter brought down ,kenneth1 8like a madman10 his mother said4 ,the letter arrived just at the crisis of the fever in which my father lay2 the good news was imparted to him in one of his lucid intervals1 and the crisis took a favorable turn4 ,the ,christmas holy-days brought ,elfie from her convent2 and finally all came together1 awaiting my expected return4 ,how that letter had been kissed1 petted1 wept over1 laughed over1 spelt out inch by inch6 ,i wonder that a fragment of it remained2 but even had it been worn to dust by reverent fingers1 it would not have mattered3 the women knew every word of it by heart4 ,it formed the staple topic of conversation whenever they met4 ,there never yet was such a letter written1 and the idea that the writer of it should only receive ten dollars--how much money was ten dollars8--a week was proof positive that the ,american people did not appreciate true genius when it found its way among them4 ,mr4 ,culpepper1 indeed6 ,who cared what he would think8 ,the idea of a person of the name of ,culpepper having to do with men of genius6 ,they wondered how ,i could consent to write for such a person at all4 ,and ,mrs4 ,jinks6 ,good gracious6 that dreadful ,mrs4 ,jinks and her 8littery gents02 ,mrs4 ,jinks and the beefsteak2 ,mrs4 ,jinks and the pork chops2 ,mrs4 ,jinks and her 8mock turtle0 soup2 ,mrs4 ,jinks and 8her ,jane10 etc4 etc4 ,poor old ,roger6 ,poor1 dear boy6 ,how miserable it made them all1 and yet how absurdly ridiculous it all was4 ,it made them laugh and cry in the same breath4 ,what a hero ,i had become6 ,what was all my fancied triumph to this8 ,what is all the success one can win in this world to the genuine love and the foolish adoration of the two or three hearts that made up our little world before we knew that great wide open beyond the boundary of our own quiet garden8 ,and all this fuss and affection was poured out over me1 who had run away from it1 and thought of it so little while ,i was away4 ,it was1 speaking reverently1 like the precious ointment in the alabaster vase1 broken and poured out over me1 in the fond waste of love4 ,why1 indeed1 was this waste for me8 ,this ointment was precious1 and might have been sold for many pence and given to the poor--the poor of this great world1 who were hungering and thirsting after just such love as this1 that we who have it accept so placidly1 and let it run and diffuse itself over us1 and take no care1 for is not the source from which it comes inexhaustible1 as the widow's cruse of oil8 ,but so it is1 and so it will continue to be while human nature remains truly human nature4 ,the good shepherd1 leaving the ninety-nine sheep1 will go after the one which was lost1 and finding him1 bear him on his own travel-weary and travel-worn shoulders in triumph home4 ,the father will kill the fatted calf for the prodigal who has lived riotously and wasted his inheritance1 but the faint cry of whose repentant anguish is heard from afar off4 ,the mother's heart will go out after the scapegrace son who is tramping the world alone1 turned out of doors for misbehavior2 and all the joy she feels in the good ones near her is as nothing compared with the thought that he at last has come back1 sad and sorrowful and forlorn1 to the home he left long ago1 in the brightness of the morning1 with so gay a step and so light a heart4 ,it is unjust1 frightfully unjust1 that it should be so4 ,did not the good son so feel it1 and was his protest not right8 ,did not the laborers in the vineyard so find it when those who came at the eleventh hour1 and had borne naught of the heat and the burden of the day1 received the same reward as they8 ,and who shall say that the laborers were not right and the lord of the vineyard unjust8 ,what trades-union could ever take into consideration such reasoning as this1 forbidden by the very book of arithmetic8 ,wait awhile1 friends4 ,some day when we1 who now feel so keenly the injustice of it all1 are fathers and mothers1 let us put the question then to ourselves3 8,why this waste of precious ointment on one who values it not8 ,i will seal up the alabaster jar1 let the ointment harden into stone1 and no sweetness shall flow out of it40 ,do so--if you can1 and the world will be a very barren place4 ,it would dry and shrivel up under arid justice4 ,did not the ,master tell us so8 ,did he not say that he came to call not the just but sinners to repentance8 ,and is it not this very injustice that makes earth likest heaven1 where we are told there shall be more joy over one sinner doing penance than over the ninety-nine just who need not penance8 ,and here am ,i preaching1 instead of spending my ,christmas merrily like a man4 ,but the thought of all this affection wasted on so callous a wretch as ,i had proved myself to be1 was too tempting to let pass4 ,suddenly the chimes rang out from the old steeples1 and we were silent1 listening with softened hearts and moistening eyes4 8,there is another surprise for you yet10 said ,mrs4 ,goodal1 mysteriously4 8,come1 ,i want to show you your room40 ,she took me upstairs1 paused a moment at the door to whisper3 8,it has another ,occupant now1 ,kenneth4 ,go in and visit him10 opened the door and pushed me gently in4 ,the room was lighted only by a little lamp1 through which a low flame burned with a rosy glow4 ,the flame flickered and shone on an altar with a small tabernacle1 before which ,father ,fenton was kneeling in silent prayer4 ,my old room had been converted into a chapel1 and there they had knelt and prayed for me4 ,presently the chapel was lighted up1 and my father was assisted to a chair that had been prepared for him4 ,mr4 ,goodal took up his position near a harmonium1 in one corner1 while ,i retired into the other4 ,one or two of the household came in and took their places quietly4 ,father ,fenton rose up1 and1 assisted by ,kenneth1 vested himself1 and the midnight ,mass began4 ,soon the harmonium was heard1 and then in tones that trembled at first1 but in a moment cleared and grew firm and strong and glorious1 ,elfie1 laughing ,elfie1 who now seemed transformed into one of those angels who brought the glad tidings long1 long ago1 burst forth into the ,adeste ,fideles4 8,natum videte ,regem angelorum40 ,all present joined in the refrain1 ,nellie's sweet voice mingling with the strong1 manly tones of ,kenneth4 ,i saw his face light up as a soldier's of old might at a battle cry4 ,how happy are the earnest6 ,before the ,mass was ended1 ,father ,fenton turned and spoke a few words3 8,one of old said1 #8,when two or three are gathered together in my name1 there am ,i in the midst of them4' ,i need not point out to you the solemn manner in which a few moments since he who made that promise fulfilled it1 for he has spoken to your own hearts4 ,but ,i would call your attention to the wonderful and special manner in which ,christ has visited and blessed the two or three gathered together here this night in his name4 ,we are here like the shepherds of old1 come to adore the ,christ born in a manger4 ,one by one have we dropped in1 taken in hand and led gently1 as though by the ,lord himself4 ,this great grace has not been given us for nothing4 ,it has been the answer to fervent1 earnest1 and unceasing prayer1 which1 though it may sometimes seem to knock at the gates of heaven a long while in vain1 has been heard all the while1 and at length1 entering in1 falls back on our hearts laden with gifts and with graces4 ,the two or three have increased now by one1 now by another1 and under ,providence are destined to increase until the ,master calls them away unto himself4 ,happy is the one who comes himself to ,christ1 thrice happy he who helps to lead another6 ,he it is who answers that bitter cry of anguish that rang out from the darkness and the suffering of ,calvary--#8,i thirst4' ,he holds up the chalice to the lips of the dying ,saviour filled with the virtues of a saved soul4 ,it was for souls ,christ thirsted1 and he gives him to drink4 ,but when a conversion is wrought1 when a stray sheep is brought into the fold1 the work is only begun4 ,all the debt is not paid4 ,it is well to be filled with gratitude for the wonderful favor of ,god in bringing us out of the land of ,egypt and the house of bondage into the land flowing with milk and honey1 where the good shepherd attends his sheep1 where we draw water from the living fountain4 ,we have left behind us the fleshpots of ,egypt4 ,but there is ingratitude to be remembered and wiped out4 ,many weary years have we wandered in desert places seeking rest and finding none4 ,yet the voice of the shepherd was calling to us all the while4 ,peace1 peace1 peace6 ,peace to men of good-will has been ringing out of the heavens over the mountains of this world these long centuries1 yet how many ears are deaf to the angels' song6 ,the star in the ,east has arisen1 has moved in the heavens1 and stood over his cradle--the star of light and of knowledge--yet how many eyes have been blind to its lustre and its meaning4 ,it is because it points to a lowly place4 ,in ,bethlehem of ,juda ,christ is born1 not in the city of the king2 in a stable1 not in the palace of ,herod2 in a manger he is laid1 wrapped in swaddling-clothes1 not in the purple of royalty4 ,he is lowly2 we would be great4 ,he is meek2 we would be proud4 ,he is a little innocent child2 we would be wise among the children of men4 ,the birth-place of ,christianity is humility4 ,we must begin there1 low down1 for he himself has said it3 #8,suffer little children to come unto me'2 #8,unless ye become as one of these little ones1 ye shall not enter the kingdom of heaven4' 8,my brethren1 my dear children1 little flock whom ,christ has visited really and truly in his body and blood1 soul and divinity1 this is our lesson--to be humble as he is4 ,in this was his church founded on this memorable night1 at this solemn hour1 while day and night are in conflict4 ,the day dawned on the new birth and the night was left for ever behind4 ,there is no longer excuse for being children of the darkness1 for the light of the world has dawned at length4 ,it dawned in lowliness1 poverty1 suffering--these are its surroundings4 ,christ's first worshippers on this earth were the one who bore him and her spouse1 ,joseph the carpenter4 ,his second1 the poor shepherds1 whose watchful ears heard first the song of peace4 ,the kings from afar off followed who were looking and praying for light from heaven1 and it came4 ,the angels guided the ignorant shepherds to where he lay2 but of those to whom more was given1 more was expected4 ,the gifts of intellect1 learning1 and the spirit of inquiry are gifts of ,god1 not of man1 or of ,satan4 ,they are to be used for ,god1 not sharpened against him4 ,happy are those to whom he has given them1 who1 like the ,kings of the ,east1 though far away from the lowly place where he lies1 hearken to the voice of ,god calling to them over the wildernesses that intervene1 and make answer to the divine call4 ,search in the right spirit--search in the spirit of humility1 and honesty1 and truth4 ,to them will the star of ,truth appear to guide them aright over many dangers and difficulties1 and disasters mayhap1 to the stable where ,christ is sleeping1 to lay at his feet the gifts and offerings he gave them--the gold of faith1 the frankincense of hope1 the myrrh of charity40 ,i suppose it is intended that sermons should apply to all who hear them4 ,that being the case1 how could ,father ,fenton's words apply to me8 ,there was not a single direct allusion to me throughout4 ,what he said might apply equally to all1 and yet surely of all there ,i was the most guilty4 ,i alone did not adore2 and why8 ,after all1 was humility the birthplace of ,christianity8 ,but was not ,i humble as the rest of them8 8,you6 who are so fond of mounting those stilts10 whispered ,roger ,herbert senior--8you1 who spend your days and nights dreaming of the divinus afflatus--you1 who would give half your life1 were it yours to give1 to convert those little stilts into a genuine monument1 and for what purpose8 ,that men might point and look up at the dizzy height and say1 ,behold ,roger ,herbert1 the mighty1 his feet on earth1 his head among the gods of heaven60 ,and was it true that ,truth had been speaking all this time1 all these centuries1 to so little purpose8 ,why was it8 how could it be if the voice was divine8 8,the devil1 the world1 and the flesh1 ,roger2 forget not the devil1 the world1 and the flesh4 ,were there only truth1 we should all be of one mind2 but unfortunately1 truth is confronted with falsehood40 ,what is truth--what is truth8 ,ay1 the old agony of the world4 ,one alone of all that world dared to tell us that he was the ,truth1 he was the ,way1 he was the ,life4 8,let us find him1 ,roger4 ,father ,fenton says he is in the midst of those gathered together in his name40 ,christmas passed1 and a ,new ,year dawned on us--a happy new year to all except myself4 ,i was the only unhappy being at the ,grange4 ,elfie went back to her convent school4 ,my father's health was on the high road to restoration1 and the growing attachment between ,kenneth and ,nellie was evident even to my purblind vision4 ,strange to say1 ,i did not like to talk to ,kenneth as openly as at first about my doubts and difficulties1 and ,father ,fenton's company1 when alone1 ,i avoided1 although he was the most amiable of men1 gifted with wit softened by piety1 and a learning that not even his modesty could conceal4 ,he must have observed how studiously ,i shunned him1 for1 after seeking ineffectually once or twice to draw me into serious conversation1 he refrained1 and only spoke on ordinary topics4 ,i began to grow restless again4 ,the season had advanced into an early spring2 the green was already abroad and the birds beginning to come1 when one afternoon1 that seemed to have strayed out of summer1 so soft and balmy was the air1 ,nellie and ,i sat together out on the lawn as in the old days4 ,my father was taking a nap within2 the ,goodals had driven to ,gnaresbridge to meet a friend whom they expected to pass by the up-town train to ,london4 ,nellie was working at something1 and ,i was musing in silence4 ,suddenly she said3 8,roger1 do you remember the promises you made me the night before you ran away80 8,yes1 ,fairy40 8,well1 sir80 8,well1 madam80 8,is that all80 8,is what all80 8,do you only remember your promise80 8,is not that a great deal80 8,no2 unless you have kept it40 8,ah--h--h60 8,what do you mean by ah--h80 8,what did ,i promise80 8,that from that day forward you would not only try not to do harm1 but to do some good for others as well as for yourself40 8,that is a very big promise40 8,no bigger now than it was then40 8,but it means more now than it did then40 8,not a bit1 not a bit1 not a bit60 8,things look to me so differently now4 ,one grows so much older in a year sometimes40 8,then you have not kept your promise8 ,o ,roger60 8,good1 though you can spell it in four letters1 is a very large word1 ,nellie1 and means so much2 and others mean so many4 ,not to do much harm is one thing2 but to do good1 not once in a while1 but to be constant in it--that is another thing1 ,nellie1 and that was what ,i promised4 ,that promise ,i cannot say ,i have kept40 ,nellie bent her head lower over her work1 and ,i believe ,i saw some tears fall1 but she said nothing4 ,i went on3 8,now ,kenneth does good40 ,there was no mistake about the tears this time1 although the head bent a little lower still4 8,kenneth does a great deal of good4 ,he goes about among the poor as regularly as a physician1 and whatever his medicine may be it seems to do them more good than any they can get at the druggist's4 ,he has sent ,i don't know how many youngsters off to school1 where he pays for them4 ,in fact1 he seems to me to be always scheming and thinking about others and never dreaming of himself1 whereas ,i am always scheming and thinking about myself and never seem to see anybody else in the world4 ,why1 what are you doing with that stuff in your hands1 ,nellie8 ,you are sewing it anyhow40 8,o ,roger6 ,you--you--0 she could say no more1 but hid her face1 that was rosy and pure as the dawn1 on my breast4 8,a very pretty picture10 said a deep voice behind us1 and ,nellie started away from me1 while all the blood rushed back to her heart4 ,she was so white that ,kenneth--for it was he who had stolen up unobserved at the moment--was frightened1 and said3 8,pardon me1 ,miss ,herbert1 if ,i have startled you4 ,i have only this instant come1 and quite forgot that the grass silenced the sound of my footsteps4 ,take this chair--shall ,i bring a glass of water80 8,no1 thank you2 ,i am better now4 ,it was only a moment4 ,we did not hear you40 8,may ,i join you1 then8 ,or was it a tte--tte80 8,no2 sit down1 ,kenneth4 ,the fact is1 we were just discussing the character of an awful scamp40 8,who arrived just too late to hear any evil of himself--is that it80 8,no1 he was here all the time10 said ,nellie1 laughing1 and herself again4 8,but what brings you from ,gnaresbridge so soon1 ,kenneth1 and all alone8 ,where have you left ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,goodal80 8,mrs4 ,goodal had some shopping to do at ,gnaresbridge1 and ,mr4 ,goodal1 as in duty bound1 waited patiently the results of that interesting operation4 ,his patience makes me blush for mine4 ,the shopping is such a very extensive operation that ,i preferred a walk back1 and even now you see ,i have arrived before them40 8,how very ungallant1 ,mr4 ,goodal6 ,i am surprised at you4 ,i thought ,roger was the only gentleman who didn't like shopping40 8,on the contrary1 ,i am quite fond of it4 ,i used to do all my own shopping in ,new ,york4 ,i got ,mrs4 ,jinks to buy me some things once1 but as she1 woman-like1 measured everybody by ,mr4 ,jinks1 the articles1 though an excellent fit for him1 were an abomination on me40 8,and what did you do with them80 8,what could ,i do with them8 ,gave them to ,mrs4 ,jinks1 of course1 and for the future did my own shopping4 ,indeed1 ,i am getting quite lazy here4 ,there is nothing for a fellow to do--is there1 ,kenneth80 8,i was thinking of that as ,i came along40 8,thinking of what80 8,the great puzzle--,what to do4 ,i put it in every imaginable form4 ,the question was this3 #8,kenneth ,goodal1 what are you going to do with yourself8' and the whole eight miles passed before ,i could arrive at anything like a satisfactory conclusion4 ,i finally resolved to leave the question to arbitration1 and get others to decide for me4 ,i have already applied to one40 ,he paused1 and his gaze was fixed on the ground4 ,his face was flushed1 and his broad brow knitted as though trying to find the right clue to a puzzling query4 ,i glanced at ,nellie1 and observed that her face had whitened again1 while her eyes were also bent upon the ground1 and her breath came and went painfully4 8,yes10 he went on without raising his head--,nellie was seated between us--8,i determined to leave my case to arbitration4 ,your father was one of the arbiters2 you were to be another1 ,roger2 and a certain young lady was to be a third4 ,i had intended to attack the members of this high court of arbitration singly2 but as ,i find two of them here together1 ,i see no reason why ,i should not receive my verdict at once44 440 ,a further report of this most important and interesting case it is not for me to give1 inasmuch as ,i was not present4 ,i saw at once that the decision rested now with the third arbiter1 and that my opinion was practically valueless in the matter4 ,how the case proceeded ,i cannot tell4 ,thinking that there was little for me to do1 and how deeply engaged were the other two parties1 ,i took advantage of the noiseless grass to slink away without attracting the attention of either1 heartily ashamed of myself for being so persistent an intruder where it was clear ,i was not particularly wanted4 ,it was a lovely evening1 and ,i took a long quiet ramble all by myself4 ,how much longer the court was in session ,i do not know1 ,i only know that it was broken up before ,i entered1 just in time for dinner4 ,i noticed that in my father's eyes there was a softer look than usual2 that ,mrs4 ,goodal took ,nellie's place at table1 opposite to my father2 that ,mr4 ,goodal and myself were neighbors1 while opposite to us sat the adjourned court of arbitration1 looking--looking as young persons look only once in their lives4 ,there was a rather awkward silence on my entrance1 which ,i found so unpleasant that ,i rattled away all through dinner4 ,i must have been excellent company for once in my life2 for though at this moment ,i do not recollect a single sentence that ,i uttered1 there was so much laughter throughout the dinner1 laughter that grew and grew until we found ourselves all talking at length1 all joining in1 all joking1 all so merry that we were astounded to find how the evening had passed4 ,my father looked quite young again4 ,as ,i was retiring to my own room for the night1 ,nellie caught me1 put both her arms around my neck1 and looked up into my eyes a long time without saying a word1 until at last she seemed to find in them something she was looking for1 and when1 kissing her1 ,i asked if ,i should blow the candle out again1 as ,i did on a former memorable confession1 she flew away1 her face lost amid blushes1 laughter1 and tears4 ,i was congratulating myself on seeing an end to a long day1 when a guilty tap came to my door1 and ,kenneth stole in with the air of a burglar who purposed making for the first valuable he could lay hands on1 and vanishing with it through the window4 ,he closed the door as cautiously as though a policeman1 whom he feared to disturb1 was napping without1 and sat down without saying a word4 ,i looked at the ceiling2 he sat and stared at me4 ,in his turn1 he began examining my eyes4 ,i could bear it no longer1 but burst out laughing1 and held out my hand1 which he almost crushed in his4 8,you are as true a knight as ever was old ,sir ,roger10 said ,kenneth1 wringing my hand till ,i cried out with pain4 8,i went on talking for ,i don't know how long1 and saying ,i forget now what1 but1 on looking up1 ,i found there was only one listener4 ,well1 we did without you40 8,so now you know what to do with yourself4 ,happy man6 ,what a pity ,elfie is only fourteen6 ,she might tell me what to do with ,roger ,herbert40 ,i saw the two who1 after my father1 ,i loved the best in all the world made one4 ,i waited until they returned from the bridal trip1 by which time my father was fully restored to health4 ,we spent that season in ,london1 and when it was over returned to ,leighstone4 ,the brown hand of autumn was touching the woods1 when one morning ,i began packing my trunk again1 and that same evening ate my last dinner at the ,grange4 ,it was not a pleasant dinner4 ,the ladies were in tears at times1 and the gentlemen were inclined to be taciturn4 ,i did my best to rally the party as on a former occasion1 but the effort was not very successful4 8,oh6 you are all ,sybarites here10 was my closing rejoinder to all queries1 tears1 and complaints2 8and ,i should never do anything among you4 ,not so fortunate as ,kenneth1 who has found some one to tell him what to do with himself1 ,i am driven back on my own resources1 and must work out that interesting problem for myself4 ,i was advancing in that direction when called away4 ,i go back to resume my labors in the old way4 ,you cannot realize the delicious feeling that comes over one at times who is struggling all alone1 and groping in the darkness towards a great light that he sees afar off and hopes to reach4 ,i leave my father with a better son than ,i1 and my sister with something that even sisters prefer to brothers4 ,i am only restless here4 ,there is work to be done beyond there4 ,i may be making a mistake3 if so1 ,i shall come back and let you know40 ,,an ,,old ,,irish ,,tour4 ,it was the long vacation in ,dublin1 #ahf-4 ,summer reigned supreme over the ,irish capital4 ,the long1 bright afternoons1 still and drowsy1 seemed never to have an end4 ,the soft azure overhead1 so different from our deep blue skies1 was whole days without a cloud--rare phenomenon in ,irish weather4 ,it was hot4 ,the leaves drooped and the insects hummed1 till ,i1 a solitary ,american student1 holding my chambers in college for a couple of weeks after all others had left--waiting for some friends to make up a party for the seaside--began to think of the fierce blaze of the ,broadway pavement in ,july4 ,the four o'clock promenade on ,grafton and ,westmoreland streets seemed almost abandoned by the tall1 fresh-colored ,dublin belles2 and even the military band on ,wednesday afternoons in ,merrion square drew few listeners4 ,it was dull as well as hot4 ,taking down volume after volume at a venture from the shelves of the house library1 ,i happened on ,arthur ,young's ,tour in ,ireland in #aggf-i4 ,i opened it at the account of his visit to the ,dargle4 ,i had not yet visited the glen1 and was interested by his description4 8,what60 said ,i1 laying the book open on my knee1 8shall ,i stay here broiling for another week8 ,i will run down to ,bray and ,wicklow for a day or two1 and have a look at the lions40 ,from my windows every morning ,i used to look out at the distant hills1 till they seemed to me like old acquaintances4 ,the next day ,i started4 ,the trip is still a pleasant one in my memory2 but it is not of my own short ,wicklow tour ,i am going to write1 although in these fast days it also might now be called ancient4 ,this was my first acquaintance with ,arthur ,young's celebrated ,tour4 ,not long ago ,i met with his work again4 ,it was a copy of the second edition1 8printed by ,h4 ,goldney for ,t4 ,cadell in the ,strand1 ,,mdcclxxx40 ,i recognized my old friend at a glance4 ,the quaint engraving of the 8,waterfall at ,powerscourt1 ,i4 ,taylor1 sculp410 renewed old associations1 and led to a second and more attentive reading4 ,although ,young's works are still the standard authority on the agricultural condition of ,england and ,ireland1 one hundred years ago1 recognized in those countries1 he is not so well known on this side of the water1 and a few facts concerning his life and writings may be given4 ,he was born in #agda4 ,he was the son of the ,rev4 ,arthur ,young1 rector of ,bradford1 and sometime chaplain to ,speaker ,onslow4 ,his father was noted for some fierce blasts against 8,popery10 but our author1 in many passages of a just and humane spirit1 shows that he did not imbibe the iconoclast zeal of ,arthur ,young the elder4 ,his works are voluminous1 comprised in twenty volumes4 ,they relate almost exclusively to the state of agriculture in the two kingdoms and in ,france4 ,his ,travels in the ,east1 ,west1 and ,north of ,england1 in ,wales1 in ,ireland1 and in ,france1 and his ,political ,economy1 are the chief titles4 ,but ,arthur ,young was more than a practical farmer1 honorable as that vocation is4 ,he was a man of liberal education and cultivated taste1 and his works often rise above the dull level of the fields and are pervaded with a true ,virgilian flavor4 ,they have been warmly praised by such widely different authorities as ,mc,culloch1 ,de ,tocqueville1 and the ,times ,commissioner in #ahfi2 and ,miss ,edgeworth1 herself now grown a little antiquated1 says of his ,tour in ,ireland3 8,it was the first faithful portrait of its inhabitants40 ,arthur ,young died in #ahbj4 ,an extended but not complete list of his works will be found in ,allibone4 ,young had a high but well-grounded idea of the place that agriculture holds in the economy of the state4 8,the details10 he says1 8of common management are dry and unentertaining2 nor is it easy to render them interesting by ornaments of style4 ,the tillage with which the peasant prepares the ground2 the manner with which he fertilizes it2 the quantities of the seed of the several species of grain which he commits to it2 and the products that repay his industry1 necessarily in the recital run into chains of repetition which tire the ear1 and fatigue the imagination4 ,great1 however1 is the structure raised on this foundation2 it may be dry1 but it is important1 for these are the circumstances upon which depend the wealth1 prosperity1 and power of nations4 ,the minuti of the farmer's management1 low and seemingly inconsiderable as he is1 are so many links of a chain which connect him with the state4 ,kings ought not to forget that the splendor of majesty is derived from the sweat of industrious and too often oppressed peasants4 ,the rapacious conqueror who destroys and the great statesman who protects humanity1 are equally indebted for their power to the care with which the farmer cultivates his fields4 ,the monarch of these realms must know1 when he is sitting on his throne at ,westminster1 surrounded by nothing but state and magnificence1 that the poorest1 the most oppressed1 the most unhappy peasant1 in the remotest corner of ,ireland1 contributes his share to the support of the gaiety that enlivens and the splendor that adorns the scene40 ,our author1 it will be seen1 lived close enough to the great ,dr4 ,johnson to catch something of the swelling and sonorous rotundity of style which he impressed upon the ,georgian era4 ,and1 in truth1 there is a weighty and nervous energy about the prose writing of that age which contrasts1 not to our advantage1 with the extenuated and sharply accented style of our day4 ,the careful investigation of his special study led ,young into minute inquiries and much experimental journalizing1 into which it would not be possible or even desirable for us to follow him4 ,we shall therefore content ourselves with a notice of his more general observations in the character of tourist4 ,arthur ,young started from ,holyhead for ,dunleary--as ,kingstown was then called1 before the 8,first ,gentleman in ,europe0 set his august foot upon its quay--on the #aith of ,june1 #aggf4 ,what a tremendous turn of the wheel has the world taken since then6 ,these colonies had just plunged slowly but resolutely into that great struggle for independence1 the centennial commemoration of which we shall celebrate next year4 ,progress in ,ireland1 though not so radical1 has been such as would have been derided as a day-dream by the generation then living4 ,in the arts and sciences the advance has been as amazing as in politics4 ,as we read of ,young's tedious passage of twenty-two hours on board the small sailing packet of those days1 we take in at a glance the difference of times which has substituted for those 8,dutch clippers0 the magnificent steamships which now make the passage between those ports with undeviating regularity in four hours4 ,young's tour was made under the auspices of the ,english ,board of ,agriculture4 ,it was his intention to make a complete survey of the state of the art in the island4 ,he complains1 however1 of the want of encouragement his project met with in ,england2 the ,earl of ,shelburne1 8,edmund ,burke1 ,esq410 and a few others being the only persons of eminence who took the trouble to interest themselves in the undertaking4 8,indeed10 says our author1 commenting on this indifference1 8there are too many possessors of great estates in ,ireland who wish to know nothing more of it than the collection of their rents0--a remark which has not lost its force in our own day4 ,the reception he met with in ,dublin1 however1 when the purpose of his visit became known1 seems to have compensated him for the coldness he had experienced on the other side of the ,channel4 ,the most distinguished persons of the ,irish capital--a title then to some extent real--warmly encouraged him in his project1 treated him with true ,irish hospitality in their own houses1 and provided him with letters of introduction to facilitate his inquiries4 ,thus equipped1 ,young felt sure of bringing his undertaking to a successful issue2 nor did he disappoint his subscribers4 ,but before going further1 let us first note his impressions of the capital4 ,dublin exceeded his anticipations4 ,its public buildings1 which still recall its old glories to the ,irish-,american tourist1 8are10 he says1 8magnificent2 very many of the streets regularly laid out1 and exceedingly well built40 ,the ,parliament ,house1 within the walls of which ,grattan and ,flood were then exerting their growing powers1 attracted his admiration1 although some of its architectural features seemed to him open to criticism4 ,young found the subject of ,union an unpopular one wherever broached1 and1 although an advocate of the scheme1 does not appear to have imagined that in a little over twenty years the doors of the ,parliament ,house would be closed upon the representatives of ,ireland4 ,the cold and business-like precincts of the ,bank of ,ireland1 as the building is now called1 make stronger by contrast the recollection of the fervid eloquence once heard within its walls4 ,young attended the debates frequently2 but1 whether it was from ,english phlegm1 or perhaps it would be more just to him to say1 from the recollection of the transcendent powers of ,burke and ,chatham1 he does not appear to have been carried away by the perfervidum ingenium of the ,irish orators4 ,after naming ,mr4 ,daly1 ,mr4 ,flood 7who had dropped out of the scene71 ,mr4 ,grattan1 ,serjeant ,burgh1 and others1 he says3 8,i heard many eloquent speeches1 but ,i cannot say they struck me like the exertion of the abilities of ,irishmen in the ,english ,house of ,commons40 ,young's opinion of the musical talent of ,dublin would be apt also to excite the ire of its present opera-goers4 ,no city in the ,united ,kingdom flatters itself more upon its correct musical taste and warm encouragement of talent4 ,but this is what our unabashed tourist says3 8,an ill-judged and unsuccessful attempt was made to establish the ,italian opera1 which existed but with scarce any life for this one winter2 of course1 they could rise no higher than a comic one4 #8,la ,buona ,figliuola1' #8,la ,frascatana1' and #8,il ,geloso in ,cimento' were repeatedly performed1 or rather murdered1 except the part of ,sestini4 ,the house was generally empty and miserably cold40 ,this is no doubt an honest description of the fortunes of the opera in his day1 but those who have witnessed the successive appearances of ,grisi1 of ,piccolomini 7in light rles71 of ,titjens1 and ,patti will not accuse a modern ,dublin audience of want of sympathy4 ,dublin1 always a gay city socially1 was enlivened in ,young's day by the presence of a larger resident aristocracy than ever since4 ,the greater power and state of the 8,castle0 before the ,union1 the splendid hospitality of the old ,irish nobility1 the beauty of its fair dames--the toast of more than one court1 the gallant1 open-handed manners of the native landed gentry1 made it then one of the most brilliant capitals in ,europe4 ,young supposes the common computation of its inhabitants1 two hundred thousand1 to be exaggerated2 he thinks one hundred and forty or one hundred and fifty thousand would be nearer the mark4 ,although ,dublin1 to-day1 nearly if not quite doubles the latter figures1 and in countless ways shares in the general progress of the age1 she misses the independent spirit her native parliament gave her1 and which filled the smaller city of the last century with an exuberant life that is now absent in her streets and along her quays4 ,young thus sums up his observations on the city3 8,from everything ,i saw1 ,i was struck with all those appearances of wealth which the capital of a thriving community may be supposed to exhibit4 ,happy if ,i find through the country in diffused prosperity the right source of this splendor60 ,whatever the gaiety of the capital1 the impartial observer1 as ,young himself soon found1 could not fail to note through the country1 notwithstanding some gleams of better times1 the fixed wretchedness of a whole people1 bowed down under the yoke of those penal laws the unspeakable horror of which no later ,english legislation1 however beneficent1 can ever redeem4 ,but the native buoyancy of the ,irish character was well exemplified in the comparatively cheerful and quiescent spirit with which they bore their hard lot in the breathing space1 if one may so term it1 between #agej and #aggj4 ,for some years previous to ,young's ,tour1 the general state of the country1 contrasted with what it had been seventy years previously1 was what might almost be called prosperous4 ,the population was increasing1 and was not suffering from want of food2 and the penal laws in some instances were allowed to fall into abeyance4 ,the country was comparatively free from agrarian disturbances4 ,whiteboys and 8,hearts of ,steel0 had sprung up in some counties after ,thurot's landing in #agei1 but were quickly suppressed2 their indiscriminate attacks upon private property in some instances causing the ,catholic country people to rise against them4 ,the trade of ,ireland was still oppressed by the ,english prohibitory laws1 but some mitigation had been granted2 and in #aggh the threatening attitude of the ,irish ,volunteers at last wrung a tardy measure of justice from the ,english government4 ,the value of land in many counties had more than doubled in the previous thirty years4 ,much of this rise in value was undoubtedly due to natural causes--improved and extended cultivation1 and the increase of population--but it is plain from ,young's testimony1 without going to ,catholic contemporary evidence1 that the rents were raised artificially in numberless cases by the grinding agents of the absentee landlords4 ,the ,irish woollen trade had been annihilated by ,english monopoly4 ,the manufacture of linen1 which was at its height in #aggj1 had greatly declined in consequence of the ,american difficulties1 but was beginning to revive a little4 ,the effect of the war had also been to check the emigration1 which was chiefly confined1 however1 to the ,north4 ,young gave particular attention to this subject1 noting down the emigration in each parish he visited2 and the result of his observations is summed up in these words3 8,the spirit of emigrating in ,ireland appeared to be confined to two circumstances1 the ,presbyterian religion and the linen manufacture4 ,i heard of very few emigrants except among the manufacturers of that persuasion40 ,this remark has of course been completely nullified in later years by the famine and continued misgovernment1 which at last1 breaking down the ,irishman's strong love of home1 have sent him forth as a wanderer1 but1 in the designs of ,providence1 to carry with him his faith and build up a greater ,catholic ,church in ,america--happy also in the country and the laws which enable him by his own exertions to gain a position equal to any other citizen's1 and to throw off that poverty and servility which too often weighed down his spirit at home4 ,on the whole1 then1 it may be said that the time of ,arthur ,young's visit was a favorable one1 if any time might be accounted favorable in that long night of oppression which was still brooding over ,ireland1 and which had yet to reach its darkest hour before the first faint streaks of dawn gladdened the eyes of its weary watchers4 ,the country was just touching on that short period of flickering prosperity1 culminating in the assertion of its constitutional independence in #aghb1 but destined to set in fire and blood in the tragedy of '#ih and the ill-starred ,union of #ahjj4 ,leaving ,dublin1 ,young first made a short tour through ,meath and ,westmeath1 returning by way of ,carlow1 ,wexford1 and ,wicklow to the capital before entering on his more extensive circuit of the island4 ,in this first excursion he at once exhibits the plan of his journal1 noting down with minuteness the character of the soil1 the course of the crops1 the nature of the tenancy1 and the condition of the people4 ,potatoes were the great article of culture1 alternating with barley1 oats1 and wheat4 ,much of the best land was given to grazing4 ,the average rent of the county of ,westmeath1 exclusive of waste1 was nine shillings--including it1 seven shillings2 but in this1 as in the other counties near ,dublin1 the best land let from twenty shillings to as high as thirty-five shillings sterling an acre4 ,the rise in the price of labor for ten years was from fivepence and sevenpence to eightpence and tenpence per day1 but the laborers worked harder and better4 ,women got eightpence a day in harvest4 ,lands in general were leased to ,protestants for thirty-one years or three lives1 but ,catholics were in almost all cases at the mercy of their landlords4 ,the law allowing ,catholics to hold leases for lives was not yet passed4 ,june #bhth1 he notes3 8,took the road to ,summerhill1 the seat of the ,right ,hon4 ,h4 ,l4 ,rowley2 the country cheerful and rich2 and if the ,irish cabins continue like what ,i have seen1 ,i shall not hesitate to pronounce their inhabitants as well off as most ,english cottagers4 ,they are built of mud walls1 eighteen inches or two feet thick1 and well thatched1 which are far warmer than the thin clay walls in ,england4 ,here are few cottars without a cow1 and some of them two1 a bellyful invariably of potatoes1 and generally turf for fuel from a bog4 ,it is true they have not always chimneys to their cabins1 the door serving for that and window too2 if their eyes are not affected with the smoke it may be an advantage in warmth4 ,every cottage swarms with poultry1 and most of them have pigs4 ,land lets at twenty shillings an acre1 which is the average rent of the whole county of ,meath to the occupier1 but if the tenures of middlemen are included it is not above fourteen shillings4 ,this intermediate tenant between landlord and occupier is very common here4 ,the farmers are very much improved in their circumstances since about the year #ageb40 ,although we may partially agree in ,arthur ,young's opinion that some amelioration was visible in the material surroundings of the ,irish peasant during the quarter of a century preceding his visit1 no equal concession can be made regarding his political rights4 ,these remained absolutely nil4 ,the comparative tranquillity that prevailed was the lethargy not the security of freedom4 ,in a slightly altered sense might have been uttered of the whole nation what ,hussey ,burgh said of a year or two later1 referring more particularly to the ,volunteers3 8,talk not to me10 he exclaimed1 8of peace2 it is not peace1 but smothered war60 ,contrasted with this description of the cabins of the peasantry1 the following account of an ,irish nobleman's country mansion in the same county one hundred years ago will be found interesting4 ,headfort is still one of the principal residences in that part of the country3 8,july #ast3 ,reached ,lord ,bective's in the evening through a very fine country1 particularly that part of it from which is a prospect of his extensive woods4 ,no person could with more readiness give me every sort of information than his lordship4 ,the improvements at ,headfort must be astonishing to those who knew the place seventeen years ago1 for then there were neither building1 walling1 nor plantations2 at present almost everything is created necessary to form a considerable residence4 ,the house and offices are new-built4 ,it is a large plain stone edifice4 ,the body of the house #ade feet long1 and the wings each #ahj4 ,the hall is #ca by #bd1 and #ag high4 ,the saloon of the same dimensions2 on the left of which is a dining-room #dh by #bd1 and #bd high4 ,from the thickness of the walls1 ,i suppose it is the custom to build very substantially here4 ,the grounds fall agreeably in front of the house to a winding narrow vale1 which is filled with wood1 where also is a river which ,lord ,bective intends to enlarge4 ,and on the other side1 the lawn spreads over a large extent1 and is everywhere bounded by large plantations4 ,to the right the town of ,kells1 picturesquely situated among groups of trees1 with a fine waving country and distant mountains2 to the left1 a rich tract of cultivation4 ,besides these numerous plantations1 considerable mansion1 and an incredible quantity of walling1 his lordship has walled in #bf acres for a garden and nursery1 and built six or seven large pineries1 each #ij feet long4 ,he has built a farm-yard #bhj feet square1 surrounded with offices of various kinds40 ,july #dth1 there is an entry of interest1 as showing the position of ,catholic tenants at that day even under the best landlords4 ,young was then a guest of ,lord ,longford's at ,packenham ,hall4 ,we give the passage in his own words1 as it is a favorable index to our author's character3 8,lord ,longford carried me to ,mr4 ,marly1 an improver in the neighborhood1 who has done great things1 and without the benefit of such leases as ,protestants in ,ireland commonly have4 ,he rents #a1jjj acres2 at first1 it was twentypence an acre2 in the next term1 five shillings1 or two hundred and fifty pounds a year2 and he now pays eight hundred and fifty pounds a year for it4 ,almost the whole farm is mountain land2 the spontaneous growth1 heath1 etc42 he has improved #ejj acres4''' ,it was with regret ,i heard the rent of a man who had been so spirited an improver should be raised so exceedingly4 ,he merited for his life the returns of his industry4 ,but the cruel laws against the ,roman ,catholics of this country remain the marks of illiberal barbarism4 ,why should not the industrious man have a spur to his industry1 whatever be his religion2 and what industry is to be expected from them in a country where leases for lives are general among ,protestants1 if secluded from terms common to every one else8 ,what mischiefs could flow from letting them have leases for life8 ,none2 but much good in animating their industry4 ,it is impossible that the prosperity of a nation should have its natural progress where four-fifths of the people are cut off from those advantages which are heaped upon the domineering aristocracy of the small remainder40 ,young made many inquiries here concerning the state of the 8lower0 classes1 and found that in some respects they were in good circumstances1 in others indifferent4 ,they had1 generally speaking1 plenty of potatoes1 enough flax for all their linen1 most of them a cow and some two1 and spun wool enough for their clothes2 all1 a pig1 and quantities of poultry4 ,fuel1 and fish from the neighboring lakes1 were also plenty4 8,reverse the medal10 says ,young3 8they are ill clothed1 make a wretched appearance1 and1 what is worse1 are much oppressed by many1 who make them pay too dear for keeping a cow1 horse1 etc4 ,they have a practice also of keeping accounts with the laborers1 contriving by that means to let the poor wretches have very little cash for their year's work4 ,this is a great oppression2 farmers and gentlemen keeping accounts with the poor is a cruel abuse4 ,so many days' work for a cabin--so many for a potato garden--so many for keeping a horse--and so many for a cow1 are clear accounts which a poor man can understand2 but farther it ought never to go2 and when he has worked out this1 the rest ought punctually to be paid him every ,saturday night4 ,they are much worse treated than the poor in ,england1 are talked to in more opprobrious terms1 and otherwise very much oppressed40 ,passing through the county ,wexford1 ,young diverged a little from his route to visit the baronies of ,forth and ,bargy1 the peculiar character of the people of which had always attracted the attention of tourists4 ,they are supposed to have been completely peopled by ,strongbow's followers1 and have retained a language peculiar to themselves4 ,they had the reputation even then of being better farmers than in any other part of ,ireland4 8,july #abth3 ,sallied from my inn1 which would have made a very passable castle of enchantment in the eyes of ,don ,quixote in search of adventures in these noted baronies1 of which ,i had heard so much40 ,he did not find1 however1 as much difference in the husbandry as he expected1 but the people appeared more comfortable4 ,potatoes were not the common food all the year through1 as in other parts of ,ireland4 ,barley bread and pork1 herrings and oatmeal1 were much used4 ,the cabins were generally much better than any he had yet seen2 larger1 with two and three rooms in good order and repair1 all with windows and chimneys1 and little sties for their pigs and cattle4 ,they were as well built1 he says1 as was common in ,england4 ,the girls and women were handsomer1 having better features and complexions than he saw elsewhere in ,ireland4 ,young was a poor authority on this point1 however2 for he says1 in the most ungallant manner1 that 8the women among the lower classes in general in ,ireland are as ugly as the women of fashion are handsome40 ,a remark equally composed of truth and falsehood3 a handsome ,irish lass being as easily found in any townland as in any ,dublin drawing-room4 ,young was a good man and a good farmer1 but we fear in this case his cockney prejudices deceived him4 ,understanding that there was a part of the barony of ,shellmaleive inhabited by ,quakers1 rich men and good farmers1 our tourist turned aside to visit them4 ,a farmer he talked to said of them3 8,the ,quakers be very cunning1 and the d----l a bad acre of land will they hire40 ,this excited ,young's admiration for these sagacious ,friends4 ,he found them uncommonly industrious1 and a very quiet race4 ,they lived very comfortably and happily1 and many of them were worth several hundred pounds4 ,returning through ,wicklow to ,dublin1 he passed through the ,glen of the ,downs and the ,dargle1 as we have already noticed4 ,his description of the scenery of these noted spots is picturesquely written1 but too long to quote4 ,july #ahth1 he set out for the ,north4 ,leaving ,drogheda1 he made a visit to the ,lord ,chief ,baron ,foster at ,cullen4 ,this 8great improver10 8a title10 he says1 8more deserving estimation than that of a great general or great minister10 had reclaimed in twenty years a barren tract of land1 containing over #e1jjj acres1 which1 when ,young visited it1 was covered with corn4 ,in conversation with him1 the ,chief ,baron said that in his circuits through the ,north of ,ireland he was on all occasions attentive to procuring information relative to the linen manufacture4 ,it had been his general observation that where linen manufacture spread tillage was very bad4 ,thirty years before1 the export of linen and yarn had been about #ejj1jjj a year2 it was then #a1bjj1jjj to #a1ejj1jjj4 ,in #aheg1 the export of linens1 according to ,mc,culloch1 was #d1djj1jjj4 ,in #ahfh1 there were #id flax-spinning factories in ,ireland1 driving #ije1ebe spindles1 employing about #ej1jjj 7vide ,i4 ,n4 ,murphy's valuable work1 ,ireland--,industrial1 ,political1 and ,social1 ,london1 #ahgj74 ,in conversation upon the 8,popery0 laws1 ,young expressed his surprise at their severity4 ,the ,chief ,baron said they were severe in the letter1 but were never executed4 ,it was rarely or never1 he said 7he knew no instance71 that a ,protestant discoverer got a lease by proving the lands let under two-thirds of their real value to a ,catholic4 ,but it is plain the ,chief ,baron took a more roseate view of the situation than it deserved2 the explanation of the last-mentioned circumstance being1 as we have seen in the case of ,mr4 ,marly1 already mentioned1 that the landlord generally took good care to keep the rent well up to the two-thirds value4 ,the penalties for carrying arms or reading ,mass were severe1 the ,chief ,baron admitted1 but the first was never executed for merely poaching 7rare clemency671 and as to the other1 8,mass-houses were to be seen everywhere40 ,the ,chief ,baron did justice1 ,young says1 to the merits of the ,roman ,catholics1 by observing that they were in general a very sober1 honest1 and industrious people4 ,arthur ,young winds up this conversation with ,chief ,baron ,foster1 however1 with the following spirited remark1 which shows that he had not listened in vain to the great orator of that age3 8,this account10 he says1 8of the laws against them brought to mind an admirable expression of ,mr4 ,burke's in the ,english ,house of ,commons3 connivance is the relaxation of slavery1 not the definition of liberty40 ,the ,chief ,baron was of opinion that the kingdom had improved more in the last twenty years than in a century before4 ,the great spirit began1 he said1 in #agdi and #agej4 ,with regard to the emigrations1 which then made so much noise in the ,north of ,ireland1 he believed they were principally idle people1 who1 far from being missed1 benefited the country by their absence4 ,they were generally dissenters1 he said2 very few ,churchmen or ,catholics4 ,coming to ,armagh1 ,young found the 8,oak ,boys0 and 8,steel ,boys0 active in that part of the country4 ,he attributes their rise to the increase of rents and the oppression of the tithe-proctors4 ,the manufacture of linen was at its height2 the price greater1 and the quantity also4 ,a weaver earned from one shilling to one shilling and fourpence a day1 a farming laborer eightpence4 ,the women earned about threepence a day spinning1 and drank tea for breakfast4 ,july #bgth1 in the evening1 he reached ,belfast4 ,he gives an animated description of the town and its trade and manufactures4 8,the streets10 he says1 8are broad and straight1 and the inhabitants1 amounting to about fifteen thousand1 make it appear lively and busy40 ,the population of ,belfast is now probably one hundred and twenty-five thousand4 ,it was then already noted for its brisk foreign trade with the ,baltic1 ,spain1 ,france1 and the ,west ,indies4 ,the trade with ,north ,america was greatly affected by the contumacious behavior of the 8rebels40 ,thence our tourist wended his way through the ,north1 through the mountains and moors of ,donegal1 and down the wild west coast of ,sligo and ,galway4 ,here he describes a wake1 and the 8howling0 of the 8keeners0 8in a most horrid manner10 in a tone of alarm and amazement which would put to shame the stage 8,english officer0 of some of our modern ,irish melodramas4 ,continuing his route through ,clare and ,limerick1 he arrived at ,cork ,september #bast4 ,this is his description of the city one hundred years ago3 8,got to ,corke in the evening1 and waited on the ,dean1 who received me with the most flattering attention4 ,corke is one of the most populous places ,i have ever been in2 it was market-day1 and ,i could scarce drive through the streets1 they were so amazingly thronged2 the number is very great at all times4 ,i should suppose it must resemble a ,dutch town1 for there are many canals in the streets1 with quays before the houses4 ,average of ships that entered in nineteen years1 eight hundred and seventy-two per annum4 ,the number of people in ,corke1 upon an average of three calculations1 as mustered by the clergy1 by the hearth-money1 and by the number of houses1 sixty-seven thousand souls1 if taken before the first of ,september2 after that1 twenty thousand increased40 ,these last figures appear large4 ,the population of ,cork in #ahff was estimated at eighty thousand4 ,ships entered and cleared in #ahei1 #d1daj4 ,from ,cork1 ,young set out for ,killarney4 ,the lakes were already a great point of attraction for the tourist4 ,young was in raptures with the mingled beauty and sublimity of the scenery4 ,his description of ,glena1 ,mucross ,abbey1 ,mangerton1 and the other wild and beautiful features of lakes and mountain1 might almost be taken for an account of their appearance within the last ten years4 ,of ,innisfallen1 he says3 8,september #bith3 ,returning1 took boat again towards ,ross ,isle1 and as ,mucruss retires from us nothing can be more beautiful than the spots of lawn in the terrace opening in the wood2 above it1 the green hills with clumps1 and the whole finishing in the noble group of wood above the abbey1 which here appears a deep shade1 and so fine a finishing one1 that not a tree should be touched4''' ,open ,innisfallen1 which at this distance is composed of various shades1 within a broken outline1 entirely different from the other islands4 ,no pencil could mix a happier assemblage4 ,land near a miserable room where travellers dine4--,of the isle of ,innisfallen it is paying no great compliment to say it is the most beautiful in the king's dominions1 and perhaps in ,europe4 ,it contains twenty acres of land1 and has every variety that the range of beauty1 unmixed with the sublime1 can give4 ,the general feature is that of wood2 the surface undulates into swelling hills1 and sinks into little vales2 the slopes are in every direction1 the declivities die gently away1 forming those slight inequalities which are the greatest beauty of dressed grounds4 ,the little vallies let in views of the surrounding lake between the hills1 while the swells break the regular outline of the water1 and give to the whole an agreeable confusion4 ,trees of large size and commanding figure form in some places natural arches2 the ivy mixing with the branches1 and hanging across in festoons of foliage1 while on the one side the lake glitters among the trees1 and on the other a thick gloom dwells in the recesses of the wood4 ,these are the great features of ,innisfallen4 ,every circumstance of the wood1 the rocks1 and lawn are characteristic1 and have a beauty in the assemblage from mere disposition40 ,with the exception of the 8miserable room where travellers dine10 which happily has disappeared1 this is a good picture of the scene when the writer visited this lovely spot4 ,young elsewhere complains of the 8want of accommodations and extravagant expense of strangers0 visiting ,killarney4 ,the 8,victoria10 the 8,lake10 and other good hotels now leave no room for reproach on the first score2 though the 8stranger0 may still feelingly recognize the point of ,young's last remark4 ,moore had not yet written3 8,sweet ,innisfallen long shall dwell ,in memory's dream1 that sunny smile ,which o'er thee on that evening fell1 ,when first ,i saw thy fairy isle40 ,from ,killarney ,young took the road through ,limerick and ,tipperary4 ,here he stopped at ,sir ,william ,osborne's1 near ,clonmel4 ,always on the alert to note improvements1 he here describes a scene of industry and labor which in an extended form still attracts the attention of the tourist3 8,this gentleman0 7,sir ,w4 ,osborne71 he says1 8has made a mountain improvement which demands particular attention1 being upon a principle very different from common ones4 ,twelve years ago he met a hearty-looking fellow of forty1 followed by a wife and six children in rags1 who begged4 ,sir ,william questioned him upon the scandal of a man in full health and vigor supporting himself in such a manner4 ,the man said he could get no work4 #8,come along with me1 ,i will show you a spot of land upon which ,i will build a cabin for you1 and if you like you shall fix there4' ,the fellow followed ,sir ,william1 who was as good as his word2 he built him a cabin1 gave him five acres of a heathy mountain1 lent him four pounds to stock with1 and gave him1 when he had prepared his ground1 as much lime as he would come for4 ,the fellow flourished2 he went on gradually2 repaid the four pounds1 and presently became a happy little cottar3 he has at present twelve acres under cultivation1 and a stock in trade worth at least eighty pounds4 ,the success which attended this man in two or three years brought others1 who applied for land4 ,and ,sir ,william gave them as they applied4 ,the mountain was under lease to a tenant1 who valued it so little that1 upon being reproached with not cultivating or doing something with it1 he assured ,sir ,william that it was utterly impracticable to do anything with it1 and offered it to him without any deduction of rent4 ,upon this mountain he fixed them1 giving them terms as they came determinable with the lease of the farm4 ,in this manner ,sir ,william has fixed twenty-two families1 who are all upon the improving hand1 the meanest growing richer1 and find themselves so well off that no consideration will induce them to work for others1 not even in harvest4 ,their industry has no bounds2 nor is the day long enough for the revolution of their incessant labor4 8,too much cannot be said in praise of this undertaking4 ,it shows that a reflecting1 penetrating landlord can scarcely move without the power of creating opportunities to do himself and his country service4 ,it shows that the villany of the greatest miscreants is all situation and circumstance2 employ1 don't hang them4 ,let it not be in the slavery of the cottar system1 in which industry never meets its reward1 but1 by giving property1 teach the value of it2 by giving them the fruits of their labor1 teach them to be laborious4 ,all this ,sir ,william ,osborne has done1 and done it with effect1 and there probably is not an honester set of families in the county than those which he has formed from the refuse of the ,whiteboys40 ,exception will be justly taken here to the use of the word 8miscreants10 of which nothing appears to show that these poor people were deserving the name1 and which is probably used generally2 but let it be remembered that these sentiments were written one hundred years ago1 and by an ,englishman who1 from his position1 might well be supposed to share all the prejudices of his race1 and the philanthropy and love of justice which belonged to ,young's character will conspicuously appear4 ,what a revelation of the state of the country and the condition of its native people1 when a stranger utters these appalling words 7to our ears7 to its landlords3 8,employ1 don't hang them40 ,in ,september1 #ahfi1 the ,times ,commissioner in ,ireland thus wrote of the great-grandchildren of these men3 8,i took care to visit a tract in this neighborhood which ,i expected to find especially interesting4 ,arthur ,young tells us how1 in his day1 ,sir ,william ,osborne of ,newtownanner encouraged a colony of cottiers to settle along the slopes that lead to the ,commeraghs1 and how they had reclaimed this barren wild with extraordinary energy and success4 ,the great-grandchildren of these very men now spread in villages along the range for miles1 and1 though reduced in numbers since #ahdf1 they still form a considerable population4 ,the continual labor of these sons of the soil has carried cultivation high up the mountains1 has fenced thousands of acres and made them fruitful1 has rescued to the uses of man what had been the unprofitable domain of nature4 ,these people do not pay a high rent4 ,they are for the most part under good landlords2 but ,i was sorry to find this remarkable and most honorable creation of industry was generally unprotected by a certain tenure4 ,the tenants with hardly a single exception declared they would be happy to obtain leases1 which1 as they said truly1 would #8secure them their own1 and stir them up to renewed efforts4'0 ,a few years before the visit of the ,times ,commissioner1 the writer of this article passed along the same road on his way to ,clonmel and ,fethard1 and still vividly remembers the remarkable appearance of the long range of these little holdings climbing high up the steep side of the mountains2 the clustering cabins2 the narrow paths winding up to them2 and1 higher than all1 the gray masses of mist sweeping along the rocks and purple heath4 ,from ,clonmel ,arthur ,young proceeded to ,waterford1 and thence1 on the #aith of ,october1 the wind being fair1 took passage in the sailing packet1 the ,countess of ,tyrone1 for ,milford ,haven1 ,wales--thus bringing to an end his first and most interesting tour in ,ireland4 ,in a subsequent volume1 he relates his experiences two years later4 ,but this second volume1 though valuable1 is not of the same interesting character as the first4 ,it consists chiefly of chapters under general headings1 such as ,manufactures1 ,commerce1 ,population1 etc4 ,it is speculative and theorizing1 and has not the freshness of particular incidents and observations4 ,nevertheless1 it will always be consulted by the student who desires to learn from an impartial ,english observer the condition of ,ireland one hundred years ago4 ,the following are the laws of discovery1 as they were called1 given by ,young in his chapter on 8,religion10 vol4 ii41 as in force in his day4 ,they are given in his own words3 8#a4 ,the whole body of ,roman ,catholics are absolutely disarmed4 8#b4 ,they are incapacitated from purchasing land4 8#c4 ,the entails of their estate are broken4 8#d4 ,if one child abjures that religion1 he inherits the whole estate1 though he is the youngest4 8#e4 ,if the son abjures the religion1 the father has no power over his estate1 but becomes a pensioner upon it in favor of such son4 8#f4 ,no ,catholic can take a lease for more than #ca years4 8#g4 ,if the rent of any ,catholic is less than two-thirds of the full improved value1 whoever discovers takes the benefit of the lease4 8#h4 ,priests who celebrate ,mass must be transported2 and if they return1 to be hanged4 8#i4 ,a ,catholic having a horse in his possession above the value of five pounds to forfeit the same to the discoverer4 8#aj4 ,by a construction of ,lord ,hardwick's they are incapacitated from lending money on mortgage40 8,the preceding catalogue10 says ,young1 with grave irony1 8is very imperfect4 ,but10 he continues1 8it is an exhibition of oppression fully sufficient40 ,with these words may fitly be concluded a notice of ,ireland one hundred years ago4 ,twenty years after ,arthur ,young wrote them1 the short period of comparative peace he chronicled ended1 and the pitch-cap became the emblem of ,english government in ,ireland4 ,,brother ,,philip4 ,,concluded4 ,it was reserved for ,brother ,philip not only to give a fresh impetus to the ,institute of the ,christian ,schools1 but also to see it acquire an additional and important title to respect by a new form of self-devotion on the fields of battle4 ,never had the ,brothers failed to prove their loyal love of their country1 but the year #ahgj1 so terrible to ,france1 brought out their patriotism in all its active energy4 ,there is no need that we should relate how1 in the ,july of that year1 ,napoleon ,,iii41 who was unprepared for anything1 provoked ,king ,william1 who was prepared for everything1 it being our object to give the history of self-devotion1 not to recall mistakes4 ,the best ,christians are always the truest patriots4 ,the heart of ,brother ,philip thrilled at the very name of ,france1 and he so well knew that ,france could equally reckon on his ,brothers that he did not even consult them before he wrote his letter of the #aeth of ,august to the ,minister of ,war1 in which he said that they would wish to profit by the time of vacation to serve their country in another manner than they had been wont2 at the same time placing at his disposal1 to be turned into ambulances1 all the establishments belonging to the ,institute1 as well as all the communal schools directed by the ,brothers1 who would devote themselves to the care of the sick and wounded4 8,the soldiers love our ,brothers10 wrote the ,superior1 8and our ,brothers love the soldiers1 a large number of whom have been their pupils1 and who would feel pleasure in being attended to by their former masters4''' ,the members of my ,council1 the ,brother ,visitors1 and myself will make it our duty to superintend and to encourage our ,brothers in this service40 ,all the houses of the ,christian ,schools1 therefore1 were speedily put in readiness to receive the wounded4 ,some of the ,brothers were left in charge of the classes4 ,wherever they were wanted they were to be found4 ,we find them for the first time engaged in their new work after the engagements of the #adth1 #afth1 and #ahth of ,august1 which took place around ,metz1 where trains filled with wounded were sent by ,thionville to the ,ardennes and the ,north4 ,supplies of provisions were organized at ,beauregard-lez-,thionville by the ,brother ,director of that place1 for these poor sufferers1 who were in want of everything2 all the families of the town with eager willingness contributing their share4 ,thus eight trains1 carrying five hundred wounded1 successively received the succor so much needed4 ,at ,st4 ,denis1 the ,brothers responded to the municipal vote which had just been passed for their suppression by their active zeal in the service of the bureau de subsistence1 or provision-office4 ,in many towns the military writings were entrusted to them4 ,at ,dieppe1 being installed in the citadel1 they made more than #abj1jjj cartridges4 ,on the #agth of ,august1 ,brother ,philip received1 with the most cordial kindness1 two hundred firemen of ,dinan and ,st4 ,brieuc1 forming part of the companies of the ,ctes-du-,nord1 who had hastened to the defence of ,paris--himself presiding at their installation in the mother-house1 and bidding them feel quite at home there1 as the ,brothers were the 8servants of the servants of their country40 ,there the good ,bretons remained four days1 each receiving a medal of ,our ,blessed ,lady from the ,superior-,general when the time came for departure4 ,the ,brothers of the pensionnat of ,s4 ,marie at ,quimper1 during the early part of ,august1 received more than fifteen hundred military in their dormitories1 the ,brothers of ,aix-les-,bains1 ,rodez1 ,moulins1 and ,chteaubriant also affording hospitable lodging to numerous volunteers4 8,at one time10 said the ,brother ,director of ,avignon1 8we were distributing soup1 every morning and evening1 to from five hundred to seven hundred engaged volunteers1 and also to a thousand zouaves who had been housed by the ,brothers of the ,communal ,schools2 we were at the same time lodging at the pensionnat three hundred and sixty of the garde mobile2 thus1 in all1 we had charge of about two thousand men40 ,the officers and soldiers of the eighth company of mobiles at ,aubusson were so grateful for the kindness shown them by the ,brother ,director that they wished to confer on him the rank of honorary quartermaster1 and decorate him with gold stripes4 ,the ,brothers at ,boulay1 six leagues from ,metz1 were the first to observe the superior quality of the enemy's army and the severity of its discipline4 ,a doctor of the ,prussian army said to them on one occasion1 8,we shall conquer because we pray to ,god4 ,you in ,france have no religion2 instead of praying1 you sing the ,marseillaise4 ,you have good soldiers1 but no leaders capable of commanding3 ,wissembourg1 ,forbach1 and ,gravelotte#acf have proved this4 ,your army is without discipline1 while our eight hundred thousand march as if they were one man4 ,and then our artillery ''' which has hardly yet opened fire60 ,these words were uttered on the #beth of ,august1 by which time the fate of ,france could be only too plainly foreseen4 ,the ,brothers of ,verdun showed a courage equal to that of the defenders of the place4 ,from the #bdth of ,august to the #ajth of ,november1 they were to be seen on the ramparts succoring the wounded1 carrying away the dead1 working with the firemen1 in the midst of the bombs1 to extinguish the conflagrations1 besides attending on the wounded in the ambulance of the ,bishop's house4 ,the ,brothers at ,pourru-,saint-,rmy1 by their courageous remonstrances1 saved the little town from destruction1 and also the lives of two ,frenchmen whom the ,prussians were about to shoot4 ,the same works of mercy were being carried on at ,sedan amid the horrors of that fearful time--when seventy thousand men were prisoners of war1 and in want of everything2 when every public building1 and even the church1 was filled with wounded4 ,some of the ,brothers went from door to door begging linen1 mattresses1 and straw1 while others washed and bound up the wounds1 aided the surgeons1 and acted as secretaries to the poor soldiers desirous of sending news of themselves to their families4 ,the ,brother ,director at ,rheims gives the following account of his visit on the #bb;d of ,september to the battle-field around ,sedan3 8,we began by ,bazeilles10 he writes1 8and truly it was a heartrending spectacle4 ,this borough of two thousand five hundred inhabitants1 which ,i had recently seen so rich and prosperous1 is entirely destroyed4 ,the only house left standing is riddled with shot1 all the rest being mere heaps of charred stones1 still smoking from the scarcely extinguished burning4 ,the field of battle was still empurpled with blood1 and trampled hard like a road1 while in all directions were scattered torn garments1 rifled wallets1 and broken weapons40#acg ,the ambulance of ,rethel received1 in four months1 eight hundred men1 many ,prussians being of the number4 ,several of the ,brothers fell ill from their excessive exertions1 and from typhus1 caught in the exercise of their charitable employment1 the latter proving fatal in the case of ,brother ,bnonien4 ,one of the ,directors dying at ,chlons-sur-,marne1 the ,prussians1 in token of their respect1 allowed the bells1 which had been silent since the invasion of the town1 to be tolled for his funeral4 ,at ,djon the ,brothers were repeatedly insulted by a handful of demagogues1 who would fain have compelled them to take arms and go to the war while they themselves staid at home2 but when1 soon afterwards1 these same ,brothers who had been derided as 8lazy cowards10 were seen bearing in their arms the wounded men--whom they had on more than one occasion gone out to seek with lanterns1 amid rain and mud and darkness--gently laying them in clean white beds1 and attending to all their wants with the tenderest solicitude1 the mockers were silenced1 and their derision forgotten in the admiration of the grateful people4 ,it was here also that1 after the battle of the #cjth of ,october1 many ,garibaldians who were among the wounded beheld with astonishment the calm devotedness of these 8black-robes10 whom they had always been accustomed to malign4 ,not content with begging their pardon merely1 they were exceedingly desirous that ,garibaldi should award military decorations to certain of the ,brothers1 who would have had as strong an objection to receive the honor from such hands as the godless ,italian would have had to confer it2 nor did the cares lavished by these religious on his companions in arms hinder his execrations of the priests and religious orders in his proclamation of ,january #bi1 #ahga4 ,in ,belgium as well as in ,france the good offices of the ,brothers found ample exercise4 ,after the defeat of ,gen4 de ,failly1 more than eleven hundred exhausted and famishing soldiers1 with their uniforms torn to shreds after a march of ten leagues through the woods1 arrived at a late hour of the night1 on the #ast of ,september1 at the house of the ,brothers at ,carlsbourg1 not knowing what place it was4 ,great was the joy of the poor fugitives at the unexpected sight of that well-known habit and those friendly faces4 ,all were welcomed in1 and their lives saved by the timely hospitality so freely accorded to their needs4 ,the sick and wounded had already been brought in carts from the scene of the engagement1 and were receiving every care under the same roof4 ,all through the month of ,september this house was a centre of assistance1 information1 and correspondence1 as well as of unbounded hospitality4 ,at ,namur the ,brothers converted their house into an ambulance1 and1 in their work of nursing the sick and wounded1 had able auxiliaries in many ,christian ladies of high rank4 ,while the red flag was floating over the ,htel de ,ville at ,lyons1 and those who talked the most loudly about 8the people0 troubled themselves the least on their account1 the ,brothers of this town prepared a hundred beds in their house1 and successively had charge of seven hundred soldiers1 the ,brother ,director during all that time having to maintain a persevering resistance to the revolutionists1 who no less than twelve times attempted to disperse the community4 ,the devotion of the ,brothers was characterized by a peculiar courage in the ambulance at ,beaune1 reserved for sufferers from the small-pox1 and which none but they dared approach4 ,at ,chlons-sur-,sane they had four ambulances1 in the charge of which they were aided by some nursing ,sisters4 ,many ,germans were among their wounded at ,orlans and at ,dreux4 ,it was at the latter place that one of the chief medical officers of the ,prussians1 a very hard-hearted man1 who had made himself the terror of the ambulance as well as of the town1 gave orders that every ,french soldier1 as soon as he began to recover1 should be sent a prisoner to ,germany2 the ,brothers1 however1 did not rest until they had so far softened him as to save their convalescents from the threatened captivity4 ,but we should far exceed the limits of our notice were we to follow with anything like completeness the work of the ,brothers in the departments of ,france4 ,the places particularized suffice as an indication of what was done in numbers more1 in several of which some of the ,brothers fell victims to their charity4 ,the testimony of the medical men1 in praise not only of their unwearied devotion1 but also of their skill in the care of the sick and wounded1 was everywhere the same4 ,it seems scarcely credible that in several localities--at ,villefranche and ,niort amongst others--where they were unostentatiously carrying on these self-denying labors1 the municipal councils1 as if to punish them for their generosity1 withdrew the annual sum which had for years past 7in one case1 for sixty-four years7 been allowed to their schools for the expenses of administration4 ,it frequently happened that1 in opening ambulances1 they did not1 for that reason1 discontinue their classes1 those who taught in the day watching by the sick at night2 giving up for the good of others their time1 their repose1 their comfort--all they had to give4 ,the ,committees of ,succor did much1 but it seemed as if without them something would have been wanting to the ambulances4 ,for additional particulars we must refer the reader to the interesting pages of ,m4 ,poujoulat1 from which we have drawn so largely4 ,and now1 having in some measure sketched the work of the ,brothers in the provinces during the war1 we must not leave it unnoticed in the capital4 ,towards the end of ,november1 #ahgj1 ,brother ,philip1 after receiving the appeal from the ambulances of the ,press1 issued no order to the ,brothers of the communities in ,paris1 but simply informed them of the request that had been made him1 bidding them consider it before ,god1 and adding1 8,you are free to give your assistance or to withhold it40 ,the ,brothers prayed1 went to ,communion1 and then said to their ,superior1 8,we are ready40 ,even the young novices in the ,rue ,oudinot wrote to him letters of touchingly earnest entreaty to be allowed to serve with their elders4 ,we give the following in the words of ,m4 ,poujoulat3 8,on the #bith of ,november1 at six o'clock in the morning1 in piercing cold1 a hundred and fifty of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools were assembled at the extremity of the ,quai d',orsay1 near the ,champ de ,mars4 ,an old man was with them in the same habit as themselves2 this was ,brother ,philip1 his eighty years not appearing to him any reason for staying at home4 ,they were awaiting the order to march4 ,gen4 ,trochu1 acting less in accordance with his own judgment than with the imperious despatches sent from ,tours and with the wishes of the ,parisians1 proposed to pierce through the enemy's lines and join the army of the ,loire4 ,the attack having been retarded by an overflow of the ,marne1 and the necessity of throwing additional bridges across the river1 the ,brothers waited eight hours for an order which never came4 ,on the following morning1 the #cjth1 they were again with ,brother ,philip at the same post1 at the same hour1 and shortly received the order to advance1 while1 with profound emotion1 the venerable ,superior1 after seeing his #8children1' as he was wont to call them1 depart1 returned alone to the ,rue ,oudinot4 8,cannonading was heard towards the southeast4 ,the two corps of the army1 under ,gens4 ,blanchard and ,renault1 had attacked ,champigny and the table-land of ,villiers4 ,the ,brothers1 mounted in various vehicles1 proceeded towards the barrier of ,charenton1 on their way receiving many encouraging acclamations from the people4 ,their work commenced on the right bank of the ,marne1 which they crossed on a bridge of boats1 not far from ,champigny and ,villiers1 amid the rattling of musketry and the roar of heavy guns4 ,divided into companies of ten1 each with its surgeon1 provided with litters1 and wearing the armlet marked with the ,red ,cross1 they proceed to seek the wounded1 troubling themselves little about finding death4 ,they are attended by ambulance carriages1 in which they place the sufferers1 who are taken to ,paris by the bateaux mouches 7small packet-boats of the ,seine74 ,when litters are not to be had1 the ,brothers themselves carry those whom they pick up1 sometimes for long distances1 never seeming to think themselves near enough to danger1 because they wish to be as near as possible to those who may be reached by the shell and shot4 ,they walk on tranquilly and fearlessly1 the murdering projectiles appearing to respect them4 ,they have lifted up the brave ,gen4 ,renault1 mortally wounded by the splinter of a bomb4 8,this general1 before his death1 a few days afterwards1 said to the ,brother ,director of ,montrouge3 #8,i have grown gray on battle-fields2 ,i have seen twenty-two campaigns2 but ,i never saw so murderous an engagement as this4' ,and it was in the midst of this tempest of fire that the ,brothers fulfilled their charitable mission4 ,no one could see without admiration their delicate and intelligent care of the wounded40 ,on this latter subject1 ,m4 d',arsac writes as follows3 8,they0 7the ,brothers7 8knelt down upon the damp earth--in the ice1 in the snow1 or in the mud--raising the heavy heads1 questioning the livid lips1 the extinguished gaze1 and1 after affording the last solace that was possible1 recommencing their difficult and perilous journey across the ball-ploughed land1 through the heaps of scattered fragments and of corpses1 amid the movements to and fro upon the field of carnage4 ,very gently they lift this poor fellow1 wounded in the chest1 raising him on a supple hammock of plaited straw1 keeping the head high1 and placing a pillow under the shoulders1 avoiding anything like a shock4''' ,thus they advance with slow and even pace never stopping for a moment to wipe their foreheads4 ,a woollen covering envelops the wounded man from the shoulders downward4 ,often his stiffened hand still clutches his weapon with a spasmodic grasp1 ''' the arm hangs helplessly1 and from minute to minute a shiver runs over the torn frame4 ,he faints1 or in a low whisper names those he loves4 ,the ,brothers quicken their steps4 ,the #8,binder' carriage is not yet there2 so they lay their burden gently down upon a mattress1 in some room transformed into an ambulance1 where a number of young men1 in turned-up sleeves and aprons of operation1 are in attendance4 ,they pour a cordial through the closed teeth of the sufferer1 complete the amputation of the all but severed limb1 and do that to save life which the enemy did to destroy it40 ,the ,brother ,director of ,montrouge gives the following account of the night which followed the battle of ,champigny3 8,being stronger and more robust than the rest1 ,i got into one of ,potin's wagons1 and returned to beat the country around ,champigny1 ,petit-,bry1 and ,tremblay4 ,on reaching the plateau of ,noisy1 where lay many wounded1 uttering cries of pain and despair1 a soldier1 who was cutting a piece of flesh from a horse killed that morning1 told me that the ,prussians would not allow them to be removed1 and that if ,i went further ,i should be made prisoner4 ,i went on1 notwithstanding1 in the hope of succoring these poor fellows1 but presently a patrol fire barred the way against me1 and compelled me to believe the statement of the marauding soldier4 ,it was one o'clock in the morning2 and ,i went away1 grieved to the heart at the thought of those unhappy men lying there on the cold earth1 into which their life-blood was soaking1 in the piercing cold1 and under the pitiless eye of an inhuman enemy4 ,the man who drove my conveyance was afraid1 and his wearied horses refused to go a step further2 ,i left them therefore in the road1 and1 lantern in hand1 walked along the lanes1 through the woods1 across the fields1 but found everywhere nothing but corpses4 ,i called1 and listened1 but everywhere the only answer was the silence of death4 ,at last ,i went towards the glimmering lights of the watch-fires of our soldiers1 and learnt that on the hill1 into a house which had been left standing1 several men had been carried at nightfall2 and there in fact ,i found them1 twenty-one in number1 lying at the foot of a wall whither they had dragged themselves from a ditch where they had been left1 and patiently waiting until some one should come to their assistance4 ,happily ,i was soon joined here by others1 who helped me to place the wounded in different vehicles1 and we set out for ,paris1 where we arrived at half-past four in the morning4 ,after seeing them safely housed1 ,i set out again for ,champigny1 longing to know the fate of the poor creatures whose cries had pierced my very soul1 without my being able to succor them4 ,i hastened to the plateau of ,noisy1 and there found eighty frozen corpses4 ,some had died in terrible contortions1 grasping the earth and tearing up the grass around them2 others1 with open eyes and closed fists1 appeared fierce and threatening even in death2 while others again1 whose stiffened hands were raised to heaven1 announced1 by the composure of their countenances1 that they had expired in calmness and resignation1 and perhaps pardoning their executioners the physical and moral tortures they endured40 ,during any suspension of arms1 the ,brothers buried the dead1 digging long trenches in the hard and snow-covered earth1 in which the corpses1 in their uniforms1 were laid in rows4 ,a single day did not suffice for these interments1 everything being done with order and respect4 ,when all was ended1 the falling snow soon spread one vast winding-sheet over the buried ranks1 while the ,brothers1 having finished their sad day's toil by torchlight1 knelt down and said the ,de profundis4 ,every fresh combat saw these acts of intrepid charity renewed4 ,brother ,philip1 although1 on account of his advanced age1 not himself on the field1 was the moving spirit of the work4 ,daily1 before the ,brothers started for their labors1 he multiplied his affectionate and thoughtful attentions1 going from one to another during the frugal breakfast which preceded their departure1 with here a word of encouragement and there of regard4 ,he arranged and put in readiness with his own hands the meagre pittance for the day1 and examined the canteens and wallets to see that nothing was wanting4 ,his paternal countenance wore an expression of happiness and affection1 not untinged with melancholy1 and seemed to say1 8,they go forth numerous and strong1 but will they all return80 ,on the morning of the #bast of ,december1 #ahgj1 long before daybreak1 ,brother ,philip and a hundred and fifty of his 8children0 were at their usual place near the ,champ de ,mars2 others of their number1 under the direction of ,brother ,clementis1 having been sent on the previous evening to sleep at ,st4 ,denis4 ,the roar of the cannon on this morning was terrible4 ,it was the battle of ,bourget4 ,the ,brothers1 after reaching the barrier of ,la ,villette1 hastened to the points where men must have fallen1 and were soon carrying the wounded in their arms to the ambulance-carriages1 and returning for more1 regardless of the hail of shot whistling around them4 ,two courageous ,dominicans had joined the company led on by ,brother ,clementis1 which was preceded by a ,brother carrying the red-cross flag of the ,convention of ,geneva1 and not attended by any soldier1 when they received a charge of musketry4 ,one of the ,brothers1 8,frre ,nethelme10 fell mortally wounded1 and was laid on the litter he was carrying for others1 and taken by two of his companions to ,st4 ,denis1 whither ,brother ,philip immediately hastened on receiving tidings of what had befallen him4 ,brother ,nethelme was one of the masters at ,s4 ,nicolas1 ,rue ,vaugirard1 and thirty-one years of age4 ,he lived three days of great suffering and perfect resignation1 and died on ,christmas ,eve4 ,his funeral took place on ,s4 ,stephen's ,day1 ,december #bf1 in the ,church of ,s4 ,sulpice1 which was thronged with a sympathizing multitude4 ,this death of one of their number1 instead of chilling the zeal of the ,brothers1 kindled a fresh glow of their courageous ardor4 ,other trials of a similar nature were in store for the ,superior-,general4 ,when1 in the midst of the bombardment of ,january1 #ahga1 great havoc was made in the house of ,s4 ,nicolas by the bursting of a shell1 it was with an aching heart that he beheld so many of the pupils killed or wounded1 and that1 a fortnight after the funeral of ,brother ,nethelme1 he followed the young victims to their graves4 ,this cruel bombardment on the quarters of the ,luxembourg and the ,invalides excited the minds of the people to vengeance1 and led to the sanguinary attempt of ,buzenval4 ,brother ,philip having had notice the evening before1 a hundred of the ,brothers assembled in the ,tuileries1 from whence they started for the scene of action1 and approached the park of ,buzenval through a hailstorm of balls1 to find the ground already strewn with wounded4 ,the soaking in of the snow having made the land a perfect marsh1 greatly increased the difficulty of their labor1 but they only exerted themselves the more1 astonishing those who observed them4 ,on the #aith the ,committee of the ,ambulances of the ,press for the second time addressed to the ,superior-,general its thanks and congratulations4 ,after the battle near ,joinville-le-,pont1 the ,brothers had to carry the wounded a league before reaching the carriages4 ,in this brief sketch we can give but a very inadequate idea of the work of the ,brothers1 not only in collecting and housing the wounded1 but also in nursing them with unwearied assiduity day and night4 ,the ambulance at ,longchamps1 a long wooden building1 had been organized by ,dr4 ,ricord1 the first physician in ,paris1 and an excellent ,christian1 who had obtained numerous auxiliaries from ,brother ,philip4 ,one of these1 ,brother ,exuprien1 showed an extraordinary solicitude for the four hundred wounded of whom he there shared the charge4 ,the cold was intense2 there was scarcely any fuel2 and food of any kind was difficult to be had4 ,this good ,brother never wearied in his constant and often far-distant search for supplies for the many and pressing necessities of the sufferers2 day after day walking long distances1 and often having to exercise considerable ingenuity to get even the scanty provision which his perseverance succeeded in obtaining4 ,brother ,philip bestowed his especial interest on the ambulance established in the ,mother-house1 ,rue ,oudinot1 and which was called the ambulance of ,s4 ,maurice4 ,the novices had been removed into the nooks and corners of the establishment1 so as to give plenty of air and space to the suffering soldiers4 ,all the ,brothers in this house1 young and old1 devoted themselves to their sick and wounded2 ,brother ,philip setting the example4 ,he would go from one bed to another1 contrive pleasant little surprises1 and do everything that could be done to cheer the spirits of the patients as well as to afford them physical relief4 ,the ,abb ,roche1 the almoner of the mother-house1 exercised with the greatest prudence and kindness the priestly office in this ambulance4 ,on the #ast of ,january1 #ahga1 one of the soldiers decorated at ,champigny for bravery read aloud to ,brother ,philip1 in the 8great room10 turned into an ambulance1 a 8compliment10 in which he offered him1 as a ,new ,year's gift on behalf of all1 the expression of their gratitude4 ,on the #fth1 in a letter to the ,superior-,general from ,count ,srurier1 vice-president of the ,socit de ,secours1 and delegate of the ,minister of ,war and of the ,marine1 he says3 8,all ,france is penetrated with admiration1 reverence1 and gratitude for the examples of patriotism and self-devotion afforded by your institute in the midst of the trials sent by ,providence upon our country40 ,the first ,brother who re-entered ,paris on the day after the signing of the armistice at ,versailles was the ,director of the orphanage at ,igny4 ,it was like an apparition once more from the world without1 after the long imprisonment under the fire of the enemy4 ,it must not be forgotten that1 besides all that we have mentioned from the beginning of the war to the end of the first siege1 teaching was not neglected by the ,brothers for a single day2 all else that they were doing was but a supplement to their ordinary occupations2 and all went well at the same time1 in the schools1 the ambulances1 and on the field of battle4 ,it was as if they multiplied themselves for the good of their fellow-countrymen4 ,acknowledgments in honor of their courageous devotion were sent from nearly every civilized country2 but amongst all these we select one for mention as having a particular interest for ,americans4 ,we give it in the words of ,m4 ,poujoulat--first stating1 however1 that the ,acadmie ,franaise had awarded an exceptional prize1 declared 8superior to all the other prizes by its origin and its object10 to the ,institute of the ,christian ,brothers4 ,m4 ,poujoulat writes as follows3#ach 8,in #ahgj1 we were abandoned by every government1 but when our days of misfortune commenced1 we were not forgotten by the nations4 ,there arose1 as it were1 a compassionate charity over all the earth to assuage our sorrows4 ,the amount of gifts was something enormous4 ,one single city of the ,united ,states1 ,boston1 with its environs1 collected the sum of eight hundred thousand francs4 ,the ,worcester1 a vessel laden with provisions1 set sail for ,havre1 but on hearing of the conclusion of peace1 the insurrection1 and the second siege of ,paris1 the ,american captain repaired to ,england1 where the ship's cargo was sold1 and the amount distributed among those localities in ,france which had suffered most4 ,when this had been done1 there still remained two thousand francs over1 which the members of the ,boston ,committee offered to the ,acadmie ,franaise1 to be added to the prize for virtue which was to be given that year4 #8,this gift1' said the letter with which it was accompanied1 #8is part of a subscription which represents all classes of the citizens of ,boston1 and is intended to express the sympathy and respect of the ,americans for the courage1 generosity1 and disinterested devotion of the ,french during the siege of their capital4' 8,the ,academy1 in possession of this gift1 deliberated as to whom the prize should be decreed1 it being difficult to point out the most meritorious among so many admirable deeds4 ,after having remarked1 not without pride1 upon the equality of patriotism1 the ,academy resolved to give to this prize the least personal and the most collective character possible4 8#8,we have decreed it1' said the ,duc de ,noailles1 speaking for the ,academy1 #8to an entire body1 as humble as it is useful1 known and esteemed by every one1 and which1 in these unhappy times1 has1 by its devotedness1 won for itself a veritable glory3 ,i allude to the ,institute of the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools4' 8,after the ,director of the ,acadmie ,franaise1 in an eloquent speech had justified the decision1 he added that #8this prize would be to the ,institute as the ,cross of ,honor fastened to the flag of the regiment4'0 ,already had the ,government of the ,national ,defence perseveringly insisted upon ,brother ,philip's acceptance of the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor1 the reward of the brave2 but his humility led him to do all in his power to escape it1 and he had already refused it four times in the course of thirty years4 ,it was only when he was assured that it was not himself1 but his ,institute1 that it was desired to decorate in the person of its ,superior-,general1 that1 sorely against his will1 he ceased to resist4 ,dr4 ,ricord1 in his quality of principal witness of the devotedness of the ,brothers1 was charged to attach the ,cross of ,honor to ,brother ,philip's cassock1 in the grande salle1 or principal room1 of the mother house4 ,never had the saintly ,superior known a more embarrassing moment than this in all the course of his long life2 and when he conducted ,dr4 ,ricord to the door of the house1 he managed so effectively to conceal his new decoration that no one would have suspected its existence4 ,he never wore it after this occasion2 and this ,cross of ,honor which he wished to hide from earth remains as a sort of mysterious remembrance4 ,it has never been found again4 ,always clear-sighted and well-informed1 the ,superior-,general had been watching the approach of the insurrection of the #ahth of ,march1 and sent away the pupils of the ,little and ,great ,novitiates1 foreseeing that ,paris was about to fall into the power of the worst enemies of religion and civilization4 ,the satanic character of the ,commune declared itself in the words of ,raoul ,rigault1 one of its chiefs1 who said3 8,so long as there remains a single individual who pronounces the name of ,god1 everything has yet to be done1 and there more shooting will always be necessary40 ,the ,commune began its work by beating down the cross on the church of ,s4 ,gnevive1 and putting the red flag in its place4 ,we cannot wonder1 therefore1 at its hatred of the ,christian ,brothers--their ,christianity being an unpardonable crime4 ,they were not even allowed to remove the wounded1 who were left to die untended in the street1 rather than that they should be succored by religious4 ,two decrees were passed1 one putting the state in possession of all property1 movable or otherwise1 belonging to the religious communities1 and the other incorporating into the marching companies all valid citizens between nineteen and forty years of age4 ,the ,commune was returning to its traditions of '#ic1 8interrupted10 it was stated1 8by the #ith of ,thermidor40 ,there were to be no more ,christian schools2 no more ,christ2 no more religion2 no more works of piety1 ,catechism1 ,first ,communion1 the ,church--all these were proscribed1 and none but atheists might keep a school4 ,but we will give some extracts from a circular issued to his community by the ,superior on the #bast of ,june1 #ahgb1 in which he briefly notes down the events of these dreary days3 8,the festival of ,easter 7,april #ith7 was spent in anxiety1 sadness1 and mourning1 for ,monseigneur the ,archbishop and several priests have been arrested as hostages4 8,april #ajth3 ,some of our ,brother ,directors were officially informed that my name had been placed on the proscription list1 and that ,i should be arrested forthwith4 ,yielding1 therefore1 to the solicitations of my ,brother ,directors1 and to the injunctions of our dear ,brother ,assistants1 ,i quitted ,paris to visit our houses in the provinces4 8,on the #aath of ,april1 towards ten o'clock in the morning1 a commissioner and delegate of the ,commune1 accompanied by forty of the ,national ,guard1 surrounded the house1 announcing that they had orders to take me away1 and to search the establishment4 ,brother ,calixtus told them that ,i was absent1 and accompanied them wherever they wished to go4 ,they carried off the money that remained in the chest1 as well as two ciboria1 two chalices1 and a pyx1 after which they declared that1 in default of finding the ,superior1 they were to lead off the person who had been left there in his place4 8,the dear ,brother ,calixtus presented himself1 and was ordered by the commissioner to follow him2 whereupon there ensued a scene which it would be impossible to describe4 ,all the ,brothers insisted on following our dear ,brother ,assistant2 and some even of the ,national ,guards were moved to tears4 ,a crowd of people collected in the street1 expressing grief and indignation4 ,the commissioner then gave a promise that ,brother ,calixtus should not be detained a prisoner1 at the same time bidding him get into a cab1 which took him to the prefecture of police4 ,there he was set at liberty1 and returned to the mother-house4 8,from the #ajth to the #acth our ,brothers of ,montrouge1 ,belleville1 and ,s4 ,nicolas were expelled1 and lay teachers put in their place4 ,on the #agth the house at ,mnilmontant was searched at the very time that the ,brothers were engaged with the classes2 they were arrested1 and detained prisoners until the #bb;d1 during which time they were threatened and insulted in various ways4 ,on the #ahth a staff of military infirmiers was substituted for the ,brothers in charge of the ambulance at ,longchamps1 and the ,brother ,assistants were officially informed that it was resolved upon to arrest the ,brothers en masse1 in order either to imprison them or to enrol them for military service4 ,thus they put soldiers with our sick1 and intended to send us on the ramparts to defend the cause of our persecutors1 who were also the enemies of order and religion4 ,it was a critical moment1 but ,providence came to our aid in a particular manner4 ,many persons1 several of whom were unknown to us1 offered their assistance in contriving to send out of ,paris those of our ,brothers who were between nineteen and forty years of age1 and1 thanks to ,god's goodness and to this friendly aid1 a certain number1 by one means or another1 daily effected their escape4 8,during the period between the #aith of ,april and the #gth of ,may1 all our free schools were successively closed1 and the emigration of the ,brothers continued4 ,this1 however1 could not be completely accomplished2 new orders1 more and mote suspicious and oppressive1 having been issued by the ,commune1 an increasingly rigorous surveillance was kept up1 and the ,brother ,director of ,s4 ,margurite and two of his subordinates were arrested in their community4 ,towards the #gth of ,may1 from thirty to forty of the ,brothers who were attempting to escape were also arrested1 either at the railway stations or at the city gates1 or even outside the ramparts4 ,a few of these were released1 but twenty-six were taken to the ,concirgerie1 and from thence to ,mazas4 8,of all our establishments1 one alone never ceased working1 namely1 that of ,s4 ,nicolas1 ,vaugirard1 which1 even when times were at their worst1 numbered its thirty ,brothers and three hundred pupils4 8,the projectiles of the besieging army having reached ,longchamps1 it was found necessary to remove further1 into the city the sick and wounded with which the ambulance was crowded4 ,it was then that1 on an order of the ,committee of ,public ,health1 our house was requisitioned by the ,administration of the ,press1 who required there a hundred beds4 ,it was arranged that the ,brothers should undertake the attendance on the sick1 but scarcely had they begun to organize the work before a new order arrived from the committee1 forbidding any of the ,brothers to remain in the house under pain of arrest and imprisonment4 ,our dear ,brother ,assistants therefore1 with the others who until then had remained at the post of danger1 as well as our sick and aged men1 found themselves compelled to quit that home which could no longer1 alas6 be railed the mother1 but the widowed1 house1 and1 during five or six days1 the abode of pain and death4 ,the ambulance was established there under the direction of the ,press1 the administrators of which testified a kindly interest towards us1 and we gladly acknowledge that to them we owe the preservation of our house1 which1 but for them1 would in all probability have been given up to the flames4 8,on ,sunday1 the #bast of ,may1 there was no ,mass in our deserted chapel1 from whence the ,blessed ,sacrament had been removed the evening before4 ,the persecution against us had reached its height1 and also its term4 ,that same day the besieging army forced the ,gate of ,st4 ,cloud1 and on the next1 the #bb;d1 took possession of our quarter1 and put an end for us to the ,reign of ,terror4''' 8,all this week was nothing but one sanguinary conflict2 our mother-house was crowded with wounded to the number of six hundred2 a temporary building had also been erected within its precincts1 to which were brought those who were slain in the neighborhood2 as many as eighty dead would sometimes be carried in at a time4 ,on ,wednesday1 the #bdth1 however1 the military authorities decided that the ambulance should be transferred back again to ,longchamps1 and that the ,brothers should immediately be restored to the possession of the mother-house as well as of their other establishments4 ,from that day a new order of things commenced for us1 and with it the reflux into ,paris of our emigrated ,brothers4 8,but all were not able to return2 some were prisoners at ,mazas4 ,already1 out of hatred to religion1 the ,commune had shot ,monseigneur the ,archbishop1 the cure of the ,madeleine1 and several other priests1 secular and regular1 ''' and they now proposed to shoot all their prisoners1 and renew in #ahga the massacre of #agib4 ,but again time failed them4 8,the liberating army1 like an irresistible torrent1 carried away the barricades1 and the firing soon began around ,mazas1 whereupon the keepers of the prison seized the ,communist director and locked him up1 opening all the doors1 and bringing down the captives--between four and five hundred in number--into the court1 from whence they made their exit three by three4 ,our ,brothers went out2 but only to find themselves entangled in the lines of the ,federals1 and forced to work at the barricades1 until night seemed to favor their escape4 ,it was while he was thus employed that our dearest ,brother ,nomede-,justin1 of ,issy1 was killed by the bursting of a shell40 ,during three days and nights the ,brothers were the objects of the most active surveillance1 and had to watch their opportunity to recede from one barricade to another4 ,in this way several managed to reach the mother-house on ,friday1 the #beth2 others1 on the two following days1 but not all4 ,to continue in the words of ,brother ,philip3 8,on ,whit-,sunday1 towards one o'clock in the morning1 all the insurgents were surrounded on the heights of ,belleville1 disarmed1 chained five together1 taken to ,la ,roquette 7the prison of the condemned71 and brought before a council of war4 ,our two ,brothers1 who had been also chained to three insurgents1 were present at the interrogation of those who had preceded them1 and at the execution of sentence of death upon a large number4 ,for the space of three hours they waited thus in the most anxious expectation4 ,when it was their turn to appear1 they said that they were ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools1 just out of prison1 but that for three days they had found it impossible to escape from the vigilant oppression of the insurgents4 ,on ascertaining the truth of their statement1 the council gave them a pass1 and facilitated their return to the mother-house4 8,they came back to us worn out and broken down by fatigue1 as well as by all the terrible emotions they had undergone1 and blessing ,god for their wonderful preservation40 ,on hearing of the restoration of order the emigrated ,brothers hastened back to ,paris1 their venerable superior joining them at the mother-house on the evening of the #ith of ,june4 8,it was10 writes ,brother ,philip1 8the hour of ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 ''' after which we sang the psalm1 ,ecce quam bonum1 ''' and then ,i attempted to say a few words to our dearest ,brothers1 reunited once more1 but ,i found it impossible1 so great was my emotion40 ,when1 during his absence1 ,brother ,philip had heard of the arrest of ,brother ,calixtus1 he immediately set out from ,epernay1 to give himself up in the place of his friend2 but learning1 at ,st4 ,denis1 that he had been set at liberty1 he proceeded to the visitation of other houses of his institute in the provinces4 ,we can understand with what joy these two holy friends would meet again4 ,after some great calamity has passed away1 life1 emerging from the regions of death1 seems as it were to begin anew4 ,brother ,philip1 who regarded the misfortunes of ,france as a warning from ,god1 invited all the members of his institute to carry on their work with increased energy and devotion4 ,from the beginning of the year #ahgb1 as if he had had some presentiment of his approaching end1 he gave more attention than ever to the perfecting of his 8children10 and completed various little works of piety which he thought might prove useful to them4 ,an illness which he had at this time he regarded as a first warning4 ,the ,archbishop of ,paris1 ,mgr4 ,guibert1 who had not then long succeeded his martyred predecessor1 came at this time to visit the venerable ,superior4 ,brother ,philip presided at all the sittings of the general chapter which was assembled from the #abth of ,june1 #ahgc1 to the #b;d of ,july4 ,towards the conclusion of the last sitting1 in reply to some respectful words which had been addressed to him1 he answered3 8,my dearest ,brothers1 soon1 yes1 soon you will again assemble together1 but ,i shall be no longer among you4 ,i shall have had to render to ,god an account of my administration40 ,it was with heavy hearts that the ,brother ,assistants heard these words1 while their ,superior proceeded to consecrate the ,institute to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,our ,holy ,father ,pius ,,ix4 had for the heart of ,brother ,philip an unspeakable attraction4 ,on the #bb;d of ,october1 #ahgc1 the latter set out on his fifth journey to ,rome4 ,his first visit to the ,eternal ,city was in #ahei1 when he was welcomed by the ,pope with paternal affection4 ,he was there again in #ahfb1 for the canonization of the ,martyrs of ,japan1 when he had an opportunity of conversing with the bishops of many distant regions in which the ,brothers of the ,christian ,schools were established4 ,on this second occasion1 the day after his arrival in ,rome1 he hastened to the ,vatican and mingled with the crowd in the hall of audience2 but the ,pope having observed his name in the long list of the persons present1 immediately sought with his eye the humble ,superior1 and1 perceiving him far off in the last rank of the assembly1 his ,holiness1 with that clear and sweet voice so well known to the faithful1 said to him1 ,philip1 where shall we find bread enough for all this multitude8 7,s4 ,john vi4 #e71 and bade him come near4 ,brother ,philip1 confused at so great a mark of attention1 approached1 and1 kneeling before the ,holy ,father1 presented the filial offering of which he was the bearer on the part of his ,institute4 ,he made his third journey to ,rome in #ahfg1 to be present at the eighteenth centenary anniversary of the ,martyrdom of the ,apostles ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul4 ,on seeing him1 the ,pope said1 8,here is ,brother ,philip1 whose name is known in all the world40 8,it will soon be so at ,madagascar1 ,most ,holy ,father10 answered ,brother ,philip1 smiling1 8as we are just now establishing ourselves there40 ,in #ahfi1 about the time of the opening of the ,vatican ,council1 the ,superior-,general was again at ,rome4 ,true as the needle to the magnet was his loyal heart to the ,vicar of ,christ2 and yet once more must the veteran soldier look upon the face of his chief before laying down his arms and receiving his crown4 ,he took his fifth and last journey to the city of ,peter in #ahgb1 accompanied by ,brother ,firminien4 ,of this last visit1 which especially concerned the beatification of the founder of his ,institute1 as well as of the preceding ones1 full particulars are given in the work of ,m4 ,poujoulat4 ,the ,pope received ,brother ,philip to private as well as to public audiences1 asking many questions and conversing with interest upon the details of the various works in which the order was engaged4 ,on the ,festival of ,all ,saints1 more than a hundred of the ,brothers being assembled with their ,superior-,general in the throne-room at the ,vatican1 the ,pope entered1 preceded by his court1 and attended by five cardinals1 numerous bishops1 and other ecclesiastics1 for the reading of the decree referring to the beatification of the venerable ,de la ,salle4 ,when a few lines had been read1 ,his ,holiness said to one of the prelates1 8,do not allow ,brother ,philip to continue kneeling2 the brave old man must be fatigued40 ,the reading being ended1 ,brother ,philip was invited to approach the ,holy ,father1 to whom he made an address of thanks for the progress of his founder's cause1 concluding with the following words3 8,with regard to our devotion to the ,holy ,church1 to this ever-celebrated chair of ,peter1 and to the illustrious and infallible ,pontiff who occupies it so gloriously1 it will be the same all the days of our life2 and1 moreover1 we shall never cease1 ,most ,holy ,father1 to offer to ,god our most fervent prayers that he will speedily put an end to the calamities which afflict so profoundly the paternal heart of ,your ,blessedness1 ''' praying ,your ,blessedness to be pleased to bestow your holy benediction upon him who has at this moment the exceeding happiness of kneeling at your feet1 and also upon all the other children of the venerable ,de la ,salle40 ,copies of the decree were then distributed amongst those present1 the original manuscript1 which was presented to the ,superior1 being now in the archives of the ,rgime4 ,the ,pope addressed his answer directly to his 8dearest son1 ,brother ,philip10 as if to testify his esteem not only for the ,institute but for the man4 ,immediately after the closing of the audience1 the ,pope despatched messengers to the ,palazzo ,poli with two immense baskets full of various kinds of pastry1 etc41 saying1 8,brother ,philip must assemble the ,brothers to-day for a little family feast1 and ,i wish to regale them02 and when afterwards the ,superior expressed his thanks for this paternal mark of attention1 the ,holy ,father answered3 8,some good nuns thought of the ,pope1 and the ,pope thought of ,brother ,philip40 ,on his return from this last journey to ,rome1 the ,superior reached ,paris at seven o'clock in the morning1 was present at ,mass in the mother-house at eight1 and half an hour later was seated at his bureau as usual in the ,salle du ,rgime1 as if he had never quitted his place4 ,the longest life is short2 but what can be done by a man who never wastes a moment of his time is something prodigious4 ,one result of this unceasing activity on the part of ,brother ,philip was the fact that1 having found #b1cjj ,brothers and #adc1jjj pupils when he was placed at the head of the ,institute1 he left #aj1jjj of the former engaged in the education of #djj1jjj youths and children4 ,he was a man of study1 prayer1 and action2 no one could be more humble than he1 nor yet more qualified to govern4 ,he listened patiently to arguments and suggestions1 but1 when his resolution was once taken1 he adhered to it4 ,he spoke little1 having neither taste nor time for much talking1 but what he said was always to the point1 the right thing at the right time1 and the truth on every question4 ,his correspondence was a reflection of himself1 his letters containing just so many syllables as were sufficient to express his meaning3 with him1 a letter was an action4 ,he was at the same time the most devout of religious and the most assiduous of workers2 severe to himself1 and never accepting the little indulgences which others would fain have mingled with the hardness of his life4 ,the ,abb ,roche mentions that on one occasion ,brother ,philip1 arriving in a little town of ,cantal after forty hours of travelling1 had one hour to rest4 ,being shown the way to the house of the ,brothers1 he found them assembled in the chapel1 where he remained until the prayers were over4 ,then1 after exchanging greetings with them1 and taking a morsel of bread moistened with wine and water1 he resumed his journey4 ,there are few communities of his ,institute in ,france which he did not visit1 and in all these his presence left an abiding remembrance4 ,the art of ruling presupposes a knowledge of men4 ,under his simple and modest exterior1 ,brother ,philip had a keen penetration2 he very quickly formed his judgment of what a man was and what were his capabilities1 and there could be no better proof that he chose his instruments wisely than the fact that all his establishments have succeeded2 not that he always allowed human prudence to have much voice in his undertakings1 as he frequently preferred to leave much to ,providence4 ,his look and manner were reserved1 almost cold1 but in his heart were depths of real tenderness and feeling4 ,he allowed no recreation to his fully occupied existence except indeed his one refreshment and rest1 which was in attending the services at the chapel2 and his great enjoyment1 the beauty of the ceremonies and the grand and ancient music of the church4 ,he never failed to bestow the most particular attention on every detail of the procession on the ,feast of ,corpus ,christi1 and took an especial delight in being present at the ,first ,communion of the pupils4 ,for this great act of the ,christian life he recommended a long and serious preparation1 and wrote a manual with this intent1 entitled ,the ,young ,communicant4 ,he excelled in the art of solving difficulties1 not by having recourse to human wisdom1 but by imploring light and guidance from above4 ,to overcome obstacles1 he prayed2 he did the same to lead his enemies to a better mind2 and against their decisions1 again he armed himself with prayer4 ,the municipal council of ,chlons had1 in #ahfc1 suppressed the ,christian schools in that town4 ,brother ,philip repaired thither on the #b;d of ,may4 ,the mayor gave notice that the council would assemble on the following day4 ,the ,superior was suffering from acute rheumatism1 but would not accept anything but the regulation supper of the ,brothers1 who made him a bed in the parlor4 ,the next morning1 at four o'clock1 when the community had risen1 they found ,brother ,philip kneeling on the pavement of the chapel1 and it was observed that his bed had not been touched4 ,he had passed the night in prayer before the ,tabernacle4 ,at six o'clock he attended ,mass with his foot bound up in linen4 ,on the evening of the same day the municipal council1 annulling its decision of the preceding year1 permitted the re-establishment of the ,christian ,schools in ,chlons4 ,the ,superior had not prayed in vain4 ,one of his principal cares was always the reinforcement of his ,institute1 and it was with exceeding happiness that1 on the #gth of ,december1 #ahgc1 he presided at the reception of fifty-four postulants4 ,it was not without apprehension that the ,brothers had seen their venerated ,superior1 at eighty-one years of age1 undertake his last journey to ,rome1 but after his return his activity was unabated1 and he did not in any way diminish his daily amount of work4 ,on the #cjth of ,december1 having returned to the mother-house in the evening from a visit to ,passy1 he was indisposed1 but rose the next morning at the hour of the community4 ,after ,mass he was seized with a shivering2 he repaired1 however1 to the ,salle du ,rgime1 where deputations from the three establishments of ,s4 ,nicolas were waiting to offer him their respectful greetings for the ,new ,year4 ,on receiving their addresses he answered1 in a weak and failing voice3 8,my dearest children1 ,i thank you for your kindness in coming so early to wish me a happy ,new ,year2 perhaps ,i shall not see its close4 ,i am touched by the sentiments you have so well expressed1 but1 for my own part1 there is but one thing that ,i desire1 and that is1 that you should go on increasing in virtue40 ,after a few more words of paternal counsel1 he bade them adieu4 ,the exchange of good wishes between himself and the community was not without sadness4 ,on the #ast of ,january he made a great effort to go to the chapel1 where he heard ,mass and received ,holy ,communion4 ,this was the last time that he appeared amid the assembled ,brothers2 his weakness was extreme1 and his prayers were accompanied by evident suffering4 ,from the chapel the ,superior went to his bed1 from which he was to arise no more4 ,on the #fth of ,january1 the ,feast of the ,epiphany1 he received the last sacraments1 while the ,brother ,assistants were prostrate around his bed1 weeping and praying4 ,one who appeared more broken down with sorrow than the rest was ,brother ,calixtus1 the old and most intimately beloved friend of the dying ,superior4 ,the ,apostolic ,benediction solicited by ,brother ,floride at four o'clock arrived at six1 but ,brother ,philip1 having fallen into a profound slumber1 was not aware of it until past midnight4 ,the morning prayers were being said in a low voice in his cell1 it not being known whether he was unconscious or not1 but the ,brother who presided having1 through distraction1 begun the ,angelus instead of the ,memorare1 the dying man gave a sign to show that he was making a mistake4 ,there is a little versicle and response particularly dear to the dying members of the ,institute3 8,may ,jesus live within our hearts60 to which the answer is1 8,for ever40 ,it is1 as it were1 their watchword on the threshold of eternity4 ,on the morning of the #gth of ,january1 ,brother ,irlide1 assistant1 bending over the ,superior1 pronounced the words of ,jesus on the ,cross3 8,father1 into thy hands ,i commend my spirit10 adding1 8,may ,jesus live within our hearts40 ,brother ,philip1 like a faithful soldier1 ever ready with the countersign1 attempted to utter the answer 8,for ever10 but in the effort his soul passed away4 ,the community being then assembled in the chapel for the recitation of the ,rosary1 at once commenced the ,de profundis4 ,the ,institute had lost its father and head4 ,the death of ,brother ,philip produced a profound impression4 ,together with the sense of a great loss1 a feeling of admiration for the great qualities of the departed1 and gratitude for the immense services he had rendered to his countrymen1 burst forth from all ranks of society4 ,the working-classes more especially felt keenly how true a friend they had lost1 and the announcement1 8,brother ,philip is dead10 plunged every heart into mourning4 ,from the moment of his death the cell of the ,superior was constantly filled by the novices1 who in successive companies recited the ,office of the ,dead4 ,in the evening1 the body was removed into the ,chamber of ,relics1 which had been transformed into a chapelle ardente1 or lighted chapel1 and there in the course of two days more than ten thousand persons came to pay their respects and to pray by the dead4 ,on the ,friday evening the remains were enclosed in a coffin1 which was covered with garlands and bouquets which had been brought1 a tall palm being placed at the top2 and on ,saturday morning it was transferred to the chapel1 where the sorrowing community had assembled1 and where a ,low ,mass of requiem was said by the ,reverend ,almoner1 the ,abb ,roche4 ,but another kind of funeral was awaiting the humble religious4 ,the ,institute1 in accordance with its rules1 had ordered merely a funeral of the seventh class2 but ,france1 true to herself1 was about to honor her benefactor with triumphant obsequies4 ,the coffin1 taken out of the mother-house at a quarter past seven1 and placed upon a bier used for the poorest of the people1 was borne to the church of ,s4 ,sulpice1 through silent and respectful multitudes1 and placed upon trestles1 surrounded by lighted tapers1 in the nave4 ,a white cross on a black ground behind the high altar composed all the funeral decoration of the church4 ,but a splendor of its own was attached to this poverty and simplicity1 contrasted as it was with the vast assemblage present1 among whom were two cardinals1 several bishops1 and many of the most important personages of the church and state4 ,there were the representatives of all the parishes of ,paris1 and of all the religious orders1 as well as of the public administration4 ,not the smallest space remained unoccupied in the vast church2 and1 when it was found necessary to close the doors1 more than ten thousand persons remained in the ,place ,st4 ,sulpice4 ,cardinal ,guibert1 ,archbishop of ,paris1 gave the absolution1 and ,m4 ,buffet1 ,president of the ,national ,assembly1 threw the first holy water on the coffin4 8,on both sides of the streets10 writes an eye-witness1 8the crowd formed a compact mass2 the men uncovered1 and the women crossing themselves1 as the body of the venerated ,superior passed by4 ,long lines of children conducted by the ,brothers marched continuously on each side4 ,in the course of the progress to the cemetery of ,pre la ,chaise1 ten thousand pupils of the ,christian ,brothers1 school by school taking its turn1 joined without fatigue in the procession40 ,paris1 this city so wonderful in its contrasts--in the brightness of its lights and the depths of its shadows--is more ,christian than men are apt to suppose4 ,out of this ,paris no less than forty thousand persons attended the remains of ,brother ,philip to the grave1 and many were the tears of heartfelt sorrow which mingled with the last prayers at the brink of that vault where he was laid1 the place of burial reserved for the ,superiors of his order4 ,on the day of the funeral itself1 the memory of ,brother ,philip received from ,cardinal ,guibert1 in his circular letter addressed to the venerable cur of ,s4 ,sulpice1 a testimony which will remain as a page in the history of the church of ,paris4 ,and it was not ,paris only1 but ,france1 which paid its homage to the memory of ,brother ,philip4 ,the whole ,french episcopate testified its regard for him by requiem ,masses on his behalf1 by solemn services1 funeral orations1 allocutions1 or circular letters4 ,nor was this religious mourning limited to ,france3 it was expressed in all the lands where the ,christian ,schools have been founded1 so that throughout the world honor has been done to him who never sought it1 but who1 on the contrary1 shrank from celebrity1 feared the praise of man1 and singly and simply did all for ,god4 ,as the crown and completion of all other witness to the merits of the departed ,superior1 the ,brothers received in answer to the letter announcing their bereavement a ,brief from our ,holy ,father ,pius ,,ix41 most honorable to the departed1 and for themselves full of sympathy and consolation4 ,five months after the death of ,brother ,philip1 the venerable ,brother ,calixtus1 who had for sixty-four years been his dearest friend1 and who was chosen as ,superior-,general in his place1 followed him to the grave4 ,his present successor is ,brother ,jean-,olympe1 an excellent and devoted religious1 who1 at the time we write1 has just returned from ,rome1 where with four of the ,brother ,assistants he has been welcomed by the ,holy ,father with marks of particular regard4 ,we conclude our sketch in the words of ,m4 ,poujoulat1 the admirable writer already so often quoted3 8,the undying remembrance of ,brother ,philip will remain a motive power for his ,institute1 an effective weapon in time of conflict1 an incitement to perseverance in well-doing1 to the love of ,god1 our neighbor1 and our duty40 ,,submission4 ,when the wide earth seems cold and dim around me1 ,and even the sunshine is a mocking thing2 ,when the deep sorrow of my soul hath bound me1 ,as the gloom swept from a dark angel's wing2 ,when faces1 dearer to my soul than being1 ,like shadows faint and frozen past me flee1 ,i turn to thee--,almighty and all-seeing ,god of the universe6--,i turn to thee6 ,when in my chamber1 lone and lowly kneeling1 ,i pour before thee thoughts that inly burn2 ,i lay before thy shrine that wealth of feeling ,whose ashes sleep in my heart's funeral urn3 ,i pray thee1 in a mercy yet untasted1 ,to raise my spirit from its dark despair2 ,to give back prospects crushed1 and genius wasted1 ,that have no memory save in that wild prayer4 ,it may not be6 ,o ,father6 high and holy1 ,not thus thy chosen bow before thy shrine2 ,but with submission1 beautiful and lowly1 ,asking no boon save through thy will divine2 ,bearing with faith the ,saviour's cross of sorrow1 ,filling his bleeding wounds with tears of balm1 ,seeking his cankering crown of thorns to borrow-- ,to make them worthy of the pilgrim's palm4 ,,the ,,roman ,,ritual ,,and ,,its ,,chant ,,compared ,,with ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,modern ,,music4 ,,ii4--,,continued4 ,,respective ,,authority1 ,,ecclesiastical ,,and ,,moral4 ,natural religion attaches the idea of authority to ,god4 ,god is ,king1 8,dominus ,exercituum10 the ,lord of ,hosts1 the one supreme absolute source of all power and authority4 ,moreover1 society implies authority1 in order that it may exist4 ,in social life there cannot be discordant purposes and independent wills4 ,now1 ,god called all created society into being out of nothing1 and through the principle of authority and subjugation of the will maintains his work in love1 happiness1 and mutual concord4 ,and in the scheme of redemption he has sent his church1 a working society upon earth1 to heal by her sweet and divine yoke of a lawful authority the social anarchies and disorders of a fallen race4 ,in the church1 then1 as sent by him who is the absolute source of authority and order1 governed by him1 and in continual correspondence with him through prayer1 we expect to find all her important elements and modes of acting upon1 and of dealing with1 mankind under the direction of the principle of authority2 and since ,god declares of himself that he is a ,god of order1 and the 8author1 not of confusion1 but of peace in the churches0 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #cc71 we conclude that ,god will contemplate sacred song in the ,christian ,church as subject to the principle of authority1 as an instrument placed by himself at the disposal of the church for carrying out her divine work1 and as such to be used1 under the guidance and direction of the authority which governs her4 ,to put1 then1 what is meant by the claim about to be made that the ,ritual or ,gregorian ,chant possesses this authority1 in its true light1 it would be a misconception to suppose that the notion of a positive authority is identical with that of absolute monopoly4 ,the positive authority of the chant of the ,ritual by no means implies that the use of modern music cannot1 under certain conditions1 enjoy a just toleration1 as will be plain from an instance4 ,the sick man who is slowly recovering from a severe disease may be fully aware of the positive authority which his physician has for many reasons attached to a particular rule of diet1 and may yet have the permission occasionally to deviate from it4 ,but now1 if it be asked1 what is this authority which is claimed for the ,roman ,ritual chant-books8 it may be replied1 if a spectator1 at a review of ,british military1 were to ask what authority the infantry regiments had for wearing red coats1 he1 ,i suppose1 would be answered at once1 that in a disciplined army the regimental uniform could not be otherwise than authorized4 ,in the same manner1 in an organized state of society so perfect as that of the ,catholic ,church1 the mere existence of such song-books as the ,gradual and ,antiphonary1 and their immemorial use in connection with the ,missal and ,breviary1 necessarily implies their authority4 ,it would be in place here1 if space permitted1 to cite the various archiepiscopal and episcopal synods that have made these or similar song-books the subjects of their legislation1 providing1 down to the minutest details1 for the different questions which might be liable to arise out of their use4 ,but it may here suffice to refer to the fact1 not perhaps sufficiently known1 that the whole of the ,roman ,liturgy1 the entire ,breviary1 the whole of the ,missal1 except the few parts which the celebrant himself recites in an undertone of voice at the altar1 has its proper notation in music1 which every efficient choir-singer and celebrant priest is required to know1 as the necessary accompaniment of his functions4 ,the authority1 therefore1 of the ,ritual chant is to a considerable extent identified with that of the ,ritual itself in the character of the authorized form of its solemn celebration4 ,no other music has been at any time published by the church4 ,no other is co-extensive with the ,ritual2 and the use1 therefore1 of any other1 however permissible it may have become through force of circumstances1 can only be regarded as a deviation from perfect ,ritual rule4 ,that such was the view of the fathers of the ,council of ,trent is evident from the fact1 that they seriously debated whether it might not be advisable to put an end to the scandalous musical excesses that had found their way into the church through the partial abandonment of the ,ritual chant1 by rendering it henceforth imperative4 ,but though this measure was vehemently urged by more than one father as the best remedy for the evil complained of1 still the father of the council at length declined to pass the decree4 ,they seemed to have judged it to be on the whole wiser to leave the ,ritual chant to its claims as the acknowledged and authorized song of the ,liturgy1 and to have thought that the remedy required was rather to be sought for in prayer to ,god to give his people a better and more sober mind than in a severe and peremptory legislation1 which might end in provoking the further and worse evil of a more formal and open disobedience4 ,but to return to the subject of the positive ecclesiastical authority of the ,ritual chant-books4 ,the truth and the reason of this authority appear at once1 on reflecting how impossible it is that a kingdom directed by the ,spirit of ,god1 under the government of a divinely founded hierarchy1 should employ sacred song to the extent which the ,catholic ,church does1 without a sanctioned and authenticated form of it4 ,that this form should be absolutely imperative1 to the rigid exclusion of every other1 could occur to no one to maintain4 ,but still1 without an acknowledged body and form of song1 of such indisputable authority as to claim the willing confidence of those whose calling is with sacred song1 its efficacy is certainly lamed and its mission impeded4 ,men that have work to do in ,god's vineyard require to know not merely the general truth that what they are engaged with is in the main good1 but they also desire to know that the blessing of ,god is with the manner of their work1 and the means they employ4 ,now1 such confidence nothing but an authorized body of song can supply4 ,for what reason do we trust the church in her definitions of faith8 ,because we feel our own weakness2 because we feel how impossible it is for the mind to repose on its own conclusions4 ,we know1 from a voice that speaks from within the heart1 that our heavenly ,father could not have given a revelation without the conditions necessary to fit it to meet our wants4 ,and because we feel the need of a positive authority in matters of faith1 we believe it to have been given1 and that the ,catholic ,church is the depository of it1 as alone possessing the satisfactory credentials4 ,now1 although it may be true that an equal need for a positive authority in matters of song cannot be asserted1 yet if ecclesiastical music do really possess those many healing virtues which at once betoken its divine origin and heavenly mission1 it may be asked1 is it a wise1 is it a self-distrusting1 is it a pious course for each individual to imagine himself free from such an authority8 ,is it not rather true that1 in proportion as his sense of the heavenly mission of the ecclesiastical chant deepens1 the more vivid will become his perception of the need of an express living authority to which the individual can commit himself1 in perfect confidence that that song which a divinely directed hierarchy shall put forth and acknowledge as their own work1 will be sure to carry along with it the blessing of ,god upon its use4 ,i do not see how a reasonable person can refuse to admit that such is the positive authority attaching to the liturgical song-books1 and that it is to the devout and skilful use of these books by her own priests1 cantors1 and devout people1 that the church mainly looks for the fulfilment of the divine idea with respect to sacred music4 ,how otherwise will you account for their existence8 to what purpose has the wisdom of saints who contributed and collected their contents been exerted8 ,why has the church not let the ,gregorian system of music alone1 as she has the modern8 why has she formed a complete system and body of song in the one1 and not in the other1 if her work1 when complete1 has no positive authority8 ,or will the advocate of modern art say1 that this her work is defective and superannuated2 and that it is time it should be locked up1 out of the way1 in collections of antiquities1 and cease to be an offence to ears polite8 ,yet1 if such be the case1 an abrogation is not to be presumed2 it must be proved4 ,but the fact is1 that the ,council of ,trent caused the song-books to be reissued1 and directed the ecclesiastical chant to be taught in the seminaries of the clergy4#aci ,and when those very canonized saints1 of whose conditional approbation of the use of modern art so very much is made1 came to the dignity of obtaining a record in the church's song of her warriors departed1 here was surely a fit occasion1 if1 indeed the church had abandoned her former song1 and disembarrassed herself of its defective scale and wearisome monotony1 to call for the charms of modern art1 that at least it might be identified with its votaries4 ,yet with this very natural supposition contrast the fact that the ,ritual chant and its singers continue year by year to hand on the memory of the virtues of ,s4 ,philip ,neri and ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo2 while for these1 its supposed patrons1 modern art has not even a little memorial4 ,to the ,ritual song it leaves what would seem to be to itself the unwelcome task of keeping up the record of their sanctity and their example4 ,nor do ,i see to what purpose a reference can be made to the anecdote of ,pope ,marcellus' approbation of ,palestrina's composition1 since named ,missa ,pap ,marcelli1 with the view to establish an authority for the system of modern music2 for the idea of deviation from the order of the ,ritual chant once admitted to toleration1 nothing can be more natural than that a pontiff1 equally with any other person1 might come to express his very high commendation of a particular composition4 ,and if we allow that such a commendation is not without its weight1 it would surely be a violent inference1 singularly betraying the absence of better argument1 if an instance of such approbation of a particular work were to be claimed as an ex cathedra legislative authorization of a whole system of music to which it cannot be said to belong4#adj ,for it should not be forgotten that ,palestrina's music is essentially different from the existing system of modern art1 inasmuch as his works are either mere harmonies upon the ,canto ,fermo1 or else consist of themes borrowed from it1 which frequently preserve that distinct tonality of the modes of the ecclesiastical chant which modern art has quite abandoned4 ,it has been objected1 8that an assertion that the church does not authorize the use of modern harmony1 because she has not herself furnished her children with any individual compositions1 is about as reasonable a conclusion as the notion that she does not authorize and sanction sermons1 because their composition is left to the judgment1 good or bad1 of private clergymen40 ,but the objection fails1 as there is a total want of parity between the office of singer and preacher4 ,the preacher passes through a long course of training to the state of priesthood1 before he receives a license to preach2 and every person in the church who has the license to preach1 is to be presumed to be duly qualified both to make known the divine law and recommend it by his words and example4 ,this is not the case with the singer1 who is not necessarily even in the minor orders1 and whose duty is merely to sing what is placed before him correctly and with feeling4 ,if the education of the priests were left to the same hazard and caprice that would seem to be desired for the choice of music for the church1 it is easy to imagine the result4 ,but very far from this1 the most thoughtful care is bestowed by the church on the training of her future ministers3 obliged to fixed and unalterable dogmas of the faith1 versed in one sacred volume1 bound to one uniform office of daily prayer and pious reading1 trained in an almost uniform system of studies and external discipline1 the preacher comes forth the living organ of a divine system1 fitted to be the spokesman of a kingdom that is endowed with the power of drawing its manifold materials to a concordant and coherent system1 and moulding multiform and varied minds to a unity of type and consistency of action4 8,such was the strict subordination of the ,catholic ,church10 says the historian ,gibbon 7,hist41 ch4 ,,xx471 8that the same concerted sounds might issue at once from a hundred pulpits of ,italy or ,egypt1 if they were tuned by the master hand of the ,roman or ,alexandrian primate40 ,carry the same principle of system and order into the song of the church1 and it will be found impossible to stop short of the ,ritual chant-books4 #b4 ,with regard to the moral authority of the chant3 moral authority1 in the legislation of the church1 is ever a necessary companion of any act of her legislative authority4 ,we should not1 however1 overlook what seems to be a distinct element of moral authority1 in the historical connection of the ,ritual chant with the generations now past and gone to their rest4 ,it was their song1 the song of saints long ago departed4 ,it is the song which ,s4 ,augustine sang1 and which drew forth his tears3 8,quantum flevi in hymnis et canticis1 suave sonantis ecclesi tu vocibus commotus acriter2 voces ill influebant auribus meis1 et eliquebatur veritas tua in cor meum1 et ex ea stuabat4 ,inde affectus pietatis1 et currebant lacrym1 et bene mihi erat cum illis0--8,how often have these sacred hymns and songs moved me to tears1 as ,i have been carried away with the sweetly musical voices of thy church4 ,how these sounds used to steal upon my ear1 and thy truth to pour itself into my heart1 which felt as if it were set on fire6 ,then would come tender feelings of devotion1 my tears would flow1 and ,i felt that all was then well with me0 7,confess4 lib4 vi4 cap4 #f74 ,it was the song of ,s4 ,augustine1 the apostle of ,saxon ,england1 of ,s4 ,stephen the ,cistercian1 and of all the holy warriors of our ,isle of ,saints4 ,nor is it only the song which the saints sang1 but it is the song that sings of the saints--the only song which cares to pour the sweet odor of their memory over the year1 or to spread around them its melodious incense1 as they too surround the throne of their ,lord and ,king4 ,again3 a moral authority attaches to the ,roman ,ritual chant in the very name ,gregorian1 by which it is so generally known4 ,s4 ,gregory was the first to collect it from the floating tradition in which it existed in the church1 and to digest it into that body of annual song for the celebration of the ,ritual which has come down to us4 ,this work came to be called after him1 ,cantus ,gregorianus1 and forms at this day the substance of the ,roman chant-books1 enriched and added to by the new offices and ,masses that have since then been incorporated in the ,ritual4 ,nothing is known with any positive historical certainty as to the authorship of the several pieces in the song-books2 but as to the main fact1 that the music of the ,ritual is the work of the greatest saints of the church--of the ,popes ,leo1 ,damasus1 ,gelasius1 and ,s4 ,gregory himself--of many holy monks in the retirement of their cloisters--history leaves no doubt4 ,this fact1 then1 is beyond dispute3 that the ,roman ,ritual chant1 which the present inquiry concerns1 is the creation of the saints of the ,roman ,church1 for the decorum and solemnity of the public celebration of the ,liturgy4 ,and now1 to come to the comparison3 if to the adequate realization of the divine idea of sacred song1 as an instrument placed at the disposal of the church1 to aid in carrying out her work of sanctification and instruction1 the notion of a definite authority1 both defining what it should be1 and prescribing and regulating the manner of its use1 necessarily belongs1 the conclusion ,i think is that this authority is found attaching itself to the ,ritual chant2 and1 from the nature of the case1 it is incapable of attaching itself to the works of modern music4 ,first1 because it would seem to be an inseparable principle as regards their use1 that every individual must be at liberty to ask for or to demand their employment according to his own pleasure2 and secondly1 because a positive authority can attach to that alone which exists in a definite and tangible shape1 which is far from being the case with the works of modern music4 ,they not only do not form a definite collection1 but1 such as they are1 are subject to perpetual change--that which is on the surface to-day and admired1 being to-morrow nauseated and condemned2 and hence there is no resting point whatever in them for the idea of a positive authority4 ,and as regards the comparison on the score of moral authority1 the attempt to draw it will1 ,i fear1 touch upon delicate ground2 for1 to confess the honest truth1 it cannot be drawn without bringing to light the degeneracy of our popular ideas respecting sacred music4 ,who is there who seriously thinks of claiming for the works of modern music any connection with the saints1 past or present8 or who is there who either cares to ask for1 or to attribute any character of sanctity to its authors8 or would even be likely to think very much the more highly of the music if the fact of its saintly origin could be established8 ,and what kind of persons1 for the most part1 have its authors been8 ,mozart died rejecting the last sacraments2 ,beethoven is supposed by his ,german biographer1 ,schindler1 to have been a pantheist during the greater part of his life2 ,rink was a ,protestant2 ,mendelssohn a ,jew1 who cared very little for his ,jewish faith2 and the different maestri di capella who have been throughout ,europe the chief composers of these works1 were1 for the most part1 also the directors of the theatres and opera-houses of their royal patrons4 ,but enough has been said to make it evident upon how different a footing the chant of the ,ritual and the works of modern art respectively stand1 as regards moral and ecclesiastical authority4 ,,respective ,,claim ,,to ,,the ,,completeness ,,and ,,order ,,of ,a ,,system4 ,the idea of a ,god ,incarnate1 manifesting himself in the nature of man on earth1 necessarily contains the idea of a system and order displayed in his works4 ,all apparent system1 it is true1 does not necessarily imply ,god as its author2 but absence of system and its consequence1 positive confusion and disorder1 is undeniably a sign that the mind of the ,almighty is not there4 ,if1 then1 the ,catholic ,church be the kingdom of ,god ,incarnate1 and the abiding-place of his ,spirit1 it follows that her song is a system1 if ,god is at all to acknowledge it in any respect of his own4 ,but the idea of system leads at once to the ,ritual song-books4 ,modern art has not as yet furnished even the necessary materials out of which to construct a system1 not to speak of the hopelessness of forming one1 when the materials should exist4 ,do but remove the ,ritual chant from the church1 and you remove a wonderful and perfect system1 which an order-loving mind takes pleasure in contemplating--one that moves with the ecclesiastical year1 that accompanies the ,redeemer from the annunciation of his advent1 the ,ave ,maria of his coming in the flesh1 to his birth1 his circumcision1 his manifestation to the ,gentiles1 his presentation and discourse with the learned doctors in the ,temple1 his miraculous fast in the companionship of the wild beasts in the wilderness1 his last entry into his own city1 his betrayal1 his institution of the ,holy ,eucharist1 his agony in the garden1 his death upon the cross1 his resurrection from the dead1 his ascension into heaven--a system of song which places around him1 as jewels in a crown1 his chosen and sainted servants1 as the stars which ,god set in the firmament of heaven to give light upon the earth4 ,cli enarrant gloriam ,dei1 et opera manuum ejus annuntiat firmamentum--8,the heavens declare the glory of ,god1 and the firmament showeth his handiwork0 7,ps4 xviii47 ,yet if we saw the heavens only in the way in which we are treated to the performances of modern music1 the greater and the lesser light occasionally changing places1 after the manner of the vicissitudes of ,mozart and ,haydn1 the planets moving out of their orbits in indeterminate succession1 at the caprice of some archangel1 as the organist changes his motets and introits1 the ,psalmist would hardly have spoken of the 8firmament showing ,god's handiwork40 ,where is there a trace of order and system in the use of the works of modern art8 ,where is the musician who regards 8duplex10 8semiduplex10 or 8simplex08 ,mozart in one church1 ,haydn in another1 ,beethoven in a third1 and a host of others whose name is ,legion1 taken like lots from a bag1 as whim or fancy may at the moment direct1 like the chaos described by the poet1 where 8,callida cum frigidis pugnant1 humentia siccis1 ,mollia cum duris1 sine pondere habentia pondus40 --,ovid1 ,metam4 ,but to approach the comparison4 ,if in the divine idea of the ,christian song there is necessarily contained the notion of a working and efficient system1 the simple truth is1 that there is no such system1 either in the works of modern music themselves1 or in the manner of their use4 ,on the one side is the important fact1 that the modern art of music leaves the vastly larger portion of the ,ritual without any music at all1 embracing positively not more than its merest fraction2 on the other1 the equally great fact of a total absence of any thing like rule to determine their selection4 ,as a working system1 then1 full and complete in all its points1 the ,ritual chant stands alone the only realization of that part of the divine idea which contemplates order and system in the use of ,christian song4 ,,respective ,,moral ,,fitness3 ,i4 ,,as ,a ,,sacrificial ,,song2 ,,ii4 ,,as ,a ,,song ,,for ,,the ,,offices ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,i4 ,as a ,sacrificial ,song4 ,it has been already remarked that ecclesiastical song is not everything or anything that is beautiful in music1 nor merely a work of art4 ,it is1 strictly speaking1 a sacrificial chant1 the song of those engaged in offering sacrifice to ,god1 ,tibi sacrificabo hostiam laudis4 ,such a song is obviously not any kind of song1 but one that possesses a moral type and character1 rendering it a fit companion for the holy and bloodless victim offered on the ,christian altar2 becoming an offering1 offered not to man1 but to the ears of the ,most ,high1 and akin to the solemnity of its subject--redemption from sin and death through the blood and sufferings of a sinless victim1 the crucified ,son of ,god4 ,the divine idea may then1 ,i think1 be said to contemplate sacred song as possessing a sacrificial character4 ,and the reason1 if required1 will appear1 on considering to how great an extent music possesses the remarkable gift of absorbing and becoming possessed with an idea4 ,when song has been successfully united to language1 the ideas contained in the latter are found to take possession of the music1 and to form the sound or tune into an image and reflection of themselves1 in a manner almost analogous to the way in which the mind within moulds the outward features of the face1 so as to make them an index and expression of itself4 ,what ,i mean by this alleged power of music to absorb1 and afterwards to express1 ideas1 even those the most opposite to each other1 may be exemplified1 if an instance be wanted1 by contrasting any popular melody from the ,roman ,gradual1 as the ,dies ,ir1 or the ,stabat ,mater1 with one of our popular street tunes1 8,cherry ripe10 or 8,jim ,crow02 and it will be seen at once1 on humming over these tunes1 with what perfect truth and to how great an extent music is able to ally itself to the most opposite ideas1 and how1 through the ear1 it has the power1 not merely to convey them to the mind1 but to leave them there1 firmly and vividly impressed4 ,if1 then1 by virtue of this power1 music may1 on the one hand1 become the channel of the most exquisite profaneness in divine worship1 so it certainly may1 on the other1 contribute wonderfully to its majesty and power of attraction4 ,and since the music of the field of battle1 the military march1 and the roll of the drum1 has a character not shared by other kinds1 as the song of the banquet1 and of the dance1 of the drunkard over his cups1 of the peasant at his plough1 of the sailor at sea1 of the village maiden at her home1 have each their own stamp and form3 so also in the song of ,christian worship1 ,god will regard it as the song of men offering sacrifice to himself1 as having a character inherent in its subject--the life1 sufferings1 and death of him who died to take away the sins of the world--in a word1 as a sacrificial chant4 ,now that a sacrificial chant has in all ages accompanied the offering of sacrifice1 is a truth to which history1 if examined1 will be found to bear abundant testimony4 ,in the sacrifice described by ,virgil in the neid1 8pueri innuptque puell ,sacra canunt40 ,when1 at the command of ,nehemias1 on the return of the captive ,jews from ,babylon1 sacrifice was solemnly offered after their custom in ,jerusalem1 the priests1 it is said 7#b ,machab4 i4 #cj71 sang psalms until the burnt-offering was wholly consumed4 ,nor is it the whole truth to say that this sacrificial chant has passed over in its more perfect reality to the ,christian ,church1 but even in the ,song of ,heaven among the redeemed1 the sacrificial character still continues1 a point well worthy of the notice of those who are so confident that the type of the modern music is alone that which is found in heaven4 8,and they the twenty-four ancients sang a new song1 saying1 ,thou art worthy to take the book and open the seals thereof1 for thou wast slain1 and hast redeemed us to ,god by thy blood1 out of every kindred1 and tongue1 and people1 and nation40 ,if1 then1 the ideas which suggest themselves and arise naturally on reflecting upon what1 in the nature of things1 would be the type and character of the ,christian sacrificial chant2 if these ideas find themselves absorbed1 then expressed1 embodied1 and brought out into life and being in the music of the ecclesiastical chant2 and if1 on the other hand1 they are not to be found in the variety of modern compositions such as are now in partial use2#ada if it be possible to conceive our ,lord's apostles1 upon the supposition that they could return to the earth1 standing up in any church of ,christendom to sing the song of the ,ritual in honor of the ,holy ,sacrifice1 and in company with the celebrant priest2#adb and if there be something obviously unbecoming in the mere thought of their taking bass or tenor in such music as that of ,mozart's or ,haydn's masses1 neither of which will be denied2 then1 ,i think1 it is not extravagant to infer that the ,plain ,chant of the ,ritual is far the most adequate fulfilment of that part of the divine idea which contemplates ,christian music as a sacrificial song4 ,,ii4 ,fitness for the ,offices of the ,church4 ,with regard to the fitness of the ecclesiastical chant for the offices of the church1 it must be remarked1 that the ideas of the modern musician touching the use of music in the church are very widely removed from those of the fathers of the church4 ,in their idea1 a church-singer would somewhat answer to what would be a ballad-singer in the world1 inasmuch as he has a great deal to convey to his hearers in the way of narrative4 ,almighty ,god has been pleased to work many wonderful works1 and the fathers of the church appointed singers for the churches1 to celebrate these works in song1 in order that the people who came to worship1 or even the heathens who came as spectators1 might hear and learn something of the works of the ,lord ,jehovah1 into whose house they had come4 ,what can be more reasonable than this8 8,my song shall be of all thy marvellous works10 says the ,psalmist4 ,but1 according to the notions of a modern musician1 if a ,brahmin priest1 or the ,turkish ambassador1 were to come to ,mass1 and to hear a choral performance1 in which the concord of voices should be most ravishingly beautiful1 but in which not a single one of the marvellous works of ,god could be understood from the concert1 he is still to consider that he has heard the perfection of ,christian music1 and ought1 according to them1 to go away converted4 ,out of two so contradictory notions one must necessarily be chosen as the one which best answers to the divine idea4 ,and if persons are prepared to say that the ideas of the fathers are become antiquated1 and that they would have acted differently had they known better1 they are certainly called upon to make this good4 ,but1 in the meantime1 it will be both reasonable and pious to acquiesce in the belief that the fathers acted in conformity with the divine idea1 and under the direction of ,god's ,holy ,spirit1 in appointing a song for the church1 in which the marvellous and merciful works of ,god might be set forth in a charming1 becoming1 and perfectly intelligible manner1 for the instruction of the people4 ,a serious person1 when he goes into the house of ,god1 is supposed to go there with the intention of learning something respecting ,god1 and it is to be supposed that ,almighty ,god desires to see every church in such a condition as that the people who frequent it may learn all that they need to know respecting ,god and his works4 ,to this use the fathers employed chant1 and considered that it was1 by the will of ,god1 to be employed to this end4 ,if any candid and serious person will take the trouble to examine the language and sentiments of the ,ritual apart from its musical notation1 he will be struck with it as a complete manual of popular theology4 ,he will see that it is full of the works of ,god1 the knowledge of which is the food of the faithful soul1 particularly among the poor and the unlearned4 ,next let him examine its notation in song1 as contained in the ,gradual and ,antiphonary1 and he will be struck with a solemnity1 beauty1 and force of melody fitted to convey to the people the words of inspiration1 to which melody was annexed in order that they might be the better relished1 and pass current the more easily4 ,and lastly1 let him consider them1 in both these respects1 as forming one united whole1 and he cannot refuse to acknowledge the fitness of the chant which the fathers selected for the purpose they had in view4 ,musicians must be equitable enough to abstain from complaining of a work on the score of its unisonous recitative character1 if they will not be at the pains to understand or to sympathize with the end for which it was formed and destined4 ,have the fathers ever troubled themselves to criticise what was innocent and allowable in the world's music8 ,then why should musicians go out of the way to find imaginary faults with that of which they seem indisposed to consider either the use or the efficacy8 ,the church chant was framed generations before they and their art were known2 and it has helped to train up whole nations in the faith1 and fulfilled its end to the unbounded satisfaction of the fathers1 who adopted1 enlarged1 and consolidated it into the form in which it has come down to us1 and may therefore claim a truce to such criticism4 ,but here1 again1 the comparison fails for want of a competitor1 and we are again brought back to the fact that the works of modern art embrace too small a fraction of the whole ,liturgy to be in a condition to challenge any comparison4 ,and could the comparison be admitted1 it would still remain to insist on the equally certain truth of experience that the idea of a lengthened and continual recitation of the works of ,god1 intended to be popularly intelligible1 is one unsuited to the employment on any great scale of even the simplest counterpoint vocal harmonies1 and fundamentally averse to the prevailing use of the canon and fugue of modern musical science4 ,,respective ,,fitness ,,to ,,pass ,,among ,,the ,,people ,,as ,a ,,congregational ,,song4 ,upon this point of the comparison the result1 ,i think1 will be tolerably obvious1 if it be admitted that the divine idea contemplates the chant of the church as designed to pass to some considerable extent among the people in the form of congregational singing4 ,it will not1 however1 be out of place to show briefly on what grounds this assumption rests4 #a4 ,almighty ,god has created in people a strong love for congregational psalmody1 and has attached to it peculiar feelings possessed of an influence far more powerful for good than the somewhat isolated pleasure that the musician feels on hearing beautiful artificial music1 inasmuch as congregational singing is a common voice of prayer and praise2 and being1 as ,christians1 members one of another1 in congregational psalmody we gain a foretaste of heaven1 where it will be far more perfect4 #b4 ,there are obvious benefits arising from it4 ,it is an union of prayer and praise1 and as such is more powerful with ,god4 ,it kindles in the individual a livelier sense of ,christian fellowship4 ,it is a voice that expresses the union of the many members in the one body2 many voices1 one sound4 #c4 ,the argument from history4 ,the worship of ,god has always been that of congregational psalmody2 and where trained choirs of singers existed1 their song was always such as to admit of the people at times taking part with them4 ,this is an undeniable fact of history4 8,then sang ,moses and the children of ,israel this song unto the ,lord0 7,exodus xv47 8,then sang ,israel this song1 ,spring up1 ,o well1 sing ye unto it1 etc40 7,numbers xxi4 #ag74 ,the psalm ,,cxxxv4 was composed for the people to sing the chorus4 ,the ,book of ,psalms is a kind of historical testimony1 in many of its passages1 to the fact of that congregational song to which it so often exhorts4 ,fleury1 in his ,history of the ,manners of the ,jews and ,christians 7page #adc71 acknowledges congregational song as a fact among both4 ,he cites the testimony of ,s4 ,basil1 that all the people in his time sang in the churches--men1 women1 and children--and he compares their voices to the waters of the sea4 ,s4 ,gregory of ,nazianzen compares them to thunder4 ,but it is impossible to conceive such to have been the practice both of ,jews and ,christians1 without inferring that it was so with the approbation of ,almighty ,god4 #d4 ,the apostles and the fathers of the church have sanctioned it4 8,teaching and admonishing yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs1 singing with melody in your hearts unto the ,lord0 7,col4 iii4 #af74 8,wherefore1 since these things are so1 let us with the more confidence give ourselves to the work of song1 considering that we have obtained a great grace of ,almighty ,god1 to whom it has been given1 in company with so many and so great saints1 the prophets1 and the martyrs1 to celebrate the marvellous works of the eternal ,god40--,an old author in the first volume of ,gerbert's ,scriptores ,musici4 8,quocunque te vertis1 arator stivam tenens ,alleluia decantat1 sudans messor ,psalmis se evocat1 et curva attollens vitem falce vinator aliquid ,davidicum cantat4 ,hc sunt in provincia nostra carmina1 hc ut vulgo dicitur amatori cantationes1 hic pastorum sibilus1 hc arma cultur40--8,wherever you turn1 the laborer at his plough sings an alleluia2 the reaper sweating under his work refreshes himself with a psalm3 the vinedresser in his vineyard will sing a passage from the ,psalmist4 ,these are the songs of our part of the world4 ,these are1 as people say1 our love-songs4 ,this is the piping of our shepherds1 and these are the arms of our laborers40--,s4 ,jerome1 ,epist4 #ag ad ,marcellum4 8,alas60 observes ,mgr4 ,parisis1 upon this passage of ,s4 ,jerome1 8where are now the families who seek to enliven the often dangerous leisure of long winter's evenings with the songs of the ,catholic ,liturgy2 where are the workshops in which an accent may be heard borrowed from the remembrance of our divine offices2 where are the country parishes which are edified and rejoiced by the sweet and pious sounds which in the times of ,s4 ,jerome echoed through the fields and vineyards80#adc ,s4 ,augustine3 8,as for congregational psalmody1 what better employment can there be for a congregation of people met together1 what more beneficial to themselves1 or more holy and well-pleasing to ,god1 ,i am wholly unable to conceive80--,letter to ,januarius1 towards the end4 ,a passage of ,s4 ,chrysostom1 exhorting the people to psalmody1 will be found elsewhere4 ,it is unnecessary to do more than to refer to the example of ,s4 ,basil and ,s4 ,ambrose1 encouraging their people in the same manner2 to which may be added a passage from the life of ,s4 ,germanus3 8,pontificis monitis1 psallit plebs1 clerus et infans40 ,venantius1 vita ,s4 ,germani4 ,lastly1 the moral reason of the thing4 ,this is expressed by ,s4 ,basil in the words3 8,o wonderful wisdom of the teacher6 who hath contrived that we should both sing1 and therewith learn that which is good40 ,now1 if it be considered that ,providence could not possibly have meant that the people at large should be formed into singing classes1 in order to be initiated into the mysteries of minim and crotchet1 tenor and bass1 and that the one only practical means of bringing them to pick up by ear the more popular parts of the church chant is by encouraging1 as the system of the ,ritual chant does1 that clear enunciation of language and melody which easily fixes itself upon the ear1 and which the prevalence of unison singing gives2#add it follows at once that the only hope of procuring general congregational singing in the worship of the ,catholic ,church lies in the increased use and zealous propagation of the unison execution of the ,ritual chant4 ,experience is clear to the point that the use of the works of modern art1 with their rapid movements1 elaborate fugues1 scientific combinations of sound1 necessarily tends to stifle the voices of the people1 and this is certainly not the will of our merciful ,god4 ,now1 if this be the case1 ,i do not see how we are to avoid the conclusion1 that any extensive use of these works of modern art tends to the clear frustration and the making void one great and important popular end1 viz41 congregational singing1 which the divine idea contemplates in the song of the church1 and which1 in the song of the ,ritual1 is efficiently realized1 as the history of the progress of the faith abundantly testifies4 ,might it not1 then1 be well that those who advocate the continued cultivation of these elaborate works of art should consider the full meaning of ,mardocheus' prayer1 ,ne claudas ora te canentium3 8,shut not the mouth of them that sing thy praise1 ,o ,lord0 7,esther xiii4 #ag74 ,,respective ,,moral ,,influence ,,in ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,character4 ,the influence upon the mind of sounds that habitually surround the ear is a fact well known to all moralists4 8,whosoever10 says ,plato1 in his treatise ,de ,republic1 quoted by ,gerbert1 8is in the habit of permitting himself to listen habitually to music1 and to allow his mind to be engaged and soothed by it1 pouring in the sweet sounds before alluded to through the ears1 as through an orifice1 soft1 soothing1 luscious1 and plaintive1 consuming his life in tunes that fascinate his soul2 when he does this to an excess1 he then begins to weaken1 to unstring1 and to enervate his understanding1 until he loses his courage1 and roots all vigor out of the mind40 ,cicero observes1 8,nihil tam facile in animos teneros atque molles influere quam varios canendi sonos1 quorum vix dici potest quanta sit vis in utramque partem2 namque et incitat languentes1 et languefacit excitatos1 et tum remittit animos1 tum contrahit0 7lib4 ii4 ,de ,legibus74 ,these remarks seem very much to have their exemplification at this day in the effeminate tone and temper of polished society in all the nations of ,europe1 who seem to be befooled with their love for pretty airs and opera music4 ,now1 if the fathers1 observing this power of music insensibly to mould and form the character1 and acting1 as it is more than pious to believe1 under the guidance of the ,holy ,spirit1 that his divine intention might be fulfilled1 designed the song of the church to form a character very different from that of the musical voluptuary--one who was to be no cowardly skulker from the good fight of faith1 but the soldier of ,jesus ,christ1 the disciple patiently taking up his cross and following his crucified ,master--those who do not participate in these ideas ought not to wonder that they find so little in the church chant with which they can sympathize2 but above all let them at least have the modesty not to blame the fathers of the church for adapting it1 after their wisdom1 to a purpose the need for which they do not comprehend4 ,the historian ,fleury has a pertinent remark3 8,je laisse ceux qui sont savants en musique examiner si dans notre ,plain ,chant il reste encore quelque trace de cette antiquit he is speaking of the force of character of the old chant2 car notre musique moderne semble en tre fort eloigne0 7,fleury1 ,murs des ,chrtiens1 page xliii47--8,i leave to those who are versed in music to determine whether there remain any traces of this ancient vigor in our ,plain ,chant2 for our modern music seems very far from it40 ,is it a thing to be wondered at if the ,christian ,israel's ,song of the ,cross should have in it something a little strange to the ear of ,babylon8 ,or are we to content ourselves with the conclusion that nothing but what is dainty and nice1 nothing but that which is as nearly like the world as possible1 will go down with ,christian people8 ,on the contrary1 is it not to be presumed that the multitudes1 with whom1 in the main1 the ,christian teacher's duty lies1 are of that sickly1 degenerate tone of mind that nauseates the strong1 peculiar1 and supplicating energy of the ecclesiastical chant8 ,but on this point the comparison may be drawn in the words of ,mgr4 ,parisis3 8,external to the ,ritual chant1 that is to say1 the ,gregorian1 or ,plain ,chant1 little else is now known except the works of modern music1 that is to say1 a music essentially favoring what people have agreed to call sensualism4 ,it is this1 almost exclusively this1 which1 under the austere title of sacred music1 is sought to be introduced into our sacred offices4 ,now1 without desiring to enter deeply into the matter1 we need but few words to point out how grievously it is misplaced4 8,worldly music agitates and seeks to agitate1 because the world seeks its pleasure in stir and change4 ,the church1 on the contrary1 seeks for melodies that pray and incline to prayer4 ,the church cannot wish for any others1 since her worship has no other object than prayer4 8,in vain will it be said that this is the work of one of the greatest masters1 that it is a scientific and a sublime composition2 it may be all this for the world--it is nothing at all of this for the church4 ,and especially when this worldly music1 by its thrilling cadences or impassioned character1 leads directly to light ideas1 sensual satisfactions1 and dangerous recollections1 it is not only a contradiction in the house of ,god1 but a formal scandal40 7,instruction ,pastorale1 p4 #de7 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,rhine4 ,it is now many years since1 during a summer ramble1 ,i found myself at ,a----k1 now nothing more than a hamlet in population1 but retaining traces of having once been a place of very considerable importance1 and boasting of very remote antiquity4 ,the remains of the wall are1 indeed1 locally attributed to the ,romans1 probably because they are lofty and very strong1 and it is the habit of ignorant people to refer all great works to that wonderful people4 ,in this instance1 however1 tradition is certainly wrong1 as the walls bear unmistakable evidence of medival origin1 being in parts much enriched with ,gothic work4 ,the little town stands on a plateau enclosed between a bend of the ,rhine and the steep bluff on which the ruins of an old castle stand perched1 equally watching the little burgh below and the counterpart castle on the opposite side of the ,rhine at its next bend4 ,the eagles that once lived in and sought their prey from that lofty nest have long since crumbled into dust and have even passed from the memory of man1 leaving for sole representatives the choughs and the crows1 and perhaps a jolly old owl to keep up revelry at night4 ,the horses that those old knights rode must have been of a sure-footed breed1 for it is hard to conceive how any quadruped1 save a goat1 could have mounted the path ,i scrambled up among the vines2 but it is with the village and the village church that we have to do4 ,who built the ,rhine churches8 ,they all1 with a few exceptions1 are strikingly alike2 though varying in size1 number of towers1 and many other particulars1 they have mostly a strict resemblance in general conception and detail4 ,to cite an instance3 ,the cathedral at ,coblentz might stand as the type of twenty others2 instead of being individual and standing out alone--an effort of genius like ,cologne1 ,strasbourg1 ,notre ,dame1 ,ely1 or ,winchester--they have all the same resemblance to one another that a little oak has to a big one4 ,the church at ,a----k was no exception4 ,cathedral it might almost be called from its great size2 but there was no bishop there1 and it was only a parish church6 ,with its three great towers1 vast nave1 long aisles1 and noble choir1 it seemed as if it might well hold all the population for many miles around1 and the extremely small congregation that were present at the celebration of the ,high ,mass that morning appeared ridiculously out of proportion4 ,it was a high festival--the ,annunciation--it is therefore to be assumed that the bulk of the population were there1 and the ,high ,mass was at the somewhat early hour of half-past five6 ,after the ,mass was over1 and the last peal of the organ had died away1 and the patter of the last footstep been lost in the distance1 as it still wanted a considerable time to my breakfast hour1 ,i strolled round the great empty church4 ,there seemed to be nothing of value in it4 ,if it had ever possessed any of the treasures of art1 they had probably perished or been carried away during the long wars that devastated the country after the period of the ,reformation1 for ,i found nothing worthy of notice4 ,i had just concluded to leave the church when my eye was arrested by what ,i took to be an accident which had happened to the crucifix on one of the side altars4 ,at first ,i supposed that it had received a blow which had nearly broken off the right arm of the figure4 ,on looking more closely ,i perceived that it was evidently of great age1 and the arm ,i supposed to be broken stood out from the cross at a considerable angle1 and hung about half way down the side1 the nail by which it had once been attached still remaining in the hand4 ,whilst ,i was still wondering as to the nature of the accident which had befallen the quaintly-carved crucifix a quiet and pleasant voice roused me from my revery4 8,i see1 sir1 that you are examining our curious old crucifix60 ,turning round ,i recognized the old priest who had sung ,mass1 and encouraged by his amiable manner and address1 ,i stated the matter ,i had been pondering over1 and asked for an explanation4 8,there has been no accident10 said he2 8the distortion which you notice in the right arm has existed far beyond the memory of man4 8,the figure is carved out of some very hard wood1 and all out of a single block--there being no joining in any part of it40 ,still more astonished1 ,i asked what could have been the motive of representing the ,saviour in so strange an attitude2 the more1 as the hole for the nail still remaining in the hand was still to be seen plainly in the wood1 whilst the hand was in the position in which it would have been had it just struck a blow4 8,that is a curious story1 and is1 in fact1 the only legend ,i know of connected with this church4 8,the crucifix is held in great reverence1 and people come from great distances to pray before it4 ,as ,i see you are a stranger1 perhaps you will partake of an old man's breakfast1 whilst you listen to him as he relates the traditional story1 which being connected with this church1 where he has grown old1 he regards as almost peculiarly his own4 ,besides1 the story is too long to be listened to either standing or fasting40 ,thanking the good priest for his kind offer1 ,i followed him into the little presbytery almost adjoining the church1 where we were soon seated on each side of a little table taking off the edge of our appetites with eggs1 coffee1 and rolls4 ,when we had somewhat appeased our craving1 the good man commenced1 saying3 8,the tradition of which ,i have to speak dates back a long way1 and has at least so much of authenticity about it as attaches to the undoubted antiquity of the crucifix itself1 and to the fact that1 for many generations at least1 no other account has been current4 8,my grandfather used to tell it to me when an infant on his knee1 and said that he had heard it from his grandfather in the same way4 8,in which of the many wars which have scourged this unfortunate land since the rebel monk ,luther brought the curse of religious dissension upon it1 the circumstances which ,i am about to relate occurred1 ,i am unable to determine2 for the traditions1 which agree in all other points1 differ on this4 8,on the whole ,i incline to the one which places these events during the period of ,gustavus ,adolphus' invasion1 and attribute them to the particular band which was led by his lieutenant ,oxenstiern1 who certainly did sack the place4 ,this would place it at more than two hundred years ago1 and it certainly is not more recent4 8,at that period there lived in ,a----k a widow and her daughter4 ,they were very poor1 belonging to the peasant class1 and supported themselves in winter by spinning2 and when the spring came round1 they would go off to the steep mountain-sides1 where they helped to dress the vines or gather the vintage1 according to the season4 8,they never went to distant vineyards1 because the mother1 having in her youth met with a severe accident1 was unable1 from its effects1 to walk far4 ,there was also another reason3 for ,gretchen1 who was the prettiest girl for many miles around1 was also the best1 and never failed1 winter or summer1 to hear ,mass and to spend some time in prayer before that very crucifix which has attracted your attention4 8,there was1 no doubt1 some older tradition about its origin1 for it had a great reputation for sanctity even then2 this tradition1 whatever it may have been1 seems1 however1 to have been swallowed up by the overwhelming interest of the subsequent event1 which ,i am about to relate4 8,all accounts agree that when ,gretchen first worshipped there the crucifix had nothing unusual about it to distinguish it from any other1 except its artistic merit4 8,the hand was then nailed to the cross4 ,there1 however1 kneeling in front of it1 wrapped in prayer1 this young girl spent all the time she could spare from the humble duties of her life4 8,she milked the cow1 the one valuable possession of her mother1 who had the right of common2 she washed the clothes1 cooked and did the work about her mother's house1 and acted as her crutch as she climbed the steep paths of the vineyard--for1 in spite of her lameness1 she was a skilful vinedresser--in short1 she was all in all to her only parent4 8,with all this labor and care ,gretchen grew in grace and beauty2 and though so devout1 she was as bright and cheerful and winning in her ways as the most worldly of her young companions4 8,never1 however1 could she be tempted to go to any of the merry-makings or harvest-homes or vintage feasts that were held at a distance2 her invariable answer was1 #8,my mother cannot walk so far4' 8,she had many suitors2 and admirers came from a great distance4 8,to all ,gretchen was equally kind and considerate2 but to none did she show any sort of preference1 so that all the youths for many miles on both sides of the ,rhine were pulling caps for her4 8,thus things went on till she was nineteen1 when1 to the great surprise of all1 she was seen to take up with and give a decided preference to the attentions of a young stranger who had been in the place only a few weeks4 8,the favored youth was a journeyman clockmaker from ,nuremberg1 who was going through his year of wandering1 and was at the moment settled in the town1 working for the only tradesman in his line of business in the place4 8,a----k was then much more populous1 as you may well suppose1 being able to support such a trade4 8,this youth1 whose name was ,gotliebe ,hunning1 was handsome and showy1 wearing his hair in long locks down his back1 and spending much of his earnings in dress4 ,he sung1 played the guitar1 and was reputed wild1 though no harm could be alleged against him4 8,the old folks shook their heads1 and deplored that so sweet and modest a girl as ,gretchen should be seen so much with a roisterer like ,gotliebe4 8,somehow it had been no sin to sing and be gay like ,god's unreasoning creatures before the sour times of ,calvin1 ,huss1 and ,luther2 but though their errors had not penetrated here to any great extent1 something of their acid had been imparted to the leaven of life4 8,so things were1 however1 and all the time that ,gretchen gave to pleasure--which was little enough1 poor child1 for they were very poor and her mother was very helpless--she spent with this handsome1 clever youth2 not that she abandoned her devotion1 or was less frequently prostrated before the crucifix2 for indeed1 if possible1 she was found there more than ever4 ,still1 the gossips shook their heads and remarked upon it4 8,one would say1 #8,ah6 ,i never trusted that meek manner of hers4 ,i always knew she would surprise us some day1 and here it is6 ,it is always so with the very good ones6' #8,ay1 ay1' her neighbor would say1 #8cat will after cream6 ,and ,eve has left her mark upon the best of them6 ,the girl is a girl like other young things2 but ,i did hope better things of ,gretchen1 so well brought up as she has been6'--thus they ran on4 8,soon1 however1 it began to be said that ,gotliebe was sobering down2 he frequented the tavern less1 never danced except with ,gretchen1 sang less and worked more4 8,he was admitted to be a master of his craft1 and when it became known that he was engaged in all his leisure hours in making a great clock--the very one the chimes of which you were admiring--for the church1 there was less head-shaking1 and more talk about ,gretchen's luck in making so great a catch4 ,still he made no change in his showy dress1 and indeed ,i think that genius1 at least in art1 often shows itself in that way1 and tradition testifies that he was no mean proficient in the art he practised1 of which indeed we still have proof every hour4 8,then it began to be observed that ,gotliebe was frequently in the church with ,gretchen1 and had become a regular attendant at ,mass4 ,still1 things went on in the same way and no betrothal was spoken of1 until1 after the war had again broken out and seemed to be drifting this way1 it suddenly became known that ,gretchen had consented to be married to ,gotliebe without loss of time1 and that he was to take a house and her mother was to move into it4 8,in this remote place1 far from any of the great avenues of trade--for vessels usually passed it by1 no great roads branching off here1 and there being no steamboats invented--news came doubtfully and seldom1 and war was at the very door at a moment when only distant rumors had reached ,a----k4 8,however1 to return to ,gretchen and ,gotliebe3 ,you may be sure that what goes on now went on then1 and that all the busybodies were agog as to what they were to live upon2 how she was to be dressed1 and who were to be the bridemaids2 but as the world spins round in spite of the flies that buzz about it1 so they went their way regardless of all that was said about them4 8,in the meantime1 the rumors grew more frequent and more particular concerning the cloud of war which was every day drifting nearer and nearer1 until the dark mass seemed ready at any moment to burst upon the unfortunate village itself4 8,indeed1 news came from neighboring towns and villages that they had been taken and burned by the heretic ,swedes1 and tales1 no doubt often exaggerated1 of the violent and dissolute conduct of ,oxenstiern's troopers1 kept every one in terror4 8,affairs were in this threatening condition when the wedding-morning came2 and1 as the story was1 though ,gretchen had little to spend on dress1 no art and no expense could have produced a lovelier bride than stood before the altar of the ,crucifix that morning4 ,she wore nothing but a simple dress of white1 and a wreath of apple-blossoms1 for the trees were just then in flower4 8,the wedding-bells were ringing1 and the humble bridal-party had just reached the house which ,gotliebe had taken1 when cannon were heard1 and a band of fierce ,swedish soldiers rushed into the village4 8,the firing proceeded from an attack upon the castle1 which still stands at about a mile from this place1 and the invaders of the village were army followers and a few of the more dissolute of ,oxenstiern's soldiery1 who1 encountering the bridal-party1 at once interrupted its progress1 treating the bridemaids rudely2 and one of them1 who threw his arms around ,gretchen1 was immediately struck down by ,gotliebe1 who1 as before said1 was a spirited youth4 8,one of the invaders1 without a moment's hesitation1 struck him lifeless1 and attempted to seize the bride1 who1 with a shriek1 fled and took refuge in the church4 8,thither ,gretchen was pursued by the band2 and when after many hours the troops were withdrawn1 and the priest1 with a few of the boldest of his flock1 ventured into the sacred edifice1 they found the high altar desecrated1 the sacred vessels gone1 and other sacrileges committed1 which filled them with horror2 but on turning to the altar of the ,crucifix1 they found the bride prostrate before it1 either in a trance or ecstasy1 with the soldier who had pursued her lying with his skull broken1 and his iron head-piece smashed in as though a sledge-hammer had struck it1 and the arm of the crucifix distorted as you see it now4 8,on being questioned1 the young widow could only say3 #8,god has protected me6' 8,the poor mother only lingered a day or two afterwards1 and was borne to the grave at the same time as the unfortunate ,gotliebe4 8,gretchen never knew1 or would not say1 more than ,i have repeated of what had occurred at the altar of the ,crucifix4 ,it was unplundered6 8,the people1 however1 all said that ,god1 who had borne the insults and profanation directed against himself at the high altar1 had interposed when the virtue of a pure virgin was threatened1 and had himself1 by the hand of his image1 smitten the would-be violator dead1 leaving the distorted arm as an admonition for ever40 ,we were both silent after this recital1 and for some moments toyed with the fragments of our breakfast4 ,at length1 raising my head1 ,i asked3 8,and you1 father--do you believe this tale80 ,a sweet1 soft smile hovered about his lips1 as he replied3 8,nothing in which the goodness of ,god is instanced is hard for me to believe6 ,he is less ready to show his anger1 so that1 though we live in the midst of his wonders1 we have got so used to them that it is said that there are those who deny his existence40 ,this was said as if to himself4 ,then1 speaking more collectedly1 he continued3 8,you ,english would rather believe in ghosts and devils than in the good ,god4 ,whence do you suppose they derive their existence and their power80 ,i assured him that ,i was of the same faith as himself1 and only asked because ,i wished to have the opinion of a cultivated man on the subject of this particular legend1 which had greatly interested me1 and of which there remained so singular an evidence4 ,after a moment's pause1 he said3 8,think of the facts yourself1 sir4 ,this tradition1 which is certainly very old1 is either true in its main features or it was made to fit the crucifix4 ,assume this last to be the case1 how did so singular an image come into existence8 ,made to hang the tradition upon8 ,scarcely in so small a community1 where all must have known each other4 ,besides1 it is a work of art1 and ,i have been told that as such it is of rare merit4 ,such a work could hardly have been produced for an unworthy object1 and would have been difficult to substitute for one of inferior workmanship4 ,if ,i called it a legend1 it is because it has an air of romance about it4 ,but ,god is good1 and does what he pleases60 ,i had nothing more to say2 so ,i asked what had become of ,gretchen1 and was told that she had been taken as a lay sister in the small convent at the head of the valley1 whence she had continued1 to the very day of her death1 to come and pray at the foot of the crucifix1 where in fact she was at last found dead1 in her eighty-seventh year1 and that during the whole time she had been regarded as a saint4 8,the altar10 he resumed1 8is universally regarded with great reverence1 and is always spoken of as the ,altar of ,succor to a very considerable distance up and down the ,rhine1 and the unusual number of models in wax or wood which you see hanging before it indicate how special favors are reputed to have been granted there40 8,i noticed them10 ,i replied1 8when first ,i entered ,belgium1 where ,i saw many4 ,i was much struck with what ,i thought the singular idea of offering a leg in wax to obtain the cure of lameness1 an eye for blindness1 and so on40 8,i perceive1 sir10 said the good priest1 8that you have fallen into the error of mistaking cause for effect4 ,these models and tokens are in no case hung before the altar until after the cure prayed for has been effected1 when it is the pious custom of the people to commemorate the blessing they have received--much as one out of the ten lepers cured by our ,lord did--by showing gratitude1 that all may see what he has done for them4 8,some of these emblems10 continued he1 8have curious histories attached to them1 whose events have occurred under my own eye4 8,i will give you one instance only1 not to be tedious4 8,did you notice a small bottle amongst the objects we speak of80 ,i acknowledged that ,i had not done so1 having paid little attention to them4 8,well1 there is one there at all events1 which ,i myself attached to the bunch1 under the following circumstances3 8,some years ago1 two brothers1 both young men1 were leaving a wharf some miles up the river1 at twilight4 ,the steamer having landed its passengers1 was on the point of starting1 when the elder of the two remonstrated with his brother upon the condition in which he found him2 in fact1 the youth was addicted to drinking1 and gave much trouble to his elder brother1 who was a remarkably steady young man4 ,i will not mention their names1 as both are living2 but for convenience will call the elder ,fritz and the younger ,carl4 8,carl was given to be quarrelsome in his cups1 and on this occasion was more so than usual1 and began to struggle with his brother1 who wanted to get him on board1 as the boat was in the act of starting2 in doing so1 however1 he lost his balance1 and they fell into the water together4 8,carl1 with the luck which is proverbially attributed to drunkards1 was almost immediately pulled out by those who had seen the accident4 ,fritz1 however1 appeared to have been carried away by the current1 all search proving in vain4 8,carl1 now completely sobered1 was terribly afflicted1 as he was deeply attached to his brother1 and remembering the traditional sanctity of the ,altar of ,succor1 he started off and walked all night1 and1 wet as he was1 threw himself at the foot of the altar4 ,there he remained for some hours2 whilst prostrate there1 another man came in and knelt beside him4 8,it is always rather dark at that side altar1 which1 being situated in the north aisle1 was darker still at that hour of the morning4 8,i had observed the prostrate man soon after the church had been opened in the morning4 ,when next ,i passed ,i saw him prostrate still1 with another kneeling beside him4 8,thinking there might be something wrong1 ,i went up1 and stooping1 laid my hand upon his shoulder2 he was wet1 and a shiver ran through him at my touch4 ,to my surprise ,i saw that there was a pool of water round the kneeling man4 8,at my touch the man raised himself1 exclaiming1 as he did so1 #8,yes1 ,i did it2 but ,i did not mean it6 ,take me if you will6' 8,before ,i could explain1 the other rose to his feet1 exclaiming1 in a voice of great emotion1 #8,carl6' ,in an instant the brothers were in each other's arms1 and explanations were made4 ,it appears that ,fritz went down at once1 and1 being unable to swim1 was borne down for some distance under water4 ,on coming to the surface his head came in contact with some substance which he instinctively grasped2 it was wood1 and was large enough to enable him to keep his head above water4 ,he drifted down the current till1 almost dead with cold1 he found himself cast ashore at a bend of the river4 8,he was glad to find a cottage door open1 where he was welcomed to warm himself and to share the peasants' humble meal4 ,there also he learned that he was not far from ,a----k and the wonderful ,altar of ,succor1 and at once resolved to come here1 moved by gratitude for his escape1 and anxiety for his brother1 of whose fate he was of course ignorant4 8,a year passed1 and one morning ,carl called upon me1 and ,i then fully learned the particulars ,i have just related4 8,at his request ,i attached the small bottle to the other tokens1 in gratitude1 as he said1 for the victory there granted to him over the evil habit which must1 otherwise1 have rendered his life a curse4 8,he also left a sum of money for the poor1 and told me that his brother and himself were both married1 and living as prosperous merchants at a considerable town lower down the ,rhine4 8,go thou and do likewise60 added the good priest1 laughing as we shook hands at parting4 ,,why ,,not8 ,i knelt before the altar-rail ,one holy festal morning1 ,as to and fro the sexton moved1 ,the holy place adorning4 ,now vases1 bright with ruby hues1 ,he places on the altar1 ,and now the flowers6 ,o gorgeous sight6 8,good sexton10 ,i did falter1 8,but for one instant let me smell ,those odors which1 like vapor ,from censer1 rising1 lift--0 8,smell6 marm-- ,they're only made o' paper60 ,and now the golden candlesticks1 ,with candles like to rockets1 ,lighting afar1 quoth he3 8,tin1 marm3 ,the candles are in the sockets60 ,yet there ,i see a hundred more ,with blessed tapers burning4 ,o happy bees6 ,lo6 here he comes1 ,from sacristy returning1 ,with basket filled with precious load ,of many more for decking ,the candelabra round the 8throne40 ,said ,i1 his pathway checking3 8,oh6 lift for me the basket-lid2 ,i'll only humbly peer in ,and see the blessed wax60 8,sakes6 marm ,not wax1 but only stearine60 ,oh6 sparkle brightly1 olive star1 ,in lamp inscribed with ,latin3 8,sweet oil6 whose unction--0 8,guess not1 marm3 ,the gas is turned on that 'un60 8,devotion dims my pious view1 ,and speech within me throttles1 ,to see those sacred relics--0 8,them8 ,them's 'pothecary bottles60 8,now don't you go a-pokin' round ,your nose to find #8abuses'2 ,we'll let you know we has these things ,because--because we chooses60 ,,on ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,lourdes4 ,,concluded4 ,leaving ,lectoure1 the railway keeps along the valley of the ,gers1 a branch of the ,garonne several shades yellower than the ,tiber4 ,the sides of the road are covered with gent1 or broom1 loaded with yellow blossoms--the emblem of the ,plantagenets1 to whom this part of ,france was once subject4 ,it is not long before we come to ,mount ,st4 ,cricq at the left1 where1 in the ,i,vth century1 the glorious ,s4 ,oren1 the apostle of the country1 demolished a temple of ,apollo-,belen1 and set up an altar to the only true and uncreated ,light under the invocation of ,s4 ,quiricus 7,s4 ,cyr7 and ,s4 ,julitta4 ,the church is now gone4 ,a windmill stands near its site1 the only prominent object on the hill1 which is as bald and parched as if ,apollo had claimed it for his own again4 ,auch now comes in sight1 built on a height1 and crowned with the towers of its noble cathedral4 ,the sides of the hill are covered with houses1 whose arched galleries are open to the sun and pure mountain air1 and gay with vines and flowers4 ,the terraces before them look like hanging gardens1 which give a charming freshness to the picturesque old city4 ,the ,gers flows along at the foot of the hill as quietly as when ,fortunatus sang of its sluggishness centuries ago4 ,we cross it1 and gain access to the city by one of the long1 narrow1 steep1 sunless staircases of stone1 called pousterles1 which remind us of ,naples and ,perugia4 ,the place1 in fact1 is quite ,italian in its whole aspect4 ,as we ascend one of these flights we see1 away up at the top1 a large iron cross with all the emblems of the ,passion in the centre of the landing-place1 and we feel as if we were ascending some ,calvaire4 ,there is a broad modern staircase1 much more grand and elegant1 but not so interesting1 dignified by the imposing term of escalier monumental1 which takes one up a more gradual and less weary way of two hundred and thirty-two steps--something rather formidable1 however1 for the fat and scant o' breath6 ,these old cities1 built on heights for greater security1 were powerful holds in the ,middle ,ages1 and all have their history4 ,their towers are all scarred over with fearful tragedies1 relieved here and there by some flower of sweet romance or saintly legend4 ,auch was in ancient times called ,climberris1 the stronghold of the ,ausci1 who dwelt here before the ,roman conquest--descendants of the ,iberians from the ,caucasian regions1 who left their country and settled in ,spain and this side of the ,pyrenees4 ,the chief city of the most civilized people of the country1 a ,roman settlement under the ,csars1 the most important place in ,novempopulania1 the capital of the ,counts of ,fezensac and ,armagnac in the ,middle ,ages1 and a wealthy influential see1 whose archbishops took part in all the great movements of the day1 ,auch was from early times a place of no small importance1 however insignificant now4 ,when ,csar's lieutenant1 ,publius ,crassus1 took possession of the country1 he established a ,roman colony on the banks of the ,algersius1 and the ,ausci1 descending from their heights1 it became so flourishing that it received the imperial name of ,augusta ,auscorum1 and was one of the few cities of the land to which the ,roman emperors accorded the ,latin right--that is1 the power of governing itself4 ,in the year #baa1 ,caracalla allowed it the privilege of having a forum1 gymnasium1 theatre1 baths1 etc41 and it became the seat of a senate1 the head of which was a ,roman officer called comes4 ,roman domination was at first submitted to reluctantly1 but it proved an advantage to the city4 ,literature and the arts were cultivated with success1 the people enriched by new sources of industry1 sumptuous villas were built in the environs1 and roads opened to ,toulouse and various parts of ,novempopulania4 ,the pre-eminence of the schools here is evident from the poet ,ausonius1 tutor of the ,emperor ,gratian1 who spent part of his youth at ,auch1 pursuing his studies under ,staphylius and ,arborius1 both of whom he eulogizes for their learning4 ,arborius1 the brother of ,ausonius' mother1 was the son of an astrologer1 from a distant part of ,gaul1 who married a lady of rank in this country and settled here4 ,he taught rhetoric1 not only at ,auch1 but at ,toulouse1 where he became the confidential friend of ,constantine's brothers1 then in a kind of exile4 ,this led to his fortune4 ,the emperor afterward called him to ,constantinople1 where he was loaded with riches and honors4 ,ausonius' friend1 ,eutropius1 a celebrated ,latin author who held offices under ,julian the ,apostate1 had a seat in the vicinity of ,auch4 ,the women1 too1 of this country were inspired with a taste for mental cultivation1 as is shown by ,sylvia1 sister of the illustrious ,rufinus of ,elusa1 one of the best-versed women of her day in ,greek literature1 and who rivalled the noble ,roman matrons of the time of ,s4 ,jerome in her knowledge of sacred science4 ,sylvia died at ,brescia1 where her name is still honored1 while her native land has nearly forgotten her memory4 ,the prosperity of ,auch was put an end to in the ,vth century by the invasion of the ,goths and ,vandals1 and the city was only saved from destruction by the mediation of ,s4 ,oren1 its bishop4 ,in the ,v,i,i,ith century the country was overrun by the ,moors1 who destroyed the whole city1 with the exception of a faubourg still known1 after more than a thousand years1 as the ,place de la ,maure4 ,two centuries after1 the ,counts of ,armagnac built a castle on the summit of the hill where stood the ancient ,climberris1 and gathered their vassals around them4 ,here they held a brilliant court which attracted gallant knights and the gayest troubadours of the south4 ,we read that one of the counts1 whose stout heart yielded for a time to the softening influences of the poetic muse1 went to ,toulouse to breathe out his tender lays at the feet of a certain fair lady1 ,lombarda1 but prudence getting the better of his gallantry1 he abruptly brought them to an end1 and hurried back to the defence of his castle1 suddenly besieged by the enemy4 ,it was also in the ,xth century ,auch became a metropolitan see1 which was so generously endowed by the barons of the country that it became one of the wealthiest and most powerful in the kingdom4 ,its archbishops were to the great lords of the province what the popes then were to the sovereigns of ,europe4 ,they were the lords spiritual1 not only of ,novempopulania1 but the two ,navarres4 ,kings of ,england wrote them to secure their influence1 which was so great that there was a rivalry among the leading families desirous of securing the see for their children4 ,when the ,counts of ,armagnac transferred their capital to ,lectoure1 the archbishops became sole lords of the city1 and in them centred its history from that time4 ,they bore the proudest names in the land1 and maintained all the state to which their birth and the importance of their office entitled them4 ,we read that when they came to take possession of their see1 the ,baron de ,montaut1 at the head of all the neighboring gentry1 met them at the entrance to the city1 and with bared head and knee took the archbishop's mule by the bridle and led him to the castle4 ,this was in accordance with the customs of feudal times1 when vassals offered homage to their liege lords by bending the bared knee to the ground1 an extension1 we suppose1 of the ,oriental practice of baring the feet4 ,we learn from ,andres de ,poa1 in his work1 ,de la ,antigua ,lenga y ,comarcas de las ,espaas1 that the lords of ,biscay took their oaths of fealty in the sanctuary in this way--a custom derived1 perhaps1 from the ancient ,cantabrians1 who1 as ,strabo tells us1 went to battle with one foot shod and the other bare1 reminding one of the touching nursery rhyme of 8,my son ,john10 or the ,french ditty which is more to the point3 8,un pied chauss et l'autre nu1 ,pauvre soldat1 que feras-tu80 ,there were two other bishops in the south of ,france who received a similar mark of homage at taking possession of their sees4 ,at ,lectoure1 it was the ,seigneur de ,castelnau1 and at ,cahors the ,baron de ,ceissac1 whose duty it was to offer it4 ,at ,auch1 the ,baron de ,montaut afterwards served the archbishop at dinner and received the silver plate on the table as his perquisite4 ,dom ,brugelles1 in his ,chronicles of the diocese1 gives a ludicrous account of the disappointment of a ,baron of ,montaut at the arrival of a cardinal-archbishop of simple habits1 whose service was of glass1 though of fine workmanship1 which so disappointed the baron that he forgot his loyalty and smashed all the dishes1 to the great disgust of the cardinal1 who left the city and never returned4 ,one of the ,archbishops of ,auch1 ,geraud de ,labarthe1 went with ,richard the ,lion-,hearted to the ,holy ,land1 and had command of an armament4 ,he knew also1 it seems1 how to wield his spiritual weapons1 for on the way he stopped in ,sicily for a theological encounter with the celebrated abbot ,joachim1 in which he proved himself worthy of his descent from the ,lords of the ,four ,valleys4 ,he died in the ,holy ,land in #aaia1 leaving a foundation for the repose of his mother's soul1 a touching incident in the life of this valorous churchman4 ,another archbishop established the ,truce of ,god in his province1 issued indulgences to encourage his people to go to the aid of the ,spanish in their crusade against the ,moors1 and finally placed himself at the head of those who responded to his appeal and went to the assistance of ,don ,alfonso of ,aragon1 where he distinguished himself by his bravery and religious zeal4 ,other prelates have a simpler record which it is pleasant to come upon in such rude times4 ,of one we read he granted an indulgence of three days to all who should bow the head at hearing the ,holy ,name of ,jesus4 ,this was in #achc1 when ,s4 ,bernardin of ,sienna1 the great propagator of this devotion1 was still a child4 ,in the ,x,i,vth century we find ,cardinal ,philip d',alenon1 of the blood royal of ,france1 among the archbishops of ,auch4 ,he died in ,rome in the odor of sanctity1 and was buried in the church of ,santa ,maria in ,trastevere1 where his beautiful ,gothic tomb--a chef-d'uvre of the ,x,i,vth century--may be seen in the left transept4 ,in the arch is a fresco of the martyrdom of his patron1 ,s4 ,philip1 who was crucified with his head downward1 like ,s4 ,peter2 and beneath lies the cardinal on his tomb1 sculptured in marble1 with hands folded in eternal prayer4 ,above are his cardinal's hat and the fleurs-de-lis of ,france1 and below is the epitaph3 8,francorum genitus ,regia de stirpe ,philippus ,alenconiadus ,osti titulatus ab urbe ,ecclesi cardo1 tanta virtute reluxit ,ut sua supplicibus cumulentur marmora votis40 ,this prelate was the nephew and godson of ,philippe le ,bel1 the destroyer of the ,knights-,templars and persecutor of ,pope ,boniface ,,viii41 who merited the stigma ,dante casts on him in his ,purgatorio3 8,lo6 the flower-de-luce ,enters ,alagna3 in his vicar1 ,christ ,himself a captive1 and his mockery ,acted again4 ,lo6 to his holy lip ,the vinegar and gall once more applied1 ,and he 'twixt living robbers doomed to bleed40 8,when1 ,o ,lord6 shall ,i behold that vengeance accomplished which1 being already determined in thy secret judgment1 thy retributive justice even now contemplates with delight80 continues the spirit met by the ,divine ,poet in the place of expiation--words that might be echoed in these days1 when 8,the new ,pilate1 of whose cruelty ,such violence cannot fill the measure up1 ,with no decree to sanction1 pushes on ,into the temple his yet eager sails40 ,we are here reminded it was at ,auch all the ,knights-,templars of ,bigorre1 with their commander1 ,bernard de ,montagu1 were executed4 ,m4 ,martin1 in his ,history of ,france1 observes that all the traditions of this region are favorable to the ,templars4 ,there is not one that is not to their credit4 ,the old saying1 8,drink like a ,templar10 has no echo in the mountains of ,bigorre4 ,many of their churches are still standing1 objects of interest to the archologist1 and of devotion to the pious4 ,there are six or seven skulls shown at ,gavarnie1 said to be of the martyred ,templars1 and every year1 on the anniversary of the destruction of the ,order1 a knight armed from top to toe1 and wearing the great white mantle of the ,order1 appears in the churchyard and cries three times3 8,who will defend the ,holy ,temple8 ,who will deliver the ,sepulchre of the ,lord80 ,then the seven heads come to life and reply3 8,no one6 no one6 ,the ,temple is destroyed60 ,how earnestly these unfortunate knights begged to be tried by the ,inquisition is well known4 ,they felt there was some chance for justice at a tribunal in which there was a religious element4 ,a ,cardinal d',armagnac was ,archbishop of ,auch when the tragedy of ,rodle took place1 which rivals that of the ,torre della ,fame at ,pisa in horror4 ,geraud1 brother of ,count ,bernard ,,vii4 of ,armagnac1 having married his son to ,margaret of ,comminges1 took up arms against her for forsaking her youthful husband and withdrawing to the castle of ,muret4 ,count ,bernard took advantage of this to make war on ,geraud for holding the county of ,pardiac1 on which he himself had claims1 and pursued his brother from one castle to another4 ,finally taking him captive1 he carried him to the fortress of ,rodle1 and threw him into a deep pit1 where he died of hunger and cold in four or five days4 ,geraud's two sons1 ,john and ,guilhem1 alarmed at his captivity1 but unaware of his fate1 were induced to come to ,auch to implore the clemency of their ferocious uncle1 and on ,good ,friday1 #adjc1 the ,count de l',isle ,jourdain1 kneeling with the poor children at his feet1 besought him to pardon them1 in memory of the ,divine ,passion that day celebrated2 but neither the day nor the helplessness of the children1 so touchingly alluded to by their advocate1 softened the inflexible count4 ,he had them imprisoned in the castle of ,lavardens1 and shortly after1 ,guilhem1 a lad of barely fifteen1 was tied to a horse and taken to the fortress of ,rodle4 ,there he was shown the horrible pit into which his father had been let down alive to incur so fearful a death4 ,the poor boy looked into the fatal pit1 fell senseless to the ground1 and was never restored to life4 ,his brother ,john1 the unhappy husband of the faithless ,margaret of ,comminges1 was carried to the castle of ,brugens1 where horrid tortures awaited him4 ,he had only escaped from the hatred of his wife to fall into the hands of ,bonne de ,berri1 ,count ,bernard's wife1 a woman of insatiable ambition and relentless purpose4 ,this new ,frdgonde put his eyes out by passing a red-hot brazier before them1 and then1 remembering the strength ,god gave the blind ,samson to take vengeance on his enemies1 she had him thrown into a deep moat1 where he died of hunger4 ,never was there a family that reflected more faithfully than the ,armagnacs all the vices and defects as well as the virtues of the ,middle ,ages4 ,its history contains every element to fix the attention1 with its tragedies1 its examples of brutal power1 its prodigies of valor and heroism1 its struggles in the cause of liberty1 and1 finally1 in its marvels of faith4 ,religious influence sooner or later asserted its triumph in the heart4 ,many of the counts laid aside their armor for the cowl and scapular1 and atoned for their sins in the cloister4 ,they were benefactors to the ,church1 they founded monasteries1 they fought in the holy wars4 ,we find them with ,godfrey of ,bouillon under the walls of ,jerusalem1 and fighting against the ,moors with the ,kings of ,castile and ,aragon4 ,among the most renowned members of the race1 we must not forget ,count ,john ,i41 a native of ,auch1 whose valor placed him on a level with ,du ,guesclin1 the greatest captain of the age4 ,for a time they fought on the same side1 but they met as opponents on the plain of ,navarrete1 where ,count ,john fought for ,don ,pedro and greatly contributed to the victory4 ,du ,guesclin was taken prisoner4 ,for more than thirty years ,count ,john was one of the strongest supporters of the ,king of ,france4 ,after the battle of ,crcy1 he stopped the tide of ,english invasion1 and when the ,black ,prince was covering ,aquitaine with blood and ruins in #acee1 he alone ventured to resist him and obstruct his victorious march4 ,after the defeat at ,poitiers1 he veiled the humiliation of the king with the splendor of his munificence4 ,he sent the king all kinds of provisions1 as well as silver utensils1 for his table4 ,he convoked the ,etats-,gnraux to organize forces to avert calamities that threatened the country4 ,he fought beside the ,duke of ,anjou and ,du ,guesclin in the immortal campaigns of #acfi and #acgj4 ,this was the period in which the grandeur of the house of ,armagnac culminated4 ,john ,i4 married ,reine de ,got1 niece of ,pope ,clement ,v41 whom ,dante thrusts lower than ,simon ,magus4 ,she was buried in the choir of the ,cordeliers at ,auch1 now1 alas6 a granary4 ,the count's second wife was ,beatrice de ,clermont1 great-granddaughter of ,s4 ,louis ,,ix41 king of ,france1 and one of his daughters married the brother of ,charles ,v41 and the other the oldest son of ,don ,pedro of ,aragon4 ,such were the royal pretensions of this great house4 ,descended from the ,merovingian race of kings through ,sanche ,mitarra1 the terrible scourge of the ,moors1 who lies buried at ,s4 ,oren's ,priory1 founded by the first ,count of ,armagnac1 on the banks of the ,gers1 the ,counts of ,auch1 as they were sometimes called1 bore themselves right royally4 ,they acknowledged no suzerain4 ,they were the first to call themselves counts by the grace of ,god1 a formula then used to express the divine right1 but in the sense of ,s4 ,paul and of the ,middle ,ages1 which was simply acknowledging that all power comes from ,god1 and that the right of exercising it has for its true source not the force of arms1 but in ,god alone4 ,we must come down to the ,x,vth century to find the jealous susceptibility that only interpreted1 in the sense of absolute independence of all human power1 such expressions as ,dei grati2 per ,dei gratiam2 ,dei dono1 etc41 which had been used with the sole intention of expressing a truth of the ,christian faith1 a profound sentiment of subordination to divine authority4 ,this intention is nowhere so explicit as in the legend on the ancient money of ,barn1 where its rulers used almost the words of the apostle3 ,gratia autem ,dei sumus id quod sumus4 ,charles ,,vii4 thought it worth while to forbid ,john ,,iv4 of ,armagnac1 in #addb1 the use of such formulas4 ,seven years after1 he obliged the ,dukes of ,burgundy to declare they bore no prejudice to the crown of ,france4 ,louis ,,xi4 vainly tried to prevent the ,duke of ,brittany from using them4 ,since that time it has been claimed as the exclusive right of sovereigns4 ,bishops1 however1 retain the formula ,dei gratia in their public acts of diocesan administration1 with the addition3 et apostolic sedis1 which dates from the end of the ,x,i,i,ith century only4 ,it was the independence and royal pretensions of such great vassals that determined the kings of ,france to destroy their power4 ,under the sons of ,philip le ,bel began the great struggle between the crown and the feudal aristocracy4 ,in order to incorporate their provinces with the royal domains1 they availed themselves of every pretext to crush them1 and such pretexts were by no means wanting in the case of the ,armagnacs1 where they could claim the necessity of protecting the eternal laws on which are based all family and social rights and the principles of true religion4 ,history is full of the cruelty of the last counts1 and forgets all it could offer by way of contrast4 ,it forgets to speak of ,count ,john ,,iii41 who put an end to the brigandage of the great bands in southern ,france1 and went to find a premature death under the walls of ,alessandria1 in an expedition too chivalrous not to be glorious4 ,it insists on the brutal ferocity and excessive ambition of ,bernard ,,vii41 the great constable1 and passes over all that could palliate his offences in so rude an age--his fine qualities1 his zeal for the maintenance of legitimate authority1 and his interest in the welfare of the ,church4 ,it lays bare the criminal passion of ,count ,john ,v41 and forgets his repentance and reparation1 as well as the holy austerities of ,isabella in the obscure cell of a ,spanish monastery1 where she effaced the scandal she had given the world4 ,count ,john was the last real lord of ,armagnac4 ,he filled up the cup of wrath1 and his humiliations and frightful death1 the long1 unjust captivity of his brother ,charles1 the scaffold on which perished ,jacques de ,nemours1 and the abjection into which his children were plunged1 are fearful examples of divine retribution4 ,the spoils of the counts of ,armagnac were given as a dowry to ,margaret of ,valois when she married ,henry ,,ii4 of ,navarre1 who1 as well as her first husband1 the ,duc d',alenon1 descended from the ,armagnacs4 ,henry and ,margaret made their solemn entry into ,auch in #aebg1 and the latter1 as ,countess of ,armagnac1 took her seat as honorary canon in the cathedral4 ,her arms are still over the first stall at the left1 beneath the lion rampant of the ,armagnacs--a stall assigned those lords as lay canons1 in the time of ,bernard ,,iii41 who was the first to pay homage to ,s4 ,mary of ,auch4 ,margaret's grandson1 ,henry ,,iv41 united the title of ,armagnac to the crown of ,france1 and ,louis ,,xiv41 on his way from ,st4 ,jean-de-,luz1 where he was married to ,maria ,theresa1 the ,infanta of ,spain1 passed through ,auch1 and1 attending divine service in the cathedral1 took his seat in the choir as ,count of ,armagnac4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 accepted the title of honorary canon of this church4 ,the cathedral at ,auch is remarkable for the stained glass windows of the time of the ,renaissance1 which ,catherine de ,medicis wished to carry off to ,paris1 and the one hundred and thirteen stalls of the choir1 the wonderful carvings of which rival those of ,amiens4 ,napoleon ,i41 on his return from ,spain1 admired and coveted these beautiful stalls1 and wished to remove the old rood-loft which concealed them from the public4 ,he endowed the church with an annual sum1 and expressed his regret so fair a ,sposa should be bereaved of its lord--the hierarchy not being fully restored in ,france at that time4 ,the canons of the cathedral were formerly required to be nobilis sanguine vel litteris--noble of birth or distinguished in letters4 ,that they keep up to their standard in learning seems evident from the reputation of one of their number1 the savant ,abb ,canto1 one of the most distinguished archologists of the country1 whose works are indispensable to the visitor to ,auch and the surrounding places4 ,it is quite impressive to see these venerable canons seated in their carved stalls1 worthy of princes1 singing the divine ,office4 ,their capes1 we noticed1 are trimmed with ermine1 probably a mark of their dignity4 ,to wear furs of any kind was in the ,middle ,ages an indication of rank1 or1 at least1 wealth4 ,the ,english ,parliament made a statute in #accd forbidding all persons wearing furs that had not an income of one hundred pounds a year4 ,in this church is the altar of ,notre ,dame d',auch1 the oldest shrine of the ,virgin in the province1 first set up at ancient ,elusa by ,s4 ,saturninus1 the ,apostle of ,toulouse1 and brought here by ,s4 ,taurin in the ,i,vth century1 when that place was destroyed by the barbarians4 ,the similarity of ,s4 ,saturninus' devotion to that of the present day is remarkable--devotion to ,mary and the ,chair of ,peter4 ,everywhere he erected churches in their honor1 as at ,elusa1 now the town of ,eauze4 ,at ,auch he dedicated a church to the ,prince of the ,apostles1 where now stands the little church of ,s4 ,pierre1 on the other side of the ,gers1 once burned down by the ,huguenots4 ,the paintings of the ,stations of the ,cross in the cathedral were given by a poor servant girl1 whose heart at the hour of death turned towards the sanctuary where she had so often experienced the benefit of meditating on the ,sacred ,passion that she was desirous of inciting others to so salutary a devotion4 ,in one of the chapels is a monument to the memory of ,m4 d',etigny1 whose statue is on the public promenade--the last ,intendant of the province1 who employed a part of his immense fortune in building the fine roads that lead to the watering-places in the ,pyrenees1 which have added so much to the prosperity of the country4 ,but he was one of those cui bono men who always sacrifice the picturesque and the interesting on some plea of public utility4 ,he destroyed the medival character of the city1 with its narrow streets1 curious overhanging houses--of which a few specimens are left--and ancient walls with low arched gateways1 made when mules alone were used for bringing in merchandise4 ,when any sacrifice is to be made1 why must it always fall on what appeals to the eye and the imagination8 ,why must some people insist on effacing the venerable records of past ages to make room for their own utilitarian views8 ,there are too many of such palimpsests4 ,is not the world large enough for all human tastes to find room to express themselves8 ,we had1 however1 no reason to grumble at ,m4 d',etigny's fine roads among the mountains1 which saved us1 in many instances1 from being transported like the ancient merchandise of ,auch1 and we nearly forgot his enormities when we found ourselves at ,bagnres-de-,luchon under the shade of the fine trees he planted in the ,cours d',etigny1 where tourists and invalids love to gather in the evening4 ,m4 d',etigny also took an interest in the religious prosperity of the country4 ,on the corner-stone of a church at ,vic ,fezensac is the inscription3 ,dominus d',etigny me posuit1 #agfj4 ,this church was built by ,pre ,pascal1 a ,franciscan1 out of the ruins of the old castle of the ,counts of ,fezensac1 which he obtained permission to use in spite of the town authorities1 by applying to ,mme4 de ,pompadour1 then all-powerful at court4 ,do not suppose the good friar paid the least homage to wickedness in high places by so doing4 ,on the contrary1 he boldly began his petition3 8,madame1 redeem your sins by your alms40 ,instead of taking offence1 the duchess profited by the counsel4 ,the pre1 returning from ,auch with the royal permission1 met some of his opponents1 wholly unsuspicious of the truth1 to whose pleasantries he replied3 8,let me pass4 ,i am exhausted1 for ,i carry in my cowl the ruins of the castle of ,vic40 ,auch in those days was only lighted by the lamps that hung before the niches of the ,virgin1 and the only night-watchman up to the last century was the crier1 who went about the streets at midnight calling aloud on the people to be mindful of their soul's salvation and pray for the dead4 ,this practice was called the miseremini1 because the crier sometimes made use of the words of ,job sung in the ,mass for the ,dead3 ,miseremini1 miseremini mei1 vos saltem amici mei1 quia manus ,domini tetigit me--8,have pity on me1 have pity on me1 ,o ye my friends6 for the hand of the ,lord hath touched me40 ,it was also called the ,reveill1 from the beginning of the verses he sometimes chanted3 8,rveille-toi1 peuple ,chrtien1 ,rveille-toi1 c'est pour ton bien4 ,quitte ton lit1 prend tes habits1 ,pense la mort de ,jsus ,christ4 ,a la mort1 la mort1 il faut tous venir1 ,tout doit enfin finir4 ,quand de ce monde tu partiras1 ,rien qu'un linceul n'emporteras ,ton corps sera mang des vers ,et peut-tre ton me aux enfers4 ,a la mort1 la mort1 etc4 ,tu passeras le long d'un bois1 ,l tu trouveras une croix1 ,sur cette croix il y a un crit ,c'est le doux nom de ,jsus ,christ1 ,a la mort1 la mort1 etc40 ,this crier acted the part of a policeman1 keeping an eye on the evil-doer1 and watching over the safety of the town4 ,if he discovered a door ajar1 he entered and aroused the inmates4 ,a startling apparition he must have been to the offenders of the law4 ,he wore a death's head and cross-bones embroidered before and behind1 and carried a small bell in his hand1 which he rang from time to time as he passed through the narrow streets with his lugubrious cry4 ,of course he was a public functionary of importance4 ,he figured in full costume in the great religious processions and took a part in all the public festivities4 ,on the sunny terraces of ,auch grow the seedless pears which have been so renowned from time immemorial that they have their place in the annals of the city4 ,we have fully tested the qualities of these unrivalled pears1 and can sincerely echo all that has been said in their praise4 ,duchesne1 the physician of ,henry ,,iv41 an empiric of the school of ,paracelsus1 and a famous person in his day1 does not forget in his ,diteticon to mention them among the most famous productions of his country4 ,he places them in the first rank1 and those of ,tours in the second4 ,according to him1 they originated in the town of ,crustumerium in ,italy1 and their name1 derived therefrom1 was softened by the ,italians into ,cristiano1 whence that of ,bon ,chrtien1 as they are sometimes called1 though not their right name4 ,others call them ,pompienne1 because1 as they say1 introduced by ,pompidian1 an ancient bishop of ,eauze4 ,but everybody with a proper sense of the case will stoutly attribute them1 in accordance with the popular tradition1 to the great ,s4 ,oren1 whose blessing gave them their rare qualities1 especially the peculiarity of being seedless when the trees grow within the limit of the city1 though this is by no means the case with those that grow in the environs4 ,dom ,brugelles1 a ,benedictine of last century1 mentions this peculiarity in his ,chronicles of the diocese1 and says they were in such demand in his time as to be worth sometimes thirty-six francs a dozen4 ,pre ,aubry1 in his ,latin poem of ,augusta ,auscorum1 is enthusiastic in their praise3 8,how ,i love the aspect of these fair gardens enclosed among sumptuous dwellings6 ,what a wealth of flowers6 ,and the trees bear a fruit still more worthy of your admiration4 ,the ,pompienne pear1 delicious as the ambrosia of the gods1 was reserved for the soil of this city alone4 ,the trees without its walls1 even those that grow close to its trenches1 do not produce the like4 ,this most glorious of fruit is an inappreciable gift of heaven and earth1 which is praised throughout the kingdom and sold at a great price in distant lands4#ade 8,the pears of the fertile gardens of ,touraine cannot be compared to those whose old name of ,pompienne is now lost in that of ,bon ,chrtien4 ,the pears at ,tours are as inferior to those of ,auch as other honey in sweetness to that of ,hybla4 ,nay1 should the gods themselves by chance know of these trees1 should they taste of these ,auscitain pears so delicious to the palate1 they would despise the dishes served at their celestial banquets--yes1 scorn the flowing nectar and sweet ambrosia that feed their immortality4 8,and as the admirable name of ,bon ,chrtien is only given the pears that grow in the gardens of the city1 and belongs not to those produced elsewhere2 as it is only within these walls they acquire so agreeable and appetizing a flavor1 their name is a presage that the inhabitants shall never be infected by the contagion and venom of heresy--a scourge that has attacked almost all the towns of ,armagnac--and that the ,mother of ,christ1 patroness of ,auch1 by averting this poison1 shall keep them faithful to the rites of their ancestors1 and fill them with eternal love for the ancient religion40 ,m4 ,lafforgue1 in his ,history of ,auch1 says these pears are so prized that they are often presented to princes1 governors1 and other distinguished characters4 ,when ,elizabeth ,farnese1 ,queen of ,spain1 passed through ,auch on her way to join her husband ,philip ,v41 in ,nov41 #agad1 the city consuls offered her1 as they had done the ,dukes of ,berry and ,burgundy in #agja1 some of the poires d',auch4 ,twenty dozen1 which cost one hundred and forty-three livres1 were presented her in straw boxes made by the ,ursuline nuns4#adf ,when ,mr4 ,laplagne1 a native of this part of the country1 and ,minister of ,finance under ,louis ,philippe1 boasted in ,m4 ,guizot's presence1 with true ,gascon expansiveness1 of the seedless pears that grow on the terraces of ,auch1 the latter1 with the distrust of certain great minds1 expressed some incredulity4 ,m4 ,laplagne resolved to convince the ,president of the ,council publicly1 and procured at some expense an enormous pear1 ripened on the very terrace which a century before had produced the fruit so vaunted by ,dom ,brugelles4 ,fifty guests were invited to witness the result4 ,they assembled around the table1 in the centre of which was displayed the wonderful pear from ,auch4 ,m4 ,guizot could hardly believe his eyes at such a prodigy1 and declared himself convinced4 ,the dessert was impatiently awaited4 ,the ,minister of ,finance1 certain of victory1 insisted on ,m4 ,guizot's opening the pear4 ,it was set before him4 ,he cut it in two with some difficulty--it contained four large seeds6 ,in spite of this exceptional case1 the poires d',auch 7their right name1 by the way7 that grow within the limits of the city are generally without seeds4 ,the superabundant pulp seems to stifle them4 ,they are still the pride of the place1 and it was only a year or two ago a number were sent to his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix4 ,pre ,aubry1 whom ,i have quoted1 was connected with the college at ,auch1 formerly under the direction of the ,jesuits4 ,s4 ,francis ,regis was also for some time one of its professors4 ,among the eminent men educated here may be mentioned ,cardinal d',ossat1 who1 when charg d'affaires at ,rome1 succeeded in obtaining the absolution of ,henry ,,iv4 from the ,holy ,see4 ,he was a poor country lad1 whose condition1 exciting the pity of the canons of ,trie1 they made him a choirboy1 and sent him to school4 ,he became successively a charity scholar of the ,jesuits at ,auch1 the protg of ,cardinal de ,foix and his secretary of embassy at ,rome1 and1 finally1 charg d'affaires at the ,papal court and ,cardinal-bishop of ,bayeux4 ,he died at ,rome in #afjd1 bequeathing the little he possessed to the poor and his two secretaries4 ,this celebrated diplomatist was an honor to his country and the church that developed his talents4 ,the famous ,nostradamus was another pupil of this college4 ,bernard du ,poey1 a disciple of ,buchanan1 and a poet of some note1 was professor here when the college was under the direction of laymen4 ,we give one of his epigrams1 written while connected with this institution3 8,lucis amore simul fdam protrudimus omnem ,barbariem3 tenebris nec patet ista domus40 8,the love of light makes us cast away every vestige of barbarism3 this house opens not to darkness40 8,barbarism0--8light0--8darkness0--a jargon often heard in our day also1 and it still finds its dupes4 ,the would-be metaphysicians and theologians who use it should meditate on this sentence of ,berkeley's3 8,we first raise a dust1 and then complain we cannot see60 ,once more on the way4 ,it is not till we approach ,rabastens we see an opening in the outer range of the ,pyrenees1 and behold ,mt4 ,maladetta raising heavenward its glittering diadem of glaciers4 ,behind is ,spain1 religious ,spain1 8land of an eternal crusade0 and wondrous saints4 ,rabastens is one of the most ancient towns in ,bigorre1 and celebrated in the religious wars3 ,it was here ,blaise de ,monluc received the frightful wound in his face which obliged him to wear a mask the rest of his life1 and gave him the leisure to write his ,commentaries1 which ,henry ,,iv4 called the ,soldier's ,bible4 ,this old warrior1 deprived of nearly all his limbs1 coolly relates a thousand incidents of incredible bravery in the boasting manner of a true ,gascon1 that does not ill become a book written for the defenders of ,gascony4 ,twelve miles or so further on is ,tarbes1 the chef-lieu of the ,hautes ,pyrnes--8gentille ,reine40 8,bigourdaine10 as ,jasmin says1 8splendidement assise au milieu de la plaine la plus fraiche1 la plus fertile et la plus varie40 ,the water from the ,adour1 first brought here to fill the moat that surrounded the city1 is now used to turn mills and fertilize the meadows1 which are wonderfully fresh1 affording a charming contrast to the mountains in the background4 ,the foundation of ,tarbes is lost in the remoteness of time4 ,its occupation by the ,romans is evident from the camp still pointed out in the vicinity4 ,bigorre1 of which it was the principal city1 was made a comt in the ,v,i,i,ith century1 and its succession of counts was uninterrupted till ,henry ,,iv4 ascended the throne of ,france4 ,its first count was ,enco 7or ,inigo7 ,arista1 or ,the ,bold1 who became ,king of ,navarre1 and rivalled the ,cid in prowess4 ,bigorre was ceded to the ,english by the treaty of ,brittany1 but when war again broke out between ,england and ,france two great barons of the province1 ,menaud de ,barbazan and the ,sire d',anchin1 as ,froissart relates1 seized the city and castle of ,tarbes1 and all ,bigorre rose to expel the ,english1 who only continued to hold for a time the impregnable fortresses of ,lourdes and ,mauvezin4 ,this ,lord of ,barbazan was a companion in arms of ,du ,guesclin and took sides with the ,armagnacs1 his kinsmen1 in their famous contest with the house of ,foix4 ,his son1 ,arnauld ,guilhem de ,barbazan1 was the valiant knight who wore so worthily the fair flower of a blameless life that he received the title1 which he was the first to bear1 of the chevalier sans peur et sans reproche1 conferred on him by his contemporaries4 ,monstrelet says he was a noble knight1 prompt in action1 fertile in expedients1 and renowned in arms4 ,he was the leader in the famous encounter between seven ,french and seven ,english knights at ,saintonge in #adjb1 when the latter challenged the ,french to a trial of arms out of love for les dames de leurs penses4 ,the ,french knights began the day by devoutly hearing ,mass and receiving the ,holy ,body of the ,lord4 ,jouvenel des ,ursins depicts the fearful encounter1 which took place in presence of a vast number of spectators1 among whom was the ,count of ,armagnac4 ,lances were shivered and terrible blows given with sword and battle-axe1 but it was ,barbazan who decided the day1 and the ,english were forced to acknowledge themselves defeated4 ,the conquerors1 clothed in white1 were led in triumph to the ,king1 who loaded them with presents4 ,to the ,chevalier de ,barbazan he gave a purse of gold and a sword on one side of which was graven1 ,barbazan sans reproche1 in letters of gold2 and on the other1 ,ut lapsu graviore ruant4 ,this sword is still preserved in the ,chteau de ,faudoas by the descendants of ,barbazan's sister4 ,the chivalric deeds that won it were commemorated not only in the chronicles of the time1 but in three ballads of ,christine de ,pisan4 ,barbazan was as noble in heart as heroic in action4 ,he took sides with ,count ,bernard ,,vii4 of ,armagnac against the ,duke of ,burgundy1 but1 when the latter fell a victim to treachery1 he indignantly condemned the crime1 and said he would rather have died than had a hand in it4 ,he fought side by side with ,dunois1 ,lahire1 and ,la ,trmouille1 at ,orleans1 ,auxerre1 and many another battle-field4 ,his last exploit was to rout eight thousand ,english and ,burgundian troops near ,chalons1 with only three thousand1 a few months after the atrocious murder of ,joan of ,arc1 under whose white banner he had fought4 ,so valuable were his services that the king conferred on him the magnificent title of 8,restaurateur du royaume et de la couronne de ,france10 and added the fleurs-de-lis to his arms4 ,soldiers received knighthood from his hands as if he were a king4 ,when he died1 he was buried at ,st4 ,denis among the kings of ,france with all the honors of royalty--a supreme honor1 of which there are only two other instances in ,french history--,du ,guesclin and ,turenne4 ,the feudal castle of ,barbazan is on a steep hill a few miles southeast of ,tarbes4 ,the ,roman inscriptions found there show it to be of extreme antiquity4 ,on the summit of the hill is the chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,pitat1 built by ,anne de ,bourbon1 ,lord of ,barbazan1 to receive a miraculous ,madonna that had long been an object of veneration to the people around4 ,he founded two weekly ,masses here1 one in honor of the holy name of ,god1 and the other of the ,virgin1 and he bequeathed lands for the support of the chapel1 which is still a pious resort for pilgrims4 ,the ,cathedral of ,tarbes is built on the ruins of the ancient fortress of ,bigorre1 which gave its name to the surrounding province4 ,the bishops have an important place in the annals of the country4 ,under the ,merovingian race of kings they held the rank of princes1 and were the peers of the proudest barons in the land4 ,we find several saints in the list--,s4 ,justin1 ,s4 ,faustus1 and ,s4 ,landeol1 whose venerable forms look down from the windows of the chancel in the cathedral4 ,gregory of ,tours mentions ,s4 ,justin1 and speaks of a lily on his tomb that bloomed every year on the day of his martyrdom4 ,bernard ,,ii41 a bishop of ,tarbes in the year #ajji1 merits the admiration of posterity for his efforts to relieve his flock during a terrible famine of three years1 in which people devoured one another to such an extent that a law was made condemning those who ate human flesh to be burned alive4 ,the holy bishop1 like ,s4 ,exuperius of ,toulouse1 sold all the vessels and ornaments of the church1 and gave all he possessed1 to alleviate the wants of his people4 ,his successor stayed a civil war that broke out1 to add to the distress of the country1 by assembling the chief lords of the land and conjuring them not to add fire and pillage to the horrors of famine1 but rather seek to disarm the vengeance of heaven by their prayers4 ,he established the ,truce of ,god in his diocese1 and had the happiness of seeing peace and abundance restored to the land4 ,these old bishops seemed to have some correct notions of their obligations1 though they did live in the darkest of the ,middle ,ages6 ,in the time of a bishop who belonged to the house of ,foix appeared a comet which alarmed all ,europe4 ,the ,pope profited by the universal terror to recommend a stricter practice of the ,christian virtues1 in order1 as he said1 if any danger were at hand1 that the faithful might be saved4 ,the ,bishop of ,tarbes instituted public processions on the occasion4 ,it was a ,bishop of ,tarbes1 the ,cardinal ,gabriel de ,gramont1 who in the ,x,v,ith century played so important a part in the negotiations between ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england and the ,pope to dissolve the marriage of the former with ,catherine of ,aragon4 ,the king pretended to act from conscientious motives1 and said the ,bishop of ,tarbes confirmed his scruples4 ,we need something more than the mere word of a monarch who violated the most solemn promises and obligations to induce us to believe in the complicity of the bishop1 though1 deceived by the representations of the king1 and alarmed at the consequences of a rupture with the ,holy ,see1 he may have endeavored to temporize1 that the crisis might be delayed4 ,tarbes was taken by the ,huguenots under the ferocious ,count de ,montgomery in the ,x,v,ith century4 ,he devastated the cathedral1 and burned its fine organ1 its altars1 vestments1 choral books1 library1 and chapter-house4 ,the bells were melted down1 the bishop's house pillaged and burned1 as well as the residences of the canons1 the convents of the ,cordeliers1 ,carmelites1 etc4 ,the bishop was forced to retreat to the mountains1 where1 charmed by the picturesque heights above the valley of ,luz1 he re-established the springs of ,s4 ,sauveur1 and built a little chapel with the inscription3 ,vos haurietis aquas de fontibus ,salvatoris2 whence the name since given this watering-place was derived4 ,it is recorded of a bishop in the ,x,v,i,ith century1 as something extraordinary1 that1 contrary to custom1 he allowed his flock1 in a time of famine1 to eat meat during ,lent on ,sundays1 ,tuesdays1 and ,thursdays4 ,he probably had the liberal proclivities of ,bishop ,hbert of ,agen1 already mentioned6 ,finally1 it was a ,bishop of ,tarbes who1 in these days1 restored four devout chapels of the ,virgin1 of ancient renown in the country1 but profaned at the ,revolution and left desolate1 and gave them back to ,mary with priests to minister at their altars3 ,notre ,dame de ,garaison1 in a valley of the ,hautes ,pyrnes2 ,notre ,dame de ,pitat1 overlooking the plain of ,tarbes2 ,notre ,dame de ,poueylahun1 on a picturesque peak that rises from the valley of ,azun2 and ,notre ,dame de ,has1 the ,madonna of shepherds1 in a hollow of the wild mountains near the ,spanish frontier--a powerful quadrilateral for the defence of this diocese of ,mary4 ,the memory of ,bishop ,lawrence will likewise be for ever associated with the church of ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 for it was he who1 by his zeal1 prudence1 and spiritual insight contributed so greatly to its foundation4 ,it became the cherished object of interest in his old age4 ,he begged for it1 labored for it1 and watched over the progress of the work4 ,his last act before attending the ,council of the ,vatican was a pilgrimage to the sacred ,grotto1 and while at ,rome his heart was constantly turning to this new altar in ,mary's honor1 and testifying great joy at the splendor of the solemnities4 ,he died at ,rome in ,january1 #ahgj1 and his remains were brought back to ,tarbes for burial4 ,at ,tarbes we changed cars for ,lourdes4 ,here we received our first impressions of the great religious movement in the country1 manifested by the immense pilgrimages1 which rival those of the ,middle ,ages4 ,we encountered a train of pilgrims with red crosses on their breasts and huge rosaries around their necks4 ,there were gentlemen and ladies1 and priests and sisters of different religious orders4 ,among them was a cardinal1 whose hand people knelt to kiss as he issued from the cars4 ,they all had radiant faces1 as if they had been on some joyful mission instead of a penitential pilgrimage4 ,but one of the fruits of penitence and faith is joy in the highest sense of the word4 ,spenser wisely makes the proud ,sansfoy the father of ,sansjoy4 ,leaving them behind1 we kept on in full view of the mountains along a fine plateau called ,lanne ,maurine1 or the ,land of the ,moors4 ,the ,moorish invasion1 though more than a thousand years ago1 has left ineffaceable traces all through this country4 ,the traveller is always coming across them4 ,in one place is the ,fountain of the ,moors2 in another the ,castle of the ,moors2 and there are many families who still bear the names of ,maure and ,mouret4 ,the ,lanne ,maurine is so called from a bloody combat which took place here to dispute the possession of the plain4 ,it was a priest who roused the people to arms and led them against the infidel1 whom they smote hip and thigh4 ,a grateful people have erected an equestrian statue to his memory at the entrance of his village church4 ,we were now rapidly approaching ,lourdes4 ,already the ,pic du ,gers rose out of the valley sacred to ,mary1 and the heart instinctively turns from everything else to hail the new star that has risen in these favored heavens to diffuse the pure radiance of the ,immaculate ,conception6 ,a ,,little ,,bird4 ,in his cage my blithe canary1 swinging1 ,trills with merry voice a roundelay2 ,from the early sunrise he is singing1 ,chirping1 flying1 flitting all the day4 ,they who call it cruel thus to hold him ,never saw his joyous1 twinkling eyes1 ,never heard the something that ,i told him ,once1 beneath delusive ,april skies3 ,when my hand drew back the sliding casement1 ,bidding him be happy and go free1 ,thinking all the while1 in self-abasement1 ,never more a jailer stern to be4 ,so ,i left him1 lingering1 fearing1 sighing1 ,loath to watch him soar and speed away1 ,loath to see him from my roof-tree flying1 ,sad to miss his songs and pretty play4 ,evening fell1 and in my chamber lying1 ,wondering where the bird had found a nest1 ,what was that around me feebly flying1 ,what was that low drooping on my breast8 ,ruffled plumage1 tiny pinions weary1 ,every flutter seemed a throb of pain2 ,ah6 the prison-house was not so dreary1 ,tired ,robin had come home again6 ,they who deem it cruel thus to hold him ,should have seen the wanderer's listless eyes ,greet the loving care so quick to fold him ,safe and warm from show'ry ,april skies4 ,never morning now but sees him flitting ,in and out1 as happy as can be2 ,never twilight but it finds him sitting ,drowsy-eyed1 a willing captive he4 ,birdie1 warbler1 beautiful canary6 ,trill the fulness of thy roundelay2 ,of the rippling sweetness never chary1 ,sing1 my pretty ,robin1 all the day6 ,,early ,,annals ,,of ,,catholicity ,,in ,,new ,,jersey4 ,the first navigators who are known to have sailed along the seaboard1 and perhaps to have landed on the soil of that part of ,america now called ,new ,jersey1 were ,catholics1 and in fact made their voyages before ,protestantism was heard of4 ,these hardy men were ,sebastian ,cabot1 a ,venetian in the service of ,king ,henry ,,vii4 of ,england1 who sailed from ,bristol in the month of ,may1 #adih1 and1 proceeding considerably to the north1 afterwards turned south and followed the coast-line as far as the ,chesapeake2 and ,john ,verazzano1 a ,florentine in the pay of the ,king of ,france1 who1 taking a southerly course to ,america in #aebd1 proceeded along the coast from ,florida to the fiftieth degree of north latitude1 and is supposed to have entered the harbor of ,new ,york4 ,the earliest colony established here was about #afbj1 when ,dutch ,calvinists 7emigrants from ,holland7 settled the town of ,bergen2 and in #afch1 a party of ,swedes1 who were ,lutherans1 made several settlements on the shore of the ,delaware4 ,they were under the patronage of their celebrated ,queen ,christina1 who later became a ,catholic4 ,in #affd1 a grant of the country between the ,connecticut and the ,delaware rivers was made by ,king ,charles ,,ii4 of ,england--the ,swedes having been subjugated by the ,hollanders1 and these in their turn by the ,english--to his brother the ,duke of ,york1 who afterwards was a sincere convert to the ,catholic faith1 and reigned as ,james ,,ii4 ,that portion of this territory which is now ,new ,jersey was sold by the royal patron to two proprietors1 one of whom was ,sir ,george ,carteret2 and it was in his honor that it received its present name1 for his having defended during the ,parliamentary war against the ,revolutionists the island of ,jersey1 which is one of the so-called ,channel ,isles on the coast of ,france1 and is full of ancient churches and other memorials of the ,catholic faith1 introduced there by ,s4 ,helier in the ,v,ith century4 ,but apart from the name there was nothing that recalled the ,catholic religion in ,new ,jersey4 ,the most intense anti-,catholic sentiment was prevalent1 and the bitter fanaticism of the mother country was extended even to these parts with perhaps increased virulence4 ,thus1 in #afgi1 the #bfth of ,november was appointed a day of thanksgiving in the colony for deliverance from what was called 8that horrid plot of the ,papists to murder the ,king 7,charles ,,ii47 and destroy all the ,protestants60--which was the infamous affair of ,titus ,oates1 gotten up maliciously against the ,catholics to have still another pretext for persecuting them4 ,the whole province having been divided into two parts1 called respectively ,east and ,west ,new ,jersey1 the latter was settled1 to mention only the ,english-speaking population1 mostly by members of the ,society of ,friends1 commonly called ,quakers1 from ,england1 but the former by ,scotch ,presbyterians and ,congregationalists from ,new ,england2 and of this part ,robert ,barclay was appointed first governor for life1 but1 having power to name a deputy1 he remained in ,scotland4 ,this miserable man1 after having become a ,catholic in ,france1 where he had an uncle a priest1 who was at the expense of educating him1 relapsed into heresy shortly after returning to his native country1 where his religion was proscribed1 and finally joined the ,quakers1 for whom he wrote the famous ,apology4 ,a circumstance in the life of this apostate shows well the constancy of the royal convert who lost three kingdoms for his faith1 and must have reminded him of his own instability upon the same matter4 ,barclay was in ,london in #afhh1 probably on business connected with his government of ,east ,new ,jersey1 and solicited an interview with ,king ,james4 ,the revolution was already breaking1 and his treacherous son-in-law1 afterwards ,william ,,iii41 was on his way to dethrone him2 when1 standing by an open window of the palace1 his ,majesty observed to the governor that the wind was fair for the ,prince of ,orange to come over3 whereupon ,barclay replied that it was hard no expedient could be found to satisfy the people4 ,the king declared he would do anything becoming a gentleman except 8parting with liberty of conscience1 which he never would while he lived40 ,the king was indeed a martyr to this principle1 and how much it was despised by his ,protestant betrayers may be seen1 to give an example out of these parts1 from the instruction given in #agjc to ,lord ,cornbury1 governor of the ,jerseys 7as well as of ,new ,york71 8to permit liberty of conscience to all persons except ,papists02 and this barbarous intolerance continued as long as the colonies remained united to ,england4 ,every now and then glaring cases of anti-,catholic bigotry1 calculated only to perpetuate civil dissensions sprung from religious differences1 were found in the history of the colony2 as1 for instance1 in #ageg1 when the principal edifice of the ,college of ,new ,jersey at ,princeton was named by ,governor ,belcher ,nassau ,hall--8to express10 he said1 8the honor we retain in this remote part of the globe to the immortal memory of the glorious ,king ,william ,,iii41 who was a branch of the illustrious house of ,nassau1 and who1 under ,god1 was the great deliverer of the ,british nation from those two monstrous furies1 ,popery and slavery40 ,about this period there were a few ,jesuit priests in ,maryland and ,pennsylvania2 and the earliest account that we have of ,catholics in ,new ,jersey is in #agdd1 when we read that ,father ,theodore ,schneider1 a distinguished ,german ,jesuit who had professed philosophy and theology in ,europe1 and been rector of a university1 coming to the ,american ,provinces1 8visited ,new ,jersey and held church at ,iron ,furnaces there40 ,this good missionary was a native of ,bavaria4 ,he founded the mission at ,goshenhoppen1 now in ,berks county1 ,pennsylvania1 about forty-five miles from ,philadelphia1 and ministered to ,german ,catholics1 their descendants1 and others4 ,having some skill in medicine1 he used to cure the body as well as the soul2 and1 travelling about on foot or on horseback under the name of ,doctor ,schneider 7leaving to the ,smelfunguses to discover whether he were of medicine or divinity71 he had access to places where he could not otherwise have gone without personal danger2 but sometimes his real character was found out1 and he was several times raced and shot at in ,new ,jersey4 ,he used to carry about with him on his missionary excursions into this province a manuscript copy of the ,roman ,missal1 carefully written out in his own handwriting and bound by himself4 ,his poverty or the difficulty of procuring printed ,catholic liturgical books from ,europe1 or1 we are inclined to think1 the danger of discovery should such an one with its unmistakable marks of 8,popery0 about it 7which he probably dispensed with in his manuscript71 fall into the hands of heretics1 must have led him to this labor of patience and zeal4 ,father ,schneider1 who may be reckoned the first missionary of ,new ,jersey1 died on the #aath of ,july1 #agfd4 ,another ,jesuit used to visit the province occasionally after #agfb1 owing to the growing infirmities of ,father ,schneider1 and there still exist records of baptisms performed by him here4 ,this was the ,rev4 ,robert ,harding1 a native of ,england1 who arrived in ,america in #agcb4 ,he died at ,philadelphia on the #ast of ,september1 #aggb4 ,but the priest principally connected with the early missions in ,new ,jersey is the ,rev4 ,ferdinand ,farmer4 ,he was born in ,south ,germany in #agbj1 and1 having entered the ,society of ,jesus1 was sent to ,maryland in #ageb4 ,his real name was ,steenmeyer1 but on coming to this country he changed it into one more easily pronounced by ,english-speaking people4 ,he was learned and zealous1 and for many years performed priestly duties in ,new ,jersey at several places in the northern part1 and seems to have been the first to visit this colony regularly4 ,in his baptismal register the following among other places are named1 together with the dates of his ministrations3 a station called ,geiger's1 in #agei2 ,charlottenburg1 in #agfi2 ,morris ,county1 ,long ,pond1 and ,mount ,hope1 in #aggf2 ,sussex ,county1 ,ringwood1 and ,hunterdon ,county1 in #aghe4 ,the chief congregation at this period was at a place called ,macoupin 7now in ,passaic ,county71 about fifteen miles from the present city of ,paterson4 ,it was settled in the middle of the last century by ,germans1 who were brought over to labor in the iron mines and works in this part of the province4 ,two families from ,baden among the colonists were ,catholics2 and the first priest who visited them is said to have been a ,mr4 ,langrey from ,ireland4 ,mount ,hope1 not far from ,macoupin1 used to be visited by ,father ,farmer twice a year1 and by other priests1 as occasion might require1 from ,philadelphia4 ,except the ,catholics in the northern parts1 there were very few scattered about ,new ,jersey before the ,american ,revolution4 ,the schoolmaster at ,mount ,holly in #agfb was an ,irish ,catholic named ,thomas ,mc,curtain1 and one of his descendants is the distinguished scholar and antiquarian1 ,john ,g4 ,shea4 ,the ,catholics in these colonies before ,american ,independence were subject in spiritual matters to the ,bishop 7vicar-apostolic7 of ,london1 who used to appoint a vicar-general 7the superior of the ,jesuits in ,maryland7 to supply his place4 ,after the suppression of the ,society of ,jesus in #aggc1 the vicar-general4 ,father ,john ,lewis1 was the late superior of the order in this country4 ,the visits of the missionaries to ,new ,jersey seem to have been interrupted during the ,revolutionary ,war2 but a number of very distinguished foreign ,catholics serving in our army honored the land by their presence in such a cause4 ,among them we find ,lafayette1 ,chevalier ,massillon1 ,de ,kalb1 ,pulaski1 ,kosciusko1 and ,mauduit du ,plessis1 the engineer officer who fortified ,fort ,mercer1 at ,red ,bank on the ,delaware1 with so much skill that the attacking ,hessians were thoroughly repulsed4 ,in the months of ,august and ,september1 #agha1 the ,french troops under ,de ,rochambeau marched diagonally across the ,state from ,sufferns 7just over line7 in ,new ,york1 by way of ,pompton1 ,whippany1 ,byram's ,tavern1 ,somerville1 ,princeton1 and ,trenton4 ,an army chaplain1 the ,abb ,robin1 published a little book in #aghb1 describing this ,french expedition from ,new ,port to ,york-town2 but1 regrettably1 he gives his readers not a word about any ,catholics that he may have met or heard of in ,new ,jersey4 ,after the evacuation of ,new ,york by the ,british in #aghc1 there was a prospect of collecting the few scattered ,catholics on ,manhattan ,island into a congregation1 and the venerable ,father ,farmer used to go twice a year to visit the faithful there1 across the northern part of this ,state1 stopping on his way to officiate at ,macoupin4 ,on the #bb;d of ,september1 #aghe1 the ,rev4 ,john ,carroll1 who had been appointed by the ,pope superior of the church in the ,united ,states and empowered to give ,confirmation1 set out on a tour to administer this sacrament at ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 and 7as he writes to a friend7 8in the upper counties of the ,jerseys and ,pennsylvania1 where our worthy ,german brethren had formed congregations40 ,in this year ,rev4 ,mr4 ,carroll computed the number of ,catholics under his charge at sixteen thousand in ,maryland1 seven thousand in ,pennsylvania1 and two thousand scattered about the other ,states4 ,the number of priests was nineteen in ,maryland and five in ,pennsylvania4 ,we learn how small was the grain of mustard-seed of the church in this part of the world less than a hundred years ago1 when we see that there was no resident priest at that time between ,canada and ,pennsylvania2 and it used to be said contemptuously 7so ,watson has it in his ,annals73 8,john ,leary goes once a year to ,philadelphia to get absolution40 ,this worthy man therefore1 who was certainly living in ,new ,york in #aggd1 had to leave that city and cross the whole of ,new ,jersey before he could perform his ,easter duties4 ,the earlier editions of ,catholic books printed in the ,united ,states were generally gotten up by subscription1 and a perusal of the lists of subscribers is interesting1 as giving some idea of the number1 zeal1 and original nationality 7conjectured from the form of patronymic7 of the ,catholics at the time4 ,thus1 to the first ,catholic ,bible published in the ,united ,states1 at ,philadelphia in #agij1 only six out of the four hundred and twenty-seven subscribers were from ,new ,jersey4 ,these are ,joseph ,bloomfield1 ,attorney-,general of the ,state2 ,james ,craft and ,r4 ,s4 ,jones1 ,burlington2 ,john ,holmes1 ,cape ,may2 ,alexander ,kenney1 near 7,new7 ,brunswick2 and ,maurice ,moynihan1 ,atsion2 but in considering this1 the most interesting to us of any lists of subscribers to early ,catholic books1 we must remember that the names are not all of ,catholics2 and of these six from ,new ,jersey the last three only are considered orthodox by ,archbishop ,bayley in his appendix to the ,history of the ,catholic ,church in ,new ,york 7#b;d ed47 ,the massacre of #agic in the ,island of ,hayti drove a number of ,french ,catholics to the ,united ,states1 some of whom settled at ,mount ,holly1 ,elizabethtown1 and other parts of the ,state1 but we do not know that they did anything for the church4 ,catholic advance was to come from quite another immigration4 ,in #ahje1 or earlier1 the ,rev4 ,john ,tisserant1 one of the ,french clergy driven from home by the ,revolution1 was living at ,elizabethtown4 ,he was an excellent man1 and may be considered the first resident priest in ,new ,jersey1 although he cannot be said to have been stationed here by authority4 ,he returned to ,europe in ,june1 #ahjf4 ,the minister of the ,presbyterian church at ,whippany 7,morris ,county7 from #agia to #agie was ,calvin ,white4 8,his ministry1 though brief1 was useful10 says the historian4 ,he afterwards connected himself with the ,episcopalians1 and finally became a ,catholic4 ,a conversion of this kind at that period was sufficiently remarkable1 we think1 to be mentioned in notes on the ,catholic ,church in ,new ,jersey4 ,in the year #ahjh1 the dioceses of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia were erected1 with the northern part of ,new ,jersey within the former and the southern within the latter diocese4 ,this arrangement continued until #ahec2 and while it lasted religion made some progress here1 but slowly4 ,the ,rev4 ,richard ,bulger1 a native of ,kilkenny1 ,ireland1 having come to the ,american ,mission1 was ordained priest by ,bishop ,connolly of ,new ,york1 in #ahbj4 ,he was assistant at the cathedral in ,new ,york1 and thence regularly attended ,paterson1 where he devoted himself to the ,catholics gathered in that manufacturing town1 and scattered about the upper part of the ,state4 ,the church at ,paterson is mentioned in the ,almanac of #ahbb2 it being then the only one in ,new ,jersey4 ,the pastor was exposed to inconvenience1 insults1 and hardship4 ,one evening1 for instance1 a bigoted ruffian threw a large jagged stone into his lighted room1 the shutters or window-blinds having been left unclosed1 and he had a narrow escape from a hole in his head4 ,on another occasion he was rudely turned out on to the muddy road with his ,breviary and bundle from a country cart1 the driver of which had given him a lift until he discovered that he was a priest4 ,the account1 however1 says that it was the farmer's wife who 8declared that he should not remain in the wagon02 and the man afterwards applied to ,father ,bulger for instruction1 and was received into the church1 but we do not hear of the conversion of the scold--perhaps because 7as an old poet says7 8,women's feet run still astray1 ,if once to ill they know the way06 --,habington4 ,about #ahbe1 that part of ,new ,jersey under the jurisdiction of the ,bishop of ,philadelphia used to be visited occasionally by clergymen from beyond the ,delaware1 and stations were established at ,pleasant ,mills and ,trenton1 which continued to be served1 but without resident pastors 7we believe71 until the diocese of ,newark was erected4 ,the city of ,newark had a pastor about #ahcj in the person of ,rev4 ,gregory ,pardow1 who was in #ahcd the only priest actually residing in ,new ,jersey4 ,after this period churches were erected not only in the principal city1 ,newark1 but also in ,jersey ,city1 ,perth ,amboy1 ,belleville1 ,madison1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,elizabethtown1 ,macoupin1 and other centres of population4 ,the church at ,macoupin was erected in #ahda by ,father ,john ,raffeiner1 a native of the ,tyrol1 who came to this country in #ahcc1 and used to visit the ,germans scattered through ,new ,jersey2 and in #ahdb a church in ,newark for the ,german ,catholics was erected by ,father ,balleis1 a ,benedictine monk4 ,on the #cjth of ,october1 #ahec1 the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,bayley1 at the time a priest in ,new ,york1 was consecrated first bishop of ,newark1 the diocese being coextensive with the ,state2 and1 on his taking possession of his see1 found thirty-three churches and thirty clergymen4 ,since then the advance of the ,catholic religion here has been rapid2 and when ,bishop ,bayley was transferred to ,baltimore1 he left to his successor what is considered1 we believe1 one of the completest dioceses in the ,united ,states--a disciplined clergy1 religious orders of both sexes1 diocesan seminary1 college for higher education1 academy for young ladies1 select and parochial schools1 orphan asylums1 hospitals1 cemeteries1 and other ,christian institutions1 in a flourishing condition4 ,the progress of the church during these latter years has been before the eyes of all2 and as we have intended to limit ourselves to the period anterior to the erection of ,new ,jersey into a diocese1 in making notes on ,catholicity in the ,state1 we now end them1 if even a little abruptly4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,manual ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,sacrament4 ,translated from the ,french of ,rev4 ,t4 ,b4 ,boone1 ,s4,j41 by ,mrs4 ,annie ,blount ,storrs4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 #ahmo1 pp4 #eji4 ,the publication of this manual supplies a real want which many devout persons have felt1 and which they will now find fully satisfied4 ,it is a companion for the altar1 a treasure of pious reading1 of meditation and prayers1 for ,mass1 ,communion1 ,visits to the ,blessed ,sacrament1 ,confraternities1 and days of special devotion1 such as ,corpus ,christi and the ,forty ,hours' ,adoration4 ,it is translated from the ,french by an accomplished lady well fitted for the task1 and has been carefully examined and corrected by several clergymen of ,new ,york who are distinguished for their learning and piety4 ,the approbation of the ,cardinal is the best proof of the excellence of the work1 for1 apart from the authoritative character of his sanction1 no one is better able to appreciate a work of this kind1 or to judge of its merits1 than ,his ,eminence2 and we are assured that he has not simply contented himself with the examination requisite to make sure that this manual is orthodox in doctrine1 and therefore fit for publication1 but has warmly interested himself in its translation and preparation for the press1 on account of his high estimate of its value4 ,in ,belgium1 where devotion to the ,blessed ,sacrament especially flourishes1 it is the favorite book of its kind4 ,the treatise on frequent communion is especially thorough and important2 and there is one1 also1 on the devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus--a devotion so intimately connected with that of the ,blessed ,sacrament of the ,altar4 ,we need not add1 after this1 that we recommend the manual in a special manner to religious communities1 and to the faithful generally4 ,we trust that their own personal experience of the benefit and consolation to be derived from its use will secure their cordial assent to the praise we have bestowed upon it1 and that it will become as popular here as it is in ,belgium4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,our ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ4 ,by ,louis ,veuillot4 ,translated into ,english by the ,rev4 ,anthony ,farley4 ,from the ,seventh ,french ,edition4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,at last we welcome in ,english a work published eleven years ago4 ,written in answer to ,renan1 8,it is truly10 says the translator1 8what our ,holy ,father ,pius ,,ix4 calls it1 #8,a vindication of the outraged ,godhead of ,christ4'0 ,the letter of the ,holy ,father is prefixed to the table of contents4 ,we transcribe what the translator says in apology for reproducing the work at this late hour3 8,appearing as it does some time after the existence of the original work1 it might seem that the object of the book had ceased to be1 had been forgotten1 or was of no moment to the public of our day and of our country4 ,but when we remember the deep impression produced by ,renan's work--an impression stamped 7it would seem indelibly7 upon the religious literature and religious teaching of our times--we have to admit that a vindication of ,christ1 the ,god-,man1 is as necessary to-day as it was when the new ,voltaire appeared to shock religious sentiment in ,france and in the world4 #8,christus heri et hodie1' is the war-cry of the foes1 just as much as the trust and comfort of the faithful lovers of the ,god-,man40 ,next comes ,louis ,veuillot's preface1 which should be read with more attention than is generally accorded to prefaces4 ,indeed1 we think few who begin to read it will hesitate to go through4 ,the author reminds us that himself was once a sceptic2 and throws a light upon the unbelieving mind--upon the cause and nature of unbelief--which only such a man with such an experience can throw4 ,his aim in writing ,our ,lord's life is to show the overwhelming force of the simple ,gospel story4 ,he contends 7and we are sure he is right7 that1 while the 8deniers and falsifiers of the truth have been admirably refuted in every objection raised by them10 yet1 8since their supreme art lies in feigning and producing ignorance1 the essential point should be to reply especially to what they do not say4 ,this is what we unavoidably forget0 7pp4 #ag1 #ah74 ,then1 referring to ,renan1 he continues3 8,the last of those wicked impugners of the divinity of ,christ our ,lord who has rendered himself celebrated has well understood1 in a book of five or six hundred pages1 how to speak of ,jesus ,christ without pointing him out4 ,perpetually avoiding all that belongs to ,god1 with the same stroke he perverts all that belongs to the man4 ,this artifice of weakness is the only strength of the book4 ,it has drawn the apologist into the discussion of trifles in which the ,man-,god completely disappears4 ,the refutations are excellent1 but they leave us ignorant of what ,jesus ,christ has done1 and for what purpose he came into the world4 ,thus it is not ,christ who has the case gained1 yet less the laborious reader of so much controversy2 it is this miserable man1 who has proposed to himself to betray ,god and his neighbor40 ,and again3 8,the clement wisdom of ,jesus has not been left to the mercy of sophists1 nor to the resources of reason1 nor to lowliness or feebleness of faith4 ,it has foreseen the weakness of the mind of man1 and has prepared a succor always victorious4 ,it is not necessary to ransack the libraries1 to collect together so many dead languages1 so much history1 so much physics1 so much philosophy1 to know with certainty him who came to save the little ones and the ignorant4 ,the bread of life is as easy to find as the material bread1 on the same conditions4 ,a simple1 faithful ,christian or member of the ,church of ,god1 a man of the world1 provided he may have studied a few books and heard some instruction1 can render an account of his faith far better than the #8savants1' the pretended unbelievers1 are in a condition to give an account of their incredulity4 ,the ,gospel is sufficient for that4 8,the ,gospel contains motives conclusive of the faith in ,jesus ,christ1 true ,god and true man--motives1 reasons1 which the ,saviour himself has put forth4 ,we can paralyze1 by the contents of the ,gospel1 the sophistry of the infidel1 without being shocked by its contact4 ,what does it matter that the sophist should amass notes against the sincerity of the ,evangelists1 if we have clear proof that he of whom the ,evangelists speak is ,god8 ,on bended knees1 before the ,real ,presence1 one is not tempted to withdraw from its contemplation in order to consider or view more closely this vile apparition of blasphemy4 ,we are by no means bound to extract from it open avowals of repentance40 ,then he gives the reason for this sufficiency of the ,gospel3 8,there are different degrees in the region of the mind2 discussion belongs to the inferior degrees4 ,in discussing1 man is pitted against man2 the reason of the one seems as good as that of the other4 ,in expounding1 we place ,god against man4 8,this exposition of the truth must get the preference when ,god is absolutely and personally in the case4 ,from the apex of those lofty heights the voice of man properly avoids discussing with nothingness1 lest weak human reason might be inclined to believe that nothingness could reply2 that the beauty of truth might appear alone in the presence of the absolute deformity of falsehood40 ,and again3 8,among infidels ignorance of the ,gospel is generally complete2 among a great many ,christians it is hardly less so4 ,they know the ,gospel by heart1 and they do not understand it4 ,they have not read it with care1 with order1 such as it has been delivered4 ,they do not know how to explain it or meditate on it as they ought4 ,whosoever sees in the ,gospel only the letter1 does not understand even the letter2 and whosoever seeks for morality only in its pages1 does not find the morality they contain40 ,lastly1 he dismisses ,renan's ,life in the following masterly words3 8,as to a certain malicious book which unhappily signalizes the age in which we live1 we have been obliged to refer to it two or three times4 ,we could have wished not to touch on it4 ,the first sentiments of ,catholics on this deplorable book have become much modified since they have been enabled to perceive more exactly the malicious industry of the author4 ,while we see him assume the task of ignoring1 we are convinced he is yet far from having lost the faith4 ,he dare not look upon the crucifix face to face--he would fear to see the blood trickling down4 ,in his conscience he declares himself a traitor4 ,this is the confession which we read in his book1 turned resolutely away from the light of day4 ,we blame this miserable man1 and we detest and abhor his crime2 but he is to be pitied1 and every ,christian will be happy to say to him what ,ananias said to ,saul3 #8,my brother ,saul1 the ,lord ,jesus1 who appeared to you on the road whence you are coming1 has sent me to meet you1 so that you may receive your sight4'0 ,a ,,discourse ,,commemorative ,,of ,,hon4 ,,samuel ,,williston4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,tyler1 ,williston ,professor of ,greek in ,amherst ,college4 ,springfield1 ,mass43 ,clark ,w4 ,bryan ,co4 #ahgd4 ,the venerable gentleman commemorated in this discourse died on the #ahth of ,july1 #ahgd1 at an advanced age1 after a life which is in many respects remarkable and worthy of lasting remembrance4 ,his history is interesting1 as presenting the most distinctive and admirable traits of the genuine old-fashioned ,new ,england type of character4 ,it is remarkable on account of the great works which he performed during his lifetime4 ,it is honorable and worthy of remembrance on account of the great example it presents to wealthy men1 of a man who realized the proper position which men of large fortunes ought to take in the community1 as public benefactors1 as founders1 as stewards of wealth for the common good4 ,mr4 ,williston was the son of a poor country clergyman whose salary was #cjj a year4 ,disappointed in his early efforts to obtain a liberal education by an affection of the eyes which debarred him from the pleasure of reading all his lifetime1 he set himself to the task of making a fortune that he might have the means of promoting education and in other ways benefiting his fellow-men1 especially those of his own neighborhood and commonwealth4 ,he was successful in this undertaking1 and1 besides the large fortune which he left at death to his heirs1 he is said to have bestowed a million of dollars in public beneficent works during his lifetime1 and to have bequeathed more than half that sum by testament for similar purposes4 ,he was the second founder of ,amherst ,college1 the founder of the ,williston ,seminary at ,easthampton1 and of the beautiful town of that name1 which ,prof4 ,tyler says 8he found a mere hamlet1 and left one of the richest and most beautiful towns in ,hampshire ,county1 a great educational and manufacturing centre1 with beautiful farmhouses 7villas they might almost be called7 and several model villages clustered about elegant churches1 and a model seminary of learning40 ,mr4 ,williston gained during life1 and left after him1 the reputation of a man of integrity1 probity1 and high moral principle4 ,his religious belief1 which was that of the old-fashioned ,congregationalists of ,massachusetts1 was his guiding and dominating idea1 and he followed it up in practice consistently and conscientiously4 ,the portrait prefixed to ,prof4 ,tyler's discourse is one very pleasant to look upon1 and shows the face of an honest1 sensible1 good man1 surmounted by an expansive1 intellectual forehead1 and set firmly upon a manly bust4 ,one excellent feature in ,mr4 ,williston's character was his adherence to the principle that good education and healthy civilization must rest on a religious and ,christian basis4 ,in this respect1 he contrasts favorably with a large and increasing class of ,protestants1 who are taking sides openly with infidels in the accursed work of secularizing education1 and crying up merely material or intellectual progress4 ,his panegyrist1 ,prof4 ,tyler1 writes admirably upon this theme4 ,this discourse1 apart from the interest given to it by the truly noble life which it describes1 is in itself remarkably full of fine thoughts1 showing the effect of the deep study of the classics to which the learned author has devoted his life4 ,we are pleased to notice the calm and just manner in which he touches incidentally upon some topics connected with the ,catholic ,church4 ,speaking of the honor which is due to those men who are founders of institutions useful to mankind1 in a truly philosophical strain1 and with illustrations drawn from both pagan and ,christian history1 he proceeds to say3 8,there are no names more hallowed in the ,catholic ,church than the founders of those monasteries which1 with all their sins1 have the merit of keeping religion and learning alive through the darkness and confusion of the ,middle ,ages4 ,the founders1 too1 of those religious orders whose influence has been felt to the remotest bounds of ,christendom1 what veneration is felt for them by all good ,catholics1 from age to age6 ,the names of ,s4 ,benedict1 ,s4 ,dominic1 ,s4 ,francis1 and ,ignatius ,loyola have been canonized and embalmed in the religious societies which they established40 ,the fact that these words were pronounced in the pulpit of the chapel of ,amherst ,college gives them a peculiar significance4 ,we do not consider them as denoting any ,catholic tendencies in ,prof4 ,tyler or his associates1 but merely a diminution of power in the old ,protestant and ,puritan tradition1 and the existence of a more philosophical and eclectic spirit4 ,the rationalizing movement which is disintegrating ,protestant societies carries away a great deal of prejudice and error on its tide4 ,it threatens also to sweep away the remnants and fragments of truth4 ,amherst1 seated on the remote hills of ,hampshire1 has been safer from the flood1 hitherto1 than ,cambridge and ,new ,haven4 ,nevertheless1 it must be invaded by the rising waters in its turn4 ,there is nothing but the ,catholic ,church which can stand1 when knowledge and reason take the place of the ignorance and credulity necessary to a blind following of the ,reformation4 ,the remnant of orthodox ,protestants must therefore follow the inexorable logic of ,luther's principle into its consequences of sheer rationalism1 or make their way back to ,catholic faith4 ,individuals may remain stationary1 but the mass has to move1 and even the works of men who are both great and good rest on a sandy foundation1 which will be undermined in a short time unless they are built on the rock of ,catholic stability4 ,mr4 ,williston1 we have no doubt1 did his best1 not only to create temporal well-being and prosperity1 but also that which is higher1 more lasting1 and directed toward the eternal good1 which is the chief end of man4 ,numbers of generous and noble hearts1 like himself1 have endeavored and are now striving toward the same objects1 from the same motives4 ,they are the pillars of the commonwealth1 the real peers of the realm1 the chief bulwark of our political and social state amid the horde of base1 corrupt intriguers and demagogues1 mammon worshippers and spendthrifts1 crowding our legislative halls and marts of business1 and flaunting in vulgar show through our streets4 ,it is impossible1 however1 that the work which they strive singly to accomplish1 whether for education1 philanthropy1 political reform and progress1 or the promotion of the ,christian religion1 should be successfully performed except through ,catholic unity and organization in the communion of the one true ,church4 ,if all the enlightened and virtuous men and women in the ,united ,states who believe that ,jesus ,christ is the ,saviour1 and ,christianity the salvation of mankind were united in faith and directed by one authority1 there is nothing which they could not accomplish on this vast field which ,god has given us1 and which at present is to a great extent mere wild land4 ,in conclusion1 we express our thanks to ,mrs4 ,emily ,g4 ,williston and the other executors of the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,williston for their courtesy in sending us a copy of this discourse1 which is printed in a most beautiful and tasteful manner4 ,,the ,,child4 ,by ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 ,bishop of ,orleans4 ,translated1 with the author's permission1 by ,kate ,anderson4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahge4 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup is one of the most eloquent orators and writers of ,france4 ,the theme of the present book1 which might have been handled in an able and complete and yet dull manner by another1 is treated in a spirited1 glowing1 fascinating style by the illustrious ,bishop of ,orleans4 ,it is a charming1 attractive1 and most important theme1 handled by one who was a most enthusiastic and successful teacher of boys and youths before he became a bishop4 ,every parent1 and especially every mother1 should read this book2 so also should those who have the charge of children and young people in schools or elsewhere4 ,it is more specifically and precisely suitable to the case and condition of boys1 as is natural1 considering that the author has been more immediately engaged in the care of colleges than of convents4 ,yet1 in general1 its principles and instructions are appropriate for girls also1 children being very nearly alike in most respects1 whether they are boys or girls4 ,in respect to the moral training of boys1 there are some instructions very plainly and yet delicately given in the fourteenth and fifteenth chapters1 which are specially necessary for a very large class at the present day and in our very corrupt state of society4 ,in the wealthy and fashionable circle of ,american society1 the children are very generally spoiled4 ,who is not familiar with the fast boy of fourteen1 whose outward and visible sign is a blue ribbon on his straw hat1 and with his sister of twelve1 in short clothes1 sparkling with jewelry1 but dim-eyed1 pale-faced1 and thin1 from keeping late hours and other precocious dissipations8 ,the end of these fast young people is usually tragical4 ,if not so1 they are at the best wilted and spoiled1 like bouquets of flowers which have remained for a whole day among lighted candles4 ,we regret to say that many of our wealthy ,catholics1 especially those who have suddenly acquired riches1 strive to emulate in the race of extravagance and luxury the most utterly worldly class of people1 who live professedly for mere earthly enjoyment4 ,their children are therefore trained in a way which is morally the very opposite of the ,christian and ,catholic method4 ,in a lesser degree1 the same loose1 indulgent1 soft1 and effeminate style of bringing up children prevails in families where the spirit of the parents is less worldly and more religious4 ,boys and girls do not remain children long enough1 and are not treated as children ought to be treated4 ,they are too precociously developed into young ladies and gentlemen4 ,so far as our observation extends1 the education at home and at school which our ,catholic boys of the more affluent class are receiving is much more defective in respect to religion and morality than that of the girls4 ,they are more spoiled at home1 and are less amenable to wholesome discipline and intellectual training at school than their sisters4 ,they are also exposed to much greater danger of becoming essentially irreligious and vicious1 and going utterly to ruin1 before or soon after they attain their majority1 and therefore great errors in their early training are more deplorable4 ,all parents1 and especially mothers1 who are not wholly careless and frivolous1 must perceive clearly and feel deeply the vital importance of this subject of the early training of boys4 ,let them read carefully and frequently this choice book of ,bishop ,dupanloup1 and they will understand better how to reverence that wonderful and beautiful being--a regenerate child2 how to train the child for the duty and the solid happiness of its earthly life1 how to educate it for heaven4 ,,spain ,,and ,,the ,,spaniards4 ,by ,n4 ,l4 ,thiblin4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard2 ,new ,york3 ,lee1 ,shepard ,dillingham4 #ahge4 ,the corps of professional writers for the great newspapers of ,europe and ,america is remarkable in many ways for talent1 enterprise1 courage1 sagacity1 and skill in that style of composition which is the most effective for the purposes of the secular press4 ,its esprit de corps is not very high as regards truth1 the eternal principles of right and devotion to just and noble causes4 ,it is to a great extent mercenary1 unscrupulous1 time-serving1 skeptical1 and superficial4 ,incidentally it often serves the cause of right and truth with great efficacy1 and no doubt wages a very successful war on many evils and abuses in favor of certain temporal interests1 diffuses a vast amount of information1 and contributes its full quantity of force to the wheels that make the world spin round with an ever-increasing velocity4 ,certain of its members have made themselves truly famous in this present age by their explorations and their chronicles of wars or other great contemporary events1 that almost rival ,livy and ,csar4 ,it is only necessary to mention the names of ,russell and ,stanley as illustrations of this statement4 ,mr4 ,thiblin has won a high place among these brilliant writers for the press1 by his extraordinary courage and enterprise in following up1 first the military movements of the ,franco-,prussian war1 and more recently those of the ,carlist campaigns1 and his very great talent in describing what he has seen and learned with so much perseverance and effort4 ,he is a good specimen of the corps to which he belongs4 ,apparently a mere free-thinker in respect to all the higher order of truth1 solicitous only to see and narrate what is transpiring on the earth1 an intellectual knight-errant and free lance1 without any kind of allegiance to any power higher than the ,pall ,mall ,gazette or the ,new ,york ,herald1 he is brave1 good-humored1 witty1 and graphic2 a keen observer1 a charming narrator1 with a great deal of justice and impartiality1 and evidently telling the truth about those things which can be apprehended through the senses1 and which his mind is capable of understanding4 ,there are a few offensive remarks about ,catholic matters1 a few jeering allusions to things beyond his rather limited sphere of vision1 and a moderate quantity of the usual newspaper political wisdom1 upon which we place1 of course1 a very low estimate4 ,the real substance of the book1 however1 which is the testimony of the writer respecting what he learned by personal observation respecting the army of ,don ,carlos and the state of things in ,spain1 is of the highest value and interest4 ,we have not read a book with so much pleasure for a long time4 ,the author takes us right into the ,carlist camp and the romantic ,vasco ,navarrese country where ,don ,carlos is king1 into the company of his generals and soldiers1 into the houses of the parish priests1 and among the loyal1 religious peasantry4 ,he has no sympathy with the religion of the ,spaniards or the cause of ,don ,carlos1 and his favorable testimony to the piety1 morality1 bravery1 and good discipline of the faithful soldiers and subjects of the gallant prince are beyond cavil4 ,the history of the eccentric and famous ,cur of ,santa ,cruz is most curious4 ,the authentic narrative of facts concerning the ,carlist movement makes it evident to our mind that the prospects of ultimate and complete success in the effort of ,don ,carlos to gain possession of the kingdom are very encouraging4 ,mr4 ,thiblin does not confine himself to an account of his experience in the ,carlist camps4 ,he gives a great deal of information gathered from the visits he made to the quarters of the ,republicans1 personal observation of the state of things in ,madrid and other places1 and conversations with prominent personages4 ,he can appreciate what is admirable in ,spain and the ,spaniards much better than most non-,catholics2 and being wholly free from ,protestant sympathies1 perceives clearly and ridicules freely the sham of ,evangelical missions with their invariable concomitant of boastful and calumnious lying4 ,as a very good sort of heathen1 and an extremely clever man1 with a fine taste for what is beautiful1 and an eclectic habit of mind1 he gives just and charming descriptions of many things in that ,catholic country and people--in short1 understanding the principles and causes which have produced that which he partially approves1 but cannot estimate at its full worth1 as he would do if he were a thorough and intelligent ,catholic1 in respect to the state of ,catholic religion and piety in ,spain1 his account of the lapse from ancient faith is partly correct1 but one-sided and imperfect1 as that of a foreign and anti-,catholic observer must be4 ,in respect to morality and general well-being and happiness1 he is a competent witness1 and his testimony shows how much better1 happier1 and more refined1 in the true sense1 the ,spanish people1 even in their present disorganized state are1 than the mass of the population in ,england or the ,united ,states4 ,in regard to ,spanish politics1 he sympathizes1 of course1 most perfectly with ,castelar and the orderly1 moderate ,republicans1 and next to these with the party of ,don ,alfonso4 ,he makes an elaborate argument in favor of the claim of this young prince to be the inheritor of all the rights of ,ferdinand ,,vii4 ,in our opinion1 ,don ,carlos has the most valid title to this inheritance4 ,but as we have no time to prove this1 we must waive the question of legitimacy4 ,there is another right which has precedence of any right to inherit the throne3 ,this is the right of the ,church and nation to have restored and preserved the ancient heritage of the ,spanish nation1 those laws and institutions1 and that government which are necessary to the religious and political well being of the whole people4 ,the rgime of the ,christinos was destructive to both1 and almost the whole nation acquiesced in the expulsion of ,isabella4 ,we do not think that the majority of even that portion of the ,spaniards who are at present subject to ,don ,alfonso really consent to his rule1 or that there is any guarantee that it will be better than that of the late queen4 ,he has been taken up by the ,liberals as a pis aller1 and is only tolerated by the greater part of those who are loyal to the religion and constitution of the ,spanish monarchy4 ,don ,carlos1 as his own published statements1 particularly his recent letter to ,louis ,veuillot1 prove1 is the champion of religious and political regeneration4 ,it is1 therefore1 desirable that his claim to the crown should be lawfully ratified1 and receive whatever may be requisite to make it a perfect right in actual possession1 by the act of the ,spanish nation4 ,we may say the same of the ,comte de ,chambord in respect to the throne of ,france4 ,this is a sufficient reason why ,catholics1 even ,american ,catholics1 who are faithful to the ,republic here1 because it is an established and legitimate order1 should be hostile to the ,republican party in ,spain and ,france1 and to any kind of patched-up liberalistic monarchy in either country1 and wish for the success of ,don ,carlos and ,henri de ,bourbon4 ,there are some very good ,catholics who think differently1 even such staunch champions of the ,catholic cause as our illustrious friend the ,bishop of ,salford1 the editor of the ,london ,tablet1 and ,dr4 ,ward4 ,they seem to us to be mistaken and inconsistent1 and we agree personally with the ,civilt ,cattolica and the ,univers that the cause of ,charles ,,vii4 and ,henry ,v4 is the same with that of ,pius ,,ix4 considered as a temporal sovereign1 and closely connected with the triumph of his rights as ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,we have1 moreover1 the confident hope that the one will yet reign over regenerated ,spain and the other over regenerated ,france1 after the infamous ,prussian tyranny shall have been trampled in the dust1 and the usurper of the ,quirinal shall have met the fate of all foregoing oppressors of the ,holy ,see4 ,,dios1 ,,patria1 ,y ,,rey is the true watchword of beautiful1 ,catholic1 unhappy ,spain4 ,a ,,pilgrimage ,,to ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,the ,,cid4 ,translated from the ,french of ,frederic ,ozanam4 ,by ,p4 ,s4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,this little volume1 by the eminent writer and lecturer ,prof4 ,ozanam1 supplies much that was wanting in the one just noticed1 in its appreciative sketches of ,catholic objects and traditions4 ,the book was the result of a tour made a year before the author's death4 ,it would be a good travelling companion in the country described1 or elsewhere4 ,a ,,full ,,catechism ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,religion 7preceded by a ,short ,history of ,religion71 from the ,creation of the ,world to the ,present ,time4 ,with ,questions for ,examination4 ,translated from the ,german of the ,rev4 ,joseph ,deharbe1 ,s4,j41 by the ,rev4 ,john ,fander4 ,first ,american ,edition4 ,permissu ,superiorum4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 8,this is the most celebrated catechism of the century1 has been most extensively approved and brought into use1 and will be of great service to those who are employed in teaching young people the ,christian doctrine1 as well as for the instruction of converts40 ,we can add nothing to the above notice of the ,london edition of this catechism1 which heretofore appeared in this magazine1 except to say that the ,american edition has been revised and corrected1 and adopted into the ,young ,catholic's ,school ,series4 ,,the ,,victims ,,of ,,the ,,mamertine4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,o',reilly1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahge4 ,the ,martyrs of the ,coliseum will have prepared the reader for another treat in this later work of the same author4 ,dr4 ,o',reilly is one of the most diligent workers of the rich mine of ,christian traditions so successfully explored by ,cardinal ,wiseman1 in the preparation of ,fabiola4 ,the author properly claims great authenticity for the records of this prison1 the high position of its victims rendering the task of identification one of comparative ease4 ,while the world is being filled with the exploits of 8the heroes of paganism1 who were at best but tyrants and murderers10 we should not ignore the deeds of those truer heroes--the persecuted champions of the early ,christian ,church4 ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,faith2 or1 ,what ,i ,must do to ,believe4 ,by ,bishop ,hedley1 ,o4,s4,b4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,this brochure is made up of a series of lectures delivered in ,st4 ,peter's1 ,cardiff1 by its right reverend author4 ,the reader will not have proceeded far to be convinced of the opportuneness of the subjects discussed1 and the competence of the writer1 who may also be recognized as a former contributor to these pages4 ,,sermons ,,for ,,every ,,sunday ,,in ,,the ,,year1 ,,and ,,for ,,the ,,leading ,,holidays ,,of ,,obligation4 ,by ,rev4 ,william ,gahan4 ,with a ,preface by the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,walsh4 ,edited by ,rev4 ,j4 ,o',leary1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahge4 ,the reverend clergy will be content with the announcement of a new edition of these standard discourses4 ,their quality was long ago determined4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxi41 ,no4 #abe4--;,,august1 #ahge4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,persecution ,,in ,,switzerland ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,generale4 ,for seven months have we kept silence on the religious persecution in ,switzerland4 ,not that during that interval the rage of the persecutors has become appeased2 very far from it4 ,but the spectacle they afford is so repulsive to the conscience that the pen falls from the hand in disgust whilst narrating their exploits4 ,nevertheless1 we suppose it may be of service to give a complete although succinct history of the violence and hypocrisy of ,swiss liberalism4 ,and for that reason we renew our recital4 ,up to the present time1 the persecution has only raged in two dioceses1 the smallest1 ,geneva1 and the largest1 ,basel4 ,but elsewhere the fire smoulders beneath the ashes1 and everything goes to prove that1 if the liberals should succeed in overthrowing the church in the cantons where they have inaugurated their barbarous and intolerant rule1 they will continue their efforts even into the heart of the country4 ,already1 indeed1 here and there1 outside of the two just-named dioceses1 they reveal their intentions by isolated measures4 ,thus at ,st4 ,gall1 the cantonal council1 the majority of which consists of ,protestants and free-thinkers1 has forbidden the ,catholic clergy to teach the ,syllabus and the dogma of ,papal ,infallibility2 and1 as the clergy have refused to obey such an order1 the ,council of ,public ,instruction has withdrawn from them the teaching the catechism during ,lent1 and has placed the duty in the hands of schoolmasters in absolute dependence on the state4 ,this example betrays the intention of liberalism1 in the name of liberty1 no longer to tolerate any religion but such as is fashioned by its own hand4 ,this intention is now betraying itself openly in the two dioceses of ,geneva and ,basel4 ,it is useless to speak of the rights of ,catholics consecrated by treaties1 to invoke the respect due to their conscience2 useless is it to adduce in their behalf the religious equality which they scrupulously maintain in the cantons1 such as ,lucerne and ,freyburg1 where they have the superiority2 useless to insist on their patriotism1 and on their loyal submission to laws which do not encroach on the domain of religion4 ,no1 there are no rights for ,catholics1 there is no justice for them2 and when it is a question of attacking them1 the end justifies the means4 ,this is no invention of ours4 ,we will cite a few examples in support of our assertion4 ,m4 ,teuscher in the canton of ,bern1 and ,m4 ,carteret at ,geneva1 have founded churches to which they have assigned the name of ,catholic1 which they support with unusual zeal4 ,now1 in the journal of these churches1 the ,dmocratie catholique1 which is published at ,bern1 of the date of ,january #b1 is the following statement3 8,ultramontanes are malefactors1 and there is no liberty for malefactors40 ,it may be objected1 that these words are merely the expression of an individual opinion4 ,let us listen then to ,m4 ,carteret1 speaking1 about the same time1 before the ,grand ,council of ,geneva3 8,ultramontanism is dangerous2 it is necessary to combat it1 to make on it a war of extermination and without mercy2 it is affectation to dream of being just and equitable with such an adversary40 ,a little later on1 in the same assembly1 a credit was voted for the maintenance of candidates for ,catholic cures1 whose rightful possessors had been arbitrarily ejected2 and when ,m4 ,vogt expressed his astonishment that the canton should keep a tavern for liberal abbs1 a deputy exclaimed1 8,we shall act as we please40 ,it would seem impossible for cynicism to go beyond this4 ,but no2 the brutality of despotism was able to surpass even it4 ,at the moment when1 in the canton of ,soleure1 the people were summoned to vote the suppression of the secular foundations1 of which we shall speak presently1 one of their journals published the following3 8,if we should be conquered1 and the blacks should defeat the measure1 we shall handle the knife40 ,it sounds like a sinister echo of #agic4 ,what can be the object of the persecutors8 ,is it the substitution of ,protestantism for ,catholicity8 ,scarcely4 ,protestants who really believe in their religion disapprove of these iniquities4 ,the object is akin1 rather1 we may be sure1 to the sentiment lately given utterance to by the ,pastor ,lang of ,zurich3 8,we are slowly but surely approaching the end towards which the development of our spiritual life is urging us1 to wit1 the suppression and disappearance of all churches40 ,the same sentiment had been expressed during the debates on the federal revision by ,m4 ,welti4 8,he who would wish to be free must not belong to any church4 ,no church gives liberty4 ,the state alone gives that40 ,in other words1 the ideal to be aimed at is the reign of the state over soul as well as body4 ,after this1 can we wonder at the cry of alarm issuing from a quarter not at least to be suspected of ,catholic bias8 ,it is a ,protestant journal--l',union jurassienne--which exclaims1 8,the star of liberty pales1 the shadows of spiritual despotism are gathering around us40 ,but the cry is lost in the desert4 ,despotism throws those who exercise it into a kind of intoxication2 every one of the excesses to which it commits itself becomes the source of fresh ones4 ,its last word is proscription1 when it is not the scaffold4''' ,in the diocese of ,basel the crimes of liberalism have been perpetrated principally at ,soleure1 in the ,jura1 and at ,bern4 ,we will review them successively4 ,at ,soleure1 the ,benedictine monastery of ,maria-,stein1 the collegiate church of ,schoenwerth1 and that of ,s4 ,urs and ,s4 ,victor have been overthrown at one stroke4 ,the monastery of ,maria-,stein was founded in #ajhe1 and had cleared and cultivated the country4 ,but the church can no more reckon upon the gratitude of its enemies than upon their justice4 ,they determined to seize the property of the convent1 to convert the building into a madhouse1 and to mock justice with the bestowal of a trifling alms on the religious thus iniquitously dispossessed4 ,at the first news of this project1 the ex-,father ,hyacinthe again gave expression to the indignation he had exhibited before on similar provocation1 and sent to the abbot of the monastery a protest against 8this attack on property and religion40 ,the foundation of the collegiate church of ,schoenwerth1 situated near ,olten1 dates from the ,xth century4 ,it had only five canons1 who served four parishes1 and gave instruction in the schools4 ,that of ,s4 ,urs and ,s4 ,victor from the ,v,i,i,ith4 ,it was erected into a cathedral in #ahbh2 when the residence of the ,bishop of ,basel was transferred to ,soleure4 ,its chapter has kept perpetual watch for nearly a thousand years at the tombs of the ,theban martyrs4 ,these venerable memories arrested not the arms of the spoilers4 ,what was wanted was to punish the canons of ,schoenwerth and of ,soleure for their loyalty to their bishop1 and at the same time to get possession of the endowments they administered4 ,consequently1 the suppression of the two collegiate churches1 as well as of the monastery of ,maria-,stein1 was submitted to the popular vote4 ,it was adopted by #h1cef votes against #e1hif4 ,but when it is remembered that the majority included about #c1jjj ,protestants1 besides the manufacturing population of ,olten1 who are in complete subjection to the tyranny of their ,freemason employers2 that more than #c1jjj timid ,catholics abstained from voting1 and that the women and children were not consulted1 there can remain no doubt that once again a ,catholic majority has been sacrificed to a coalition of ,protestants and free-thinkers4 ,however it may be1 this vote remarkably facilitated the object the liberals have had in view for some time1 namely1 of abolishing the chapter of ,basel4 ,this chapter consisted of canons from seven states of the diocese--,bern1 ,basel1 ,thurgau1 ,aargau1 ,soleure1 ,zug1 ,lucerne4 ,the state of ,soleure having suppressed its own1 and the states of ,aargau and ,bern being urged to do the same to theirs1 the conference of the diocesan states1 on the #bast ,december1 decreed the suppression of the chapter itself and the sale of its effects4 ,the support of five of these states had been procured4 ,no heed was taken of the opposition of ,lucerne and ,zug4 ,and it is asserted that it is in the name of religious liberty that ,swiss liberalism has deprived the diocese of ,basel of its bishop and its chapter6 ,but what cares liberalism for the rights of ,catholic consciences8 ,however1 in thus decapitating the diocese it was carrying out a purpose on which it was inexorably bent4 ,it had long resolved to create a national church calling itself ,catholic1 and it hugged the illusion that the suppression of the ,catholic bishoprics would contribute to the success of this design4 ,it is in pursuance of the same object that it opened in ,bern1 in the month of ,october1 a faculty of ,old ,catholic theology4 ,these facts display a complete change of tactics on the part of unbelief4 ,in the last century1 ,voltaire and his satellites tried to batter down the church1 without dreaming of putting anything in her place4 ,they failed4 ,their successors of to-day adopt another plan4 ,it is to create anti-,catholic churches1 calling themselves ,catholic1 to which they do not belong1 whose dogmas they abjure1 and whose priests they despise4 ,they trust thus to satisfy the people1 whilst retaining for themselves the benefits of unbelief4 ,next1 in the month of ,october1 the government of ,bern opened1 in the federal capital1 a faculty of theology1 which it called 8faculty of ,catholic theology10 and it invited chiefly foreigners to occupy its chairs4 ,it nominated dean of the faculty a ,german1 that unfortunate ,dr4 ,friedrich of ,munich1 who was amongst the first to follow ,dllinger in his perversity1 and they appointed as his subordinates a few apostates picked up wherever they could find them4 ,eight students1 almost all from the canton of ,soleure1 the real focus of ,swiss liberalism1 were enrolled4 ,with such a contingent1 the dream of a national church does not appear certain to be realized4 ,but the government of ,bern flatters itself that in time the number of students will increase1 and that it will thus have at its disposal submissive agents ready to assist it in its detestable undertaking1 the perversion of the ,jura4 ,the ,jura6 ,it is impossible to cast a glance around that unfortunate country without being filled with gratitude to ,god for the religious heroism it perseveres in displaying in the presence of a powerful and treacherous enemy who is striving to crush it utterly4 ,it is notorious that the ninety-seven parishes of the ,jura have been arbitrarily reconstructed by the government of ,bern2 and that1 after having reduced them to the number of twenty-five1 it finally increased them to forty-two4 ,nothing has been left undone to place at the head of every one of these an apostate priest4 ,but in spite of all its efforts it has only been able to muster seventeen4 ,besides1 what trouble do the recruits swept up from all the by-ways of ,europe cause them6 ,some have already sent in their resignation4 ,thus it was with ,giaut1 curate of ,bonfol1 who1 in a public letter announced his abandonment of the mission he had assumed1 8because he saw no immediate prospect of the realization1 in the ,jura1 of his aspirations and ideas40 ,of the same kind was the course pursued by d',omer ,camerle1 who1 on his withdrawal1 declared that the new clergy1 8utterly despised by the liberals and execrated by the ultramontanes1 were attempting a work which was entirely useless if not contemptible40 ,others have been obliged to escape1 or had to evade justice4 ,we have before narrated the misfortunes of ,rupplin4 ,his rival ,naudot1 arrested for abduction of a minor1 was condemned to six months' imprisonment4 ,in his defence1 made by himself1 he demanded1 8,am ,i more guilty than ,giaut1 cur of ,bonfol1 who calls himself ,guiot2 than ,choisel1 cur of ,courgenay1 whose real name is ,chastel2 than ,dramey1 who calls himself ,pipy80 ,we must1 however1 state to his credit that he abjured his errors and returned into the bosom of the church4 ,at ,bienne1 the intruder1 ,st4 ,ange ,livre1 threw off the mask1 and married a ,protestant named ,tsantr-,boll4 ,the union was blessed by ,m4 ,saintes1 a ,protestant minister1 after an address by ,m4 ,hurtault1 from ,geneva1 who complimented his colleague 8for having had the courage to throw off the yoke of bondage imposed upon him by the ,roman papacy40 ,this was overshooting the mark4 ,the intruders may commit all imaginable escapades without provoking attention4 ,but they must not marry4 ,it reveals prematurely the programme of the free-thinkers of ,bern1 who1 in order to conciliate the population of the ,jura1 declare that they have no intention to meddle with the dogmas of the church4 ,accordingly1 the 8,provisionary ,catholic ,synodal ,commission10 in a letter addressed to 8,,mm4 the curates of the ,jura10 8severely rebuked the deplorable example given by ,m4 ,st4 ,ange ,livre1 and promised to demand from the authorities a remedy1 which could not be refused if another member of the clergy should venture to violate the venerable laws of the church40 ,ludicrous imbecility6 ,they will try to hinder for the future a renewal of these wanton freaks1 but they respect what has been already perpetrated4 ,and so ,m4 ,livre and his ,protestant wife remain at the head of the parish of ,bienne6 ,but do any of the intruded meet with success in their propaganda8 ,no6 ,at ,alle1 ,salis rings the bell for ,masses which he does not say4 ,at ,bienne1 only twenty or thirty persons attend the service of ,st4 ,ange ,livre4 ,at ,delmont1 the chief place of the district1 enjoying a radical priest1 a radical president of the tribunal1 radical functionaries1 so empty is the church usurped by ,portaz-,grassis that1 on the #gth of ,january1 the council of the parish gave vent to the following cry of distress in a circular addressed to 8,liberal ,catholics03 8,the religious question in the ,jura being intimately associated with the political one1 it is important1 now that our national church is constituted on solid and legal foundations1 that all liberals should support this church and sustain the majority of the ,bernese people in the steps that have been taken4 ,it must be remembered that the majority of the ,bernese people is ,protestant4 8,yet is our worship little frequented1 and our enemies proclaim everywhere that our church is deserted4 8,in presence of this carelessness--we may say1 even of this culpable indifference--we make a last appeal to the patriotic sentiments of the liberal ,catholics of ,delmont1 beseeching them to assist more regularly at the ,sunday ,mass1 and above all to induce their wives and children to be present at it4 ,if ,catholics 6 will not show more zeal in supporting the liberal curate and the council of the parish1 the latter will resign in globo the charge entrusted to it40 ,nothing1 however1 discourages the government of ,bern1 and in conformity with the law of worship1 voted some months ago1 it has obliged the new parishes of the ,jura to proceed to the formation of parochial councils1 and to the nomination1 or rather confirmation1 of the intruding curates4 ,but here1 also1 what deception6 ,out of #ab1jjj electors1 only the tenth part voted4 ,in #bh communes1 not a single elector presented himself at the ballot4 ,in the others1 the number was laughably small4 ,at ,st4 ,imier1 for instance1 out of #a1icc electors1 only eight answered the summons4 ,at ,moustier1 out of #a1dbi1 only #bd4 ,no less significant are the numbers of votes polled for the elected curates3 ,fontenais3 ,m4 d',abbadie 7,frenchman7 had #gg votes out of #a1fea electors4 ,courtemaiche3 ,m4 ,coffignal 7,frenchman7 had #ae votes out of #a1fhc electors4 ,undervelier3 ,m4 ,salis 7,italian7 had #ac votes out of #a1jdf electors4 ,courroux3 ,m4 ,maestrelli 7,italian7 had #fj votes out of #a1eeg electors4 ,roggenburg3 ,m4 ,oser 7,german7 had #dj votes out of #dfe electors4 ,bislach3 ,m4 ,schoenberger 7,german7 had #cc votes out of #ffi electors4 ,dittengen3 ,m4 ,fuchs 7,austrian7 had #cc votes out of #ffg electors4 ,bienne3 ,m4 ,st4 ,ange ,livre 7,frenchman7 had #ej votes out of #a1jdj electors4 ,imagine the ,bernese government being eager to confirm nominations made under such circumstances6 ,as to the ,catholics1 they continue to assemble in barns and cart-sheds1 and there to lift with faith their hands towards heaven1 and to rest firm in their fidelity4 ,this attitude only aggravates the rage of their persecutors4 ,we have already spoken of the suppression of the ,ursulines of ,porrentruy4 ,the last remaining religious congregation in that town could not long escape the same fate4 ,it was that of the ,sisters of ,charity of ,ste4 ,ursanne1 who had for twenty years ministered in the hospital for the poor of the chief town of the ,bernese ,jura4 ,they began with seizing their chapel and handing it over to schism4 ,then1 without any pretext1 they cast into prison the ,superior and two of the ,sisters1 where they remained four days4 ,at length1 one fine morning1 they were informed that they must leave the place within four hours2 at the expiration of which period1 if they had not left1 8they would be forcibly expelled40 ,the execution soon followed the sentence2 and these religious ladies1 whose presence had only been known by good works1 were1 in their turn1 compelled to tread the path of exile6 ,in spite of the implacable intolerance of their enemies1 the ,jurassians do not cease petitioning the federal authorities2 and to the number of #i1jjj they have demanded the restitution of their churches and of their ecclesiastical property1 the re-establishment of the ,catholic worship1 and the recall of the #ig priests unjustly expelled4 ,the restitution of the churches1 and the re-establishment of the ,catholic as a public worship1 have been flatly refused1 on the plea that there cannot exist in the canton any other public ,catholic worship than that established by the law of ,january1 #ahgd6 ,but the federal council1 notwithstanding its notorious hostility1 shrunk from an open and avowed approbation of the ostracism of the faithful priests2 and it requested of the ,bernese government an explanation of the reasons which1 in its opinion1 justified the continuance of that rigorous measure2 reserving to itself to give a subsequent decision on the appeal which had been made to it4 ,opinions are divided as to the real intentions of the federal council1 and at the moment when we write the definitive decision has not been announced4 ,but whatever may be the fate of the appeal1 the situation of the church in the ,jura will remain no less lamentable4 ,whilst the ,jurassian population give1 thus1 an example of fidelity worthy of the first ages of the ,christian era1 the tempest has burst upon the ,catholic parish of the town of ,bern4 ,this parish possesses a church built by the late ,mgr4 ,baud1 predecessor of the present curate1 ,m4 ,perroulaz1 and paid for by the alms of the ,catholics of the entire country4 ,the schismatics cast longing eyes upon it2 but their designs were for a while impeded by the fear of displeasing the ambassadors4 ,this fear was unfounded4 ,for since the overthrow of governments caused by the detestable policy of ,napoleon ,,iii41 there is no longer an ,europe2 and everywhere violence and injustice1 having nothing to fear from the once protective influence of the great powers1 commit themselves to every license4 ,it is thus1 then1 they set about to compass their end4 ,first1 an assembly of the parish was convoked to elect a parochial council4 ,but as such an assembly owes its existence to the late law of worship1 and as the faithful ,catholics could not consequently take any part in it1 the council was chosen by one hundred out of three hundred and sixty electors4 ,scarcely was it installed when it received a request from the professors of the ,old ,catholic faculty of ,bern1 that the church might be placed at their disposition1 for their ,masses1 worship1 and preachings4 ,it eagerly acceded to this request1 and desired ,m4 ,perroulaz to open the gates of the church to the schismatic priests of the university4 ,he refused4 ,they ordered him to give up the keys4 ,he did nothing of the kind4 ,they went to his house and took them from him2 and on ,sunday1 #bhth ,february1 ,dr4 ,friedrich and his accomplices took possession of the sanctuary4 ,m4 ,perroulaz1 to avoid scandal1 assembled his parishioners for the celebration of their worship in the great hall of the ,museum4 ,thither they flocked in crowds4 ,foremost amongst the worshippers were the ambassadors of ,france1 ,austria1 ,italy1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,brazil1 etc4 ,thirty years ago1 such a demonstration of the diplomatic body would not have remained without results4 ,but in the year of grace #ahge1 8might makes right10 and the petty tyrants of ,bern1 supported by certain foreign cabinets1 satiate with impunity their hatred of the church4 ,but even this did not content them4 ,it was not sufficient for them to have deprived ,catholics of their church4 ,they wanted1 further1 to compel ,m4 ,perroulaz to say ,mass in it together with the apostates4 ,the ,council of ,state designed1 in this way1 to place him in a position in which they might be able1 in due form of law1 to relieve him of his functions4 ,on his refusal it decided to institute a process of revocation2 and1 pending the trial1 it suspended him6 ,then he was driven out of the presbytery1 and a ,bavarian impostor was installed in his place4 ,what6 ,after having despoiled the faithful of the sanctuary built by their own hands and with their own money1 they command them1 besides1 to make common cause with renegades1 and make it a crime in their pastor to assemble them elsewhere to adore ,god according to their conscience4 ,at ,rome1 under the pagan emperors1 the ,christians had the freedom of the ,catacombs2 at ,bern1 in #ahge1 even such freedom would be grudged by the ingrates whose cradle was enlightened by the rays of divine truth6 ,at ,geneva affairs are as gloomy as in the canton of ,bern4 ,last ,august1 at the moment when we were relating the high-handed proceedings of the government1 ,m4 ,loyson had just distinguished himself by breaking his connection with the lay chiefs of the schism4 8,i will not engage10 he said1 8in useless discussions with men who confound liberalism with radicalism1 ,catholicism with the ,profession of ,faith of the ,savoyard vicar40 ,the poor apostate would1 we suspect1 have been but too glad to return to the venerable church which received his first oaths4 ,but how dispose of ,mme4 ,loyson and the little ,emmanuel8 ,he continued therefore schismatic1 and he announced that he should remain at ,geneva 8until the election of a bishop1 who1 with his synod1 was the only authority10 he added1 8which he could recognize in the religious order40 ,in pursuance of this secession1 he founded a free worship1 which has a small number of sectaries as its following4 ,as to the official church1 its misfortunes are beyond calculation4 ,the town of ,geneva itself was favored with three curates1 each receiving from four to five thousand francs a year1 and a few vicars4 ,after the retirement of ,m4 ,loyson1 the second of the three curates--,m4 ,hurtault--left1 in order to occupy one of the chairs of the ,old ,catholic faculty at ,bern4 ,it was1 no doubt1 to console the new church in these bereavements1 that one of the vicars1 ,m4 ,vergoin1 in imitation of his accomplices1 took to himself a wife in the person of a ,freyburg damsel4 ,however1 the law of the organization of religious worship enjoined on all the curates and vicars of the canton the oath of obedience to the laws4 ,the ,council of ,state shrunk for a long time from the application of this provision in the rural communes4 ,at length1 yielding to the impatience of the 8,catholic ,superior ,council10 it decreed that the oath should be taken on the #dth ,september by the seventeen curates and the two vicars officiating in the country4 ,on the appointed day1 a large crowd assembled around the entrance of the town-hall4 ,not a priest summoned presented himself4 ,they1 too1 were proud to wear the device of ,mgr4 ,lachat3 ,potius mori quam fdari6--8,death rather than shame60 ,immediately afterwards1 the ,council of ,state pronounced the aforesaid cures vacant1 and suppressed the pay of their occupiers from ,october #ca4 ,this measure was communicated to the 8,catholic ,superior ,council10 with the view of its filling the vacancies4 ,great was the embarrassment of the latter4 ,as a commencement1 it demanded of the ,council of ,state the power of disposing of the country churches from the #cast ,october4 ,the reply was that it had only to apply to the municipal authorities4 ,it then devised the plan of publishing in the journals1 amongst the advertisements1 a notice to the effect that 8the registry was open at the office of the superior council for the offices of curate and vicar in twenty-two parishes of the canton1 which had become vacant in consequence of death1 dismissal1 and revocation40 ,when at length it had found a candidate1 it resolved to present him to the parish of ,grand-,saconnex1 one of the nearest to ,geneva1 and which on that account appeared to it to be ripe for schism4 ,but only thirty-three electors out of one hundred and sixty-six responded to the call4 ,it was less than a third1 and the election was abortive in consequence4 ,such a check was suggestive4 ,the measure decreed on the #dth ,september was not put in force1 except that the salaries of the faithful curates remained suppressed4 ,but they revenged themselves by annoying the ,catholics in every possible way4 ,we will cite two instances4 ,an ,old ,catholic interment having taken place at ,hermance1 after several provocations1 the population threw some stones on the coffin of the defunct4 ,the blame was immediately laid on the curate1 and he was expelled from the canton on the pretext that 8he troubled the public peace10 said the decree1 8by his preachings1 and excited hatred of one another among the citizens40 ,no accusation could be more serious than this4 ,for1 indeed1 had he been guilty of it1 it was before the courts he should have been brought4 ,but all that was wanted then was to punish the parishioners for having1 a few days before1 given an ill reception to two intruders who had attempted to pervert the village4 ,the second is a yet sadder incident4 ,one fine day1 an ,old ,catholic inhabitant of ,geneva1 named ,maurice1 who lived close to the ,old ,catholic church1 took it into his head to have his infant child baptized by the intruding priest1 ,marchal1 in the ,catholic ,church of ,compesires1 used for two communes1 ,bardonnex and ,plan-les-,ouates4 ,on the arrival of the cortge1 the mayors of these communes1 habited in their scarfs of office1 and surrounded by their subordinates1 opposed its entry into the church1 and forced it to beat a retreat4 ,at the news of this there was great consternation at ,geneva4 ,the whim of ,m4 ,maurice was not only a violation of the liberty of religion2 it was a wanton provocation1 since he belonged to the commune of ,geneva1 and could have had his child baptized in the church of ,s4 ,germain1 of which the schism had taken possession4 ,no matter4 ,the ,council of ,state took advantage of the incident1 and ordered the mayors of ,compesires to keep the parish church open for baptism of the little ,maurice4 ,at the same time it ordered thither some squadrons of gendarmes and of carabineers1 and1 thanks to this display of the public force1 a locksmith was able to force open the doors of the sacred edifice4 ,they had it sealed with the borough-seal1 and a huge placard was stuck on it1 bearing the following inscription3 8,property is inviolable40 ,before the profanation1 a delegate from the communal authorities of ,bardonnex and of ,plan-les-,ouates had communicated to the invaders a final protest4 ,any commentary would be superfluous4 ,we limit ourselves to quoting the following words of the ,journal de ,genve3 8,what has passed at ,compesires has but too quickly justified the mournful forebodings inspired by the violent policy which is growing from bad to worse in official quarters4 ,we persist in demanding that a stop be put to this sowing the wind at the risk of reaping the whirlwind40 ,but the object had been achieved4 ,the ,catholics had been outraged1 and a pretext had been made for dismissing ,m4 de ,montfalcon1 mayor of ,plan-les-,ouates and president of 8l',union des ,campagnes40 ,it appears1 however1 that this was not enough4 ,in the bosom of the 8,catholic ,superior ,council10 ,m4 ,hridier exclaimed3 8,we must follow the course of the ,bernese government40 ,such bitter hatred can only be accounted for by the negative results of the country enterprise4 ,the firmness of the ,catholics1 in fact1 increases1 instead of growing fainter1 and they are unanimous in adopting the sentiments of a speaker of the 8,union des ,campagnes10 who exclaimed lately3 8,whatever happens we will not be found wanting4 ,if they despoil us of our churches1 they can only take the walls2 they cannot take our souls4 ,we will follow our stripped and proscribed altars even into the poverty of a barn or the darkness of a cavern4 ,if they hunt our priests from their presbyteries1 we will offer them an asylum under our modest and friendly roofs4 ,if they rob them of their salaries1 we will share with them the wages of our labor and the bread of our tables40 ,a special cause of irritation to the liberals and free-thinkers was the circumstance that scarcely had the ,catholics been despoiled of the church of ,s4 ,germain before they bought1 to replace it1 the ,temple ,unique1 formerly occupied by the ,freemasons1 and which they dedicated to the ,sacred ,heart4 ,accordingly1 no sooner had the elections for the renewal of the ,grand ,council given a majority to ,m4 ,carteret1 before that gentleman set to work to inflict a fresh blow upon the ,catholics1 by robbing them of the ,church of ,notre ,dame4 ,this magnificent church was built in #aheg by means of subscription collected throughout the ,christian world by ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 and ,m4 ,dunoyer1 the dismissed curate of ,geneva4 ,the subscriptions had been given1 we need scarcely say1 on the faith of the ,catholic worship1 and that alone1 being celebrated in the church2 and for seventeen years no other had been celebrated there4 ,for a long while ,m4 ,carteret and the free-thinking liberals had been casting longing looks on this prey4 ,they had been impeded in their designs by energetic resistance1 and1 amongst others1 by that of the ex-,father ,hyacinthe4 ,but at last they lost patience1 and at their instigation1 backed by the pressure of a populace whose worst passions they had inflamed1 the ,grand ,council1 at the beginning of ,january1 adopted an order of the day requiring the prompt execution of the law of #b;d ,november1 #ahej4 ,this law1 which had bestowed upon ,catholics the land on which the sacred edifice is built1 enacted that the administration of the church should be entrusted to a commission of five members1 chosen by the ,catholics of the parish of ,geneva4 ,by demanding the putting in force of this clause1 they hoped to form a commission of ,old ,catholics who would hand over the church to the radicals concealed under a schismatic mask4 ,we do not intend to discuss here the question of right2 although it appears clear to us that they could not justly turn against ,catholics a stipulation which had been made expressly in their favor4 ,the mere equity of the case should have sufficed to prevent1 under existing circumstances1 the application of the clause4 ,this was the view taken by two distinguished ,protestants who had not abandoned all regard for justice--,m4 ,naville and ,m4 de la ,rive4 ,the latter1 in a remarkable production1 observed3 8,there is not1 ,i think1 an impartial mind1 which1 looking at the matter from the point of view of simple equity1 will not decide in favor of that one of the two churches which has borne the whole of the large outlay by which the value of the original grant has been increased more than tenfold4 ,the spot on which now stands one of the most splendid monuments of our city would be still a waste space but for the sums collected and furnished precisely by those persons whose possession of it is now disputed4 ,notre ,dame is exclusively the work of the priests and faithful of the ,catholic ,church4 ,that is a notorious1 undisputed fact40 ,there could be no reply to language so true and striking4 ,moreover1 one of those who had collected the subscriptions1 in a published letter1 stated that 8the principal part of the sums employed in the erection of the building had been subscribed by ,roman ,catholics throughout the world1 and that he could assert and prove that those who are separated from the ,catholic ,church had nothing whatsoever to do with its construction40 ,but these protests were useless4 ,had1 however1 the sectaries the pretence that they were in a majority in ,geneva1 and that they had need of ,notre ,dame8 ,by no means4 ,and the ,chronique radical remarked it1 demanding3 8,what will you do with the church of ,notre ,dame8 ,can you fill it80 ,indeed1 no6 ,they will never be able to fill it4 ,but the object was to wrest it from the faithful--from those who flocked to it in crowds1 whose registry records1 in #ahgd1 #bfj ,baptisms1 #agj ,burials1 #fj ,marriages1 #agd ,first ,communions1 and #cj1jjj ,communions of adults2 and for whom five ,masses were celebrated every ,sunday4 ,here1 once more the end justifies the means4 ,the ,council of ,state1 moved thus to put in force the law of #ahej1 convoked the electoral body1 deciding1 as a preliminary1 that the citizens of ,geneva alone should take part in the election4 ,to understand the importance of this qualification it will suffice to observe that there are in the canton of ,geneva #be1jjj ,catholic foreigners1#adg and that1 by depriving them of the right of voting1 the ,catholic strength would be seriously weakened4 ,in spite of this subterfuge1 there was every prospect of victory for the faithful1 when1 on the very eve of the elections1 the #fth ,february1 during the afternoon1 the number of electors which1 in the morning1 stood at #a1ejj only1 was raised to #a1ibd4 ,whence these recruits at the last moment had been procured may be easily conjectured4 ,the ,courrier de ,genve asserted that it saw come to the poll 8a band of unknown individuals who appeared to be formed in brigades40 ,thanks to this reinforcement1 the free-thinking list obtained a majority of #ahg votes4 ,the commission thus elected immediately entered upon its duties1 and instead of taking their church away from the ,catholics1 it hurriedly decided that 8the inhabitants of the right bank of the ,rhone and of the ,lake1 who belong to the religion recognized by the state1 should be at liberty to perform in the temple the ceremonies of ,baptism1 ,marriage1 and ,burial10 and that it reserved for itself to take what steps it might deem advisable to take against ecclesiastics who should give occasion to just complaints1 specially in aught that concerns the public peace1 obedience to the laws1 and the respect due to magistrates4 ,these resolutions were on the point of being executed when ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 ,m4 ,dunoyer1 as representatives of the subscribers1 and ,m4 ,lany1 rector of ,notre ,dame1 claimed1 before the courts1 the ownership of the edifice4 ,do judges still exist at ,geneva8 ,it remains to be seen4 ,but this was not all4 ,on the #fth ,april1 at five o'clock in the morning1 the recently-elected commission had the doors of the church broken open by a locksmith1 protected by a squad of gendarmes and police-agents2 after which seals were placed on the doors1 and further worship interdicted6 ,the situation becomes thus more and more critical4 ,m4 ,carteret envies ,m4 ,bismarck his laurels1 and1 supported by all that is evil in ,geneva1 we must expect to see him rush headlong to the utmost extremities4 ,far distant1 indeed1 is the time when one could talk of ,swiss liberty4 ,the violence of every description which has gone on increasing in the old ,helvetic land demonstrates that despotism can run riot as savagely under a republican form of government as under any other2 and that they who cry out the most lustily against the tyranny of kings are themselves tyrants of the worst kind when they have power in their hands4 ,it is clear that in the course they are pursuing the ,swiss radicals will not suffer themselves to be distanced by any one4 ,they have formed a vast association1 called the ,volksverein1 at one of whose meetings1 held at ,olten last autumn1 a programme was voted containing the following clause3 8,the moment has arrived for the application of the principles which are the foundation of the new federal party4 ,in order to crush for ever the influence of ,ultramontanism it is not enough to emancipate from the church the individual as such1 it is necessary that churches themselves should be governed democratically and nationally and that every hierarchical institution be suppressed1 as dangerous to the state and to liberty2 and that1 by virtue of ,art4 #ej of the new constitution1 the existing bishoprics be suppressed by the federal assembly40 ,the hypocrites6 ,they dare to take the name of liberty upon their lips6 ,true1 the 8,national ,convention10 and the ,paris 8,commune10 they too scribbled the word everywhere6 ,the demonstrations1 the principal of which we have indicated1 must end in the definitive constitution of the projected national church1 before which all will be expected to bow the knee1 as the pagans demanded of the primitive church to adore their false gods4 ,active negotiations for this object are being carried on between five states of the ancient diocese of ,basel1 the cantons of ,zurich1 ,schaffhausen1 ,ticino1 ,geneva1 etc4 ,it has been decided to have a bishop4 ,all will be required to submit to this bishop4 ,but he will have a superior in the form of a synod composed of sectaries of all creeds or of no creed1 and these will enjoy1 in his regard1 the right of deposition4 ,it is asserted that ,m4 ,reinkens will consecrate the new bishop4 ,the consecration of an apostate does not share in the promise of indefectibility4 ,anyhow1 the ,old ,catholics will not succeed in erecting a serious edifice4 ,to found a church there are needed faith1 zeal1 devotedness1 religious conviction4 ,radicals and free-thinkers have none of these4 ,without belief of any kind1 their one aim is the overthrow of all religion4 ,let them1 then1 seize our churches--let them decree the formation of an ecclesiastical hierarchy6 ,the profaned churches will be deserted1 their priests will be despised1 and again they will be taught the lesson that the ,living ,god does not preside over schismatics and heretics6 ,,coffin ,,flowers4 ,and doth ,saint ,peter ope the gates ,of heaven to such a toll8 ,or do you think this show of flowers ,will deck my naked soul8 ,perhaps you wish the folks to know ,how much you can afford2 ,and prove upon my coffin-lid ,you don't 8let out10 nor board4 ,oh6 cast an humble flower or two ,upon my funeral bier2 ,and drop upon my lifeless form ,one true1 love-speaking tear4 ,but take away these shop-made things1 ,they mock my sighs and groans2 ,and soon1 like me1 will rot1 and show ,their framework1 like my bones4 ,god only asks if my poor soul ,a wedding garment wears4 ,a bridal wreath8 ,yes1 make it up ,of flowers4 ,god's flowers are prayers6 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,search ,,renewed4 ,everybody was late next day at the ,court2 everybody except ,clide de ,winton1 whose waking dreams being brighter than any that his pillow could suggest1 had deserted it at a comparatively early hour1 and had been for a stroll in the park before breakfast4 ,he re-entered the house whistling an air from ,don ,giovanni1 and went into the library1 where he expected to find ,sir ,simon4 ,the baronet generally came in there to read his letters when there were people staying in the house4 ,the library was a noble room with its six high pointed windows set in deep mullions1 and its walls wainscoted with books on the east and west--rich-clad volumes of crimson and brown1 with the gold letters of their names relieving the sombre hues like thin streaks of light1 while at intervals great old florentines in folios 8garmented in white0 made a break in the general solemnity4 ,the end opposite the windows was left clear for a group of family portraits2 and beneath these1 as ,clide burst into the room1 there stood a living group1 conversing together in low tones1 and with anxious1 harassed faces4 ,mrs4 de ,winton1 contrary to her custom1 had on a gray cashmere dressing-gown1 whose soft1 clinging drapery gave her tall figure some resemblance to a classical statue2 she was leaning her arm on the high mantel-piece1 with an open letter in her hand1 which she was apparently discussing with deep annoyance1 and with a cloud of incredulity on her handsome1 cold features2 the admiral was striking the marble with his clenched hand1 and looking steadily at the bronze clock1 as if vehemently remonstrating with it for marking ten minutes to eleven2 ,sir ,simon was standing with his hands in his pockets1 his back against the base of ,cicero's bust1 very nearly as white as the ,roman orator himself4 ,the three figures started when ,clide opened the door4 ,he felt instantaneously that something was amiss1 but there was a momentary pause before he said3 8,has anything happened80 ,mrs4 de ,winton1 seeing that no one else spoke1 came forward3 8,nothing that we are certain of2 but your uncle has received a letter that has shocked and startled us a good deal1 although it seems on the face of it quite impossible that the thing can be true4 ,but you will be brave1 ,clide1 and meet it as becomes a ,christian40 ,she spoke calmly1 but her voice trembled a little4 8,for heaven's sake what is it80 said ,clide1 a horrible thought darting through him like a sting4 ,why did his uncle keep looking away from him8 8,uncle1 what is it80 8,it is a letter from ,ralph ,cromer--you remember your uncle's old valet8--he is in ,london now2 he was at ,glanworth on that dreadful night4''' ,my dear boy10 laying her hand kindly on his arm1 8it may be a mere fancy of his2 in fact1 it seems impossible for a moment to admit of its being anything else2 but ,cromer says he has seen her4'''0 8,seen whom8 ,my dead wife ''' ,isabel6 ,the man is mad60 8,it must be a delusion2 we are certain it is2 but still it has given us a shock10 said his stepmother4 8,what does the man say8 ,show me his letter60 ,she handed it to him4 8,,honored ,,master3 ,i am hard set to believe it2 but if it an't her1 it's her ghost as ,i seen this mornin' comin' out of a house in ,wimpole ,street1 and though ,i ran after her as hard as my bad leg 'ud let me1 she jumped into a cab and was off before ,i could get another look of her4 ,it was the young missis1 ,master ,clide's wife1 as you buried eight year ago1 ,sir1 as ,i'm a live man2 unless ,i went blind of a sudden and saw wrong1 which an't likely1 as you know to the last my eyes was strong and far-seein'4 ,i went back to the house1 but the man could tell me nothin' except as all sorts of people keep comin' and goin' with the toothache1 in and out1 his employer bein' a dentist1 and too busy to be disturbed with questions as didn't pay4 ,i lose no time in acquaintin' you of1 honored master1 and remain yours dutifully to command1 ,,ralph ,,cromer40 ,there was a dead silence in the room while ,clide read the letter4 ,every one of the six eyes was fixed on him eagerly4 ,he crushed the paper in his hand1 and sat down without uttering a word4 8,don't let yourself be scared too quickly1 ,de ,winton10 said ,sir ,simon2 8it is perfectly clear to my mind that the thing is a mere imagination of ,cromer's2 he's nearly in his dotage2 he sees somebody who bears a strong likeness to a person he knew nearly eight years ago1 and he jumps at the conclusion that it is that person40 ,clide made no answer to this1 but turned round and faced his uncle1 who still stood with his hand clenched stolidly on the mantel-piece4 8,uncle1 what do you think of it80 he said hoarsely4 ,the admiral walked deliberately towards the sofa and sat down beside his nephew4 ,before he spoke he held out his horny palm1 and grasped ,clide's hand tightly4 ,the action was too significant not to convey to ,clide all it was meant--perhaps unconsciously--to express4 ,the admiral did not believe the story to be the phantom of dotage2 he believed ,cromer had seen ,isabel4 8,my boy10 he said1 speaking in a harsh1 abrupt tone1 as if the words were being dragged out of him1 8,i can say nothing until we have investigated the matter4 ,an hour ago ,i would have sworn it was absurd1 impossible4 ,i would have said1 with an oath1 it cannot be true4 ,i saw her laid in her coffin and buried at ,st4 ,valry4 ,but ,i might have sworn falsely4 ,several days had elapsed between the death and the burial2 the features were swollen1 scarcely recognizable4 ,i took it perhaps too readily for granted that they were hers2 ,i ought to have looked closer and longer2 but ,i shrank from looking at all2 ,i only glanced2 they showed me the hair2 it was the same length and apparently the same color1 deep jet black2 the height too corresponded4 ,this1 as well as all the collateral evidence1 satisfied me at once as to the identity4 ,it may be that ,i was too rash1 too anxious to be convinced40 ,clide was silent for a few moments4 ,then he said3 8,where did the dentist live that gave us the clew before80 8,in ,wimpole ,street40 ,clide drew away his hand quickly from his uncle's with a visible shudder4 ,the coincidence had done its work with the others before he came in4 ,an inarticulate exclamation1 full of passionate emotion of some sort1 broke from him4 8,come1 come10 said ,sir ,simon1 striding towards the window1 8it's sheer nonsense to take for granted that the house is burnt down because there's a smell of fire4 ,the coincidences are strange1 very singular certainly2 but such things happen every day4 ,i stick to my first impression that it's nothing but a delusion of ,cromer's in the first instance1 to which the chance similarity of the dentist's address gives a color of reality too faint to be worth more than it actually is4 ,you must go up to town at once1 and clear away the mistake2 it's too monstrous to be anything else40 ,he spoke in a very determined manner1 as if he were too thoroughly convinced himself to doubt of convincing others4 ,clide made a resolute effort to be convinced4 8,yes1 you say truly2 it's unreasonable to accept the story without further evidence4 ,i will go in search of it without an hour's delay4 ,uncle1 you will come with me80 8,yes1 my boy1 yes2 we will go together2 we must start in about an hour from this0--pulling out his watch--8meantime1 come in and have your breakfast2 it wont help matters to travel on an empty stomach40 ,mrs4 de ,vinton left the room hurriedly2 the others were following2 but ,clide had weightier things on his mind than breakfast2 he closed the door after his uncle and turned round1 facing ,sir ,simon4 ,the latter was the first to speak4 8,has anything definite passed between you and ,franceline80 ,it was precisely to speak about this that he had detained ,sir ,simon1 yet when the baronet broached the subject in this frank1 straight-to-the-point way1 he answered him almost savagely3 8,what's the use of reminding me of her now6 ,as if the thought were not already driving me mad60 8,i must speak of it4 ,whatever misery may be in store for the rest of us1 ,i am responsible for her share in it4 ,i insist upon knowing how far things have gone between you4 ,have you distinctly committed yourself80 8,if following a woman like her shadow1 and hanging on every word she says1 and telling her by every look and tone that he worships the ground she walks on--if you call that distinctly committing myself1 ,i shouldn't think you needed to ask40 8,have you asked her to be your wife80 8,not in so many words40 8,does she care for you8 ,de ,winton1 be honest with me4 ,this is no time for squeamishness4 ,speak out to me as man to man4 ,i feel towards this young girl as if she were my own child4 ,i have known all along how it was with you4 ,but how about her8 ,have ,i guessed right--does she love you80 8,god help me6 ,god help us both60 ,and with this passionate cry ,clide turned away and1 hiding his face in his hands1 let himself fall into a chair4 8,god help you1 my poor lad6 ,and ,god forgive me60 muttered ,sir ,simon4 ,the accent of self-reproach in which the prayer was uttered smote ,clide to the heart2 it stirred all that was noble and unselfish within him1 and in the midst of his overwhelming anguish bade him forget himself to comfort his friend4 8,you have nothing to reproach yourself with2 you acted like a true friend1 like a father to me4 ,you meant to make me the happiest of men1 to give me a treasure that ,i never could be worthy of4 ,god bless you for it60 ,he held out his hand1 and grasped ,sir ,simon's4 8,no1 nobody is to blame2 it is my own destiny that pursues me4 ,i thought ,i had lived it down2 but ,i was mistaken4 ,i am never to live it down4 ,i could bear it if it fell upon myself alone4 ,i had grown used to it4 ,but that it should fall upon her6 ,what has she done to deserve it8''' ,what do ,i not deserve for bringing this curse upon her80 ,he rose up with flashing eye1 his whole frame quivering with passion--he struck out against the air with both arms1 as if striving to burst some invisible1 unendurable bond4 ,sir ,simon started back affrighted4 ,kind-hearted1 easy-going ,sir ,simon had never experienced the overmastering force of passion1 whether of anger or grief1 love or joy2 his was one of those natures that when the storm comes lie down and let it sweep over them4 ,he was brought now for the first time in his life in contact with the spectacle of one who did not bend under the tempest1 but rose up in frantic defiance1 breasting and resisting it4 ,he quailed before the sight2 he could not make a sign or find a word to say4 ,but the transient paroxysm of madness spent itself1 and after a few minutes ,clide said1 hopelessly yet fiercely3 8,speak to me1 why don't you1 ,harness80 ,emotion swept away his habitual tone of respect towards the man who might have been his father4 8,help me to help her6 ,what can ,i do to stand between her and this misery8 ,i must see her before ,i go1 and what in ,heaven's name shall ,i say to her80 8,you shall not see her10 said ,sir ,simon2 8you would not think of such a thing if you were in your right mind2 but you are mad1 ,de ,winton4 ,say to her1 indeed6 ,that you find you are a married man--,i don't believe it1 mind--but what else could you say if you were to see her8 ,while there is the shadow of a doubt on this head you must not see her1 must not directly or indirectly hold any communication with her40 8,and ,i am to sneak off without a word of explanation1 and leave her to think of me as a heartless1 dishonorable scoundrel60 8,a bitter alternative2 but it is better to seem a scoundrel than to be one10 answered ,sir ,simon4 8,what could you say to her if you saw her80 8,i would tell her the truth and ask her to forgive me10 said the young man1 his face kindling with tenderness and passion of a softer kind than that which had just convulsed its fine lineaments4 8,i would bless her for what the memory of her love must be to me while ,i live4 ,harness1 if it is only to say #8,god bless you and forgive me6' ,i must see her40 8,i'll shoot you first60 said the baronet1 clutching his arm and arresting his steps toward the door4 8,you call that love8 ,i call it the basest selfishness4 ,you would see the woman who loves you for the sole purpose of planting yourself so firmly in the ruins of her broken heart that nothing could ever uproot it2 but then she would worship you as a victim--a victim of her own making1 and this would be compensation to you for a great deal4 ,i thought better of you1 ,de ,winton1 than to suppose you capable of such heartless foppery40 ,it was ,clide's turn to quail4 ,but he answered quickly3 8,you are right4 ,it would be selfish and cruel4 ,i was mad to think of it40 8,of course you were4 ,i knew you would see it in a moment40 8,but there is no reason why ,i should not see her father10 said ,clide2 8it is only fit that ,i should speak to him4 ,shall ,i go there1 or will you bring him up here80 8,you shall not see him1 here or anywhere else10 was the peremptory reply4 8,have you spoken to him already80 8,no4 ,i went down this morning for the purpose1 but he was not up40 8,that was providential4 ,and about ,franceline1 am ,i to understand there is a distinct engagement between you80 8,as distinct as need be for a man of honor40 8,since when80 8,last night40 ,sir ,simon winced4 ,this at any rate was his doing4 ,he had taken every pains to precipitate what now he would have given almost anything he possessed to undo4 8,i'll tell you what it is1 you must leave the matter in my hands4 ,i will see the count as soon as you are gone4 ,i will tell him that your uncle has been called off suddenly on important business that required your presence1 and that you have gone with him4 ,for the present it is not necessary to say more2 it would be cruel to do so40 8,i will abide by your advice10 said ,clide submissively2 8but afterwards--what if this terrible news turns out to be true80 8,it has yet to be proved40 8,if it is proved it will kill her60 exclaimed ,clide1 speaking rather to himself than to his companion4 8,pooh6 nonsense6 ,all fancy that4 ,lovers' dead are easily buried10 said ,sir ,simon1 affecting a cheerfulness he was very far from feeling4 ,he knew better than ,clide how ill-fitted ,franceline was1 both by the sensitive delicacy of her own nature and the inherited delicacy of a consumptive mother1 to bear up against such a blow as that which threatened her2 but he would not lacerate the poor fellow's heart by letting him share these gloomy forebodings that were based on surer ground than the sentimental fears of a lover4 ,perhaps the expression of his undisciplined features--the brow that could frown but knew not how to dissemble2 the lip that could smile so kindly1 or curl in contempt1 but knew not how to lie2 the eye that was the faithful1 even when the unconscious1 interpreter of the mind--may have said more to ,clide than was intended4 8,i trust you to watch over her10 he said2 and then added in a tone that went to ,sir ,simon's very heart1 8don't spare me if it can help you to spare her4 ,tell her ,i am a blackguard--it's true by comparison2 compared to her snow-white purity and angelic innocence of heart1 ,i am no better than a false and selfish brute4 ,blacken me as much as you like--make her hate me--anything rather than that she should suffer1 or guess what ,i am suffering4 ,god knows ,i would bear it and ten times worse to shield her from one pang60 8,that is spoken like yourself10 said the baronet4 8,i recognize your father's son now40 ,they grasped each other's hands in silence4 ,clide was opening the door when suddenly he turned round and said with a smile of touching pathos3 8,you will not begin the blackening process at once8 ,you will wait till we know if it is necessary80 8,all right--you may trust me10 was the rejoinder1 and they went together into the breakfast-room4 99 99 99 99 99 ,they had the carriage to themselves4 ,clide was glad of it4 ,it was a strange fatality that drew these two men1 alike only in name1 so closely together in the most trying crises of the younger man's life4 ,he spoke of it gratefully1 but bitterly4 8,yes1 your support is the one drop of comfort granted me in this trouble1 as it was in the other10 he said1 as the train carried them through the green fields and past many a spot made dear and beautiful by memory2 8it is abominably selfish of me to use it as ,i do1 but where should ,i be without it6 ,i should have been in a mad-house before this if it were not for you1 uncle1 hunted as ,i am like a mad-dog4 ,what have ,i done so much worse than other men to be cursed like this60 ,the admiral had hitherto been as gentle towards his nephew as a fond but awkward nurse handling a sick child2 but he turned on him now with a severe countenance4 8,what right have you to turn round on your ,maker and upbraid him for the consequences of your own folly8 ,you talk of being cursed2 we make our own curses4 ,we commit follies and sins1 and we have to pay for it1 and then we call it destiny6 ,it is your own misdoing that is hunting you4 ,you thought to make life into a holiday2 to shirk every duty1 everything that was the least irksome or distasteful2 you flew in the face of common-sense1 and family dignity1 and all the responsibilities of life in your marriage2 you rushed into the most solemn act of a man's life with about as much decency and reverence as a masquerader at a fancy ball4 ,instead of acting openly in the matter and taking counsel with your relatives1 you fall in love with a pretty face and marry it without even as much prudence as a man exercises in hiring a groom4 ,you pay the penalty of this1 and then1 forsooth1 you turn round on ,providence and complain of being cursed6 ,i don't want to be hard on you1 and ,i'm not fond of playing ,job's comforter2 but ,i can't sit here and listen to you blaspheming without protesting against it40 ,when the admiral had finished this harangue1 the longest he ever made in his life1 he took out his snuff-box and gave it a sharp tap preparatory to taking a pinch4 8,you are quite right1 sir2 you are perfectly right10 said ,clide2 8,i have no one to blame but myself for that misfortune40 8,well1 if you see it and own it like a man that's a great point10 said the admiral1 mollified at once4 8,the first step towards getting on the right tack is to see that we have been going on the wrong one40 8,i was very young too10 pleaded ,clide2 8barely of age4 ,that ought to count for something in my favor40 8,so it does2 of course it does1 my boy10 assented his uncle warmly4 8,i came to see the folly and the sinfulness of it all--of shirking my duties1 as you say--and ,i was resolved to turn over a new leaf and make up for what ,i had left undone too long4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais said to me1 #8,we most of us are asleep until the sting of sorrow wakes us up4' ,it had taken a long time to do it1 but it did wake me up at last2 and just as ,i was thoroughly stung into activity1 into a desire to be of use to somebody1 to make my life what it ought to be1 there comes down this thunderclap upon me1 and dashes it all to pieces again4 ,that is what ,i complain of4 ,that is what is hard4 ,this has been no doing of mine40 8,whose doing is it8 ,it is the old mistake sticking to you still4 ,it is the day of reckoning that comes sooner or later after every man's guilt or folly4 ,we bury it out of sight1 but it rises up like a day of judgment on us when we least expect it40 8,i was not kept long waiting for the day of reckoning to my first folly--call it sin1 if you like--0 said ,clide bitterly4 8,i should have thought it was expiated by this4 ,eight of the best years of my life wasted in wretchedness40 8,you wasted them because you liked it2 because it was pleasanter to you to go mooning about the world than to come back to your post at home1 and do your duty to ,god and yourself and your fellow-men10 retorted the admiral gruffly4 8,if we swallow poison1 are its gripings to be reckoned merit to us8 ,you spent eight years eating the fruit of your own act1 and you expect the bitterness to count as an atonement4 ,my boy1 ,i have no right to preach to you1 or to any one2 ,i have too many holes in my own coat2 but ,i have this advantage over you--that ,i see where the holes are and what made them4 ,we need never expect things to go right with us unless we do the right thing2 and if we do right and things seem to go wrong1 they are sure to be right all the same1 though we can't see it4 ,it is not all over here2 the real reckoning is on the other side4 ,but we have not come to that yet10 he added1 in an encouraging tone2 8this threat may turn out to be a vain one1 and if so you will be none the worse for it--probably all the better4 ,we want to be reminded every now and then that we don't command either waves or wind2 that when we are brought through smooth seas safe into port1 a ,hand mightier than ours has been guiding the helm for us4 ,we are not quite such independent1 fine fellows as we like to think4 ,but come what may1 fine weather or foul1 you will meet it like a ,christian1 you will bow your head and submit40 ,the admiral tapped his snuff-box again at this climax1 took another pinch1 and then fell back on the cushions and opened his paper4 ,clide was glad to be left to himself1 although his thoughts were not cheerful4 ,sir ,simon had said truly1 he was or ought to have been a ,catholic4 ,at almost the very outset of his acquaintance with ,franceline1 he had intimated this fact to her1 and though she did not inform her father of it1 the knowledge undoubtedly went far in attracting her towards the young man and inspiring the confidence that she yielded to him so quickly and unquestioningly4 ,mrs4 de ,winton1 ,clide's mother1 had been a sincere ,catholic1 although her heart had beguiled her into the treacherous error of marrying a man who was not of her faith4 ,she had stipulated unconditionally that her children should be brought up ,catholics2 and on her death-bed demanded a renewal of the promise--then1 as formerly1 freely given--that ,clide1 their only child1 should be carefully educated in his mother's religion4 ,but these things can never safely be entrusted to the good-will of any human being4 ,the mother compromised--if she did not betray--her solemn trust1 and her child paid the penalty4 ,mr4 de ,winton kept his promise as far as he could4 ,he had no prejudices against the old religion--he was too indifferent to religion in the main for that--the antiquity and noble traditions of the ,catholic ,church claimed his intellectual sympathies1 while its spirit and teaching1 as exemplified in the life of her whom he revered as the model of all the virtues1 inclined him to look on the doctrines of ,catholicity with an indulgence leaning to reverence1 even where he felt them most antagonistic4 ,clide had a ,catholic nurse to wash and scold him in his infantine days1 and when1 too soon after his father's second marriage1 the boy became an orphan and was left to the care of a stepmother1 that cold but conscientious lady carried out her husband's dying injunctions by engaging a ,catholic governess to teach him his letters4 ,conscience1 however1 gave other promptings which ,mrs4 de ,winton found it hard to reconcile with the faithful discharge of her late husband's wishes4 ,she maintained the ,catholic influence at home1 but she would not prolong the evil day an hour more than was absolutely necessary4 ,she felt justified1 therefore1 in precipitating ,clide's entrance at ,eton at an age when many children were still in the nursery4 ,the ,catholic catechism was not on the list of ,etonian school-books1 and he would be otherwise safe from the corroding influence which as yet could scarcely have penetrated below the surface of his mind4 ,it was reasonably to be hoped that in course of time the false tenets he had imbibed would fade out of his mind altogether1 and that when he was of an age to choose for himself the boy would elect the more respectable and rational creed of the ,de ,wintons4 ,his stepmother carried her conscientious scruples so far in this respect1 however1 as to inform the dame who was charged with the care of ,clide's linen1 and the tutor who was to train his mind1 that the boy was a ,catholic and that his religion was to be respected4 ,this injunction was1 after a certain fashion1 strictly obeyed4 ,the subject of religion was carefully avoided1 never mentioned to ,clide directly or indirectly2 and he was left to grow up with about as much spiritual culture as the laborer bestows on the flowers of the field4 ,the seeds sown by his mother's hand were quickly carried away by the winds that blow from the four points of the compass in those early1 youthful days4 ,if some sunk deeper and remained1 they had not sun or dew enough to blossom forth and fructify4 ,perhaps1 nevertheless1 they did their work1 and acted as an antidote in the virgin1 untilled soil1 and preserved the young infidel from the vicious vapors that tainted the air around him4 ,it is certain that ,clide left the immoral atmosphere of the great public school quite uncorrupted1 guileless and upright1 and still calling himself a ,catholic1 although he had practically broken off from all communion with the church of his childhood4 ,he was more to be pitied than blamed4 ,he was thinking so now as he lay back in the railway carriage1 while the admiral sat beside him grunting complacently over the leading article1 and mentally prognosticating that the country was going to the dogs1 thanks to those blundering1 unpatriotic ,whigs4 ,yes1 ,clide pitied himself as he surveyed the past1 and saw how his young life had been wasted and shipwrecked4 ,if he felt that he had been too severely punished for follies that he had never been warned against1 you must make allowance for him4 ,his face wore a very sad1 subdued look as he gazed out vacantly at the quiet fields and villages and steeples flying past4 ,why does he suddenly make that almost imperceptible movement1 starting as if a voice had sounded close to his side8 ,was it fancy1 or did he really hear a voice1 low and soft1 like faint1 distant music that stirred his soul1 making it vibrate to some dimly remembered melody8 ,could it be his mother's voice echoing through the far-off years when he was a little child and knelt with his small hands clasped upon her knee1 and lisped out some forgotten words that she dictated8 ,was it a trick of his imagination1 or did some one stand at his side1 gently touching his right hand and constraining him to lift it to his forehead1 while his tongue mechanically accompanied the movement with some once familiar1 long disused formula8 ,there was in truth a presence near him1 and a voice sounding from afar1 murmuring those notes of memory which are the mother-tongue of the soul1 subtle1 persuasive1 irresistible2 accents that live when we have forgotten languages acquired with mature choice and arduous study2 a presence that clings to us through life1 and reveals itself when we have the will and the gift to see and to recognize it4 ,that power is mostly the purchase of a great pain2 the answer to our soul's cry in the hour of its deepest need4 ,it flashed suddenly upon ,clide1 as that sweet and solemn influence pervaded and uplifted him1 that here lay the unexpected solution of the problem--the missing key of life4 ,he had fancied for a moment that he had found it in ,m4 de la ,bourbonais' serene theories and practical philosophy4 ,these had done much for him1 it is true2 but they had fallen away2 they failed like a broken sword in the hour of trial2 they did well enough for peaceful times1 but they could not help and rescue him when all the forces of the enemy were let loose4 ,yet they seemed to have sufficed for ,raymond4 ,clide did not know that the calm philosophy was grafted on a root of faith in the ,french gentleman's mind2 his faith was not dead2 far from it1 and its vital heat had fed the strength which philosophy alone could never have supplied4 ,poor ,clide6 ,if any one had been at hand to interpret to him the message of that voice from his childhood1 the whole aspect of life might there and then have changed for him4 ,but no spiritual guide1 no gentle monitor was there to tell him what it meant4 ,the music died away2 the presence was clouded over and ceased to be felt4 ,when the train entered the station the passing emotion had disappeared1 drowned without by the roar of the great city2 within1 by the agitation of the present which other thoughts had for a moment lulled to sleep4 ,the travellers drove straight from the railway station to ,wimpole ,street4 ,mr4 ,peckett1 the dentist1 was at home4 ,they were admitted at once1 and a few minutes' conversation sufficed to confirm their worst forebodings4 ,there could be no doubt but that the person whom ,cromer had recognized in that transitory glimpse the day before was the beautiful and mysterious creature1 ,clide's wife4 ,the dentist had very little definite information to give concerning her4 ,he could only certify that she was the same who had come to him nearly ten years ago to have a silver tooth made4 ,it was a fantastic idea of her own1 and in spite of all his remonstrances she insisted on having it carried out2 it had seriously injured the neighboring tooth--nearly eaten it away4 ,this was what ,mr4 ,peckett had foretold4 ,he was launching out into a rather excited denunciation of the thing1 an absurdity against all the laws of dentistry1 when the admiral called him back to the point4 ,did this tooth still exist8 ,yes2 and if it was of no other use1 it would serve to identify the wearer4 ,she had been to have it arranged about four years ago1 and again within the last few days4 ,mr4 ,peckett said she was very little changed in appearance2 as beautiful as ever1 and considerably developed in figure2 but in manner she was greatly altered4 ,her former childlike gayety was quite gone2 she sat demure and silent1 and when she spoke it was with a sort of frightened restraint2 if a door opened1 or if he asked a question abruptly1 she started as if in terror4 ,it was not the ordinary starting of a nervous person2 there was something in the expression of the face1 in the quivering of the mouth and the wavering glance of the eyes1 that had on one occasion especially suggested to him the idea of a person whose mental faculties had suffered some derangement4 ,she gave him the impression1 in fact1 of one who either had been or might on slight provocation become mad4 ,she never gave any name or address1 but had always been accompanied by either the man whom she called 8uncle10 or an elderly woman with the manner of a well-to-do shopkeeper2 and she seemed in great awe of both of them4 ,yesterday was the first time she had ever come by herself1 and ,mr4 ,peckett thought that very likely either of these persons was waiting for her in the cab into which she had jumped so quickly when ,cromer was trying to come up with her4 ,she had left no clew as to her residence or projected movements2 only once1 in reply to some question about a recipe which her uncle wanted the dentist to see1 she said that it had been forgotten in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,his answer seemed to imply that they meant to return there4 ,mr4 ,peckett was quite sure she sang in public1 but whether on the stage or only in concerts he could not say4 ,this was all he had to tell about his mysterious patient4 ,he was very frank1 and appeared anxious to give any assistance in his power1 and promised to let ,admiral de ,winton know if she came to him again4 ,but he thought this was not likely for some time1 at any rate4 ,he had finished with her on the last visit1 and there was no reason that he foresaw for her coming back at present4 ,there was not a shadow of doubt on ,clide's mind but that the person in question was his lost ,isabel4 ,the admiral1 however1 stoutly continued to pooh-pooh the idea as absurd and impossible4 ,he was determined1 at any rate1 not to give in to it until he had been to ,st4 ,valry1 and investigated the question of the dead ,isabel whom he had seen buried there4 ,so he left ,clide to open communications once more with ,scotland ,yard1 and set the police in motion amongst the managers of theatres and other agents of the musical world1 while he went on board the steamer to ,dieppe4 ,he was not long searching for the link he dreaded to find4 ,the young woman whom he had so hastily concluded to be his nephew's missing wife had been proved to be the daughter of a ,spanish merchant1 whose ship had foundered on the ,normandy coast in the gales that had done so much damage during that eventful week4 ,he himself had been saved almost miraculously1 and after many weeks of agonized suspense as to the fate of his child1 he heard of a body having been washed ashore at ,st4 ,valry1 and buried after waiting several days for recognition4 ,he hastened to the spot1 and1 in spite of the swift ravages of death1 recognized it beyond a doubt as that of his child4 ,the ,english milord who had paid for all the expenses of the little grave1 and manifested such emotion on beholding the body1 turning away without another glance when he saw the long hair sweeping over it like a veil1 had left no address1 so the authorities had no means of communicating with him4 ,this was the intelligence which ,clide received two days after his interview with the dentist4 ,it only confirmed his previous conviction4 ,he was as satisfied that his wife was alive as if he had seen and spoken to her4 ,about an hour after his uncle's return there came a note from ,mr4 ,peckett saying that 8the person in question0 was on her way to ,berlin1 if she had not already arrived there4 ,the landlady of the house where she had been lodging1 under the name of ,mme4 ,villar1 had called at ,wimpole ,street for a pocket-book which her late tenant believed she must have dropped there4 ,while she was inquiring about it of the servant1 ,mr4 ,peckett came out2 he inquired after his patient2 the landlady was glad to say she was well1 and sorry to say she was gone2 she had left the day before for ,berlin1 going via ,paris4 8,now1 uncle1 we must part10 said ,clide2 8,i can't drag you about on this miserable business any more4 ,i must do what remains to be done myself4 ,i will start at once for ,berlin1 and once there1 la grace de ,dieu6 you will hear from me when ,i have anything to say40 8,i shall hear from you as soon as you arrive2 you must write to me without waiting for news10 said the admiral4 8,you will take ,stanton with you80 8,i suppose ,i had better2 he knows everything1 so there is no need to shirk him1 and he's a discreet fellow1 as well as intelligent and good-natured4 ,he may be of use to me40 8,then ,god be with you both1 my boy4 ,bear up1 and keep a stout heart whatever comes10 said the admiral1 wringing his hand4 8,you will write to ,harness for me10 said ,clide2 8tell him ,i can't write myself2 and say ,i trust to his doing whatever is best for me4'''0 ,he turned away abruptly2 and so they parted4 ,no incident broke the monotony of the road until ,clide reached ,cologne4 ,there1 as he was crossing the platform1 a lady passed him2 she looked at him1 and started1 or he fancied she did1 and instead of getting into the carriage that they were both evidently making for1 she hurried on to the one higher up4 ,he drew his hand across his forehead1 and stood for a moment trying to remember where he had seen the face1 but his memory failed him4 ,his curiosity was roused1 however1 and he was in that frame of mind when every insignificant trifle comes to us pregnant with unlooked-for possibilities4 ,he went on to the carriage the lady had entered4 ,there was only another occupant beside herself1 an elderly ,german1 with a beery countenance and brick-red whiskers4 ,clide got in and seated himself opposite the lady1 who was at the other end of the compartment1 and steadily looking out of the window4 ,he felt sure she had seen him come up to the door1 but she did not turn round when he opened it and closed it again with a bang4 ,they had five minutes to wait before the train started4 ,clide employed them in getting out a book and making himself comfortable for the long ride in prospect4 ,the lady was still absorbed in the landscape4 ,the ,german made his preparations by taking a clay pipe from his pocket1 filling it as full as it would hold with tobacco1 and then striking a light4 ,clide had started bolt upright1 and was watching in amazement4 ,the lady was in front of him4 ,did the brute mean to puff his disgusting weed into her face8 ,he was making a chimney of his hand to let the match light thoroughly4 ,perhaps ,clide's vehement look of indignation touched him mesmerically1 for before applying it to the pipe he looked round at him and said in very intelligible ,english3 8,i hope you don't object to smoking80 8,i can't say ,i much relish tobacco1 but ,i sha'n't interfere with you if this lady does not object40 ,mein herr asked her if she did4 ,she was compelled to turn round at the question4 8,i am sorry to say ,i do1 sir2 the smell of tobacco makes me quite sick40 ,hem6 ,she is not a lady1 at any rate1 thought ,clide4 8,oh6 ,i am sorry for that10 said the ,german2 8for you'll have the trouble of getting out40 ,before ,clide could recover sufficient presence of mind to collar the man and pitch him headforemost out of the window1 the lady had grasped her bag1 rug1 and umbrella1 and was standing on the platform4 ,the impending ejectment was clearly a most welcome release2 nothing but the utmost goodwill could have enabled her to effect such a rapid exit4 ,clide was so struck by it that he forgot to collar the ,german1 who had begun with equal alacrity to puff away at his pipe1 and the train moved on4 ,the first thing ,clide saw on alighting at the next station was his recent vis--vis marshalling an array of luggage that struck even his inexperienced eye as somewhat out of keeping with a person who said 8sir0 and travelled without a servant4 ,what could one lone woman want with such a lot of boxes1 and such big ones8 ,she waylaid a porter1 who proceeded to pile them on a truck while she stood mounting guard over them4 8,follow that man and see where he is taking that luggage to10 ,clide whispered to ,stanton1 and the latter1 leaving his master to look after their respective portmanteaux1 hurried on in the direction indicated4 8,they are going to the ,hotel of the ,great ,frederick1 sir10 he said1 returning in a few minutes4 8,then call a cab and let us drive there40 ,the ,hotel of the ,great ,frederick was not one of the fashionable caravansaries of the place2 it was a large1 old-fashioned kind of hostelry1 chiefly frequented by business people1 travelling clerks1 dress-makers1 etc42 and its customers were numerous enough to make it often difficult to secure accommodation there on short notice4 ,this was a busy season2 everybody was flitting to and from the watering-places1 where the invalids and gamblers of ,europe were ruining or repairing their fortunes and their constitutions1 so that ,mr4 de ,winton was obliged to content himself with two small rooms in the third story for the night2 to-morrow many travellers would be moving on1 and he could have more convenient quarters4 8,stanton1 keep a lookout after that person4 ,i am in a mood for suspecting everything and everybody2 but ,i don't think it's all fancy in this case4 ,i believe the woman is trying to avoid me2 and if so1 she must have a motive for it4 ,ask for the visitors' book1 and bring it to me at once40 ,stanton brought the book1 and while his master was running his eye searchingly over the roll of names1 hoping and dreading to see ,mme4 ,villar among the number1 he set off to look after the woman with the multitude of boxes4 ,she was lodging on the first floor1 and had been expected by a lady and gentleman who had taken rooms in the house the day before4 ,this much ,stanton learned from a ,kellner1#adh whom he met coming out of the said rooms with a tray in his hands4 8,i think ,i know her10 said ,stanton4 8,what is her name80 ,but before the ,kellner could answer the door opened1 and the lady herself stood face to face with ,mr4 de ,winton's valet4 ,their eyes met with a sudden flash of recognition2 ,stanton turned away with an almost inaudible whistle1 and was vaulting up to the third story in the twinkling of an eye4 8,i've seen her1 sir1 and ,i can tell you who she is4 ,she is the dressmaker that made ,mrs4 de ,winton's gowns before you brought her to ,glanworth4 ,i remembered her the moment ,i saw her without a bonnet4 ,i had been twice to her place in ,brook ,street1 with messages and a band-box from ,mrs4 de ,winton40 ,clide had started up with an exclamation of anger and triumph4 ,here1 then1 was a clew4 ,evidently the woman held communication or was in some way connected with ,isabel1 else why should she have shrunk from meeting him8 ,it was clear as daylight now that she did shrink4 8,tell the landlord ,i wish to speak to him10 said ,clide4 ,he was walking up and down the room1 his hands in his pockets1 and his head tossed back like an impatient horse1 when the owner of the ,great ,frederick came in4 8,i want to have a word of conversation with you2 sit down1 pray10 said ,clide2 but he continued walking1 as we are apt to do when agitation is too vehement to bear immobility1 and must have an outlet in motion4 ,the landlord had taken a chair as desired1 but rose again on seeing that his guest did not sit down2 the hotel-keeper was a well-mannered man4 ,there was a lapse of two or three moments while ,clide considered what he should say4 ,it was impossible to acknowledge the real motive of his curiosity about the occupants of the first-floor rooms1 and how otherwise could he justify any inquiries about them and their movements8 ,he recoiled from the odious necessity that drove him to pry into people's affairs1 to ask questions and set watches like a police agent2 but this was the mere husk of the bitter kernel he had to eat4 ,it may have been the extraordinary agitation visible in the young man's face and gait and manner that aroused the hotel-keeper's suspicions and put him on the defensive1 or it may have been that some one had been beforehand with ,clide1 and cut the ground from under his feet by warning the landlord not to give any information2 but at any rate the latter acted with a circumspection that was remarkable in a person so unskilled in the science of diplomacy4 ,these first-floor people were good customers2 this was the third time they had stopped at the ,great ,frederick1 and it was not likely to be the last1 unless1 indeed1 the house should be made objectionable to them in some way2 and no landlord who knew his duty to his customers could be a party to such a proceeding4 8,mme4 ,brack is a most excellent customer1 but no dressmaker--that ,i can assure milord of2 she has many boxes because she goes to spend many months at ,vienna2 that is her custom1 as also that of the friends she travels with--,m4 ,roncemar and his daughter1 people of quality like milord1 and large fortune4 ,unfortunately they do not tarry long at the ,great ,frederick1 only remaining three days to rest themselves2 their rooms are already bespoke from ,friday morning1 when they start by the midday train4 ,but why should not milord go himself and ask of ,m4 ,roncemar any information he desires8 ,m4 ,roncemar is a most polite gentleman1 and would no doubt be happy to see a compatriot40 ,this was all that ,clide could extract from the wily master of the ,great ,frederick4 ,if he had been more outspoken1 he might have been more successful2 but he could not bring himself to this2 he spoke so vaguely that his motives might have borne the most opposite constructions4 ,the landlord's private opinion was that there was a money-claim in the way1 and that he was on the track of some fugitive1 perhaps fraudulent1 debtor2 it was no part of a landlord's business to pry into matters of this sort1 or bring a customer into trouble4 8,well1 sir80 said ,stanton1 coming in when he saw the landlord come out4 8,i did not make much out of him2 the fellow either knows more than he cares to tell1 or we are on the wrong scent4 ,you must lose no time in finding out from the waiters whether these names are the real ones2 whether1 at least1 they are the same the people have borne here before1 and also if it is true that the rooms are taken till ,friday next2 if so1 it gives me time to go to the consul and take proper legal steps for their arrest4 ,but it may be a dodge of his2 if the woman recognized us both1 as ,i am strongly inclined to believe1 they have put the landlord up to telling me this1 just to prevent my entrapping them1 and so as to give them time to escape4 ,the people whom he calls ,roncemar have been here at any rate before the alarm came1 and it will be known most likely whether they are on their way to ,vienna or not4 ,be cautious1 ,stanton2 don't rouse suspicion by asking too pointed questions1 because you see it may be that as yet there is no suspicion1 it may be my fancy about the man's throwing me off the scent4 ,he urged me to go and see ,m4 ,roncemar myself1 which was either a proof that he suspects nothing1 or that he is the cleverest knave who ever outwitted another4 ,be off and see what you can learn4 ,i will dine at the table d'hte40 ,the few details that ,stanton gleaned from the kellner attached to the first floor corroborated all that the landlord had said3 the party were to remain until ,friday--in fact they were not quite decided about going so soon2 the younger lady was in delicate health1 and greatly fatigued by the journey2 it was possible they might remain until the ,monday4 8,so if you are counting on the rooms you may be disappointed10 he added1 winking at ,stanton as he whipped up a tray and darted up the stairs like a monkey1 three steps at a time4 ,so far1 then1 ,clide was sure of his course4 ,he walked about after dinner--supper1 as it was called there--and called at the consulate2 but the consul had been out of town for the last week1 and was not expected home until the next day4 8,and he is sure to be here to-morrow80 inquired the visitor4 8,yes1 sir2 he has an appointment of great importance at one o'clock4 ,we expect him home at twelve40 8,then ,i will call at two4 ,you will not neglect to give him this card80 ,he wrote a line in pencil on it announcing his visit at two next day1 and returned to the hotel4 ,as he was crossing the hall he heard the heavy tramp of hobnailed shoes on the stairs1 and a noise as of men toiling under a weight4 ,it was a piano4 ,clide walked slowly up after the carriers1 saw them halt at the rooms on the first floor1 saw the doors thrown open and the instrument carried in2 there was no mistake about it2 the occupants meant to remain there for some few days at least4 ,he sat down and wrote a long letter to the admiral1 lit a cigar1 and killed time as best he could with the newspapers until1 physically worn out1 he lay down in hopes of catching a few hours' sleep4 ,stanton1 satisfied with the information he already possessed1 felt it might be unwise to ask further questions1 and contented himself with hanging about the corridors in the neighborhood of ,mrs4 ,brack's rooms1 in hopes of seeing her coming in or out1 and catching a glimpse1 perhaps1 of another inmate who interested him more closely4 ,it may seem irrational in him1 and especially in his master1 to have jumped at a positive conclusion as to the identity of that inmate on such a flimsy tissue of evidence2 but when our minds are entirely possessed by an idea1 we magnify trifles into important facts1 and see all things colored by the medium of our prepossessions1 and go on hooking link after link in the chain of witnesses till we have completed it1 and made our internal evidence do the work of substantial testimony4 ,it was a glorious day1 and when ,clide had breakfasted he was glad to go out and reconnoitre the town instead of sitting in his dingy room1 or lounging about the reading-room4 ,he was a trained walker1 thanks to his years of travel1 and once set going he would go on for hours1 oblivious of time1 and quite unconscious of fatigue as long as the landscape offered him beauty or novelty enough to interest him4 ,it was about half-past ten when he left the house1 and he tramped on far beyond the town1 and walked for nearly two hours1 when the chimes of a village ,angelus bell reminded him that time was marching too1 and that he had better be retracing his steps4 ,it was close upon two o'clock when he appeared at the consul's door4 ,on entering the hall1 the first person he saw was ,stanton4 8,sir1 ,i've been waiting here these two hours for you4 ,you'd better please let me have a word with you before you go in02 and ,clide turned into the dining-room1 which the servant of the house civilly opened for him4 8,we've been sold4 ,they were off this morning at six4 ,the three started together4 ,they are gone to ,berlin--at least so one of the kellners let out to me2 the one ,i spoke to yesterday was coached-up by the landlord and the people themselves1 ,i suppose1 for he told me it was ,vienna they were gone to2 he had a trumped-up story about the fraulein's mother being taken suddenly ill and telegraphing for them4 ,they are a cunning lot4 ,that piano was a dodge to put us to sleep1 sir40 8,what proof have you that they are gone to ,berlin8 ,that other man may be mistaken1 or lying to order like the rest8 ,i must see the consul and take advice with him4 ,this scoundrel of a landlord shall pay for his lies10 said ,clide1 beating his foot with a quick1 nervous movement on the ground2 8he must be forced to speak1 and to speak the truth40 8,no need1 sir2 ,i've found it out without him4 ,i've been to the railway4 ,i made believe ,i was the servant following with luggage that was forgotten1 and they told me the train they started by and the hour it arrives1 and described them all three as true as life10 said ,stanton4 8,and it is she80 8,not a doubt of it1 sir4 ,as certain as ,i'm ,stanton40 ,clide felt nevertheless that it would be well to see the consul2 the case was so delicate1 so fraught with difficulties on all sides1 that it was desirable at any cost of personal feeling to furnish himself with all the information he could get as to how he should now proceed1 so as not to entangle things still further4 ,on hearing his visitor's strange tale1 the consul's advice was that he should see with his own eyes the person whom he took for granted was his wife1 before venturing on any active steps4 8,the fact is quite clear to you10 he remarked1 8and from what you say it is equally clear to me2 but the evidence on which we build this assumption would not hold water for one minute before a magistrate4 ,suppose1 after all1 it turns out to be a case of mistaken identity2 what a position you would be in60 8,that is impossible10 affirmed ,clide4 8,no1 not impossible2 highly improbable1 ,i grant you2 but such improbable things occur every day4 ,you must have more substantial ground than second-hand evidence and corroborating circumstances to go upon before you stir in the matter1 and then you must do nothing without proper legal advice40 ,clide recognized the common-sense and justice of this1 and determined to be advised4 ,he started for ,berlin1 and on arriving there went straight from the railway to the ,british ,embassy1 where he obtained a letter from the ambassador to the ,minister of ,police1 requesting that functionary to give the young ,englishman every assistance and facility4 ,the minister was going to bed2 it was near twelve o'clock2 the ambassador's letter1 however1 secured the untimely visitor immediate admission1 and a civil and attentive hearing4 ,he took some notes down from ,clide's dictation1 and promised that all the resources of the body which he controlled should be enlisted in the matter1 and as soon as they had discovered where the party they were in pursuit of had alighted1 he would communicate with ,mr4 de ,winton4 ,the latter then went to the hotel1 where ,stanton had preceded him1 and was waiting impatiently for his arrival4 ,the moment he entered the room1 ,stanton was struck by his pale1 haggard look2 he had not noticed it on the journey2 when the train stopped1 they saw each other in the shade or in the dark1 and after exchanging a hasty word passed each to his separate buffets and carriages4 ,it was indeed no wonder his master should be worn out after the terrible emotions of the last few days1 added to the continued travelling and scarcely any sleep or food1 but it did not look like ordinary fatigue4 8,you had better go to bed1 sir2 you'll be used up if you take on like this2 and that won't mend much10 he said1 when ,clide1 after lighting a cigar1 flung himself into a chair and bade ,stanton bring him the papers4 8,i'll go to bed presently2 bring me the papers10 repeated ,clide1 and the man left the room4 ,when he returned he found his master standing up and holding on by the back of his chair as if to steady himself4 8,i feel queerish1 ,stanton2 get me some brandy and water2 make haste10 he said1 speaking faintly4 ,instead of obeying him1 ,stanton forced him gently into the chair1 and proceeded to undress him ,clide resigning himself passively to it1 as if he were in a stupor2 he let himself be put to bed in the same way1 like a child too sleepy to know what was being done to it4 8,i don't like the looks of him at all10 thought ,stanton1 as he stole softly out of the room2 8if he's not all right to-morrow1 ,i send for the admiral40 ,clide was not all right in the morning2 he was feverish and exhausted1 and complained in a querulous way1 quite unlike his usual self1 of a burning1 hammering pain in his head4 ,stanton sent for a medical man without consulting him4 ,when he said he had done so1 ,clide gave no sign of displeasure2 he did not seem quite to take it in4 8,i've got fifty thousand toothaches in my skull1 ,stanton2 what the deuce is it1 eh80 he cried1 tossing from side to side on his pillow4 ,then suddenly he raised himself3 8,stanton60 8,yes1 sir60 8,you think ,i'm going to be ill4 ,don't deny it2 ,i see it in your face4 ,perhaps ,i am2 ,i feel uncommonly odd here0--passing his hand over his forehead--8but ,i want to say one thing while ,i think of it3 you don't write a word to any one in ,england until the doctor says ,i'm a dead man4 ,do you hear me speaking to you80 8,yes1 sir2 but don't you think if the admiral'''0 8,if you attempt to write to him1 ,i'll dismiss you that very instant60 ,and his eyes flashed angrily4 8,you mind what ,i say1 ,stanton60 8,all right1 sir2 you know best what you like about it40 ,the excitement seemed to have exhausted his remaining strength2 he grew rapidly worse2 and when the doctor came1 he declared his patient was in for a brain fever that might turn to worse unless the circumstances were specially propitious4 ,why should we linger by his bedside8 ,it would be only a repetition of the old story2 delirium following on days of pain and restlessness2 a long period of anxiety while youth battled with the enemy1 now seemingly about to be worsted in the fight1 then rising above the disease with unexpected starts1 showing how rich and strong the resources of the young frame were4 ,the medical man was not communicative with the valet2 he kept his alternations of hope and fear to himself2 it was only by scrutinizing the expression of his face as he felt the patient's pulse that ,stanton could make a guess at his opinion4 ,to his eager inquiries on accompanying the oracle to the door1 he received the uniform reply that this was a case in which the disease must run its course1 when no one could say what a day might bring forth1 when much depended on the quality of the patient's constitution2 the one drop of comfort ,stanton extracted from him was the emphatic assurance that in this instance the patient had a constitution of gold4 ,the crisis came1 and then ,stanton1 convinced in his inexperienced mind that no mortal constitution could pass this strait1 boldly asked the doctor if it was not time to write to the family4 8,these things must run their course2 in twenty-four hours it will be decided10 was the sententious reply4 ,stanton was fain to be content with it1 and wait4 ,the day passed1 and the night dragged on slowly as a passing bell1 until at last the decisive hour came and was passed2 then the medical man spoke again4 8,he is saved4 ,the worst is now over2 he is entering on the period of convalescence40 ,the period was long--longer than he had anticipated2 for the golden constitution had been fiercely tried and shaken2 it was more than two months from the day of ,clide's arrival in ,berlin until he was able to leave the hotel4 ,in the meantime1 what had become of ,isabel1 or ,mme4 ,villar1 as we shall call her for the present8 ,all that ,stanton could ascertain was that she had left ,berlin about a week after his master had been struck down1 and had gone--so it was said at the hotel where she and her party put up--for a tour in the neighboring spas1 after which she was to proceed to ,st4 ,petersburg to fulfil an engagement for the season4 ,this was the last link the police had got hold of2 but as nobody had taken it up at the time1 it was impossible to say how many others had intervened in the two months that had gone by4 ,it was now late in ,september4 ,clide was very weak still1 and unfit for a long railway journey1 and besides1 it was unlikely ,mme4 ,villar would be yet in ,st4 ,petersburg1 assuming that the story of her going there at all was true4 ,he yielded therefore to the doctor's advice1 and went to recruit himself at the nearest watering-place1 after having again seen the authorities at ,berlin1 and urged them not to let the affair sleep1 but to keep a sharp lookout in every direction4 ,in the first week of ,october he arrived in ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,the city of the ,czars looked dreary and desolate enough in these keen autumn days2 there was not much movement in its immense market-places--its bald1 spacious squares1 and high1 broad houses standing unsocial and mistrustful1 far apart in the wide1 noiseless streets2 but people were dropping in quickly from day to day from their country-houses1 getting out their furs1 and settling down for the winter campaign that was at hand2 for the foe was marching steadily on them1 girt with sullen skies of lead1 and tawny mists1 and trumpeted by the shrill blast of the north wind1 a few strong puffs from whose ice-breathing nostrils would soon paralyze the rivers and lay them to sleep under twenty feet of ice4 ,clide was weary after his long ride1 and was in a mood to be exasperated when1 on stepping out of the train1 and seeking for their two portmanteaus amongst the heaps of luggage1 the porters said they were missing4 ,it was no small inconvenience1 for the said portmanteaus contained all their clothes1 and nearly all their money4 ,the officials were very civil1 however1 and assured the travellers that their luggage would be forthcoming next day4 ,there was nothing for it but to console themselves with this promise1 and go on to the hotel4 ,clide then gave his purse to ,stanton and bade him go out and purchase such things as were indispensable for the night4 ,the valet accordingly set off1 accompanied by an ,english waiter who volunteered to interpret for him1 and ,clide sallied forth for a stroll along the ,neva1 that still flowed high and free between its broad quays4 ,he walked on and on1 forgetting time1 as was his habit1 until lassitude recalled him to his senses1 and he looked around him and began to wonder where he had strayed to4 ,he had drifted far beyond his intention1 and now found himself on an island where handsome villas amidst groves and long avenues were to be seen on every side4 ,happily a drosky passed empty at the moment2 he hailed it1 gave the name of his hotel1 and drove home4 ,stanton had not yet returned4 ,this was odd1 for his interpreter had come back an hour since1 and said that the valet1 after doing all his commissions1 had lingered behind merely to see the quays1 saying he would follow in ten minutes4 ,it was impossible he could have lost his way1 for the hotel was in sight4 ,the fact was1 ,stanton had had an adventure4 ,he happened to be crossing the bridge when he noticed a man bestriding the parapet at the other end1 swinging from side to side1 and apostrophizing the lamp-post with great earnestness4 ,stanton watched him as he walked on1 mentally wondering how long this social position would prove tenable1 when the man gave a sudden lunge1 and was precipitated with a shriek into the water4 ,there were several foot-passengers close to the spot2 they rushed towards the parapet1 and began screaming to each other in ,russian and gesticulating with great animation1 hailing everybody and everything within sight1 but no one gave any sign of doing the only thing that could be of avail1 namely1 jumping in after the drowning man4 ,the unfortunate wretch was struggling frantically1 and gasping out cries for help whenever he got his head above the water4 ,there was a stair running down from the quay1 where boats were moored to rings in the wall4 ,stanton saw this2 he was a capital swimmer2 so1 without stopping to reflect1 he pulled off his coat1 flew down the steps1 and plunged in4 ,a loud cheer rang all along the parapet1 then a breathless silence followed2 the two men in the water were wrestling in a desperate embrace2 ,stanton had the ,russian by the collar1 and the latter with the suicidal impulse of a drowning man1 was clutching him wildly1 and dragging him down with all his might4 ,happily1 he was no match for the ,englishman's sinewy arms2 ,stanton shook himself free with a vigorous effort1 swam out a few yards1 then he turned and swam back1 caught the drowning man by the hair1 and drew him on with him to the steps4 ,a thundering salvo greeted his achievement2 the group had now swelled to a crowd1 and a score of spectators came tumbling down the steps gabbling their congratulations1 and1 what was more to the purpose1 helping the hero to lift the rescued man on to the steps1 and then haul him up to the landing-place4 ,stanton broke through the press to snatch up his coat1 and was elbowing his way out1 when two individuals1 whom he rightly took for policemen1 came up to him1 and began to hold forth volubly in the same unintelligible jargon4 ,stanton only understood1 by their pointing to some place and clutching him by the shoulder1 that they wanted him to accompany them4 ,with native instinct1 ,stanton suspected they were proposing a tribute of admiration to him in the shape of a bumper at the tavern2 but he was more intent on his wet clothes1 and1 thanking them by signs1 indicated that he must go in the opposite direction1 shouting meanwhile1 at the very top of his lungs1 8,htel ,peterhof6 ,i'm going to ,peterhof60 ,but the policemen shook their heads1 and still pointed and tugged1 until1 finding further expostulation useless1 one of them took a stout grip of ,stanton's collar and proceeded to drag him on1 nolens volens4 ,the ,british lion rose up in ,stanton 8and roared a roar40 ,he levelled his clenched fist at the aggressor's chest1 struck him a vigorous blow1 and in language more forcible than genteel bade him stand off4 ,but the ,russian held on like grim death1 gabbling away harder than ever1 and pointing with his left thumb to the spit on his own breast1 and then touching the corresponding spot on ,stanton's wet shirt2 but ,stanton would not see it4 ,he doubled up his fist for another blow1 when the other policeman suddenly caught him by both arms1 and pinned his elbows as in a vise behind his back4 ,the crowd had gone on swelling1 and now numbered several hundred persons2 they crushed round the infuriated ,englishman1 who stood there the picture of impotent rage1 dripping and foaming and appealing to everybody to help him4 ,at this juncture a carriage drove up2 the coachman stopped to know what was going on2 and great was ,stanton's joy when he heard a voice cry out to him in ,english3 8,you must go with them2 they won't hurt2 they are going to give you a decoration for saving a man's life40 8,confound their decoration6 ,what the devil do ,i want with their decoration8 ,tell them ,i'm not a ,russian60 8,they know that1 but it don't matter2 the law is the same for natives and foreigners10 explained the coachman4 8,hang it1 ,i'm not a foreigner2 what do you take me for8 ,i'm an ,englishman60 protested ,stanton4 8,don't matter2 you must be decorated2 you may as well do it1 and be done with it40 8,but look at my clothes1 man6 ,i'm as wet as a drowned rat60 8,served you right6 ,what business had you jumping into the water after a fool that wanted to drown himself80 8,i wish ,i'd let him10 said ,stanton devoutly2 8but just you tell these chaps to let me go or else they'll 'ear of it2 tell them my master will go to the ambassador and get them flogged all round2 tell them that1 and see what comes of it40 8,no good4 ,the law is the law4 ,good morning to you2 take a friend's advice1 and keep your skin dry next time02 and1 nodding to ,stanton1 he touched his horses and was off at a pace4 ,there was nothing for it but to resign himself to his fate4 ,stanton ceased all resistance1 and let himself be led to the altar where glory awaited him in the form of a yellow spit4 ,he was marched on to a large1 barrack-like building2 two sentries were mounting guard over its ponderous iron gate4 ,he passed through them and was marched from bureau to bureau1 addressed by several officials in every tongue under the sun1 it seemed to him1 till they came to the right one1 requested to record his name1 age1 and state of life in several ominous-looking books1 and on each occasion was embraced and shaken hands with by the presiding genius of the bureau2 at last he was brought into the presence of a gold-laced and highly decorated individual1 who handed him a written document1 very stiff and very long1 and with this a knot of ribbon4 ,stanton without more ado was stuffing both into the pocket of his soaked pantaloons1 when the gold-laced gentleman exclaimed with friendly warmth1 8,oh6 you must permit me to place the spit upon your breast60 ,upon which the ,englishman recoiled three steps with a scowl of disgust1 and bade him do it if he dared4 ,the official1 apparently surprised to see his polite offer met so ungraciously1 forbore to press it1 and demanded the fee4 8,the fee6--what fee80 ,he explained that a fee was always paid on receipt of a decoration4 ,stanton declined paying it1 for the substantial reason that he had no money2 his luggage had been lost on the railway2 so had his master's4 ,the polite gentleman was very sorry to hear of their misadventure1 but the law was inexorable--every man who performed that noble feat of saving a ,russian's life should be decorated1 and the decoration involved a fee4 8,then what in the name of the furies do you want me to do80 cried the exasperated ,stanton2 8,i can't coin any1 can ,i80 ,no2 this was not a practical alternative1 but very likely his master could devise one2 he would have no difficulty in getting credit for the amount2 any one in ,st4 ,petersburg would be happy to accommodate a milord with so small a sum1 or indeed any sum4 ,stanton had nothing for it but to write a line to the ,peterhof explaining his pitiable position1 and entreating his master to come to the rescue without delay4 ,it was late in the evening when this missive was handed to ,clide4 ,the landlord1 with the utmost alacrity1 placed the coffers of the ,peterhof at his disposal1 and sent for a carriage to convey him to the scene of his valet's distress4 8,if ever any one catches me saving a ,russian fellow's life again may ,i be drowned myself60 was ,stanton's ejaculation as he shut his master into the cab1 and drove home with the spit in his pocket4 ,this little incident gave ,clide some food for reflection1 and aroused in him a prudent desire to make some acquaintance with the ways and customs of ,muscovy before he went further4 ,a little knowledge of the code which included such a very peculiar law as the aforementioned might prove not only desirable but essential1 before he entangled himself in its treacherous meshes4 ,a paternal government might have its advantages1 but clearly it had its drawbacks4 ,russia was almost the only spot in the so-called civilized world that he had not explored in the course of his wanderings1 so the people and their laws were as unknown to him practically as the people and the laws of the ,feejee ,islands4 ,he had gone once as far as ,warsaw with the intention of pushing on to ,russia1 but what he saw in the ,polish city of her spirit and national character sickened and horrified him2 he turned his back on the scene of her cruelty and demoralizing rule1 and went down to ,turkey4 ,there at least barbarism reigned with a comparatively gentle sceptre1 and wore no hypocrite's mask4 ,he had not furnished himself with a single letter of introduction to ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,it never entered into his imagination when leaving ,london that he should want any2 he did not dream that the will-o'-the-wisp he was chasing would have led him so far4 ,but he was here now1 and he must find some one to steer him safe through quicksands and sunken rocks4 ,there was no doubt an ,english lawyer in the city to whom he could safely apply4 ,the landlord of the ,peterhof gave him the address of one4 ,it was a ,russian name1 but he assured ,clide that it was that of the ,english lawyer of ,st4 ,petersburg1 who managed all the law affairs of ,english residents4 ,clide went to this gentleman's office1 and found a small1 urbane little man1 who spoke ,english with a very pure accent and fluently1 but with ,muscovite written on every line of his face4 ,it was of no consequence1 however1 as he showed his client in the first few questions he put that he was in the habit of dealing with ,english people and transacting confidential and intricate cases for them4 ,the present one he frankly admitted was without precedent in his legal experience1 and his advice to ,clide was pretty much the same as the consul's1 reinforced1 however1 by a rather startling argument4 8,you must first prove beyond a doubt that it is not a case of mistaken identity1 and1 even when this is done1 you have to consider whether it is expedient to run the risks that must attend any active proceedings against the persons in question4 ,let us consider the facts as they stand1 setting aside possible antecedents4 ,the lady is engaged here for the season4 ,i can guarantee that much4 ,i heard her repeatedly last year1 and the announcement1 on the night of her last appearance1 that she was to return next season1 was received with an enthusiasm that ,i cannot describe4 ,she is1 therefore1 an established favorite with the public4 ,this in itself is a fact fraught with danger to any one seeking to molest her--,i use the word from the point of view of the public--any person interfering with so important a branch of their pleasure as the opera would expose himself to disagreeable consequences4 ,the government is paternally anxious that the people should be amused4 ,it is not wise to thwart a paternal government4''' ,the ,czar1 moreover1 has shown decided appreciation of this prima donna4 ,he condescended to receive her into the imperial box and himself clasp a costly diamond bracelet on her arm4 ,he and the rest of the royal family are to be present at her first reappearance4 ,no one1 be they ever so guilty1 can be attacked with impunity while under the favor of the imperial smile4 ,a paternal government is not trammelled by the conventionalisms and routine that check the action of other forms of government2 it acts promptly1 decisively4 ,if you meddle in this matter rashly1 you may find yourself in very unpleasant circumstances40 8,i should agree with all you say if ,i were a subject of the ,russian government10 said ,clide1 8but ,i am an ,englishman2 surely that makes a difference80 ,the lawyer smiled grimly4 8,i would not advise you to count upon it for security4 ,i have known some ,englishmen whose nationality did not prove such a talisman as they expected40 8,you mean that they have been imprisoned without offence or trial1 treated like ,russian subjects80 ,clide's lip curled under his moustache as he emitted the monstrous proposition4 8,i mean to give you the best advice in my power10 returned the urbane lawyer with unruffled coolness4 8,you have come to me for counsel4 ,you are free to follow it or not as you see good40 8,so far1 you have given me only negative advice4 ,you tell me what ,i must not do2 can you tell me nothing that ,i can and ought to do80 said ,clide4 8,for the present1 ,i can only urge you to be prudent4 ,one rash act may precipitate you into a still worse dilemma than the present4 ,see this lady for yourself1 and see the man who accompanies her4 ,i do not advise you to speak to them1 nor even to let them know of your presence here1 still less of your intentions4 ,the man1 from what you already know of him1 is likely to be an unscrupulous fellow1 a dangerous enemy to cope with4 ,he--on account of his pupil or niece--has patrons in high place4 ,if he got wind of your designs1 he might frustrate them in a manner ''' that ''' that you don't foresee4'''0 ,the lawyer paused1 and bent his sharp green eyes on ,clide with a meaning that was not to be misunderstood4 8,you mean that the government would connive at or assist him in some personal violence to me80 8,i mean to advise you honestly4 ,i might put you off with a sham1 or lay a trap for you2 ,i should be well paid for it4 ,but ,i traffic as little as possible in that sort of thing1 and never with an ,english client40 ,it was impossible to doubt the genuine frankness in this assurance1 coupled as it was with the implied admission that the lawyer was less incorruptible to native clients4 ,clide was convinced the man was dealing fairly by him4 8,and when ,i have seen them both1 and thus put a seal on certainty--what next80 8,wait until the season is over2 then follow them to their next destination1 out of ,russia1 and take counsel with a shrewd legal man of the place4 ,my own opinion is that your wisest course would be to do nothing until you can attack the affair in ,england3 the mere fact of being a foreigner puts barriers in the way of the law for helping you anywhere2 but1 as you value your liberty1 don't interfere with a prima donna who is in favor with the ,court of ,st4 ,petersburg--it were safer for you to play with fire40 ,clide laid a large fee on the lawyer's green table1 and wished him good morning4 ,he hesitated as he was stepping into his fly4 ,should he go to the ,british ,embassy1 and lay the whole story before ,lord ,x----1 and so place one strong barrier between him and the monstrous possibilities with which the lawyer had threatened him8 ,he stood for a moment with his hand on the door1 which ,stanton was holding open for him2 his forehead had that hard line straight down between the horizontal bars over his eyes that had once so scared ,franceline4 8,to the hotel60 he said1 slamming the door1 and ,stanton jumped up beside the coachman4 ,they had gone about a hundred yards when the window was pulled down in front1 and ,clide called out3 8,to the ,british ,embassy60 ,the horse's head was turned that way4 ,while they were rattling over the stones1 ,clide was arguing his change of resolution1 and trying to justify it4 8,i will burn my ship and take the consequences4 ,what balderdash he talked about the danger of letting the man know of my intentions6 ,how the deuce could they harm me8 ,if ,i were a ,russian1 no doubt2 but the government would hardly run their neck into such a noose as assault or imprisonment of a ,british subject for the sake of a popular prima donna6 ,pshaw6 ,i was an idiot to mind him40 ,the coachman pulled up before the ,british ,embassy4 ,two private carriages stopped at the same moment1 gentlemen alighted from them and ran up the steps4 ,stanton held the door open for his master1 but ,clide did not move2 he sat with his head bent forward1 examining his boots1 to all appearance unconscious of his valet's presence4 8,here we are1 sir2 this is the ,embassy10 said ,stanton4 ,but ,clide sat dumb1 as if he were glued to the seat4 ,at last1 starting from his revery1 he said 8,home60 and flung himself back in the carriage4 8,that fever has left him a bit queer10 thought ,stanton1 as he closed the door on his capricious master4 8,what a fool's errand it would be60 muttered ,clide to himself2 8and what have ,i to say to ,lord ,x----8 ,if it should turn out to be a case of mistaken identity4''' ,the lawyer's advice is after all the safest and the most rational40 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,space4 ,,ii4 ,it is of the utmost importance in the philosophical investigation in which we have engaged to bear in mind that the power by which we attain to the knowledge of the intrinsic nature of things is not our imagination1 but our intellect4 ,the office of imagination is to form sensible representations of what lies at the surface of the things apprehended2 the intellect alone is competent to reach what lies under that surface1 that is1 the essential principles of the thing1 and their ontological relations4 ,this remark is so obvious that it may seem superfluous2 but our imagination has such a power in fashioning our thoughts1 and such an obtrusive manner of interfering with our mental processes1 that we need to be reminded1 in season and out of season1 of our liability to mistake its suggestions for intellectual conceptions4 ,what we have said about absolute space in our past article shows that even renowned philosophers are liable to such mistakes2 for nothing but imagination could have led ,balmes1 ,descartes1 and many others1 to confound absolute space with the material extension of bodies4 ,as to relative space1 the danger of confounding its intellectual notion with our sensible representation of it1 is1 perhaps1 less serious1 when we have understood the nature of absolute space2 yet1 here too we are obliged to guard against the incursions of the imaginative faculty1 which will not cease to obtrude itself1 in the shape of an auxiliary1 upon our intellectual ground4 ,absolute space cannot become relative unless it be extrinsically terminated1 or occupied1 by distinct terms4 ,hence1 in passing from the consideration of absolute space to that of relative space1 the first question by which we are met is the following3 ,is absolute space intrinsically modified or affected by being occupied8 or1 ,does the creation of a material point in space entail an intrinsic modification of absolute space8 ,the answer to this question cannot be doubtful4 ,absolute space is not and cannot be intrinsically affected or modified by the presence of a material point1 or of any number of material points4 ,we have shown that absolute space is nothing else than the virtuality of ,god's immensity2 and since no intrinsic change can be conceived as possible in ,god's attributes or in the range of their comprehension1 it is evident that absolute space cannot be intrinsically modified by any work of creation4 ,on the other hand1 nothing can be intrinsically modified unless it receives in itself1 as in a subject1 the modifying act2 for all intrinsic modifications result from corresponding impressions made on the subject which is modified4 ,thus the modifications of the eye1 of the ear1 and of other senses1 result from impressions made on them1 and received in them as in so many subjects4 ,but the creation of a material point in space is not the position of a thing in it as in a subject2 for1 if absolute space received the material point in itself as in a subject1 this point would be a mere accident2 as nothing but accidents exist in a subject1 and since it is manifest that material elements are not accidents1 it is plain that they are not received in space as in a subject4 ,hence the creation of any number of material points in space implies nothing but the extrinsic termination of absolute space1 which accordingly remains altogether unaffected and unmodified4 ,just as a body created at the surface of the earth immediately acquires weight1 without causing the least intrinsic change in the attractive power which is the source of all weights on earth1 so does a material element1 created in absolute space1 acquire its ubication without causing the least intrinsic change in absolute space which is the source of all possible ubications4 ,a material element has its formal ubication inasmuch as it occupies a point in space4 ,this point1 as contained in absolute space1 is virtual2 but1 as occupied by the element1 or marked out by a point of matter1 it is formal4 ,thus the formality of the ubication consists in the actual termination and real occupation of a virtual point by an extrinsic term corresponding to it4 ,the formal ubication of an element is a mere relativity1 or a respectus4 ,the formal reason1 or foundation1 of this relativity is the reality through which the term ubicated communicates with absolute space1 viz41 the real point which is common to both1 though not in the same manner1 as it is virtual in space1 and formal in the extrinsic term4 ,a material element in space is therefore nothing but a term related by its ubication to divine immensity as existing in a more perfect manner in the same ubication4 ,but since the formality of the contingent ubication exclusively belongs to the contingent being itself1 absolute space receives nothing from it except a relative extrinsic denomination4 ,some will say3 ,to have a capacity of containing something1 and to contain it actually1 are things intrinsically different4 ,but absolute space1 when void1 has a mere capacity of containing bodies1 whilst1 when occupied1 it actually contains them4 ,therefore absolute space is intrinsically modified by occupation4 ,to this we answer1 that the word 8capacity10 on which the objection is built up1 is a mischievous one1 no less indeed than the word 8potency10 which1 when used indeterminately1 is liable to opposite interpretations1 and leads to contradictory conclusions4 ,the capacity of containing bodies which is commonly predicated of absolute space1 is not a passive potency destined to be actuated by contingent occupation2 it is1 on the contrary1 the formal reason of all contingent ubications1 since it contains already in an infinitely better manner all the ubications of the bodies by which it may be occupied4 ,to be occupied1 and not to be occupied1 are not1 of course1 the same thing2 but it does not follow from this that space unoccupied is intrinsically different from space occupied2 it follows only1 that1 when space is occupied1 a contingent being corresponds to it as an extrinsic term1 and gives it an extrinsic denomination4 ,in other terms1 everything which occupies space1 occupies it by ubication4 ,now every ubication is the participation in the contingent being of a reality which absolute space already contains in a better manner4 ,consequently1 the capacity of containing bodies1 which is predicated of space1 already contains actually the same ubications1 which1 when bodies are created1 are formally attributed to the bodies themselves4 ,this answer is1 we think1 philosophically evident4 ,but1 as our imagination1 too1 must be helped to rise to the level of intellectual conceptions1 we will illustrate our answer by an example4 ,man has features which can be reflected in any number of mirrors1 so as to form in them an image of him4 ,this 8capacity0 of having images of self is called 8exemplarity10 and consists in the possession of that of which an image can be produced4 ,hence1 man's exemplarity actually1 though only virtually1 contains in itself all the images that it can form in any mirror2 and when the image is formed1 man's exemplarity gives existence to it1 but receives nothing from it1 except a relative denomination drawn from the extrinsic term in which it is portrayed4 ,in a like manner1 ,god's omnipotence1 and his other attributes1 are mirrored in every created thing1 and their 8capacity0 of being imitated in a finite degree arises from the fact that ,god's attributes contain already in an eminent manner the whole reality which can be made to exist formally in the contingent things4 ,hence1 when these contingent things are created1 ,god gives existence to them1 but receives nothing from them1 except a relative denomination drawn from the extrinsic terms in which his perfections are mirrored4 ,in the same manner1 too1 when a material element is created1 it receives its being1 and its mode of being in space1 that is1 its ubication1 which is a finite image or imitation of ,god's infinite ubication2 but it gives nothing to the divine ubication1 except the extrinsic denomination2 just as the image in the mirror gives nothing to the body of which it is the image1 but simply borrows its existence from it4 ,from this it follows that material elements are in space not by inhesion1 but by correlation1 each point which is formally marked out by an element corresponding to a virtual point of space1 to which it gives an extrinsic denomination4 ,the said correlation consists in this1 that the contingent term1 by its formal mode of existing in the point it marks out1 really imitates the eminent mode of being of divine immensity in the same point2 and from this it follows again1 that whatever new reality results from the existence of a material element in space1 belongs entirely to the element itself1 and constitutes its mode of being4 ,the relation between the contingent being as existing formally in its ubication1 and divine immensity as existing eminently in the same ubication1 is called 8presence40 ,we must notice1 before we go further1 that the virtuality of ,god's immensity1 when considered in relation to the distinct terms by which it is extrinsically terminated1 assumes distinct relative denominations1 and therefore1 though it is one entitatively1 it becomes manifold terminatively4 ,in this latter sense it is true to say that the virtuality of divine immensity which is terminated by a certain term ,a1 is distinct from the virtuality which is terminated by a certain other term ,b2 and when a material point moves in space1 we may say that its ubication ceases to correspond to one virtuality of immensity1 and begins to correspond to another4 ,such virtualities1 as we have just remarked1 are not entitatively distinct1 for immensity has but one infinite virtuality4 ,yet this one virtuality1 owing to the possibility of infinite distinct terminations1 is capable of being related to any number of distinct extrinsic terms1 and of receiving from their distinct mode of existing in it any number of distinct relative denominations4 ,when1 therefore1 we speak of distinct virtualities of divine immensity1 we simply refer to the distinct extrinsic terminations of one and the same infinite virtuality1 in the same manner as1 when we speak of distinct creations1 we do not mean that ,god's creative act is manifold in itself1 but only that its extrinsic termination to one being1 v4 gr4 the sun1 is not its termination to other beings1 v4 gr4 the stars4 ,and in a similar manner1 when a word is heard by many persons1 its sound in their ears is distinct on account of distinct terminations1 though the word is not distinct from itself4 ,we have explained the origin and nature of formal ubication2 we have yet to point out its division4 ,ubication may be considered either objectively or subjectively4 ,objectively considered1 it is nothing else than a point in space marked out by a simple point of matter4 ,we say1 by a simple point of matter1 because distinct material points in space have distinct ubications4 ,hence1 we cannot approve those philosophers who confound the ubi with the locus1 that is1 the ubication with the place occupied by a body4 ,it is true that those philosophers held the continuity of matter2 but they should have seen all the same that all dimensions involved distinct ubications1 and that every term designable in such dimensions has an ubication of its own independent of the ubications of every other designable term2 which proves that the locus of a body implies a great number of ubications1 and therefore cannot be considered as the synonym of ubi4 ,if the ubication is considered subjectively1 that is1 as an appurtenance of the subject of which it is predicated1 it may be defined as the mode of being of a simple element in space4 ,this mode consists of a mere relativity2 for it results from the extrinsic termination of absolute space1 as already explained4 ,hence1 the ubication is not received in the subject of which it is predicated1 and does not inhere in it1 but1 like all other relativities and connotations1 simply connects it with its correlative1 and lies1 so to say1 between the two4#adi ,but1 although it consists of a mere relativity1 the ubication still admits of being divided into absolute and relative1 according as it is conceived absolutely as it is in itself1 or compared with other ubications4 ,nor is this strange2 for relative entities can be considered both as to what they are in themselves1 and as to what they are to one another4 ,likeness1 for instance1 is a relation2 and yet when we know the likeness of ,peter to ,paul1 and the likeness of ,peter to ,john1 we can still compare the one likeness with the other1 and pronounce that the one is greater than the other4 ,when the ubication is considered simply as a termination of absolute space without regard for anything else1 then we call it absolute1 and we define it as the mode of being of an element in absolute space1 by which the element is constituted in the divine presence4 ,this absolute ubication is an essential mode of the material element no less than its dependence from the first cause1 and is altogether immutable so long as the element exists2 for1 on the one hand1 the element cannot exist but within the domain of divine immensity1 and1 on the other1 it cannot have different modes of being with regard to it1 as absolute space is the same all throughout1 and the element1 however much we may try to imagine different positions for it1 must always be in the centre1 so to say1 of that infinite expanse4 ,hence1 absolute ubication is altogether unchangeable4 ,when the ubication of one element is compared with that of another element in order to ascertain their mutual relation in space1 then the ubication is called relative1 and1 as such1 it may be defined as the mode of terminating a relation in space4 ,this ubication is changeable1 not in its intrinsic entity1 but in its relative formality2 and it is only under this formality that the ubication can be ranked among the predicamental accidents2 for this changeable formality is the only thing in it which bears the stamp of an accidental entity4 ,the consideration of relative ubications leads us directly to the consideration of the relation existing between two points distinctly ubicated in space4 ,such a relation is called distance4 ,distance is commonly considered as a quantity2 yet it is not primarily a quantity1 but simply the relation existing between two ubications with room for movement from the one to the other4 ,nevertheless1 this very possibility of movement from one point to another gives us a sufficient foundation for considering the relation of distance as a virtual dimensive quantity4 ,for the movement which is possible between two distant points may be greater or less1 according to the different manners in which these points are related4 ,now1 more and less imply quantity4 ,the quantity of distance is essentially continuous4 ,for it is by continuous movement that the length of the distance is measured4 ,the point which by its movement measures the distance1 describes a straight line by the shifting of its ubication from one term of the distance to the other4 ,the distance1 as a relation1 is the object of the intellect1 but1 as a virtual quantity1 it is the object of imagination also4 ,we cannot conceive distances as relations without at the same time apprehending them as quantities4 ,for1 as we cannot estimate distances except by the extent of the movement required in order to pass from one of its terms to the other1 we always conceive distances as relative quantities of length2 and yet distances1 objectively1 are only relations1 by which such quantities of length are determined4 ,the true quantity of length is the line which is drawn1 or can be drawn1 by the movement of a point from term to term4 ,in fact1 a line which reaches from term to term exhibits in itself the extent of the movement by which it is generated1 and it may rightly be looked upon as a track of it1 inasmuch as the point1 which describes it1 formally marks by its gliding ubication all the intermediate space4 ,the marking is1 of course1 a transient act2 but transient though it is1 it gives to the intermediate space a permanent connotation2 for a fact once passed1 remains a fact for ever4 ,thus the gliding ubication leaves a permanent1 intelligible1 though invisible1 mark of its passage2 and this we call a geometric line4 ,the line is therefore1 formally1 a quantity of length1 whereas the distance is only virtually a quantity1 inasmuch as it determines the length of the movement by which the line can be described4 ,nevertheless1 since we cannot1 as already remarked1 conceive distances without referring the one of its terms to the other through space1 and1 therefore1 without drawing1 at least mentally1 a line from the one to the other1 all distances1 as known to us1 are already measured in some manner1 and consequently they exhibit themselves as formal quantities4 ,distance is the base of all dimensions in space1 and its extension is measured by movement4 ,it is therefore manifest that no extension in space is conceivable without movement1 and all quantity of extension is measured by movement4 ,we have said that distance is a relation between two terms as existing in distinct ubications2 and we have now to inquire what is the foundation of such a relation4 ,this question is of high philosophical importance1 as on its solution depends whether some of our arguments against ,pantheism are or are not conclusive4 ,common people1 and a great number of philosophers too1 confound relations with their foundation1 and do not reflect that when they talk of distances as relative spaces1 they do not speak with sufficient distinctness4 ,we are going to show that relative space must be distinguished from distances1 as well as from geometric surfaces and volumes1 although these quantities are also called 8relative spaces0 by an improper application of words4 ,relative space is not an intrinsic constituent1 but only an extrinsic foundation1 of these relative quantities2 hence these quantities cannot be styled 8relative spaces0 without attributing to the formal results what strictly belongs to their formal reason4 ,what is relative space8 ,whoever understands the meaning of the words will say that relative space is that through which the movement from a point to another point is possible4 ,now1 the possibility of movement can be viewed under three different aspects4 ,first1 as a possibility dependent on the active power of a mover2 for movement is impossible without a mover4 ,secondly1 as a possibility dependent on the passivity of the movable term2 for no movement can be imparted to a term which does not receive the momentum4 ,thirdly1 as a possibility dependent on the perviousness of space which allows a free passage to the moving point2 for this is absolutely necessary for the possibility of movement4 ,in the present question1 it is evident that the possibility of movement cannot be understood either in the first or in the second of these three manners2 for our question does not regard the relation of the agent to the patient1 or of the patient to the agent1 but merely the relation of one ubication to another1 and the freedom for movement between them4 ,if the possibility of movement were taken here as originating in a motive power1 such a possibility would be greater or less according to the greater or less power2 and thus the relativity of two given ubications would be changed without altering their relation in space2 which is absurd4 ,and if the possibility of movement were taken as resulting from the passivity of the term moved1 then1 since this passivity is a mere indifference to receive the motion1 and since indifference has no degrees1 it would follow that the possibility of movement would be always the same2 and therefore the relativity of the ubications would remain the same1 even though the ubications were relatively changed2 which is another absurdity4 ,accordingly1 the possibility of movement which is involved in the conception of relative space is that which arises from space itself1 whose virtual extension virtually contains all possible lines of movement1 and allows any such lines to be formally drawn through it by actual movement4 ,from this it follows that relative space is nothing else than absolute space as extrinsically terminated by distinct terms1 and affording room for movement between them4 ,it follows1 further1 that this space is relative1 not because it is itself related1 but because it is that through which the extrinsic terms are related4 ,it is actively1 not passively1 relative2 it is the ratio1 not the rationatum1 the foundation1 not the result1 of the relativities4 ,it follows1 also1 that the foundation of the relation of distance is nothing else than space as terminated by two extrinsic terms1 and affording room for movement from the one to the other4 ,this space is at the same time absolute and relative2 absolute as to its entity1 relative as to the extrinsic denomination derived from the relation of which it is the formal reason4 ,the distinction between absolute and relative space is therefore to be taken1 not from space itself1 but from its comparison with absolute or with relative ubications4 ,space1 as absolute1 exhibits the possibility of all absolute ubications2 as relative1 it exhibits the possibility of all ubicational changes4 ,absolute space may therefore be styled simply 8the region of ubications10 whilst relative space maybe defined as 8the region of movement40 ,this notion of relative space will not fail to be opposed by those who think that all real space results from the dimensions of bodies4 ,their objections1 however1 need not detain us here1 as we have already shown that the grounds of their argumentation are inadmissible4 ,the same notion will be opposed with greater plausibility by those who confound the formal reason of local relations with the relations themselves1 under the common name of relative space4 ,their objections are based on the popular language1 as used1 even by philosophers1 in connection with relative space4 ,we will reduce these objections to two heads1 and answer them1 together with two others drawn from other sources1 that our reader may thus form a clearer judgment of the doctrine we have developed4 ,first difficulty4 ,the entity of a relation is the entity of its foundation4 ,if1 then1 the foundation of the relation of distance is absolute space1 or the virtuality of ,god's immensity1 it follows that the entity of distance is an uncreated entity4 ,but this cannot be admitted1 except by ,pantheists4 ,therefore the relation of distance is not founded on the virtuality of ,god's immensity4 ,this difficulty arises from a false supposition4 ,the entity of the relation is not the entity of its foundation1 but it is the entity of the connotation 7respectus7 which arises from the existence of the terms under such a foundation4 ,likeness1 for instance1 is a relation resulting between two bodies1 say1 white1 on account of their common property1 say1 whiteness4 ,whiteness is therefore the foundation of their likeness2 but whiteness it not likeness4 ,on the contrary1 the whiteness which founds this relation is still competent to found innumerable other relations2 a thing which would be impossible if the entity of the foundation were not infinitely superior to the entity of the relation which results from it4 ,this is even more evident in our case2 for the foundation of the relation between two ubications is an entity altogether extrinsic to the ubications themselves1 as we have already shown4 ,evidently1 such an entity cannot be the relativity of those ubications4 ,the relation of distance is neither absolute nor relative space1 but only the mode of being of one term in space with respect to another term in space4 ,now1 surely no one who has any knowledge of things will maintain that space1 either absolute or relative1 is a mode of being4 ,the moon is distant from the earth2 and therefore there is space1 and possibility of movement1 between the moon and the earth4 ,but is this space the relation of distance8 ,no4 ,it is the ground of the relation4 ,the relation itself consists in the mode of being of the moon with respect to the earth2 and1 evidently1 this mode is not space4 ,the assumption that the entity of the relation is the entity of its foundation may be admitted in the case of transcendental relations1 inasmuch as the actuality of beings1 which results from the conspiration of their essential principles1 identifies itself in concreto with the beings themselves4 ,but the same cannot be said of predicamental relations4 ,it would be absurd to say that the dependence of the world on its ,creator is the creative act2 nor would it be less absurd to say that the relativity of a son to his father is the act of generation1 or that the fraternity of ,james and ,john is the same thing as the identity of ,zebedee1 their father1 with himself4 ,and yet these absurdities1 and many others1 must be admitted1 if we admit the assumption that the entity of predicamental relations is the entity of their foundation4 ,hence the assumption must be discarded as false2 and the objection1 which rested entirely on this assumption1 needs no further discussion4 ,we must1 however1 take this opportunity to again warn the student of the necessity of not confounding under one and the same name the relative space with the relations of things existing in space4 ,this confusion is very frequent1 as we often hear of distances1 surfaces1 and volumes of bodies spoken of as 8relative spaces10 which1 properly speaking1 they are not4 ,we ourselves are now and then obliged to use this inaccurate language1 owing to the difficulty of conveying our thoughts to common readers without employing common phrases4 ,but we would suggest that1 to avoid all misconstruction of such phrases1 the relative space1 of which we have determined the notion1 might be called 8fundamental relative space10 whilst the relations of things as existing in space might receive the name of 8resultant relative spaces40 ,at any rate1 without some epithets of this sort1 we cannot turn to good account the popular phraseology on the subject4 ,such a phraseology expresses things as they are represented in our imagination1 not as they are defined by our reason4 ,distances are intervals between certain points in space1 surfaces are intervals between certain lines in space1 volumes are intervals between certain surfaces in spaces2 but these intervals are no parts of space1 though they are very frequently so called1 but only relations in space4 ,space is one1 not many2 it has no parts1 and1 whether you call it absolute or relative1 it cannot be cut to pieces4 ,what is called an interval of space should rather be called an interval in space2 for it is not a portion of space1 but a relation of things in space2 it is not a length of space1 but the length of the movement possible between the extrinsic terms of space2 it is not a divisible extension1 but the ground on which movement can extend with its divisible extension4 ,in the smallest conceivable interval of space there is ,god1 with all his immensity4 ,to affirm that intervals of space are distinct spaces would be to cut ,god's immensity into pieces1 by giving it a distinct being in really distinct intervals4 ,it is therefore necessary to concede that1 whilst the intervals are distinct1 the space on which they have their foundation is one and the same4 ,pantheists have taken advantage of the confusion of fundamental space with the resulting relations in space1 to spread their absurd theories4 ,if we grant them that distance is space1 how can we refute their assertion that distance is a form under which divine substance1 or the ,absolute1 makes an apparition8 ,for1 if distance is space1 and space is no creature1 distance consists of something uncreated 7and therefore divine7 under a contingent form4 ,this is not the place for us to refute ,pantheism2 what we aim at is simply to point out the need we have of expressing our thoughts on space with philosophical accuracy1 lest the ,pantheists may shield themselves with our own loose phraseology4 ,god is everywhere1 and touches1 so to say1 every contingent ubication by his presence to every ubicated thing4 ,but the contingent ubications are not spaces1 nor anything intrinsic to space2 they are merely extrinsic terms1 corresponding to space1 as we have explained2 and therefore such ubications are not apparitions of the divine substance1 but apparitions of contingent things2 they are not points of divine immensity1 but points contingently projected on the virtuality of ,god's immensity4 ,it is as vain to pretend that contingent ubications are points of space1 as it is vain to pretend that contingent essences are the divine substance4 ,pantheists1 indeed1 have said that1 because the essences of things are contained in ,god1 the substance of all things must be ,god's substance2 but their paralogism is manifest4 ,for the essences of things are in ,god1 not formally with the entity which they have in created things1 but eminently and virtually1 that is1 in an infinitely better manner4 ,the formal essences of things are only in the things themselves1 and they are extrinsic terms of creation1 imperfect images of what exists perfect in ,god4 ,in the same manner the ubications of things are not in ,god formally1 but eminently and virtually4 ,they formally belong to the things that are ubicated4 ,so also the intervals of space are in ,god eminently1 not formally2 they formally arise from extrinsic terminations1 and therefore are mere correlations of creatures4 ,this suffices to show that distances and other relations in space involve nothing divine in their entity1 although they are grounded on the existence and universal presence of ,god1 in whom 8we live1 and move1 and have our being40 ,second difficulty4--,if the foundation of local relations is uncreated1 it is always the same2 and therefore it will cause all such relations to be always the same4 ,hence1 all distances would be equal2 which is manifestly false4 ,this difficulty arises from confounding the absolute entity of the thing which is the foundation of the relation1 with the formal manner of founding the relation4 ,the same absolute entity may found different relations by giving to the terms a different relativity2 for the same absolute entity founds different relations whenever it connects the terms of the relation in a different manner4 ,thus1 when the entity of the foundation is a generic or a universal notion1 it can give rise to relations of a very different degree4 ,taking animality1 for instance1 as the foundation of the relation1 we may compare one hound with another1 one wolf with another1 one bird with another1 or we may compare the hound with the wolf1 the wolf with the bird1 the bird with the lion1 etc42 and we shall find as many different relations1 all grounded on the same foundation--that is1 on animality4 ,in fact1 there will be as many different relations of likeness as there are different animals compared4 ,now1 if one general ratio suffices to do this1 on account of its universality1 which extends infinitely in its application to concrete things1 it is plain that as much and more can be done by the infinite virtuality of ,god's immensity1 which can be terminated by an infinite variety of extrinsic terminations4 ,it is the proper attribute of an infinite virtuality to contain in itself the reason of the being of infinite terms1 and of their becoming connected with one another in infinite manners4 ,this is what the infinite virtuality of divine immensity can do with respect to ubicated terms4 ,such an infinite virtuality is whole1 though not wholly1 in every point and interval of space2 it is as entire between the two nearest molecules as between the two remotest stars4 ,hence its absolute entity1 though unchangeable itself1 can have different extrinsic terminations2 and1 since it founds the relations in question inasmuch as it has such different terminations1 consequently it can found as many different local relations as it can have different extrinsic terminations4 ,a hound and a wolf1 as we have said1 inasmuch as they are animals1 are alike2 and the wolf and the bird1 also1 inasmuch as they are animals1 are alike2 but the likeness in the second case is not the same as in the first1 because the animality1 which is one in the abstract1 is different in the concrete terms to which it is applied4 ,hence the difference1 or entitative distance1 so to say1 between the wolf and the hound is less than the entitative distance between the wolf and the bird1 although the ground of the comparison is one and the same4 ,in a like manner1 the distance from a molecule to a neighboring molecule is less than the distance from a star to another star1 although the ground of the relation be one and the same2 with this difference1 however1 that in the case of the animals above mentioned the relation has an intrinsic foundation1 because 8animality0 is intrinsic to the terms compared2 whilst in the case of local distances the relation has an extrinsic foundation2 for the ubications compared are nothing but extrinsic terms of space4 ,third difficulty4--,distances evidently intercept portions of space1 and differ from one another according as they intercept more or less of it4 ,but1 if space is the virtuality of divine immensity1 such portions cannot be admitted2 for the virtuality of divine immensity cannot be divided into parts distinct from one another4 ,this difficulty arises from the confusion of that which belongs to space intrinsically1 with that which belongs to it by extrinsic denomination only4 ,space in itself has no parts2 and therefore distance cannot intercept a portion of the entity of space4 ,nevertheless1 parts are attributed to space by extrinsic denomination1 that is1 inasmuch as the movements1 which space makes possible between given terms1 do not extend beyond those terms1 while other movements are possible outside of the given terms4 ,hence1 since space is infinite and affords room for an infinite length of movement in all directions1 the space which corresponds to a limited movement has been called an interval of space and a portion of space4 ,but this denomination is extrinsic1 and does not imply that space has portions1 or that the entity of space is divisible4 ,that such a denomination is extrinsic1 there can be no doubt1 for it is taken from the consideration of the limited movement possible between the terms of the distance1 as all distances are known and estimated by movement4 ,indeed1 we are wont to say that 8movement measures space10 which expression seems to justify the conclusion that the space measured is a finite portion of infinite space2 but1 though the expression is much used 7from want of a better one71 it must not be interpreted in a material sense4 ,its real meaning is simply that movement 8measures the length of the distance0 in space1 or that movement 8measures its own extent0 in space--that is1 the length or the extent1 not of space1 but of what space causes to be extrinsically possible between two extrinsic terms4 ,this will be still more manifest by referring to the evident truth already established1 that all ubications as compared with the entity of space are unchangeable1 because the thing ubicated cannot have two modes of being in the infinite expanse of space1 but1 wherever it be1 is always1 so to say1 in the centre of it4 ,this proves that the movement of a point between the terms of a given distance measures nothing else than its own length in space2 for1 had it to measure space itself1 it would have to take successively different positions with regard to it1 which we know to be impossible4 ,we must therefore conclude that distance does not properly intercept space1 though it determines the relative length of a line which can be drawn by a point moving through space2 for this line is not a line of space1 but a line of movement4 ,in other words1 distance is not the limit of the space said to be intercepted1 but of the movement possible between the distant terms4 ,as this answer may not satisfy our imagination as much as it does our intellect1 and as our habit of expressing things as they are represented in our imagination makes it difficult to speak correctly of what transcends the reach of this lower faculty1 we will make use of a comparison which1 in our opinion1 by putting the intelligible in contact with the sensible1 will not fail to help us fully to realize the truth of what has been hitherto said4 ,let ,god create a man1 a horse1 and a tree4 ,the difference1 or1 as we will call it1 the entitative distance1 between the man and the horse is less than between the man and the tree1 as is evident4 ,yet the man1 the horse1 and the tree are extrinsic terms of the same divine omnipotence1 which neither is divisible nor admits of more or less4 ,now1 can we say that1 because the man is entitatively more distant from the tree than from the horse1 there must be more of divine omnipotence between the man and the tree than between the man and the horse8 ,it would be folly to say so4 ,the only consequence which can be deduced from the greater entitative distance of the man and of the tree1 is1 that a greater multitude of creatures 7extrinsic terms of divine omnipotence7 is possible between the man and the tree1 than between the man and the horse4 ,the reader will readily see how the comparison applies to our subject2 for the two cases are quite similar4 ,can we say1 then1 that1 because two points in space are more distant than two other points1 there must be more of divine immensity1 or of its virtuality1 between the former than between the latter8 ,by no means4 ,the only consequence which can be deduced from the greater distance of the two former points is1 that a greater multitude of ubications 7extrinsic terms of immensity7 is possible between them1 than between the two others4 ,this greater multitude of possible ubications constitutes the possibility of a greater length of movement2 and shows the truth of what we have maintained1 viz41 that distance endues the aspect of quantity through the consideration of the greater or less extent of the movement possible between its terms1 and not through a greater or less 8portion0 of space intercepted4#aej ,the difficulty is thus fully answered4 ,nevertheless1 as to the phrases1 8a portion of space10 8an interval of space10 8space measured by movement10 and a few others of a like nature1 we readily admit that their use1 having become so common in the popular language1 we cannot avoid them without exposing ourselves to the charge of affectation1 nay1 we must use them1 as we frequently do1 in order to be better understood4 ,but we should remember that the common language has a kernel as well as a shell1 and that1 when we have to determine the essential notions and the intelligible relations of things1 we must break the shell that we may reach the kernel4 ,fourth difficulty4--,the notions of space and of ubication above given imply a sort of vicious circle4 ,for space is explained by the possibility of ubications1 whilst ubications are said to be modes of being in space4 ,therefore neither space nor ubication is sufficiently defined4 ,we answer1 that then only is a sort of vicious circle committed in defining or explaining things1 when an unknown entity is defined or explained by means of another equally unknown4 ,when1 on the contrary1 we explain the common notions of such things as are immediately known and understood before any definition or explanation of them is given1 there is no danger of a vicious circle4 ,in such a case1 things are sufficiently explained if our definition or description of them agrees with the notion we have acquired of them by immediate apprehension4 ,we say that ,being is that which is1 and we explain the extension of time by referring to movement1 while we also explain movement by referring to time and velocity1 and again we explain velocity by referring to the extension of time and movement4 ,this is no vicious circle2 for every one knows these entities before hearing their formal definition4 ,now1 the same is true with respect to space and ubication2 for the notion of space is intuitive1 and before we hear its philosophical definition1 we know already that it is the region of all possible ubications and movements4 ,moreover1 such things as have a mutual connection1 or as connote one another1 can be explained and defined by one another without a vicious circle4 ,thus we say that a father is one who has a son1 and a son is one who has a father4 ,in the same manner we define the matter as the essential term of a form1 and the form as the essential act of the matter4 ,accordingly1 since ubications are extrinsic terms of absolute space1 and space is the formal reason of their extrinsic possibility1 it is plain that we can1 without any fear of a vicious circle1 define and explain the former by the latter1 and vice versa4 ,finally1 no philosopher has ever defined space or explained it otherwise than by reference to possible or actual ubications1 nor was ubication ever described otherwise than as a mode of being in absolute or in relative space4 ,this shows that it is in the very nature of things that the one should be explained by reference to the other4 ,hence it is that even our own definition of absolute space1 which does not explicitly refer to contingent ubications1 refers to them implicitly4 ,for when we say that 8absolute space is the virtuality1 or extrinsic terminability1 of divine immensity10 we implicitly affirm the possibility of extrinsic terms1 viz41 of ubications4 ,and here we will end our discussion on the entity of relative space2 for we do not think that there are other difficulties worthy of a special solution4 ,we have seen that relative space is entitatively identical with absolute space1 since it does not differ from it by any intrinsic reality1 but only by an extrinsic denomination4 ,we have shown that space is relative in an active1 not in a passive sense1 that is1 as the formal reason1 not as a result of extrinsic relations4 ,we have also seen that these extrinsic relations are usually called 8relative spaces10 and that this phrase should not be used in philosophy without some restrictive epithet1 as it is calculated to mislead4 ,let us conclude with a remark on the known division of space into real and imaginary4 ,this division cannot regard the entity of space1 which is unquestionably real4 ,it regards the reality or unreality of the extrinsic terms conceived as having a relation in space4 ,the true notion of real1 as contrasted with imaginary space1 is the following3 ,space is called real1 when it is really relative1 viz41 when it is extrinsically terminated by real terms1 between which it founds a real relation2 on the contrary1 it is called imaginary1 when the extrinsic terms do not exist in nature1 but only in our imagination2 for1 in such a case1 space is not really terminated1 and does not found real relations1 but both the terminations and the relations are simply a fiction of our imagination4 ,thus it appears that void space1 as containing none but imaginary relations1 may justly be called 8imaginary10 though in an absolute sense it is intrinsically real4 ,hence we infer that the indefinite space1 which we imagine1 when we carry our thoughts beyond the limits of the material world1 and which philosophers have called 8imaginary10 is not absolute1 but relative space1 and is not imaginary in itself1 but only as to its denomination of relative1 because where real terms do not exist there are only imaginary relations1 notwithstanding the reality of the entity through which we refer the imaginary terms to one another4 ,that absolute space1 considered in itself1 cannot be called 8imaginary0 is evident1 because absolute space is not an object of imagination4 ,imagination cannot conceive space except in connection with imaginary terms so related as to offer the image of sensible dimensions4 ,it is1 therefore1 a blunder to confound imaginary and indefinite space with absolute and infinite space4 ,indeed1 our intellectual conception of absolute and infinite space is always accompanied in our minds by a representation of indefinite space2 but this depends on the well-known connection of our imaginative and intellectual operations3 ,proprium est hominis intelligere cum phantasmate2 and we must be careful not to attribute to the object what has the reason of its being in the natural condition of the subject4 ,it was by this confusion of the objective notion of space with our subjective manner of imagining it1 that ,kant formed his false theory of subjective space4 ,he mistook1 as we have already remarked1 with ,balmes1 the product of imagination for a conception of the intellect1 and confounded his phantasma of the indefinite with the objectivity of the infinite4 ,it was owing to this same confusion that other philosophers made the reality of space dependent on real occupation1 and denied the reality of vacuum4 ,in vacuum1 of course1 they could find no real terms and no real relations1 but they could imagine terms and relations4 ,hence they concluded that1 since vacuum supplied nothing but imaginary relations1 void space was an imaginary1 not a real1 entity4 ,this was a paralogism2 for the reason why those relations are imaginary is not the lack of real entity in absolute space1 but the absence of the real terms to which absolute space has to impart relativity that the relation may ensue4 ,it was not superfluous1 then1 to warn our readers1 as we did in our introduction to this article1 against the incursions of imagination upon our intellectual field4 ,a ,,fragment4 ,david ,ben-,aser to his friend1 ,amri ,ephraim1 health1 love1 and greeting3 ,,my ,,best ,,friend3 ,a month past ,i would have marvelled greatly that the fame of one seemingly so obscure as he who calls himself ,jesus of ,nazareth--and what good can come out of ,nazareth8--could have travelled to ,rome or ,damascus4 ,but the inquiry in thy friendly epistle from the banks of the ,tiber1 brought me to-day by thy faithful ,isaac1 assures me that the city of the ,emperor has caught wind of the rumors with which ,jerusalem is filled1 and 'tis but an hour since ,yusef1 a ,damascene merchant1 questioned me with interest concerning this new teacher1 whose wonderful doctrines and still more wonderful deeds have set all ,galilee in a flame4 ,strangely enough1 it has been my fortune of late to have met him1 not once only1 but several times1 and always under striking circumstances4 ,what seemed less likely when we parted than that ,i should give more than idle thought to what we both deemed a sensation of the hour2 and yet it has come to pass that this prophet1 teacher--what you will1 so that it be kindly--has occupied my reflections for many moments in many days4 ,things have so fallen out from a small beginning that ,i am bidden to dine to-morrow at the house of ,simon the ,pharisee1 in the company of ,jesus4 ,at the present writing1 ,i can gratify thy curiosity to a certain important and strange extent2 but after having had opportunity to converse with him1 ,i hope to be able still further to enlighten thee1 as well as satisfy myself as to the nature and depth of the impression this strange teacher has made on thy hitherto reserved and unsusceptible friend4 ,i saw him first about a fortnight past4 ,on my way to the house of ,marcus the centurion1 with whom ,i had a money transaction1 my attention was attracted by a motley crowd of men1 women1 and children1 all eager to press closer to what seemed to be some prominent figure in their midst4 8,what is the cause of this commotion10 ,i inquired1 8and whither are ye bound80 ,one of the number made answer thus3 8,we follow ,jesus of ,nazareth1 who has been sent for by ,marcus the centurion1 to heal his servant1 now lying at the point of death40 8,which is ,jesus80 ,i asked 8and is he also a physician80 8,that is he with the grave face and gentle eyes1 and he is not a physician1 but a worker of miracles40 ,anxious to obtain a nearer view of him whose name is in every mouth1 ,i endeavored to force my way through the crowd1 when a man running at full speed and making wild gestures with his hands called on the multitude to part and give him speech with ,jesus1 which they did1 as soon as they fully understood his meaning and from whence he came4 ,then he called out1 saying3 8,lord1 my master saith1 ,trouble not thyself1 for ,i am not worthy that thou shouldst enter under my roof2 say but the word1 and my servant shall be healed40 ,jesus lifted his head1 and ,i saw his face for the first time2 nay1 but that part which extends from the top of the forehead beneath the eyes4 ,but what eyes--how full of life1 and holiness1 and truth6 ,and methought they fixed their piercing glance full upon me as he cried aloud3 8,i say unto you1 ,i have not found so great faith in ,israel40 ,but the crowd pressed about him and ,i saw him no more1 for he retraced his steps1 followed by the multitude1 while ,i pursued my way1 filled with curiosity as to the result4 ,as ,i neared the house of ,marcus ,i heard sounds of thanksgiving1 and what was my surprise to hear1 and in a moment after see1 the man who had been ill1 perfectly restored1 and fairly dancing and laughing with joy4 ,marcus is a man of probity and considerable influence1 as you well know1 and his faith in the power of ,jesus is very great1 which can hardly be counted singular4 ,having transacted my business1 ,i went on my way1 marvelling and reflecting much1 albeit ,i am not given to running after strange prophets1 nor to walk in new paths4 ,but once lighted upon1 it seemed this untrodden way was to open out fresh scenes to my view4 ,the next day ,i betook my steps early to ,nain1 where my brother-in-law1 ,jonah1 lies sick of the fever1 which is now making fearful ravages in that city4 ,returning in the cool of the evening1 ,i suddenly encountered a funeral procession4 ,a woman deeply veiled followed the corpse1 piercing the air with heartrending cries4 ,at the same moment a group of travel-stained men entered the gate of the town4 ,in their leader ,i recognized ,jesus of ,nazareth1 and at his approach an indefinable feeling possessed me4 ,i cannot describe it save in saying that ,i would fain have fallen at his feet1 as though in the presence of some superior being4 8,whom do you carry80 inquired one of the travellers4 8,the only son of his mother1 and she is a widow10 was the sad response4 ,jesus touched the bier1 and the bearers paused4 ,turning with a look of ineffable compassion to the heartbroken mother1 he said1 in tones gentle as those of a woman1 8,weep not40 ,then1 in a louder voice1 8,young man1 ,i say to thee1 ,arise40 ,my breath came thick and fast1 the cold dews gathered on my forehead1 for1 miracle of miracles3 the dead arose1 cast aside his grave-clothes1 and fell sobbing upon his joyful mother's breast4 ,this ,i beheld with my eyes--,i heard him speak1 ,i saw his happy tears4 ,but ,jesus calmly gathered up his robe and pursued his journey1 and once again ,i fancied--or did ,i fancy8--that he singled me out from the crowd1 and fixed his eyes on mine with an expression that was almost an appeal4 ,my eager gaze followed him till ,i could no longer catch the outline of his garments2 after which1 ,i slowly returned to ,jerusalem4 ,there is much talk in the city concerning this last great miracle1 and ,i have been at pains to learn more of ,jesus1 of whom it is even said that he calls himself the ,messiah4 ,it is argued against him that he consorts with publicans and sinners1 and that his most intimate friends and disciples are illiterate fishermen4 ,however1 he preaches that he came not to call the just1 but sinners1 to repentance2 it is therefore but natural and consistent that he should seek out such1 if his mission lies among them2 and1 with regard to his near friends being illiterate1 he is himself only a carpenter's son4 ,again1 his enemies say that he casts out devils and works prodigies through ,beelzebub4 ,but he preaches charity1 good-will1 hatred of hypocrisy and double-dealing1 and surely these are not the weapons of the prince of darkness4 ,many of the ,pharisees1 far wiser than ,i1 are disturbed and thoughtful because of these marvels that are daily occurring1 so be not alarmed1 nor fear that your ,david is losing his wits4 ,three days ago1 on my way from the synagogue1 ,i was joined by ,simon1 to whom ,jesus is well known1 and in the conversation which ensued between us1 our friend hospitably invited me to dine with him at his house this evening1 saying that ,jesus would be of the company4 ,of course ,i assented1 and am all impatience for the hour to arrive4 ,simon's recognition of ,jesus speaks well for both1 the former being a shrewd and careful man1 a quick observer1 and not slow to detect imposture2 and if the qualities of the latter were not sound and commendable1 ,simon would not thus honor him with his hospitality4 ,but already the sun dips low in the heavens2 till to-morrow1 my ,ephraim--farewell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i left you last evening aglow with curiosity to see and hear more of the prophet of ,israel1 who is agitating all ,jerusalem with the fame of his miracles4 ,i return to you awestruck1 fascinated1 filled with the spirit of reverence and admiration4 ,what ,i have to say may lose much of its impressiveness by reason of distance and want of actual participation in the events which have taken place4 ,but you cannot fail to be touched by the strangeness and sublimity of the soul embodied in the form of ,jesus4 ,yet you have not seen him1 you have not heard the sublime language that falls from his lips whenever he opens them to speak1 you have not felt his god-like eye penetrating yours1 nor seen his rare and wondrous smile4 ,therefore1 should you scorn my enthusiasm1 ,i shall not blame you1 but abide the time when ,jerusalem may claim you once more4 ,for the rest1 ,i do not doubt that in this1 as in all things else1 we two shall be one4 ,but ,i must hasten to resume my narrative while the events of the past few hours are still fresh in my memory4 ,the sun had gone down behind a huge bank of crimson clouds1 portending a storm1 as is not unusual at this wintry season1 when we seated ourselves1 to the number of twenty or thereabouts1 at the well-spread table of ,simon the ,pharisee4 ,jesus was already present when ,i arrived1 and sat1 the honored guest1 at the right hand of the host1 while several of his friends or disciples surrounded him in the semicircle formed by the curve of the table4 ,was ,i mistaken1 or did his eyes rest on me1 as ,i entered1 with that half-sad1 half-affectionate expression so like an invitation8 ,remembering the interest ,i had manifested in our conversation concerning him1 ,simon kindly placed me as near ,jesus as could well be1 owing to the proximity of several older guests1 but after the first moment of greeting ,jesus resumed his discourse1 and ,i had ample opportunity for observing him at my leisure4 ,he wore a single garment of woollen stuff1 which fell in graceful folds to his feet1 being confined at the waist by a thick cord4 ,the robe was of soft but coarse material1 and1 though considerably worn1 appeared quite free from soil or travel-stain4 ,he sat with hands loosely folded on his knees1 and ,i noticed the peculiar whiteness and transparency of the fingers1 which were long and thin4 ,those hands do not look as though they belonged to a carpenter's son4 ,his forehead is high and broad1 and the hair1 tinged with auburn1 falls in graceful waves about half-way to the shoulders4 ,the face is oval1 each feature perfect1 the eyebrows delicately pencilled1 the nose of a ,grecian rather than our native ,hebrew type1 the lips not very full1 but firm and red4 ,beard the color of his hair1 and slightly cleft1 shows the well-formed chin1 and barely sweeps his breast4 ,but those eyes--those deep1 unfathomable1 crystal wells--how can ,i speak of their many and varied expressions1 of that changeful hue between gray and brown so beautiful and yet so rare4 ,they seem to unite in themselves all of majesty and sweetness ,i have ever dreamed looked forth from eyes of angels--dignity and lowliness1 severity and tenderness1 sadness and something higher than joy4 ,but their prevailing expression is one of sorrow1 as though they had looked out into the world1 and1 taking in its untold miseries and sins at one deep glance1 must hold the mournful picture there for evermore4 ,indeed1 it is said1 ,i know not how truly1 that ,jesus has never been known to laugh4 ,his voice is low and soft1 but very clear4 ,i fancy it would be most melodious in our ,hebrew chants4 ,and yet it can grow strong and loud in reproach1 as you shall presently hear4 ,the feast had begun1 and the servants were busy attending to the wants of the guests1 when a slight noise was heard in the antechamber1 as though the porter were remonstrating with some one who desired to enter4 ,suddenly a woman appeared on the threshold1 clothed in a fleecy white tunic1 girdled with blue1 and bearing an alabaster box in her hand4 ,a murmur went round the assembly4 ,surely our eyes did not deceive us--it was the notorious courtesan1 ,mary ,magdalen1 but divested of the costly robes and ornaments which were formerly her pride1 and with her rich golden hair loosely coiled at the back of her head and simply fastened with a silver comb4 ,i bethought me of a rumor ,i had heard1 that ,jesus had once delivered her from the hands of those who were about to stone her1 and also that since that time she had renounced her abandoned manner of life4 ,pale1 with eyes downcast1 she stood one hesitating instant in the doorway2 then1 falling on her knees before ,jesus1 she wept aloud1 literally bathing his feet with her tears4 ,he uttered no word of reproach1 but suffered her to unbind that beautiful hair whose golden threads had lured so many to destruction4 ,now1 as though seeking to make atonement1 she wiped with it his tired feet4 ,kissing them humbly1 and still weeping1 she drew from the alabaster box most precious ointment and anointed them profusely4 ,all were silent1 but many shook their heads with doubt and suspicion4 ,simon the ,pharisee folded his arms1 but spake not1 till ,jesus1 as though divining the thoughts of his heart1 said slowly and impressively3 8,simon1 ,i have somewhat to say unto thee40 ,and he answered him3 8,master1 say on40 ,then he said3 8,there was a certain creditor who had two debtors3 the one owed five hundred pence1 and the other fifty4 ,and when they had nothing to pay1 he frankly forgave them both4 ,tell me1 therefore1 which of them will love him most80 ,simon answered and said3 8,i suppose he to whom he forgave most40 ,and he said unto him3 8,thou hast rightly judged40 ,and he turned to the woman1 and said unto ,simon3 8,seest thou this woman8 ,i entered into thine house1 thou gavest me no water for my feet2 but she hath washed my feet with tears1 and wiped them with the hairs of her head4 ,thou gavest me no kiss2 but this woman1 from the time ,i came in1 hath not ceased to kiss my feet4 ,my head with oil thou didst not anoint1 but this woman hath anointed my feet with ointment4 ,wherefore1 ,i say unto thee1 her sins1 which are many1 are forgiven1 for she hath loved much2 but to whom little is forgiven1 the same loveth little40 ,and he said unto her3 8,thy sins are forgiven40 ,no one made answer as the woman silently departed1 but the incident had strangely disturbed the spirit of the feast4 ,i marvel how the most critical could have found fault or misjudged what was undoubtedly a spontaneous expression of gratitude and contrition in the repentant sinner4 ,jesus had saved ,mary from death1 and humbled her accusers with these remarkable words3 8,let he who is without sin among you throw the first stone40 ,they slunk away mortified and abashed4 ,since that time she has seen the error of her ways1 and surely1 if the ,god of our fathers pardons sinners1 it is but in keeping with his established character for justice and mercy that so perfect a man as ,jesus should not rebuke them4 ,i am more and more powerfully drawn towards this wonderful teacher4 ,as the guests dispersed last evening1 ,i contrived to obtain speech with him1 and he replied to several questions of mine with great mildness and suavity4 ,and although1 by reason of my known wealth and position among the ,pharisees1 one might suppose he would make some note of the voluntary admiration and respect ,i did not hesitate to manifest1 he soon turned with grave dignity to others who surrounded him1 his own friends no doubt1 and seemed to forget my presence4 ,they say he goes to-morrow into various towns and villages1 for the purpose of preaching and instructing4 ,he will be accompanied by the twelve who always follow him4 ,my interest has been so strongly excited that ,i am tempted to defer still longer my journey to ,rome1 which ,i had intended to begin almost immediately4 ,however1 ,i shall not postpone it sufficiently long to deprive myself of the pleasure of thy company in the capital for some time previous to thy return to ,jerusalem4 ,in any event1 ,i shall write thee soon4 ,blessings upon thee1 dearest friend6 ,i await an answer to this lengthy epistle4 ,,ii4 ,the fury of the first persecution had nearly exhausted itself1 and even ,nero1 that insatiable butcher whose thirst for blood had enkindled the fierce flame1 seemed to have well-nigh spent the measure of his inhuman cruelty4 ,hiding like criminals in gloomy abodes and obscure retreats1 those ,christians who had escaped martyrdom seldom ventured forth save when the dusk of evening rendered them less liable to scrutiny or interrogation4 ,but among the exceptions to this precautionary rule was one1 that of a very old1 white-haired man1 who might be seen at all times in the most public places1 and who was well-known to be a fearless and devoted ,christian4 ,indeed1 he seemed rather to court danger than avoid it1 and it was a marvel to the more timid among his brethren how he had thus far escaped the lion's jaws or the caldron of boiling oil4 ,one raw evening in early ,march1 three drunken soldiers were tumbling along a narrow ,roman street1 lined with small1 obscure-looking houses1 when a bent figure suddenly issued from one of the low doorways and walked hurriedly in the direction of the ,jews' quarter1 not far distant4 8,ho there60 called one of the three1 eager for adventure of any kind1 8ho there6 ,who art thou1 and whither goest thou80 ,the figure paused1 and said in reply1 8,i am an old man1 and ,i go to relieve a fellow-man in distress40 8,not so fast1 not so fast1 friend10 retorted the soldier4 8,in these times1 we guardians of the emperor's peace must be circumspect and vigilant40 8,ho1 ho6 ,it is ,andrew1 that dog of a ,christian who boasteth1 ,i am told1 that he is not afraid of our august emperor himself10 said another of the three4 8,speak1 old man2 art thou not a ,christian1 and brave enough to face thy master1 who can1 if he so pleases1 make a torch of thee to light belated way-farers home80 8,ay1 thou sayest truly1 ,i am a ,christian10 replied the old man1 folding his arms and standing erect1 as he continued3 8,my name is ,andrew2 ,i am well known in the city1 and acknowledge no master in the odious tyrant who calls himself ,emperor of ,rome40 8,ah6 what is this80 said the soldier who had not yet spoken1 and who appeared the most sober of the three4 8,so--so4 ,a traitor and a ,christian4 ,there is a double reward set upon thy head1 old fellow4 ,comrades1 we would be doing an injustice to the emperor and the state in not apprehending this venomous traitor4 ,let us away with him to prison1 and before this time to-morrow he may know what it is to feel the emperor's avenging arm40 ,the old man's eye brightened1 and he would have spoken1 but was prevented by him who had first accosted him4 8,nay1 nay1 comrades10 he said1 8let the poor creature go4 ,he has been seen in all public places since the edict1 and is well known for a ,christian4 ,yet his age and infirmities have thus far saved him from arrest4 ,let us to our quarters1 and permit him to go free40 8,not so10 replied his companion gruffly1 while the other seized the old man by the cloak4 8,it won't do to make fish of one and flesh of another4 ,besides1 there's the booty1 and that's something not to be despised40 8,well1 so be it10 was the reply2 8one against two is but poor odds4 ,let us go40 ,the prisoner made no resistance1 walking on silently between his captors1 but a strange light shone in his eyes2 and when the great iron door of the cell into which he was rudely hurried closed behind him1 he fell on his knees exclaiming3 8,at last1 my ,god1 at last6 ,o ,lord6 ,i thank thee--let not this great joy pass from me40 ,morning dawned1 and ,nero sat dispensing death and torture to the doomed ,christians1 inventing new cruelties with each death sentence4 ,an old man1 heavily manacled1 was led in by three guards4 ,his venerable appearance attracted the emperor's notice1 and he cried out3 8,ho1 guards6 bring forward the patriarch4 ,what offence hath the old ,jew committed8 ,has he been pursuing some unlucky creditor1 or hath his last enterprise savored too strongly of usury8 ,what is charged against thee1 ,jew80 8,he is no ,jew1 but a bragging ,christian1 most noble emperor10 exclaimed the foremost guard4 8,he boasted but last night that he would not acknowledge thee for master1 and we have brought him to thy presence that his boast may wither beneath the light of thy august countenance40 8,art thou not a ,jew80 cried ,nero1 as the prisoner lifted his bowed head1 and stood erect4 8,i am a ,jew by birth1 but a ,christian by religion10 he replied in a low but audible voice4 8,what is thy name80 8,i was baptized ,andrew1 and so ,i am called40 ,here a murmur ran through the crowd1 and a centurion stepped forward1 saying3 8,a most bitter enemy of the gods1 most noble emperor4 ,he is the same who may be seen at all the public executions of ,christians1 exhorting and praying with them40 8,i wonder he has never been apprehended until now--it speaks well for the devotion of my adherents10 replied the emperor with a sneer4 ,the centurion drew back somewhat abashed4 8,i have often sought death1 but my gray hairs have spared me until now10 said the old man4 8,hold thy treacherous tongue1 sirrah10 cried one of the guards4 8,i'll warrant thee they will not spare thee now40 8,silence60 cried the emperor4 8,old man1 art thou the same of whom it is said thou wert a friend of the ,galilean ere he went to the gibbet80 8,what ,i was it matters not4 ,what ,i desire to be is the faithful servant of my ,lord ,jesus ,christ40 8,verily1 thou art impertinent1 and age hath not taught thee humility4 ,mayhap1 it would please thee to have thy old body cut in slices and thrown to the wild beasts40 8,it would be the fulfilment of my most ardent prayers--any death by which ,i might suffer martyrdom for ,jesus ,christ4 ,i have longed for it these fifty years40 ,as he spoke his face seemed transfigured1 while that of ,nero assumed a new and more malicious expression4 8,how old art thou80 he asked4 8,i am ninety-two40 8,where is thy birthplace80 8,jerusalem40 8,and thou wouldst die for ,jesus ,christ80 8,thou knowest it1 my judge40 8,such death would be the greatest boon thy heart desires80 8,my ,god knoweth it40 ,a mocking smile played around the emperor's lips as he said3 8,then hear thy sentence4 ,thou shalt be taken from hence to the ,appian gate--and there bidden go thy way in peace4 ,thou art not young enough to be toothsome to the lions1 and the sap is so dried in thy veins thou wouldst make but a sorry torch by night4 ,there is so little flesh upon thy bones that thou wouldst not sink in ,tiber1 and we cannot afford to waste stones in weighting such as thou4 ,thy withered carcass would not whet the executioner's knife2 there is naught for it but to let thee go4 ,spend the remainder of thy days as thou hast wasted those that are gone1 in longings for martyrdom4 ,guards6 seize your prisoner1 and execute sentence upon him40 ,the light that had illumined the eyes of the old man slowly faded as the emperor spoke1 and great tears rolled down his furrowed cheeks4 ,clasping his withered hands high above his head1 he exclaimed3 8,it is not to be--it is not to be6 ,my ,god1 ,i accept the retribution40 8,what sayest thou80 cried ,nero4 8,hast thou committed some terrible crime that thou talkest of retribution80 8,ay1 a great crime2 but ,i have suffered much1 and striven to make atonement4 ,but my ,saviour is not yet satisfied40 8,accuse thyself4 ,we may be less lenient here than awhile ago40 ,the old man's eyes kindled once more and again he stood erect3 8,yes1 ,i will confess10 he cried in a loud voice4 8,i will let all the world know that he whom his companions have called just is the meanest sinner of them all2 ,i will strive by the whiteness of my gray hairs and the years of sorrow that have passed since that mad day to awaken in thy tyrant heart some pity1 some relenting from thy cruel sentence4 8,but alas6 what do ,i say8 ,the hand of ,god is in it--my ,saviour refuses me the boon ,i crave1 and thou art but his instrument40 ,he sighed heavily1 wiped the tears from his eyes1 and continued in a less agitated voice3 8,i am a native of ,jerusalem--a descendant of the tribe of ,aser2 my father was a ruler of much wealth and influence--both of which ,i inherited4 ,i had luxurious tastes1 and gratified them to a certain extent1 filling my house with rare and costly furniture and ornaments4 ,i travelled much1 and indulged my inclinations to the fullest extent without transgressing the moral law4 ,i esteemed virtue and practised it1 more from a sense of pride than a feeling of true religion4 ,i was unmarried and had few intimate friends4 ,one1 however1 ,amri ,ephraim1 was bound to me by the closest ties of intimacy and association4 ,he was also wealthy4 ,business called him to ,rome about the time our ,lord ,jesus began to preach the gospel in ,galilee4 ,we were both somewhat interested in the new prophet1 as he was then called2 but from my first meeting with him ,i was filled with admiration for his teachings1 and drawn towards him by an attraction ,i could not then understand4 ,alas6 ,i have known its meaning for many sorrowful1 repentant years4 8,his influence grew upon me4 ,i followed him from place to place2 he took kindly notice of me4 ,his gentle looks seemed to beckon me on2 his wondrous miracles became convincing proofs of his divine mission2 his merciful and consoling teachings entered deep into my soul1 and left it glowing with awe and veneration4 ,i felt that he was the ,messiah promised by ,david2 ,i knew it in my coward heart4 ,and yet this world--this glittering1 hollow sham--it was that which held me back and lured me to my own perdition4 ,many times ,i saw ,jesus look upon me with a gaze that told of affection mingled with doubt and sorrow4 ,for days ,i would absent myself from his side1 only to return athirst and filled with new desires4 8,one day1 as he sat in the shade of a palm-tree with a few of his disciples1 ,i threw myself at his feet and listened to the wisdom that fell from his lips4 8#8,master1' ,i said at length1 #8what shall a man do to inherit eternal life8' 8#8,keep the commandments1' he answered1 fixing his eyes upon me as though he would read my soul4 8#8,i have kept them from my youth1' ,i replied4 8#8,then lackest thou yet one thing1' he said4 #8,sell all thou hast1 give thy treasure to the poor1 and come1 follow me4' 8,the words were spoken--they had appealed to my heart for many days2 ,jesus loved me1 he had singled me from the multitude of whom but little is required--he would have chosen me for a familiar disciple4 ,i saw it in his eye2 ,i heard it in his voice4 ,he had called me to follow him6 ,and ,i8''' 8,before me there swept a vision of lost delights and despised honors4 ,i saw myself hungry and cold1 and naked and scorned2 ,i heard the censure of the world1 the altered tones of friends1 the jibes and sneers of enemies4 ,if ,i had dared once more to lift my eyes--if ,i had met that benignant glance1 so full of affection and assurance--all would have been well1 and the craven heart had never bled these sixty years for that one moment's loss4 ,but1 alas6 ,i cast down my eyes and bowed my head2 ,i arose and went away sorrowful4 ,that night ,i left ,jerusalem and fled to ,rome4 ,i say fled1 for ,i was like a criminal fleeing not from a tyrant but a kind and merciful father4 ,my friend1 to whom ,i had written faithfully of my interest in ,jesus1 passed and missed me on the way to ,jerusalem4'''0 ,here the old man's voice faltered and his frame shook with sobs4 ,he seemed unconscious of all but his own sorrow as he continued3 8,he learned to know ,jesus--became a faithful disciple2 he witnessed his capture and cruel trial2 he followed him to ,calvary2 he saw the prodigies that occurred at his death2 he saw him ascend into heaven4 ,he enjoyed the sweet privilege of conversing with ,mary2 he received the dead body of ,stephen the blessed martyr1 and helped to give it decent burial1 and his body lies to-day at the bottom of old ,tiber--martyred for the faith of ,christ2 while ,i--coward that ,i was--awoke to the sense of my sin when it was too late to return and throw myself at his sacred feet1 too late to touch the hem of his garment1 too late to follow his bloody footsteps up the frightful ,mount of ,calvary4 ,one expiation ,i thought to make--one atonement for my sin2 for the poor sacrifice of my wealth was nothing to me4 ,i sought martyrdom4 ,in the public places1 in the forum1 by the side of dying ,christians1 at the graves of murdered saints4 ,but ,i seemed to bear a charmed life4 ,they passed me by1 they did not molest me4 ,he is harmless1 said one2 he is old1 said another4 ,and now1 when ,i thought the goal within my reach1 when ,i hoped that my expiation had been accepted1 it is again denied me4 ,be it so1 my ,god1 my outraged and despised ,saviour1 be it so6 ,i rejected thee--thou rejectest me4 ,thou didst die for me--thou wilt not suffer me to die for thee4 ,thy will be done60 ,the bowed head fell heavily on the clasped hands1 and the old man sank slowly on his knees4 ,at that moment a stray sunbeam1 the first of a murky morning1 touched his white hair as with a crown of brightness1 then faded and the clouded heavens grew dark4 ,the guards stooped to lift him4 ,he was dead4 8,what a dramatic talent those ,christians have60 said the emperor to his friend ,apulius1 who stood beside his throne4 8,pity they do not apply it to better purpose4 ,guards6 let that old man go free--we pity his gray hairs--ha6 ha60 8,he is dead1 most noble emperor10 replied one of the soldiers1 not without something of softness in his voice4 8,ah6 so8 ,remove the corpse then2 and thou1 good ,marcellus1 be sure thou hast those fifty ,syrian ,christian torches well pitched and oiled ere night--for it will be dark1 and we must needs be lighted to ,phryma's banquet4 ,come ,apulius--make way1 lictors40 ,so ,nero passed beneath the arched doorway from his tyrant throne--and at the same moment some timid ,christians near its foot bore away the body of a saint for burial4 ,,art ,,and ,,science4 ,a wild swan and an eagle side by side ,i marked1 careering o'er the ocean-plain1 ,emulous a heaven more heavenly each to gain1 ,circling in orbits wider and more wide3 ,highest1 methought1 through tempest scarce descried1 ,one time the bird of battle soared2--in vain2 ,so soon1 exhausted 'mid their joy and pride1 ,dropped to one sea the vanquished rivals twain4 ,then1 o'er the mighty waves around them swelling1 ,that snowy nursling of low lakes her song ,lifted to ,god1 floating serene along2 ,while she that in the hills had made her dwelling ,struggled in vain her wings to beat and quiver1 ,and the deep closed o'er that bright crest for ever4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,the ,,roman ,,ritual ,,and ,,its ,,chant ,,compared ,,with ,,the ,,works ,,of ,,modern ,,music4 ,,ii4--,,concluded4 ,,value ,,as ,a ,,medium ,,or ,,vehicle ,,of ,,divine ,,truth ,,among ,,the ,,people4 ,popular national songs with their melodies are not1 either in point of poetry or music1 very elaborate or classical works of art4 ,consummate art is incapable of passing among a people1 and must ever remain confined to the initiated and the connoisseur2 yet national songs are not only characteristic of all people1 but fulfil a very important function4 ,they not only foster and preserve the national spirit1 of which they are the expression1 but also keep up1 by tradition among the people1 a knowledge of the history of their race1 and of the exploits and noble deeds of its great men4 ,in a word1 the songs of a people have an influence over the growth of their moral character which it is not easy to overestimate1 and which was well known to that statesman who was heard to say that they who have the making of a people's songs will soon have the making of their laws2 a sentiment fully confirmed by the proverb1 8,qui mutat cantus1 mutat mores40 ,the above remarks1 much too brief to put the importance of the ideas contained in them in their proper light1 seem to issue in the conclusion that the song of the ,christian kingdom will be necessarily something very different from an elaborate work of musical genius4 ,when our divine ,redeemer lifted up his eyes1 and beheld the multitudes going astray as sheep without a shepherd1 he was moved with compassion4 ,surely in his judgment sacred song will be deemed to fulfil its mission when it passes current among the people1 is domesticated in the laboring man's cottage among his children1 and there teaches the family the knowledge of their ,saviour's life and sufferings1 of their redemption by these from sin1 and the death of the world to come4 ,sacred song will1 in his compassionate eyes1 fulfil its mission of mercy when it takes up the words of eternal ,wisdom1 and puts them in the mouth of the people as a charm against the maxims of a world declared by the ,word of ,god to be 8lying in wickedness10 and as a shield against the assaults of a tempter1 said in the same ,word 8to be ever going about seeking whom he may devour40 ,it will fulfil its mission when it enters into the heart and soul of the people1 accompanies the departed with a requiem as man goeth to his long home and the mourners go about the streets1 when it administers comfort to the survivors1 while it bids them not to sorrow as they that have no hope1 and1 in a word1 weeps with them that weep1 and rejoices with them that do rejoice4 ,nor let it be said that this is a romantic notion--the making out of the earth an ideal paradise4 ,surely the actual and adequate fulfilment of such a mission of sacred song belongs to the idea of the mission of the ,son of ,god1 sent by the ,father to re-establish order1 piety1 and sanctity on the earth4 ,but what if this idea was not only familiar to the fathers1 but that they actually saw the progress of its accomplishment8 8,there is no need here10 says ,s4 ,chrysostom1 exhorting his people to take part in the church chant1 8of the artist's skill1 which requires length of time to bring to perfection4 ,let there be but a good will and a ready mind1 and the result will soon be sufficient skill4 ,there is no absolute need even of time or place1 for in every place or time one may sing with the mind4 ,though you be walking in the ,forum1 or are on a journey1 or are seated with your friends1 the mind may be on the alert1 and find for itself an utterance4 ,it was thus that ,moses cried1 and ,god heard4 ,if you are an artisan1 you may sing ,psalms as you sit laboring in your workshop2 you may do the same if you are a soldier1 or a judge seated on his bench0 7,hom4 on ,ps4 iv47 ,a formal acknowledgment on the part of the church of this principle of teaching by means of song1 which at the same time proves its antiquity1 though it can be hardly necessary to cite it1 may be found in one of the ,collects for ,holy ,saturday3 8,deus1 celsitudo humilium1 et fortitudo rectorum1 qui per sanctum ,moysen puerum tuum ita erudire populum tuum sacri carminis tui decantatione voluisti1 ut illa legis iteratio fiat etiam1 nostra directio10 etc41 etc4--8,o ,god6 the loftiness of the humble and the strength of them that are upright1 who wast pleased1 through thy holy servant ,moses1 to instruct thy people by the singing of a sacred song10 etc41 etc4 ,if1 then1 this be a true and just view of the mission of the sacred song among the poor and the unlearned multitude1 as contemplated in the divine idea2 if it be true1 as ,i suppose no one will deny1 that the ,ritual ,chant is not only fitted to accomplish it1 but has realized it in times past1 and does still realize it in countries that might be named2 and if the works of modern art are1 from their very scientific character as music1 incapable of being the medium in which divine truth can pass among the people2 and1 indeed1 if it be their nature to give so much more of prominence to the beauty of mere sound than to the expression of intelligible meaning or sentiment1 which every one knows is the case1 we seem to gain this obvious result1 on drawing the comparison1 that the ,ritual chant is a real medium or vehicle for the circulation of divine truth among the people1 fitted with a divine wisdom to its end2 while the great works of art that the musician so much admires are not1 to any practical extent whatever1 such a medium1 and indeed1 if the truth must be said1 were probably never contemplated as such1 either by those who composed or those who now admire them4 ,,comparative 8,,medicinal ,,virtue40 8,they that are whole need not a physician10 said our ,redeemer 7,mark ii4 #ag71 8but they that are sick4 ,i came not to call the just1 but sinners to repentance40 ,it was part of the mission of the ,son of ,god upon earth1 that he should be the physician of the souls of men 7,isai lxi473 8,spiritus ,domini super me1 eo quod unxerit ,dominus me1 ut mederer contritis corde40 ,it will follow1 then1 that the music which the divine ,physician of souls will desire to see employed in his church will be strongly marked with the medicinal character4 ,and this conclusion becomes the more natural1 from observing the numberless indications which the literature of different countries affords that music has always been popularly regarded as a medicine for the spirit2 as1 for instance1 the ,greek pastoral poet1 ,bion3 1 4 ,,bionis1 ,bucolica1 i4 8,song than which no medicine so sweet40 ,among the ,romans1 the courtly ,ovid3 8,hoc est cur cantet vinctus quoque compede fossor ,indocili numero1 cum grave mollit opus4 ,cantat et innitens limos pronus aren1 ,adverso tardam qui vehit amne ratem2 ,qui refert pariter lentos ad pectora remos1 ,in numerum puls brachia versat aqu4 ''' ,cantantis pariter1 pariter data pensa trahentis ,fallitur ancill1 decipiturque labor40 ,,ovid1 de ,tristibus1 ,eleg4 lib4 i4 ,and1 in our own literature1 the great poet of human nature1 ,shakspeare3 8,when griping grief the heart doth wound1 ,and doleful dumps the mind oppress1 ,then music with her silver sound ,with speedy help doth lend redress40 ,,shakspeare's ,romeo and ,juliet4 ,with this view of music1 as permitted by a merciful ,providence to retain a large share of healing virtue1 even apart from religion1 and in the midst of the disorders of heathenism1 expectation will be naturally much raised on coming to inquire what have been the effects of the ,christian music which the divine ,physician of souls has given to his ,church4 ,nor will there be any disappointment4 ,s4 ,basil the ,great1 the well-known doctor and bishop of the ,east1 speaks of the ,plain ,chant of his own day in the following terms3 8,psalmody is the calm of the soul1 the umpire of peace1 that sets at rest the storm and upheaving of the thoughts4 ,psalmody quiets the turbulence of the mind1 tempers its excess1 is the bond of friendship1 the union of the separated1 the reconciler of those at variance2 for who can count him any longer an enemy with whom he has but once lifted up his voice to ,god8 ,psalmody putteth evil spirits to flight1 calleth for the help of angels1 is a defence from terrors by night1 a rest from troubles by day1 is the safety of children1 the glory of young men1 the comfort of the old1 the fairest ornament of women4''' ,psalmody calls forth a tear from a heart of stone1 is the work of angels1 the government of ,heaven1 the incense of the ,spirit40 ,s4 ,ambrose1 ,archbishop of ,milan in the ,west1 in the preface to his ,commentary on the ,book of ,psalms1 speaks as follows3 8,in the ,book of ,psalms there is something profitable for all2 it is a sort of universal medicine and preservative of health4 ,whoever will read therein may be sure to find the proper remedy for the diseased passion he suffers from4 ,psalmody is the blessing of the people1 a thanksgiving of the multitude1 the delight of numbers1 and a language for all4 ,it is the voice of the ,church1 the sweetly-loud profession of faith1 the full-voiced worship of men in power1 the delight of the free1 the shout of the joyous1 the exultation of the merry4 ,it is the soother of anger1 the chaser away of sorrow1 the comforter of grief4 ,it is a defence by night1 an ornament by day1 a shield in danger1 a strong tower of sanctity1 an image of tranquillity1 a pledge of peace and concord1 forming its unity of song1 as the lyre1 from diversity of sound4 ,the morning echoes to the sound of psalmody1 and the evening re-echoes4 ,the apostle commanded women to be silent in the church2 yet the song of psalmody becomes them 7,s4 ,ambrose is speaking of congregational psalmody74 ,boys and young men may sing psalms without danger1 and even young women also1 without detriment to their matronly reserve4 ,they are the food of childhood2 and infancy itself1 that will learn nothing besides1 delights in them4 ,psalmody befits the rank of the king1 may be sung by magistrates1 and chorused by the people1 each one vying with his neighbor in causing that to be heard which is good for all0 7,prfatio in ,comment in ,lib4 ,psalmorum74 ,s4 ,augustine speaks thus of the ,church ,chant3 8,how my heart burned within me against the ,manicheans1 and how ,i pitied them1 that they neither knew its mystery nor healing virtue2 and that they should insanely rage against that very antidote by which they might have recovered their saneness 7insani essent adversus antidotum quo sani esse potuissent760 7,confess4 lib4 ix47 ,to which should certainly be added the fact that1 in some degree1 the church may be said to be indebted to this very medicinal power of her psalmody1 and to the tears it drew forth from the young catechumen ,augustine1 for one of the profoundest among her saints and doctors4 ,and to come to times nearer our own1 the well-known ,massillon1 in one of his charges to his clergy1 delivered at the ,conference at which he presided1 earnestly recommends them to make the study of the ,plain ,chant a part of their recreation2 for1 adds he1 8le peuple souvent se calme au chant du sacerdoce dans le temple40 7,conferences1 vol4 iii47 ,and our own times have witnessed a remarkable instance of the same medicinal power of the church chant when in the ,champs lyses of ,paris1 during the summer of #ahdh1 the citizens met in the open air1 to celebrate a ,requiem ,mass for the repose of those who had fallen in the great civil commotion of that year1 which had been suppressed with such loss of life4 ,here were to be seen the murderer and the relations of the murdered1 forgetting that strongest and deadliest feud of the human heart--the thirst for vengeance for the shedding of kindred blood--joining their own to the thousands of voices that poured forth the well-known church chant of the ,dies ir4 ,ten thousand voices supplicating ,almighty ,god to pardon the past1 to grant rest to the souls of the slain1 to bear in mind that he had come on earth to save them1 and to beg that he would remember them in mercy at the day of his judgment1 in the language and song of the church6 ,of a truth1 then1 may the church chant say1 ,unxit me ,spiritus ,domini1 ut mederer contritis corde4 ,it is also curious to observe in what a marked manner1 even in the recent ,protestant literature of our own country1 this medicinal character of the church chant is still recognized4 ,mr4 ,wordsworth has the following lines in his ,ecclesiastical ,sonnets 7xxx473 ,,canute4 8,a pleasant music floats along the ,mere1 ,from monks in ,ely chanting service high1 ,while--as ,canute the ,king is rowing by-- #8,my oarsmen1' quoth the mighty king1 #8draw near1 ,that we the sweet song of the monks may hear4' ,he listens 7all past conquests and all schemes ,of future vanishing like empty dreams7 ,heart-touch'd1 and haply not without a tear4 ,the royal minstrel1 ere the choir is still1 ,while his free barge skims the smooth flood along1 ,gives to that rapture an accordant ,rhyme4#aea ,o suffering earth6 be thankful2 sternest clime ,and rudest age are subject to the thrill ,of heav'n-descended piety and song40 ,henry ,kirke ,white1 in the fragment of a ballad entitled the 8,fair ,maid of ,clifton10 bears even the still more remarkable testimony to a power over evil spirits4 ,he is describing the death-bed of a female who1 fearing that the demons would carry her away1 had sent for her own relations to pray by her side1 and for the 8clerk and all the singers besides40 8,and she begged they would sing the penitent hymn1 ,and pray with all their might2 ,for sadly ,i fear the fiend will be here1 ,and fetch me away this night4 ''' 8,and now their song it died on their tongue1 ,for sleep it was seizing their sense1 ,and ,margaret screamed and bid them not sleep1 ,or the fiends would bear her hence40#aeb ,southey's edition1 p4 #bha4 ,and now1 in drawing the comparison1 it is fair to ask1 granting the exception where it may be justly conceded1 in favor of particular compositions3 ,what on the whole is the medicinal virtue of our modern figured music8 how does it take effect8 who are the persons whose sorrow it relieves8 who are they who find themselves really made better by it1 and inclined1 through its influence1 to feel in greater charity with the remainder of the congregation8 ,to judge from the kind of remarks that are usually made by persons coming away from a church where one of these figured music ,masses has been executed1 one would certainly not say that they could be many4 ,for what are these remarks but those of connoisseurs1 who criticise the merits of a voice which has reached a very high or low note1 or of a particular solo1 trio1 or quartet1 to which those who are uninitiated in the mysteries of minim and crotchet pay positively no attention at all8 ,now1 let us for a moment suppose a person to say1 with ,s4 ,ambrose1 in praise of ,mozart's famous ,no4 ,,xii41 that it was a 8defence by night1 an ornament by day1 a shield in danger1 a strong tower of sanctity1 an image of tranquillity1 a pledge of peace02 or with ,s4 ,basil1 that 8it had the virtue of putting devils to flight02 would any experience more unfeigned surprise than those very persons who think this ,mass the absolute ideal of church music8 ,or again3 if1 unknown to himself and to others1 there were at this moment a future doctor of the church among our ,london club politicians1 how much would it naturally occur to us to think that the performance of this same ,no4 ,,xii4 would be likely to contribute towards effecting his conversion8 ,,respective ,,capacity ,,for ,,durable ,,popularity4 ,god1 who gave the ,ecclesiastical ,chant as a gift of mercy to the people1 must needs contemplate it as popular4 ,for except it were really popular1 it would fail to attain its end4 ,this1 then1 will be the place to examine what indications are to be found that the ,ritual ,chant is really1 in this particular1 the fulfilment of the ,divine idea4 ,when an invention or an art is such that people come to borrow from it popular expressions1 or when it gives birth to new phrases or metaphors1 or a word or words come to be engrafted from it upon one or many languages1 this becomes an argument for its popularity1 such as no one will be inclined to dispute4 ,such phrases as those of 8,go ahead10 8,get the steam up10 are quite sufficient to prove the fact of everybody being well acquainted with the steam-engine1 from which they are derived4 ,now1 if a similar fact can be found relative to the ,gregorian chant1 its popularity is in a manner placed beyond the reach of doubt4 ,when the poet ,gray uses a well-known word in the lines1 8,the next1 with dirges due1 in sad array4 ,slow through the church-yard path we saw him borne10 he bears testimony to such a fact4 ,the initial word of the first ,antiphon of the ,matins for the dead1 8,dirige gressus meos1 ,domine10 has given this well-known word to our language4 ,it can be hardly necessary to refer to a similar reception of the word 8,requiem0 into many different languages1 which is the initial word of the ,introit in the ,mass for the dead4 ,the following anecdote1 related by ,padre ,martini1 page #dcg of the third volume of his ,history of ,music1 may be here to the point4 ,it is of ,antonio ,bernacchi1 the most celebrated singer of his day 7the beginning of the ,x,v,i,i,ith century71 and narrated to him by ,bernacchi himself3 that1 as he happened to be on a journey in ,tuscany1 near a monastery of ,trappist monks1 he felt a desire to visit it1 in order to become acquainted with the way of life of these religious4 ,he entered their church exactly at the time they were singing ,tierce4 ,bernacchi was overcome by the effect of a multitude of voices in such perfect union that they seemed to be only one voice4 ,he admired their precision in the utterance of every syllable1 and in the softening1 swelling1 and sustaining of the voice1 that although no more than men1 they seemed to him like angels occupied in praising ,god2 whereupon ,bernacchi fell into the following soliloquy3 8,how deceived have ,i been in myself2 ,i thought that1 after a long and diligent application to the art of singing under such a master as ,pestocchi1 and having the natural gift of a good voice1 ,i might pretend to exercise my profession without any question4 ,how have ,i been deceived1 being obliged to confess that the psalmody of these religious has in it a value and a quality that renders their song superior to mine60 ,dom ,martene relates that1 in his travels to visit the churches of ,france1 he passed by a church of ,benedictine nuns1 who met with a patron and benefactor in the following manner3 ,the ,duc de ,bournonville retiring from ,paris in disgrace to 8,provins10 on his arrival inquired for the nearest church2 and1 upon being shown the church of these nuns1 he entered it as they were singing ,vespers4 ,so charmed was he by the sweetness of their song1 that he seemed to himself to be listening to angels1 and not to human creatures4 ,on hearing1 in an interview that followed1 that the community were in debt1 he gave the lady abbess an immediate present of one thousand ecus1 and ever afterwards continued to be a benefactor to the convent 7,voyage ,littraire1 etc41 part i4 p4 #gi74 ,baini 7,mem4 ,stor41 vol4 ii4 p4 #abb7 quotes a letter1 which is thus addressed to some ,english gentlemen who had visited ,rome3 8,to ,mr4 ,edward ,grenfield1 ,fellow of the ,royal ,academy of ,london1 to ,mr4 ,davis1 ,mr4 ,morris1 and other learned ,englishmen1 whose ears have not been altered by fashion1 and made obtuse by habit1 and who have been more than once heard to say1 that they felt themselves more moved by the ,gregorian ,chant than by all the noisy performances of the greater part of our theatres40 ,nor is this appreciation for ,gregorian music confined merely to persons from among the multitude4 ,the following are the sentiments of two of the most distinguished musical scholars of the day3 8,all is worthy of admiration in the primitive ,roman ,chant4 ,the tune of the #8,kyrie1' for doubles and feasts of the first class1 runs out to some length1 and is full of beautiful passages4 ,that of ,sundays is shorter and more simple1 but not the less full of unction4 ,in both the one and the other it seems impossible to change or to suppress a note without destroying a beautiful idea1 where all hangs so perfectly together4 ,with what natural1 or rather inspired genius1 has not this ,kyrie1 confined as it is to such narrow limits1 been conceived to form a whole so complete0 7,fetis1 ,des ,origines du ,plain ,chant1 ou ,chant ,ecclsiastique74 8,musicians may oppose and contradict what ,i say as they please2 they have full liberty2 but ,i am not afraid to assert that the ancient melodies of the ,gregorian ,chant are inimitable4 ,they may be copied1 adapted to other words1 heaven knows how1 but to make new ones equal to the first1 that will never be done0 7,baini1 ,memorie ,storiche di ,p4 ,palstrina1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ha74 ,and again1 describing ,palstrina as engaged in the task of revising the ,gradual1 he says3 8,but the ,gregorian chant claims a character wholly its own1 has a beauty and a force proper only to itself4 ,it is what it is1 and does not change4 ,but to remain ever the same1 and to be susceptible of a change contrary to its nature1 would be impossible4 ,in a word1 it may be said that heaven formed it through the early fathers1 and then fractured the mould40 8,palstrina applied himself with the zeal of one who had deeply at heart the majesty of divine worship4 ,but having completed the first part1 ,de ,tempore1 his pen fell from his hands1 and more wearied than ,atlas under the weight of the sky1 he abandoned his attempt2 and nothing was found at his death but the incomplete manuscript4''' ,and thus we may see the greatest man ever known in the art and science of figured music become less than a mere baby when he wished to lay a profane hand on the fathers and doctors of the ,holy ,roman ,church4 ''',and how wise at last was he1 after having fruitlessly attempted in so many ways to correct this divine song according to human ideas1 to abandon the enterprise for ever1 and to conceal up to his death the useless result of his labor1 which he himself acknowledged to be unworthy of being made public0 7,mem4 ,stor4 vol4 ii4 p4 #abc74 ,next1 as slightly illustrating its power of pleasing even a modern ,european people1 and that in contrast with the most elaborate products of modern art2 in #ahdf1 at the centenary ,jubilee of the ,feast of ,corpus ,christi at ,liege1 ,mendelssohn's ,lauda ,sion was sung at one of the offices4 ,yet the general opinion of the people who heard it 7and who1 by the by1 from its constant use in processions1 are well acquainted with the old ,gregorian melody of the same sequence7 was1 that it was not to be compared to the ritual ,lauda ,sion4 ,at the ,metropolitan ,church of ,mechlin1 on ,easter ,day1 #ahdf1 the students of the great and little seminaries united together to sing at the evening ,benediction4 ,the pieces sung were from ,italian masters1 ,baini and a second1 and the third was the ,gregorian sequence1 ,victim ,paschali ,laudes4 ,one of the singers himself told me that the people thought nothing comparable to the old melody1 sung in simple unison4 ,the ,collegiate ,church of ,s4 ,gudule1 in the city of ,brussels1 may also be cited as an existing proof of the power of the old chant4 ,whoever has heard the ,requiem ,mass and the ,te ,deum sung in that church by two hundred voices in unison1 must cease to think of the idea of its popularity as if it were strange4 ,in the church of ,notre ,dame1 in ,paris1 the simple melody of the ,stabat ,mater is sometimes sung by a congregation of four thousand persons1 at the conclusion of the annual retreats1 with an effect that can never be forgotten4 ,again1 as has been already said1 the ,requiem ,mass1 which took place in the ,champs ,elyses after the terrible days of ,june 7#ahdh71 it was proposed that the ,mass should be sung in music2 but the ,republican authorities1 in conjunction with the bishops1 forbade it1 and the ,plain ,chant was ordered instead4 ,tens of thousands joined in singing the ,dies ir1 and their voices seemed to rend the heavens4 ,in ,germany1 among the melodies that pass by tradition among the people1 are many that are derived from the ,ritual ,chant of different localities1 as may be seen by merely looking into their numerous printed collections of these melodies4 ,the ,gregorian modes1 again1 as has been said1 are far from being unpopular in their nature4 ,many of the ,scotch and ,irish melodies1 traditional among the people1 belong to neither of the modern major nor minor modes4 ,the ,french in ,egypt found many traditional ,arab melodies in the ,gregorian modes2 and no doubt the same would be found to be the case over the whole world4 ,the chant of the ,vespers is exceedingly popular among our congregations in ,england1 though they are acquainted with it only in a form of disguise1 shorn of its antiphons1 and encrusted with the deposit of a long bandying about from organist to organist1 like ,ulysses1 returning home in rags and tatters after his many years' wandering4 ,why should not the popularity of the whole1 when it shall become known1 by the kind efforts of such as will feel a pleasure in devoting themselves to teach it to the poor1 be believed in1 upon the augury of the known popularity of a mutilated and tattered part8 ,this idea has long since found a home among ,english ,catholics4 ,charles ,butler1 ,esq41 in his ,memoirs of ,english1 ,irish1 and ,scottish ,catholics1 after reviewing the chief ,catholic composers of modern music1 says3 8,but1 with great veneration for the composers and performers of these sacred strains1 the writer has no hesitation in expressing a decided wish that the ancient ,gregorian ,chant was restored to its pristine honors40 ,and again3 8,there 7in the church7 let that music1 and that music only1 be performed1 which is at once simple and solemn1 which all can feel1 and in which most can join2 let the congregation be taught to sing it in exact unison1 and with subdued voices2 let the accompaniment be full and chaste2 in a word1 let it be the ,gregorian ,chant0 7vol4 iv4 p4 #dff74 ,benedict ,,xiv41 after expressing his own decided opinion of the superior fitness of the ,plain ,chant1 accounts1 by means of it1 for a fact1 that those who think the ,gregorian ,chant an unpopular one1 would do well to study4 ,this1 says he1 is the chief cause why the people are so much more fond of the churches of the ,regulars than the ,seculars4 ,and then he quotes a very remarkable passage from ,jacques ,eveillon3 8,this titillation of harmonized music is held very cheap by men of religious minds in comparison with the sweetness of the ,plain ,chant and simple ,psalmody4 ,and hence it is that the people flock so eagerly to the churches of the monks1 who1 taking piety for their guide in singing the praises of ,god with a saintly moderation1 after the counsel of the ,prince of ,psalmists1 skilfully sing to their ,lord as ,lord1 and serve ,god as ,god1 with the utmost reverence0 7,encyclical ,letter1 p4 #c74 ,the same ,dom ,martene who has been quoted above1 often speaks1 in the narrative of his journey1 of the different churches which he visited1 and in which he was present at the celebration of any of the solemn offices of the ,liturgy4 ,the following passages are specimens of his opinion on the comparative merits of the ,plain ,chant4 ,describing the ,cathedral of ,sens he says3 8,pour ce qui est de l',eglise ,cathedrale1 elle est grande10 etc4 8,la musique en est proscrite1 on n'y chante qu'un beau ,plain ,chant1 qui est beaucoup plus agrable que la musique40--8,as regards the cathedral church1 it is large and spacious1 and figured music is banished from it4 ,nothing but a beautiful ,plain ,chant is sung in it1 which is far more agreeable than music0 7,part i4 p4 #fj74 ,again1 speaking of the ,cathedral of ,vienne 7,dauphinois71 he says3 8,l',office s'y fait en tout temps avec une gravit qui ne peut s'exprimer4 ,on en bannit entirement l'orgue et la musique2 mais le ,plain ,chant est si beau1 et se chante avec tant de mesure1 qu'il n'y a point de musique qui en approche40--8,the divine ,office is sung there with a gravity that cannot be surpassed4 ,the organ and all figured music are banished from it2 but the ,plain ,chant is so beautiful1 and is sung with so much rhythm1 that there is no music that can come near to it0 7,part i4 p4 #bef74 ,even ,rousseau1 in his ,lexicon ,musicum1 article1 8,plain ,chant10 says3 8,it is a name that is given in the ,roman ,church at this day to the ,ecclesiastical ,chant4 ,there remains to it enough of its former charms to be far preferable1 even in the state in which it now is 7he is speaking of the falsified ,french edition of it71 for the use to which it is destined1 than the effeminate and theatrical1 frothy and flat1 pieces of music which are substituted for it in many churches1 devoid of all gravity1 taste1 and propriety1 without a spark of respect for the place they dare thus to profane40 ,here it occurs to reply to a remark that ,i have seen made1 which unless it be founded1 as is not impossible1 on some very faulty version of the ,roman ,chant1 seems to betray some little inexperience4 ,after having admitted a superiority of the ,gregorian melodies for hymns written in the classical metre1 the writer proceeds to say3 8,but1 on the other hand1 let us take any one of the hymns of the church1 in which1 though the words are ,latin1 the classical quantities are wholly disregarded1 while the verse proceeds in the measured beat of modern poetry1 and the lines are all in rhyme1 and let us make an effort to sing it to an unmutilated ,gregorian ,chant4 ,what an absurd effect is the result6 ,the ear is distracted between two principles of rhythm and versification4 ,the structure of the poetry forces us1 whether we will or no1 to mark the divisions of the song in accordance with its beat and its rhyme2 while the unmeasured1 unmarked cadences of the music refuse to yield any willing obedience1 and produce no melodious effect1 except at an entire sacrifice of the principles on which they were framed4 ,a wretched1 hybrid1 unmeaning series of sounds is the result1 neither recitative nor song1 neither classic nor rhyming1 neither ,gregorian nor modern1 but wholly barbarous40 ,now1 if the writer of this passage be here speaking of the adapting of melodies to words for which they were not composed1 he is himself to blame for a result of which he is the sole cause4 ,dress a city alderman in the uniform of an officer of marines1 and send him afloat on duty1 if you will1 but do not lay it to his charge if the result is neither very civic nor very nautical4 ,but if the writer in question really means his words to apply to the melodies to which these hymns are set in the ,roman ,chant-books1 he is confronted by the fact that1 among these1 and they are now but few1 chiefly in the ,feast of ,corpus ,christi1 are found the gems of ,gregorian melody4 ,who is there that has heard the ,ave verum and the ,adoro te1 and the other hymns of ,s4 ,thomas on the ,blessed ,sacrament1 sung to their original melodies1 without feeling their exquisite rhythm and expressiveness8 ,again1 the ,gregorian melody of the ,dies ir1 in the ,requiem ,mass1 has ,chteaubriand's express commendation as among the most masterly adaptations of music to words4 ,lastly1 the touching and most plaintive melody of the ,stabat ,mater1 which brings tears into the eyes of all who hear and sing it4 ,if space permitted1 it would be no very difficult task to multiply such proofs and examples as these of an inherent popularity1 both in the general character or effect1 and in the particular parts of the ,ritual ,chant4 ,but ,i think enough has been adduced to indicate that the popularity is one that is co-extensive with mankind1 that it finds an echo in the human heart of every age1 nation1 or state of life4 ,of course1 ,god1 who gave the ecclesiastical song to work a work of mercy among the people1 contemplates it as capable of popularity2 and ,i think we have evidence that this part of the divine idea is really fulfilled by the ,ritual chant4 ,and1 without prejudging the result1 ,i would wait to see whether indications of a similar popularity can be found for the works of art with which ,i have been engaged in comparing it4 ,however1 ,i think this is impossible2 and for this reason3 ,things come to be popular by being often repeated2 and suitableness for perpetual repetition is the test of popularity4 ,but if ,i am not mistaken1 the perpetual production of novelties1 which appear and then disappear1 is a first and indeed indispensable principle in the mode of dealing with these works of art4 ,,security ,,against ,,abuse4 ,all things human are certainly liable to abuse and degeneracy1 yet all are very far from being on a par with each other in this respect4 ,in all human undertakings1 order1 discipline1 and system are the divinely-appointed securities against abuse4 ,now1 the ,ritual ,chant1 as all who are acquainted with it know1 is1 like the ceremonial of the church1 a perfect system4 ,it has two large folio volumes of music1 embracing the whole annual range of canonical offices1 and a body of rules prescribing even the minuti of their celebration4 ,on the other hand1 the modern art has no such system1 no such rules4 ,its use is1 in practice1 altogether subject to the dominion of individual taste4 ,the choir-master who likes ,haydn's music1 takes ,haydn2 another1 who likes ,mozart1 takes ,mozart2 another1 who takes a trip on the continent1 comes back with the newest ,french1 ,german1 or ,italian novelties4 ,i am not here insisting on the singularly small portion of the liturgy that is set to compositions of modern art1 but on the entire absence of all system in the use of the pieces themselves1 on the complete subjection of the whole thing to individual caprice and taste4 ,it is quite true that the ,bride of ,christ is encompassed with variety 7circumdata varietate74 ,but the church is also the kingdom of the ,god of order2 and ,i apprehend that between the varietate characteristic of such a kingdom1 and the variety actually introduced into ,catholic worship by the unrestrained dominion of individual taste in music1 there is the widest possible difference4 ,the obvious exposure of modern music to the easiest inroads of every kind of abuse1 in consequence of this absence of system1 has been felt by its best-disposed advocates2 and an able writer has maintained the notion1 that the compulsory use of the organ alone1 to the exclusion of all orchestral instruments1 especially the violin1 would be an all-sufficient safeguard4 ,but it is not very easy to see upon what principle orchestral instruments are to be excluded1 when the whole thing is built on the principle of the supremacy of individual taste2 and even could they be excluded1 it would still remain to be seen whether the organ itself were really the impeccable instrument it is represented4 ,let us hear a witness in the ,established ,church1 where1 according to this writer1 its dominion has been so unexceptionable4 ,in the ,ecclesiastic for ,july1 #ahdf1 the following remarks occur3 8,how intolerable to such saints 7,ambrose and ,gregory7 would have been the attempt to give effect1 as it is called1 to the ,psalms1 by the organist's skilful management of the stops4 ,what would they have thought of the mimic roll of the water-floods1 and the crash of the thunder1 and the hail rattling on the ground1 the lions roaring after their prey down in the bass1 and the birds singing among the branches1 represented by a twittering among the small pipes8 ,from a heathen poet these gentry might learn a lesson of reverence--,virgil seems to make it a point of natural piety not to counterfeit the thunder of the ,highest-- 8,vidi et crudeles dantem ,salmonea pnas1 ,dum flammas ,jovis et sonitus imitatur ,olympi4 ,demens qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen re et cornipedum pulsu simularat equorum40 neid1 vi4 #ehe4 ,a real thunderstorm interrupting one of these mimic tempests on the organ1 makes one feel the profaneness of the imitation40 ,now1 it is fair to ask1 if the organ is to be the guardian of the sobriety and gravity of modern art1 who is to keep the organ in order8 8,quis custodiet ipsum ,custodem80 ,there were great abuses in the use of modern art at the ,council of ,trent4 ,yet the fathers of the council declined altogether to forbid its use4 ,they tacitly allowed its continuance1 as it had come into existence1 and could not be removed without serious evils4 ,and with regard to the favorable light in which its use was viewed by some of the bishops of that council1 and by some other men of authority who have since spoken in its commendation1 it should be borne in mind that all such commendation has had annexed to it the condition1 provided that such music be grave and decent1 that the meaning of the divine words be not disguised in it1 and that it possess nothing in common with the theatre 7,benedict ,,xiv41 ,encyclical ,letter74 ,of which conditions the subsequent history of the use of modern music in the church is1 to say the least1 a very inadequate fulfilment1 as the ensuing testimony will show4 ,bishop ,lindanus1 quoted in the same ,encyclical ,letter on the subject of church music1 says3 8,i know that ,i have often been in churches where ,i have listened most attentively to learn what it was that was being sung1 without being able to understand one single word40 ,salvator ,rosa1 the celebrated painter of the ,x,v,i,ith century1 gives the following account of the church music of his day--the middle of the century3 8,an effeminate and lascivious music is the only thing that people at all care for4 ,the race of musicians eats up all before it1 and princes do not scruple to lay burdens on their subjects to glut them according to their desires4 ,the churches are made to serve as nests for these owls4 ,the ,psalms become blasphemies in passing through the mouths of these wretches2 and no scandal can equal that of the ,mass and ,vespers1 barked1 brayed1 and roared by such fellows4 ,the air is so filled with their bellowings that the church resembles ,noah's ark4 ,at one time it is a ,miserere sung to a chaconne 7a sort of polka of that day72 at another1 some other part of the ,office adapted to music in the style of a farce40 7,quoted in ,m4 ,danjou's ,revue de ,musique1 #c;d year1 page #aai47 ,again1 ,abbot ,gerbert1 in #agej1 complains so deeply of the degradation of the church music of his day as to say1 in the preface to his learned work ,de ,musica ,sacra1 that the evil had grown to so great a pitch that1 unless ,god in his mercy applied the remedy1 which he had daily besought him to do1 all was over 7actum est7 with the decorum and solemnity of the ,catholic worship4 ,yet this result ought really not to be a matter of surprise2 for how can it be expected that the majesty and solemnity of worship should long survive when its music is left to the control of individual tastes8 ,musicians1 therefore1 when they plead for modern music1 must plead for it as it exists in an ideal form in their own minds2 and the advocate for the use of the ,ritual ,chant objects to it1 not as it might be if every organist and company of singers were other ,davids and the sons of ,asaph1 but for being what he hears it to be with his own ears wherever he goes2 for being what he knows it to have been1 and still to be1 from the testimony of writers and travellers2 and1 lastly1 from what he foresees it will be to the end of time4 ,the one has before his mind's eye the harmonies of heaven and the choirs of angels1 and hopes to attain to these with the elements of earth4 ,a vision of glory flits before him1 and1 forgetting that the earth is peopled by sinners1 he thinks it may at once be grasped4 ,the other remembers the sad reality of what it is2 he thinks of the churches in which he has been present1 where he has heard the sounds of the theatre--the fiddle1 the horn1 and the kettle-drum2 where he has heard the song of dancing-girls rather than of worshippers1 and choruses rather of idolaters than of men believing in the mysteries at which they were present4 1 ' 4 ' 1 4 ,iliad1 b4 iii4 ,or1 in the more humble words of an ,english poet-- 8,as if all kinds of noise had been ,contracted into one loud din40 ,hudibras1 canto ii4 book ii4 ,and ,i would ask1 considering the endlessly varying caprices of the human mind1 how any thing else except confusion and disorder is to be expected from the principle of the supremacy of individual taste2 and if music in the ,christian ,church is to be regarded as called to fulfil the intention of a ,god of order1 in what way it is expected that this end will ever be realized1 where the safeguards of a fixed order and system are discarded1 and individual discretion enthroned in their stead8 ,,last ,,point ,,of ,,the ,,comparison4 ,catholicity of the ,ecclesiastical ,song1 or its ,companionship of the ,catholic ,doctrines over the whole ,globe4 ,this last point of the comparison1 though far from the least weighty1 to those who will fairly consider it1 may happily be much more shortly stated4 ,the ,prophet ,malachi predicted that1 from the rising of the sun to its setting1 ,god's name should be great among the ,gentiles1 and a 8pure offering0 7munda oblatio7 should be offered to him2 a prediction fulfilled by the fact of the ,christian missionaries having carried the ,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass over the globe4 ,if1 then1 there be a song which has ever been the faithful companion of this ,holy ,sacrifice1 wherever it has been conveyed2 that has ever been present with it when solemnly offered2 which has survived the passing away of generations2 has undergone no change1 but is now what it was of old2 is the same to the priests of one nation which it is to those of another--if such a song there be1 it will hardly be disputed that such is an accredited and authentic song of the ,christian kingdom4 ,yet such is the ,ritual ,chant1 which1 at least in its well-known parts1 has literally overspread the whole globe4 ,a ,french traveller in ,russia1 finding there the ,ecclesiastical ,chant1 and that the ,greek ,church had preserved it equally with the ,latin1 speaks of it as a part of the 8,dogme ,catholique0--these church traditions of song seeming to him as great a bondage as the church traditions of faith4 7,see a very well written paper in the ,ecclesiastic for ,july1 #ahdf1 a magazine conducted by clergy of the ,established ,church47 ,if1 then1 the advocate for modern music be unable to point to any such fact as this for his art--if he be compelled to acknowledge that it is necessarily confined to people either of ,european origin or education2 that it is no song for the ,caffre of ,africa1 the ,tartar of ,asia1 the savage of ,australia1 the ,red ,indian of ,north ,america1 the ,esquimaux1 the ,paraguay ,indian--nothing but the luxury of the ,european2 there can be little room to doubt that1 on this last particular also1 the ,ritual ,chant is the only adequate fulfilment of the divine idea4 ,,dr4 ,,draper4 ,in consequence of the eulogy passed by ,prof4 ,tyndall on ,dr4 ,draper's book1 which is entitled a ,history of the ,intellectual ,development of ,europe1 we inquired with some curiosity for this work1 and have since examined it4 ,it is evident that ,prof4 ,tyndall himself is largely indebted to it1 as he states2 but a more flimsy and superficial attempt to trace the history of philosophy we have never met with4 ,it seems that this gentleman1 ,dr4 ,draper1 is a professor of chemistry and physiology at ,new ,york4 ,his object1 as he informs us1 in this compilation1 was to arrange the evidence of the intellectual history of ,europe on physiological principles4 ,the style is feeble and incorrect1 and the analysis of the ,greek philosophy positively ludicrous4 ,as1 however1 it might be inferred from ,prof4 ,tyndall's address that ,dr4 ,draper was1 like himself1 a disciple and admirer of ,democritus1 we will give the ,american philosopher the benefit of citing his own appreciation of the atomic theory4 ,after stating that the theory of chemistry1 as it now exists1 essentially includes the views of ,democritus 7a point on which we bow to his authority71 he proceeds thus1 if we may be permitted slightly to abridge a very clumsy sentence3 8,a system thus based on secure mathematical considerations1 and taking as its starting-point a vacuum and atoms--the former actionless and passionless1 which recognizes in compound bodies specific arrangements of atoms to one another2 which can rise to the conception that even a single atom may constitute a world--such a system may commend itself to our attention for its results1 but surely not to our approval1 when we find it carrying us to the conclusion that the soul is only a finely-constituted form fitted into a grosser frame2 that even to reason itself there is an impossibility of all certainty2 that the final result of human inquiry is the absolute demonstration that man is incapable of knowledge2 that the world is an illusive phantasm2 and that there is no ,god40 ,such is the sentence passed upon ,democritus and the atomic theory by ,dr4 ,draper1 on whom ,prof4 ,tyndall assures us that he relies implicitly as an authority in the history of philosophy4 ,dr4 ,draper's account of the philosophical opinions and writings of ,cicero is in the highest degree inaccurate4 ,but enough2 we have done with him1 and we advise ,prof4 ,tyndall to seek a better guide4 ,suppose1 for example1 he were to read the dialogue of ,velleius and ,cotta in the first book of the ,de ,natura ,deorum4#aec--;,edinburgh ,review4 ,,daniel ,o',,connell4 ,man seeks in nature a hidden sympathy with himself4 ,the quickened beatings of his heart1 the restless currents of his mind1 make for themselves a reflex image in the forces of the sea and sky4 ,for ever1 the white crests of the breakers rolling in from the western ocean curl up and lash themselves against the rocks on the coast of ,kerry4 ,for ever1 in the gray dusk1 the waves1 advancing and retreating1 moan out a sad and hollow sound4 ,in sorrow and in gladness their monotone is the same4 ,yet it well might be that the ,irish peasant1 in the year #agge1 gathering kelp for his patch of land from the shallow coves where the sea broke in over his naked feet1 felt1 without thinking too closely about it1 that nature1 chill1 leaden1 and stern1 mirrored there his own lot4 ,the sudden gleams of blue sky through the drifting clouds reflected a buoyant humor that no sufferings could quite subdue4 ,george ,,iii4 had reigned fifteen years4 ,dull1 bigoted1 cruel2 striving in a blind way to be honest1 but his blood tainted with the stains of centuries of intolerance1 he was now the living type of ,protestant fanaticism4 ,in ,europe1 the old order of things existed without break or fissure4 ,in ,america1 the first heavings of the volcano were plainly felt4 ,the ,king1 ,lords1 and ,commons of ,ireland existed in name4 ,the ,irish ,parliament sat in ,college ,green to register the degrees of the ,english ,privy ,council4 ,but what a ,parliament6 ,four millions of ,catholics without a representative4 ,the broken ,treaty of ,limerick might still be spoken of among the traditions of the ,irish peasantry1 but its guaranties had sunk more completely out of the mind of the ,english and ,irish legislatures than the statutes of ,gloucester4 ,the ,penal ,code was in full legal effect4 ,burke had described it a few years before with the calmness of concentrated passion as 8well-digested and well-disposed in all its parts2 a machine of wise and elaborate contrivance1 and as well fitted for the oppression1 impoverishment1 and degradation of a people1 and the debasement in them of human nature itself1 as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man40 ,yet even ,burke hardly gave credit enough to the magnificent qualities of the race which was able to survive this code4 ,it failed in its object4 ,it did not succeed in extirpating them4 ,it never could degrade them1 for they yielded neither to its blandishments nor its terrors4 ,but though holding fast the faith with such power as if ,god's arm specially supported them therein for providential ends1 ,english ,protestant domination had broken down and crushed this once proud race to the very earth1 in all material ways4 ,the ,israelites sweated not more hopelessly in the ,egyptian sands4 ,in some respects the lot of the ,irish was worse4 ,their task-masters were an intruding race2 they were aliens in their own land4 ,the face of the country in many places still bore mute witness to ,cromwell's pathway of blood and fire4 ,then the scriptural image had been reversed1 and the ,irish had been hewn down like the ,canaanites of old4 ,the noonday horrors of ,drogheda and ,wexford had left a scar in the national memory which time has not yet effaced4 ,murder1 lust1 and rapine1 under the guise of religious fanaticism1 had made this people throw up its hands despairingly to heaven1 as if hell itself had been thrown open1 and its demons issued forth to scourge the land4 ,the ,x,v,i,i,ith century had opened under changed1 but it could hardly be said better auspices4 ,the fury of destruction had ceased1 but had been succeeded by the ingenious devices of legislative hatred and tyranny4 ,the sword of ,cromwell1 dripping with the blood of men1 women1 and children1 had given place to the gibbet of ,william of ,orange4 ,the lawless murderer was followed by the judicial torturer and jailer4 ,the successors of ,william ,,iii4 trod faithfully in his footsteps4 ,the parliaments of ,anne1 of ,george ,i41 of ,george ,,ii4 heaped new fetters on the ,irish papist4 ,what wonder that a lethargy like death settled down upon the native race8 ,the national idea was almost lost4 ,it wavered and flickered like an expiring flame1 yet was not quite extinguished4 ,in caves and barns1 by stealth1 and at uncertain times1 the ,irish priest poured out a little oil from his scanty cruse which kept alive in the heart of his countrymen the memory of his religion and his national history4 ,the 8iron fangs0 of the code relaxed a little during the first years of the reign of ,george ,,iii4 ,its victim lay stretched supine4 ,more truly even than on a later occasion the words of ,henry ,grattan might have been applied to the condition of the country4 ,ireland 8lay helpless and motionless as if in the tomb40 ,but though politically dead1 the vitality of the race was inexhaustible1 unconquerable4 ,population increased4 ,there was little or no emigration except among the ,protestant linen weavers of the north4 ,the amazing fertility of the soil1 spite of legislative drawbacks1 made food plentiful4 ,an ,english traveller1 ,arthur ,young1 in #aggf1 found the ,irish peasantry quiet1 apathetic1 content to till their wretched holdings1 at the mercy of their landlords1 without complaint so long as they could keep a shelter over their heads1 and had potatoes enough to eat4 ,political ambition or aspirations1 the hope or even desire of shaking off their chains and asserting their rights as freemen1 did not seem to exist among them4 ,thus far the oppression of centuries had done its work4 ,some efforts at enfranchisement had been made by the ,norman ,catholic aristocracy and the few old families of pure ,irish blood who still held their estates1 or portions of them1 by sufferance2 but the words of ,swift continued true of the mass of the native race--not from want of natural capacity or manhood--far from it2 but from the effect of this grinding oppression of centuries1 and the systematic uprooting of all organization among them by ,english policy4 ,they were 8altogether as inconsiderable10 said the author of ,drapier's ,letters1 8as the women and children1 ''' without leaders1 without discipline1 ''' little better than hewers of wood and drawers of water1 and out of all capacity of doing any mischief if they were ever so well inclined40 ,swift went further and declared them devoid of 8natural courage40 ,but this was the libel of the ,protestant ,dean1 not the belief of the ,irish patriot4 ,the title of the land1 with a few unimportant exceptions1 had passed completely out of the native race4 ,under the law none could be purchased4 ,education was forbidden4 ,yet such was the ardor of the inherited love of learning which had once distinguished the island1 that ,arthur ,young found everywhere schools under the hedges1 or1 as he himself says1 often in the ditches4 ,the breath of liberty was beginning to stir among the ,protestants of the north1 and the ,volunteer movement was soon to lead the way to the short-lived recognition of the legislative independence of ,ireland which terminated with the ,union4 ,but among the mass of the ,catholic ,irish peasantry no corresponding feeling as to their political rights was manifested1 or was even in any degree possible4 ,arms were forbidden them4 ,terrible as the appellation sounds applied to that chivalrous race which had won a deserved renown on so many battlefields of ,europe1 at home they1 were1 in all outward respects1 helots4 ,the risings which sometimes took place were seldom or never political4 ,they were solely agrarian4 ,the infamous tithe-proctor roused a spasmodic1 bloody resistance1 which ended with the removal of the special cause exciting it1 never extending to any effective organization against the political slavery under which they lay torpid4 ,the ,whiteboys and ,hearts of ,steel were not the material1 nor were their aims and programmes the policy1 out of which could spring such a revolution as was contemporaneously taking place in the ,american colonies4 ,the mass of the people looked on in hopeless indifference at the outbreaks of those secret societies1 or in some instances voluntarily combined against their indiscriminate violence4 ,the native ,irish bore their misery alone1 without friends or sympathy except from ,france2 and the interference of this power1 by means of some feeble and unsuccessful landings in ,ireland1 served only to irritate ,england and tighten the chains of her captive4 ,the mighty lever of moral support which is now wielded by the united voice of her sons in every quarter of the globe did not exist4 ,in some counties1 such as ,kerry1 where the native language was chiefly spoken1 and the ,milesian ,irish largely predominated1 the harsh hand of the law was never stretched out but to seize upon the substance or the life of the people4 ,the memory of liberty could scarcely be said to exist in the hearts of this ancient race4 ,that gift which the ,greek fable had declared to have remained at the bottom of ,pandora's box when all else escaped1 seemed to have taken wing from ,ireland4 ,hope had fled4 ,in that age1 under those skies1 ,daniel ,o',connell was born4 ,one hundred years have passed4 ,rises now the ,genius of the ,irish race in ,america to celebrate the centennial anniversary of that glorious birth1 to invoke in tones that peal across the waves--the memory of that illustrious and beloved name4 ,a majestic1 youthful presence1 daughter of ,erin1 robed in white and with a garland of green upon her brow1 comes with her sisters to lay a wreath upon the tomb of the ,liberator of his country4 ,non omnis moriar1 wrote the ,latin poet3 8,i shall not wholly die4 ,some part1 ,nor that a little1 shall ,escape the dark ,destroyer's dart ,and his grim festival40 ,conquerors and statesmen have repeated his words4 ,but neither the glories of war nor the triumphs of politics have won for any a surer immortality than ,o',connell's4 ,his fortunes waning at the close1 his blighted hopes1 the broken column of his labors1 have only endeared his memory the more to his countrymen4 ,time has terminated discussion or softened its asperity4 ,nothing is remembered but his love and his labors for ,ireland4 ,from ,montreal to ,new ,orleans1 from the first shore on which the ,irish exile set his foot1 across the continent to the ,pacific ,coast1 over an expanse of country so vast that the parent isle would form but an oasis in its central desert--myriad voices repeat his name1 proclaiming in various forms of words1 but with one meaning1 this eternal truth1 that freedom beaten to the earth will rise again4 ,if in spirit the heroic figure of the great ,tribune could top once more the ,hill of ,tara1 what a spectacle would spread out before his eye unobscured by its earthly veil6 ,a mightier multitude would listen to his strong and mellow voice4 ,the descendants of the men into whose bruised and downcast hearts he first breathed the hope and the ardor of liberty have built up a greater ,ireland in ,america4 ,sharing in the glories and faithful to the traditions of ,american freedom--yielding to none in the duties of citizenship--they have yet carried with them1 and handed down to their sons1 that love of the mother country which seems ever to burn with a brighter flame in man's heart in enforced or unmerited exile4 ,irish-,american generals have equalled or eclipsed the fame of those distinguished soldiers whose exploits in the service of foreign powers are household words in the military history of the race4 ,citizens and soldiers unite to commemorate the birth of the man whose single arm struck off the fetters that had bound their fathers for nearly three hundred years4 ,if we turn to ,ireland itself1 we shall find the change which has been accomplished in those one hundred years in some respects more profound and startling than the corresponding advance in the fortunes of the ,irish in ,america4 ,the latter has been the regular and graduated result of causes working in ascertained channels2 the former has all the character of a moral revolution4 ,ireland has not1 it is true1 gained that political independence with which her sons in these ,united ,states started4 ,but over the far longer road before her to reach that goal her stride has been vast and1 if we consider the growth of nations1 rapid4 ,to appreciate the transformation in the character and position of the ,irish peasant we must recall what he was in #agge4 ,catholic emancipation was a wrench to the religious and social traditions of the ,english nation1 and at the same time a dead-lift to the moral status of the ,irish1 to which no parallel will be found in history4 ,repeal failed from causes which we can now easily discern1 but which were hidden from ,o',connell by his proximity to the ,union4 ,but no ,coercion ,bills can conceal the fact that the strength of ,ireland is growing in a ratio greater than her bonds4 ,the tendency of modern ,european politics1 and1 willingly or unwillingly1 of ,english legislation itself1 and the increasing material prosperity of ,ireland1 are adverse to them1 and continuously wearing them away4 ,her national spirit is indomitable4 ,the hour may be distant1 but it is inevitable1 when they will fall from around her1 and she will step forth in all the majesty of freedom4 ,what1 then1 is the place ,o',connell holds in the national development of his race during those one hundred years8 ,what are the achievements1 greater than all defeats1 which demand from his countrymen a recognition that no centennial celebration of his memory can too honorably offer4 ,in any view of modern ,irish history it is essential to a clear understanding of its motives that we should distinguish the character and position of the three great races occupying the island4 ,it is not enough to divide the people into ,saxon and ,celt4 ,the native ,irish race1 the blended result of the successive ancient colonizations of the island1 remained essentially distinct from the ,catholic ,norman ,irish even after the ,reformation4 ,the intermarriages and adoption of ,irish customs1 which had early given to the descendants of ,strongbow's followers the title 8,hibernicis ,hiberniores10 had still left them a higher caste4 ,they retained a not inconsiderable portion of their great estates through all the civil wars4 ,the ,penal ,code never fell upon them with the rigor and leaden weight that paralyzed the native ,irish4 ,their wealth purchased immunity4 ,although formally ostracized from political life1 their influence as landowners secured them consideration4 ,the observance of the duties enjoined by their religion was connived at4 ,in other cases they were powerful enough to make it respected4 ,far different was the case of the ,milesian ,irish4 ,their history had been a series of heroic struggles1 ending in what appeared to be irretrievable disaster4 ,before the process of consolidation1 which was simultaneously going on all over ,europe1 and which would have welded the various septs and kingdoms into one nation1 could be completed1 the ,norman invasion under ,strongbow had introduced a new and more furious element of strife4 ,the ,reformation only changed their masters1 but changed them for the worse4 ,hitherto they had been serfs4 ,they now became helots4 ,the glorious deeds of arms of the ,o',neals and other chieftains1 which more than once threatened to drive the ,english into the sea1 delayed but could not finally avert the complete triumph of combined craft and superior resources4 ,projects for the extirpation of the native race were freely mooted4 ,famine1 the sword1 and the gallows at one time seemed almost to promise it4 ,the same price was set on the priest's and the wolf's head4 ,a non-,catholic writer1 ,lecky1 gives this summary of the ,penal ,code as it existed when ,o',connell was born3 8,by this code the ,roman ,catholics were absolutely excluded from the ,parliament1 from the magistracy1 from the corporations1 from the bench1 and from the bar4 ,they could not vote at parliamentary elections or at vestries4 ,they could not act as constables1 or sheriffs1 or jurymen1 or serve in the army or navy1 or become solicitors1 or even hold the position of gamekeeper or watchman4 ,schools were established to bring up their children as ,protestants2 and if they refused to avail themselves of these1 they were deliberately consigned to hopeless ignorance1 being excluded from the university1 and debarred under crushing penalties from acting as schoolmasters1 as ushers1 or as private tutors1 or from sending their children abroad to obtain the instruction they were refused at home4 ,they could not marry ,protestants2 and if such a marriage were celebrated1 it was annulled by law1 and the priest who officiated might be hung4 ,they could not buy land1 or inherit or receive it as a gift from ,protestants1 or hold life annuities1 or leases for more than thirty-one years1 or any lease on such terms that the profit of the land exceeded one third of the rent4 ,if any ,catholic leaseholder so increased his profits that they exceeded this proportion1 and did not immediately make a corresponding increase in his payments1 any ,protestant who gave the information could enter into possession of his farm4 ,if any ,catholic had secretly purchased his old forfeited estate1 or any other land1 any ,protestant who informed against him might become the proprietor4 ,the few ,catholic landholders who remained were deprived of the right which all other classes possessed1 of bequeathing their lands as they pleased4 ,if their sons continued ,catholic1 it was divided equally between them4 ,if1 however1 the eldest son consented to apostatize1 the estate was settled upon him1 the father from that hour becoming only a life-tenant1 and losing all power of selling1 mortgaging1 or otherwise disposing of it4 ,if the wife of a ,catholic abandoned the religion of her husband1 she was immediately free from his control1 and the chancellor was empowered to assign her a certain proportion of her husband's property4 ,if any child1 however young1 professed itself a ,protestant1 it was at once taken from its father's care1 and the chancellor could oblige the father to declare upon oath the value of his property1 both real and personal1 and could assign for the present maintenance and future portion of the converted child such proportion of that property as the court might decree4 ,no ,catholic could be guardian either to his own children or those of any other person2 and therefore a ,catholic who died while his children were minors1 had the bitterness of reflecting upon his deathbed that they must pass into the care of ,protestants4 ,an annuity of from twenty to forty pounds was provided as a bribe for every priest who would become a ,protestant4 ,to convert a ,protestant to ,catholicism was a capital offence4 ,in every walk of life the ,catholic was pursued by persecution or restriction4 ,except in the linen trade1 he could not have more than two apprentices4 ,he could not possess a horse of more than the value of five pounds1 and any ,protestant upon giving him five pounds could take his horse4 ,he was compelled to pay double to the militia4 ,he was forbidden1 except under particular conditions1 to live in ,galway or ,limerick4 ,in case of a war with a ,catholic power1 the ,catholics were obliged to reimburse the damage done by the enemy's privateers4 ,the legislature1 it is true1 did not venture absolutely to suppress their worship1 but it existed only by a doubtful connivance1 stigmatized as if it were a species of licensed prostitution1 and subject to conditions which1 if they had been enforced1 would have rendered its continuance impossible4 ,an old law which prohibited it1 and another which enjoined attendance at the ,anglican worship1 remained unrepealed1 and might at any time be revived2 and the former was in fact enforced during the ,scotch rebellion of #agae4 ,the parish priests1 who alone were allowed to officiate1 were compelled to be registered1 and were forbidden to keep curates1 or officiate anywhere except in their own parishes4 ,the chapels might not have bells or steeples4 ,no crosses might be publicly erected4 ,pilgrimages to the holy wells were forbidden4 ,not only all monks and friars1 but also all ,catholic archbishops1 bishops1 deacons1 and other dignitaries1 were ordered by a certain day to leave the country1 and1 if after that date they were found in ,ireland1 they were liable to be first imprisoned and then banished2 and if after that banishment they returned to discharge their duties in their dioceses1 they were liable to the punishment of death4 ,to facilitate the discovery of offences against the code1 two justices of the peace might at any time compel any ,catholic of eighteen years of age to declare when and where he last heard ,mass1 what persons were present1 and who officiated2 and if he refused to give evidence they might imprison him for twelve months1 or until he paid a fine of twenty pounds4 ,any one who harbored ecclesiastics from beyond the seas was subject to fines which for the third offence amounted to the confiscation of all his goods4 ,a graduated scale of rewards was offered for the discovery of ,catholic bishops1 priests1 and schoolmasters2 and a resolution of the ,house of ,commons pronounced the prosecuting and informing against papists #8an honorable service to the government4'0#aed ,this is a dark picture4 ,yet it is drawn by an unwilling hand4 ,instances might be accumulated where the severity of the law was outstripped by the barbarity of its execution4 ,important relief bills were passed in #aggg and #agic4 ,but they provided only for the removal of some of the civil and political disabilities of the ,catholics4 ,the badge of religious degradation remained untouched4 ,the heaviest fetters of that iron code still trailed after the limbs of the ,irish ,catholic4 ,it is the glory of ,o',connell that he finally snapped them in twain1 and trampled them for ever in the dust4 ,englishman1 ,norman1 and ,milesian--the ,british colonist who clung to a proscribed faith in every quarter of the globe--shared in the results of that herculean labor4 ,but it is the special claim of ,o',connell to the eternal gratitude of that native ,irish race to which he belonged1 that he1 first of all1 after that bondage of centuries1 taught them to lift up their heads to the level of freemen4 ,had his work stopped at ,emancipation1 had his claim to fame and a place in the national memory been included solely in the noble title of ,liberator1 enough had been done by one man for humanity and his own renown4 ,but in the course of that long struggle a greater and further-reaching consequence was involved4 ,a transformation took place in the character of the native ,irish1 the full results of which are not yet visible4 ,in their journey through the desert1 in their marchings and counter-marchings1 their victories and transient defeats1 as they neared the borders of the promised land towards which he led them1 a change wonderful1 but not without parallel1 became visible in their spirit and their hopes4 ,insensibly and by slow degrees the political torpor of centuries yielded to a new and living warmth4 ,a generation sprang up which had flung aside the isolation and submissive hopelessness of #agge1 yet was capable of a greater and more sustained effort than the frenzy of despair which prompted '#ih4 ,under the ardor of ,o',connell's burning words1 a full understanding of the functions of self-government permeated a race which had hitherto seemed to exist by the sufferance of its masters4 ,he not only liberated his countrymen from religious bondage1 he organized them into a nation4 ,he gave them the first impact of self-government since the ,invasion4 ,and that impact is never again likely to be lost4 ,daniel ,o',connell did not1 like some other great popular leaders1 spring directly from the midst of the people whose passions he swayed and whose actions moved obedient to his will4 ,his family belonged to the old ,irish gentry4 ,he had the advantages of that collegiate course in ,france which was the only way then open to ,catholics of the upper classes to afford their sons a liberal education4 ,yet his family was allied closely enough to the people to make him share in all their feelings1 sympathies1 and sufferings4 ,the author whom we have already quoted1 with that curious blindness1 the result of unconscious prejudice1 which makes most non-,catholic writers1 however otherwise acute1 miss the true threads of ,irish history1 and insult the national sensibility at the very moment they think themselves the most liberal1 sets down as a defect in ,o',connell what was in reality the secret of his power4 8,with the great qualities10 he says1 8of ,o',connell there were mingled great defects1 which ,i have not attempted to conceal1 and which are of a kind peculiarly repulsive to a refined and lofty nature4 ,his character was essentially that of a ,celtic peasant40 ,yes1 this was at once his glory and his strength4 ,o',connell's personal traits of character reflected faithfully1 on a heroic scale1 the national features of his race4 ,not the coarseness nor scurrility ascribed to it by the stage buffoon or the unsympathetic publicist1 but the powerful yet subtle understanding which has won for ,irishmen in every age the highest distinction in the field and in the schools1 the large1 warm heart1 easily swayed by generous impulses1 the humor closely allied to tears which is the secret of the most popular oratory4 ,it is this thorough identification with the national spirit1 with the religion which the persecution of centuries had made inseparable from it1 that makes ,o',connell without equal or second among the great men who nobly contended for their country's freedom at the end of the last and beginning of the present century4 ,he stands alone1 gifted with a power to which neither the highest intellect nor the most brilliant oratory could otherwise obtain4 ,he swayed the force of the nation he had welded into shape4 ,it was this tremendous lever--obedient1 one might almost say without figure of speech1 to his single arm--that enabled him to wrest ,catholic ,emancipation from the combined determined opposition of the ,king1 ,parliament1 and people of ,england4 ,for forty years ,henry ,grattan labored with chivalrous devotion in the service of ,ireland4 ,his eloquence has a charm1 a poetical inspiration1 a classical finish ,o',connell's never equalled4 ,it thrilled the ,irish ,parliament like the sound of a trumpet1 and held spell-bound the hostile ,english ,house of ,commons4 ,his patriotism was as unselfish1 his zeal1 in a certain sense1 as ardent as ,o',connell's4 ,yet what did ,grattan ultimately accomplish8 ,what was the end of all these noble gifts and labors8 ,having1 as he said1 8watched by the cradle0 of the constitutional independence of the ,irish ,parliament1 he lived to 8follow its hearse02 and when he died in #ahbj1 ,catholic ,emancipation1 the cause of which had been committed to his hands1 became more hopelessly distant than ever4 ,his was individual genius1 individual energy1 of a very high1 if not the highest1 type4 ,but it needed something more to win in such a cause4 ,classical eloquence was thrown away in such a struggle4 ,the concentrated strength of national enthusiasm1 careless of form1 animated only by a single giant purpose1 was demanded4 ,grattan1 though such a man as ,irishmen of every creed might well be proud of1 was1 unfortunately for his success in the attainment of great national aims1 neither a ,catholic nor identified with the 8,celtic peasant40 ,he lacked the fundamental force bred of the soil4 ,o',connell1 on the other hand1 might truly be likened to that fabled giant of antiquity1 ,antus1 who gained a tenfold strength each time he was flung upon his mother earth4 ,well might he declare1 when reproached on one occasion for the violence of his language1 8,if ,i did not use the sledge-hammer1 ,i could never crush our enemies40 ,it was a war of extremities4 ,it was an epoch surcharged with the elements of moral explosions1 when men's passions were roused to the highest pitch4 ,those who read now the measured language of ,disraeli in ,parliament will pause in astonishment when they turn back to the frenzied raving with which he replied on a memorable occasion to the terrible invective of ,o',connell4 ,in such an era of violence1 of anarchic strife1 ,grattan's 8winged words0 fell harmless1 but ,o',connell's 8sledge-hammer10 wielded with the arm of ,thor1 thundered its most effective blows4 ,another great ,irishman had passed off the stage while the young ,dublin law student1 ,daniel ,o',connell1 was still only dreaming of the liberation of his country4 ,edmund ,burke--revered and illustrious name6--had rounded off the labors of his long and honorable life in the cause of oppressed humanity1 wherever found1 by some strenuous and well-directed efforts for the relief of his ,catholic fellow-countrymen4 ,yet he too failed1 or at best gained but an indifferent success4 ,the principles he enunciated are imperishable2 his arguments will be preserved for ever among the grandest vindications of religious liberty in the ,english tongue4 ,but in that age they fell upon deaf ears4 ,he too wanted that element of success which comes from identity of race1 religion1 feelings1 opinions1 sympathies4 ,to that native ,irish race which must ever determine the destinies of ,ireland he was a stranger4 ,what a satire upon humanity to expect that men in their position--bondsmen1 systematically1 and under legal penalties1 deprived of all education1 of every means of information--could appreciate the teachings of a political philosopher1 living in what they regarded1 with good cause1 as a foreign or even hostile country4 ,it was well if they knew of his existence4 ,he was no leader for them4 ,nor did ,burke ever affect to act with them1 but rather for them1 upon the convictions of the higher ,english and ,irish classes4 ,hence it is that ,o',connell is to be regarded as the purely national type of leader2 by means of action exercising a more powerful influence on human affairs through the wide-spread ,irish race than ,burke by means of thought4 ,it will thus be seen that we place ,o',connell on a high plane--above1 and different from1 that of mere orators1 or statesmen administering established affairs1 however great4 ,he is to be ranked with the nation-builders of all ages4 ,this was the verdict of most contemporary ,european observers1 of ,montalembert1 of ,ventura1 and other exponents of continental public opinion4 ,to the ,english mind he was1 and probably will always be1 a demagogue1 pure and simple4 ,but so no doubt was ,themistocles to the ,persians4 ,o',connell stormed too many ,english prejudices--stormed them with a violence which to his opponents seemed extravagant and unendurable1 but without which he could never have gained his end--to be forgiven4 ,the judgment of his countrymen1 however--the supreme arbiter for him--is already maturing to a decision in his favor which will place him in a niche in the hall of ,irish heroes above all others1 and side by side with that old king whose memory recalls the ancient glories and victories of ,ireland4 ,but what of his defeats8--of the failure of ,repeal8 ,this is not a panegyric on ,o',connell1 but a sincere examination of his place in ,irish history4 ,in many instances1 and above all on the question of ,repeal1 he miscalculated his forces and the strength of the forces opposed to him4 ,like the greatest men of action in every age1 his movements were directed by the circumstances and exigencies of the occasion1 by experience1 by the shifting currents of events1 by his ability to create those currents1 or to turn them to his own purpose4 ,the cast-iron rules of policy which political philosophers formulate in their closets may be singularly inappropriate for the uses of popular leaders4 ,in #ahbi1 under the banner of ,moral ,force1 with the nation arrayed behind him1 he had wrested ,emancipation from the king and ministry4 ,it was an immense triumph4 ,his temperament was sanguine--an element of weakness1 but also of strength4 ,in the hopeless state in which he found ,ireland1 only a character of the most enthusiastic kind would have ventured on the crusade he opened4 ,in #ahdc1 he thought he could repeat his victory on the question of ,repeal4 ,but in #ahbi ,peel and ,wellington yielded1 not to moral force1 which1 so far as ,ireland is concerned1 is a term unknown in ,english politics1 but to the armed figure of rebellion standing behind it4 ,they were not prepared for the contest4 ,in #ahdc1 the ,english ministry were ready to crush opposition with an overwhelming military force4 ,if they did not invite rebellion1 as in '#ih1 they were equally ready to ride roughshod over ,ireland4 ,the circumstances of the contest had also changed4 ,catholic ,emancipation attacked the religious prejudices of ,england2 ,repeal threatened its existence as a nation4 ,it could grant the one1 and still maintain its hatred of ,popery2 it could not yield the other without setting up a legislature with rival interests in politics and trade4 ,the instinct of self-preservation was evoked4 ,no argument will ever convince the average ,englishman that in restoring a separate1 independent ,parliament to ,ireland1 he is not laying the foundation of a hostile state4 ,the result in #ahdc was inevitable4 ,as soon as a sufficient military force was concentrated1 remonstrance or negotiation ceased4 ,england simply drew her sword and flung it into the scale4 ,o',connell and his associates were thrown into prison1 and the guns of the ,pigeon-,house ,fort were trained on the road to ,clontarf4 ,in the varied history of the human race few spectacles have ever been presented of equal moral grandeur to those immense peaceful open-air meetings which gathered to hear the great tribune4 ,no greater testimony was ever given of a nation's confidence and love4 ,competent judges put down the number who assembled at the ,hill of ,tara at half a million of people4 ,yet to the unbiassed observer there is something almost as pathetic in the helplessness of this great multitude--hoping to wrest their independence from ,england without arms--as grand in the mighty surge of its numbers4 ,it was the confederacy of the sheep against the wolves4 ,o',connell's failure shows vividly how narrow is the plank upon which the popular leader walks between an immortal triumph and a prison cell4 ,it reveals the tremendous power residing in an organized government1 capable only of resistance by a people in arms and inured to the use of arms4 ,that was a monster meeting of a different kind held on ,bunker ,hill one hundred years ago1 and commemorated this year by these ,united ,states4 ,we are neither impeaching here the wisdom of the course pursued by ,o',connell in #ahdc1 nor advising armed rebellion against ,england at the present day4 ,we discuss simply the historical aspects of the question in the light of the experience of other nations4 ,nothing can be more hazardous1 however1 or often absolutely fallacious1 than broad generalizations from the history of other countries as capable of determining a particular line of policy for any given state4 ,in nothing else did ,o',connell show a higher wisdom as a leader of the ,irish people than in rejecting those specious appeals to the success of arms in ,america1 made by the more ardent patriots in #ahde-df4 ,the circumstances of the two countries were radically different4 ,the ,americans exhausted every kind of 8moral force0 at their disposal1 and their revolution1 when it finally came to blows1 was not aggressive but defensive2 the policy of ,england made it incumbent on ,ireland to strike the first blow in a contest which she would quickly have found herself unable to sustain4 ,the ,americans had a boundless territory2 the ,irish a narrow island1 capable of being pierced from shore to shore by ,english troops in three weeks4 ,the ,americans were trained to arms by a war of one hundred years with the ,french and ,indians1 in which they were drilled and fought side by side with ,english regiments2 the ,irish--the native ,catholic ,irish1 the people for whom ,o',connell was responsible before ,god and mankind--could not keep a pike since the ,treaty of ,limerick4 ,an ,irish rebellion1 therefore1 would have meant simply a massacre2 and ,o',connell1 in choosing the wiser course of present submission to superior force1 merited as much1 although in defeat1 the gratitude of his countrymen as he did in his triumph in the cause of ,emancipation4 ,for it will have been gathered from what we have already said that we regard ,o',connell's greatest achievement in the service of his country--its political organization1 the education of its sons in the knowledge of the rights and duties of freemen--as going on with equal step as well with the unsuccessful agitation for ,repeal as with the triumphant struggle for ,emancipation4 ,his defeats carried with them the germs of victory4 ,the most ardent lover of his country can scarce escape an uneasy feeling when he reads in the annals of ,ireland that story1 reiterated with painful monotony1 page after page1 of the harryings1 the devastations1 the ceaseless intestine wars1 which mark its early history4 ,it would seem sometimes as if the ancient learning of ,ireland which produced those numerous and minute chronicles1 served only the purpose of a reproach to the island which fostered it4 ,other nations had struggled through this transition period--common to the whole of ,europe--and finally consolidated themselves into peaceful and harmonious states4 ,but it was the misfortune of ,ireland that this opportunity of domestic organization was snatched from her by a foreign invasion ending in a domination of which the cardinal principle was to 8divide and conquer40 ,english writers satirize the civil discord of the ,irish race1 forgetful that from the time of ,henry ,,ii4 to that of ,george ,,iii4 it was the steady1 and as it then seemed intelligent1 policy of successive ,english statesmen to foster wars between the rival chieftains and clans1 to employ them against one another1 and in every way to break down any incipient attempt at union1 which must have been dangerous1 if not fatal1 to ,english power4 ,no man had arisen among the ,irish race till ,o',connell's time who neutralized that policy4 ,he showed that they were capable of organization and self-government in a patriotic common cause4 ,in those immense meetings which marked his progress1 where men of every county united in one vast brotherhood1 he proved1 first1 that the ,irish people loved domestic peace and co-operation as much as any other race2 and1 secondly1 that under happy auspices they possessed a wonderful capacity for order and self control4 ,even hostile observers concur in expressing as much admiration for the undisturbed peacefulness of those assemblages of from a quarter to half a million of people1 as amazement at their vastness1 unprecedented in history4 ,they were the foundation of the political education of ,ireland4 ,in another country1 and a more remote age1 another man of kindred1 kingly spirit and organizing power1 with whom ,o',connell is not unworthy to be compared1 had built up his vast empire by like national meetings1 not less than by force of arms4 ,in the great national meetings of the ,franks1 the ,champs de ,mai1 ,charlemagne gave the first impress of government to ,europe1 torn to pieces after the fall of the ,roman ,empire4 ,o',connell1 another 8king of men0--such as the ,homeric legend sings of--emulated his labors on a less extended scale in ,ireland4 ,but the empire of ,charlemagne fell to pieces with his death4 ,chaos reigned again4 ,o',connell's work was more homogeneous1 and promises to be more enduring4 ,we are only entering upon the dawn of a more hopeful ,irish history4 ,when we seek a comparison of individual action1 in the history of ,england1 with ,o',connell's1 we are struck at once with the grand but sorrowful isolation of his position4 ,fortunate the country which has never needed a liberator6 ,happy the kingdom whose greatest revolution meant only a change of dynasty1 a stronger leaven of republicanism1 and surer guarantees against religious toleration6 ,the growth of constitutional government in ,england has been comparatively steady and uniform4 ,never--since the amalgamation of races following the ,norman invasion--subjected to the terrible consequences of conquest and occupation by a race alien in language1 religion1 and national prejudices1 her political and religious struggles have been wrought out to an issue among her own population4 ,whenever her civil liberty or parliamentary privileges were threatened1 sturdy champions were not wanting among her own sons4 ,her ,pyms1 ,hampdens1 and ,eliots find their counterparts in the ,grattans and ,floods of ,ireland4 ,but the deliverer of a crushed and hopeless people1 the inspired guide who led them out of bondage and defied their taskmasters1 is a figure happily absent in ,english history4 ,the imagination naturally turns with vivid interest to great deeds of arms4 ,the pomp and panoply of war1 the heroic daring of the headlong charge1 the valor1 disdainful of death1 that awaits with constancy an overwhelming foe--these are incentives to action1 in presence of which the labors and even triumphs of peaceful agitation appear tame and slow4 ,and the ,irish are a people strongly susceptible to those influences4 ,they are a warlike race4 ,wherever the tide of battle turns against great odds1 where the smoke is thickest1 and the carnage deadliest1 there will be found some ,irish name upholding the traditions of his country's fame4 ,o',connell had therefore no easy task in restraining within peaceful limits the immense agitation he had evoked4 ,and in estimating his place in history the same considerations place him at a disadvantage compared with those great warriors1 the glitter of whose victories is identified with the warlike glories of their country4 ,the 8,bridge of ,lodi10 the 8,sun of ,austerlitz0--these are talismanic words which then rang in people's ears with startling sequence8 ,yet if we compare ,o',connell's labors and their results with those of the great soldier whose career had closed while the former was only beginning his peaceful struggle with ,england1 there is no reason to shrink from the verdict4 ,emancipation was worth many ,marengos4 ,the rle of the ,liberator may fairly be set off against that of the ,conqueror4 ,the civic crown of green and gold placed on ,o',connell's head on the ,rath of ,mullaghmast1 in the presence of #djj1jjj men1 was an emblem of true sovereignty greater in many ways than that iron crown which ,napoleon lifted with his own ambitious hands from the altar at ,milan4 ,one was rust-eaten1 it might be said1 with the blood and tears of unknown thousands2 the other was invested with the halo of peace1 which the attainment of religious liberty and education in the rights of freemen had introduced into a million humble homes4 ,the career of both ,napoleon and ,o',connell ended in defeat4 ,but how conflicting the emotions of each as he gazed for the last time on the shores of his country6 ,one1 preoccupied by the shattering of his gigantic ambition1 and the assertion of petty details of etiquette in the midst of the ruin around him2 the other1 oblivious of self1 weighed down by the doom of famine impending over his country--his last words a solemn and pathetic appeal for its protection4 ,in the hour of adversity1 stripped of the adventitious circumstances of power1 ,o',connell stands forth a figure of greater moral grandeur4 ,of the victories of ,napoleon nothing remains but their name1 and the terrible retribution that has followed them4 ,the influence of ,o',connell's unselfish labors in the cause of religious freedom has a future practically endless2 and after a season of adversity and apparent forgetfulness1 his political maxims and principles are again reviving in ,ireland in the constitutional agitation for ,home ,rule4 ,not in the demand itself1 stopping short as it does of ,repeal1 but in the means by which alone its advocacy may be made successful4 ,it is a curious instance of the ebb and flow of historical movements that ,o',connell was at one time prepared to take up1 under the name of 8,federalism10 the present demand for 8,home ,rule40 ,ultimately1 as is well known1 he was forced to abandon it by the mutiny of his followers1 who would be satisfied with nothing less than simple 8,repeal40 ,and this reluctance to adopt a middle course was natural enough at the time4 ,in #ahdj-de the ,irish people were still too close to the ,union2 the infamous history of that measure and the burning eloquence of ,grattan and ,plunkett in denouncing it were too strongly impressed upon the national memory1 to allow any hope of success to a leader who would promise less than its total erasure from the statute book4 ,too many were still living--like ,o',connell himself--who could remember the brief yet glorious history of ,irish legislative independence1 to give up the belief that it was yet possible to see an ,irish parliament sitting in ,college ,green4 ,experience1 and the statesmanship which does not aim at the unattainable1 have shown the practical superiority of the lesser demand as a political programme at the present day4 ,but this does not impugn the wisdom of the ,repeal agitation4 ,the true course of a people in its national affairs is necessarily learned slowly4 ,there is no ready-made chart in politics2 and were any offered1 ,burke's satire upon geometrical demonstrations in state affairs would be conclusive against it4 ,experience1 even the experience of failure1 is the only trustworthy guide2 and successive agitations1 though varying in their object1 keep alive the cause in the national memory4 ,though the best and truest friends of ,ireland1 including that venerable hierarchy which has steadily seconded every rational movement for justice and equal rights1 have never hesitated to give their support to ,o',connell's policy of moral force1 there have not been wanting from the first restless spirits who have made it their bitterest reproach against him1 that he was unwilling to fling away the scabbard and plunge the country into rebellion4 ,it would be unjust to speak of all these men as influenced by unworthy motives4 ,some of them breathed1 and still breathe1 the purest aspirations of patriotism4 ,but it was a mistaken patriotism1 influenced by examples which might indeed make martyrs1 but which would never lift one chain from the neck of their country4 ,they might make good soldiers1 but were poor leaders4 ,ireland was not then1 and is not now1 in a position to gain anything by a policy of violence4 ,but there are others1 inflamed not with a love of ,ireland1 but with a spirit of hostility to all governments1 who would plunge their country into bloodshed in hope of themselves floating to the top4 ,these men are infected with the spirit of the ,commune4 ,they are revolutionists--not in the sense in which ,washington or ,hampden or ,o',connell were revolutionists--leaders of great movements for the liberties of peoples--but socialists1 whose single incentive is the envy and hatred of all superior authority4 ,most of all1 they desire to supplant the ,irish priesthood as the guides of the people4 ,a sorry exchange1 from the well-tried friends1 proved by the exacting ordeal of a thousand years1 to men of no responsibility--mere political gamblers--whose highest motive is ambition1 but a lower and more common one1 the love of easy-gotten money from confiding people4 ,these conspirators are the promoters of the secret societies against which ,o',connell warned the ,irish people4 ,but unfortunately they too often find that generous-hearted race--embittered by the recollection of centuries of oppression--willing to give ear to their delusive promises4 ,indifferent to their own future1 these men rejoice in anarchy4 ,some of them are no doubt poltroons1 who would fly as soon as they had led their dupes into danger4 ,but it would be false to deny them all the attributes of courage4 ,others would die bravely enough behind a barricade4 ,but their wars are essentially wars of the barricades4 ,if defeated they would perish recklessly1 having nothing at stake to make life valuable--absolutely indifferent to the slaughter1 to the burned homes1 to the widows and orphans of the unfortunate people who had submitted to their fatal guidance4 ,if successful1 their next attack would be upon the ,catholic ,church4 ,but success under such leadership is a delusion wilder than the most exaggerated dream of fiction4 ,they have no conception of a national revolution higher than a conspiracy4 ,the elevated principles1 the far-sighted calculations of a ,washington1 an ,adams1 or a ,franklin1 which almost assured success from the start1 are an unknown language to them4 ,blind hatred1 even of an existing tyranny1 is a poor basis upon which to sustain a long and exhausting war4 ,and no one1 with the history of the ,american ,revolution before him1 can doubt what the character of an armed struggle with ,england for the independence of ,ireland would be4 ,the same spirit of patriotism1 therefore1 that urged ,washington to throw his sword into the scale in the contest with ,great ,britain1 animated ,o',connell with a contrary purpose in the case of ,ireland4 ,yet not less is the latter deserving of the title of 8,father of his ,country40 ,success has crowned the ,american patriot with a more splendid fame4 ,but when we weigh the individual exertions of each in his gigantic struggle with the great empire opposed to him1 and consider the incalculable advantages which a boundless territory and an intervening ocean afforded to the ,american leader1 the ,irish liberator will not suffer from the comparison4 ,washington was surrounded and sustained by a group of great men who would seem to have been providentially raised up at that momentous epoch to lay the foundations of the noble structure of ,american liberty4 ,o',connell1 standing alone1 an ,atlas supporting the fortunes of six millions of ,irish ,catholics on his shoulders1 is a figure unexampled in history4 ,his herculean labors recall the fables of antiquity4 ,in the whole parliamentary history of ,england we read of no other example of one man facing and trampling over the utmost hostility of that proud and powerful assembly--the ,english ,house of ,commons4 ,yet though the pre-eminence of ,o',connell makes him appear almost a solitary figure in the records of that day1 it would be unjust1 in a notice of him1 to pass over the assistance he received from the brilliant rhetoric and astute intellect of ,richard ,lalor ,sheil4 ,though holding a subordinate place to that of the great ,agitator1 and accused of lukewarmness1 in the end1 by ,o',connell himself1 whose 8,sheil1 ,sheil6 this will never do10 has become historic1 his early exertions merit a grateful remembrance4 ,nor can any ,irishman ever forget the profound learning1 the masterly reasoning1 the weight of character which ,dr4 ,doyle1 the celebrated 8,j4 ,k4 ,l410 brought to the contest in the early days of the ,catholic ,association4 ,rivalling ,swift in the keenness of his satire1 and 8,junius0 in the brilliancy of his style1 he united to those qualities a purity of purpose and freedom from personal rancor which neither of those writers possessed4 ,his life is an imperishable monument of the patriotism of the ,catholic hierarchy of ,ireland4 ,it is not the purpose of this article to speak of ,o',connell's position in the ,english ,house of ,commons1 of his action on the question of ,reform1 or the revenues of the ,irish ,church1 on which he anticipated the tardy measure of ,mr4 ,gladstone2 nor of the truly liberal and tolerant spirit which made him welcome into the ranks of the ,repealers the talented ,protestant youth of ,ireland1 and oppose every manifestation of religious rancor wherever he found it4 ,we have sufficiently pointed out what we believe to be his enduring claims to immortality--,catholic ,emancipation1 and1 in pursuance of that aim and of ,repeal1 the new level of political thought and action to which he lifted the ,irish race4 ,he is the grandest representative of the pure ,celtic blood of ,ireland that the ages have produced4 ,his power1 like that of all other great national leaders1 depended upon that representative quality4 ,and he used his power faithfully4 ,unlike the great ,german chancellor of the present day1 who1 beginning with the rle of a national liberator and organizer1 has ended in a career of foreign domination and domestic persecution1 ,o',connell never perverted the strongest and noblest of popular forces to the uses of tyranny under any form4 ,prince ,bismarck's plans lead up to that very rgime of hate1 cruelty1 and oppression which ,o',connell combated in ,ireland1 and if they become the settled policy of the ,empire1 must in time give birth to a ,german ,liberator4 ,it remains only to say a word upon the future of that ,irish people to whom ,o',connell devoted his life4 ,we will not venture upon hazardous speculations4 ,the wisdom of his policy was never more apparent than to-day4 ,the motives upon which it was founded repeat themselves anew4 ,there are too many interests in ,ireland--,irish and ,catholic interests--opposed to revolutionary violences1 to make rebellion either desirable or practicable4 ,it is only those who want to confiscate and live by tumult that cry out for it4 ,the same communists who burned ,paris and murdered its priests and archbishop under the name of liberty1 would like to sack ,dublin under the cry of 8,down with the ,saxon60 ,national ideas are everywhere the footballs of those radicals1 by which they lead the easily-swayed multitude to follow them in their game of plunder4 ,but an ,irish communist--that is1 one born of a ,catholic ,irish stock--is a creature of abnormal growth4 ,he will never make much headway in ,ireland4 ,the true course of modern ,irish politics points to the assertion of that principle of federalism which has been established as the basis of government in ,austro-,hungary1 in ,canada and all the great free ,british ,colonies1 and in the ,united ,states1 and which1 under the name of 8,home ,rule10 is now the matured policy of the trustworthy exponents of ,irish public opinion4 ,we would not be understood to commit ourselves to any particular political programme1 but before any of what may be termed sentimental considerations1 it would seem that the leaders of public opinion in ,ireland must direct their energies to build up its material prosperity1 and this can be best accomplished by local self-government4 ,unanimity in its pursuit is therefore demanded even of those who ultimately look beyond it4 ,a rich and prosperous community will not long remain enslaved4 ,it is only the poor who are trampled on1 among nations as among individuals4 ,it must be admitted1 however1 that nothing could well appear more hopeless than the present position of the ,home ,rulers in the ,english ,house of ,commons4 ,the decisive triumph of the ,conservative reaction has put them out of the calculations of both parties4 ,but this state of things is not likely to exist in the next ,parliament1 nor in the one after4 ,courage and endurance1 therefore--the virtues of ,o',connell--are the virtues that are needed in this temporary ,slough of ,despond4 ,the contempt1 so loudly and persistently expressed as to imply some apprehension1 the frenzy of opposition1 ,home ,rule has evoked in the ,house of ,commons1 we do not count for more than it is worth4 ,it is not more bitter or uncompromising than the same feeling prior to ,emancipation or even ,reform4 ,the same threats of eternal opposition were then common4 ,it took sixty years of active opposition to gain the former2 the same number at least and enormous outside agitation to carry the latter4 ,the success of great national movements is necessarily slow against existing forces1 and must often be transmitted from generation to generation4 ,there is no need therefore of discouragement at a temporary check4 ,local self-government--the same that exists in ,new ,york and ,massachusetts1 and for the same objects--leaving foreign and exclusively national questions for the consideration of an ,imperial ,parliament1 as for ,congress--is a demand that commends itself to the feeling of justice of all mankind1 a feeling which ,england will eventually be unable to resist4 ,we are not of those who inculcate an eternal policy of revenge4 ,this is easy for irresponsible demagogues to preach1 but blows are not given without being received4 ,the reality1 the dreadful experiences of war1 soon teach moderation where war is felt4 ,even were the two states independent1 peace with ,england would be the true policy of ,ireland4 ,as for the ,irish in ,america1 the future lies before them brilliant1 unclouded4 ,it is bounded only by their own ability to make it honorable and useful4 ,relying primarily1 like every other man in the community1 upon his own industry1 sobriety1 and energy1 the ,irishman in the ,united ,states or ,canada may attain to any position he is fitted for4 ,if in some instances he has to encounter native prejudices1 these will be best overcome by an earnest effort on his own part to observe faithfully all the duties of citizenship4 ,no one who does so will ever fail to obtain the respect and support of his ,protestant neighbors4 ,those who make foreign grudges their first consideration must expect to be looked upon as strangers4 ,yet we must face what exists4 ,so long as the stream of immigration continues to pour into this country1 so long will there be a large body of our countrymen1 receiving continual accessions1 whose dearest thoughts will be directed towards ,ireland1 their bitterest towards ,england4 ,this is inevitable4 ,england reaps the fruit of her past4 ,she is now in the position of a jailer who would fain take off the handcuffs from her prisoner1 but dares not1 for fear of retrospective revenge4 ,the misgovernment of ages cannot be blotted out from the memory of the misgoverned in a day--nor in a hundred years4 ,it is a national ,nemesis2 and it will be well for ,england if it do not overtake her in some dreadful form4 ,this feeling naturally finds its strongest expression in the ,united ,states4 ,sympathy with the mother country will never fail4 ,and ,god forbid that it should do so4 ,but let that sympathy take a proper direction1 an efficient form4 ,give the strength of your moral support--of your purses1 if you will--to the men who are carrying on under a different form the work of ,o',connell in ,ireland--who are now bravely struggling for ,home ,rule4 ,but turn a stern countenance on those adventurers and desperadoes who have nothing wiser to advise than wild and criminal incursions into a friendly province1 where ,irishmen possess all the rights they do here1 or conspiracies and secret societies in ,ireland--projects which make the honest patriotism and tried courage of ,irishmen a farce for the laughter of mankind4 ,the ,irish in ,america have many traps laid for their nationality and their faith2 but let them avoid the snares of revolutionary1 infidel leaders for themselves1 and of godless schools for their children1 and the day will eventually dawn when the weight of their support will turn the scale in favor of their country's rights against ,england4 ,this is the true way to follow the example and honor the memory of ,o',connell4 ,in spirit1 the ,great ,liberator still beckons the way to his countrymen4 ,the echo of that voice1 sonorous1 but clear and sweet as a silver bell1 is heard no more on the hillsides of ,erin4 ,the clover springs up where the feet of thousands pressed closer to listen to its magic spell4 ,but his memory is eternal as the hills themselves4 8,by constancy like his sustained1 ,pollux1 of yore1 and ,hercules1 ,the starry eminences gained40#aee ,unwearied by labors1 animated by a single passion--the love of country--men like him 8becoming the heroes and benefactors of the human race1 attain to the glory of immortality40 ,the national historian1 in a future age1 will date the rehabilitation of ,ireland from the birth of ,o',connell4 ,,ultraism4 ,to be ultra is to go beyond4 ,it is to attack the sceptre in the name of the throne1 and the mitre in the name of the altar2 it is to maltreat the thing you support2 it is to kick in the traces2 it is to cavil at the stake for undercooking heretics2 it is to reproach the idol with a lack of idolatry2 it is to insult by an excess of respect2 it is to find in the ,pope too little papistry1 in the king too little royalty1 and too much light in the night2 it is to be dissatisfied with the albatross1 with snow1 with the swan1 and the lily1 in the name of whiteness2 it is to be the partisan of things to the point of becoming their enemy2 it is to be so very pro that you are con4--,victor ,hugo4 ,,maria ,,immacolata ,,of ,,bourbon4#aef ,we still see her1 a gentle and beautiful girl of fourteen1 seated beside her brother1 the exiled ,king of ,naples1 in a low carriage which passes through the ,villa ,borghese1 in ,rome4 ,her face is of the ,bourbon mould4 ,a fair1 open forehead1 doubly suggestive of the water-lily1 because of its snowy whiteness and the innocent frankness with which it seems to turn towards heaven4 ,bright hazel eyes1 the limpid1 loving depths of which are expressive of the innocence and purity of the soul1 which gives them life and light2 while the lines of her chaste mouth and finely-chiselled chin are ever forming themselves into a subdued smile of love1 of peace1 and of quiet resignation4 ,there is a modesty1 and withal an elegance in her dress and carriage1 which strike the beholder at once4 ,her eyes do not wander about1 but are fixed with trusting tenderness on the face of her brother1 or rest affectionately upon the beautiful greyhound which crouches at her feet and looks up at her with an earnestness almost human4 ,it may have been a mere fancy of ours1 founded on our knowledge of the history of that lovely creature2 but it always seemed to us that the earnest look of the dog at its young mistress was one of pity as well as of affection--pity because she was an exiled princess2 affection1 because she was fair to behold and gentle in demeanor1 and the life-giving spirit of both qualities was a pure and noble soul1 which we have since learned to regard with a veneration not unlike that which we bear towards a saint4 ,we do not purpose to write her biography1 nor even her memoirs4 ,we will merely sketch briefly1 and in the simplicity with which they were narrated to us1 some recollections of that short life of nineteen years which wrought a chastening and ennobling influence upon all whose happiness it was to be near her4 ,maria ,immacolata ,aloysia of ,bourbon was the youngest child but one of ,ferdinand ,,ii41 ,king of ,naples1 and ,maria ,theresa of ,austria1 his second wife1 and was born in the castle of ,caserta1 on the #bast of ,january1 #ahee4 ,her father the king died when she was quite young1 and was succeeded on the throne by ,francis ,,ii41 the first-born of his marriage with the saintly ,maria ,christina of ,savoy4 ,after the death of ,ferdinand1 the ,queen-,mother1 ,maria ,theresa1 devoted all her energies to the religious and secular education of her four children1 the ,princess ,maria ,pia2 ,prince ,don ,pasquale1 ,count of ,bari2 the subject of this sketch1 ,princess ,maria ,immacolata1 and ,prince ,don ,gennarino1 ,count of ,caltagirone4 ,in doing this she was actuated by a strong sense of the obligations of a ,christian mother towards her children1 while she felt that in discharging these obligations with fidelity she paid a worthy tribute to the memory of her deceased consort4 ,maria ,immacolata1 even in childhood1 showed herself worthy of the sweet name which was given her in baptism1 and the name of ,aloysia was peculiarly becoming to her2 for as ,s4 ,aloysius was called 8the ,angel of the ,court of ,mantua10 so did her sweet and angelic disposition win for her the appellation of 8,angel of the ,court of ,naples40 ,naples1 however1 was not destined to possess its 8angel0 long4 ,the sad history of the treacherous expulsion of ,francis ,,ii4 by his own first cousin1 ,victor ,emanuel1 is too well known to need recital here4 ,enough to say1 that in #ahfa the ,bourbons were forced to fly from the fortress of ,gaeta and seek refuge in ,rome1 which was still the home of the exile1 the weary1 and the world-worn4 ,as their father ,ferdinand had offered an asylum to ,pius ,,ix4 when the revolution of #ahdh drove him from ,rome1 so now the noble heart of the ,pontiff sympathized with the exiles1 and he forthwith ordered the ,quirinal ,palace to be prepared for their reception4 ,king ,francis soon after took up his residence in the ,farnese ,palace1 and the ,queen-,mother retired with her four children to ,palazzo ,nipoti4 ,it is into this sanctuary of piety1 order1 and industry that we would introduce the reader1 that he may admire with us the domestic virtues of that ,christian mother ,maria ,theresa4 ,all is order1 tranquillity1 and modesty4 ,each prince has his own separate apartment and his own instructors4 ,the hours for retiring to bed at night1 rising in the morning1 for prayers1 ,mass1 study1 meals1 and recreation are regularly established4 ,besides the ordinary exercises of piety1 there is a religious instruction given once a week1 and a spiritual retreat once a year1 at which the queen herself and every member of her household assist4 ,she is the ruling and guiding spirit of all1 and it was but natural1 under the influence of such a perfect model1 that the children should soon give evidences of those rare qualities of mind and soul which1 in later years1 became the theme of general admiration4 ,such was the domestic life of the exiles4 ,it was here that the character of ,maria ,immacolata began to develop itself with singular beauty4 ,naturally pious1 she loved ,god tenderly4 ,at the religious instructions she observed a gravity of demeanor rarely met with in a child of her years1 and on retiring to her room1 she used to note down upon a slip of paper the principal points in the discourse which she had just heard4 ,her temperament was a lively one1 and no one enjoyed the hours of recreation more heartily than she did4 ,yet it was apparent to all as she grew up that she was struggling hard to obtain a perfect mastery over herself1 and the success which attended her efforts was especially manifest in her affectionate obedience to the queen1 to her elder brothers and sister4 ,the sweetest little nook in the ,nipoti ,palace was the room of ,maria ,immacolata4 ,it was so small1 so neat1 so orderly1 and the little altar in one corner1 surmounted by a statuette of the ,immaculate ,conception1 and ornamented with sweet-smelling flowers1 told more plainly than words could who was the occupant4 ,during the month of ,may her room became a little ,eden of flowers in honor of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,but other flowers were offered up to ,our ,lady which were far more acceptable to her than the fairest flowers of earth4 ,on the altar stood a little vase of porphyry1 containing a number of slips of paper1 upon which was written the name of some virtue1 some act of charity to be performed1 or little mortification to be practised4 ,every morning1 she and her sister1 ,maria ,pia1 repaired together to this urn1 and1 with joy depicted in their countenances1 each drew out a slip of paper4 ,immacolata was always wont to say1 when she had read her slip of paper1 8,o mamma6 ,i need this virtue so much40 ,it has been said that love is ingenious2 and if this be true of that love which creatures1 following a ,god-given instinct1 bear one towards another1 it must find a proportionately more beautiful application in the love which a pure creature of the earth cherishes for the ,immaculate ,queen of ,heaven4 ,maria ,immacolata and her sister were not content with practising daily the virtues named on each slip of paper1 but on the last day of the month they collected all the slips of paper together1 and1 with the addition of some lilies1 they wove them into a chaplet1 with which they crowned the statue of their ,queen4 ,the idea had a doubly beautiful significance1 being suggestive at once of purity of heart and the traditional love of the ,bourbons for the lily4 ,the young princess was scarcely eleven years of age when she was told1 to her unutterable delight1 that she might prepare to receive her ,first ,communion4 ,in this event of her life our admiration is divided between the solicitous care of her noble mother in preparing her daughter for a worthy reception of the ,blessed ,eucharist1 and the holy readiness and thorough spirit of appreciation with which the child performed all that was enjoined upon her4 ,in order to remove every possible occasion of distraction during the spiritual retreat of eight days1 which she made in the palace under the direction of a ,jesuit father1 she sent all her toys to a conservatory of little girls1 and on the day previous to her beginning the exercises1 she was overheard to say to a parrot1 of which she was very fond1 8,bird1 you and ,i must part for awhile2 a great ,visitor is coming1 and ,i must prepare to receive him40 ,she went so far as to deny herself the cup of chicken-broth which she was in the habit of taking in the morning1 because of her delicate constitution4 ,during the retreat she prayed most fervently to ,s4 ,aloysius1 to whom she was tenderly devoted1 beseeching him to obtain for her the grace of overcoming the enemies of her soul--the world1 the passions1 and the demon4 ,after her death1 a slip of paper was found in her prayer-book1 upon which she had noted down all that she intended to ask our ,lord for at her ,first ,communion4 ,she seems to have been strongly attached to her governess1 for she writes3 8and ,i will pray for ,maria ,laserre1 that she may never be separated from me2 and ,i will also pray10 said the child1 8for ,victor ,emanuel1 that ,god may enlighten him and pardon him all the harm he has done to us40 ,the first prayer received a gracious hearing1 and we find ,maria ,laserre her constant and cheerful companion in all the trials and vicissitudes to which that short and guileless life was afterward subject4 ,the other prayer reveals a sensitive soul1 which was penetrated to its depths with a full and saddening consciousness of the monstrous wrongs which her family had suffered from their disloyal cousin1 and at the same time a generous1 forgiving spirit1 not unlike that which prompted the touching prayer of ,christ upon the cross1 8,father6 forgive them40 ,many a noble deed is recorded of the ,bourbons when they were in power1 when the fleur-de-lis was the emblem of a glorious reality2 but there is a sublimity of pathos in the forgiving prayer of the delicate child of eleven1 despoiled of every vestige of royalty but her princely name1 which is far beyond our appreciation1 and is only justly estimated by ,him who taught us to forgive the trespasses of others if we would hope for the forgiveness of our own4 ,for all the favors which she asked of ,s4 ,aloysius she promised to give him a clasp of diamonds1 which she had received from the king her father4 ,her anxiety1 however1 was great lest her mother might not consent to her parting with such a precious souvenir1 as will appear in the letters which she wrote to the saint during the retreat1 and which were found after her death in a small silver purse which she carried about with her4 ,they are written in elegant ,french4 ,as they were never intended for mortal eyes1 but were addressed in all innocence and simplicity to a saint in heaven1 we take them up with all possible delicacy1 and reverence for the chaste heart of which they were the candid outpouring4 ,while they bear testimony to her purity of soul1 they are also an evidence of what religion was to her--not a hard1 galling yoke1 which must be borne from sheer necessity1 nor a heavy burden1 to be carried only on a ,sunday or a holyday4 ,no1 there was an every-day warmth in her religion2 it was something near at hand1 familiar1 consoling1 and refreshing1 and nowhere more perfectly embodied than in the short definition of the ,redeemer3 8,my yoke is sweet1 and my burden light40 ,here is one of her letters3 8,o great saint6 who never lost your innocence1 and who by your sanctity brought so much glory and honor upon your mother2 ,s4 ,aloysius ,gonzaga1 patron of the young1 you who were possessed of a great knowledge of the world and of human frailty1 ,i recommend myself to you1 that1 by your intercession with ,jesus ,christ our ,lord1 you obtain for me the grace that ,i too may make a good ,first ,communion4 ,s4 ,aloysius ,gonzaga6 you who knew so well how to make a ,first ,communion1 oh6 grant that the ,first ,communion may be for me the beginning of a new life1 the rule and guide of all my actions2 and that ,i too may begin to battle courageously with the world1 the demon1 and my own passions4 ,grant me this favor1 ,o great ,saint6 ,meanwhile1 ,i choose thee for my protector1 and ,i will recommend myself to thee every day1 in every sorrowful trial1 at every suggestion of the enemy1 and in every instance of impatience2 and when temptation assails me1 ,i will say a ,gloria ,patri for thee4 8,,maria ,,immacolata ,,of ,,bourbon 7great sinner74 8,postscript4--,pray for me1 ,o great ,saint6 and obtain for me these graces4 ,glory be to ,god the ,father6 ,o my ,s4 ,aloysius ,gonzaga6 pray that mamma will permit me without hesitation to carry as a gift to your chapel that little clasp of diamonds1 and give me light to know how to ask her well for the favor1 and how to reply1 if she makes any objection4 8,,the ,,great ,,sinner40 ,another letter is couched in these terms3 8,o ,s4 ,aloysius ,gonzaga6 you see that ,i recommend myself to you every day1 as ,i promised you4 ,now1 obtain this grace for me1 that mamma may look at me with a good face when ,i ask her for the cope for ,father ,n41 of your own society2 but especially when ,i ask her for the first favor 7permission to bestow the diamonds upon ,s4 ,aloysius71 that she may say yes without hesitating2 and that she may also allow me to give my photograph to ,don ,domenico 7an old domestic in the family74 ,but let mamma say yes without difficulty4 ,i ask you earnestly4 ,glory be to the ,father40 ,here is another precious document3 8,o ,s4 ,aloysius6 my protector1 ,i again recommend myself to thee4 ,give me light and obtain for me the grace that ,i may make my ,first ,communion well4 ,o happy day6 ,o day that comes but once6 ,o thrice happy day6 ,great ,saint6 give me thy faith1 give me the faith of all the saints4 ,pray that ,i may not be ashamed to confess my sins4 ,meanwhile1 ,i am thankful to thee for the favor which thou hast granted me in the clasp of diamonds1 and for other favors1 which ,i received from thee on other occasions4 ,pray for the most humble servant of ,god4 8,m4 ,i4 ,,of ,b4 7great sinner74 8,postscript4--,i recommend myself to thee1 my dear protector2 do me this favor3 ask ,god to pardon me40 ,the 8thrice happy day0 came at last1 and on the #bdth of ,december1 #ahfe1 she received ,holy ,communion from the hands of ,cardinal ,riario ,sforza1 in the same chapel in which her 8dear ,protector10 ,s4 ,aloysius1 pronounced his vows4 ,this chapel is in the ,roman ,college1 where ,s4 ,aloysius lived and died4 ,it was beautifully ornamented for the occasion1 and1 besides the king1 queen1 and queen-mother1 with their suites1 a number of distinguished persons were present1 and a score of little girls1 dressed in white1 assisted at the ,mass1 bearing lighted tapers in their hands4 ,every eye rested on ,maria ,immacolata1 whose recollection edified all present4 ,the smile which played around her mouth1 and the blush which mantled her cheeks1 were but faint indications of the happiness in her soul4 ,what passed in that abode of purity and innocence is known only to herself and ,him whom she loved4 ,we can only narrate what we saw4 ,having obtained permission1 she repaired with her governess1 after thanksgiving1 to the room of ,s4 ,aloysius1 and with a face all aglow with joy1 she placed a little casket on the altar4 ,it was the clasp of diamonds4 ,on leaving the room of the saint1 she remarked to her companion that she was overwhelmed with gratitude towards ,god4 8,i must make him a present20 and before the day was over she had bestowed every coin in her purse upon his poor4 ,only one piece of gold was reserved1 and that she sent on the following day to a conservatory1 to clothe a little orphan girl of her own age1 who was preparing for her ,first ,communion4 ,but of her boundless charity we will have more to say anon4 ,the summer of #ahfg found the royal exiles at ,albano1 a charming country resort on the ,appian ,way1 about fifteen miles from ,rome4 ,they had not been there long when the ,asiatic cholera broke out with a violence unprecedented in the history of that terrible plague4 ,the victims daily were numbered by hundreds4 ,not a family in the city was spared4 ,the first victim in the ,bourbon family was the young ,prince ,gennarino1 a bright little boy of eight years4 ,at the first symptoms of the malady he asked for his confessor1 and confessed with such compunction of heart that the good priest was moved to tears4 ,he begged earnestly that he might receive ,holy ,communion2 8for10 said the little fellow1 8,i want to die like a man40 ,though he was so young1 his request was granted4 ,his ,first ,communion was his ,viaticum1 and 8like a man0 the young ,bourbon passed to another life4 ,but death had singled out a more illustrious victim in the person of ,maria ,theresa1 the ,queen-,mother4 ,her whole life having been one of preparation1 her death was that of the just4 ,and here we would willingly stop to admire the character of that noble ,christian mother1 and worthy descendant of the great ,maria ,theresa of ,austria2 but we are restrained from doing so by the reflection that we cannot pay a more worthy or glowing tribute to her memory1 than by sketching the life and character of her saintly daughter ,maria ,immacolata4 ,to a heart so sensitive1 so appreciative and affectionate1 as was that of ,immacolata1 the death of a mother was a great blow1 and it was a long time before she could be comforted4 ,king ,francis now became the natural protector of the orphans1 and took them to his own residence in the ,farnese ,palace1 in ,rome4 ,the habit of study had already been formed in the children by their saintly mother1 and so they applied themselves with renewed vigor to the acquisition of knowledge4 ,maria ,immacolata was gifted with talents of the highest order4 ,besides speaking her own language with captivating sweetness she spoke ,french and ,german fluently1 and the facility with which she could pass from one language to another was surprising4 ,drawing was her passion1 and her sketches in oil and water colors gave evidence of no inconsiderable genius4 ,wherever she went1 she brought her drawing materials with her1 and amused herself by sketching landscapes1 palaces1 villas1 and the like4 ,she was equally skilled in portraits1 and the last production of her pencil1 a beautiful picture of the ,immaculate ,heart1 has been very much admired4 ,literature was another source of pleasure to her4 ,though she had a lofty appreciation of the beauties of the ,italian language1 and was passionately fond of reading1 she was never known to indulge in light and promiscuous literature4 ,while applying herself to the cultivation of her mind1 she did not forget the more modest accomplishments which become her sex2 and there are several beggars in ,rome this day who will show1 with no small pride1 the coarse stockings which were knitted for them by the tiny hands of ,maria ,immacolata of ,bourbon4 ,but these and many other accomplishments were but as the gold which encircles a diamond of rare value and purity4 ,her richest treasure was her humility and modesty4 ,her conversation1 though entertaining and lively1 was modest2 her deportment1 though easy and graceful1 equally so4 ,the sweetness of her disposition was especially noticeable in her treatment of domestics4 ,in the ,october of #ahfg the ,eternal ,city was thrown into a state of excitement and trepidation by the news that ,garibaldi1 with his horde of desperadoes1 was on the march for ,rome4 ,the little army of the ,pope prepared to make a gallant defence1 and a number of chivalrous ,roman youths of the best families offered themselves to swell the ranks of the ,papal legions4 ,francis ,,ii4 and his two brothers were among the first to rush to the defence of the country--the only country which was now left them4 ,their two orphan sisters1 ,maria ,pia and ,maria ,immacolata1 were consequently left alone in the ,farnese ,palace4 ,they did not remain long unprotected1 for the ,holy ,father sent for the two princesses1 and had them brought into the ,vatican1 where the magnificent apartment of the ,countess ,mathilde had been prepared for them4 ,here they remained until after the battle of ,mentana1 and the ,papal troops returned in triumph to the city4 ,while the children were in the ,vatican1 they assisted every morning at the ,pope's ,mass1 and received ,holy ,communion daily from his hands4 ,every day1 when he went to take his usual walk through the galleries and corridors of the palace1 he sent for the orphans1 and by his sweet and consoling conversation made them forget the anxiety which tortured them about their brothers4 ,during those days--the happiest of her life--,maria ,pia conceived a veneration and love for the ,holy ,father which she cherished ever afterwards1 and which1 we may here remark1 was characteristic of her mother1 ,maria ,theresa4 ,when the storm had blown over1 the orphans returned to the ,farnese ,palace1 and resumed their usually quiet and retired life4 ,it did not last long4 ,this time it was not the ,garibaldian hordes that marched upon the city1 but the well-disciplined troops of a king who called himself 8the dutiful son of ,pius ,,ix40 ,to be brief1 the year #ahgj was one of woe to the ,romans1 but to none was it more sorrowful than to the poor persecuted ,bourbons4 ,once more they were forced to fly1 and in their flight the noble family was obliged to divide itself4 ,some of them fled into ,bavaria1 some to ,france1 while ,maria ,immacolata went with her sister1 now ,duchess of ,parma1 into the ,tyrol1 and afterwards to ,cannes1 on the confines of ,france4 ,she was accompanied by her governess ,maria ,laserre1 her faithful friend and comforter in every trial4 ,but the cold climate of the mountains was too severe for ,immacolata4 ,she was a frail1 delicate flower1 and under the rough1 inclement blasts of a northern winter she began to wilt away4 ,what with her weak health and her strong affection for the ,holy ,father1 she began to pine for ,rome1 her country1 as she called it4 ,all this passed within her own bosom4 ,for the rest1 she was patient1 resigned1 and more forgiving than ever towards those who were the cause of her exile1 first from the land of her birth1 and afterwards from ,rome1 to which her heart clung most lovingly4 ,a soul so closely united to ,god as was hers1 soon found the wherewithal to comfort her1 and it was with a smile of heavenly joy in her countenance that she brightened up and said to her maid1 8,ah6 well1 there is one consolation left me3 the poor ,i have always with me40 ,from her infancy she had been noted for her charities4 ,what little she possessed in childhood she gave to the poor joyfully4 ,when she grew up and received a monthly allowance from her mother for ordinary expenses1 she gave with such a liberal hand that her allowance used to be exhausted long before the end of the month came4 ,the ,queen-,mother had become so accustomed to the charitable prodigalities of her daughter that she used to say when she would hear a modest knock at her door1 about the #bjth of each month1 8,here comes my little prodigal daughter2 but1 ,god bless her6 she has not wasted her substance40 ,when the ,queen died1 and ,maria ,immacolata came into her inheritance1 her charity was more a profusion than a giving2 and it was remarked that no one knew anything of her charities4 ,the gospel directed her to give in secret1 and the ,holy ,spirit assured her that the 8,father who seeth in secret0 would reward her4 ,it was her chief delight1 when she went out to take a walk1 to gather the young people around her1 and ask them the catechism1 and teach them how to pray2 and in order to stimulate them to study the catechism thoroughly1 she would give them rosaries1 medals1 and pictures1 which she had sent to her at regular intervals from ,rome4 ,whenever she met any one who was on the way to the ,eternal ,city1 she could not restrain her tears1 as she thought of the happiness which was denied to herself2 and1 she would often remark1 8,it is so cold here1 that not only the body1 but the soul too shivers for that warmth which can only be felt near the ,vicar of ,christ40 ,about this time she became acquainted with ,henry ,bourbon1 ,count of ,bardi1 son of ,charles ,,iii4 of ,parma1 and nephew of the ,count of ,chambord4 ,her sister1 ,maria ,pia1 had already been married to ,robert1 ,duke of ,parma1 and the nuptial blessing was pronounced by the ,holy ,father1 in the year #ahfi4 ,as her sister's marriage was one of ,christian love1 not of political or worldly interest1 contracted under the influence of religion1 and not to keep up the 8equilibrium of relationship10 as the saying is in ,europe1 so was the marriage of ,immacolata with the ,count of ,bardi4 ,among other motives in favor of accepting his hand in marriage she was wont to adduce this one1 that the fact of his having been educated in the college of the ,jesuits at ,feldkirch was an assurance to her that her marriage would be a happy one4 ,as she had prepared herself for the reception of her ,first ,communion1 so by recollection and spiritual exercises did she dispose herself for the ,sacrament of ,matrimony1 and on the #bgth of ,november1 #ahgc1 she became the ,countess of ,bardi4 ,the marriage was a modest celebration throughout4 ,the domestics of the family and the poor of the city were the only merrymakers4 ,as for the young spouses1 they were destined only to drink the cup of tribulation4 ,the lily of ,bourbon was fast drooping1 the color was fading from her cheeks1 and the unnatural brilliancy of her eyes told1 more clearly than words could1 that ,immacolata was not destined to live much longer4 ,no one knew this better than herself4 ,still she was resolved to do her duty1 as if she had long years before her4 ,she began by studying the character of her husband4 ,prior to all1 however1 she had marked out for herself a simple line of conduct1 which she couched in the two words1 8affectionate submission40 ,in the heaven-given light of this resolution1 she loved him1 and by its influence and the discharge of all those kind and endearing offices which are the noble prerogatives of the gentler sex1 she won his confidence1 and strengthened his affection1 as with a wall of granite4 ,having acquired a thorough knowledge of his character1 she anticipated every desire of his1 and executed his every wish with such readiness that he was afterwards known to say that he could not decide whose wish she accomplished1 his or her own4 ,in this way she obtained great influence over him1 but she only exercised it in the things of ,god4 ,wherever she knelt down to pray1 there he knelt at her side4 ,when she was gone to her rest1 he was heard to say of her1 8,she took me by the hand1 and led me to ,god40 ,on the day after their marriage the young spouses set out on a journey to ,egypt4 ,the voyage was long and ill-suited to her delicate constitution2 but she went cheerfully1 thinking not of herself1 but only how she might please her consort4 ,during the forty days they were sailing up the ,nile1 she lay prostrate with a malignant fever1 which1 together with the ravages of consumption1 reduced her almost to the last extremity4 ,it was hoped that she would rally during their voyage in ,upper ,egypt1 but in vain4 ,when they arrived there1 she became weaker and weaker1 until1 finally1 the most they hoped for was that she might live until their return to ,france4 ,setting sail from ,cairo1 they arrived at ,marseilles in the ,march of #ahgd1 where she rallied at the sight of her sister1 ,maria ,pia1 and her beloved governess1 ,maria ,laserre1 who had come to meet her4 ,in a consultation of her physicians1 it was resolved to bring her to ,cauterets1 a little village in the ,upper ,pyrenees1 and celebrated for its sulphur baths4 ,maria ,immacolata was delighted with the proposal1 not because she hoped for any relief from the waters of ,cauterets1 but because in their journey thither they would pass ,lourdes1 to which she had long yearned to make a pilgrimage4 ,accordingly1 they set out for ,cauterets1 stopping at ,lourdes on the way4 ,the weary invalid's heart throbbed with joy as she knelt for the first time in the holy grotto4 ,for two whole hours she remained absorbed in silent prayer1 giving no other sign of life than the long and affectionate gaze which she fixed upon the image of ,our ,lady4 ,during their stay at ,lourdes1 she visited the grotto twice every day1 and at each visit she prayed long and fervently4 ,twice she insisted on being immersed in the water1 notwithstanding it was exceedingly cold4 ,on being asked what she prayed for1 she replied1 8,that ,god's will be done40 ,the waters of ,cauterets gave her no relief4 ,the disease had taken deep root in her system1 and was rapidly advancing to a fatal termination4 ,an eminent physician was called from the city of ,pau1 who gave it as his opinion that it was useless to hope for her recovery4 ,she might live for fifteen days more1 and possibly might linger on for a month4 ,the young count thought no longer of the great loss he was about to suffer1 but only how he might make the remaining days of her short life as quiet and devoid of pain as possible4 ,it was resolved to bring her to ,pau1 the principal city of the ,lower ,pyrenees1 where she would receive better attendance1 and1 above all1 have the consolations of her religion4 ,as they carried her on a species of litter from the hotel to the carriage1 she said to her husband1 8,not long ago ,i could move about with ease2 afterwards they carried me in an arm-chair2 now it is a litter2 the next will be a bier40 ,her sufferings on the road between ,lourdes and ,pau were very great1 but she bore them cheerfully1 and only prayed that they would let her die in ,pau4 ,after their arrival in that city1 she rallied a little1 and her husband tried to raise her hopes by saying that she would recover4 8,do not be deceived1 dear ,henry10 she said2 8before another month passes away ,i shall be gone4 ,bring me a confessor40 ,one of the ,jesuit fathers came immediately1 and her first prayer was that they would erect an altar in her room at which ,mass might be said on the following day4 ,meanwhile1 she prepared to make a general confession of her whole life1 and begged every one in the house to pray for her4 ,her first care was to fulfil a number of promises which she had made to the ,madonna1 and calling her husband to her bedside1 she begged of him to make them good4 ,her jewels1 wedding-dress1 and crown had already been promised to ,our ,lady of ,issoudun4 ,after her death1 the ,duke of ,parma and the ,duchess1 her sister1 repaired to that sanctuary and made the offering4 ,she had also vowed a silver heart to ,our ,lady of ,einsiedeln1 and a set of vestments to ,our ,lady of ,lourdes4 ,she had begun to embroider the chasuble herself1 but was obliged from sheer weakness to lay it aside4 ,she begged her sister to finish it1 and carry it in her name to the holy grotto4 ,in addition to these1 she had also vowed to have two hundred ,masses celebrated for the suffering souls in purgatory4 ,opening her purse to fulfil this promise1 she found it empty4 ,indeed1 that was its normal condition1 and it was said of her that a heavy purse never wore a hole in her pocket4 ,she asked her husband1 with child-like simplicity1 to give her six hundred francs1 and having received them1 ordered the sum to be distributed among the churches in the city according to her intention4 ,on the following day1 the #bjth of ,august1 she confessed and received ,holy ,communion with edifying fervor4 ,her only desire now was to remain quiet1 that she might commune with ,god and prepare for her final departure4 ,on the day mentioned1 she was visited by ,margherita1 the wife of ,don ,carlos4 ,but the dying princess turned her eyes lovingly on the visitor and said1 8,pardon me1 ,margherita1 but ,i must be alone with ,god40 ,the ,princess ,maria ,pia and her governess remained by her bedside constantly1 and prayed aloud with her4 ,when her confessor entered the room she would say to him1 8,must ,i live many days longer8 ,pray ,god not to tarry40 ,then she would chide herself for a want of resignation1 and say1 8,as thou wilt60 ,it was no difficult task for one whose heart was detached from the things of this world to make a will1 and that of the ,princess ,immacolata of ,bourbon did not give her much anxiety4 ,still1 she observed the legal formalities1 and showed such clearness and precision in her dictation to the notary as surprised all present4 ,with the exception of that part of the will which affects her natural heirs1 the rest is but one long series of donations for religious purposes--foreign missions1 religious houses1 orphanages1 and the like4 ,she was not content with making a handsome provision for each of her domestics1 but even made appropriations for their relatives4 ,the poor are called in the will 8my dearest heirs10 and to these1 she left the sum of #bj1jjj francs in gold1 the distribution of which she entrusted to her governess1 ,maria ,laserre1 begging her especially not to forget the poor families she knew in ,rome1 and elsewhere1 during her wanderings4 ,in short1 after disposing of the enormous sum of #ajg1jjj francs in gold1 to be bestowed in ,christian charity1 this generous soul concludes her will in these terms3 8,i intend1 moreover1 that what remains1 over and above1 of my capital be all expended in purchasing sacred vessels and vestments for poor churches40 ,this last provision has already passed into effect1 to our personal knowledge4 ,among the many charitable institutions which ,rome possesses there is one whose members devote themselves especially to making vestments and procuring sacred vessels for poor churches4 ,we know of one1 composed of some eminent ,french ladies1 who make it their duty to provide for the poor churches of ,italy2 only a short time ago1 they exhibited a splendid assortment of vestments and church furniture1 mostly all purchased on the strength of the donation of ,maria ,immacolata of ,bourbon4 ,and now1 having removed every earthly care from her mind1 ,maria ,immacolata disposed herself to receive the ,sacrament of ,extreme ,unction4 ,she begged her confessor to read aloud from some ascetic work1 that her soul might be drawn more closely to ,god4 ,when he had read for awhile1 she said1 8,now ,i am ready10 and in the presence of her brother the ,count of ,bari1 her sister the ,duchess of ,parma1 the ,princess ,margherita1 wife of ,don ,carlos1 and her beloved governess1 she received the last sacrament4 ,it was then that her confessor informed her that the following day1 ,august #bc;d1 was the ,feast of the ,immaculate ,heart of ,mary1 whereat she besought all present to pray that she might obtain the singular favor from ,god of dying on that day and of receiving the ,holy ,eucharist once more2 and with the holy simplicity and fervor of her childhood1 she recited aloud the following prayer3 8,most ,holy ,virgin1 ,i resign myself to suffer still more for your honor1 and the glory of your divine ,son4 ,o my ,mother6 you who have permitted your daughter to bear your own sweet name of ,immacolata1 obtain for me the grace to receive once more the most ,sacred ,body of your divine ,son1 and to die on the ,feast of your ,immaculate ,heart40 ,both favors were granted4 ,on the following day1 ,mass was celebrated in her room1 and she received her ,lord for the last time4 ,her husband also1 her brother ,count of ,bari1 the ,duke and ,duchess of ,parma1 the ,princess ,margherita1 and all her maids and domestics1 communicated4 ,it was a touching scene that transpired after ,mass1 when the whole household gathered around the bed of the dying princess1 and asked her blessing4 ,a smile of angelic delight mantled her face1 and1 as she said herself1 her soul seemed to be inundated with consolation4 ,she no longer felt the oppression and pain which had tortured her an hour previous4 ,her sister ,maria ,pia1 desirous of having a precious remembrance in after-life1 held her own photograph to her lips1 that she might imprint a kiss upon it4 ,when she had kissed it1 she asked for a pen1 and wrote upon the card1 in a trembling hand1 8,living or dead1 ,i shall always be near thee4 ,thy own ,maria ,immacolata02 and on the photograph which her governess presented to her1 she wrote1 8,in heaven and on earth ,i shall never have but one heart with you4 ,your little ,mistress40 ,calling every one of her domestics to the bedside1 she gave each a souvenir of herself1 accompanied with a few words of wise counsel4 ,turning then to the princes her brothers1 her sister1 and her brother-in-law1 she besought them to live together in harmony1 and to love one another for her sake4 ,she then asked for her jewels1 and choosing a ring1 she put it on the finger of ,margherita of ,spain2 another precious ring she put on the finger of her sister1 and a third upon that of her governess4 ,while doing this1 she asked them to pray that she might be pardoned for the vanity of wearing those ornaments4 ,she asked pardon three successive times of her maid1 ,maria ,grazia1 for all the annoyance she had ever given her1 and taking another ring from her own finger1 she held it out saying1 8,this is for your sister ,francesca in ,naples1 of whom ,i ask pardon from afar40 ,but the ,duchess of ,parma had still one favor to ask--a blessing for her four little children in the ,castle of ,wartegg1 in ,switzerland4 ,the dying sister answered1 8,yes1 ,i will pray for them in heaven10 and pronouncing the name of each she kissed the ,crucifix and blessed them4 ,the apostolic ,benediction of ,his ,holiness had already been sent to her1 and now a second arrived1 and with it the plenary indulgence in the hour of death4 ,this was followed by a despatch from the ,comte de ,chambord which said1 8,we are in great affliction1 and are praying40 ,while all this was passing1 her eyes rested upon the form of her husband1 who knelt by her side4 ,but recollecting herself1 she said1 8,my ,madonna for ,mademoiselle0--meaning her governess4 8,now10 said she1 8,i have naught to give away but my soul1 and that ,i give to ,god40 ,turning to her young husband1 she said1 8,henry6 ,o my ,henry6 ,i leave thee1 to go where ,i am called by that ,god who made us companions for a few short months on earth2 but ,i leave thee in good hands02 and holding in her right hand the crucifix and her rosary1 and inclining her head towards a statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 as if saluting her1 and recommending to her care him who knelt there in sorrow1 she died4 ,,notre ,,dame ,,de ,,lourdes4 8,,thou ,,wel ,,of ,,mercy1 ,,sinful ,,soules ,,cure40--,,chaucer4 ,lourdes1 apart from any religious interest1 is well worth a visit1 for it is an old historic place4 8,bigerronum arx antiqua fuit ,luparda1 qu nunc ,lourda est10 says ,julius ,scaliger4 ,it is associated with the ,romans1 the ,moors1 the paladins of ,charlemagne1 and the flower of ,french and ,english chivalry1 and is celebrated by ,gregory of ,tours1 ,froissart1 ,monstrelet1 and all the ancient chroniclers of the land4 ,situated at the entrance of the seven valleys of the ,lavedan on the one side1 and the rich sunny plains of ,barn on the other1 under a sky as soft and bright as that of ,italy1 it is as attractive to the eye of the tourist as to the soul of the archologist and the pilgrim4 ,we arrived at ,lourdes in less than an hour after leaving ,tarbes4 ,the station is some distance from town1 and at least a mile from the world-famous grotto2 but there are always hacks and omnibuses eager to take the visitor to one of the numerous hotels4 ,the depot is encumbered with luggage and crowded with pilgrims going and coming1 and on the side tracks are long trains of empty cars that tell of the importance of the station--an importance solely due to the immense number of pilgrims1 who sometimes amount to five hundred thousand a year4 ,on leaving the station1 one naturally looks around to discover the renowned sanctuary of ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 but not a glimpse of it is to be seen4 ,nothing meets the eye but a gray picturesque town shut in by the outlying ,pyrenees4 ,nothing could be lovelier than the fresh green valley in which it stands1 framed by hills whose sides are blackened with dbris from the immense quarries of slate4 ,it is only a pleasant walk to the town in good weather1 which gives one an opportunity of taking in the features of the charming landscape4 ,flowers bloom in the hedge-rows1 elms and ash-trees dot the grassy meadows1 the hillsides beneath the quarries are luxuriant with vineyards and fields of waving grain4 ,the way is lively with hurrying pilgrims1 all intent on their own business and regardless of you2 some saying their rosaries1 others in a band singing some pious hymn1 and many solitary ones absorbed in their own reflections4 ,we soon reach the town4 ,the houses are of stone with slated roofs4 ,nearly every one is a hotel1 or a lodging-house1 or a shop for the sale of religious objects4 ,the windows are full of rosaries1 medallions inscribed with the words of the ,virgin to ,bernadette1 miniature grottos1 photographs--in short1 everything that can recall the wonderful history of the grotto of ,massabielle4 ,the very silk kerchiefs in the windows1 such as the peasants wear on their heads1 are stamped with the ,virgin in her niche4 ,the old part of the town has narrow streets1 without any sidewalks1 paved with cobble-stones quite in harmony with the penitential spirit of a true pilgrim4 ,they are mere lanes1 fearful in muddy weather when crowded with people in danger at every step from the carriages4 ,the ,hotel de la ,grotte is the nearest to the church of ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 and very pleasantly situated at a convenient walking distance from it4 ,at one of our visits to the place1 we stopped at the ,hotel des ,pyrnes in the heart of the town1 where we were made very comfortable2 but the second time1 it was in the height of the season1 and there was not a room to be had in any of the hotels1 and had we not providentially stumbled on a friend with a vacant room at his command1 we might have been forced to spend the night in the church--no great penance1 to be sure1 in so heavenly a place1 where ,masses begin at midnight and do not cease till afternoon4 ,the only safe way is to secure rooms beforehand1 especially when the place is most frequented4 ,lourdes is a small town of about five thousand inhabitants1 mostly workers in marble1 slate1 etc41 that is1 those who do not keep a hotel1 or a caf1 or a shop of some kind2 for the good people seem quite ready to avail themselves of every opportunity of benefiting by the piety that brings so many strangers among them4 ,they are shrewd1 quick-witted1 upright1 and kind-hearted2 attached to their ancient traditions1 and firm in their faith as their rock-built houses4 ,they have always been characterized by their devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,five of the chapels in the parish church are dedicated to her honor4 ,the confraternities of the ,scapular and the ,rosary are flourishing1 and the congregation of the ,enfants de ,marie is one of the oldest in the country4 ,the dark-eyed women of ,lourdes have a ,spanish look1 and are quite picturesque in their scarlet capulets or black capuchins1 but the men have mostly laid aside the ,bigorrais cloak1 once so sought after that they were exported from the country1 and mentioned by learned men4 ,pope ,gregory ,i41 in a letter to ,eulogius1 ,bishop of ,alexandria1 thus alludes to them3 8,sex minora ,aquitanica pallia40 ,s4 ,paulinus of ,nola1 in a letter to ,ausonius1 says3 8,dignaque pellitis habitas deserta ,bigerris40 8,bigerricam vestem1 brevem atque hispidam10 says ,sulpicius ,severus4 ,and the poet ,fortunatus1 in his life of ,s4 ,martin1 says3 8,induitur sanctus hirsuta ,bigerrica palla40 ,these ,marlottes1 as ,scaliger calls them1 are now mostly confined to the mountaineers who cling to the old ways4 ,the people of the valley1 however1 have not laid aside all their old prejudices with their cloaks4 ,the natives of ,lourdes are said to hold in proud disdain those who have had the disadvantage of being born elsewhere1 in proof of which it is related that a prisoner of state1 named ,souli1 once confined in the castle for some offence1 at last died from the effects of his captivity4 ,his fellow-prisoners1 desirous of showing him suitable honor1 as well as giving proper expression to their own regret1 paid the bell-ringer to toll a bell of the second class4 ,it appears there were four bells in use for funerals2 the first for the clergy2 the second1 for the grandees of the place2 the third1 for the common citizen1 and the fourth for the poor4 ,the inhabitants were so enraged that such an honor as a bell of the second class should be rung for a stranger1 that they condemned the guilty sexton to prison4 ,during his long confinement1 he was frequently heard exclaiming with a groan3 8,ah6 detestable ,souli6 ,had it only been a savate1#aeg ,i should not be here60 ,this is a mere reminiscence of their ancient glory4 ,it is always difficult to bring one's self to the level of fallen fortunes4 ,the title of stranger is still said to be an original stain that nothing can ever efface4 ,small and unpretending as ,lourdes may now seem1 it has its grand old memories4 ,its origin is lost in the obscurity of remote ages1 but where history is at fault1 fable generally comes to the rescue4 ,the glory of founding ,lourdes is attributed to an ,ethiopian princess4 ,tarbis1 queen of ,ethiopia1 captivated by the valor and personal attractions of ,moses1 offered him her throne and hand4 ,wounded and mortified at his refusal1 she abandoned her country to hide her disappointment in the obscurity of the ,pyrenean valleys4 ,she founded the city of ,tarbes1 and her sister ,lorda that of ,lourdes4 ,in the ,middle ,ages the ,counts of ,bigorre were the ,seigneurs of ,lourdes1 and1 like ,s4 ,louis under the oak of ,vincennes1 they seated themselves with patriarchal simplicity on a stone bench under an elm before the church to receive the homage of their vassals4 ,notre ,dame de ,bigorre6 was then the battle-cry of the people4 ,then1 as now1 ,mary was the ,sovereign ,lady of the valley4 ,to her its lords acknowledged themselves vassals and paid tribute1 and the arms of the town commemorate her miraculous intervention to deliver it from the hands of the ,moors4 ,but as this legend is connected with the history of the castle1 we will give a brief sketch of that once strong hold4 ,the tourist1 on his way to ,pau1 ,cauterts1 ,st4 ,sauveur1 or ,bagnres1 as he traverses the plateau which overlooks the fertile valley of the ,gave1 sees an ancient fortress on the top of an inaccessible cliff1 that rises straight up from the banks of the river4 ,this is the old citadel of ,lourdes1 the key of the ,seven ,valleys1 the stronghold of the ,counts of ,bigorre in the ,middle ,ages4 ,the eye of the traveller cannot fail to be struck by the antiquity of its gray battlements1 crenellated towers1 and picturesque situation1 and he at once feels it has a marvellous history4 ,the castle of ,lourdes is more than two thousand years old4 ,here the ancient inhabitants long held out against the attacks of the ,romans2 and here1 when they were forced to yield1 their conquerors built the fortifications whose indestructible foundation ages have passed over without leaving any trace4 ,several centuries later1 the castle of ,mirambel1 as it was then called1 was held by the ,moors1 and their leader1 ,mirat1 defended it for a time against the hosts of ,charlemagne1 and at length1 too haughty to yield to any earthly power1 surrendered to the ,queen of ,heaven1 who wrought such a miracle of grace on the proud painim's heart that he and all his followers went with garlands of hay on their lances to swear fealty to ,notre ,dame de ,puy1 and resign all right to ,mirambel4 ,mirat was baptized by the name of ,lorus4 ,he received the honors of knighthood1 and gave the name of ,lordum to the castle he now held in the name of the ,virgin4 ,we are indebted to an ,english monk1 named ,marfin1 for this legend1 and though rejected by many1 it was doubtless founded on the popular traditions of the country1 which alone account for the arms of the town and the annual tribute the ,counts of ,bigorre paid to ,notre ,dame de ,puy as long as they held possession of the castle4#aeh ,lo ric castel de ,lorda having been taken possession of by the ,albigenses in the ,x,i,ith century1 the celebrated ,simon de ,montfort besieged it1 but in vain4 ,the castle remained in their hands till the end of the war4 ,no one of ,english origin can look at the hoary walls of this ancient fortress without the greatest interest1 for it is associated with the memory of the ,black ,prince1 and the time was when the banner of ,england floated from its towers and defied the efforts of the bravest knights of ,france to tear it from its hold4 ,lourdes1 as well as the whole province of ,bigorre 7which lay between ,barn and ,foix71 fell into the hands of the ,english by the treaty of ,bretagne1 and constituted a part of the ,duchy of ,aquitaine1 which ,edward ,,iii4 conferred on his son1 the ,black ,prince1 who left ,england to take possession of his domains in #acfc4 ,he made ,bordeaux his capital1 and there1 in the church of ,s4 ,andr1 ,jehan ,caubot1 consul of ,lourdes1 and the representatives of ,tarbes and other towns1 presented themselves at high noon before the most noble and puissant ,lord ,edward1 ,prince of ,wales and ,duke of ,aquitaine1 and1 in the presence of many lords1 knights1 and citizens1 swore fealty to the ,english prince1 beseeching him to confirm the rights and franchises which they had hitherto enjoyed1 which he solemnly promised4 ,the ,count of ,armagnac 7,john ,i47 gave so captivating a description of the beauty of ,bigorre that the ,black ,prince was induced to visit his mountain province4 ,he remained for some time at ,tarbes1 and while there explored the neighboring valleys1 strengthened old fortresses and built several new ones4 ,he was particularly struck with the castle of ,lourdes1 and the advantage of holding such a position4 8,it is the key of many countries10 said he1 8by which ,i can find my way into ,aragon1 ,catalonia1 and ,barcelona40 ,he strengthened its fortifications1 and entrusted the command to ,pierre ,arnaud of ,barn1 a cousin of ,gaston ,phbus of ,foix1 saying3 8,master ,arnaud1 ,i constitute and appoint you captain of ,lourdes1 and warden of ,bigorre4 ,see that you hold them1 and render a good account of your trust to me and my father40 ,arnaud swore fealty to the ,prince1 who soon after broke up his court at ,tarbes and returned to ,bordeaux4 ,he could not have left a better commander at ,lourdes4 ,arnaud was one of those men who would rather face death a thousand times than be untrue to their word4 ,he held the castle long after all the rest of ,bigorre had been wrested from the ,english1 and the exploits of the brave knights that took refuge here made it the terror of the surrounding country4 ,froissart's account of their adventures is more like that of highwaymen than of chivalrous knights4 ,they were continually coming down from their eyry at the head of a band1 to scour the country and plunder all they could lay their hands upon4 ,sometimes they extended their ravages to ,toulouse1 ,alby1 and ,carcassone1 taking castles1 robbing merchants and attacking knights1 and then rushing back to ,lourdes with their booty--cattle1 provisions1 prisoners they could ransom1 etc4 ,they only respected the rights of ,gaston ,phbus1 their captain's kinsman4 ,it is related of ,mongat that on one occasion he put on the habit of a monk1 and with three of his men similarly attired1 he took his way with devout air and mien to ,montpellier1 where he alighted at the ,angel and gave out he was a lord abbot from ,upper ,gascony on his way to ,paris on business4 ,here he made the acquaintance of the ,sire ,berenger1 who was likewise going to ,paris on some affair of importance1 and was delighted to be thrown into such holy company4 ,the pretended abbot led him by devious ways to ,lourdes1 where he ransomed him for a large sum4 ,in one of his adventures1 ,mongat came to his end4 ,he had been to ,toulouse with two other knights and one hundred and twenty lances1 and on their way back with cattle1 hogs1 sheep1 and prisoners1 they were attacked by two hundred knights1 with the brave ,ernauton ,bissette at their head1 in a forest belonging to the ,sire de ,barbazan4 ,the fury with which they fought was only equalled by their knightly courtesy4 ,when exhausted1 they took off their helmets1 refreshed themselves at a stream1 and then resumed the contest4 ,mongat and ,ernauton fought hand to hand the whole day1 and at length1 utterly exhausted1 they both fell dead on the field4 ,hostilities then ceased4 ,each party bore away its dead1 and a cross was raised on the spot where they fell4 ,of course the whole country around was eager to dislodge the ,english from their fortress4 ,the ,duke of ,anjou1 with the celebrated ,du ,guesclin1 attacked it at the head of fifteen thousand of the best soldiers of ,france4 ,all the other castles of ,bigorre had been taken4 ,tarbes had been readily given up by the captain who had sworn to defend it4 ,mauvezin had gallantly held out for a time1 and then honorably surrendered4 ,lourdes alone bade defiance to the enemy4 ,the town1 built on a slope at the east of the castle1 resisted the duke's army a fortnight4 ,the inhabitants finally took refuge in the castle1 and the ,french took possession of the empty houses1 with great rejoicing4 ,for six weeks they laid siege to the castle1 but in vain4 ,the duke now sought to obtain it by bribing ,arnaud with vast sums of money1 but the incorruptible captain replied3 8,the fortress is not mine4 ,it is the property of the ,king of ,england1 and ,i cannot sell1 alienate1 or give it up1 without proving myself a traitor1 which ,i will not4 ,i will remain loyal to my liege lord on whose hand ,i swore by my faith1 when he appointed me governor of this castle1 to defend it against all men1 and to yield it to no one whom he had not authorized to demand it1 and ,pierre ,arnaud will keep to his trust till he dies40 ,discouraged and mortified1 the duke raised the siege and set fire to the four quarters of the town1 which was wholly consumed1 with all the titles of the ancient fors and rights4 ,he now determined to obtain the castle by some other means1 and despatched a messenger to ,gaston ,phbus to convince him it was for his interest to use his influence in driving the ,english from ,lourdes4 ,the count promised to do so and invited ,arnaud to ,orthez4 ,somewhat suspicious of his intentions1 ,arnaud1 before leaving ,lourdes1 appointed his brother ,john commander of the fortress1 making him swear by his faith and honor as a knight to guard it as faithfully as he had done himself1 and never to yield it to any one but him who had entrusted it to their care4 ,john solemnly swore as he was desired1 and his brother proceeded to ,orthez1 where he was graciously received by the ,count of ,foix4 ,it was not till the third day he was summoned to give up the castle4 ,arnaud at once comprehended the danger of his situation1 but undauntedly replied3 8,my lord1 ,i doubtless owe you duty and regard1 for ,i am a poor knight of your land and race1 but the castle of ,lourdes ,i cannot surrender4 ,you have sent for me and can do with me whatever you please1 but what ,i hold from the ,king of ,england1 ,i will surrender to no one but him40 8,ha1 traitor60 cried the count in a rage1 drawing his dagger1 8do you tell me you will not do it8 ,by my head1 you shall pay for such a speech02 and he stabbed him to the heart4 ,arnaud cried3 8,ah6 my lord1 you act not as beseemeth gentle knight4 ,you invited me here and it is thus you put me to death40 ,this base act did no good4 ,john was as faithful to his trust as his brother ,arnaud4 ,his appointment was confirmed by the ,king of ,england1#aei and the ,english flag was not taken down till the year #adbe1 when the citadel of ,lourdes surrendered to ,john of ,foix1 the companion in arms of ,dunois the brave1 and the illustrious ,barbazan1 first to be styled ,sans peur et sans reproche4 ,then the war-cry1 8,s4 ,george for ,lourdes60 was heard for the last time in the land1 and the red flag of ,england taken down for ever4 ,lourdes was attacked by the ,huguenots in #aegc4 ,the town was taken by assault1 pillaged1 and partly burned1 but they made no impression on the castle4 ,a cry of alarm1 however1 resounded all through the ,seven ,valleys4 ,the mountaineers of ,lavedan knew the importance of the castle1 which1 once taken1 would expose them to an invasion it would be impossible to resist1 and they seized their arms and gathered under the banners of the lords of ,vieuzac and ,arras to defend the entrance to their valleys4 ,the ,huguenots1 astonished at their determined resistance1 were obliged to retreat to ,barn4 ,the union of ,bigorre with the crown of ,france by ,henry ,,iv4 was favorable to the prosperity and happiness of ,lourdes1 but fatal to the military importance of the castle4 ,after being for ages the chief defence of the land1 it now became the most unimportant fortress in the country4 ,in the ,x,v,i,i,ith century it was made the ,bastile of the ,pyrenees--a prison 8created by despotism on the frontiers of liberty0--and was called the ,royal ,prison of ,lourdes4 ,here1 as the ,comte de ,marcellus says3 8,dans d'effroyables cachots1 ,entour d'paisses tnbres1 ,plus d'un captif1 couch sous des votes funbres1 ,attendrissait leurs lugubres chos ,par ses gmissements1 ses pleurs et ses sanglots4 ''' ,sous ses sombres donjons1 l'il1 d'abime en abime1 ,voit le ,gave rouler et bondir furieux2 ,et les monts hrisss qui portent jusqu' aux cieux ,de leurs rocs dcharns l'inaccessible cime1 ,redoublent la tristesse et l'horreur de ces lieux40 ,pre ,lacombe1 the spiritual director1 or rather disciple1 of the famous ,mme4 ,guyon1 was confined in the castle of ,lourdes in #afhg4 ,the see of ,tarbes was vacant at the time1 but when a bishop was appointed1 in #afie1 he obtained the deliverance of the poor prisoner1 who did not1 however1 enjoy his liberty long4 ,his mind became so affected that he was again confined at ,charenton1 where he died4 ,in the time of ,napoleon ,i41 ,lord ,elgin1 the famous spoliator of the ,parthenon1 on his way back from ,constantinople1 came for the recovery of his health to the springs of ,barrges1 where he was arrested by the government and brought to the castle of ,lourdes4 ,he characteristically profited by his confinement here to strip the fortress of all the antiquities he could secure1 and carry them off to his residence in ,fifeshire4 ,the castle ceased to be a prison at the restoration of the monarchy4 ,it is now a military post1 and accessible to the tourist1 who enters a postern gate at the east1 and ascends the cliff by a winding stone staircase1 at the top of which he comes out on a court with a clump of trees and a few flowers1 guarded by a sentinel ferocious-looking enough to strike terror into the heart of the fearless ,barbazan himself1 but whom we found to be the mildest of warriors1 and the most accommodating of guides around the old chteau-fort4 ,unless you looked at him1 you would never have supposed him brought up on the marrow of lions6 ,from the battlements there is a magnificent view of the valley of the ,gave4 ,never was fairer picture framed among majestic mountains4 ,the river flows directly beneath1 through a meadow of wonderful freshness4 ,on the right bank stands the spacious monasteries of ,mt4 ,carmel and ,s4 ,benedict1 not yet completed1 and the other side1 directly in front of the castle1 rises the new fortress of ,our ,lady of ,lourdes--stronghold of the faith--where the whole world comes1 like the ancient ,barons of ,bigorre1 to pay tribute to ,mary4 ,it is high time to turn our steps thither4 ,leaving the town of ,lourdes by a narrow street to the west1 we come out into the open valley in full view of the ,gave--a clear1 broad stream1 fed by mountain torrents1 which rushes impetuously over a rocky bed towards the ,adour and the ocean4 ,it comes from the south1 but here turns abruptly away from the cliff--that rises straight up from its banks to the height of three hundred feet1 crowned with its old historic castle--and flows to the west4 ,in this sharp bend of the river is the cliff of ,massabielle1 from the side of which rises before us into the clear blue heavens a tall spire with a golden cross4 ,it is the celebrated church of ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 a pure white edifice worthy of the spotless ,virgin whose immaculate purity it commemorates--the object of so many vows1 the spot to which so many hearts are turned1 and so many feet are wending1 from every part of the ,christian world4 ,the road between the town and church is bordered by small booths for the sale of rosaries1 medals1 and every conceivable object of devotion1 including pilgrims' staves and scallop shells1 and stacks of tall candles to burn before ,our ,lady of ,lourdes4 ,there are over two hundred of these little shops1 altogether too many for the place1 though there is a pretty brisk trade during the season of pilgrimages4 ,at every step you are called upon to buy1 just as at ,loretto1 the owner advertising his wares with the volubility and something of the style of the ,london apprentices in the time of ,lord ,nigel4 ,crossing the bridge1 we stop to look down into the clear1 green1 turbulent waters of the ,gave4 ,the mountaineers say reproachfully to their troublesome wives3 8,maridat lou ,gab1 que star0--,marry the ,gave1 and it will remain quiet4 ,however refractory this virgin stream may be1 the valley is peaceful enough to bring the heart and soul into harmony with the place we are approaching4 ,all along the wayside are the blind and the lame in every stage of horrible infirmity1 appealing to the charity of the passers-by in the name of the ,sainte ,vierge of ,lourdes1 which no one can resist in the very sight of her altar1 and we stop every now and then to buy1 in this way1 8a pennyworth of paradise10 like the prudent ,m4 ,gborand1 of miserable memory4 ,we pick our way along through the crowds of pilgrims1 going and coming with arms full of tapers and great wooden rosaries1 and a bleeding heart upon their breasts1 like a decoration4 ,we are thrust aside by a procession hurrying off to the station1 joyously singing some song of praise1 and we turn for a moment into a soft green meadow on the banks of the river1 with pleasant winding paths among umbrageous trees1 leading to an immense ring with rustic roof and open sides1 provided with seats and tables of beautiful ,pyrenean marble--where pilgrims can rest and take their lunch--the gift of ,m4 ,henri ,lasserre1 the author of 8,our ,lady of ,lourdes10 so admirably translated for ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,at one end of the meadow is a pretty chlet given the ,bishop of ,tarbes by some pious individual for his residence when he comes to ,lourdes4 ,turning into the road again1 we come to a fork--one path leading up over the cliff to the church1 and the other along the shore of the river beneath4 ,taking the latter1 we find a chain stretched across the way1 beyond which no vender of holy wares can go1 or carriage pass4 ,we keep on beneath the cliff of ,massabielle1 crowned with its fair white church far above our heads4 ,the few rods that separate it from the ,gave is crowded with people4 ,we hurry on4 ,a slight turn brings us suddenly before the ,grotto of the ,apparition1 towards1 which every eye is turned4''' 8,o ,light ,divine6 ,thy ,presence and thy power were here40 ,no words can express the emotions of the heart at the very sight of this place of benediction4 ,you at once feel it has some mysterious connection with the unseen world4 ,a thousand memories of its history1 its eighteen apparitions1 its countless miracles1 come over you4 ,you forget the crowd around you4 ,like the rest1 you kneel on the pavement to adore and pray4''' ,the grotto has wisely been left to nature4 ,it stands open1 facing the ,gave1 tapestried with ivy1 and rosebushes1 and pretty ferns that grow in the clefts of the rocks4 ,the birds that build their nests among the vines undisturbed are flying to and fro1 their songs filling the air above the hushed crowd4 ,on one side of the grotto in a small niche--the very place where ,bernadette beheld the ,marvellous ,vision--is a statue of the ,virgin of pure white ,carrara marble1 standing with folded hands1 palm to palm1 and uplifted eyes4 ,a blue girdle is tied around the waist1 a crystal rosary hangs from her arm1 and ,,je ,,suis ,l',,immacul,e ,,conception1 in silver letters1 form a glory around her head4 ,the grotto is all aflame with an immense pyramidal stand of tapers4 ,enormous wax candles1 several inches in circumference1 burn on the pavement among pots of lilies4 ,the sides of the cave are hung with innumerable crutches1 canes1 shoes1 models of hands and arms1 etc41 etc41 in pious commemoration of the wonderful cures wrought here4 ,the pavement is strewn with bouquets of beautiful flowers and more practical offerings in the form of money1 voluntarily thrown in to aid in the construction of the church4 ,letters peep out of the clefts of the rocks1 each with its tale of suffering1 its prayer for aid4 ,of course every pilgrim wishes to enter the grotto1 examine it1 touch it with his hands1 and kiss it with profound respect4 ,he wishes to pluck a branch from the vine around the niche of the ,virgin1 and even appropriate a fragment of the walls4 ,the necessity will at once be seen of placing some bounds to the manifestations of a piety praiseworthy in its nature1 but serious in its results4 ,to protect the grotto1 therefore1 a solid iron grating bars the entrance1 but allows a clear view of the interior4 ,it is unlocked from time to time to admit a knot of pilgrims1 so all can have an opportunity of praying in so sacred a place4 ,before the grating kneel countless pilgrims in the open air1 on the cold pavement which extends to the very edge of the ,gave1 thrust back from its course to give additional space4 ,there are a few benches for the weary and infirm4 ,the different classes of people gathered here1 the variety of costumes worn by peasants from different provinces1 and the clergy and sisters of various orders1 to say nothing of the fashionable dresses of the upper classes1 are a study for the artist who has set up an easel before the stone bench along the banks of the river4 ,beyond is a long avenue of trees furnished with seats where pilgrims are gathered in knots around huge lunch-baskets4 ,at the left of the grotto are several faucets over a long stone basin1 fed by water from the miraculous fountain4 ,over them is the inscription3 8,allez boire la fontaine et vous laver40 ,around are crowded people drinking the healing waters1 or filling their cans and bottles to carry away4 ,close by is a room furnished with cans of all dimensions for the accommodation of the pilgrim4 ,beyond are the bathing rooms1 to so many a pool of ,siloam where the angel is never weary of troubling the waters4 ,around these doors of hope is always a sad array of the blind1 the deaf1 the lame1 and the paralytic4 ,no wonder miracles are wrought here4 ,there is such simple1 unbounded faith in the divine mercy and power1 that mountains might be moved4 ,what would be marvellous elsewhere1 only seems the natural order of things here4 ,dr4 ,dozous1 a physician of the place--who often accompanied ,bernadette in her visits to the grotto1 and has watched with interest the gradual development of the devotion to ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes2 and witnessed a great number of miracles of all kinds1 including the cure of those who had been blind1 or deaf and dumb1 from their birth--says1 in a book he has recently published3 8,the cures of which ,i have so often been the ocular witness1 and which ,i am about to relate1 have convinced me1 beyond the possibility of doubt1 of the importance of ,bernadette's visits to the grotto of ,massabielle1 and the reality of the visions she was there favored with40 ,m4 ,artus1 an ,alsace refugee at ,bordeaux1 whose niece had been miraculously cured of a serious malady by recourse to ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 has offered ten thousand francs to any one who will prove the falseness of any of the statements in ,m4 ,lasserre's book1 but1 though two years have since passed1 no one has been found quite ready to take up the offer4 ,miracles are so constantly wrought here1 that not half of them are recorded4 ,five occurred the day before our arrival1 one1 a deaf-mute to whom the faculty of speech was instantaneously given4 ,we dared not hope to witness anything of the kind1 nor did we need it to increase our faith in the power of ,omnipotence1 though human nature is always seeking some sign4 ,but the piety of the multitude around obtained the grace we should not have ventured to ask for ourselves4 ,we were praying one morning in the grotto1 when suddenly there was an unusual movement in the crowd without1 and an increasing wave-like murmur that broke at last into a tumultuous shout4 ,a gentleman beside us seemed to catch the meaning1 for he sprang up and exclaimed at the top of his voice1 ,vive ,marie6 which was answered by hundreds of voices4 ,the effect was electrical1 and the feeling that came over us was something new in our experience4 ,tears sprang to the eye4 ,we hurried out of the grotto1 and the movement of the crowd brought us close to a young girl raised above the excited multitude1 pale1 smiling with joy1 and waving a hand covered with the marks of ineffectual human remedies1 and that had been utterly paralyzed an hour before4 ,every one crowded around her to see1 examine1 test the use of her arm1 and assure themselves of the truth of the case4 ,she had been fourteen months in a hospital at ,marseilles1 and had come with a large number of pilgrims from that place who were ready to testify to her previous helplessness4 ,the whole scene was thrilling4 ,bands of pilgrims with blue badges of the ,virgin sang hymns of joy4 ,a wave of excitement every now and then passed over the crowd and found vent in repeated vivas4 ,the girl was finally released from the examination and admitted into the grotto1 when the ,magnificat was intoned4 ,the cliff of ,massabielle has been cut down and levelled off to serve as the foundation of the church1 which stands on the top at a distance of seventy or eighty feet directly above the grotto4 ,the title of minor basilica was conferred on it by ,his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix41 in ,march1 #ahgd4 ,a path leads up to it from the shore1 its windings along the edge of the cliff forming the monogram of ,mary1 among hedges of roses and arbor-vit1 glistening with dew1 and overhung with acacias and evergreens--a charming ascent1 each step of which leads to a rarer atmosphere1 a lovelier and more extended view1 and nearer the altar of ,mary4 ,there are two churches1 one above the other2 the lower one1 dim and solemn with penitential gloom2 the upper1 radiant with the light and purity that ought to surround 8,our tainted nature's solitary boast40 ,let us first enter the crypt4 ,in the vestibule is a statue of ,s4 ,germaine of ,pibrac with her crook and legendary apron of roses1 and a lamb at her feet--the gift of a band of pilgrims from ,toulouse4 ,an arched passage leads each side of the crypt with banners hung over the confessionals in the recesses4 ,passing through one of these1 we found ourselves in a low1 gloomy nave crowded with columns to support the upper church4 ,it is chiefly lighted by the numerous lamps hanging on every side1 and the large stands of candles that burn before the ,virgin1 who is over the altar embowered among roses4 ,the pavement is covered with kneeling forms--ladies1 soldiers1 peasants4 ,you hear the whispered prayer1 you catch glimpses of devout faces1 quivering lips1 and upturned eyes4 ,everything here is solemn and mysterious1 and inclines one to serious reflection4 ,on the pillars hang the different scenes of the great ,passion in which we all had so sad a part4 ,they strike new terror into the soul in this sepulchral church that seems hewn out of the living rock4 8,low ,i sit1 ,in sorrow1 penitence-stricken1 and deep woe1 ',mid shades of death1 thine arrow drinks my blood2 ,for ,i thine innocent side have piercd deep4 ,i dare not look upon thy bleeding brow1 ,for ,i have circled it with thorny crown1 ,thou ,holy ,one1 and here ,i sit and weep1 ,bowed with the o'erwhelming burden down to earth40 ,the carved confessionals at the end suggest comforting thoughts4 ,there 8,the great ,absolver with relief ,stands by the door1 and bears the key ,o'er ,penitence on bended knee40 ,there are five chapels--a mystic number associated with five sorrowful mysteries--each with two small windows pierced through the thick walls1 looking like the loop-holes of a fort4 ,their sides are covered with votive pictures and small marble tablets with inscriptions1 some of which we copy3 8,reconnaissance ternelle la toute puissante ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes pour la grace qu'elle m'a obtenue4 ,paris1 #cj ,juillet1 #ahgb4 8,m4 ,m40 99 99 99 99 99 8,amour et reconnaissance ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes4 ,deux curs guris et consols40 99 99 99 99 99 8,a ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 ,colonel ,l4 ,s4 8#f ,aout1 #ahgj40 99 99 99 99 99 8,reconnaissance ternelle ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes qui a guri notre fille40 ,there is a countless number of similar inscriptions1 which are so many leaves torn from domestic histories1 extremely touching and suggestive to read4 ,they are eternal expressions of gratitude1 which are doubtless pleasing to the ,divine ,benefactor1 who is not regardless of one who returns to give thanks4 ,our last visit to the crypt will never be forgotten4 ,we had arrived at ,lourdes the evening before1 in a pouring rain1 which still continued when we went at half-past four in the morning to attend the ,mass of a clerical friend4 ,it was with difficulty we made our way into the nave1 crammed with pilgrims from ,bretagne and ,la ,vende4 ,the five chapels were filled with priests waiting for their turn to say ,mass4 ,our friend had been there since two o'clock1 and it was nearly seven before he found a vacancy at the altar4 ,masses likewise had been continually succeeding each other since midnight in the fifteen chapels of the church above4 ,the place1 it will be seen1 is one of perpetual prayer4 ,our devotions over at a late hour1 we ascended a flight of twenty-six steps1 which brought us to a broad terrace before the upper church commanding a lovely view of the valley1 with the picturesque old castle directly in front4 ,the sun had come out after the rain1 and nothing could be more fresh and enchanting4 ,on the terrace stood the four bells given by the ,prince of ,viana1 and not yet hung4 ,they were baptized ,august #aa1 by ,cardinal ,donnet of ,bordeaux1 in presence of a numerous crowd1 including ,don ,sebastian de ,bourbon1 ,infante of ,spain1 the ,duc de ,nemours1 and the ,prince of ,barn and ,viana4 ,before entering the church1 we pause in front of the ,gothic portal to look up at the representation of our ,saviour over the central arch4 ,his face is turned towards ,lourdes1 a cruciform nimbus surrounds his head1 the ,alpha and ,omega are at the side1 and his right hand is raised to bless the pilgrim beneath4 ,at each side are the winged emblems of the ,evangelists4 ,and lower down is the ,virgin ,mother1 her hands crossed on her breast1 her face1 8,the most resembling ,christ10 sweet and thoughtful4 ,she seems to be awaiting all who seek through her the ,divine ,redeemer1 who by her has been given to mankind4 ,felix cli porta1 we say as we pass beneath4 ,entering the church1 we are at once struck with its immaculate purity4 ,it is in the style of the ,x,i,i,ith century4 ,the height is about double the width1 which makes the arches seem loftier than they really are4 ,the spotless white walls are relieved by the beautiful banners hanging on every side4 ,there are about four hundred of these banners1 richly embroidered with religious symbols and devices1 and the arms of different cities and provinces4 ,conspicuous among them are the banners of ,alsace and ,lorraine bordered with crape4 ,they were wrought in secret1 and brought over the frontier in the night to escape the vigilance of the ,prussian police4 ,they were presented by faithful ,christians1 one of whom was a valiant officer whose breast was covered with decorations1 and received by the ,archbishop of ,auch 7to whose province ,lourdes belongs71 who wept as he pressed them to his lips1 affecting the vast crowd to tears4 ,around the nave of the church is an unique frieze of votive golden hearts1 so arranged as to form inscriptions in immense letters1 taken from the words of the ,virgin to ,bernadette3 8,,vous ,,prierez ,,pour ,,la ,,conversion ,,des ,p,,cheurs4 ,,allez ,,boire ,,la ,,fontaine ,,et ,,vous ,y ,,laver4--,,allez ,,dire ,,aux ,,pr,,tres ,,qu',,il ,,doit ,,se ,b,,tir ,,ici ,,une ,,chapelle1 ,,et ,,qu',,on ,,doit ,y ,,venir ,,en ,,procession40 ,the main altar in the centre of the choir is dedicated to the mystery of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,it is of pure white marble1 and on the front are five compartments on which are sculptured the ,annunciation1 ,visitation1 ,assumption1 ,coronation1 and the ,apparition of the ,blessed ,virgin in the grotto4 ,the altar is adorned with white lilies4 ,over it in a golden niche is a statue of ,mary ,most ,pure1 8above all women glorified10 the very embodiment of purity and love4 ,above her1 like a crown1 is a constellation of beautiful lamps of filigree and enamel4 ,rich votive offerings are fastened to the walls--crosses of the ,legion of ,honor1 epaulettes1 swords crossed above flags1 a miniature ship1 the mitre of ,mgr4 ,lawrence1 etc4 ,on the keystone of the arch are sculptured the arms of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,the main altar with its ,madonna is the central object in the church1 and the focus of its splendor4 ,around it1 like so many rays around the ,immaculate ,conception1 are five apsidal chapels4 ,directly behind it is the chapel of the ,sacred ,heart1 where of course the ,blessed ,sacrament is kept4 ,at the left is ,notre ,dame du ,mont ,carmel1 in honor of the last apparition to ,bernadette1 which took place on the festival of that name4 ,next is the chapel of ,notre ,dame des ,victoires1 in commemoration of the celebrated archconfraternity at ,paris1 which has effected so many conversions1 wrought so many miracles1 and prepared the way1 as it were1 for the triumph of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,at the right of the chapel of the ,sacred ,heart is that of ,notre ,dame du ,rosaire1 recalling the rosary the ,virgin held on her arm in all her apparitions to ,bernadette4 ,then1 ,notre ,dame de la ,sallette1 reminding us that the tears the ,mother of ,sorrows once shed over the woes of ,france in the mountains of ,dauphine1 have been succeeded by the smiles of ,marie ,immacule in the grotto of the ,pyrenees4 ,each of these five chapels recall the ,holy ,trinity by the number of their windows1 as the rose window in the faade is typical of the ,divine ,unity4 ,these windows are of stained glass--the gift of the ,prince of ,viana4 ,the main altar and the statue of the ,immaculate ,conception are from an anonymous benefactor1 and many of the other altars are the gifts of private individuals4 ,ten lateral chapels open out of the nave1 and communicate with each other for convenience4 ,the four nearest the choir bring around ,mary the principal members of her family3 ,s4 ,anne1 ,s4 ,joachim1 ,s4 ,joseph1 and ,s4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,then come the chapel of ,s4 ,peter1 still living in our 8,pope of the ,immaculate ,conception10 who so glorified ,mary on the #hth of ,december1 #ahed2 ,s4 ,john1 the beloved disciple1 who was appointed her son on ,mt4 ,calvary2 ,s4 ,francis of ,assisi1 the patriarch of the ,seraphic ,order that has always been the advocate of the ,immaculate ,conception2 ,s4 ,francis ,xavier1 patron of the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,faith1 one of the glories of this age of ,mary2 ,s4 ,bertrand1 the illustrious bishop of ,commines and the patron saint of ,mgr4 ,lawrence1 whose name will ever be associated with the church of ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes2 and ,s4 ,germaine1 the humble shepherdess of ,pibrac1 so like the little bergre of ,lourdes4 ,thus four of the great religious orders of the church are represented before the ,virgin's throne--the ,carmelite1 ,dominican1 ,franciscan1 and ,jesuit4 ,each chapel1 sacred to some holy mystery1 has its beautiful altar1 its carved oaken confessional1 its circular golden chandelier1 its station of the cross1 its banners1 and its statues4 ,the carved oak pulpit on the left side of the nave was given by the ,bishop of ,marseilles4 ,the windows of the side chapels1 that await a donor1 will depict the history of ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 beginning with the first apparition and ending with the consecration of the church4 ,and the clerestory windows will represent the history of the devotion to the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,the decoration of the church is by no means complete4 ,it is to be in harmony with the architecture1 so pure in outline and light in form4 ,in the seventy-six arcatures of the triforium the saints most devoted to the ,immaculate ,conception are to be represented on a gilt ground4 ,to see this beautiful church crowded with devout pilgrims1 priests at every altar of the fifteen chapels1 a grand service going on in the choir with all the solemn pomp displayed in great cathedrals1 the numerous clergy in the richest vestments1 and to hear the grand music of ,palestrina executed with perfect harmony and exquisite taste--the whole congregation heartily joining in the chants1 and the peal of the trumpets contrasting admirably with their earnest voices--is to the ravished soul like a vision of the heavenly ,jerusalem4 ,the lofty arches seem to sway with the undulations of the music1 sometimes soft as the murmur of a rivulet1 and again as deep as a mountain torrent falling over rocks4 ,the eye is never weary of gazing at this fair temple with its pure outlines1 so harmonious in all its parts1 the soft light coming in floods through the lofty windows and mingling with the brilliancy of the lights and flowers2 the immense oriflammes hanging from the arches to give testimony to the glory of the ,immaculate ,conception and the ,pontiff who crowned that glory2 the mysterious words on the wall that fell from the smiling lips of the ,virgin in the grotto2 and the ,most ,pure herself1 unveiled to all eyes1 standing in the midst of all this splendor above the altar1 in a golden atmosphere1 raising heavenward her look of inspiration1 her hands joined in prayer1 her heart swelling with love--adoring love for ,him who dwells in the tabernacle2 and maternal love for her children gathered around the fountain opened for the salvation of the world4 ,o ,immaculate ,one6 we here feel thy sweet presence1 and the creative power of thy word3 8,go1 tell the priests ,i wish a chapel to be built on this spot40 ,never was greater miracle wrought by humbler instrumentality--never was the ,divine ,hand more manifest than in the upspringing of this mountain chapel--the lily of the ,immaculate ,conception1 sweetest flower of this age of ,mary4 ,human intelligence is confounded at what has been effected by the mouth of a poor peasant girl of this obscure valley4 ,it grasps at the assurance of faith in ,mary who has wrought it4 ,before her the ,gave that beat against the cliff has fallen back--image of the torrent that approached ,mary at the moment of her creation1 and1 just as she was about to receive the fatal stain1 the wave of corruption1 that bears all of us poor children of ,eve on its impure waters1 fell back before the ark of the new covenant1 ,fderis ,arca4 ,the very cliffs have bowed down at her presence1 and these stones1 these walls1 these columns1 these arches1 and the fountain of indisputable potency that has sprung out of the bowels of the earth1 bear witness to her wonderful apparitions and power4 ,one of the most imposing spectacles at ,lourdes is a procession of pilgrims1 especially when seen1 as we saw one1 from the mount above coming from the town--a very forest of crosses1 banners1 and lanterns1 borne by thousands of people with that slow1 measured1 solemn1 harmonious step that is in itself a prayer4 ,we thought of good ,mother ,hallahan and her delight in nine miles of prayer4 ,here were whole leagues of praise4 8,on the ear ,swells softly forth some virgin hymn2 ,the white procession windeth near1 ,with glimmering lights in sunshine dim4 ,mother of ,purity and ,peace6 ,they sing the ,saviour's name and thine3 ,clothe them forever with the fleece ,unspotted of thy ,lamb ,divine60 ,from one end of the immense procession to the other rose chants without discord--here from a band of maidens and innocent children1 yonder from harmonious choirs of maturer years4 ,from time to time a peal of trumpets drowned the murmur of the ,gave and awoke the echoes of the mountains4 ,in the procession were hundreds of men organized into pious confraternities as in the ,middle ,ages4 ,they follow the path taken by ,bernadette1 when she was irresistibly led on to the place of the wondrous vision4 ,they all stop to make a genuflection where she knelt before the ,beautiful ,lady1 and begin the ,litany of ,loretto in the sweet plaintive air peculiar to the country4 ,it is delightful to hear ,mary's name swelling along the valley and up the rocky heights6 ,thus chanting they ascend the winding path on the cliff1 forming a living monogram of the ,virgin's name1 among roses that give out their perfume1 through cedars of ,lebanon and other rare trees that bend down their branches laden with dew4 ,and above this verdure1 these perfumes1 and these chanted supplications1 the white marble ,church of the ,immaculate ,conception sends heavenward the silent prayer of its gleaming walls1 its pillars1 its turrets and pinnacles4 ,they wind around the church like a wreath and disappear within its sculptured portal chanting3 ,ltatus sum in his qu dicta sunt mihi--,i was glad at the things that were said to me4 ,we will go into the house of the ,lord4''' ,our feet were wont to stand in thy courts1 ,o ,jerusalem6 ,jerusalem which is built as a city that is at unity with itself4''' ,plenteousness be to them that love thee6 ,at the particular request of the ,prince of ,viana1 one of the greatest benefactors to the church1 his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 has granted a partial indulgence to all who visit the church1 and a plenary indulgence to those who here approach the sacraments and pray for concord among ,christian princes the extirpation of heresies1 and the exaltation of our holy ,mother the ,church4 ,a winding road leads from the church by gentle ascent up the picturesque mount behind1 along which are to be built fifteen chapels in honor of the ,mysteries of the ,rosary1 where the words once spoken by the angel will ascend the mountain side in one long and incessant ,ave ,maria6 ,along this holy way will continually ascend and descend the pious votary in 8pilgrim's cowl and lowly weed0 8,dropping on each mystic bead ,to ,mary1 ,mother ,mild1 a contrite tear40 ,a certain party1 desirous of bringing pilgrimages into disrepute1 and inclined to seek some human cause for everything supernatural1 attributes a political object to this great crusade of prayer which the impious instinctively tremble before1 and not without reason4 ,m4 ,lasserre thus closes an address to the visitor to ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes3 8,pilgrims of ,france6 ,your politics at the grotto of ,lourdes is to pray1 to begin a new life1 to sanctify yourselves1 and to become in this corrupt age the chosen righteous who are to save the wicked cities of the land4 ,it is thus you will labor efficaciously for the prosperity of your country and bring back its past splendor and glory4 ,a nation desirous of salvation in heaven1 is a nation saved on earth40 ,we close by echoing one of the acclamations sung alternately by clergy and people at the solemn celebration in this place of benediction3 ,v4 ,omnibus nobis peregrinantibus1 et universo ,christiano populo1 ,fidei1 ,spei1 et ,charitatis augmentum et gaudium ternum4 ,r4 ,amen4 ,amen4 ,salvos fac servos tuos1 ,domine1 et benedic hreditati tu1 et rege eos1 et extolle illos usque in ternum4 ,fiat4 ,fiat4 ,amen4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,joan ,,of ,,arc4 ,i am writing these lines in a small inn of ,domrmy1 on the evening of my pilgrimage to the lowly dwelling of ,jeanne d',arc4 ,my table is an old coffer1 shakily placed on the rugged and disjointed paving stones which form the floor1 and my only companion a kitten gambolling in the red rays of the setting sun4 ,i thus begin my account of that house which has been well called the santa casa of ,france4 ,arriving at ,domrmy while yet its green valleys were enveloped in the white vapors rising from the ,meuse1 my first sight of the place was through the mist of early morning4 ,it is a small village of ,lorraine1 near the confines of ,champagne4 ,god1 who so often wills to choose a mere nothing through which to exercise his power1 chose it as the starting-point of his work for the deliverance of ,france4 ,for ,domrmy was a little village also in the year #adbe1 when there the heavenly light appeared1 there the angel descended1 and the voices not of earth were heard4 ,the mutilation of this province by the ,german invasion has only rendered ,domrmy more lorrain than ever3 and the ,vosges ,mountains raise their blue summits along the horizon and lengthen their shadows as if the better to guard the home of her who was the good angel of her country4 ,the village consists of scarcely more than a hundred houses1 clustered round the venerable church and the old walls of the cottage which sheltered the infancy and youth of the daughter of ,jaques d',arc and his wife ,isabelle ,rome4 ,this church1 to which her earliest steps were bent1 the place of her prayers and inspirations1 where she armed her soul with virtue and heroism before arming her breast like a brave warrior preparing for battle--this church is more than lowly1 it is poor2 and it is matter for wonder that1 if no one else does so1 at least that the maidens of ,france do not organize themselves into an association which should make it their chosen sanctuary1 and by which they would engage themselves not only to provide it with what is necessary and fitting1 but with pious generosity to enrich and beautify their privileged altar4 ,at the threshold of the church stands a ridiculous statue of ,jeanne d',arc4 ,it seems a sort of sacrilege so to have misrepresented the features of the ,maid2 and the best way to dispose of this image would be to throw it into a furnace and melt it down in company with the still more objectionable equestrian statue recently erected in the ,place des ,pyramides at ,paris1 which insults the modest virgin by placing her astride on her charger1 in a complete suit of armor1 instead of the steel breastplate which alone she wore over her womanly apparel4 ,then1 out of the metal of these molten caricatures might be struck medals of worthier design1 to be distributed in the country4 ,among the trees at a few paces from the church is a little ,greek monument supported by four columns1 beneath which is a bust of ,jeanne in white marble4 ,facing this little monument1 about a stone's throw off1 stands her dwelling4 ,this house is separated from the road by two pavilions connected by a railing of gilt arrows4 ,trees envelop its walls with their overshadowing branches1 and a third part of the roof is covered with ivy4 ,above the door1 which is low1 are three shields of armorial bearings1 the ,arms of ,france1 charged with a sword1 and those of the family of ,d',arc2 or1 to speak more exactly1 the door is surmounted by three escutcheons1 namely1 that of ,louis ,,xi41 who caused the cottage to be embellished2 that which was granted to one of the brothers of ,jeanne1 together with the name of ,lys2 and a third1 which bears a star and three ploughshares1 to symbolize ,jeanne's heavenly mission and the lowly condition of her parents4 ,two inscriptions in uncial ,gothic are graven on the stone3 8,vive ,labeur60--the motto of ,jeanne and the resum of her history2 and 8,vive le ,roi ,loys60--the resum of her great work4 ,on the left of the door is a lattice window with diamond-shaped panes4 ,two rooms constitute the whole of the house4 ,jeanne was born in the first and larger of the two2 the second and inner one is dimly lighted by a small window opening towards the church4 ,here it was that ,jeanne listened to the heavenly voices1 and here she heard the church bells summoning to prayer1 or sounding the tocsin1 when the village was attacked by marauding bands who came to sack the place and cut down the partisans of the throne of ,france4 ,on several occasions fugitives were concealed by her in this obscure chamber4 ,she gave up her bed to them1 and went to rest in the hayloft4 ,facing the hearth in the entrance room is a statue in bronze1 reduced from the expressive figure by the ,princess ,mary of ,orleans4#afj ,garlands of moss surround this statue1 and rose-leaves are scattered at its feet4 ,the nuns who are in charge of the house assemble every evening in this room with the young girls of the village1 to sing hymns4 ,on the wall hangs a crucifix1 and beneath it stands an image of the ,blessed ,virgin2 and here the nuns with their little flock keep the month of ,mary1 celebrating the praises of the ,royal ,virgin of ,judah1 who was so dear to the heart of the virgin of ,domrmy4 ,here and there upon the walls are ex votos1 slabs of marble and bronze relating facts worthy of remembrance in honor of ,jeanne1 or recalling historic dates4 ,the beams and rafters of the ceiling are dinted by axe and sabre strokes given by the ,prussians in #ahad1 not by any means from disrespect1 or motives of jealousy1 but merely from an outbreak of destructive devotion4 ,they entered the house1 silent1 and with their hats off1 but they did not wish to leave it without taking from it some relics to carry into their own country4 ,numerous pilgrims have been guilty of the low and objectionable proceeding of carving their names on the stones of the house1 although a register is kept at hand on purpose to receive the visitors' names and impressions4 ,the piece of furniture on which the volumes are placed was presented last year by a prince of ,france1 and accompanied by the gift of a piece of ,gobelin tapestry representing the entry of ,king ,charles ,,vii4 and ,jehanne la bonne ,lorraine into the city of ,rheims4 ,the latest volume of the register commences in #ahga1 after the disasters and misfortunes of ,france4 ,to every name inscribed in its pages1 whether of aristocrat or commoner1 officers of the army or men of the rank and file1 thoughts are elaborated of more or less pretension to literary merit1 in prose or verse1 but the dominant idea is prayer to ,god for the salvation of ,france1 and grateful love to ,jeanne d',arc2 while here and there are appeals to the ,sovereign ,pontiff for the beatification of the young patriot martyr1 or at any rate for a solemn affirmation of the miraculous nature of her call and the sanctity of her life4 ,a touching incident occurred not quite a year ago4 ,one evening in the month of ,may1 two ,english ladies1 nuns of the ,order of ,servites1 visited the house1 accompanied by a priest of ,vaucouleurs1 and had no sooner crossed the threshold than1 falling on their knees1 they burst into tears1 entreating ,god to pardon ,england1 guilty of the death of ,joan of ,arc1 and making a fervent act of reparation for their country1 their ancestors1 and themselves4 ,nor did they rise before they had kissed the floor of that lowly cottage where she had so often knelt in prayer to ,god and in converse with his glorified saints1 and where she had lived in the fulfilment of the daily duties of her lowly estate4 ,on another occasion a band of volunteers1 on their way to join the army1 came to ask ,la ,pucelle to help them to be good soldiers1 and begging her blessing on themselves and their arms as they would that of a canonized saint4 ,a cavalry officer made a visit to ,domrmy expressly to remind her that one of his comrades in arms died at ,gravelotte repeating her name4 ,a great number of officers who made their escape from ,germany also came hither direct from the frontier1 to return thanks for their safety1 before returning to the homes where their families were anxiously awaiting them4 ,a great pope has said1 8,france will not perish1 for ,god has always a miracle in reserve to save her40 ,the miracle came in the middle of the ,x,vth century1 in the person of ,jeanne d',arc4 ,it may come again through her instrumentality2 not this time leading on the victors at ,orleans1 ,patay1 ,troyes1 ,rheims1 ,compeigne1 ,paris1 or dying at ,rouen amid the flames1 but crowned a saint upon the ,church's altars1 as a powerful intercessor for her native land4 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup has given a great impetus to the desire for forwarding her cause at the infallible tribunal of the ,catholic ,church4 ,gerson1 the great and pious chancellor1 and the contemporary of ,joan of ,arc1 ardently desired the same cause1 which is now taken to heart1 not only by the illustrious bishop1 but also by the clergy1 the magistrature1 and the army in ,orleans1 who are at the head of various commissions employed in obtaining the evidence necessary for aiding the judgment of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,he will have a pleasant task who may be entrusted to collect the popular traditions which linger like a fragrance at ,domrmy1 of the innocent and holy life of ,joan of ,arc1 and to him the very walls of her cottage birthplace will be eloquent3 lapides clamabunt4#afa ,,sonnet4 ,mark yonder gentle doe6 her one loved fawn ,close at her side1 just where the leafy wood1 ,with all its summer charms of solitude1 ,steps o'er the verdant edges of our lawn6 ,mark their shy grace at this chaste hour of dawn6 ,while culling spicy birch-twigs1 their cropped food ,dew-drops impearl1 and morning shadows brood ,o'er dells1 towards which their timid feet are drawn4 ,thus have ,i seen1 within a cloister's shade1 ,a widowed mother and one tender child ,close at her side2 one habit on them laid2 ,both1 by a kindred exaltation mild1 ,led to the service of the ,mother ,maid1 ,with her to seek ,heaven's peace through pathways undefiled4 ,,dominique ,,de ,,gourgues1 ,,the ,,avenger ,,of ,,the ,,huguenots ,,in ,,florida1 ,a ,,catholic4 ,the traveller between ,bordeaux and ,bayonne who takes an eastward train at ,morcenx1 will arrive in less than an hour at ,mont-de-,marsan1 a small town of four or five thousand inhabitants1 on the borders of the ,landes1 at the confluence of the ,douze and ,midou1 which form the ,midouze4 ,some say it was founded on the site of an old temple of ,mars1 by ,charlemagne1 on his return from ,roncesvalles4 ,if so1 the place was afterwards destroyed by the ,saracen or ,norman invaders1 for the fifth ,vicomte de ,marsan1 desirous of purging the forest of ,maremsin of the robbers who endangered the lives and property of the merchants and pilgrims who passed that way1 built a castle at the junction of the two rivers1 on a spot which bore a name of ominous meaning3 ,ma-pas1 or ,mauvais-pas--doubtless a bad place to fall into1 on account of the frequent robberies4 ,around this castle gathered the vassals of the neighboring abbey of ,s4 ,sever for protection4 ,they came from the parish of ,s4 ,pierre-du-,mont1 and brought their devotion to ,s4 ,peter with them4 ,the arms of the town are still two keys en pal1 between the letters ,m4 ,m4 7,mons ,martianus72 and the parish church that stood till the ,revolution1 was dedicated to ,s4 ,peter1 where the mayor1 before entering on his functions1 took the following curious oath in three languages--the ,gascon1 ,latin1 and ,french3 ,per ,diu et per aquet monsegn ,saint ,p1 ,jou juri que bon et lejau a la bille jou ser ,lous bens daquere jou proucurer1 ,et lous maux esbiter4 ,las causes doubtouses dab conselt jou fer1 ,justice tan au petit com au gros jou far1 ,com an heit lous autes maires et millou si jou s1 ,ansi me adjud ,diu et monsegn ,saint ,p4 ,per ,deum et sanctum ,petrum juro ,quod urbi bonus et legalis ero1 ,ejus bona procurabo1 ,ejus mala vitabo3 ,dubia faciam cum consilio1 ,et justitiam tam parvo quam magno1 ,sicut alii magistratus et melius si scio1 ,sic non ero sine ,dei ac sancti ,petri adjutorio4 ,je jure par le ,dieu vivant et par ,saint ,pierre1 ,que j seray bon et lgal la ville2 ,que j'en procureray les biens et eviteray les maux1 ,que je ne feray jamais les choses douteuses sans conseil1 ,que je feray justice1 au petit comme au grand1 ,de mme que les autres maires1 et mieux si je scay2 ,ainsi me puisse toujours ayder mon ,dieu et ,saint ,pierre4#afb ,in #abef1 the town passed into the possession of the lords of ,barn1 and to keep it in due subjection ,gaston ,phbus built the castle of ,nou-li-bos1 i4e41 ,you-do-not-wish-it-there1 referring to the opposition of the inhabitants--a name that recalls the famous ,quiquengrogne erected by ,anne of ,bretagne to keep the town of ,s4 ,malo in check1 and the ,bridle built by ,louis ,,xii4 at the entrance of the harbor of ,genoa4 ,calvinism1 of course1 took some root here in the time of ,jeanne d',albret4 ,theodore ,beza sent preachers to win over the people1 but the ,catholics organized under the ,seigneur de ,ravignan and for a while kept the ,huguenots from any excesses4 ,montgomery1 however1 soon swept over the country1 sacking all the churches and monasteries1 many of which he razed to the ground4 ,among these was the convent of ,bayries1 a community of ,clarist nuns in the vicinity of ,mont-de-,marsan1 founded in #abgj by ,gaston ,phbus and his wife ,amate1 which numbered ,catherine d',albret1 a cousin of ,francis ,i41 among its abbesses4 ,marie d',albret1 another relative of the king's1 was abbess when the marriage between him and ,eleanore of ,austria took place here1 ,july #f1 #aecj4 ,this house of historic interest was stripped of every valuable by the ,huguenots1 and then burned to the ground1 the nuns barely escaping with their lives4 ,the redoubtable ,monluc soon avenged all these sacrileges by taking ,mont-de-,marsan1 and despatching all who opposed the passage of his troops4 ,the few ,huguenot soldiers left1 he threw from the windows of the formidable ,nou-li-bos1 to avenge1 as he said1 the brother-in-arms1 whose officers were treacherously butchered by the ,huguenots after the capitulation of ,orthez4 ,this castle of terrible memory has a pleasanter association1 for in it passed the early childhood of the poet ,franois ,le ,poulchre1 the king's knight1 and lord of ,la ,motte-,messem1 who boasted of descending from the ancient ,roman consul1 ,appius ,pulcher1 who displayed such conspicuous valor under the famous ,lucullus1 8,un ,appius ,pulcher1 gentilhomme ,romain1 ,duquel s'est maintenu le nom de main en main ,jusques au temps prsent1 jusqu' moi qui le porte40 ,he took for his device3 ,suum cuique pulchrum1 in allusion to his name4 ,as his father was superintendent of the household of ,margaret1 queen of ,navarre1 sister of ,francis ,i41 ,franois ,le ,poulchre had the honor of having that king for his godfather1 and ,margaret for his godmother4 ,the latter conceived such an affection for him that she kept him at her castle at ,marsan1 and made him eat at her table as soon as he was old enough4 ,he says himself3 8,j'eus l'honneur pour parrain d'avoir le roi ,franois1 ,pour marraine sa sur1 ,royne des ,navarrois1 ,qui me favorisa jusque l elle mesme ,me tenir sur les fons le iour de mon baptesme1 ,faict par un grand preslat l'evesque de ,loron4 7,oloron74 ''' 8,me faisant mesmement sa table manger ,en prsence des siens1 ou de quelque estranger ,qui peut y arriver1 ne changeant onc de place40 ,with little taste for study ,le ,poulchre left college at an early age to embrace the profession of arms4 8,avecque ce grand duc1 non moins vaillant que bon1 ,race de ,saint ,louis1 dit ,louis de ,bourbon10 --that is to say1 under the great ,cond4 ,he has given us his own life and adventures under the title of ,les honnestes ,loisirs du ,seigneur de la ,motte-,messem1 which is divided into seven books bearing the title of the seven planets1 as the history of ,herodotus bears the name of the nine muses1 and the poetical ,zodiac of ,marcellus ,palingenesis bears the names of the twelve signs of the zodiac4 ,to compose it1 he retired to the ,chteau de ,bouzemont in ,lorraine4 ,we trust he was more skilful in the use of the sword than of the pen4 ,one of his sonnets1 however1 is pleasing4 ,it is like a single flower in a barren parterre4 ,it is addressed to the dame de ses penses1 to whom1 after acknowledging she hears ,mass devoutly1 fasts with due strictness1 goes to confession regularly1 and is always charitable to the poor1 he says3 8,vous faictes tout cela1 mais ce seroit resver ,de croire que cela tout seul vous pust sauver4 ,ne vous y arrestez pas1 je vous prie1 ,madame2 ,d'aller en ,paradis le plus certain moyen ,c'est de rendre chacun ce que l'on a du sien3 ,rendez-moi donc mon cur1 vous sauverez vostre ame20 --,you do all this1 but it is a dream to suppose this alone can save you4 ,do not stop here1 madam1 ,i pray you2 the surest means of gaining paradise is to restore to every one what belongs to him3 ,give me back my heart1 then1 and you will save your soul6 ,among other historic memories evoked by ,le ,poulchre in his seven cantos1 he relates how1 going to kiss the hand of the young ,king ,charles ,,ix41 ,anne d',este1 8,veufve du grand ,lorrain1 ,qu'avait meschantement d'une traisteresse main ,blec d'un coup de plomb ,poltrot1 son domestique10 --came not to seek vengeance on ,poltrot1 for he had already been drawn and quartered before ,st4 ,jean de ,grve1 but on ,coligny1 whom1 in the presence of the king1 the ,cardinal de ,guise1 and others1 in the nave of the chapel of the chteau de ,vincennes1 she accused of being an accomplice in the crime of ,february #ah1 #aefc4 ,it was not long after this the king1 8,se hastant de traverser les ,lanes ,pour aller voir sa sur la ,reyne des ,espagnes10 stopped at ,mont-de-,marsan1 where he made ,le ,poulchre escuyer d'escuyrie ordinaire1 as the poet does not fail to record1 and shortly after he received the collar of knighthood from the same royal hand4 ,the chteau of ,gaston ,phbus1 which had received so many princes and princesses within its walls1 and been the witness of so many tragedies1 was1 after being taken anew from the ,huguenots1 totally demolished by the order of ,louis ,,xiii ,a charming promenade1 called the ,ppinire1 surrounded by the ,douze1 is now the spot4 ,mont-de-,marsan was formerly a centre of considerable trade1 and the entrept of the country around4 ,wine1 grain1 turpentine1 wool1 etc41 were brought here to be sent down the ,midouze4 ,this was a source of considerable revenue to the place1 and explains the extensive warehouses1 now unused in consequence of the railway and the diversion of trade4 ,there is still a little wharf1 where are moored several barks laden with wood or turpentine1 but there is not business enough to disturb the quietness of the place4 ,no one would suppose it had ever been the theatre of terrible events4 ,the most striking feature is a peculiar oblong court1 surrounded by houses of uniform style1 with numerous balconies for the spectators to witness the bull-fights occasionally held here--an amusement that accords with the fiery nature and pastoral pursuits of the people around1 and is still clung to in several places in the ,landes and among the ,pyrenees4 ,this square is1 by a singular anomaly1 called the ,place ,st4 ,roch1 from a saint regarded throughout the region as the patron of animals2 and they certainly have need of his protection in a place where they are exposed to such cruelty4 ,such are some of the characteristics and memories of the small inland town in which was born ,dominique de ,gourgues1 the leader of the celebrated expedition against the ,spaniards in ,florida4 ,he was the third son of ,jean de ,gourgues and ,isabella de ,lau1 his wife4 ,he was born in the year #aecg1 in an age of religious conflict1 when party spirit ran too high for any one to remain neutral1 whatever their grade of piety4 ,it might therefore seem surprising there should ever have been any doubt as to the religious convictions of ,de ,gourgues4 ,because he was the avenger of the massacre of the ,huguenots in ,florida1 he has often been identified with the ,protestant party4 ,because he lived in an age when provincial and sectarian spirit often prevailed over patriotism1 it has been taken for granted that sympathy with the religious sentiments of the victims of the ,spaniards could alone have induced him to sell his property to provide for a distant and dangerous expedition that would never repay him even if successful4 ,in a work entitled1 ,la ,france ,protestante1 by ,,mm4 ,haag1 a kind of dictionary of ,protestant celebrities in ,france1 issued in #ahec by a proselyting press1 whose works are everywhere to be found1 ,de ,gourgues is made a ,huguenot4 ,no proof is given1 no doubt expressed--the surest and shortest way of carrying one's point in these days4 ,assurance always produces a certain effect even on the thoughtfully-minded4 ,they take it for granted it has some real foundation4 ,the ,revue ,protestante#afc makes the same assertion1 appealing to ,de ,thou and other historians4 ,francis ,parkman1 in his ,pioneers of ,france in the ,new ,world1 says3 8,there was a gentleman of ,mont-de-,marsan1 ,dominique de ,gourgues1 a soldier of ancient birth and high renown4 ,that he was a ,huguenot is not certain4 ,the ,spanish annalist ,barcia calls him a terrible heretic2 but the ,french ,jesuit1 ,charlevoix1 anxious the faithful should share the glory of his exploits1 affirms1 that1 like his ancestors before him1 he was a good ,catholic4 ,if so1 his faith sat lightly upon him1 and ,catholic or heretic1 he hated the ,spaniards with a mortal hate40 ,the ,english made the ,catholic ,church responsible for the massacre of the ,huguenots4 ,the account of ,le ,moyne1 published in ,england under the patronage of ,raleigh1 inflamed anew the public mind against ,catholicity1 and the terrible words of the ,spanish leader1 ,el que fuere herege morira1 were regarded as the echo of the church4 ,consequently the avengers of the deed were supposed to be necessarily ,protestants--not only ,de ,gourgues1 but all his followers4 ,nor is this all4 ,the whole family of the latter is said to have been converted to ,calvinism in the ,x,v,ith century4 ,m4 le ,vicomte de ,gourgues1 the present representative of the family1 desirous of vindicating the orthodoxy of his ancestors1 and1 in particular1 of so illustrious a relative as ,dominique de ,gourgues1 has given to the public incontrovertible proofs that the whole family was eminently ,catholic1 that ,dominique lived and died in the faith1 and that his expedition to ,florida was a patriotic deed in which religious zeal had no part4 ,he felt the anger of a man of honor against the cruelty of the ,spaniards4 ,a great national injury was to be avenged1 and he was too good a soldier not to wish to be foremost in the conflict4 ,and perhaps some private motives excited him to vengeance1 for he had been taken himself by the ,spaniards1 and narrowly escaped death at their hands1 and could therefore feel for these new victims of their barbarity4 ,moreover1 his expedition was the expression of public sentiment in ,france concerning the massacre--the mere outburst of the electric current that ran over the country at such an insult to the honor of ,france4 ,the assertion that ,de ,gourgues was a ,protestant is a modern invention without a shadow of foundation4 ,none of the old ,french historians express any doubt as to his orthodoxy4 ,even the romances in which he figures represent him as a ,catholic1 as if his religion were a prominent feature in his character4 ,some years ago1 a novel was published in the ,sicle called 8,la ,peine du ,talion10 of which the ,chevalier de ,gourgues is the hero1 and on his ,catholicity turns the interest of the story4 ,he is represented as a brilliant cavalier who has served in the wars of ,italy1 and is now an officer in the service of the ,duke of ,guise1 whose favor he enjoys4 ,an attachment is formed between him and ,estiennette de ,nrac1 whose hand he requests in marriage4 ,the ,seigneur de ,nrac expresses great surprise that ,messire ,dominique should forget the insuperable abyss there is between an ardent ,catholic in the service of the house of ,lorraine and his ,protestant daughter4 ,but for more serious proofs4 ,and first let us examine the orthodoxy of ,dominique de ,gourgues' family4 ,that his parents were ,catholics is proved by the list of those who appeared in the ban and arrire-ban at ,mont-de-,marsan1 ,march #d1 #aecg4 8,noble ,jean de ,gourgues1 ,seigneur de ,gaube and ,monlezun1 present at the convocation held in this town by order of the king40 ,and ,isabella de ,lau1 his wife1 requests in her will 8to be buried in the church of the convent of the ,cordeliers at ,mont-de-,marsan1#afd before the chapel of the ,conception where the ancestors of the said ,de ,gourgues are buried40 ,it is sure1 therefore1 that ,dominique was baptized in the ,catholic ,church at ,mont-de-,marsan4 ,dominique and his brother ,ogier left their native place in early life and established themselves at ,bordeaux4 ,the former was never married1 and seems to have made his home with his brother1 to whom he was greatly attached4 ,at the chteau de ,vayries there were1 a few years ago1 four old evergreen trees of some foreign species1 at the corners of the lawn before the terrace1 said by tradition to have been planted by the hero of ,florida4 ,ogier became king's counsellor in the council of state1 and president of the treasury in ,guienne1 and1 after serving his country faithfully under five kings1 died full of years and honors at his house in ,bordeaux1 8without leaving the like of his quality in ,guyenne40 ,he took part in all the affairs of the province1 in the accounts of which we find many things significant of his religious convictions4 ,monluc mentions him in his ,commentaries1 as offering to procure wheat and cattle from the ,landes1 on his own credit1 when it was proposed to fortify the coast to defeat the projects of the ,huguenots4 ,he placed his property as much as possible at the disposal of the king4 ,he manifested great interest in the reduction of ,la ,rochelle1 and lent twenty-three hundred livres to enable the ,baron de la ,gardie to despatch his galleys to the siege1 as is shown by the following letter from the king3 8,for the payment of my galleys which ,i have ordered ,baron de la ,gardie1 the general1 to despatch promptly to the coast of ,bretagne on a service of great importance1 ''' ,i write praying you to advance to ,sieur ,felix the sums ,i have assigned for this purpose1 ''' trusting that1 as in the past you have never spared your means and substance in my service1 you will spare them still less in this urgent necessity4 ,i have been advised1 however1 by the said ,sieur de la ,gardie that you have not yet lent your aid1 which ,i am persuaded proceeds from want of means2 but well knowing the credit you have in my city of ,bordeaux1 and trusting to your good-will1 ,i send this line to beg you1 in continuation of the good and acceptable services ,i have heretofore received from you in public affairs1 and on other occasions which have presented themselves1 to do me likewise this other in so extreme a need1 to advance and place in the hands of the said ,felix the sums ,i have assigned in aid1 not only of the said ,sieur de la ,gardie1 but the other captains of my said galleys1 which ,i will pay and reimburse you1 or those who by your favor and credit shall have advanced them4''' 7,hoping7 that you have lessened in no way the extreme affection you have had till the present1 in all that relates to my service1 which ,i will not forget in due time or fail to recognize1 ''' to gratify you in every way possible1 ''' ,i finish praying ,god1 ,sr4 de ,gourgues1 to have you in his holy keeping4--,given at ,gaillon the #bdth of ,may1 #aega4 8,,charles40 ,the appeal was not in vain1 as we have said4 ,mrchal de ,matignon1 in a letter to the king in #aehe1 renders the following fine testimony concerning ,ogier de ,gourgues3 8,sire1 the pestilence in this city continues to such a degree that there is not a person1 with the means of living elsewhere1 who has not left it1 and there are now only the ,srs4 ,premier ,president and ,de ,gourgues1 who remain out of the special affection they have for your service40 ,ogier de ,gourgues had two sons1 ,antoine and ,marc ,antoine4 ,antoine1 the elder1 presumed by ,,mm4 ,haag and others to be a ,protestant1 is thus spoken of in the ,chronique ,bourdeloyse1 published in #afgb3 8,the chteau de ,castillon1 in ,mdoc1 having been surprised by some troops1 has been restored to the obedience of the king and the ,seigneur de ,matignon in eight days by ,capt4 de ,gourgues1 mestre de camp of a ,french regiment1 and cousin of him who attacked the ,spaniards in ,florida40 ,and in another place3 8,and after some sorties from the garrison of ,blaye1 in which ,capt4 de ,gourgues1 while fighting valiantly1 was wounded1 and after some days died1 the said ,seigneur de ,matignon raised the siege40 ,of course1 ,marshal de ,matignon's lieutenant could not be a ,huguenot4 ,besides1 the account of the expenses at the grand funeral services of ,capt4 ,antoine de ,gourgues1 attended by all the religious communities in ,bordeaux1 is still extant4 ,by this we find seven livres are paid the ,carmelite monks for their services three days1 and the use of several objects for the funeral2 three crowns to the canons of ,st4 ,andr for ,high ,mass and the burial service2 twenty sols to the ,brothers of the ,observance for three days' assistance and the use of robes2 four crowns to the religious of the ,chapelet for aiding in the three days' service2 five sols to the ,brothers of ,mary for the same2 two crowns to twenty-four priests who recited prayers around the bier2 fifty-one sols each to four women who dressed the body and remained with it day and night2 one sol apiece given to three thousand poor on the day of burial1 and six deniers the following day1 etc41 etc4 ,there is a chapelle ardente1 hung with mourning1 emblazoned with the family arms1 the bells are tolled two days1 and all the clergy and poor follow him to the grave1 with the most solemn rites of the ,catholic ,church4 ,marc ,antoine1 the second son of ,ogier de ,gourgues1 was a zealous defender of the ,catholic faith4 ,he travelled all through ,europe in his youth1 studied theology at the ,roman college1 and1 gifted with uncommon eloquence1 though he did not take ,orders1 held public controversies against ,calvinism and a discussion with ,scaliger1 as is shown by the eulogy at his funeral1 which took place at ,bordeaux4 ,some years after those public vindications of the ,catholic faith1 he went to ,england1 where he was received with great distinction by ,queen ,elizabeth1 a fact worthy of notice1 as the favor she manifested to ,dominique has been considered as an argument in proof of his ,protestant proclivities4 ,she liked to gather around her men of certain celebrity1 and those who were in her good graces were not always in sympathy with her religious notions1 as is shown in the case of ,marc ,antoine4 ,marc ,antoine became ,premier ,president of the ,parliament of ,bordeaux1 and was charged with all the preparations relative to the fulfilment of the marriage between ,louis ,,xiii4 and the ,infanta of ,austria--a difficult mission1 because the ,huguenots1 opposed to the alliance1 were resolved to frustrate it4 ,m4 ,o',reilly1 in his ,histoire de ,bordeaux1 says3 8,they endeavored to seize the person of the king in the environs of ,guitre1 but he arrived at ,bordeaux without any disaster1 thanks to the excellent arrangements made by ,president de ,gourgues40 ,marc ,antoine not only made foundations in favor of the ,jesuits and ,carmelites1 but his second wife1 ,olive de ,lestonnac1 left thirty thousand livres to the ,recollects of ,sainte ,foy1 to build a residence where they could labor for the conversion of the ,huguenots4 ,it would seem as if every member of the family were animated with a particular zeal for the ,catholic religion4 ,in #afij we find ,jacques ,joseph de ,gourgues ,bishop of ,bazas4 ,after the foregoing proofs1 no possible doubt can be felt concerning the stanch ,catholicity of the ,de ,gourgues family4 ,as for ,dominique1 but little is known of his life previous to his expedition to ,florida4 ,though he afterwards belonged to the royal navy1 it appears that he first served on land and took part in the ,italian campaign under ,marchal de ,strozzi4 ,his last feat of arms in ,italy1 says one of his biographers1 was to sustain a siege1 in #aeeg1 with thirty men against a corps of ,spanish troops4 ,the fort held was taken by assault1 and the garrison all slaughtered1 except ,de ,gourgues1 who was spared1 to be sent ignominiously to row on the galleys4 ,his boat being captured by the ,turks on the coast of ,sicily1 he was taken to ,rhodes and thence to ,constantinople4 ,but his fate was not changed2 he continued to serve in the galleys4 ,again putting to sea1 he was taken and set at liberty by ,mathurin ,romegas1 commander of the galleys of ,malta and ,knight of ,s4 ,john of ,jerusalem4 ,the deliverer of the future hero of ,florida was likewise a ,gascon4 ,his tombstone may still be seen in the nave of the nuns' church of ,trinit de' ,monti at ,rome1 the inscription half effaced by the feet of the worshippers4 ,dominique now returned to ,france1 and after a voyage to ,brazil and the ,indies1 he entered the service of the house of ,lorraine1 who employed him on several private occasions against the ,huguenots4 ,his expedition to ,florida did not take place till the year #aefg4 ,we have seen him fighting against the ,spaniards in ,italy1 and subjected by them to the utmost degradation4 ,it is not surprising he burned to avenge the murder of his companions-in-arms and the severe treatment he had endured1 as well as to wipe out the stain on the national honor caused by the massacre of his fellow-countrymen in ,florida4 ,he had too narrowly escaped the ,spanish sword himself not to feel the deepest sympathy in their fate4 ,he afterwards drew up himself an account of his expedition1 which is full of thrilling interest4 ,it has been published1 but the original is in the ,bibliothque ,impriale at ,st4 ,germain4 ,the establishment of a ,french colony in ,florida grew out of the civil and religious contests of the ,x,v,ith century4 ,admiral de ,coligni1 with the view of providing his co-religionists a safe asylum beyond the seas1 induced ,charles ,,ix4 to allow five or six hundred ,huguenots under ,jean ,ribault to embark at ,dieppe1 ,feb4 #ah1 #aefa1 in order to establish themselves in ,florida4 ,they landed at the mouth of the ,rio ,san ,mateo on the #ast of ,may1 and built a fort on an island1 which they called ,fort ,charles1 in honor of their sovereign4 ,the return of ,ribault to ,france led to a relaxation of discipline1 and the consequent ruin of the colony4 ,other companies1 also favored by ,coligni1 were sent in #aefd and #aefe1 under ,laudonnire and the same ,ribault1 to place the colony on a better footing4 ,laudonnire secured the friendship of the ,indians1 whose chief1 ,satirova1 hastened to offer his support4 ,but the destitution to which the colony was reduced weakened the attachment of the natives1 and some acts of piracy exasperated the ,spaniards1 who regarded them as intruders1 and resolved on their destruction4 ,pedro ,melendez appeared with six vessels before ,fort ,caroline and summoned ,laudonnire and ,ribault to surrender1 promising to spare those who were ,catholics1 but declaring all heretics should be put to death4 ,they defended themselves valiantly1 and even took the offensive1 and had it not been for a tempest1 perhaps bravery would have won the day over the number of the enemy4 ,but we need not give details which are familiar to all4 ,the fort fell into the hands of ,melendez1 and all1 except ,laudonnire and one of his companions who evaded the search1 were put to death1 8not as ,french1 but as heretics10 if we are to believe an inscription left on the spot4 ,nothing could be more horrible than this atrocious murder of four hundred inoffensive colonists4 ,the ,spaniards even tore out the eyes of their victims1 stuck them on the point of their daggers1 and hurled them against the ,french on the water4 ,the skin of ,ribault was sent to the ,king of ,spain4 ,and to crown so barbarous a deed1 they heaped together the bodies of the men1 women1 and children1 and kindling a great fire1 reduced them to ashes1 with savage howlings4 ,whatever the zeal of the ,spanish for the ,catholic religion1 we may naturally suppose it was not the only motive that animated them on this occasion4 ,their eagerness to take possession of the country and fortify it1 instead of requesting ,charles ,,ix4 to send a ,catholic colony to replace the ,huguenots1 shows that other motives influenced them4 ,religion was only a cloak4 ,moreri1 in his ,dictionnaire ,historique1 #agab1 says3 8,they hung the ,french under the pretext they were ,lutherans40 ,laudonnire1 who escaped1 brought the fearful details of this butchery to ,france4 ,the rage was universal4 ,notwithstanding the antipathy of the court to the religion of the majority of the victims1 it has been too strongly asserted that all sense of national honor was lost in view of the religious aspect of the case4 ,the government of ,charles ,,ix4 was too weak to insist on complete reparation1 but his letters to the ,french ,ambassador at ,madrid prove he demanded ,philip ,,ii4 should chastise those who were guilty of the massacre4#afe ,no reparation1 however1 was made1 and the cruelties of ,melendez not only remained unpunished1 but he was loaded with honors4 ,pre ,daniel1 in his ,history1 says3 8,this inhumanity 7of ,melendez71 instead of being punished by the government of ,spain when complaint was made1 was praised1 and those who had a share in it rewarded4 ,the unhappy state of affairs in the kingdom 7,france71 in consequence of the civil wars1 prevented the king from taking vengeance1 and three years passed away without the court's thinking of exacting justice4 ,capt4 ,gourgues1 a man who sought to distinguish himself1 and loved glory more than anything else1 resolved to avenge the insult to the ,french nation1 and without looking for any other reward but success and renown1 undertook the expedition at his own expense in spite of the danger and every expectation of being disavowed at court4''' ,this deed1 that may be numbered among the most memorable ever done of the kind1 wiped out the affront inflicted on the ,french nation40 ,and the account from the ,imperial library says3 8,the traitors and murderers1 instead of being blamed and punished in ,spain1 were honored with great estates and dignities4 ,all the ,french nation expected such an injury to the king and the whole nation would soon be avenged by the public authorities1 but this expectation being disappointed for the space of three years1 it was hoped some private individual would be found to undertake a deed so essential to the honor and reputation of ,france4 ,there were many who would have been glad of the renown to be won by such an enterprise1 but it could not be undertaken without great expense2 the result1 for many reasons1 was uncertain1 hazardous1 and full of peril2 and even if successfully executed1 it might not be exempt from calumny4 ,and it was difficult to find any one willing to incur this calumny by the loss of his property1 and an infinite number of difficulties and dangers40 ,it was not ,laudonnire who went to take vengeance on the ,spaniards4 ,it was no agent of ,coligni's4 ,it was not even one of the ,huguenots1 though their brothers' blood cried from the ground1 who lent his ear to the terrible appeal4 ,no2 the brave heart who atoned for the weakness of the sovereign belonged to a devoted ,catholic family of the ,landes4 ,it was a soldier who had served under the ,strozzi in ,italy1 and afterwards under the ,guises in ,france1 who lost sight of religious distinctions in view of his country's disgrace1 and nobly resolved to become the avenger of the ,huguenots4 ,dominique de ,gourgues began his preparations early in the year #aefg4 ,he sold some of his property1 or1 as stated by others1 his brother ,ogier advanced the money necessary for fitting out the expedition4 ,he armed two vessels small enough to enter the large rivers1 and a patache which1 when there was lack of wind1 could be propelled by oars4 ,he manned them with eighty sailors and one hundred and fifty soldiers1 among whom we find some of the noble1 as well as plebeian1 names of ,gascony4 ,monluc1 the governor of ,bordeaux1 allowed him to depart on a pretended expedition to the coast of ,africa4 ,it was the #bb;d of ,august4 ,de ,gourgues even concealed the object of the voyage from his followers1 which shows how unreasonable it is to regard them as ,protestants going to avenge a ,protestant cause1 as many suppose4 ,the names of only a few of them are known1 and nothing in particular of these4 ,capt4 ,cazenove1 of a noble family near ,agen that still exists1 commanded one of the vessels4 ,another is called ,bierre by ,,mm4 ,haag1 and ,de ,berre by ,m4 de ,barbot1 and one of the captains of the ,baron de la ,gardie's galleys was named ,loys de ,berre1 of course a stanch ,catholic4 ,but we see no reason for religious distinctions in the case4 ,the important thing was to have brave1 resolute men4 ,and it is certain they knew nothing of the object of the expedition till they arrived at ,cape ,st4 ,antoine4 ,it is said when they learned it1 8they were at first surprised and dissatisfied10 which does not look much like sympathy for slaughtered co-religionists4 ,parkman says3 8,there 7in ,cuba7 he gathered his followers about him and addressed them with his fiery ,gascon eloquence4''' ,he painted with angry rhetoric the butcheries of ,fort ,caroline and ,st4 ,augustine4 #8,what disgrace1' he cried1 #8if such an insult should pass unpunished6 ,what glory to us if we avenge it6 ,to this ,i have devoted my fortune4 ,i relied on you4 ,i thought you jealous enough of your country's glory to sacrifice life itself in a cause like this4 ,was ,i deceived8 ,i will show you the way2 ,i will be always at your head2 ,i will bear the brunt of the danger4 ,will you refuse to follow me8' ,the sparks fell among gunpowder4 ,the combustible ,french nature bursts into flame40 ,there is not a word in this address of their being ,huguenots1 though free to express his sentiments at such a distance from their native land4 ,the only appeal is--glory and ,france4 ,it is unnecessary to relate the wonderful coup-de-main by which the three forts of the ,spanish were taken4 ,every one knows how he hung up the thirty ,spaniards who were left1 on the same trees on which his fellow-countrymen had been hung1 and in place of the inscription left by ,melendez1 he graved with a red-hot iron on a pine slab3 8,this is not done to ,spaniards1 but to treacherous robbers and assassins40 ,one of these victims confessed the justice of the act1 as he had hung five of the ,huguenots with his own hand4 ,the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes calls the retaliation of the bold ,landais 8savage10 and certainly grave moral reasons can be brought against such a proceeding4 ,but everything was exceptional in this historic episode1 and we must not regard it according to the ideas of the present age4 ,the disinterested and heroic daring of ,de ,gourgues cannot be denied1 nor can any one help applauding his patriotic wish to repair the injured honor of the nation4 ,that he looked upon his deed as one of righteous vengeance is sure4 ,how solemn and religious is his language in addressing his followers after his victory3 8,my friends1 let us give thanks to ,god for the success he has accorded to our enterprise4 ,it was he who saved us from danger in the tempest off ,cape ,finibus ,terr1 at ,hispaniola1 ,cuba1 and the river of ,halimacany6 ,it was he who inclined the hearts of the savages to aid us6 ,it was he who blinded the understanding of the ,spaniards1 so they were unable to discover our forces1 or avail themselves of their own6 ,they were four to our one1 strongly intrenched1 and well provided with artillery1 and supplies of food and ammunition4 ,we only had justice on our side1 and yet we have conquered them with but little trouble4 ,it is not to our strength1 but to ,god alone we owe the victory4 ,let us thank him1 my friends1 and never forget the benefits we have received from him4 ,let us pray him to continue his favor towards us1 to guide us on our way back and preserve us from all danger2 pray him also to vouchsafe to dispose the hearts of men so that the many dangers we have incurred and the fatigues we have endured may find grace and favor before our king and before all ,france1 as we had no other motive but the service of the king and the honor of our country60 ,they set sail ,may #c1 and arrived at ,la ,rochelle the #fth of ,june4 ,de ,gourgues went immediately to ,bordeaux to render an account of his voyage to ,monluc1 who1 as ,pre ,daniel says1 loaded him with praises and caresses1 which1 with his antipathy to ,huguenotism1 he would hardly have done had ,de ,gourgues been a ,huguenot in the service of ,huguenots4 ,if the latter did not inform him before his departure of the object of his expedition1 it was because he knew ,monluc was anxious to avoid all occasion of rupture with ,spain4 ,,mm4 ,haag say ,monluc had received orders to forbid all expeditions of the kind4 ,and though ,de ,gourgues did not doubt the approbation of the governor1 he did not wish to compromise him in the eyes of the king4 ,de ,gourgues received not only a flattering welcome from ,monluc but the acclamations of the entire nation4 ,the wish for vengeance had been universal1 and he was applauded for realizing it4 ,perhaps it was this outburst of patriotism that forgot all religious animosities which led that sagacious diplomatist1 ,franois de ,noailles1 at this very time ,bishop of ,dax1 a place not far from ,mont-de-,marsan1 to assure the king the best means of putting an end to the civil dissensions of the country was to declare war against ,spain4 ,had ,de ,gourgues been a ,huguenot he would probably have disposed of his war prizes at ,la ,rochelle1 where he first touched1 thereby rendering his party a service by supplying them with arms4 ,instead of that1 he took them to ,bordeaux1 and ,monluc bought them to arm the city against the ,huguenots1 as is shown by existing documents estimating their value1 dated ,aug4 #bg1 #aefh4 8,this day appeared before me ,capt4 ,dominique de ,gourgues requesting the appraisement of nine pieces of artillery1 one cannon1 a culverin1 and three moyennes1 which he has brought to this said city from the voyage he has lately made1 and taken in the fort the ,french had built1 but which was afterwards seized by one ,pierre ,malendes1 a ,spaniard4''' ,presented themselves before us to make the said appraisement and valuation3 ,antoine de ,cassagnet1 lord of ,cassagnet and ,tilhadet1 ,knight of the ,order of the ,king1 and governor of the city and country of ,bordeaux in the absence of ,sr4 de ,monluc2 ,jehan de ,monluc1 ,knight of the ,order of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 gentleman in ordinary of the king's chamber1 and colonel of the infantry of ,guienne2 ,jacques ,descar1 ,knight of the ,order of the ,king1 captain of fifty men-at-arms of his ordinance1 captain and governor of the ,chteau du ,ha in the said city and province of ,guienne2 ,charles de ,monferrand1 also ,knight of the ,order of the ,king2 ,pierre de ,savignac1 also ,knight of the same order2 and ,loys de ,lur1 ,seigneur d',uza1 whom1 etc40 ,all these persons to whom ,de ,gourgues thus confided his interests were ,catholic lords of ,guienne1 whose religious convictions could not be doubted1 and with whom he must have been on intimate terms to induce them to take the trouble to estimate the value of his war-prizes4 ,but it is said ,charles ,,ix4 and his court condemned ,de ,gourgues' act4 ,m4 de ,lacaze1 in his biography1 says3 8,he received from his compatriots the liveliest testimonies of admiration and gratitude2 but it was not the same at court1 where his courage and achievements were rewarded by ingratitude and persecution4 ,the ,spanish ambassador demanded his head1 and the heroic ,frenchman was obliged to conceal himself at ,rouen to escape death4 ,he was living in a state bordering on want when ,queen ,elizabeth offered him command of a fleet she was going to send to the assistance of ,king ,antonio of ,portugal2 but enfeebled by age1 chagrin1 and fatigue1 ,gourgues was unable to profit by so brilliant an offer4 ,he died on his way to ,london40 ,many of these statements need to be greatly modified1 as we shall show4 ,de ,thou says3 8,at his return he is badly received by the court1 which is wholly ,spanish4 ,the king treats him as a disturber of the public peace40 ,there is no doubt the king feared a rupture with ,spain1 in consequence of the civil dissensions in his kingdom4 ,m4 de ,monluc1 in his ,commentaries1 alluding to his son's expedition to ,africa1 expressed a fear of its leading to disturbance with ,spain4 ,personally1 he desired war1 but did not wish him to draw upon himself the censure of the government4 ,what he says explains the reception of ,de ,gourgues at a court where ,spanish influence predominated1 and leaves no doubt the latter was only received as the son of ,monluc himself would have been1 had he given cause for war with ,spain4 ,he was1 however1 soon honorably received into service1 for we find him1 in ,august1 #aefh1 attached to the royal navy2 so he could not1 as he states1 go to ,dax1 being 8prevented by the affairs of the king and the service of the galleys40 ,we find ,de ,gourgues' vessel1 the ,charles1 named in an act of ,october #bb1 #aefh1 in which it is said that ,loys de ,lur1 ,vicomte d',uza1 was 8general-in-chief of the army1 and of the vessels ,charles1 ,catherine1 etc41 which will at once set sail by order of ,m4 de ,monluc40 ,these vessels were to guard the mouth of the ,gironde4 ,there are still several documents in the archives of the department of the ,gironde which refer to ,de ,gourgues' official duties at this time4 ,from them we give the following extracts3 8,know all men that on this #adth of ,march1 #aegb1 appeared before me1 ,jehan ,castaigne1 etc41 for the purpose of selling by these presents to ,dominique de ,gourgues1 squire and gentleman in ordinary of the king's chamber1 ''' four hundred quintals of biscuit1 good and salable1 for the sum of six livres and fifteen sols for each of said quintals4#aff'''0 ,arcre speaks of an armament fitted out at ,brouage by ,philip de ,strozzi1 as if to ravage the ,spanish coasts of ,america--a cloak to his real design4 ,he provided this fleet with provisions1 munitions of war1 etc41 with no appearance of haste1 though so late in the season4 ,coligni1 therefore1 was warned4 ,we find a letter from ,charles ,,ix4 to ,dominique de ,gourgues on the subject1 written fifteen days after ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,day1 when there was no need of concealing his real designs3 8,,captain ,,gourgues3 ,as ,i have written my cousin1 the ,sire de ,strozzy1 to approve his appointing you to go on a voyage of discovery1 with the general consent of the company1 ,i trust this letter will find you ready to set sail4 ,i beg to warn you1 before setting out1 not to touch at any place belonging to my brother-in-law1 or any prince friendly to me1 and with whom ,i am at peace4 ,above all1 fear to disobey me if you desire my approbation1 and the more1 because ,i have more need than ,i once had of preserving the friendship of all my neighbors4 ,conduct yourself1 therefore1 wisely1 and according to my intentions1 and ,i will remember the service you do me4 ,praying ,god1 ,captain ,gourgues1 to have you in his keeping4 ,,charles4 8,,paris1 ,september #ad1 #aegb40 ,this letter proves the king's serious intention of sending the fleet abroad1 and contains a somewhat severe warning not to repeat his bold deeds in ,florida4 ,d',aubign declares that these vessels were really intended to attack the ,spanish settlements in ,america1 but their destination was changed1 and they served at the siege of ,la ,rochelle1 8to the great displeasure of those who were hoping for a voyage at sea40 ,arcre1 in his ,histoire de la ,rochelle1 thus speaks of the ,charles at the siege of that city3 8,the king's fleet was composed of six galleys and nine vessels4 ,the largest of these vessels was called the ,charles4 ,the admiral's1 named the ,grand ,biscayen1 was under the ,vicomte d',uza1 commander of the fleet in the absence of the ,baron de la ,gardie4 ,montgomery advanced as if to engage in combat1 but he encountered full fire from the enemy's fleet2 the vessel he commanded1 pierced by a ball1 would have sunk without speedy assistance1 and he decided to retreat40 ,that ,dominique de ,gourgues was in command of the ,charles on this occasion is proved by a document in possession of the present ,vicomte de ,gourgues1 which states that ,dominique1 by an act signed by the king in council1 ,august #aj1 #aegh1 was paid the sum of seven thousand crowns 8for services rendered at and before the siege of ,la ,rochelle with his vessel1 the ,charles1 and a patache called the ,desperada40 ,this is the latest known document referring to the public services of ,dominique de ,gourgues4 ,there is1 however1 another letter from the king referring to another service a few years previous1 and confirming the fact that the ,charles was under his command3 8,capt4 ,gourgues3 ,after deliberating about using some of the largest and best vessels of my navy before the city of ,la ,rochelle--in the number of which is the ,charles1 which belongs to you--for the embarkation of four thousand soldiers intended for ,poland1 ,i have concluded to send you this present to notify you at once of my intention1 praying you above all1 as you love the welfare of my service1 to give orders that your vessel be equipped as soon as it can be done1 and ordered to ,havre de ,grace1 where it is necessary to arrive by the #abth or #acth of ,august next2 and1 that you arrive with greater security1 it will be expedient for your vessel to join the others ordered on the same voyage1 that you may go in company to said ,havre4 ,i beg you1 therefore1 to proceed for this purpose to ,bordeaux1 where the ,sire de ,berre is to despatch twelve cannons and other arms1 that are also to go to said ,havre with all speed4 ,endeavor to render the service ,i expect of you in that place4 ,praying ,god that he have you1 ,captain ,gourgues1 in his holy and safe keeping1 8,,charles4 8,,gaillon1 ,july #b1 #aegc40 ,such are some of the records of the public services of ,dominique de ,gourgues after the ,florida expedition4 ,of course his achievements were not rewarded as they should have been4 ,pedro ,melendez was created marquis for his barbarous deed and enriched with estates4 ,the brave ,landais1 who took vengeance1 merited far more4 ,but1 as we have shown1 he still remained in the king's service1 and retained1 or regained1 his confidence4 ,and his exploit has always been regarded as one of the most brilliant episodes of ,french history4 ,chteaubriand1 blaming the author of the ,henriade for having recourse to threadbare examples from ancient times1 says 8the ,chevalier de ,gourgues offered him one of the most thrilling of episodes40 ,we find a private paper dated ,january #ad1 #aehj1 in which ,dominique de ,gourgues gives ,romarine de ,mesmes1 damoyselle1 his aunt1 power and authority to receive the fruits1 profits1 and emoluments of all his cattle and real estate in the ,vicomt de ,marsan1 which shows that he did not sell all his property to provide for the expedition to ,florida1 or die in want1 as has been stated4 ,queen ,elizabeth of ,england offered him command of a fleet to aid ,don ,antonio of ,portugal in the war against ,spain2 but this honor is no proof of his being regarded by her as a ,protestant1 but rather of his well-known hatred of the ,spanish1 for it was to aid one ,catholic nation against another4 ,it was on his way to take command of this fleet that he fell ill at ,tours1 in which he died in the year #aehc4 ,he was buried with honor in the abbatial church of ,s4 ,martin of ,tours--the crowning proof that ,dominique de ,gourgues was a genuine ,catholic4 ,,the ,,ladder ,,of ,,life4 ,there are a great many rounds in the ladder of life1 though simple youths have always fancied that a few gallant steps would take them to the summit of riches and power4 ,now the top-round of this ladder is not the presidency of any railroad or country1 nor even the possession of renowned genius2 for it oddly happens that when one sits down upon it1 then1 be he ever so high up in life1 he has really begun to descend4 ,those who put velvet cushions to their particular rounds1 and squat at ease with a view of blocking up the rise of other good folks1 do not know they are going down the other side of the ladder2 but such is the fact4 ,many thrifty men have1 in their own minds1 gone far up its life-steps1 when1 verily1 they were descending them fast2 and poor people without number have in all men's eyes been travelling downward1 though in truth they have journeyed higher by descent than others could by rising4 ,so many slippery and delusive ways has this magical ladder that we may say it is as various as men's minds4 ,one may slip through its rounds out of the common way of ascent1 and find himself going down when he ought to be going up2 and vain toilers have ever fancied that they were mounting to the clouds when everybody else must have seen they were still at the same old rounds4 ,ambitious heroes have made the same mistake1 if indeed the particular ladder which they have imagined for themselves has not itself been sliding down all the while they have been seeking vainglory by its steps4 ,the ladder of life is an infinite ladder4 ,it is full of indirections to suit the abilities1 and of attractions to suit the tastes of climbers4 ,you may work at a forge1 or sail the sea1 or trade in money and goods1 or hear operas1 or write romances1 or wander over mountains1 or go to church1 while living thereon2 but you must go up or go down1 and1 anyway1 you will have some toiling to do4 ,everywhere on the ladder is trouble save in careful steps1 and since human progress is so illusory1 many honest persons rather feared to fall than aspire4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,faith2 or1 ,what must ,i ,do to ,believe8 ,five ,lectures delivered at ,s4 ,peter's1 ,cardiff1 by the ,right ,reverend ,bishop ,hedley1 ,o4,s4,b4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahge4 ,when we noticed these lectures last month1 we had not found time to do more than glance at them4 ,but having since discovered their very uncommon merit1 we feel bound to let our readers know it4 ,never--we do not say seldom1 but never--have we seen such a happy combination of simplicity with force4 ,the bishop's ,english1 by itself1 is a treat4 ,his style has all the ease of conversation2 here and there rising into eloquence1 or delighting us with master-strokes of description and illustration4 ,then1 as to the argument of his book1 it is so amiable and courteous that no one can take offence2 yet the points are put with stern fidelity and driven home with ruthless cogency4 ,the title speaks for itself4 ,the 8spirit of faith0 is precisely what is least understood by non-,catholics2 and again1 8,what they must do to believe0 is the thing they most need to be shown4 ,when accused of being 8mental slaves10 etc41 we justly reply that1 on the contrary1 we are the freest of the free1 that 8truth0 alone 8makes free02 but perhaps we are apt to forget--or rather1 we fail to insist--that the 8spirit of faith0 is1 nevertheless1 8a spirit of lowliness0 7as the bishop says7--8of childlike obedience1 and of #8captivity'02 that there must be 8a taking up of a yoke1 a bowing of the head1 a humbling of the heart40 ,it will therefore do ,catholics good1 as well as ,protestants1 to read the second of these lectures on 8,what faith is40 ,so1 again1 when allowing for the strength of prejudice in alienating the ,protestant mind1 we are in danger of false charity--by forgetting that prejudice may easily be a sin2 and that wilfulness plays a large part in popular 8ignorance0 nowadays4 ,the third and fourth lectures1 on 8,prejudice0 and 8,wilfulness0 as 8,obstacles to ,faith10 are the best of their kind we remember to have seen1 and we are sure that many ,catholics need to read them--nor only for the sake of their ,protestant friends4 ,but1 of course1 it is chiefly for the sake of ,protestant friends that we wish to see these lectures in the hands of our readers4 ,the book is something for an earnest man to go wild about4 ,its cost is little2 and we hope it will soon be scattered broadcast over the land4 ,,religion ,,and ,,science ,,in ,,their ,,relation ,,to ,,philosophy4 ,an ,essay on the ,present ,state of the ,sciences4 ,read before the ,philosophical ,society of ,washington4 ,by ,charles ,w4 ,shields1 ,d4,d41 ,professor of the ,harmony of ,science and ,revealed ,religion in ,princeton ,college1 ,n4 ,j4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahge4 ,the trustees of ,princeton ,college have deserved commendation and given a good example to other colleges by establishing the chair filled by ,dr4 ,shields4 ,the learned doctor is evidently applying himself with zeal and industry to the studies which will fit him to teach with ability in his important branch of science--one which demands an almost encyclopdic knowledge of many sciences specifically different from each other4 ,he informs us that he is preparing an extensive work on the topics presented in the essay before us1 which is certainly a most laudable undertaking1 and one in which we hope he may achieve a successful and useful result4 ,in the present essay the author shows a very considerable amount of reading and thought1 some skill in generalization1 and a good deal of that felicity of diction which is requisite in making such abstruse themes as those which relate to natural and theological science attractive and intelligible even to the mass of cultivated persons4 ,the distinctive and principal thesis defended by ,dr4 ,shields is1 that philosophy is the only umpire to determine controversies in which the opposing parties advocate what are professedly revealed and professedly scientific facts or truths1 respectively1 in a mutually destructive or hostile sense to each other4 ,to a certain extent1 and in a correctly defined sense1 we cordially agree with him1 and in this sense the high office of philosophy1 as the queen of all rational science1 is affirmed and defended by all ,catholic philosophers and theologians worthy of the name4 ,the five primary natural sciences--physics1 mathematics1 metaphysics1 logic1 and ethics--are certainly none of them subaltern one to another1 yet the other four are subordinate to metaphysics1 because its object has a precedence in the order of the knowable1 and its principles furnish the other sciences with their rational foundation4 ,nevertheless1 it is evident1 and must be admitted by every one who believes in a certain1 clear1 and surely ascertainable revelation of facts and truths by ,god1 which is supernatural1 that there is a science above metaphysics in excellence--viz41 theology1 which dominates over it in so far that the latter science cannot reject any of its dogmas4 ,the sciences cannot therefore properly be said to be separate from each other1 although they are really distinct4 ,all rational sciences are subalternated to one or more of the five primaries1 and thus subordinated to metaphysics1 which is subordinated to theology4 ,we consider that the author is mistaken in asserting that a 8healthful separation and progress0 marked the first stage of the history of the sciences since the ,reformation4 ,if by separation he means distinction only1 and the free development in each science of its own proper principles by its proper methods1 this distinction was recognized and acted on before the ,reformation1 as may be seen by consulting the great master of the schools1 ,s4 ,thomas4 ,some of the sciences have made great progress since that event1 not by means of1 but partly notwithstanding1 their violent and unnatural separation from metaphysics and theology4 ,in respect to metaphysics and ethics1 the ,reformation has produced one only direct result1 which is a miserable decadence and retrogression1 which seems to have nearly reached its lowest term4 ,the sciences can only progress with full liberty towards the perfection of human knowledge when they exist in the due harmony and subordination which their nature demands and ,god has established4 ,the exposition of the order and relation of scientific facts1 principles1 and deductions in the universal realm of truth1 as a universal or encyclopdic science1 must1 therefore1 always place each one in its due subordination1 and cannot admit of the umpirage of an inferior over a superior science1 much less of a revolt on the part of the inferior4 ,it is absurd to suppose that the inferior tribunal of human reason can judge a case in which the judgment of ,god1 who is the supreme reason1 or of an authority which ,god has made supreme1 comes up by appeal4 ,dr4 ,shields objects that the great problems in question cannot be settled by the determination of ,scripture1 councils1 the ,holy ,see1 or any kind of ecclesiastical decisions1 because there is no agreement respecting the true sense of ,scripture1 or universal recognition of a competent and unerring tribunal4 ,to this we reply that the construction of certain and complete science is one thing1 and the communication of this science to the ignorant or erring is another4 ,questions may be really and definitively settled1 though great numbers of men may remain in culpable or inculpable ignorance or error4 ,the ,syllabus has settled all that it was intended to settle1 so far as the right of the matter is concerned1 and for the whole body of men who submit to the infallible authority of the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,our knowledge is not in any way impaired by the ignorance of those who are deprived of the benefit of that instruction which ,catholics enjoy4 ,but1 when we come to controversy1 we cannot1 of course1 attempt to convince or confute the ignorant or erring by simply appealing to an authority which the antagonist or objector1 or uninstructed inquirer1 does not know or recognize to be an authority4 ,we cannot assume the authority of ,god with an atheist1 of the ,christian revelation with an infidel1 of the ,catholic ,church with a ,protestant4 ,one of the fathers says1 ,qui fidem exigit1 fidem astruat1 and ,catholic theologians have always acted on that maxim4 ,dr4 ,shields1 as a ,protestant1 has no rational idea of a positive1 theological science4 ,it is all mere controversy1 and we apprehend that his philosophy will be found to be something equally unsettled and incapable of settling itself4 ,it is a very dangerous thing for any kind of dogmatic ,protestantism to concede the rights of reason1 and especially so for ,calvinism4 ,princeton appears to be losing the old1 ,presbyterian1 ,calvinistic spirit1 and going the way of the rest of the world towards rationalism4 ,we are not sorry for it1 because we hope that the cultivation and exercise of reason will prepare the way for a great number of intelligent and educated young men to submit their minds to the rightful and ennobling dominion of divine faith4 ,notwithstanding the defects of ,dr4 ,shields' essay1 we are glad to see him advocate the study of philosophy and exalt its dignity2 for the search after the true philosophy may lead many to find it1 and the true philosophy is the handmaid of the true theology1 and leads her votaries to the feet of her mistress4 ,,an ,,elementary ,,treatise ,,on ,,physical ,,geography4 ,by ,d4 ,m4 ,warren4 ,revised by ,a4 von ,steinwehr4 ,philadelphia3 ,cowperthwait ,co4 ,this book is one which ,catholic teachers should never think of using1 and against which ,catholic children should1 as far as possible1 be specially warned1 should it be introduced in any school which they are obliged by circumstances to attend4 ,it is probable that the chapter on ethnography1 which is specially objectionable1 is the composition of the reviser4 ,at least we should so infer from the stupid arrogance which crops out in its last sentence1 and which is characteristic of the ,prussia of to-day1 intoxicated with a temporary success which was1 as any careful student of history will conclude1 intended for the purification of ,france rather than for the exaltation of her opponent4 8,the present historical period10 he says1 8is directed by the ,germanic ,aryans1 who are the leaders of modern ,christian civilization40 ,comment is unnecessary4 ,we venture to say that few of our or anybody else's readers have ever come across anything more impudent or absurd4 ,it is an insult to the ,american people1 ,catholic or non-,catholic1 to palm off on them such stuff as this4 ,he also implies in another place that the ,german nation 8worked out its own civilization40 ,we have not heard of any nation that has done that1 but that the ,germans did not is too manifest to admit of argument4 ,the principal objection to the chapter1 however1 is the publication1 without note or comment of course1 of two heresies with regard to the origin of the human race1 as being equally entitled to acceptance with the ,mosaic account4 ,one of these is its origin from different original pairs1 the other what is commonly known as ,darwinism4 ,it is not worth while to give a more extended notice to a book of this sort4 ,this species of book can be turned off by any person with a smattering of science who has the leisure for authorship1 and who can find a publisher4 ,the market is flooded with such4 ,we should not have said anything about it had not our attention been called to it by a friend on account of its dangerous character4 ,it is high time that we had a complete series of really ,catholic text-books which would need no correction1 either in their matter or in the spirit in which they are written4 ,we could put up even with inferior ones for the sake of religion and the faith of our young people2 but we should not have to try very hard to come up to the standard of such books as the one just noticed4 ,,new ,,practical ,,meditations for ,every ,day in the ,year1 on the ,life of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,chiefly intended for the use of ,religious ,communities4 ,by the ,rev4 ,father ,bruno ,vercruysse1 ,s4,j4 ,the only complete ,english translation4 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati3 ,benziger ,brothers4 #ahge4 ,we have seen several books of meditations1 but none so business-like as this4 ,the practice of mental prayer is by no means easy to everybody1 and needs much explanation and suggestive aid4 ,now1 many of the manuals which are offered as guides prove unsatisfactory to the user by either suggesting too little or making the meditation for him4 ,in the work before us we see nothing of this kind to regret4 ,the plan is in many respects new4 ,indeed1 the author calls special attention to the preface in which he explains his method4 ,though 8chiefly intended for religious communities10 these meditations are well adapted for private individuals1 both ecclesiastic and lay4 ,moreover1 a single 8point0 of each meditation will be found sufficient by itself for those who have not time for more4 ,the work is also 8enriched by several ,novenas and ,octaves2 ,meditations for the ,first ,friday of every month1 and for the days of ,communion2 ''' a new method of hearing ,mass1 and practical remarks on the different parts of meditations2 a plan of ,jerusalem with a map of ,palestine1 showing the different localities mentioned throughout the work1 and an alphabetical table of contents1 and of meditations on the ,gospels of the ,sundays40 ,also1 for religious1 8,exercises preparatory to the renewal of vows1 and for a retreat of eight days40 ,lastly1 the approbation of his eminence ,cardinal ,deschamps1 ,archbishop of ,mechlin1 speaks in unequivocal terms of the work's merit4 8,these ,meditations10 he says1 ''' 8are remarkable for the solidity of doctrine1 the happy choice of subjects1 and unctuous piety4 ,the use of them cannot fail to be very profitable to religious communities1 to ecclesiastics1 and to those pious persons in the world who aspire to perfection40 ,annexed also is the approbation of ,father ,charaux1 ,s4,j41 ,superior-,general of the ,mission of ,new ,york and ,canada2 together with extracts from three letters of ,father ,beckx1 the ,general of the ,jesuits1 to the author4 ,,madame ,,de ,,lavalle',s ,,bequest3 ,counsels to ,young ,ladies who have ,completed their ,education4 ,translated from the fourth ,french edition by a ,sister of ,st4 ,joseph4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham4 #ahge4 ,there is no doubt that this book1 written in a tone of genuine affection and interest1 and addressed to young ladies who have completed their education1 is one that might profitably be put into the hands of those for whom it was written and translated4 ,the only question seems to be how best to commend it to their attention2 for in these days of varied and indiscriminate reading1 the advice or recommendation of older people is seldom asked1 and a hurried glance at the contents of a book is often sufficient to cause its rejection1 as prosy or unattractive4 ,to young ladies1 also1 who enjoying in a happy home the merited confidence of their parents1 and accustomed to few restrictions from them1 the minute and careful instructions and directions found in some of the chapters might perhaps seem superfluous and a little amusing4 ,yet1 when they read the dedication1 and recognize the fact that the book was written under the eyes1 as it were1 of the ,blessed ,virgin1 with the approbation of her who was the truest lady as well as the purest woman in the world1 they will be disposed to accept with more humility and gratitude suggestions which they must feel1 if followed1 would render them more truly her imitators1 more worthy of the name of her children4 ,to those who have had the privilege and happiness of a convent education1 this book is of course appropriate4 ,it will bring to their minds the gentle teaching of those peaceful days1 and act as a kind of charm in recalling holy aspirations and resolutions4 ,especially will they welcome it as proving the tender interest of their former teachers1 which1 though no longer folded around them like a mantle1 now attracts their attention1 as a signal waved from a secure haven1 to encourage their frail barks1 as they push out on the uncertain waves of life4 ,thoughtful minds are glad to find in a book a companion and friend2 to such1 and as such1 we recommend this valuable ,bequest4 ,,herbert',s ,,wife3 ,a ,,story ,,for ,,you4 ,by ,minnie ,mary ,lee4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahge4 ,we again welcome the author of ,the ,heart of ,myrrha ,lake to the field of ,catholic literature4 ,the writer possesses many of the qualifications most essential to a writer of fiction--skill in the construction of plots1 ability to read character at sight1 and a certain raciness and vivacity of style1 which holds the reader's attention from first to last1 and gives her the preference over some writers of greater artistic finish4 ,in this is indicated our chief criticism and regret--that one so well qualified should neglect that attention to detail which characterizes the perfect artist4 ,not that we would advocate anything stiff or 8artificial10 for true art is always in harmony with nature4 ,it is precisely these exuberances and inaccuracies which cause the writer subsequent annoyance1 and for which the critical eye is needed1 to prune and correct4 ,the plot of ,herbert's ,wife1 though simple1 abounds in vivid pictures of real life1 and its incidents serve the moral purpose of the story admirably4 ,we do not doubt that each succeeding effort will exhibit less and less of the defect alluded to4 ,,breakfast1 ,,luncheon1 ,,and ,,tea4 ,by ,marian ,harland4 ,author of ,common ,sense in the ,household4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahge4 ,this is decidedly the most sensible1 and1 we may add1 entertaining book on domestic economy we remember to have met4 8,marian ,harland0 has evidently availed herself of her skill as a novelist in sugar-coating a subject supposed to be unpalatable to those for whom the book is intended1 the instructions being conveyed in the form of 8,familiar ,talks with the ,reader40 ,if the writer succeeds in inducing her fair countrywomen to become proficients in the art she teaches1 much will have been added to the substantial comfort of households1 and a truer appreciation reached of the services of good domestics4 ,,lingard',s ,,history ,,of ,,england1 ,,abridged3 ,with a ,continuation from #afhh to #ahed4 ,by ,james ,burke1 ,a4,b4 ,and an ,appendix to #ahgc4 ,the whole preceded by a ,memoir of ,dr4 ,lingard1 and ,marginal ,notes4 ,by ,m4 ,j4 ,kerney1 ,a4 ,m4 ,baltimore3 ,j4 ,murphy ,co4 #ahge4 ,this is a library edition of the abridgment heretofore issued by the same house1 printed on better paper1 and making a handsome octavo of #fhh pages4 ,lingard's is still considered the standard ,english ,history by ,catholic1 and by an increasing number of impartial non-,catholic1 students1 and as it is probable that comparatively few readers will consider they have time enough for the entire work1 this edition is likely to be a favorite one with book-buyers4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,premium-,,book ,,library4 ,first ,series1 #hvo4 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati3 ,benziger ,brothers4 #ahge4 ,the six volumes we have seen of this series seem to be creditable specimens1 both in matter and illustrations1 and the publishers are to be commended for their contributions towards a class of literature which needed attention4 ,we cannot well have too many books which are attractive in style and healthful in tone at the same time4 ,the works having been taken from the ,french1 the translations have been made by competent hands1 and the pictures have much greater pretensions to being termed illustrations than many which are made to do duty in that capacity4 ,we think1 however1 that the publishers' ,american printers and binders could have produced better work than the letter-press and 8imitation cloth0 binding of these volumes4 ,the same publishers also issue a duodecimo and an #ahmo series of the same library4 ,,wann ,,spricht ,,die ,,kirche ,,unfehlbar8 ,,oder3 ,,natur ,,und ,,zweck ,,des ,,kirchlichen ,,lehramts4 ,von ,thomas ,franz ,knox1 ,priester des ,oratoriums in ,london4 ,regensburg3 ,georg ,joseph ,manz4 #ahgd4 ,we are glad to see that ,father ,knox's work has met the appreciation in ,germany of which this translation is the evidence4 ,the publication may also1 we presume1 be taken as an indication of the feeling which a community of interests and dangers engenders1 and which is drawing the members of the one fold in different lands into closer relations and sympathies4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,rose ,leblanc4 ,by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 #afmo1 pp4 #bbj4--,the ,two ,victories4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,j4 ,potter4 ,third edition4 #afmo1 pp4 #agj4--,olive's ,rescue1 etc4 #ahmo1 pp4 #adi4--,true to the ,end4 #ahmo1 pp4 #aej4--,the ,little ,crown of ,st4 ,joseph4 ,compiled and translated by a ,sister of ,st4 ,joseph4 #bdmo1 pp4 #cdg4 --,the ,double ,triumph3 ,a ,drama4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,o',reilly4 ,paper1 #afmo1 pp4 #ff4--,the ,foundling of ,sebastopol3 ,a ,drama4 ,by ,w4 ,tandy1 ,d4,d4 ,paper1 #afmo1 pp4 #gj4 --,a ,politico-,historical ,essay on the ,popes as the ,protectors of ,popular ,liberty4 ,by ,henry ,a4 ,brann1 ,d4,d4 #hvo1 pp4 #cj1 paper4 ,from ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons1 ,new ,york3 ,philosophy of ,trinitarian ,doctrine4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,pease4 #abmo1 pp4 #ahc4 ,from ,,lee ,,shepard1 ,boston3 ,socialistic1 ,communistic1 ,mutualistic1 and ,financial ,fragments4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,greene4 #afmo1 pp4 #bga4 ,from ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,emmore1 etc4 #ahmo1 pp4 #ii4--,trouvaille1 etc4 ,by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 #ahmo4--,reparation1 etc4 ,same author4 ,from the ,,author3 ,mansions in the ,skies3 ,an ,acrostic ,poem on the ,lord's ,prayer4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,chilton1 ,jr4 #abmo1 pp4 #bg4 ,from ,,roberts ,,brothers1 ,boston3 ,through the year3 ,thoughts ,relating to the ,seasons of ,nature and the ,church4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4 ,n4 ,powers4 #afmo1 pp4 #bhh4 ,from ,,baker1 ,,godwin ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,reports of the ,board of ,directors and the ,committees of the ,xavier ,union1 ,new ,york1 etc4 #ahge4 ,from ,j4 ,w4 ,,schermerhorn ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,the ,mosaic ,account of the ,creation1 the ,miracle of ,to-day2 or1 ,new ,witnesses of the ,oneness of ,genesis and ,science4 ,by ,chas4 ,b4 ,warring4 #ahge4 ,from ,,henri ,,oudin1 ,paris3 ,les ,droits de ,dieu et les ,ides ,modernes4 ,par l',abb ,franois ,chesnel4 #hvo1 pp4 xxxix41 #cid4 ,from the ,,author3 ,the ,proposed ,railway across ,newfoundland3 a ,lecture4 ,by ,rev4 ,father ,morris4 #hvo1 pp4 vi41 #df1 paper4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxi41 ,no4 #abf4--,,september1 #ahge4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,rights ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,over ,,education4 ,,from ,,les ,,etudes ,,religieuses1 ,,etc4 ,of all the questions which preoccupy--and justly--public opinion1 and on which war is declared against the ,catholic ,church1 one of the most vital is that of education4 8,it is certain that instruction is1 in fact1 the great battle-field chosen in our days by the intelligent enemies of the faith4 ,it is there they hope to take captive the youth of ,france1 and to train up future generations for impiety and scepticism4 ,and it must be admitted that they conduct this war with a skill which is only equalled by their perseverance40#afg ,we endeavored to point out1 in a former article1 the intentions of the enemies of the church1 the depth of the abyss they are digging for ,christian society1 and the infernal art which they have shown in combining their plan of attack4#afh ,since then1 a first success has befallen them to justify their hopes and inflame their ardor4 ,we may expect to see them increase their efforts to carry the fortress4 ,why should they not succeed when they have opposed to them only divided forces8 ,happen what may1 however1 we must remain true to ourselves4 ,it is our duty to hold fast the standard of our faith1 in spite of the contradictions of human reason2 and to oppose to the pagan error1 that the state is master of education1 the ,christian truth1 that the church alone is endowed with the power to educate the young4''' ,the opponents of the church on this point are of two classes4 ,one consists of those who never belonged to her1 or who do so no longer2 the other1 of those who still call themselves her children4 ,the former are principally ,protestants1 and those philosophical adversaries of revelation who deny1 with more or less good faith1 ,catholic doctrine1 and pretend to find nothing in it but illusion and blind credulity4 ,these are1 it must be owned1 consistent with themselves when they refuse to the church the rights she claims over education4 ,their logic is correct2 but it is the logic of error1 and to contend with such adversaries we should have to begin with a proof of ,christianity4 ,that is not our object4 ,whatever may be their error1 however1 on the subjects of ,christian revelation and the church1 we hope to be able to convince them that a spirit of encroachment and ambition of rule has no part in the pretensions of the church1 in the matter of the education of the young4 ,rather1 they ought to acknowledge1 with us1 that therein we only fulfil a duty the most sacred1 the most inviolable--that of conducting ,christian souls to their supreme and eternal destiny4 ,but what is far less excusable is the inconsistency of certain ,catholics4 ,they are persuaded1 they say1 of the truth of the ,catholic religion2 they profess to believe her doctrine1 to submit to her authority2 and yet one sees them make common cause with the enemies of their faith in repudiating all control of the church in questions of instruction and of education4 ,it is for these especially we write1 in the hope of convincing them that1 in challenging for herself not only complete liberty to teach her children divine and human science1 but also the moral and religious direction of all ,christian schools1 the ,catholic ,church claims nothing but what is her right1 and pretends to nothing more than the legitimate exercise of a necessary and divine power4 ,would that they could understand1 in short1 that no ,catholic can1 without inconsistency and without a kind of apostasy1 assent to the exclusion of the ,church from the supervision of instruction1 and to the whole of it being directed by the sole authority of the civil power6 ,i4--,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,solution ,,in ,,the ,,present ,,question4 ,the whole ,christian theory of education rests on the following twofold truth taught by the ,catholic ,church3 that man is created by ,god for a supernatural end1 and that the church is the necessary intermediary between man and his supreme destiny4 ,these two points cannot be admitted without admitting1 also1 that the church is right in all the rest4 ,unfortunately1 nothing is less common than the clear understanding of these truths1 essential as they are to ,christianity4 ,it will1 therefore1 not be unprofitable to take a brief survey of them4 ,the ,christian religion does not resemble those philosophical theories which an insignificant minority of the human race have been discussing for three thousand years without arriving at any conclusion1 and which have no practical issue for the rest of mankind4 ,its aim1 on the contrary1 is essentially practical4 ,from the first it addresses itself1 not to a few persons of the highest culture1 but to all indifferently1 rich and poor1 learned and ignorant4 ,it is designed for every one1 because every one has a soul1 created in the image of ,god1 and because this soul religion alone can save--that is to say1 conduct to its ultimate end1 by rendering it at last conformable to its divine type1 to the infinite perfections of ,god4 ,but especially is ,christianity practical1 because1 without any long discussions1 it says to every one of us1 8,i am the voice of ,god revealing to men truths which it is their duty to believe1 virtues which it is their duty to practise in this life in order to deserve1 after death1 everlasting happiness in the very bosom of ,god4 ,here are my credentials2 they affirm the mission ,i have received from on high4 ,believe1 then1 the ,word of ,god2 practise his precepts1 and you will be saved40 ,her credentials having been verified1 it comes to pass that multitudes of men yield faith to the teachings of ,christianity as coming from ,god2 they place themselves under her obedience1 and the ,christian society is founded1 with its hierarchy1 its object clearly defined1 and its special means determined by ,jesus ,christ1 its divine founder4 ,but is it all1 and will it be sufficient to call one's self ,christian1 to be enrolled in the number of believers1 to have received baptism1 and to practise with more or less fidelity the precepts of the divine and ecclesiastical law8 ,to suppose that it is1 is the fatal error of a number of modern ,christians1 as unacquainted with their religion as they are lukewarm in fulfilling its duties4 ,thus understood1 would ,christianity have done anything but add to the religions of the philosophers incomprehensible mysteries1 exceedingly troublesome practices1 and ceremonies as meaningless to the mind as useless to the soul8 ,far from this1 ,christianity is itself1 also1 radical after its fashion4 ,it deprives man of nothing which constitutes his nobility2 it enriches it rather4 ,it does not oppose his legitimate aspirations for what is great1 for what is beautiful2 it hallows them rather4 ,it does not deny him the gratification of any of his loftier and more generous instincts2 it only supplies them with an object infinitely capable of contenting them4 ,in a word1 it does not destroy nature2 it transforms and deifies it1 by communicating to it a supernatural and divine life4 ,what is life in mortal man but the movement of all his powers in quest of an object which gives them happiness8 ,well1 then1 ,christianity lays hold of these human powers1 and1 in order to transform them1 it infuses into them a new principle1 which is grace--that is1 the virtue of ,god uniting itself to the soul2 it places a higher end before them--the possession of ,god in his own essence1 an infinite object of knowledge and of love2 it enables them1 indeed1 to bring forth works not possible to our frail nature without a divine illumination which enlightens the intelligence1 and without a holy inspiration which strengthens and assists the will4 ,it is a completely new man grafted on the root of the natural man4 ,it is a new way of living1 wherein1 under the influence of a supernatural and divine principle1 our feelings become purified by finding their source in ,god1 our knowledge enlarges1 because it penetrates even into the mysteries of the divine essence1 and our love becomes limitless as ,god himself1 the only true good1 whom we love in himself1 and in his creatures1 the reflex of himself4 ,we know well that rationalistic philosophy1 when it hears us speak of a divine life1 of union with ,god by a higher principle than nature1 shrugs its shoulders1 and with superb self-complacency rings the changes on the words illusion1 mysticism1 extravagance4 ,but what matter8 ,has it ever1 like us1 had any experience of this second life of the soul1 so as to understand its reality and its grandeur8 ,its ,god1 silent and solitary1 exists only for reason4 ,he will never issue from his eternal repose4 ,he will not meddle with his creatures to constitute their happiness4 ,this is not the ,god to satisfy our nature1 thirsting for the infinite4 ,he is not the ,god of ,christianity whom we have learned to know and to love4 ,but to return to the church4 ,manhood is not the work of a day4 ,thirty years at the least pass away before the human being arrives at maturity1 passing successively through the stages of infancy1 boyhood1 and youth4 ,what care1 what pains1 and what active solicitude are needed for his education6 ,a mother1 a father1 a master1 devote themselves to it by turns4 ,fortunate if1 after all1 these efforts are crowned with success6 ,is it to be said that it costs less time and labor to bring a soul to spiritual maturity1 to raise it to the perfection of this divine life8 ,a day1 a year--will they suffice to enlighten the intelligence with truths it must believe1 to instruct it in obligations it must fulfil1 but1 above all1 to form in it a habit of all those virtues it is bound to practise8 ,or is its education so different from the natural education that it can dispense with an instructor8 ,will the child1 unaided1 raise itself to ,god--we mean to the highest degree of moral perfection1 of ,christian sanctity8 ,it would be folly to suppose it4 ,it needs1 therefore1 a master2 some one charged with the duty of teaching it truth1 of forming it in virtue4 ,who is this instructor8 ,is it any other than that one to whom ,jesus ,christ1 the divine but invisible ,master1 once said1 8,as my ,father has sent me1 ,i send you4 ,go then1 teach all nations2 teaching them to observe my whole law40 ,this instructor is the church1 represented by her pastors1 the lawful successors of the apostles4 ,this principle must be borne in mind1 this indisputable truth of revealed doctrine4 ,we shall see the consequences of it presently4 ,we assert that the church1 and the church alone1 has received from ,jesus ,christ the power of forming the supernatural man--the ,christian in the full force of that term4 ,no one else can pretend to it4 ,not the state1 with its power2 not private individuals1 with their knowledge1 however great2 not even the father or mother of the family1 great as is the authority over their children's souls with which ,god has invested them4 ,and wherefore8 ,because the church alone possesses the means indispensable for a ,christian education4 ,these means are of three kinds4 ,in the name of ,god1 the church gives truth to the understanding2 she imposes a law on the will2 and she dispenses grace1 without which the ,christian would lack power to believe the truth and to fulfil the law4 ,withdraw these things1 and ,christian education ceases to exist4 ,you deliver up the understanding to human opinions2 therein it loses faith4 ,the will becomes a law to itself2 that is to say1 it has no other law to guide it than its own caprices and passions2 and then1 the moral force disappearing1 man in the face of duty is oftener than not powerless to fulfil it4 ,now1 who is it whom ,god has charged with the duty of preserving amongst men1 and of communicating to every generation the treasure of revealed truths8 ,who is it who represents on earth the divine power1 and has the right of enlightening consciences on the subjects of justice and injustice1 of right and wrong8 ,whom1 in short1 has ,jesus ,christ appointed minister of his sacraments to distribute to souls the supernatural succors of grace8 ,the church1 and the church alone4 ,to her have all generations of mankind been entrusted throughout the progress of the ages1 in order that she may bring them forth to spiritual life1 and form in them ,jesus ,christ1 the divine model whom ,christian education ought to reproduce in every one of us4 ,it is1 then1 true that the formation of the supernatural man1 of the ,christian1 is the proper ministry of the church2 that this ministry constitutes a part of her essential functions2 that it is1 in a sense1 her whole mission on earth2 so much so1 that she could not abdicate it without betraying her trust1 without abandoning the object of her mission1 and overthrowing the whole work of ,christianity4 ,this is a fundamental principle which no sincere ,catholic could think of rejecting1 so solidly is it based on revelation1 and so conformable is it to the principles of faith4 ,there remains1 consequently1 only to deduce from it its consequences1 and to point out how the whole claim of power over the instruction and education of ,christian youth which the church asserts flows from it as a necessary and logical deduction4 ,now the church herself having been careful to determine the rights which belong to her1 it is her word we shall take for our guide1 it is her doctrine we propose to defend4 ,it is clearly annunciated in the ,encyclical ,quanta ,cura1 and in the ,syllabus1 the most authentic exposition of the mind of the church on all the disputed questions of the day1 as it is the most assailed4 ,,ii4--,,position ,,of ,,the ,,question4 ,for nearly three centuries the government of ,france has labored with indefatigable persistency and energy to concentrate in its hands all the social powers1 and to constitute itself1 as it were1 the universal motive-cause in the state4 ,autonomy of provinces1 communal franchises1 individual or collective precedence in certain great public services1 all have successively disappeared before the continual encroachments of the central power4 ,thus the state is no longer a living organism of its own life1 at once manifold and ordered4 ,it has become a huge mechanism1 whose thousands of wheels1 inert and powerless of themselves1 move only at the impulse of the centre of the motive forces4 ,to make of society a kind of human machine may be the ideal of a certain materialist and socialist school4 ,it has never been the idea of ,christianity4 ,we ,christians have too much regard for our personal dignity1 we know too well the limits of the functions of the civil power1 thus to abdicate all spontaneity1 all precedence of our own1 and to consent to become nothing but mere parts of a machine1 when we can be1 and ought to be1 activities full of life and movement4 ,in the matter of education especially1 what errors have not been committed1 of what usurpations has not the civil power incurred the guilt8 ,by the creation of an official1 pattern university1 monopolizing instruction1 and subject exclusively to the direction of the government1 all the authorities to whom belonged formerly the instruction and education of youth have been suppressed at one blow4 ,there is no longer any right recognized1 any action suffered1 but that of the state1 master both of school and pay4 ,everything by the state1 everything for the state1 this through long weary years has been the undiscussable maxim against which ,catholic consciences1 little disposed to sacrifice their right to the usurped power of the government1 struggled in vain4 ,at last1 thanks to the persistent protest of those consciences1 so long despised2 the principle has lost its pretended obviousness1 and the fact itself has received its first check--sure prelude of its approaching disappearance4 ,the moment seems to have arrived when those who have the right ought to claim their legitimate share in the exercise of a function eminently social4 ,now all have a right here4 ,the government has its rights2 as responsible for the good and evil which befall society2 for the evil1 to check and prevent it2 for the good1 to help in effecting it4 ,the church has her rights1 because she is the great moral power in society1 and there is question here1 pre-eminently1 of a moral function4 ,the family has its rights1 for it is its fruit which has to be reared and instructed4 ,individuals1 even1 have their rights--the right of devotion and sacrifice in behalf of a holy work1 and of a ministry which1 more than any other1 stands in need of those graces4 ,here are1 assuredly1 enough of rights1 despised for three-quarters of a century1 and swallowed up in the insatiable power of the state4 ,it would be a deed worthy of our generation to re-establish all in their original and proper order4 ,it is being attempted1 we know1 and already the ,national ,assembly#afi has begun to concede an instalment of justice to the family and to individuals4 ,but the church6 ,why is silence kept concerning her8 ,why is it sought to exclude her from the debate1 and to treat her claims as null and void8 ,we ,catholics cannot accept this disavowal of our rights4 ,it concerns us to ascertain what place they propose to assign to our church in the modern state4 ,we should like to know whether we still belong to a ,christian society1 or must prepare to defend the rights of our conscience in a state decidedly pagan4 ,what are these rights8 ,what do we demand for the church8 ,what position1 in short1 do we wish to see her assume in all that concerns the education of youth8 ,such are the questions we propose to solve4 ,we will state them with yet more precision4 ,when there is question of the rights of the church in communities1 three hypotheses are possible according to the different conditions of those communities4 ,we may suppose a state religiously constituted--that is to say1 wherein the gospel and ,christianity are not only the rule of life and the religion of individuals1 but1 besides1 the foundation of legislation1 the worship adopted in the manifestations of public piety2 whatever may be1 in other respects1 the general aspect of the relations established1 by common consent1 between the church and the state4 ,in opposition to this first hypothesis there exists another--that of a civil society1 wherein the religious authority and the political authority have the appearance of ignoring one another2 wherein the state affects indifference with regard to all religions1 fosters no one of them1 and1 limiting its action exclusively to the material interests of the community1 leaves individuals to embrace and practise whichever of the worships suits them best4 ,to borrow the popular formula1 such a constitution would realize 8a free church in a free state02 or1 more exactly1 8a state separated from the church40#agj ,lastly1 modern times have given birth to a third kind of political constitution1 a mean between the two preceding ones1 in which ,catholicity is no longer the base of the social edifice in preference to every other religion1 and is only one of the public worships recognized by the state2 at times that of the majority of the citizens1 and observed as such in the religious solemnities in which the government takes a part4 ,in this hypothesis1 the state remains religious1 but it is neither ,catholic nor ,protestant4 ,a ,christianism vague and general enough to lend itself to all communions1 a kind of rational deism1 rather1 inspires its legislation2 honor is done to ministers of recognized worships1 and when government feels a need of betaking itself to ,god1 in order to implore his mercy1 or to give him thanks for his blessings1 it orders prayer in all the places of worship without distinction4 ,manifold1 as may be supposed1 are the shades of difference in the manner of constituting a state of such indefinite religious forms4 ,it is nevertheless true that the greater number of our modern constitutions reproduce1 more or less1 the type we have just sketched4 ,are we to see in this merely a kind of transition between ancient communities1 which almost all realized the first hypothesis1 and the communities of the future8 ,or will the state1 separated from the church1 organize itself and govern itself in a complete independence of all religion8 ,this is the dream of our free-thinkers4 ,for the happiness of humanity1 we hope it will not be realized4 ,in addition to these three hypotheses there remains the state persecutor of the church4 ,but although this is by no means uncommon in these days1 it does not enter into our present subject2 which is limited to determining the rights and action of the church in a tranquil and1 up to a certain point1 regular state of things4 ,further1 ,christianity being to us truth1 and the ,catholic ,church the only true ,christianity1 it evidently follows that the first hypothesis constitutes the normal state of society1 that in which it attains its end with the greatest perfection by the most abundant and most appropriate means4 ,religion1 in short1 is as necessary to communities as to individuals2 and of all religions1 only the true one can be a real element of the prosperity of states4 ,the problem to solve1 then1 is as follows3 ,first to examine and determine the rights which belong to the church in a well-organized society--that is to say1 in a ,christian or ,catholic society4 ,then1 when we know the better1 the more perfect1 to lay down the necessary and the possible1 in communities where human passions have made for the church an inferior position1 but little favorable to the full exercise of her rights4 ,,iii4--,,christian ,,education ,,in ,a ,,christian ,,state4 ,the ,jews in this resembled1 to a certain extent1 a ,christian--that is a ,catholic--people2 namely1 that amongst them one of the tribes had been chosen by ,god to be wholly consecrated to his service1 and to be devoted exclusively to the ministry of the altars4 ,so also1 but with the difference demanded by the new conditions of the priesthood1 ,god chooses amongst the faithful his clerics1 divinely called to exercise the sacerdotal functions2 for under the ,new ,law1 as under the ,old1 no one can pretend to this honor unless he be called of ,god4 ,here1 then1 are two categories of individuals in the nation2 those who1 by divine vocation1 are destined for the service of the church1 and those who continue in the ordinary condition of ,christians--the ecclesiastics and the laics4 ,the distinction is necessary1 because the church does not claim the same rights in regard to both4 ,the ,rights of the ,church over the ,education of ,clerics4--,the education of clerics--of young men1 that is1 who devote themselves to the ecclesiastical ministry--has always been the object of the liveliest solicitude of the church4 ,solely anxious to see the knowledge of the faith and true piety flourish among the faithful entrusted to her care1 could she forget that people conform themselves to the model of those who govern them1 and that the essential condition for enlightening understandings in the truths of religion1 as well as for inclining their hearts to the practice of ,christian virtues1 is first to fashion a clergy solidly instructed and sincerely pious8 ,in ,thomassin#aga may be found innumerable examples testifying to the solicitude of the church on the subject of schools wherein young clerics are instructed4 ,but the most solemn act1 and the most prolific in happy results1 that has been accomplished for this object1 is1 without contradiction1 the decree of the holy ,council of ,trent1 directing all the bishops1 metropolitans1 and other pastors charged with the government of the church to erect1 each in their respective dioceses1 a house or seminary for the purpose of lodging there1 of instructing in ecclesiastical science1 and bringing up in ecclesiastical virtue1 the children of the town1 diocese1 or province1 who shall show signs of a true divine vocation4#agb ,at the same time that it directs the institution of seminaries1 the council is at the pains to explain their great usefulness1 the necessity1 even1 of them for the church1 as the only efficacious means of always providing zealous as well as solidly instructed ministers4 ,it lays down also the way of life which should be observed within them1 the studies to which especially the young men should devote themselves1 the means to be employed by the masters for the complete education of their pupils1 and even the resources of which the bishops will be able to avail themselves to help to defray the expenses of these precious schools4 ,it may have been already remarked how the council regulates everything of its own authority and without asking aught of secular powers4 ,it proves the church's right to herself alone institute and organize her ecclesiastical seminaries4 ,but that which decisively manifests her mind on this point is the care which the ,council of ,trent takes to place the entire administration of these schools in the hands of the bishops1 assisted by two of the oldest and most prudent of the cathedral chapter1 chosen by them under the inspiration of the ,holy ,ghost4#agc ,such is the authority to which belongs exclusively the right of regulating all that concerns the education of clerics4 ,neither can the lay faithful1 nor ,christian families1 nor1 still less1 governments1 meddle at all with this work1 which is exclusively the affair of the church4 ,accordingly1 in the forty-sixth proposition of the ,syllabus1 the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 has reproved1 proscribed1 and condemned the doctrine of those who pretend 8to subject to civil authority the method to be followed in the theological seminaries40 ,the church claims1 then1 complete liberty to choose her ministers herself1 and to form them in the manner which seems to her most desirable4 ,this is no privilege which she asks of the state1 it is a right which she holds from ,jesus ,christ1 and by his divine appointment3 the right of existing1 the right of perpetuating herself upon earth by keeping up her hierarchy of teaching pastors and faithful taught1 and in recruiting from among the latter those whom ,god himself calls to the honors of the priesthood4 ,and1 in truth1 to what rights over the education of clerics can a civil government pretend8 ,is it to judge of the knowledge which is necessary for the ministers of the altar8 ,but is not the church appointed by ,jesus ,christ the sole guardian of revealed truth1 and has not she alone received the mission of teaching the peoples8 ,can it be1 indeed1 to discern in the subjects who present themselves a divine vocation1 and the degree of virtue requisite for a priest8 ,but for such discernment1 has1 then1 the civil power the special illumination of the ,holy ,ghost8 ,does it know the mysterious action of grace in the soul1 and does ,god reveal to it his secrets8 ,or can it be1 as some governments have not been afraid to do1 to determine the number of young men who ought every year to respond to the call of ,god and enrol themselves in the sacred army8 ,impious and sacrilegious pretension6 which says to the ,spirit of ,god1 8,thus far shall your inspirations go1 and no farther40 ,as if the state1 and not ,god1 were the judge of the church's needs6 ,as if the civil power had received from ,jesus ,christ the commission to fix annually in the budget the effective of men employed in his divine service1 after the same fashion as it regulates the annual contingent of soldiers called to the service of the state6 ,but no1 not one of these pretensions is tenable4 ,the state has no power whatever over the education of clerics2 and the church1 by its divine institution1 is alone competent for this work1 necessary above all to its existence and the perpetuity of its action in the world4 ,such are the rights of the church in this first department of education4 ,they are absolute1 exclusive1 and inalienable4 ,what have we next to say of those she possesses in the education of the laity8 ,the ,rights of the ,church over ,public ,education4--,that which certain ,catholics refuse to the church1 even in a community ,christianly constituted1 is not the right of giving instruction in the public schools1 and making her influence felt there to the advantage of the morality and good education of the youth4 ,no one but a rationalist or free-thinker can deny the necessity of making religion the foundation of all education1 if we would bring up ,christians1 and not unbelievers4 ,more than this1 these same ,catholics acknowledge1 besides1 that the church by her priests1 and her religious devoted to the education of youth1 enjoys the right possessed by all citizens of opening public schools and teaching1 not only the verities of the ,catholic faith1 but letters and human science in all its branches4 ,they are generally advocates of freedom of instruction to its utmost extent2 and the power they accord to the humblest citizen they do not commit the folly of refusing to those whose character1 knowledge1 and disinterestedness best qualify them for those delicate functions4 ,here1 then1 are two acknowledged rights of the church1 on which we need not insist further4 ,first1 the right of providing religious instruction for the youth at school1 and their education according to the principles of ,christian morality4 ,secondly1 the right of giving1 herself1 to children and to young people1 whose families entrust them to her1 a complete education1 embracing instruction in letters and in the secular sciences2 the right1 consequently1 of founding religious congregations entirely consecrated to the ministry of instruction and ,christian education2 the right of establishing these institutions1 providing for their recruitment1 and for their material means of existence4 ,all this1 it is acknowledged1 constitutes the normal condition of the church in communities which concede a just share of influence to the ,catholic religion1 to its ministers1 and to all those who are inspired with its spirit of devotion to the general welfare4 ,but observe the points of divergence between the ,catholics of whom we are speaking and those who are more jealous to preserve intact the rights conferred by ,jesus ,christ upon his church4 ,according to the former1 a distinction must be made between religious education and literary or scientific education4 ,the former1 by its object and by its end1 escapes from the competence of the state to re-enter what is exclusively the province of the church4 ,it is different with literary and scientific instruction4 ,that1 they say1 is a social service which belongs1 like other services of a similar kind1 to the jurisdiction of the city or nation4 ,the exercise of the teaching ministry is undoubtedly free4 ,private individuals are entitled to devote themselves to it without let or hindrance4 ,but the direction of this ministry should be ascribed to the state1 the only judge of whatever affects the present and the future of society4 ,guardian of order1 of justice1 and of morals in the community1 it is the duty of government itself to regulate the discipline of public schools1 the instruction which is given there1 the academic titles which open the way to certain civil or administrative careers1 and the choice of masters2 who1 at any rate1 should not have incurred any of the disqualifications determined by the law4 ,moreover1 since its functions impose on it the duty of encouraging1 as much as possible1 useful institutions1 and such as are essential to public prosperity1 the government is bound to support schools founded by private individuals2 and even1 if there be not enough of them for the needs of the people1 to institute others by its own authority1 and out of the public funds4 ,this1 according to them1 belongs to the domain of the state4 ,here it reigns supreme1 without having to share its power with any other power1 civil or religious4 ,public instruction is a branch of administration on the same grounds as war or finance4 ,thus think and speak ,catholics of the modern political school4 ,unluckily for them1 such is not the doctrine of the church4 ,pius ,,ix41 in the forty-fifth proposition of the ,syllabus1 explicitly condemns the opinion we have just described1 and which he formulates in the following terms3 8,the whole direction of public schools1 in which the youth of a ,christian state is brought up1 with the exception1 to a certain extent1 of episcopal seminaries1 can be and ought to be vested in the civil authority1 and that in such a manner that the right of no other authority should be recognized to interfere with the discipline of those schools1 with the curriculum of studies1 with the conferring of degrees1 or with the choice or approval of masters40 ,this1 however specious1 is thus erroneous1 and no ,catholic can maintain it4 ,it is1 in fact1 false in a two-fold point of view--false in a merely natural point of view1 because it ascribes to the state a function which1 in default of the church1 belongs exclusively to the family2 false also1 and especially1 in a supernatural point of view1 because it separates what ought to be united1 the temporal consequences of education1 and its supernatural end4 ,we will expose this twofold error4 ,under the empire of a nondescript philosophical paganism1 our modern politicians have a striking tendency to enlarge more and more in society the circle of governmental privileges4 ,one would suppose1 to listen to them1 that it was the function of power to completely absorb all the organic elements which go to make a nation1 and to leave no longer existing side by side of it1 or beneath it1 aught but inert individualities1 social material capable of receiving impulse and movement only from it4 ,healthy reason protests against a theory so destructive of the most indispensable elements of social prosperity4 ,families collecting into cities forfeited none of their natural rights2 cities1 in associating themselves in nations did not pretend to abdicate all their powers4 ,what both sought1 on the contrary1 in association1 was a stronger guarantee of those very rights2 it was the maintenance of the most inviolable justice in human relations2 it was1 in short1 an efficient protection against violence and oppression1 whether from within or without4 ,what6 ,are we to admit that the right and the duty of educating children sprung from society1 and was originated by it8 ,the bare thought is folly4 ,from the first creation of the family1 ,god willed that the infant should come into the world in feebleness and impotence2 that1 physically1 intellectually1 and morally1 it should have need of a long and toilsome education before becoming a complete man4 ,on whom was it1 then1 that he imposed a natural obligation of undertaking and accomplishing its education8 ,certainly not on society1 which did not then exist4 ,it was on the family itself1 on the father especially1 who is its responsible head4 ,the power of engendering human beings includes of necessity the duty of not leaving such a work incomplete--the duty1 consequently1 of guiding the infant up to full manhood4 ,the family thus1 by virtue of a law of nature1 possesses the power of instructing and educating the understanding and will of the child born of it2 and this power the family does not lose by being associated with others in social life4 ,for1 we repeat1 the state is not instituted to absorb into its collective life all pre-existing rights4 ,the act of union merely consecrates those rights by placing them under the protection of public authority4 ,but when this authority1 instead of protecting the rights of the family1 proceeds to take possession of them1 it commits an usurpation1 it breaks the social pact1 by making itself guilty of the very crime which it ought to prevent4 ,nothing less than the utter and ruinous confusion of ideas introduced by the philosophy of the last century1 and by its absurd theories about the ,social ,contract1 could have caused principles so clear and so indisputable to be lost sight of1 and all the usurpations of the liberty and rights of families and individuals by the civil power to be legitimized4 ,but1 be the errors of the time what they may1 it is not fitting that we ,catholics should be either their accomplices or their dupes4 ,enlightened by faith1 our reason must hold fast those principles on which human society is based1 and were we to be their only defenders1 it would be to our honor to have maintained them against all the negations of the spirit of system4 ,to judge1 then1 only by reason1 the state has not those rights over the education of youth which a certain school ascribes to it4 ,we asserted1 moreover1 that the opinion of this school is also false in a supernatural point of view1 because it separates what ought to be united1 because it makes the inference the principle1 and despises the one in order to attach itself exclusively to the other4 ,and here we touch the pith of the question4 ,it is alleged1 a public education good or bad1 has very serious consequences for society4 ,its security or its ruin may depend on it1 and1 anyhow1 nothing more vitally affects its peace1 strength1 and prosperity4 ,the power1 therefore1 with which the government of a community is invested cannot be a matter of indifference in education4 ,it ought1 then1 to superintend and direct it1 and to place itself at its head1 as it naturally does of every social function4 ,we shall presently see how much this reasoning is worth4 ,it includes three things--a principle1 a fact1 and an inference4 ,the principle is as follows3 ,whatever is for society an element of strength and progress1 and can cause its prosperity and decay1 is within the competence of the civil authority and ought to be subject to it4 ,the fact is affirmed in the premises of the argument1 to wit1 that public education1 according as it is good or bad1 is naturally of serious consequence to the state4 ,whence the inference1 that it ought to be subject to the civil authority--that is1 to the government4 ,the principle we dispute2 the fact is explained and vindicated in another way1 and the inference is inconsequential4 ,first1 it is not true that whatever affects the prosperity of the state ought of necessity to belong to the jurisdiction of the civil power1 and to be subject to its direction and control4 ,are not commerce and manufacture elements of national prosperity8 ,is it necessary1 on that account1 that the government should assume the direction of them1 and that nothing should be done in those two departments of social activity except by it4 ,no4 ,in these the office of power is limited to causing right and justice to be respected in industrial and commercial transactions1 to intervene in contentions to decide what is just1 to secure the observance of positive laws enacted by it for the purpose of applying to every particular case the general principles of the natural and of the divine law4 ,the rest is an affair of individual enterprise among citizens4 ,thus1 in the question which engages us1 that the education of youth ought to contribute much towards the prosperity of a state is not sufficient reason to induce us to resign the whole of it into the hands of the civil power4 ,we must further inquire if there is not some one in the community authorized1 by the law of nature or by divine right1 to assume its direction and control4 ,if this be so1 it will not do to invest the state with a right which belongs to another4 ,in the second place1 the happiness and prosperity of a state are certainly the result of a good education of its youth2 of a complete education1 that is1 well conducted2 such1 in a word1 as gives to the young man all the qualities of perfect manhood4 ,now1 this education is1 of necessity1 ,christian education1 in which the state can do nothing--the church1 and the church alone1 as we have endeavored to show1 everything4 ,what1 once more1 is education8 ,we have already defined it3 the work of fitting a man to fulfil his destiny2 to place the faculties of man in a condition of sufficing for themselves1 and of pursuing1 with the help of ,god1 the end which is allotted to them4 ,such1 clearly1 is the work of education2 such the end it must of necessity propose to itself4 ,suppose that in educating a child this consideration of his final destiny should be neglected1 that he was brought up with an eye solely to a proximate and terrestrial end1 beyond which he could do nothing4 ,could such an education be called complete8 ,could it be called sufficient8 ,would it deserve even the name of education8 ,undoubtedly not4 ,that child would not have been educated4 ,he would never become a man1 vir1 in the full sense of that term1 because the vision of his intelligence would never reach beyond the narrow horizon of this world2 because his powers of well-doing would necessarily be extremely limited2 because1 at last1 he would miss the end which every man is bound to attain1 and would be compelled to remain for ever nothing but an immortal abortion4 ,such is the necessity of recognizing man's final end in education4 ,that must be its aim1 that only1 under pain of compromising all the rest4 ,is there any need of mentioning the guarantees afforded by generations thus educated1 for the peace and happiness of communities8 ,has not true and sincere piety1 in the words of the apostle1#agd promise of this life as well as of that of eternity8 ,is it in any other way than in practising the virtues which make man a social being that we can hope to achieve immortality8 ,thus to labor to render ourselves worthy of the destiny which awaits us is1 also1 to prepare ourselves to become good citizens of the earthly city1 is to give to society the best possible security of being useful as well as loyal to it4 ,the greatest men of whom humanity is proud1 were they not at the same time the most virtuous8 ,now1 we must repeat to ,catholics who forget it1 that there are not two last ends for man1 but only one2 and that is the supernatural end of which we treated at the commencement4 ,created by ,god to enjoy his glory and his happiness through eternity1 in vain would man seek elsewhere the end of his efforts and of his existence4 ,everything in him tends towards this end4 ,it is his perfection1 and in order to exalt himself to it1 he ought to give to his faculties the whole power of development of which they are capable4 ,woe to him1 but much more woe to those who have had the responsibility of his education1 if1 through their fault1 he does not find himself on the level of his destiny2 if1 instead of gravitating towards heaven in his rapid passage across life1 he drags himself miserably along the ground1 wallowing in selfish interests and sensual passions6 ,but if this be so1 what can the state do to guide souls to heights which surpass itself8 ,there is nothing to be done but to apply the principle formulated by ,s4 ,thomas3 8,it is his to order means to an end1 in whose possession that end is0--,illius est ordinare ad finem1 cujus est proprius ille finis4#age ,the supernatural transformation of the soul into ,god1 and eternal beatitude1 which education ought invariably to propose to itself1 are not the objects of human society any more than of the civil power which regulates it4 ,that power is consequently incapable1 of itself1 of ordaining the means which contribute to this supernatural end4 ,it cannot afford the very smallest assistance to education in this respect1 nothing to form the man1 and to adapt him to the grand designs of ,god in his behalf4 ,in a word1 education is not within the jurisdiction of earthly governments4 ,it is above their competence4 ,what1 then1 is the power in the ,christian communities commissioned with the sublime ministry of the education of souls8 ,who has received from ,god the divine mission of begetting them to the supernatural and divine life1 rough-drawn on earth1 perfected in heaven8 ,there is1 there can be1 but one reply4 ,the church6 ,when he founded that august spiritual society1 ,jesus ,christ assigned to it as its end1 to guide men to eternal happiness2 and on that account he endowed it with all the powers necessary to ordain and to put in operation the proper means for this end4 ,education conducted in a spirit fundamentally ,christian--such is the universal1 indispensable mean1 over which1 consequently1 the church has exclusive rights4 ,see then1 established by ,jesus ,christ1 the great instructress of the human race--the only one which can rightfully pretend to direct public education in ,christian communities6 ,that superintendence1 that direction1 are an integral part of the pastoral ministry4 ,the church cannot renounce it without prevarication4 ,her reason1 therefore1 is obvious for insisting1 with such obstinate persistency1 in claiming1 everywhere and always1 the exercise of a right which she holds from ,god himself4 ,obvious is the reason for which the ,sovereign ,pontiffs have so severely condemned a doctrine which is the denial of this inalienable right for which1 in the concordats concluded with ,catholic powers1 a special clause invariably reserves for the church the faculty of 8seeing that youth receive a ,christian education40#agf ,nothing is more clear than that1 when the ,catholic ,church1 in a ,christian state1 claims for itself the ministry of public instruction1 it is no monopoly which it seeks to grasp for the profit of its clerics4 ,it has but one object1 to wit1 that instruction should have as wide a scope as possible2 and for this object she appeals to all devotedness4 ,laymen and ecclesiastics1 seculars and religious1 all--all are besought to take a part in this work of instructing the peoples4 ,whoever offers himself with the necessary qualifications1 a pure faith1 ,christian manners1 and competent knowledge1 is welcome4 ,to such an one the church opens a free scope for his energies1 to cultivate the rising generations under her shelter and in co-operation with her1 in order to enable them to bring forth the fruits of knowledge and of virtue4 ,what she does not assent to1 what she cannot assent to1 is that1 under the pretext of liberty of instruction1 the ravening wolf should introduce himself into the fold1 in the person of those teachers of errors and falsehood who lay waste the flock by bringing into it discord and war2 that1 under the guise of science and intellectual progress1 they should sap the religious belief of a people1 assault ,christian truth1 and infect the young understanding with the deadly poison of doubt and unbelief4 ,no1 indeed6 ,such havoc the church can neither sanction nor allow them an opportunity to accomplish4 ,she remembers that she has received from ,christ the care of souls1 that the salvation of his children has been entrusted to her keeping1 and that ,god will demand of her an account of their blood shed--that is to say1 of their eternal perdition4 ,sanguinem ejus de manu tua requiram 7,ezech4 iii4 #ah74 ,as a watchful sentinel she keeps guard over the flock1 and so long as the criminal violence of human powers does not rob her of her rights1 neither the thieves nor the assassins of souls can succeed in exercising their ravages4 ,by way of recapitulation we will enunciate1 in five or six propositions1 the whole of this doctrine of the rights of the church over education1 and thus place the reader in a better position for judging of its full force and extent4 #ast4 ,the education of clerics destined to ecclesiastical functions is the exclusive right of the church4 ,she alone regulates everything connected with it1 whether the erection of seminaries1 or their interior discipline1 or the appointment of masters1 or the instruction in letters and science1 or the good education of the pupils1 or their admission into the ecclesiastical body4 #b;d4 ,the church implicitly respects the right of families to provide a private education for their children by whomsoever and in whatever manner they prefer4 ,only she imposes on the consciences of ,christian parents the obligation of seeing to it that that education be religious and in conformity with the faith they profess4 #c;d4 ,the superintendence and direction of the public schools1 as well of those wherein the mass of the people are instructed in the rudiments of human knowledge1 as of those where secondary and higher instruction are given1 belong of right to the ,catholic ,church4 ,she alone has the right of watching over the moral character of those schools1 of approving the masters who instruct the youth therein1 of controlling their teaching1 and dismissing1 without appeal to any other authority1 those whose doctrine or manners should be contrary to the purity of ,christian doctrine4 #dth4 ,subject to the condition of being able to guarantee pure faith1 irreproachable manners1 and competent knowledge1 entire liberty is left to private individuals1 ecclesiastics and laity1 seculars and religious1 to devote themselves to the ministry of teaching and education of youth1 to form associations for this object1 to found academies and universities wherein the sciences are taught1 and which govern themselves by their internal discipline1 the choice of masters1 and the regulation of the studies1 programmes1 examens1 etc4 ,the church only reserves to herself1 in their case1 her right of superintendence in the matters of morality and the integrity of the faith4 #eth4 ,the church not only does not refuse the co-operation of the state in education1 but1 on the contrary1 she solicits it1 whenever private enterprise and her own resources do not suffice to enable her to extend instruction as much as she would wish and as the welfare of peoples demands4 ,she then appeals to the communes1 to the provinces1 to the nation1 in order that everywhere the co-operation of the two powers may effect the foundation of schools1 the increase of the number of masters1 and may come to the aid of the indigent parents4 ,but even in these schools established with the concurrence of the civil power1 if the state may superintend the administration of material interests1 the right of direction and superintendence of teaching remains with the church4 #fth4 ,lastly1 the power1 nevertheless1 which the church exercises over public instruction does not hinder governments1 if they deem it expedient1 from establishing schools where professors chosen by them may give a special training to young people who devote themselves to administrative and military careers4 ,the administration and the army belong1 in fact1 exclusively to the jurisdiction of governments4 ,it is but just1 therefore1 that they should be able to give to those who are to belong to them the especial knowledge required for their employment4 ,only1 here1 the civil or military authority contracts the same obligations as those which bind the consciences of individuals1 to wit1 to watch that there be nothing in those schools contrary to religion and to good morals4 ,such is the whole doctrine of the ,catholic ,church with regard to the education of youth in ,christian states4 ,is there not in this organization an ideal which one may justly long to see realized1 since it would be the solution of a certain number of problems which strangely perplex our insecurely founded and badly balanced modern communities8 ,two authorities1 each having a distinct object1 but united and being mutually the complement one of the other1 have the guardianship of human interests--interests of time and interests of eternity4 ,one1 the civil authority1 has for its direct domain1 temporal affairs4 ,the other1 the religious authority1 commands and directs in all that concerns the supernatural life4 ,the latter1 having the responsibility of guiding man from his birth up to his entrance into eternity1 educates him1 instructs him1 and transforms him into a perfect man1 into a ,christian worthy by his virtues of the destiny which awaits him4 ,the former benefits generations thus formed1 and out of these elements1 so well prepared to fulfil all the duties of the present life1 it constitutes social communities as so many provisional countries1 where justice and charity1 loyally practised1 present an image of the true and final country--,heaven4 ,thus1 the two powers lend to one another a mutual support2 the civil power1 by securing to the spiritual power a complete liberty of action2 and the spiritual power1 in its turn1 by forming for the state honest and perfect citizens4 ,thus peace and concord reign throughout the entire society1 interests harmonize1 justice is loved1 order exists everywhere from the highest to the lowest step of the social ladder1 and every one1 content with his position here on earth1 because his hopes are on high1 is more intent on making himself better than on overthrowing existing institutions that he may raise himself on their ruins4 ,where is to be found1 once more we demand1 an ideal more grand and more true than this conception of ,christian society8 ,the middle ages were not far from realizing it4 ,unhappily1 a work so well begun at the inspiration of the church1 first legists1 courtiers of the civil power1 afterwards ,protestantism and its direct off-shoot1 rationalism1 were fain to interrupt it1 and gradually to throw us back into a state of things which threatens to become worse than paganism or barbarism4 ,there is yet time to return to truth1 to right and order1 which are impossible to be found except in a society based on ,christian principles4 ,but will peoples and legislators have a sufficiently clear perception of their duty and their interest to stay themselves at once on the incline down which they are gliding1 and dragging us with them1 towards a dark and tempest-threatening future8 ,,iv4--,,conduct ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,non-,,christian ,,communities4 ,in the eyes of the ,catholic ,church1 ,christianity is the divine afflatus1 breathing upon human society to give it a soul and infuse life4 ,without her there can be in it no true nor prolific life1 and every social organization which is not inspired by ,christianity is1 of necessity1 defective and abnormal4 ,the church cannot regard such an organization as a benefit1 much less as a progress beyond ,christian communities4#agg ,she deplores it1 on the contrary1 and she endeavors to persuade people that it would be better for them to submit absolutely to religion1 and to take it as the guide and regulator of their social interests4 ,never has the church concealed her desire1 not to lord it over1 but to direct communities1 to penetrate them with her spirit1 to recover the salutary influence over them which is their due1 and which they cannot reject without serious injury4 ,the church has never made any mystery of this ambition4 ,her enemies themselves are witnesses to it1 even when they permit themselves1 as they too often do1 to travesty and calumniate her motives in order to render them odious4 ,lamentable1 however1 as may appear to her to be the inferior position which is allotted to her in modern communities1 she does not abandon herself to useless regrets4 ,without renouncing her inalienable rights1 she sets out from a fact which it is not in her power to change1 and exhausts her ingenuity in making the best she can of it for the good of souls4 ,the little liberty and influence left to her1 she employs to fulfil her ministry2 her zeal is inventive to supply by redoubled vigilance the want of her ordinary means in the spiritual government4 ,must not the work of ,god be accomplished on earth1 in spite of the difficulties1 in spite of the impediments of all kinds devised by hell8 ,such1 then1 is the principle which regulates the conduct of the church in states where her authority is disowned4 ,to take into consideration circumstances1 established facts2 to do nothing brusquely1 but using whatever power still remains to her1 to exert every effort to ameliorate the situation1 to make herself more useful to the faithful and to society4 ,let us see how she applies this rule to education in non-,christian communities4 ,we find first the communities wherein the constitution proclaims the liberty of all worships1 and their equality before the law4 ,here1 the ,catholic ,church has ceased to be the religion of the state1 which no longer lives in her spirit1 no longer accepts her direction in matters of religion and morality1 but prefers independence to all the advantages of a union with which it thinks it can dispense4 ,how will the church act in this novel position8 ,in the name of liberty1 and of the equal protection accorded to every worship1 she demands1 first of all1 the right of recruiting her ministers1 and that of training them according to her own laws2 the establishment of large and small seminaries1 as well as their administration by the bishops exclusively4 ,this is the first need to satisfy4 ,it is her right1 included in her claim to existence4 ,she demands1 moreover1 that in the public schools created or authorized by the government1 religion be invariably the foundation of education2 that the pupils be instructed in the verities of the faith1 and that neither atheism nor religious indifferentism be taught there4 ,she demands that at least the primary schools remain denominational--that is to say1 specially appropriated to the children of every religion1 and that the ,catholic clergy have free admission to the schools for ,catholics4 ,the preservation of the faith in those young hearts is at stake here2 for the church knows by experience the doleful effects of an early education in which religion has not had the principal part4 ,thus she may1 with good right1 claim of a government1 ,christian in name1 that it leave to the religions protected by the law this legitimate amount of influence in the education of the people4 ,from the same motives1 the church positively rejects the system of non-denominational schools1 in which eventuates a jumble of religions fatal to the faith and piety of children4 ,assuredly ,catholics know how to recognize and respect the rights of dissenters1 nor do they dream of doing violence to the conscience of any one4 ,is it not1 then1 simply common justice that no advantage should be taken of the liberty and equality of the several religions before the law1 to hand over ,catholic children to a manifest danger of religious perversion and moral ruin8 ,but this is not all4 ,the principles on which the communities of which we speak rest1 permit ,catholics to require more4 ,true liberty for a religion consists in its being able to be not only practised by its adherents1 but also transmitted in its integrity to succeeding generations1 with its beliefs1 its precepts1 its exterior forms1 and1 above all1 its interior spirit4 ,now1 that is only possible by means of education4 ,it is1 then1 permitted to the church to demand that liberty be left to families to choose themselves masters worthy of their confidence1 and whom they can trust to instruct and educate their children in the principles of the ,catholic religion4 ,when the national constitution has already embodied the liberty of instruction in every stage1 ,catholics make as extensive use of it as they can1 and as their peculiar property1 imitating in that the shipwrecked man who collects together the waifs saved from the wreck1 and out of them tries to rebuild his shattered fortune4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the monopoly in favor of the state should be embodied in the law1 they arm themselves with maxims of natural right1 at times even with the commonly accepted ideas of liberty1 wherewith to beat down this scandalous monopoly4 ,they know how to set in motion all legal means2 and without having recourse1 like many of their adversaries1 to insurrection or corruption1 they succeed1 sooner or later1 in bringing over public opinion to the side of justice and truth1 and in recovering1 thus1 a portion of the rights which belong to their church1 the right of making instructed and conscientious ,christians4 ,after that1 the church can await from the divine benediction and her own efforts the return of a happier era1 for which she exerts all the means at her disposal1 by a solid ,christian education given to youth1 by preaching1 and by good example4 ,she will1 at least1 have neglected nothing to acquit herself of her mission1 and to make herself useful even to the communities which repudiate her4 ,there remains1 lastly1 the third hypothesis1 that of a state separated from the church--that is to say1 organized wholly out of the religious idea1 a 8lay state10 in the full force of that phrase4 ,we observe1 first1 that there is more than one degree in this secularization of the state4 ,the first realizes the rationalist idea1 according to which governments1 respectful towards religion1 and allowing absolute liberty1 leave the church to organize herself after her fashion1 to preach in her temples1 to teach in her schools1 and to govern the consciences subject to her authority1 whilst themselves govern according to the right of rationalism1 and without asking counsel of any religious power4 ,it is the dream of more than one liberal1 simple enough to believe a perfect equilibrium of human passions to be possible in society1 by the sole force of nature and reason4 ,but experience soon dissipates the illusion of so fair a dream4 ,all the degrees of separation between religion and society are soon traversed up to the last1 wherein the state1 no longer acknowledging creed1 church1 or religion1 announces itself atheist1 and forces consciences to the inflexible level of an impious legislation4 ,from thence there is but a step to the proscription of ,catholics1 and to open persecution4 ,however1 in the conditions of an existence so unpromising what is the conduct of ,catholics8 ,what can they do save invoke the common right1 and turn against their adversaries the weapons by which the latter dispossessed them8 ,the lay state proclaims liberty for all to speak1 write1 and teach1 as seems good to them4 ,it is in the name of this pretended principle that the church saw herself robbed of almost all her rights and driven from society4 ,do not imagine that she approves or that she will ever adopt so monstrous an error4 ,but this liberty of speaking1 writing1 and teaching which you do not refuse to error1 is it forbidden to claim it for truth8 ,truth6 ,it is herself2 and her right to speak to the world she holds1 not from false maxims inscribed in modern constitutions1 but from ,jesus ,christ1 her divine founder4 ,strong in this right1 superior to human constitutions1 the church never hesitates to assume in communities the whole space they leave her to occupy1 and to extend her action to the uttermost4 ,if they claim to exclude her1 she fashions a weapon out of common right4 ,she summons the governments to admit her to the benefit of the universal liberty inscribed in the law1 and too profusely lavished on teachers of error4 ,what exception can be taken to this conduct1 at once so loyal and so right8 ,but they charge it against us as an unworthy manuvre1 that we claim for ourselves1 in modern communities1 and in the name of their principles1 a liberty we shall refuse to our adversaries the moment we regain power4 ,in presence of this accusation1 the more exalted liberals demand that preventive reprisals be employed in our regard1 and that liberty be denied us4 ,the more moderate1 affecting a sort of confidence in the stability of their work--or rather1 in the impossibility of modern communities ever again returning to the yoke of religion--prefer to show themselves generous1 and to vote for liberty even although it be that of ,catholics4 ,touching self-sacrifice1 and which it must be owned is no longer in unison with the temperament of contemporary liberalism6 ,be that as it may1 the accusation is sheer calumny1 as facts prove4 ,neither in the small ,swiss cantons1 nor in ,belgium1 where ,catholics govern1 are dissenters oppressed4 ,if persecution rages anywhere in the two hemispheres1 it is where liberalism has planted its banner1 and against ,catholics4 ,it is something more than ignorance which can accuse us of persecuting tendencies at this time of day4 ,the truth is that social peace has no firmer supporters than ,catholics4 ,we have before asserted1 but it is well to repeat it1 that the ,catholic ,church professes and practises the most absolute respect for acquired rights1 for conventions concluded and accepted4 ,thus1 for the sake of peace1 certain governments have felt themselves obliged to recognize the right of dissenters to live in the state1 retaining their beliefs and their religious forms4 ,liberty of conscience has been proclaimed1 the public exercise of all the worships authorized4 ,it is1 doubtless1 a misfortune that religious unity in society should be broken4 ,the church regrets this misfortune1 and her most earnest desire is to see1 some day1 unity re-established4 ,but is that to say that she wishes violently to change a situation imposed on her by circumstances8 that she meditates seizing again1 at a blow1 and in contempt of acquired rights1 the power she enjoyed in better times8 ,by no means4 ,the liberty which the various sects enjoy1 for the sake of peace1 the ,catholic ,church respects and knows how to maintain4 ,dissenters may continue to practise publicly their religion1 provided that they trouble neither order nor the tranquillity of the state4 ,equality of civil and political rights is guaranteed to all citizens1 ,catholic or not4 ,the same liberty is conceded to them to open schools1 and to educate their children according to their beliefs4 ,nothing1 in short1 which is just and equitable among fellow-citizens is refused by ,catholics to those who do not share their faith4 ,what more do they want8 ,and what is lacking in this conduct to constitute true toleration in mixed communities8 ,of ,catholics who have become the depositaries of power in these communities the church demands complete liberty to fulfil the duties with which she has been charged by ,jesus ,christ--the right of organizing herself according to her own laws2 of recruiting the sacerdotal ministry and exercising all its functions2 of watching over the good education of ,catholic youth2 of founding and directing schools1 colleges1 and universities2 of having her religious congregations consecrated to prayer1 preaching1 or education2 of being able1 in short1 to exercise her salutary influence in society1 and of being free to devote herself to rendering the people better1 better instructed in their duties1 and more resolute to fulfil them4 ,as regards non-,catholics1 she demands of the government not to substitute license for liberty1 but to use its utmost efforts to banish from society two things which are the most hostile to its prosperity and to its happiness3 we mean immorality and irreligion4 ,if1 later on1 differences disappear1 if all hearts should unite in the profession of one same faith1 it will then be a source of regret to no one that the church resumes her rank1 and that society is once more ,christian and ,catholic4 ,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife8 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,paris ,,before ,,the ,,war10 8,,number ,,thirteen10 8,,pius ,,vi410 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,a ,,startling ,,disclosure4 ,and how had things fared at ,the ,lilies all this time8 ,sir ,simon had behaved in the strangest way4 ,immediately after ,clide's departure1 he came1 according to his promise1 and explained it after a plausible fashion to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 who1 unsuspecting as an infant1 accepted the story without surprise or question4 ,at the end of a week ,sir ,simon knew that the worst fears were confirmed2 the identity of the supposed ,isabel had been disproved1 and the existence of the real one ascertained beyond the possibility of doubt4 ,clide was on her track1 but when or how he should find her was yet the secret of the future4 ,the one thing clear in it was1 that it was a miserable business and could end in nothing but shame and sorrow for every one connected with it4 ,sir ,simon was helpless and bewildered4 ,he was always slow at taking in bad news1 and when he succeeded in doing it1 his first idea was1 not to take the bull by the horns and face the facts manfully1 but to stave off the evil day1 to gain time1 to trust to something turning up that would avert the inevitable4 ,he had never in the whole course of his life felt so helpless in the face of evil tidings as on the present occasion4 ,he foresaw1 all too plainly1 what the effect was likely to be on the innocent young creature on whom he had brought so terrible a share in the catastrophe4 ,it was no comfort to him that it was not his fault4 ,he would willingly have taken the fault on his own shoulders1 if thereby he could have lifted the pain from hers4 ,he was too generously absorbed in the thought of ,franceline's trouble to split hairs on the difference between remorse and regret2 he cursed his own meddling as bitterly as if he had acted like a deliberate villain towards her2 he felt there was nothing for him to do but blow his brains out4 ,he passed the day he received the admiral's letter in this suicidal and despairing state of mind4 ,the next day his indignation against himself found some solace in vituperating ,clide's ill-luck1 and the villainy of the woman who had led him such a devil's-dance4 ,this diversion soothed him2 he slept better that night1 and next morning he awoke refreshed2 cheered up according to his happy matutinal habit1 and took a brighter view of everything4 ,it remained no doubt a most unfortunate affair1 look at it as one might1 but ,franceline would get over it by and by4 ,why not8 ,all the nicest girls he knew when he was a young fellow had been crossed in love1 and they had all got over it1 and married somebody else and lived happily ever after4 ,why should not ,franceline do the same8 ,de ,winton was a very nice fellow1 but there were other nice fellows in the world4 ,there was ,roxham1 for instance4 ,if he1 ,sir ,simon1 was a pretty girl1 he was not sure but he should like ,roxham best of the two2 he was deuced good-looking1 and the eldest son of a peer to boot2 that counts with every girl1 why shouldn't it with ,franceline8 8,but is she like every girl8 ,is she a butterfly to be caught by any candle80 whispered somebody at ,sir ,simon's ear2 but he pooh-poohed the unwelcome busybody1 as he would have brushed away a buzzing fly4 ,she must get over it2 ,roxham should come in and cut out this unlucky ,clide4 ,the worst of it was that conversation ,sir ,simon had had with ,raymond before ,franceline's visit to ,london4 ,if he had but had the wit to hold his tongue a little longer6 ,well1 biting it off now would not mend matters4 ,roxham must come to the rescue4 ,he had evidently been smitten the night of the ball4 ,sir ,simon had intentionally brought him into the field to rouse ,clide's jealousy1 and bring him to the point2 he had invoked every species of anathema on himself for it ever since1 but it was going to turn out the luckiest inspiration after all4 ,while the baronet was performing his toilet1 he arranged matters thus satisfactorily to his own mind1 and by the time he came down to breakfast he was fully convinced that everything was going to be for the best4 ,he read his letters1 wished a few unpleasant little eventualities to the writers of most of them1 and crammed them into a drawer where they were not likely to be disturbed for some time to come4 ,the others he answered2 then he read the newspapers1 and that done1 ordered his horse round1 and rode to ,rydal1 ,lady ,anwyll's place4 ,the conversation naturally fell on the recent ball at the ,court1 and from that to the acknowledged belle of the evening1 ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais4 ,in answer to the plump little dowager's enthusiastic praises of his young friend's beauty the baronet remarked that it was a pity she did not live nearer ,the ,lilies4 8,it is dull for the little thing1 you see10 he said2 8,bourbonais is up to his eyes in books and study1 and she has no society to speak of within reach2 she and the ,langrove girls don't seem to take to each other much2 she is a peculiar child1 ,franceline2 you see she has never mixed with children1 she has been like a companion to her father1 and the result is that she has fallen into a dreamy kind of world of her own1 and that's not good for a girl2 she is apt to prey upon herself4 ,i wish you were a nearer neighbor of ours40 8,i am near enough for all intents and purposes10 said ,lady ,anwyll1 promptly2 8what is it but an hour's drive8 ,there's nothing ,i should like better than to take her about1 pretty creature1 with her great gazelle eyes2 but ,i dare say she would bore herself with me2 they don't care for old women's society1 those young things--why should they8 ,i hated an old woman like a sour apple when ,i was her age40 8,oh6 but ,franceline is not a bit like most girls of her age2 she would enjoy you very much1 ,i assure you she would10 protested ,sir ,simon warmly4 8,there is nothing she likes better than talking to me now1 and ,i might be your father10 he added1 with more gallantry than truth2 but ,lady ,anwyll laughed a contemptuous1 little1 good-humored laugh without contradicting him4 8,she has seen very little and read a great deal--too much in fact2 you would be surprised to see how much she has read about all sorts of things that most girls only know by name2 her father was for teaching her ,greek and ,latin1 but ,i bullied him out of that nonsense2 it would have been a downright crime to spoil such a creature by making her blue4 ,i've saved her from that1 at any rate40 8,i dare say that is not the only good service she owes you10 observed the dowager1 8nor is it likely to be the last4 ,when is your young relation coming back80 8,de ,winton1 you mean8 ,he's hardly a relation--a connection at most4 ,i don't know when he is likely to turn up2 ,i believe he's on his way to the ,north ,pole at present40 8,really6 ,i thought there was a magnet drawing him nearer home40 8,what6 ,franceline1 eh8 ,well1 ,i thought myself he was a trifle spooney in that quarter10 said the baronet1 bending down to examine his boots1 8but it would seem not1 or he would not have decamped2 he's an odd fish1 ,clide--a capital fellow1 but odd40 8,i thought him original1 and liked him very much1 what little ,i saw of him10 replied ,lady ,anwyll4 8,however1 ,i am glad to hear it is not a case between him and your pretty friend2 if there is a thing ,i hate0--with ten drops of vitriol in the monosyllable--8it's chaperoning a girl in love4 ,you have no satisfaction in her2 nothing interests or amuses her2 she is ready to bite the nose off any man that looks civil at her2 she is a social nuisance in fact1 and ,i make a point of having nothing to do with her40 ,sir ,simon threw back his head and laughed4 8,how about young ,charlton80 resumed the dowager2 8he is the match of the county4 ,has he gone in for the prize80 8,he's too great an ass10 was the rejoinder4 8,humph6 ,asses are proof1 then1 against the power of a beautiful face8 ,it's the first time ,i've heard it40 8,the fact is1 ,i don't think he has had a chance yet10 said ,sir ,simon2 8,bourbonais is peculiar1 and does not encourage people to go and see him2 he only admits a select circle of old fogies1 and ,i think he fancies ,charlton is a bit of a puppy40 8,perhaps he's not much out in that10 assented the lady4 8,roxham struck me as being rather smitten the other night2 did you notice anything in that direction10 inquired ,sir ,simon carelessly1 as he rose to go4 8,i was too busy to see much of what was going on in the way of flirtation1 but ,i fancied he was rather assiduous60 8,now1 that would be a very nice thing60 ,and the mother who had made many matches brightened up with lively interest4 8,i should like to help on that2 it would be quite an exciting amusement1 and ,i have nothing to do just now40 8,take care60 and ,sir ,simon raised his finger with a warning gesture2 8you may have a social nuisance on your hands before you know where you are40 8,oh6 ,i don't mind when it's of my own making10 said the dowager2 8that quite alters the case40 8,then you will drive over to-morrow or next day and call at ,the ,lilies80 ,sir ,simon mounted ,nero in high good humor2 whistled a hunting air as he dashed through the stiff ,wellingtonias that flanked the long avenue at ,rydal1 and never drew rein until he alighted at his own door4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais greeted ,lady ,anwyll with the innate courtesy of a grand seignior1 and never let her see by so much as a look that her visit was not an agreeable surprise4 ,yet it was not so4 ,since that conversation with ,sir ,simon about ,franceline's fortune1 an uneasy feeling had possessed him1 and he had shrunk back more sensitively than ever into his shell of reserve and isolation4 ,he had been content1 or rather compelled1 to leave matters entirely in ,sir ,simon's hands1 or in the hands of fate1 but he did not feel at rest1 and he had no mind to launch out into new acquaintances just at a moment when his mind was disturbed by strange probabilities1 and his habitual abstraction broken up by vague anxieties1 that could not take any definite shape as yet4 ,but ,lady ,anwyll saw nothing of this in the old gentleman's courtly greeting2 she saw that ,franceline had welcomed her with a warmth that was unmistakable--childlike and gleeful1 and fettered by no ice bands of conventional politeness4 ,the dowager's visit was indeed welcome2 the utter silence that had succeeded to the stir and agitation of the past few weeks had fallen upon ,franceline like a snow-drift in the midst of summer2 the return to the old stagnant life was dreadful--she felt chilled to death by it4 ,the reaction was natural enough to one of her age and circumstances2 but we know that there was a deeper reason for her sense of loneliness and weariness than the mere relapse into routine and dulness after a season of excitement4 ,where was ,mr4 de ,winton1 and why had he gone off in that strange way1 without a sign or a word1 leaving her trembling and expectant on the threshold of her awakened womanhood8 ,it was more than a week now since he went1 and she had not heard his name once mentioned1 and there was no prospect of her hearing any one speak of him2 since neither her father nor ,sir ,simon did so4 ,lady ,anwyll came like a messenger and a link2 ,lady ,anwyll was in ,clide's world1 the wide1 wide world beyond her own small sphere where no one knew him4 ,this was unconsciously the reason of ,franceline's joyous greeting4 ,sir ,simon had come with the dowager2 they had walked down through the park together1 and it was the first time in her life that ,franceline was not thoroughly glad to see him4 ,he was not quite like his usual self either1 to her1 she fancied4 ,he rattled on in his own way1 telling stories and making jokes1 and then catching up some chance words of ,raymond's and quarrelling with them1 until their author waxed warm1 and was drawn out into an elaborate refutation of some meaning that he never dreamed of giving them1 but into which ,sir ,simon had purposely twisted them2 and finally accomplishing his aim of keeping the conversation on abstract subjects and not letting it slip into the dangerous path of personal or local events4 8,so you will let me come and take you out for a drive sometimes10 ,lady ,anwyll said1 as she rose to take leave1 8and by-and-by1 when you get used to the old woman1 perhaps you will come and spend a day or two with her in her big1 lonely house8 ,you will not be always afraid of her80 8,i am not afraid of her now10 protested ,franceline1 looking with her radiant dark eyes straight into the old lady's face1 8you don't look wicked at all40 8,don't ,i8 ,then more shame for me2 that shows ,i'm a hypocrite1 a whitened sepulchre1 my dear10 and she nodded emphatically at ,franceline1 and gave a little groan4 8,for goodness' sake don't come ,miss ,bulpit over us60 cried ,sir ,simon1 holding up his hands4 8,i'll bolt at once if you take to that40 ,and with this pretence of alarm he hurried out of the room4 8,then1 since you are not frightened at me1 you will promise to come very soon4 ,let us settle it at once--for ,thursday next80 and she held the young girl's hand in both her own1 and looked to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais for assent4 ,but ,raymond began to settle his spectacles1 and was for explaining how difficult it would be for him to part with his daughter even for a day1 and how unaccustomed she was to going anywhere alone1 when ,sir ,simon called out from the garden3 8,tut1 tut1 ,bourbonais1 that's precisely why she must go2 you must not mope the child in this way2 she must gad about a bit1 like other girls4 ,it will do her good2 it will do her good40 ,the three came out and joined him1 walking round to the back entrance through which the visitors were going to re-enter the park4 8,i shall get a few young people together1 so it will not be so very dull for you1 my dear10 continued ,lady ,anwyll1 as they walked four abreast on the grass2 8and ,i can mount you2 ,i know you ride40 8,oh6 ,i don't think she would care--0 began ,raymond2 but ,sir ,simon cut him short again4 8,is your son coming down for a shot at the partridges80 8,not he2 at least not that ,i know of2 he is off fishing near ,norway1 or was the last time ,i heard of him2 but for all ,i know he may have joined your friend young ,de ,winton at the ,north ,pole by this4 ,well1 good-by1 my dear4 ,i should dearly like a kiss4 ,would you mind kissing the old woman80 ,franceline put her soft1 vermilion lips to the wrinkled cheek4 ,neither ,lady ,anwyll nor ,raymond saw how instantaneously the blood had forsaken them1 leaving them white as her brow2 but ,sir ,simon did1 and it smote him to the heart4 ,he walked on before the good-bys were over1 ostensibly to give some order about the carriage that was drawn up at a turn in the avenue1 but in reality to avoid meeting ,raymond's glance4 ,late that evening a note came to ,the ,lilies to say that he was obliged to start at a moment's notice for the south of ,france1 where his step-mother1 ,lady ,rebecca1 was dangerously ill4 ,he was sorry to have to rush off without saying good-by1 but he had not a moment to lose to catch the express4 ,sir ,simon did start by the express1 and after a day or two in ,london1 where he saw ,admiral de ,winton1 and ascertained that nothing new had turned up in ,clide's affairs1 he thought he might just as well go to the south of ,france1 where he would be within reach of his interesting relative in case she should need him1 or die1 which the older she grew the less she seemed inclined to do1 in spite of ,mr4 ,simpson's periodical tolling of her death-knell4 ,fate1 that abstract divinity invoked by pagans and novelists1 interfered with the fulfilment of ,franceline's engagement to ,lady ,anwyll4 ,a letter--a real letter--awaited her at home from her son-in-law1 saying that his wife was taken suddenly ill1 and entreated her mother to come to her without delay4 ,franceline was rather glad than sorry when the note came to postpone her visit4 ,the desire to go to ,rydal was gone4 ,she wanted to be left alone4 ,she was not equal to the effort of seeming amused4 ,and yet1 again1 in another way she regretted it4 ,a day or two's absence from her father would have been a relief2 the strain of keeping up false appearances before him was worse than it need have been amongst strangers2 it would have sufficed them to be calm2 at home she must be gay4 ,after the sudden shock which those words so carelessly uttered by ,lady ,anwyll had caused her1 ,franceline's first thought was to screen her feelings from her father4 ,she was helped in her effort to do this by her certainty that he had no key to them1 that he had not for a moment connected her and ,clide de ,winton in his thoughts4 ,if she had known how much had been disclosed to him1 how closely he had watched her ever since that fatal conversation with ,sir ,simon1 concealment would have been impossible4 ,as it was1 she found it hard enough2 but there was an unsuspected strength of will1 a vitality of power in her1 that enabled her to act the part she had resolved upon4 ,she called up all her love for her father and all her native woman's pride and maiden delicacy to the effort1 and she achieved it4 ,her father watched her with the jealous eye of anxious affection1 but he could see nothing forced in her spirits2 he heard no hollow note in her laugh2 he saw no trace of sadness in her smile4 ,she was merrier1 brighter1 more talkative for several days after ,lady ,anwyll's visit than he remembered to have seen her4 ,raymond sighed with relief many times a day as he heard her singing to herself1 or caressing her doves with new names of endearment and fresh delight4 ,she succeeded perfectly in blinding him1 but not in silencing the wild tumult of her own heart4 ,it was all mystery yet2 pain and wonder were predominant1 but hope was not absent from the chaos of conflicting emotions1 and there was nothing of wounded self-respect1 no definite feeling of reproach towards ,clide4 ,it seemed as if everything were a mistake2 no one had done anything wrong1 and yet everything had gone wrong4 ,was it all a dream the life she had been living for those few blissful weeks8 ,was his devotion to her1 his exclusive assiduity during all that time1 nothing but the customary demeanor of a gentleman to a young girl in whose society chance had thrown him8 ,franceline asked herself this over and over again1 and could only find one answer to it--the echo of her own heart4 ,but what did she really know about such things--what standard had she to go by8 ,what had she ever seen to guide her in forming a reasonable conclusion8--for she wanted to be reasonable3 to judge calmly without listening to the longings and tyrannical affirmations of this heart4 8,he may have been so assiduous in attending me in my rides simply to please ,sir ,simon10 whispered reason2 but the response came quickly3 8,need he have looked and spoken as he did to please ,sir ,simon8 ,and that night of the ball1 was it to please ,sir ,simon that he was stung and angry when ,i deserted him for ,lord ,roxham8 ,was it for that that he spoke those words that had set my every fibre thrilling8 #8,what does anything matter to us1 ,franceline1 as long as we are not angry with each other8' ,to what melting tenderness was his voice toned as he uttered them6 ,how his glance sought mine and rested in it1 completing all that the words had left unsaid6 ,and ,i am to believe that he had meant no more than the customary gallantries of a man of the world to his partner in the dance80 ,she laughed to herself as the outrageous question rose in her thoughts4 ,then1 apart from this unanswerable testimony1 there was evidence of ,clide's feelings and motives towards herself in his conduct towards her father4 ,how anxious he had shown himself to please ,m4 de la ,bourbonais1 to secure his advice and follow it1 and make her aware that he did so6 ,no2 she had not assuredly been won unsought4 ,this certainty supported and cheered her4 ,if she had been sought1 she would be sought again4 ,clide would return and claim what he had won4 ,it was impossible to doubt but that he would4 ,whenever ,franceline arrived at this point in her cogitations her spirits rose to singing pitch1 and she would break out into carol and song1 like a bird1 and run down to ,anglique and tease her to exasperation1 pulling out her knitting-needles and playing tricks like a kitten1 till she drove her nearly frantic1 and sent her complaining to ,m4 le ,comte that la petite was grown as full of mischief as a squirrel2 there was no being safe a minute from her tricks once your back was turned4 ,and ,raymond would look up with a beaming face1 and beg pardon for the culprit4 8,she keeps life in our old veins1 ma bonne10 he would say2 8what should we do without our singing bird80 ,but there were days when the singing bird was silent1 when there was no music in her1 and when she could have broken into passionate tears if they had not been restrained by a strong effort of will4 ,these alternations1 however1 passed unobserved by the two who might have noticed them4 ,raymond had made up his mind that ,sir ,simon's brilliant scheme had failed1 and that as the failure had dealt no blow at ,franceline's happiness1 it was not to be regretted4 ,it had been altogether too brilliant to be practicable2 he felt that from the first1 and his instinct served him better than ,sir ,simon's experience1 shrewd man of the world though he was4 8,kind1 foolish friend1 his affection blinded him and made him see everything as he desired it for ,franceline1 and now he is vexed with himself1 and ashamed very likely1 and so he keeps away from me4 ,perhaps he imagines ,i would reproach him4 ,this poor1 dear ,simon has more heart than head40 ,and with these indulgent reflections1 ,raymond sank back into his dreamy historical world1 and left off watching the changeful aspects of his child4 ,she was safe2 things were just as they used to be4 ,a month went by2 during that time one letter had come from the baronet1 affectionate as ever1 but evidently written under some feeling of restraint4 ,he talked of the annoyances he had had on the road1 and the loss of some of his luggage1 and about ,french politics4 ,m4 de le ,bourbonais fancied he saw through the awkwardness2 he answered the letter in a more than usually affectionate strain2 was very communicative about himself and ,franceline1 who was growing quite beyond ,anglique's and his control1 he assured his friend1 and required ,sir ,simon's hand to keep her within bounds1 so he had better hasten home as quickly as possible if he had any pity for the two victims of her tyranny and numberless caprices4 ,this letter had the effect intended2 it brought another without many days' delay1 and written with all the abandon and spirit of the writer's most cheerful mood4 ,lady ,anwyll returned at the end of the month1 and bore down on ,the ,lilies the very next day4 ,franceline would have fought off if she could have done so with any chance of success2 but the dowager was peremptory in claiming what had been distinctly promised1 and she agreed to be ready the next day to accompany the old lady to ,rydal4 ,anglique put her biggest irons in the fire1 and smoothed out her young mistress's prettiest white muslin dress1 and set her sashes and ribbons in order1 and was as full of bustle as if the quiet visit a few miles off had been a wedding4 8,i am glad the petite is going2 it will do her good10 she observed1 complacently1 as she brought in the lamp and set it down on the count's table that evening4 8,why do you think it will do her good8 ,is she suffering in any way80 said the father1 a sudden sting of the old fear giving sharpness to his voice4 8,bont divine6 ,how monsieur takes the word out of one's mouth60 ejaculated ,anglique1 throwing up her hands like an aggrieved woman2 8why1 a little distraction always does good at mamselle's age2 look at me3 it would put new blood into my old veins if ,i could go somewhere and distract myself40 8,you find it very dull1 my good ,anglique80 ,and the master turned a kindly1 almost penitent glance on the nut-brown face4 8,h6 listen to him again6 ,one does not want to be dying of ennui to enjoy a little distraction2 one does not think of it1 but when it comes one may like it60 ,she gave the shade a jerk that made it spin round the lamp1 and walked off in high dudgeon4 ,franceline was conscious of a pleasurable flutter next day1 when she heard the carriage crunching the gravel1 and presently ,lady ,anwyll came round on foot1 followed by the footman1 who carried off her box and secured it in some mysterious part of the vehicle4 ,she was flushed when she kissed her father and said good-by2 he thought it was the pleasure of the 8little distraction0 that heightened her color1 and that took away the pang of the short parting4 8,yes1 decidedly1 a change does her good10 he mentally remarked2 8,i must let her take advantage of any pleasant one that offers40 ,it was an event in ,franceline's life1 going to stay at a strange house4 ,the ,court was too much like her own home1 and she had known it too long and too early to feel like a visitor there1 or to be overpowered by its splendors4 ,rydal was not to be compared to it either for architectural beauty or magnitude1 or for the extent and beauty of the grounds and surrounding scenery4 ,the ,court was a grand baronial hall2 ,rydal was an old-fashioned manor house2 low-roofed1 straggling1 and picturesque outside2 spacious and comfortable inside2 with enough of the marks of time on the furniture and decorations to stamp it as the abode of many generations of gentlemen4 ,a low-ceiled square hall1 with sitting-rooms opening into it on either side1 and quaint pictures and arms ornamenting its walls1 received you with a hospitable hearth1 where a huge log was blazing cheerily under a high1 carved oak mantel-piece4 ,it was not flagged with marble1 nor supported by majestic columns like the ,gothic hall of the ,court1 but it had a charm of its own that ,franceline felt1 and expressed by a bright exclamation as she alighted in it4 8,come in and sit down for a moment in the drawing-room10 said ,lady ,anwyll4 8,i always rest before toiling up-stairs1 my dear2 and you must fancy yourself an old woman and do so too40 ,franceline followed her into the handsome square room4 ,two projecting windows thrust themselves out to the west to catch the last rays of the setting sun at one end1 and another bulged out southward to sun itself in the noon-tide warmth2 an old-fashioned sofa was drawn close to the fire4 ,franceline fancied she saw the soles of two boots resting on the arm facing the door2 and was beginning to wonder where the body was that they might belong to1 when the dowager suddenly cried out in tones of amazement rather than delight3 8,good gracious1 ,ponce6 what brought you back1 and when did you come8 ,i verily believe you have got some talisman like ,riquet with the ,tuft for flying about the world like a bird6 ,where have you come from now80 ,she stooped down to kiss the invisible head that lay at the other end of the figure1 and a voice from the cushions answered3 8,i pledged my word ,i would be back in a day and a month2 did you ever know me break my word1 lady mother80 8,you so seldom commit yourself by pledging it to me that ,i hardly remember2 however1 now that you are here1 ,i am glad to see you1 and to be able to offer you a reward for your punctuality4 ,come here1 my dear1 and let me introduce my son ,ponsonby to you40 ,the recumbent giant was on his feet in an instant1 with an involuntary 8,hollo60 as ,franceline advanced at his mother's bidding4 8,this is ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais1 ,ponce2 my son1 ,captain ,anwyll40 8,it is not often punishment overtakes the guilty so fast10 said the gentleman1 with a very low bow1 and an awkward laugh2 8,i so seldom indulge in the laziness of stretching my long legs on a sofa1 that it's rather hard on me that ,i should be caught in the act by a lady4 ,mother1 you ought to have given me notice in time40 8,served you right6 ,i'm glad you were caught2 and1 my dear1 don't you mind his seldom2 when he is not flying through the air or over the water1 this big son of mine is stretching himself somewhere4 ,come1 now1 and get your things off40 ,as they were leaving the room1 she looked back to ask her son if he 8had brought the regiment down with him10 and on hearing that he had left that appendage in ,yorkshire1 his mother observed that it was like him to leave it behind just when it might have been useful4 ,there are some people who1 though inert and quiet themselves1 have a faculty for putting everybody about them in a commotion4 ,ponsonby ,anwyll was one of these4 ,when he came down to ,rydal it was as if an earthquake shook the place4 ,he wanted next to no waiting on1 yet somehow every servant in the house was busied about him4 ,he was like a baby in a house1 exacting nothing1 but occupying everybody4 ,he was constantly either overturning something1 or on the point of doing it4 ,like so many men of the giant type1 he was as gentle as a woman and as easily cowed2 and like a woman1 he always wanted somebody at his elbow to look after him4 ,if he attempted to light a lamp1 ten to one he upset it and spoiled a table-cover or a carpet1 or he let the chimney fall1 and cut his fingers picking up the bits to prevent some one else's being cut4 ,he took next to no interest practically in the estate2 yet his tenantry were very fond of him2 he never bothered them about improvements or abuses1 and they were more obliged to him for letting them alone than for benefiting them against their will4 ,whenever he interfered it was to take their part against the agent1 who could not see why the tenants were to be let off paying full rents because the harvest happened to be a failure one year1 when it had been good so many preceding ones4 ,lady ,anwyll would bully and storm and protest that he was ruining the property1 and that they would all end in the ,union2 but ,ponsonby soon petted her into good humor4 ,in her heart of hearts she was proud of her big1 easy-going son1 who cared so little for money1 and she was as pleased to be patronized by him as a little kitten is when the powerful ,newfoundland condescends to a game of romps with it4 ,when ,franceline1 in her white muslin dress1 floated into the drawing-room1 like a summer cloud1 the ,newfoundland was standing on the hearth-rug1 with its eyes fixed expectantly on the door4 ,lady ,anwyll was generally down long before her son4 ,ponce took an age to get out of one set of clothes and into another2 but he had the start of her to-day4 8,you have had a nice drive from ,dullerton10 he began2 how else could he begin8 8,but ,i fear the weather is on the turn2 those clouds over the common look mischievous40 8,are you weatherwise80 inquired ,franceline1 following his eyes to the window4 8,not he1 my dear6 ,he's not wise in anything60 answered a voice from behind her4 8,mother1 this is positively too bad of you6 ,i protest against your taking away my character in this fashion1 before ,i have a chance of making one with ,miss ,franceline4 ,you begin by making me out the laziest dog in ,christendom1 and now you would rob me of my one intellectual quality6 ,you know ,i am weatherwise6 ,they call me ,girouette in the #ajth1 because ,i can tell to a feather how the wind is blowing2 'pon my honor they do1 ,miss ,franceline60 ,franceline was going to assure him of her entire faith in this assertion when dinner was announced1 and they crossed the hall into the dining-room4 8,now1 tell us something about where you've been and what you've seen and done10 said the dowager2 8and try and be as entertaining as you can1 for you see there is no one else to amuse my young friend40 8,i'm sure ,i should be very proud2 ,i wish ,i could remember something amusing to tell2 but that's the deuce of it1 the more a fellow wants to be pleasant the less he can4 ,do you care to hear about fishing80 ,this was addressed to ,franceline4 ,there was something so boyish in his manner1 such an entire absence of conceit or affectation1 that1 in spite of other deficiencies1 she liked the shy hussar1 and felt at ease with him4 8,i dare say ,i should if ,i understood it at all2 but ,i do not4 ,but ,i am always curious to know about foreign places and people10 she said4 8,oh6 ,i'm glad of that2 ,i can tell you plenty about no end of places10 answered the traveller promptly2 8but ,i dare say you've seen them all yourself2 everybody goes everywhere nowadays40 8,i have never been out of ,dullerton since ,i came here as a child1 but once for a few days to ,london10 said ,franceline2 8so you can hardly go wrong in telling me about any foreign place40 8,how odd6 ,well1 its rather refreshing too4 ,i suppose you are nervous1 afraid of the water1 or the railway80 8,not the least4 ,i am too poor to travel40 ,she said it as simply as if she had stated that the rain had prevented her going for a walk4 8,oh1 indeed6 ,that is a hindrance to be sure10 blundered out ,ponsonby2 8but people are better off that stay at home4 ,one is always within an inch of getting one's neck broken1 or one's eye put out2 and people very often do come to grief travelling4 ,i dare say you wouldn't like it at all40 8,getting her eyes put out8 ,i should think not60 chimed in his mother1 with a mocking chuckle4 8,i meant the whole thing10 pursued ,ponce4 8,the only chance one has is to go straight through like a letter in the post1 from one place to another1 and stick there1 and not go posting about from place to place1 as we did in ,rome1 now4 ,that is a pleasant place to go to4 ,i bet anything you'd enjoy ,rome awfully2 everybody does2 and now they've got good hotels1 and you can get as good a dinner as any fellow need care to eat4 ,only you would not like the popish ways of the place4 ,that's the deuce of it1 you can't get out of the way of that sort of thing2 it's in the air1 you see2 but one grows used to it after a while1 as one does to the bad smells40 8,i should not suffer from that4 ,i am a ,catholic10 said ,franceline1 her color rising slightly4 8,oh1 indeed6 ,i beg your pardon2 ,i had no idea2 of course that makes all the difference10 stammered the hussar1 mentally comparing himself to ,patrick1 who could never open his mouth without putting his foot in it4 ,lady ,anwyll had now despatched her dinner1 or as much of the long meal as she ever partook of4 ,feeling that the conversation was not progressing very favorably between her son and her guest1 she took the reins in her own hand1 and by dint of direct questions and an occasional touch of the spur she managed to make time trot on in a straggling but on the whole amusing style of talk1 half narrative1 half anecdote1 until dinner was ended1 and she and ,franceline migrated to the drawing-room1 leaving the captain to discuss the claret in solitary state4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the next morning at breakfast ,lady ,anwyll proposed that the two young people should go for a ride after lunch4 ,franceline demurred1 on the plea that she had never ridden but one horse and was afraid to trust herself on any other4 ,the captain1 however1 settled this difficulty1 by volunteering to send a man over to ,dullerton for ,rosebud4 ,she would come at an easy pace1 and after an hour's rest be ready for the road4 ,on seeing the point so satisfactorily arranged1 ,franceline immediately dismissed her terrors1 and thought it would be rather desirable to try how she could manage on a strange horse4 ,she could not plead that she had forgotten her riding habit1 for ,anglique had remembered it1 as well as the hat and gloves and whip1 all of which had been packed up with her other clothes4 ,the weather was fine1 a bright sun beamed from a stainless sky2 the furze on the common was yellow enough still to illuminate the flat expanse of the country round ,rydal1 and as ,franceline dashed through the golden bushes on her spirited steed1 her youth vindicated itself1 the young blood coursed joyously through her veins1 her spirits rose1 and soon the exercise that she begun reluctantly became one of keen enjoyment4 ,capt4 ,anwyll was not a very interesting companion1 but he was natural and good-natured1 and anxious to please2 he knew now what ground he was treading1 too1 and made no more blunders1 but chatted on without shyness or effort1 and was pleasant enough4 8,roxham is coming to dinner4 ,you know ,roxham8 ,a capital fellow2 a dead shot2 a clever fellow too2 goes in strong for politics and philanthropy and so forth4 ,he'll be in the ministry one of these days ,i dare say1 and setting the country by the ears with his reform crochets1 and that sort of thing3 his head is full of them40 8,not a bad sort of furniture either4 ,why don't you follow his example80 demanded ,franceline4 8,me6 ,how satirical you are6 ,that's not my line at all4 ,i don't go in for politics--only for soldiering1 if there were any to do4 ,they set me up as liberal candidate for the last elections1 but when ,i found it was not to be a walk-over1 and that ,i was to contest it1 ,i backed out4 ,my mother was dreadfully savage4 ,but bless her6 she does not understand it a bit4 ,i'm no hand at making speeches and addressing constituents4 ,now1 ,roxham can hold forth by the hour to a mob1 or to any set of fellows2 it's wonderful to see how he spins out the palaver--and first-rate palaver it is1 ,i can tell you4 ,you should hear him on the hustings6 ,we'll make him describe a great row he and the liberal candidate had at the last elections1 when ,roxham beat him out of the field in grand style2 he was no match for ,roxham anyhow1 and besides he had a stutter1 and when he was in a passion he couldn't get a word out without stamping like a vicious horse4 ,it's great fun to hear ,roxham tell it2 we'll make him do so this evening4 ,it will amuse you40 ,franceline laughed4 ,the name of ,lord ,roxham and the mention of his electioneering feats recalled a scene that was seldom absent from her memory now4 ,every trifling detail of that scene rose vividly before her as she listened to ,captain ,anwyll4 ,would he never allude to one figure in it that overshadowed every other8 ,if she could but lead him to speak of ,clide6 ,perhaps he could tell her something of his present movements2 throw some light on her perplexity4 8,lord ,roxham has a very handsome cousin1 ,lady ,emily ,fitznorman2 do you know her80 she asked1 carelessly4 8,yes4 ,a very nice girl as well as handsome40 8,i wonder she's not married already40 8,you think she's on the wane6 ,wait a while2 you won't think three-and-twenty so antique by and by40 8,i did not mean that2 ,i thought she was about my own age10 protested ,franceline with vivacity2 8but when one is so much admired as ,lady ,emily seemed to be that night at ,dullerton1 one wonders she is not carried off by some devoted admirer40 8,then you noticed that she had a great many8 ,would it be unfair to ask a few names80 8,mr4 de ,winton for one seemed very devoted40 8,de ,winton6 ,humph6 ,who else80 8,why do you say #8humph'8 ,is there reason why he should not be amongst the number80 8,rather--that is to say perhaps--in fact1 thereby hangs a tale40 ,his face wore a quizzical expression as he spoke4 8,what tale80 ,she looked round with a quick1 curious glance4 8,oh6 it's not fair to tell tales out of school1 is it80 8,certainly not2 ,i had no idea there was a secret in the way10 said ,franceline1 bridling4 ,ponsonby was not gifted with the knack of calm irrelevance2 instead of dropping the subject and turning to something else1 he resumed presently3 8,de ,winton is a capital shot too--better than ,roxham2 ,i went boar-hunting with him in ,germany three years ago1 and then black-cock shooting in ,prussia1 and ,i never knew him to miss his aim once40 8,he will come home laden with bears this time no doubt10 she remarked with affected coolness4 8,bears6 not he4 ,he has other game to follow now4 ,are you up to taking that fence1 or shall we go round by the bridle-path8 ,it makes it a good bit longer80 8,i don't care to take the fence4 ,let us go round40 ,she put her horse at a canter1 and they scarcely spoke again until they reached ,rydal4 ,lady ,anwyll's voice sounded from the drawing-room1 summoning her to come in before going upstairs1 but ,franceline did not heed it4 ,she went straight to her room2 she must have a few moments alone2 she could not talk or listen just now4 ,while she was flying through the air1 it seemed as if motion suspended thought1 and kept her poised above the mental whirlwind that ,capt4 ,anwyll's words had evoked2 but once standing with the ground firm under her feet1 thought resumed its power1 and shook off the temporary torpor4 ,she closed her door1 and proceeded quietly to take off her habit4 ,as she did so a voice kept repeating distinctly in her ears1 8,he has other game to follow now60 ,what did it1 could it mean8 ,why1 since he had said so much1 could he not in mercy have said something more8 ,but what did ,capt4 ,anwyll know about mercy in the matter8 ,what was ,mr4 de ,winton to her in his eyes8 ,nothing1 thank heaven6 ,nor in any one else's4 ,it was from mystery to mystery2 she could make nothing out of it4 ,one fact alone grew clearer and clearer to her amidst the dim chaos--,clide de ,winton was the loadstar that was drawing her thoughts1 her longings1 her life after him wherever he was4 ,everything else was vague and undefined4 ,she could not blame any one2 she could not grieve or lament2 she could only lose herself in torturing conjecture4 ,it wanted more than an hour to dinner-time4 ,franceline had not the courage to spend it in the drawing-room1 where she would be the object of ,lady ,anwyll's motherly petting1 and ,ponsonby's flat gossip2 she must have the interval to school herself for the effort that was before her for the rest of the evening4 ,there were steps on the landing2 she opened her door2 one of the maids was passing4 8,please tell her ladyship that ,i am a little tired1 and shall lie down for half an hour before ,i dress40 ,the servant took the message4 ,franceline did not lie down1 however2 she seated herself before the window1 and thought4 ,the exercise was not soothing1 but it was a respite2 and when she made her appearance in the drawing-room1 there was so little trace of fatigue about her that ,lady ,anwyll rallied her good-naturedly on the cruelty of having stayed away under false pretences4 ,lord ,roxham met her with the frankness of an old acquaintance1 and had many pretty speeches to make about their last meeting4 ,franceline responded with sprightly grace1 and hoped he had come prepared to complete her education in parliamentary matters4 ,the evening passed off gaily4 ,lord ,roxham was a fluent if not a brilliant talker1 and under the animating influence of his lively rattle1 ,franceline's spirits rose1 and her hosts1 who had hitherto seen her rather willing to be amused than amusing1 were surprised to see with what graceful spirit she kept the ball going1 bandying light repartee with ,lord ,roxham1 and pricking ,ponsonby into joining in the game with a liveliness that astonished him and enchanted his mother4 ,the dowager chuckled inwardly1 and applauded herself on the success of her little matrimonial scheme2 she already saw ,franceline a peeress1 and happily settled as a near neighbor of her own4 ,none of the party were musical1 but they did not miss this delightful element of sociability1 so unflagging was the flow of talk and anecdote2 and when ,lord ,roxham started up at eleven o'clock to ring for his horse1 every one protested he must have heard the clock strike one too many4 8,come and lunch to-morrow1 and join these two in their ride10 said ,lady ,anwyll1 as she shook hands with him4 8,am ,i going to ride home80 inquired ,franceline1 surprised4 8,certainly not6 ,nor drive either4 ,you don't suppose ,i'm going to let you off with one day's penance80 8,o dear ,lady ,anwyll6 papa will expect me to-morrow1 and he will be uneasy if he does not see me2 ,i assure you he will10 pleaded ,franceline4 8,i can remove that obstacle10 said ,lord ,roxham promptly4 8,i must ride over to ,dullerton early to-morrow morning1 and ,i can have the honor of calling at ,m4 de la ,bourbonais'1 and setting his mind at rest about you40 8,the very thing60 cried ,lady ,anwyll1 shutting up ,franceline1 who had an excuse ready2 8you can call at ,the ,lilies on your way back1 and tell the count he is to expect this young lady when he sees her40 ,luckily ,franceline was ignorant of the juxtaposition of the various seats round ,dullerton1 or it might have struck her as odd that ,lady ,anwyll should propose the messenger's going a round of fifteen miles to call at ,the ,lilies 8on his way back40 ,but she suspected nothing1 and when ,lord ,roxham alighted at ,rydal next day punctually as the clock struck two ,p4,m4 she greeted him with unabashed cordiality1 and was all eagerness to know if he had seen her father1 and what the latter had said4 ,she had slept restlessly1 but she had slept2 her anxiety had not as yet the sting in it that destroys sleep4 ,she did not fail to notice with renewed wonder that ,lord ,roxham had studiously avoided mentioning ,mr4 de ,winton's name4 ,studiously it must have been2 for what more natural than to have mentioned him when discussing the fairy festa where they had first met8 ,she felt certain there must be a motive for so palpable a reticence1 and the thought did not tend to reassure her4 ,she had dressed herself before luncheon1 so when the horses came round1 they mounted at once4 ,franceline1 on starting1 had mentally resolved to make ,lord ,roxham speak on the subject that was uppermost in her mind--to put a direct question in fact1 if everything else failed--but1 strive as she might1 he would not be lured into the trap1 and her courage sank so much on seeing this that she dared not venture on a direct interrogation4 ,they stayed out until near sundown2 the day was breezy and bright1 and ,franceline looked radiant with the excitement and exercise4 8,let us ride up to the knoll and see the sun go down behind the common10 proposed ,capt4 ,anwyll1 as they were about to pass the park gate2 8the sunset is the only thing we have worth showing at ,rydal1 and ,i'd like ,mlle4 de la ,bourbonais to see it40 ,his companions gladly assented1 and the party turned off the road into a bridle-path across the fields which led to the elevation commanding an unbroken view of the spectacle4 ,it seemed as if everything had been purposely cleared away from the landscape that could divert attention for an instant from the glorious pageant of the western skies4 ,not a house was visible1 and scarcely a habitation2 the cottages were hid in the flanks of the valley1 and only reminded you of their existence by a thin vapor that curled up from a solitary chimney and quickly lost itself in the trees4 ,nothing gave any sign of life but the sheep browsing on the gilded emerald of the shorn meadows4 ,the red and gold waves flooded the vast expanse of the horizon1 flowing further and higher as the spectators gazed1 until half heaven was on fire with a conflagration of rainbows4 ,swiftly the colors changed1 crimson and orange first1 then deep and tender shades of purple and green1 until all melted into uniform violet1 the herald of the gathering darkness4 ,they stood watching it in silence1 ,franceline with bated breath4 ,the sunset always had a solemn charm for her1 and she had never seen so vast and gorgeous a one as this4 ,it was like watching the dying throes of a divinity4 8,the play is over1 the audience may retire60 said ,ponsonby1 breaking the pause2 even he had been subdued by the sublimity of the scene4 8,if ,i were a pagan ,i should be a fire-worshipper10 said ,franceline1 as they moved away4 8,i think the worship of the sun is the most natural as well as the most poetic of all forms of idolatry40 8,that's just what ,de ,winton said the first time he saw the sun set from here60 exclaimed ,capt4 ,anwyll triumphantly2 8how comical that you should have hit on the very same idea6 ,he said1 by the way1 that it was the finest sunset he had ever seen in ,england2 it's so wide and low1 you see2 he showed me a sketch he made of a sunset somewhere in the ,vosges that he said it reminded him of4 ,i forget the name of the valley2 but it was uncommonly like2 do you know the ,vosges80 8,no2 ,i have never been to that part of ,france40 ,lord ,roxham glanced at her as she said this in a clear1 low voice4 ,he saw nothing in her countenance that afforded a clew to whatever he was looking for4 ,it had grown chilly now that the sun had set1 and they had been standing several minutes on the knoll4 ,of one accord the three riders broke into a gallop as they entered the park1 and dashed along between the pollard ,wellingtonias1 standing stiff and stark as tumuli on either side of the long avenue4 ,lady ,anwyll had gone to visit some poor sick woman in the neighborhood1 and had not yet returned4 ,the gentlemen went round to the stables1 and ,franceline to her room4 ,she dressed herself quickly1 wrote a short letter to her father according to her promise of writing to him every day during her absence1 and then threw the window wide open and sat down beside it4 ,it was fresh enough1 and she wore only her muslin dress1 but she did not feel the freshness of the air--she was too excited to be conscious of any external influence of the kind4 ,she sat as motionless as a statue1 gazing abstractedly over the empurpled sky where the moon appeared like a shred of white cloud4 ,she had not sat there long when the fragrant fumes of a cigar came floating in through her window1 followed soon by a sound of footsteps and voices4 ,ponsonby and his guest were coming in4 ,franceline did not close the window or move away1 though the voices were now audible2 the speakers had not entered the house2 they were walking under the veranda that ran round the front4 ,what matter8 ,they were not likely to be talking secrets2 she was welcome to listen1 no doubt1 to whatever they might have to say4 8,there is the carriage coming10 said ,ponsonby2 8my mother is out too late with her rheumatism2 ,i'll pitch into her for it40 8,yes2 it doesn't do to stay out after sunset when one has any chronic ailment of that sort4 ,by the way1 you mentioned ,de ,winton just now2 have you heard of him lately80 8,no2 not since he left ,berlin4 ,it seems he was very near kicking the bucket there2 he was awfully bad1 and nobody with him but his man ,stanton40 8,how did you hear about it80 8,through ,parker1 a fellow in our regiment whose brother is attach at ,berlin2 the story made a sensation there1 but no one knew of it until ,de ,winton had left40 ,the speakers passed on to the end of the veranda1 and ,franceline could catch nothing more until they drew near again4 ,lord ,roxham was speaking4 8,poor fellow6 ,it's tremendously hard on him1 and ,i believe there is no redress2 nothing to make out a case for divorce40 8,i fancy not2 but even if there were it would not be available1 since he's a ,romanist40 8,ah6 to be sure2 ,i forgot that2 but what a mystification the whole business is6 ,i've known ,de ,winton since we were both boys--we were ,eton chums1 you know--but he never breathed a word of it to me4 ,yet he's not a close fellow2 quite the contrary4 ,and who the deuce is the woman8 ,where did he come across her80 ,they passed out of hearing again1 and when they returned the tramping of horses and the crunching of wheels overtopped their voices4 ,the sounds all died away2 ,lady ,anwyll had come in1 and gone to her room--every one was waiting in the drawing-room1 but ,franceline did not appear4 ,her hostess1 thinking she had not heard the dinner-bell1 sent for her4 ,presently the maid came rushing down the stairs and into the forbidden precincts of the drawing-room with a scared face4 8,please1 my lady1 she's in a dead faint6 ,i found her all in a heap on the floor1 ready dressed4 ,i lifted her on to the bed1 but she don't move60 ,an exclamation burst simultaneously from the three listeners4 ,in a moment they were all in ,franceline's room2 there she lay stretched on the bed1 as the woman had said1 white and still as death1 one hand hanging1 and her hair1 that had been loosened in the fall1 dropping on her shoulder4 ,the usual restoratives were applied1 and in about a quarter of an hour she gave signs of awakening--the veined lids quivered1 the mouth twitched convulsively1 and a short sigh escaped her4 ,lady ,anwyll signed to her son and ,lord ,roxham to withdraw2 they had scarcely left the room when ,franceline opened her eyes and stared about her with the blank gaze of returning consciousness4 ,she swallowed some wine at ,lady ,anwyll's request1 but soon put the glass away with a gesture of disgust4 ,in answer to her hostess' anxious entreaties to say where she suffered1 and why she had swooned1 the young girl could only say she had felt tired and weary1 and that she longed to be left alone and go to sleep4 ,lady ,anwyll agreed that sleep would be the best restorative1 and insisted on staying till she saw her settled in bed2 then she kissed her1 and promising to come soon and see if she was asleep1 she left the room with a noiseless step4 8,what is it8 ,is there anything much amiss1 mother80 was the captain's exclamation4 ,lord ,roxham was equally concerned4 8,nothing1 except you have nearly killed her1 both of you4 ,you have ridden the child to death2 she is not accustomed to it1 and she has overdone herself2 but she will be all right ,i hope in the morning4 ,there's nothing the matter but fatigue1 she assures me40 ,ponsonby rated himself soundly for being such a brute as to have let her tire herself2 he ought to have remembered that she was done up the day before after a much shorter ride4 ,he was awfully sorry4 ,his remorse was no doubt quite genuine1 but when they sat down to dinner he proved to demonstration that that feeling is compatible with an unimpaired appetite4 ,lady ,anwyll left them before they had finished to see how ,franceline was going on2 she found her awake1 but quite well1 and going to sleep very soon1 she assured the kind old lady4 8,then1 my dear child1 ,i will not have you disturbed again2 if you wake and want anything1 strike this gong1 and ,trinner will come at once4 ,i will make her sleep in the room next yours to-night40 ,franceline protested1 but the dowager silenced her with a kiss2 put out the light1 and left her4 ,she lay very still1 but there was no chance of sleep for her4 ,sleep had fled from her eyes as peace had fled from her heart4 ,she longed to get up1 and find relief from the intolerable strain of immobility1 but she dared not2 her room was over a part of the drawing-room1 and she might be heard4 ,the evening seemed to drag on with preternatural slowness4 ,she could hear the low hum of voices through the ceiling4 ,once there was a clatter of porcelain--probably ,ponce overturning the tea-tray4 ,at last the stable-clock struck eleven2 there was opening and shutting of doors for a while1 and then silence4 ,franceline sat up and listened until not a sound was anywhere to be heard4 ,every soul in the house had gone to bed4 ,trinner had come last of all to her room4 ,the star made by her candle gleamed through the key-hole for a long time2 at last it disappeared1 and soon the loud1 regular breathing told that she was fast asleep4 ,franceline rose1 threw her dressing-wrapper round her1 and drew back the curtain from the window4 ,it was a relief to let the night-lights in upon her solitude2 the glorious gaze of the moon seemed to chase away phantoms with the darkness4 ,she felt awake now4 ,all this time1 lying there in the utter darkness1 it seemed as if she were still in a swoon1 or held in the grip of a nightmare2 she shook herself free from the benumbing clutch1 and sat down close by the window1 and tried to collect her thoughts4 ,there was one phantom which the moonlight could not dispel2 it stood out now distinctly as she looked at it with revived consciousness4 ,clide de ,winton was a married man4 ,it was to the husband of another that she had given her heart with its first pure vintage of impassioned love4 ,he who had looked at her with those ardent eyes1 penetrating her soul like flame1 had all along been another woman's husband4 ,there was no more room for hope1 even for doubt2 suspense was at an end2 the period of dark conjecture was gone4 ,it was clear enough1 all that had been so inexplicable1--clear as when the lightning flashes out of a lurid sky1 and illuminates the scene of an earthquake2 a sea lashed to fury by winds that have lost their current1 ships sinking in billows that break before they heave1 the land gaping and groaning1 trees uprooted1 habitations falling with a crash of thunder1 all live things clinging and flying in wild disorder4 ,franceline considered it all as she sat1 still and white as a stone1 without missing a single detail in the scene4 ,violent demonstration was not in her nature4 ,in pain or in joy it was her habit to be self-contained4 ,she had as yet been called upon but for very slight trials of strength and self-control2 but such as the experience was it had left behind it an innate though unconscious sense of power that rose instinctively to her aid now4 ,she had fainted away under the first shock of the discovery2 but that tribute of weakness paid to nature1 she would yield no more4 ,tears might come later2 but now she would not indulge in them4 ,she must face the worst without flinching4 ,what was the worst8 ,clide was a married man4 ,that was bad enough in all conscience2 yet there might be worse behind4 ,circumstances might cast a blacker dye even on this4 ,lord ,roxham had spoken in a tone of sympathy3 8,poor fellow6 ,it's tremendously hard on him4'''0 ,he would have spoken differently if there were any villany in question4 ,but if ,lord ,roxham had not thus indirectly acquitted him1 ,franceline would have done so spontaneously4 ,yes1 even in the first moment of despair1 while the flood was sweeping over her1 she acquitted him4 ,he had dragged her down into unsounded depths of agony and shame1 but he had not done it deliberately2 he was neither a liar nor a traitor4 ,had he not been brought to the jaws of death himself only a month ago8 ,there was an indescribable comfort in the pang those words had inflicted4 ,he too1 then1 was suffering2 they were both victims4 ,clide had never meant to deceive her2 she would have sworn it on the altar of her unshaken faith in him2 she wanted no stronger evidence than the promptings of her own heart4 ,she was confident there would be some adequate explanation of whatever now seemed ambiguous1 when she should have learned all4 ,no2 she need not separate the attribute of truth and honor from his image2 she could no more do it than she could separate the idea of light from the pure maiden moon that was looking down on her from heaven2 she would see darkness in light before she would believe ,clide de ,winton false4 ,this irrepressible need of her heart once satisfied--,clide judged and acquitted--what then8 ,granted that he was innocent as yonder stars1 how did it affect her8 ,what did it signify to her henceforth whether he was innocent or guilty1 true or false8 ,he was the husband of another woman2 as good as dead to ,franceline de la ,bourbonais2 parted from her by a more impassable barrier than death4 ,if he were only dead she might love him still1 hold him enshrined in her heart's core with a clasp that death could not sever--only strengthen4 ,but he was worse than dead2 he was married4 ,she must banish him even from her thoughts2 his memory must henceforth be as far from her as the thought of murder1 or any other crime that her crystal conscience shuddered even to name4 ,she might acquit him1 crown him with the noblest attributes of manhood2 but that done1 she must dismiss him from her remembrance1 and forget him as if he had never lived4 ,franceline had remained seated1 her hands locked passively in her lap1 while these thoughts shaped themselves in her mind4 ,when they reached the climax1 expressed in these words3 8,i must forget him as if he had never lived60 she rose to her feet1 clasped her forehead in both hands1 and an inarticulate cry broke from her3 8,it would be easier to die6''' ,if ,i had anything to forgive1 that would help me6 ,but ,i have nothing to forgive60 ,it would not have helped her1 though she fancied so2 it would have turned the bitterness of the cup into poison4 ,but she could not realize this now4 ,it seemed harder to renounce what was good and beautiful than to cast away what was unworthy4 ,if the idol had uttered one false oracle1 demanded anything base1 betrayed itself before betraying her1 it would have been easier1 she thought1 to overturn it4 ,indignation would have nerved her to the deed1 and she would have dealt the blow without compunction4 ,but it had done nothing to forfeit her love and trust1 and nevertheless she must dash it down and cast the fragments into the fire1 and not preserve even the dust as a precious thing4 ,what a merciful doom his death would have been compared to this6 ,how was she to do it8 ,who would help her to so ruthless a demolition8 ,did any one speak in the silence1 or was it only the unspoken cry of her own soul that answered8 ,she had fancied herself alone2 she had forgotten that a ,presence was close to her1 waiting to be invoked1 patient1 faithful1 and protecting even while forgotten4 ,the voice sounded sweet in its warning solemnity1 and filled the lonely chamber with a more benign ray than ever shone from midnight sky or blazing noon4 ,franceline stretched out her arms to meet it1 and with a loud sob fell upon her knees4 8,o my ,god6 forgive me6 ,forgive me1 and help me6 ,i have sinned1 but my punishment is greater than ,i can bear60 ,the floodgates were thrown back2 the tears fell in hot showers1 the sobs shook her as the storm shakes the sapling4 ,she knelt there crouching in the darkness1 her head leaning on her folded arms1 and gave herself up to the passionate outburst1 like a child weeping itself to sleep on its mother's breast4 ,but this could not last4 ,it was only a truce4 ,the real battle1 the decisive one1 had only now begun2 what had gone before were but the preliminaries4 ,hitherto she had thought only of her grief and humiliation2 she was now brought face to face with her sin--the sin of idolatry4 ,she had made unto herself an idol of clay1 and placed it on the altar of her heart1 and burned incense before it with every breath she drew2 the smoke had made a mist before her eyes1 but it was dissolving4 ,she looked into the desecrated sanctuary1 and struck her breast with humility and self-abasement4 ,her tears were flowing copiously1 but they were not all brine2 she was drawing strength from their bitterness4 ,victory was not for 8the days of peace10 but for such an hour as this4 ,she had been trained from childhood in the hope of heaven1 in the firm belief that this life was but the transitory passage to the true home2 that its sorrows and joys were too evanescent1 too unreal to be counted of more importance than the rain and wind that scatter the sunshine of a summer's day2 she had been taught1 too1 that the bliss of that immortal home is purchased by suffering--a thing to be taken by violence1 a crown to be grasped through thorns4 ,hitherto her adherence to this creed had been entirely theoretical2 she accepted it1 but in some vague way felt that she1 personally1 was beyond its action4 ,her father had suffered2 her mother1 too1 cut off in her happy bloom1 had won the crown by a lingering illness and an early death2 but she1 ,franceline1 enjoyed1 it would seem1 some privileged immunity from the stern law4 ,such had unawares been her reasoning4 ,but now she was undeceived2 her hour had come1 and she must meet it as a ,christian4 ,now was the time to prove the sincerity of her faith1 the strength of her principles2 if they failed her1 they were no better than stubble and brass that dissolve at the first breath of the furnace4 ,a duel to the death is always brief3 the foes close in mortal conflict2 the thrusts come fast and sharp2 one or other falls4 ,when ,franceline lifted her head from her arms1 the expression of the tear-stained face showed which way the battle had gone3 the victor stood erect with his foot upon the victim's neck1 unscathed1 serene1 and pitiless4 ,love lay bleeding and maimed1 but ,conscience smiled in triumph4 8,i will not let thee go until thou hast blessed me10 the wrestler had said1 and the angel had blessed her before he fled4 ,the night was nearly spent when ,franceline rose up from her knees1 numbed and shivering1 although the weather was not cold4 ,she walked rapidly up and down for a few moments to warm herself2 there was a spring in her step1 a light in her eyes1 that told of recovered energy and unshaken purpose2 her nerves might tingle1 her heart might grieve1 but they would neither faint nor quail4 ,she dropped on her knees again for one moment and uttered a prayer1 more of thanksgiving this time than supplication1 and then lay down and soon fell asleep4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,franceline came down next morning1 after breakfasting in her room as if she had been ailing1 there was scarcely any trace in her aspect of the conflict of the night4 ,eyes do not retain the stains of tears very long at eighteen1 and if she was a trifle paler than usual1 it was accounted for by the over-exertion which had brought the fainting fit4 ,she expressed a wish to go home as early as was convenient to her hosts1 and they consented with reluctance1 but without offering any resistance4 ,lady ,anwyll said the child was weary and dull1 and that the next time she came to ,rydal they should make it livelier for her4 ,with what a feeling of regaining a haven of rest did ,franceline enter the little garden at ,the ,lilies1 where her father1 warned by the sound of the wheels1 hastened out and stood waiting to clasp her6--,anglique graciously letting him have the first kiss1 before she claimed her turn4 8,we have been like fishes out of water without thee6--have we not1 ma bonne80 was ,raymond's joyful exclamation1 as he gathered his child to his heart1 and then held her from him to look wistfully into the sweet1 smiling face4 8,yes1 we were dull enough without our singing bird1 though ,i dare say she didn't miss us much60 was ,anglique's rejoinder4 ,franceline declared she would go away very soon again to teach them to value her more4 ,but the singing bird was not the same after this4 ,the spirit that had found utterance in its joyous voice was dead4 ,a lark rises from the clover-field1 and pours out its sweet1 8harmonious madness0 over the earth2 swiftly it soars away--away--into fathomless space1 and while1 spell-bound1 we strain after the fading notes1 lo6 the sportsman's arrow hisses by1 a cry rends the welkin1 the songster is struck--he will never sing again4 ,perhaps you despise ,franceline for allowing the loss of an imaginary possession to put the light out of her life in this way4 ,as if our lives were not made desolate half the time by the loss of what we never had6 ,you will say that self-respect and pride ought to have come to her aid1 and enabled her to quench in blood1 if needs be1 the fire that her conscience pronounced guilty4 ,but is the process so quickly accomplished1 think you8 ,franceline was doing her best2 she was concentrating all the energies of her mind and soul in the struggle1 but it was not to be done in a day2 the very purity of her love constituted its strength4 ,if there had been the smallest element of corruption in it1 it would have died quicker2 but its fibres were enduring because they were pure4 ,yet she was not forgetful of her father and of all that he had hitherto been to her1 and she to him2 far from it4 ,the effort to conceal her sufferings from him was a great help to her in controlling them1 though it often taxed her strength severely4 ,sometimes1 when the feeling of isolation pressed on her almost beyond endurance1 when she felt that she must have the solace of his sympathy1 cost what it might1 she would steal into his study1 determined to speak and let the murder out2 but the sight of the venerable head bowed over his books1 absorbed1 and happy in his unconsciousness1 would arrest her words and choke them back into silence4 ,the strain was hard1 but was it not a mercy that she had as yet only her own burden to bear8 ,what a price would she not have to pay for the momentary relief of leaning it on him6 ,what might not be dreaded from the effect of the revelation on his sensitive pride1 and still more sensitive love8 ,and then the inevitable breach between him and his oldest1 almost his only friend1 ,sir ,simon6 ,they would leave ,the ,lilies and go forth she knew not where4 ,no2 silence indubitably was best4 ,to speak might be to kill her father4 ,this state of things lasted for a week1 and then there was granted an alleviation4 ,father ,henwick had been called to a distance to see his mother1 who was dying2 he arrived in time to assist her with his filial ministry in the last passage2 remained to settle all that followed1 and then came back to resume the even tenor of his life at ,dullerton4 ,father ,henwick was one of those men whom you may know for a lifetime1 and never find out until some special circumstance reveals them4 ,there was no sign in his outward man of anything remarkable in the inner man4 ,he had not acquired1 or at any rate retained1 any ,french polish or grace from his early sojourn at the ,french seminary4 ,his manners were very homely1 and abrupt almost to brusqueness2 he was neither tall nor small1 but of that height which steers between the two1 and so escapes notice2 his voice had the unmistakable ring of refinement and early education1 yet he seldom associated with his equals1 his intercourse being confined chiefly to the poor4 ,these and their children were his familiars at ,dullerton4 ,the latter looked on him as their especial property1 and took all manner of liberties with him unrebuked--hanging on to his coat-tails1 and plunging their audacious little paws into the sacred precincts of his pockets1 whence experience had taught them something might turn up to their advantage3 penny whistles1 ,dutch dolls1 buns1 lollypops1 and crackers were continually issuing from those mysterious depths which the small fry sounded behind ,father ,henwick's back1 and apparently unbeknown to him1 while he administered comfort of another description to their elders4 ,the fact of his having been educated in ,france1 and speaking ,french like a ,frenchman1 accounted to the general mind of ,dullerton for the eccentric habits and unconventional manners of the ,catholic priest1 especially for his shyness with his own class1 and undue familiarity with those in the humbler ranks4 ,it ought to have established him on the footing of close intimacy at ,the ,lilies2 and yet it had not done so4 ,m4 de le ,bourbonais professed and felt the greatest esteem for him1 and made him welcome in his gracious way2 but ,father ,henwick was too shrewd an observer of human nature not to see exactly how far this was meant to go4 ,franceline's early instruction had been confided to him1 and the remembrance of the pains he had taken with the little catechumen1 the fondness with which he had planted and fostered the good seed in her heart1 made a claim on ,raymond's gratitude2 but it did not remove an intangible barrier between the father in the flesh and the father in the spirit4 ,m4 de la ,bourbonais was a ,catholic2 if anybody had dared to impugn by one word the stanchness of his ,catholicity1 he would have felt it his painful duty to run that person through the body2 but1 as with so many of his countrymen1 his faith ended here2 it was altogether theoretical2 he was ready at a moment's notice to fight or die for it2 but it did not enter into his views to live for it4 ,for ,franceline1 however1 it was a different thing4 ,religion was made for women1 and women for religion4 ,with that tender reverence for his child's faith1 which in ,france is so often the last bulwark of the father's1 ,raymond had been at considerable pains to hide from ,franceline the inconsistency that existed between his own practice and teaching4 ,when the great event was approaching which1 in the life of a ,french child especially1 is surrounded by such touching solemnity1 he made it his delight to assist ,father ,henwick in preparing her for it1 making her rehearse his instructions between times1 or teaching her the catechism himself4 ,then1 to anticipate awkward questions and impossible explanations1 he made a point of rising early on ,sundays and festivals and going to first ,mass before ,franceline was out of bed4 ,the habit once contracted1 he continued it2 so it came about naturally that she took for granted her father did at a different hour what he attached so much importance to her doing4 ,in conversation with ,father ,henwick she had more than once incidentally let this belief transpire2 but he was not the one to undeceive her1 or tear away the veil that parental sensitiveness had drawn between itself and those childlike eyes4 ,neither was he one to broach the subject indiscreetly to ,m4 de la ,bourbonais4 ,a day might come for speaking2 meanwhile he was content to be silent and to wait4 ,the day ,father ,henwick returned to ,dullerton after his mother's funeral1 his confessional was surrounded by a greater crowd than usual2 his parishioners had a whole week's arrears of troubles and questions1 spiritual and temporal1 to settle with him1 and it was late when he was able to speak to ,franceline4 ,the conference was a long one2 by the time it was over the church was nearly empty2 only a few figures were still kneeling in the shadows as the young girl1 coming out through a side-door1 walked through the graves with a quick1 light step and proceeded homewards4 ,tears were falling under her veil1 and a sob every now and then showed that the source was still full to overflowing2 but her heart was lighter than it had been for many days1 her will was strengthened and her purpose fixed4 ,she was bent on being courageous1 on walking forward bravely and never looking back4 ,she blessed ,god for the comfort she had received and the strength that had been imparted to her4 ,oh6 she was glad now that she had resisted the first impulse to speak to her father1 and had been silent4 ,that evening ,m4 de la ,bourbonais and ,anglique remarked how cheerful she was4 ,she stayed up later than usual reading to ,raymond1 and commenting spiritedly on what she read2 then bade him good-night with almost a rejoicing heart1 and slept soundly until long past daybreak4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,ireland ,,in #ahgd4 8,yes10 said ,mr4 ,bernard at the close of a long discussion1 8it is quite marvellous how little ,englishmen know about ,ireland6 ,and their prejudices are the necessary consequence of such ignorance6 ,i wish they could be made to travel there more60 ,no one1 perhaps1 more heartily agreed with him than ,i did1 taught by my experiences of last autumn1 which occurred in the following manner4 ,i had been sometime absent from that country1 a resident in ,london1 when ,i unexpectedly received a pressing invitation last ,september1 from a friend living in the ,county ,westmeath1 to cross ,st4 ,george's ,channel and pay her my long-promised visit4 8,westmeath60 exclaimed my ,london circle--8,westmeath6 ,you must not dream of it6 ,you'll be shot1 my dear60 said one old lady4 8,taken up by the police60 said another4 8,it's ridiculous1 absurd60 cried a third4 8,remember the ,peace-,preservation ,act and all that implies--murders1 ,fenians1 ,ribbonmen1 police6 ,don't risk your precious life amongst them1 or we shall never lay eyes upon you again60 ,and they all looked as solemn as if they had received an invitation to attend my ,requiem1 and were meditating what flowers to choose for the wreaths each meant to lay upon my coffin4 ,nothing1 however1 made me hesitate4 ,go ,i would1 in defiance of all their remonstrances2 for1 ,i argued1 if my friend1 who herself owned land in ,westmeath1 could live there and see no impropriety in asking me1 as a matter of course ,i should run no risk in accepting her invitation4 ,at length1 finding me obstinate1 my cousin1 ,harry ,west1 came forward1 and1 volunteering to escort me1 promised my relatives that he would judge for himself1 and if he saw danger would insist on my returning with him4 ,he was a middle-aged man1 land agent of an estate in ,buckinghamshire--one of the most peaceful counties in the ,united ,kingdom--had never set foot in ,ireland1 but1 having been studying the ,irish question--as he thought--and poring over the debates on this same ,peace-,preservation ,act last session1 held even gloomier views concerning ,ireland than any of my other numerous acquaintances4 ,in consequence1 ,i looked upon this as the most self-sacrificing act of friendship he could possibly offer4 ,at the same time1 ,i accepted it4 ,accordingly1 we started by the night mail which leaves ,euston ,square at twenty-five minutes past eight ,p4,m4 ,for the first two hours ,i was haunted1 ,i confess1 by the dread of the ,scotch limited mail running into us1 as ,i knew it was to leave the same spot only five minutes later2 and both trains being express1 if any hitch should occur to us between the stations1 we might 8telescope0 each other without any means of preventing it4 ,at least1 so it seemed to my ignorant mind4 ,harry fortunately knew nothing of this2 but his thoughts were none the less running upon danger1 remembering some terrible accidents to this same ,irish mail--notably the one some four years ago1 when ,lord and ,lady ,farnham1 ,judge ,berwick and his sister1 and others we knew1 were reduced to a heap of ashes in a few minutes by an explosion of petroleum which caught fire in a collision4 ,luckily1 ,harry fell asleep on quitting ,chester1 and never noticed the fatal spot1 nor awoke until we drew up at five minutes past three ,a4,m4 alongside the mail packet ,leinster some way out on the pier at ,holyhead4 ,the night was fine1 the sea calm1 the passengers tired2 so every one slept tranquilly until the stewardess1 rushing into the ladies' cabin1 announced that we had passed the ,kish light some time1 and should be 8in0 in half an hour4 ,without conveying any meaning to an ,english lady close by1 the word quickly roused me2 for it was full of memories--sad1 yet happy4 ,many and many an evening1 when living once on the ,wicklow shore1 had ,i sat watching on the far horizon the sparkling light which marked the well-known light-ship nine miles off the ,irish coast4 ,of a summer's night it shone like a twinkling star1 suggestive of cool1 refreshing breezes far away upon the calm waters1 when perchance a hot breeze hung heavily over the land2 but in winter the simple knowledge of its existence1 with two men living there on board in a solitude that was broken only once a month1 while the winds and waves raged fiercely around the ship1 often haunted my dreams and made the stormy nights doubly dreary all along the ,wicklow sea-board4 8,the ,kish light6 ,has not that a delightful1 pleasant home sound80 said a middle-aged woman near1 looking at me as if she had divined my thoughts4 8,and these boats--there are no others to be compared to them6 ,the ,english have no excuse for not coming to ,ireland10 she continued1 8with vessels of this kind1 that are like true floating bridges1 so steady1 swift1 and large4 ,who could be ill in them8 ,no one60 ,i was puzzled to think who she could be2 for though the face was not unfamiliar1 ,i could give it no name4 ,it was that of a lady1 certainly1 with a bright1 intelligent1 happy expression2 but ,i saw that her garb was coarse as she bent and rummaged for something in her bag4 ,in a moment1 however1 the mystery was solved by her lightly throwing a snow-white piece of linen over her head1 which1 as if by magic1 took the form of the cornet of a ,sister of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul4 8,sister ,mary60 ,i exclaimed1 8whom ,i knew at ,constantinople60 8,the same10 she answered4 8,i thought ,i knew you60 ,and shaking hands cordially1 we sat down to talk over the past4 ,she was a native of ,ireland--her accent alone betrayed her1 though she had not seen her native land for years--and ,i had known her in the ,east1 after which she had been to ,algiers and various other parts4 ,now1 to her great joy1 she had been ordered for a while to one of the convents of the order in ,dublin--a joy which1 though she tried1 nun-like1 to subdue it1 burst forth uncontrollably the nearer we approached the land4 ,coming with me on deck to watch our entrance into ,kingstown ,harbor1 the first person we met was ,harry ,west1 who eyed my companion with amazement2 for he had never seen a ,sister of ,charity in living form before1 though he entertained that sort of romantic admiration for them which the most rigid ,protestants often accord to this order1 though they deny it to every other4 ,turning round again1 my surprise was great at encountering the ,bishop--the ,catholic ,bishop--of ----shire1 on his way to the consecration of a church in the far west of ,ireland4 8,quelle heureuse rencontre60 said his lordship playfully2 for we were very old friends4 8,you see ,i am attracted also to the dear old country6 ,you smile10 he continued1 noticing my amused expression as ,i introduced ,harry to him4 8,oh6 yes1 ,i know ,i am a ,saxon1 pur sang4 ,but we ,english bishops and priests always feel as if we were at home the instant we put our foot on shore in the ,green ,isle4 ,there's ,kingstown and its church1 where ,i shall go to say ,mass the moment we land4 ,watch1 now60 he added1 as we drew up alongside the jetty2 8you'll see how civil the men will be the instant they perceive ,i am a bishop40 ,as he spoke a porter rushed by1 and an impulse seized me to give him a hint to this effect4 ,at once the man knelt down1 in all his hurry1 8for his lordship's blessing20 nor did he limit his attentions to this1 but insisted on carrying his luggage1 not only on shore1 but up to the hotel1 refusing1 as the bishop later told us1 to accept a penny for his time and trouble--8the honor of serving his lordship and of getting his blessing was quite reward enough60 ,harry1 standing by1 could not believe his eyes4 ,it was a phase of life quite unknown to him4 ,but there was no time for meditation2 the train was on the pier1 the whistle sounded1 and we were soon on the road to ,dublin4 ,it was ,sunday--the one day of all others which1 had ,i wished to show ,harry the difference between the two countries1 ,i should have purposely chosen2 the one morning in the week when ,dublin is astir from early dawn1 and ,london1 on the other hand1 sleeps4 ,residents in the latter1 ,catholic residents especially1 are painfully aware of the difficulty of finding cab or conveyance of any kind to take them to early ,mass1 and know how1 in the finest summer weather1 they may wander through the parks without meeting a human being until the afternoon4 ,in ,england church-going commences1 properly speaking1 at eleven o'clock only1 and then chiefly for the upper classes2 the evening services1 on the contrary1 are largely attended by the servants and trades-people1 to meet which custom a vast majority of families dine on cold viands1 or even relinquish the meal altogether1 substituting tea1 with cold meat--or 8heavy tea10 as it is generally called--for the ordinary social gathering4 ,in ,ireland1 as in every ,catholic country1 the whole system is reversed1 as the natural consequence of the church discipline1 which enjoins the hearing of ,mass on the whole community1 high and low2 and--contrary to the ,protestant system--once this obligation fulfilled1 the attendance at evening service is necessarily much smaller4 ,harry never having even been out of ,england1 except for a 8run up the ,rhine0 some years before1 and knowing no ,catholic but myself1 it never occurred to him to think of these distinctions1 nor to suppose that he would find anything in ,ireland different from ,english ways1 except that unlimited lawlessness the existence of which he believed made life so impossible there4 ,he was in the process of recovering from his astonishment at the unfamiliar phraseology of the ,westland ,row railway porters when our passage to the cab was impeded by a crowd suddenly rushing along the footway1 met by an advancing one from the opposite direction1 composed of the very poorest class1 men1 women1 and children4 ,harry's lively imagination and preconceived ideas led him at once to conclude that it must be a ,fenian ,hyde ,park mob renforc2 and the bewildered horror of his countenance at thus finding his worst fears realized the instant he arrived at the ,dublin terminus was beyond all description comic4 8,ah6 sure1 your honor1 it's the seven o'clock ,mass that's just over1 and the half-past seven that is going to begin10 explained the cabman1 pointing to the large church which stands at ,westland ,row adjoining the railway station4 8,sure1 this goes on every half-hour until one o'clock4 ,an't we all obliged to hear ,mass1 whatever else we do80 ,and as we proceeded1 ,i cross-questioned him for the benefit of my cousin4 ,we discovered that this same man had been to church at six o'clock that morning1 belonged to a confraternity1 approached the sacraments regularly1 and performed various acts of charity in sickness and distress amongst his fellow-members1 in accordance with the rules of the said society2 yet he was but poorly clad1 and showed no outward signs of the remarkable intelligence with which he answered me on every point4 ,as usual on these occasions1 the choice of a hotel had been puzzling1 the ,shelbourne1 ,morrison's1 ,maple's1 each having their distinctive advantages2 but at last we decided in favor of the ,imperial1 a quiet but comfortable establishment facing the ,general ,post-,office in ,sackville ,street4 ,the streets were alive with people as we crossed ,carlisle ,bridge1 past ,smith ,o',brien's white marble statue2 and ,harry could not help noticing the contrast to ,england at that early ,sunday hour4 ,refreshed by our ablutions and clean toilets1 we were comfortably seated at breakfast1 when sounds of music approaching caused us to rush to the window1 and showed us a wagonette full of musicians in green uniform1 playing 8,garry ,owen0 and 8,patrick's ,day10 followed by half a dozen outside cars full of men and women4 8,fenians60 cried ,harry4 8,i told you ,i could not be mistaken40 8,only some trade guild going out for an innocent day's pleasure in the country2 after having been to ,mass too1 ,i have no doubt10 observed a gentleman close by1 whose accent was unmistakably ,english4 8,this is not the only custom that will seem new to you1 if you are strangers10 he continued1 addressing ,harry1 and smiling meanwhile4 8,no two countries ever were more different than ,england and ,ireland4 ,i shall never forget my astonishment on arriving here two years ago4 ,i could not get accustomed to it at all at first4 ,i remember one circumstance particularly which greatly struck me4 ,i arrived on a ,sunday morning1 as you have done1 and taking up the ,freeman's ,journal--one of the best ,dublin papers--on ,monday1 perceived a short paragraph in a corner1 headed1 #8,a ,bishop ,killed1' so small that it might easily have escaped notice4 ,nor was there any allusion to it in any other part of the paper2 but1 reading on1 you may conceive my surprise at finding that #8a bishop' was no one less than the ,bishop of ,winchester1 the leading bishop in ,england1 whose death by a fall from his horse1 you will remember1 convulsed that country through its length and breadth4 ,not one of my acquaintances even--and ,i had many in ,dublin--took the smallest interest in it4 ,they had not followed his career2 he had not the slightest influence in ,ireland2 and few knew his name1 or that he was any relation to the great ,wilberforce4 ,on the other hand1 they were at the time living upon news from the ,north1 where a police officer was on his trial for the murder of a bank manager--a fact which no one in ,england gave the smallest heed to4 ,i had never heard of it4 ,but that same afternoon the head waiter of the hotel1 unable to conceal his excitement1 came up and whispered to me1 #8,he is condemned1 sir6 ,i have got a telegram from ,omagh myself this instant4' ,i had only been thirty-six hours in ,ireland at the time1 and1 having merely glanced at the newspaper1 knew nothing of the trial2 so ,i was electrified and mystified beyond measure1 and had no remedy but to sit down and study it4 ,i then discovered it was deeply interesting from its bearing upon all classes1 and ,i could not resist writing to some of the ,english papers and endeavoring to excite them on the subject4 ,but it would not do6 ,no paper inserted my letter4 ,the similarity of interest is not kept up continuously between the two countries1 owing very much1 ,i think1 to the little interchange of newspapers between them4 ,i hope you have ordered your ,times to be forwarded1 sir10 he continued2 8for you can't expect to find one to buy in ,dublin4 ,they'll always give you the ,irish ,times1 if you merely ask for the ,times2 they never think about the latter--far less than on the ,continent40 ,this was a dreadful blow to ,harry2 for1 like all ,englishmen1 he could not exist without his ,times at breakfast1 and1 though ,i proposed that he should write for it by that night's mail1 his reviving spirits were sadly checked by the feeling of being in a land which apparently did not believe in his guide and vade-mecum4 ,i felt it would be heartless under such circumstances to leave him alone2 yet1 ,i should go to ,mass4 ,at length1 not liking to let me wander by myself in 8such a dangerous city10 he offered to accompany me and give up his own service for the day4 ,a little curiosity1 ,i thought1 lurked beneath the kindness2 but if so1 it was amply rewarded4 ,following the porter's direction of 8first to the right and then to the left10 we soon reached the handsome church in ,marlborough ,street1 opposite the ,national ,schools4 ,as at ,westland ,row1 so here an immense crowd was pouring out1 but a far larger one pushing in2 so that1 although long before twelve o'clock1 we considered ourselves fortunate in getting any places whatever4 ,unaware that this was the cathedral1 and without any expectations regarding it in consequence1 our surprise was great when a long procession moved up the centre1 closed by ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,cullen1 in full pontificals1 blessing us as he passed4 8,those are the canons who attend on all great occasions1 and the young men are the students at ,clonliffe ,seminary10 whispered a young woman next me in answer to my inquiries1 while his eminence was taking his seat on the throne1 to ,harry's infinite edification4 8,and we shall have a sermon from ,father ,burke after ,mass10 she continued--8#8our ,prince of ,preachers1' as the cardinal calls him4 ,i came here more than an hour ago1 in order to get a place4 ,i promise you it'll be worth hearing4 ,oh6 there's no one like him4 ,god bless him60 ,and as she said1 so it happened4 ,the instant ,mass was over1 not before1 the famous ,dominican was seen ascending the pulpit4 ,the centre of the church was filled with benches1 and a standing mass in the passage between1 while the aisles were so packed by the poorest classes that a pin could not be dropped amongst them4 ,of that vast multitude not one individual had stirred1 and in a few seconds they hung with rapt attention upon every word spoken by the gifted preacher4 ,by their countenances it was easy to see how they followed all his arguments1 drank in every sentiment1 and--who could wonder at it8--were entranced by his lofty accents4 ,harry himself was mesmerized4 ,the subject was charity1 and the cause an appeal for schools under ,sisters of ,charity4 ,in all his experience of ,english preachers--and it was varied--,harry confessed that he had never heard anything like this4 ,whether for sublime language1 beautiful1 delicate action1 pathetic tone1 quotations from ,scripture ,old and ,new1 or eloquence of appeal1 he considered it unrivalled4 ,it lasted an hour1 but seemed not five minutes4 ,as we passed out of the door1 the plates were filled with piles of those one-pound notes which in ,ireland represent the gold4 ,i saw ,harry's hand glide almost unconsciously into his pockets1 and beheld a sovereign fall noiselessly amongst the paper4 8,one certainly is the better of a fine sermon10 he remarked1 as we sauntered back to the hotel2 8and ,i never heard a finer4 ,altogether1 it was a remarkable sight1 and the people looked mild enough4 ,but we must not trust to appearances nor be deceived too easily1 you know10 he added after a few moments4 ,i knew nothing of the kind1 but thought the best reply would be a proposal to follow the multitude who were now crowding the tram-carriages that start from ,nelson's ,pillar to all the suburbs4 8,in half an hour the streets will be deserted until evening10 said our ,english acquaintance1 whom we again met accidentally1 and who recommended a walk on the pier at ,kingstown as the least fatiguing trip1 volunteering1 moreover1 to accompany us part of the way1 as he was going to visit friends on that line at the 8,rock10 as ,blackrock is usually called4 ,it was contrary to ,harry's customs on the 8,sabbath02 yet1 after all the church-going he had seen that morning1 he could not deny that air and exercise were most legitimate4 ,accordingly1 entering a crowded train to ,westland ,row1 we soon found ourselves retracing the route we came a few hours before4 ,most truly has it been said that no city has more varied or beautiful suburbs than ,dublin1 and no population which so much enjoy them4 ,hitherto we had seen few but the lower and middle classes2 for the wealthier side of ,dublin is south of the ,liffey4 ,moreover1 being autumn1 the 8fashionables0 were not in town4 ,they were either travelling on the ,continent or scattered in the vicinity4 ,the train1 however1 was full of smart dresses and bright faces1 8wreathed in smiles0 and brimming over with merriment4 ,every one1 too1 seemed more or less to know every one else1 and even our ,english friend was acquainted with many4 8,that is ,judge ,keogh10 he said1 as he bowed to a short1 square-built man waiting on the platform near us--8,keogh1 of the celebrated ,galway judgment--a man of first-rate talent1 as you may guess from his broad forehead and long head2 but he has ruined himself by his violence on that occasion4 ,he is quite #8broken' since then1 and his spirits gone2 for he knows what his fellow-countrymen think of him1 and he rarely appears in public except upon the bench4 ,he is probably going to ,bray now1 where he is spending the summer quietly and unnoticed4 ,and that is ,judge ,monahan getting into the next carriage with those ladies--he who presided at the ,yelverton trial2 also of great legal capacity and a most kindly1 tender-hearted man1 always surrounded by his children and grandchildren4 ,sir ,dominic ,corrigan1 the eminent physician1 is in that corner yonder2 his fame has doubtless reached you too10 he continued1 addressing ,harry1 who had been contemplating the two legal celebrities1 well known to him through his oracle1 the ,times1 which1 from their connection with the above-named events1 had noticed them on both occasions4 8,i could point out many others1 if ,i could escort you to ,kingstown02 but as we halted at the ,blackrock ,station a smart carriage was awaiting and carried him off inland1 whilst we dashed onwards1 the blue waters of ,dublin ,bay1 bounded by the hill of ,howth1 on our left1 and rows of terraces and pretty villas along the shore on our right4 ,it was a bright afternoon1 with a cool1 refreshing breeze1 and the pier was one gay mass of pedestrians4 ,the whole of ,dublin might have been there1 so great was the gathering2 but we afterwards found that every other side of the capital was equally frequented4 ,fully an ,english mile in length1 it is of substantial masonry1 which on the outer side slopes by large blocks of granite into the sea1 while a broad road skirts the inner line next to the harbor1 terminated by a lighthouse at the extreme point4 ,old and young were here congregated2 children playing amongst the granite rocks2 clerks and shop-girls1 mixed with whole families of the professional classes of the capital1 perambulating in groups1 dressed in their prettiest and brightest1 looking the very pictures of enjoyment and friendly intercourse4 ,a man-of-war was anchored in the harbor1 which was also full of graceful yachts and alive with boating parties rowing about in all directions4 ,a more healthful1 innocent afternoon it were difficult to conceive1 and even ,harry admitted the general brio which seemed to pervade the air4 ,nor could he any longer deny the proverbial beauty of the ,dublin maidens2 and ,i found him quite ready to linger on a seat and watch the clear complexions and faultless features that passed in such constant succession before us4 ,after some time that tinge of melancholy common to strangers in a crowd began imperceptibly to steal over us1 as we awoke to the recollection that we alone seemed without acquaintances in that throng1 and we moved to the station on our way ,dublin-ward4 ,suddenly the one defect to us was repaired2 for on the platform we found the ,bishop of ----shire going to ,dalkey to dine with some old friends4 ,harry had made rapid strides since the morning2 for his face brightened as he recognized our fellow-passenger1 and the next moment1 undisguisedly admitting that he had spent a charming day1 he dwelt with earnestness on the splendid sermon of the morning4 8,oh6 yes10 observed a priest who accompanied his lordship1 8even a ,protestant clergyman told me lately that he considered the only orators in the true sense of the word now in the ,united ,kingdom to be ,gladstone1 ,bright1 and ,father ,burke4 ,but ,father ,burke has something more than mere oratory10 said he1 smiling4 8,you ought to hear him at his own church in ,dominic ,street1 where he is to preach again to-night4 ,he is more at home there than anywhere else4 ,if you want a real treat in the matter of preaching1 ,i recommend you to go there40 ,the remark was dropped at random2 but1 to my excessive surprise1 ,harry caught fire1 and1 finding me willing1 he hurried through his dinner in a manner that was perfectly astounding4 ,then1 in feverish haste1 we made our way to ,s4 ,saviour's4 ,it was not yet eight o'clock1 but still the church was so full that entrance was quite impossible4 ,there was no standing room even1 said those at the door1 and we were turning away1 to ,harry's deep disappointment1 when a beggar-woman accosted us with 8,won't your honor give me something for a cup of tea8 ,sure1 ,i dreamt last night that your honor would give me a pound of tea and her ladyship a pound of sugar4 ,ye were the very faces ,i saw in my drame4 ,and may ,god reward ye60 8,dreams go by contraries10 replied ,harry testily1 so vexed at missing the sermon that he was in no humor to be teased4 8,indeed6 then1 that's just it10 answered the woman1 an arch wink lighting up her wizened features4 8,it's just your honor1 then1 that's to give me the sugar and her ladyship the tea2 so it'll be good luck for me anyhow6 ,and may ,god bless you and his holy ,mother watch over you60 she continued1 as ,harry1 unable to resist a hearty laugh at the woman's readiness1 drew out his purse and handed her a shilling4 8,and now1 sure1 ,i'll show ye how to get in to hear his riverence6 ,there's no one all the world over like ,father ,burke6--the darlin'4 ,it would be a sin for you to go away without hearing him2 so ,i'll bring ye round to the sacristy door1 and you'll get in quite comfortable60 8,you must be very much at home here1 if you can manage that10 observed ,harry1 amused at the whole performance1 as we meekly followed our tattered guide4 8,oh6 then1 don't ,i spend half my time in the church1 your honor6 ,a poor body like me can't work2 but sure an' can't ,i pray8 ,i hear three ,masses every ,sunday and one every week-day4 ,sure1 it'd be a sin if ,i didn't4 ,oh6 ,i don't mane it'd be a sin on week-days1 but it'd be a mortal sin if ,i didn't hear one on ,sundays4 ,sure1 every one knows that60 ''' ,this was1 however1 precisely the kind of knowledge in which ,harry was utterly deficient4 ,mortal sin and venial sin were to him1 as to most ,englishmen1 unknown terms1 and he gaped with bewilderment as this ragged woman proceeded to develop to him the difference in the clearest possible language4 ,there is no saying to what length the catechetical instruction might have extended1 if we had not reached the sacristy door1 where1 true enough1 the clerk1 noticing we were strangers1 led us into reserved seats beside the sanctuary1 though even there but scant room then remained4 ,s4 ,saviour's1 built by the ,dominicans within the last fifteen years1 is an excellent specimen of ,gothic1 and1 filled to overflowing with a devout1 earnest congregation1 upon whom brilliant gaseliers now shed a flood of light1 no sight could be more impressive4 ,the devotions1 so fitting in a ,dominican church1 commenced with the ,rosary1 which being over1 the black mantle1 white robe1 and striking head of the favorite preacher rose above the pulpit ledge4 ,his text was again on charity2 and if anything were needed to show his powers1 the versatility with which he treated the same theme would have been all-sufficient4 ,harry was lost in admiration1 especially as it was extempore1 in contradistinction to the ,protestant habit of reading sermons2 nor could he believe1 on looking at his watch1 that we had once more been listening for an entire hour4 ,he could have remained there for many more quarters2 and1 to judge from their countenances1 so could the whole congregation1 even to the very poorest4 ,benediction followed1 and1 as deeply impressed as in the morning1 we pursued our way back with the crowd through ,dominic ,street into ,sackville street and to our 8home0 at the ,imperial ,hotel4 ,next morning ,harry ,west was a different man4 ,i sought1 however1 for an explanation in vain4 ,no ,times1 it is true1 was forthcoming2 but then it was ,monday1 and in his ,buckinghamshire retreat this likewise happened on the first day of the week4 ,the ,irish papers doubtless irritated him by their paucity of ,english news--not even 8a bishop killed60--and their volubility on topics quite unfamiliar to him was very vexatious4 ,still this was not sufficient to account for the change which had come over the spirit of his dream4 ,at length1 by a slight hint1 ,i discovered that he thought he had allowed himself to be carried away giddily by the excitement of the previous day1 and that he must look at matters more soberly if he really were to be an impartial judge4 ,this was the day of our departure for ,westmeath1 and he would not be influenced by any one4 ,our train did not leave until three ,p4,m41 and ,i urged a ramble through the town2 but in his present mood he viewed everything askance1 and would not even smile at the many witticisms and pleasant answers which ,i found it possible to draw forth from the guides1 porters1 and cabmen1 almost unconsciously to themselves4 ,at last we started from the ,broadstone station4 ,the afternoon was cloudy1 and1 as we advanced1 the country became dull and uninteresting4 ,the line ran beside a canal--on which there seemed but poor traffic--bordered by broad fields of pasture1 so thinly stocked with cattle1 however1 and so deserted-looking1 though in the vicinity of ,dublin1 that the effect was even depressing upon me4 ,two ladies in our compartment1 certainly1 noticed it as something unusual1 saying some mysterious words about ,ballinasloe fair and how different it would be when that event took place2 but they left the carriage immediately1 so we had no opportunity of cross-questioning them4 ,in the course of two and a half hours we reached our terminus at ,athboy1 and the porter1 asking if we were the friends expected by ,mrs4 ,connor1 handed me a note just brought from her4 ,it explained that one of her horses being laid up and she likewise ailing1 she could neither come herself nor send her carriage2 she hoped1 therefore1 that we might be content with the 8outside car10 a cart going at the same time for our luggage4 ,content ,i certainly was1 for ,i loved the national vehicle2 but ,harry had never tried one1 and in his present temper nothing pleased him4 ,the civility of the coachman even provoked him1 and made him whisper something about 8blarney0 in my ear4 ,however1 putting our cloaks and bundles in the 8well10 we got up back to back1 one on each side and the coachman on the seat in the middle4 ,athboy1 too1 known to ,harry from the debates as a focus of ,ribbonism1 was an unlucky starting-point1 and the number of barefooted though well-made1 handsome children running about its streets1 greatly shocked him4 ,whether the coachman really urged on the horse faster than on subsequent occasions1 or the turnings were sharper1 or that ,harry was startled by the difficulty every novice experiences in holding on1 ,i have never since been able to ascertain2 but1 looking around at him in less than five minutes after we left1 his piteous expression convulsed me with laughter4 ,from him1 however1 it met with no response1 and he either could not or would not admire the brilliant sunset sky1 which in autumn is often so exquisite in this part of ,ireland4 ,with every step the road grew prettier1 thickly overshadowed by the large1 spreading trees of the beautiful gentlemen's seats in this district2 though here and there a wretched roadside cabin startled ,harry from his revery1 and the recurrence of a black cross now and again on a wall attracted his attention4 8,o sir6 that's only where some one was killed10 answered ,dan1 the coachman1 most innocently1 making ,harry shudder meanwhile2 though in the same breath he added3 8,this is where ,mr4 ,w---- was killed by a fall from his horse1 and the last one was put up where poor ,biddy ,whelan was thrown out of the cart when returning from market at ,delvin two years last ,michaelmas1 by the old horse shying4 ,she died on the spot in a few minutes1 and these crosses are painted that way on the wall to remind us to say a prayer for the poor souls4 ,god be merciful to them60 ,harry's sidelong glances towards me1 however1 plainly proved that he mistrusted the man's words and gave them a very different meaning4 ,by degrees--as always does happen on these cars1 which amongst their many advantages cannot boast their adaptation for conversation--we grew silent1 and no one had spoken for the next ten minutes1 when we turned down a long1 straight road1 rendered still darker by the magnificent elms which stretched across it as in a high arch4 ,suddenly a feeble shot was heard not far off1 and at the same moment ,harry jumped off the car1 put his hand to his heart1 and cried out3 8,i'm killed6 ,i'm killed60 ,what words can express my horror8 ,to this day ,i know not how ,i too jumped off2 ,i only know that ,i found myself standing beside him in an agony of mind4 ,had all my vain boasting1 all my obstinacy1 resulted in this8 ,was poor ,harry ,west thus to be sacrificed to my foolhardiness8 ,but the agony though sharp was--must ,i betray my cousin's weakness1 and confess it8--short4 ,i looked for blood1 for fainting1 for anything resembling my preconceived notions of a 8roadside murder02 when1 as quickly as he had jumped off the car1 so quickly he now seemed to recover4 ,ashamed of himself he certainly was1 when1 taking away his hand1 he was obliged to admit 8it was all a mistake60 ,after all1 he had never been touched6 ,but the shot had been so unexpected1 and he had at the time been brooding so deeply over all the stories he had read of 8agrarian outrages10 that he had positively thought he had been hit2 and very natural it seemed to him1 as no doubt he had been already recognized as a land agent by the ,irish population6#agh ,quite impossible is it to describe my mingled feelings of vexation at the needless fright and of uncontrollable amusement at my ,english friend's unexampled folly4 ,dan1 the coachman1 underwent the same process1 only in an aggravated form2 for1 while he felt indignant at the implied insult to his countrymen1 every feature in his face betrayed the most uncontrollable amusement1 mixed with supreme contempt2 for he declared that the shot was fired by his own son running in search of hedge-sparrows1 as was his wont at that hour1 and he pointed him out to us in the next field1 which belonged to ,mrs4 ,connor4 ,the gate of her avenue was only a few yards further on4 ,if ,i had wished to break the ice on our arrival at ,mauverstown1 this incident would effectually have accomplished it4 ,but the party consisted of ,mrs4 ,connor2 her son1 a youth of twenty2 ,katie1 a daughter of twenty-nine1 and a handsome1 black-eyed1 fair-complexioned young lady1 ,miss ,florence ,o',grady1 come on a visit 8all the way from ,kerry40 ,poor ,harry6 ,at a glance ,i saw that he was in my power1 and he gave me such an imploring look that my lips were sealed1 in the hope of saving him from the tender mercies of the merry young ones4 ,not a word did ,i say of the adventure4 ,it was not to be expected1 however1 that ,dan would show him equal mercy2 and young ,connor's roguish expression next morning1 when he came in late to breakfast after a visit to the stables1 told me that he had heard the story1 and1 moreover1 that it had lost nothing in the telling4 ,fortunately ,harry1 who was by nature the kindest and most amiable of men1 had thoroughly recovered his ordinary good temper1 and joined in the laugh against himself so cordially that the hearts of all were at once gained4 ,had he by chance done otherwise1 his life would have been made miserable2 but now one and all declared that they would only punish him by making him acquainted with every hedge and bush in the country1 and that he should not leave until he 8made restitution0 by singing the praises of 8ould ,ireland40 ,charlie ,connor would help him in the shooting1 the young ladies could take him across country--for 8cub-hunting0 had begun1 though it was too early yet for the regular hunt--while ,mrs4 ,connor mentioned a list of gentlemen's places far and near which she would show him1 that he might tell his ,english friends it was not quite so barbarous a land as they evidently imagined4 ,good-natured though he was1 ,harry's face lengthened at a prospect which would involve a longer stay than he had intended2 but there was no time for reflection1 for ,charlie led him off to inspect the farm1 the young ladies took him through the pleasure-grounds on his return1 and in the afternoon we all drove to a croquet party more than eight miles off4 ,henceforward most faithfully did they carry out their resolutions1 leaving no morning or afternoon unappropriated to some pleasure4 ,of all counties in ,ireland1 ,westmeath is remarkable for its many handsome seats1 well-timbered parks1 and the pleasant social intercourse maintained amongst their owners4 ,at this season1 too1 every one was at home1 and croquet parties1 matines musicales1 or dinner parties were countless4 ,the shooting filled a certain place in the programme for the gentlemen1 no doubt2 still1 ,harry1 announcing that he saw more of the country by following the ladies1 always managed to accompany us4 ,the gardens and conservatories interested him1 he said2 and the luxuriance of the shrubs and evergreens always attracted his admiration1 and was an invariable excuse for a saunter with the young ladies1 though oftener with only one of the party4 ,when we had inspected those in our immediate vicinity1 a flower-show at ,kells1 in the bordering county of ,meath 7also under the ,peace-,preservation ,act671 displayed to us in addition the 8beauty1 gallantry1 and fashion0 of both neighborhoods4 ,nothing1 perhaps1 on these occasions is more striking to a stranger than the sort of family life which seems to exist in ,irish counties1 every one knowing the other from boyhood intimately--nay1 from generation to generation4 ,above all is it remarkable how every one can tell at once by the family name what part of ,ireland a new-comer springs from1 or whether ,celtic1 of 8the ,pale10 or ,cromwellian1 with most unerring accuracy4 ,the majority of land-owners in ,meath and ,westmeath belong to the latter--,cromwellian--class2 but this in no way hinders their living on the best terms--unlike what occurs in the 8,black ,north0--with their ,catholic neighbors1 few and far between though these undoubtedly are4 ,one of the prettiest and most interesting places in this neighborhood--,ballinlough ,castle--belongs to the descendants of the very ancient sept of ,o',reilly1 although within the present century they have taken the name of ,nugent1 in consequence of a large property having been left to them by one of that family4 ,as the word implies1 it is situated on a lough1 or small lake1 and the house consists of an old building to which several large rooms have been added within the present century4 ,the northwest front is now completely covered with ivy1 thickly intermingled with ,virginia creepers1 the deep-red leaves of which amidst the dark green of the ivy made a beautiful picture at this autumnal season4 ,embedded in the foliage1 a tablet over the door records the date1 #afad--thirty-five years before the invasion of ,ireland by ,cromwell4 ,in the dining-room are two deep recesses1 still called by the family ,cromwell's stables2 for tradition relates that in one his horse1 in the other his cow1 rested during the one night he slept in the castle4 ,early on the following day he left the place to continue his march2 but before he had proceeded far1 having repented that he had not seized so fine a property1 he sent back one of his officers with an order to the ,o',reilly1 the owner1 to surrender at once1 giving the officer permission--as was his wont on such occasions--to take and keep the castle for himself4 ,not so easy was this1 however1 as they had imagined from their previous day's experience2 for 8forewarned is forearmed10 and the instant ,cromwell departed the house had been barricaded4 ,his messenger1 therefore1 seen returning along the avenue1 was communicated with now only from behind closed doors4 ,yet the owner did not refuse in so many words4 ,he merely presented the house-key hanging on the end of a pistol1 through an opening over the door1 desiring the man to seize it if he dared6 ,not of a daring character1 however1 was the officer1 and he took a few moments to consider2 then1 throwing a would-be contemptuous look at the coveted house and land1 he turned away1 was soon out of sight1 and no ,cromwell or ,cromwellian ever troubled ,ballinlough again4 ,the castle contains1 besides some most beautiful carvings from ,spain1 ,aubusson tapestries from ,france1 marble chimney-pieces and paintings from ,italy1 collected in his travels by ,sir ,james ,nugent some fifty years since2 also many relics of past times--for example1 one very fine ,vandyke2 a full-length portrait of ,lady ,thurles1 widow of the ,duke of ,ormond's son1 and afterwards allied to the ,o',reillys2 another1 of the famous ,peggy ,o',neil1 only daughter of ,sir ,daniel ,o',neil1 the hero at the battle of the ,boyne1 who is said to be the one who exclaimed when the day was over3 8,change kings1 and we will fight the battle over again40 ,he then accompanied ,king ,james to ,france1 but1 being subsequently pardoned by ,william and recalled to take possession of his estates1 he died at ,calais on his road home4 ,king ,william1 strange to relate1 is stated notwithstanding1 in a fit of generosity1 to have given a large dower to this his only daughter ,peggy when she soon afterwards married ,hugh ,o',reilly1 of ,ballinlough ,castle1 and thus became the ancestress of the present family4 ,a satin quilt embroidered by her hands still exists amongst the castle treasures2 but most interesting of all the relics is an old chalice dating from that period4 ,on our road thither we had passed by the ruins of a small chapel carefully preserved1 standing in a field still called ,cromwell's field1 because there the priest was saying ,mass when a scout returned and gave the alarm that the invader and his troops were speedily advancing4 ,in consternation1 the congregation fled2 but the priest neither could nor would interrupt the ,holy ,sacrifice1 and he had just time to finish it when the enemy's soldiers appeared in sight4 ,then1 and then only1 he took flight across the fields2 but his foot slipped as he was crossing the nearest hedge1 and the chalice which he held in his hand was bent by his fall4 ,and this same chalice1 notched and bent1 we now saw carefully preserved by the gracious ,dame-,chtelaine of ,ballinlough4 ,and here it may be noticed that similar relics and traditions are found all over ,ireland4 ,another family of our acquaintance possesses the diminutive1 plain chalice used by a priest of their blood--his name being engraven on the base--for saying ,mass behind a hedge when even this was penal both for priest and people4 ,in that particular case1 too1 this steadfastness to his duty did end fatally2 for this same priest was one of those killed at ,drogheda4 ,in the grounds of another friend a small1 thickly-wooded eminence is shown1 with a grotto which served to shelter the priest when officiating1 whilst the congregation knelt in groups around1 with scouts outside ready to give warning of any unfriendly approach4 ,elsewhere the 8priest's hill10 enclosed within the demesne walls1 bears its name from the sad fate of another of the sacred ministry killed there whilst caught in the act of saying ,mass4 ,two hundred years and more have elapsed since ,cromwell's day1 but it is no wonder that the memory of these events is still fresh in the minds of a faithful posterity1 or that they should delight to speak of deeds which would honor any people4 ,deeply impressed as ,harry ,west was by traditions which until then had been unknown to him1 he was further edified by the manner in which the ,irish poor flock from far and near on ,sunday mornings to the parish church1 often walking thither many a long mile in hail1 rain1 and snow4 ,sometimes it stands at a central point1 on a hill or in the middle of a field1 no village even near2 but many handsome new churches are in course of erection from contributions gathered chiefly amongst the poor4 ,some of these collections are wonderful1 considering the localities1 seven and eight hundred pounds--nay1 a thousand--being often the result of the 8laying the foundation-stone10 or 8opening day10 in a district solely inhabited by farmers and peasants--especially1 be it added1 if the favorite ,father ,burke be the preacher4 ,many and many a time1 however1 large sums are sent on such occasions back from ,america from some old parishioner whose fortune has increased since he left the 8dear ould country10 but whose heart still clings to it faithfully and tenderly4 ,most remarkable1 too1 is the correspondence kept up by emigrants with their families1 and the large presents in money 8sent home0 from sons to fathers1 brothers to sisters4 ,it was our friend's custom--as it is at ,ballinlough ,castle and many other houses--to let the poorer cottagers come up to the hall-door for doles of bread1 or presents of clothes at certain seasons1 and at all times for medicine1 of which the ladies have knowledge just sufficient for all minor wants4 ,one morning ,i was watching ,mrs4 ,connor's distribution1 when old ,biddy ,nolan produced a letter which she begged her honor to read for her4 ,the postmark was ,chicago1 and it came from her son ,mike1 who had not written since he left home2 but now he gave a full account of his adventures1 winding up by enclosing his mother1 who was bathed in tears of joy1 a draft for twenty pounds--his savings during the last few months6 ,another characteristic of the ,county ,westmeath consists in its many pretty lakes2 and as picnics1 fishing and boating excursions1 were not forgotten in the ,connor hospitalities1 these--,lough ,derrevarra in particular--could not be omitted4 ,the road to the lakes lay across a bog1 moor1 and wild1 deserted-looking tract1 the exact reverse of the neighborhood we were living in4 ,dismal enough it was returning sometimes in the dark without meeting a human being perhaps for miles1 and difficult to me now and then to resist a shudder4 ,strange1 however1 is the world1 and in nothing did it appear to me stranger than in ,harry ,west's air of tranquillity and perfect security4 ,he never dreamt of jumping off of the car 7he would have left a pretty neighbor if he had671 nor seemed to remember the existence of the police1 ,ribbonmen1 or ,peace-,preservation ,act6 ,he heard no one mention them1 and he had given up thinking about them4 ,truly1 a second change had come over the spirit of his dream4 ,and in proportion to his aversion to my ,irish visit1 so now he was the one that experienced difficulty in ending it4 ,not days but weeks passed by2 yet there he lingered1 to the inconceivable surprise of his friends at home4 ,not to mine1 however4 ,the cause was patent to every one on the spot2 nor could ,i wonder when1 one morning1 throwing off his customary reserve1 he asked me to welcome as a cousin his ,irish fiance1 the beautiful ,florence ,o',grady4 ,short had been the wooing1 he said1 but none the less thorough his conversion4 ,a curious mixture of love and religion those outside-car excursions must certainly have been 7these two never would avail themselves of carriage or other vehicle72 for not only had she conquered his ,saxon1 but even his religious prejudices so fully that he voluntarily offered to place himself at once under some able teacher4 ,christmas was not long in coming round under these circumstances1 nor ,harry ,west in returning as a ,catholic to claim his ,kerry bride1 blessing me for having accepted his escort1 whilst ,i regarded the event as a reward for that act of self-denial on his part4 ,nor could he1 at the joyous wedding breakfast1 resist describing the scene of his leap from the car on the evening of his arrival1 giving a cheer at the same time for the ,peace-,preservation ,act1 which1 to him at least--although only from the terror it had inspired--had been the primary cause of so much happiness4 ,,the ,,legend ,,of ,,friar',s ,,rock4 ,the thing long hoped for had come to pass 7though1 alas6 by what a way of grief7 and ,i was visiting my school friend1 ,anne d',estaing1 in ,bretagne4 ,it was six years since we had met1 but we had kept up a constant correspondence2 and by letter when absent1 as well as by word when together1 ,i had become so familiar with her home and her family that ,i did not go there as a stranger4 ,they lived in an old castle partly fallen into picturesque decay4 ,in the eastern tower was a small chapel1 which they had put into complete repair1 and there daily they had service1 and ,anne found her great delight in decking the altar with flowers1 and keeping everything in exquisite order and neatness with her own hands4 ,they had had great sorrows in the six years of our separation4 ,only ,anne and her parents were left of the loving family that once numbered eleven4 ,two of the sons fell in battle1 a contagious disease swept off the three youngest children in one week2 ,anne's favorite brother ,bertrand became a missionary priest1 and went to ,china under a vow never to return2 and her twin sister faded away in consumption4 ,it had seemed to me1 in my ,irish home1 as if such sorrows could scarcely be borne2 but ,i had never been able to come to my friend with visible1 face-to-face1 heart-to-heart consolation1 for my daily duty was beside a couch where my precious mother lay1 suffering from an incurable disease4 ,when her long trouble was at last over my strength and spirits were much shattered1 and ,i longed to accept ,anne's pressing invitation4 ,my father was very unwilling that ,i should go--he thought it would be so sad and dreary there2 but ,anne's letters had revealed to me such a life of peace and prayer and happy service that it seemed to me that ,chteau d',estaing must be a very haven of rest4 ,and so ,i found it4 ,from the moment that ,i looked on ,anne's pale but placid face2 from the time that her mother's arms held me as those other arms1 which ,i had missed so sorely1 used to do2 from the first words of fatherly welcome that the old count gave me1 ,i was at home and at peace4 ,and when at sunset ,i went to ,vespers1 and the dying light shone in through the lancet windows1 along the aisle1 and on the richly-decorated altar1 and ,anne's voice and fingers led the soothing ,nunc ,dimittis1 it was as if the dews of healing fell on my bruised heart4 ,they made no stranger of me2 they knew too well what sorrow was1 and how its sting for them had been withdrawn4 ,so together1 in the early dawn1 we knelt for the holiest service1 beginning the day in close intercourse with ,him whose 8compassions fail not10 and finding that they are indeed 8new every morning40 ,together we kept the ,hours1 and did plain household duties1 and visited in the village1 dispensing medicines1 reading to old women1 caring for the sick4 ,two afternoons in the week classes came to the castle for instruction2 every ,wednesday evening the children came to practise the church music--and1 oh6 how sweet that music was2 and on one afternoon we used to mount our shaggy ponies and ride to a distant hamlet1 to teach the children there4 ,together we took care of the garden1 where grew the flowers for the altar and for weddings and funerals2 and of the trellis of rare grapes1 from which came the sacramental wine4 ,every pleasant day we went out upon the bay in ,anne's boat1 rowed by two strong-armed ,breton girls1 visiting the rocky coves and inlets1 startling the sea-fowl from their nests1 and enjoying the sea-breeze and crisp waves4 ,where the bay and the sea join is a headland1 which commands the finest view for miles around2 yet1 much as we loved that view1 we were oftenest to be found at the base1 where we sat idly1 while the boat rocked on the water1 which lapped with lulling sound against the rock4 ,it was a pretty sight1 the face of that cliff1 where wild vines crept and delicate wild flowers bloomed1 and an aromatic odor rose from the herbs that grew there1 and some small1 weather-beaten firs found footing in the crevices4 ,on the summit were a few ruins4 ,but the chief natural point of interest1 and that from which the ,head derived its name1 was a curious rock which stood at its base4 ,it was called the ,friar4 ,at first ,i saw little about it which could lay claim to such a name2 but the more ,i watched it1 the more the likeness grew upon me1 till it became at times quite startling4 ,it was a massive stone1 some thirty feet above the water at low tide1 like a human figure wrapped in a monk's robe1 always facing the east1 and always like one absorbed in prayer and meditation1 yet ever keeping guard4 ,one day ,i asked ,anne if there was not some legend about it1 and she replied that the country people had one which was very interesting1 and partly founded on fact4 ,of course ,i begged for it1 and she was ready to tell me4 ,as ,i write1 ,i seem to see and hear it all again--the rocking boat2 the two girls resting on their oars and talking in their broad patois2 the twittering1 darting birds2 the butterfly that fluttered round us2 the solemn rock casting its long shadow on the water1 that glittered in the light of a summer afternoon2 ,anne's pale1 thin1 sparkling face1 and earnest voice4 ,i see even the children at play upon the shore1 acting out the old ,breton superstition of the washerwomen of the night1 who wash the shrouds of the dead2 and their quaint song mingles with ,anne's story3 8,si chrtien ne vient nous sauver1 ,jusqu'au jugement faut laver2 ,au clair de la lune1 au bruit du vent1 ,sous la neige1 le linceul blanc20 and the little bare feet are dancing through the water1 and the little brown hands wash and wring the sea-kale for the shrouds1 and it all seems as yesterday to me4 ,but it was years and years ago4 8,you know that this is a very dangerous coast10 ,anne said4 8,the tide runs fast here1 and the rocks are jagged and dangerous4 ,row out a few strokes1 ,tiphaine and ,alix1 and let ,mlle4 ,darcy see what happens40 ,a dozen strokes of the oars1 and we were in an eddy where it took all the strength of our rowers to keep back the boat2 and beyond ,friar's ,rock the tide-race was like a whirlpool1 one eddy fighting with another4 8,we would not dare go further10 ,anne said4 8,no row-boats venture there1 and large sailing-vessels need a cautious helmsman4 ,in a storm it is frightful1 and the men and the boats are not few that have gone down there4 ,but never a board or a corpse has been found afterwards4 ,there is a swift under-current that sweeps them out to sea4 ,now1 ,tiphaine1 row back again40 ,a white1 modern lighthouse stands on a rock on the outer shore2 its lantern was visible above the ,head4 ,anne pointed to it4 8,that has been there only a century10 she said4 8,before it we had another and a better light1 we ,bretons4 ,where those ruins are1 ,joanne dear1 there was a small chapel once1 and on the plain below the ,head was a monastery4 ,it was founded hundreds of years ago1 by ,s4 ,sampson some say1 and others by the ,saxon ,s4 ,dunstan himself1 or1 as they call him here1 ,s4 ,gonstan1 the patron of mariners4 ,i do not know how long it had been in existence at the time of the legend1 but long enough to have become famous1 quite large in numbers1 and a blessing to the country round about4 ,the monks were the physicians of the place2 they knew every herb1 and distilled potions from them1 which they administered to the sick1 so that they came to the beds of poverty and pain with healing for soul and body both4 ,they taught the children2 they settled quarrels and disputes2 on ,rogation days they led the devout procession from field to field1 marking boundary lines1 and praying or chanting praises at every wayside cross4 8,but that which was their special work was the guarding of this coast4 ,instead of that staring white lighthouse1 there was on the top of the chapel's square tower a large lantern surmounted by a cross1 and all through the night the monks kept it burning1 and many a ship was saved and many a life preserved by this means4 ,at ,vespers the lamp was lighted1 and one monk tended it from then till ,nocturns1 giving his unoccupied time to prayer for all at sea1 both as to their bodily and spiritual wants1 and to every one in any need or temptation that night4 ,at ,nocturns he was relieved by another monk1 who kept watch till ,prime4 ,such for three centuries had been the custom1 and never had the light been known to fail4 8,it must have been a strange sight--that band of men in gown and cowl engaged in the never-omitted devotions before the altar1 then departing silently1 leaving one alone to wrestle in prayer for the tried souls that knew little of the hours thus spent for them4 ,o ,joanne6 what would ,i not give to have it here again2 to know that this was once more the ,holy ,cape1 as it used to be called2 and that here no hour went by1 however it might be elsewhere1 that prayers and praises were not being offered to our dear ,lord1 who ever intercedes for us60 ,anne was silent for a while1 and ,i felt sure that she was praying4 ,when she roused herself1 it was to bid the rowers pull home fast1 as it was almost time for ,vespers4 8,you shall hear the rest1 dear10 she said1 8when we go up-stairs to-night40 ,so after ,compline1 and after ,anne and ,i had played and sung to her parents1 as we were wont to do1 she came into my room and lighted the fire and the tall candles1 and we settled ourselves for a real school-girl talk4 ,anne showed me a sketch which her brother ,bertrand had made1 partly from fancy1 and partly from the ruins1 of the monastery and chapel4 8,it looks like a place of peace and holiness1 where one might be safe from sin for ever10 ,i said2 but ,anne shook her head4 8,the old delusion10 she sighed4 8,as if ,satan would not spread sore temptations just in such abodes as these4 ,don't you remember how often we have spoken of it--the terrible strength and subtlety of spiritual temptations1 simply because they are less obvious than others8 ,the legend of the ,friar witnesses to that1 whether you take the story as true or false4 ,i am going to give myself a treat to-night1 and ,i am sure it will be one to you4 ,bertrand wrote out the legend after he made the sketch4 ,will you care to hear it80 8,indeed ,i would10 ,i answered2 and ,anne unfolded her precious paper4 8,it is only a fragment10 she said1 8beginning abruptly where ,i left off this afternoon2 but perhaps it will show you more of what ,bertrand is40 8,anne10 ,i asked suddenly1 8don't you miss him--more than any of the others80 8,no--yes10 she answered1 then paused thoughtfully4 8,yes10 she said at last1 8,i suppose ,i do4 ,because1 so long as ,i know he is living somewhere on this earth1 it seems possible for my feet to go to him and my eyes to see his face4 ,but1 after all1 none of them seem far away4 ,we are brought so near in the great ,communion1 in prayers--in everything4 ,in fact1 ,joanne--does it seem very cold-hearted8--oftenest ,i do not miss them at all2 ,god so makes up for every loss40 ,i was crying by this time1 for my heartache was constant2 and ,anne came and kissed me1 and looked distressed4 8,i ought not to trouble you10 she said4 8,did ,i8 ,i did not mean to hurt you40 8,oh6 no10 ,i answered4 8,only why should ,i not be as resigned as you80 8,joanne darling60 she exclaimed1 8you are that much more than ,i am4 ,can't you see8 ,you feel--,god causes you to feel it--keenly4 ,that is your great cross2 and so1 when you do not murmur1 but say1 #8,god's will be done1' you are resigned4 ,but that is not the cross he gives to me4 ,instead1 he makes bereavement light to me by choosing to reveal his mercies2 and ,i must take great care to correspond to his grace4 ,bertrand warned me solemnly of that4 ,and yet this is not all ,i mean4 ,perhaps you will understand better when you have heard the legend40 ,she sat on the floor close beside me1 and held my hand4 ,i thanked ,god for her1 she comforted me so4 ,i was always hungry then for visible love2 but by degrees1 and partly through her1 he taught me to be content with a love that is invisible4 8,there was once a monk10 she read1 8the youngest of the brotherhood1 who was left to keep the watch from midnight until dawn4 ,through the windows the moonbeams fell1 mingling with the light that burned before the tabernacle1 and with the gleam of the monk's small taper4 ,outside1 the sea was smooth like glass1 and the stars shone brightly1 and a long line of glory stretched from shore to shore4 ,lost in supplication1 the monk lay prostrate before the altar4 ,his thoughts and prayers were wandering far away--to the sick upon their beds of pain1 to travellers on land and sea1 to mourners sunk in loneliness or in despair1 to the poor who had no helper1 to little children1 to the dying2 most of all1 to the tempted1 wherever they might be4 8,he was intensely earnest1 and he had a loving temperament and a strong imagination which had found fitting curb and training in the devout practice of meditation4 ,the prayers he used were no mere form to him2 he seemed actually to behold those for whom he interceded1 actually to feel their needs and sore distress4 ,this was nothing new1 but to-night the power of realization came upon him as never before4 ,he saw the dying in their final anguish2 he suffered with the suffering1 and felt keen temptations to many a deed of evil1 and marked ,satan's messengers going up and down upon the earth1 seeking to capture souls4 ,sharper than all else was the conflict he underwent with doubts quite new to him--doubts of the use or power of his prayers4 ,still he prayed on1 in spite of the keen sense of unworthiness to pray4 ,he would not give place for a moment to the suggestion that his prayers were powerless4 ,again and again he fortified himself with the ,name of all-prevailing might4 ,and then it seemed to him1 in the dim candle-light and among the pale moonbeams1 that the ,form upon the crucifix opened its eyes and smiled at him1 and that from the lips came a voice saying1 #8,whatsoever ye shall ask in my name1 that will ,i do4' 8,the hour came to tend the light2 he knew it4 ,but he knew1 too1 that the sea without was calm1 even like the crystal sea before the ,throne1 save where the wild currents that never rested were surging white with foam and uttering hoarse murmurs4 ,he knew that the night was marvellously still2 that there was no wind1 not even enough to stir the lightest leaf4 ,what mariner could err1 even though for once the light of the monks grew dim--nay1 even if it failed8 ,could he leave that glorious vision1 in order to trim a lantern of which there was no need2 or cease his prayers for perishing souls1 in order to give needless help to bodies able to protect themselves8 ,these thoughts swept through his mind1 and his choice was hastily made to remain before the altar2 and even as he made it the vision faded1 yet with it1 or with his decision1 all temptation to doubt vanished too4 ,if devils had been working upon him to cause him to cease from intercession1 they left him quite free now to pray--with words1 too1 of such seeming power as he had never used before4 8,suddenly a sound smote upon his ear--such a sound as might well ring on in one's brain for a lifetime1 and which he was to hear above all earthly clamor until all earthly clamor should cease4 ,it was the cry of strong men who meet death on a sudden1 utterly unprepared2 the crash of timbers against a rock2 the groan of a ship splitting from side to side4 ,he sprang to his feet and rushed to the door4 ,already the great bell of the monastery was tolling1 and dark1 cowled figures were hastening to the shore4 ,he looked up4 ,in the cross-topped tower1 for the first time in man's knowledge1 the lamp of the monks was out4 ,just then the prior hurried by him and up the stairs1 and soon1 but all too late1 the beacon blazed again4 8,with an awful dread upon his heart he made his way to the coast4 ,the water foamed unbroken by aught save rocks2 but pallid lips told the story of the vessel that had sailed thither1 manned by a merry crew made merrier by drink1 careless of their course1 depending on the steadfast light1 and sure1 because they did not see it1 that they had not neared the dangerous whirlpool and hidden rocks4 ,only one man escaped1 and1 trembling1 told the story4 ,he had been the only sober man on board2 and when he warned the captain of their danger1 he was laughed and mocked at for his pains1 and told that all true mariners would stake the monks' light against the eyes of any man on earth4 ,it was not the ,holy ,cape that they were nearing1 but ,cape ,brie1 they said1 and every one knew it was safe sailing there4 ,with jests and oaths instead of prayers upon their lips1 with sin-stained souls1 they had gone down into that whirling tide1 which had swept them off in its strong under-tow to sea4 ,there were homes that would be desolate and hearts broken2 there were bodies drowned1 and souls launched into eternity--perhaps for ever lost--for lack of one little light1 for the fault of a single half-hour4 ,and still the stars shone brightly1 and the long line of glory stretched from shore to shore1 and the night was marvellously still2 but upon one soul there had fallen a darkness that might be felt--almost the darkness of despair4 8,monk ,felix they had called him1 and had been wont to say that he did not belie his name1 with his sweet young face and happy smile1 and his clear voice in the choir4 ,he was ,monk ,infelix now and while time lasted4 8,in the monastery none saw an empty place2 for the man whose life had been the only one preserved in that swift death-struggle had begged1 awed and repentant1 to be received into the number of these brethren vowed to ,god's peculiar service4 ,but in village and in choir they missed him who had gone in and out among them since his boyhood1 and under their breath the people asked1 #8,where is he8' ,no definite answer was given1 but a rumor crept about1 and at length prevailed1 that ,monk ,felix had despaired of pardon2 that day and night the awful death-cry rang in his ears2 and day and night he besought ,god to punish here and spare there1 imploring that he might also bear some of the punishment of those souls that had passed away through his neglect4 ,and a year from that night1 and in the very hour1 the last rites having been given to him as to the dying1 the rock now called the ,friar's had opened mysteriously4 ,around it stood the brotherhood1 chanting the funeral psalms very solemnly2 and as the words1 8,de profundis clamavi ad ,te1 ,domine10 were intoned1 one left their number1 and1 with steady step and a face full of awe and yet of thankfulness1 entered the cleft1 and the rock closed4 8,years came and went1 other hands tended the lantern1 till in the ,revolution the light of the monks and the ,order itself were swept away1 and the monastery was laid in ruins4 ,but the legend is even now held for truth by simple folk1 that in ,friar's ,rock the monk lives still1 hearing always the eddying flood about him1 that beats in upon his memory the story of his sin2 and they say that with it mingles ever the cry of men in their last agony1 and the cry is his name1 thus kept continually before the ,judge4 ,there1 in perpetual fast and vigil1 he watches and prays for the coming of the ,lord and the salvation of souls1 and the rock that forms his prison has been made to take his shape by the action of those revengeful waves4 ,what he knows of passing events--what added misery and mystery it is that now no longer the holy bell and chant echo above him--none can tell4 ,but there1 they say1 whatever chance or change shall come to ,bretagne1 he must live and pray and wait till the ,lord comes4 ,then1 when the mountains fall and the rocks are rent1 his long penance shall be over1 and he shall enter into peace40 ,anne looked at me4 8,was it very hard--too hard80 she asked4 8,o ,anne60 ,i cried1 8it is not true80 ,she smiled4 8,i have more to read10 she said2 8more of fact1 perhaps40 ,so she went on4 8,there is1 in the archives of this domain1 an account of a settlement some twenty miles from here1 where a horde of outlaws dwell in huts and caves1 their hand against every man1 and every man's hand against them4 ,it was as much as one's life was worth to go among them1 unless one was ready to live as they lived1 and sin as they sinned4 ,but it is recorded that in the same year in which is also recorded the loss of a ,dutch vessel by reason of the failure of the light of the monks--an event never known before1 and never again till the ,revolution in its great guilt quenched it and shattered the sacred walls--there came to these men a missionary priest1 seeking to save their souls4 ,they say he was a man who never smiled1 yet his very presence brought comfort4 ,little children loved him2 and poor1 down-trodden women learned hope and patience from him2 and men consented to have him there1 and not to slay him4 8,yet what he underwent was fearful4 ,he lived in a hovel so mean that the storms drove through it1 and the floor was soaked with rain or white with frost or snow4 ,no being in that place poorer1 more hungry1 more destitute of earthly comfort4 ,yet his crusts he shared with the beggar1 his pallet of straw far oftener held the child turned out from shelter1 the sick1 the dying1 than him4 ,there the leper found a home1 and tendance1 not only of pity but of love--hands that washed1 lips that kissed1 prayers that upbore him in the final struggle4 8,we read of temptations from devils which the saints have undergone2 there are those who presume to doubt them4 ,this man wrestled with temptations from his brother men1 who seemed like very fiends1 and often1 often1 the anguish of despair came upon him1 and he thought he was already lost1 and a wild desire almost overwhelmed him to join them in their evil ways4 ,for1 by some horrible instinct1 they seemed to divine that pain to the body would be slight to him compared to the tortures which they could invent for his soul4 ,they came to his ministrations1 and mimicked him when he spoke1 and set their ribald songs to sacred tunes4 ,before his door they parodied the holiest rites4 ,they taught the children to do the same things at their sports4 8,and he--it is said that in the pauses of midnight or noontide rout and wild temptation they heard him praying for them1 and praying for himself1 like one who had bound up his own life in the bundle of their lives1 and believed that he would be lost or saved with them4 ,it is said that at times he rushed out among them like ,s4 ,michael1 and his voice was as a trumpet1 and he spoke of the wrath of ,god2 and1 again1 he would open his door1 and his face would be like death1 and he would tremble sorely1 as he begged them1 like some tortured creature1 to cease from sin4 ,what they did was to him as if he did it4 ,he was so of them that their temptations were his also1 till he often seemed to himself as sunk in sin as any of them4 8,yet1 one by one1 souls went to ,god from that fiend-beleaguered place2 babes with the cross hardly dry upon their foreheads2 children taught to love the ,god whom once they had only known to curse2 some of those sick made for ever well1 some of those lepers made for ever clean4 ,the priest set up crosses on their graves1 and sacrilegious hands broke them down2 but no hands could stop his prayers and praises for the souls that by ,god's blessing he had won4 ,he tried to build a little chapel1 and they rent it stone from stone2 but none could destroy the temple of living stones built up to ,god out of that mournful spot4 8,a ,lent came when as never before he strove with and for these people4 ,it was as if an angel spoke to them4 ,an angel8 ,nay1 a very man like themselves1 as tempted as any of them1 a sinner suffering from his sin2 yet a man and a sinner who loved ,god1 believed in ,god1 knew that he would come to judge1 yet knew he was mighty to save4 ,that ,lent1 ,satan himself held sway there2 new and more vile and awful blasphemies surged through the place2 it was his last carnival1 and it was a mad one4 ,men held women back from church if they wished to worship1 but followed them there and elsewhere to darker deeds of sacrilege and revelry than even they had known before4 ,yet in the gray dawn1 when sleep overpowered the revellers1 a few people crept to that holy hut round which the sinners had danced their dance of defiance and death and sin1 and there sought for pardon and blessing1 and knelt before the ,lord1 who shunned not the poor earth-altar where a priest pleaded daily for souls1 as for so long he had done1 except on the rare occasions when he would be gone for a night and a day1 they knew not where1 and return with fresh vigor and courage4 8,thursday in ,holy ,week he kept his watch with the ,master in his agony4 ,round him the storm of evil deeds and words rose high4 ,in the midst of it the rioters thought they saw a vision4 ,it was a moonlight night1 and marvellously still2 no wind moved the trees1 and the water was like glass4 ,but all the silence of earth was broken by hideous shout and song1 and all its brightness turned to darkness by such deeds of evil as ,christians may not name4 ,before those creatures steeped in sin1 wallowing in it1 one stood suddenly1 haggard1 spent as beneath some great burden1 wan as with awful suffering4 ,the moonbeams wrapped him in unearthly light1 he seemed of heaven1 and yet a sufferer4 ,he did not speak2 how could he speak1 who had pleaded with them again and again by day1 and spent his nights in prayer1 for such return as this8 ,he lifted up his eyes1 and spread his arms4 ,he looked to them like one upon a cross4 #8,the ,christ6 ,the ,christ6' they murmured1 awestruck4 ,and then1 #8,slay him6' some one shouted frantically4 ,there came a crash of stones1 of wood1 of jagged iron1 and in the midst a distinct1 intense voice1 #8,o ,lord ,jesus1 forgive us4' ,they had heard the last of the prayers that vexed them4 8,on ,good ,friday morning1 as the brotherhood came from ,prime1 a strange being1 more like a beast than a man11 approached them4 #8,come to us1' he said in a scarcely intelligible dialect--#8come to the ,dol des ,fes3 ,the abbot asked no questions1 and made no delay4 ,he bade one of the older monks accompany him1 and together they sought the place4 ,before they reached it1 sounds of loud1 hoarse wailing were borne to them upon the breeze2 and their guide1 on hearing them1 broke forth into groans like the groans of a beast1 and beat his breast1 and cried1 #8,my father1 my father6 ,my sin1 my sin6' 8,they saw hovels and caves1 deserted2 among the poorest1 one still poorer2 about it1 men1 women1 and children wrung their hands or sobbed and tore their hair1 or lay despairing on the ground4 ,entering1 four bare walls met their view2 then a pallet1 where an idiot grinned and pointed4 ,following his pointing finger1 they saw an earth-altar where the light still burned4 ,before it one lay at rest4 ,wrapped in his tattered robe2 his hands clasped1 as though he prayed yet1 above the crucifix upon his heart2 hands1 neck1 and face bruised and battered and red with blood2 his face was of one at peace4 ,the contest was ended4 ,he who lay there dead lay there a victor1 by the grace of ,god4 ,around him his people1 for whom he gave his life1 begged for the very help they had so long refused4 ,and soon1 where so long he labored1 sowing good seed in tears1 the reapers went with shouting1 bringing their sheaves with them4 ,that which had been the abode of sinners has become years since the abode of saints4 8,thanks be to ,god60 8,but it was such a little sin10 ,i said1 as ,anne put the paper by4 8,how great a sin lost ,eden80 she asked gravely4 8,besides1 we cannot tell what spiritual pride or carelessness1 unknown or hidden1 may have led to such a fall4 ,but1 dear1 it was not anything of that sort ,i wanted to talk about1 but the mercy1 and how it explains what we were speaking of40 8,the mercy80 ,i repeated4 8,yes10 she said fervently4 8,to be punished1 and yet the very punishment to contain the power to pray on still--to speak to ,god--to plead with him for souls1 the souls he died for on the cross4 ,what though one were shut for all time in ,friar's ,rock1 if one trusted that at the end the ,vision of ,god would be his for ever1 and till then could and must ask him continually to have mercy on immortal souls8 ,or who would not live that living death in ,dol des ,fes to live it in prayer at the altar1 and to die a martyr's death8 8,joanne1 my darling1 what1 after all1 are sorrow and death and separation and loneliness to us who can speak to ,god8 ,in him we are all brought near4 ,his blood makes each of his children dear to those who love him4 ,day by day to forget self in them1 in him2 day by day to let grief or pleasure grow less and less in one absorbing prayer that his kingdom come2 day by day to lose one's self in him--that is living1 and that is loving4 ,i cannot mourn much for my precious ones that are only absent from my sight1 but safe and present with him2 my tears are for souls that are not safe1 the wide world over2 and ,i cannot miss much what ,i have never really lost4 ,a thousand times ,friar's ,rock speaks to me1 and this is what it says3 8#8,if thou1 ,lord1 wilt mark iniquities1 ,lord1 who shall stand it8 8#8,for with thee there is merciful forgiveness2 and by reason of thy law ,i have waited--for thee1 ,o ,lord4 8#8,from the morning watch even until night1 let ,israel hope in the ,lord4 8#8,because with the ,lord there is mercy1 and with him plentiful redemption4 8#8,and he shall redeem ,israel from all his iniquities4'0 ,it was years ago1 as ,i have said1 that ,anne d',estaing told me this legend4 ,since then1 her parents have died1 the chteau has passed into other hands1 she is head of a convent in ,bretagne1 and ,i--,i lie here1 the last of my name1 a hopeless invalid1 with not a penny to call my own4 ,rich once1 and young1 and fair1 and proud2 sad once1 and doubting how to bear a lonely future1 ,i know the meaning of ,anne's story now4 8,i have waited for thee1 ,o ,lord6 ,and he shall redeem ,israel from all his iniquities40 ,while ,i wait for him1 ,i pray4 ,it does not grieve me that ,i do not hear from ,anne4 ,la ,mre ,anglique is more to me1 and nearer to me1 than when1 in days long past1 we spoke face to face4 ,for ,i know we meet in the sure refuge of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 and that1 with saints on earth and saints in glory1 and the souls beneath the altar1 we pray together the same prayer--8,thy kingdom come40 ,,dunluce ,,castle4 7,,county ,,antrim47 ,oh6 of the fallen most fallen1 yet of the proud ,proudest2 sole-seated on thy tower-girt rock2 ,breasting for ever circling ocean's shock2 ,with blind sea-caves for ever dinned and loud2 ,now sunset-gilt2 now wrapt in vapor-shroud2 ,till distant ships--so well thy bastions mock ,primeval nature's work in joint and block-- ,misdeem her ramparts1 round thee bent and bowed1 ,for thine1 and on her walls1 men say1 have hurled ,the red artillery store designed for thee3-- ,thy wars are done6 ,henceforth perpetually ,thou restest1 like some judged1 impassive world ,whose sons1 their probatory period past1 ,have left that planet1 void amid the vast4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,space4 ,,iii4 ,bodies have bulk or volume1 whereby they are said to occupy a certain place1 and to fill it with their dimensions4 ,hence1 to complete our task1 we have now to consider space in relation with the volumes and places of bodies4 ,to proceed orderly1 we must first determine the proper definition of 8place10 and its division2 then we shall examine a few questions concerning the relation of each body to its place1 and particularly the difficult and interesting one whether bodies can be really bilocated and multilocated4 ,place4--,aristotle1 in the fourth book of his ,physics1 defines the place of a body as 8the surface by which the body is immediately surrounded and enveloped0--8,locus est extrema superficies corporis continentis immobilis40 ,this definition was accepted by nearly all the ancients4 ,the best of their representatives1 ,s4 ,thomas1 says3 8,locus est terminus corporis continentis0--viz41 ,the place of a body is the surface of the body which contains it2 and the ,schoolmen very generally define place to be 8the concave surface of the surrounding body3 ,superficies concava corporis ambientis40 ,thus1 according to the followers of ,aristotle1 no body can have place unless it is surrounded by some other body4 ,immobility was also believed to be necessarily included in the notion of place3 ,superficies immobilis4 ,cardinal de ,lugo says3 8the word place seems to be understood as meaning the real surface of a surrounding body1 not1 however1 as simply having its extension all around1 but as immovable--that is1 as attached to a determinate imaginary space40#agi ,we do not see what can be the meaning of this last phrase4 ,for ,de ,lugo holds that 8real space0 is the equivalent of 8place10 and that space1 as distinguished from place1 is nothing real3 ,non est aliquid reale4#ahj ,his imaginary space is1 therefore1 a mere nothing4 ,how are we1 then1 to understand that a real surface can be 8attached to a determinate imaginary space08 ,can a real being be attached to a determinate nothing8 ,are there many nothings8 or nothings possessing distinct determinations8 ,we think that these questions must all be answered in the negative1 and that neither ,cardinal de ,lugo1 nor any one else who considers imaginary space as a mere nothing1 can account for the immobility thus attributed to place4 ,the reason why ,aristotle's definition of place came to be generally adopted by the old ,schoolmen is very plain4 ,for1 in the place occupied by any given body1 two things can be considered1 viz41 the limiting surface1 and the dimensive quantity which extends within the limiting surface4 ,now1 as the ancients believed the matter of which bodies are composed to be endowed with continuity1 it was natural that they should look upon the dimensive quantity included within the limiting surface as an appurtenance of the matter itself1 and that they should consider it1 not as an intrinsic constituent of the place occupied1 but as a distinct reality through which the body could occupy a certain place4 ,according to this notion of dimensive quantity1 the limiting surface was retained as the sole constituent of the place occupied2 and the dimensions within the surface being thus excluded from the notion of place1 were attached to the matter of the body itself1 as a special accident inhering in it4 ,this manner of conceiving things is still looked upon as unobjectionable by those philosophers who think that the old metaphysics has been carried to such a degree of perfection by the peripatetics as to have nothing or little to learn from the modern positive sciences4 ,but whoever has once realized the fact that the dimensions of bodies are not continuous lines of matter1 but intervals1 or relations1 in space1 will agree that such dimensions do not inhere in the matter1 but are extrinsic relations between material terms distinctly ubicated4 ,what is called the volume of a body is nothing but the resultant of a system of relations in space4 ,the matter of the body supplies nothing to its constitution except the extrinsic terms of the relations4 ,the foundation of those relations is not to be found in the body1 but in space alone1 as we have proved in our last article2 and the relations themselves do not inhere in the terms1 but only intervene between them4 ,hence the dimensive quantity of the volume is intrinsically connected with the place it occupies1 and must enter into the definition of place as its material constituent1 as we are going to show4 ,as to the ,aristotelic definition of place1 we have the following objections3 ,first1 a good definition always consists of two notions1 the one generic and determinable1 as its material element1 the other differential and determinant1 as its formal element4 ,now1 ,aristotle's definition of place exhibits at best only the formal or determinant1 and omits entirely the material or determinable4 ,it is evident1 in fact1 that the surface of any given body determines the limits and the figure of something involved in the notion of place4 ,but what is this something8 ,it cannot be a mere nothing2 for nothing does not receive limits and figure1 as real limits and real figure must be settled upon something real4 ,this something must therefore be either the quantity of the matter1 or the quantity of the volume enclosed within the limiting surface4 ,and as we cannot admit that the quantity of the place occupied by a body is the quantity of matter contained in the body 7because bodies which have different quantities of matter can occupy equal places71 we are bound to conclude that the quantity of the place occupied by a body is the quantity of the volume comprised within the limiting surface4 ,this is the determinable or material constituent of place2 for this1 and this alone1 is determined by the concave surface of the surrounding body4 ,in the same manner as a cubic body contains dimensions within its cubic form1 so also a cubic place contains dimensions under its cubic surface2 hence the place of a body has volume1 the same volume as the body2 and therefore it cannot be defined as a mere limiting surface4 ,secondly1 the definition of a thing should express what every one understands the thing to be4 ,but no one understands the word 8place0 as meaning the exterior limit of the body which occupies it1 therefore the exterior limit of the body is not the true definition of place4 ,the minor of this syllogism is manifest4 ,for we predicate of place many things which cannot be predicated of the exterior limit of the body4 ,we say1 for instance1 that a place is full1 half-full1 or empty2 that it is capable of so many objects1 persons1 etc42 and it is plain that these predicates cannot appertain to the exterior limit of the body1 but they exclusively belong to the capacity within the limiting boundary4 ,hence a definition of place which overlooks such a capacity is defective4 ,thirdly1 to equal quantities of limiting surfaces do not necessarily correspond equal quantities of place4 ,therefore1 the limiting surface is not synonymous with place1 and cannot be its definition4 ,the antecedent is well known4 ,take two cylinders having equal surfaces1 but whose bases and altitudes are to one another in different ratios4 ,it is evident by geometry that such cylinders will have different capacities--that is1 there will be more occupable or occupied room in the one than in the other4 ,the consequence1 too1 is plain2 for1 if the room1 or place1 can be greater or less while the limiting surface does not become greater or less1 it is clear that the place is not the limiting surface4 ,fourthly1 what ,aristotle and his school called 8the surface of the surrounding body10 is now admitted to be formed by an assemblage of unextended material points1 perfectly isolated2 and therefore such a surface does not constitute a continuous material envelope1 as it was believed in earlier times4 ,now1 since those isolated points have no dimensions1 but are simply terms of the dimensions in space1 the so-called 8surface0 owes its own dimensions to the free intervals between those points1 just as the dimensions also of the volume enclosed owe their existence to similar intervals between the same points4 ,therefore the same terms which mark in space the limit of place1 mark also its volume2 and thus the volume under the surface belongs to the place itself no less than does the limiting surface4 ,fifthly1 a body in vacuum would have its absolute place2 and yet in vacuum there is no surface of surrounding bodies4 ,therefore an exterior surrounding body is not needed to constitute place4 ,in fact1 the body itself determines its own place by the extreme terms of its own bodily dimensions4 ,this the philosophers of the peripatetic school could not admit1 because they thought that the place of the body could not move with the body1 but ought to remain 8attached to a determinate imaginary space40 ,but1 in so reasoning1 they confounded the absolute place with the relative1 as will be shown hereafter4 ,yet they conceded that a body in vacuum would have its place2 and1 when asked to point out there the surface of a surrounding body1 they could not answer1 except by abandoning the ,aristotelic definition and by resorting to the centre and the poles of the world1 thus exchanging the absolute place 7locus7 for the relative 7situs71 without reflecting that they had no right to admit a relative place where1 according to their definition1 the absolute was wanting4 ,sixthly1 the true definition of place must be so general as to be applicable to all possible places4 ,but the ,aristotelic definition does not apply to all places4 ,therefore such a definition is not true4 ,the major of our argument needs no proof4 ,the minor is proved thus3 ,there are places not only within surfaces1 but also within lines1 and on the lines themselves2 for1 if on the surface of a body we describe a circle or a triangle1 it is evident that a place will be marked and determined on that surface4 ,its limiting boundary1 however1 will be1 not the surface of a surrounding body1 but simply the circumference of the circle1 or the perimeter of the triangle4 ,for these reasons we maintain that place cannot properly be defined as 8the surface of the surrounding body40 ,as to the additional limitation1 that such a surface should be considered as 8immovable0--that is1 affixed to a determinate space 7imaginary1 of course1 according to the peripatetic theory1 and therefore wholly fictitious7--we need only say that even if it were possible to attach the surface of a body to a determinate space1 which is not the case1 yet this condition could not be admitted in the definition of place1 because the absolute place of a body is invariably the same1 wherever it be1 in absolute space1 and does not change except as compared with other places4 ,absolute place1 just as absolute ubication1 has but one manner of existing in absolute space2 for all places1 considered in themselves1 are extrinsic terminations of the same infinite virtuality1 and are all equally in the centre1 so to say1 of its infinite expanse1 whatever be their mutual relations4 ,true ,notion of ,place4--,what is1 then1 the true definition of place8 ,webster describes it in his ,dictionary as 8a particular portion of space of indefinite extent1 occupied1 or intended to be occupied1 by any person or thing1 and considered as the space where a person or thing does or may rest1 or has rested1 as distinct from space in general40 ,this is in fact the meaning of the word 8place0 in the popular language4 ,the philosophical definition of place1 as gathered from this description1 would be3 8,place is a particular portion of space40 ,this is the very definition which all philosophers1 before ,aristotle1 admitted1 and which ,aristotle endeavored to refute1 on the ground that1 when a body moves through space1 its place remains intrinsically the same4 ,we have shown in our last article that space considered in itself has no parts2 but those who admit portion of space1 consider space as a reality dependent on the dimensions of the bodies by which it is occupied--that is1 they call 8space0 those resultant relative intervals which have their foundation in space itself4 ,if we were to take the word 8space0 in this popular sense1 we might well say that 8place is a portion of space10 because any given place is but one out of the many places determined by the presence of bodies in the whole world4 ,on the other hand1 since space1 properly so called1 is itself virtually extended--that is1 equivalent in its absolute simplicity to infinite extension1 and since virtual extension suggests the thought of virtual parts1 we might admit that there are virtual portions of space in this sense1 that space as the foundation of all local relations corresponds by its virtuality to all the dimensions and intervals mensurable between all terms ubicated1 and receives from them distinct extrinsic denominations4 ,thus1 space as occupied by the sun is virtually distinguished from itself as occupied by the moon1 not because it has a distinct entity in the sun and another in the moon1 but because it has two distinct extrinsic terminations4 ,we might therefore admit that place is 8a virtual portion of space determined by material limits02 and we might even omit the epithet 8virtual0 if it were understood that the word 8space0 was taken as synonymous with the dimensions of bodies1 as is taken by those who deny the reality of vacuum4 ,but1 though this manner of speaking is and will always remain popular1 owing to its agreement with our imagination and to its conciseness1 which makes it preferable for our ordinary intercourse1 we think that the place of a body1 in proper philosophical language1 should be defined as 8a system of correlations between the terms which mark out the limits of the body in space02 and therefore place in general1 whether really occupied or not1 should be defined as 8a system of correlations between ubications marking out the limits of dimensive quantity40 ,this definition expresses all that we imply and that ,webster includes in the description of place2 but it changes the somewhat objectionable phrase 8portion of space0 into what people mean by it1 viz41 8a system of correlations between distinct ubications10 thereby showing that it is not the absolute entity of fundamental space1 but only the resultant relations in space1 that enter into the intrinsic constitution of place4 ,by 8a system of correlations0 we mean the adequate result of the combination of all the intervals from every single term to every other within the limits assumed1 in every direction4 ,such a result will therefore represent either a volume1 or a surface1 or a line1 according as the terms considered within the given limits are differently disposed in space4 ,thus a spherical place results from the mutual relations intervening between all the terms of its geometric surface2 and therefore it implies all the intervals which can be measured1 and all the lines that can be traced1 in all directions1 from any of those terms to any other within the given limits4 ,in like manner1 a triangular place results from the mutual relations intervening between all the terms forming its perimeter2 and therefore it implies all the intervals and lines of movement which can be traced1 in all directions1 from any of those terms to any other within the given limits4 ,in the definition we have given1 the material or determinable element is the system of correlations or intervals which are mensurable within the limiting terms2 the formal or determinant is the disposition of the limiting terms themselves--that is1 the definite boundary which determines the extent of those intervals1 and gives to the place a definite shape4 ,thus it appears that1 although there is no place without space1 nevertheless the entity of space does not enter into the constitution of place as an intrinsic constituent1 but only as the extrinsic foundation4 ,this is what we have endeavored to express as clearly as we could in our definition of place4 ,as1 however1 in our ordinary intercourse we cannot well speak of place with such nice circumlocutions as are needed in philosophical treatises1 we do not much object to the common notion that place is 8space intercepted by a limiting boundary10 and we ourselves have no difficulty in using this expression1 out of philosophy1 owing to the loose meaning attached to the word 8space0 in common language2 for all distances and intervals in space are called 8spaces10 even in mechanics2 and thus1 when we hear of 8space intercepted10 we know that the speakers do not refer to the absolute entity of space 7which they have been taught to identify with nothingness71 but merely to the intervals resulting from the extrinsic terminations of that entity4 ,most of the ,schoolmen 7viz41 all those who considered void space as imaginary and unreal7 agreed1 as we have intimated1 with ,aristotle1 that the notion of place involves nothing but the surface of a surrounding body1 and contended that within the limits of that surface there was no such chimerical thing as mere space1 but only the quantity of the body itself4 ,suarez1 in his ,metaphysics 7,disp4 #ea1 sect4 #a1 n4 #i71 mentions the opinion of those who maintained that place is the space occupied by a body1 and argues against it on the ground that no one can say what kind of being such a space is4 ,some have affirmed1 says he1 that such a space is a body indivisible and immaterial--which leads to an open contradiction--though they perhaps considered this body to be 8indivisible10 not because it had no parts1 but because its parts could not be separated4 ,they also called it 8immaterial10 on account of its permeability to all bodies4 ,but this opinion1 he justly adds1 is against reason and even against faith2 for1 on the one hand this space should be eternal1 uncreated1 and infinite1 whilst on the other no body can be admitted to have these attributes4 ,others1 ,suarez continues1 thought that the space which can be occupied by bodies is mere quantity extending all around without end4 ,this opinion was refuted by ,aristotle1 and is inadmissible1 because there cannot be quantitative dimensions without a substance1 and because the bodies which would occupy such a space have already their own dimensions1 which cannot be compenetrated with the dimensions of space4 ,and moreover1 such a quantity would be either eternal and uncreated--which is against faith--or created with all other things1 and therefore created in space2 which shows that space itself is not such a quantity4 ,others finally opine1 with greater probability1 says he1 that space1 as distinct from the bodies that fill it1 is nothing real and positive1 but a mere emptiness1 implying both the absence of bodies and the aptitude to be filled by bodies4 ,of this opinion ,toletus says 7#d ,phys4 q4 #c7 that it is probable1 and that it cannot be demonstratively refuted4 ,yet1 adds ,suarez1 it can be shown that such a space1 as distinct from bodies1 is in fact nothing2 for it is neither a substance nor an accident1 nor anything created or temporal1 but eternal4 ,such is the substance of the reasons adduced by ,suarez to prove that the space occupied by bodies is nothing real4 ,had he1 like ,lessius1 turned his thought to the extrinsic terminability of ,god's immensity1 he would have easily discovered that1 to establish the reality of space1 none of those old hypotheses which he refuted were needed4 ,as we have already settled this point in a preceding article1 we will not return to it4 ,it may1 however1 be remarked that what ,suarez says regarding the incompenetrability of the quantity of space with the quantity of the body is based entirely on the assumption that bodies have their own volume independently of space--an assumption which1 though plausibly maintained by the ancients1 can by no means be reconciled with the true notion of the volume of bodies as now established by physical science and accepted by all philosophers4 ,as all dimensive quantity arises from relations in space1 so it is owing to space itself that bodies have volume2 and therefore there are not1 as the ancients imagined1 two volumes compenetrated1 the one of space1 and the other of matter2 but there is one volume alone determined by the material terms related through space4 ,and thus there is no ground left for the compenetration of two quantities4 ,s4 ,thomas also1 in his ,commentary to the ,physics of ,aristotle 7#d ,phys4 lect4 #f71 and in the opuscule1 ,de ,natura ,loci1 argues that there is no space within the limiting surface of the body1 for two reasons4 ,the first is1 that such a quantity of space would be an accident without a subject3 ,sequitur quod esset aliquod accidens absque subjecto2 quod est impossibile4 ,the second is1 that if there is space within the surface of the body1 as all the parts of the body are in the volume of the same1 so will the places of all the parts be in the place of the whole2 and consequently1 there will be as many places compenetrated with one another as there can be divisions in the dimensions of the body4 ,but these dimensions admit of an infinite division4 ,therefore1 infinite places will be compenetrated together3 ,sequitur quod sint infinita loca simul2 quod est impossibile4 ,these two reasons could not but have considerable weight in a time when material continuity formed the base of the physical theory of quantity1 and when space without matter was considered a chimera2 but in our time the case is quite different4 ,to the first reason we answer1 that the space within the surface of the body will not be 8an accident without a subject40 ,in fact1 such a space can be understood in two manners1 viz41 either as the foundation of the intervals1 or as the intervals themselves2 and in neither case will there be an accident without a subject4 ,for1 the space which is the foundation of the intervals is no accident2 it is the virtuality of ,god's immensity1 as we have proved2 and1 therefore1 there can be no question about its subject4 ,moreover1 such a space is indeed within the limits of the body1 but it is also without1 as it is not limited by them4 ,these limits1 as compared with space1 are extrinsic terms2 and therefore they do not belong to space1 but to the body alone4 ,lastly1 although without space there can be no place1 yet space is neither the material nor the formal constituent of place1 but only the extrinsic ground of local relations1 just as eternity is not an intrinsic constituent of time1 but only the extrinsic ground of successive duration4 ,whence it is manifest that the entity of space is not the dimensive quantity of the body1 but the eminent reason of its dimensions4 ,if1 on the other hand1 space is understood in the popular sense as meaning the accidental intervals between the limits of the body1 then it is evident that such intervals will not be without their proportionate subject4 ,relations have a subject of predication1 not of inhesion2 for relation is a thing whose entity1 according to the scholastic definition1 consists entirely of a mere connotation2 cuius totum esse est ad aliud se habere4 ,hence all relation is merely ad aliud1 and cannot be in alio4 ,accordingly1 the intervals between the terms of the body are between them1 but do not inhere in them2 and they have a sufficient subject--the only subject1 indeed1 which they require1 for the very reason that they exist between real terms1 with a real foundation4 ,thus the first reason objected is radically solved4 ,to the second reason we answer1 that it is impossible to conceive an infinite multitude of places in one total place1 unless we admit the existence of an infinite multitude of limiting terms--that is1 unless we assume that matter is mathematically continuous4 ,but1 since material continuity is now justly considered as a baseless and irrational hypothesis1 as our readers know1 the compenetration of infinite places with one another becomes an impossibility4 ,yet1 as all bodies contain a very great number of material terms1 it may be asked3 ,would the existence of space within the limits of place prove the compenetration of a finite number of places8 ,would it prove1 for instance1 that the places of different bodies existing in a given room compenetrate the place of the room8 ,the answer depends wholly on the meaning attached to the word 8space40 ,if we take 8space0 as the foundation of the relations between the terms of a place1 then different places will certainly be compenetrated1 inasmuch as the entity of space is the same1 though differently terminated1 in every one of them4 ,but1 if we take 8space0 as meaning the system of relative intervals between the terms of a body1 then the place of a room will not be compenetrated with the places of the bodies it contains2 because neither the intervals nor the terms of one place are the intervals or the terms of another1 nor have they anything common except the absolute entity of their extrinsic foundation4 ,now1 since place is not space properly1 but only a system of correlations between ubications marking out the limits of the body in space1 it follows that no compenetration of one place with another is possible so long as the terms of the one do not coincide with the terms of the other4 ,s4 ,thomas remarks also1 in the same place1 that if a recipient full of water contains space1 then1 besides the dimensions of the water1 there would be in the same recipient the dimensions of space1 and these latter would therefore be compenetrated with the former4 ,quum aqua est in vase1 prter dimensiones aqu sunt ibi ali dimensiones spatii penetrantes dimensiones aqu4 ,this would certainly be the case were it true that the dimensions of the body are materially continuous1 as ,s4 ,thomas with all his contemporaries believed4 ,but the truth is that the dimensions of bodies do not consist in the extension of continuous matter1 but in the extension of the intervals between the limits of the bodies1 which is greater or less according as it requires a greater or less extension of movement to be measured4 ,the volume of a body--that is1 the quantity of the place it occupies--is exactly the same whether it be full or empty1 provided the limiting terms remain the same and in the same relation to one another4 ,it is not the matter1 therefore1 that constitutes its dimensions4 ,and then there are1 and can be1 no distinct dimensions of matter compenetrating the dimensions of place4 ,but enough about the nature of place4 ,let us proceed to its division4 ,division of ,place4--,place in general may be divided into real and imaginary1 according as its limiting terms exist in nature or are only imagined by us4 ,this division is so clear that it needs no explanation4 ,it might be asked whether there are not also ideal places4 ,we answer1 that strictly ideal places there are none2 for the ideal is the object of our intellect1 whilst place is the object of our senses and imagination4 ,hence the so-called 8ideal0 places are nothing but 8imaginary0 places4 ,place1 whether real or imaginary1 is again divided by geometers into linear1 superficial1 and cubic or solid1 according to the nature of their limiting boundaries4 ,a place limited by surfaces is the place of a volume or geometric solid4 ,a place limited by lines is the place of a surface4 ,a place limited by mere points is the place of a line4 ,the ancients1 when defining place as 8the surface of the surrounding body10 connected the notion of place with the quantity of volume1 without taking notice of the other two kinds just mentioned4 ,this1 too1 was a necessary consequence of their assumption of continuous matter4 ,for1 if matter is intrinsically extended in length1 breadth1 and depth1 all places must be extended in a similar manner4 ,but it is a known fact that the word 8place0 7locus7 is used now1 and was used in all times1 in connection not only with geometric volumes1 but also with geometric surfaces and with geometric lines2 and as the geometric quantities have their counterpart in the physical order1 it is manifest that such geometric places cannot be excluded from the division of place4 ,can we not on any surface draw a line circumscribing a circle or any other close figure8 ,and can we not point out the 8place0 where the circle or figure is marked out8 ,there are therefore places of which the boundaries are lines1 not surfaces4 ,and again1 can we not fix two points on a given line1 and consider the interval between them as one of the many places which can be designated along the line8 ,the word 8place0 in its generality applies to any kind of dimensive quantity in space4 ,those who pretend to limit it to 8the surface of a volume0 should tell us what other term is to be used when we have to mention the place of a plane figure on a wall1 or of a linear length on the intersection of two surfaces4 ,it will be said that the ancients in this case used the word ,ubi4 ,but we reply that ,ubi and ,locus were taken by them as synonymous4 ,the quantities bounded by lines1 or terminated by points1 were therefore equivalently admitted to have their own 8places02 which proves that the definition of place which philosophers left us in their books1 did not express all that they themselves meant when using the word1 and therefore it was not practically insisted upon4 ,with us the case is different4 ,the ,ubi1 as defined by us1 designates a single point in space1 and is distinct from locus2 hence we do not admit that our ubi is a place2 for there is no place within a point4 ,but the philosophers of the old school could not limit the real ubication of matter to a mere point1 owing to their opinion that matter was continuous4 ,thus we have three supreme kinds of place--the linear1 with one dimension1 length2 the superficial1 with two dimensions1 length and breadth2 the cubic or solid1 with three dimensions1 length1 breadth1 and depth4 ,the true characteristic difference between these kinds of place is drawn from their formal constituents1 viz41 from their boundaries4 ,the cubic place is a place terminated by surfaces4 ,the superficial place is a place terminated by lines4 ,the linear place is a place terminated by two points4 ,these supreme species admit of further subdivision1 owing to the different geometrical figures affected by their respective boundaries4 ,thus the place of a body may be tetrahedric1 hexahedric1 spherical1 etc41 and the place of a surface may be triangular1 polygonal1 circular1 etc4 ,place is also divided into absolute and relative4 ,it is called absolute when it is considered secundum se--that is1 as to its entity1 or as consisting of a system of correlation within a definite limit4 ,it is called relative when it is considered in connection with some other place or places1 as more or less distant from them1 or as having with respect to them this or that position or situation4 ,the absolute place of a body1 whatever our imagination may suggest to the contrary1 is always the same as long as the body remains under the same dimensions1 be it at rest or in movement4 ,in fact1 whenever we speak of a change of place1 we mean that the place of a body acquires a new relation to the place of some other body--that is1 we mean the mere change of its relativity4 ,when the world was believed to be a sphere of continuous matter with no real space outside of it1 the absolute place of a body could be considered as corresponding to one or another definite portion of that sphere1 and therefore as changeable2 but since the reality of infinite space independent of matter has been established1 it is manifest that absolute place has no relation to the limits of the material world1 but only to the infinity of space1 with respect to which bodies cannot change their place any more than a point can change its ubication4 ,hence1 when a body moves1 its relative place1 or1 better1 the relativity of its place to the places of other bodies1 is changed2 but its absolute place remains the same4 ,thus the earth1 in describing its orbit1 takes different positions round the sun1 and1 while preserving its absolute place unchanged1 it undergoes a continuous change of its relativity4 ,lastly1 place is also divided into intrinsic and extrinsic4 ,omitting the old explanations of this division1 we may briefly state that the intrinsic place is that which is determined by the dimensions and boundary of the body1 and therefore is coextensive with it4 ,the extrinsic place of a body is a place greater than the body which is placed in it4 ,thus ,rome is the extrinsic place of the ,vatican ,palace1 and the ,vatican ,palace is the extrinsic place of the ,pope2 because the ,vatican ,palace is in ,rome1 and the ,pope in the ,vatican ,palace4 ,occupation of ,place4--,we have now to answer a few questions about the occupation of place4 ,the first is1 whether bodies fill the space they occupy4 ,the second is1 whether the same place can be simultaneously occupied by two bodies4 ,the third is1 whether the place limits and conserves the body it contains4 ,the fourth is1 whether the same body can be miraculously in two places or more at the same time4 ,that bodies fill place is a very common notion1 because people do not make any marked distinction between filling and occupying4 ,but to fill and to occupy are not synonymous4 ,to fill a place is to leave no vacuum within it2 and this is evidently impossible without continuous matter4 ,as we have proved that continuous matter does not exist1 we cannot admit that any part of place1 however small1 can be filled4 ,place1 however1 is occupied4 ,in fact1 the material elements of which bodies are ultimately composed1 by their presence in space occupy distinct points in space--that is1 take possession of them1 maintain themselves in them1 and from them direct their action all around1 by which they manifest to us their existence1 ubication1 and other properties4 ,this is the meaning of occupation4 ,hence the formal reason of occupation is the presence of material elements in space4 ,therefore1 the place of a body is occupied by the presence in it of discrete material points1 none of which fill space--that is to say1 the place is occupied1 not filled4 ,the common expression1 8a place filled with matter10 may1 however1 be admitted in this sense1 that when the place is occupied by a body1 it does not naturally allow the intrusion of another body4 ,this amounts to saying1 not that the place is really filled1 but that the resistance offered by the body to the intrusion of another body prevents its passage as effectually as if there were left no occupable room4 ,so much for the first question4 ,the second question may be answered thus3 ,since space is not filled by the occupying bodies1 the reason why bodies exclude one another from their respective places must be traced not to a want of room in them1 but only to their mutual opposite actions4 ,these actions ,god can neutralize and overcome by an action of ,his own2 and if this be done1 nothing will remain that can prevent the compenetration of two bodies and of their respective places4 ,it is therefore possible1 at least supernaturally1 for two bodies to occupy the same place4 ,nevertheless1 we must bear in mind that1 as the elements of the one body are not the elements of the other1 so the ubications of the first set of elements are not the ubications of the second1 and consequently the correlations of the first set are not identically the correlations of the second4 ,hence1 if one body penetrates into the place of another body1 their places will be intertwined1 but distinct from each other4 ,the third question must be answered in the negative1 notwithstanding the contrary opinion of all the ,peripatetics4 ,the place does not limit and conserve the body by which it is occupied2 it is the body itself that limits and conserves its own place4 ,for what is it that gives to a place its formal determination1 and its specific and numeric distinction from all other places1 but its extreme boundary8 ,now1 this boundary is marked out by the very elements which constitute the limits of the body4 ,it is1 therefore1 the body itself that by its own limits defines the limits of its own place1 and constitutes the place formally such or such4 ,there is the same connection between a body and its place as between movement and its duration4 ,there is no movement without time1 nor time without movement2 but movement does not result from time1 for it is time itself that results from movement4 ,hence1 the duration of the movement is limited by the movement itself4 ,in like manner1 there is no body without place1 and no place without a body2 but the body does not result from the place1 for it is the place itself that results from the presence of the body in space4 ,hence1 the place of the body is formally determined by the body itself4 ,therefore1 it is the body that limits and conserves its place1 not the place that limits and conserves the body4 ,this conclusion is confirmed by the manner in which our knowledge of place is acquired4 ,our perception of the place of a body is caused1 not by the place1 but by the body1 which acts upon our senses from different points of its surface1 and depicts in our organs the figure of its limits4 ,this figure1 therefore1 is the figure of the place only inasmuch as it is the figure of the body2 or1 in other terms1 it is the body itself that by its limits determines the limits of its place4 ,from this it follows that1 when a body is said to be in a place circumscriptively1 we ought to interpret the phrase1 not in the sense that the body is circumscribed by its place1 as ,aristotle and his followers believed1 but in this sense1 that the body circumscribes its place by its own limits4 ,and for the same reason1 those beings which do not exist circumscriptively in place 7and which are said to be in place only definitively1 as is the case with created spirits7 are substances which do not circumscribe any place1 because they have no material terms by which to mark dimensions in space4 ,the fourth and last question is a very difficult one4 ,a great number of eminent authors maintain with ,s4 ,thomas that real bilocation is intrinsically impossible2 others1 on the contrary1 hold1 with ,suarez and ,bellarmine1 that it is possible4 ,without pretending to decide the question1 we will simply offer to our reader a few remarks on the arguments adduced against the possibility of real bilocation4 ,the strongest of those arguments is1 in our opinion1 the following4 ,the real bilocation of a body requires the real bilocation of all its parts1 and therefore is impossible unless each primitive element of the body can have two distinct1 real ubications at the same time the one natural and the other supernatural4 ,but it is impossible for a simple and primitive element to have two distinct1 real ubications at the same time1 for two distinct1 real ubications presuppose two distinct1 real terminations of the virtuality of ,god's immensity1 and two distinct1 real terminations are intrinsically impossible without two distinct1 real terms4 ,it is therefore evident that one point of matter cannot mark out two points in space1 and that real bilocation is impossible4 ,to evade this argument1 it might be said that it is not evident1 after all1 that the same real term cannot correspond to two terminations4 ,for to duplicate the ubication of an element of matter means to cause the same element1 which is here present to ,god1 to be there also present to ,god4 ,now this requires only the correspondence of the material point to two distinct virtualities of divine immensity4 ,is this a contradiction8 ,the correspondence to one virtuality is certainly not the negation of the correspondence to another2 hence it is not necessary to concede that there is a contradiction between the two4 ,it may be added that the supernatural possibility of bilocation seems to be established by many facts we read in ecclesiastical history and the lives of saints1 as also by the dogma of the ,real ,presence of ,our ,lord's ,body in so many different places in the ,sacrament of the ,eucharist4 ,lastly1 although real bilocation is open to many objections on account of its supernatural character1 yet these objections can be sufficiently answered1 as may be seen in ,suarez1 in part4 #c1 disp4 #dh1 sec4 #d4 ,these reasons may have a certain degree of probability2 nevertheless1 before admitting that a point of matter can mark two points in space at the same time1 it is necessary to ascertain whether a single real term can terminate two virtualities of ,god's immensity4 ,this is a thing which can scarcely be conceived2 for two distinct ubications result from two distinct terminations2 and it is quite evident1 as we have already intimated1 that there cannot be two distinct terminations if there be not two distinct terms4 ,for the virtualities of divine immensity are not distinct from one another in their entity1 but only by extrinsic denomination1 inasmuch as they are distinctly terminated by distinct extrinsic terms4 ,therefore1 a single extrinsic term cannot correspond to two distinct virtualities of divine immensity2 whence it follows that a single material point cannot have two distinct ubications4 ,as to the facts of ecclesiastical history above alluded to1 it might be answered that their nature is not sufficiently known to base an argument upon them4 ,did any saints ever really exist in two places8 ,for aught we know1 they may have existed really in one place1 and only phenomenically in another4 ,angels occupy no place1 and have no bodies2 and yet they appeared in place1 and showed themselves in bodily forms1 which need not have been more than phenomenal4 ,disembodied souls have sometimes appeared with phenomenal bodies4 ,why should we be bound to admit that when saints showed themselves in two places1 their body was not phenomenal in one and real only in the other8 ,the fact of the ,real ,presence of ,christ's body in the ,blessed ,sacrament1 though much insisted upon by some authors1 seems to have no bearing on the present question4 ,for1 our ,lord's body in the ,eucharist has no immediate connection with place1 but is simply denominated by the place of the sacramental species1 as ,s4 ,thomas proves2 for it is there ad modum substanti1 as the holy doctor incessantly repeats1 and not ad modum corporis locati4#aha ,hence1 ,s4 ,thomas himself1 notwithstanding the real presence of ,christ's body on our altars1 denies without fear the possibility of real bilocation properly so called4 ,though not all the arguments brought against real bilocation are equally conclusive1 some of them are very strong1 and seem unanswerable4 ,suarez1 who tried to answer them1 did not directly solve them1 but only showed that they would prove too much if they were applied to the mystery of the ,real ,presence4 ,the inference is true2 but ,s4 ,thomas and his followers would answer that their arguments do not apply to the ,eucharistic mystery4 ,one of those arguments is the following3 ,if a man were simultaneously in two places1 say1 in ,rome and in ,london1 his quantity would be separated from itself2 for it would be really distant from itself1 and relatively opposed to itself4 ,but this is impossible4 ,for how can there be real opposition without two real terms8 ,some might answer1 that a man bilocated is one term substantially1 but equivalent to two locally1 and that it is not his substance nor his quantity that is distant from itself1 but only one of his locations as compared with the other4 ,but we do not think that this answer is satisfactory4 ,for1 although distance requires only two local terms1 we do not see how there can be local terms without two distinct beings4 ,one and the same being cannot be actually in two places without having two contrary modes3 and this is impossible2 for two contraries cannot coexist in the same subject1 as ,s4 ,thomas observes4#ahb ,another of those arguments is based on the nature of quantity4 ,one and the same quantity cannot occupy two distinct places4 ,for quantity is the formal cause of the occupation of place1 and no formal cause can have two adequate formal effects4 ,hence1 as one body has but one quantity1 so it can occupy but one place4 ,this argument cannot be evaded by saying that the quantity which is the formal cause of occupation is not the quantity of the mass1 but the quantity of the volume4 ,in fact1 the duplication of the volume would duplicate the place2 but the volume cannot be duplicated unless each material term at the surface of the body can acquire two ubications4 ,now1 this is impossible1 as a single term cannot correspond to two extrinsic terminations of divine immensity1 as already remarked4 ,hence1 the quantity of volume cannot be duplicated in distinct places without duplicating also the mass of the body--that is1 there cannot be two places without two bodies4 ,a third argument is as follows3 ,if a body were bilocated1 it would be circumscribed and not circumscribed4 ,circumscribed1 as is admitted1 because its dimensions would coextend with its place2 not circumscribed1 because it would also exist entirely outside of its place4 ,this argument1 in our opinion1 is not valid2 because it is not the place that circumscribes the body1 but the body that circumscribes its own place4 ,hence1 if a body were bilocated1 it would circumscribe two places1 and would be within both alike4 ,it will be said that this1 too1 is impossible4 ,we incline very strongly to the same opinion1 but not on the strength of the present argument4 ,a fourth argument is1 that if a thing can be bilocated1 there is no reason why it could not be trilocated and multilocated4 ,but1 if so1 then one man could be so replicated as to form by himself alone two battalions fighting together2 and consequently such a man might in one battalion be victorious1 and in the other cut to pieces2 in one place suffer intense cold1 and in another excessive heat2 in one pray1 and in another swear4 ,the absurdity of these conclusions shows the absurdity of the assumption from which they follow4 ,this argument is by no means formidable4 ,bilocation and multilocation are a duplication and multiplication of the place1 not of the substance4 ,now1 the principle of operation in man is his substance1 whilst his place is only a condition of the existence and of the movements of his body4 ,accordingly1 those passions of heat and cold1 and such like1 which depend on local movement1 can be multiplied and varied with the multiplication of the places1 but the actions which proceed from the intrinsic faculties of man can not be thus varied and multiplied4 ,hence1 from the multilocation of a man1 it would not follow that he1 as existing in one place1 could slay himself as existing in another place1 nor that he could pray in one and swear in another4 ,after all1 bilocation and multilocation would1 by the hypothesis1 be the effect of supernatural intervention1 and1 as such1 they would be governed by divine wisdom4 ,hence it is unreasonable to assume the possibility of such ludicrous contingencies as are mentioned in the argument2 for ,god does not lend his supernatural assistance to foster what is incongruous or absurd4 ,to conclude4 ,it seems to us that those among the preceding arguments which have a decided weight against the possibility of real bilocation1 are all radically contained in this1 that one and the same element of matter cannot have at the same time two modes of being1 of which the one entails the exclusion of the other4 ,now1 the mode of being by which an element is constituted in a point1 ,a1 excludes the mode of being by which it would be constituted in another point1 ,b4 ,for1 since the ubication in ,a is distant from the ubication in ,b1 the two ubications are not only distinct1 but relatively opposed1 as ,s4 ,thomas has remarked3 ,distinguuntur ad invicem secundum aliquam loci contrarietatem2 and therefore they cannot belong both together to the same subject4 ,on the other hand1 we have also proved that a single element cannot terminate two distinct virtualities of ,god's immensity1 because no distinct virtualities can be conceived except with reference to distinct extrinsic terms4 ,hence1 while the element in question has its ubication in ,a1 it is utterly incapable of any other ubication4 ,to admit that one and the same material point can terminate two virtualities of divine immensity1 seems to us as absurd as to admit that one and the same created being is the term of two distinct creations4 ,for this reason we think1 with ,s4 ,thomas1 that bilocation1 properly so called1 is an impossibility4 ,,an ,,episode4 ,the caption 8episode0 is advisedly adopted1 inasmuch as we are going to transcribe only one short chapter from a large manuscript of several hundred pages containing 8,the ,life of ,sixtus ,v40 ,however1 it is to be regretted that such a life is not published4 ,for it would reveal unto us the man1 whereas ,ranke and ,hbner describe only the prince4 ,sixtus ,v4 fell into that mistake1 which has proved disastrous to many popes1 and has afforded a weapon1 however silly and easily broken1 yet a real weapon to the enemies of the ,papacy--nepotism4 ,the charge is exaggerated of course3 in fact1 what our enemies assert to have been the universal failing of all the popes1 the true historian avers to have been the mistake of a few1 whereas the examples of heroic detachment from kindred given by the vast majority of the ,pontiffs are wonderful4 ,s4 ,gregory the ,great says1 8better there should be a scandal than the truth were suppressed02 and surely the church needs no better defence than the truth4 ,for the present purpose1 suffice it to quote the ,protestant ,ranke1 who1 after a thorough investigation of the subject1 gave it as his honest opinion that only three or four popes are really liable to the charge of nepotism4 ,it is pleasant to be able to quote such an opinion of an eminent non-,catholic writer against scores of wilful men1 who sharpen their weapons and discharge their shafts1 not after honest study and investigation1 but merely on the promptings of blind hatred4 ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 was the second son of ,piergentile ,peretti of ,montalto4 ,his eldest brother was ,prospero1 who married ,girolama of ,tullio ,mignucci1 and died ,a4,d4 #aefj1 without issue4 ,camilla was his only sister4 ,she was led to the altar by ,gianbattista ,mignucci1 brother to ,girolama4 ,to an exquisite correctness of judgment1 and great generosity of heart1 she joined a quick apprehension of the importance of circumstances by which she might find herself suddenly encompassed4 ,the ,anonimo of the ,capitoline ,memoirs says that when ,camilla was unexpectedly raised from the obscure life of a contadino's wife to the rank of a ,roman lady1 she was not stunned1 but felt perfectly at ease1 whilst her society was coveted by the choicest circles of the nobility4 ,cardinal d',ossat1 in his ,letters1 informs us that she was greatly esteemed and dearly beloved by ,louise de ,lorraine1 queen-dowager of the gifted but perverse ,henry ,,iii4 of ,france4 ,the works of her munificence and public charity in her native ,grottamare are many1 and enduring to our day4 ,father ,felix ,peretti had already mounted all the rounds but one of ecclesiastical preferment--the cardinal's hat was almost within his reach4 ,he was a bishop1 and occupied some of the highest offices in the ,curia ,romana4 ,he thought the time had come to satisfy a long-felt desire--the ennoblement of his family4 ,hence1 in #aefb1 he called his sister to ,rome1 having obtained a sovereign's rescript by which his brother was allowed to change his name1 ,mignucci1 into that of ,peretti4 ,on the #agth day of ,may1 #aegj1 ,pius ,v4 raised ,mgr4 ,felix ,peretti to the dignity of cardinal4 ,thenceforward he is more generally known in history as ,cardinal ,montalto1 from the place of his nativity4 ,thus1 even previous to his brother-in-law's elevation1 ,gianbattista ,mignucci enters ,rome transformed into ,peretti1 to join his wife and their two children ,francis and ,mary4 ,o fallaces cogitationes nostras6 ,the friar hopes his name1 made illustrious by himself1 will not become extinct2 but he is mistaken2 if recorded on the tablets of time it will not surely be by a worldly alliance1 which is doomed to a dishonored extinction4 ,the church will inscribe the ,peretti name and fame on the adamantine records of her immortality4 ,verily1 if we understand aright the professions of recluses1 the ,franciscan friar should have done away with his relations for ever2 at least1 so far as not to allow himself to be blinded by human affection4 ,he should have remembered that he was under no obligation to them1 that from his earliest boyhood he had been taken in hand by churchmen1 and that only through scientific and moral resources acquired in a friary he had received strength to climb up so high in the ecclesiastical hierarchy4 ,the world is keen in its observations1 and ,peretti did not escape its strictures1 seldom erring when established on principles and facts universally admitted1 and moreover sanctioned by divine teaching4 ,and has not the example been set for those who profess the perfection of evangelical counsels of how they should behave towards their kindred8 ,be that as it may1 ,fra ,felice paid dearly for his ambition4 ,his niece1 ,donna ,maria ,peretti1 was soon married1 and a dowry granted her from the revenues of her uncle of three thousand crowns a year4 ,mary's children1 two boys and two girls1 became allied to some of the most distinguished families of ,italy1 and the plebeian blood of ,peretti mingled with that of the simon-pure aristocracy4 ,out of this issue arose eminent men who did honor to cross and sword4 ,but enough of this branch of the friar's adoption4 ,about the time of ,mgr4 ,felix ,peretti's elevation to the cardinalate1 his nephew ,francesco was wedded to ,donna ,vittoria ,accoramboni of ,gubbio1 in ,umbria1 praised by the ,gentiluomo1 ,aquitano 7vol4 ii41 b4 vi471 as 8a woman of high mind1 of great beauty of soul and body40 ,her family still exists in ,italy1 and a lineal descendant occupies important posts in the household of ,pius ,,ix44 ,her suitors had been many and of princely caste2 among the rest ,paolo ,giordano ,orsini1 ,duke of ,bracciano1 formerly married to the sister of the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 ,francesco ,medici4 ,paolo1 homo ruptus disruptusque1 stands charged in history with the murder of this his former wife1 the accomplished ,isabella1 daughter of ,cosmo1 whom he strangled on the #afth of ,july1 #aegf4 ,but ,vittoria's father cut short all suits1 and gave her in holy wedlock to ,francesco ,peretti1 nephew of the mysterious cardinal1 whose future elevation to the papal throne was held in petto by every discerning ,roman4 ,however1 ,vittoria's mother gave her consent reluctantly2 for wearing the ducal coronet seemed preferable to being the prospective niece of the sovereign--uccello in tasca meglio che due in frasca#ahc the shrewd ,italian lady thought4 ,but whereas ,lady ,accoramboni forgot that the ,orsini family owed their power to ,nicholas ,,iii4 7,a4,d4 #abgg-hj71 an ,orsini by birth1 who1 by the lever of nepotism1 had raised an already celebrated family to the highest standing of ,european nobility1 her husband1 on the other hand1 said to her3 8,can't you see8 ,vittoria will be the head of a new1 powerful family60 ,still ,lady ,accoramboni did not see it1 and the loss of the coronet rankled for ever in her breast4 ,indeed1 in these days when tales of fiction are the almost exclusive reading of the youth of both sexes1 an accomplished writer might weave out of the following events a story of stirring interest2 not sensational1 indeed1 but freighted with most salutary lessons4 ,vittoria ,accoramboni ,peretti had three brothers3 ,ottavio was1 through the recommendation of ,cardinal ,peretti1 nominated by the ,duke of ,urbino for1 and by ,gregory ,,xiii4 appointed to1 the bishopric of ,fossombrone4 ,he adorned his see with all the virtues becoming a scholar1 a gentleman1 a patriot1 and a true apostolic prelate4 ,giulio became one of the private household of ,cardinal ,alessandro ,sforza1 by whom he was held in great favor1 and employed as confidential secretary4 ,marcello was outlawed for his misdeeds1 and a price set on his head4 ,but ,cardinal ,peretti obtained his pardon2 yet leave to return to ,rome was not granted to him4 8,a wise woman buildeth her house3 but the foolish will pull down with her hands that also which is built10 saith the ,wise ,man4 ,the house of ,francesco and ,maria ,peretti was built1 and it was the home of comfort and honor1 enclosing within its walls the choicest gifts of the world2 and of its brightest ornament1 the ,lady ,vittoria ,peretti1 it might be said she was the cynosure of ,roman society4 ,the evening conversazioni drew the lite of ,rome1 graced as they were by the presence of the cardinal1 who1 with his proverbial regularity1 would attend them for a definite length of time4 ,his wise sayings1 dignity of deportment1 and agreeableness of manners1 mingled with an independence of character that made him almost redoubtable at the ,roman court1 enhanced the charm of the family circle4 ,young prelates prized highly the privilege of being admitted amongst the visitors4 ,the spacious halls of the ,villa ,negroni were adorned with paintings and statuary1 and the noblest specimens of the art of painting2 the gardens were reckoned the most tasteful of those of any princely family in ,rome4 ,while he was scrupulous in his attention to consistorial meetings1 and the affairs of the ,curia ,romana over which he was appointed1 ,cardinal ,peretti never gave his time to what he would consider frivolous etiquette4 ,his library1 his gardens1 afforded him all the relaxation he needed2 his life was most exemplary and devout4 ,happy1 indeed1 was the home built by such hands2 but a foolish woman pulled it down6 ,at the depth of night1 not many months after ,vittoria had been wedded1 a note is hurriedly carried by a chambermaid to ,francesco2 it had been left at the entry by a well-known friend1 and the messenger had left immediately4 ,it was written by ,marcello1 who at times entered the city under protection of night1 or of some leaders of political factions1 with which the city swarmed--barons and princes who1 under the mild government of ,gregory ,,xiii41 had everything their own way4 ,the letter summoned ,francesco to repair at once to the ,esquiline hill1 there to meet some gentlemen on a business the nature whereof could not be entrusted to paper1 and admitted of no delay4 ,hurriedly does the devoted man dress himself1 and1 his sword under his arm1 forces his way through the servants who beseech him to halt1 disentangles himself from his wife and mother1 who1 prostrated before him1 cling to his knees1 begging of him not to trust himself to the outlawed ,marcello4 ,in vain6 ,preceded by a servant with torch in hand1 no sooner had he reached the brow of the ,quirinal than the contents of three arquebuses were lodged in his breast2 whereupon four men fell upon him1 and finished him with their stilettos4 8,thus10 says an old historian1 8fell a youth whose only crime was to be the husband of a most beautiful woman40 ,another chronicler calls ,francesco ,cale e di gran correttezza di costumi4 ,the commotion in the family when the ensanguined and ghastly corpse was carried home can easily be imagined4 ,the lamentations of the women and the uproar of the servants awoke the cardinal1 who slept in a distant apartment--his palace1 the ,villa ,negrone1 as mentioned above1 and by that name known to modern tourists1 extending from the ,esquiline 7,santa ,maria ,maggiore7 to the ,piazza de' ,termini4 ,it is said that on hearing the dreadful news ,montalto fell upon his knees1 and prayed ,god to grant rest to the soul of his nephew1 and to himself fortitude1 such as became his character and dignity4 ,his presence not only brought1 but forced calm on the distracted household4 ,on the next day the ,holy ,father was to hold a ,consistory1 and1 contrary to the expectation of all1 ,cardinal ,montalto was at his post1 as usual1 among the first4 ,his colleagues offer their condolence1 which he accepts with a resignation almost akin to stoicism4 ,but when he approaches the throne to give his opinion on the matters debated1 and the pope1 with moist eyes and greatly moved1 expresses a heartfelt sympathy in the cardinal's affliction1 pledging his word that the perpetrators shall be visited with summary and condign punishment1 ,montalto thanks the ,pontiff for his kind sympathy1 protests that he has already forgiven the murderers1 and begs that all proceedings may be stayed1 lest the innocent should be punished for the guilty4 ,having thus disposed of the matter1 he proceeds with his wonted calmness to discuss that which was before the ,consistory4 ,referring to this impassiveness of ,peretti1 the pope remarked1 with an ominous shake of the head1 to his nephew1 ,cardinal ,san ,sisto1 8,indeed1 ,montalto is a great friar60 ,and those of ,peretti's own times1 and subsequent historians1 seem to have had an insight of his mind and motives4 ,in the sober language of ,ranke1 8,his character does not appear to have been so guileless as it is occasionally represented4 ,as early as #aegd he is described as learned and prudent1 but also crafty and malignant4 ,he was doubtless gifted with remarkable self-control4 ,when his nephew was assassinated1 he was himself the person who requested the pope to discontinue the investigation4 ,this quality1 which was admired by all1 very probably contributed to his election0 to the papal throne4 ,those among our readers who have resided among ,italians1 and especially in ,rome1 need not be told of the tremendous excitement which seized the holy city as it awoke on that dreadful morning4 ,cardinal ,peretti of ,montalto became the observed of all observers2 nobles and prelates thronged the avenues to his villa to assure him of their loyalty and condolence2 very few1 indeed1 as the world goes1 honestly and sincerely2 many simply from custom2 almost all1 however1 moved by a motive of curiosity to see how the 8,picenian packhorse0 bore the great calamity1 and1 above all1 what feelings he would betray towards ,paolo ,giordano ,orsini1 to whom the finger of public opinion already pointed as the murderer of ,vittoria's husband4 ,by some manuvre of the 8gossiping committee0 the day and the hour on which even ,giordano would present himself at the palace became known1 and the throng at the drawing-rooms was exceedingly great4 ,when the murderer stood face to face before his victim's best friend and only avenger1 not the least twitch in the cardinal's nerves1 not a falter in the voice1 nor the slightest change of color betrayed the conflict in his soul4 ,he received ,orsini's treacherous sympathy as he had received the truest expressions of condolence4 ,peretti stood there1 the prince1 not the avenger4 ,even the accursed soul of ,giordano was lost in wonderment2 he became embarrassed and disconcerted1 and he was reported to have exclaimed as he re-entered his carriage--8,montalto is a great friar2 no mistake about it60 7,montalto un gran frate2 chi ne dubita67 ,vittoria had no children4 ,hence1 after the funeral1 the cardinal sent her home to her mother1 bestowing upon her costly gifts1 and giving her the jewels1 plate1 and precious articles of furniture and apparel1 which had been the bridal presents of husband and friends4 ,ora ti credo1 said ,pasquino to ,marforio1 in allusion to ,montalto's forbearance and disinterested magnanimity4 ,the sequel to this tragedy is so thrilling in interest1 so characteristic of the times about which we write1 and must have taxed the feelings of the future pope so much1 that a succinct account thereof cannot but prove interesting to our readers4 ,gregory ,,xiii4 urged with energy and perseverance the necessary inquests to ferret out the murderers of ,francesco ,peretti4 ,but wily old ,giordano ,orsini 7he was on the other side of fifty7 knew how to baffle the requisitions of justice1 by no means a difficult task in those lawless times4 ,he sent the waiting-maid to ,bracciano1 to be protected by the feudal immunities of the ,orsini castle4 ,vittoria and her mother were sheltered in ,rome in the ,orsini palace4 ,the feudal power was still great in those days1 and often a franchise was secured to the premises of ,roman nobles by foreign princes1 to the infinite annoyance of the local sovereign1 and often clogging the workings of justice4 ,one ,cesare ,pallentieri1 an outlawed ruffian1 was then bribed to write to the governor of ,rome avowing himself the plotter of ,peretti's death to revenge himself for personal injuries received at that gentleman's hands4 ,nobody believed the story2 and the verdict of public opinion was sanctioned when1 in ,february1 #aehb1 ,mancino1 the bearer of the fatal note1 declared1 under oath and without compulsion1 that the whole plot had been woven by ,vittoria's mother2 that the servant-maid had been made privy to it2 and moreover revealed the names of two of the emissaries1 it being well known in whose pay they bore arms1 although he stated no employer's name4 ,at this stage of the proceedings ,cardinal ,montalto1 with persevering endeavors with the pope and the interposition of friends1 stayed all prosecutions1 and on ,december #ac1 #aehc1 obtained from the sovereign pardon for ,mancino1 who was1 however1 banished from ,rome1 and relegated--interned1 in modern parlance--to ,fermo1 his native city1 being forbidden to quit it under penalty of death4 ,but it was too evident that there was a trifling with justice1 and in the uncertainties between which public opinion seemed to fluctuate1 wiser counsels attempted to vindicate the necessity of a just retribution4 ,hence1 at the instance of several cardinals and of the ,spanish ambassador1 ,gregory was prevailed upon to confine ,vittoria to the castle ,sant' ,angelo1 and by a special decree forbade her marrying ,paolo ,giordano ,orsini1 unless by a reserved dispensation from himself or his successor1 under attaintment of felony4 ,however1 after two years of imprisonment she was declared innocent of any share in or knowledge of the plot1 and discharged4 ,this happened on the very day of ,gregory's death1 ,april #aj1 #aehe4 ,still ,orsini could not wed her1 because of the forbidding clause in the pope's order4 ,but some accommodating casuist came to the rescue1 and averred that the defunct pope's brief was binding no more4 ,whereupon the duke hastened1 by special couriers on post-horses1 to notify the good ,bishop of ,fossombrone of his intended alliance with ,vittoria1 and to solicit his gracious consent4 ,mgr4 ,ottavio refused his assent decidedly1 nor would he allow himself to change his refusal1 although ,orsini despatched messenger after messenger1 anxious1 as he was1 to accomplish his purpose ere a new pope was elected4 ,but the new pope was elected far sooner than the duke or any one else expected1 and in defiance of the express command of the defunct pontiff1 and in shameless disregard of the feelings of the new sovereign1 the very morning on which ,cardinal ,peretti1 ,vittoria's uncle1 was proclaimed1 she was wedded to ,paolo ,orsini1 ,duke of ,bracciano4 ,rome was bewildered at the announcement2 and although no one could guess what the consequences of the rash act might be1 or how the pope would show his displeasure1 because ,fra ,felice never made any one the confidant of his thoughts1 yet the general impression was that sooner or later the duke would be made to pay dearly for his daring and reckless disregard of the commonest principles of decency4 ,rome was on the alert4 ,duke ,orsini is admitted to offer his obeisance to the ,pontiff ,sixtus ,v4 amid the solemn assembly of cardinals1 foreign envoys1 and ,roman princes and senators2 the expression of his liege words1 his prostration at the sovereign's throne1 and his courtly homage meet with the simple response of a look from ,sixtus4 ,that look gave rise to the most clashing interpretations in the observing minds of the beholders2 it was a look of benignity1 weighty with authority1 crushing with power1 such as to subdue at once the haughty and defiant princely ruffian4 ,from that moment ,paolo ,orsini never raised his head2 his day was gone4 ,within a few days a sovereign decree1 worded as only ,sixtus ,v4 knew how to pen them1 in terms at which no one would dare to cavil1 ,orsini was forbidden to shelter outlaws4 ,the duke solicited an audience2 of what occurred at that meeting no one could ever surmise2 but ,orsini found no more charm in what he could heretofore call his ,rome4 ,accordingly1 within two months after the inauguration of ,sixtus' pontificate1 he left the papal city4 ,in sooth1 he was an exile1 voluntary1 as if by courtesy4 ,great was the bitterness galling ,vittoria's heart1 and she was pitied by all--the victim of a mother's rash ambition1 she had to flee that ,rome where she could still have reigned the queen of society for her beauty1 her great gifts1 and close relationship to the sovereign4 ,donna ,camilla reigned in her stead4 ,nor was this all4 ,the handsome1 youthful1 accomplished niece of ,sixtus was then the slavish1 unhappy wife of a cumbrous quinquagenarian prince1 covered with loathsome blotches from the sole of his feet to the crown of his head1 the penalty of his dissipations2 one of his legs so ulcered with cancer that it had swollen to the size of a man's waist1 and had to be kept bandaged 7the chronicler says71 with slices of some other animal's meat1 that the acrid humor would not eat into his own live flesh--a fretful old debauchee1 overbearing1 universally loathed for his lecherous habits1 hated for his cruelties1 and made intractable by a conscience gnawed by despair4 ,poor ,vittoria6 ,on their way to ,sal1 near the lake of ,garda in ,lombardy1 her husband1 consumed by ulcers and tortures of soul1 died suddenly whilst being bled in his arm6 ,forlorn ,vittoria6 the first paroxysm of grief being over1 raised a pistol to her head1 but it was happily snatched from her in time by her brother ,giulio1 and she was spared a violent1 unprepared1 and cowardly death6 ,thus left alone1 unprotected in her beauty and youth1 she was at the mercy of ,ludovico ,orsini1 her husband's cousin1 who despised her on account of the great disparity of their birth4 ,her late husband had indeed bequeathed to her one hundred thousand crowns1 besides silver plate1 horses1 carriages1 and jewelry without stint4 ,all this ,ludovico coveted1 and stepped forward under pretence of protecting the rights of ,flaminio ,orsini1 ,giordano's son by his former wife2 but unable to break the will1 he summoned one ,liverotto ,paolucci of ,camerino to come to ,padua--whither ,vittoria had repaired immediately1 and1 aided by such as he might chose1 to murder ,vittoria and her brother6 ,the bloody ruffian answered the summons1 and entering the princess' apartment through a window1 in the depth of the night1 his men fell at first upon ,giulio1 and into his breast discharged the contents of three muskets4 ,the victim crawled to his sister's room and crouched under her bed4 ,there he was finished with seventy-three thrusts of white arms1 encouraged all the time by ,vittoria1 anxiously repeating--8,forgive1 ,giulio2 beg ,god's mercy1 and willingly accept death for his sake40 ,it is recorded in the life of her sainted brother1 the ,bishop of ,fossombrone1 that1 upon the death of the duke1 he without delay wrote to his sister1 exhorting her to amend her life1 and devote herself to works of atonement and piety2 for1 said he1 8your days will not be many40 ,and we have it from authenticated records of those times that she did truly repent of her worldliness1 and1 having placed herself under the protection of the ,republic of ,venice1 retired to ,padua1 where she lived in great retirement1 dividing her time between practices of devotion in the church1 deeds of charity1 and protracted orisons at home4 ,she also begged of the ,pope leave to repair to ,rome1 the asylum of the wretched1 and spend the remainder of her life in a convent1 for which purpose her generous uncle had signed a remittance of five hundred gold crowns on the very day he received the sad account of her death4 ,her brother1 the bishop1 had so strong a presentiment1 some say a revelation from above1 of the impending catastrophe1 that on the #bb;d of ,december he ordered special prayers to be offered by the clergy of his diocese in her behalf4 ,and she did fall a victim to ,ludovico's dagger on the #bb;d of that month6 ,after ,giulio had breathed his last1 bathed in his own blood1 ,count ,paganello1 one of ,liverotto's band1 took hold of the devoted woman by both arms1 and holding her in the kneeling posture in which she had been found at her prayers1 bade one of his bravoes to tear open her dress on the right side1 whereupon she indignantly protested that she should be allowed to die in her dress1 as it became an honest woman and the wife of ,giordano ,orsini6 ,the brute plunged a stiletto into her bosom1 and kept trepanning towards the left side in search of the heart4 ,she offered no resistance1 but during the horrid butchery of her form she ceased not repeating1 8,i pardon you1 even as ,i beg of ,god to forgive me4''' ,jesus6''' ,jesus6''' ,mercy and forgiveness60 ,and with these words of forgiveness dying on her lips she fell lifeless on the floor4 ,thus ended1 by a cruel death1 yet heroically met1 one of the most remarkable women of her time--a woman renowned for her admirable beauty1 talents1 and misguided ambition4 ,having been the pet of ,european society1 she died almost an outlaw2 the niece of ,pope ,sixtus ,v41 she died without a home of her own2 a lamentable instance of the ignominious end awaiting those who have been endowed by a kind ,providence with the noblest of gifts1 but have made a wrong use of them4 ,,the ,,cross ,,in ,,the ,,desert4 ,some few years ago a pilgrim sailed across the blue waters of the ,mediterranean1 smitten with the love of the cross1 and bearing in his hand 8the banner with the strange device40 ,it was a lovely summer's evening4 ,the fierce ,african sun was sinking to his rest behind the hill on which the ruins of the old city of ,hippo stand2 and as the pilgrim1 who had climbed to its summit1 stood gazing around him1 the glow of the western sky bathed his dusty garments in a golden light1 touching the ruins with a splendor of its own1 and lighting up the sea1 that heaved gently down below1 with the brightness of amber and gold4 ,this1 then1 was all that remained of the proud old city whose name ,augustine had made famous to the end of time6 ,these crumbling walls were once the school where he taught1 the halls where his youthful eloquence fired the hearts of the great scholars of the day2 here were the baths where he lounged in his idle hours with pleasure-loving companions2 here the streets where every day he came and went from ,monica's quiet home to the busy haunts of learning1 of sophistry1 and science2 here was the place where she had wept so bitterly over him1 the spot where that salutary fountain of a mother's tears had had its source2 here he had sinned2 hence he had gone forth in search of truth1 and1 having found it1 hither he had come back1 transformed into a confessor and a doctor of the church2 here1 finally1 he died1 full of years1 leaving behind him a name great amongst the greatest saints whom the church has raised to her altars4 ,and what now remained to ,africa of this light which had shed such glory on her church8 ,where did his memory live8 ,and the faith that he had practised--whither had it fled8 ,the pilgrim sat down upon a stone1 and1 after indulging in reflections such as these for some time1 he rose and descended slowly towards the plain4 ,was it a fancy born of recent musings1 or did he hear a voice issuing from the massive fragment of a wall which still supported a majestic dome1 once probably the therm of the luxurious and wealthy citizens of ,hippo8 ,did he really see a light burning1 or was it an hallucination born of the mystic hour and the suggestive surroundings8 ,he drew closer1 looked in1 and beheld two white-bearded ,arabs placing each a light on the highest point of the wall4 ,was it some idolatrous rite1 a spell1 or an incantation they were performing8 8,what are you doing80 inquired the pilgrim4 8,we are burning lights to the great ,christian10 was the reply4 8,who is that8 ,what is his name80 8,we do not know it2 but we honor him because our fathers taught us to do so40 ,so1 then1 the memory of ,augustine survived in the land1 though his name had perished6 ,the pilgrim murmured a prayer to the great ,christian1 as the ,arabs called him1 and turned away1 carrying in his heart a hope that he had not known an hour ago--a hope that ,augustine was still watching for the resurrection of the cross in the land of his birth1 and hastening its advent by his intercession at the throne of ,him whom he described as 8patient because he is eternal40 ,it is a fact1 as striking as it is consoling1 that within the last few years the faith has been making rapid conquests amidst the barbarous nations1 where in the days of ,s4 ,augustine1 and long after1 it flourished so magnificently4 ,perhaps it is more surprising that this result should not have been universal after nearly half a century of the rule of a ,catholic power2 but the mistaken policy of the ,french government1 and1 alas6 we must add1 the evil example of the ,french themselves1 instead of breaking down existing barriers1 have raised new and insurmountable ones against the spread of ,christianity amongst the conquered tribes4 ,france proclaimed her intention of not alone tolerating1 but protecting1 ,islamism throughout her ,african dominion4 ,she carried this policy so far for many years that it was made punishable by ,french law to convert a ,mussulman to the ,catholic faith1 whilst1 on the other hand1 it was perfectly lawful for any number of ,catholics to turn ,mussulmans4 ,the priests who went out as missionaries were thwarted at every step by the ,french authorities4 8,our adversaries1 the men who worry us and stand in the way of our making converts1 are not the ,arabs or even their marabouts10 said one of these devoted men to us only a few days ago2 8it is our own countrymen1 ,frenchmen calling themselves ,catholics1 whom we have chiefly to contend against40 ,and he went on to describe how1 during the famine of #ahfg1 when the ,arabs were dying like flies all over the country1 the ,french authorities were constantly on the alert to prevent the missionaries baptizing them1 even in extremis4 ,they actually sent detachments of spahees to the various places where the poor famine-stricken creatures congregated in greater numbers to die2 and when the priest was seen approaching them1 as they lay gasping in their agony1 the soldiers rushed forward to stop him from administering the sacrament of regeneration4 ,one little missionary father contrived to outwit the authorities1 however1 and1 in spite of the lynx-eyes that were fixed on him1 he managed to baptize numbers from a little bottle of water hid under his burnose4 ,no wonder the ,arabs make small account of men who set such pitiful store by their religion4 ,they1 call the ,french 8sons of ,satan10 and the ,french priests and good ,christians among the seculars will tell you themselves that the name is well deserved2 that the employees of the government1 military and civil1 make the most deplorable impression on the natives1 and by their lives present a practical example of all the vices which it is the boast of civilization to destroy4 ,they are so untruthful that the ,french missionaries declare they surpass even the ,arabs in lies4 ,the ,arab is abstemious by nature1 and the law of the ,koran compels him to the most rigid sobriety2 the ,christians give him an example of excesses in eating and drinking which excite his disgust and contempt4 ,there is a legend current amongst the ,arabs in the ,french dominions that on a certain day ,mahomet will arise and precipitate the sons of ,satan into the sea4 ,when a ,frenchman1 in answer to this prophecy1 points to the strength of his government1 its enormous resources1 the power of steam1 and the monuments he has built in ,algeria1 the ,mussulman with grim contempt replies in his grave1 sullen way3 8,look at the ruins of the old ,roman monuments6 ,they were mightier than any you have raised2 and yet1 behold1 they lie in ruins throughout the land1 because ,allah so willed4 ,it is written3 ,allah will cast you into the sea as he did the ,romans40 ,all those who can speak from experience agree that there are no people so difficult to evangelize as the ,mussulmans2 the pure idolater is comparatively an easy conquest to the missionary1 but it requires almost the miraculous intervention of divine grace to make the light of the ,gospel penetrate the stolid fatalism of the ,mahometan4 ,one of the greatest obstacles to the reception of truth in the ,arab is the intuitive pride of race which arms him against the idea of receiving religious instruction from a race of men whom he despises with a scorn which is actually a part of his religion1 and who in their turn look down on the children of the desert1 and treat their manners and customs with contempt4 ,in order to overcome this first obstacle towards the success of their ministry1 the missionaries conceived the idea of identifying themselves1 as far as possible1 with the natives1 adopting their dress1 their manner of eating and sleeping1 and in every way assimilating outwardly their daily lives to theirs4 ,they tried it1 and the system has already worked wonders4 ,how1 indeed1 could it be otherwise8 ,if faith can move mountains1 cannot love melt them8 ,love1 the irresistible1 the conqueror who subdues all hard things in this hard world--why should it fail with these men1 who have human souls like our own1 fashioned after the likeness of our common ,god8 ,just five years ago a handful of priests1 ,frenchmen1 gone mad with the sweet folly of the cross1 heard of how these ,arabs could not be persuaded to receive the message of ,christ crucified1 but repulsed every effort to reach them4 ,they were seized with a sudden desire to go and try if they could not succeed where others had failed2 so they offered themselves to the ,archbishop of ,algiers as missionaries in his diocese4 ,the offer was gladly accepted2 but when the first presented himself to obtain faculties for saying ,mass in the villages outside ,algiers and in the desert1 the archbishop signed the permission with the words visum pro martyrio1 and1 handing it to the young apostle1 said3 8,do you accept on these conditions80 8,monseigneur1 it is for that ,i have come10 was the joyous reply4 ,and truly1 amongst all the perilous missions which every day lure brave souls to court the palm of martyrdom1 there is not one where the chances are more in favor of gaining it than in this mission of ,sahara1 where the burning sun of ,africa1 added to material privations that are absolutely incredible1 makes the life of the most fortunate missionary a slow and daily martyrdom4 ,his first task1 in preparation for becoming a missionary1 is to master the language and to acquire some knowledge of the healing art1 of herbs and medicine2 then he dons the dress of the ,arabs1 which1 conforming in all things to their customs1 he does not quit even at night1 but sleeps in it on the ground2 he builds himself a tent like theirs1 and1 in order to disarm suspicion1 lives for some time in their midst without making the least attempt at converting them2 he does not even court their acquaintance1 but waits patiently for an opportunity to draw them towards him2 this generally comes in the form of a sick person whom the stranger offers to help and very frequently cures1 or at least alleviates1 cleanliness and the action of pure water often proving the only remedy required4 ,the patient1 in his gratitude1 offers some present1 either in money1 stuffs1 or eatables1 which the stranger with gentle indignation refuses4 ,then follows some such dialogue as this3 8,what6 you refuse my thank-offering8 ,who1 then1 pays you80 8,god1 the true ,god of the ,christians4 ,i have left country and family and home1 and all my heart loves best1 for his sake and for his service2 do you think you or any man living can pay me for this80 8,what are you1 then80 demands the astonished ,arab4 8,i am a marabout of ,jesus ,christ40 ,and the ,mussulman retires in great wonder as to what sort of a religion it can be whose marabouts take neither money nor goods for their services4 ,he tells the story to the neighbors1 and by degrees all the sick and maimed of the district come trooping to the missionary's door4 ,he tends them with untiring charity4 ,nothing disgusts him2 the more loathsome the ulcers1 the more wretched the sufferer1 the more tenderness he lavishes on them4 ,soon his hut is the rendezvous of all those who have ailments or wounds for miles round2 and though they entreat him1 sometimes on their knees1 to accept some token of thanks for his services1 he remains inexorable1 returning always the same answer3 8,i serve the ,god of heaven and earth2 the kings of this world are too poor to pay me40 ,he leads this life for fifteen months before taking his vows as a missionary4 ,when he has bound himself to the heroic apostleship1 he is in due time ordained1 if not already a priest1 and goes forth1 in company with two other priests1 to establish a mission in some given spot of ,sahara or ,soodan1 these desolated regions being the appointed field of their labors4 ,the little community follows exactly the same line of conduct in the beginning of its installation as above described2 they keep strictly aloof until1 by dint of disinterestedness and of devotion and skilful care of the sick1 they have disarmed the fierce mistrust of the 8true believers10 and convinced them that they are not civil functionaries or in any way connected with the government4 ,the ,arab's horror of everybody and of everything emanating from ,french headquarters partakes of the intense character of his fanaticism in religious matters4 ,by degrees the natives become passionately attached to the foreign marabouts1 who have now to put limits to the gratitude which would invest them with semi-divine attributes4 ,the great aim of the missionaries is of course to get possession of the children1 so as to form a generation of future missionaries4 ,nothing short of this will plant the cross in ,africa1 and1 while securing the spiritual regeneration of the country1 restore to that luxuriant soil its ancient fertility4 ,once reconciled to civilization by ,christianity1 those two millions of natives1 who are now in a state of chronic suppressed rebellion against their conquerors1 would be disarmed and their energies turned to the cultivation of the land and the development of its rich resources by means of agricultural implements and science which the ,french could impart to them4 ,nor is it well to treat with utter contempt the notion of a successful rebellion in ,algeria4 ,at the present moment such an event would be probably impossible2 but there is no reason why it should be so in years hence4 ,the ,arabs are as yet not well provided with arms and ammunition2 but they are making yearly large purchases in this line at ,morocco and ,tunis1 and the study of ,european military science is steadily progressing4 ,the deep-seated hatred of the ,mussulmans for the yoke of the stranger is moreover as intense as in the first days of their bondage2 and if even to-morrow1 unprepared as they are materially1 the 8holy war0 were proclaimed1 it would rouse the population to a man4 ,the marabouts would get upon the minarets1 and send forth the call to every son of ,mahomet to arise and fight against the sons of the devil1 proclaiming the talismanic promise of the ,koran3 8,every true believer who falls in the holy war is admitted at once into the paradise of ,mahomet40 ,the number who would call on the prophet to fulfil the promise would no doubt be enormous1 and the ,french would in all human probability remain masters of the desert2 but a kingdom held on such tenure as this state of feeling involves is at best but a sorry conquest4 ,if the ,gospel had been1 we do not even say enforced1 but simply encouraged and zealously taught1 by the conquerors1 their position would be a very different one in ,algeria now4 ,after all1 there is no diplomatist like holy church4 8,our little systems have their day0 and fall to pieces one after another1 perishing with the ambitions and feuds and enthusiasms that gave them birth1 and leave the world pretty much as they found it2 but the power of the ,gospel grows and endures and fructifies wherever its divine policy penetrates4 ,no human legislation1 be it ever so wise1 can cope with this divine legislator2 none other can take the sting out of defeat1 can make the conquerors loved by the conquered1 and turn the chains of captivity from iron to silk4 ,even on the lowest ground1 in mere self-interest1 governments would do well to constitute themselves the standard-bearers of the ,king who rules by love1 and subdues the stubborn pride of men by first winning their hearts4 ,the supremacy of this power of love is nowhere more strikingly exemplified than amidst these barbarous ,arab tribes4 ,the story of every little dark-eyed waif sheltered at the ,orphanage of ,s4 ,charles1 lately established outside ,algiers1 would furnish a volume in itself2 but an incident connected with the admission of one of them1 and related to us a few days ago by a missionary just returned1 is so characteristic that we are tempted to relate it4 ,the archbishop was making a visitation in the poor villages sixty miles beyond ,algiers2 the priest presented to him a miserable-looking little object whose parents still lived in a neighboring desert tribe1 but who had cast off the child because of its sickliness and their poverty4 ,could his lordship possibly get him taken in as an orphan8 ,the thing was not easy2 for every spot was full1 and the fact of the parents being still alive militated against the claim of the little1 forlorn creature4 ,but the archbishop's heart was touched4 ,he said he would arrange it somehow2 let the boy be sent on to ,ben-,aknoun at once4 ,this1 however1 was easier said than done2 who would take charge of him on such a long journey8 ,his grace's carriage 7a private conveyance dignified by that name7 was at the door4 8,put him in2 ,i will take him10 he said1 looking kindly at the small face with the great dark eyes that were staring wistfully up at him4 ,but the priest and every one present exclaimed at the idea of this4 ,the ,arabs are proverbial for the amount of light infantry which they carry about with them in their hair and their rags2 and the fact of their presence in myriads on the person of this little believer was evident to the naked eye4 ,the archbishop1 however1 nothing daunted1 ordered him to be placed in the carriage2 then1 finding no one would obey him1 he caught up the little fellow in his arms1 embraced him tenderly amidst the horrified protestations of the priest and others1 carried him to the carriage1 seated him comfortably1 and then got in himself and away they drove4 ,a large crowd had assembled to see the great marabout depart1 and stood looking on the extraordinary scene in amazement4 ,a few days later several of them came to see the priest1 and ask to be instructed in the religion which works such miracles in the hearts of men1 and to offer their children to be brought up ,christians4 ,this ,orphanage of ,s4 ,charles is the most precious institution which ,catholic zeal has so far established in ,algiers4 ,it comprises a school for boys1 and one for girls conducted by nuns4 ,the description of the life there sounds like some beautiful old ,bible legend4 ,it is a life of constant privation1 toil1 and suffering1 both for the fathers and for the sisters2 but the results as regards the children are so abundant and consoling that the missionaries are sometimes moved to exclaim1 8,verily1 we have had our reward60 ,the full-grown ,arab is perhaps as wretched a specimen of unregenerate human nature as the world can furnish4 ,every vice seems natural to him1 except gluttony1 which he only acquires with the spurious civilization imported by his conquerors4 ,he is relentless and vindictive2 false1 avaricious1 cruel1 and utterly devoid of any idea of morality2 yet the children of these men and women are like virgin soil on which no evil seed has ever fallen4 ,their docility is marvellous1 their capacity for gratitude indescribably touching1 and their religious sense deep1 lively1 and affective4 ,they accept the teaching of the missionaries and the nuns as if piety were an inherited instinct in them2 and the truths of our holy faith act upon their minds with the power of seen realities4 ,one of the fathers told us1 as an instance of this1 that the children were allowed to play in the fruit garden once when the trees were in full bearing2 and not a single fig1 orange1 or any other fruit being touched1 some visitor asked the children in surprise if they never pulled any when their superiors were not looking2 but they answered in evident astonishment3 8,oh6 no2 ,god would see us1 and he would be angry60 ,we quite agreed with the narrator that such a general example of obedience and self-denial from such a principle might be vainly sought for in our most carefully-taught schools in ,europe and--would it be a calumny to add8--,america4 ,the children also show a spirit of sacrifice that is very striking1 the girls especially4 ,if they are ill and some nauseous medicine is presented to them1 the little things seize the cup with avidity1 and with a word1 such as 8,for thee1 dear ,jesus60 drain it off at once4 ,they realize so clearly that every correction imposed on them is for their good that it is nothing rare to see them go to the presiding father or sister and ask to be punished when they have committed some little misdemeanor unobserved4 ,one little mite of six felt very sulky towards a companion1 and1 after a short and vain struggle to overcome herself1 she went to the nun and begged to be whipped1 8because she could not make the devil go away40 ,their vivid ,oriental imaginations paint all the terrible and beautiful truths of the faith in colors that have the living glow of visible pictures4 ,they have the tenderest devotion to our ,lord in the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and nothing pleases them more than to be allowed to spend their hour of recreation in prayer before the tabernacle4 ,their sense of gratitude for the blessing of the faith makes them long with an indescribable yearning to share it with their people4 ,all their prayers and little sacrifices are offered up with this intention4 ,those among them who were old enough to remember the wretchedness they were rescued from1 speak of it continually with the most touching gratitude to ,god and their instructors4 ,one of their greatest pleasures is to count over the good things they have received from ,god4 ,a sister overheard two of them one day summing them up as follows3 8,he gives us bread and the sunshine and a house2 he has preserved us from dying in the night-time2 he prevents the sea overflowing and drowning us2 he has given us monseigneur and our mammas the nuns2 he came on earth to teach us to be obedient2 he brought us the ,gospel2 he has given us the ,blessed ,virgin to be our mamma1 and then our angels1 and then the ,holy ,father2 he forgives us our sins2 he has given us sacraments for our soul and body2 he stays always with us in the chapel2 he is keeping our place in heaven2 he looks at us when we are naughty1 and that makes us sorry1 and then he forgives us40 ,and so they go on composing canticles out of their innocent hearts that must make sweet music in ,his ears who so loved the little ones4 ,the deaths of some of these little barbarians are as lovely as any we read of in the lives of the saints4 ,one of them1 who was baptized by the name of ,amelia1 has left a memory that will long be cherished in ,ben-,aknoun4 ,she was dying of a lingering1 terrible disease2 but her sufferings never once provoked a murmur4 ,she was as gay as a little bird and as gentle as a lamb2 her only longing was to see ,god4 8,and what will you do besides in heaven80 asked one of her companions4 8,i will walk about with the angels10 she replied1 8and be on the watch to meet our mammas when they come to the beautiful gates40 ,in her sleep she used to pray still2 many a time the nuns found her muttering her rosary with clasped hands while sleeping the sound sleep of a tired child4 ,she fought against death as long as she could1 insisting on getting up and going to the chapel1 where sometimes she would lie exhausted with pain and weakness on the step of the altar1 breathing her prayers softly until she dropped asleep4 ,her only fear was lest she should not make her ,first ,communion before she died2 but her extreme youth 7she was not quite eight years old7 was compensated for by her ardent piety4 ,they gave her our ,blessed ,lord after giving her ,extreme ,unction4 ,the expression of her face was seraphic in its joy and peace4 ,all her little companions were kneeling round her bed1 their eyes fixed in admiration on the beaming countenance of the dying child4 ,one of them1 called ,anna1 who was her chosen friend1 an orphan from a remote desert tribe like herself1 drew near to say good-by4 ,the two children clasped each other in silence2 but when they parted1 the tears were streaming down ,amelia's cheeks4 8,why did you make her cry1 my child80 whispered the nun to ,anna reproachfully4 8,i did not do it on purpose10 was the reply4 8,i only said1 #8,o ,amelia6 you are too happy2 why can't you take me with you8' and then we both cried40 ,the happy little sufferer lingered on in great pain for another day and night1 constantly kissing her crucifix1 thanking those around her for their kindness and patience4 ,towards the evening of the second day the pains grew rapidly worse1 and she entreated to be carried to the chapel1 that she might look once more upon the tabernacle4 ,the nun took her in her arms1 and laid her on the step of the altar1 when her sufferings instantly ceased1 and she sank into a sleep which they thought was the last one4 ,she was carried back and laid on her bed1 but soon opened her eyes with a look of ecstatic joy1 and cried out1 gazing upwards1 8,see6 how beautifully it shines4 ,and the music--do you hear8 ,oh6 it is the ,gloria in ,excelsis40 ,no one heard anything2 only her ears were opened to the heavenly harmonies that were sounding through the half-open doors of ,paradise4 ,she continued listening with the same rapt expression of delight1 and then1 clasping her little hands together1 she cried1 8,alleluia6 alleluia60 and fell back and spoke no more4 ,she had passed the golden portals2 the glories of heaven were visible to her now4 ,what wonder if the apostolic souls who reap such harvests as these count their labors light1 and rejoice in the midst of their poverty and self-imposed martyrdom6 ,but there are homelier and less pathetic joys in the ,orphanage every now and then than these blessed deaths4 ,when the boys and girls have learnt all they need learn1 and have come to the age when they must leave the fathers and the nuns1 they are perfectly free to return to their native tribes2 and it is a convincing argument in favor of the strength of their newly-acquired principles and affections that they almost invariably refuse to do so4 ,the proportion of those who go back to the old life is one in every hundred4 ,the next thing to be considered is what to do with those who refuse to go back4 ,the plan of marrying the orphans amongst each other suggested itself as the most practical method of securing lasting results from their ,christian education4 ,the chief difficulty in the execution of this plan was the reluctance of the ,arab girls to marry men of their own race2 they had learned the privileges which women owe to ,christianity1 and they had no mind to forego their dignity and equality1 and sink back into the degraded position of an ,arab's wife4 8,we will not marry to be beaten10 they argued4 8,find us ,frenchmen1 and we will marry them and be good wives40 ,no doubt they would1 but the ,frenchmen unfortunately could not be induced to take this view of the case2 and it required all the influence of their superiors to make the girls understand that ,christianity1 in raising woman from the condition of a slave to that of man's equal1 compels him to respect and cherish her4 ,the way in which the courtship and marriage proceed between the sons and daughters of the great marabout 7as the archbishop is called7 is curious in its picturesque simplicity4 ,a band of fifteen couples were lately married from the ,orphanage of ,ben-,aknoun4 ,the fathers informed the archbishop they had fifteen excellent boys who were about to leave1 and whom they wished to find wives for and settle in the nearest ,christian village4 ,the archbishop asked the superior of the girls' school if she could supply fifteen maidens who would go and share the humble homes of their brother orphans4 ,the superior replied that she had precisely the number required--girls who must leave the shelter of the convent in a few months1 and whom she was most anxious to see provided for4 ,the grapes were ripe1 and the vintage1 which was close at hand1 would furnish an opportunity for a meeting between the parties4 ,so one morning1 in the cool1 sweet dawn1 they set out to the vineyard1 the maidens conducted by a sister1 the youths by one of the priests2 the latter took one side and culled the grapes1 while at the other side the maidens gathered up the branches and bound them into bundles4 ,as they went they sang hymns and canticles to lighten their labor2 and when the day's task was done1 they left the vineyard in two distinct bands1 as they had come1 and returned to their separate convents4 8,well10 said ,mgr4 de la ,vigerie to the presiding father next day1 8have the young men chosen each his maiden1 and is the choice approved80 8,alas6 monseigneur1 they did not even look at each other10 replied the disconsolate matchmaker4 8,they never raised their eyes from their work4 ,sister ,c---- and ,i watched them like lynxes40 8,you have brought up the children too well1 my good father10 cried the archbishop in despair4 8,what is to be done with them now80 8,have a little patience1 my lord1 and it will come in good time10 replied the father encouragingly4 ,next day the two bands of maidens and youths sallied forth again to the vineyard1 and so every day for a week4 ,then the father came in triumph to the archbishop to announce the successful issue of the scheme4 ,one by one the youths had plucked up courage and peeped through the tendrils of the vine1 and1 thanks to some magnetic sympathy1 two dark eyes had been simultaneously raised to meet theirs1 and they smiled at each other4 ,a little further on the green leaves were fluttered by a whisper asking the fair one's name2 she told it1 and another whisper told her his4 ,so the flower blossomed in the thirty young hearts1 and the priest and the sister who watched the gentle growth looked on delighted4 ,but what wily diplomatists they are1 these holy missionaries6 ,how they know the human heart1 and how cunningly they can play upon it6 ,not a word did they say2 but1 feigning complete blindness to the pretty little comedy1 marshalled the laborers home as if nothing had occurred to change the still current of their young lives4 ,a month went by1 and then1 when the time came for the youths to leave the ,orphanage1 the father inquired1 with seeming innocence1 if they thought of marriage by and by4 ,the question was evaded at first shyly2 then by degrees the confession came out--they had each determined to marry one of the maidens of the vineyard4 ,the father threw up his hands in amazement1 shook his head1 and expressed grave doubts as to the possibility of their obtaining such a prize4 ,these maidens were pearls worthy to be set in fine gold2 they had been reared like delicate plants in the shadow of the sanctuary2 their hearts were pure as lilies1 guileless as the flowers of the field2 they were strong in faith and adorned with all the virtues4 ,were poor ,arab youths worthy of such wives8 ,but1 brave with the boldness of true love1 the suitors answered in one voice3 8,we will be worthy2 we will work for them and serve them faithfully2 we will love them and be fathers and mothers to them6 ,give us the maidens of the vineyard60 ,the missionary heaved a sigh1 looked mightily perplexed1 but promised to speak to the archbishop and see what could be done4 ,after several solemn interviews1 in which the young men were severely catechised and warned1 and made to pledge themselves to strive with all their might to make the maidens happy1 to treat them reverently1 and serve them humbly1 the archbishop undertook to intercede for them4 ,the fair ones1 being of the race of ,eve1 were a trifle coy at first2 but soon the truth was elicited1 and each confessed that1 since she needs must marry some one1 ,ben-,assa1 or ,hassan1 or ,scheriff1 would be less distasteful than another4 ,so the great affair was settled1 and soon came the day of the weddings4 ,the archbishop himself was to perform the ceremony4 ,the fathers and sisters were afoot before sunrise1 you may be sure2 for what an event was this6 ,fifteen ,christian marriages celebrated between the children of this fallen race of idolaters6 ,and now see6 the two processions are approaching the church1 the bridegrooms draped in the native white burnose1 with the scarlet turban on their heads2 the brides clad in spotless white1 a soft white veil crowned with white flowers covering them from head to foot4 ,slowly1 with the simple majesty inherent in their race1 they advance to the altar and kneel side by side before the archbishop1 who stands awaiting them1 robed in his gala vestments4 ,he looks down upon the thirty young souls whom his love has brought here to the foot of the altar--the altar of the true ,god2 thirty souls whom he has had the unspeakable joy and happiness of rescuing from misery in this life and--may he not hope8--in the next4 ,he must speak a few words to them4 ,he tries2 but the father's heart is too full4 ,the tears start to his eyes and course down those careworn cheeks2 he goes from one to the other1 and silently presses his hands on the head of each4 ,the marriage rite begins2 the blessing of the ,god of ,abraham is called down upon this new seed that has sprung up in the parched land of the patriarch1 once so fertile in saints2 the music plays1 and songs of rejoicing resound on every side as the fifteen brides issue from the church with their bridegrooms4 ,and now do you care to follow them to their new homes1 and to see where their after-life is cast8 ,the earthly providence which has so tenderly fostered them thus far follows them still into the wide world where they have embarked4 ,the archbishop's plan from the start was to found ,christian villages in the desert1 and to people them with these new ,christians educated by the missionaries4 ,the cost of founding a village1 including the purchase of the land1 the building of twenty-five huts1 furnishing the inhabitants with ,european implements of labor1 building a little church and a house for the fathers and one for the sisters1 an enclosure for the cattle1 a well to supply that first element of life and comfort--pure water in abundance--amounts to forty thousand francs 7or say eight thousand dollars71 and this only with the utmost economy4 ,the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,faith--that glorious institution1 to which ,christendom owes a debt that can only be paid in heaven--comes nobly to the assistance of ,mgr4 de la ,vigerie4 ,he supplies the rest himself out of the resources of his apostolic heart1 so inexhaustible in its ingenious devices of charity2 he prays and begs1 and sends his missionaries all over the world begging4 ,one of them has lately come over to ,paris on that most heroic of ,christian enterprises--a begging tour--and has brought with him a little black boy from ,timbuctoo1 who had been bought and sold seven times before falling into the hands of these new masters for the sum of three hundred francs4 ,he is not yet ten years old--a mild-faced little fellow1 who1 when you ask him in ,french if he likes the father1 answers by a grin too significant to need further comment1 as he turns his ebony face up to ,pre ,b---- and wriggles a little closer to him4 ,pre ,b---- told us the child belonged to a man-eating tribe1 and turned up the corner of his lip to show some particular formation of the teeth peculiar to that amiable race of gourmands4 ,he says that the same charming docility which marks the young ,arabs is observable in most of the savage tribes2 they are far more susceptive and easily moulded and impressed than the children of the civilized races4 ,the capture and purchase of these unhappy little slaves all along the coast and in the northern parts of ,africa is part of the mission which brings the fathers the greatest consolation4 ,it is of course attended with immense risk1 sometimes danger even to life2 but the human merchandise which they thus obtain 8is worth it all and ten times more10 the ,pre ,b---- declared emphatically1 as he dilated on the fervor of these poor children's faith and the intensity of their gratitude4 ,the great and constant want for the carrying on of the mission is--need we mention it in this ,x,i,xth century1 when we can scarcely save our own souls1 much less our neighbors'1 without it8--money4 ,people say money is the root of all evil2 but really1 when one sees what precious immortal goods it can buy1 one is tempted to declare it the root of all good4 ,the archbishop has recently sent one of his missionaries1 the ,pre ,c----1 to beg in ,america1 and we are heartily glad to hear it4 ,a ,french priest1 speaking about begging for good works the other day1 said to the writer3 8,i wish ,i could go to ,america and make the round of the ,states with my hat in my hand4 ,they are a delightful people to beg of4 ,somehow they are so sympathetic to the ,catholic principle embodied in begging for our ,lord that they take all the sting out of it for one2 but1 oh6 what a bitter cud it is to chew in ,europe40 ,we hope the good father's experience did not represent the general one on the latter point1 but is well founded as to the generous spontaneity of our ,american fellow-,catholics towards those who have 8held out the hat0 to them in the name of our blessed ,lord4 ,sweet bond of charity6 how it welds the nations together1 casting its silver nets and drawing all hearts into its meshes6 ,it matters not whether the fisher come from a near country united to us by ties of blood or clanship1 or from some distant clime where the very face of man is scarce that of a brother whom we recognize2 he comes in the name of our common ,lord1 and asks us to help in the saving of souls that cost as dear to ransom as ours4 ,he may labor sometimes all the night1 and take nothing2 but the dawn comes1 when he meets ,jesus in the persons of those generous souls who love him and have his interests at heart1 and are always ready to befriend him2 and then the net is cast into deep waters1 and the draught is plentiful4 ,can we fancy a sweeter reward to stimulate our zeal in helping the divine ,mendicant who holds out his hand to us for an alms than the scene which at this moment many multitudes of these faithful souls may contemplate in imagination as they have helped to create it4 ,a gathering of small1 low houses--huts1 if you like--set in smiling patches of garden round a central building whose spire1 pointing like a silent finger to the skies1 tells us at once its character and destination4 ,the time is towards sundown2 the bell breaks the stillness of the desert air1 and with its silvery tongue calls the villagers to prayer4 ,the entire population1 old and young1 leave their work and rise obedient to the summons2 the children quit their play and troop on together1 while the elders follow with grave steps4 ,the priest is kneeling before the altar1 where the lamp of the sanctuary1 like a throb of the ,sacred ,heart within the tabernacle1 sheds its solemn radiance in the twilight4 ,the father begins the evening prayer2 pardon is asked for the sins and forgettings of the day1 thanks are offered up for its helps and mercies1 blessings are invoked on the family assembled1 then on the benefactors far away4 ,one who assisted at this idyl in the desert declares that when he heard the officiating priest call down the blessing of the ,most ,high on 8all those dear benefactors whom we do not know1 but who have been kind and charitable to us02 and when the voices of the ,arabs answered in unison1 repeating the prayer1 he felt his heart bursting with joy at the thought that he was included amongst those on whom this blessing was nightly invoked4 ,the ,litany of ,our ,lady is then sung1 and the assistants quietly disperse and go home4 ,the cattle are lowing in the park4 ,the stars1 one by one1 are coming out in the lovely sapphire sky4 ,angels are flying to many of the white huts with gifts and messages4 ,some are speeding afar1 eastward and westward1 bearing graces just granted in answer to those grateful prayers2 for who can tell the power of gratitude with ,god1 or his loving inability to resist its wishes--he who was so lavish in his thanks for the smallest act of kindness1 nay1 of courtesy1 when he lived amongst us1 and who declared that even a cup of cold water should not go without its reward8 ,,origin ,,and ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,mission ,,of ,,kentucky4 ,,from ,,the ,,french4#ahd ,the ,diocese of ,bardstown1 ,kentucky1 is a part of that vast extent of country known in our ancient geographies by the name of ,louisiana4 ,it is situated in the centre of the ,united ,states of ,north ,america1 and is bounded on the north by the ,ohio1 on the west by the ,mississippi1 on the south by the ,state of ,tennessee1 and on the east by ,virginia4 ,when1 in #agib1 it was admitted into the ,union as a ,state1 its population was about seventy thousand2 but it has since then increased tenfold4 ,about twenty poor ,catholic families from ,maryland1 descendants of the ,english colonists1 came here to reside in #aghe1 as then good land could be procured here almost for nothing4#ahe ,their number rapidly increased1 and in the year #aghh ,father ,wheelan1 an ,irish ,franciscan1 was sent to them4 ,as they were then at war with the natives1 and as this was continued until #agie1 this missionary1 two of his successors1 and the colonists were compelled to cross the hostile country to arrive at the mission1 even on reaching which their lives were sometimes exposed to imminent dangers4 ,besides being at a distance from a priest1 they had also to struggle against poverty1 heresy1 and vulgar prejudices with regard to the pretended idolatry of ,catholics1 etc4 ,finally1 ,father ,wheelan1 at the expiration of two years and a half1 abandoned a post so difficult to hold1 without even the satisfaction of seeing a single chapel built4 ,it was then impossible to find another missionary to succeed him1 and the faithful 8were afflicted because they had no shepherd0 7,zach4 x4 #b74 ,finally1 ,holy ,orders were conferred in #agic for the first time in this part of the world1 where the ,catholics had but so recently suffered under the penal laws of ,england4 ,the illustrious ,bishop ,carroll1 first bishop of ,baltimore1 there ordained a priest1 ,m4 ,badin1 from ,orleans1 whom he then sent to ,kentucky4 ,besides the difficulties which his predecessor met1 the inexperience of the young ecclesiastic1 his slight knowledge of the ,english language and of the habits of the country1 made his task still more difficult4 ,one can easily conceive how painful must have been the situation of a novice thus isolated and deprived of guidance in a ministry the weight of which would have been burdensome for the angels even1 say the holy fathers of the church4 ,it is true he started from ,baltimore with another ,french priest who was invested with the power of vicar-general4 ,but this priest was soon discouraged by the wandering habits of the people and their style of life4 ,four months had scarcely elapsed when he returned to ,new ,orleans4 ,m4 ,badin was thus in sole charge of the mission during several years1 which mission1 since the conclusion of peace with the savage tribes1 continually increased by the influx of the ,catholics who came here in large numbers from ,maryland and other localities4 ,in addition to the fatigue of travelling1 to controversy with ,protestants1 to his pastoral solicitude1 and to the frequent scruples of conscience natural to one in a situation so critical1 he had to exert himself still more to form new parishes1 prepare ecclesiastical establishments at suitable distances1 and finally to erect churches or chapels in the different places where the ,catholic population established itself4 ,nevertheless1 by the divine mercy he obtained from time to time profitable advice through the letters which the charity of the neighboring priest1 who1 though at a distance of seventy miles1 found means to write him4 ,m4 ,rivet1 formerly professor of rhetoric in the ,college of ,limoges1 in the year #agie came to reside as cur and vicar-general at ,post ,vincennes1 on the ,wabash1 in ,indiana4 ,but the respective needs of the two missions never permitted them to cross the desert in order to visit one another or to offer mutual encouragement and consolation in the ,lord4 ,oh6 how much anguish1 how many prayers and tears1 arise from such isolation6 ,and did not our divine ,saviour send his disciples in couples to preach the ,gospel8--misit illos binos 7,s4 ,luc4 x47 ,finally1 two priests from the ,diocese of ,blois--,,mm4 ,fournier and ,salmon--came successively1 in the years #agig and #agii1 to the rescue of the pastor and his flock4 ,divine ,providence rendered useful to ,kentucky and to several other portions of the ,diocese of ,baltimore the talents and virtues of a great number of ecclesiastics whom the ,french ,revolution threw on the shores of ,america4 ,in the same year1 #agii1 there arrived a fourth missionary--,m4 ,thayer1 the ,presbyterian minister of ,boston1 who was converted through the miracles of blessed ,labre4 ,at first he ridiculed this humble servant of ,god and the miracles which were attributed to him1 but afterwards he investigated them with all the prejudices of a sectarian4 ,he brought to bear upon them his severest criticism1 and finished by becoming a ,catholic at ,rome1 a priest at ,paris1 and a missionary in his own country1 where he had formerly propagated error4 ,he found himself forced to write several ,english works of controversy1 which are lucid and deservedly appreciated4 ,his conversion1 his writings1 and his sermons excited either the interest or the curiosity of all classes of society1 and he hoped to serve the cause of religion in multiplying himself1 if one may speak thus4 ,he travelled over the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and a great part of ,europe1 and died1 beloved and revered1 at ,limerick1 in ,ireland4 ,the missionaries of ,kentucky are obliged to ride on horseback nearly every day of the year1 and to brave often alone the solitude of the forests1 the darkness of night1 and the inclemency of the seasons1 to minister to the sick and to visit their congregations on the appointed days4#ahf ,without this exactitude it would be difficult to assemble the families scattered so far apart4 ,m4 ,salmon was without doubt an excellent ecclesiastic1 though but a poor horseman4 ,his zeal induced him1 on the #ith of ,november1 #agii1 to visit a distant parish where he was instructing a ,protestant who has since then embraced the faith4 ,being already feeble and just convalescing from a severe illness1 a fall from his horse carried him to the grave in less than thirty-six hours4 ,the accident happened towards noon at a little distance from a residence4 ,a servant who found him half-dead in the woods went to solicit aid1 which was denied him by an impious and cruel farmer1 simply because the unfortunate man was a priest4 ,it was only towards night that a good ,catholic of the neighborhood--,mr4 ,gwynn--was informed of the fact4 ,it must nevertheless be admitted that this farmer's revolting conduct is in nowise ,american1 and can but be attributed to his individual hate for the true religion4 ,perhaps1 also1 he was ignorant of the extremity to which ,m4 ,salmon was reduced4 ,this fatal event1 the departure of ,m4 ,thayer for ,ireland1 and the equally sudden death of ,m4 ,fournier in ,february1 #ahjc1 left ,m4 ,badin for about seventeen months in sole charge of the mission1 then consisting of about a thousand families scattered over a space of from seven to eight hundred square miles4 ,the death of ,m4 ,rivet1 which took place in ,february1 #ahjc1 deprived him of the comforting letters of this friend1 who expired almost in the arms of the governor of the province1 whose esteem and affection he enjoyed4 ,at this unfortunate period the nearest priest was a ,m4 ,olivier from ,nantes1 an elderly gentleman1 who resided at a distance of one hundred and thirty miles in an ,illinois village called ,prairie du ,rocher4 ,moreover1 he ministered to ,kaskaskia1 where the ,jesuits had formerly instituted a novitiate2 ,cahokia1 ,st4 ,louis1 capital of ,missouri1 ,st4 ,genevieve1 etc41 on the banks of the ,mississippi4 ,m4 ,richard1 a zealous and pious ,sulpitian1 resided at the same distance at ,detroit1 on ,lake ,st4 ,clair1 in ,michigan4#ahg ,finally1 there were then but three priests in an extent of country larger than would be ,france and ,spain if united1 and which country constitutes to-day but one diocese1 called ,bardstown1 formed in #ahjh by the reigning ,pope1 as will be seen in the sequel4 ,it is true that the most distant parishes can be visited but seldom1 and it is especially in these instances that the zeal of faith and the fervor of piety are most evident4 ,one finds a great many persons who undertake fatiguing trips in order to fulfil their ,christian duties4 ,they are seen at times to spend the night in church1 in order to make sure of having access to the sacred tribunal1 where the missionaries are to be found from early dawn4 ,they are obliged to say1 and sometimes even to chant1 ,mass at noon1 and occasionally several hours afterwards1 in order that all those who are prepared for the tribunal of ,penance may also receive ,holy ,communion4 ,neither the fast1 nor the late hour1 nor the fatigues of the morning exempt them from instructing the people2 otherwise it would never be done1 as the faithful are assembled but once a day4 ,a sermon1 or at least an impromptu exhortation1 on controversy1 morals1 or the discipline of the church1 is always in order4 ,after divine service there are the dead to be buried1 the children to be baptized1 marriages to be performed1 etc41 and then the departure for another station1 which being reached the next day1 the same services are to be repeated4 ,often it so happens that there is not one day of rest during the entire week1 especially when several sick persons who live far apart are to be visited4 ,while the confessor is occupied with his priestly functions the catechists instruct the children and the negroes1 sing canticles1 and recite the rosary1 etc4 ,to in a manner fill the vacancy caused by their absence1 the priests recommended public prayer in families1 catechism1 and nightly examination of conscience2 ,mass prayers1 devotions of ,s4 ,bridget1 the litanies1 spiritual reading on ,sundays and feast-days4 ,pious persons add to this the rosary1 and their devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin causes them every day to recite some special prayer in her honor4 ,the fear of ,god1 respect for the priesthood1 or filial piety often causes good ,christians to bend the knee before their fathers and mothers1 their sponsors1 and their priests1 to ask their blessing after prayer1 in the streets of the city or on the highways4 ,english books on controversy are being rapidly multiplied1 and the majority of the country-people know how to read them1 and there are some persons in every congregation who really study them in order to render themselves capable of sustaining a discussion with ,protestants4 ,by this means1 as also by their piety and honesty1 they assist from time to time in gaining conversions to the faith4 ,the number of these good works greatly increased when ,providence sent to us1 in #ahjd1 a new missionary1 ,m4 ,nrinckx1 a ,flemish priest1 who pursued his apostolic labors unceasingly4 ,he instituted three monasteries1 which were of great benefit in educating poor girls1 either ,catholics or non-,catholics4 ,these religious women1 who are called ,friends of ,mary at the ,foot of the ,cross1 remind us of the days of the primitive church4 ,their manner of life is exceedingly laborious2 they observe perpetual silence1 and are almost enveloped in their veil4#ahh ,a short time after ,m4 ,nrinckx arrived at the mission he was followed there by a colony of ,trappists1 and by two pious and learned ,english priests of the ,order of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,the one1 ,father ,wilson1 afterwards became provincial2 and ,rev4 ,father ,tuite is at present master of novices4 ,the ,trappists organized a school for gratuitous education1 but failed to find among the poor ,catholics of the neighborhood sufficient means to maintain this charitable institution4 ,father ,urbain ,guillet1 their superior1 had conceived the idea of rendering himself useful to the savages by educating their children for them1 hoping in this way to facilitate their conversion4 ,in pursuance of this idea he formed a new establishment near ,cahokia4 ,these good religious greatly edified the country by their austerity1 their silence1 and their good works2 but as missions were not the objects of their order1 they returned to ,france at the ,restoration4 ,we must now speak of the natives1 and by so doing gratify the very natural curiosity of our readers4 ,the majority of the savages believe in the existence1 in the spirituality1 and in the unity of ,god1 whom they style the ,great ,spirit1 the ,master of ,life1 or ,kissernanetou4 ,they even appear to believe somewhat in his providence2 they offer him prayers1 and sometimes even sacrifices according to their fashion4 ,here is an example1 which is authentic1 as it was told the author of this work by ,gen4 ,todd1 one of the leading men of ,kentucky4 ,a native1 annoyed by the extreme drought1 offered his pipe1 or wampum1 his most valuable article1 to the ,great ,spirit2 then1 seated pensively on the banks of a river1 he supplicated him thus3 8,kissernanetou6 thou knowest how highly the ,indian prizes his wampum2 well1 then1 give us rain1 and ,i will give thee my wampum40 ,and as the ,indian said this1 he threw his pipe in the river1 fully persuaded that the ,great ,spirit would hear his prayer4 ,they also believe in a future state1 as with their dead they bury their guns or cross-bows to enable them to hunt in the next world2 also their pipe and tobacco1 meat1 etc4 ,those who were instructed by the ,jesuits1 although deprived of missionaries for about fifty years1 still retain some idea of the true religion1 as will be seen from letters of ,m4 ,olivier1 from which letters we will give a few examples2 the first1 being dated the #afth of ,may1 #ahjf1 is addressed to ,father ,urbain ,guillet2 the second1 dated the #fth of ,august1 #ahjf2 and the third1 the #aeth of ,march1 #ahjg1 were written to ,m4 ,badin3 #a4 8,among the savage tribes who from the time of the ,jesuits 7whom they called ,black ,gowns7 had embraced ,christianity and had erected churches in which the greatest regularity existed1 to-day1 notwithstanding ,i am their pastor1 ,i do nothing but baptize their children1 although among those of ,post ,vincennes there are some who come to confession2 which leads me to think that you might procure some of their children4 #b4 8,since the banishment of the ,jesuit fathers religion has decreased by degrees1 until now there remain but a few traces which would remind one of extinct piety4 ,i am not forgetting the desire expressed by ,father ,guillet1 superior of the ,trappists--namely1 to have in his community some of the children of these savages4 ,the chief of the nation1 who is at ,kaskaskia1 promised to ask his brethren to send some here4 #c4 8,the chief of those at ,kaskaskia1 in selling his lands to the government of the ,united ,states1 required that it should build him a church2 and there is a provision of #cjj piastres and #ajj piastres to be paid yearly to the missionary priest for seven years4 ,can these missions be revived8 ,the mercy of ,god is great1 etc4'''0 ,yes1 the mercy of ,god is great1 and it may be hoped that ,mgr4 ,dubourg and his missionaries1 who for some years have been living in the vicinity of the ,missouri and the ,mississippi1 will have all desired success1 which they must undoubtedly obtain if they succeed1 as did the ,jesuits1 in procuring the assistance of the ,french government4 ,the religious of ,s4 ,dominic succeeded tolerably well in their establishments in ,kentucky and ,ohio4 ,father ,edward ,fenwick1 born in ,maryland1 had become a member of this order1 and professor at the ,college of ,bornheim1 in ,flanders1 where he had been educated4 ,upon his return to his native country he spent his inheritance in founding the ,convent of ,s4 ,rose and a school which is situated in ,washington ,county4 ,two zealous missionaries1 ,father ,fenwick and his nephew1 ,father ,young1 were the first to devote themselves1 two years ago1 to preach the faith in the ,state of ,ohio1 north of ,kentucky1 and three churches have already been built there4#ahi ,the congregations in the interior are composed of ,germans1 ,irish1 and ,americans2 but on the lakes that separate the ,united ,states from ,canada they are formed of ,french colonies4 ,in the ,state and on the right bank of the ,ohio is situated ,gallipolis1 principal seat of the county of ,gallia1 where in #agia some ,french colonists tried to establish themselves2 but they were victims of a miserable speculation1 and the majority of them left the country4 ,,mm4 ,barrires and ,badin baptized in this place about forty children in the year #agic1 and then went to ,kentucky4 ,the entire village revived at the sight of these two priests1 their fellow-countrymen1 at the singing of the sacred canticles1 and the celebration of the ,holy ,mysteries4 ,in this part of ,america entire liberty of conscience and religion are enjoyed4 ,one does not fear being molested if ,christian burial be refused to those who have lived a scandalous life4 ,on the contrary1 it is expected that such will be the case1 as it is the rule of the church2 hence the increased dread of dying without the ,last ,sacraments4 ,marriages according to the ,catholic rite are legal1 and divorce and polygamy are unknown among ,catholics4 ,we march in procession around our cemeteries2 we erect crosses on them2 we preach in the hotels and other public places1 and even in ,protestant churches1 for want of chapels1 and all the sects come in crowds4 ,during the ,mass they behave in a respectful and attentive manner--some of them even bring us their children to baptize1 and entrust the education of their daughters to our religious--and sometimes we are greatly astonished to see non-,catholics undertake to defend our belief4 ,we also meet with great respect in social life2 for the ,americans are very fond of the ,french1 whose politeness and gayety they try to emulate4 ,they remember with pleasure and gratitude the services they received from the ,martyr-,king4 ,finally1 the government of ,kentucky has incorporated or commemorated ,french names in its institutions2 hence we have ,bourbon ,county1 of which ,paris is the principal town4 ,we also find a ,versailles1 a ,louisville1 etc4 ,in this last place we built1 with the aid of the ,protestants1 the beautiful church of ,s4 ,louis1 ,king of ,france4 ,having the greatest esteem for learned men1 they received the ,french priests with generous hospitality1 and our bishops are revered by all sects4 ,m4 ,carroll1 formerly professor of theology among the ,jesuits1 bishop and finally archbishop of ,baltimore1 was one of the most distinguished men in ,america1 and he was universally beloved and respected4 ,he was consecrated in ,england the #aeth of ,august1 #agij4 ,two years afterwards he convoked a synod in ,baltimore1 where he was successful in assembling twenty-five priests4 ,his modesty and his piety were as much admired as his learning4 ,finally1 by his urbanity and his inexhaustible charity1 he won all hearts1 even those of the ,protestant clergy4 ,his edifying death1 mild and patient in the greatest sufferings1 took place the #c;d of ,december1 #ahae--the day on which the church celebrates the ,feast of ,s4 ,francis ,xavier1 the glory of the ,jesuits4 ,his death caused universal grief in a country where his memory has never ceased to be venerated4 ,it is incredible how he could have been equal to all the tasks he had to accomplish1 besides all the mental labor that fell to his share4 ,he afterwards obtained from the ,holy ,see a coadjutor1 ,m4 ,neale1 like himself an ,american and an ex-,jesuit4 ,his ,diocese embraced all the ,united ,states2 and he was1 moreover1 administrator of the diocese of ,new ,orleans4 ,our ,holy ,father1 the ,pope1 has since then been entreated to create four new bishoprics--namely1 ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 ,boston and ,bardstown4#aij ,m4 ,flaget1 a ,sulpitian1 arrived in ,america with ,,mm4 ,david and ,badin in the year #agib1 and was appointed to this last-named bishopric4 ,his humility was alarmed4 ,he thought he neither possessed the talent nor the other qualifications necessary to fill so high a position2 and for two years he persisted in his refusal1 but he was finally obliged to submit to the express mandate of the ,pope1 and undertook the task1 for which he was evidently destined by divine ,providence4 ,he is doubtless the poorest prelate of the ,christian world1 but he is none the less zealous and disinterested4 8,blessed is the rich man that is found without blemish2 and that hath not gone after gold1 nor put his trust in money1 nor in treasures4 ,who is he1 and we will praise him8 for he hath done wonderful things in his life0 7,ecclesiasticus xxxi4 #h1 #i74aia ,in a limited number of years he founded so many institutions1 undertook so many voyages1 underwent so much fatigue1 both of mind and body1 and succeeded so well in all his projects for extending the kingdom of ,jesus ,christ1 that we must attribute his success and the diffusion of religion to the special blessing of ,god which accompanied him unceasingly4 ,m4 ,david1 superior of the seminary1 consecrated bishop-coadjutor the #aeth of ,august1 #ahai1 co-operated with him in his good works3 in the founding of the seminary1 which has already produced eight or ten priests2 in the founding of several convents for the ,sisters of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul2 in the building of the cathedral of ,bardstown1 etc4#aib ,it is in this little village1 situated in the centre of the country1 that the episcopal seat has been fixed4 ,the smallest seed becomes a large tree1 said our ,saviour in the ,gospel4 ,this diocese embraces six large ,states--,tennessee1 ,kentucky1 ,ohio1 ,michigan1 ,indiana1 and ,illinois4#aic ,in all this country1 where the population1 the sciences and the arts1 agriculture and commerce1 have in the last twenty years progressed wonderfully1 fifty years ago could be seen dense forests and limitless prairies1 inhabited only by wild beasts or scattered ,indian tribes4 ,but there are to-day in this diocese twenty-five priests1 seven convents1 two seminaries or colleges1 thirty-five churches or chapels1#aid and about forty thousand ,catholics out of a population of two million inhabitants of all denominations4 ,in all these ,states priests and churches are found except in ,tennessee1 which1 owing to its great distance and other drawbacks1 has been visited but four times by the oldest missionary in ,kentucky4 ,he gathered together a little flock at ,knoxville1 the capital4 ,with regard to this place may these words of the prophet be fulfilled3 8,i will whistle for them and gather them together2 ,i have redeemed them2 and ,i will multiply them as they were multiplied before4 ,and ,i will sow them among peoples1 and from afar they shall remember me40 ,the bishop has been trying to establish a free school for the poor ,catholics who have not made their ,first ,communion4 ,half of their time is employed in cultivating the ground to defray their expenses1 and the other half is devoted to reading1 writing1 and instructions in ,christian doctrine4 ,with fifty such schools we could renovate the entire diocese1 and gather into the fold a great many souls which otherwise would be deprived of the means of salvation4 ,thus it is evident that what has been done is nothing in comparison with what remains to be done4 ,our institutions1 besides the incidental and the daily expenses of the sanctuary1 the voyage1 etc41 cost more than #cjj1jjj francs2 and the bishop1 who receives but #fjj francs of ecclesiastical revenue1 owes more than #be1jjj for his cathedral1 which is not yet finished1 much less decorated4 ,unforeseen events precluded the possibility of the subscribers making their payments2 and if to-day they were forced to do so according to the rigor of the law1 it would be of material injury to religion1 and would produce the most baneful effect on the minds and the hearts of both ,catholics and ,protestants1 who are also subscribers4 ,the church in ,kentucky owns some land1 to be sure2 but to clear this land1 and then to cultivate it1 laborers are lacking1 and consequently this uncultivated property produces no revenue4 ,the majority of the students1 both at the seminary and the monastery1 pay no board4 ,the missionaries receive no assistance from the state2 they are entirely dependent on their parishioners1 who often do not even defray their travelling expenses1 and perquisites are unheard of4 ,the spirit of religion obliges us to make a great many sacrifices and to endure innumerable privations to avoid being considered avaricious1 and frequently it is necessary to make presents4 ,sometimes they ask us for prayer-books or books of controversy1 sometimes for catechisms1 rosaries1 etc41 etc4 ,moreover1 when the necessary expenses for the support of two or three hundred persons#aie are calculated and contrasted with our limited resources1 that they suffice seems incredible2 and the mystery thereof can only be solved by referring it to that infinite ,providence which feeds the birds of the air and gives to the lilies of the valley a glory more dazzling than that of ,solomon4 ,this paternal ,providence1 after having accomplished such wonders1 will not abandon us in our present distress4 ,after making use of his ministers as means of operation1 he will also inspire religious souls with the desire to co-operate in these good works1 and crown his gifts in crowning the merits of their charity4 ,the writer of this notice was a witness to the greater number of events he relates--8,quod vidimus et audivimus1 hoc annuntiamus vobis0 7#a ,joan4 i47 ,after working twenty-five years in this mission1 he returned to ,france to take a little rest and to solicit aid from his countrymen1 according to the instructions of his bishop4 ,although weakened by a serious illness which he had undergone the preceding fall1 and which nearly exhausted his means1 he proposed1 together with ,m4 ,chabrat1 a missionary from the same country1 to recross the ocean and undertake a journey of nearly four hundred miles to reach ,kentucky1 where his services are still required4 ,if some ecclesiastics felt themselves called to accompany him to ,america1 they will doubtless be persuaded from the perusal of this truthful narrative that they will also have to travel the way of the cross1 which we know to be the way to heaven4 ,it will also be expedient that they procure all the books according to the ritual of ,rome2 theological and ,biblical works in ,french1 ,english1 and ,latin2 chalices1 ciboriums1 crucifixes1 vestments and church ornaments1 altar pictures--in fact1 everything relating to divine service4 ,surely they will be assisted through the piety of their friends and acquaintances4 ,how many persons in ,france possess ecclesiastical or theological works which are not printed in ,america1 as also sacred ornaments which are of no use to them2 whereas these articles could be employed in so useful and so holy a manner in these new missions1 which are in need of everything and possess nothing6 ,we hope through the charity of pious and wealthy souls that they will generously offer to the service of ,god this small portion of the gifts they have received from him in abundance4 ,faith teaches us that he will not allow himself to be outdone in generosity1 and what they sacrifice to his glory will be returned a hundred-fold4 ,as for us1 our gratitude will cause us to recommend our benefactors to the prayers of the missionaries1 of the religious orders1 and of the laity who are thus benefited2 and we promise to celebrate a solemn ,mass of thanksgiving1 to which we will invite all good ,christians1 to whom we will suggest a general ,communion to be offered to ,god for the same intention4 ,s4 ,t4 ,,badin1 ,american ,missionary4 ,,paris1 ,february #g1 #ahba1 ,seminary of ,s4 ,nicholas1 ,rue ,s4 ,victor4 ,extract of a letter from ,bishop ,flaget to ,father ,badin4 ,,st4 ,,etienne1 ,february #ai1 #ahbj4 ,,beloved ,,colaborer3 ,probably this letter1 written from a place with which you are familiar1 and to which you are doubtless attached1 will be handed you by ,father ,chabrat4 ,i earnestly desired to be in ,kentucky at the time of your departure2 that which ,i have often said to you ,i repeat to-day--,i have always felt strongly inclined to love you2 let us love one another as brothers4 ,i will give you none of the diocesan details2 ,father ,chabrat knows them as well as ,i do1 and he will be greatly pleased to answer your numerous questions4 ,the departure of this young man1 that of ,father ,nrinckx1 and yours cause a great void in my diocese1 and leave a burden which would certainly overpower me if ,god1 who has sustained me so far1 did not continue to shower his favors upon me4 ,i still feel all the vigor of youth to buckle on my armor4 ,i am to take charge of ,father ,nrinckx's religieuses1 who to-day form quite a little congregation4 ,my coadjutor will give his attention to the senior seminary and to the college1 which ,i am to open to-morrow4 ,,mm4 ,drigaud and ,coomes direct the junior seminary and the parish of ,st4 ,thomas1 and their success astonishes every one4 ,m4 ,abell is causing the 8,barrens0 to prosper4 ,thus1 my dear friend1 will the diocese be managed during your absence1 while you1 ,i hope1 will make collections for our poor parishes1 which are in great want4 ,i am going to re-employ your brother1 who is as pious and studious as ever1 at the senior seminary in ,bardstown4 ,i earnestly desire to see him a priest1 and ,i am sure that he is sufficiently informed either to direct the children in the boys' school or to take charge of ,father ,nrinckx' religieuses4 ,bishop ,dubourg is endeavoring to have a bishop assigned to ,new ,orleans1 another to ,detroit1 and a third to ,cincinnati4 ,if he succeeds1 ,i will have less extent of country to traverse1 and as many opportunities as ,i now have of making priests4 ,thus the prospects of my diocese are daily becoming more promising4 ,hasten to return2 for ,god has not bestowed upon you so perfect a knowledge of the language and habits of this country to no purpose4 ,accept1 ,i beg of you1 sentiments of the most sincere friendship4 ,,beno,t-,,joseph1 ,bishop of ,bardstown4 ,,blessed ,,nicholas ,,von ,,der ,,fl,e4 ,of the many beautiful views from the ,rigi1 none seemed so determined to imprint itself on our memories during our stay at ,kaltbad as that looking up the ,valley of ,sarnen4 ,at whatever hour we wandered to the ,knzli1 early or late1 in bright weather or in dull1 it was all the same4 ,somehow the sun was always lighting up the valley2 either resting placidly on its velvety pastures1 shining broadly over its small lake1 and making it glitter like a brilliant dewdrop amidst the encircling verdure1 or1 at the very least1 darting shy gleams across its waters from behind the clouds which lowered on all else around4 ,the lake of ,zug was much nearer to us1 lying right beneath one angle of the ,rigi2 but it had not the like powers of fascination4 ,moreover1 we noticed that exactly in the same degree that ,sarnen attracted the sun ,zug seemed to repel it4 ,at all events1 the lasting remembrance of ,zug is dark1 bleak1 and unfriendly2 that of ,sarnen1 on the contrary1 peaceful and sunny4 ,it seemed1 too1 as though it were tenderly watched over by all its neighbors4 ,mt4 ,pilatus guards the entrance to it from ,lucerne1 hills enclose the valley on three sides1 while above and beyond1 as seen from ,kaltbad1 rise those giants of the ,oberland which give such sublimity to these scenes1 and enhance their beauty by the constant variety of their aspect4 ,undoubtedly the associations connected with ,sarnen had something to do with our love for it4 ,in the village of ,sachslen1 on the borders of its lake1 ,blessed ,nicholas von der ,fle was born and lived1 and there his remains are now preserved4 ,and here1 behind this promontory of the ,brgenstock1 just opposite the ,knzli1 lies ,stanz1 the capital of ,nidwalden--as this division of ,unterwalden is now called--whither ,blessed ,nicholas hurried1 and1 by his influence with the ,assembly1 succeeded in saving his country from civil war4 ,a visit to ,sachslen held a special place in the programme sketched out for us by ,herr ,h----4 ,there were some days1 too1 still to spare before the feast at ,einsiedeln on the #adth2 so we determined to lose no further time in making our pilgrimage to 8,bruder ,klaus10 as my ,weggis guide and all the people hereabouts affectionately call him4 ,it was easy to trace the route when standing at the ,knzli1 and to perceive that1 by crossing over to ,buochs1 we might drive thence to ,sachslen4 ,dismissing1 therefore1 all fears of the railway descent from our minds1 we started by the eleven o'clock train from ,kaltbad1 which it cost us many a pang to leave1 with its dear little church1 its lovely views1 and its bright1 invigorating air4 ,crossing then in the steamer from ,vitznau to ,buochs1 we speedily engaged carriages to take us to ,sachslen1 and to bring us back from thence on the following day4 ,our road led through ,stanz1 the home of ,arnold von ,winkelried1 where we lingered long1 although determined not to visit the ,rathhaus until our return from the sanctuary of its hero4 ,but we had two statues of ,arnold to admire--one1 in fact1 a handsome white marble group commemorating his noble feat at ,sempach1 and erected by national subscription--to catch a view of ,winkelried's house in a distant meadow2 to see in the church statues of 8,bruder ,klaus0 and ,konrad ,scheuber--who also led a solitary life of holiness in the ,engelberg valley close by1 and whose highest honor it was to call himself the 8,daughter's ,son0 of the great hermit--to read the tablet in the mortuary chapel in memory of the four hundred and fourteen priests1 women1 and children who had fallen victims to the ,french soldiery in #agih2 and to hear tales of the desolation their unbridled vengeance caused all this country4 ,pretty ,stanz6 now looking so happy1 smiling1 and prosperous that it is difficult to realize it ever could have been laid in ashes some seventy years ago4 ,no district in ,switzerland is more fruitful at present2 cultivated like a garden1 dotted over with fine timber1 and making a beautiful picture backed by the ,engelberg line of mountains stretching away behind4 ,an avenue of stately walnut-trees leads to the little port of ,stanzstadt1 and on the way we passed the chapel of ,winkelried1 where an annual fte is held1 and close to which the bodies of eighteen women were found1 after the fight in #agih1 lying beside those of their fathers1 husbands1 and brothers--so completely had it then become a war outrance1 in defence of hearths and homes4 ,from ,stanzstadt the road turned abruptly westward1 at first along the edge of the small lake of ,alpnach1 the ruins of ,rossberg ,castle perceptible on the opposite shore--the first ,austrian stronghold taken by the ,rtli confederates on the memorable ,new ,year's morning of #acjh4 ,thence the hills grew lower and the landscape more pastoral than ,alpine1 until we reached ,sarnen1 above which formerly rose the castle of ,landenberg1 the famous imperial vogt who put out the eyes of old ,anderbalben1 of the ,melchthal1 in punishment for his son's misdemeanors when the latter evaded his pursuit4 ,this barbarous act was the immediate cause of the ,rtli uprising2 but1 like all the others1 the castle was taken by surprise1 and ,landenberg's life was spared4 ,the terrace where it stood is still called the ,landenberg1 and there the cantonal assembly has annually met since #afdf4 ,of this spot it is that ,wordsworth speaks in his desultory stanzas3 8,ne'er shall ye disgrace ,your noble birthright1 ye that occupy ,your council-seats beneath the open sky ,on ,sarnen's mount2 there judge of fit and right1 ,in simple democratic majesty2 ,soft breezes fanning your rough brows1 the might ,and purity of nature spread before your sight40 ,the panorama thence is said to be magnificent1 and it was easy to conceive it all-inspiring to a patriotic orator2 but the evening had closed in before we crossed the ,sarnen bridge1 and it was hopeless to attempt the ascent thither4 ,whilst ,mrs4 ,c---- was inquiring about rooms we hastened to a church near where a bell had been tolling as we entered the town4 8,only a chapel10 answered an old woman2 8for the ,blessed ,sacrament is not kept there40 ,but the 8chapel0 contained the cheering sight of troops of children saying their night prayers aloud1 headed by some of their elders4 ,the inn is a modest1 clean establishment1 but in any case it would have been dear to us1 all the rooms being full of pictures of 8,bruder ,klaus0 and of every incident in his life4 ,herr ,h---- had said that 8no house in ,obwalden is without his picture10 and this quick fulfilment of our expectations enchanted us4 ,instantly we stormed the ,kellnerinns with questions2 but1 alas6 they were ,bernese maidens1 and1 whether from prejudice or stolid ignorance1 they only gave us the old stereotyped answer that 8they were #8,reformed1' from the other side of the ,bruning pass1 and knew nothing1 nor ever inquired about such matters40 ,accustomed as we had been of late to the large tourist hotels1 everything seemed preternaturally quiet1 when suddenly1 late that evening1 a deep voice sounded in the distance1 advancing steadily onwards4 ,we had scarcely time to reflect on this singular intrusion on the peaceful village when it became evident that it was that medival institution1 8the watchman going his rounds10 which none of us ever before had an opportunity of becoming acquainted with2 and as he came along the streets he distinctly sang3 8,the clock has struck ten2 ,put out fire and light1 ,pray ,god and his ,mother ,to save and protect us60 ,and constantly during the night the same appealing voice returned1 merely changing the hour as time ran on4 ,next morning the sun again befriended us1 and ,mass was 8at the convent hard by10 said our hostess--8the convent of ,benedictines1 who teach all our girls40 ,and she said truly2 for not only did we find their chapel crowded by the villagers1 men1 women1 and children1 while the nuns' choir was hidden behind the altar1 but ,high ,mass was being sung at that early hour of half-past seven1 with exposition of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 ending by ,benediction4 ,mr4 ,c---- and ,george visited the ,rathhaus and its portraits2 but we were in feverish haste to get on to ,sachslen1 8two miles off10 said a peasant woman we accosted on the road1 and who also said she was on her way thither to pray at the shrine of 8,bruder ,klaus40 ,immediately after breakfast1 therefore1 taking leave of our comely hostess and of this capital of ,obwalden1 still so primitively good1 although in the close vicinity of the 8great world10 and feeling an increased aversion to the ,bernese maidens1 whose spirit is unmoved by things supernatural1 we drove along the flat borders of the ,sarnen lake1 caught sight of the ,rigi and its ,knzli1 and in less than half an hour found ourselves at ,sachslen4 ,this village is very small1 but at once tells its own tale2 for the church stands1 according to the fashion of 8holy places10 in a large open space surrounded by good-sized houses1 that serve as inns and resting-places for the crowds of pilgrims who flock here at stated periods4 ,now all was quiet and the church nearly empty2 the ,masses of the day--unfortunately for us--were long since over4 ,after paying our visit to the ,blessed ,sacrament we wandered through the edifice1 admiring its size and beauty1 but unable to discover any sign of the shrine whose fame had brought us hither4 ,at length ,george succeeded in finding the sacristan1 a wrinkled1 toothless octogenarian1 who1 as far as looks went1 seemed quite ancient enough to have been himself a contemporary of 8,bruder ,klaus40 ,his ,german1 too1 was so intensely local1 and consequently1 to us1 obscure1 that we had the utmost difficulty in understanding him4 ,but he pointed to the altar in the centre with an inscription in golden letters on its black marble frontal4 ,and certainly it was worth looking at2 for a more remarkable specimen of phonetic spelling is seldom to be found1 exactly following the local dialect1 even in its total disregard of grammar4 ,on the other hand1 this earnest simplicity in such strange contrast to the refined material that perpetuates it is deeply touching and in perfect keeping with everything connected with ,blessed ,nicholas and this pious people4 ,it ran thus3 8,allhier ,buwet die gebein des ,seeligen ,bruder ,claus von ,fle--dahero gesetzt da ,man die ,kirche gebwet anno #afgi40aif ,as soon as the aged sacristan felt satisfied that we had read the lines1 without another word he drew back the picture over the altar as he might a curtain1 and disclosed 8,bruder ,klaus0 himself confronting us6 ,never shall ,i forget the thrilling sensation of beholding the hermit's skeleton in kneeling posture right above the tabernacle and facing the congregation1 clothed in his coarse habit1 his hands clasped in prayer1 the cavity of his eyes filled by two large emeralds1 his nose by one enormous long1 yellow topaz1 while in the centre of the ribs1 near his heart1 hung a large jewelled cross1 and round his neck a number of military orders4 ,it was startling6 ,we had expected from the word 8gesetzt0 to find him reposing in a shrine1 and should have preferred1 it must be confessed1 to have seen more refinement and delicacy shown in the use of those precious stones as ornamentation4 ,but were they not the precious stones of simple1 firm faith and true love of ,god8 ,this peasant population never had any pretension to 8high art or learning40 ,blessed ,nicholas himself had naught but the refinement of that exalted piety which in itself transcends even the highest flights of human culture1 and is1 after all1 the 8one thing needful40 ,with such thoughts to guide us we could only admire and respect the desire1 albeit crudely expressed1 to show reverence to one whose own simple nature despised those 8earthly treasures40 ,his countrymen1 however1 had that deep 8art and learning0 which taught them to appreciate ,blessed ,nicholas' devotion to the ,blessed ,sacrament2 for they could think of no resting-place more dear to him than that close to the dwelling of his ,lord4 ,tender piety1 too1 prompted the offerings2 but no votive tablets recorded their stories1 as in the little church at ,kaltbad1 and we longed in vain to know their histories4 ,the orders alone1 we discovered1 had been won in different countries by his descendants1 and have been offered up by them1 as well as various swords and trophies by other ,unterwaldeners1 in thanksgiving for the prayers and protection of the saintly hermit4 ,a striking example of the enduring value of a noble1 self-denying1 ,god-fearing character it is thus to see the aid of this simple peasant still sought and the influence of his memory so powerful on the minds and better natures even of this material age4 ,it was impossible not to pray that he may now more than ever watch over his beloved fellow-countrymen1 and obtain for them that steadfastness in their faith and principles which they so sorely need during the terrible struggle they are now passing through4 ,there is little else belonging to ,blessed ,nicholas to be seen--for was he not a hermit1 and the poorest of saints8--but in a case near the wall the old clerk displayed his rosary and another habit1 which we liked to fancy might have been made from the piece of stuff presented to him by the town of ,freyburg after his successful intervention at the diet of ,stanz4 ,our thoughts now turned to his hermitage at ,ranft1 but only to meet with severe disappointment4 ,it was too far for 8ladies to walk10 said every one1 and no horses could be had without previous orders1 of which no one had once thought4 ,had we only slept here1 instead of stopping at ,sarnen1 all would have been easy1 and we should1 moreover1 have been able to have heard ,mass at the shrine4 ,the 8,engel0 of ,sachslen was larger than1 though scarcely so inviting as1 the 8,golden ,eagle0 of ,sarnen1 yet he would at least have watched over our spiritual interests2 and 8when one undertakes a pilgrimage10 exclaimed ,george1 8ladies should despise comforts40 8,it was ,herr ,h----'s plan10 retorted ,caroline1 determined that we should not be blamed1 8and we should not be ungrateful2 for remember that he had also to think of us ,protestants6 ,all we can now do is to warn other pilgrims1 and advise them to come on here straight40 ,it was provoking beyond measure to be thus deprived by mismanagement of this point in our visit4 ,but ,mr4 ,c---- and ,george were determined not to give it up2 they would go on foot1 and report all to us1 if only we would wait patiently for a few hours4 ,where was the use of further grumbling8 ,like good children1 we cried out1 8,what can't be cured must be endured10 and1 summoning all the piety we could command to our aid1 we offered up the disappointment in the spirit of true pilgrims in honor of 8,bruder ,klaus10 and bade our friends 8,god speed0 and depart4 ,anna and the two young ladies1 soon discovering pretty points of view1 settled themselves to sketch1 while ,mrs4 ,c---- and ,i took a ramble through the village4 ,though without any pretension to an ,alpine character1 none is more genuinely ,swiss than ,sachslen4 ,leaving the square1 we wandered among the detached houses1 scattered here and there in the most capricious manner on the slope of a hill that rises gently behind1 and which1 dotted with timber throughout its fresh pastures1 forms a most beautiful background to the picture4 ,the wood-work1 delicately1 nay elaborately1 carved1 the windows glazed in many instances with bull's-eye glass1 the low rooms with heavy cross-beams1 are all many centuries old1 perhaps from the very days of ,blessed ,nicholas2 but beyond all doubt the 8,holy ,cross10 8,engel10 and other hostelries1 of which the place is chiefly composed1 owe their origin to his memory4 ,photographs of the church and the hermitage hung in the window of the 8library0 of the village1 which was opened for us1 after some delay1 by an active1 tidy matron4 8,these are quiet days and few purchasers10 she said in an apologetic tone4 8,but the ladies would find it very different on feast days2 on the #bast of ,march above all4 ,then ten and twelve thousand people often come from all quarters2 every house far and near is full1 stalls are erected in the square1 and the church is crowded from morning till night4 ,this is the ,litany chanted during the processions10 she added1 handing us a small book1 which also contained 8,prayers by ,brother ,klaus10 collected from old writings by a priest4 ,nothing could be more beautiful or simple than the latter2 but the ,litany in particular was a pre-eminently striking composition1 every sentence showing that remarkable union of patriotism and piety which runs through the whole being of every ,swiss ,catholic4 ,it begins by invoking the hermit1 simply as 8,blessed ,brother ,klaus10 to 8,pray for us10 and1 going on through every phase of his life1 implores his intercession in a more emphatic manner wherever his love of country or of justice had been most conspicuous4 ,and here it must be remembered that ,blessed ,nicholas has as yet only been beatified4 ,hence those who style him 8saint0 transgress the proper limits1 which are never forgotten by the ,swiss themselves4 ,for this reason it is that in no prayer is he ever addressed except as 8,blessed ,nicholas10 and in popular parlance ranks no higher than their 8dear ,bruder ,klaus40 ,but that he may some day be canonized is the fond hope of every ,swiss ,catholic1 and one1 it is said1 which can be justified by many miracles4 ,mrs4 ,c---- and ,i carried off the ,litany1 etc41 and1 sitting down on a bench near the church1 drew out other books we had with us1 determined to refresh our memories regarding this great servant of our ,lord4 ,of these1 two small documents1 written during his lifetime1 are the most interesting4 ,one is a ,memoir by ,john von ,waldheim1 a gentleman from ,halle in ,germany1 giving an account of his visit to ,brother ,nicholas in ,february1 #adgd1 and found in the ,wolfenbttel ,library2 the other a similar report of his pilgrimage to the ,hermit of ,ranft1 addressed to the clergy and magistrates of the town of ,nuremberg1 by ,albert von ,bonstetten1 canon of ,einsiedeln1 whom the historian1 ,j4 von ,mller1 calls 8the most learned ,swiss of his age10 and found in the archives of the town of ,nuremberg in #ahfa1 and wherein he states that1 8as so many fables had been circulated about the hermit1 he felt convinced they would be glad to know what he had himself seen40 ,other contemporaries also allude to their visits2 but these two1 though short1 bear such internal evidence of truth in the quaint freshness of their style and language1 place us so completely face to face with all concerned1 give such a picture of ,blessed ,nicholas' humility and unsophisticated nature1 and such an insight into the habits of thought of that period1 that no others equal them1 and we can only regret that space does not permit of more than merely a passing quotation4 ,all authorities agree that ,blessed ,nicholas was born in this then obscure hamlet on ,march #ba1 #adag4 ,zschokke1 however1 alone mentions that his family name was ,lwenbrugger--a fact ignored by others1 so completely had 8,von der ,fle10 or 8of the ,rocks10 become his own1 even during his lifetime4 ,yet all his biographers begin by explaining that this cognomen 8came from his living at the rocks of ,ranft40 ,bonstetten also navely asks 8how any inhabitant of this region can avoid coming into the world except under some one rock or another40 ,his parents were very poor1 and ,nicholas labored hard1 in the fields especially1 from his tenderest years4 ,grown to manhood1 he married young1 had ten children1 and became distinguished above his fellows1 in his public and private capacity1 as 8a model son1 husband1 father1 and citizen40 ,he even served as soldier1 like others1 in the ,thurgau war1 where he was equally noted for deeds of valor and for compassion towards the sick and wounded4 ,so high was his reputation amongst his neighbors that they several times elected him ,landamman and resorted to him as arbitrator in their disputes4 8,the virtues he displayed to all around him10 writes ,bonstetten1 8were quite marvellous4 ,for a long time he continued to lead this honorable existence1 considerate1 affectionate1 true to every one1 importunate to none40 ,at length a yearning for greater perfection became stronger than all else1 and at fifty years of age he determined to seek for closer union with his ,lord4 ,several of his children were already married and settled in the neighborhood4 ,to those that remained and to his wife he handed over the house that he had built and the fields he had cultivated from early youth upwards1 and1 taking leave of his family and of all that he held most dear1 he left his home for ever4 ,von ,waldheim states that he at first intended merely to wander as a pilgrim from one holy place to another1 but that1 8on reaching ,basel1 he had a revelation1 which made him choose a hermit's life in preference1 and in consequence of which he turned back to ,unterwalden and to his own house4 ,he did not1 however1 allow himself to be seen by wife1 children1 or any one1 but1 passing the night in his stables1 he started again at dawn1 penetrated for about a quarter of a mile into the forest behind ,sachslen1 gathered some branches of trees1 roofed them with leaves1 and there took up his abode40 ,at all events1 it was in this spot1 known as 8the solitude of ,ranft10 at the opening of the ,melchthal1 that he passed the remaining twenty years of his saintly life4 ,but although he had withdrawn from the world1 that world soon followed him4 ,before long the fame of his sanctity spread abroad2 above all1 rumors were circulated that he never tasted earthly food1 and that his life was sustained solely by the ,blessed ,eucharist1 which some authorities say he received once a month1 others on every ,friday4 ,this celestial favor1 however1 was at first the cause of great suffering to ,blessed ,nicholas4 ,calumnies were heaped upon him1 insults offered4 ,still1 he remained impassive1 taking no heed of men4 ,some would not doubt him4 8,why should they suppose that a man who had so long lived amongst them1 whose honor had been so well tried and recognized1 and who had abandoned the world merely to lead a hard life in the desert1 would now try to deceive them80 ,but others declared that he only wanted to impose on the vulgar1 and that he had food brought to him secretly4 8,what did the landamman and elders do10 says ,bonstetten1 8in order to prevent their being accused of playing the part of dupes8 ,they selected trusty men1 made them take an oath to speak the truth1 and placed them as guards round the hermitage1 to watch whether food was brought to ,nicholas from any quarter1 or whether he procured any for himself40 ,for a whole month this severe surveillance was maintained2 but in the end it only proved in a most convincing manner that the hermit neither ate nor drank anything except that nourishment with which our ,lord himself provided him4 ,two ,protestant writers1 ,j4 von ,mller and ,bullinger1 give details of this inquiry1 of which they raise no doubt2 and some years after it took place1 during the lifetime of ,blessed ,nicholas1 the following entry was made in the public archives of ,sachslen3 8,be it known to all ,christians1 that in the year #adag was born at ,sachslen1 ,nicholas von der ,fle2 that1 brought up in the same parish1 he quitted father1 mother1 brother1 wife1 and children to come to live in the solitude called ,ranft2 that there he has been sustained by the aid of ,god1 without taking any food1 for the last eighteen years1 enjoying all his faculties at this moment of our writing1 and leading a most holy life4 ,this we have ourselves seen1 and this we here affirm in all truth4 ,let us1 then1 pray the ,lord to give him eternal life whenever he shall deign to call him from this world40 ,as a natural consequence of this investigation1 a strong reaction at once occurred4 ,the villagers built him a chapel with a cell adjoining1 and soon the ,bishop of ,constance came to consecrate it4 ,but the bishop was also determined to test the fact of his total abstinence1 and ordered him to eat in his presence4 ,various are the versions concerning this event1 the majority asserting that ,blessed ,nicholas was seized with convulsions the instant he swallowed the first mouthful4 ,but ,j4 von ,waldheim1 who seems to have experienced no difficulty in asking direct questions1 gives us the hermit's own words on the subject1 brimful of truthfulness and humility4 ,after stating that he had been entertaining ,nicholas by an account of his own pilgrimages to holy places1 and amongst others to the sanctuary of ,blessed ,mary ,magdalen1 in whose honor the ,ranft chapel was dedicated1 and having brought tears into the eyes of the venerable hermit by the beautiful legends regarding her which he told him1 ,waldheim proceeds3 8,i said3 #8,dear ,brother ,nicholas6 in my own country1 as well as here1 ,i have heard it maintained that you have neither eaten nor drunk anything for many years past4 ,what may ,i believe8' #8,god knows it6' he answered1 and then continued3 #8,certain folk asserted that the life ,i lead proceeds not from ,god1 but from the evil spirit4 ,in consequence my ,lord the ,bishop of ,constance blessed three pieces of bread and a drop of wine1 and then presented them to me4 ,if ,i could eat or drink1 he thought ,i should be justified2 if not1 there could no longer be any doubt that ,i was under the influence of the devil4 ,then my ,lord the ,bishop of ,constance asked me what thing ,i considered the most estimable and meritorious in ,christianity4 #8,holy obedience1' ,i answered4 ,then he replied3 #8,if obedience be the most estimable and meritorious thing1 then ,i command you1 in the name of that holy virtue1 to eat these three pieces of bread and to drink this wine4' ,i besought my lord to dispense me from this1 because this act would grieve me to excess4 ,i implored him several times1 but he continued inflexible1 and ,i was obliged to obey1 to eat and to drink4' ,i then asked ,brother ,nicholas10 continued ,waldheim3 #8,and since that time you have neither eaten nor drunk any thing8' ,but ,i could extract no other answer from him save the three words1 #8,god knows it4'0 ,numberless were the reports concerning his mysterious ways4 ,he often went to ,einsiedeln1 yet it was said that no one ever met him on the road6 8,how does he get there80 asks ,waldheim4 8,god alone knows40 ,his appearance1 too1 was said to be unearthly4 ,waldheim had heard1 too1 that his body was emaciated and devoid of natural warmth1 his hands icy1 and his aspect like that of a corpse4 ,he lays particular stress1 therefore1 on the fact that ,nicholas possessed a natural bodily heat1 like any other man1 8in his hands especially1 which ,i and my valet ,kunz touched several times4 ,his complexion was neither yellow nor pale1 but that of one in excellent health2 his humor pleasant1 his conversation1 acts1 and gestures those of an affable1 communicative1 sociable1 gay being looking at every thing from the bright side4 ,his hair is brown1 his features regular1 his skin good1 his face thin1 his figure straight and slight1 his ,german agreeable to listen to40 ,a few years later ,pre ,bonstetten heightens this picture by a minuteness that rivals the signalements of old-fashioned passports4 ,he describes ,brother ,nicholas as being 8of fine stature1 extremely thin1 and of a brown complexion1 covered with freckles2 his dark hair tinged with gray1 and1 though not abundant1 falling in disorder on his shoulders2 his beard in like manner1 and about an inch long2 his eyes not remarkable1 except that the white is in due proportion2 his teeth white and regular2 and his nose in harmony with the rest of his face40 ,and as we read this clear description1 ,mrs4 ,c---- and ,i could not help regretting that posterity had not been satisfied with such a recollection1 without having endeavored by emeralds and precious stones to fill up the voids which nature had since created2 but when the motives had been so pure and loving1 it was not for us to find fault with the manner of their reverence1 nor do more than admire its earnestness and simplicity4 ,there seems to have been a certain difficulty in obtaining admittance to the hermit2 for even ,pre ,bonstetten had to be introduced by the landamman1 and ,von ,waldheim took with him the ,cur of ,kerns4 ,brother ,nicholas1 it must be remembered1 though an anchorite1 was still not ordained2 hence a priest was to him always a welcome visitor4 ,his family1 too1 seem at all times to have had free access to him4 ,both writers commenced their visits by hearing ,mass in his little chapel1 where ,brother ,nicholas knelt behind a grating2 but after their introduction he let them into his adjoining cell4 ,here he impressed them deeply by his humility1 politeness1 and gentleness1 and both remark his sweet-toned voice and his kindliness in shaking hands with every one1 8not forgetting a single person40 ,pre ,bonstetten1 more than ,waldheim1 seems to have retained his self-possession2 for he says3 8,i kept my eyes wide open1 looking right and left around the room1 attentively considering everything4 ,the cell was not half warm4 ,it had two small windows1 but no sleeping place1 unless a raised portion at one end may be used for that purpose40 ,nor could he see a table1 nor furniture of any kind1 nor sign even of a mattress on which this servant of ,god could ever repose4 ,but he dwells with emphasis on his simplicity and truthfulness1 saying that he answered his many questions1 8not in the fashion of a hypocrite1 but simply as became an unlettered man40 ,and like these visitors came others from every quarter to see and consult him--magistrates to ask the advice of one who1 in the words of the ,litany1 had been like that 8just judge whose decisions were altogether dictated by conscience and justice10 and that 8wise statesman who administered his offices solely for the honor of ,god and the good of his fellow-men02 soldiers to see the 8brave warrior who took up arms for ,god and fatherland1 and was a model of virtue to the army02 those in affliction to beg the prayers of that 8most perfect follower of ,jesus1 who1 by meditation on the life and sufferings of our ,lord1 had been so like unto him02 sinners to implore that 8pious hermit1 who left the world from desire of greater perfection10 to teach them how to subdue their passions4 ,for all and each he had some word of comfort and exhortation4 ,one of these pilgrims was so captivated by his heavenly admonitions that he resolved to remain near ,blessed ,nicholas and lead the same life4 ,he built himself a chapel and cell close by1 and soon became remarkable for his sanctity2 but his antecedents are veiled in mystery1 and he has descended to posterity simply as 8,brother ,ulrich1 once a ,bavarian gentleman40 ,blessed ,nicholas1 however1 evidently held him in high regard2 for1 after praising him warmly1 he urged both ,waldheim and ,pre ,bonstetten to visit him before leaving ,ranft4 ,the nave ,waldheim takes no pains to conceal that he was prejudiced against poor ,ulrich by reason of the mystery surrounding him2 although 8he is educated10 he says18whereas ,brother ,nicholas is a simple layman who does not know how to read40 ,the learned monk of ,einsiedeln1 on the contrary1 is at once prepossessed in his favor by the tincture of culture which he quickly detects4 ,he notes that ,ulrich 8talks more and shows less dislike for the society of men than ,brother ,nicholas4 ,no doubt10 he adds1 8because he is more instructed4 ,he is somewhat of a ,latin scholar4 ,at the same time1 his books are in ,german4 ,he showed them to me4 ,i think that ,i perceived the ,gospels and the ,lives of the ,fathers translated into ,german0--a fact which we may further note as a remarkable proof that such translations of the ,gospels into the vernacular1 mentioned thus incidentally by ,pre ,bonstetten1 were common before the days of printing1 in the very midst of the so-called 8dark ages40 ,amongst the many traits for which ,blessed ,nicholas was distinguished1 ,pre ,bonstetten records that conformity to the will of ,god and love of peace were pre-eminent4 8,he preaches submission and peace--that peace which he never ceases to recommend to the confederates40 ,and a time was coming when all his power and influence would be needed to preserve it4 ,some years after these two accounts were written1 and while ,blessed ,nicholas and ,brother ,ulrich were praying and fasting in their 8solitude at ,ranft10 great deeds were being done in other parts of ,switzerland4 ,the battles of ,grandson and ,morat were fought and won1 ,charles the ,bold driven back into ,burgundy1 and the rich spoils of his army became the property of the ,swiss4 ,but what union and heroism had gained victory and prosperity well-nigh destroyed4 ,soleure and ,freyburg1 in virtue of their hard fighting1 claimed admission into the confederacy1 which claim the older states disdainfully rejected2 while the enormous ,burgundian booty likewise became a fruitful source of discord4 ,numerous diets were held1 without avail1 for the settlement of these questions1 each only increasing the trouble4 ,at length a diet assembled at ,stanz purposely in order to come to a final decision2 but the disputes reached such a pitch that the deputies were about to separate1 although the return to their homes would have been the signal for civil war4 ,blessed ,nicholas1 though so near1 knew nothing of these proceedings until one morning1 when one of his oldest and most esteemed friends unexpectedly arrived at the hermitage4 ,it was the cur of ,stanz2 a worthy priest and a true patriot1 who1 in despair at the state of affairs1 and mindful of ,nicholas' patriotism and love of peace1 came to implore his help4 ,without an instant's delay the hermit took up his staff1 walked across the paths he knew so well1 and marched straight into the hall at ,stanz where the deputies were assembled4 ,zschokke1 the ,protestant writer1 thus describes the scene3 8,all with one accord rose from their seats as they beheld in their midst this old man of emaciated aspect1 yet full of youthful vigor1 and deeply venerated by every one4 ,he spoke to them with the dignity of a messenger from heaven1 and in the name of that ,god who had given so many victories to them and to their fathers1 he preached peace and concord4 #8,you have become strong1' he said1 #8through the might of united arms4 ,will you now separate them for the sake of miserable booty8 ,never let surrounding countries hear of this6 ,ye towns6 do not grieve the older confederates by insisting on the rights of citizens4 ,rural cantons6 remember that ,soleure and ,freyburg have fought hard beside you1 and receive them into fellowship4 ,confederates6 take care1 on the other hand1 not to enlarge your boundaries unduly6 ,avoid all transactions with foreigners6 ,beware of divisions6 ,far be it from you ever to prefer money to the fatherland4' ,this and much more did ,nicholas von der ,fle say1 and all hearts were so deeply touched1 so stirred1 by the words of the mighty hermit1 that in one single hour every disputed point was settled4 ,soleure and ,freyburg were that day admitted into the confederacy2 old treaties and compacts were renewed2 and at the suggestion of the pious ,nicholas it was decided that in future all conquered territory should be distributed amongst the cantons1 but booty divided amongst individuals6 ,this done10 continues ,zschokke1 8the hermit returned to his wilderness1 each deputy to his canton4 ,joy abounded everywhere4 ,from all the church-towers of the land festive peals announced the glad tidings1 from the furthest ,alps even unto the ,jura40 ,the cantons vied with each other in the effort to express their gratitude to ,blessed ,nicholas4 ,but in vain2 he would take nothing from them except a few ornaments for his small chapel4 ,freyburg alone was favored by his acceptance of a piece of stuff to repair his worn-out habit1 which was then in shreds2 and this it was which we liked to think identical with the relic shown to us by the old sacristan in the church at ,sachslen4 ,bern1 in a spirit widely different from that of its degenerate posterity1 presented him with a chalice1 which elicited from him a letter full of patriotism and tender ,christian feeling3 8,be careful10 he writes in answer1 8to maintain peace and concord amongst you2 for you know how acceptable this is to ,him from whom all good proceeds4 ,he who leads a godly life always preserves peace2 nay1 more1 ,god is that sovereign peace in whom all can repose4 ,protect the widows and orphans1 as you have hitherto done4 ,if you prosper in this world1 return thanks to ,god1 and pray that he may grant you a continuance of the same happiness in the next4 ,repress public vice and be just to all4 ,deeply imprint in your hearts the remembrance of the ,passion of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,it will console and strengthen you in the hour of adversity40 ,then1 as if in prophetic strain to the proud town1 he adds3 8,many people in our day1 tempted by the devil1 are troubled with doubts on faith4 ,but why have any doubts8 ,the faith is the same to-day that it ever has been40 ,what wonder1 after all this1 that1 in spite of himself1 ,blessed ,nicholas became the arbiter of ,switzerland during the few remaining years of his life8 ,every dispute was referred to him1 and1 as one writer adds1 8,in that solitude1 where he thought only of serving ,god1 by the simple fact of his sanctity he became of all his compatriots the most pleasing to ,god and the most useful to his neighbor40 ,at length the holy hermit lay down on the bare ground1 which had so long been his couch1 and1 full of years and honor1 he 8fell asleep in the ,lord0 on the #bast of ,march1 #adhg--on the very day that he had fulfilled seventy years of his most spotless and saintly life4 ,we had just reached this point1 when1 looking up1 we beheld ,mr4 ,c---- and ,george advancing and exclaiming3 8,such a pity you did not come--such a pity60 ,breathlessly they told us that the distance had proved trifling2 they found horses1 too1 on the way1 and everything had been deeply interesting4 ,the road had passed near 8,bruder ,klaus'0 fields1 crossed the rushing stream mentioned by ,von ,waldheim2 and not only had they visited the chapel and cell of ,blessed ,nicholas1 but also that of ,brother ,ulrich1 exactly as described by the two medival pilgrims4 ,the stone used by ,blessed ,nicholas as his pillow is there preserved2 both places1 kept in excellent repair and attended by a priest who resides on the spot1 are much frequented and full of votive offerings of various kinds4 ,at once it became a question of our starting thither1 even at that advanced hour4 ,had ,anna and ,i been alone1 we should have upset all previous arrangements for this purpose2 but charity and forbearance are the virtues most needed and most frequently brought into play when travelling with a large party4 ,smothering our annoyance1 therefore1 a second time1 as best we could1 and making a mental resolve to return some future day and see with our own eyes what our friends so vividly described1 we adjourned to the ,engel1 and did full justice to the meal which its pleasant-faced hostess had prepared for us4 ,in another hour we were on the road back to ,stanz1 but this time across the hills4 ,kerns1 now speaking to our minds of ,von ,waldheim and ,pre ,bonstetten1 was first passed1 succeeded before long by ,st4 ,jacob and its plain1 the scene of the terrible battle with the ,french in #agih2 and in two and a half hours the comfortable cottages of ,nidwalden had gradually developed into1 and terminated in1 the pretty houses of its capital1 ,stanz4 ,here we now halted1 in order to repair our omission of yesterday by a visit to the ,rathhaus4 ,it was opened for us after some delay by a bluff ,nidwaldener1 whose ,german was as unintelligible as that of the ,sachslen clerk4 ,but1 in like manner1 he supplied the defect by pointing to two curious and very ancient paintings which hung in the entrance lobby1 one representing ,blessed ,nicholas taking leave of his wife and family before he went to ,ranft1 the other his appearance at the diet here4 ,the deputies in the painting have all risen1 whilst the emaciated hermit is addressing them boldly and earnestly4 ,as we proceeded into the hall close by1 it required no stretch of imagination to fancy that the scene had but just occurred in that spot1 so exactly is the room of the same shape1 the chairs and table of the same pattern1 and all placed in the same position as in the old picture4 ,though not the same building1 one may well believe that the present is only a reproduction of the former town-hall1 simple and unpretending as it is1 and yet invested with such deep interest4 ,three sides of the hall are hung with portraits of the landammans since #aeba1 and the fourth is decorated by various banners won on different patriotic occasions4 ,of these1 we notice one that was taken at the battle of ,kappel1 where ,zwingle met his death2 another sent to the ,unterwaldeners by ,pope ,julius ,,ii42 and a third recently presented by ,zschokke1 a native of these parts1 representing ,william ,tell shooting the apple off his son's head--thus giving the sanction of this grave and graphic historian to the story we all so much love4 ,long did we linger in the hall1 full of the day's impressions2 but the light was waning1 and it was necessary to depart4 ,ere we reached ,buochs the sun had set2 it was dark when the steamer came up to the quay2 and night had closed when we arrived at ,brunnen and entered the brilliantly-lighted hall of the ,walsttter ,hof4 ,,the ,,assumption4 ,crown her with flowers6 ,she is the queen of flowers3 ,roses for royalty and mignonette ,for sweet humility1 and lilies wet ,with morning dew for holy purity4 ,crown her with stars6 ,she is the queen of stars3 ,they sparkle round her maiden path in showers ,and stretch their beams of light in golden bars1 ,making a pavement for her majesty4 ,crown her with prayers6 ,she is the queen of prayer3 ,with eager hands she gathers every one1 ,wreathing them into garlands for her ,son1 ,holding them close with fond1 maternal care3 ,sweet flower--first planet in the realms above6 ,crown her with love6 ,she is the queen of love4 ,,the ,,scientific ,,goblin4 ,by one of those freaks of fortune rare even in fairyland1 the small people known as the ,odomites had1 in order to escape being devoured by a strolling giant named ,googloom1 made him their king4 ,this ogre was of so wonderful an ugliness that babes died at the sight of him1 and men and maids had gone into convulsions of merriment2 but the majority of the ,odomites1 blessed with a wholesome fear1 dared no more than laugh in their sleeves at bare memory of his face1 avoiding as much as they could to see him4 ,however1 to make sure that all his people were as sober as himself1 ,king ,googloom issued an edict defining laughter as treason1 under any pretext to be punished with death by slow torture4 ,in cases of young and pretty maids this sentence was varied by the fact that the giant himself ate them up4 ,yet1 spite of the terrors of his decree1 hundreds of his subjects perished for want of self-control2 and one man1 whose fate became renowned as that of a voluntary martyr to free expression1 died laughing involuntarily1 notwithstanding his tortures1 the giant ,googloom being a witness of his execution4 ,when the realm of ,odom was thus rid of all rebellion in the shape of quips1 jokes1 pranks1 tricks1 antics1 capers1 smiles1 laughs1 caricatures1 chuckles1 grimaces1 ,googloom yawned and rolled his eyes in a manner fearful to see1 and1 leaving his throne1 made a tour through his dominions4 ,not a soul dared so much as smile in obeisance to him4 ,though he made his ugliest faces1 to such a degree that the passing ravens were scared1 not a single ,odomite lifted up his head to grin for a moment4 ,over all the land reigned the shadow of funlessness4 ,googloom had become a dreadful chimera1 a nightmare4 ,hardly knowing it1 his people grew lean and pined away4 ,googloom himself began to be weary of the prevailing dulness1 even while he boasted that the land was never so sober and its population so orderly4 8,when will the old times return10 asked his sages of themselves1 8when the land laughed and grew fat80 ,googloom eyed with contempt the bones of the children that were served up at his banquets2 and one day1 seeing that the leanness of his people had extended to their crops1 and yet unwilling to alter his decrees1 mockingly proclaimed that anybody who could make him laugh at his own expense1 or make anybody else laugh on the same terms1 should have the privilege of laughing whenever he pleased4 ,there was at this time living in one of the mountains of ,odom a famous goblin named ,gigag4 ,his exceeding knowledge and invention1 assisted by good-nature1 had made him famous in the country round about2 and notwithstanding the prejudices of some of the ,od people1 he was permitted to benefit them in various ways4 ,for instance1 he made them a stove which gave them both heat and light2 an instrument that produced exquisite melodies whether you could play it or not2 an accordeon that invented tunes of its own accord1 for the help of composers2 a portable bridge to be flung over chasms at pleasure2 a drink that gave men's eyes the power of microscopes1 and another that inspired them with the capacity of telescopes2 a fertilizer that brought up crops in seven days with care2 a flying-machine to save all who laughed2 and a pill to cure headache1 heartache1 rheumatism1 dropsy1 palsy1 dyspepsia1 epilepsy1 consumption--everything short of death itself--and to cause lost hair1 eyes1 teeth1 legs1 and arms to grow again4 ,there was also rumor that the goblin ,gigag had tunnelled the whole kingdom through1 and that goblin steeds and people could now travel at will an underground thoroughfare4 ,but1 for all these things1 the ,odomites were no better than before4 ,their taste in music was bad2 they were blind as bats to their interests2 they tumbled over precipices2 they neglected their crops1 and were too stupid to fly1 if not too dull to laugh2 and headaches1 heartaches1 and palsies were much the same as ever1 because they disliked to take a pill that was not sugar-coated4 ,in the end the scientific ,gigag was thought to be a goblin of genius--one of those fine spirits who are always doing magnificent things to no purpose4 ,had he relied upon the effect of his mechanical or chemical exploits to make his way in the world1 the well-meaning goblin would certainly have made a mistake4 ,what1 then1 was the secret of that extraordinary power which the goblin ,gigag exercised over the minds of those who came in contact with him8 ,it was his expression4 ,all the variety of which the goblin countenance is susceptible seemed to be concentrated in that of ,gigag4 ,but its peculiarity was this3 that his eyes grew piercing and dazzling at will1 while his teeth enlarged1 his mouth curved1 and his nose elongated and turned at pleasure4 ,it may well be supposed that no ,odomite could resist a smile or survive the scorn of a countenance so effective2 and we can only ascribe it to ,gigag's known forbearance that the so-called anticachination laws of ,googloom were not a thousand times violated4 ,but patience has its bounds4 ,the national dulness which made ,googloom yawn and sneer made ,gigag almost swear4 ,the reigning condition must be put an end to1 or science itself would be powerless at length to amuse or to cure4 ,accordingly1 he sped through his underground road1 and came up at court by a secret path4 ,wearing a long1 conical hat and a fanciful jacket1 with doublet and hose1 and elongating his features while he stretched himself to his full height1 he stepped into the presence of the king1 knocking down by the way a few insolent attendants who had excited his gaze4 ,bristling the few hairs of his upper lip1 which resembled the mustache of ,grimalkin1 and bowing with the most obsequious of smiles1 the goblin ,gigag stood before the giant ,googloom4 ,never had that ogre seen a figure at once so lean and long1 and a face so bright and cunning4 ,he would have ordered it at once to his darkest dungeons1 were it not for an unaccountable fascination which forced him to listen to ,gigag while he proposed not only to make ,googloom laugh at his own expense1 but to make everybody else laugh at him on the same terms1 and to solve the problem of perpetual motion by making the land of ,odom merry ever afterwards4 8,i presume10 said he1 8you have heard the story of the pig's fiddle02 and he proceeded to tell a tale which for wit and fun would have made a thousand unicorns die laughing4 ,but on the giant it had either no effect at all or had only raised his spirits to the point of being serious4 ,gigag clearly saw that he had failed by trusting to the merits of his story instead of using his great weapon of expression4 8,this is no ordinary case10 said the goblin to himself4 8,the problem is to make an immense creature laugh who has nothing of the sort in him4 ,perhaps the best thing to do is to torture him till he laughs in despair40 ,spite of the giant's disposition to put his visitor at once to the torture1 he agreed that the accomplished goblin should call next day1 and make him laugh1 or else die by slow boiling4 ,this the goblin heard with a mixture of scorn and amusement1 curling his nose and showing his teeth in an aristocratic manner4 ,as the cunning ,gigag left the king's chamber to go to his quarters in a corner of the great palace1 he took good care to scatter about two scientifically-prepared powders1 one of which dissolved in the air1 producing sleep1 and the other by a similar change entered the nostrils1 producing throughout the body tickling sensations and a disposition to low chuckling4 ,when ,gigag again came before ,googloom1 it was seen that none of the royal guards were fit for duty1 and that throughout the palace and its grounds the disposition among courtiers1 retainers1 servants1 pages1 to laugh in their sleeves at the smallest incitement1 was unmistakable4 ,even the kitchen cats had caught the infection1 and mewed dispersedly4 8,now1 ,o great ,googloom60 said ,gigag when all the court had assembled1 8let me in three acts essay to complete that transformation by which thy people's despair shall be turned to joy1 and thy laughing face shall behold its own merriment40 ,at this moment the giant shook like one who is tickled all over1 but cannot laugh1 experiencing the greatest tortures without knowing what to make of them4 ,to divert him the goblin related his favorite story of the merry owl1 with such catcalls1 crowing1 mincing1 and mewing1 and withal such unearthly jest1 that a thousand dogs would have died if they did not laugh4 ,what wonder1 then1 that long before the witty ,gigag had concluded a favorite page was so wrought upon by chuckling that1 bursting his buttons1 at length he laughed right out1 which had such an effect upon all assembled that they chuckled1 and then roared4 8,ho1 guards60 cried ,googloom2 but ,gigag easily drew his attention to the second part of the programme--for the goblin had actually brought the giant to the point of complacency4 8,i propose now10 he said1 8to show you the most ridiculous countenance that was ever seen1 except one40 ,hereupon he diminished and heightened his figure at intervals1 while he curved his nose by degrees1 lengthened his teeth as he pleased1 and put upon his mouth such an expression of maddening humor that his spectators gasped with laughing1 to the vast confusion of the helpless giant1 who vowed with a feeble smile that the gifted ,gigag was certainly the most ingenious man he ever knew4 8,nothing will serve you1 ,i perceive1 ,o beautiful ,googloom6 except the light of science2 and now ,i will show you the face of the most ridiculous man that ever was born40 ,accordingly1 by means of an instrument which he had invented1 ,gigag reflected upon a large canvas the features of ,googloom6 ,unwittingly the giant smiled1 for he had never seen so preposterous a face before2 and the more he smiled1 the more ridiculous it grew1 till at last1 after the giant himself had given way to laughter1 it was so horribly funny that the whole court shrieked and shrieked again1 and ,googloom1 losing all control1 roared with such a volume and power of merriment that he toppled off his throne1 and was crushed under its ruins4 ,the people1 seeing the faces of the courtiers and of each other1 caught an infectious laughter1 which prevailed throughout all ,odom1 and did not by any means cease when the goblin ,gigag was called to the throne1 and the reign of science began4 ,,the ,,happy ,,islands4 8,tell me1 brother1 dearest brother1 ,why it is thou aye dost weep8 ,why thus1 ever listless1 sittest ,looking forth across the deep8 8,thy impatient steed is wond'ring ,why his master doth not come1 ,on his perch thy hawk is sleeping1 ,e'en thy hound's deep voice is dumb4 8,yesternight there came a minstrel ,with a glee-maid young and fair1 ,if mayhap their merry voices ,would beguile thy weary care40 8,hawk may sleep1 and hound may slumber1 ,my impatient steed must wait1 ,nor care ,i to hear the minstrel ,who is resting at the gate4 8,e'en the keen breeze of the mountains ,would not cool my fevered brow1 ,e'en the shrill note of the trumpet ,would not serve to rouse me now4 8,dost remember1 that our father ,told us how his wond'ring eyes ,once beheld the ,happy ,islands ,far off on the ocean rise8 8,those fair ,islands where no mortal1 ,as 'tis said1 has ever been1 ,though at evening in the westward ,they at sunset oft are seen4 8,those blest ,islands that so often ,were our aged minstrel's theme1 ,that surpass the fairest fancies ,of a poet's wildest dream4 8,where the ,holy ,grail lies hidden ,far from mortal quest or claim1 ,and the ,tree of ,life stands1 guarded ,by the ,seraph's sword of flame3 8,where the ,blessed ,ones are dwelling ,till the dawning of the day ,when this world and all upon it1 ,like a dream1 will pass away4 8,and our sire sailed towards those ,islands1 ,till their shore he drew so near ,that the strains of heavenly singing ,fell upon his raptured ear4 8,and as that immortal music ,o'er his ravished senses stole1 ,an intense and eager longing ,took possession of his soul4 8,when1 lo6 as entranced he listened1 ,suddenly the mists of night1 ,gath'ring round the ,happy ,islands1 ,hid them from his anxious sight4 8,then all through that weary midnight ,stayed he waiting for the dawn1 ,but when day broke1 lo6 the ,islands ,with the mists of night had gone4 8,from that day thou know'st he languished1 ,and could take nor food nor rest1 ,for he aye was thinking1 thinking ,on those ,islands of the ,blest4 8,when he died1 dost thou remember ,we heard music from the sea1 ,that enchained us with the weirdness ,of its mystic melody8 8,scarce three days ago at sunset ,i was sitting1 thinking here1 ,when ,i saw those ,happy ,islands ,in the west there1 bright and clear4 8,words would fail to tell their beauty1 ,they were wrapt in golden haze1 ,and they glowed with such a radiance ,that on them ,i scarce could gaze4 8,and since that resplendent vision ,on my raptured senses fell1 ,it has haunted and enthralled me ,with the magic of its spell4 8,i must go and seek those ,islands ,that far to the westward lie4 ,i hear distant voices calling1 ,i must find those isles or die40 ,at the early dawn next morning ,young ,sir ,brian sailed away1 ,mournfully his brother watchd ,on the shore the livelong day4 ,long kept guard the weary watchers1 ',mid the tempest and the rain1 ,but ah6 nevermore ,sir ,brian ,to his home came back again4 ,it is said by some he perished ,in the wild and stormy wave1 ,where the sea-birds wailed the requiem ,o'er his mist-enshrouded grave4 ,if perchance he reached those ,islands1 ,be ye sure that he stayed there2 ,for what earthly joy or beauty ,with those ,islands can compare8 ,where the sun is ever shining ,and the blossom doth not fade1 ,where from quest of mortal hidden ,the most ,holy ,grail is laid4 ,where with flaming swords the ,seraphs ,stand around the ,tree of ,life1 ,where the ,blessed ,ones are dwelling ,who have conquered in the strife4 ,,note4--,this poem is founded on an ancient ,irish legend1 to the effect that the ,happy ,islands1 as they are called--that is1 the temporal resting-place of the blessed1 where yet stands the ,tree of ,life guarded by the cherubim--are situated in the ocean somewhere to the far westward of ,ireland4 ,it is said they are sometimes to be seen at sunset from the coast o' ,galway4 ,many have sought to find them1 and some even have come near them1 but just as they were approaching1 either the night fell or a storm arose and drove them from the enchanted shores4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,les ,,droits ,,de ,,dieu ,,et ,,les ,,idees ,,modernes4 ,par l',abb ,franois ,chesnel1 ,vicaire-,gnral de ,quimper4 ,poitiers et ,paris3 ,henri ,oudin4 #ahge4 ,every age has its special errors and its special manifestations of the truth precisely opposite to those errors4 ,the special errors of the present age may be well summed up under one formula1 which we find on p4 #cce of the ,abb ,chesnel's work bearing the title placed at the head of this notice3 8,the pretended incompetence of ,god and his representatives in the order of human things1 whether scientific or social40 ,the system which springs from this fundamental notion has received the name of ,liberalism4 ,in contradiction to it1 the authority of ,god and the church over those matters which are included in the order of human things1 is the truth which in our day has been the special object of inculcation1 definition1 explanation1 and defence on the part of the ,catholic ,church and her most enlightened advocates4 ,a great number of the very finest productions of our contemporary ,catholic writers in books1 pamphlets1 and periodicals1 treat of themes and topics connected with this branch of the great controversy between ,catholic truth and universal error4 ,the volume just published by the ,abb ,chesnel is particularly remarkable among these for simplicity1 lucidity1 and moderation in its statements1 and for its adaptation to the understanding of the great mass of intelligent and educated readers1 who are unable to profit by any treatises presupposing a great amount of knowledge and thought on abstruse matters4 ,the form of dialogue helps the author and the reader very much in respect to the facility and simplicity of the work of giving and receiving elementary instruction on the subjects contained within the volume4 ,the other topics besides the particular one we are about to mention are handled very much in the same manner by ,m4 ,chesnel as by other sound and able writers1 and require no special remark4 ,thank ,god6 our instructed ,american ,catholics are not inclined to bury themselves in what the author happily styles 8the fog of liberalism10 in so far as this confuses the view of the rights of the church and the ,holy ,see in respect to the usurpations of the civil power and the rebellions of private judgment4 ,we have turned with a more particular interest to that part of the volume which treats of the nature1 origin1 acquisition1 and loss of sovereign rights by the possessors of political power in the state4 ,this is one of the most difficult topics in the department of ethics1 and one seldom handled1 in our opinion1 so well as by our author4 ,to a certain extent sound ,catholic writers agree1 and the principles maintained are proved with ease to the satisfaction of right-minded students4 ,that political power is from ,god1 that human rights are from ,god1 that an authority certainly legitimate cannot be resisted within its lawful domain without sin1 are so many first principles universally accepted and easily proved4 ,but when the sources and criteria of legitimacy are in question1 there is far less agreement even among those who reject liberalism1 and much less facility of laying down and proving propositions in a satisfactory manner4 ,the ingenious and learned ,dr4 ,laing1 in his little book entitled ,whence do ,kings ,derive the ,right to ,rule8 in our opinion sustains most extravagant theories regarding the divine right of monarchs4 ,on the other hand1 we are not entirely satisfied with the reasonings of the very able and brilliant ,dublin ,reviewer on the principles of legitimacy4 ,in fact1 we have not seen the subject handled in a perfectly thorough and satisfactory manner by any author writing in the ,english language4 ,m4 ,chesnel is not exhaustive1 but1 so far as his scope in writing permits him to develop his subject1 he seems to us remarkably clear and judicious4 ,the beginning of sovereignty he traces to the parental expanding into the patriarchal authority4 ,acquisition of lawful sovereignty he refers to inheritance1 election1 and just conquest4 ,the rehabilitation of a sovereignty unjustly acquired he refers to the accession of the right of a nation to the possession of the goods which have become dependent on the peaceable maintenance of a de facto sovereignty1 sanctioned by a common consent4 ,the possessor who has been unjustly despoiled of his sovereignty de jure by one who has become sovereign de facto evidently loses his right as soon as it is transferred lawfully to this spoliator or his heirs in the manner indicated4 ,the author1 as we think unnecessarily1 resorts to the supposition that he is supposed to cede it1 because he cannot reasonably maintain it4 ,he adds1 however1 that if he does not cede it he nevertheless loses it1 which seems to us to make his cession or non-cession wholly irrelevant and without effect4 ,it is lost by the prevalence of a higher right on the part of the nation4 ,nevertheless1 we think that until a permanent and stable union of the welfare of the nation with the right of the new dynasty is effected1 the former sovereign right may in certain cases remain in abeyance1 and therefore revive again in the future4 ,this appears to us to be exemplified in the case of the rights of ,don ,carlos to the throne of ,spain1 and of the ,comte de ,chambord to the throne of ,france4 ,strictly1 in themselves1 their rights have been in abeyance1 and remain imperfect1 until the national welfare1 sustained by a sound and powerful part of the body politic1 demands their restitution and actually effects the same4 ,in such cases there is always more or less doubt about the real sense of the better and sounder part of the nation1 and about the best settlement of conflicting claims for the common good4 ,and hence it is that the best men may differ1 and conscientiously espouse opposite sides1 when a nation is in an unsettled and divided state respecting its sovereignty4 ,in respect to the relation of the state to the church1 the author has some very just and sagacious remarks on the peculiar condition of things in our own republic1 quite in accordance with the views which have been expressed by our soundest ,american ,catholic writers4 ,we conclude our criticism by quoting a few passages3 8,the religious system existing in the ,united ,states does not resemble1 either in its origin or in its applications1 that which the liberal sect imposes on the ,catholic peoples of ,europe4 ,the ,american population1 the progeny of colonists driven from ,england by persecution1 never possessed religious unity4 ,when ,presbyterians1 ,episcopalians1 and ,catholics1 who had all fought in common for independence1 assembled in ,congress and formed their constitution1 they recognized the variety of worships as an antecedent fact1 and endeavored to accommodate themselves to it in the best way they could4 ,no false political theory disturbed the good sense of these legislators4 ,governed by a necessity manifestly invincible1 and which still continues1 they secured to each worship a complete liberty2 proclaimed that which is a just consequence from this principle3 that the state should have only a very restricted agency--that is1 no more than what is necessary for reconciling the liberty of each one with that of all others4 ,in fact1 when separated from the true church1 the state is reduced to pure naturalism1 and in this condition the action of the state1 separated from the church1 ought to be reduced to the minimum0 7p4 #agi74 ,,memoirs ,,of ,,general ,,william ,t4 ,,sherman4 ,by ,himself4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahge4 ,this book marks an epoch in the literary history of the war4 ,ten years of reconstruction and of political spoil-gathering1 of slow and still incomplete recuperation at the ,south1 and of reluctant1 painful subsidence to the moderate profits and the quiet of peace at the ,north1 had dulled the excitement attending the events of the war1 had corrected many prejudices1 had taken off many of the prominent actors of both sides of the contest1 and had added to the literary public many men and women who were children when ,sherman 8marched to the sea40 ,and now comes one of the great conquerors of the ,rebellion1 and tells almost every word that an honorable man would dare to tell of all that he knows about the soldiers and the generals1 the fighting and the plotting1 of the war1 and with infinite frankness--not stopping with facts1 and dates1 and figures1 but detailing his remembrance of conversations1 frankly offering his opinion of motives and his judgment of character1 as well adverse as favorable--as readily giving names of those deserving blame as of those worthy of praise4 ,no wonder1 therefore1 that these ,memoirs have set the whole country to thinking about the war1 and all the newspapers to discussing it4 ,we have already had scores of explanations and defences of those attacked1 or of friends in their behalf1 and we are promised the ,memoirs1 ,recollections1 and ,narratives of many of the more prominent generals2 so that we shall shortly be supplied with testimony as to all the events of the late war1 given by the actors themselves or by eye-witnesses4 ,the first six chapters are occupied with ,general ,sherman's life from the beginning of the ,mexican war till the outbreak of the civil war4 ,they are intensely interesting4 ,many of those who afterwards became leaders of great armies are introduced to the reader as simple captains or lieutenants in the old army4 ,little incidents illustrative of their characters are continually related1 and the writer's own impressions1 with his unflinching candor1 continually offered1 every page glowing with good-humor and sparkling with entertaining anecdotes4 ,the domestic archives of more than one household of ,lancaster1 ,ohio1 must have been well ransacked to get the letters written home by the young artillery lieutenant1 in order to secure such exactness in date1 and place1 and conversation4 ,one learns from these chapters about all that was done in ,california during the ,mexican war1 and who did it2 graphic descriptions of many of the natural wonders of that country1 and a very interesting account of the early gold excitement4 ,gen4 ,sherman was on the staff of ,col4 ,mason1 commanding ,united ,states forces in ,california1 when gold was found in ,sutter's mill-race2 was present when ,sutter's messenger showed it to ,col4 ,mason and asked for a patent to the land2 went to ,sutter's place1 and saw the first miners at work there2 wrote 7,august #ag1 #ahdh7 the official despatch of ,col4 ,mason to the ,adjutant-,general which gave the world the first authentic information that gold could be had in ,california for the digging4 ,after peace was concluded with ,mexico1 the author of the ,memoirs returned to the ,states2 but soon resigned his commission1 went back to ,california1 and opened a banking office in ,san ,francisco--a branch of a well-known house in ,st4 ,louis4 ,his statement of the events of the year #ahef in ,san ,francisco is most interesting1 throwing much light on the history of the famous ,vigilance ,committee4 ,he was ,militia ,general at the time1 and1 in conjunction with the ,governor1 treated with the leaders of the ,committee1 whom he undertakes to convict of falsehood1 positively asserting that1 had ,gen4 ,wool given him the arms1 he was prepared to fight the ,vigilantes with militia1 and would have suppressed them4 ,hard times induced him shortly after to wind up his banking business and return to the ,states1 and in the autumn of #ahfj1 after trying and giving up various undertakings1 he had organized and was president of a flourishing military school1 under the patronage of the ,state of ,louisiana4 ,when that ,state seceded1 ,sherman at once resigned and went ,north1 and when war broke out was commissioned colonel in the regular army1 rising gradually in rank till finally half the army and country was subject to his command4 ,now begins his story of the war4 ,to the most timid civilian there is an intense fascination in that war--a deep interest in every true narrative of it4 ,gen4 ,sherman takes us through some of its most exciting scenes1 and so frankly and so familiarly that you feel as if you were some invited stranger1 sharing his mess1 discussing his plans1 participating in his hopes and fears1 and rejoicing with him in his nearly uniform success4 ,his first battle was ,bull ,run1 in which he commanded a brigade4 ,shortly after this he was transferred to the ,west1 where he remained until in the winter of #ahfd-e1 when1 having fought and conquered his way from ,chattanooga to ,atlanta1 then through ,georgia and ,south ,carolina1 he found himself in ,north ,carolina1 in command of a large army1 and upon the communications of ,richmond4 ,the ,general's narrative of these four years is intensely interesting4 ,every description of battle or march is intelligible and vivid1 every statement of plans is clear4 ,the battle of ,shiloh is wonderfully well described2 so are the battles which were fought around ,atlanta4 ,the same may be said of the storming of ,fort ,mc,allister--one of the most gallant deeds of the war4 ,thousands of ex-soldiers will fight their battles over again with this book--will lose themselves in the great mass of the army--will struggle once more against that sickening sensation which their sense of honor overcame as the first bullet whistled by1 the first pale1 senseless form was borne to the rear on the bloody stretcher--will tingle again in every nerve at the first sight of the ,southerners--will feel the sudden thrill of the fearful excitement of the rush1 or of the stubborn defence1 or the ecstasy of victory4 ,many a one will once more feel the terrible fatigue of the march1 the pangs of hunger and thirst1 the weariness of sleepless nights on picket1 the tedious1 painful weeks spent in hospital4 ,and every soldier will once more feel sad as he reads of the places and scenes of the death of his comrades1 and will repeat for the thousandth time that it was always the best men who were killed4 ,the charges of cruelty and barbarity made during and after the war against ,gen4 ,sherman are indignantly denied4 ,the depopulation of the town of ,atlanta is justified in so far as the ,general clearly shows the purity of his motives and can cite the approval of both the civil and military authorities2 yet the ugly fact remains that it was done not for the instant safety of his army or the immediate injury of the enemy's1 but thousands of women and children were driven among strangers and their homes abandoned to the chances of a civil war to secure a temporary convenience4 ,as to the unauthorized foraging of the troops generally1 the ,general condemned and often reproved and condemned it2 though his correspondence shows a secret satisfaction at the devastation committed in ,south ,carolina1 except where it might result in permanent injury to private property4 ,his defence against ,secretary ,stanton's charges of usurping civil powers in treating with ,gen4 ,jos4 ,johnston is simply complete4 ,gen4 ,sherman here had the honor to be the first after the war to suffer abuse and persecution because a kind heart and chivalrous sympathy with a gallant and beaten foe roused the hatred and fear of a class of politicians as malicious and vindictive as they were ambitious4 ,the last chapter1 8,military ,lessons of the ,war10 is extremely interesting1 especially to military men4 ,it contains some very important conclusions2 for example1 that infantry must hereafter fight in skirmishing order2 that cavalry can no longer be used against organized infantry2 that every night's camp in an enemy's vicinity should be covered by light works2 and that good troops with the rifle can beat off from trenches double their numbers4 ,all this and nearly all the other opinions advanced in this chapter had become truisms to even the common soldier in our war1 and the late ,franco-,german war has made them such for the whole world4 ,but ,gen4 ,sherman's modesty has hindered him from showing that his own persistent adherence to this new science not only gained him ,atlanta1 but left him an intact and veteran army with which to crush through the heart of the ,south2 and that ,gen4 ,grant's neglect of it1 and his adopting the 8hammering-away0 method instead1 not only did not conquer ,lee and take ,richmond1 but positively buried the old gallant ,army of the ,potomac between the ,rapidan and the ,appomattox4 ,it is a great injustice to the ,army of the ,cumberland and its ,general to say so glibly that at ,chickamauga 8,bragg had completely driven ,rosecrans' army into ,chattanooga02 it is notorious that at the battle itself the key of the position was never given up1 and that the whole army offered battle defiantly at ,rossville before retiring to ,chattanooga4 ,such a mistake as this throws discredit upon ,gen4 ,sherman's statements of other events of which he was not an eye-witness4 ,it is also much to be regretted that in matters wholly private he should not have reserved the names of persons whose conduct was reprehensible4 ,thus it adds nothing to the interest of his narrative to give the name of the officer of the ship whose incorrect reckoning so inconvenienced the passengers on the author's first voyage to ,california2 or to give the name of the lawyer who swindled him out of the proceeds of a note given him to collect2 wife and children and friends should not be made to share public disgrace for private acts of which they themselves are entirely guiltless4 ,,the ,,first ,,christmas3 ,a ,mystery ,play4 ,by ,albany ,james ,christie1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,we wish we could say that the contents of this small volume are worth its elegant exterior4 ,a ,,politico-,,historical ,,essay ,,on ,,the ,,popes1 as the ,protectors of ,popular ,liberty4 ,by ,rev4 ,henry ,a4 ,brann1 ,d4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahge4 ,in spite of the confident assurance which every loyal ,catholic has that the rule of ,rome1 both temporal and spiritual1 is not1 never has been1 nor ever will be1 a despotism1 it cannot be denied that but few are well acquainted with the facts of history which prove that the ,papal power has been the only interpreter1 defender1 and protector of their rights which the people ever had1 and that all the liberties nations now enjoy are the result of the preaching and defence of the doctrines which lie at the basis of all civilization by the popes1 bishops1 and priests of the ,catholic ,church4 ,just new the old howl against ,rome is being renewed--the howl of the wolves against the shepherd2 and the sheep now and again think it necessary to apologize to the wolves for the care their ever-watchful guardian keeps over them1 and also try to make them understand that it is both convenient and necessary that he should keep a dog and carry a crook4 ,it is little wonder that the wolves bark and snarl in reply to the apologies1 and see no force in our argument for either the dog or crook4 ,but the sheep of the true fold1 and also the 8other sheep0 who are not yet of it1 need1 rather1 plain1 straightforward instruction1 which1 by the grace of ,god1 they will receive to their profit4 ,such is the essay before us1 which we heartily welcome as most opportune1 and1 although far from being exhaustive of the subject1 is both pertinent and forcible4 ,we commend it as an excellent pamphlet to be freely distributed both among ,catholics and honest-minded ,american non-,catholics4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,s4 ,,stanislaus ,,kostka4 ,edited by ,father ,coleridge1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this is the thirteenth volume of the admirable ,quarterly ,series edited by the ,jesuit fathers in ,london4 ,the 8,story0 is a brief one1 but full of interest4 ,we confess that ,s4 ,stanislaus has always seemed to us more charming than even ,s4 ,aloysius4 ,both 8angelic youths0 are among the greatest glories of the ,catholic ,church and the ,society of ,jesus4 ,father ,coleridge tells us that the present work was at first intended to be a simple translation from the ,italian of ,father ,boero1 but that he has taken the pains to prepare an original narrative instead4 ,all who know his style will be grateful for the exchange4 ,he has also confined himself to a narration of facts1 without digressing into 8religious and moral reflections40 ,we think this1 too1 makes the volume more attractive1 particularly to the young4 ,,biographical ,,readings4 ,by ,agnes ,m4 ,stewart4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahge4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,it is somewhat aggravating to those familiar with the larger biographical dictionaries to take up a compilation like this4 ,one is reminded of the poet who sent his ,,mss4 to a learned editor to prepare them for publication1 and1 after hearing the judgment passed by the critic1 insisted that he had thrown out the best pieces and retained the only trash in the collection4 ,the reader must try to put himself in the place of the compiler who undertakes the invidious task of determining who to speak of and what to say in a book of the kind4 ,almost inevitably1 each reader has to regret the absence of some subjects by him deemed important4 ,but1 at least1 the work will serve as an introduction to more exhaustive ones1 and ,catholics have an assurance in the editor that the stale assertions against cherished names1 lay or cleric1 which have heretofore disfigured most non-,catholic biographical sketches1 will not be found here4 ,,the ,,young ,,ladies' ,,illustrated ,,reader4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 #i ,warren ,st4 #ahge4 ,this is the last volume of the ,young ,catholic's ,illustrated ,series of ,readers4 ,we have read it with considerable care1 and are of the opinion that it is the best book of the kind in the ,english language4 ,the selections1 which embrace a wide range of subjects1 all bearing more or less directly upon the mission and work of woman1 have been made with discernment and taste4 ,the most important lessons are here taught in the most agreeable style and in the pleasantest manner4 ,it is a treatise on the duties of ,christian women without any of the dulness of the moral essay4 ,we admire especially the biographical sketches of the foundresses of religious orders which are scattered here and there through the book4 ,whatever the vocation of a young girl may be1 she will be all the truer and nobler woman for having been taught to reverence and love the religious life4 ,the perusal of the several ,readers of the ,young ,catholic's ,series has shown us1 in a light in which we have never seen it before1 the great educational value of such books4 ,we are not surprised at the favorable manner in which these ,readers have been received1 nor shall we be astonished to hear of their superseding all others in our ,catholic ,schools4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,announcement4--,in the ,october number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world we shall begin a new serial story1 entitled ,sir ,thomas ,more3 ,a ,historical ,romance4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,from ,p4 ,o',shea1 ,new ,york3 ,notes on the ,rubrics of the ,roman ,ritual4 ,by the ,rev4 ,james ,o',kane4 #abmo1 pp4 xiv41 #dga4 --,lives of the ,saints1 with a ,practical ,instruction on the ,life of each ,saint4 ,by ,rev4 ,f4 ,x4 ,weninger1 ,d4,d41 ,s4,j4 ,part ,,iii4 #hvo1 pp4 #add4 --,recollections of the ,last ,four ,popes and of ,rome in their ,times4 ,by ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,wiseman4 #abmo1 pp4 #dhg4 ,from ,,appleton ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,john ,dorrien4 ,by ,julia ,kavanagh4 #abmo1 pp4 #ejj4 ,from the ,,officers3 ,proceedings of the ,general ,theological ,library for the year ending ,april #bf1 #ahge4 #hvo1 pp4 #di4 ,from ,k4 ,,tompkins1 ,new ,york3 8,righteousness03 ,the ,divinely-,appointed ,rule of ,life4 ,by ,philalethes4 ,paper1 #abmo1 pp4 #ge4 ,from ,j4 ,s4 ,,white ,,co41 ,marshall1 ,mich43 ,mass in ,c4 with ,accompaniment for ,piano or ,organ4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4 ,t4 ,driessen4 ,from ,,george ,,willig ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,peters' ,celebrated ,mass in ,d4 ,composed by ,w4 ,c4 ,peters4 ,pp4 #cb4 ,from ,d',augutin ,cote et ,cie41 ,quebec3 ,annuaire de l',universit ,laval pour l',anne ,acadmique #ahge-f4 #hvo1 pp4 #ig1 xxviii4 ,from ,the ,christian ,brothers' ,college1 ,memphis3 ,address to the ,graduates1 ,june #be1 #ahge4 ,by ,hon4 ,jacob ,thompson4 #abmo1 pp4 #h4 ,,footnotes #a ,for particulars see ,bulletin of the ,catholic ,union1 ,jan41 #ahge1 which contains an admirably-prepared statement of the whole case4 #b ,italy6 ,italy6''' ,oh6 that thou wert less fair or more powerful6 #c 8,a slavish ,italy6 thou inn of grief60--,cary's ,dante4 #d ,conf4 of ,s4 ,aug41 b4 x4 ch4 vi4 #e ,a ,sister's ,story4 #f 8,love that denial takes from none beloved40--,cary's ,dante1 ,inferno1 canto v4 #g ,alexandrine de la ,ferronnays4 #h ,madame ,swetchine4 #i ,we have the eleventh edition of the ,english translation with the title1 ,the ,lady's ,travels into ,spain1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahjh4 #aj ,see ,john ,hay's ,castilian ,days1 p4 #bcc4 #aa ,psiquis y ,cupido1 two autos1 refacciamento of the comedy of ,ni ,amor se libra de ,amor2 ,el ,pintor de su ,deshonra1 comedy of same name2 ,el ,arbol del ,mejor ,fruto1 ,la ,sibila del ,oriente2 ,la ,vida es ,sueo1 comedy of same name2 ,andromeda y ,perseo1 comedy of same name2 ,el ,jardin de ,falernia1 comedy of same name2 ,los ,encantos de la ,culpa1 el mayor ,encanto ,amor4 ,these1 we believe1 are all the autos which duplicate comedies4 #ab ,a ,mass1 followed by the ,benediction of the ,most ,holy ,sacrament1 is celebrated with this intention the first ,saturday of every month at nine o'clock1 in the chapel of the ,barnabite ,fathers at ,paris1 #fd ,rue de ,monceau4 ,the reader will find at the end of our second essay 7,le ,pape de ,rome et les ,popes de l',eglise ,orthodoxe d',orient4 ,paris3 ,plon7 a notice upon the 8,association of prayers in honor of ,mary ,immaculate for the return of the ,greco-,russian ,church to ,catholic ,unity10 with the documents relating to it4 #ac 8,it is not for naught that the ,russians have preserved among the treasures of their faith the cultus of ,mary2 it is not for naught that they invoke her1 that they believe in her ,immaculate ,conception1 without1 perhaps1 knowing it1 and that they celebrate its festival4''' ,yes1 ,mary will be the bond which shall unite the two churches1 and which will make of all those who love her a people of brethren1 under the fraternity of the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ0 7,ma ,conversion et ma ,vocation1 par le ,pre ,schouvaloff1 ,barnabite1 ,,ii4 part1 #i1 ,paris1 ,douniol1 #ahei74 #ad ,she chose ,s4 ,rose of ,lima for her patron1 and took her name at confirmation4 #ae ,the day of burial4 #af ,see ,louis ,,xvii41 sa ,vie1 sa ,mort1 son ,agonie1 par ,m4 de ,beauchesne1 published #aheb4 #ag ,materia quandoque est sub una forma1 quandoque sub alia1 per se autem nunquam potest esse2 quia1 quum in ratione sua non habeat aliquam formam1 non potest esse in actu 7quum esse in actu non sit nisi a forma71 sed solum in potentia2 et ideo quidquid est in actu non potest dici materia prima4--,opusc4 ,de ,principiis ,natur4 #ah ,quia materia est potentia tantum1 ideo est una numero1 non per unam formam quam habeat1 sed per remotionem omnium formarum distinguentium4--,in #a sent41 dist4 #b1 q4 #a1 a4 #a1 ad #cm4 #ai ,forma accidentalis advenit subjecto jam prexistenti in actu2 forma autem substantialis non advenit subjecto jam prexistenti in actu1 sed existenti in potentia tantum1 scilicet materi prim4--,in ,arist4 ,de ,anima1 lib4 #b1 lect4 #a4 #bj ,hc est vera natura materi1 ut scilicet non habeat actu aliquam formam1 sed sit in potentia ad omnes4--,in ,arist4 ,metaph41 #a1 lect4 #ab4 #ba ,materia prima est potentia pura1 sicut ,deus est actus purus4--,sum4 ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #aae1 a4 #a1 ad #bm4 #bb ,ut enim ad statuam s1 vel ad lecticam lignum1 vel ad aliud quidpiam corum qu formam habent1 materia et quod forma caret se habet priusquam formam acceperit1 sic ipsa ad substantiam se habet et ad id quod est hoc aliquid1 atque ens4--,physic41 lib4 #a4 #bc ,materia prima est in omnibus corporibus4--,sum4 ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #h1 a4 #d4 #bd ,oportet ponere etiam materiam primam creatam ab universali causa entium1 ''' sed non quod sit creata sine forma4--,ibid41 q4 #dd1 a4 #b4 #be ,quod autem materia prima remaneat actu post formam1 non est nisi secundum actum alterius form4--,contra ,gent41 lib4 #b1 c4 #ha4 #bf ,id communiter materia prima nominatur1 quod est in genere substanti ut potentia qudam intellecta prter omnem speciem et formam1 et etiam prter privationem2 qu tamen est susceptiva formarum et privationum4--,de ,spirit4 ,creaturis1 art4 #a4 ,we can hardly conceive how the matter thus abstracted from all forms can be understood to remain 8not under privations40 ,when we conceive the matter without any form1 we conceive it as deprived of all forms4 ,the thing is evident4 ,materia absque forma intellecta cum privatione etiam intelligitur1 says ,s4 ,thomas himself1 ,de ,potentia1 q4 #d41 a4 #a4 #bg ,terra autem ipsa quam feceras1 informis materies erat1 quia invisibilis erat et incomposita ''' de qua terra invisibili et incomposita1 de qua informitate1 de quo pene nihilo faceres hc omnia quibus iste mutabilis mundus constat4--,confess41 lib4 #ab c4 #h4 #bh ,augustinus accipit informitatem materi pro carentia omnis form2 et sic impossibile est dicere quod informitas materi tempore prcesserit vel formationem ipsius vel distinctionem4 ,et de formatione quidem manifestum est4 ,si enim materia informis prcessit duratione1 hc erat jam in actu2 hoc enim creatio importat4 ,creationis enim terminus est ens actu2 ipsum autem quod est actus1 est forma4 ,dicere igitur1 materiam prcedere sine forma1 est dicere ens actu sine actu1 quod implicat contradictionem4--,sum4 ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #ff1 a4 #a4 #bi ,informe appellabam non quod careret forma1 sed quod talem haberet1 ut1 si appareret1 insolitum et incongruum aversaretur sensus meus1 et conturbaretur infirmitas hominis4 ,verum illud quod cogitabam1 non privatione omnis form1 sed comparatione formosiorum erat informe3 et suadebat vera ratio ut omnis form qualescumque reliquias omnino detraherem1 si vellem prorsus informe cogitare2 et non poteram4 ,citius enim non esse censebam quod omni forma privaretur1 quam cogitabam quiddam inter formatum et nihil1 nec formatum1 nec nihil1 informe prope nihil4 ,et cessavit mens mea interrogare hinc spiritum meum plenum imaginibus formatorum corporum et eas pro arbitrio mutantem atque variantem2 et intendi in ipsa corpora1 eorumque mutabilitatem altius inspexi1 qua desinunt esse quod fuerant1 et incipiunt esse quod non erant2 eorumdemque transitum de forma in formam per informe quiddam fieri suspicatus sum1 non per omnino nihil2 sed nosse cupiebam1 non suspicari4 ,et si totum tibi confiteatur vox et stilus meus1 quidquid de ista qustione enodasti mihi1 quis legentium capere durabit8 ,nec ideo tamen cessabit cor meum dare tibi honorem et canticum laudis de iis qu dictare non sufficit4 ,mutabilitas enim rerum mutabilium ipsa capax est formarum omnium in quas mutantur res mutabiles4 ,et hc quid est8 ,numquid animus8 numquid corpus8 numquid species animi vel corporis8 ,si dici posset 8,nihil aliquid10 et 8,est non est10 hoc eam dicerem2 et tamen jam utcumque erat1 ut species caperet istas visibiles et compositas4--,confess41 lib4 #ab1 c4 #f4 #cj ,tu enim1 ,domine1 fecisti mundum de materia informi1 quam fecisti de nulla re pene nullam rem4--,confess41 lib4 #ab1 c4 #h4 #ca ,licet essentia1 qua res denominatur ens1 non sit tantum forma1 nec tantum materia1 tamen hujusmodi essenti sola forma suo modo est causa4--,de ,ente et ,essentia1 c4 #b4 #cb ,etiam form non habent esse1 sed composita habent esse per eas--,sum4 ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #e1 a4 #d4 #cc ,nec forma substantialis completam essentiam habet2 quia in definitione form substantialis oportet quod ponatur1 id cujus est forma4--,de ,ente et ,essentia1 c4 #e4 #cd ,creationis terminus est ens actu2 ipsum autem quod est actus est forma4--,sum4 ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #ff1 a4 #a4 #ce ,this article is reprinted1 with the author's permission1 from advance sheets of a pamphlet published by ,basil ,montagu ,pickering1 ,london4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #cf ,s4 ,matthew xviii4 #h4 #cg ,thomas ,kempis1 book iii4 c4 #c4 #ch ,genesis xvii4 #a4 #ci ,psalm xlv4 #aa4 #dj ,psalm xxxiii4 #i4 #da #a ,corinth4 iii4 #af4 #db ,philip4 ii4 #ac4 #dc ,psalm ciii4 #cj4 #dd ,january #ae1 #ahgb4 ,this1 and the subsequent quotations of the words of ,pius ,,ix4 are taken from ,actes et ,paroles de ,pius ,,ix4 ,par ,auguste ,roussel4 ,paris3 ,palm4 #ahgd4 #de ,traite du ,s4 ,esprit1 par ,mgr4 ,gaume1 #ahfd4 #df ,january #bb1 #ahga4 #dg ,de ,maistre1 ,soires de ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,xe ,soire4 #dh ,s4 ,matt4 xvi4 #ah4 #di #a ,timothy iii4 #ae4 #ej ,psalm lxvi4 #e4 #ea ,s4 ,paul's ,epistle to the ,romans1 xi4 #bc4 #eb ,encyclical to the ,german bishops1 #ahed4 #ec ,january #bd1 #ahgb4 #ed ,history of the ,conflict between ,religion and ,science4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,draper4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgd4 #ee ,the metrical translations used in this article are substantially those of ,mr4 ,d4 ,f4 ,mac,carthy1 whose works have been noticed before4 ,we cannot refrain from again expressing our admiration and wonder at the successful manner in which he has overcome difficulties almost insuperable1 and which no one can appreciate until he has himself attempted to translate ,spanish asonantes into corresponding ,english verse4 #ef ,we have already spoken of ,spanish asonante rhyme and the difficulty of its translation into corresponding ,english verse4 ,for those who are unacquainted with ,spanish prosody the following explanation of what the asonante is may not be amiss4 ,assonance consists simply in the similarity of the final1 or last two vowels in the line1 e4 g41 luna1 juzoa1 culpas1 gula1 suma4 ,these all are considered to rhyme because they have the same vowels1 u-a2 honor1 sol1 hoy1 di1 cuatro1 are examples of single asonantes in o4 ,dean ,trench calls this the 8ghost and shadow of a rhyme40 ,how well ,mr4 ,mac,carthy has succeeded in reproducing it the reader can see in the above extract4 ,the asonantes in the original are u-a1 for which ,mr4 ,mac,carthy has substituted u-e4 #eg ,see ,daniel1 chap4 v4 #aj1 #aa4 #eh ,dico ergo primo3 ,materia prima ex se1 et non intrinsece a forma1 habet suam entitatem actualem essenti1 quamvis non habeat illam nisi cum intrinseca habitudine ad formam4--,disp4 ,metaph4 #ac1 sect4 #d1 n4 #i4 #ei ,dico secundo3 ,materia prima etiam habet in se et per se entitatem1 seu actualitatem1 existenti distinctam ab existentia form1 quamvis illam habeat dependenter a forma4--,ibid4 n4 #ac4 #fj ,subjectum secundum privationem4--,arist4 #h4 ,metaph41 n4 #a4 #fa ,si enim materia prima haberet aliquam formam propriam1 per eam esset aliquid actu2 et sic1 quum superinduceretur alia forma1 non simpliciter materia per eam esset1 sed fieret hoc vel illud ens2 et sic esset generatio secundum quid1 et non simpliciter4 ,unde omnes ponentes primum subjectum esse aliquod corpus1 ut arem et aquam1 posuerunt generationem idem esse quod alterationem4--,in #h4 ,metaph41 lect4 #a4 #fb ,cardinal ,tolomei1 who was not only a well-read man1 but also a peripatetic at heart1 candidly confesses that the peripatetic view of generation has never been substantiated4 8,depend upon it10 says he1 8either no sound argument can be adduced in proof of the peripatetic system1 and we must1 accordingly1 simply postulate it2 or1 if any proof can be adduced1 it consists in the sole argument from authority40 ,crede mihi2 vel solidi nihil afferri potest pro systemate peripatetico adstruendo1 adeoque simpliciter erit postulandum2 vel unico a nobis allecto argumento 7auctoritatis7 satis est roboris ad ipsum confirmandum4--,phil4 ,mentis et ,sensuum1 diss #h1 phys4 gen4 concl4 #b4 ,and speaking of the argument drawn from substantial changes1 he declares it to be a mere sophism3 ,est mera petitio principii1 et quivocatio inter materiam primam ab omnibus philosophis admissam1 et materiam primam ,aristotelicam4--,ibid4 ,see ,tongiorgi1 ,cosmol41 lib4 #a1 c4 #b1 n4 #db et seq4 #fc ,on the difference between substantial and essential forms1 see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,november1 #ahgc1 p4 #aij4 #fd ,summa ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #gf1 a4 #d4 #fe ,vera corpora1 qu nimirum substanti sunt1 et non aggregata substantiarum1 componuntur quoad essentiam ex materia et forma substantiali4--,liberatore1 ,metaph4 ,special41 p4 #a1 n4 #ec4 #ff ,hominis ergo compositio ex materia et forma substantiali ostendit1 esse in rebus naturalibus quoddam subjectum naturale natura sua aptum ut informetur actu aliquo substantiali2 ergo tale subjectum imperfectum et incompletum est in genere substanti2 petit ergo esse semper sub aliquo actu substantiali4--,suarez1 ,disp4 ,metaph4 #ae1 sect4 #a1 n4 #g4 #fg ,this reason is given by ,suarez3 8,homo constat forma substantiali ut intrinseca causa4''' ,nam anima rationalis substantia est et non accidens1 ut patet1 quia per se manet separata a corpore1 quum sit immortalis2 est ergo per se subsistens et independens a subjecto4 ,non ergo est accidens1 sed substantia0--,disp4 ,metaph4 #ae1 sect4 #a1 n4 #f4 #fh ,hc paritas est innumeris affecta disparitatibus1 quantum videlicet interest inter animam rationalem1 spiritualem1 per se subsistentem1 immortalem1 et entitates quasdam corporeas1 corruptibiles1 incompletas4--,loc4 cit4 #fi ,see ,tongiorgi1 ,cosmol41 lib4 i4 c4 #b1 n4 #ce4 #gj ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,april1 #ahge4 #ga ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,february1 #ahgd1 p4 #ehd4 #gb ,see 8,le ,courrier ,russe10 by ,m4 ,j4 ,martinov1 from which the present article is in great part an abridged translation1 ,revue des ,questions ,historiques for ,april1 #ahgd4 #gc ,it was on the #aith of ,february1 #ahfa1 that the ,emancipation of the ,serfs was proclaimed4 #gd ,rousskaa ,istoria v jizneopisaniakh ea glavnechikh predstavitelaei4 #ge ,the ,vringer1 or ,varangians1 were a people of ,scandinavian race who had settled in ,neustria1 which owes to them its name of ,normandy4 ,many of these warriors were invited into ,sclavonia by the ,novogorodians to defend their northern frontier against the incursions of the ,finns2 but some years later1 in #hfb1 ,rurik1 their chief1 took possession of ,novogorod1 assuming the title of ,grand ,prince4 ,others of the same race established themselves at ,kiev1 in the year #hfd4 #gf ,the ,countess ,boutourlin and her sister1 the ,countess ,virenzov4 #gg ,drevniaa russkaa istoria do ,mongolskago iga4 ,moscow3 #ahga4 #gh ,amongst these may be named the ,historic ,papers of ,arseniev1 those of ,catherine ,,ii41 and the ,marquis de ,chtardie1 ,french ,ambassador at the court of ,elizabeth1 and in particular the very interesting work on ,learning and ,literature in ,russia under ,peter ,,ii4 #gi ,prikhodsokoe doukhovenstvo so vremeni reformy ,petra ,i4 ,kazan3 #ahgc4 #hj ,see also ,the ,russian ,clergy4 ,by ,father ,gagarin1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 #ahgb4 #ha ,see p4 #faj4 #hb ,the ,ruthenians1 or ,ruthenes1 are a people of ,sclavonic race inhabiting the province of ,servia4 ,the ,ruthenian or ,servian alphabet is also called 8the ,alphabet of ,s4 ,cyril40 #hc ,istoria vozsoedinenia zapadnorouskikh ouniatov starykh vremen4 ,petersburg3 #ahgc4 #hd 8,e'en thus the ,romans1 when the year returns ,of ,jubilee1 with better speed to rid ,the thronging multitudes1 their means devise ,for such as pass the bridge2 that on one side ,all front toward the castle1 and approach ,s4 ,peter's fane1 on the other towards the mount40 --,cary's ,translation4 #he 8,like a wight1 ,who haply from ,croatia wends to see ,our ,veronica and the while 'tis shown1 ,hangs over it with never-sated gaze1 ,and1 all that he hath heard revolving1 saith ,unto himself in thought3 #8,and didst thou look ,e'en thus1 ,o ,jesus1 my true ,lord and ,god8 ,and was this semblance thine8'0 --,cary's ,translation4 #hf ,the ,greville ,memoirs4 ,a ,journal of the ,reigns of ,king ,george ,,iv4 and ,king ,william ,,iv4 ,by ,charles ,c4 ,f4 ,greville1 ,clerk of the ,council to those ,sovereigns4 ,edited by ,h4 ,reeve1 ,registrar of the ,privy ,council4 ,new ,york3 ,appleton ,co4 #ahge4 ,mmoires du ,duc de ,saint-,simon sur le sicle de ,louis ,,xiv4 et la ,rgence4 ,paris3 #aheh4 #hg ,this notice is taken in part from the ,french of ,henry ,hoisnard and other sources4 #hh 8,preach the ,word1 be instant in season1 out of season40--#b ,tim4 iv4 ii4 #hi 8,and the dragon was angry against the woman40--,apoc4 xii4 #ag4 #ij ,the age of some of the 8children0 in this institution actually runs up to twenty and even twenty-one4 #ia ,possibly the superintendent1 ,mr4 ,israel ,c4 ,jones1 and such as he1 have had much to do with bringing about this magnificent result4 ,their course of treatment of the unfortunate children committed to their care is sufficiently well known to many of our readers4 ,here is a picture of ,mr4 ,jones and his associate reformers1 painted by his own hand1 and exhibited to the public gaze in a court of justice4 ,it occurred during the trial of ,justus ,dunn1 an inmate of the ,institution for the ,reformation of ,juvenile ,delinquents1 for the killing of ,samuel ,calvert1 one of the keepers4 ,in his cross-examination ,mr ,jones testified respecting various modes of punishment used in the institution4 ,one was as follows3 8,i know of ,ward being tied up by the thumbs4 7,the witness described this mode of punishment47 ,in the tailor's shop there is an iron column five inches in diameter2 around the top of that was placed a small cord1 and another small cord was run through it1 and dropped down2 the boys' thumbs were put into the ends and drawn up until the arms were extended1 but their feet were not moved4 8,by ,judge ,bedford3 ,how long were they kept in that position8 ,a4 ,from three1 perhaps to eight minutes4 ,to ,mr ,howe3 ,i tried the effect upon myself2 it was an idea that struck me to deal with that particular class of boys4 ,i think seven1 not to exceed eight1 boys were punished in this way4 ,i was present during the punishment of one of the boys part of the time4 ,i went out of the room4 8,by ,judge ,bedford3 ,you do not know of your own knowledge whether they were raised from the ground8 ,a4 ,not of my own knowledge4 8,by ,mr4 ,howe3 ,you saw the boys put up by this small whip-cord8 ,a4 ,yes1 sir4 8,q4 ,and you would leave the room when they were spliced up8 ,a4 ,yes1 sir2 ,i stepped out of the room once or twice4 ,i have seen boys beaten with a rattan1 but not so severely as to be able to count the welts by the blood40 ,there is much more of the same character1 but the extract given is enough to show the means adopted in this estimable institution and by this eminently pious superintendent for the reformation of juvenile delinquents4 ,it is like reading again the pages of another but an earlier ,reformation4 #ib ,this answer was actually made not long ago to a ,catholic priest by a ,protestant clergyman4 #ic ,how now6 #id ,light of the moon4 #ie ,some codices have ,,xxxv4 #if ,during the residence of the popes at ,avignon1 and afterwards until about the time of the ,council of ,trent1 it was usual to call cardinals by the name of their native places or of their dioceses1 as the ,cardinal of ,gaeta 7,cajetan71 the ,cardinal of ,toledo4 ,this was the case at first possibly because the cardinals were not very familiar with their titles on the banks of the ,tiber1 which many of them never saw1 and may have been kept up afterwards when the popes returned to ,rome1 in some degree by that love of grand nomenclature which characterized the age of the revival of letters4 ,it requires sometimes no little search to discover the real name of one who is called in history1 for instance1 the ,cardinal of ,s4 ,chrysogonus 7,cardinalis ,sancti ,chrysogoni7 or the ,cardinal of ,pavia 7,cardinalis ,papiensis74 ,the present style has long been to call cardinals by their family names2 but if these be ancient or memorable ones1 there is a recognized form of ,latinization not to be departed from4 ,thus1 to give an example1 the late ,cardinal ,prince ,altieri was in ,latin ,cardinalis de ,alteriis4 #ig ,those who use the ,roman ,ordo in saying the ,office will have remarked how constantly the expression ,mense decembri occurs in the lessons of the earlier pope-saints as the season at which they held one or more ordinations4 ,these ordinations thought worthy of being recorded were only those of cardinals4 #ih ,cenni gives it as here from a precious ,veronese ,,ms42 but ,gratian1 in the ,decretum 7dist4 #gi1 can4 #e71 read filiorum2 yet this does not materially alter the text4 #ii ,stand bravely4 #ajj ,jesus1 thou didst labor1 ,aid us in our toil6 #aja ,jesus6 thou art the ,good ,shepherd2 ,thy flock1 it is the sinner2 ,guard it from the wolf infernal ,and every kind of evil6 #ajb ,vie du ,frre ,philippe4 ,par ,m4 ,poujoulat4 ,tours3 ,mame et ,fils4 #ajc ,letter of ,march #ag1 #agff4 #ajd ,ibid41 ,april #a1 #agff4 #aje ,ibid41 ,april #ag1 #agff4 #ajf ,gomtrie ,pratique applique au dessin ,linaire4 #ajg ,the article is as follows3 8,primary instruction comprises moral and religious teaching1 reading1 writing1 the elements of the ,french language1 arithmetic1 and the legal system of weights and measures2 to which may also be added arithmetic applied to practical operations1 the elements of history and geography1 some acquaintance with physical science and natural history applicable to the requirements of life1 elementary instruction in agriculture1 manufactures and hygiene1 land-surveying1 levelling1 linear drawing1 singing1 and gymnastics40 #ajh ,from the ,,ms4 ,journey of the ,lady ,anne of ,cleves1 in the ,state ,paper ,office4 #aji ,the first was ,catherine of ,aragon2 the second ,jane ,seymour2 the third ,anne of ,cleves4 ,between the first and second came ,anne ,boleyn1 who was never his wife2 and after the third came two more queens1 ,catherine ,howard and ,catherine ,parr1 neither of whom lays claim to the title of wife1 as ,anne outlived him for many years4 #aaj ,see ,moreri and ,de ,thou4 #aaa ,state ,papers4 #aab ,this essay1 by the ,rev4 ,henry ,formby1 published in ,england in #ahdi1 has been many years out of print4 ,we lay it before our readers with the kind permission of the author1 being assured that those who are interested in the subject of which it treats will be glad to obtain an opportunity to peruse it4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #aac ,mgr4 ,parisis1 ,bishop of ,langres1 speaks thus of its importance3 8,far1 then1 from thinking that1 in occupying ourselves with it1 we derogate from the sanctity of our ministry1 we consider ourselves to be performing an imperious duty and to be providing for an urgent necessity0 7,instruction pastorale sur le ,chant de l',eglise74 #aad ,the ,roman chant exists in two principal collections3 the ,gradual1 which contains the ,order of the ,celebration of ,mass throughout the year2 and the ,antiphonale1 which contains the chant for the canonical hours4 ,these usually form two large folio volumes4 ,besides these there are smaller collections1 the ,rituale and ,processionale1 ,hymnarium1 etc4 #aae ,fundamental ,philosophy1 lib4 iii4 c4 #aa4 #aaf ,de ,divinis ,perfectionibus1 lib4 ii1 c4 #b4 #aag ,fundamental ,philosophy1 lib4 iii4 c4 #ab1 n4 #hb4 #aah ,ibid41 n4 #hc4 #aai ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,january1 #ahge1 p4 #dhg4 #abj ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,august1 #ahgd1 p4 #ehc4 #aba ,this objection is taken from ,dmowski's ,cosmology1 n4 #cd4 #abb ,the phrase 8space is mensurable0 is common1 but it is not strictly correct2 for it is not absolute space1 but only the intervals or distances 7which are relations in space7 that are really mensurable1 as we shall see in our next article4 ,yet1 as the phrase was used in the objection1 we kept it in our answer1 on the ground that1 although absolute space is not formally mensurable in itself1 it is the reason of the mensurability of all intervals arising from its extrinsic terminations4 #abc ,ipsa enim immensitas divin substanti et sibi et mundo sufficiens est spatium1 et intervallum capax omnis natur creabilis1 tam corporalis1 quam spiritualis4 ,sicut enim essentia divina est primva essentia1 origo et fundamentum omnis essenti et entis conceptibilis1 ita immensitas divina est primum et intimum intervallum1 seu spatium1 origo omnis intervalli1 et spatium omnium spatiorum1 locus omnium locorum1 sedes et basis primordialis omnis loci et spatii4--,lessius1 ,de ,divinis ,perfectionibus1 lib4 ii41 c4 #b4 #abd ,philos4 ,fundament41 c4 xvi4 n4 #aac4 #abe ,ibid41 c4 xvii4 n4 #aai1 #abj4 #abf ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,january1 #ahge1 p4 #dhg4 #abg ,childishness4 #abh ,the ,chevalier ,gaetano ,moroni is a gentleman of the bedchamber to the present ,pope4 ,his farraginous work in one hundred and three volumes1 is an inexhaustible source of ecclesiastical erudition2 but as ,niebuhr said of ,cancellieri's writings1 these large octavos contain some things that are important1 many things that are useful1 and everything that is superfluous4 #abi ,relazione della corte di ,roma4 ,the best edition is that published at ,rome in #aggd1 with notes by the learned ,jesuit1 ,f4 ,a4 ,zaccaria4 #acj ,this strange proceeding of the belted custodian of the conclave is confirmed by a document which was issued by the cardinals on the #hth of ,june--8,in palatio discooperto episcopatus ,viterbiensis0 7,macri1 ,hierolexicon74 #aca ,our ,english distinction of ,very1 ,right1 and ,most ,reverend is unknown in good ,latin4 ,admodum ,reverendus is barbarous and repudiated by the stylus curi4 #acb ,betrayed his uncle ,paul ,,iv41 was tried by eight of his peers and condemned to death4 #acc ,abused the confidence of ,benedict ,,xiii42 condemned by ,clement ,,xii4 to a fine of two hundred thousand crowns1 to loss of all dignities1 and ten years' imprisonment4 #acd ,he purged himself and was reinstated in the cardinalate2 seems to have been more of a dupe than a rogue4 #ace ,deprived of his dignity by ,pius ,,vi4 on ,sept4 #ba1 #agia1 for taking the schismatical civil oath of the ,french clergy4 #acf ,after the battle of ,gravelotte1 the ,christian ,brothers carried eight thousand wounded from that sanguinary field4 #acg ,see ,les ,frres des ,ecoles chrtiennes pendant la ,guerre de #ahgj-ga1 par ,j4 d',arsac4 #ach ,see ,vie du ,frre ,philippe1 p4 #bif4 #aci 8,forma erigendi seminarium clericorum30--8,ut vero in eadem disciplina ecclesiastica commodius instituantur1 tonsura statim atque habitu clericali semper utentur2 grammatices1 cantus computi ecclesiastici1 aliarumque bonarum artium disciplinam discent10 etc4--,concilium ,tridentinum3 ,sessio ,,xxiii4 de ,reform1 c4 #ah4 ,in the letters of the ,holy ,father ,pius ,,ix4 establishing the ,seminario ,pio1 he ordered that the students should be taught ,gregorian ,chant1 and no other4 8,cantus ,gregorianus1 omni alio rejecto1 tradetur40--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #adj ,the approbation of the ,missa ,pap ,marcelli was based upon the fact that the music most nearly approached in gravity to the ecclesiastical song1 not that it was better4 #ada ,it may not be unworthy of remark that the composers of modern church music have uniformly thought a different style of composition becoming1 whenever occasion required the introduction of a sham prayer into their operas2 as may be seen in ,mozart's chorus of ,egyptian priests in the ,zauberflte1 and many other similar instances4 ,to real prayer1 and to the true adorable sacrifice1 it is the operatic effects that are exclusively dedicated1 as in ,mozart's ,no4 ,,xii4 and ,haydn's ,no4 ,,ii4 #adb ,the following anecdote is told in the ,breviary lections of ,s4 ,felix of ,valois1 founder of the ,congregation of the ,most ,holy ,trinity for the ,redemption of ,captives 7his day occurs the #bjth of ,november73 8,s4 ,felix received a remarkable favor from the ,blessed ,virgin ,mother4 ,all the brethren remaining asleep1 and1 by the disposition of ,god1 not rising for the celebration of ,matins1 which were to have been recited at midnight on the ,vigil of the ,blessed ,mother's ,nativity1 ,felix awoke1 as was his custom1 and entering into the choir before the time1 found there the ,blessed ,virgin herself1 clothed in a habit marked with the cross of the order1 and in company with a number of angels habited in the same manner4 ,felix1 taking his place amongst them1 sang through and finished the entire ,office1 the ,blessed ,mother herself acting the part of precentor40--,breviarium ,romanum4 ,this is but one specimen1 among the many others which are to be found in church history1 of the light in which angels and saints regard the chant of the ,ritual4 #adc ,mgr4 ,parisis continues3 8,my dear friends and brethren1 we have ourselves never precisely seen these sweet days of the faith2 but in our very early youth we seem to have caught1 as it were1 their last twilight2 we well remember that the sounds which first caught our ear were the sweet melodies of the ,liturgy1 and during that ,reign of ,terror when they were banished from the churches1 we bless ,god with all our heart on recollecting the holiday evenings when we were rewarded by being allowed to sing with the family the touching mysteries of the ,divine ,son of ,mary1 at one time in the language of the ,church1 at another in the well-known tongue of our religious ancestors40 #add ,it is a fashion to despise unison singing2 yet the highest authorities in the church have given it their decided preference4 ,the ,pontiffs ,john ,,xxii4 and ,benedict ,,xiv4 have recommended unison singing to the whole church as the fittest2 ,abbot ,gerbert and ,cardinal ,bona recognize its superiority2 ,mgr4 ,parisis says1 8,we speak here exclusively of unison singing1 because it is this that best suits the church40 ,conceit and fashion may be and most probably are at the bottom of such a feeling of contempt2 and of course where the singing is confined to a limited number1 individuals will naturally wish for an opportunity of displaying their own little talent4 8,omnium hominum10 is ,guido of ,arezzi's experience1 8fatuissimi cantores40 ,s4 ,bernard says3 8,that new canticle1 which it will be given to virgins alone to sing in the kingdom of ,god1 there is no one who doubts but that the ,queen of ,virgins herself will be the first to sing2 and ,i think that1 besides that song peculiar to virgins1 and which is common to her with others1 she will delight the city of ,god with some still sweeter and more beautiful song1 the exquisite melody of which no other virgin will be found worthy to sing1 save her only who may boast of having given birth1 and that to ,god0 7,,ii4 ,homily on ,missus est ,gabriel74 ,now the song here spoken of will be in unison4 #ade ,the ,empress ,catherine of ,russia1 as well as the ,king of ,denmark1 was in the habit of sending every year for a supply of these pears4 ,they are in less demand now1 like many other things once valued4 #adf ,we were shown some of these curious boxes at ,s4 ,oren's ,priory4 ,the straw of different colors is woven in figures1 giving the effect of a kind of mosaic1 or cloth of gold1 according to the quality4 ,the nuns formerly made candlesticks for the altar in this way1 which were both unique and beautiful4 #adg ,there are in the canton #dg1hfh ,catholics1 of whom #be1jjj are foreigners2 and #dc1fci ,protestants1 of whom only #i1jjj are foreigners4 ,so that the ,protestant electors numbered #aj1jjj against #af1jjj4 #adh ,waiter4 #adi ,on the relative modes see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,may1 #ahgd1 p4 #agi4 #aej ,this same subject has been developed under another form in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,january1 #ahge1 p4 #die et seq4 #aea ,which is still extant4 #aeb ,the following is another interesting passage from a fragment of ,kirke ,white3 8,hark1 how it falls6 and now it steals along1 ,like distant bells upon the lake at eve1 ,when all is still2 and now it grows more strong1 ,as when the choral train their dirges weave1 ,mellow and many-voic'd2 where every close ,o'er the old minster-roof in echoing waves reflows4 8,oh6 ,i am rapt aloft4 ,my spirit soars ,beyond the skies1 and leaves the stars behind4 ,lo6 angels lead me to the happy shores1 ,and floating pans fill the buoyant wind4 ,farewell6 base earth1 farewell6 my soul is freed2 ,far from its clayey cell it springs40 ,it is remarkable1 also1 that ,goethe represents ,faust as in the very act of swallowing poison1 to escape from the miseries of life1 when the song of an ,easter hymn1 sung in procession1 falls upon his ear1 and charms away the thought of suicide4 #aec ,vol i4 p4 #bej4 #aed ,leaders of ,public ,opinion in ,ireland1 p4 #abj4 #aee ,hac arte ,pollux et vagus ,hercules ,euisus arces attigit igneas4--,hor4 ,carm4 iii4 #c4 #aef ,we are indebted for the principal portion of the events mentioned in this sketch to the beautiful narrative lately published by the ,rev4 ,giovanni ,spillmann1 ,s4,j4 #aeg ,the words soulier and savate mean shoe1 and old shoe4 #aeh ,the arms of ,lourdes consist of three golden towers1 the central one bearing an eagle with a silver trout in its mouth1 referring to the legend of the fish brought by an eagle during the siege and dropped on the highest point of the castle1 still known as the ,pierre de l',aigle4 ,mirat hastened to send it to ,charlemagne as a proof his vivier still furnished good fish4 ,bernard1 ,count of ,bigorre1 with his wife ,clmence1 went on a pilgrimage to ,notre ,dame de ,puy in the year #ajfb1 and there consecrated himself and his province to the ,virgin1 in presence of the chapter and many lords1 among whom was ,arnaud ,guillaume de ,barbazan4 ,moreover1 he agreed to pay her a tribute of sixty sols annually4 #aei ,in the archives of the ,tower of ,london we read3 8,no4 #i de concedendo ,joanni de ,bearn armigero1 custodiam castri de ,lourdes et patri de ,bigorre1 nec non officium senescalci2 de ,bigorre1 teste ,rege1 ,westminster1 #bj ,januarii1 #achc40 #afj ,the poet ,musset thus sings of the ,artist-,princess3 8,ce naf gnie ,qui courait sa mre au doux nom de ,marie1 ,sur son uvre chri1 penchant son front rveur ,a la fille des champs qui sauva sa ,patrie ,prte sa pit1 sa grace et sa pudeur40-- 8,this simple genius1 ,who1 at the sweet name of ,marie1 to her mother ran-- ,to the daughter of the fields1 the deliverer of her country1 ,lends her own piety1 modesty1 and grace40 #afa ,the writer is indebted to ,m4 l',abb ,huot for portions of the foregoing4 #afb ,by the help of ,god and ,s4 ,peter1 ,i swear to be good and loyal to the town2 to seek its welfare and avert all evil2 to take counsel in doubt1 do justice to the small as well as the great2 as former mayors have done1 and better if ,i know4 ,so help me ,god and ,s4 ,peter4 #afc ,article--8,dominique de ,gourgues40 #afd ,this church was sacked and burned by the ,huguenots4 ,de ,gourgues can hardly have sympathized with the destroyers of his mother's tomb1 to say nothing of several generations of ancestors4 #afe ,see ,letters of ,charles ,,ix41 ,catherine de ,mdicis1 and ,m4 de ,fourquevaulx ambassador at ,madrid1 published by the ,marquis ,duprat4 #aff ,evidently for ship provisions4 #afg 8,letter of the ,bishop of ,orleans to the ,catholic ,committee40--,univers1 ,january #g1 #ahgb4 #afh ,see the number of ,february1 #ahge--8;,education on the ,radical ,plan40 #afi ,laboulaye's measure concerning higher instruction4 ,the reporter recognizes in it the right of families themselves to choose tutors for their children1 and also the right of associations formed with the view of instruction4 #agj ,a recent speech delivered at ,belleville by the leader of ,french liberalism1 ,m4 ,gambetta1 gives a sufficiently exact idea of this kind of civil constitution4 ,see the political journals of ,april #bf1 #ahge4 #aga ,ancienne et nouvelle discipline de l',eglise touchant les bnfices et les bnficiers1 #b part41 liv4 ii4 ch4 #bf1 #bg2 #c part41 liv4 ii4 ch4 #ah-bc4 #agb ,conc4 ,trid41 sess4 xxii4 de reform41 cap4 #ah4 #agc 8,qu omnia1 atque alia ad hanc opportuna et necessaria1 episcopi singuli1 cum consilio duorum canonicorum seniorum et graviorum1 quos ipsi elegerint1 prout ,spiritus ,sanctus suggesserit1 constituent2 eaque ut semper observentur1 spius visitando1 operam dabunt40--,conc4 ,trid41 loc4 cit4 #agd 8,pietas ad omnia utilis est1 pro missionem habens vit qu nunc est1 et futur40--#a ,tim4 iv4 #h4 #age ,summ4 ,theol41 #a4 #b4 q4 xc41 art4 #c4 #agf ,we quote at length the remarkable passage from which these words are quoted4 ,it occurs in an allocution of the ,holy ,father to the cardinals1 delivered in the ,secret ,consistory1 ,sept4 #e1 #ahea1 in which his ,holiness announces the concordat which had recently been concluded with the ,spanish government 8,the great object of our solicitude was to secure the integrity of our holy religion and to provide for the spiritual wants of the church4 ,now1 you will see1 the concordat arranges that the ,catholic religion1 with all the rights it enjoys by virtue of its divine institution1 and of rules established by the sacred canons1 should be exclusively dominant in that kingdom2 every other religion will be openly banished from it and forbidden4 ,it is1 consequently1 settled that the manner of educating and instructing the youth in all the universities1 colleges or seminaries1 in all the public and private schools1 will be in full conformity with the doctrine of the ,catholic religion4 ,the bishops and heads of dioceses1 who1 by virtue of their office1 are bound to labor with all their might to protect the purity of ,catholic teaching1 to propagate it1 to watch that the youth receive a ,christian education1 will find no obstacle to the accomplishment of those duties2 they will be able1 without meeting the least hindrance1 to exercise the most attentive superintendence over the schools1 even the public ones1 and to discharge freely1 in all its plenitude1 their office of pastor40 ,is not this1 in exact terms1 the thesis here defended8 #agg ,the following proposition has been condemned by ,pius ,,ix4 in his ,encyclical ,quanta cura3 8,optimam societatis public rationem civilemque progressum omnino requirere1 ut humana societas constituatur et gubernetur1 nullo habito ad religionem respectu1 ac si ea non existeret1 vel saltem nullo facto veram inter falsasque religiones discrimine40 #agh ,incredible as this may seem1 it is nevertheless true4 #agi 8,nomine loci videtur intelligi superficies realis corporis circumdantis1 non tamen secundum se solum1 sed prout immobilis1 hoc est1 prout est affixa tali spatio imaginario0 7,de ,sacr4 ,euch41 disp4 #e1 sect4 #d74 #ahj ,loc4 cit41 sect4 #e1 n4 #abc4 #aha ,corpus ,christi non est in hoc sacramento sicut in loco1 sed per modum substanti4''' ,unde nullo modo corpus ,christi est in hoc sacramento localiter4--,summ4 ,theol41 p4 #c1 q4 #gf1 a4 #e4 #ahb ,sed contra3 omnia duo loca distinguuntur ad invicem secundum aliquam loci contrarietatem1 qua sunt sursum et deorsum1 ante1 retro1 dextrum et sinistrum4 ,sed ,deus non potest facere quod duo contraria sint simul2 hoc enim implicat contradictionem4 ,ergo ,deus non potest facere quod idem corpus localiter sit simul in duobus locis4--,quodlib4 #c1 q4 #a1 a4 #b4 #ahc ,a bird in hand1 etc4 #ahd ,full title of the original publication3 ,origine et ,progrs de la ,mission du ,kentucky 7,etats-,unis d',amrique74 ,par un ,tmoin ,oculaire4 ,prix1 #a fr4 au profit de la ,mission4 ,a ,paris3 chez ,adrien ,le ,clere1 ,imprimeur de ,n4 ,s4 ,p4 le ,pape1 et de ,s4 ,e4 ,mgr4 le ,cardinal ,archevque de ,paris4 ,quai des ,augustins1 ,no4 #ce4 #ahba4 #ahe ,and even now1 for one or two dollars an acre1 fertile land can be purchased in the vast extent of country watered by the ,mississippi1 the ,missouri1 the ,arkansas1 etc4--that land which ,bonaparte sold to the ,united ,states in #ahja for ten million dollars4 ,kentucky produces in abundance all sorts of grain1 especially corn1 and also sweet potatoes1 tobacco1 cotton1 flax1 hemp1 and indigo4 ,in the month of ,february the inhabitants tap the maple tree1 in order to procure a liquid which they boil until it is reduced to syrup or sugar4 ,the wild grape-vine grows to the height of thirty or forty feet1 but the grapes are small and the wine acrid2 moreover1 ,americans do not understand the culture of the vine4 #ahf ,when it is necessary to cross a desert1 or when the guide loses his way in the forest--which is of frequent occurrence--then the missionaries are obliged to spend the night in the woods1 to sleep on the ground near a large fire1 by the light of which they read their ,breviary4 #ahg ,the city of ,detroit and the church were accidentally burned seventeen years ago4 ,the city was afterwards rebuilt and captured by the ,english1 assisted by the savages1 during the last war with the ,united ,states4 ,since the conclusion of peace there has been a cathedral built1 to which the ,sovereign ,pontiff has attached an episcopal seat in perpetuity4 ,the missions of ,michigan1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 and ,post ,vincennes were then almost entirely formed of ,french ,canadians4 ,with regard to all the territory mentioned in this narrative1 one can consult ,m4 ,arrowsmith1 an ,american geographer1 whose work can be found in ,paris at ,dezauche's1 ,rue des ,noyers1 ,no4 #dj4 #ahh ,several years previous ,m4 ,badin1 after having received the vows of a few pious persons1 and having had donated to him a hundred acres of land1 had a monastery built for the same purpose2 but as it was a frame building1 it was1 through the carelessness of the workmen1 burnt before being completed4 #ahi ,we here submit an extract from an ,english letter written the #aeth of ,march1 #ahbj1 by ,father ,fenwick to the author of this notice3 8,i hope that this will find you in good health and on the point of returning to ,america4 ,it will be a great pleasure for me to see you again and to hear from your lips the particulars of your trip4 ,if possible1 bring me home some pictures4 ,with gratitude would ,i receive some for the altars of the ,blessed ,virgin and ,s4 ,joseph1 as also any other church furniture or books1 such as the lives of the saints of the ,order of ,s4 ,dominic by ,father ,touron1 the history of the miracles of the holy fathers1 or any other works on those subjects4 ,if you saw my relative1 ,m4 ,j4 ,f41 ,i flatter myself sufficiently to hope that you remembered me to him1 and that you laid before him the needs of my mission4 ,we have built three churches1 and only for one of these three do we possess sufficient ornaments and other articles necessary for divine service40 #aij ,we have to-day in the ,united ,states five bishops of ,french origin3 ,bishop ,marchal1 born at ,ingr1 in the ,diocese of ,orleans1 third archbishop of ,baltimore2 ,bishop ,cheverus1 of ,paris1 first bishop of ,boston2 ,bishop ,flaget1 born in ,auvergne1 bishop of ,kentucky1 and ,bishop ,david1 of the ,diocese of ,nantes1 his coadjutor2 and1 finally1 ,bishop ,dubourg1 bishop of ,louisiana and the ,floridas1 who resides in ,st4 ,louis on the ,mississippi1 in the ,state of ,missouri4 ,the see of ,philadelphia became vacant by the death of ,bishop ,egan1 and that of ,new ,york is occupied by ,bishop ,connelly1 an ,irishman of the ,order of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,the number of ,american bishops is continually increasing4 ,new ,orleans and the ,floridas are too far from ,st4 ,louis2 the ,dioceses of ,baltimore and ,bardstown are too extensive2 and1 moreover1 the number of ,catholics is daily increasing1 in consequence of the immigrations from ,europe and from conversions4 #aia ,by his writings you can judge the man2 and we can give you no better idea of the mildness1 humility1 and modesty of the ,bishop of ,bardstown than by inserting here extracts from several letters which he wrote from ,baltimore to his vicar-general in ,kentucky4 ,his zeal1 his disinterestedness1 and his self-abnegation are equalled only by his confidence in divine ,providence3 8,god be my witness that ,i do not desire riches2 and ,i would a thousand times rather die than be attacked by this craving4 ,the less we possess1 the less worried will we be with regard to it2 but there are some things necessary1 and it is upon you that ,i depend to procure them for me4 ,i must rely upon the friendship which you have for me to ask you1 my dear ,m4 ,badin1 henceforth to provide for my wants4 ,after all1 you desired it2 for if it had not been for you1 ,i would never have been made bishop4 ,we will have eight or nine trunks filled with books and other articles4 ,the distance is great and transportation very high2 the trip and the transportation will cost more than #d1jjj francs1 and we have not a cent4 ,we can only wait until ,providence comes to our rescue4 ,to lessen my expenses ,i will leave the servant who offers me his services in ,baltimore2 and ,i would even leave my books there1 did ,i not consider them essential to our establishment4 ,in order not to increase your expenses ,i will only bring with me ,m4 ,david1 and we will both be but too happy to share your mode of life1 however humble it may be4 ,if the bishopric had only presented difficulties of this nature1 ,i would not have hesitated so long before accepting it4 ,providence calls me to it despite myself1 and it was useless for me to travel over land and sea in order to evade this charge4 ,all my trouble was lost4 ,god seems to exact it of me that ,i bow my head to this weighty yoke1 even though it should crush me4 ,alas6 should ,i stop sufficiently long to consider my weakness and my troubles1 ,i would fall into despair1 and hardly would ,i dare take one step in the vast career that is opening before me4 ,to reassure myself it is necessary that ,i frequently recall to mind that ,i did not install myself in this important post1 and that all my earthly superiors in a manner forced me to accept it40 ,from ,baltimore1 where he had more than one hundred miles by land and three hundred miles by water over which to travel to arrive at ,bardstown1 he writes thus3 8,remember that for the use of seven or eight we have but one horse1 which ,i destine for ,m4 ,david1 as he is the least active among us4 ,for myself and the other gentlemen1 we will go on foot with the greatest pleasure1 if there is the least difficulty in travelling otherwise4 ,this pilgrimage will please me exceedingly1 and ,i do not think it derogatory to my dignity4 ,i leave it all to your judgment1 and ,i would be very glad to have sufficient money to join you at ,louisville2 the remainder of the journey will be entirely at your expense4 ,that the will of ,god be done1 ,i would a thousand times prefer going on foot rather than to cause the slightest murmur2 and you did very well to recall the subscription which had been started for my benefit1 as it would only have tended to alienate people from me4 ,it was1 however1 but right that people anxious to have a bishop among them should furnish him means to reach them4 ,there is nothing ,i would not do for the sanctification of my flock4 ,my time1 my work1 my life even1 is consecrated to it2 and1 finally1 it will only remain for me to say that ,i am #8an unprofitable servant1 having done only that which ,i ought to do4'0 ,divine ,providence1 whose intervention he had merited by his zeal and his resignation1 supplied1 as if by miracle1 in some invisible way1 the needs of the prelate1 who on the #aath of ,june1 #ahaa1 arrived at ,st4 ,etienne1 the residence of ,m4 ,badin1 with two priests and four scholastics4 ,there he found the faithful on their knees singing holy canticles1 the women nearly all robed in white1 and some of them still fasting1 although it was then four o'clock in the afternoon1 as they hoped to assist at his ,mass and receive ,holy ,communion from his hands that very day4 ,an altar had been erected under some shrubbery to afford a shade where the bishop might rest himself4 ,after the ,asperges he was conducted in procession to the chapel1 the ,litany of the ,blessed ,virgin being sung meanwhile2 and then followed the ceremonies and prayers prescribed in the ,pontifical for such an occasion4 ,m4 ,badin lived in a little frame house1 and1 in consequence of the expenses incurred to rebuild the burned monastery of which we have already spoken1 he with difficulty was able to build two miserable little huts1 sixteen feet square1 for his illustrious friend and the ecclesiastics who accompanied him4 ,finally1 one of the missionaries slept on a mattress in the attic of this whitewashed episcopal palace1 whose sole furniture consisted of one bed1 six chairs1 two tables1 and the shelves for a library4 ,the bishop resided here one year1 and he considered himself happy to live thus in the midst of apostolic poverty4 #aib ,the ,dominican ,fathers1 assisted by their novices1 with their own hands performed a great deal of the work on their monastery and the beautiful church of ,s4 ,rose4 ,like them1 the scholastics afterwards made bricks and lime1 cut the wood1 etc41 to build that of ,s4 ,thomas1 the seminary1 and convent of ,nazareth4 ,the poverty of our establishment forces them to devote their hours of recreation to this work4 ,every day they spend three hours in gardening1 in working in the fields or in the woods4 ,nothing could be more frugal than their table1 and that of the two bishops is no better2 pure water from a spring is their ordinary drink4 ,neither could anything be more humble than their clothing--imagine fifty poor scholastics who are obliged to cover themselves with rags1 and to borrow decent clothes with which to appear in the town4 ,bishop ,flaget hopes that pious and charitable persons who are not able to send him money for his cathedral will endeavor to send clothes or books necessary for the studies and the clothing of his beloved scholastics4 #aic ,since the appointment of ,bishop ,dubourg to ,st4 ,louis1 the too distant mission of ,illinois1 which was part of the ,diocese of ,bardstown1 has been attended by this prelate1 whose residence is in the vicinity4 #aid ,eight of these buildings are brick and stone1 and the others frame4 #aie ,besides the bishops and the missionaries1 the students and servants in the seminaries and convents are included in this number4 #aif ,here rest the bones of ,blessed ,brother ,claus von der ,fle1 placed here when this church was built1 anno #afgi4